OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Luciano Álvarez

Luciano José Álvarez Linares (born 30 November 1978) is an Argentine former football striker.

## Career

Álvarez is a typical example of the South American international journeyman footballer. He has played for seven teams in seven countries. He started his career at Independiente in 1999.
In 2001 Álvarez moved to Italy to try his luck with Savona but he soon moved on to Finland to play for Inter Turku between 2001 and 2004.
In 2005, he spent a while in Spain with Segunda División B side CD Linares. Later that year he moved to England to play with Yeovil Town F.C. in the fourth tier of English football. He scored his first and only goal for Yeovil against Chesterfield. Halfway through the 2005–06 season Álvarez was released by Yeovil, he then found himself in Guatemala playing for Comunicaciones and he after played for Coquimbo Unido in the Chilean Primera División.
In 2007 Álvarez returned to Argentina to sign for Instituto de Córdoba of the Argentine 2nd division.
In 2008 when Álvarez was on trial at Swedish club Degerfors IF, he injured his foot badly in a friendly-game against Ljungskile.
In 2009, he rejoined Coquimbo Unido, in the Chilean second division.
In the 2009–10 season, he played for Spanish club Linense.

## Personal life

He is nicknamed Lucho, an affective form of "Luciano".
# Clitae (tribe)

The Clitae were a Cilician tribe who are mentioned by Tacitus as subjects of a Cappadocian Archelaus, in the time of Tiberius. This Archelaus appears to have been a king of Cilicia Trachea, certainly not the last king of Cappadocia, Archelaus of Cappadocia, for he was dead before the time to which Tacitus refers in the passage cited above. The Clitae refused to submit to the regulations of the Roman-style census, and to pay taxes, and retired to the heights of the Taurus Mountains. There they successfully resisted the king, until M. Trebellius was sent by Vitellius, the governor of Syria, who blockaded them in their hill forts, Cadra and Davara, and compelled them to surrender. In the reign of Claudius the Clitae again fortified themselves on the mountains, under a leader Trosobores, whence they descended to the coast and the towns, plundering the cultivators, townspeople, shipmasters, and merchants. They besieged the town of Anemurium, a place probably near the promontory, from which and the other circumstances we collect that the Clitae were a nation in Cilicia Trachea. At last Antiochus IV of Commagene, who was king of this coast, by pleasing the common sort and cajoling the leader, succeeded in putting Trosobores and a few of the chiefs to death, and pacified the rest by his mild measures.
# Lower Modi-1 Hydroelectric Power Plant

Lower Modi-1 Hydroelectric Power Plant (Nepali: तल्लो मोदी १ जलविद्युत आयोजना, Tallo Modi-1 Jalbidyut Ayojana) is a run-of-river hydro-electric plant located in Parbat district of Nepal. The flow from Modi River is used to generate 10 MW electricity. The design flow is 26 m$^3$/s, gross head is 50 m and annual energy generation capacity is 61.01 GWh.
The plant was constructed by United Modi Hydropower Pvt. Ltd., an IPP of Nepal.
# Love Kills!

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Love Kills! is In Strict Confidence's third studio album.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by In Strict Confidence; all music is composed by In Strict Confidence
The last track is 666 seconds of complete silence.
There is also a Limited Fan Edition boxset - 1000 copies. It includes: album CD, 3" bonus CD, 16 page oversized booklet, condom, metal-pin, postcard set and sticker set.
3" bonus CD in the limited edition box set contains 3 remixes by Controlled Fusion.

### Bonus CD track listing

All lyrics are written by In Strict Confidence; all music is composed by Controlled Fusion
# Clyde, New Jersey

Clyde is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) located in Franklin Township, in Somerset County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It was a station stop on the Penna RR's Millstone Branch. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP's population was 213.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, Clyde had a total area of 0.383 square miles (0.993 km$^2$), all of which was land.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

