OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Curiosity (disambiguation)

Curiosity is a quality related to inquisitive thinking.
Curiosity may also refer to:

## Film and television

* Curiosity (film), a 1967 Yugoslavian cartoon
* Curiosity (TV series), a Discovery Channel technology-oriented program
* Curiosity, a BBC antiques game show presented by Paul Martin
* Curiosity Stream, an American media company
* The Curiosity Show, an Australian educational children's television series

## Music

* Curiosity, a British band also known as Curiosity Killed the Cat
* Curiosity (EP), 2012, by Carly Rae Jepsen
* Curiosity (Wampire album), 2013
* Curiosity, a 1986 album by Regina
* "Curiosity" (song), by Carly Rae Jepsen, 2012
* "Curiosity", a song by the Jets from the album The Jets, 1985
* "Curiosity", a song by Loona from the EP, 2018

## Other uses

* Novelty item or curiosity, an object that excites or rewards attention
* "Curiosity" (poem), by Charles Sprague
* Curiosity (rover), a NASA Mars exploration vehicle
* Curiosity – What's Inside the Cube?, a 2012 online video game by Peter Molyneux
* Curiosity (website), an online education resource site
# Curiosity (Wampire album)

Curiosity is a 2013 album by the American indie rock band Wampire. It was released on May 14, 2013 through Polyvinyl.

## Track listing

* "The Hearse" 04:40
* "Orchards" 02:59
* "Spirit Forest" 03:08
* "Giants" 04:07
* "I Can't See Why" 02:49
* "Outta Money" 04:43
* "Trains" 03:26
* "Snacks" 02:46
* "Magic Light" 04:12

## Reception

Critical reviews for Curiosity have been positive and the album holds a rating of 69 on Metacritic, based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.
# Cumian

Cumian (; lit. "thick noodles") are thick Chinese noodles made from wheat flour and water. Two types of Chinese noodles are called cumian. One is Shanghai style, thick in diameter, used in Shanghai fried noodles.
The other type is Hong Kong style, flat and wide, sometimes yellow-alkaline. The flat cumian is a popular option in Hong Kong's cart noodles.
# 2018 Bashkir parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Bashkortostan on 9 September 2018 to elect the 110 members of 6th convocation of the State Assembly. The United Russia won majority of seats while the Communist Party and Liberal Democratic Party earned the highest gain of seats.

## Electoral system

In accordance with the Bashkir law, the State Assembly of Bashkortostan members are elected for a five-year term on the basis of universal equal and direct suffrage through a secret ballot by a citizen of the Russian Federation. A person may be eligible to be elected if they have reached the age of 21 as well as the right to vote. The State Assembly can function if at least 2/3's of its members have been elected.

## Timeline

* 18 June 2018 – The Central Election Commission of Bashkortostan sets the election date for 9 September.
* 10 July 2018 – Accreditation of mass media applications begin.
* 21 July 2018 – Nominations of candidates end and registration begins.
* 31 July 2018 – Registration of candidates end.
* 5 September 2018 – Accreditation of media applications end.
* 8 September 2018 – Day of silence, campaigning is prohibited.
* 9 September 2018 – Election day, 3,426 polls open at 8:00 and close at 20:00 where the tabulation and counting of ballots begin.

## Results

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | Votes | % | Seats | Total seats | +/– |
| | United Russia | 871,888 | 59.21 | 35 | | | 44 | 79 | –9 |
| | Communist Party of the Russian Federation | 281,110 | 19.09 | 11 | | | 4 | 15 | +5 |
| | Liberal Democratic Party of Russia | 148,879 | 10.11 | 6 | | | 1 | 7 | +4 |
| | A Just Russia | 81,861 | 5.56 | 3 | | | 2 | 5 | +5 |
| | Patriots of Russia | 59,075 | 4.01 | 0 | | | 2 | 2 | +1 |
| | Russian Ecological Party "The Greens" | 29,627 | 2.01 | 0 | | | 1 | 1 | +1 |
| | Independents | | | | | | 1 | 1 | –5 |
| Total | Total | 1,472,440 | 100.00 | 55 | | | 55 | 110 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 1,472,440 | 98.47 | | | | | | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 22,909 | 1.53 | | | | | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 1,495,349 | 100.00 | | | | | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 3,052,214 | 48.99 | | 3,052,214 | – | | | |
| Source: Central Election Commission ||||||||||
# Cycling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's road time trial

The women's individual time trial was one of eighteen cycling events of the 2016 Olympic Games. The event started and finished on 10 August at Pontal, a small peninsula and beach area in the Recreio dos Bandeirantes neighborhood, located in the West Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The race start and finish were part of the Barra venues cluster and one of seven temporary venues of the 2016 Summer Olympics.

