OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles Mennégand

Charles Mennégand (19 June 1822 – 9 January 1885) was a French luthier and a repairer of violins, violas, and cellos. He is considered a superb 19th century French maker of cellos and is consistently counted among the handful of great French makers.

## Early life

Charles Mennégand was born in Nancy on 19 June 1822. He apprenticed in Mirecourt. In 1840 Mennégand began working with Claude Victor Rambaux at Faubourg Poissonnière in Paris, and remained there for five years. He likely worked in Turin, Italy in the second half of the 1840s. He worked with Charles Maucotel from 1851–52, then moved to Amsterdam in 1852 to establish his own independent shop.

## Career

Charles Mennégand was a prolific instrument maker during his years in Amsterdam. He returned to Paris in 1857 and established his shop at 26 rue de Trevise, just north of the Conservatoire de Paris. In Paris, his work was largely concerned with making cellos and with repairs and restoration for which he gained renown and won premier place. Like Rambaux, Mennegand was known for cutting down Golden Age Italian cellos which were viewed as too large to meet the demands of the then modern technical standards. This practice has come to be viewed as barbaric, but Mennégand was noted for the clever delicacy with which he did his first class work. This and his other repair work earned him the designation "consummate repairman".
Mennégand's own cellos are "particularly valued" and "sought after". In A Dictionary of Violin Makers, Cecie Stainer wrote "after his return to Paris [Mennégand] principally made violoncellos, which rank among the best work of the time." Mennégand mostly used Stradivari patterns though he experimented with slightly altered forms. His instruments are characterized as rich and powerfully brilliant. They owe much of their projecting power to the front plate's depth; this modification was the fruition of experiments with Rambaux in the early 1840s.
Charles Mennégand used a reddish-brown spirit varnish with golden highlights and he was very particular about using carefully chosen wood of an even and medium grain. He signed his work internally "C. Mennegand" or used printed labels reading Mennégand / Luthier / 26 rue de Trévise, Paris or C. Mennégand luthier / 26, rue de Trévise, Paris.
In the Universal Dictionary of Violin and Bow Makers, William Henley noted "the critical and judicious labour of this eminent maker deserves universal admiration," and that Mennégand's instruments possess a "tonal quality establishing the real desideratum in bright sonority."
Charles Mennégand died on 9 January 1885 in Villers-Cotterets.

## Awards

* Medal of the 2nd Class, Expositions universelles de Paris, 1855
* Bronze Medal, Expositions universelles de Paris, 1867
* Bronze Medal, Paris Exhibition, 1878
* Premier Place for Repairing
# Charles Louis d'Albert, 5th Duke of Luynes

Charles Louis d'Albert, 5th Duke of Luynes (Marie Charles Louis; 24 April 1717 – 8 October 1771) was a French nobleman and member of the House of Albert. He was the fifth Duke of Luynes as well as Duke of Chevreuse.

## Early life

Luynes was born on 24 April 1717 in Paris at the Hôtel de Luynes on the rue Saint Dominique. He was the only child of Charles Philippe d'Albert de Luynes and his wife Louise Léontine de Bourbon, he was styled the duc de Chevreuse while his father was alive. Charles Louis was the titular Duke of Montfort. Through his mother, a granddaughter of Louis Henri de Bourbon who was an illegitimate son of the Count of Soissons, Charles Louis was also the claimant to the Principality of Neuchâtel in modern-day Switzerland.
His parents were great friends of Queen Marie Leszczyńska, consort of Louis XV of France. At his father's death in 1758, he succeeded to the title of Duke of Luynes.

## Career

He took part in the war in 1733 in the War of the Polish Succession. He also took part in campaigns in 1735 and 1745, the latter in the War of the Austrian Succession, and was injured in combat at Sahay at the head of the Dragoons. He participated in the attack of Prague in 1742, and also assisted in various sieges and battles of the era.
In 1754, he was created a Colonel General of the Dragoons. From 1757 to 1771, he was the Gouverneur de Paris (Military governor of Paris), an ancient and prestigious rank representing the king in the capital. He also was created a Knight of the Order of the Holy Spirit at Versailles on 2 February 1759.

