OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# David Sobin

David Sobin is a well known American inventor, and the CEO of BAMnet Corporation, the parent company of ReplayLocker. A 24-year AT&T Executive, he led the team which created the first DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) product in the early 1980s and deployed it globally. While at Bell Labs, he was awarded a patent for his invention of a fiber optic backplane. He left AT&T/Lucent in 1996 to found his own DSL company, which was subsequently sold for approximately $50M in 1998. He holds BS and MS degrees in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering.
# Croftville, Minnesota

Croftville is an unincorporated community in Cook County, Minnesota, United States.
The community is located three miles northeast of the city of Grand Marais on Minnesota Highway 61.
Highway 61 and County Road 87 (Croftville Road) are two of the main routes in the community.

## History

Croftville, which thrived in the early 1900s, was first settled by Peter Olsen and brothers Charles and Joe Croft, from whom the community got its name.

## Education

All of the county is zoned to Cook County ISD 166.
# Heterocompsa nigripes

Heterocompsa nigripes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1962.
# Henry Edger

Henry Edger (22 January 1820, Chelwood Gate – April 1888, Paris) was an English positivist active in the nineteenth century. He was one of Auguste Comte's ten disciples.
After studying Law in London Edger married Millicent Hobson. Although originally a protestant, he abandoned Christianity in favour of communism. He moved with his family to New York City in 1851. Over the next three years two things caught his interest, Positivism and the Socialist Community of Modern Times an anarchist intentional community based on Long Island, New York State. On 9 April 1854 he decided to commit his life to the propagation of the "positivist faith" consecrating his life to "laying the foundation stone" to the Comtean edifice in the New World. Although originally attracted to the Fourierist community in Red Bank, New Jersey, he stayed there for only a few months. He eventually moved to Modern Times in 1854 for the purposes of spreading positivism. He built an oratory with a steeple attached to his log cabin, and conducted the Comtean religious rites. He further organised a glee club and an orchestra. However aside from his friends John Metcalf and Charles Codman, his efforts to spread positivism had little impact outside his family.
He also started a long series of correspondence with Comte which continued until the latter's death in 1857.
Although his attempts to spread positivism amongst the inhabitants of Modern Times met with little success, and indeed encountered the hostility of its founder Josiah Warren, it nevertheless provided a base from which Edger could promote Positivism further afield. With his convert, John Metcalf, he provided a range of Positivist reading material available by mail including Modern Times, the Labor question, and the Family which he written himself.
In 1880 Edger left Modern Times and moved to Paris, where he died in 1888.
# Nizhny Odes

Nizhny Odes (Russian: Ни́жний О́дес; Komi: Улыс Одес, Ulys Odes) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of the town of republic significance of Sosnogorsk in the Komi Republic, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 9,680.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement of Nizhny Odes, together with one rural locality (the settlement of Konashyel), is incorporated as Nizhny Odes Urban-Type Settlement Administrative Territory, which is subordinated to the town of republic significance of Sosnogorsk. As a municipal division, Nizhny Odes Urban-Type Settlement Administrative Territory is incorporated within Sosnogorsk Municipal District as Nizhny Odes Urban Settlement.
# 2020 AFL Women's best and fairest

The 2020 AFL Women's best and fairest was the award presented to the player adjudged the best and fairest player during the 2020 AFL Women's season. Madison Prespakis of the Carlton Football Club won the award with 15 votes.

## Leading votegetters

| Placing | Player | Votes |
| 1st | Madison Prespakis (Carlton) | 15 |
| 2nd | Kiara Bowers (Fremantle) | 12 |
| 3rd | Emma Kearney (North Melbourne) | 11 |
| =4th | Jenna Bruton (North Melbourne) | 10 |
| =4th | Anne Hatchard (Adelaide) | 10 |
| 6th | Karen Paxman (Melbourne) | 9 |
| =7th | Brittany Bonnici (Collingwood) | 7 |
| =7th | Monique Conti (Richmond) | 7 |
| =7th | Jaimee Lambert (Collingwood) | 7 |
| =7th | Georgia Patrikios (St Kilda) | 7 |