## Pre-race favourites

American Kristin Armstrong was the 2008 and 2012 gold medalist. However, with the event scheduled one day before her forty-third birthday, Armstrong was not among the betting favorites.
The world champions after the 2012 Summer Olympics were the Dutch Ellen van Dijk (2013), German Lisa Brennauer (2014) and the New Zealand Linda Villumsen (2015). More recently, Ellen van Dijk had won the time trial in the 2016 Energiewacht Tour, beating Villumsen (3rd) and Brennauer (9th).

## Course

The women's course was one lap of the 29.8 km (18.5 mi) Grumari circuit. The race start and finish of the course were at the Tim Maia Square (Estrada do Pontal), then entering the Grumari circuit (clockwise) to reach the first climb (Grumari climb) after 9.7 km (6.0 mi) and the second climb (Grota Funda climb) at 19.2 km (11.9 mi).

## Start list and result

The following 18 NOCs had qualified a total of 25 riders to compete in the road time trial event. The following riders were confirmed by their respective NOCs.
| Pos. | No. | Rider | Country | Time |
| | 1 | Kristin Armstrong | United States | 44:26.42 |
| | 5 | Olga Zabelinskaya | Russia | 44:31.97 |
| | 3 | Anna van der Breggen | Netherlands | 44:37.80 |
| 4 | 7 | Ellen van Dijk | Netherlands | 44:48.74 |
| 5 | 9 | Elisa Longo Borghini | Italy | 44:51.94 |
| 6 | 2 | Linda Villumsen | New Zealand | 44:54.71 |
| 7 | 18 | Tara Whitten | Canada | 45:01.16 |
| 8 | 4 | Lisa Brennauer | Germany | 45:22.62 |
| 9 | 11 | Katrin Garfoot | Australia | 45:35.03 |
| 10 | 6 | Evelyn Stevens | United States | 46:00.08 |
| 11 | 16 | Alena Amialiusik | Belarus | 46:05.73 |
| 12 | 10 | Ashleigh Moolman | South Africa | 46:29.11 |
| 13 | 14 | Karol-Ann Canuel | Canada | 46:30.93 |
| 14 | 15 | Emma Pooley | Great Britain | 46:31.98 |
| 15 | 22 | Eri Yonamine | Japan | 46:43.09 |
| 16 | 12 | Trixi Worrack | Germany | 46:52.77 |
| 17 | 20 | Lotta Lepisto | Finland | 47:06.52 |
| 18 | 17 | Katarzyna Niewiadoma | Poland | 47:47.96 |
| 19 | 25 | Anna Plichta | Poland | 47:59.66 |
| 20 | 8 | Hanna Solovey | Ukraine | 48:03.35 |
| 21 | 24 | Lotte Kopecky | Belgium | 48:09.86 |
| 22 | 23 | Christine Majerus | Luxembourg | 48:16.17 |
| 23 | 13 | Ann-Sophie Duyck | Belgium | 48:17.60 |
| 24 | 19 | Audrey Cordon | France | 49:32.87 |
| 25 | 21 | Vita Heine | Norway | 50:23.39 |
# Cycling at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's team sprint

The women's cycling team sprint at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro took place on 12 August 2016.
The event was won by the Chinese pairing of Gong Jinjie and Zhong Tianshi over the Russian pairing of Daria Shmeleva and Anastasia Voynova. The defending champions, Germans Kristina Vogel and Miriam Welte, won the bronze medal.
The medals were presented by Yang Yang, IOC member, China and Marian Stenina, Member of the UCI Management Committee.

## Competition format

The women's team sprint race consists of a two-lap race between two teams of two cyclists, starting on opposite sides of the track. Each member of the team must lead for one of the laps.

