OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2013 Knoxville Challenger – Doubles

Alex Kuznetsov and Mischa Zverev were the defending champions, but Zverev chose not to compete. Kuznetsov partnered with Denys Molchanov but lost to eventual champion Samuel Groth and John-Patrick Smith in the semifinals, who also defeated Carsten Ball and Peter Polansky in the final.

## Seeds

* Samuel Groth / John-Patrick Smith (champions)
* Austin Krajicek / Tennys Sandgren (semifinals)
* Rik de Voest / Rajeev Ram (quarterfinals)
* James Cluskey / Maximilian Neuchrist (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | S Groth J-P Smith | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Q | S Myneni S Singh | 3 | 4 | | 1 | S Groth J-P Smith | w/o | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | Jarryd Chaplin Andrew Dromsky | 3 | 4 | | | R Harrison D Kudla | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Harrison D Kudla | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 1 | S Groth J-P Smith | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| 3 | R de Voest R Ram | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | A Kuznetsov D Molchanov | 0 | 2 | | | | | |
| WC | J Jenkins D Novikov | 1 | 5 | | 3 | R de Voest R Ram | 0 | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| | D Rice S Thornley | 6 | 3 | [9] | | A Kuznetsov D Molchanov | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Kuznetsov D Molchanov | 3 | 6 | [11] | | | | | | | | | 1 | S Groth J-P Smith | 6$^6$ | 6 | [10] |
| | K King J Sock | 4 | 6$^1$ | | | | | | | | | | | C Ball P Polansky | 7$^7$ | 2 | [7] |
| | C Ball P Polansky | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | C Ball P Polansky | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | E King Dennis Nevolo | 6$^6$ | 1 | | 4 | J Cluskey M Neuchrist | 0 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | J Cluskey M Neuchrist | 7$^8$ | 6 | | | | | | | C Ball P Polansky | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | |
| | S Johnson T Smyczek | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 2 | A Krajicek T Sandgren | 3 | 6$^3$ | | | | | |
| PR | T Angelinos Laurent Rochette | 1 | 3 | | | S Johnson T Smyczek | 6$^1$ | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Milan Pokrajac D Zivkovic | 6 | 2 | [8] | 2 | A Krajicek T Sandgren | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | A Krajicek T Sandgren | 2 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 2013–14 Rayo Vallecano season

The 2013–14 season was the 89th season in Rayo's history and the 15th in the top-tier.

## Squad

As June, 2014..

### Squad and statistics

| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Total | Total | Liga | Liga | Copa | Copa |
| No. | Pos | Nat | Player | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| 1 | GK | ESP | David Cobeño | 8 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 2 | DF | ESP | Tito | 25 | 0 | 24 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 3 | DF | ESP | Nacho | 25 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 4 | DF | ESP | Raúl Baena | 23 | 0 | 20 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 5 | DF | ESP | Álex Gálvez | 30 | 2 | 26 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
| 7 | MF | GUI | Lass Bangoura | 31 | 0 | 28 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 8 | MF | ESP | Adrián | 20 | 3 | 17 | 1 | 3 | 2 |
| 9 | MF | ESP | José Carlos | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 10 | MF | ESP | Roberto Trashorras | 38 | 1 | 37 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
| 11 | FW | MEX | Nery Castillo | 15 | 2 | 11 | 2 | 4 | 0 |
| 12 | FW | ITA | Samuele Longo (on loan from Internazionale) | 9 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 13 | GK | ESP | Rubén | 35 | 0 | 34 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 14 | MF | ESP | Alberto Perea | 10 | 1 | 8 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| 15 | DF | ROU | Răzvan Raț | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 16 | MF | ESP | Rubén Rochina (on loan from Blackburn Rovers) | 17 | 3 | 17 | 3 | 0 | 0 |
| 17 | DF | ARG | Leonel Galeano | 10 | 0 | 7 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 18 | DF | POR | Zé Castro | 20 | 0 | 19 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 19 | MF | ESP | Jonathan Viera (on loan from Valencia) | 28 | 5 | 26 | 5 | 2 | 0 |
| 20 | FW | ARG | Joaquín Larrivey | 37 | 12 | 35 | 12 | 2 | 0 |
| 21 | DF | ESP | Anaitz Arbilla | 32 | 1 | 30 | 1 | 2 | 0 |
| 22 | MF | ESP | Saúl (on loan from Atlético Madrid) | 37 | 2 | 34 | 2 | 3 | 0 |
| 23 | FW | ESP | Alberto Bueno | 41 | 12 | 37 | 11 | 4 | 1 |
| 24 | MF | ESP | Iago Falque (on loan from Tottenham Hotspur) | 31 | 3 | 28 | 3 | 3 | 0 |
| 25 | FW | URU | Sebastián Fernández | 9 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| 26 | DF | COL | Johan Mojica (on loan from Llaneros) | 15 | 0 | 12 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| 27 | MF | PER | Christian Cueva (on loan from Unión Española) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| 32 | MF | ESP | Adri Embarba | 13 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| 33 | FW | ESP | Rubén Ramiro | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 40 | DF | ESP | Borja López (on loan from Monaco) | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 6 | DF | ESP | Rodri | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 31 | DF | ESP | Mario | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |

