OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HED meteorite

HED meteorites are a clan (subgroup) of achondrite meteorites. HED stands for "howardite–eucrite–diogenite". These achondrites came from a differentiated parent body and experienced extensive igneous processing not much different from the magmatic rocks found on Earth and for this reason they closely resemble terrestrial igneous rocks.

## Classification

HED meteorites are broadly divided into:
* Howardites
* Eucrites
* Diogenites
Several subgroups of both eucrites and diogenites have been found.
The HED meteorites account for about 5% of all falls, which is about 60% of all achondrites.

## Origin

No matter their composition, all these types of meteorite are thought to have originated in the crust of the asteroid Vesta. According to this theory, the differences of composition are due to their ejection at different moments in the geologic history of Vesta. Their crystallization ages have been determined to be between 4.43 and 4.55 billion years from radioisotope ratios. HED meteorites are differentiated meteorites, which were created by igneous processes in the crust of their parent asteroid.
It is thought that the method of transport from Vesta to Earth is as follows:
* An impact on Vesta ejected debris, creating small (10 kilometres (6.2 mi) diameter or less) V-type asteroids. Either the asteroidal chunks were ejected as such, or were formed from smaller debris. Some of these small asteroids formed the Vesta family, while others were scattered somewhat further. This event is thought to have happened less than 1 billion years ago. There is an enormous impact crater on Vesta covering much of the southern hemisphere which is the best candidate for the site of this impact. The amount of rock that was excavated there is many times more than enough to account for all known V-type asteroids.
* Some of the more far-flung asteroid debris ended up in the 3:1 Kirkwood gap. This is an unstable region due to strong perturbations by Jupiter, and asteroids that end up here get ejected into very different orbits on a timescale of about 100 million years. Some of these bodies are perturbed into near-Earth orbits forming the small V-type near-Earth asteroids such as e.g. 3551 Verenia, 3908 Nyx, or 4055 Magellan.
* Later, smaller impacts on these near-Earth objects dislodged rock-sized meteorites, some of which later struck Earth. On the basis of cosmic ray exposure measurements, it is thought that most HED meteorites arose from several distinct impact events of this kind, and spent from about 6 million to 73 million years in space before striking the Earth.
# HGR

HGR may refer to:
* Hagerstown Regional Airport, in Maryland, US
* Hither Green railway station, London, England
# HMS Explorer (submarine)

HMS Explorer was an Explorer-class submarine, an experimental British submarine based on the captured German high test peroxide (HTP) powered U-boat U-1407. U-1407 had been scuttled following the German collapse at the end of the Second World War, was salvaged and eventually commissioned into the Royal Navy as HMS Meteorite. Her recovery was the impetus for a British research programme which resulted in the construction of two experimental submarines, HMS Explorer and HMS Excalibur. Built for speed trials, they were unarmed. Their HTP engines were essentially steam turbines, with the steam being generated by the interaction of HTP with diesel oil and a catalyst.
Explorer suffered from so many teething troubles that her first captain never took her to sea. When these initial problems were conquered, however, she turned out to be impressively fast, achieving a peak speed of over 30 knots, a speed record at the time for a submarine, and average submerged speeds of 25 knots (46.3 km/h), aided by her streamlined hull and retractable fittings.
Both Explorer and her sister ship were fitted with the latest underwater escape technology, including a one-man escape chamber, and equipped with up to date escape breathing apparatus.
Explorer and Excalibur were popularly known as the 'blonde' submarines because of their hydrogen peroxide oxidiser and they served a useful purpose as high-speed targets for the Royal Navy's anti-submarine forces. Their main use, however, was to finally prove that HTP was impractical as an air-independent propulsion system for submarine use. The HTP was carried in special bags outside the inner pressure hull, which were prone to exploding unexpectedly. Additionally, the engine room (which was not occupied while under way) would often be the scene of flames appearing on the top of the combustion chamber, and on at least one occasion the crew were forced to evacuate the pressure hull and stand on the upper casing to avoid fumes which had suddenly filled the boat. The HTP fuel proved to be so troublesome that the boats quickly became known as Exploder and Excruciator.
Although part of the 3rd Submarine Squadron, the two submarines tended to operate independently, accompanied by their own depot ship HMS Kingfisher and a fuel carrier, the converted water-carrier, Royal Fleet Auxiliary RFA Spabeck.
There were so many practical problems with the technology, one Royal Navy submariner remarked that, 'I think the best thing we can do with peroxide is to try to get it adopted by potential enemies'.
When the US Navy succeeded in designing a nuclear reactor suitable for submarine installation, the HTP project was abandoned, and Explorer and Excalibur were scrapped.