## Schedule

All times are Brasília Time (UTC-03:00)
| Date | Time | Round |
| Friday 12 August 2016 | 16:00 | Qualifications and final |

## Results
### Qualification

The fastest 8 teams qualify for the first round.
| Rank | Country | Cyclists | Result | Notes |
| 1 | China | Gong Jinjie Zhong Tianshi | 32.305 | Q, OR |
| 2 | Russia | Daria Shmeleva Anastasia Voynova | 32.655 | Q |
| 3 | Germany | Kristina Vogel Miriam Welte | 32.673 | Q |
| 4 | Australia | Anna Meares Stephanie Morton | 32.881 | Q |
| 5 | Netherlands | Laurine van Riessen Elis Ligtlee | 33.189 | Q |
| 6 | France | Sandie Clair Virginie Cueff | 33.625 | Q |
| 7 | Canada | Kate O'Brien Monique Sullivan | 33.735 | Q |
| 8 | Spain | Tania Calvo Helena Casas | 33.891 | Q |
| 9 | New Zealand | Natasha Hansen Olivia Podmore | 34.346 | |
* Q = qualified

### First round

First round heats are held as follows: Heat 1: 4th v 5th qualifier Heat 2: 3rd v 6th qualifier Heat 3: 2nd v 7th qualifier Heat 4: 1st v 8th qualifier
The heat winners are ranked on time, from which the top 2 proceed to the gold medal final and the other 2 proceed to the bronze medal final.
| Rank | Heat | Country | Cyclists | Result | Notes |
| 1 | 4 | China | Gong Jinjie Zhong Tianshi | 31.928 | QG, WR, OR |
| 2 | 3 | Russia | Daria Shmeleva Anastasia Voynova | 32.324 | QG |
| 3 | 1 | Australia | Anna Meares Stephanie Morton | 32.636 | QB |
| 4 | 2 | Germany | Kristina Vogel Miriam Welte | 32.806 | QB |
| 5 | 1 | Netherlands | Laurine van Riessen Elis Ligtlee | 32.792 | |
| 6 | 2 | France | Sandie Clair Virginie Cueff | 33.517 | |
| 7 | 4 | Spain | Tania Calvo Helena Casas | 33.531 | |
| 8 | 3 | Canada | Kate O'Brien Monique Sullivan | 33.684 | |
* QG = qualified for gold medal final
* QB = qualified for bronze medal final

### Finals

The final classification is determined in the medal finals.
| Rank | Country | Cyclists | Result |
| Bronze medal final |||||
| | Germany | Kristina Vogel Miriam Welte | 32.636 |
| 4 | Australia | Anna Meares Stephanie Morton | 32.658 |
| Gold medal final |||||
| | China | Gong Jinjie Zhong Tianshi | 32.107 |
| | Russia | Daria Shmeleva Anastasia Voynova | 32.401 |
# Currais Novos

Currais Novos is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte in the Northeast region of Brazil. As of 2020, the population was estimated at 44,905.

## Prominent people

* Vicente de Lima (b. 1977), Olympic sprinter
* Francisco Fabiano Pereira Marciano (b. 1983), footballer
* Ignácio da Silva Oliveira, (b. 1996), footballer
* Euclides Pereira (b. 1941), jiu-jitsu coach
* Álvaro Felipe "Alvinho" da Silva (b. 1992), footballer
# Curral Velho, Cape Verde

Curral Velho is a deserted village in the southern part of the island of Boa Vista, Cape Verde. The village is situated on the south coast, around 25 km (16 mi) southeast of the island capital of Sal Rei. The area around Curral Velho is a protected landscape (Paisagem Protegida de Curral Velho), covering 16.35 square kilometres (6.31 sq mi). The nearby islet Ilhéu de Curral Velho and the adjacent coast are an important area for birds. The old houses of Curral Velho, São Domingos and Prazeres, examples of traditional Capeverdean architecture, are in a precarious state of conservation.

