OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Great Company (German)

The Great Company was a group of mercenaries, chiefly of German origin but operating in the Italian peninsula, who flourished in the mid-14th century. At its height, the company numbered approximately 10,000-12,000 men, chiefly armored cavalry. The Great Company's power set the pattern for later condottieri who came to dominate Renaissance Italian warfare.

## History
### 1340s

The company was founded in 1342 by Werner von Urslingen, whose reputed motto was "Enemy of God, Enemy of Piety, Enemy of Pity", with some writers even reporting the phrase inscribed on his breastplate. Urslingen was inspired by Lodrisio Visconti's Compagnia di San Giorgio, under which he had fought in the battle of Parabiago. Commanders included his brother Reinhardt, Ettore da Panigo, Konrad von Landau and Francesco II Ordelaffi. The strength of the company at this point was recorded as 3,000 men-at-arms. In autumn 1342, the company was dissolved and Urslingen and many of his German followers returned home.
In 1347 Urslingen was hired by King Louis I of Hungary in his war with Queen Joanna of Naples. Here he was reunited with his old comrade Konrad von Landau and served for the first time with the Provençal knight, Montreal d'Albarno, known as Fra' Moriale. The Company won a major victory at the Battle of Meleto in 1349. The company then split again, with Urslingen and Landau operating in central Italy while Fra Moriale stayed in Naples.

### 1350s

In 1351 Urslingen retired to Germany and Landau and Fra' Moriale reunited, the latter taking command of the company, which now added Italians, Provençals and Hungarians to the previous mainly German majority of mercenaries. The major area of operation was once more central Italy. In 1353–54, the company's strength was estimated at 10,000 fighting men and 20,000 camp followers. In 1354, Fra' Moriale was arrested and executed in Rome and Konrad von Landau became commander-in-chief. The company signed on with the Venetian League in 1358 and the following year with Siena, during which time it suffered not only an ambush in the mountains at Le Scalelle on the way to Siena but a serious setback at the hands of Florence when they had to ransom their commander.
In 1359 the company had again reached a substantial strength, amounting to some 20,000 men; it subsequently fought in battles against Rimini, Fabriano, Camerino, the Papal States and Florence. In July the company was crushed by the Florentine army under Pandolfo II Malatesta at the Battle of Campo delle Mosche.

### 1360s

In 1363, hired by the Visconti of Milan, it fought against Albert Sterz's White Company, which the Great Company had defeated the previous year and which had been hired by the Marquis of Montferrat. In April, after three months of clashes, the Great Company was decisively defeated at the Battle of Canturino and Konrad von Landau himself was killed.
# Karakuzulu, Divriği

Karakuzulu is a village in the Divriği District of Sivas Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 32 in 2023.

## Notable people

* Müslüm Doğan
# Kelli Gannon

Kelli Gannon (born December 21, 1978, in Escondido, California) is a former field hockey midfield player from the United States, who made her international senior debut for the Women's National Team in 2001 with a goal against Mexico, at the inaugural Pan American Cup. A student of the University of Michigan, where she played for the Wolverines, she earned a total number of 60 caps, in which she scored 12 goals. Her younger sister Kristi later also played for the US National Team.

## International senior tournaments

* 2001 – Pan American Cup, Kingston, Jamaica (2nd)
* 2002 – USA vs India WC Qualifying Series, Cannock, England (1st)
* 2002 – World Cup, Perth, Australia (9th)
* 2003 – Champions Challenge, Catania, Italy (5th)
* 2003 – Pan American Games, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic (2nd)
# Intercapitular veins of the hand

The palmar digital veins on each finger are connected to the dorsal digital veins by oblique intercapitular veins. They drain into a venous plexus which is situated over the thenar and hypothenar eminences and across the front of the wrist.
# Abbott's moray eel

Abbott's moray eel (Gymnothorax eurostus), also known as the stout moray, is a moray eel of the family Muraenidae, found in the Indo-Pacific, antitropical in distribution. It is found in the eastern Pacific from Costa Rica to Easter Island, at depths of 40 m (130 feet). Its length is up to 60 cm (24 inches). Abbott's moray eel is a shallow-water, inshore reef species, though not often seen. They are voracious nocturnal carnivores feeding mostly on reef fishes.
# Cyclodinus californicus

Cyclodinus californicus is a species of antlike flower beetle in the family Anthicidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, and North America.
# ETFDH

Electron transfer flavoprotein-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ETFDH gene. This gene encodes a component of the electron-transfer system in mitochondria and is essential for electron transfer from a number of mitochondrial flavin-containing dehydrogenases to the main respiratory chain.