## Voting procedure

The three field umpires (the umpires who control the flow of the game, as opposed to goal or boundary umpires) confer after each match and award three votes, two votes and one vote to the players they regard as the best, second-best and third-best in the match, respectively. The votes are kept secret until the awards night, and are read and tallied on the evening.
# 2021 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Forlì

The 2021 Internazionali di Tennis Città di Forlì was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2021 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Forlì, Italy between 14 and 20 June 2021.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| NED | Tallon Griekspoor | 131 | 1 |
| ITA | Alessandro Giannessi | 159 | 2 |
| ITA | Paolo Lorenzi | 167 | 3 |
| CAN | Steven Diez | 190 | 4 |
| TUR | Cem İlkel | 199 | 5 |
| NED | Robin Haase | 205 | 6 |
| ARG | Tomás Martín Etcheverry | 220 | 7 |
| FRA | Quentin Halys | 223 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings as of 31 May 2021.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Jacopo Berrettini
* Flavio Cobolli
* Francesco Passaro
The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking:
* Viktor Galović
The following players received entry into the singles main draw as alternates:
* Raúl Brancaccio
* Orlando Luz
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Sebastian Fanselow
* Francesco Forti
* Lucas Gerch
* Thiago Agustín Tirante

## Champions
### Singles

* Mats Moraing def. Quentin Halys 3–6, 6–1, 7–5.

### Doubles

* Sergio Galdós / Orlando Luz def. Pedro Cachin / Camilo Ugo Carabelli 7–5, 2–6, [10–8].
# 2021 AFL Women's Rising Star

The 2021 NAB AFL Women's Rising Star award was presented to the player adjudged the best young player during the 2021 AFL Women's season. Tyla Hanks of the Melbourne Football Club won the award with 48 votes.

## Eligibility

Every round, two nominations will be given to standout young players who performed well during that particular round. To be eligible for nomination, players must have been under 21 years of age on 1 January 2021 and not suspended during the season.

## Nominations

Table of nominees :
| Round | Player | Club |
| 1 | Belle Dawes | Brisbane |
| 1 | Tarni White | St Kilda |
| 2 | Jess Fitzgerald | Western Bulldogs |
| 2 | Tyla Hanks | Melbourne |
| 3 | Nat Grider | Brisbane |
| 3 | Abbie McKay | Carlton |
| 4 | Tyanna Smith | St Kilda |
| 4 | Rebecca Webster | Geelong |
| 5 | Mikayla Bowen | West Coast |
| 5 | Ellie McKenzie | Richmond |
| 6 | Daisy Bateman | North Melbourne |
| 6 | Tarni Brown | Collingwood |
| 7 | Lauren Bella | Gold Coast |
| 7 | Eliza McNamara | Melbourne |
| 8 | Courtney Hodder | Brisbane |
| 8 | Isabella Lewis | West Coast |
| 9 | Eleanor Brown | Western Bulldogs |
| 9 | Tahlia Hickie | Brisbane |
Table of nominations by club :
| Number | Club | Player | Nom. |
| 4 | Brisbane | Belle Dawes | 1 |
| 4 | Brisbane | Nat Grider | 3 |
| 4 | Brisbane | Courtney Hodder | 8 |
| 4 | Brisbane | Tahlia Hickie | 9 |
| 2 | Melbourne | Tyla Hanks | 2 |
| 2 | Melbourne | Eliza McNamara | 7 |
| 2 | St Kilda | Tarni White | 1 |
| 2 | St Kilda | Tyanna Smith | 4 |
| 2 | West Coast | Mikayla Bowen | 5 |
| 2 | West Coast | Isabella Lewis | 8 |
| 2 | Western Bulldogs | Jess Fitzgerald | 2 |
| 2 | Western Bulldogs | Eleanor Brown | 9 |
| 1 | Carlton | Abbie McKay | 3 |
| 1 | Collingwood | Tarni Brown | 6 |
| 1 | Geelong | Rebecca Webster | 4 |
| 1 | Gold Coast | Lauren Bella | 7 |
| 1 | North Melbourne | Daisy Bateman | 6 |
| 1 | Richmond | Ellie McKenzie | 5 |