The 2010 United States census counted 213 people, 73 households, and 64 families in the CDP. The population density was 555.8 per square mile (214.6/km$^2$). There were 73 housing units at an average density of 190.5 per square mile (73.6/km$^2$). The racial makeup was 65.73% (140) White, 28.17% (60) Black or African American, 0.00% (0) Native American, 6.10% (13) Asian, 0.00% (0) Pacific Islander, 0.00% (0) from other races, and 0.00% (0) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.23% (9) of the population.
Of the 73 households, 37.0% had children under the age of 18; 74.0% were married couples living together; 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present and 12.3% were non-families. Of all households, 11.0% were made up of individuals and 2.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.92 and the average family size was 3.14.
24.9% of the population were under the age of 18, 3.8% from 18 to 24, 16.0% from 25 to 44, 43.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 46.6 years. For every 100 females, the population had 100.9 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 95.1 males.
# Dandepalle

Dandepalle or Dandepally may refer to:
* Dandepalle, Hanamkonda district, a village in Telangana, India
* Dandepalle, Mancherial district, a village in Telangana, India
* Dandepalle mandal, a subdivision of Mancherial district
# Ludovico Seitz

Ludovico Seitz, or Ludwig Seitz (11 June 1844, Rome - 11 September 1908, Albano Laziale) was an Italian painter of German ancestry, who served as Director of the Vatican Galleries.

## Life and work

His father was the painter, Alexander Maximilian Seitz, a member of the Nazarene movement; originally from Munich. His mother, Gertrud née Platner, was the daughter of the painter and diplomat, Ernst Zacharias Platner. King Ludwig I was his godfather.
He initially studied art with his father, then with Friedrich Overbeck and, later, from Peter von Cornelius. In 1887, he became an Inspector (curator) at the Vatican Galleries, and was promoted to Director in 1894. He belonged to several Catholic artists' associations and produced numerous religious frescoes, mostly in Nazarene style, but also with hints of Historicism.
Perhaps his best known works are ceiling frescoes, commissioned by Pope Leo XIII, in the "Gallery of Candelabras" at the Apostolic Palace, which is now a part of the Vatican Museums. He also created paintings at Sant'Ivo dei Bretoni, a French church, and the chapel at the Basilica della Santa Casa. Together with his father, he painted murals at Đakovo Cathedral in Croatia.
Santa Maria dell’Anima, the German national church, has works by Seitz in the chapel dedicated to saints John of Nepomuk and Jan Sarkander, as well in the ceiling of the nave.
His students included the Bavarian church painter, Kaspar Schleibner, and the Belgian artist, Jozef Janssens, who also created religious works. His successor at the Galleries was the Italian painter and art historian, Pietro D’Achiardi.
# Dalen railway station

Dalen is a railway station located in Dalen, Netherlands. The station was opened on 1 November 1905 and is located on the Emmerlijn (Zwolle - Emmen). Train services are operated by Arriva. The station was closed between 2 October 1938 and 10 June 1940, 17 September 1944 and 27 June 1945 and 14 May 1950 and 31 May 1987.

## Train services

| Route | Service type | Operator | Notes |
| Zwolle - Ommen - Mariënberg - Hardenberg - Coevorden - Emmen | Local ("Stoptrein") | Arriva | 1x per hour |

## Bus services

There is no bus service at this station. The nearest bus stop is in the village centre of Dalen.
# Dalen (disambiguation)

Dalen is a word that means "the valley" in Norwegian and Swedish. It may refer to:

## People

* Dalen Lance (born 1983), a South African actor and presenter
* Dalen Mmako (born 1996), a South African cricketer
* Dalen Terry (born 2002), an American basketball player
* Andrea Dalen (born 1992), a Norwegian ice hockey player
* Frieda Dalen (1895–1995), a Norwegian teacher
* Gustaf Dalén (1869–1937), a Swedish physicist and businessman
* Olav Dalen (born 1985), a Norwegian football player
* Sidsel Dalen (born 1969), a Norwegian journalist and crime fiction writer
* Zale Dalen, a Canadian film and television director

## Places

* Dalen, a village and a former municipality in the northeastern Netherlands
* Dalen, Telemark, a village in Tokke municipality in Telemark county, Norway
** Dalen Church, a church in Dalen, Telemark
** Dalen Hotel, a historic hotel located at Dalen, Telemark
* Dalen, the German name for the town of Tomislavgrad in Bosnia and Herzegovina

## Sport

* Dalen/Krokslätts FF, a football club in Mölndal, Sweden
* IBK Dalen, a floorball club in Umeå, Sweden
* HC Dalen, an ice hockey club in Jönköping, Sweden

## Other

* Dalen Portland, a novel by Kjartan Fløgstad
* Dalén light, a light produced from burning of carbide gas
# Lucknow University metro station

Vishwavidyalaya metro station is an elevated metro station on the North-South Corridor of the Red Line of Lucknow Metro in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. It was opened to the public on 8 March 2019.