### Transfers
## Competitions
### Overall

| Competition | Started round | Final position / round | First match | Last match |
| La Liga | — | 12th | 19 August 2013 | 18 May 2014 |
| Copa del Rey | Round of 32 | Round of 16 | 6 December 2013 | 15 January 2014 |
Updated to match played June 2014 Source: Competitions

### La Liga
#### League table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 10 | Levante | 38 | 12 | 12 | 14 | 35 | 43 | −8 | 48 |
| 11 | Málaga | 38 | 12 | 9 | 17 | 39 | 46 | −7 | 45 |
| 12 | Rayo Vallecano | 38 | 13 | 4 | 21 | 46 | 80 | −34 | 43 |
| 13 | Getafe | 38 | 11 | 9 | 18 | 35 | 54 | −19 | 42 |
| 14 | Espanyol | 38 | 11 | 9 | 18 | 41 | 51 | −10 | 42 |

#### Matches

Kickoff times are in CET.
Win  Draw  Loss
# 2013 European aflatoxin contamination

In February–March 2013 several European countries, including Romania, Serbia, Croatia reported nationwide contamination of milk for human consumption (and possibly of derivative products) with aflatoxins. The details are still scarce.
It was reported in March that feed originating from Serbia and imported in the Netherlands and Germany was contaminated. It was also reported in March that tests revealed contamination in milk produced by two Dutch farms. Milk in Germany was also tested but so far is reported as not tainted. Nevertheless, Russia announced it would ban imports from the German farms that received contaminated feed. On March 20, Romanian farmers dumped milk in protest after the government banned milk from five farms, which remain unnamed. Danone Romania also withdrew some 75 tons of milk products from the shelves.
The European Commissions' Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) has reported 10 notifications of aflatoxin B1 in maize of European origin since the last maize harvest in autumn 2012. In the 10 years prior to the last harvest—between 2001 and 2011—a total of nine cases of aflatoxins were reported in maize. Aflatoxins have been mainly an "import problem" up to now. However, global warming is increasingly affecting the mycotoxin map in Europe, producing "tropical toxins" within Europe's borders.
In Serbia the contamination turned into a political scandal after the government raised the internal milk contamination standards to tenfold of those from the EU. This higher limit however is the one practiced in the United States and two-thirds of the world.
On February 22, The Iowa Department of Agriculture found elevated Aflatoxin concentrations in dog food manufactured at a Pro-Pet facility in Kansas City, KS. The corn component of the dog food was reportedly contaminated with aflatoxins, though the contributing corn load passed screening at the facility. There are no reports of milk infestation in Iowa.
# 2013 Fifth Third Bank Tennis Championships

The 2013 Fifth Third Bank Tennis Championships was a professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts. It was the 18th edition for men and the 16th edition for women of the tournament and was part of the 2013 ITF Women's Circuit and the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour, offering prize money of $50,000 each for the men's and women's events. It took place in Lexington, Kentucky, United States, on July 22–28, 2013.

## ATP singles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| UKR | Illya Marchenko | 118 | 1 |
| BEL | Olivier Rochus | 148 | 2 |
| BEL | Ruben Bemelmans | 153 | 3 |
| USA | Alex Kuznetsov | 157 | 4 |
| USA | Bradley Klahn | 161 | 5 |
| AUS | James Duckworth | 164 | 6 |
| JPN | Tatsuma Ito | 174 | 7 |
| TUN | Malek Jaziri | 177 | 8 |
* As of July 15, 2013

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Eric Quigley
* Alexis Musialek
* Filip Peliwo
* Mitchell Krueger
The following players received entry by a special exempt:
* Austin Krajicek
* Benjamin Mitchell
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Greg Jones
* Greg Ouellette
* Tennys Sandgren
* Ilija Bozoljac

