OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alveolar stop

In phonetics and phonology, an alveolar stop is a type of consonantal sound, made with the tongue in contact with the alveolar ridge located just behind the teeth (hence alveolar), held tightly enough to block the passage of air (hence a stop consonant). The most common sounds are the stops [t] and [d], as in English toe and doe, and the voiced nasal [n]. The 2-D finite element mode of the front part of the midsagittal tongue can stimulate the air pressed release of an alveolar stop. Alveolar consonants in children's productions have generally been demonstrated to undergo smaller vowel-related coarticulatory effects than labial and velar consonants, thus yielding consonant-specific patterns similar to those observed in adults.
The upcoming vowel target is adjusted to demand force and effort during the coarticulating process. More generally, several kinds are distinguished:
* [t], voiceless alveolar plosive
* [d], voiced alveolar plosive
* [n], voiced alveolar nasal
* [n̥], voiceless alveolar nasal
* [tʼ], alveolar ejective
* [ɗ ], voiced alveolar implosive
* [ɗ̥ ] or [tʼ↓] voiceless alveolar implosive (very rare)
Note that alveolar and dental stops are not always carefully distinguished. Acoustically, the two types of sounds are similar, and it is rare for a language to have both types.
If necessary, an alveolar consonant can be transcribed with the combining equals sign below ⟨◌͇⟩, as with ⟨t͇⟩ for the voiceless alveolar stop. A dental consonant can be transcribed with the combining bridge below ⟨t̪⟩, and a postalveolar consonant with the retraction diacritic, the combining minus sign below ⟨t̠⟩.
# Boville Ernica

Boville Ernica is a town and comune in the province of Frosinone, Lazio, Italy. It is located over the summit of a steep hill commanding the Liri, Cosa and Sacco valleys. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

## History

The town's history stretches back to pre-Roman times, which is testified by its numerous archaeological findings and prehistoric Pelasgic walls. Its primordial name, "Bauco", recalls the ancient agricultural worship of the god Bove, symbol of fertility. In the archaeological area of Monte Fico, where once stood a temple dedicated to this divinity, there have come to light votive statuettes featuring oxen.
Boville Ernica was once situated on the plains below its present site, but after the Saracen and Hungarian invasions (9th–10th centuries), its population moved to the higher levels of Monte Fico, where the ancient center was transformed into one of the most fortified towns in the region.

## Main sights

In addition to the Pelasgic walls, sights include the castle and its Medieval walls having as many as 18 turrets and towers (alternating as round and square shapes), all standing completely intact.
Boville is also home to many Renaissance palaces and churches. Among them is the church of San Pietro Ispano, erected in the 12th century over the grotto in which for many years the Patron Saint lived. The church still conserves an early-Christian sarcophagus, two reliquaries, belonging to S. Pietro Ispano and S. Lucy, a chapel once belonging to the noble family of the Simoncelli, a Sansovino basrelief and a mosaic attributed to Giotto.

## Personalities

* Vincenzo Paglia (born 1945), Roman Catholic bishop
# Big Meadow, Alberta

Big Meadow is an unincorporated area in central Alberta, Canada within the Municipal District of Bonnyville No. 87. It is located near the Alberta Highway 28.
# Hossam Arafat

Hossam Arafat may refer to:
* Hossam Arafat (footballer) (born 1990), Egyptian footballer
* Hossam Arafat (politician), Palestinian politician
# Kassel Literary Prize

The Kassel Literary Prize for Grotesque Humor (Kasseler Literaturpreis für grotesken Humor), established 1985, is an annual prize awarded by the city of Kassel and the Brückner-Kühner foundation in recognition of "grotesque and comic work" at a high artistic level. Prior to 1996, it was also given to literary professors whose work is connected to this theme. The prize includes an award of 10,000 euros.
The foundation has, since 2004, also awarded authors under the age of 35 the Förderpreis Komische Literatur. This prize includes an award of 3,000 euros.
Prior to 2006, the awards were given in November, this was moved to the following February the next year, resulting in the "2006/2007" prizes.

