OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1,3,5-Triazine

1,3,5-Triazine, also called s-triazine, is an organic chemical compound with the formula (HCN)$_3$. It is a six-membered heterocyclic aromatic ring, one of several isomeric triazines. s-Triazine —the "symmetric" isomer—and its derivatives are useful in a variety of applications.

## Preparation

Symmetrical 1,3,5-triazines are prepared by trimerization of certain nitriles such as cyanogen chloride or cyanamide. Benzoguanamine (with one phenyl and 2 amino substituents) is synthesised from benzonitrile and dicyandiamide. In the Pinner triazine synthesis (named after Adolf Pinner) the reactants are an alkyl or aryl amidine and phosgene. Insertion of an N-H moiety into a hydrazide by a copper carbenoid, followed by treatment with ammonium chloride also gives the triazine core.
Amine-substituted triazines called Guanamines are prepared by the condensation of cyanoguanidine with the corresponding nitrile:
    (H$_2$N)$_2$C=NCN + RCN → (CNH$_2$)$_2$(CR)N$_3$

## Applications

As a reagent in organic synthesis, s-triazine is used as the equivalent of hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Being a solid (vs a gas for HCN), triazine is sometimes easier to handle in the laboratory. One application is in the Gattermann reaction, used to attach the formyl group to aromatic substrates.

### Triazine derivatives

N- and C-substituted triazines are used industrially. The most common derivative of 1,3,5-triazine is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triamine, commonly known as melamine or cyanuramide. Another important derivative is 1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6-triol better known as cyanuric acid.
Cyanuric chloride (2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine) is the starting point for the manufacture of many herbicides such as Simazine and atrazine. Chlorinated triazines are the basis of an important family of reactive dyes, which are covalently attached to cellulosic materials.
Triazines are also found in pharmaceutical products.
# 1-Meg Modem

The 1-Meg Modem in telecommunications was a DSL modem created by Nortel which conforms to the ADSL Lite standard. The 1-Meg Modem was the first xDSL modem to gain approval and registration under FCC Part 68 Rules.

## History

At the time the modem was released on August 8, 1997, telephone companies were fearing competition from cable modems. However, early DSL technology was too costly for wide deployment. By October 1998 Nortel claimed more than $1 billion in sales which, in their words, had "the potential for more than one million end-user lines." The modems were originally tested at Northern Illinois University dormitories and worked well even though the school's wiring was relatively old.

## Description

The 1-Meg Modem can be deployed up to 18,000 feet (5,500 m) from the central office providing a downstream bit rate of 960 kilobits per second (kbit/s) and a maximum upstream rate of 120 kbit/s over 24 gauge wire. The second generation could achieve a transfer rate of 1280 kbit/s downstream and 320 kbit/s upstream. Unlike most ADSL modems which use Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) virtual circuits to carry data, the 1-Meg Modem used Ethernet which makes the product easy for most residential users to install themselves but ill-suited for applications that require quality of service to be enforced. At the telephone company switch the installation was relatively simple when the switch was a Nortel DMS Switch. The customer's line card must be swapped with a line card that supported the 1-Meg Modem, and also a card must be added to the drawer that would manage all data from the 1-Meg Modem cards in the drawer.
# 1,4-Diisocyanobutane

1,4-Diisocyanobutane is an organic compound. Its structural formula is CN(CH$_2$)$_4$NC, which similar to adiponitrile but with carbon and nitrogen of cyanide groups switching places. It has been used as a ligand in the formation of organometallic complexes, such as with rhodium - [Rh$_2$(CNC$_8$H$_{14}$NC)$_4$]$^{2+}$.
# 1184 (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
1184 is the third studio album by Windir, released in 2001. Valfar composed this album with the band Ulcus. Departing from the sound for which Windir is normally known, it nevertheless kept its folk elements, albeit with inspiration from electronic music. This release provoked divided reactions, with some fans and critics praising it as a great Windir album which reached new creative heights, while others felt consternation at the departure of the sound for which Windir was recognised and admired in black metal circles. The art used in the album cover is a painting by the Norwegian artist Johan Christian Dahl called "Winter at the Sognefjord".

## Track listing

* All songs written and arranged by Valfar & Hvåll.

## Personnel
### Windir

* Terje Bakken (Valfar) – vocals, accordion, programming, additional bass guitar, guitar and synthesizer
* Strom – lead guitar
* Sture – rhythm guitar
* Righ – synthesizer
* Hvàll – bass guitar
* Steingrim – drums

### Additional personnel

* Cosmocrator – clean vocals

## Production

* Produced, recorded, engineered and mixed by Thorbjørn Akkerhaugen, Valfar and Hvåll
* Mastered by Tom Kvalsvoll
# 1182 Ilona

1182 Ilona, provisional designation 1927 EA, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 14 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg Observatory on 3 March 1927, and later named Ilona. Any reference to its name is unknown.

