OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lausberg area

The Lausberg area is a part of southern Italy, covering much of Basilicata and the northern edge of Calabria, where Southern Italian dialects are spoken that show vowel developments atypical of Italo-Romance. The area is named after Heinrich Lausberg, who brought it to the attention of scholarship in 1939.

## Stressed vowel outcomes

There are three main subdivisions, as can be seen on the map to the right.

### Romanian-like

Dubbed the Vorposten (“outpost”) by Lausberg, this area encompasses the towns of Castelmezzano, Potenza, and Picerno. Here the Latin vowel /i/ merged with /eː/, while /u/ merged with /uː/. The same asymmetric vowel development characterizes Balkan Romance languages such as Romanian.

### Transitional

The western part of Lausberg's Mittelzone (“central area”) encompasses the towns of Lauria, Maratea, Scalea, Diamante, and Verbicaro. Here the majority of words show a stressed vowel development similar to that of Sicilian, although many words show Sardinian-like outcomes as well.

### Sardinian-like

The eastern part of the Mittelzone encompasses the towns of Senise, Tursi, and Oriolo. Here the tonic vowels developed approximately as in Sardinian. There is evidence, however, of an earlier distinction between Latin /eː oː/ and /e o/. In the variety spoken in Senise, for instance, the outcomes of Latin /e/ and /o/ were subject to diphthongization when stressed and followed by a syllable containing a close vowel (namely /i/ or /u/), while the outcomes of /eː/ and /oː/ were not. Cf. Latin /fokum, nepoːteːs/ > */ˈfɔku, neˈpoti/ > [ˈfwokə, nəˈpʊtə].

## Selected lexical comparisons

Below are the (non-metaphonic) stressed vowel outcomes in the three regions, each represented here by one dialect.
| Latin | ˈfiːlum | ˈniwem | ˈteːlam | ˈpedem | ˈpaːnem | ˈkanem | ˈkor | ˈsoːlem | ˈkrukem | ˈluːnam |
| Castelmezzano | ˈfilə | ˈnevə ˈtela ˈperə | ˈnevə ˈtela ˈperə | ˈnevə ˈtela ˈperə | ˈpanə ˈkanə | ˈpanə ˈkanə | ˈkorə ˈsolə | ˈkorə ˈsolə | ˈkrutʃə ˈlunə | ˈkrutʃə ˈlunə |
| Verbicaro | ˈfɪlə ˈnɪva ˈtɪla | ˈfɪlə ˈnɪva ˈtɪla | ˈfɪlə ˈnɪva ˈtɪla | ˈpɛtra | ˈpanə ˈkanə | ˈpanə ˈkanə | ˈkɔrə | ˈsʊlə ˈkrʊtʃa ˈlʊna | ˈsʊlə ˈkrʊtʃa ˈlʊna | ˈsʊlə ˈkrʊtʃa ˈlʊna |
| Senise | ˈfilə ˈnivə | ˈfilə ˈnivə | ˈtɛlə ˈpɛrə | ˈtɛlə ˈpɛrə | ˈpanə ˈkanə | ˈpanə ˈkanə | ˈkɔrə ˈsɔlə | ˈkɔrə ˈsɔlə | ˈkrutʃə ˈlunə | ˈkrutʃə ˈlunə |
| English | thread | snow | canvas | foot | bread | dog | heart | sun | cross | moon |
Here is a comparison of the present indicative conjugations of the verb meaning “to die” in the Mittelzone. Asterisks indicate forms that induce syntactic doubling.
| | San Chirico | Aliano | Castelluccio | Noepoli | Amendolara | Papasidero |
| 1SG | ˈmɔrə | ˈmɔrəjə | ˈmɔrəkə | ˈmɔrə~ˈmuərə | ˈmɔrrə | ˈmɔru |
| 2SG | ˈmwerəsə | ˈmɔrəsə | ˈmuːrəsə | ˈmuərəsə | ˈmuːrəsə | ˈmuːrisi |
| 3SG | ˈmwerətə | ˈmɔrətə | ˈmurə* | ˈmuərədə | ˈmuːrədə | ˈmuri* |
| 1PL | muˈriəmə | muˈrɛmə | muˈrimə | muˈriəmə | muˈrimə | muˈrimu |
| 2PL | muˈriəsə | muˈrɛsə | muˈrisə | muˈriətəsə | muˈritəsə | muˈrisi |
| 3PL | ˈmɔrənə | ˈmɔrənə | ˈmɔrənə | ˈmɔrənə | ˈmuːrənə | ˈmɔrunu |
# Anne Lewis (attorney)

Anne W. Lewis (died 2019) was an American Republican attorney in Georgia. Lewis was known for leading redistricting efforts, campaign finance, and litigation related to voter ID laws on behalf of the Georgia Republican Party. Lewis had been a partner at the law firms Strickland Brockington Lewis and Taylor English. Lewis was an at-large delegate at the 2016 Republican National Convention.
# Gary Nickels

Gary N Nickels (born 1958) is a retired English boxer.