## Final voting

Table of votes :
| Placing | Player | Club | Nom. | Votes |
| 1 | Tyla Hanks | Melbourne | 2 | 48 |
| 2 | Ellie McKenzie | Richmond | 5 | 32 |
| 3 | Mikayla Bowen | West Coast | 5 | 22 |
| 4 | Tyanna Smith | St Kilda | 4 | 19 |
| 5 | Nat Grider | Brisbane | 3 | 10 |
# 2021 Internationaux de Tennis de Vendée – Doubles

Jonny O'Mara and Ken Skupski were the defending champions but only O'Mara chose to defend his title, partnering Treat Huey. O'Mara lost in the first round to Antoine Hoang and Kyrian Jacquet.
Jonathan Eysseric and Quentin Halys won the title after defeating David Pel and Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi 4–6, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$, [10–8] in the final.

## Seeds

* David Pel / Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi (final)
* Romain Arneodo / Hugo Nys (quarterfinals)
* Nathaniel Lammons / Matt Reid (semifinals)
* Treat Huey / Jonny O'Mara (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| | | | | | 1 | D Pel A-u-H Qureshi | 5 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Olivetti H Reese | 3 | 6 | [10] | | A Olivetti H Reese | 7 | 6$^3$ | [8] | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Begemann I Zelenay | 6 | 3 | [8] | | | | | | 1 | D Pel A-u-H Qureshi | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| 4 | T Huey J O'Mara | 3 | 3 | | | | | | | | R Galloway A Lawson | 2 | 4 | | | | | |
| | A Hoang K Jacquet | 6 | 6 | | | A Hoang K Jacquet | 5 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Galloway A Lawson | 7 | 6 | | | R Galloway A Lawson | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | K Drzewiecki K Majchrzak | 5 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | D Pel A-u-H Qureshi | 6 | 6$^5$ | [8] |
| WC | T Droguet H Mayot | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | J Eysseric Q Halys | 4 | 7$^7$ | [10] |
| | S Walków J Zieliński | 4 | 4 | | WC | T Droguet H Mayot | 2 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | 3 | N Lammons M Reid | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | 3 | N Lammons M Reid | 6$^1$ | 5 | | | | | |
| | S Balaji D Sharan | 4 | 6 | [6] | | | | | | | J Eysseric Q Halys | 7$^7$ | 7 | | | | | |
| | J Eysseric Q Halys | 6 | 3 | [10] | | J Eysseric Q Halys | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | 2 | R Arneodo H Nys | 6$^3$ | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
# 2022 African Championships in Athletics – Mixed 4 × 400 metres relay

The mixed 4 × 400 metres relay event at the 2022 African Championships in Athletics was held on 9 June in Port Louis, Mauritius. It was the first time that a mixed event was contested at the African Championships.

## Results

| Rank | Lane | Nation | Competitors | Time |
| | 3 | Botswana | Busang Collen Kebinatshipi, Motlatsi Rante, Maitseo Keitumetse, Christine Botlogetswe | 3:21.85 |
| | 4 | Nigeria | Emmanuel Ojeli, Ella Onojuvwewo, Ayo Adeola, Patience Okon George | 3:22.38 |
| | 5 | Kenya | Collins Omae, William Rayan, Veronica Mutua, Jarinter Mwasya | 3:22.75 |
| 4 | 6 | South Africa | Sabelo Dhlamini, Taylon Bieldt, Gardeo Isaacs, Shirley Nekhubui | 3:23.06 |
| 5 | 2 | Zambia | David Mulenga, Abygirl Sepiso, Daniel Mbewe, Rhoda Njobvu | 3:27.06 |
| 6 | 7 | Ethiopia | Eriema Kere, Amarech Zago, Yohannes Tefera, Tsige Duguma | 3:31.50 |
| | 8 | Gambia | Edrissa Marong, Fatou Sanneh, Modou Sanneh, Jawneh Nyimasata | DQ |
| | 1 | Madagascar | | DNS |
# 2022 Tricolour Citizens' Movement leadership election

A leadership election for the Tricolour Citizens' Movement was held on 29 January 2022.

