OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lowell McAdam

Lowell Clayton McAdam (born May 28, 1954) is an American businessman. He is the former chairman and CEO of Verizon Communications, a company he joined in 2000.

## Early life

McAdam earned a bachelor's degree in engineering from Cornell University and a master's degree in business administration (MBA) from the University of San Diego.
He spent six years in the U.S. Navy's Civil Engineer Corps and is a licensed professional engineer.

## Career

In 2006, McAdam became the chief operating officer (COO) and chief executive officer (CEO) of Verizon Wireless. On September 20, 2010, parent company Verizon Communications announced he would be president and COO beginning October 1, 2010, succeeding Ivan Seidenberg. He was made chairman of Verizon Communications on January 1, 2012, and its CEO on August 1, 2011. In June 2018, Verizon announced that McAdam would retire from his role as CEO on August 1, 2018, remaining executive chairman through the end of the year. He then concluded his tenure as non-executive chairman in March 2019.
McAdam had previously been the CEO for PrimeCo Personal Communications, a joint venture of Bell Atlantic and Vodafone AirTouch. He was vice president of international operations for AirTouch Communications and a lead technical partner for cellular ventures in Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Italy, Korea and Japan. He joined AirTouch as executive director of international applications and operations in 1993. From 1983 to 1993, he held various executive titles with Pacific Bell, including area vice president of Bay Area marketing and general manager of South Bay customer services.
McAdam is past chairman of the board of directors of CTIA – The Wireless Association, a trade association. He is a director of the National Academy Foundation, a partnership between business leaders and educators that aims to help high schools across the US establish and run technical and service academies. He is also co-chair of the CEO Council on Health and Innovation, which encourages affordable improvements in employee health. He is an emeritus member of the Cornell University Board of trustees.
# Area code 434

Area code 434 is a telephone area code in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for the south-central area of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Lynchburg is the most populous city in the numbering plan area.
Area code 434 serves the cities of Charlottesville, Lynchburg, Danville, South Boston, and Emporia. The numbering plan area comprises Albemarle County, Fluvanna County, Buckingham County, Nelson County, Amherst County, Appomattox County, Campbell County, Pittsylvania County, Halifax County, Charlotte County, Prince Edward County, Nottoway County, Lunenburg County, Mecklenburg County, Brunswick County, and Greensville County, as well as a portion of Greene County, southwestern Louisa County, eastern Bedford County, southern Cumberland County, southwestern Sussex County, far western Southampton County, southeastern Dinwiddie County, and southern Prince George County.

## History

In December 2000, the Virginia State Corporation Commission announced that area code 804 would be split because central office prefixes had been anticipated to be depleted by April 2002. Area code 434 was officially effective as of June 1, 2001, on which date long-distance telephone calls could be made using either area code 804 or 434. After January 15, 2002, telephone calls made to numbers within the region required dialing the correct area code.

## Service area

* Altavista
* Amherst
* Appomattox
* Blackstone
* Campbell County
* Charlottesville
* Chase City
* Chatham
* Clarksville
* Concord
* Crewe
* Danville
* Earlysville
* Emporia
* Farmville
* Gretna
* Hurt
* Kenbridge
* Keysville
* Lunenburg
* Lynchburg
* Palmyra
* Prospect
* Ruckersville
* Scottsville
* South Boston
* South Hill
* Stanardsville
* Victoria
# Argument Web

The Argument Web is a large-scale Web of interconnected arguments created by individuals as they express their opinions and interact with the opinions of others. The Argument Web aims to make online debate intuitive for participants such as mediators, students, academics, broadcasters and bloggers, to create a Web infrastructure that allows for the storage, automatic retrieval and analysis of linked argument data, and to improve the quality of online argument and debate. The Argument Web can be described as a portion of a larger Semantic Web.

## AIFdb

AIFdb is a database implementation or ‘reification’ of the Argument Interchange Format (AIF), which allows for the storage and retrieval of AIF compliant argument structures. This database solution was provided as a foundation for an open, integrated Argument Web. It offers an extensive range of web services for interacting with stored argument data, while also offering search and argument visualisation features that are all consistent with the formal ontology of AIF.
At a basic level, the AIFdb web services allow for the insertion and querying of basic components of an AIF argument, such as nodes, edges and schemes. Building upon this basis, it also facilitates more complex interactions with these AIF argument structures. Such complex queries could make it possible, for example, to determine all the statements made by a particular person in support a given I-Node. While, at its highest level of interaction, AIFdb can handle the import and export of many standard file formats, including SVG, DOT, RDF/XML and other formats of argument theory tools, like Carneades, Rationale and Araucaria.

