OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alcaftadine

Alcaftadine, sold under the brand name Lastacaft, is an antihistamine used to help prevent itching of the eyes. It is an H1 histamine receptor antagonist. It is given as an drops in the eye.
It was approved for medical use in the United States in July 2010. It is available as a generic medication and as an over-the-counter medication.

## Medical uses

Alcaftadine is indicated for the prevention of itching associated with allergic conjunctivitis.

## Pharmacology

Alcaftadine is an antagonist of histamine receptor 1. By blocking the receptor, alcaftadine has been shown to reduce itching and redness of the eyes, and to reduce recruitment of eosinophils after exposure to an allergen. Alcaftadine reduces the number of eosinophils compared to olopatadine 0.1%, and in animal models, alcaftadine 0.25% decreased the expression of the epithelial protein E-cadhedrin-1 compared to placebo. Reducing E-cadherin decreases junctions that lead to the progression of allergic conjunctivitis.

## Adverse effects

In studies comparing the effectiveness of olopatadine to alcaftadine, there was not a dose-response increase of adverse effects as alcaftadine doses increases for 0.05% to 0.1% to 0.25%. The most common seen side effect of alcaftadine administration was irritation or a stinging sensation at the administration site.

## Pharmacokinetics

Because alcaftadine is administered at low concentrations and at a local site (the eye), it appears to have minimal systemic effects, and the low absorption of alcaftadine results in minimal systemic accumulation.

## History

When alcaftadine was tested against placebo and olopatadine, only alcaftadine 0.25% showed a clinically significant reduction in conjunctival redness scores 7 and 15 minutes after administration. Alcaftadine 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.25% all reduced lid swelling, conjunctival redness, and ocular itching/tearing compared to placebo.

## Society and culture
### Economics

Allergan, Inc. began selling alcaftadine under the trade name Lastacaft after it was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in July 2010. By March 2012, 139,000 prescriptions had been written for 104,000 unique patients, and alcaftadine exceeded the sales of epinastine (Elestat).

### Legal status

Alcaftadine was approved for medical use in the United States in July 2010.
# Aleksejs Volosanovs

Aleksejs Volosanovs (born 5 March 1975) is a retired Latvian footballer who played for numerous clubs in Latvia and England.

## Club career

Volosanovs began his career in his native Latvia, playing for FK Rēzekne, Dinaburg FC, FK Zibens/Zemessardze and SK Dižvanagi. In the 2000s, Volosanovs moved to England and played for Ledbury Town, Worcester City, Stourport Swifts and finally Chipping Norton Town before retiring in 2007 after the club withdrew from the Hellenic League.

## International career

On 8 February 1998, Volosanovs played 42 minutes against Malta in the Rothmans Tournament before being substituted for Imants Bleidelis.
# Alberto Vázquez (singer)

Alberto Vázquez Gurrola (born Guaymas, 20 April 1940) is a Mexican singer and actor from part of the golden age generation of rock and roll in Mexico. He had a son, Arturo Vazquez, who also became a singer, with actress Isela Vega, but the couple never married.

## Discography

* Ritmos Juveniles (LP, album) Musart D697 1962
* Alberto Vázquez (LP, album) Musart D 781 1963
* Alberto Vázquez Vol. 3 (LP, album) Musart D 893 1964
* Baladas Bailables (LP, album) Musart D 1014 1964
* Alberto Vázquez Vol. 4 (LP, album) Musart D 975 1964
* Nuevos Éxitos de Alberto Vázquez (LP, album) Musart D 1140. 1965
* El Estilo Ranchero De Alberto Vazquez (LP) Musart 1410 1968
* El Amor Es Triste (LP, album) Musart D 1375 1968
* El Estilo Ranchero De Alberto Vazquez Vol. 2 (LP) Musart ED 1455 1969
* Alberto Vazquez (3xLP, album) Musart DC 1488 1970
* Soñando Con El Amor (LP) Musart, Musart 1520, ED 1520 1971
* Rancheras De Exito (LP) Musart 1577 1972
* Alberto Vazquez (LP) Gas Records 4079 1973
* Rock (LP) Trebol Records T 10476 1974
* Rock Y Baldas Con Alberto Vazquez (LP) Discos Gas 1018 1974
* Perla Negra, Alberto Vazquez - Perla Negra (LP) Gas Records (6) 4071 1975
* Las Dos Caras De Alverto Vazquez (15 Super Exitos) (LP, album) Telediscos DAL 1024 1982
* Alberto Vázquez (LP, album) Musart CDN 522 1988
* Cosas de (CD, album) Epic CDDE 479928 1994
* Ven Amorcito, Ven (LP) Musart DM 1276
* Amorosa (LP, album) Pan Americana De Discos, S.A. PALP 619
* Rancheras Romanticas (LP, album) Gas 4129 (1975) Discos Gas, S.A.
* Como No Creer... (LP, album) GAS 4200 (1978)