## Citations

* ↑ Brown, George (28 May 2024). "HMS EXPLORER - A Personal experience by George Brian Brown".
* ↑ Preston, p. 527
* ↑ "1955 - 1970: Explorer Class". rnsubs.co.uk. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
# HMS Bristol (1861)

HMS Bristol was the name ship of her class of wooden screw frigates built for the Royal Navy during the 1860s.

## Design and description

Bristol was 250 feet (76.2 m) long between perpendiculars and 214 feet 7 inches (65.4 m) at the keel. She had a beam of 52 feet (15.8 m), a draught of 18 feet 10 inches (5.7 m) at deep load and a depth of hold of 18 feet 8 inches (5.7 m). The ship's tonnage was 3,027 26⁄94 tons burthen and Bristol displaced 4,023 long tons (4,088 t). The ship had a crew of 550 officers and ratings.
She had a horizontal, two-cylinder, single-expansion steam engine, built by Robert Napier and Sons, that drove a single propeller shaft using steam that was provided by four boilers. The engine produced 2,088 indicated horsepower (1,557 kW) which gave the ship a maximum speed of 11.8 knots (21.9 km/h; 13.6 mph) under steam. To improve her sailing qualities, the propeller could be hoisted into the hull.
Bristol was initially equipped with thirty ML eight-inch (203 mm) smoothbore muzzle-loading guns (SBML) of 65 hundredweight on her gundeck. These guns were designed specifically to fire the latest exploding shells, unlike the traditional solid cannonballs. On her upper deck were twenty 32-pounder SBML guns that weighed 56 hundredweight and a single 68-pounder SBML gun on a pivot mount. In January 1868, the ship was rearmed with 10 eight-inch shell guns and a dozen rifled, muzzle-loading 64-pounder guns on the gundeck. Four more 64-pounders were mounted on the upper deck.
'An analysis of ship air and its effect' was made and reported during a four months' voyage (July to November 1871) from the Cape of Good Hope to England. This gives an insite to the conditions on board and concludes 'Seamen, as a body, are neither healthy nor long lived, but the reverse. This is proved, first, by their low average age, said to be 33'. A description of the ship layout is also given, the upper tier contained the Main deck, Upper, Half deck, Study, Mess room & Main deck cabins. Middle tier contained the Lower deck, Steerage, Ward room, Chest (cadets' sleeping) room and steerage cabins Do., & Pantry. The Lowest tier Stokehole, Engine room, Screw alley, Cockpit, Store room & Cells. It also states the ship had four boilers.

## Construction and career

Bristol, named after the city of Bristol, was ordered on 9 April 1856 as part of the 1856 Naval Programme. As the design was revised several times, she was not laid down at Woolwich Dockyard until 16 September 1859. The ship was launched on 12 February 1861, but she was not commissioned until October 1865. On 10 November, she ran aground off the Nore during her sea trials. She was refloated and sailed for Portsmouth, Hampshire. On 11 December 1869, she ran aground. Repairs cost £2,197. Her pilot was found at fault, and was stripped of his licence to pilot men-of-war.
# HMS Bristol (1711)

HMS Bristol was a 50-gun fourth-rate ship of the line built for the Royal Navy in the first decade of the 18th century.