## Station layout

Vishwavidyalaya track layout :
Legend :
Station with two tracks and two side platforms :
| G | Street level | Exit/Entrance |
| L1 | Mezzanine | Fare control, station agent, Metro Card vending machines, crossover |
| L2 | Side platform | Doors will open on the left | Side platform | Doors will open on the left |
| L2 | Platform 2 Southbound | Towards → CCS International Airport Next Station: KD Singh Babu Stadium |
| L2 | Platform 1 Northbound | Towards ← Munshi Pulia Next Station: IT Chauraha |
| Side platform | Doors will open on the left | |
| L2 | | |
# 2008–09 Lincoln City F.C. season

This page shows the progress of Lincoln City F.C. in the 2008–09 football season. During the season, Lincoln competed in League Two in the English league system.

## League table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 11 | Morecambe | 46 | 15 | 18 | 13 | 53 | 56 | −3 | 63 |
| 12 | Darlington | 46 | 20 | 12 | 14 | 61 | 44 | +17 | 62 |
| 13 | Lincoln City | 46 | 14 | 17 | 15 | 53 | 52 | +1 | 59 |
| 14 | Rotherham United | 46 | 21 | 12 | 13 | 60 | 46 | +14 | 58 |
| 15 | Aldershot Town | 46 | 14 | 12 | 20 | 59 | 80 | −21 | 54 |
* ↑ Darlington deducted 10 points for entering administration.
* ↑ Rotherham United deducted 17 points for leaving administration without a Company Voluntary Agreement.

## Players
### First-team squad

    Includes all players who were awarded squad numbers during the season.
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | ENG | Rob Burch |
| 2 | DF | ENG | Paul Green |
| 3 | DF | ENG | Aaron Brown |
| 4 | DF | HUN | János Kovács |
| 5 | DF | WAL | Lee Beevers |
| 6 | DF | JAM | Frank Sinclair |
| 7 | MF | ENG | Stefan Oakes |
| 8 | MF | IRL | Lee Frecklington |
| 9 | FW | ENG | Geoff Horsfield |
| 11 | MF | ENG | Scott Kerr |
| 12 | MF | FRA | Dany N'Guessan |
| 13 | GK | ENG | Ayden Duffy |
| 14 | FW | ENG | Lenell John-Lewis |
| 15 | FW | ENG | Ben Wright |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 16 | DF | ENG | Danny Hone |
| 18 | MF | ENG | Martin Pembleton |
| 19 | MF | ENG | Shane Clarke |
| 20 | MF | WAL | Owain Warlow |
| 21 | FW | ENG | Gary King |
| 22 | FW | ENG | Sam Mullarkey |
| 23 | FW | ROU | Adrian Pătulea |
| 24 | FW | ENG | Nathan Adams |
| 25 | DF | ENG | Moses Swaibu |
| 26 | FW | ENG | Andy Hutchinson |
| 27 | MF | ENG | James Bennett (on loan from Hull City) |
| 28 | DF | ENG | Kern Miller |
| 29 | DF | ENG | Luca Coleman-Carr |

### Left club during season

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 9 | FW | WAL | Kevin Gall (returned to parent club Carlisle United following loan spell) |
| 17 | FW | SCO | David Graham |
| 26 | FW | ENG | Paris Simmons (returned to parent club Derby County following loan spell) |
| 10 | FW | ENG | Anthony Elding (returned to parent club Crewe Alexandra following loan spell) |
| 17 | MF | NIR | Michael O'Connor (returned to parent club Crewe Alexandra following loan spell) |
# 2008 Egypt Cup final

2008 Egypt Cup Final, was the final match of 2007–08 Egypt Cup, when Zamalek played ENPPI at Cairo Stadium in Cairo.
Zamalek won the game 2–1, claiming the cup for the 21st time.