## Function

Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase in the inner mitochondrial membrane accepts electrons from electron-transfer flavoprotein which is located in the mitochondrial matrix and reduces ubiquinone in the mitochondrial membrane. Deficiency in electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase have been demonstrated in some patients with type II glutaric aciduria.

## Structure

The ETFDH gene is located on the q arm of chromosome 4 in position 32.1 and has 13 exons spanning 36,613 base pairs. The protein is synthesized as a 67-kDa precursor which is targeted to mitochondria and processed in a single step to a 64-kDa mature form located in the mitochondrial membrane. This 64-kDA mature form is a monomer integrated into the mitochondrial inner membrane, containing a 4Fe-4S cluster and 1 molecule of FAD.

## Function

This enzyme, along with electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF), is required for electron transfer from more than 9 mitochondrial flavin-containing dehydrogenases to the main respiratory chains. It accepts electrons from ETF and reduces ubiquinone.

## Clinical Significance

Mutations in the ETFDH can cause glutaric aciduria 2C (GA2C), an autosomal recessively inherited disorder of fatty acid, amino acid, and choline metabolism. It is characterized by multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiencies resulting in large excretion not only of glutaric acid, but also of lactic, ethylmalonic, butyric, isobutyric, 2-methyl-butyric, and isovaleric acids.
A c.250G>A (p.Ala84Thr) mutation, the most common mutation in the ETFDH gene, causes increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and shortened neurites in cells expressing this mutant compared to wild type cells. Suberic acid, an accumulated intermediate metabolite in dehydrogenase deficiency, can significantly impair neurite outgrowth in NSC34 cells. This shortening of neurites can be restored by riboflavin, carnitine, or Coenzyme Q10 supplements.

## Interactions

The encoded protein interacts with MYH7B, LINC00174, LINC00574, Homeobox protein goosecoid-2, AIRE, OTX1, Keratin-associated protein 13-2, Keratin-associated protein 11-1, TRIM69, Zinc finger protein 581, and COX6B1.
# 1739 in Denmark

Events from the year 1739 in Denmark.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Christian VI
* Prime minister – Johan Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg

## Events

* 28 November – Hørsholm is incorporated as a market town.

### Undated

* Johan Ludvig Holstein constructs Ledrebrog's new main building near Lejre.

## Births

* Thomas de Malleville, colonial administrator (died 1798)

## Deaths

* 31 March – Magnus Berg, woodcarver, sculptor, painter (born 1666).
# Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474

Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474 (Cracovian Almanac for the Year 1474) is a broadside astronomical wall calendar for the year 1474, and Poland's oldest known print. This single-sheet incunable, known also as the Calendarium cracoviense (Cracovian Calendar), was published at Kraków in 1473 by Kasper Straube, an itinerant Bavarian printer who worked in Kraków between 1473 and 1476. It has been suggested that the Almanach was written by astronomer Petrus Gaszowiec.
Like other almanacs and calendars of its day, the Almanach lists Church holidays and astronomical data, including planetary oppositions and conjunctions. It also provides medical advice, listing the best days for bloodletting, depending on the age and illness of the patient. The Almanach's text is in Latin.
At the time of its publication, the technology of printing with movable type was just 20 years old and remained almost entirely confined to Germans, who in the 1470s spread it widely through Europe. Printing appeared early in that decade in France and the Netherlands, and after 1473 in England and Spain.
The only surviving copy of Almanach cracoviense measures 37 cm by 26.2 cm, and is in the collections of the Jagiellonian University.
# Greentrains

Greentrains was a locomotive and rolling stock leasing company in Australia. It was formed in June 2008 as a subsidiary of Coote Industrial.
In 2008, Coote Industrial subsidiary Gemco Rail acquired 42 locomotives and 54 wagons from the distressed Allco Finance Group that were being leased by Coote subsidiaries South Spur Rail Services and Southern & Silverton Rail. After refurbishment it was planned to sell them to Greentrains who in turn would lease them back South Spur and Southern & Silverton.
However, Greentrains ran into trouble raising funds to complete the deal and by June 2010, Coote Industrial had converted its debt to equity giving it an 81% shareholding.
As of January 2013, Greentrains owned 38 locomotives and 39 wagons. In April 2016, the majority of the locomotives were sold to Southern Shorthaul Railroad. Greetrains then ceased rail leasing.

