OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hopfian group

In mathematics, a Hopfian group is a group G for which every epimorphism
    G → G
is an isomorphism. Equivalently, a group is Hopfian if and only if it is not isomorphic to any of its proper quotients.
A group G is co-Hopfian if every monomorphism
    G → G
is an isomorphism. Equivalently, G is not isomorphic to any of its proper subgroups.

## Examples of Hopfian groups

* Every finite group, by an elementary counting argument.
* More generally, every polycyclic-by-finite group.
* Any finitely generated free group.
* The additive group Q of rationals.
* Any finitely generated residually finite group.
* Any word-hyperbolic group.

## Examples of non-Hopfian groups

* Quasicyclic groups.
* The additive group R of real numbers.
* The Baumslag–Solitar group B(2,3). (In general B(m, n) is non-Hopfian if and only if there exists primes p, q with p|m, q|n and p ∤ n, q ∤ m)

## Properties

It was shown by Collins (1969) that it is an undecidable problem to determine, given a finite presentation of a group, whether the group is Hopfian. Unlike the undecidability of many properties of groups this is not a consequence of the Adian–Rabin theorem, because Hopficity is not a Markov property, as was shown by Miller & Schupp (1971).
# John David Lewis

John David Lewis (March 17, 1955 – January 3, 2012) was a political scientist, historian and Objectivist scholar who held the post of visiting associate professor in the Philosophy, Politics and Economics Program at Duke University from 2008 to 2012, as well as Associate Professor of Business at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Lewis was also an Anthem Fellow for Objectivist Scholarship.
Lewis received his PhD in classical studies at Cambridge University in 2001, with the dissertation, Solon’s Polis as Kosmos: Intellectual, Moral and Political Integration in Archaic Athens. He taught at the University of London from 2000-2001. From 2001 to 2008, he was a professor in the History and Political Science Department at Ashland University, where contention surrounding his denial of promotion to tenured professor drew national attention. Lewis was a member of the American Political Science Association, the Association of Ancient Historians, the Society for Military History, the American Philological Association, and the Cambridge Philological Society. Lewis published three books, was a contributing editor to The Objective Standard and contributed to Capitalism Magazine and contributed to multiple publications including Journal of Business Ethics, Social Philosophy and Policy, Polis, Dike, and Bryn Mawr Classical Review. Lewis frequently spoke at Objectivist conferences and Tea Party events. He also spoke on the morality of free markets in medicine, arguing that innovators ought to be freed from unnecessary regulation. In 2008 Lewis held a presentation at the "Facing Jihad" conference in Jerusalem, a counter-jihad summit hosted by MK Aryeh Eldad that included a screening of the film Fitna by Geert Wilders.
Lewis died on January 3, 2012, after a long battle with cancer. He was 56.

## Books

* Nothing Less than Victory: Decisive Wars and the Lessons of History (Princeton University, March 2010)
* Solon the Thinker: Political Thought in Archaic Athens (Duckworth Press, 2006) (pb. edn. 2008)
* Early Greek Lawgivers (Bristol Classical Press, August 2007)
# Cryptophasa crocochorda

Cryptophasa crocochorda is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1925. It is found on New Guinea.
The wingspan is about 57 mm. The forewings are whitish yellowish with an orange-fulvous pointed streak along the basal third of the costa, the costal edge is fuscous throughout. A narrow light fulvous-orange median streak is found from one-fourth almost to the termen, and a slender one along the fold throughout. The hindwings are white.
# Acromyrmex pulvereus

Acromyrmex pulvereus is a species of leaf-cutter ant, a New World ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae of the genus Acromyrmex. This species is from one of the two genera of advanced attines (fungus-growing ants) within the tribe Attini.
# Acromyrmex rugosus

Acromyrmex rugosus is a species of leaf-cutter ant, a New World ant of the subfamily Myrmicinae of the genus Acromyrmex. This species is from one of the two genera of advanced attines (fungus-growing ants) within the tribe Attini.

