OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1722 in music

The year 1722 in music involved some significant events.

## Events

* Tomaso Albinoni becomes opera director to the Elector of Bavaria.
* André Campra becomes vice-maitre-de-chapelle of the Chapelle Royale at Versailles.
* In a staged quarrel, Francesco Maria Veracini comes into conflict with Johann David Heinichen and the singer Senesino, ending with his leaping from a third storey window. He will walk with a limp for the rest of his life.
* Johann Friedrich Fasch is appointed Kapellmeister at Zerbst, where he will remain for the rest of his life.
* Johann Sebastian Bach produces the first of his Notebooks for Anna Magdalena Bach.
* Jean-Philippe Rameau publishes the Traité de l'harmonie réduite à ses principes naturels.

## Classical music

* Tomaso Albinoni – Concertos à cinque, Op. 9 (published)
* Johann Sebastian Bach
** Das wohltemperierte Klavier, vol 1
* Giovanni Bononcini – Divertimenti da camera
* François Couperin – Pièces de clavecin, Book 3
* Jan Dismas Zelenka – Trio Sonatas (6) for 2 Oboes, Bassoon and Basso Continuo

## Opera

* Carlo Arrigoni – La vedova
* Baldassare Galuppi – La fede nell'incostanza ossia gli amici rivali
* Nicola Porpora – Gli Orti Esperidi (libretto by Metastasio)
* Leonardo Vinci – Le Zite 'n Calera
* Giovanni Bononcini - Griselda

## Births

* January 18 – Antonio Rodríguez de Hita, composer (d. 1787)
* January 28 – Johann Ernst Bach II, composer (d. 1777)
* June 30 – Jiří Antonín Benda, composer (d. 1795)
* October 2 – Leopold Widhalm, luthier
* December 3 – Hryhorii Skovoroda, poet, philosopher and composer (d. 1794)
* probable – Francis Hutcheson, songwriter (died 1773)

## Deaths

* April 16 – Johann Jacob Bach, musician and composer (b. 1682)
* June 5 – Johann Kuhnau, composer (born 1660)
* July 11 – Johann Joseph Vilsmayr, violinist and composer (b. 1663)
* November 24 – Johann Adam Reincken, organist (born 1623)
* date unknown – Antonio Tarsia, composer (b. 1643)
# 1723 in France

Events from the year 1723 in France

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Louis XV
* Regent: Philippe II, Duke of Orléans (until 15 February)

## Events

* 15 February – King Louis XV attains his majority on his 13th birthday, bringing an end to the 7½-year Régence of his cousin Philippe II, Duke of Orléans.
* 22 March – 4 Protestant preachers are hanged at Montpellier.
* 10 August – Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, previously regent, is appointed by the King to serve as his chief minister, but dies in office less than four months later.

## Births

* 5 January – Nicole-Reine Lepaute, astronomer and mathematician (died 1788)
* 21 February – Louis-Pierre Anquetil, historian (died 1808)
* 30 April – Mathurin Jacques Brisson, zoologist (died 1806)
* 11 July – Jean-François Marmontel, historian, writer (died 1799)

## Deaths

* 13 March – René Auguste Constantin de Renneville, Protestant poet and historian (born 1650)
* 11 May – Jean Galbert de Campistron, dramatist (born 1656)
* 29 May – Jean de La Chapelle, novelist and playwright (born 1621)
* 10 August – Guillaume Dubois, cardinal and statesman (born 1656)
* 20 September – Félix Le Pelletier de La Houssaye, statesman (born 1663)
* 2 December – Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, chief minister, ex-regent (born 1674)
* Full date missing – Charles d'Agar, painter (born 1669)
# 1875 Wallace by-election

The 1875 Wallace by-election was a by-election held on 6 August in the Wallace electorate in Southland during the 5th New Zealand Parliament.
The by-election was caused by the death of incumbent MP George Webster on 15 July 1875.
The seat was won by Christopher Basstian. The other nominees were Captain Robert Cameron of Winton and Dr Monckton.