## Filmography

* A ritmo de twist, directed by Benito Alazraki, 1962
* La edad de la violencia, 1964
* Un callejón sin salida, 1964
* Luna de miel para nueve, 1964
* Perdóname mi vida, 1965
* Santo contra el estrangulador, 1965
* La alegría de vivir, 1965
* Lanza tus penas al viento, with Fernando Luján, 1966
* Serenata en noche de luna, with Gina Romand, 1967
* Me quiero casar, with Angélica María, 1967
* Caballos de acero, with Fernando Luján, 1967
* Vestidas y alborotadas, 1968
* Patrulla de valientes, 1968
* Romeo contra Julieta, with Angélica María, Fernando Soler and Eduardo López Rojas, 1968
* Cuando los hijos se van, with Fernando and Andrés Soler, 1968
* Faltas a la moral, 1970
* Pancho Tequila, 1970
* Jóvenes de la Zona Rosa, 1970
* Un amante anda suelto, 1970
* Águilas de acero 1971, with José Galvez, Nadia Milton, and Rodolfo de Anda
* Nido de fieras, 1971
* Caín, Abel y el otro, with Enrique Guzmán, César Costa, Lorena Velázquez and Germán Valdés, 1971
* Ni solteros, ni casados, 1972
* Mi niño Tizoc, produced by Ismael Rodríguez, 1972
* Pilotos de combate, 1973
* Ni solteros, ni cazados, 1980
* Amor a navaja libre, with Pedro Weber "Chatanuga", 1982

### Telenovelas

* Nosotros los pobres, 1973
* Agujetas de color de rosa, 1994
* El secreto, as Alberto, 2001
# Alberto Vázquez

Alberto Vázquez may refer to:
* Alberto Vázquez (singer) (born 1940), Mexican singer and film actor
* Alberto Vázquez-Figueroa (born 1936), Spanish writer
* Alberto Vázquez Martínez (born 1967), Mexican politician
* Alberto Vázquez (artist) (born 1980), Spanish comic book artist and filmmaker
* Alberto Vázquez, football referee in 2013 Copa de México de Naciones
# Alex Nicholls (rugby union)

Alexander Herbert Nicholls (born Salisbury, 26 June 1961) is a Zimbabwean former rugby union player and coach. He played as prop.

## Playing career

At club level, he played for the Mashonaland provincial team. Nicholls also represented Zimbabwe at the 1987 and 1991 Rugby World Cups, with his first international cap being during the pool stage match against Scotland in Wellington, on 30 May 1987 and his last cap being during the match against Japan in Belfast, on 24 October 1991.

## Coaching career

Nichols was the caretaker coach of Zimbabwe in 1998. In 2004, he was appointed manager of the Zimbabwe under-19 national team replacing Patrick Gumunyu, after the then-coach Reg Querl was sacked. He also coached Old Hararians RFC.

## Personal life

He is the father of Joseph Nicholls and Ben Nicholls, the former being a player for Utah Warriors in the Major League Rugby and the second being a coach for Warriors Selects.
# Alex Nicholson

Alex Nicholson may refer to:
* Alex Nicholson (ice hockey) (1923–2009), Canadian ice hockey goaltender
* Alex Nicholson (Welsh footballer) (born 1994), Welsh footballer
* Alex Nicholson (Australian footballer) (1897–1972), Australian rules footballer
* Alex Nicholson (fighter) (born 1990), American mixed martial artist
# Alessandro Ruspoli, 7th Prince of Cerveteri

Alessandro, Principe Ruspoli (January 14, 1869 – September 28, 1952), Grand Master of the Sacred Apostolic Hospice, was the 7th Principe di Cerveteri, 7th Marchese di Riano, 12th Conte di Vignanello and Prince of the Holy Roman Empire, son of Francesco Maria Ruspoli, 6th Prince of Cerveteri and wife Egle dei Conti Franchesi.