## Subspecies

* Acromyrmex rugosus rochai (Forel, 1904)
* Acromyrmex rugosus santschii (Forel, 1911)
# Actinodaphne malaccensis

Actinodaphne malaccensis is a species of tree in the laurel family, Lauraceae. It is native to Malaysia and Singapore. It is used for timber.
# Adam Finn

Adam Hugh Roderick Finn is professor of paediatrics at the University of Bristol and head of the Bristol Children's Vaccine Centre. He has been chairman of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Technical Advisory Group of Experts (ETAGE) on Immunization since 2011 and is an ex-officio member of the WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts.
He is a member of the British Department of Health Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) and in 2015 was elected president of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID).
Finn was a senior lecturer at the University of Sheffield for 10 years before joining the University of Bristol as professor of paediatrics and head of the Bristol Children's Vaccine Centre.
# Accidental necessity

In philosophy and logic, accidental necessity, often stated in its Latin form, necessitas per accidens, refers to the necessity attributed to the past by certain views of time. It is a controversial concept: its supporters argue that it has intuitive validity while others contest it creates a contradiction in terms by positing such a thing as a "contingent necessity." It is especially important in contemporary discussions of logical and theological fatalism.
# Acoustic radiometer

An acoustic radiometer is a device designed to measure acoustic radiation, and thus several other properties of sound, such as sound intensity.
It commonly consists of a light pendulum with a sensing element, such as a disk or ball attached to it. The sensing element moves in response to a change in pressure, until it moves to a point where the force is balanced by an elastic force of a wire attached to the fulcrum of the pendulum. The radiation pressure is then calculated from the amount the pendulum swung.
# Essex Wives

Essex Wives was a television documentary series about married women socialising together in Essex, England. It ran for a single series in 2002 and launched the career of Jodie Marsh.

## Format

The ITV programme featured the daily lives of a number of women, including Jodie Marsh, which led to her subsequent career. The show used the nickname golden triangle to describe the settlements of Chigwell, Buckhurst Hill and Loughton in the Epping Forest district upon which the series was centered. The area is well known for its high property prices and relative affluence of its residents compared to the national average. Several properties are owned by professional footballers; their spouses, as well as others of a similar stature, have been referred to as WAGs by the tabloid press. They are relatively rich, but do not work regularly and chose to spend most of the day socialising instead.
The programme featured stereotypical activities of these women, such as visiting Jacuzzis, nail bars, tanning, shopping at Prada or performing yoga. It was criticised for giving an inaccurate portrayal of Essex life; towns elsewhere in the county such as Halstead and Colchester or natural features such as the Colne Valley do not generally exhibit the behaviour seen on Essex Wives, including "white stilettos, shiny leatherette handbags or ankle chains". The series pointed out that Chigwell has ten beauty salons and four nail bars, and said that some of the wives had decided to seek modelling jobs for their young children.
# George Irving Skinner

George Irving Skinner (February 20, 1858 - March 13, 1926) was an American lawyer who was appointed as the superintendent of the New York State Banking Department in 1917.

## Early life and education

He was born on February 20, 1858, in Bainbridge, New York. He graduated from Colgate University in 1880. After his graduation he taught at the Norwich Academy and was an assistant principal for two years. Later he was principal of the Smithville High School. He read law in the office of John W. J. Church of this city and was admitted to the bar in 1887.

## Career

He began his legal practice in Bainbridge, New York, and then he served one term as the postmaster of Bainbridge, appointed by the administration of Benjamin Harrison. He married Mary Elizabeth McCrae (1866-1951) around 1890.
He was made a state bank examiner in 1897. He was appointed as the superintendent of the New York State Banking Department in 1917 by Charles Seymour Whitman, and he was replaced by George Vincent McLaughlin in 1920. Nathan S. Jonas of the Manufacturers Trust Company appointed him as a vice president at the bank.
He died at his home in Brooklyn on March 13, 1926, of heart attack following a bout of influenza. He was buried in Saint Peters Churchyard in Bainbridge, New York.
# Distributive polytope

In the geometry of convex polytopes, a distributive polytope is a convex polytope for which coordinatewise minima and maxima of pairs of points remain within the polytope. For example, this property is true of the unit cube, so the unit cube is a distributive polytope. It is called a distributive polytope because the coordinatewise minimum and coordinatewise maximum operations form the meet and join operations of a continuous distributive lattice on the points of the polytope.
Every face of a distributive polytope is itself a distributive polytope. The distributive polytopes all of whose vertex coordinates are 0 or 1 are exactly the order polytopes.
# John Helyar