## Background

Tricolour was founded by MP Václav Klaus Jr. in 2019. Klaus became first leader of the party. Klaus resigned on the position in March 2021 and was replaced by Zuzana Majerová Zahradníková. Tricolour formed electoral alliance with Svobodní and Freeholder Party of the Czech Republic for 2021 Czech legislative election. The alliance received 2.76% of votes and failed to win any seats. Majerová admitted that the result is a disappointment.
Anthropologist Ivo Budil announced his candidacy on 18 November 2021 stating that he wants to renew original ethos of Tricolour as a national conservative patriotic party. Jindřich Rajchl announced on 28 December 2021 that he will run for the position of leader stating election result showed that Zahradníková can't get trust of voters. Rajchl stated that he gained support of some regional organisations. Zahradníková herself already confirmed intention to remain the leader of Tricolour. Robert Troška announced candidacy in January 2022.

## Candidates

* Ivo Budil, Anthropologist.
* Jindřich Rajchl, lawyer.
* Robert Troška, Project Manager.
* Zuzana Majerová Zahradníková, the incumbent leader.

## Voting

Voting was held on 29 January 2022. Over 200 delegates were allowed to vote. Rajchl withdrawn from election and Majerová Zahradníková defeated Budil and Troška. Zahradníková received 127 votes.
# 2022 Tre Valli Varesine

The 2022 Tre Valli Varesine was the 101st edition of the Tre Valli Varesine road cycling one day race, which was held in the Lombardy region of northwestern Italy on 4 October 2022. The race was the third of the 2022 Trittico Lombardo, which also included the Coppa Ugo Agostoni, held on 29 September and the Coppa Bernocchi held the day before.

## Teams

16 of the 19 UCI WorldTeams and nine UCI ProTeams made up the 25 teams that participated in the race. Lotto–Soudal, Team BikeExchange–Jayco and Team Jumbo–Visma, with six riders each, were the only teams to not enter a full squad of seven riders. In total, 171 riders started the race, of which only 101 finished.
UCI WorldTeams
* AG2R Citroën Team
* Astana Qazaqstan Team
* Bora–Hansgrohe
* Cofidis
* EF Education–EasyPost
* Groupama–FDJ
* Ineos Grenadiers
* Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux
* Israel–Premier Tech
* Lotto–Soudal
* Movistar Team
* Team BikeExchange–Jayco
* Team DSM
* Team Jumbo–Visma
* Trek–Segafredo
* UAE Team Emirates
UCI ProTeams
* Alpecin–Deceuninck
* Arkéa–Samsic
* Bardiani–CSF–Faizanè
* Bingoal Pauwels Sauces WB
* Caja Rural–Seguros RGA
* Drone Hopper–Androni Giocattoli
* Eolo–Kometa
* Equipo Kern Pharma
* Team TotalEnergies

## Result

Result :
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Tadej Pogačar (SLO) | UAE Team Emirates | 4h 36' 59" |
| 2 | Sergio Higuita (COL) | Bora–Hansgrohe | + 0" |
| 3 | Alejandro Valverde (ESP) | Movistar Team | + 0" |
| 4 | Pierre Latour (FRA) | Team TotalEnergies | + 0" |
| 5 | Benoît Cosnefroy (FRA) | AG2R Citroën Team | + 0" |
| 6 | Adam Yates (GBR) | Ineos Grenadiers | + 0" |
| 7 | Bauke Mollema (NED) | Trek–Segafredo | + 0" |
| 8 | Domenico Pozzovivo (ITA) | Intermarché–Wanty–Gobert Matériaux | + 0" |
| 9 | Jesús Herrada (ESP) | Cofidis | + 0" |
| 10 | Rigoberto Urán (COL) | EF Education–EasyPost | + 0" |
# Arthur Sephton

Arthur Sephton (25 March 1894 – 22 March 1982) was a Church of England priest who was Archdeacon of Craven from 1956 to 1972.