## Argument blogging

ArguBlogging is software which allows its users to select portions of hypertext on webpages in their Web browsers and to agree or disagree with the selected content, posting their arguments to their blogs with linked argument data. It is implemented as a bookmarklet, adding functionality to Web browsers and interoperating with blogging platforms such as Blogger and Tumblr.
# Arendse

Arendse is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andre Arendse (born 1967), South African soccer player
* Jonathan Arendse, South African politician
* Kurt-Lee Arendse (born 1996), South African rugby player
* Nolan Arendse (born 1968), South African darts player
* Rayno Arendse (born 1978), South African cricketer
* Roger Arendse (born 1993), South African cricketer
* Tyren Arendse (born 1980), South African soccer player
* Wayne Arendse (born 1984), South African soccer player
# Arendsee

Arendsee (German pronunciation:) is a town in the Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is named after the lake Arendsee, located north of the town.

## Geography

The municipality is located in the Altmark region and on the southern bank of the Arendsee lake, the largest and deepest natural lake in Saxony-Anhalt.

### Subdivisions

The town Arendsee consists of Arendsee proper (including the Ortsteile Genzien and Gestien) and the following Ortschaften or municipal divisions:
* Binde (incl. Ritzleben)
* Fleetmark (incl. Lüge, Molitz, Störpke)
* Höwisch
* Kaulitz
* Kerkau (incl. Lübbars)
* Kläden (incl. Kraatz)
* Kleinau (incl. Dessau, Lohne)
* Leppin (incl. Harpe, Zehren)
* Mechau
* Neulingen
* Rademin (incl. Ladekath)
* Sanne-Kerkuhn (Sanne and Kerkuhn)
* Schrampe (incl. Zießau)
* Thielbeer (incl. Zühlen)
* Vissum (incl. Kassuhn, Schernikau)
* Ziemendorf

## History

The locality and the lake were first mentioned in the Royal Frankish Annals in 822.
In 1184 Otto I, Margrave of Brandenburg founded a Benedictine nunnery in Arendsee while the then competent Prince-Bishop of Verden, Tammo (d. 1188), endowed it with estates.
The former municipalities Binde, Höwisch, Kaulitz, Kerkau, Kläden, Kleinau, Leppin, Neulingen, Sanne-Kerkuhn, Schrampe, Thielbeer and Ziemendorf were merged into Arendsee on 1 January 2010. The former municipalities Fleetmark, Mechau, Rademin and Vissum were merged into Arendsee on 1 January 2011.

## Population development

| Year | Inhabitants |
| 1964 | 10.963 |
| 1971 | 10.802 |
| 1981 | 9.401 |
| 1990 | 8.597 |
| 2000 | 8.223 |
| 2010 | 7.381 |
| Year | Inhabitants |
| 2011 | 7.237 |
| 2012 | 7.176 |
| 2013 | 7.056 |
| 2014 | 7.023 |
| 2015 | 6.929 |
1964–1981 census results, from 2011: 2011 European Union census
# Low rider bicycle luggage carrier

A low rider is type of luggage carrier for bicycles on which luggage can be carried with a low center of gravity. Low riders are most commonly used by cycling tourists who carry luggage in panniers on the front wheel.
For optimal balance the luggage on a front carrier should be placed low, and as closely as possible to the steering axis (in line with the head tube, a little behind the front wheel axis).

## Construction

Like other types of luggage carriers low riders are usually constructed out of aluminum or (stainless) steel rods or tubing. The rods and tubes bent to the right shape and then mounting points are added to it.
All low riders have horizontal rails on which panniers can be attached. The most common diameter of the rails is 10 millimeters. Some low riders have two rails on each side. The lower rail allows the luggage to be carried near the center of gravity of the wheel, while the higher rail provides more clearance from obstacles when cycling over rough terrain.
Low riders can be made out of two separate parts or joined together with a stabilizing bow, which increases the stiffness. Some low riders include a top platform on which more luggage can be packed.