## Personal life

The Duke married twice. His first marriage was to Thérèse Pélagie d'Albert on 22 January 1735; they had no issue.
After the death of his first wife, he married, secondly, to Henriette Nicole d'Egmont-Pignatelli on 27 April 1738 with whom he had three children with:
* Charles Marie Léopold d'Albert, Count of Dunois (1740–1758), who died unmarried.
* Marie Paule Angélique d'Albert (1744–1781) married her cousin Louis Joseph d'Albert d'Ailly, 7th Duke of Chaulnes.
* Louis Joseph Charles Amable d'Albert, Duke of Luynes (1748–1807), who married Guyonne Élisabeth de Montmorency-Laval (aunt of Mathieu de Montmorency) and had issue.
He died in Paris in his hôtel. He was buried at the Chapelle de Saint Jean l'Évangeliste at the Église Saint-Sulpice, Paris.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Charles Louis d'Albert, 5th Duke of Luynes :
# Oregon Route 153

Oregon Route 153 is an Oregon state highway running from OR 18 in Bellevue to OR 221 near Hopewell. OR 153 is known as the Bellevue-Hopewell Highway No. 153 (see Oregon highways and routes). It is 14.34 miles (23.08 km) long and runs east–west, entirely within Yamhill County.
OR 153 was established in 2002 as part of Oregon's project to assign route numbers to highways that previously were not assigned.

## Route description

OR 153 begins at an intersection with OR 18 at Bellevue and heads east to Amity. At Amity, OR 153 overlaps OR 99W for 0.07 miles (0.11 km), heading south. OR 153 then continues east through Hopewell, ending at an intersection with OR 221 1.34 miles east of Hopewell, near the Maud Williamson State Recreation Site. By continuing south on OR 221 (Wallace Road) for 0.3 miles to Wheatland Road, it is possible to cross the Willamette River into Marion County via the Wheatland Ferry.

## History

OR 153 was assigned to the Bellevue-Hopewell Highway in 2002.

## Major intersections

The entire route is in Yamhill County.
| Location | mi | km | Destinations | Notes |
| Bellevue | 0.00 | 0.00 | OR 18 | |
| Amity | 6.23 | 10.03 | OR 99W north | Northern end of OR 99W overlap |
| Amity | 6.30 | 10.14 | OR 99W south | Southern end of OR 99W overlap |
| Near Hopewell | 10.54 | 16.96 | OR 154 | |
| Hopewell | 14.36 | 23.11 | OR 221 | |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Concurrency terminus |||||
# Chascanopsetta

Chascanopsetta is a genus of flatfish in the family Bothidae (lefteye flounders) found in deeper parts of the Pacific and Indian Oceans with a single species, C. lugubris also occurring in the Atlantic Ocean. It contains ten member species.

## Description

Members of this genus have an elongate body and a relatively large mouth, the latter giving rise to the common name pelican flounder (primarily used for P. lugubris). They lack rostral, orbital, or mandibular spines.

## Species

There are currently ten recognized species in this genus:
* Chascanopsetta crumenalis (C. H. Gilbert & Cramer, 1897)
* Chascanopsetta elski Foroshchuk, 1991
* Chascanopsetta danae Bruun, 1937 (Angry pelican flounder)
* Chascanopsetta kenyaensis Hensley & Smale, 1997
* Chascanopsetta lugubris Alcock, 1894 (Pelican flounder)
* Chascanopsetta megagnatha Amaoka & Parin, 1990
* Chascanopsetta micrognatha Amaoka & Yamamoto, 1984
* Chascanopsetta novaeguineae Tongboonkua, Lee & Chen, 2018 (New Guinean pelican flounder)
* Chascanopsetta prognatha Norman, 1939
* Chascanopsetta prorigera (C. H. Gilbert, 1905)
# Chasanow

Chasanow is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Abraham Chasanow (1910–1989), U.S. Navy employee, subject of security investigation
* Deborah K. Chasanow (born 1948), United States federal judge
# Charles Wilkins (chemist)

Charles Wilkins (born 1938) is an American chemist who is a distinguished professor of chemistry and biochemistry at the University of Arkansas and the founding director of the University of Arkansas Statewide Mass Spectrometry Facility.

