OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hypocotyl

The hypocotyl (short for "hypocotyledonous stem", meaning "below seed leaf") is the stem of a germinating seedling, found below the cotyledons (seed leaves) and above the radicle (root).

## Eudicots

As the plant embryo grows at germination, it sends out a shoot called a radicle that becomes the primary root, and then penetrates down into the soil. After emergence of the radicle, the hypocotyl emerges and lifts the growing tip (usually including the seed coat) above the ground, bearing the embryonic leaves (called cotyledons), and the plumule that gives rise to the first true leaves. The hypocotyl is the primary organ of extension of the young plant and develops into the stem.

## Monocots

The early development of a monocot seedling like cereals and other grasses is somewhat different. A structure called the coleoptile, essentially a part of the cotyledon, protects the young stem and plumule as growth pushes them up through the soil. A mesocotyl—that part of the young plant that lies between the seed (which remains buried) and the plumule—extends the shoot up to the soil surface, where secondary roots develop from just beneath the plumule. The primary root from the radicle may then fail to develop further. The mesocotyl is considered to be partly hypocotyl and partly cotyledon (see seed).
Not all monocots develop like the grasses. The onion develops in a manner similar to the first sequence described above, the seed coat and endosperm (stored food reserve) pulled upwards as the cotyledon extends. Later, the first true leaf grows from the node between the radicle and the sheath-like cotyledon, breaking through the cotyledon to grow past it.

## Storage organ

In some plants, the hypocotyl becomes enlarged as a storage organ. Examples include cyclamen, gloxinia and celeriac. In cyclamen this storage organ is called a tuber.

## Hypocotyl elongation assay

One of the widely used assays in the field of photobiology is the investigation of the effect of changes in light quantity and quality on hypocotyl elongation. It is frequently used to study the growth promoting vs. growth repressing effects of application of plant hormones like ethylene. Under normal light conditions, hypocotyl growth is controlled by a process called photomorphogenesis, while shading the seedlings evokes a rapid transcriptional response which negatively regulates photomorphogenesis and results in increased rates of hypocotyl growth. This rate is highest when plants are kept in darkness mediated by a process called skotomorphogenesis, which contrasts photomorphogenesis.
# Choe Yeong-kyeong

Choe Yeong-kyeong (Korean: 최영경; Hanja: 崔永慶, 1529–1590) was a scholar-official of the Joseon period of Korea. His art name was Suwudang (수우당). His courtesy name was Hyowon (효원). He was a Westerner, and was killed as a result of the 1589 Gichuk Oksa. In 1611 (3rd year of Gwanghae-gun), he was honored at Deokcheonseowon in Sancheong.
# 2022 in the Isle of Man

Events in the year 2022 in the Isle of Man.

## Incumbents

* Lord of Mann: Elizabeth II (until 8 September); Charles III onwards
* Lieutenant governor: John Lorimer
* Chief minister: Alfred Cannan

## Events

Ongoing: COVID-19 pandemic in the Isle of Man
* 6 February: During the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II, Douglas was granted city status.
* 8 May: Following the Coronation of Charles III and Camilla, a public holiday is declared.
* 8 September: Elizabeth II dies at Balmoral Castle, Scotland, Charles III assumed position of Lord of Mann.
* 9 September: As with other locations throughout the Commonwealth, a death gun salute of 96 rounds representing the years of the Queen's life were fired.

## Sports

* 29 May: 2022 Isle of Man TT

## Deaths

* 31 July: David Cannan, 85, politician, MHK (1982–2011).
# Aesthetic relativism

Aesthetic relativism is the idea that views of beauty are relative to differences in perception and consideration, and intrinsically, have no absolute truth or validity.

## Context

Aesthetic relativism might be regarded as a sub-set of an overall philosophical relativism, which denies any absolute standards of truth or morality as well as of aesthetic judgement. (A frequently-cited source for philosophical relativism in postmodern theory is a fragment by Nietzsche, entitled "On Truth and Lie in an Extra-Moral Sense".)
Aesthetic relativism is a variety of the philosophy known generally as relativism, which casts doubt on the possibility of direct epistemic access to the "external world", and which therefore rejects the positive claim that statements made about the external world can be known to be objectively true. Other varieties of relativism include cognitive relativism (the general claim that all truth and knowledge is relative) and ethical relativism (the claim that moral judgements are relative). Aesthetic and ethical relativism are sub-categories of cognitive relativism.

