OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ako Kurdnasab

Ako Kurdnasab was a Kurdish journalist for the weekly Kurdish journal Krafto. Krafto, based in Sanandaj, the capital of the Kurdistan province of Iran, was closed by the authorities last year.
Kurdnasab was arrested in a polling station in December 2006 while covering municipal elections. Reporters Without Borders and other organizations condemned his arrest.
Kurdnasab was released on bail on January 3, 2007 but re-arrested on July 23, 2007, because he expressed support for imprisoned journalists Adnan Hassanpour and Abdolwahed Butimar. On September 10, 2007, Kurdnasab was charged with "espionage," "actions against national security," and "attempts to overthrow the government by means of journalistic activities." He was sentenced to three years in prison. His sentence was reduced to six months in prison on November 13, 2007, after an appeals court overturned the espionage charge but confirmed the charge of “trying to overthrow the government using journalistic activities.” “We welcome the quashing of Kurdnasab’s espionage conviction, but the fact remains that a journalist should not be imprisoned for what he writes and we therefore call for the entire conviction to be overturned and for him to be released unconditionally,” Reporters Without Borders said. The European Union also called for Kurdnasab's release.
Ako Kurdnasab was released from prison on January 17, 2008.
Kurdnasab was arrested on November 12, 2009, following his participation in protests of the execution of Ehsan Fatahian. He was released on bail on November 30.
# Auguste Chaillou

Auguste Chaillou (21 August 1866 – 23 April 1915) was a French biologist and physician born in Parennes in the department of Sarthe. He worked at the Hôpital des Enfants-Malades, and for most of his career was associated with the Pasteur Institute in Paris.
Chaillou is best known for his development of the anti-diphtheria serum with Émile Roux and Louis Martin (1864-1946) at the Pasteur Institute. The three men presented their findings at the Tenth International Congress of Hygiene in Budapest (1894). From 1895 until 1914 he was chief of anti-rabies services at the Pasteur Institute. As a medical officer during World War I he was killed on the battlefield of Vauquois.

## Written works

* La sérumthérapie et le tubage du larynx dans les croups diphtériques (1894).
* Morphologie médicale. Paris (1912) (with Leon Mac-Auliffe (1876-1937).
* Un Précis d'exploration externe du tube digestif (with Leon Mac-Auliffe).
* Etude des quatre types humains.
# London Underground E Stock

The London Underground E Stock were steel-bodied cars built for the London Underground in 1914 by the Gloucester Railway Carriage and Wagon Company.
Thirty cars were built, twenty-six driving motor cars and four trailers. The E stock was based on the earlier C Stock and D Stock but differed in that the roof was elliptical rather than the clerestory roof of the C Stock and D Stock.
In the 1940s the C, D and E stocks were reclassified as "H Stock" (signifying hand-operated doors), along with other pre-1938 District Line rolling stock that had not been converted to have air-operated doors. The H Stock was largely eliminated by the early 1950s, following replacement by R Stock. The remaining cars were largely confined to the Olympia shuttle service. While the last example was withdrawn from passenger service in 1958, one motor car was used as a "Stores Carrier" car No. SC636, painted in the then-current LT service stock grey livery and fitted with side buffers and a screw link coupling at the cab end. SC636 was observed in use in the summer of 1960 but had been withdrawn by February 1962. No E Stock car has been preserved.
They were generally similar in appearance to the B Stock, except that the E Stock had an elliptical roof.
# John James (antiquary)

John James (1811–1867) was an English antiquarian.

## Biography

James was born of humble parents at West Witton, Wensleydale, Yorkshire, on 22 Jan. 1811. After receiving a very scanty education, and working at a lime-kiln, he became clerk, first to Ottiwell Tomlin, solicitor, of Richmond, Yorkshire, and afterwards to a Bradford solicitor named Tolson. He had spent all his leisure in study, and Tolson encouraged him to compile ‘The History and Topography of Bradford,’ 8vo, 1841, of which a ‘continuation and additions’ appeared in 1866. After Tolson's death James forsook the law for journalism and antiquarian research. He became the local correspondent at Bradford of the ‘Leeds Times’ and ‘York Courant,’ and furnished articles on the Exhibition to the ‘Bradford Observer’ in 1862. To an edition of the ‘Poems’ of John Nicholson, the Airedale poet, published in 1844 (reissued in 1876), he prefixed an appreciative memoir. In 1857 he published a valuable ‘History of the Worsted Manufacture in England from the Earliest Times,’ and at the meeting of the British Association held at Leeds in September 1858 he read a paper on the ‘Worsted Manufactures of Yorkshire’ (Report, xxviii. pt. ii. pp. 182–3). In 1860, he published a lecture on ‘The Philosophy of Lord Bacon and the Systems which preceded it;’ and in 1861 edited for the benefit of the widow the ‘Lyrical and other Minor Poems’ of his old friend Robert Story, with a sketch of his life. In October 1863 his paper ‘On the Little British Kingdom of Elmet and the Region of Loidis’ was communicated to the British Archæological Association, then at Leeds (Journal, xx. 34–8). For the eighth edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica’ he wrote the article on ‘Yorkshire.’ James died on 4 July 1867 at Nether Edge, near Sheffield, and was buried on the 8th at West Witton. On 18 December 1856 he was elected F.S.A.
# Cornuscoparia ochracea