## Route to the final

| Zamalek | Zamalek | Round | ENPPI | ENPPI |
| Opponent | Result | 2007–08 Egypt Cup | Opponent | Result |
| Kahrbaa Ismailia | 3–0 | Round of 32 | Abu Qair | 2–0 |
| Maleyat Kafr El-Zayat | 2–0 | Round of 16 | Asyut Petroleum | 2–0 |
| Suez Cement | 4–1 | Quarterfinals | Al-Ittihad Al-Sakndary | 1–0 |
| Haras El-Hodood | 2–1 | Semifinals | Arab Contractors | 3–2 |

## Game description
### Match details

| Zamalek | ENPPI |
Zamalek: :
| GK | | Mohamed Abdel Monsef |
| RB | | Mahmoud Fathallah |
| CB | | Amr El-Safty |
| CB | | Ahmed Magdy |
| LB | | Mohamed Abdallah | | 92' |
| CM | | Mohamed Ibrahim | ?' | |
| CM | | Ahmed Abdel-Raouf |
| RW | 3 | Osama Hassan | ?' | 67' |
| AM | 18 | Shikabala | ?' | |
| LW | 9 | Amr Zaki | ?' | |
| CF | 10 | Gamal Hamza | ?' | 86' |
| Substitutions: |||
| RB | 13 | Tarek El-Sayed | | 67' |
| CF | | Mostafa Gaafar | | 86' |
| DF | | Ahmed Hossam | ?' | 92' |
| Manager: |||
| Ruud Krol |||
ENPPI: :
| GK | 33 | Amer Amer | ?' | |
| RB | | Mano |
| CB | 15 | Mohamed Younis |
| CB | | Mohamed El Zayat | | 39' |
| LB | | Ahmed Elmohamady | ?' | |
| CM | | Islam Awad |
| CM | | Alaa Issa | ?' | 83' |
| RW | | Abdallah Ragab |
| AM | | Adel Mostafa |
| LW | | Ahmed Raouf | | 85' |
| CF | | Vincent Die Foneye |
| Substitutions: |||
| MF | | Amr Fahim | | 39' |
| MF | | Ayman Said | ?' | 83' |
| FW | | Ahmed Abd El-Zaher | | 85' |
| Manager: |||
| Anwar Salama |||
* Man of the Match:
* Assistant referees:
* Fourth official:
# Coco Argentée

Coco Argentée, (originally Corine Céline Ntyame), was born August 13, 1982, in Mbandjock, Centre Cameroon. This Cameroonian singer and songwriter lives in Belgium.
Argentée began her career in 2010 with the successful release of the song, Dans la tanière, of her first album Nostalgie. In February 2016, she released Crayon de Dieu, a maxi single of two titles. This single earned her the nickname La Go Galaxy. Coco Argentée now has three albums. The third album, Ouragan, was released in June 2018.

## Biography
### Childhood and early beginnings

Coco's mother died when she was very young and she grew up with her father, sisters and stepmother.
She embraced music at a young age. At the age of six, she joined the Protestant choir "The Voice of the Angels" at Ngoumou. A few years later, she started the group Les Feeling Girls that performed at the Manu Dibango concert at Mvogt College. She left the group when her father, Thomas Mekoulou Ndengue, a railwayman, was transferred to Ngaoundere, in the Adamawa Region where she sang in cabarets without the knowledge of her parents. At the age of 19, she won two awards: the Commonwealth Prize and the UNESCO Prize.
In 2003, Coco Argentée left Cameroon for Chad where she earned a bachelor's degree in 2004. She then moved to N'Djamena and performed in cabarets until 2006 when she settled in Belgium, where she currently lives with her husband, and their two children. She completed a training program and worked as a nurse for several years, until she released her first album, leaving the healthcare industry, to focus on her musical career.

### Career

Coco Argentée's solo career began in 2010 with the release of her first album Nostalgie, consisting of eight tracks. The album combines the musical genres of Bikutsi and Zouk. The most popular album track is Dans la tanière, a tribute to the city of Ndjamena where she began her career, had considerable success in both Kamer, and N'Djamena. The album won awards, including Musical Revelation of the Year for 2012 at Canal 2'Or and Best Bikutsi of 2013 at Festi-Bikutsi.
In April 2014, Argentée released a 10 track second album, Trésor, of which the song Fallait Pas, recorded in Cameroon, was quite popular. The album references Cameroonian music icon Talla André-Marie, in the song Bikutskin.
In February 2016, Argentée released the song Le crayon de Dieu that nos has more than 2 million YouTube views. Femme et Coco Jackson was released in 2017.
In June 2018, Coco Argentée released her third album entitled Ouragan. The 11 track album is supported by 10 concurrently released YouTube videos.