## Results

The following table gives the election results:
1875 Wallace by-election :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Independent | Christopher Basstian | 57 | 48.72 |
| | Independent | Robert Cameron | 38 | 32.48 |
| | Independent | Dr Francis Alexander Monckton | 22 | 18.80 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 19 | 16.24 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 117 | |
# 1856 in Costa Rica

Events in the year 1856 in Costa Rica.

## Incumbents

* President: Juan Rafael Mora Porras

## Events

* March 20 - Battle of Santa Rosa
* April 11 - Campaign of 1856–57: Second Battle of Rivas

## Deaths

* April 11 - Juan Santamaria
# Alan Howard (engineer)

Alan Howard (August 19, 1905 – May 19, 1966) was an American engineer, general manager of the Gas Turbine Department at General Electric Co., and inventor. He was known as "one of the world's leading authorities on the development and application of gas turbines," and recipient of the 1964 ASME Medal.

## Biography
### Youth, education and early career

Howard was born in Washington, D.C., in 1905. He obtained his BSc in electrical engineering from Purdue University in 1927.
After his graduation in 1927, Howard started his lifelong career at the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York as electrical engineer. He advanced rapidly various positions, and moved into steam turbine activities in 1941.

### Further career and acknowledgement

In World War II at General Electric, Howard managed the development of aircraft gas turbine engine for the United States Air Force, and developed the TG 100 and TG 180 turboprop engine. After the war, Howard became responsible for the "development of all GE's heavy-duty, industrial gas turbines, including the first locomotive gas turbine in the United States." In 1949, Howard had been appointed assistant to the vice-president and general manager, and in 1951, he became appointed general manager of the gas turbine department.
Howard had been awarded the Charles E. Coffin Award by General Electric for his "accomplishments in connection with the design and development of the TG100 and TG180 aircraft gas turbines." In 1954, he was awarded the honorary degree of doctor of engineering by Purdue University. In 1962, he had been elected Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and in 1964, he was awarded the ASME Medal.

## Selected publications

* Arthur H. Morey and Alan Howard, "Gas turbine power plant." U.S. Patent No. 2,403,388. 2 Jul. 1946.
* Alan Howard, "Gas turbine power plant with axial flow compressor," U.S. Patent No. 2.548,886. April 17, 1951.
* Alan, Howard, and Bruce O. Buckland. "Power plant frame structure having air-cooling means for turbine rotors and exhaust frame struts." U.S. Patent No. 2,591,399. 1 Apr. 1952.
# 1957–58 Bahraini Premier League

The 1957–58 Bahraini Premier League was won by Muharraq Club.
# Do It Myself

"Do It Myself" is a song by American rapper Russ, released on December 30, 2015 as the fourth single from his twelfth and major-label debut studio album There's Really a Wolf (2017). It was produced by Russ himself.

## Composition

The song contains a bell-driven beat, over which Russ raps about accomplishing everything as a musical artist by himself. He adds that record labels began contacting him only after he became famous and he always planned to be successful through his own efforts.

## Critical reception

Eli Schwadron of XXL gave a positive review, writing "'Do It Myself' is a record with plenty of potential containing catchy melodies and diverse flows. His delivery is clean and pinpoint when he spits, 'Whole game hitting up my phone because my hooks, beats and my raps / Only reason I pick up is 'cuz my family needs the cash.'" Danny Schwartz of HotNewHipHop commented the beat "makes it seem as though Russ is singing a lullaby to the haters as he lowers them into their grave."