## WTA singles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| JPN | Misaki Doi | 95 | 1 |
| ISR | Julia Glushko | 113 | 2 |
| JPN | Kurumi Nara | 125 | 3 |
| USA | Shelby Rogers | 154 | 4 |
| CAN | Stéphanie Dubois | 158 | 5 |
| USA | Grace Min | 162 | 6 |
| USA | Irina Falconi | 164 | 7 |
| RSA | Chanel Simmonds | 171 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings as of July 15, 2013

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Stephanie Kent
* Jamie Loeb
* Grace Min
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Jennifer Brady
* Lauren Embree
* Mari Osaka
* Naomi Osaka
The following player received entry by a lucky loser spot:
* Yana Koroleva
* Alexandra Mueller

## Champions
### Men's singles

* James Ward def. James Duckworth 4–6, 6–3, 6–4

### Women's singles

* Shelby Rogers def. Julie Coin 6–4, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$

### Men's doubles

* Frank Dancevic / Peter Polansky vs. Bradley Klahn / Michael Venus 7–5, 6–3

### Women's doubles

* Nicha Lertpitaksinchai / Peangtarn Plipuech def. Julia Glushko / Chanel Simmonds 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, 6–3
# 2013 Maserati Challenger – Doubles

This is the first edition of the event. Similar to singles, 2nd seeds Rameez Junaid and Frank Moser defeated top seeds Dustin Brown and Philipp Marx to win the title.

## Seeds

* Dustin Brown / Philipp Marx (final)
* Rameez Junaid / Frank Moser (champion)
* Dominik Meffert / Philipp Oswald (semifinals)
* Colin Ebelthite / Lee Hsin-han (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | D Brown P Marx | 6 | 1 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Checa Calvo C Poch-Gradin | 2 | 6 | [6] | 1 | D Brown P Marx | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Chris Letcher Marious Zelba | 2 | 7 | [2] | | A Michon I Mijic | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | A Michon Ivo Mijic | 6 | 5 | [10] | | | | | | 1 | D Brown P Marx | 6 | 4 | [12] | | | | |
| 4 | C Ebelthite H-h Lee | 6 | 4 | [10] | | | | | | 4 | C Ebelthite H-h Lee | 3 | 6 | [10] | | | | |
| | G Kretschmer A Satschko | 4 | 6 | [7] | 4 | C Ebelthite H-h Lee | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Knittel H Podlipnik-Castillo | 6 | 4 | [12] | | B Knittel H Podlipnik-Castillo | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Červenák M Semjan | 3 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | D Brown P Marx | 3 | 6$^4$ |
| | G Gigounon Y Reuter | 1 | 6$^4$ | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | R Junaid F Moser | 6 | 7$^7$ |
| | W Koolhof Miliaan Niesten | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | W Koolhof M Niesten | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | Marvin Greven J Huta Galung | 5 | 2 | | 3 | D Meffert P Oswald | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | D Meffert P Oswald | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | D Meffert P Oswald | 4 | 4 | | | | | |
| WC | M González D Junqueira | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | 2 | R Junaid F Moser | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | L Giustino A Ward | 6$^4$ | 6$^5$ | | WC | M González D Junqueira | 3 | 6 | [4] | | | | | | | | | |
| | H Kontinen C Rungkat | 3 | 7$^8$ | [3] | 2 | R Junaid F Moser | 6 | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | R Junaid F Moser | 6 | 6$^6$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Mary McQueen

Mary McQueen (13 July 1860–30 May 1945) was a New Zealand Presbyterian deaconess, orphanage matron and social worker. She was born in Ballarat, Victoria, Australia on 13 July 1860.
# David Kuo

David Kuo may refer to:
* David Kuo (author) (1968–2013), American writer
* David Kuo (financial media personality) (born 1956), British financial expert and BBC radio personality
# 2021 Poznań Open – Doubles

Andrea Vavassori and David Vega Hernández were the defending champions but only Vega Hernández chose to defend his title, partnering Fernando Romboli. Vega Hernández lost in the semifinals to Zdeněk Kolář and Jiří Lehečka.
Kolář and Lehečka won the title after defeating Karol Drzewiecki and Aleksandar Vukic 6–4, 3–6, [10–5] in the final.