## Discography
### Albums

* 2010: Nostalgie
* 2014: Trésor
* 2018: Ouragan

### Singles

* 2016: Le crayon de Dieu
* 2017 : Coco Jackson
* 2017: Femme
* 2021:le amour vrai

## Prizes and awards

* 2012: Best Diaspora artist in the Planet Star Music Awards
* 2013: Musical revelation of the year at the ninth edition of Canal 2'Or
* 2013: Best Bikutsi of the year at Festi-Bikutsi
* 2014: Balafon Music Awards album of the year
* 2014: Artist of the year at the Balafon Music Awards
* 2015: Best female artist at the tenth edition of Canal2'Or
# 2009 in philosophy

2009 in philosophy

## Publications

* Jonathan Safran Foer, Eating Animals (2009)
* David Foster Wallace, This Is Water (2009)
* Catherine H. Zuckert, Plato's Philosophers: The Coherence of the Dialogues (2009)
* Elijah Millgram, Hard Truths (2009)
* Irving Singer, Philosophy of Love: A Partial Summing-Up (2009)
* Christine Korsgaard, Self-Constitution: Agency, Identity, and Integrity (2009)
* Brian Hines, Return to the One: Plotinus's Guide to God-Realization (2009)
* Christopher S. Hill, Consciousness (2009)

## Deaths

* January 12 - Arne Næss (born 1912)
* March 10 - Brian Barry (born 1936)
* March 16 - Marjorie Grene (born 1910)
* April 5 - Neil MacCormick (born 1941)
* May 14 - Benson Mates (born 1919)
* June 3 - Julius Moravcsik (born 1931)
* July 1 - David Pears (born 1921)
* July 17 - Leszek Kołakowski (born 1927)
* August 5 - Gerald Cohen (born 1941)
* September 13 - William Alston (born 1921)
* October 30 - Claude Lévi-Strauss (born 1908)
* December 4 - Stephen Toulmin (born 1922)
# Clusia carinata

Clusia carinata is a species of flowering plant in the family Clusiaceae. It is found only in Peru.
# Luan Carlos

Luan Carlos Neto (born 21 May 1992), known as Luan Carlos, is a Brazilian football coach, currently the head coach of Goianésia.

## Career

Born in Ipameri, Goiás, Luan Carlos played youth football for hometown side Novo Horizonte, but retired at the age of 15 due to a knee injury. He then turned into coaching, finishing his Physical Education graduation in 2012 before reaching the age of 20 and returning to Novo Horizonte in 2014, as a fitness coach.
Luan Carlos was an interim manager of Novo Horizonte for two matches in the 2015 Campeonato Goiano - Segunda Divisão, and was named permanent manager of the side in August 2016, in the place of Wladimir Araújo. On 26 April 2017, he was appointed manager of Grêmio Anápolis, but returned to Novo Horizonte in July.
On 16 December 2017, Luan Carlos was named in charge of Uniclinic, and led the side to the third place of the 2018 Campeonato Cearense. He subsequently rejoined Novo Horizonte and led the side to the first division of the Campeonato Goiano after a ten-year absence.
Announced back at Uniclinic for the 2019 season, as the club was now named Atlético Cearense, Luan Carlos left on 25 June to take over Floresta, but was sacked on 28 January 2020. On 3 February 2020, he was announced at Caucaia, but resigned ten days later after alleging personal reasons.
On 9 March 2020, Luan Carlos returned to his native state after being named at the helm of Goianésia. Dismissed on 28 March 2021, he moved to Brusque on 27 April as Jerson Testoni's assistant.
On 17 August 2021, Luan Carlos was appointed manager of Série D side Brasiliense. He left on a mutual agreement on 7 November, and was named in charge of Camboriú eighteen days later.
Luan Carlos led Camboriú to their best-ever position in the 2022 Campeonato Catarinense, losing the finals to Brusque. He was appointed Caxias manager on 3 April 2022, but left the club on 16 May to return to Brusque, now as manager. He was sacked by the latter club on 31 August.
After returning to Brasiliense and being in charge of fourth division side Campinense, Luan Carlos was named head coach of Altos in the Série C on 27 June 2023. On 24 July, after four winless matches, he resigned.