## Classification and orbit

Ilona orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,241 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.12 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first identified as A915 RD at Bergedorf Observatory in September 1915. The body's observation arc, however, begins at Heidelberg one night after its official discovery observation.

## Naming

Any reference to a person or occurrence of this minor planet's name is unknown. The name was suggested by German astronomer Gustav Stracke.

### Unknown meaning

Among the many thousands of named minor planets, Ilona is one of 120 asteroids, for which no official naming citation has been published. All of these low-numbered asteroids have numbers between 164 Eva and 1514 Ricouxa and were discovered between 1876 and the 1930s, predominantly by astronomers Auguste Charlois, Johann Palisa, Max Wolf and Karl Reinmuth.

## Physical characteristics

Ilona is an assumed stony S-type asteroid.

### Rotation period and shape

Three rotational lightcurve of Ilona were obtained from photometric observations. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 29.8 hours (including an alternative period solution 14.938 hours, or half the period) with a brightness variation of 0.98 to 1.20 magnitude (U=2/2/2). A high brightness amplitude typically indicates that the body has a non-spheroidal shape.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Ilona measures between 12.67 and 17.88 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.175 and 0.2957. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.2039 and calculates a diameter of 14.09 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.6.
# 1675 in science

The year 1675 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Astronomy

* March 4 – John Flamsteed appointed as "astronomical observator", in effect, the first Astronomer Royal of England.
* August 10 – King Charles II of England places the foundation stone of the Royal Greenwich Observatory near London.
* Giovanni Cassini discovers the Cassini Division in the rings of Saturn.

## Exploration

* April – The Antarctic Convergence is first crossed by English merchant Anthony de la Roché, who lands on South Georgia.

## Mathematics

* October 29 – German polymath Gottfried Leibniz makes the first use of the long s (∫) as a symbol of the integral in calculus.
* November 11 – Leibniz uses infinitesimal calculus for the first time to find the area under the graph of the function y=f(x).

## Physiology and medicine

* Antonie van Leeuwenhoek begins to use a microscope for observing human tissues and liquids.

## Technology

* February 25 – Netherlands scientist Christiaan Huygens files drawings of his invention of the balance spring, the key component to the accuracy of portable clocks and pocket watches, in a letter to the Journal des Sçavants.

## Births

* February 28 – Guillaume Delisle, French cartographer (died 1726)

## Deaths

* October – James Gregory, Scottish mathematician and astronomer (born 1638)
* October 27 – Gilles de Roberval, French mathematician (born 1602)
* November 11 – Thomas Willis, English physician (born 1621)
* approx. date – John Jonston, Polish naturalist and physician (born 1603)
# 1675 in music

The year 1675 in music involved some significant events.

## Events

* Agostino Steffani is appointed court organist at Munich.
* Johann Krieger performs at Vienna, and is rewarded by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor.

## Publications

* Gaspar Sanz – Instrucción de música sobre la guitarra española, Libre 2

## Classical music

* Johann Rudolph Ahle – Toccata ex Clave D
* Marc-Antoine Charpentier
** Ave maris stella, H.60
** De Profundis, H.232
* Christian Geist – Laudet Deum mea
* Guillaume-Gabriel Nivers – 3e livre d'orgue des huit tons de l'église, organ collection
* Maria Xaveria Perucona – Sacri Concerti de Mottetti, Op.1
* Johann Christoph Pezel – Bicinia variorum instrumentorum
* Alessandro Stradella – Qual prodigio è ch'io miri, a serenata

## Opera

* Matthew Locke – Psyche
* Giovanni Legrenzi – La divisione del mondo
* Jean-Baptiste Lully – Thésée, LWV 5

## Births

* July 12 – Evaristo Felice Dall'Abaco, Italian composer (died 1742)
* August 1 – William Williams, composer (died 1701)
* date unknown – Louis de La Coste, composer (died 1750)
* probable
** Michel de La Barre, composer (died 1745)
** Giovanni Porta, opera composer (died 1755)
** Tommaso Redi, composer

## Deaths

* March 23 – Anthoni van Noordt, Dutch organist and composer (born 1619)
* September 5 – Carlos Patiño, composer (born 1600)
* October 29 – Andreas Hammerschmidt, organist and composer (born c.1611)
* November 14 – Johannes Khuen, priest, poet and composer (born 1606)
* date unknown – Wojciech Bobowski, Polish Ottoman musician (born 1610)
# 1696 Nurmela

1696 Nurmela, provisional designation 1939 FF, is a Baptistina asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 18 March 1939, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named after Finnish academician Tauno Nurmela. The possibly elongated asteroid has a rotation period of 3.15 hours.