## Recipients since 2004

| Year | Literaturpreisträger (Main literary prize) | Förderpreis (under 35) |
| 2004 | Ror Wolf | Jochen Schmidt |
| 2005 | Katja Lange-Müller | Tilman Rammstedt |
| 2006/2007 | Gerhard Polt | Jess Jochimsen |
| 2008 | F. W. Bernstein | Philipp Tingler |
| 2009 | Peter Rühmkorf | Michael Stauffer |
| 2010 | Herbert Achternbusch | Rebekka Kricheldorf |
| 2011 | Thomas Kapielski | Jan Neumann |
| 2012 | Ulrich Holbein | Tino Hanekamp |
| 2013 | Wilhelm Genazino | Wolfram Lotz |
| 2014 | Dieter Hildebrandt | |
| 2015 | Frank Schulz [de] | Arno Camenisch |
| 2016 | Wolf Haas | Kirsten Fuchs |
| 2017 | Karen Duve | Ferdinand Schmalz |
| 2018 | Eckhard Henscheid [de] | Dagmara Kraus [de] |
| 2019 | Sibylle Berg | Jakob Nolte |
| 2020 | Heinz Strunk | Chrizzi Heinen |
| 2021 | Felicitas Hoppe | Lukas Linder |
| 2022 | Helge Schneider | Anaïs Meier |
| 2023 | Gerhard Henschel [de] | |
| 2024 | Joachim Meyerhoff | |

## Recipients prior to 2004

* 1985: Loriot
* 1986: Eike Christian Hirsch
* 1987: Ernst Jandl
* 1988: Wolfgang Preisendanz
* 1989: Irmtraud Morgner
* 1990: Ernst Kretschmer
* 1991: Robert Gernhardt
* 1992: Walter Hinck
* 1993: Christoph Meckel
* 1994: Volker Klotz
* 1995: Hanns Dieter Hüsch
* 1996: Karl Riha
* 1997: Max Goldt
* 1998: Franzobel
* 1999: Ingomar von Kieseritzky
* 2000: Peter Bichsel
* 2001: George Tabori
* 2002: Franz Hohler
* 2003: Eugen Egner
# John Flavell Coales

John Flavell Coales CBE, FRS (14 September 1907 – 6 June 1999) was a British physicist and engineer. He started the Borehamwood laboratory of the Elliott Brothers company in 1946.
Coales graduated in 1929 from Sydney Sussex College, Cambridge and joined the British Admiralty, working in the experimental department of the Signal School, Portsmouth. He later worked on radio direction finding and centimetre-band radar used for naval gunnery. In 1946 he was awarded the OBE for his wartime work on naval radar. That year he left the Admiralty and became director of the Elliot Brothers research laboratory. Coales made significant contributions to automatic process control, and was a pioneer in the use of digital computers for real-time control. In 1957 he was a founder of the International Federation of Automatic Control.
In 1970 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society. He served as President of the Institution of Electrical Engineers in 1971. In 1974 he was invested as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire.
Coales married in 1936 and had two sons and two daughters.
In 1928-9, as an undergraduate he co-founded The Round, the Cambridge University English Country Dancing Club.
# Directorate of Securing Classified Information

The Directorate of Securing Classified Information (Albanian: Drejtoria e Sigurimit të Informacionit të Klasifikuar – DSIK) is an agency of the Albanian government responsible for drafting policies and procedures for the provision of information classified as "state secret". Established based on law no. 8457, dated 11.2.1999 "On information classified as state secret" but later amended, the agency is a subordinate institution of the Prime Minister's Office.

## Overview

The Directorate of Securing Classified Information (DSIK) was created by order no. 742, dated 14.2.2001 of the Prime Minister. Originally tasked with drafting policies, programs and procedures for the provision of information classified as "state secret", the directorate has in later years contributed to the alignment of legislation conforming to NATO security standards on classified information by establishing a Registry System for the exchange of NATO classified information.
In 2016, the DSIK, pursuant to law no. 84/2016 "On the transitional re-evaluation of judges and prosecutors in the Republic of Albania", as a supervising authority became part of an important judicial process, where in collaboration with other relevant vetting institutions, examined the biographies of judges and prosecutors using three criteria: the legality of their assets; their professional standing; their possible links to organized crime.

## Directors

| No. | Name | Term in office | Term in office |
| 1 | Bajram Ibraj | 2001 | 2004 |
| 2 | Shyqyri Dekavelli | 2004 | 2014 |
| 3 | Arben Seferi | 2014 | 2017 |
| 4 | Dorian Tola | 2017 | 2024 |
| 5 | Altin Jani | 2024 | Incumbent |
# Kuruthipunal

Kuruthipunal (lit. 'River of Blood' in Tamil) may refer to:
* Kuruthipunal (novel), a novel by Indian writer Indira Parthasarathy
* Kuruthipunal (film), a 1995 Indian film by P. C. Sreeram
# Boules sports at the 2001 World Games – Women's pétanque doubles

The women's pétanque doubles event in boules sports at the 2001 World Games took place from 17 to 19 August 2001 at the World Games Plaza in Akita, Japan.