## Music video

An official music video was released in June 2016. Directed by Edgar Esteves, it sees Russ and a crew of around 20 people in an otherwise vacant parking lot of a discount mall in Atlanta.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 40,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Aunslev

Aunslev is a village in central Denmark, in Nyborg Municipality on the island of Funen. Aunslev lies 10 kilometers north of Hjulby, 7 kilometers northwest of Nyborg and 32 kilometers east of Odense. The village belongs to the parish of Aunslev.
Aunslev has historically been divided into two villages, respectively Agnslev Overby and Agnslev Nederby, but the villages have today grown together. Overby and Nederby still exist as regions of the village.

## Etymology

The name of the village can be dated back to 1231, first mentioned as Agnslef. In 1998 the Ministry of Culture changed the spelling of the village to Aunslev from Avnslev. Up until this change city signs and local businesses used both spellings.

## History

Aunslev has been inhabited since the viking age, indicated by archaeological discoveries, such as a runestone and the Christ from Aunslev. The Christ from Aunslev is the oldest crucifix found in Denmark. It was found by a local villager, Dennis Fabricius Holm, who searched a field between the village and the church using a metal detector on 11 March 2016. The crucifix is a pendant necklace, with a height of 4.1 cm. and a weight of 13.2 g. The crucifix originates from the early 900s AD. Until this finding the Jelling Stones had been acknowledged as the first sign of Christianity in Denmark, why the Christ from Aunslev changes fundamental parts of the Danish history.

## Aunslev Church

Aunslev Church (also known as Sct. Blasius Church) was built around 1100. The Juel family, owners of the Juelsberg manor, are buried here. The altar is from the 1600s from Odense. The baptismal font is in undecorated Romanesque style, built in granite. It is the oldest piece in the church. The organ is from 1984 from Aabenraa. The church has four bells, two built in Copenhagen from 1734 and 1764. After the Second World War, the citizens of Aunslev collected money to buy a 'peace bell' for the church. The first bell didn't meet the expectations, so another was built. This was in 1968. Aunslev Hospital, located next to the church, is owned by the church. It is a former hospital, and later acted as a museum.
# Ding Yan

Ding Yan (Chinese: 丁晏; Wade–Giles: Ting Yen; 1794–1875) was a Qing dynasty Chinese classical scholar. He achieved the rank of juren in the Imperial Examinations.
Ding was born in Shanyang (present-day Huai'an), Jiangsu province. Although not awarded an official post, he was an important figure in the defense of Shanyang from the British in 1842, during the First Opium War. He also helped to rebuild the city's walls after the attack. As a result, he was appointed secretary of the Grand Secretariat in 1843.
The following decade, Ding again organised a militia to defend the city from the Taipeng Rebellion. However, he was accused of incompetence, and was banished. This ruling was later overturned, and he was given responsibility for civilian military training, eventually reaching the second rank. His sons Shou-ch'ang and Shou-ch'i also served in public office.
Despite his military accomplishments, Ding was best known as a scholar of the Classics. His Shang shu yu lun made the case for the forgery of the Shu ching, and he made many key arguments in favour of Wu Cheng'en being the original author of the Buddhist classic Journey to the West. He authored over fifty books on scholarly subjects, and was the director of two literary academies. Many of his works were compiled and published in 1862 as the Yi zhi zhai cong shu (Collected works of Yizhizhai Studio).
# Inguruwatta

Inguruwatta is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# General Medina

General Medina may refer to:
* Anacleto Medina (1788–1871), Uruguayan Civil War brigadier general
* Francisco Medina (1870–1945), Argentine Army general
* Joseph V. Medina (born c. 1953), U.S. Marine Corps brigadier general
# George Alexander Kohut

George Alexander Kohut (February 11, 1874 – December 31, 1933) was an American rabbi and bibliographer; born in Stuhlweissenburg (modern Székesfehérvár), Hungary.

## Biography

George Alexander Kohut studied at the gymnasium in Grosswardein, public schools in New York, Columbia University (1893–1895), Berlin University, and the Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (1895–97). In 1897 he became rabbi of the Congregation Emanu-El, Dallas, Texas, a post which he occupied for three years. In 1902 he became super-intendent of the religious school of Temple Emanu-El in New York, and was assistant librarian of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.