## Fleet

| Locomotive | Status |
| 48s37 | Striped for parts Parkes |
| T383 | Stored |
# Karl Vollers

Karl Vollers (March 19, 1857, Hooksiel (Oldenburg) – January 5, 1909) was a German orientalist.
Vollers went to school in Hildesheim and Jever where he received his high-school degree Abitur in 1875. Vollers studied Protestant theology and Oriental languages in Tübingen, Halle, Berlin, and Strassburg. He graduated in 1879. From fall 1879 to July 1880 he worked as a private teacher in Constantinople. In 1880 he received the licentia docendi for theology in Jena.
His first professional appointment as teacher at a local gymnasium (high-school) in Fürstenwalde in Saxony, where he served between October 1881 to 1882. After the defense of his PhD thesis at Halle University he was appointed assistant at the Royal Library in Berlin in October 1882 under the directorship of Carl Lepsius.
In 1886, he was appointed director of the Khedival Library in Cairo, a position held by several German orientalists before World War I. He earned his reputation as dialectologist by writing one of the first studies on Egyptian contemporary language. Here he could gather the material for his later research. He served in Cairo until September 1896. In 1896 he returned to Germany and accepted a position as professor for Oriental languages at the School of Philosophy at Jena University and director of the "Grand Ducal Oriental Coin Cabinet Jena". After disputes which became personal over his book Volksprache und Schriftsprache im alten Arabien (1906), Vollers left the Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft in 1908. He died shortly afterwards.

## Bibliography (selection)

* Das Dodekapropheton der Alexandriner (2 vols. 1880-82),
* Pentateuchus Samaritanus III-V (1883–91),
* Lehrbuch der aegypto-arabischen Umgangssprache (1890),
* Fragmente aus dem Mugrib des Ibn Sa'id (1894),
* Die Gedichte des Mutalammis arabisch und deutsch (1903),
* Katalog der islamischen, christlich-orientalischen, jüdischen und samaritanìschen Handschriften der Universitätsbibliotek zu Leipzig (1906),
* Volksprache und Schriftsprache im alten Arabien (1906).
# Kensington Park

Kensington Park may refer to:

## United Kingdom

* Kensington Park, Bristol, a district
* Kensington Park, London, a 19th-century designation for a London residential district now subsumed within Notting Hill
* Kensington Park School, an independent school in London
* Kensington Gardens, a park in London

## United States

* Kensington Park, California
* Kensington Park, a park in Chicago, Illinois
* Kensington Park, former name of Kensington, California
* Kensington Park, Florida, a census-designated place
* Kensington Metropark, Michigan
# Abigail Barker

Abigail Barker (née Wheeler; 1656 – October 1743) was among those accused of witchcraft during the Salem witch trials of 1692.

## Biography

Abigail Wheeler was born in 1656 and resided in Andover, Massachusetts. In May 1686, she married Ebenezer Barker, a carpenter. They had three children.

### Witch trial

A number of Barker's immediate and extended family members were embroiled in the hysteria of the Salem witch trials. In August 1692, Barker's brother-in-law, Daniel Eames, and his mother, Rebecca Blake Eames, both were imprisoned after accusations of witchcraft. In the same month, her husband Ebenezer's brother, William Barker Sr., and his niece, Mary Barker, were also imprisoned for witchcraft. Barker's nephew, William Barker, Jr, was also arrested on September 1.
One week later, on September 8, 1692, Abigail Barker was herself accused of being a witch by Rose Foster. Her husband Ebenezer joined the newly formed Andover resistance and signed petitions in October and December to Governor William Phips and the Superior Court of Judicature.
Barker is mentioned in the petition presented to the Court when it opened on January 3, 1693, which was signed by Dudley Bradstreet, Reverend Dane, Reverend Barnard, and 50 Andover residents. Despite the petition, the Superior Court indicted Abigail of witchcraft.
In a subsequently jury trial on January 6, 1693, Abigail was found not guilty. The 12 jurors included Nathaniel Howard, Reverend John Hale, Samuel Morgan, James Sanders, Richard Gross, John Witt, Nathaniel Emerson, John Emery, Benayah Tidcomb, John Platts, John Lamson, and James Friend. Barker was released, having been imprisoned for 4+1⁄2 months in Salem.