## Marriage and children

He married in Rome, July 5, 1897 Marianita dei Duchi Lante Montefeltro della Rovere (Rome, May 30, 1873 – Rome, February 22, 1971), granddaughter of wealthy Americans, Ann and Thomas E. Davis from New York City, New York, by whom he had four children:
* Donna Giacinta dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, April 11, 1898 – Rome, September 4, 1982), married firstly in Rome, April 30, 1919 Clemente dei Principi del Drago Marchese di Rioffredo (Rome, September 9, 1897 – Rome, March 7, 1939), and had issue, and secondly in Rome, November 4, 1941 Conte Alvise Emo-Capodilista (Vicenza, July 17, 1898 – Rome, January 7, 1980), without issue
* Francesco Ruspoli, 8th Prince of Cerveteri
* Donna Egle dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, April 21, 1902 – Rome, July 3, 2000), married in Rome, April 28, 1924 Alessandro Federici, Marchese della Costa (Chieri, August 5, 1899 – Rome, March 16, 1989), and had issue
* Don Luigi dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, March 14, 1908 –), married in Rome, April 23, 1938 Eleonora Berlingieri dei Marchesi di Valle Perrotta (Rome, August 25, 1913 – Rome, October, 1989), and had two sons:
** Don Giulio dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, September 23, 1939 –), married firstly in Rome, June 2, 1974 Paola Murri, without issue, and secondly Patrizia Memmo, without issue
** Don Pietro dei Principi Ruspoli (Rome, October 27, 1940 –), married at Cerveteri, October 3, 1970 Letizia Ciancarelli, and had a daughter and a son:
*** Donna Marianita dei Principi Ruspoli (1976/1977 –), married at the Villa Papale della Suvera, near Siena, September 23, 2006 Luca Pirri Ardizzone (Milan, April 18, 1973 –)
*** Don Alessandro dei Principi Ruspoli (1980); married 20 June 2015 Guja Randaccio dei conti del Timavo
# Alessandro Ruspoli

Alessandro Ruspoli may refer to:
* Alessandro Ruspoli, 2nd Prince of Cerveteri (1708–1779)
* Alessandro Ruspoli, 4th Prince of Cerveteri (1784–1842)
* Alessandro Ruspoli, 7th Prince of Cerveteri (1869–1952)
* Alessandro Ruspoli, 9th Prince of Cerveteri (1924–2005), actor, playboy and eccentric aristocrat
# Alex Ross (disambiguation)

Alex Ross (born 1970) is an American comic book painter, illustrator and plotter.
Alex Ross may also refer to:
* Alex Ross (American football) (born 1992), American football quarterback for the San Diego Fleet
* Alex Ross (cricketer) (born 1992), Australian cricketer
* Alex Ross (music critic) (born 1968), American music critic
* Alex Ross (politician) (1880–1953), stonemason, politician and cabinet minister from Alberta, Canada
* Alex Ross (rower) (1907–1994), New Zealand rower
* Alex Ross (rugby union) (1905–1996), Australian rugby union footballer
# Alex Rosser

Alexander Rosser (19 November 1879 – 8 October 1949) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Essendon in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## Family

The son of William Rosser (1849-1920), and Janet Rosser (1853-1929), née Emond, Alexander Rosser was born at Geelong, Victoria on 19 November 1879.
He married Elizabeth "Bessie" Podger (1881-1944) in 1902.

## Football

He played 8 senior games for the Essendon Football Club in 1903, and represented the VFL in a match against a combined Ballarat Football Association Team on 27 June 1903.

## Military service

He enlisted in the First AIF on 11 December 1914. He served overseas, leaving Australia on HMAT Runic on 12 February 1915, and returned (to Melbourne) on HMAT Themistocles on 9 September 1915. He was discharged from the army on medical grounds on 1 December 1915.

## Death

He died at the Repatriation General Hospital in Heidelberg, Victoria on 8 October 1949.
# Alexander Gordon (British Army officer, born 1781)

Alexander Gordon (1781–1873) was a British officer during the Napoleonic Wars. He was commissioned a captain in the 15th Hussars and he fought in the Peninsular War. His correspondence during the Corunna Campaign were collated and published early in the 20th century.