Cornuscoparia ochracea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Karl Jordan in 1894. It is known from Papua New Guinea and Indonesia.
# Beyond Language

Beyond Language: Adventures in Word and Thought is a 1967 book written by Dmitri Borgmann.

## Content

Like Borgmann's first book, Language on Vacation: An Olio of Orthographical Oddities, Beyond Language is a treatise on recreational linguistics, and indeed is based in part on material excised from early drafts of Language on Vacation. Unlike its predecessor, however, the main part of the book is presented as a series of 119 self-contained "Problems" with accompanying "Hints" and "Resolutions".
In many cases the problems are bona fide word puzzles, such as challenges to deduce orthographic, phonetic, semantic, or etymological patterns in word lists, or to generate word lists of a given pattern. More often than not, however, the format is simply a conceit which enables the author to expound the results of his lexicographic and logological discoveries. For example, Problem 94 challenges the reader to trace the origin of the word FEAMYNG, a purported collective noun for ferrets. Borgmann's solution, which spans four pages, shows the term to be a ghost word; it was the result of a centuries-long chain of typographical errors (from BUSYNESS to BESYNESS to FESYNES to FESNYNG to FEAMYNG) propagated through various dictionaries. Problem 84 contains the earliest known example in print of the repetitive homonym "Buffalo buffalo buffalo buffalo".
The book also contains a separate set of 18 "Bafflers"—short essays on logological problems for which Borgmann had no complete solution. Topics discussed here include kinship terms, color terms, word squares, letter bigrams, and the mysterious disc shown in Rembrandt's etching Faust in His Study.
The book's appendices contain an extensive bibliography of books and periodicals covering logology.

## Reception and legacy

Beyond Language was not as great a success as Language on Vacation but it still attracted favorable reviews. Kirkus Reviews called Borgmann's puzzles "unique" and "challenging", noting that "the persistent can spend a pleasant year in figuring out such problems". Time recommended the book "for the tired scientist, mathematician or logician", emphasizing the intellectual effort needed to solve some of Borgmann's more esoteric challenges.
In the decades since its publication, the book's Problems and Bafflers have proved a fruitful source of logological research. Many of them have been further investigated and developed by A. Ross Eckler, Jr.; Philip M. Cohen; members of the National Puzzlers' League; and others. Other claims made by the book have been challenged and debunked. Of note is a 2003 study by Darryl Francis which investigated Borgmann's assertion that the name "Torpenhow Hill" is a quadruple etymological tautology. It concluded not only that Borgmann's etymology may be incorrect, but also that the hill does not even exist.
# Clathrodrillia dolana

Clathrodrillia dolana is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 6.5 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm.
(Original description) The small shell is whitish. It has a smooth protoconch containing 1½ whorls. The five subsequent whorls are moderately rounded. The suture is distinct and hardly appressed. The anal fasciole is nearly smooth and hardly concave. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 16, exclusive of the varix) narrow, small, very flexuous ribs, sometimes a little angular in front of the fasciole, with equal or narrower interspaces obsolete on the base. The spiral sculpture consists of (between the sutures 3) fine conspicuous threads with wider interspaces, overriding the ribs. On the base of the shell and on the siphonal canal these number about 10 more diminishing forward. The aperture is a little wider than the siphonal canal. The anal sulcus is shallow and rounded. The outer lip is thin, not inflected, protractively flexuous. The columella is short and attenuated in front. The siphonal canal is shorty wide.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off Georgia to Florida.
# Irene Xavier