## Description

Bristol had a length at the gundeck of 130 feet (39.6 m) and 108 feet (32.9 m) at the keel. She had a beam of 35 feet (10.7 m) and a depth of hold of 14 feet (4.3 m). The ship's tonnage was 722 68⁄94 tons burthen. Bristol was armed with twenty-two 18-pounder cannon on her main gundeck, twenty-two 9-pounder cannon on her upper gundeck, and four 6-pounder cannon each on the quarterdeck and forecastle. The ship had a crew of 250 officers and ratings.

## Construction and career

Bristol, named after the eponymous port, was ordered on 24 April 1709. The ship was built by Master Shipwright John Lock at Plymouth Dockyard according to the 1706 Establishment, and launched on 8 May 1711. She commissioned that same year under Captain J. Hemmington and was assigned to The Downs Squadron. The following year, the ship sailed to Gibraltar and then to Salé in 1713. Bristol had a major refit from August 1716 to April 1718 at Portsmouth that cost £6,825 and a lesser one in Aug-October 1738 that cost £1,435. The ship commissioned in August under the command of Captain William Chambers for service in home waters. Three years later, now under the command of Captain Benjamin Young, she accompanied a convoy bound for the West Indies in early 1741.
On 22 November 1742 Bristol was ordered to be dismantled for rebuilding. Unlike the vast majority of ships of the line rebuilt during the Establishment era, Bristol was not reconstructed according to the establishment in effect at the time (in this case, the 1741 proposals of the 1719 Establishment). She shared her dimensions with the later, newly built Rochester. Bristol was relaunched on 9 July 1746 and took part in the unsuccessful attack on Martinique in January 1759.
Bristol was broken up in 1768.
# HMS Royal William

Three ships of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Royal William
* HMS Royal William was a 100-gun first rate launched in 1670 as HMS Prince. She was rebuilt in 1692 and renamed HMS Royal William, rebuilt again in 1719, and rearmed to 84 guns and fitted as a guardship in 1790. She was broken up in 1813.
* HMS Royal William (1757) a cut down version of the above to create an 84-gun ship of the line built at Portsmouth and part of the Battle of Cape Spartel
* HMS Royal William (1833) was a 120-gun first rate launched in 1833. She was fitted with screw propulsion and rearmed to 72 guns in 1860, and became a training ship named Clarence in 1885. She was burnt by accident in 1899.
# HMS Queen Elizabeth March

HMS Queen Elizabeth March, composed by WO2 bandmaster John Morrish RM, was the winning composition for the 2012 Royal Marines Band Service March Competition, sponsored by the Aircraft Carrier Alliance. The march was written for the first of the new generation of Royal Navy Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers.
HMS Queen Elizabeth March is a lively march, with many references to nautical themes. The opening fanfare captures the size and magnificence of the aircraft carrier with the main theme having references to the March Past of the Royal Navy, Heart of Oak. The trio pays homage to the 20th-century battleship HMS Queen Elizabeth, the only other ship to hold this name, by trying to recreate the old style Royal Navy ship’s siren. This is then followed by a grandioso featuring the trio theme, a sea shanty effect from the woodwind, and a trombone counter melody, with a hint of Rule, Britannia!
HMS Queen Elizabeth March premiered at the Deal Memorial Bandstand concert in 2012, at the launching ceremony of the supercarrier HMS Queen Elizabeth and has been performed at the Royal Albert Hall and Horse Guards Parade ground by the massed bands of Her Majesty’s Royal Marines.
# HMS Leviathan

Four ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Leviathan:
* The first Leviathan was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1750 as Northumberland, renamed in 1777 and sunk in 1780 in the Atlantic.
* The second HMS Leviathan (1790) was a 74-gun third rate launched in 1790. She fought at the Battle of Trafalgar, was used as a convict ship from 1816 and sold in 1848.
* The third HMS Leviathan (1901) was a Drake-class armoured cruiser launched in 1901 and sold for scrap in 1920.
* The fourth Leviathan was a Majestic-class aircraft carrier. She was launched in 1945 but never completed and scrapped in 1968.