## Published works

Kohut was the author of:
* The Index to the Italian words in the "Aruch," published in A. Kohut's "Aruch Completum," vol. viii. (1892);
* "Early Jewish Literature in America" ("Publications Am. Jew. Hist. Soc." No. 3, 1895, pp. 103–147);
* "Sketches of Jewish Loyalty, Bravery, and Patriotism in the South American Colonies and the West Indies," in Simon Wolf's "The American Jew as Patriot, Soldier, and Citizen" (1895);
* "Martyrs of the Inquisition in South America" (1895);
* "A Memoir of Dr. Alexander Kohut's Literary Activity," in "Proceedings of the Fourth Biennial Convention of the Jewish Theological Seminary Assoc.";
* "Bibliography of the Writings of Prof. M. Steinschneider," in the "Steinschneider Festschrift" (Leipsic, 1896);
* "Simon de Caceres and His Project to Conquer Chili" (New York, 1897);
* "Ezra Stiles and the Jews" (ib. 1902),
and many other monographs on historical subjects and on folklore. He also edited "Semitic Studies in Memory of Rev. Dr. Alexander Kohut" (Berlin, 1897), and, since 1902, has edited Helpful Thoughts, now the Jewish Home, a monthly periodical published in New York.

## Pedagogic career

In 1907, Dr. Kohut founded Kamp Kohut in Maine. In 1909, he established the Kohut School For Boys, a New York Jewish boarding school. The Kohut School moved to Harrison, NY in the 1920s, and continued there until it closed in 1960.
Kohut established a library of Judaica at Yale in 1915, an important collection made by his father, Alexander Kohut, and the "Kohut Endowment" to maintain and improve the "Alexander Kohut Memorial Collection".
# Geoff Parry

Geoff Parry (born 1953) is an Australian former actor. He is best known for his role as Bubba Zanetti, the blonde lieutenant of the motorcycle gang, in Mad Max. He has also been credited as Geoff Perry.

## Partial filmography

* Division 4 (1973–1975, TV Series) – Simon Smith / Bill Trent / Sammy James / Mike Collins / Ian Kruger / Cyril White
* Rush (1974, TV Series) – Bennett
* Chopper Squad (1978, TV Series) – Brian Jarvis
* Mad Max (1979) – Bubba Zanetti
* Gallipoli (1981) – Sgt. Sayers
* Women of the Sun (1982, TV Mini-Series) – Mr. Watson
* The Clinic (1982) – Charlie
* Prisoner (1980–1983, TV Series) – George Goscombe / Thug
* Melvin, Son of Alvin (1984) – Science teacher
* A Thousand Skies (1985, TV Mini-Series) – Bob Hitchcock
* Sword of Honour (1986, TV Mini-Series) – Major Sincock
* Death of a Soldier (1986) – GI at hanging
* The Big Hurt (1986) – Mr. Gregg
# Generic matrix ring

In algebra, a generic matrix ring is a sort of a universal matrix ring.

## Definition

We denote by $F_{n}$ a generic matrix ring of size n with variables $X_{1},\dots X_{m}$. It is characterized by the universal property: given a commutative ring R and n-by-n matrices $A_{1},\dots ,A_{m}$ over R, any mapping $X_{i}\mapsto A_{i}$ extends to the ring homomorphism (called evaluation) $F_{n}\to M_{n}(R)$.
Explicitly, given a field k, it is the subalgebra $F_{n}$ of the matrix ring $M_{n}(k[(X_{l})_{ij}\mid 1\leq l\leq m,\ 1\leq i,j\leq n])$ generated by n-by-n matrices $X_{1},\dots ,X_{m}$, where $(X_{l})_{ij}$ are matrix entries and commute by definition. For example, if m = 1 then $F_{1}$ is a polynomial ring in one variable.
For example, a central polynomial is an element of the ring $F_{n}$ that will map to a central element under an evaluation. (In fact, it is in the invariant ring $k[(X_{l})_{ij}]^{\operatorname {GL} _{n}(k)}$ since it is central and invariant.)
By definition, $F_{n}$ is a quotient of the free ring $k\langle t_{1},\dots ,t_{m}\rangle$ with $t_{i}\mapsto X_{i}$ by the ideal consisting of all p that vanish identically on all n-by-n matrices over k.

