OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Garry Allighan

Ernest George Allighan (16 February 1895 – 17 August 1977) was a British journalist and Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP).

## Background

He was born with the surname Alligan and added the 'h' because he believed that it would make it seem more Irish (even though 'Alligan' is the original Irish spelling and he himself was of Irish descent).

## Parliamentary career

A former writer for the Daily Mirror, at the 1945 general election he was elected to Parliament for the constituency of Gravesend in Kent.
In 1947, he wrote an article for the World's Press News alleging that members of parliament gave information to the newspapers about private parliamentary party meetings, often in return for money, publicity or free drinks. The allegation, which was considered a grave infringement of parliamentary privilege, was investigated by the Committee of Privileges, who decided there was no evidence to support them. The only exception was the case of Allighan himself and another Labour member, who were found to have sold such information to the London Evening Standard.
The other member, Evelyn Walkden, admitted the offence and since he had paid taxes on the money, was permitted to remain as an MP. Allighan was charged with "aggravated contempt and gross breach of privilege" and expelled from the House of Commons on 30 October 1947. In the debate, the Leader of the House, Herbert Morrison, proposed six months' suspension but it was argued that this would deprive his constituents of representation for too long a period. It was also observed that after expulsion he was free to seek re-election if he believed he had been treated unfairly and, if returned, could resume his seat. However, he chose not to do this and immediately resigned from the Labour Party. He appears to have been the only MP since Charles Bradlaugh in the 19th century to have been expelled from the Commons other than for a serious criminal offence or bankruptcy.
At the resulting Gravesend by-election, Richard Acland held the seat for Labour, with a reduced majority.

## Later life

After the affair, he moved to South Africa, where he became principal of the Premier School of Journalism in Johannesburg. He wrote a number of well-received books on the politics of South Africa and Rhodesia. In 1961 he published the controversial Four Bonnets to Golgotha, a book about four members of the Booth family: Catherine, Florence, Evangeline Booth and Catherine Bramwell-Booth.
He died in Johannesburg on 17 August 1977.

## Publications

* The Romance of the Talkies (London: Claude Stacey, 1929)
* Sir John Reith (London: Stanley Paul & Co, 1939)
* Curtain-Up On South Africa: Presenting a National Drama (London: Boardman, 1960)
* Four Bonnets to Golgotha (London: Macdonald, 1961)
* Verwoerd, The End (London: Boardman; Cape Town, Johannesburg: Purnell & Sons, 1961)
* The Welensky Story (London: Macdonald; Cape Town, Johannesburg: Purnell & Sons, 1962)
* The 65th Defendant: An Exposure of Gangster Crime and a Social Indictment (London and Cape Town: Bailey & Swinfen, 1963)
# Kujō-in

Fujiwara no Teishi (藤原 呈子, also read Fujiwara no Shimeko; 1131 – October 23, 1176) was a Japanese noblewoman (nyoin) of the late Heian period. She was a consort to Emperor Konoe but did not bear him any children and entered religious orders in her mid twenties. Her dharma name was Shōjōkan (清浄観) and her ingō was Kujō-in (九条院).

## Biography

Fujiwara no Teishi was born in 1131 to Fujiwara no Koremichi and a daughter of Fujiwara no Akitaka. She became the adopted daughter of the kanpaku Fujiwara no Tadamichi. Like many Japanese noblewomen of the pre-modern era, the correct reading of her given name is uncertain, and the readings Teishi and Shimeko are speculative on and kun readings, respectively.
In Kyūan 6 (1150) she entered the service of Emperor Konoe, initially as a nyōgo and later become empress (chūgū). This was against the backdrop of between Tadamichi and his brother Yorinaga regarding whose daughter would be the mother of the future emperor. Unfortunately, she did not provide the emperor with an heir, and in Kyūju 2 (1155) she entered religious orders due to illness, taking the dharma name Shōjōkan. In Hōgen 1 (1156) she became Kōgō-gūshiki [ja] and in Hōgen 3 (1158) Kōtaigō-gūshiki [ja]. In Nin'an 3 (1168) she became a nyoin, with Kujō-in as her ingō.
She died in 1176.
# Almire Gandonnière

Almire Gandonnière (3 August 1814, Loué – 25 October 1863, San Francisco) was a French writer, remembered today only as the collaborator with Hector Berlioz of the libretto for La Damnation de Faust (1846), which was based on the translation of Goethe's masterpiece by Gérard de Nerval. Gandonnière, under various pseudonyms, published satires, verses and occasional critical essays in the Paris press.
# Ghuraba

Ghuraba may refer to:
* Ghuraba (Islam), an Islamic eschatological epithet
* Ghuraba, Safad, a former village in Palestine
# Edmond Coignet

Edmond Coignet (4 July 1856 – 1915) was a French engineer and entrepreneur. He has been instrumental in the theory of reinforced concrete.