## Other uses

HMS Leviathan was also the subject of John Winton's 1967 novel of the same name, concerning a troubled aircraft carrier and its new executive officer. The novel details the trials and tribulations of Commander Bob Markready who tries to inspire his sailors and airmen alike to get the warship back on track. He is let down by air staff, his captain, and the British Admiralty. Very few of his colleagues appreciate the work put in by him and his achievements. At the end, he is quite unceremoniously transferred from the ship and posted as a naval attache in Washington, D.C.
# HMS Leveret

At least four vessels of the Royal Navy have borne the name HMS Leveret.
* HMS Leveret (1806), was a Cruizer-class brig-sloop launched in 1806 and wrecked the next year.
* HMS Leveret (1808), was a Cherokee-class brig-sloop launched in 1808 and sold in 1822.
* HMS Leveret (1825), was another Cherokee-class brig-sloop launched in 1825 and sold in 1843.
* HMS Leveret (1856), was an Albacore-class gunboat launched in 1856 and broken up in 1867.
# Haakon Ringdal

Haakon Ringdal (born 1954) is a Norwegian businessman, since 2009 CEO of Odfjell.
He worked for Jo Tankers from 1989 to 1995, in Gearbulk from 1995 to 2001 and as CFO of Odfjell from 2001. He succeeds Terje Storeng as CEO on 3 May 2009.
# Haddersfield, Jamaica

Haddersfield, also known as Huddersfield, is a small town located in the St. Mary parish of Jamaica. It is located at 18°24' N, 77°1' W, close to the small town of 'Retreat' and the mouth of the 'Rio Nuevo', some 10 kilometres east of Ocho Rios. It lies at an altitude of 164 metres above sea level.

## History

During the periods 1822-1832 the 33rd Regiment of Foot, recruited from West Yorkshire, was stationed in Jamaica. At the end of the tour 142 men chose to remain in Jamaica, having married and raised families, some of which may have originated from Huddersfield, thereby originating the name. Over 560 officers and men died and were buried in Jamaica during this period, from endemic diseases. On 18 June 1853 the regiment formally became known as "The 33rd (or Duke of Wellington's Regiment)." The regiment's second battalion was again posted to Jamaica (Newcastle Camp) from 18 March 1891 to 10 April 1893.
# Elizabeth Falconer

Elizabeth Falconer (born July 20, 1956) is one of the few American masters of the koto, a traditional zither from Japan. Unusually, she is licensed in two koto schools in Japan. She began playing the koto in 1979. She earned a junshihan (associate degree) from the Seiha Koto School, studying under Nagane Utayumi. This school focused on classical works. She later moved to Tokyo and studied under the esteemed Sawai Kazue and Sawai Tadao at the Sawai Koto School, and earned a Shihan (master's license) at the Sawai Koto School, which focuses on contemporary works. She is an admirer of the work of Sawai Kazue.
Falconer holds a BA in Japanese Studies from the University of Oregon, an MA in Japanese Pedagogy, and a PhD in International Education, writing her dissertation on koto teaching methods in Japan. Her works for koto are published in Japan. She has earned numerous awards for her work combining Japanese folktales with original koto music and has produced over 10 albums on her label, Koto World.
# Gateway Films

Gateway Films is an independent London based production company, specialising in crime and youth films. It was officially established in 2009 by actor Terry Stone, in collaboration with Terry Byrne, Chris Howard.
In 2010, the company launched Gateway Animation Studio, by Stuart william which is the first animation studio in Great Britain dedicated to producing CGI feature length films and children's 3D animations.
In 2011 Gateway Films collaborated with Bhatt Entertainment and started filming worldwide.