## Early life

Sephton was born in 1894 in Newport Pagnell, the son of Thomas G and Laura Sephton.
He emigrated to Australia in 1914, and was a teacher at Monaro Grammar School in Cooma (which subsequently moved to Canberra and became Canberra Grammar School). He was a Gunner in the 29th Field Artillery Brigade, Australian Imperial Force, in WWI.

## Career

Educated at Christ Church, Oxford, Sephton trained for ordination at Cuddesdon. He was ordained deacon in 1921 and priest in 1922. He served his title at St Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1921-24), but with a period at St Saviour's Cathedral, Goulburn (1922-23), where he was ordained priest. He served three further curacies: St Luke Woodside, Croydon (1924-25), St John the Baptist's Church, Hove (1925-28), and Christ Church, Harrogate (1928-29).
He was then successively Vicar of Holmfirth (1929-33), Vicar of All Hallows, Kirkburton (1933-43), and Rector of Holy Trinity Church, Skipton (1943-64). In 1944 he was made an Honorary Canon of Bradford Cathedral; in 1956 he was collated as Archdeacon of Craven, and held both offices until he retired in 1972.

## Personal life

Sephton married Unita Catherine Richards in 1924. There was one adopted daughter. He died in 1982, aged 87.
# Hyperthaema reducta

Hyperthaema reducta is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by James John Joicey and George Talbot in 1916. It is found in Colombia.
# Hyperthaema sordida

Hyperthaema sordida is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Walter Rothschild in 1935. It is found in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina.
# Hyperthaema sororita

Hyperthaema sororita is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Schaus in 1920. It is found in Guatemala.
# Hymenocallis tridentata

Hymenocallis tridentata, the Florida spider-lily, is a bulb-forming herb native to southern Florida, to about as far north as Vero Beach. The species grows in marshes and wet prairies very close to sea level. It is similar to H. rotata, but somewhat smaller.
Hymenocallis tridentata is a bulb-forming perennial. Leaves are narrowly linear, up to 50 cm long, deep green. Scape is up to 30 cm tall, with an umbel of 2 flowers. Flowers are white, fragrant; stamanial cup up to 7 cm across, with uneven teeth along the edge.
# Aruba at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics

Aruba competed at the 2013 World Championships in Athletics from August 10 to August 18 in Moscow, Russia. A team of 1 athlete was announced to represent the country in the event.

## Results

(q – qualified, NM – no mark, SB – season best)

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Preliminaries | Preliminaries | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Mark | Rank | Mark | Rank |
| Quincy Breell | Long jump | 7.10 | 28 | did not advance | did not advance |
# Hypatima scopulosa

Hypatima scopulosa is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in southern India.
The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are brown irregularly mixed with fuscous and sprinkled with whitish and with a small darker brown basal patch, and two small spots transversely placed in the disc beyond this. There is a suffused dark grey triangular blotch occupying the median third of the costa and reaching two-thirds of the way across the wing, its apical portion with several irregular black marks. There is also a short black mark resting on the termen in the middle. The hindwings are grey, paler and thinly scaled anteriorly, darker towards the apex and termen.
# Ashby Potters' Guild

Ashby Potters' Guild was an English art pottery existing from 1909 to 1922.
The studio pottery was established in 1909 in Woodville, Derbyshire, by Pascoe Tunnicliffe (1881–1956). Tunnicliffe's father, Edwin Rowland Tunnicliffe, who lived in Woodlville, had taken over a ceramics factory known as Victoria Pottery in 1897 and produced a range of utilitarian household wares. Ashby Potters' Guild was an expansion of the business intended to produce more high-end art pottery. Pascoe Tunnicliff created experimental decorative glaze effects and worked with Thomas Camm, who was in charge of design.
Tunnicliffe exhibited at the International Exhibition Brussels 1910, the Turin International Exhibition 1911, the Ghent Exhibition 1913 and the British Industrial Arts Exhibition (1920).
Studio production was temporarily suspended during the first World War. In 1922 the pottery merged with the Ault Faience Pottery to form Ault and Tunnicliffe. The owner of Ault Faience Pottery, William Ault had retired and Pascoe Tunnicliffe became the works director. The merged company was later renamed Aultcliff and renamed again in 1937 as Ault Potteries Ltd.