## Categories

Aesthetic relativism takes two major forms: aesthetic subjectivism and aesthetic perspectivism.

## Adherents

Philosophers who have been influential in relativist thinking include David Hume, particularly his "radical scepticism" as set out in A Treatise of Human Nature; Thomas Kuhn, with regard to the history and philosophy of science, and particularly his work The Structure of Scientific Revolutions; Friedrich Nietzsche, in moral philosophy and epistemology; and Richard Rorty, on the contingency of language.
Philosophers who have given influential objectivist accounts include Plato, and in particular his Theory of the Forms; Immanuel Kant, who argued that the judgement of beauty, despite being subjective, is a universally practiced function of the mind; Noam Chomsky, whose "nativist" theory of linguistics argues for a universal grammar (i.e., that language is not as contingent as relativists have argued that it is).
The most prominent philosophical opponent of aesthetic relativism was Immanuel Kant, who argued that the judgement of beauty, while subjective, is universal.
# German submarine U-3002

German submarine U-3002 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 23 May 1944 at AG Weser, Bremen as yard number 1161. She was launched on 9 July 1944, and commissioned under the command of Kapitänleutnant Helmut Manseck on 6 August 1944.

## Design

Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-3002 had a displacement of 1,621 tonnes (1,595 long tons) when at the surface and 1,819 tonnes (1,790 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 76.70 m (251 ft 8 in) (o/a), a beam of 8 m (26 ft 3 in), and a draught of 6.32 m (20 ft 9 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing 4,000 metric horsepower (2,900 kilowatts; 3,900 shaft horsepower), two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing 5,000 PS (3,700 kW; 4,900 shp), and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing 226 PS (166 kW; 223 shp).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 15.6 knots (28.9 km/h; 18.0 mph) and a submerged speed of 17.2 knots (31.9 km/h; 19.8 mph). When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of 6.1 knots (11.3 km/h; 7.0 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) for 340 nautical miles (630 km; 390 mi); when surfaced, she could travel 15,500 nautical miles (28,700 km; 17,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-3002 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in the bow and four 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

## Fate

U-3002 was scuttled on 2 May 1945, at Travemünde, as part of Operation Regenbogen. The wreck was later raised and broken up.
# Euphaea masoni

Euphaea masoni is a species of damselfly in the family Euphaeidae, the gossamerwings.

## Description

The male is almost entirely black, including its wings. The female has lighter colored wings.

## Range

Euphaea masoni is found mostly in Southeast Asia, including southern China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.

## Ecology

It is found near streams. Phoretic associations between larvae of Nanocladius asiaticus (Diptera, Chironomidae) and Euphaea masoni have been reported.
# Don Walsh (basketball)

Donald Walsh was an American professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball League for the Kankakee Gallagher Trojans in four games during the 1937–38 season and averaged 1.0 point per game.
# Hilarographa fergussonana

Hilarographa fergussonana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on Fergusson Island in Papua New Guinea.
The wingspan is about 13 mm.

## Etymology

The name refers to Fergusson Island.
# Josef Schwendemann

Vizefeldwebel Josef Schwendemann was a World War I flying ace credited with 17 aerial victories.

## Biography

See also Aerial victory standards of World War I
Josef Schwendemann is believed to have been born in 1888.
Initially serving in the trenches early in World War I, and twice being wounded, Schwendemann transferred to Die Fliegertruppe (The Flying Troupe) in June 1916. He served with Schutzstaffel 14 from February 1917 before being sent to fighter school to become a pilot. He was posted to Jagdstaffel 41 in September. On the 19th, he shot down his first enemy. He would run off a string of 11 more victories by 25 July, the majority being opposing enemy fighters. He was then supplied with a new Fokker D.VII; he scored five more victories with it, though details have been lost. On 30 September 1918, he was honored Prussia's highest decoration for valor, the Golden Military Merit Cross.