## Life and achievements

Coignet was the son of industrialist François Coignet (1814–1888) and educated at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École Centrale Paris). He was the inventor of the agglomerated concrete to strengthen the cement with metal inserts. He permanently reoriented the family business to construction. In 1892 he applied his innovative construction methods on the aqueduct of Achères in Paris. Coignet was the first to use reinforced concrete piles and built with the architect Jacques Hermant some of the first Parisian buildings in this material.
# ARB Apex Bank

ARB Apex Bank is a Ghanaian wholesale bank that provides funding and coordination to the Rural & Community Banks (RCBs) in Ghana. In effect it acts as a mini central bank to the Rural banks in Ghana. The acronym ARB stands for the Association of Rural Banks.
In Ghana, rural banks are financed mainly via the Rural Financial Services Project (RFSP), that is a project of the government to solve the operational problems of the rural financial sector.
Every Rural and Community bank in Ghana was mandated to contribute two thousand Ghana cedi to buy shares of the ARB – Apex bank Ltd, to enable the bank become accountable to the rural and community banks. So every rural and community bank in Ghana owns two thousand Ghana cedi worth of shares in Apex Bank. The remaining shares of the bank are also owned by the government of Ghana.

## History

In 1969, the All India Rural Credit Review Committee recommended that Apex co-operative banks directly finance co-operative societies.
* January 2000 - bank was registered as a public limited liability company
* June 2001 - received a banking license
* August 2001 - admitted to the Bankers Clearing House as the 19th member.
* March 2021 - admitted into the Ghana-Sweden Chamber of Commerce.
It started its banking business on 2 July 2002. In 2018, it claimed to be the first bank in Ghana to issue bank cards to EMV standards which allow payments on the Gh-link platform.

## Operations

The apex financial institution lends cash to rural banks who, in turn, provide small credit to small businesses and also support the development of rural projects.
Besides the head office, there are ten branch offices throughout the country, including locations in Bolgatanga, Hohoe, Koforidua, Cape Coast, Kumasi, Sunyani, Takoradi, Wa, Tamale, and Accra.
# Garden Route Botanical Garden

The Garden Route Botanical Garden located in George, Western Cape and borders the Outeniqua Nature Reserve. The Garden focuses on plants native to the Southern Cape region. It also houses the South Cape Herbarium, an Indigenous Nursery, the Getafix Garden Cafe, and the Garden Route Environmental Education Centre. The GRBG is run by a private trust the GRBG Trust – a registered environmental NGO with PBO status.
It includes a nursery, an herbarium, the Moriarty Environmental Centre, and hiking trails. Waterfowl nest in the two dams left from the town's original water supply system. A bust of William John Burchell commemorates his visit to the newly founded town in 1811. In the past, the garden was known as the Van Kervel Nature Garden.
# Kujušići

Kujušići is a village in the municipality of Fojnica, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 62, all Bosniaks.
# Almirante Tamandaré, Paraná

Almirante Tamandaré is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.
# Foumbot

Foumbot is a town and commune in Cameroon.

## Buildings

In 2022, American YouTuber MrBeast built a well in the town.