Irene Xavier is a Malaysian women's rights activist. She is a prominent member of Friends of Women, Selangor - Persatuan Sahabat Wanita, Selangor (PSWS), a women's rights NGO. She is also a key activist of Suaram, Malaysia's leading human rights organisation.
Irene was one of the 106 people detained under the Internal Security Act (Malaysia) in 1987 during Operation Lalang. As the Internal Security Act is often used to silence dissent, Irene was targeted because of her work as a women's rights activist. In the first 60 days of incommunicado detention, she claimed that she was beaten, humiliated and mentally abused.
# Cities District (rugby union)

Cities District is a select Scottish provincial amateur rugby union team that draws its players from Glasgow District and Edinburgh District. It is occasionally known as the Glasgow-Edinburgh District side.
Founded in 1893, the Cities District team - and its corresponding Provinces District team - was created, thus halving Scotland's representative rugby union area in two.

## History
### Formation

To include other players when selecting the international team, the Cities v Provinces District match was introduced by the Scottish Rugby Union in the 1893–94 season.
The match was first played on Saturday 23 December 1893. The Provinces District was deemed a 'Rest of Scotland' side; though the 'Rest of Scotland' term was fluid dependent on the opposition.

## Recent matches

The most recent Cities District match was an Under 23 side that faced Black Lion from Tbilisi in Georgia on 25 April 2024 in Edinburgh. Black Lion won that match 38 - 0.

## Partial list of games played against international opposition

| Year | Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Score | Tour |
| 1935 | 16 October | New Zealand | Old Anniesland, Glasgow | Loss | 8 - 9 | 1935–36 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and Canada |
| 1947 | 15 October | Australia | Old Anniesland, Glasgow | Loss | 9 - 23 | 1947–48 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America |
| 1951 | 31 October | South Africa | Old Anniesland, Glasgow | Loss | 11 - 43 | 1951–52 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe |
| 1953 | 25 November | New Zealand | Old Anniesland, Glasgow | Loss | 3 - 23 | 1953–54 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America |
| 1957 | 4 December | Australia | Old Anniesland, Glasgow | Loss | 3 - 9 | 1957–58 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France |
| 1960 | 16 November | South Africa | Old Anniesland, Glasgow | Loss | 11- 16 | 1960–61 South Africa rugby union tour of Europe |
| 1963 | 20 November | New Zealand | Hughenden Stadium, Glasgow | Loss | 3 - 33 | 1963–64 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America |
| 1966 | 16 November | Australia | Hughenden Stadium, Glasgow | Loss | 11 - 18 | 1966–67 Australia rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland and France |
| 1972 | 12 December | New Zealand | Hughenden Stadium, Glasgow | Loss | 10 - 16 | 1972–73 New Zealand rugby union tour of Britain, Ireland, France and North America |
| 1973 | 14 November | Argentina | Hughenden Stadium, Glasgow | Win | 18 - 13 | 1973 Argentina rugby union tour of Ireland and Scotland |
| 1994 | 15 November | South Africa Development XV | Hughenden Stadium, Glasgow | | | |
| 1996 | 3 November | Australia | Old Anniesland, Glasgow | Loss | 19 - 37 | 1996 Australia rugby union tour of Europe |

## Notable former players
### Scotland Internationalists

| George Cunningham Angus Black James Bishop | Jock Scott William Thomson John Bell | Louis Moritz Speirs Ranald Macdonald | Hamish Dawson Douglas Elliot |
# Aislinn Hunter

Aislinn Hunter (born 1969 in Belleville, Ontario) is a Canadian poetry and fiction author.

## Early life

She studied art history and writing at the University of Victoria where she received her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree. Her Master of Fine Arts degree came from the University of British Columbia, her MSc in Writing and Cultural Politics came from the University of Edinburgh as did her PhD where she wrote on writers' houses/museums and resonant things with a focus on the Victorian era and thing theory via Heidegger. She currently teaches Creative Writing part-time at Kwantlen Polytechnic University. Hunter's research interests include material culture, museums, books-as-things, Victorian writers, and ephemera.

## Career

Her 2002 novel Stay was adapted for film by Wiebke Von Carolsfeld and released as a Telefilm / Irish Film Board co-production in 2013, premiering at the Toronto International Film Festival. It stars Aidan Quinn and Taylor Schilling. Her novel, The World Before Us, set in a UK museum, was published by Doubleday, Canada in 2014 and by Hamish Hamilton in the UK, Hogarth Press in the US, and Marchand de Feuilles in Quebec. It won the 2015 Ethel Wilson Fiction Prize and was a New York Times Editor's Choice Book, an NPR 'Best Book' and a Chatelaine Book Club pick.
In the spring of 2017 her third book of poetry, Linger, Still, was published by Gaspereau Press. It won the Fred Cogswell Award for Excellence in Poetry and was long-listed for the Pat Lowther Poetry Prize.
Dr Hunter was selected to be a Canadian War Artist and in 2018 she worked with the Canadian Armed Forces and with NATO Forces at CFB Suffield.
Her most recent novel The Certainties was released in 2020 and published by Knopf Canada. It was shortlisted for the Ethel Wilson Fiction prize and was a best-seller.