## Biography

Gordon was the son of George Gordon, 3rd Earl of Aberdeen and his mistress Penelope Dearing. His commission was purchased for him in 1803. After service in the Peninsular War he sold his commission in 1811 on his marriage to Albinia Elizabeth Cumberland. He was acknowledged by the 3rd Earl as being his son and was provided for in the Earl's will. He died at Ellon in Aberdeenshire on 21 March 1873.

## Family

On 20 May 1811 Gordon married Albinia Elizabeth, daughter of Richard Cumberland and granddaughter of Richard Cumberland and George Hobart, 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire. They had five sons and four daughters:
* George John Robert Gordon, JP, DL, of Ellon Castle, Aberdeenshire (1812–1912)m British diplomat in Sweden and Germany who married Rosa Justina Young and had two sons and one daughter:
** Cosmo Frederick Maitland Gordon (b.1843), naval officer
** Alicia Albinia Georgiana Gordon (1845–1930), married Count Ivan von Dillen von Spiering of Württemberg
** Arthur John Lewis Gordon (1847–1918), British diplomat, married 1885 Caroline Augusta Hamilton Gordon, daughter of Colonel Sir Alexander Hamilton Gordon (1817–1890)
* Sophia Albinia Georgiana Gordon, (b.1813)
* Bertie Edward Murray Gordon (1813–1870), army officer who married Katherine Alicia Hacket
* Richard Louis Hobart Gordon (1815–1835), naval officer who drowned in the wreck of HMS Challenger
* Harriet Albinia Louisa Gordon (1816–1854) who married Charles Elphinstone-Dalrymple, son of Sir Robert Dalrymple-Horn-Elphinstone, 1st Bart., and had one son:
** William Robert Elphinstone-Dalrymple (b.1854), army officer
* William Everard Alphonso Gordon, CB (b.1817), naval officer
* Catherine Louisa Caroline Gordon, (b.1819)
* Charles Alexander Boswell Gordon (b.1823), army officer who married Eweretta Rosa Johnstone
* Eleanor Vere Gordon (1825–1916), artist and author who married the Rev. and Hon. Richard Cavendish Boyle, son of Edmund Boyle, 8th Earl of Cork, and had three sons and one daughter:
** Isabella Albinia Boyle
** Hamilton Richard Boyle (b.1848), army officer
** Charles John Boyle (b.1849), army officer
** Algernon Edward Richard Boyle, JP (b.1854)
# Kurtköy, Kilimli

Kurtköy is a village in Kilimli District, Zonguldak Province, Turkey at a distance of 269.5 km from Ankara.Its latitude is 40.9129 N 29.2989 E.Its postal code is 34912.. Its population is 188 (2022).
# 1959 National Invitation Tournament

The 1959 National Invitation Tournament was the 1959 edition of the annual NCAA college basketball competition.

## Selected teams

Below is a list of the 12 teams selected for the tournament.
| Team | Conference | Overall record | Appearance | Last bid |
| Bradley | Missouri Valley | 23–3 | 8th | 1958 |
| Butler | Independent | 18–8 | 2nd | 1958 |
| Denver | Skyline | 14–9 | 1st | Never |
| Fordham | Metro New York | 17–7 | 3rd | 1958 |
| Manhattan | Metro New York | 14–6 | 7th | 1957 |
| NYU | Metro New York | 12–7 | 5th | 1952 |
| Oklahoma City | Independent | 20–6 | 1st | Never |
| Providence | Independent | 18–5 | 1st | Never |
| St. Bonaventure | Independent | 20–2 | 5th | 1958 |
| St. John's | Metro New York | 16–6 | 14th | 1958 |
| Saint Louis | Missouri Valley | 20–5 | 8th | 1956 |
| Villanova | Independent | 18–6 | 1st | Never |