## Productions

* Rise of the Footsoldier (2007)
* Doghouse (2009)
* Shank (2010)
* Bonded by Blood (2010)
* Anuvahood (2011)
* The Holding (2011)
* Sket (2011)
* Outside Bet (2012)
* Get Lucky (2013)
* Saving Santa (2013)
* Plastic (2013)
* Messenger (2014)
* Away (2016)
* Once Upon a Time in London (2017)
* O2 (2019)
# List of Billboard China V Chart top 10 albums of 2016

The following is a list of the best selling albums of 2016 on the Billboard China V Chart. The chart ranks in two different categories, mainland albums and imported albums using data from Chinese video-sharing site YinYueTai (YYT).

## Criteria
### Chart entry criteria

There is no time limit imposed for (domestic) albums released within mainland China. For the album still sells on the Yin Yue Shopping Mall, the album is eligible to be ranked in the weekly album chart. The classification of albums into mainland and foreign albums depend on the country/location the album was released and not the language.

#### Structure

The chart cycle for real time chart is updated hourly while the weekly and yearly album charts are updated every month and year respectively.
The real time chart shows only ranking without the number of sales.
The weekly chart shows only the top50 ranking albums in the month and the number of sales for only the top5 albums.
The yearly chart shows only the top50 ranking albums in the year and its number of sales. The chart is published at the subsequent year on 1 January.

#### Loop holes

* Pre-order sales for a specific album will only be counted on the release date.
* If a single album is divided into multiple editions, the sales will be counted separately.

## Top 10 albums of 2016

| Mainland (Domestic) | Mainland (Domestic) | Mainland (Domestic) | Mainland (Domestic) | Imported | Imported | Imported | Imported |
| Rank | Album | Artist(s) | Reference | Rank | Album | Artist(s) | Reference |
| 1 | Beginner | Joker Xue | | 1 | Lose Control | Zhang Yixing (Lay) | |
| 2 | Adore | Huang Zitao | | 2 | VOL.3 [EX’ACT] (KOREAN VER.) | EXO | |
| 3 | Whirlwind | Chen Xiang | | 3 | VOL.3 [EX’ACT] (CHINESE VER.) | EXO | |
| 4 | December (W Edition) | Wang Qing | | 4 | FLIGHT LOG : TURBULENCE VOL.2 | GOT7 | |
| 5 | December (Q Edition) | Wang Qing | | 5 | WINTER SPECIAL ALBUM 2016 (2CD) | EXO | |
| 6 | Reloaded | Luhan | | 6 | WINGSVOL.2 | BTS | |
| 7 | The Road | Huang Zitao | | 7 | VOL.3 Repackage [LOTTO] (CHINESE VER.) | EXO | |
| 8 | $axi$a | Hooleeger | | 8 | VOL.3 Repackage [LOTTO] (KOREAN VER.) | EXO | |
| 9 | N/A | N/A | | 9 | BIGBANG MADE THE FULL ALBUM | Bigbang | |
| 10 | JTW: Journey to The West | Khalil Fong | | 10 | Young Forever (Night ver.) | BTS | |

## Annual sales percentage
### Mainland (Domestic) albums

| Rank | Album | Artist | Percentage of mainland albums |
| 1 | Beginner | Joker Xue | 33.26% |
| 2 | Adore | Huang Zitao | 23.23% |
| 3 | Whirlwind | Chen Xiang | 12.74% |
| 4 | December (W Edition) | Wang Qing | 5.98% |
| 5 | December (Q Edition) | Wang Qing | 5.66% |

### Imported albums

| Rank | Album | Artist | Percentage of imported albums |
| 1 | Lose Control | Zhang Yixing (Lay) | 69.71% |
| 2 | VOL.3 [EX’ACT] (KOREAN VER.) | EXO | 4.08% |
| 3 | VOL.3 [EX’ACT] (CHINESE VER.) | EXO | 2.91% |
| 4 | FLIGHT LOG : TURBULENCE VOL.2 | GOT7 | 2.52% |
| 5 | WINTER SPECIAL ALBUM 2016 (2CD) | EXO | 1.49% |
# Katja Bennefeld

Katja Bennefeld was a German film actress, active in the 1930s.