## Personal life

She was married for 25 years but lost her husband to brain cancer in 2018. She lives in Vancouver, British Columbia with her partner Tait and step-son Freddy.
# Auguste Chabaud

Auguste Chabaud (3 October 1882 – 23 May 1955) was a French painter and sculptor.

## Biography

He was born in Nimes. At the age of fourteen Chabaud joined the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Avignon. In 1899 he went to Paris to continue his artistic training at the Academie Julian and the Ecole des Beaux Arts. There he met Henri Matisse and André Derain. In 1900 he returned to his parents' vineyard in southern France, because the business was affected by a crisis there.
In 1901, he was forced to leave Paris again in order to secure his livelihood. He worked on a ship and got to know the West African coast. In the following years he became acquainted with the Parisian nightlife. In the Paris neighborhood Montmartre, where he had his studio, he painted various scenes of Parisian life.
Chabaud's Cubist phase began in 1911, where he also began sculpting. In the following years he had many exhibitions, including 1913 in New York, where his works were exhibited alongside those of artists such as Matisse, Derain, Vlaminck and Picasso.
After his return from the first World War Chabaud settled down in Graveson. From 1920 he had his "blue period". He used the Prussian Blue as the only color in his works. From then, he focused exclusively on the south of France. He painted scenes of rural life, the farmers, and the hills and trails of the Alpilles. He died in 1955 in Graveson.
In 1992, the Regional Council of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur opened the Musée Auguste Chabaud in his honor.
# London Underground C Stock

London Underground C Stock may refer to:
* London Underground C Stock (District Railway)
* London Underground C69 and C77 Stock
# John McNicol

John McNicol (22 August 1863 – 7 July 1933) was a Scottish footballer who played for Vale of Leven and Dumbarton.
His younger brother Duncan McNicol was also a footballer.
# Biathlon World Championships 1978

The 16th Biathlon World Championships were held in 1978 in Hochfilzen, Austria.

## Men's results
### 20 km individual

| Name | Nation | Penalties | Result |
| Odd Lirhus | NOR | 1 | 1:05:25.3 |
| Frank Ullrich | GDR | 2 | 1:05:37.7 |
| Eberhard Rösch | GDR | 2 | 1:06:04.2 |

### 10 km sprint

| Name | Nation | Penalties | Result |
| Frank Ullrich | GDR | 0 | 32:17.4 |
| Eberhard Rösch | GDR | 0 | 32:38.1 |
| Klaus Siebert | GDR | 0 | 33:02.8 |

### 4 × 7.5 km relay

| Name | Nation |
| East Germany Manfred Beer Klaus Siebert Frank Ullrich Eberhard Rösch | GDR |
| Norway Tor Svendsberget Roar Nilsen Odd Lirhus Sigleif Johansen | NOR |
| West Germany Heinrich Mehringer Hans Estner Andreas Schweiger Gerd Winkler | FRG |

## Medal table

| Place | Nation | | | | Total |
| 1 | East Germany | 2 | 2 | 2 | 6 |
| 2 | Norway | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 3 | West Germany | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
# Corona-chan

Corona-chan (Japanese: コロナちゃん) is a moe anthropomorphization of the coronavirus which became a popular meme on 4chan, Reddit and other websites during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
In mid-January 2020, 4chan users created the Corona-chan character as a girl with bat wings and green eyes wearing a red cheongsam, an item of traditional Chinese clothing, with thorny spheres for hair buns, symbolizing the virus. In some representations, she holds the flag of China and hands out bat soup. These features reference the popular bat soup and Wuhan lab theories for the origin of the virus. Vice Media reporter Samantha Cole said that "Turning a virus that's killed nearly 8,000 people, especially in China and Japan, into a cute anime girl is insensitive to that reality... but it's also a way people have chosen to cope using gallows humor and a horny anime drawing". On 4chan, a user made a thread titled “All hail, Peng Zhou, creator of Corona-Chan”, linking to an article by Zero Hedge, claiming that the new coronavirus may have been created by the Wuhan Institute of Virology, at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. As a pun, she was also often represented holding or drinking a Corona beer.
The subreddit "r/coronachan", which features illustrations of the character, had 2,000 subscriptions by 2020. There are Corona-chan galleries on the Internet. Lushsux created a wall graffiti showing the coronavirus Corona-chan standing behind a mask-wearing PewDiePie.
Moe anthropomorphism had been applied to diseases online before: during the Ebola virus outbreak of West Africa in 2014, the character of Ebola-chan was already circulating on image boards and online discussion forums in the English-speaking world.