## Gallery

* Curral Velho seen from the north
* The ruins inside Curral Velho
* Tuareg resort
# Dhekpur

Dhekpur is a village in the Bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is located in the Berasia tehsil, on the banks of Baanh river.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Dhekpur has 233 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 63.32%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 1085 | 579 | 506 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 188 | 91 | 97 |
| Scheduled caste | 552 | 285 | 267 |
| Scheduled tribe | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Literates | 568 | 366 | 202 |
| Workers (all) | 536 | 283 | 253 |
| Main workers (total) | 103 | 87 | 16 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 60 | 54 | 6 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 37 | 32 | 5 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Main workers: Other | 5 | 1 | 4 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 433 | 196 | 237 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 4 | 3 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 322 | 168 | 154 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 92 | 18 | 74 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 15 | 7 | 8 |
| Non-workers | 549 | 296 | 253 |
# Cycling at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Men's road time trial T1–2

The Men's time trial T1-2 road cycling event at the 2016 Summer Paralympics took place on 14 September at Flamengo Park, Pontal. Eight riders from seven nations competed.
The T1 category and T2 category for tricycle classifications for cyclists with balance impairments. As a joined category, the times are factored to produce a final 'time'.

## Results : Men's road time trial T1-2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Factor (%) | Final Time |
| | Hans-Peter Durst | Germany | 22:57.34 | 100 | 22:57.34 |
| | Ryan Boyle | United States | 24:21.35 | 100 | 24:21.35 |
| | David Stone | Great Britain | 24:42.25 | 100 | 24:42.25 |
| 4 | Quentin Aubague | France | 30:37.62 | 82.35 | 25:13.28 |
| 5 | Rickard Nilsson | Sweden | 30:51.25 | 82.35 | 25:24.50 |
| 6 | Jiri Hindr | Czech Republic | 31:05.61 | 82.35 | 25:36.33 |
| 7 | Nestor Ayala Ayala | Colombia | 26:09.88 | 100 | 26:09.88 |
| 8 | Stephen Hills | New Zealand | 26:23.64 | 100 | 26:23.64 |
| 9 | Goldy Fuchs | South Africa | 26:42.02 | 100 | 26:42.02 |
| 10 | Tim Celen | Belgium | 27:03.03 | 100 | 27:03.03 |
| 11 | Giorgio Farroni | Italy | 27:04.08 | 100 | 27:04.08 |
| 12 | David Vondracek | Czech Republic | 27:11.30 | 100 | 27:11.30 |
# 2018 Keio Challenger – Men's doubles

Marin and Tomislav Draganja were the defending champions but chose not to defend their title.
Tobias Kamke and Tim Pütz won the title after defeating Sanchai and Sonchat Ratiwatana 3–6, 7–5, [12–10] in the final.

## Seeds

* Sanchai Ratiwatana / Sonchat Ratiwatana (final)
* Sriram Balaji / Yasutaka Uchiyama (first round)
* Peng Hsien-yin / Andreas Siljeström (quarterfinals)
* Toshihide Matsui / Yi Chu-huan (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | S Hazawa M Imamura | 3 | 4 | | 1 | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Z Li S Robert | 6 | 4 | [0] | | M Purcell A Whittington | 3 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Purcell A Whittington | 3 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | 1 | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 5 | 6 | [10] | | | | | |
| 4 | T Matsui C-h Yi | 6 | 2 | | | | | | | WC | T Ito K Uesugi | 7 | 2 | [6] | | | | | |
| Q | M Donati E Leshem | 1 | 1$^r$ | | 4 | T Matsui C-h Yi | 7$^9$ | 5 | [8] | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | T Ito K Uesugi | 6 | 6 | | WC | T Ito K Uesugi | 6$^7$ | 7 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | Masahiro Fukuda Eiji Yamasaki | 2 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 6 | 5 | [10] |
| | T Altuna H Hurkacz | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | T Kamke T Pütz | 3 | 7 | [12] |
| | C Rungkat Ze Zhang | 6 | 6 | | | C Rungkat Ze Zhang | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Klein L Margaroli | 7$^7$ | 6$^5$ | [6] | 3 | H-y Peng A Siljeström | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | H-y Peng A Siljeström | 6$^2$ | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | | C Rungkat Ze Zhang | 3 | 3 | | | | | | |
| | M Gong C-p Hsieh | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | T Kamke T Pütz | 6 | 6 | | | | | | |
| | T Chen J Jung | 3 | 6$^5$ | | | M Gong C-p Hsieh | 6$^1$ | 6$^3$ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | T Kamke T Pütz | 6 | 6 | | | T Kamke T Pütz | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | S Balaji Y Uchiyama | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 2018 Keio Challenger

The 2018 Keio Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the thirteenth (ATP) and second (ITF) editions of the tournament and part of the 2018 ATP Challenger Tour and the 2018 ITF Women's Circuit. It took place in Yokohama, Japan between 26 February and 4 March 2018 for the men's edition and between 5 and 11 March 2018 for the women's.