## Geometric perspective

The universal property means that any ring homomorphism from $k\langle t_{1},\dots ,t_{m}\rangle$ to a matrix ring factors through $F_{n}$. This has a following geometric meaning. In algebraic geometry, the polynomial ring $k[t,\dots ,t_{m}]$ is the coordinate ring of the affine space $k^{m}$, and to give a point of $k^{m}$ is to give a ring homomorphism (evaluation) $k[t,\dots ,t_{m}]\to k$ (either by Hilbert's Nullstellensatz or by the scheme theory). The free ring $k\langle t_{1},\dots ,t_{m}\rangle$ plays the role of the coordinate ring of the affine space in the noncommutative algebraic geometry (i.e., we don't demand free variables to commute) and thus a generic matrix ring of size n is the coordinate ring of a noncommutative affine variety whose points are the Spec's of matrix rings of size n (see below for a more concrete discussion.)

### The maximal spectrum of a generic matrix ring

For simplicity, assume k is algebraically closed. Let A be an algebra over k and let $\operatorname {Spec} _{n}(A)$ denote the set of all maximal ideals ${\mathfrak {m}}$ in A such that $A/{\mathfrak {m}}\approx M_{n}(k)$. If A is commutative, then $\operatorname {Spec} _{1}(A)$ is the maximal spectrum of A and $\operatorname {Spec} _{n}(A)$ is empty for any $n>1$.
# George H. Lowthian

George Henry Lowthian (born 30 January 1908 in Carlisle, Cumberland; died 11 June 1986 in Sutton, Surrey) was a British trade unionist.
Lowthian entered the building trade at the age of sixteen, and completed his apprenticeship four years later, immediately joining the Amalgamated Union of Building Trade Workers, and was elected as a branch secretary the following year. He studied extensively with the National Council of Labour Colleges.
Lowthian rapidly rose through the union, attending its conference from 1936, and joining the executive council in 1940. He became a full-time union official in 1945, as a divisional secretary, and was elected as the union's general secretary in 1950. He served on the General Council of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) for 21 years, and served as President of the TUC in 1964.
In 1971, Lowthian led his union into a merger which produced the Union of Construction, Allied Trades and Technicians. He spent two years as the secretary of the building section of the new union, before retiring. He maintained links with the trade union movement, including serving as a trustee of the Miners' Hardship Fund, until his death in 1985.
# George Desmond Hodnett

George Desmond "Hoddy" Hodnett (25 February 1918 – 23 September 1990) was an Irish musician, songwriter and long-time jazz and popular music critic for the Irish Times.

## Life

Hodnett was born in Dublin, Ireland. His father, who came from a prominent Cork legal family became, after the Irish War of Independence in 1922, a colonel in the Irish Army. His mother, Lauré Faschnacht, came from Murten, Switzerland.
He was educated at the Catholic University School (Leeson Street, Dublin) and at Coláiste na Rinne at An Rinn, County Waterford. He studied law at Trinity College, Dublin but preferred the music and theatres of the city to a legal career. He played jazz piano, trumpet and zither (he was probably the only zither-player in Ireland at the time). He became part of the bohemian milieu that congregated around the Catacombs in Fitzwilliam Place, which included Brendan Behan and Gainor Crist (the original Ginger Man).
In the 1950s, Hodnett was composing satirical tunes for revues at the Pike Theatre in Herbert Lane (where he was also the residential pianist) and for other Dublin theatres. After folk and Irish traditional music became popular he reviewed this music. He continued reviewing jazz and Irish trad music for the Irish Times until shortly before his death.
In 1969 he took part in the occupation of Georgian buildings in Hume Street (which became known as the Battle of Hume Street). He sustained injuries when being forcibly removed.
His best-known song was "Monto (Take Her Up To Monto)", which savagely mocks the state of Ireland and the city of Dublin during the Victorian era. It was composed for a revue in 1958. Ronnie Drew of The Dubliners knew of the song and sang it at the Gate Theatre in 1966, where it was an immediate hit.
# George Blount