John Helyar (born 1951) is an American journalist and author. He is a graduate of Boston University. He is married to The Wall Street Journal’s Betsy Morris. Helyar has worked for The Wall Street Journal, Fortune magazine, ESPN.com, ESPN The Magazine and Bloomberg News. He is the author of the 1994 book, Lords of the Realm: The Real History of Baseball.
His reporting with Bryan Burrough on RJR Nabisco earned them the 1989 Gerald Loeb Award for Deadline and/or Beat Writing. They turned their research into the book Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco, which was made into an HBO Emmy award-winning a film of the same title.
# José Luis Soberanes

José Luis Soberanes Fernández (b. January 10, 1950 in Santiago de Querétaro) is a prominent Mexican lawyer. He was president of the National Human Rights Commission of Mexico from November 16, 1999 to November 15, 2009.
Soberanes Fernández graduated with a bachelor's degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico and received a doctorate in law from the University of Valencia, in Spain.
He is a full-time researcher at the National Autonomous University, a distinguished professor of the National University of San Marcos (Peru), an academician at the Royal Academy of Jurisprudence (Spain) and a visitant professor of the Social Sciences University of Toulouse, France. He has authored more than twenty books including Los tribunales de la Nueva España (1980), Sobre el origen de la Suprema Corte de Justicia de la Nación (1987), Historia del sistema jurídico mexicano (1990) and Los bienes eclesiásticos en la historia constitucional de México (1999).
Dr. Soberanes received the Great Cross of San Raimundo de Peñafort from the Government of Spain.
# Hornbook (law)

In United States legal education, hornbooks are one-volume legal treatises, written primarily for law students on subjects typically covered by law school courses.
Hornbooks summarize and explain the law in a specific area. They are distinct from casebooks, which are collections of cases (or parts of cases) chosen to help illustrate and stimulate discussion about legal issues.
The term derives from the hornbook, an early children's educational tool, implying that the material is basic. A hornbook law is a basic, settled legal principle (see black letter law).
# Cryptophasa citrinopa

Cryptophasa citrinopa is a moth in the family Xyloryctidae. It was described by Oswald Bertram Lower in 1915. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales and Queensland.
The wingspan is about 40 mm. The forewings are orange yellow, faintly dusted with dull reddish on the basal half and with a moderately broad, silvery-white costal streak from the base to the middle, attenuated posteriorly, and edged beneath throughout by a fine fuscous line. There are two dark fuscous discal spots, transversely placed in the middle of the wing at three-fifths from the base. The hindwings are orange yellow.
# Achyranthemum

Achyranthemum, commonly called the chaff flowers, is a genus of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae which is native to South Africa. The genus was first described by Nicola Bergh in 2019 in the South African Journal of Botany, and it was segregated from the genus Syncarpha due to its representation of a separate lineage.

## Description

Achyranthemum consists of subshrubs whose wood is soft. Their leaves are rigid and thickly covered with wooly gray-white hairs. The tips of the leaves are an acute shape and are often hooked. The capitula are homogamous, which means they consist of only one type of flower. The bracts which surround the capitula are shiny and either white, cream, or yellow. They are often tinged pink, and the stereome at their base is undivided. Their anthers are slender and are at the end of caudicles. The hairs on the cypsela fruit are roughly hemispherical, and its pappus bristles are somewhat rough and fused into a ring at the base.

## Taxonomy
### Name

The genus name Achyranthemum comes from the Greek words achyron (chaff) and anthos (flower), which lends the species of the genus their common name, the chaff flowers.

### Species

The following species were placed into Achyranthemum:
* Achyranthemum affine (Less.) N.G.Bergh
* Achyranthemum argenteum (Thunb.) N.G.Bergh
* Achyranthemum mucronatum (P.J.Bergius) N.G.Bergh
* Achyranthemum paniculatum (L.) N.G.Bergh
* Achyranthemum recurvatum (L.f.) N.G.Bergh
* Achyranthemum sordescens (DC.) N.G.Bergh
* Achyranthemum striatum (Thunb.) N.G.Bergh
# Euchromius donum

Euchromius donum is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Ethiopia.
The length of the forewings is about 14 mm. Adults have been recorded in April.
# George Irwin