## Seeds

* Fernando Romboli / David Vega Hernández (semifinals)
* Szymon Walków / Jan Zieliński (quarterfinals)
* Evan King / Max Schnur (first round)
* Guido Andreozzi / Sergio Galdós (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | F Romboli D Vega Hernández | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | D Popko A Vatutin | 2 | 0 | 1 | F Romboli D Vega Hernández | 2 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | VV Cornea P Tsitsipas | 6 | 6 | WC | VV Cornea P Tsitsipas | 6 | 6$^0$ | [3] | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | L Borg Aleksander Orlikowski | 2 | 4 | | | | | | 1 | F Romboli D Vega Hernández | 7$^7$ | 4 | [8] | | | | |
| 3 | E King M Schnur | 6$^5$ | 5 | | | | | | | Z Kolář J Lehečka | 6$^4$ | 6 | [10] | | | | |
| | Z Kolář J Lehečka | 7$^7$ | 7 | | Z Kolář J Lehečka | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Cachin B Zapata Miralles | 6 | 6 | | P Cachin B Zapata Miralles | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | F Mena A Merino | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | Z Kolář J Lehečka | 6 | 3 | [10] |
| | C Denolly M Guinard | 6$^2$ | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | K Drzewiecki A Vukic | 4 | 6 | [5] |
| | E Couacaud M Janvier | 7$^7$ | 6 | | E Couacaud M Janvier | 6 | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| | K Drzewiecki A Vukic | 6 | 7$^9$ | | K Drzewiecki A Vukic | 3 | 6 | [12] | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | G Andreozzi S Galdós | 3 | 6$^7$ | | | | | | | K Drzewiecki A Vukic | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| WC | M Kaśnikowski D Michalski | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | R Gonzales H Johnson | 4 | 4 | | | | | |
| | R Gonzales H Johnson | 6 | 6 | | R Gonzales H Johnson | 2 | 7$^8$ | [13] | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Domingues G Elias | 2 | 2 | 2 | S Walków J Zieliński | 6 | 6$^6$ | [11] | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | S Walków J Zieliński | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# David Wood (environmental campaigner)

David E. Wood (July 1, 1963 – December 10, 2006) was an attorney and environmental activist. Best known for his work in the field of electronics recycling, he was executive director of the GrassRoots Recycling Network (GRRN) in Madison, Wisconsin and organizing director of the nationwide Computer TakeBack Campaign (CTBC).
Wood was born in Clifton Springs, NY, to two locally known doctors. He had seven brothers and sisters. He attended Bucknell University, receiving his training in law at the University at Buffalo. After graduating from law school, he moved to Los Angeles, where he worked for the California Public Interest Research Group (CalPIRG).
Later, Wood moved to Madison, Wisconsin, working first for the Center on Wisconsin Strategy (COWS), and then the GrassRoots Recycling Network. He became heavily involved with the Computer TakeBack Campaign in which he urged computer manufacturers to take back their old computers and recycle them properly. His most widely known contribution was the creation of the Dell TakeBack Campaign. His chapter, "ToxicDude.com: the Dell Campaign" (with Robin Schneider) in Challenging the Chip, recounts CTBC's successful national campaign to convince Dell, Inc., to take back and responsibly disassemble its obsolete consumer electronic products. He died in Madison.
Wisconsin's new electronics recycling statute, Senate Bill 107, was signed into law by Governor Jim Doyle on October 23, 2009, in Wood's honor based on Wood's work with the Computer TakeBack Campaign and his dedication to reducing electronic waste.
# David Uwins

David Uwins (c.1780–22 September 1837) was an English physician and medical writer.

## Life

Born in London about 1780, he was the second son of Thomas Uwins (died 1806), clerk in the Bank of England, and brother of Thomas Uwins, the artist. After working in London hospitals he graduated with an MD from the University of Edinburgh on 12 September 1803. Returning to London, he held for a short time the post of assistant physician at the Finsbury dispensary, and then established himself at Aylesbury in Buckinghamshire. On 22 December 1807 he was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, and in 1815 was elected physician to the City dispensary, and later to the new Finsbury and central dispensary.
In 1828 Uwins was appointed physician to the lunatic asylum at Peckham. In later life, through his friend Frederic Hervey Foster Quin, he became one of the first English converts to homeopathy. He encountered opposition, and suffered a breakdown.
Uwins died in London at his house in Bedford Row on 22 September 1837, and was buried at Kensal Green cemetery.