## Notable people

* Abdoul Njankou (born 1984), footballer
# Giotto (disambiguation)

Giotto may refer to:
* Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337), Italian painter
** Giotto's Campanile, Florence
* Giotto Bizzarrini (1926–2023), Italian automobile engineer
* Giotto Griffiths (1864–1938), Welsh rugby player
* Giotto (spacecraft), a European Space Agency probe that observed Halley's comet
* Ferrero Giotto, a brand of round wafer-based snacks
* Giotto, a Linux bootable floppy disk
* Giotto (work-place integrity test), a psychological test for employers to assess personal integrity
* Giotto, a fictional character in the manga and anime series Katekyō Hitman Reborn!
* 7367 Giotto, a main-belt asteroid
* Giotto (crater), a crater on Mercury
* Giotto is a time-triggered programming language which is included in Giotto system (a programming language, a compiler, a run time system)
# Cornelius, Kentucky

Cornelius is an unincorporated community in Jackson County, Kentucky, United States.
# 2014 Copa Gobierno de Córdoba

The 2014 Copa Gobierno de Córdoba was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It is the only edition of the tournament which was part of the 2014 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Córdoba, Argentina between 20 and 26 October 2014.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| ARG | Diego Sebastián Schwartzman | 89 | 1 |
| COL | Alejandro González | 97 | 2 |
| ARG | Horacio Zeballos | 99 | 3 |
| BRA | João Souza | 104 | 4 |
| ARG | Máximo González | 113 | 5 |
| ARG | Facundo Bagnis | 119 | 6 |
| ARG | Facundo Argüello | 140 | 7 |
| AUS | Jason Kubler | 152 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of October 13, 2014.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Tomás Lipovšek Puches
* Federico Coria
* Renzo Olivo
* Pedro Cachin
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* José Hernández
* Hugo Dellien
* Marco Trungelliti
* Martín Cuevas

## Champions
### Singles

* Alejandro González def. Máximo González, 7–5, 1–6, 6–3

### Doubles

* Marcelo Demoliner / Nicolás Jarry def. Hugo Dellien / Juan Ignacio Londero, 6–3, 7–5
# Garden River

The Garden River is the name of several rivers and places in Canada:
* Garden River (Ontario) in Ontario
* Garden River, Alberta in Alberta
* Garden River 14, Ontario, a First Nations reserve
* Rural Municipality of Garden River No. 490 in Saskatchewan
# Kruševljani

Kruševljani (Serbian Cyrillic: Крушевљани) is a village in the municipality of Nevesinje, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
According to local folklore, the village is the site where the Green Flare, a mythological weapon, was put out.
# Almondell and Calderwood Country Park

Almondell and Calderwood Country Park is a 220-acre (0.89 km$^2$) Country Park in Mid Calder and East Calder in West Lothian, Scotland. It is a 4 star Visitor Attraction (Visitscotland). The Park is split into two main areas, Almondell Park which comprises the Almondell estate which originally belonged to the Erskine family of Broxburn and the Calderwood estate which once belonged to the Barons of Torphichen.

## History

Almondell House and its estate dates to the 18th century. The House was erected in 1786, designed by its owner Henry Erksine, a lawyer. The house was the historic home of the Earls of Buchan (it is now Newnham House in England). Almondell House was demolished in 1969. The coach house and stable buildings of the house were converted into a visitor centre when the country park opened in the 1970s.
The Park also contains the Nasmyth Bridge, spanning over the Almond from the East Calder entrance. The bridge was originally constructed in 1810 to a design by Alexander Nasmyth. It was later completely restored in 1997/1998 following its partial collapse in 1973.
The Almondell Viaduct, also known as the Camps Viaduct, in the park, was built in 1885 to carry an industrial railway over the River Almond between Pumpherston and East Calder. The railway is now disused but the viaduct is in use as a path in the park.
Near to the viaduct is the Canal Feeder Aqueduct, a replica of the famous Iron Bridge in Shropshire. It carries water through a cast-iron trough to the Union Canal at Lin’s Mill (Almond Aqueduct).
A pedestrian suspension bridge was built in the park in 1970. It was renamed the Nelson Mandela Bridge in 1985.

## Facilities and layout

The Almondell Estate follows the line of the River Almond, with paths and trails crisscrossing the river over a variety of bridges. It is a popular location with walkers and families. The Calderwood Estate nearby has paths and trails to explore. The two estates are separated by Mid Calder town centre but are linked together by a path following the line of the Murieston Water.
The Park is served with ample space for visitors’ cars, served by four main car parks. These are situated near Broxburn, Livingston, Mid Calder and East Calder. The North car park is closest to the Visitor Centre (EH52 5PE) which is housed in the former stable block of the Almondell Estate, vending drinks/snacks/gifts, aquarium. exhibition room and function room facilities, Countryside Ranger Service. There are many woodland and riverside walks, BBQ hire, toilet facilities and children's play area.
# Foumani

Foumani is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Kioumars Saberi Foumani (1941–2004), Iranian satirist, writer, and teacher
* Mohammad-Taqi Bahjat Foumani (1913–2009), Iranian Shia Marja
# A Short History of Medicine

A Short History of Medicine is a book by Charles Singer, published in 1928 by Oxford University Press.
# Garlic breath

Garlic breath is halitosis (bad breath) resulting from the consumption of garlic.