George Irwin may refer to:
* George Irwin (football manager) (1891–?), manager of the English football clubs Crystal Palace, 1939–1947, and Darlington, 1950–1952
* George A. Irwin (1844–1913), Seventh-day Adventist administrator
* George Rankine Irwin (1907–1998), American scientist in the field of fracture mechanics and strength of materials
* George LeRoy Irwin (1868–1931), U.S. Army general
* George Macaulay Irwin (1921–2020), American arts expert
# Distributive writing

Distributive writing is the collective authorship (or distributed authorship) of texts.
This further requires both a definition of collective and texts, where collective means a connected group of individuals and texts are inscribed symbols chained together to achieve a larger meaning than isolated symbols. This places emphasis on texts being represented as writings. This could be written words, iconic symbology (e.g., graffiti), computer programming languages (C/C++, Java, Perl, etc.), meta-level mark-up (HTML, XML, SVG, PostScript), and their derivative works. Also, not to be excluded are all the above in various languages. Further, to define texts, we must also have an interpreter for the texts. For computer programming languages, we have a compiler, for writings we have written words interpreted by our mental faculties, and for meta-level mark-up there are web browsers, printers to interpret postscript, and various software applications which turn textual representations into another format. (Patrick Deegan and Jon Phillips, 2004)

## In ancient and oral literatures

The concept of distributed authorship has been applied to oral traditions in which one person's telling of a traditional story reflects the oral recitations of many previous tellers. It has likewise been applied to oral-derived written traditions, where a manuscript text is shaped by its transmission through multiple scribes, each of whom may alter the text.

## Software to support distributive writing
### Social Software

Social Software enables people to connect, communicate, and collaborate. It is explicitly the social which is of importance and is what is operated on. It is the commodity in the system. This is different from Distributive Writing because social software is based upon software, whereas DW is not, and is not just about collaborative writing. It is also about other forms of socializing.

### Collaborative software, aka Groupware

GroupWare is about software and more importantly, in common use to describe combining many pieces of software together into a group for so-called easy access for an individual. The original definition had to do with a group of people operating on something collaboratively through software, but this has changed meaning due to corporate appropriation to describe software suites like Microsoft Office and LibreOffice.

### Computer-supported collaboration (CSCT)

Distributive writing is not just bound to computing like CSCT.

## Types

Synchronous – System of authorship where both author's make changes in real time (at the same time).
Asynchronous – System of authorship where both author's make changes in non-real time (render time or not at the time).
# Hesperoxiphion

Hesperoxiphion is a genus of flowering plants in the family Iridaceae, first described as a genus in 1877. It is native to northwestern South America. The genus name is derived from the Greek words hesperos, meaning "western", and xiphos, meaning "sword".

## Species

* Hesperoxiphion herrerae (Diels ex R.C.Foster) Ravenna - Cajamarca region in Peru
* Hesperoxiphion huilense Ravenna - Colombia
* Hesperoxiphion niveum (Ravenna) Ravenna - Cajamarca region in Peru
* Hesperoxiphion pardalis (Ravenna) Ravenna - Apurímac region in Peru
* Hesperoxiphion peruvianum (Baker) Baker - Bolivia, Peru
# John Horsfall

John Horsfall is the name of:
* John Horsfall (bishop)
* Sir John Cousin Horsfall, 1st Baronet (1846–1920) of the Horsfall baronets
* Sir (John) Donald Horsfall, 2nd Baronet (1891–1975) of the Horsfall baronets
* Sir John Musgrave Horsfall, MC, JP, 3rd Baronet (1915–2005) of the Horsfall baronets
# Journal of French Language Studies

The Journal of French Language Studies is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal of linguistics covering the study of the French language. The journal was established in 1991 and is published by Cambridge University Press. Since 2004, one issue a year has been devoted to a particular theme.
# Hornbuckle

Hornbuckle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alexis Hornbuckle (born 1985), American professional basketball player
* Dan Hornbuckle (born 1980), American mixed martial artist
* Sean Hornbuckle (born 1985), American politician from West Virginia
* Terry Hornbuckle (born 1962), American pastor convicted of rape
# Chlorophyll f