## Selected filmography

* Impossible Love (1932)
* Eight Girls in a Boat (1932)
* The Champion of Pontresina (1934)
* An Evening Visit (1934)
* I for You, You for Me (1934)
* The Two Seals (1934)
* Sergeant Schwenke (1935)
* After Midnight (1938)
* You and I (1938)
* Water for Canitoga (1939)
# Ge Schous

Ge Schous is a retired Dutch lightweight rower who won a bronze medal in the lightweight coxless four at the 1977 World Rowing Championships.
# Island Ford Lodge

The Island Ford Lodge is an historic property in Sandy Springs, Fulton County, Georgia, in the United States. It was built as a summer home for Atlanta attorney Samuel Dunbar Hewlett c. 1935 by stonemason John Epps. Hewlett was chief of staff for Georgia governor Eugene Talmadge through Talmadge's first two terms as governor, from 1933 to 1937. Hewlett sold the lodge to the Buckhead Century Club in 1950, retaining rights to an apartment in the building. The club disbanded in 1955 and sold the property to the Atlanta Baptist Assembly, which used the lodge as a retreat for twenty years. After Chattahoochee River National Recreation Area was established in 1978 the property was acquired by the National Park Service. The property was renovated in the early 1980s and serves as the park headquarters.
Island Ford Lodge was added to the National Register of Historic Places in November 2016.
# Habib Levy

Habib Levy (1896–1984) is the author of Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran: The Outset of the Diaspora.

## Early life

Habib Levy was born to a middle-class Jewish family in Tehran, Iran. He began his studies as a youth in Paris, France, and was greatly influenced by the social and cultural movements in Europe at the turn of the 20th century. After returning to his native Iran, Levy pursued various memberships and leadership positions in a few local Jewish organizations. In 1920, he was chosen as a board member of the central branch of the Iranian Zionist Movement as Inspector General. In 1926, he was appointed to the post of vice president. During World War II, Levy played a significant role in the transfer of thousands of Jewish children from Poland who had escaped their war-torn birthplace to emigrate to Israel, while temporarily taking refuge among members of the Jewish community of Tehran.

## Research

Over the following forty years, Dr. Levy performed extensive research on the history of the Jews of Iran. No such detailed work had ever been done prior to this endeavor. He traveled to many countries and researched various sources in order to obtain the objective documentation necessary to author his book which was first published in Persian in 1960. Levy was still in the active pursuit of his extensive research on the history of Iranian Jews prior to his death at the age of 88 in Los Angeles, California. He is buried in Israel by his family, as he had wished.
In 1998, the University of California Los Angeles created the "Habib Levy Distinguished Visiting Professorship In Judeo-Persian Studies". Tel Aviv University's Center for Iranian Studies has dedicated "The Dr. Habib Levy Program" to the advancement of academic study of the Jews of Iran in his honor.
In 1999, the original three-volume book written by Levy in Persian was abridged by Hooshang Ebrami, translated into English by George Maschke and published in one volume by Mazda Publishers in Costa Mesa, California.

## Monographs

* Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran (1999). The Quest of the Diaspora. Abridged and edited from Persian by Hooshang Ebrami. Translated by George W. Maschke. Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, CA. ISBN 1-568-59086-5.
* Worldviews and Ideas (2022). Collections of Sociocultural Essays. Edited by Nahid Pirnazar Oberman. Translated and Reviewed by Farshid Delshad. Published by Habib Levy Cultural Foundation, Chino Hills, CA. ISBN 979-8-88627-105-8.