## Sources of information

* 1 2 Rootsweb website Retrieved 5 January 2010.
* ↑ The Aerodrome website page on Schwendemann Retrieved 5 January 2010.
* 1 2 Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918, p. 209
* ↑ Fokker D VII Aces of World War 1, Part 2.. p. 65
# Hypocreaceae

The Hypocreaceae are a family within the class Sordariomycetes. Species are recognisable by their brightly coloured perithecial ascomata, typically yellow, orange or red. The family was proposed by Giuseppe De Notaris in 1844. According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the family has 22 genera and 454 species. In 2020, it was re-analysed and determined to have only 17 genera and about 658 species.

## Genera (sp.)

As accepted in 2020:
* Arachnocrea Z. Moravec. (3)
* Dialhypocrea Spe (1)
* Escovopsioides H.C. Evans & J.O. Augustin (1)
* Escovopsis J.J. Muchovej & Della Lucia (14)
* Hypocreopsis P. Karst. (14)
* Hypomyces (Fr.) Tul. & C. Tul. (ca. 150)
* Illosporiopsis D. Hawksw.
* Kiflimonium Summerb., J.A. Scott, Guarro & Crous (1)
* Lichenobarya Etayo, Diederich & Lawrey (1)
* Mycogone Link (28)
* Protocrea Petch (6)
* Rogersonia Samuels & Lodge (1)
* Sepedonium Link (13)
* Sphaerostilbella (Henn.) Sacc. & D. Sacc (13)
* Sporophagomyces K. Põldmaa & Samuels (3)
* Stephanoma Wallr. (?6)
* Trichoderma Pers. (400+)
* Verticimonosporium Matsush. (3)
# Live (New Riders of the Purple Sage album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Live is an album by the country rock band the New Riders of the Purple Sage. It was recorded live at the Palomino in North Hollywood, California on September 21 and November 20, 1982. It was released on the Avenue Records label on February 14, 1995. The album is sometimes referred to as Live (1982).
The Palomino shows were recorded not long after David Nelson and Buddy Cage had left NRPS and Rusty Gauthier had joined, a major change in the band's lineup. John "Marmaduke" Dawson was the only remaining original member at this time. Dawson and guitarist Allen Kemp, separately or together, wrote eight of the eleven songs on the album. Also featured are Billy Wolf on bass and Val Fuentes, who was previously in the band It's a Beautiful Day, on drums.
Live showcases a harder rocking sound than on the New Riders' previous albums. In subsequent years the Dawson / Gauthier New Riders would adopt a partly electric and partly acoustic style of music that was influenced less by rock and more by folk and bluegrass.

## Track listing

* "Henry" (John Dawson) – 3:35
* "The Way She Dances" (Dawson, Allen Kemp) – 3:54
* "Tell Me" (Kemp) – 4:25
* "Crazy Little Girl" (Dawson, Kemp) – 4:50
* "Saralyn" (Dawson) – 3:06
* "Panama Red" (Peter Rowan) – 3:11
* "No Other Love" (Dawson, Kemp) – 4:10
* "Can't Judge a Book" (Willie Dixon) – 4:25
* "Rainbow" (Dawson) – 3:57
* "I Don't Know You" (Dawson) – 3:31
* "Dead Flowers" (Mick Jagger, Keith Richards) – 4:40

## Personnel
### New Riders of the Purple Sage

* John Dawson – acoustic guitar, vocals
* Rusty Gauthier – electric guitar, violin, lap steel guitar, vocals
* Allen Kemp – electric guitar, vocals
* Val Fuentes – drums
* Billy Wolf – bass guitar

### Production

* Jerry Goldstein – producer
* Kevin Beamish – mixing
* Frank Rand – mixing
* Joe Gastwirt – mastering
* Graphix Express – art design
* Abbey Anna – project coordination
# Aesthetic of Ugliness

Aesthetic of Ugliness (Aesthetik des Hässlichen) is a book by German philosopher Karl Rosenkranz, written in 1853. It is among the earliest writings on the philosophy of ugliness and "draws an analogy between ugliness and moral evil".
Introduction Section 1: Formlessness Section 2: Incorrectness Section 3: Deformation or Disfiguration Conclusion
# Gevingey

Gevingey (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Jura department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.
# Euryestola castanea

Euryestola castanea is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2001. It is known from Brazil.
# Don Ward (ice hockey)

Donald Joseph Ward (October 19, 1935 – January 6, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 34 games in the National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks and Boston Bruins between 1957 and 1960. The rest of his career, which lasted from 1956 to 1973, was mainly spent with the Seattle Totems in the minor Western Hockey League.