## Installation

Low riders are specifically designed to be mounted on a specific kind of fork. Touring bicycles usually have a front fork with one or two threaded eyelets for M5 bolts on the front dropout on each side. These are for mounting fenders and/or luggage carrier. Another mid-fork eyelet "braze-on" is positioned 160 to 175 mm above it for mounting a low rider front luggage carrier. There is no established standard for the position of the mid-fork eyelet. Most low riders are adjustable to compensate for this. Some forks have mid-fork eyelets on the inside as well as outside to provide mounting of some specialized carriers such as the Tubus Duo. For bicycles that do not have these eyelets or "braze-ons", various alternatives exist. Some of these come in the form of "U-Bolts", clamps, or some sort of clamp-on eyelet (see Tubus Aluminum Alloy Fork Mounting Kit) When installing carriers, a drop of thread-locking fluid is advised to ensure that the screws do not loosen from vibrations under load.
# Arkwright Society

The Arkwright Society is a registered charity engaged in the conservation of industrial monuments in Derbyshire, focusing on the water mills of Lumsdale Valley, Ashford, Cromford and Slinter Wood. It is named after Richard Arkwright who founded the world's first successful water powered cotton spinning mill in Cromford in 1771. The society was founded after a festival in 1971 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of this feat.
The society bought the site of Sir Richard Arkwright's Cromford Mill in 1979 and have since restored its Grade 1 listed buildings. As of October 2007, the work had cost four million pounds and 35 people were employed by the society at the site. Thieves stole a historic clock from the site in 2003.
Derwent Valley Mills, including Cromford Mills, is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The mill complex was also declared by Historic England as "one of the country’s 100 irreplaceable sites".
The Society also manages the Canal Warehouse at Cromford Wharf, having leased it since 1995, where 2 rooms are used as classrooms. The Society offers tours of the Wharf and the Cromford Canal.
The Society opened the Cromford Venture Centre in 1996 to provide accommodation for young people studying the industrial history of the region. It also owns Slinter Wood, a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation, Slinter Cottage and Dunsley Meadows Local Nature Reserve.
In 2018, the society was planning to restore Building 17 "to transform it into a northern anchor site for the Derwent Valley Mills World Heritage site and ensure the visitor centre was sustainable".
In 2019, the society employed 100 persons; the restoration expenditure by that time was £48 million. In 2018, the "Cromford Mills Creative Cluster and World Heritage Site Gateway Project" was listed as a finalist for the "Best Major Regeneration of a Historic Building or Place" in the Historic England Angel Awards.
Derwent Valley Mills, including Cromford Mills, is one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The mill complex was also declared by Historic England as "one of the country’s 100 irreplaceable sites". The complex is open daily to visitors.
There is also a Nottingham Arkwright Society based in the Nottingham Industrial Museum in the grounds of Wollaton Park.
# Arlene Saunders

Arlene Saunders (Cleveland, October 5, 1930 – April 17, 2020) was an American spinto soprano opera singer. After making her operatic debut as Rosalinde von Eisenstein, in Die Fledermaus, with the National Opera Company in 1958, she made her first appearance with the New York City Opera in 1961, as Giorgetta in Il tabarro (conducted by Julius Rudel). With that company, she soon sang in Carmen (as Micaëla), La bohème (as Mimì), Louise (opposite Norman Treigle as the Père), Die lustige Witwe and Don Giovanni (as Donna Elvira).
In 1964, Saunders began a relationship with the Hamburg State Opera, with whom she made films of Le nozze di Figaro (as the Contessa, 1967), Der Freischütz (1968), and Die Meistersinger (with Giorgio Tozzi and Richard Cassilly, 1970). With the company she also created the part of the music teacher in the world premiere of Gian Carlo Menotti's Help, Help, the Globolinks! in 1968 (which was filmed the following year). For RCA, she recorded Il re pastore (with Lucia Popp and Reri Grist), in 1967. In 1971, she created the title role in Ginastera's Beatrix Cenci, which she repeated at the City Opera in 1973. She sang at the Metropolitan Opera in 1976, as Eva in Die Meistersinger, and in 1978, the soprano returned to the City Opera for La fanciulla del West. She also appeared at Milan, London (Covent Garden), Paris, Vienna, Rome, Leeds (Senta in 1979) and Buenos Aires.
In 1967, Saunders was named a Kammersängerin, in Hamburg. In 1985 she gave her Farewell as the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier, at the Teatro Colón. In 1986, she married Raymond Adrian Raskin of New York and Santa Fe.
She died in New York City on April 17, 2020, at the age of eighty-nine, from COVID-19.
# Armin Mahrt