## Boxing career

Nickels was the National Champion in 1978 after winning the prestigious Amateur Boxing Association British flyweight title, boxing out of Repton ABC.
He represented England in the -51 kg flyweight division, at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
He turned professional on 9 October 1978 and fought in 32 fights.
# Gryszkiewicz

Gryszkiewicz is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Adrian Gryszkiewicz (born 1999), Polish footballer
* Piotr Gryszkiewicz (born 2001), Polish footballer
# Emily Skaja

Emily Skaja is an American poet. She is the author of Brute, winner of the Walt Whitman award of the Academy of American Poets in 2018.

## Early life and education

Emily Skaja was raised in Huntley, Illinois. She has a BA in creative writing from Millikin University, an MA in creative writing from Temple University, an MFA in creative writing from Purdue University, and a PhD in creative writing and literature, with a certificate in women's, gender, and sexuality studies, from the University of Cincinnati, where she was also a Taft Summer Research fellow.

## Career

Skaja's first poetry collection, Brute, was published by Graywolf Press in 2019. The collection, with themes of gender, abuse and identity, won the 2018 Walt Whitman Award for poets who have not published a book.
Skaja was the 2014 winner of The Russell Prize for emerging poets from Two Sylvias Press. In 2015, she was awarded the Gulf Coast Prize in poetry. She is also the recipient of a 2015 Thomas H. Scholl and Elizabeth Boyd Thompson Poetry Prize (Purdue University), and the recipient of a 2015 AWP Intro Journals Award.
Skaja is the associate poetry editor of Southern Indiana Review. She holds a Creative Writing Fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts for 2019–2020. She lives in Memphis, Tennessee.

## Selected publications

* Brute, (Graywolf Press, 2019)

## Awards

* Walt Whitman award, Brute, (2018)
* Gulf Coast Prize in Poetry, 2015
* Russell Prize for Emerging Poets, from Two Sylvias Press, 2014
# Alamo Hotel

The Alamo Hotel is a building in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The hotel was constructed in 1886 and then renovated in 1890 and 1899, and served as a traveling stop for ordinary travelers and salesmen. The hotel was converted to apartments in 1968 and is now used to house shops in addition to apartments. The property was listed in 1977.
Sometime after the Colorado Springs Urban Renewal Authority purchased the property in 1974, it was renovated, and several portions of the structure were completely removed, leaving only the south portion and the north tower.
# Krasnozatonsky

Krasnozatonsky (Russian: Краснозатонский; Komi: Гӧрд Затон, Görd Zaton) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of the city of republic significance of Syktyvkar in the Komi Republic, Russia. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 8,603.

## History

In 1983–1990, Krasnozatonsky was a microdistrict of Syktyvkar and did not exist as a standalone inhabited locality.

## Administrative and municipal status

Within the framework of administrative divisions, the urban-type settlement of Krasnozatonsky is incorporated as Krasnozatonsky Urban-Type Settlement Administrative Territory, which is subordinated to the city of republic significance of Syktyvkar. Within the framework of municipal divisions, Krasnozatonsky is a part of Syktyvkar Urban Okrug.
# Gilbert Ramano

Lieutenant General Gilbert Lebeko Ramano SSAS SD MMS MMM MMB (born 7 July 1939) is a South African military commander.

## Career

Ramano was born in Sophiatown. He completed his schooling at Madibane High School and worked as a senior clerk at the WNLA mines depot in Johannesburg from 1961 to 62.
He left South Africa in 1962 to join the armed wing of the African National Congress, uMkhonto we Sizwe (MK). He attended a number of military courses in Tanzania, Egypt (special operations) and the Soviet Union, including a Soviet Army Staff Course in 1971. He returned to South Africa in 1992 and attended the Zimbabwe Army Staff Course in 1994.
In 1995, he attended the SANDF Joint Staff Course and was appointed General Officer Commanding Northern Cape Command in July of that year.
In May 1997 he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Army and on 1 July 1998 he was promoted to lieutenant general and appointed Chief of the Army.

## Honours and awards

In 1999, Lt General Ramano was awarded the Order of the Star of South Africa His awards include the following:$^{:Photo}$
* Star of South Africa (Silver) (SSAS)
* Southern Cross Decoration (SD)
* Merit Medal (Silver) (MMS)
* Military Merit Medal (MMM)
* Merit Medal (Bronze) (MMB)
* Operational Medal for Southern Africa
* South Africa Service Medal
* Unitas (Unity) Medal
* Medal for Distinguished Conduct and Loyal Service (40 Years)
* Service Medal (Gold)
* Service Medal (Silver)
* Service Medal (Bronze)
* Legion of Merit (Commander) (LOM)
* Order of Military Merit (Grand Officer - Grande-Oficial)
# 1928 Dahomeyan Administrative Council election

Administrative Council elections were held in Dahomey in 1928.