## Competition format

A total of 6 teams entered the competition. In preliminary round they played round-robin tournament. From this stage the best four pairs advanced to the semifinals.

## Results
### Preliminary

| Rank | Team | Country | M | W | L | Pts | +/– |
| 1 | Inés Rosario María Luisa Ruíz | Spain | 5 | 5 | 0 | 65–23 | +42 |
| 2 | Nancy Barzin Linda Goblet | Belgium | 5 | 3 | 2 | 57–34 | +23 |
| 3 | Hanta Randriambahiny Odile Razanamahefa | Madagascar | 5 | 3 | 2 | 48–47 | +1 |
| 4 | Machiko Inoue Fumie Kakiuchi | Japan | 5 | 2 | 3 | 30–61 | –31 |
| 5 | Lene Kaaberbøl Tine Hansen | Denmark | 5 | 2 | 3 | 50–57 | –7 |
| 6 | Maryse Bergeron Violette Robert | Canada | 5 | 0 | 5 | 37–65 | –28 |
| | Score | |
| Belgium | 10–13 | Denmark |
| Spain | 13–8 | Madagascar |
| Canada | 10–13 | Japan |
| Madagascar | 13–8 | Japan |
| Belgium | 8–13 | Spain |
| Denmark | 12–13 | Japan |
| Belgium | 13–1 | Madagascar |
| Denmark | 13–8 | Canada |
| Spain | 13–0 | Japan |
| Denmark | 3–13 | Spain |
| Belgium | 13–7 | Canada |
| Madagascar | 13–4 | Japan |
| Spain | 13–4 | Canada |
| Denmark | 9–13 | Madagascar |
| Belgium | 13–0 | Japan |

### Finals

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Spain | 13 | | | |
| 4 | Japan | 8 | | | |
| 4 | Japan | 8 | 1 | Spain | 7 |
| | | | 2 | Belgium | 13 |
| 2 | Belgium | 13 | 2 | Belgium | 13 |
| 3 | Madagascar | 9 | Third place | Third place | Third place |
| | | | 4 | Japan | 5 |
| | | | 3 | Madagascar | 13 |
# George Scholey

George Scholey (died 1839) was a banker who served as Lord Mayor of London in 1812. Scholey was appointed an alderman in the City of London's Dowgate ward in 1804. He had previously been elected one of the Sheriffs of the City of London in 1804. Scholey was born in 1758, the son of the Cock and Bottle's landlord in Sandal, Wakefield. Scholey died in 1839, leaving £10,000 to Sandal, half for the poor of Sandal and half to the trustees of the Sandal Endowed School."Sandal History". "George Scholey Biography".
# Big Mechanism

Big Mechanism is a $45 million DARPA research program, begun in 2014, aimed at developing software that will read cancer research papers, integrate them into a cancer model and frame new hypotheses by the end of 2017 through the automated collection of big data and integrating across various disciplines such as knowledge-based NLP, curation and ontology, systems and mathematical biology by reading research abstracts and papers to extract pieces of causal mechanisms.

## Ras gene

The program focuses on mutations in the Ras gene family, which underlie some one-third of human cancers. Currently, a rough road map shows interaction sequences among proteins affecting cell replication and death. However, the causal relations are poorly understood.

## Plan

The program is to occur in three stages. The first is to read literature and convert it into formal representations. Second is to integrate the knowledge into computational models. Third is to produce experimentally testable explanations and predictions. Research teams are developing four separate systems targeting all three tasks.
In February 2015, an evaluation meeting reviewed progress on the first stage. Multiple tasks were considered. One was extraction of experimental procedure details and evaluating statements such as "we demonstrate" and "we suggest." Another worked to map sentence meaning and relationships. The best machine-reading system extracted 40% of relevant information from a small corpus and correctly determined how each passage related to the model.
The second stage is to become active in summer 2015, when members attempt to produce a single reference model. The third stage is the most challenging, because the artificial intelligence community has had limited success at developing hypothesis generators. Molecular biology may be more amenable, because most domain knowledge is technical and available in written form.
# House of Nightmares

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Gravedigger's Local 16 | |
| Malefick Music | |
House of Nightmares is a collaboration album by Joseph Vargo of Nox Arcana and Jeff Hartz of Buzz-Works. It is the fifteenth release from Nox Arcana. The theme of the album is that of an old manor house next to a cemetery haunted by the spirits of the dead whose presence is most evident on October 30, the Devil's Night, and Halloween night.
Written and performed by Jeff Hartz and Joseph Vargo. Produced by Joseph Vargo. Engineered by William Piotrowski.