Chlorophyll f (Chl f) is a type form of chlorophyll that absorbs further in the red (infrared light) than other chlorophylls. In 2010, it was reported by Min Chen to be present in stromatolites from Western Australia's Shark Bay.
The function of Chl f in photosynthetic reactions is uncertain and the ecological distribution of Chl f remains unknown. Chl f has been shown to support some of the roles in photosynthetic reactions, in both the energy transfer and in the charge separation processes.
Chl f is produced from chlorophyllide f by chlorophyll synthase. Chlorophyllide f is made from chlorophyllide a by an enzyme known as PsbA4 or ChlF.
# Acinetobacter apis

Acinetobacter apis is a gram-negative, obligate aerobic and non-motile bacterium from the genus Acinetobacter which has been isolated from the intestinal tract of the bee Apis mellifera. A. apis showed optimum growth at 25 degrees Celsius, pH 6–7, and in the presence of 1% (w/v) NaCl in trypticase soy broth medium. This bacterium was first characterized in 2014.
# George Hogg

George Hogg may refer to:
* George Hogg (adventurer) (1915–1945), English adventurer
* George Hogg (footballer) (1869–?), Scottish footballer
* George Hogg (priest) (born 1910), Archdeacon of Cashel and Emly
* Brad Hogg (George Bradley Hogg, born 1971), Australian cricketer
* George Alfred Hogg, member of the crew of the RMS Titanic (lookout)
# Distributive pronoun

A distributive pronoun considers members of a group separately, rather than collectively.
They include either, neither and others.
* "to each his own" — 'each2,(pronoun)' Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary (2007)
* "Men take each other's measure when they react." — Ralph Waldo Emerson
Besides distributive pronouns, there are also distributive determiners (also called distributive adjectives). The pronouns and determiners often have the same form:
* Each went his own way (each used as a pronoun, without an accompanying noun)
* Each man went his own way (each used as a determiner, accompanying the noun man)
* Each of the answers is correct (each used as a pronoun, with an accompanying prepositional phrase of the answers)

## Languages other than English
### Biblical Hebrew

A common distributive idiom in Biblical Hebrew used an ordinary word for man, 'ish (איש‎). Brown Driver Briggs only provides four representative examples—Gn 9:5; 10:5; 40:5; Ex 12:3. Of the many other examples of the idiom in the Hebrew Bible, the best known is a common phrase used to describe everyone returning to their own homes. It is found in 1 Samuel 10:25 among other places.
* איש לביתו‎
* ... 'ish l'beyto.
* ... a man to his house. [literal]
* ... each went home. [sense]
This word, 'ish, was often used to distinguish men from women. "She shall be called Woman (אשה‎) because she was taken out of Man (איש‎)," is well known, but the distinction is also clear in Gn 19:8; 24:16 and 38:25 (see note for further references). However, it could also be used generically in this distributive idiom (Jb 42:11; I Ch 16:3).

### Greek

The most common distributive pronoun in classical Greek was hekastos (ἕκαστος, each).
# Hernando de Lobo Castrillo

Hernando de Lobo Castrillo, O. Carm. (1590 – October 17, 1651) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as the Bishop of Puerto Rico (1649–1651).

## Biography

Hernando de Lobo Castrillo was born in Navarrete, Spain and ordained a priest in the Order of Carmelites. On December 9, 1649, he was appointed by the King of Spain and confirmed by Pope Innocent X as Bishop of Puerto Rico. On July 26, 1650, he was consecrated bishop by Mauro Diego de Tovar y Valle Maldonado, Bishop of Caracas. He served as Bishop of Puerto Rico until his death on October 17, 1651.
# Journal of Computational Chemistry

The Journal of Computational Chemistry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published since 1980 by John Wiley & Sons. It covers research, contemporary developments in theory and methodology, and applications in all areas of computational chemistry, including ab initio quantum chemistry methods and semiempirical methods, density functional theory, molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics, statistical mechanics, cheminformatics, biomolecular structure prediction, molecular design, and bioinformatics.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 3.376, ranking it 80th out of 179 journals in the category "Chemistry, Multidisciplinary".
# Howard Goddard

Howard John Goddard (born 10 May 1957) is an English former professional footballer. A striker, he joined Newport County in 1977 from Swindon Town. He went on to make 105 appearances for Newport scoring 42 goals. In 1982, he spent time on loan at Blackpool, scoring twice in four matches before joining Bournemouth.