## Causes

The major volatile compounds responsible for garlic breath are allyl methyl sulfide, allyl methyl disulfide, allyl mercaptan, diallyl disulfide, dimethyl disulfide and methyl mercaptan, along with minor amounts of dimethyl selenide. Various other sulfur compounds are also produced when allicin in garlic is broken down in the stomach and liver. Out of the many compounds, allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) does not break down quickly and remains in the body in significant amounts hours after consumption, resulting in an odor that can last for hours — or even for as long as two days. AMS is the only one of the garlic-derived organosulfur compounds detectable in the lungs or urine, as well as the mouth, which means that AMS is reabsorbed into the blood stream and travels to other organs for excretion - namely the lungs, kidneys and skin. Anaerobic bacteria, which do not metabolize oxygen, are a main source for producing volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) which cause bad breath.

## Remedies

Mouthwash or breath mints are not particularly effective, since the sulfurous compounds are absorbed into the bloodstream, and exit the body through the lungs and skin. Consuming parsley is a common folk remedy. Studies conducted at Ohio State University have shown that drinking milk can reduce garlic breath. Lettuce, chicory, celery, potato, parsley, mint leaves, peppermint, and basil were shown to be the best remedy according to the study. Eating these foods raw is more effective than heated. Indeed, enzymes that degrade the sulfurous compounds responsible for garlic breath are heat sensitive and found in previously mentioned food.
# Kruševica (Raška)

Kruševica is a village in the municipality of Raška, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 150 people.
# Alton Bay, New Hampshire

Alton Bay is an unincorporated community in the town of Alton in Belknap County, New Hampshire, United States, and is located on Alton Bay, a 4-mile-long (6 km) cove of Lake Winnipesaukee which forms the southernmost point on the lake. The village is part of the Lakes Region, a popular resort area of the state.
Alton Bay is located at the intersection of New Hampshire Route 11 and Route 28A, 1 mile (1.6 km) north of the center of Alton. Route 11 is an east-west highway that crosses the entire state of New Hampshire, connecting Laconia to the west and Rochester to the east. Route 28A is a local highway that joins Route 28 4 miles (6 km) north of Alton Bay.
In 1851, the village became the terminus of the Cochecho Railroad from Dover. The rail line became the Lake Shore Railroad in 1890, continuing west to Lakeport in Laconia. It was in operation until 1935. The MS Mount Washington and its predecessor ships on Lake Winnipesaukee have made Alton Bay a stop since 1872.
Alton Bay is home to the Alton Bay Christian Conference Center, a Christian retreat center and campground organized in 1863 as the Second Advent Camp Meeting, and incorporated as the Alton Bay Camp Meeting Association in 1876. It continues its year-round ministry by hosting retreat groups, summer camps, concerts, speakers, and summer residents, who live there and participate in the services of the Association.
The village has a separate ZIP code (03810) from the rest of the town of Alton.
# Frances Elliot

Frances Elliot may refer to:
* Frances Reed Elliot, the first African American woman accepted into the American Red Cross Nursing Service
* Frances Minto Elliot, English writer
# Corymbia, Queensland

Corymbia (pronounced co-rym-bi-a) is a rural locality in the City of Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia.

## History

In April 2023, the Queensland Government decided to reflect the growing population of the region by creating five new localities named Corymbia, Greenstone, Lilywood, Wagtail Grove, and Waraba by excising parts of the existing localities of Bellmere, Rocksberg, Upper Caboolture, and Wamuran. Corymbia was created from land formerly within Bellmere and Rocksberg.
The locality is named after the tree genus Corymbia; several of the species grow in the Caboolture area.