## Bracket

Below is the tournament bracket.
| First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals |
| Butler | 94 | | | | | | |
| Fordham | 80 | | | | | | |
| Fordham | 80 | Butler | 77 | | | | |
| | | Bradley | 83 | | | | |
| | | | | Bradley | 59 | | |
| | | | | NYU | 57 | | |
| | | Oklahoma City | 48 | | | | |
| | | NYU | 63 | | | | |
| NYU | 90 | NYU | 63 | | | | |
| Denver | 81 | | | | | | |
| Denver | 81 | | | | | Bradley | 71 |
| | | | | | | St. John's | 76 |
| Providence | 68 | | | | | | | St. John's | 76 |
| Manhattan | 66 | | | | | | |
| Manhattan | 66 | Providence | 75 | | | | |
| | | Saint Louis | 72 | | | | |
| | | | | Providence | 55 | | |
| | | | | St. John's | 76 | | |
| | | St. Bonaventure | 74 | | | | |
| | | St. John's | 82 | | | | |
| St. John's | 75 | St. John's | 82 | | | | |
| Villanova | 67 | | | | | | |
| Third place game | Third place game | Third place game |
| NYU | NYU | 71 |
| Providence | Providence | 57 |
# Elvis Pinel

Elvis Ángel Figueroa Pinel (born 18 December 1988) is a Nicaraguan professional midfielder currently playing for Real Estelí.

## International career

Figueroa made his debut for Nicaragua in a January 2011 Copa Centroamericana match against El Salvador and has, as of July 2017, earned a total of 30 caps, scoring 1 goal. He has represented his country in 2 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and played at the 2011 and 2013 Copa Centroamericana.

### International goals

    Scores and results list Honduras' goal tally first.
| N. | Date | Venue | Opponent | Score | Result | Competition |
| 1. | 22 January 2013 | Estadio Nacional de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica | Belize | 1–1 | 1–2 | 2013 Copa Centroamericana |
# Fuller Rock

Fuller Rock is a rock awash, one of the principal dangers to ships on the north side of Faure Passage, Marguerite Bay, Antarctica, about 7.8 kilometres (4.2 nmi) south-southwest of Dismal Island. It was charted by a Royal Navy Hydrographic Survey Unit from RRS John Biscoe in January 1973 and named after Lieutenant Andrew C. Fuller, Royal Navy, who directed the survey.
# G4216 Chengdu–Lijiang Expressway

The G4216 Chengdu–Lijiang Expressway (Chinese: 成都—丽江高速公路), also referred to as the Rongli Expressway (Chinese: 蓉丽高速公路), is an expressway in China that connects the cities of Chengdu, Sichuan to Lijiang, Yunnan.

## Route

The expressway starts in Chengdu, and passes through Renshou County, Muchuan County, Jinyang County, Huidong County and Panzhihua, before terminating in Lijiang.
# Fushikuma Dam

Fushikuma Dam is an earthfill dam located in Yamagata Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for irrigation. The catchment area of the dam is 0.5 km$^2$. The dam impounds about 2 ha of land when full and can store 148 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1945.
# Furde

Furde (Serbian Cyrillic: Фурде) is a village in the municipality of Kozarska Dubica, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Future Lovers

Future Lovers may refer to:
* A song from the Madonna album Confessions on a Dance Floor (2005).
* A manga series, Future Lovers (manga).
# Gaarder

Gaarder is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Inger Margrethe Gaarder (1926–1993), Norwegian writer
* Jon Atle Gaarder (1934–2020), Norwegian diplomat
* Jostein Gaarder (born 1952), Norwegian writer
* Mikkel Gaarder, Norwegian Paralympic athlete
* Ole P. Gaarder (1844-1927), American politician and farmer
* Peder Krabbe Gaarder (1814–1883), Norwegian jurist and political theorist
* Shabana Rehman Gaarder (born 1976), Norwegian comedian and writer
* Torbjørn Gaarder (1885–1970), Norwegian chemist
# G. Porter Taylor

Granville Porter Taylor (born September 17, 1950) is the sixth and immediate past Episcopal Bishop of Western North Carolina. In March 2015 he announced his intent to retire. He was succeeded as bishop by the Rt. Rev. José Antonio McLoughlin. Taylor was appointed for a two-year term as Assisting Bishop in 2020 for the Episcopal Diocese of Virginia.