## Works

Uwins published in 1833 A Treatise on those Disorders of the Brain and Nervous System which are usually considered and called Mental. It established his medical reputation. He announced his convictions as a mhomeopath in a pamphlet Homœopathy and Allopathy, or Large, Small, and Atomic Doses. He wrote also:
* Modern Medicine, London, 1808.
* Cursory Observations on Fever, London, 1810.
* Modern Maladies and the Present State of Medicine, London, 1818.
* A Compendium of Theoretical and Practical Medicine, London, 1825.
* A Treatise on those Diseases which are either directly or indirectly connected with Indigestion, comprising a Commentary on the Principal Ailments of Children, London, 1827.
* Nervous and Mental Disorders, London, 1830.
Uwins wrote medical articles for George Gregory's Dictionary of the Arts and Sciences, 1806; and contributed to the "Reports" series, begun by John Reid in the Monthly Magazine. He wrote two articles in the Quarterly Review, on "Insanity and Madness" in July 1816, and on "Vaccination" in July 1818, and for a time edited the Medical Repository.
# David Utz

David Charles Utz (December 2, 1923 – October 30, 2011) was an American surgeon. Utz was the surgeon who removed United States President Ronald Reagan's prostate in 1987.
During his career her wrote 143 articles that appeared in medical journals.
Utz died on October 30, 2011, due to congestive heart failure aged 87.
# Mary Jiménez

María de la Luz Jiménez Chabolla, known professionally as Mary Jiménez or Mari Jiménez, is a Mexican ranchera singer who was nicknamed La Folklórica Sexy ("The Sexy Folk Singer") because of her sensuous voice. She has recorded albums for well-known Mexican record labels, such as Discos GAS and Discos CBS.

## Life and career

Jiménez was born in Salamanca, Guanajuato, Mexico, to Jesús Jiménez Cervantes (1904-1971) and María de Jesús Chabolla Peña (1907-1993). She is the younger sister of singers Flor Silvestre and La Prieta Linda.
In 1979, she recorded an album, Quédate con él, for the Mexican record company Discos GAS (currently Discos Orfeón). "Quédate con él" and "Silencio corazón", two songs from this album, were also released on a 45 RPM single.
In 1983, she recorded an album, No recuerdas, bien mío, for Harmony Series (a CBS record label). This album was produced by the songwriter and artistic director María Guadalupe "Lupita" Ramos, with musical arrangements by Román Palomar and Raúl Fuentes.

## Discography

* Quédate con él (GAS, 1979)
* No recuerdas, bien mío (Harmony [CBS], 1983)
# Douglas Clements

Douglas H. Clements is an American scholar in the field of early mathematics education. Previously a preschool and kindergarten teacher, his research centers on the learning and teaching of early mathematics, computer applications for mathematics teaching, and scaling up successful educational interventions. Clements has contributed to the writing of educational standards including the Common Core State Standards, the NCTM's Principles and Standards for School Mathematics and the NCTM's 2006 Curriculum Focal Points for Prekindergarten through Grade 8 Mathematics.
As of 2021, he is Distinguished University Professor and the Kennedy Endowed Chair in Early Childhood Learning at the University of Denver and the co-director of the Marsico Institute for Early Learning. He was previously a SUNY Distinguished Professor at the University at Buffalo.

## Subitizing

Clements is notable for reviving interest in the importance of perceptual and conceptual subitizing in early childhood mathematics education. Perceptual subitizing is the ability to instantly recognise the number of objects in a small group, without counting. Conceptual subitising is the ability to see a whole quantity as groups of smaller quantities (for example, seeing eight as two groups of four). When learning to count, young children use subitizing to develop their understanding of cardinality. They also use their conceptual subitizing and pattern recognition skills to develop their understanding of arithmetic and number sense.

## Building Blocks and Learning Trajectories

Together with Julie Sarama, Clements developed the Building Blocks curriculum and the Learning Trajectories approach to early mathematics education. Learning trajectories consist of a learning goal, a developmental path along which children develop to reach that goal, and a set of activities matched to each level in that learning path. Clements has evaluated this approach in randomized controlled trials and shown it to have a positive impact on children's learning. This research has influenced evidence reviews and teaching guidance produced by the Education Endowment Foundation in the UK and the What Works Clearinghouse in the USA.

## Personal life

Clements is married to fellow early mathematics researcher and collaborator Professor Julie Sarama. He has four children: Luke Clements, Abby Clements, Leah Meredith, and Ryan Clements.
# 2013 Super Coppa Sammarinese

The 2013 Super Coppa Sammarinese is the second Super Coppa Sammarinese football match. It was contested by Tre Penne, the winner of the 2012–13 Campionato Sammarinese di Calcio, and La Fiorita the winner of the 2012–13 Coppa Titano. The match was held on 31 August 2013 at the Campo di Fiorentino.
Tre Penne defeated La Fiorita, 2–1, to win their first Super Coppa.