## Early life and education

Wilkins was born in California. He earned a Bachelor of Science degree from Chapman College and a PhD from the University of Oregon.

## Career

Wilkins was a distinguished professor of chemistry at the University of California, Riverside and a chemistry professor at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. In 1993, Wilkins was a recipient of the Tolman Award.
With Michael Gross, he built the second Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer and they were the first to use it for analytical applications. In November 2020, Wilkins was selected as the chief editor of the International Journal of Analytical Chemistry.
# Charlie Dopékoulouyen

Charlie Dopékoulouyen (born 2 January 1991 in Mobaye) is a Central African footballer who plays as a forward for Raja Casablanca and the Central African Republic.
# Cheburkin

Cheburkin (or Tchebourkine) is a Russian surname. There is also a feminine form for the surname.
* Ivan Nikolaevich Cheburkin (1911–1977) — athlete, champion of the USSR in the marathon, participant in the Great Patriotic War, guard foreman, full holder of the Order of Glory.
* Nikolay Vsevolodovich Cheburkin (1941–2021) — scientist and inventor, author of scientific patents, articles and publications, laureate of State Prizes of the USSR and Russian Federation, Honoured Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (Doctor Nauk), Professor.
* Marina Tchebourkina (born in 1965) — Russian-French organist and musicologist, Doctor of Science (Doctor Nauk) in Science of the Arts.
# Charlotte Lake (California)

Charlotte Lake (also known as Charlotta Lake, or Rhoda Lake) is a lake in the Sierra Nevada, located in Kings Canyon National Park, eastern Fresno County, California. The lake is located on the John Muir Trail, at an elevation of 10,544 feet (3,214 m).
# Chavundaraya Basadi

Chavundaraya basadi or Chamundaraya basadi or Boppa-Chaityalya is one of the fifteen basadis (Jain temples) located on the Chandragiri Hill in Shravanabelagola in the Indian state of Karnataka. Archaeological Survey of India has listed the Chavundaraya basadi in group of monuments in Shravanabelagola as Adarsh Smarak Monument.

## History

Chavundaraya basadi was erected by Chavundaraya during the reign of Ganga King Marasimha II in 982 CE and completed by Chavundaraya's son Jinadeva. The idol of Neminatha, flanked by Chauri bearers, is believed to installed by Hoysala period attributing to the characteristics matching Hoysala art. The temple is also known as Sruta-tirtha (transl. sacred places of scripture) because 10th century Jain Acharya Nemichandra composed Gommatsāra here.
The temple underwent improvement in the 12th century under the rule of Chola Empire. The pyramidal shikhara crowned with domical finial is example of Chola architecture. In c. 12th-century CE, a pillared porch was added to the temple complex.

## Architecture

Chavundaraya basadi along with Suparshwanath, Kattale and Chandragupta basadi is considered the most important for the architecture in Jain temple complex of Chandragiri Hill with Chavundaraya basadi as the finest and largest. This temple is built in Dravidian architecture and famous for its artistry. The temple houses a garbhagriha, pradakshinapatha, open sukansi, navaranga and mukhamandapa. Above the garbhagriha is a dvitala vimana. The garbhagriha houses an idol of Neminatha flanked by Chauri bearers and the one first floor of the vimana houses the image of Parshavanatha installed by Jinadeva in 985 CE.
Chavundaraya basadi is a 68 by 36 feet (21 m × 11 m) two-story shrine with a shikhara built-in Dravidian style. This temple is the largest shrine in Shravanabelagola with ornamental niches with figures of yakshi and Jain monks in padmasan posture. The build Western Gangas style. The architecture of this temple was influenced by Chalukyan style in Aihole and Badami temple complex. The mulnayak of the temple is a black-coloured idol of Neminatha. The temple also houses an idol of Ambika seated under a mango tree with amra-lumbi (mango tree branch) in the right hand and citron in left.
* Shikhara of temple
* Melina basti, on second storey of Chavundaraya basadi
* Sarvahana and Ambika

## Protection

The temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the Archaeological Survey of India.
# Charleston–Mattoon, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area

The Charleston–Mattoon, IL Micropolitan Statistical Area, as defined by the United States Census Bureau, is an area consisting of Coles County in central Illinois, anchored by the cities of Charleston and Mattoon.
As of the 2000 census, the area had a population of 64,449 (though a July 1, 2009 estimate placed the population at 62,781).