## Personal life

Luan Carlos is the son of Paulo Marcos, a former footballer and manager who notably represented Internacional. He only knew his father at the age of 16.
# Cochylimorpha discolorana

Cochylimorpha discolorana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Romania, Ukraine, Russia (south-eastern European Russia, Transalai, the Caucasus), Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Afghanistan and Iran.
The wingspan is 17–19 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from April to June.
# 2009–10 Slovenian Second League

The 2009–10 Slovenian Second League season started on 9 August 2009 and ended on 23 May 2010. Each team played a total of 27 matches.

## Clubs

| Club | Location | Stadium |
| Aluminij | Kidričevo | Aluminij Sports Park |
| Bela Krajina | Črnomelj | ŠRC Loka |
| Dravinja | Slovenske Konjice | Dobrava Stadium |
| Krško | Krško | Matija Gubec Stadium |
| Livar | Ivančna Gorica | Ivančna Gorica Stadium |
| MU Šentjur | Šentjur | Šentjur Sports Park |
| Mura 05 | Murska Sobota | Fazanerija |
| Primorje | Ajdovščina | Ajdovščina Football Stadium |
| Šenčur | Šenčur | Šenčur Sports Park |
| Triglav | Kranj | Stanko Mlakar Stadium |

## League standing

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 1 | Primorje (C, P) | 27 | 15 | 10 | 2 | 51 | 16 | +35 | 55 | Promotion to Slovenian PrvaLiga |
| 2 | Triglav Kranj (P) | 27 | 14 | 5 | 8 | 33 | 25 | +8 | 47 | Qualification to promotion play-offs |
| 3 | Aluminij | 27 | 14 | 4 | 9 | 67 | 34 | +33 | 46 | |
| 4 | Dravinja | 27 | 11 | 6 | 10 | 44 | 32 | +12 | 39 | |
| 4 | Bela Krajina | 27 | 11 | 6 | 10 | 28 | 36 | −8 | 39 | |
| 6 | Mura 05 | 27 | 9 | 7 | 11 | 36 | 51 | −15 | 34 | |
| 7 | Šenčur | 27 | 7 | 11 | 9 | 31 | 35 | −4 | 32 | |
| 8 | Krško | 27 | 6 | 10 | 11 | 27 | 45 | −18 | 28 | |
| 9 | Livar (R) | 27 | 7 | 6 | 14 | 27 | 43 | −16 | 27 | Relegation to Slovenian Third League |
| 10 | MU Šentjur (R) | 27 | 5 | 7 | 15 | 29 | 56 | −27 | 22 | Relegation to Slovenian Third League |
# Cmax (pharmacology)

C$_{max}$ is the maximum (or peak) serum concentration that a drug achieves in a specified compartment or test area of the body after the drug has been administered and before the administration of a second dose. It is a standard measurement in pharmacokinetics.

## Description

C$_{max}$ is the opposite of C$_{min}$, which is the minimum (or trough) concentration that a drug achieves after dosing. The related pharmacokinetic parameter t$_{max}$ is the time at which the C$_{max}$ is observed.
After an intravenous administration, C$_{max}$ and t$_{max}$ are closely dependent on the experimental protocol, since the concentrations are always decreasing after the dose. But after oral administration, C$_{max}$ and t$_{max}$ are dependent on the extent, and the rate of drug absorption and the disposition profile of the drug. They could be used to characterize the properties of different formulations in the same subject.
Short term drug side effects are most likely to occur at or near the C$_{max}$, whereas the therapeutic effect of drug with sustained duration of action usually occurs at concentrations slightly above the C$_{min}$.
The C$_{max}$ is often measured in an effort to show bioequivalence (BE) between a generic and innovator drug product. According to the FDA, drug quality bioavailability (BA) and BE rely on pharmacokinetic measurements such as AUC and C$_{max}$ that are reflective of systemic exposure.