## Examples in public collections

Ceramics by the Ashby Potter's Guild are in the collection of a number of museums including the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Derby Museum and Art Gallery, the Victoria and Albert Museum and locally Sharpe's Pottery Museum in Swadlincote.
# Asian Boss

Asian Boss is a YouTube channel, founded in 2013, which discusses issues related to Asia.

## History

Asian Boss was founded in 2013 by Stephen Park, a former corporate lawyer, and Kei Ibaraki, a former architect, after they witnessed the "growing divide" in society. Neither of them had video editing experience at the time, and they studied by watching tutorials on YouTube.
Park said many of the videos were demonetized by YouTube for being politically sensitive, and thus they had to rely on investors to fund operations.
In a 2019 interview, Ibaraki said that because of significant media bias on certain topics, the channel would stay as neutral as possible to allow interviewees to speak freely, and would go to great lengths to find respondents with opposing opinions. The channel is targeted for an English-speaking global audience interested in Asia, and 30 percent of its views came from the United States.
In 2019, the channel released a video interviewing the people of Beijing on whether actor Simu Liu was "too ugly" to portray superhero Shang-Chi in Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings, which was released in 2021. Liu responded to the video by calling it a "very teachable moment" about facing rejection and doubt from others, and suggested that the channel should tackle topics with "more journalistic and creative integrity." The video was later removed from YouTube.
In 2020, The Japan Times named Asian Boss an example of overseas-based YouTube channels that attempt to gain real insight into the lives and opinions of Japanese.
In January 2021, Park in a video said the channel was close to shutting down, as many of their investors had gone out of business, and announced the channel's GoFundMe page, which has a funding goal of US$700,000. As of February 4, 2021, more than US$745,000 in donations was received.
In 2022, Taiwan News reported on accusations that Asian Boss attempted to pre-screen street interviewees in Ximending, Taipei for Kuomintang viewpoints after obtaining interviews from the perspective of the Democratic Progressive Party.
# Hyphochytriaceae

Hyphochytriaceae is a polycentric and endobiotic family in the order of Hyphochytriales.
# Hungarian ly

Ly is a digraph of the Latin alphabet, used in Hungarian.

## Usage

Ly is the twentieth letter of the Hungarian alphabet. Its Hungarian name is elipszilon /ɛlːipsilon/. Now, it can represent the same phoneme /j/ (palatal approximant) as the Hungarian letter j, but historically, it represented the different phoneme /ʎ/ (palatal lateral approximant).
It is used this way only in Hungarian. In Hungarian, even if two characters are put together to make a different sound, they are considered one letter, and even acronyms keep the letter intact.
The combination lj (considered two separate letters, L and J) is also common in Hungarian and is even pronounced [ʎ] by many speakers. However, even it is sometimes subject to the same reduction to /j/ that ly has been, mainly if it is at the end of a word.

## History

Originally, the digraph letter ly was used to represent the palatal lateral /ʎ/, just as the digraph letter ny is still used to represent the palatal nasal /ɲ/. However, in the eastern dialects as well as in the standard dialect, the phoneme /ʎ/ lost its lateral feature and merged with /j/ (akin to Spanish yeísmo). The Hungarian letter ly came to be pronounced the same as the Hungarian letter j. In the western dialects, /ʎ/ lost its palatal feature and merged with /l/ (alveolar lateral approximant). In the northern dialects, the phoneme /ʎ/ has been preserved.
The digraph ly was also used for the sound /ʎ/ in Croatian alphabet before Gaj's Latin Alphabet was introduced.

## Examples

These examples are Hungarian words that use the letter ly, with the English translation following:
* furulya = flute
* amely = which
* helyi = local
* golyó = ball
* lyuk = hole
* kehely = goblet
* folyó = river