## Orbit and classification

Nurmela is the second-largest member of the small Baptistina family (403), a large inner-belt family, named after 298 Baptistina, its largest member and namesake. When applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, it is also a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.$^{:23}$
It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 2.0–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 5 months (1,242 days; semi-major axis of 2.26 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Turku.

## Physical characteristics

Nurmela is an assumed carbonaceous C-type asteroid, while its albedo and membership to the Baptistina family is indicative for an X-type.$^{:23}$

### Rotation period

In March and April 2007, two rotational lightcurves of Nurmela was obtained from photometric observations by Adrián Galád and Robert Stephens. They gave an identical rotation period of 3.1587 hours with a brightness variation of 0.33 and 0.42 magnitude, respectively (U=3/3). In April 2017, another observation by Stephens gave a concurring period of 3.159 hours (U=3) with an amplitude of 0.58 magnitude, indicative for an elongated shape.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Nurmela measures between 6.06 and 10.31 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.116 and 0.28.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 14.64 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.9.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in honor of Finnish academician Tauno Kalervo Nurmela (1907–1985), some time professor of Romanic philology and later chancellor of University of Turku. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 April 1980 (M.P.C. 5281).
# 10th municipality of Naples

The Tenth Municipality (In Italian: Decima Municipalità or Municipalità 10) is one of the ten boroughs in which the Italian city of Naples is divided.

## Geography

The municipality, part of the area of Campi Flegrei, is located in the western suburb of the city and borders with Pozzuoli.
Its territory includes the zones of Agnano, Nisida, Coroglio and Astroni.

## Administrative division

The Tenth Municipality is divided into 2 quarters:
| Quarter | Population | Area (km$^2$) |
| Bagnoli | 24,671 | 7.96 |
| Fuorigrotta | 76,521 | 6.20 |
| Total | 101,192 | 14.16 |
# 1766 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

* German poet and critic Heinrich Wilhelm von Gerstenberg begins publication of his Briefe über Merkwürdigkeiten der Litteratur in which he formulates the literary principles of Sturm und Drang.

## Works published

* Mark Akenside, An Ode to the Late Thomas Edwards
* John Cunningham, Poems, Chiefly Pastoral
* Isaac D'Israeli, The Literary Character
* John Freeth, The Political Songster
* Oliver Goldsmith, editor, Poems for Young Ladies, an anthology published this year, although the book states "1767"
* Francis Hopkinson, "A Psalm of Thanksgiving", English, Colonial America
* Charles Jenner, Poems
* Thomas Letchworh, "A Morning and Evening's Meditation; or, A Descant on the Times", English, Colonial America
* Henry James Pye, Beauty
* Anna Williams, Miscellanies in Prose and Verse

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* January 3 - Nguyễn Du (died 1820), Vietnamese poet
* April 27 - Vasily Pushkin (died 1830), Russian poet
* October 11 - Nólsoyar Páll (lost at sea c.1808), Faroese merchant and poet
* December 3 - Robert Bloomfield (died 1823), English "ploughboy poet"
* Maharaja Chandu Lal (died 1845), Indian Urdu- and Persian-language poet and politician
* Martha Llwyd (died 1845), Welsh poet and hymnodist

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* September 23 - John Brown (born 1715), English clergyman, essayist and poet
* c. November - Catherine Jemmat, née Yeo (born c.1714), English memoirist and anthologist
* December 12 - Johann Christoph Gottsched (born 1700), German critic
* December 24 - James Grainger (born c.1721), Scottish-born doctor, poet and translator, of "West Indian fever" in Saint Kitts
* Robert Andrews (born 1723), English Presbyterian minister, poet and translator, insane
* Hazin Lahiji (born 1692), Persian poet and scholar
# 145523 Lulin

145523 Lulin, provisional designation 2006 EM$_{67}$, is a background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 3.9 kilometers (2.4 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 7 March 2006, by Taiwanese astronomers Hung-Chin Lin (林宏欽) and Ye Quanzhi (葉泉志) at Lulin Observatory in central Taiwan. It was named for the Lulin mountain and the observatory site.

## Orbit and classification

Lulin is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.2–3.2 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,664 days; semi-major axis of 2.75 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. The earliest precovery was taken at ESO's La Silla Observatory in March 1992, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 14 years prior to its discovery observation.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the Lulin mountain in central Taiwan, location of the discovering Lulin Observatory at an altitude of 2862 meters. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 2 April 2007 (M.P.C. 59389). At the observatory, Comet Lulin was discovered in 2007.