George Blount may refer to:
* George Blount (died 1581) (1513–1581), MP
* George Blount, 2nd Earl of Newport (died 1675)
* Sir George Blount, 2nd Baronet (died 1667) of the Blount baronets
# George Blum

George Blum (born France; 1870–1928) was an architect raised in the United States. He later returned with his brother, Edward Blum, to France, and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. Afterwards, the Blum brothers formed an architectural firm, George & Edward Blum, in New York City during the early 20th century. Their company designed some of New York City's most elegant and creative buildings.
# George Leber House

George Leber House, located at 132 East Crafton Avenue in Crafton, Pennsylvania, was built in 1938. This Tudor Revival style house was added to the List of Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmarks in 2003.
# George Brudenell-Bruce, 4th Marquess of Ailesbury

George William Thomas Brudenell-Bruce, 4th Marquess of Ailesbury (8 June 1863 – 10 April 1894), styled Viscount Savernake from 1878 to 1886, was the son of George John Brudenell-Bruce and Lady Evelyn Mary Craven, and succeeded his grandfather as 4th Marquess on the latter's death on 18 October 1886. On his death in 1894 he was succeeded in the marquessate, and his other titles, by his uncle. According to family records, he went by the name William and was known informally as Willie.

## Early life

Brudenell-Bruce was born on 8 June 1863. In his youth, he attended Eton, but got into trouble, and left the school "under a cloud".

## Career

On 1 July 1881 he was commissioned as a Lieutenant in the part-time 3rd (Royal Berkshire Militia) Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment, and resigned on 11 April 1886.

### Gambling problems

He became a habitual gambler, forcing his grandfather to step in and pay hundreds of thousands of pounds to satisfy his creditors. In the process of paying off certain creditors, the 3rd Marquess was forced to sell the family's Yorkshire properties to raise the more than £175,000 of debt Willie had amassed. Upon succeeding his grandfather in the family estates, Willie's propensity for gambling only increased, and he soon found his entire estate approaching bankruptcy, amassing another huge round of debts exceeding 230,000 GBP.
During the legal proceedings in 1891, many offers were made to buy the great Savernake estates, including one by Edward Guinness, 1st Earl of Iveagh, then chairman of the board and former CEO of the Guinness Company, to purchase Savernake for £750,000. However, the Board of Trustees of Savernake, headed by Ailesbury's uncle, Lord Henry Brudenell-Bruce, fought hard to prevent Ailesbury from selling. After years of legal battles and appeals, Edward Guinness, by then known as Lord Iveagh, became impatient and withdrew his offer, after a 1 May 1893 deadline was not met. Not long after that, Ailesbury suffered an untimely death, brought about by a sudden illness, and due mainly to his excessive lifestyle.
The April 1888 Vanity Fair caricature of William was originally published with a caption that is quoted, in part: "Lord Ailesbury is at bottom an excellently good creature ... But he can rarely remember not to forget himself."

## Family

On 6 May 1884, Willie married the daughter of Thomas Haseley, an actress named Dorothy Julia Haseley, better known to [contemporary] theatre-goers as "Dolly Tester". The marriage produced no children.
Lord Ailesbury died, aged 30, on 10 April 1894 at Leander-road, Brixton, from heart disease. He was succeeded by his uncle, Henry Brudenell-Bruce.