## Track listing

* House of Nightmares - 2:44
* Night Closes In - 3:08
* Book of the Dead - 1:12
* Darkness Rising - 1:29
* Dead Time - 3:10
* The Ruins - 2:23
* The Forgotten Crypt - 1:46
* Well of Souls - 2:57
* The Descent - 1:48
* The Summoning - 1:49
* Ancient Evil - 2:49
* The Black Abyss - 1:22
* Shadow Dwellers - 3:36
* Bridge Between Worlds - 2:44
* On the Prowl - 2:41
* Devil's Night - 2:50
* The Nether Realm - 1:22
* Hallow's Eve - 2:12
* Unleashed - 2:29
# John David Loder

John David Loder (1788 – 13 February 1846) was an English violinist. He was a member of a musical family in Bath, Somerset; his career, beginning in Bath, developed beyond the city and he was later a professor of the violin at the Royal Academy of Music in London.

## Life

He was born in Bath in 1788, son of musician John Loder. His brother George Loder, a flautist, was father of George Loder, a conductor and composer, and Kate Loder, a pianist and composer. From 1799 until 1836 he was a member, and for most of the time leader, of the orchestra at the Theatre Royal in Bath.
In 1815 Loder became a member of the Philharmonic Society in London. On 12 May 1817 he led the society's orchestra for the first time; the Salisbury Journal reported: "he acquitted himself in a manner that stamps him at once as a first-rate musician". He played for the society many times between then and 1845. In 1837 he led the orchestra in the second performance in London of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, 12 years after the first.
From about 1820 to 1835 he had a business in Milson Street, Bath, publishing music and selling musical instruments.
He was leader at the Yorkshire music festival in 1825, and soloist at the Gloucester music festival in 1826; he was leader at the Three Choirs Festivals from 1826 to 1845. From 1840 he was professor of violin at the Royal Academy of Music, and from 1841 he lived permanently in Chelsea, London. In 1844 he succeeded Franz Cramer as leader of the Concerts of Antient Music.

## Family

His wife, Rosamund Charles Mills, was the stepdaughter of the actor John Fawcett. Loder died at Albany Street, Regent's Park, on 13 February 1846, and was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery. He left a widow, and five sons and two daughters.
Three of his sons were musicians: Edward Loder (1809–1865) was a composer and conductor; Edward's twin brother John Fawcett Loder (1809–1853), a violinist, played in London theatre orchestras, and played the viola in Joseph Dando's string quartet from 1842 until 1853; William Sowerby Loder (1812–1851) studied the cello at the Royal Academy of Music and later played in Bath.

## Publications

* A General and Comprehensive Instruction Book for the Violin (1814): it was regarded as a standard work of instruction for the violin, and passed through many editions
* A First Set of Three Duets for two Violins (1837)
* The whole Modern Art of Bowing (1842)
# Michel Jacques François Achard

Michel Jacques François Achard (French pronunciation:; 14 October 1778 – 6 January 1865) was a French general de brigade (brigadier general).
He was born in Vieux Fort, Saint Lucia. He was a member of the Chamber of Peers under the July Monarchy, a member of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic and a member of the Senate of the Second French Empire.

## Honours

* Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
* knight of the Order of Saint Louis
* 1833: Commander of the Order of Leopold.
# Kuvansi

Kuvansi is a medium-sized lake of Finland in the Vuoksi main catchment area. It is located in the Northern Savonia region and in the municipality of Suonenjoki.
# Alto Oriente Subregion

The Upper Eastern District is a subregion of the Colombian Department of Caldas.
* Manzanares
* Marquetalia
* Marulanda
* Pensilvania
# Bracigliano

Bracigliano is a town and comune in the province of Salerno in the Campania region of south-western Italy.
The municipality borders with Forino, Mercato San Severino, Montoro, Quindici and Siano.

## Notable People

Adolfo Bruno - Former Caporegime in the Genovese Crime Family
# Georgeville, Belize

Georgeville is a village in the Cayo District of central interior Belize. The village is in an agricultural region with the most frequent crops being citrus and banana. It is one of 192 municipalities administered at the village level in the country for census taking purposes. The village had a population of 922 in 2010. This represents roughly 1.4 % of the district's total population. This was a 60.9% increase from 573 people recorded in the 2000 census.
# Binanoualiba

Binanoualiba is a village in the Bassar Prefecture in the Kara Region of north-western Togo.
# 1923 in science fiction

The year 1923 was marked, in science fiction, by the following events.