### Later life and death

After the trial, Abigail went back to her life in Andover and was 87 years old when she died there in 1743. She is buried in the Old North Parish Burying Ground in North Andover.

## Legacy

Barker's Farm was established by the Barker family in 1642 and has been run by each subsequent generation of the family, making it one of the oldest continuously owned and operated family farms in the United States.
# Eclogavena quadrimaculata

Eclogavena quadrimaculata, the four-spotted cowry, is a species of sea snail, a cowry, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Cypraeidae, the cowries.

## Subspecies

* Eclogavena quadrimaculata quadrimaculata (Gray, 1824)
* Eclogavena quadrimaculata thielei Schilder & Schilder, 1938

## Description

Shells of Eclogavena quadrimaculata can reach a size of 14–36 millimetres (0.55–1.42 in). The surface of these cylindrical shells may be whitish, pale grey or pale blue, with many small brown flecks and with two large rather triangular dark brown spots at each end (hence the common name and the Latin species name quadrimaculata). These shells are completely white or pale yellowish underneath. Teeth are raised, not coloured and spread right across base up to the margin. The living animal shows a dark brown or black mantle with small white or pinkish spots.

## Distribution

This species is present in Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland) and Philippines. These cowries can be found under rocks and among coral rubble.

## Gallery

* Dorsal view of a shell of Eclogavena quadrimaculata thielei
* Lateral view
# 1865 East Sydney colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Sydney on 17 February 1865 because Charles Cowper had been appointed Premier and Colonial Secretary, forming the fourth Cowper ministry. Such ministerial by-elections were usually uncontested however on this occasion a poll was required in East Sydney, The Glebe (Thomas Smart) and West Sydney (John Darvall and John Robertson). Each minister was comfortably re-elected. Only The Paterson (William Arnold) was uncontested.
Frederick Birmingham was a surveyor and engineer from Parramatta, who was an unsuccessful candidate for Parramatta at the election in November 1864, polling just 16 votes (1.3%)

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| 3 February 1865 | Fourth Cowper ministry appointed. |
| 8 February 1865 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 15 February 1865 | Nominations |
| 17 February 1865 | Polling day |
| 21 February 1865 | Return of writ |

## Result

1865 East Sydney by-election Friday 17 February :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Charles Cowper (re-elected) | Charles Cowper (re-elected) | 933 | 87.0 |
| Frederick Birmingham | Frederick Birmingham | 140 | 13.0 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,073 | 100.0 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | 0 | 0.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 1,073 | 12.0 |
# Ferdinand Möhring

Ferdinand Möhring (18 January 1816 – 1 May 1887) was a German composer, poet, conductor and organist.

## Personal life

Möhring was born in Alt Ruppin as the son of the master carpenter Johann Friedrich Möhring and spent his childhood and youth in Neuruppin, where he attended the Gymnasium. In 1857 he married Hedwig Schulz, the daughter of a painter. and from 1873 he lived as a freelance artist. Möhring died in 1887 in Wiesbaden at the age of 71, where he found his final resting place at the Nordfriedhof.

## Career in music

In 1830, he entered the trade school in Berlin, where he completed a Baumeister apprenticeship at his father's express wish. He broke off this apprenticeship and joined the Royal Music Institute of Berlin. His first motet was performed in 1835. His striving for an all-round musical education led him to join the music department of the Academy of Arts, where he studied from 1837 to 1840. There, he mainly composed instrumental music, including his Symphony in B flat major, which was premiered by Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy in the Gewandhaus in 1838. On 26 January 1840, he gave his final concert together with a fellow student in the hall of the Berlin Singakademie. He then moved to Saarbrücken, where he was appointed director of the male choral society and organist at the Ludwigskirche.
In 1842, he travelled to Paris, where he met Frédéric Chopin. In 1844 he was appointed royal music director and in 1845 he was appointed organist at the parish church of St Mary and music teacher at the grammar school in Neuruppin. From 1845 to 1874, he was music director of the male choral society Altruppin, which since 1904 bears the name of its long-time leader. From 1873 he lived as a freelance artist. In 1876, he moved to Wiesbaden, where he made friends with the artists Gustav Freytag, Franz Abt, and Friedrich von Bodenstedt.