## Men's singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| AUS | Jordan Thompson | 95 | 1 |
| AUS | John Millman | 103 | 2 |
| TPE | Jason Jung | 153 | 3 |
| JPN | Go Soeda | 156 | 4 |
| FRA | Stéphane Robert | 158 | 5 |
| KOR | Kwon Soon-woo | 180 | 6 |
| JPN | Tatsuma Ito | 181 | 7 |
| KOR | Lee Duck-hee | 190 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 19 February 2018.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Shinji Hazawa
* Kaito Itsusaki
* Kaito Uesugi
* Yosuke Watanuki
The following player received entry into the singles main draw as a special exempt:
* Blake Ellis
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Chung Yun-seong
* Hiroyasu Ehara
* Hiroki Moriya
* Jumpei Yamasaki
The following player received entry as a lucky loser:
* Daniel Nguyen

## Women's singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| JPN | Eri Hozumi | 180 | 1 |
| JPN | Junri Namigata | 196 | 2 |
| JPN | Miharu Imanishi | 197 | 3 |
| ITA | Georgia Brescia | 202 | 4 |
| GBR | Laura Robson | 218 | 5 |
| TUR | Ayla Aksu | 226 | 6 |
| RUS | Veronika Kudermetova | 227 | 7 |
| CHN | Lu Jiajing | 232 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 26 February 2018.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Ayumi Hirata
* Marina Kurosu
* Megumi Nishimoto
* Satoko Sueno
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Harriet Dart
* Misa Eguchi
* Mai Hontama
* Momoko Kobori
* Lee Ya-hsuan
* Ma Yexin
* Katherine Sebov
* Moyuka Uchijima

## Champions
### Men's singles

* Yasutaka Uchiyama def. Tatsuma Ito 2–6, 6–3, 6–4.

### Women's singles

* Veronika Kudermetova def. Harriet Dart, 6–2, 6–4

### Men's doubles

* Tobias Kamke / Tim Pütz def. Sanchai Ratiwatana / Sonchat Ratiwatana 3–6, 7–5, [12–10].

### Women's doubles

* Laura Robson / Fanny Stollár def. Momoko Kobori / Chihiro Muramatsu, 5–7, 6–2, [10–4]
# Cupar Castle

56°19′12.43″N 3°0′34.77″W﻿ / ﻿56.3201194°N 3.0096583°W﻿ / 56.3201194; -3.0096583
Cupar Castle was a royal castle at Cupar, Fife, Scotland. It was located on a small hill or motte that is known as Castle Hill next to Castlehill Primary School in Cupar. No vestiges of the castle remain above ground.

## History

The castle was built by the Earls of Fife in the 11th century. King Alexander III's wife Margaret died at the castle on 26 February 1275.
The castle traded hands several times during the first and second Scottish War of Independence.
The castle was surrendered to the English in 1296, and King Edward I of England stayed there for a time. In 1306, Scottish forces led by Robert Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow, attacked the English garrison at the castle and besieged it. Wishart was captured by the English at Cupar and imprisoned until he was ransomed after the Scottish victory at the Battle of Bannockburn. In 1308 the Warden of Cupar Castle, Sir Thomas Grey, was ambushed on his way back from Edward II's coronation by a follower of Robert Bruce, Walter de Bickerton. Although heavily outnumbered, Thomas routed Bickerton's men through the use of cavalry charges and by deceiving his enemy that they were greater in number than they really were. However, that same year, Cupar Castle was recovered for the Scots by Robert the Bruce.
The forces of the pretender Edward Balliol retook the castle for the English in 1332. In April 1336 the forces of Robert Stewart, then Guardian of the Realm laid siege to Cupar Castle. The following month English forces, led by John de Strivelyn, relieved the English forces occupying the castle breaking the siege. The castle was surrendered by the English constable Sir William Bullock to William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale in 1339.
The court of the Stewart of Fife sat at the castle until 1425.