## Births and deaths
### Births

* January 12: Pierre Versins, American writer (died 2001)
* April 17: Lloyd Biggle, Jr., American writer (died 2002)
* April 23: Avram Davidson, American writer (died 1993)
* July 12: James E. Gunn, American writer
* July 23: Cyril M. Kornbluth, American writer (died 1958)
* August 20: Henri Bessière, French writer (died 2011)
* November 1: Gordon R. Dickson, American writer (died 2001)

### Deaths
## Events

* March: first publication of Weird Tales, American pulp magazine.

## Awards

The main science-fiction Awards known at the present time did not exist at this time.

## Literary releases
### Novels

* Aelita, by Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy.
* (in French) La Poupée sanglante (The Bloody Doll), by Gaston Leroux.
# Alpha to coverage

Alpha to coverage is a multisampling computer graphics technique, that replaces alpha blending with a coverage mask. This achieves order-independent transparency for when anti-aliasing or semi-transparent textures are used. This particular technique is useful for situations where dense foliage or grass must be rendered in a video game.
Alpha to coverage multisampling is based on regular multisampling, except that the alpha coverage mask is ANDed with the multisample mask. Alpha-to-coverage converts the alpha component output from the pixel shader to a coverage mask. When the multisampling is applied each output fragment gets a transparency of 0 or 1 depending on alpha coverage and the multisampling result.
# 753 Tiflis

753 Tiflis is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. It was discovered 30 April 1913 by the Georgian–Russian astronomer Grigory N. Neujmin at Simeiz Observatory and was named after Georgia's capital city Tiflis (now called Tbilisi). The object is orbiting the Sun at a distance of 2.33 AU with a period of 3.55 years and an eccentricity (ovalness) of 0.22. The orbital plane is inclined by an angle of 10.1° to the plane of the ecliptic. In 1991, Ruth F. Wolfe included it as a member of the proposed Tiflis asteroid family.
This is classed as an S-type asteroid in the Tholen taxonomy. It spans a girth of approximately 23.6 km and rotates on its axis every 9.85 hours.
# Kuzucak, Ceyhan

Kuzucak is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Ceyhan, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 402 (2022).
# Alto Miramar

Alto Miramar is a subdivision of the city of Mindelo in the island of São Vicente, Cape Verde. Its population was 524 at the 2010 census. It is situated directly northeast of the city centre. The main streets of the neighbourhood are Rua Unidade Africana and Rua da Paz.
# Bowden baronets

The Bowden Baronetcy, of the City of Nottingham is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 23 June 1915 for Frank Bowden, founder of the Raleigh Bicycle Company. As of 2007 the title is held by his great-grandson, the fourth Baronet, who succeeded his father in 2001.

## Bowden baronets, of the City of Nottingham (1915)

* Sir Frank Bowden, 1st Baronet (1848–1921)
* Sir Harold Bowden, 2nd Baronet (1880–1960)
* Sir Frank Houston Bowden, 3rd Baronet (1909–2001)
* Sir Nicholas Richard Bowden, 4th Baronet (born 1935)
The heir presumptive is the present holder's nephew Alexander Gordon Houston Bowden (born 1972). The heir presumptive's heir apparent is his son Arthur Gordan Houston Bowden (born 2012).
# George Valentine Cox

George Valentine Cox (1786–1875), was an English writer.
Cox was born at Oxford in 1786, was educated at Magdalen College School and New College, Oxford graduated B. A., and was elected esquire bedel in law in 1806. He took the degree of M.A. in 1808, and was elected esquire bedel in medicine and arts in 1815. He held this office until 1866, when he retired on a pension. He was also coroner to the university. He died in March 1875.
He published 'Jeannette Isabelle.' a novel in three volumes, London, 1837, 12mo, three translations from the German, viz. F. C. Dahlmann's 'Life of Herodotus,' London, 1845, 8vo; J. A. W. Neander's ' Emperor Julian and his Generation,' London, 1850, 8vo; and C. Ullmann's 'Gregory of Nazianzum,' London, 1851, 8vo; also 'Prayer-Book Epistles,' &c., London, 1846, 8vo; and 'Recollections of Oxford,' London, 1868, 8vo.
# Perrotia flora

Perrotia flora is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is found in northern and eastern Madagascar. The habitat consists of forests.
# Horace Chapman

Horace Chapman may refer to:
* Horace Chapman (politician) (1811–1884), American lawyer and politician
* Horace Chapman (cricketer) (1890–1941), South African cricketer
* Horace Chapman (tennis) (1866–1937), British tennis player