## Education

There are no schools in Corymbia. The nearest government primary school is Bellmere State School in Bellmere to the east. The nearest government secondary school is Tullawong State High School in Caboolture to the north-east.
# Eduarda Mansilla

Eduarda Damasia Mansilla Ortiz de Rozas de García (1834–1892) was an Argentine writer.

## Biography

She was the daughter of Lucio Norberto Mansilla and niece of Juan Manuel de Rosas Her first novel under her own name was Pablo ou la via dans les pampas in 1869. As the title implies the novel was written in French. It concerned bringing order to the Pampas. The French language had esteem in Argentina and she had spent time in Paris. She also wrote of her visits to the United States where she sympathized with the Native Americans in the United States, while nevertheless emphasizing them as primitive, but also sympathized with the slave-owners of the Confederate States of America. In life she had to deal with men of conflicting political beliefs as her husband was the son of an opponent of Juan Manuel de Rosas.

## Musical influence

Eduarda Mansilla was formally trained to be a musician. Growing up in Buenos Aires she had learned to play the piano. This particular aspect of her up bringing was a result of the prevalent social norms of the times, which dictated that people of high social standing be well versed in music. Mansilla even composed music, and had published some of them.
Her musical training manifested in her writings as well. Music as a subject, its performance, and references to musical instruments are common in her literary works.
# Gastrocolic reflex

The gastrocolic reflex or gastrocolic response is a physiological reflex that controls the motility, or peristalsis, of the gastrointestinal tract following a meal. It involves an increase in motility of the colon consisting primarily of giant migrating contractions, in response to stretch in the stomach following ingestion and byproducts of digestion entering the small intestine. The reflex propels existing intestinal contents through the digestive system helps make way for ingested food, and is responsible for the urge to defecate following a meal.

## Physiology

An increase in electrical activity is seen as little as 15 minutes after eating. The gastrocolic reflex is unevenly distributed throughout the colon, with the sigmoid colon exhibiting a greater phasic response to propel food distally into the rectum; however, the tonic response across the colon is uncertain. Increased pressure within the rectum acts as stimulus for defecation. Small intestine motility is also increased in response to the gastrocolic reflex.
These contractions are generated by the muscularis externa stimulated by the myenteric plexus. A number of neuropeptides have been proposed as mediators of the gastrocolic reflex. These include serotonin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, prostaglandin E1, and gastrin.

## Clinical significance

Clinically, the gastrocolic reflex has been implicated in pathogenesis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): the very act of eating or drinking can provoke an overreaction of the gastrocolic response in some patients with IBS due to their heightened visceral sensitivity, and this can lead to abdominal pain and distension, flatulence, and diarrhea. The gastrocolic reflex has also been implicated in pathogenesis of functional constipation, where patients with spinal cord injury and diabetics with gastroparesis secondary to diabetic neuropathy have an increased colonic transit time.
The gastrocolic reflex can also be used to optimise the treatment of constipation. Since the reflex is most active in the mornings and immediately after meals, consumption of stimulant laxatives, such as sennosides and bisacodyl, during these times will augment the reflex and help increase colonic contractions and therefore defecation.
# Kruševica (Lukavac)

Kruševica is a village in the municipality of Lukavac, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 1,089.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 1,062 | 97.5% |
| Croats | 3 | 0.3% |
| other/undeclared | 24 | 2.2% |
| Total | 1,089 | 100% |
# Gillian Johnston

Gillian Johnston refers to:
* Murder of Gillian Johnston, a chemist and shop worker from Northern Ireland who was murdered by the IRA, in 1988
* Gillian Johnston (polo player), American polo player and patron
# Corymb

Corymb is a botanical term for an inflorescence with the flowers growing in such a fashion that the outermost are borne on longer pedicels than the inner, bringing all flowers up to a common level. A corymb has a flattish top with a superficial resemblance towards an umbel, and may have a branching structure similar to a panicle. Flowers in a corymb structure can either be parallel, or alternate, and form in either a convex, or flat form.
Many species in the Maloideae, such as hawthorns and rowans, produce their flowers in corymbs. The Norway maple and yerba maté are also examples of corymbs.
The word corymb is derived from the Ancient Greek word korymbos meaning "bunch of flowers or fruit".
* Racemose corymb
* Iberis umbellata or candytuft (racemose corymb)
* Cymose corymb
* Sambucus nigra or elder (cymose corymb)