Armin Richard Mahrt (November 9, 1897 – May 7, 1961) was an American football player from Dayton, Ohio. He played during the early years of the National Football League (NFL) for the Dayton Triangles and the Pottsville Maroons over the course of his three-year career. Mahrt made his NFL debut in 1924 with the Triangles. In 1925 Mahrt played on the Maroons team that won the 1925 NFL Championship, before it was stripped from the team due to a disputed rules violation.
Mahrt attended and played college football for the University of Dayton and West Virginia University. In 1922 a drop kick by Mahrt gave West Virginia a 9–6 victory over rival Pitt in the teams' annual Backyard Brawl. His greatest college game for the Mountaineers took place on October 7, 1922, against Marietta College, when Mahrt scored 24 points on 4 four touchdowns and rushed for 213 yards on 10 carries.
# Kittiwake Dance Theatre

Kittiwake Dance Theatre is the oldest non-profit dance company in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It was founded in March 1987 by Linda Rimsay, an American dancer who moved to St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador in 1978. Rimsay served as Kittiwake's artistic director from 1987–2007; she was succeeded by Martin Vallée. Based in St. John's, Kittiwake boasts a repertoire of more than fifty works, and is well-known for its annual performance of The Nutcracker; it also offers workshops and residency projects. Kittiwake Dance Theatre is a not-for-profit organization, overseen by Board of Directors, elected annually.

## History

Kittiwake Dance Theatre evolved from Linda Rimsay's involvement with the Newfoundland Dance Theatre (NDT), a semi-professional company which Rimsay co-founded with Gail Innes in 1979. In 1981, NDT launched the "Young Dancers" program to train new dancers and help them audition for the Royal Winnipeg Ballet's professional training program and the National Ballet School. Rimsay built upon her involvement with Young Dancers to found Kittiwake in March 1987. Within two years, Kittiwake had grown into one of the province's leading dance companies and was employing an artistic director, general manager, secretary, and seamstress.
Kittiwake remained a pillar of the Newfoundland and Labrador dance community in the coming decades. In 2003, Rimsay received a YWCA Woman of Distinction Award in recognition of her contributions to Kittiwake and to the local arts community in general. In January 2007, Rimsay stepped down as Kittiwake's artistic director and moved to Toronto, where she became outreach administrator with the National Ballet School. Martin Vallée succeeded Rimsay in 2007 and remains Kittiwake's artistic director.

## Performances and collaborations

Kittiwake has built a company repertoire of more than fifty works and generally stages three major performances each year, as well as several smaller ones. It is perhaps best-known for its annual production of The Nutcracker, which it has performed every December of its existence.
Kittiwake also offers workshops and residency projects for local dancers, all of which are delivered by Kittiwake’s artistic staff or by visiting companies, dancers, and choreographers. Some of the organizations Kittiwake has collaborated with over the years include: Ballet Jörgen Canada, the National Ballet School, the Newfoundland Symphony Orchestra, the Atlantic Ballet Theatre of Canada, and the Shallaway Youth Choir.
# Clarence Barber