## Counties

* Coles

## Communities
### Places with 10,000 to 20,000 inhabitants

* Charleston (Principal city)
* Mattoon (Principal city)

### Places with 500 to 1,000 inhabitants

* Ashmore
* Oakland

### Places with less than 500 inhabitants

* Humboldt
* Lerna

### Unincorporated places

* Etna
* Loxa

## Townships
### Coles County

* Ashmore Township
* Charleston Township
* East Oakland Township
* Humboldt Township
* Hutton Township
* Lafayette Township
* Mattoon Township
* Morgan Township
* North Okaw Township
* Paradise Township
* Pleasant Grove Township
* Seven Hickory Township

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 64,449 people, 25,411 households, and 15,161 families residing within the μSA. The racial makeup of the μSA was 95.98% White, 1.90% African American, 0.20% Native American, 0.68% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 0.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.25% of the population.
The median income for a household in the μSA was $44,206, and the median income for a family was $49,576. Males had a median income of $31,804 versus $20,965 for females. The per capita income for the μSA was $17,162.
# Cheng Peng

Cheng Peng may refer to:
* Peng Cheng, Chinese pair skater
* Cheng Peng (serial killer), Chinese serial killer
# Chekalov

Chekalov is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Valery Chekalov (1976–2023), Russian head of logistics for the Wagner Group
* Vladimir Chekalov (1922–1992), Russian Soviet realist painter
# Chat, Kyrgyzstan

Chat is a village in Jalal-Abad Region of Kyrgyzstan. It is part of the Aksy District. Its population was 372 in 2021.
# Cherokee Village

Cherokee Village may refer to:
* Cherokee Village, Arkansas, a city
* Cherokee Village, Tennessee, an unincorporated community
# Cheap

Cheap may refer to:
* Cheapness
* Cheap (album), debut album from Seasick Steve
* Cheap (ward), London, UK
* Flatwoods, Kentucky, previously known as Cheap
# Cheap As Art

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Pop & Rock Magazine | |
Cheap As Art is the debut album by the Greek alternative rock band Matisse. They depict their debut as "an invocation to lunacy, as art always bowed down to madness".

## Track listing

* "Let Me Go Home"
* "Rock N' Roll For Boys"
* "The Gospel"
* "She Smiles"
* "Fragments Of Life"
* "The Only One I Love Is My Hate"
* "Cosmic Dancer" (T.Rex Cover)
* "Bedroom Eyes"
* "Jealous"
* "Innocent Lie"
* "Song About A Song"
* "Cheap As Art"
* "She Smiles (Cyanna Remix)"
* "Let Me Go Home (Marsheaux Remix)"
* "Pluto"
# Chemin River

The Chemin River is a river in Grenada.
# Chigi

Chigi may refer to:
* Chigi (dog), a crossbreed between a Welsh Corgi and a chihuahua (dog)
* House of Chigi, a Roman princely family
* Chigi (architecture), an element in Japanese architecture
# Children's Hospital (British TV series)

Children's Hospital is a British television fly-on-the-wall documentary series based at the Sheffield Children's Hospital, Birmingham Children's Hospital, and Alder Hey Children's Hospital in Liverpool. It was broadcast on BBC One between 19 October 1993 and 26 February 2003.

## Production

According to scholar Annette Hill, the series had "all the hallmarks of a docu-soap", saying its "personal, melodramatic stories appeal to viewers, with more than 8 million tuning into the first series, despite widespread criticism from the press." Peter Lee-Wright observes that the series marked a transition in fly-on-the-wall documentaries by shifting the emphasis from the practical considerations onto the "human dramas being played out ... [capturing] the pain of the children ... and their parents' rollercoaster rides."