## Early life

Ward was born on October 19, 1935, in Sarnia, Ontario, to Agnes and Joseph Ward.

## Playing career

Ward played 34 games in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks and Boston Bruins in the late 1950s.

## Personal life

Ward is the father of Joe Ward, who also played professional ice hockey.

## Retirement and death

After retiring from hockey in following the 1972/73 season, Ward went to work for Ellstrom Manufacturing staying on until retiring in 2006.
He died on January 6, 2014, at the age of 78.

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 1954–55 | Sarnia Legionnaires | WOJBHL | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1955–56 | Sarnia Legionnaires | WOJBHL | 36 | 17 | 24 | 41 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1956–57 | Windsor Bulldogs | OHA Sr | 21 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 24 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1956–57 | Buffalo Bisons | AHL | 31 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 48 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1957–58 | Chicago Black Hawks | NHL | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1957–58 | Buffalo Bisons | AHL | 54 | 1 | 11 | 12 | 65 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1958–59 | Calgary Stampeders | WHL | 64 | 4 | 18 | 22 | 131 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 8 |
| 1959–60 | Boston Bruins | NHL | 31 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 16 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1959–60 | Providence Reds | AHL | 27 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 54 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 1960–61 | Winnipeg Warriors | WHL | 70 | 5 | 12 | 17 | 95 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1961–62 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 70 | 7 | 23 | 30 | 91 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| 1962–63 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 69 | 3 | 18 | 21 | 131 | 17 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 10 |
| 1963–64 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 70 | 5 | 25 | 30 | 122 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1964–65 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 70 | 3 | 8 | 11 | 140 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 |
| 1965–66 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 56 | 5 | 8 | 13 | 84 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1966–67 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 44 | 0 | 5 | 5 | 48 | 6 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 1967–68 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 70 | 2 | 12 | 14 | 107 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 14 |
| 1968–69 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 73 | 3 | 15 | 18 | 129 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 1969–70 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 72 | 3 | 17 | 20 | 96 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 20 |
| 1970–71 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 56 | 0 | 11 | 11 | 80 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1971–72 | Seattle Totems | WHL | 41 | 1 | 8 | 9 | 82 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 1972–73 | Greensboro Generals | EHL | 13 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 24 |
| WHL totals | WHL totals | WHL totals | 825 | 41 | 180 | 221 | 1336 | 59 | 4 | 13 | 17 | 72 |
| NHL totals | NHL totals | NHL totals | 34 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 16 | — | — | — | — | — |
# Hilarographa eriglypta

Hilarographa eriglypta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Peru.
# Jordanoleiopus partesuturalis

Jordanoleiopus partesuturalis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1956.
# Julie Keith

Julie Houghton Keith is an American-Canadian writer, best known for her short-story collections The Jaguar Temple and The Devil Out There.

## Background

She was born and brought up near Chicago, and was educated at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. She received a B.A. from Smith College in 1962 and an M.A. from Concordia University in 1989. She is married to lawyer Dick Pound, a former vice-president of the International Olympic Committee.

## Writing

Her first collection of short stories, The Jaguar Temple (Nuage Editions, 1995), was shortlisted for the Governor General's Award for English-language fiction at the 1995 Governor General's Awards. Her second collection, The Devil Out There (Knopf Canada, 1999), won the Quebec Writers' Federation's award for fiction in 2000.
Keith also won the Quebec Writers' Federation Community Award in 2006.
# Héðinsfjarðargöng

Héðinsfjarðargöng (Icelandic pronunciation: ) are two road tunnels in northern Iceland, connecting Ólafsfjörður and Siglufjörður. They were opened on October 2, 2010. The total cost was around ISK 12 billion ($106 million).