## Physical characteristics

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, the asteroid measures 3.9 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo of 0.073, which is rather typical for a carbonaceous C-type body. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Lulin has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.
# 1454 in Ireland

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events from the year 1454 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Lord: Henry VI

## Births

* Thomas FitzGerald, 11th Earl of Desmond
# 1506 in art

Events from the year 1506 in art.

## Events

* 14 January - The classical statue of Laocoön and His Sons is unearthed in a vineyard near the site of the Domus Aurea of the Roman emperor Nero and the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. On the recommendation of Giuliano da Sangallo and Michelangelo, Pope Julius II purchases it and places it on public display in the Vatican a month later.
* Francesco Raibolini becomes a court painter in Mantua.

## Works

* Giorgione, Laura
* Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa
* Raphael, Portrait of Maddalena Doni
* Raphael, Young Woman with Unicorn

### Painting

* Giorgione
** Laura (Portrait of a Young Bride)
** Young Man with Arrow (approximate date)
* Leonardo da Vinci – Mona Lisa
* Raphael
** Madonna del cardellino
** Portrait of Maddalena Doni
** Young Woman with Unicorn
* Albrecht Dürer – Portrait of a Young Woman

## Births

* April 13 - Peter Faber (or Pierre Favre), French Jesuit painter and sculptor (died 1546)
* date unknown - Ippolito Costa, Italian painter (died 1561)
* probable
** Domenico del Barbieri, Florentine painter (died 1570)
** Hans Brosamer, German engraver, wood-cutter, and portraitist (died 1554)
** Girolamo Lombardo, Italian sculptor (died 1590)
** Bernard Salomon, French painter, draftsman and engraver (died 1561)

## Deaths

* August 26 - Sesshū Tōyō, master of suibokuga (ink painting), and a Rinzai Zen Buddhist priest (born 1420)
* September 13 - Andrea Mantegna, Italian Renaissance painter (born 1431)
* probable
** Pietro di Domenico - Italian Renaissance painter (born 1457)
** Pier Antonio Mezzastris, Italian painter of the Umbrian school (born 1430)
** Giovanni di Stefano, Italian bronze-caster, engineer, and sculptor (born 1443)
# 1819 United States House of Representatives election in Mississippi

"none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Elections in Mississippi :
Federal government
U.S. President
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Attorney General elections
2003
2007
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2023 :
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2001
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2004
Amendment 1
2020
Initiative 65
Measure 3 :
City of Jackson
Mayoral elections
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Biloxi
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Mississippi elected its member August 2–3, 1819, after the new congress began but before the first session convened.
| District | Incumbent | Incumbent | Incumbent | This race | This race |
| District | Member | Party | First elected | Results | Candidates |
| Mississippi at-large | George Poindexter | Democratic-Republican | 1817 | Incumbent retired. New member elected. Democratic-Republican hold. | √ Christopher Rankin (Democratic-Republican) 68.9% Cowles Mead (Democratic-Republican) 31.1% |
# 1635: The Papal Stakes

1635: The Papal Stakes is novel in the 1632 series written by Charles Gannon and Eric Flint. It was published in 2012 and is the direct sequel to 1635: The Cannon Law published in 2006. This book is the third in the South European fork to the main 1632 series storyline. The story follows the exploits of younger members of the Stone family in Italy and describes the impact of Grantville on the Roman Catholic church and on the patchwork of independent countries in the Italian peninsula.

## Literary significance and reception

The reviewer for SFRevu writes that "Charles Gannon takes the helm in this installment" and that "Gannon hits all the right notes." The Midwest Book Review called the book "a fabulous thriller as Eric Flint and Charles E. Gannon prove a deft pairing." The reviewer for the Mixed Book Bag also agrees that Flint and Gannon make a good writing team and adds "This is a story that flows smoothly and is focused on the problems the characters face" and "the action is great and keeps the story arc moving along".
1635: The Papal Stakes is the first book in the 1632 series to get listed on The Wall Street Journal Best-Selling Books list for Hardcover Science Fiction, which gets its data from NPD BookScan (formerly Nielsen BookScan). This book was able to stay on this list for two weeks during October 2012, topping at number 6.
# 166th Battalion (Queen's Own Rifles of Canada), CEF

The 166th (Queen's Own Rifles of Canada) Battalion, CEF was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War. Based in Toronto, Ontario, the unit began recruiting during the winter of 1915/16 from The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, which was based in that city. After sailing to England in October 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 12th Reserve Battalion on January 8, 1917. The 166th (Queen's Own Rifles of Canada) Battalion, CEF had one Officer Commanding: Lieut-Col. W. G. Mitchell.