## Citations

* ↑ Ashley (2002), p.492.
* 1 2 Maxwell 1907
* ↑ Barrow, Geoffrey W. S. (1988). Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press. p. 190. ISBN 0-85224-604-8.
* ↑ Penman, Michael (2008). David II. East Linton, Scotland: Tuckwell Press Ltd. pp. 57, 66.
# Diatraea ragonoti

Diatraea ragonoti is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Harold Edmund Box in 1948. It is found in Brazil.
# Iberospondylus

Iberospondylus is an extinct genus of basal temnospondyl amphibian which lived in a marine environment. The type material was found in the Emma Quarry Amphibian Bed of the Puertollano Basin, Ciudad Real province, southern Spain and extended the record for temnospondyls on the peninsula by 45 million years. Along with the holotype, a skull with several disarticulated vertebrae and ribs, two other partial skeletons are known. The name is derived from "Iberia" name of the peninsula where Spain is located, plus "spodylos", Greek for vertebra. The species name is in honor of Dr. Hans-Peter Schultze.
# Awlad Mandil

Awlad Mandil or Banu Mandil were a family of the Maghrawa that ruled several regions in North Africa from c. 1160 to 1372.

## History

Khazrun ben Falful is said to be the first ancestor of the Banu Khazrun, the ruling dynasty of Tripoli from 1001 to 1146. Several branches are said to originate from the Banu Khazrum, the main ones being the rulers of Tripoli and Chelif. This last one originated from Abu Nas, whose son was Ibn Abu Nas, from whom Mandil I descended, the Almohad governor of Chelif c. 1160. His son, Abd al-Rhaman ben Mandil also became governor of Chelif c. 1180.
Mandil II ben Abd al-Rahman was governor of Chelif, Uarsenis, Madiyya (Médéa) and Mitidja c. 1190-1126 and died in 1126 at the hands of Yahya Ibn Ghaniya, who occupied Mitidja. Mandil II had several sons, the first of which was Al Abbas ben Mandil, governor of Chelif 1226-1249, who lost his fathers gains in wars against the Banu Tudjin. He was forced back into the heartlands of lower Chelif. However, the intervention of the Hafsids in the area changed Al Abbas' fortunes. In exchange for becoming a buffer vassal state for the Hafsids, al-ʿAbbas received Mliana, Ténès, Brechk and Cherchell.
Other sons of Mandil II included, Muhammad I ben Mandil, heir of his brother 1249-1263 (killed by Aid); Aid ben Mandil, governor of Uersenis and Madiyya 1263-1269; Umar ben Mandil, emir of Maghrawa 1269-1278. He was installed with the assistance of the Yaghmurasen, to whome he gave Milliana
Muhammad ben Thabit became the emir from 1294 to 1295 in the absence of his father. The Abdalwadid dynasty occupied their lands in 1295. Rashid ben Thabit ben Mandil asked for help from the Marinid dynasty of Morocco (1295), but the emirate was assigned to Umar ben Waghram ben Mandil (c. 1299-13002). Rashid revolted in Mazuna and defeated Umar ben Waghram, ruling the Maghrawa 1302-1310, allied to Hafsid dynasty of Bugia (Bidjaya) after 1307. In 1310 Rashid died, and his son Ali ben Rashid was deposed by the Hafsid dynasty, migrating to Morocco with his followers. In 1342, after a defeat of Hafsid against Marinids, he took Mliana, Tenes, Brechk and Cherchel, reestablishing the emirate of Maghrawa, however he committed suicide after being defeated by the Addalwadid (1351/1352). His son Hamza ben Ali moved to Morocco. He come back to Chelif and revolted with the help of the Maghrawa (1371) against Marinids, but was defeated in 1371, and fled to the lands of the tribe of Banu Husayn (that revolted against Marinids with the help of Abdalwadids) and took the title of emir of Titteri. Upon his defeat in Timzught, he was captured and executed (1372).