### Music

The theme music was composed by Debbie Wiseman. The music was released as a CD single in 1997, containing full orchestral and piano versions of the theme, alongside the shorter versions used for the opening and closing sequences. The orchestral version was also released on the compilation album World of Sound. A new solo piano performance, titled "Ray of Sunshine", of the theme was included on the 2011 album Wiseman: Piano Stories.

## Transmissions
### Series

| Series | Start date | End date | Episodes |
| 1 | 19 October 1993 | 21 December 1993 | 10 |
| 2 | 20 October 1994 | 22 December 1994 | 10 |
| 3 | 7 January 1997 | 3 June 1997 | 20 |
| 4 | 3 September 1997 | 10 October 1997 | 6 |
| 5 | 21 April 1998 | 17 June 1998 | 12 |
| 6 | 7 September 1998 | 9 November 1998 | 10 |
| 7 | 27 April 1999 | 8 July 1999 | 10 |
| 8 | 18 January 2000 | 29 February 2000 | 6 |
| 9 | 27 June 2000 | 1 August 2000 | 6 |
| 10 | 13 June 2001 | 15 August 2001 | 8 |
| 11 | 26 June 2002 | 7 August 2002 | 6 |
| 12 | 22 January 2003 | 26 February 2003 | 6 |

### Specials

| Entitle | Air Date |
| Christmas Special | 22 December 1997 |
| Philadelphia | 8 December 1999 |
| Russia with Jeremy Spake | 10 December 1999 |
| Christmas Special | 20 December 1999 |
# Chick Hartley

Walter Scott Hartley (August 22, 1880 – July 18, 1948) was an outfielder in Major League Baseball who played in one game for the New York Giants in 1902.
# Chinchipena

Chinchipena is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Chinchipena elettaria Razowski, 1999
# Chhit Makhanpur railway station

Chhit Makhanpur railway station is a railway station on Sahibganj loop line under the Malda railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated beside National Highway 80 at Bhaunathpur Arazi, Akbarnagar in Bhagalpur district in the Indian state of Bihar.
# China Grove Township, Rowan County, North Carolina

China Grove Township is one of fourteen townships in Rowan County, North Carolina, United States. The township had a population of 23,348 according to the 2000 census.
Geographically, China Grove Township occupies 38.64 square miles (100.1 km$^2$) in southern Rowan County. Incorporated municipalities here include the town of China Grove, Landis, and portions of the Cabarrus County city of Kannapolis. The township's southern border is with Cabarrus County.
35°34′01″N 80°33′58″W﻿ / ﻿35.5670492°N 80.5660657°W﻿ / 35.5670492; -80.5660657
* This article about a location in Rowan County, North Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Chinobod

Chinobod (also known as Chinabad) is a town in Baliqchi District, Andijan Region, Uzbekistan. Its population is 24,000 (2016).
# Chinocossus

Chinocossus is a genus of moths in the family Cossidae.

## Species

* Chinocossus acronyctoides (Moore, 1879)
* Chinocossus greeni (Arora, 1976)
* Chinocossus hunanensis (Daniel, 1940)
* Chinocossus marcopoloi Yakovlev, 2006
* Chinocossus vjet Yakovlev, 2006
# Chinocossus greeni

Chinocossus greeni is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by G.S. Arora in 1976. It is found in Sri Lanka.
# Chimaobi Sam Atu

Chimaobi Sam Atu (born 2 April 1982) is a Nigerian politician and real estate developer.