Clarence Lyle Barber OC OM FRSC (May 5, 1917 – February 27, 2004) was a Canadian economist and academic.
Born in Wolseley, Saskatchewan, he received a B.A. in economics from the University of Saskatchewan in 1939. He won a scholarship to Clark University where he obtained his M.A. in 1941 and he received a Ph.D. in 1952 from the University of Minnesota.
He taught economics at the University of Manitoba from 1949 to 1982 and served as head of the department from 1963 to 1972. Barber also taught at McMaster University, Queen's University, McGill University, and the University of Victoria. His professional interests included macroeconomic theory, international economics, and monetary theory. Barber's best known theoretical contribution was his formulation of the concept of the effective rate of protection. He spent the year 1959-60 living in Manila, Philippines as an advisor working for the United Nations providing assistance to the 1960 Census.
Effects of the Great Depression in his youth motivated Barber to study economics . In 1978, Barber wrote "On the Causes of the Great Depression" where he made a link between demographics and economics. He cited how demand for housing in the U.S. began to drop beginning in 1926. Early in 1929, demand for housing dropped precipitously. The stock market crash in October of that same year was preceded by a decline in demand, Barber argues, that began with a lower formation of households concomitant with lower rates of marriage. After World War I, a birth dearth had resulted; a dearth that demographers have shown did not end until World War II ended. (see Causes of the Great Depression) The death of young men as soldiers in World War I, coupled with the Flu Pandemic of 1918 wrought their eventual harm to the economy as a whole. The increase in secularization during the 'Roaring Twenties', as automobiles became widespread, and availability of electricity and electrical appliances and such, may have had its effect too. Barber showed in "On Causes..." that lower demand for mortgages and other loans preceded by some years a shortage of loan availability as the Great Depression deepened towards 1933.
After the Winnipeg flood of 1950, he was economic adviser and director of research for the Manitoba Royal Commission Flood Cost-Benefit from 1957 to 1959. The result of which led to the construction of the Red River Floodway. In 1987, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 2001, he was awarded the Order of Manitoba.
In 1947, he married Barbara Anne Patchet. They had four children: Paul, Stephen, David, and Alan.
From 1982 to 1985 Clarence served on the Royal Commission on Economic Union and Development Prospects For Canada, more commonly known as the Macdonald Commission. It was on this commission where he argued for free trade with the United States.
# Hermit Canyon

Hermit Canyon is a north-trending canyon in western Grand Canyon, about 6.0 miles in length, below the South Rim. It is named for the hermit who built Hermit Camp, at the Colorado River, Louis D. Boucher. Hermit Canyon's east flank is bordered by Pima Point of the South Rim (about at the canyon midpoint), and Pima Point is ~2.0 from the Hermit Canyon midline. Pima Point is about 3.5 miles west-northwest of Grand Canyon Village, and the South Rim at Pima Point trends southward, as the start of Western Grand Canyon; it also marks the terminus of the West Rim Road.
Hermit Canyon contains the Hermit Basin at its southern end, with Dripping Springs (and Dripping Springs Trail to the west). The Hermit Trail traverses the east flank of Hermit Canyon down to the Colorado River, where it intersects the Tonto Trail at Cope Butte. At the end of Hermit Creek, and Canyon, the Hermit Rapids interrupt the flow of the Colorado River. Historic Hermit Camp was located at the end of the Hermit Trail, near the Colorado River.

## Gallery

* Hermit Camp buildings at the prominence base, region of Granite Gorge, at terminus of Hermit Canyon
* (Upper)-Hermit Canyon, Hermit Basin, Waldron Trail to Horsethief Tank, on South Rim.
* Hermit Rapids, viewed upstream over Whites Butte
# Daniel Heiner House

The Daniel Heiner House, at 543 N. 700 East in Morgan, Utah, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.
It is a five-bay two-story I-form central hall plan house with a two-story porch, with porch columns matching the five bays on each floor.
It was the home of pioneer Daniel Heiner, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints who married his brother's widow and also married another woman, together in a double ceremony in 1873. He was mayor of Morgan for two years and was president of the First National Bank of Morgan for 16 years.
# Giovanni Ricci (mathematician)

Giovanni Ricci (17 August 1904 – 9 September 1973) was an Italian mathematician.
He was born and brought up in Florence, where he did his school education. He then moved to Pisa to study mathematics at the Scuola Normale Superiore (associated with the University of Pisa). He was an assistant professor at the University of Rome for two years until 1928 when he moved to his alma mater Scuola Normale Superiore, where he was a professor for 8 years and produced research works in the fields of number theory, differential geometry, mathematical analysis, and theory of series, with highly significant results being obtained on the Goldbach conjecture and Hilbert's seventh problem.
Ricci moved to the University of Milan towards the end of 1936, where he remained as a professor for 36 years until his death on 9 September 1973. While in Milan, Ricci was largely committed to teaching and administrative work and his research output declined.
Ricci served as the president of Italian Mathematical Union from 1964 to 1967. He was a member of the Accademia dei Lincei since 1957. He was also a member of Istituto Lombardo Accademia di Scienze e Lettere.
Ricci is noted to have had a significant influence on Fields Medal-winning mathematician Enrico Bombieri.