## Social, economic and cultural impact of the tunnels

In 2008, a seven-year research project was initiated to evaluate the social, economic, and cultural impact of the Héðinsfjörður tunnels. The project was directed by Professor Thoroddur Bjarnason and implemented by a research team at the University of Akureyri.
The results showed the tunnel traffic was above expectations. There is considerable commuting between Ólafsfjörður and Siglufjörður, and the vast majority of residents travel between them for shopping, services, events, and social participation. The regional economy has been strengthened, and satisfaction with prices and diversity of goods and services has increased. Siglufjörður has become part of the Eyjafjörður tourism region and a destination for tourists between Akureyri and the Reykjavík capital region.
There has not been an increase in the number of overnight stays, and the predicted tourism circle around the Tröllaskagi peninsula has not materialized. The services of state and municipality have been reduced, in part as result of the economic crisis of 2008. Residents are more satisfied with their educational opportunities but less satisfied with policing and access to health services. Tensions between residents of the two towns do not appear to have increased, even though Ólafsfjörður residents tend to think that they do not receive their fair share in public services. A population increase has been observed in Siglufjörður, while population decline appears to have been halted in Ólafsfjörður. There has in particular been an increase in the number of younger women, young children, and foreign citizens, and young people are more likely to expect to stay in their home community.
# Little Forest (disambiguation)

Little Forest is a Japanese manga series.
Little Forest may also refer to:

## Entertainment

* Little Forest (film), is a 2018 South Korean drama film
* Little Forest (TV series), is a 2019 South Korean TV series

## Animal

* Little forest bat, is a species of vesper bat

## Place

* Little Forest Hills, Dallas, is a neighborhood in east Dallas, Texas (USA)
* Little Forest Park, an undeveloped park located in the Washington, D.C. (USA)
# 2024 Gent–Wevelgem (women's race)

The 2024 Gent–Wevelgem In Flanders Fields was a Belgian road cycling one-day race that took place on 24 March. It was the 13th edition of Gent–Wevelgem and the 9th event of the 2024 UCI Women's World Tour. The race was won by Dutch rider Lorena Wiebes of Team SD Worx–Protime in a sprint finish.

## Teams

Fifteen UCI Women's WorldTeams and nine UCI Women's Continental Teams took part in the race.
UCI Women's WorldTeams
* AG Insurance–Soudal
* Canyon–SRAM
* Ceratizit–WNT Pro Cycling
* FDJ–Suez
* Fenix–Deceuninck
* Human Powered Health
* Lidl–Trek
* Liv AlUla Jayco
* Movistar Team
* Roland Cycling
* Team dsm–firmenich PostNL
* Team SD Worx–Protime
* UAE Team ADQ
* Uno-X Mobility
* Visma–Lease a Bike
UCI Women's Continental Teams
* Arkéa–B&B Hotels Women
* Chevalmeire
* Cofidis
* EF Education–Cannondale
* Lifeplus Wahoo
* Lotto–Dstny Ladies
* Proximus-Cyclis CT
* Team Coop–Repsol
* VolkerWessels Women Cyclingteam

## Result

Result :
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Lorena Wiebes (NED) | Team SD Worx–Protime | 4h 16' 19" |
| 2 | Elisa Balsamo (ITA) | Lidl–Trek | + 0" |
| 3 | Chiara Consonni (ITA) | UAE Team ADQ | + 0" |
| 4 | Charlotte Kool (NED) | Team dsm–firmenich PostNL | + 0" |
| 5 | Maria Giulia Confalonieri (ITA) | Uno-X Mobility | + 0" |
| 6 | Arlenis Sierra (CUB) | Movistar Team | + 0" |
| 7 | Puck Pieterse (NED) | Fenix–Deceuninck | + 0" |
| 8 | Thalita de Jong (NED) | Lotto–Dstny Ladies | + 0" |
| 9 | Christina Schweinberger (AUT) | Fenix–Deceuninck | + 0" |
| 10 | Maggie Coles-Lyster (CAN) | Roland Cycling | + 0" |
# Aesopian synagogue

An Aesopian synagogue is one that was built with its true purpose disguised. This term is used in relation to the former Russian Empire where there were severe restrictions against the building of Jewish places of worship. To get around the rules, architects would build a "mansion" or some other building that would end up being used as a synagogue. The word Aesopian is usually used with language, where it means "carrying a double meaning", a reference to the fables of Aesop.

## Examples

* Brodsky Choral Synagogue, Kyiv
* Galitska Synagogue, Kyiv
* Great Choral Synagogue, Kyiv
* Königsberg Synagogue, Kaliningrad