## Biography

Atu was born on 2 April 1982, in Umumba Ndiaga Ugwuaji in Enugu South Local Government Area of Enugu State. In 2006, he completed his bachelor's degree in Enugu State University of Science and Technology.
In 2023, he was elected a member of the National Assembly representing Enugu North / Enugu South Federal Constituency under the Labour Party.
# 1996 Cheltenham Gold Cup

The 1996 Cheltenham Gold Cup was a horse race which took place at Cheltenham on Thursday March 14, 1996. It was the 69th running of the Cheltenham Gold Cup, and it was won by Imperial Call. The winner was ridden by Conor O'Dwyer and trained by Fergie Sutherland. The pre-race favourite One Man finished sixth. There was one fatality in the race when Monsieur Le Cure ridden by Jason Titley took a heavy fall at the 6th fence breaking his neck.
Imperial Call was the first winner of the Gold Cup trained in Ireland since Dawn Run in 1986.

## Race details

* Sponsor: Tote
* Winner's prize money: £131,156.00
* Going: Good
* Number of runners: 10
* Winner's time: 6m 42.4s

## Full result

| | * | Horse | Age | Jockey | Trainer $^†$ | SP |
| 1 | | Imperial Call | 7 | Conor O'Dwyer | Fergie Sutherland (IRE) | 9/2 |
| 2 | 4 | Rough Quest | 10 | Mick Fitzgerald | Terry Casey | 12/1 |
| 3 | 19 | Couldn't Be Better | 9 | Graham Bradley | Charlie Brooks | 11/1 |
| 4 | 3 | Barton Bank | 10 | Tony McCoy | David Nicholson | 16/1 |
| 5 | nk | Young Hustler | 9 | Chris Maude | Nigel Twiston-Davies | 25/1 |
| 6 | 8 | One Man | 8 | Richard Dunwoody | Gordon W. Richards | 11/8 fav |
| 7 | 17 | King of the Gales | 9 | Charlie Swan | John Kiely (IRE) | 50/1 |
| PU | Fence 21 | Dublin Flyer | 10 | Brendan Powell | Tim Forster | 5/1 |
| PU | Fence 15 | Lord Relic | 10 | David Bridgwater | Martin Pipe | 100/1 |
| Fell | Fence 6 | Monsieur Le Cure | 10 | Jason Titley | John Edwards | 14/1 |
* The distances between the horses are shown in lengths or shorter. nk = neck; PU = pulled-up. † Trainers are based in Great Britain unless indicated. Note: Fence 16 was omitted due to the fatal fall of Monsieur Le Cure on the first circuit.

## Winner's details

Further details of the winner, Imperial Call:
* Foaled: February 21, 1989, in Ireland
* Sire: Callernish; Dam: Princess Menelek (Menelek)
* Owner: Lisselan Farms Ltd
* Breeder: Tom O'Donnell
# 1994 European Mountain Running Trophy

The 1994 European Mountain Running Trophy was held in Ponte nelle Alpi, Italy. It was the first European international competition for the sport and preceded the launching of an official European competition by the World Mountain Running Association the following year. It featured a men's race and a women's race, each of which had an individual and team component. The host nation Italy won all four titles, with Andrea Agostini and Nives Curti winning the individual races.

## Results
### Individual

Men :
| Runner | Nation | Time |
| Andrea Agostini | Italy | 41:09 |
| Lucio Fregona | Italy | 41:33 |
| Fabio Ciaponi | Italy | 41:43 |
Women :
| Runner | Nation | Time |
| Nives Curti | Italy | 30:28 |
| Anna Baloghová | Slovakia | 30:57 |
| Lucy Wright | England | 32:17 |

### Team

Men :
| Nation | Points |
| Italy Andrea Agostini Lucio Fregona Fabio Ciaponi | 6 |
| England Mark Croasdale Craig Roberts Ian Holmes | 16 |
| Slovenia Franci Teraž Boštjan Novak Izidor Berčić | 39 |
Women :
| Nation | Points |
| Italy Nives Curti Valeria Colpo | 5 |
| Slovakia Anna Baloghová Andrea Bersová | 11 |
| England Lucy Wright Andrea Priestley | 13 |
# 1997 in Gabon

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events in the year 1997 in Gabon.

## Incumbents

* President: Omar Bongo Ondimba
* Prime Minister: Paulin Obame-Nguema

## Events

* The Synod of the Evangelical Church of Gabon was formed.