## Work

* Motets
* Sinfonie B-Dur
* Lieder wie Elslein von Kaub
* Drei Psalmen für Soli und Chor: op. 32. No. 2: Psalm 137 „An den Wassern zu Babel“
* Herr, herr, wir danken dir

## Honours

The music teacher and composer Möhring is commemorated by a monument by Max Wiese in his birthplace, Alt Ruppin. It was unveiled in 1897.

## Student

* Paul Bulß
# Karnków

Karnków may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Karnków, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Karnków, Łowicz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Karnków, Zgierz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
# Ken Gemes

Ken Gemes is Professor of Philosophy at Birkbeck, University of London. His primary interests are Nietzsche and philosophy of science.

## Education and career

Gemes earned his PhD from the University of Pittsburgh in 1990 with a dissertation in philosophy of science working with Clark Glymour and Wesley Salmon. He taught at Yale University for ten years before moving to Birkbeck in 2000.

## Philosophical work

Gemes's work has covered a wide range of philosophical issues, from technical concerns of logical content to Nietzsche's account of philosophy as the "last manifestation of the ascetic ideal".

## Selected publications

* The Oxford Handbook of Nietzsche, Ken Gemes and John Richardson, eds. Oxford University Press, 2013
* Nietzsche on Freedom and Autonomy, Ken Gemes and Simon May eds., Oxford University Press, 2009
* Gemes, Ken (1992), Nietzsche's Critique of Truth, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol. 52, No. 1, March 1992, pp. 47–65
* Gemes, Ken (1993), Hypothetico-Deductivism, Content, and the Natural Axiomatization of Theories, Philosophy of Science, Vol. 60, No. 3 Sep., pp. 477–487
* "Hypothetico-deductivism, content, and the natural axiomatization of theories" in Philosophy of Science, 1993
* "A new theory of content I: Basic content," in Journal of Philosophical Logic, 1994
* "Hypothetico-deductivism: the current state of play; the criterion of empirical significance: endgame" in Erkenntnis 1998
* "Horwich, Hempel, and Hypothetico-Deductivism" in Philosophy of Science, 1990
* "The indeterminacy thesis reformulated" Journal of Philosophy, 1991
* " Verisimilitude and content" in Synthese, 2007
* "The world in itself: Neither uniform nor physical" in Synthese, 1987
* "Hypothetico-deductivism: incomplete but not hopeless," in Erkenntnis 2005
* "Content & Watkins's Account of Natural Axiomatizations" in Dialectica 2006
* "Naturalism and Value in Nietzsche" in Philosophy and Phenomenonological Research, 2005
* "Schurz on hypothetico-deductivism" in Erkenntnis, 1994
* "Inductive Skepticism and the Probability Calculus I: Popper and Jeffreys on Induction and the Probability of Law-Like Universal Generalizations" in Philosophy of Science 1997
* "Nihilism and the Affirmation of Life: A Review of and Dialogue with Bernard Reginster" in European Journal of Philosophy
* "A refutation of global scepticism" in Analysis 2009
* "Bootstrapping and Content Parts" in Erkenntnis 2006
* "Irrelevance: Strengthening the Bayesian Requirements" in Synthese, 2007
* "Nietzsche on free will, autonomy and the sovereign individual" in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 2006
* "Postmodernism's use and abuse of Nietzsche" in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 2001
* "A new theory of content II: Model theory and some alternatives" Journal of Philosophical Logic 1997
* "Life's Perspectives" in The Oxford Handbook of Nietzsche 2013
# Log-space computable function

In computational complexity theory, a log-space computable function is a function $f\colon \Sigma ^{\ast }\rightarrow \Sigma ^{\ast }$ that requires only $O(\log n)$ memory to be computed (this restriction does not apply to the size of the output). The computation is generally done by means of a log-space transducer.

## Log-space reductions

The main use for log-space computable functions is in log-space reductions. This is a means of transforming an instance of one problem into an instance of another problem, using only logarithmic space.

## Examples of log-space computable functions

* Function converting a problem of a non-deterministic Turing machine that decides a language A in log-space to ST-connectivity.