## Biography

Taylor was born in Rock Hill, South Carolina, but raised in Asheville, North Carolina. He earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in English from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1972, followed by a Master of Arts in English from the University of South Carolina (1974) and a Ph.D. in Theology and Literature from Emory University (1983).
In 1993, he received a Master of Divinity from the University of the South, Sewanee and was ordained a deacon. He was ordained a priest on April 13, 1994, and served seven years as rector of St. Gregory the Great Church in Athens, Georgia.
He was consecrated as the fifth Bishop of the Diocese of Western North Carolina on September 18, 2004. The 999th bishop consecrated in the Episcopal Church, he was consecrated by Robert Carroll Johnson Jr., Robert Hodges Johnson, Frank Allan, Michael Curry, and J. Neil Alexander at the Asheville Civic Center.
He is the author of To Dream as God Dreams: Sermons of Hope, Conversion, and Community and From Anger to Zion: An Alphabet of Faith. He and his wife, Jo Abbott Taylor (a research nurse), married in 1972; they have two children, Arthur and Marie. Arthur achieved his graduate degree (Ph.D.) in psychology at New York University, and currently lives in Atlanta, Georgia with his wife and two children. Bishop Taylor's daughter, Marie, who spent a year at Randolph College (formally Randolph-Macon Women's College), transferred and graduated from Western Carolina University, with a B.S. in Anthropology, and recently finished her master's degree in GIS from the University of Southern California.
In 2016, Taylor was named the Visiting Professor of Episcopal Studies at Wake Forest University's School of Divinity.
# GE Infrastructure

GE Infrastructure was a subsidiary of General Electric, formed in 2005 as part of a company-wide reorganization under CEO Jeff Immelt, until it was split apart into GE Technology Infrastructure and GE Energy Infrastructure in another reorganization in 2008. The president and CEO of GE Infrastructure, John G. Rice, was transferred to GE Technology Infrastructure.
When it was active, business units making up GE Infrastructure included:
* GE Aviation (relocated to GE Technology Infrastructure)
* GE Commercial Aviation Services (relocated to GE Capital)
* GE Energy (relocated to GE Energy Infrastructure)
* GE Energy Financial Services (relocated to GE Capital)
* GE Oil and Gas (relocated to GE Energy Infrastructure)
* GE Transportation Systems (relocated to GE Technology Infrastructure)
* GE Water & Process Technologies (relocated to GE Energy Infrastructure)
# Czermno

Czermno may refer to several places:
* Czermno, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Czermno, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Czermno, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
* Czermno, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Czermno Kolonia-Stomorgi
# LGR

LGR may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Lake Geneva Raceway, a racetrack in Wisconsin, US (open 1963–2006)
* Lazy Game Reviews, a YouTube channel for video gaming (since 2006)
* London Greek Radio, a British radio station (since 1983)

## Other uses

* LGR Sportswear, a Philippine garment manufacturer (founded 1988)
* Walther LGR, a German air rifle (made 1974–1989)
* Let's Get Ready (organization), an American educational non-profit (founded 1998)
# Jim Niblett

James Niblett OBE (born c.1950) is a British former civil servant who served as Head of International Policy at Ofcom. He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge 1971–1975. He began his career in the civil service, and in 1996 moved to Oftel. In 2003, he joined Ofcom when that organisation was created. In 2012, he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to telecommunications.
Niblett is also a successful tournament bridge player, whose achievements include: winning the Harrison Gray Salver in 1974, winning the Tollemache Trophy in 1983, contesting the Gold Cup final in 1987, and winning the Crockford's Cup in 1989.
# Emma Leclercq

Emma Leclercq (15 August 1851 – 24 April 1933) was a Belgian cell biologist and feminist lecturer. She was known for being the first female student and graduate from Université libre de Bruxelles, and the first female doctorate earner from Ghent University.

## Biography

Leclercq began teaching in Brussels at the Isabelle Gatti de Gamond girls' high school. She petitioned to enroll in the Faculty of Sciences at Université libre de Bruxelles for the 1878–1879 academic year. However, her request was denied until 1880. She earned her bachelor's at U.L.B. in 1883 and her doctorate in natural sciences from Ghent in 1885. In November 1885, she became the only female member of la Société Belge de Microscopie. She studied spermatogenesis at the Collège de France under Édouard-Gérard Balbiani and at Ghent under Charles van Bambeke in 1890. Her papers on spermatogenesis and microorganisms were published in the journal of the French Academy of Sciences the same year. Later, in 1893, she gave lectures on behalf of the Ligue belge du droit des femmes.