## Reactions

Samantha Cole of Vice Media believes that the character is Chinese at first sight, which is racially offensive, but it can also make people relax a little in the continuous negative news.
Some non-Chinese women who cosplayed Corona-chan and posted photos on the Internet were criticized by Chinese users and eventually apologized. The women said the behavior was not meant to insult or discriminate against others, but to inform the public about the importance of washing hands to prevent infectious diseases. There are also netizens who support her activities and criticize Chinese users who asked the women to apologize for being naive, believing that they are not at fault. On March 20, 2020, Chinese-American cosplayer Yaya Han compared cosplaying Corona-chan to cosplaying Nazis, an unacceptable behavior, and warned other cosplayers to be cautious.
Michał Radomił Wiśniewski [pl] worried that this meme would inflame racism against Chinese or Asians, and he points out that some Corona-chan works better avoid this, such as Ken Ashcorp's "Komm Süsser Tod" video, in which Corona-chan is depicted as a vampire rather than as a woman in a Chinese dress.
According to the Federal Protection Service report, some violent white supremacist radicals referred to the new coronavirus as Corona-chan while discussing the use of COVID-19 as a biological weapon.
# Carchi River

0°48′55″N 77°39′54″W﻿ / ﻿0.8153°N 77.6649°W﻿ / 0.8153; -77.6649 The Carchi River is a river of Ecuador. It rises on the slopes of Chiles Volcano, elevation 4,698 metres (15,413 ft), on the border of Ecuador and Colombia. The river flows eastward across the high plateau of El Angel. The Carchi has a total course of about 45 kilometres (28 mi), forming the border between Colombia and Ecuador for about 20 kilometres (12 mi). It passes between the cities of Tulcan, Ecuador and Ipiales, Colombia and beneath the Rumichaca Bridge, the principal terrestrial link between Colombia and Ecuador. Entering Colombia, the Carchi becomes known as the Guáitara River which is a tributary of the Patía River.
The Pasto people lived along the Carchi River in pre-Columbian times. At the northernmost point of the Inca Empire the Pasto were never fully conquered by the Incas. The Carchi was known as the Angasmayo River by the Incas and the early Spanish colonists. A natural stone bridge at Rumichaca was the northernmost outpost of the Inca Empire.
# John MacDermott (judge)

Sir John Clarke MacDermott, PC (9 May 1927 – 13 December 2022) was a Northern Ireland barrister and judge.

## Biography

MacDermott was born on 9 May 1927, as the son of the judge John MacDermott, Baron MacDermott and Louise Palmer Johnston, oldest daughter of the Rev. J. C. Johnston, DD. He was educated at Campbell College, Belfast, Trinity Hall, Cambridge (BA), and Queen's University Belfast.
MacDermott was called to English Bar by the Inner Temple and the Bar of Northern Ireland in 1949 and became a Northern Irish Queen's Counsel in 1964. He was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Northern Ireland in 1973. In 1987, he was made a Lord Justice of Appeal, and was knighted and sworn of the Privy Council. He retired from the bench in 1998.
McDermott died on 13 December 2022, at the age of 95.
# Irazepine

Irazepine (Ro 7-1986/1) is a benzodiazepine derivative containing isothiocyanate functional group. It is a non-competitive benzodiazepine binding site antagonist. Irazepine and other alkylating benzodiazepines, such as kenazepine, bind to brain benzodiazepine receptors in a non-competitive (covalent) fashion in vitro, and may exert a long-lasting anticonvulsant effect.
# List of European literatures

This is a list of European literatures.
The literatures of Europe are compiled in many languages; among the most important of the modern written works are those in English, French, Spanish, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, German, Italian, Modern Greek, Czech, Russian, Macedonian, the Scandinavian languages, Gaelic and Turkish.
Important classical and medieval European literary traditions are those in Latin, Ancient Greek, Old Bulgarian, Macedonian, Old Norse, Medieval French and the Italian Tuscan dialect of the renaissance.