## Electoral system

Three members of the Administrative Council were elected from single-member constituencies; Abomey, Ouidah and Porto-Novo. However, the franchise was extremely restricted.

## Campaign

In 1927 the La Voix newspaper was established by political activists in Dahomey. It supported anti-colonial candidates in the elections.

## Results

The candidates supported by La Voix won in all three constituencies; Pierre Johnson was re-elected in Ouidah, whilst the pro-French candidates were defeated in the other two constituencies.
| Constituency | Elected candidate |
| Abomey | Augustinho Olympio |
| Ouidah | Pierre Johnson |
| Porto-Novo | Casimir d'Almeida |
# Lawrence Beyerlinck

Lawrence Beyerlinck (April 1578, Antwerp – 22 June 1627, Antwerp) was a Belgian theologian and ecclesiastical writer and encyclopedist.

## Life

The son of a pharmacist, he prepared at Leuven for the same profession but, deciding to enter the priesthood, he was ordained June, 1602. While a theological student he taught poetry and rhetoric at the college of Vaulx and as pastor of Herent was professor of philosophy at a nearby seminary of canons regular.
In 1605 he came to the ecclesiastical seminary of Antwerp, taught philosophy and theology and later became superior. In 1608 he was canon, censor, and theologian of the church of Antwerp; in 1614 he was made protonotary. Beyerlinck was a priest, a rhetorician, orator, and administrator, and engaged continually in preaching and writing.

## Works

His works are mainly encyclopedic. He wrote, e.g. a second volume (Antwerp, 1611) of the Opus Chronographicum orbis universi a mundi exordio usque ad annum MDCXI (first volume to year 1572 by Opmeer), a collection of lives of popes, rulers, and illustrious men; and the Magnum Theatrum Vitae Humanae (Cologne, 1631, 7 vols; Lyon 1665-6, 8 vols; Venice, 1707, 8 vols), an encyclopedia of information on diverse subjects arranged in alphabetical order. Its scope ranges from theological dissertations to trivialities. It includes articles on beards, and on games. Much of its material was gathered by others, most notably Theodor Zwinger's Theatrum Humanae Vitae, but Beyerlinck gave the work its final form. Other publications are listed in bibliographies.
# Anne Leuchars

Anne Leuchars is a former broadcaster, journalist and news reader who is best known for presenting for ITV News and BBC Radio Newcastle.

## Life and career

Leuchars has worked at HTV West in Bristol, Border TV in Carlisle, Central TV in Nottingham, and also spent 10 years in London with ITN as a newsreader and reporter.
She then spent five years as information officer with Northumberland National Park before joining the BBC in Newcastle.
Leuchars presented the afternoon news programme alongside Jon Harle on BBC Radio Newcastle until 2016.
In 2015, Leuchars released a walking book on hiking with her friend Debby Waldron.
# Gary Nkombo

Gary Chilala Nkombo (born 1 March 1965) is a Zambian politician and businessman. He is Zambia's current Minister of Local Government and Rural Development.

## Career

Nkombo was first elected as an MP in the 2006 Zambian general election representing Mazabuka Central in the National Assembly as a member of the United Party for National Development. He was again elected MP in the 2011, 2016 and 2021 Zambian general elections.
In September 2021, Nkombo was appointed Minister of Local Government and Rural Development.
| Year (s) | Position | Area served | Political Party |
| 2006 - 2011 | Member of Parliament | Mazabuka Central | United Party for National Development |
| 2011 - 2016 | Member of Parliament | Mazabuka Central | United Party for National Development |
| 2016 - 2021 | Member of Parliament | Mazabuka Central | United Party for National Development |
| 2021 - | Member of Parliament | Mazabuka Central | United Party for National Development |
| 2021 - | Minister of Local Government and Rural Development | N/A | United Party for National Development |

## Controversy

In 2022, Nkombo forced a woman brewing kachasu to drink it with her children. After a video circulated on social media, many people expressed disappointment in the minister. A few days later, he apologised to the family and was forgiven.

## Personal life

Nkombo is a teacher by profession, a politician and a businessman. He is married and has two sons and a daughter.
# Dahlia Handicap

The Dahlia Handicap was a race for thoroughbred horses run annually at Hollywood Park Racetrack in Inglewood, California. The Dahlia is open to fillies and mares, age three and up, willing to race one and one-sixteenth miles on the turf. A Grade II was last run 2008.
The race was run in two divisions in 1982, 1983, 1987, 1989, and 1990. It is named in honor of the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame inductee, the great racing mare Dahlia. Born in 1970, died in 2001 at age of 31, Dahlia won the big races in France, in England, in the United States, and in Canada.
Due to problems with the turf course, in 2004 the race was run on dirt and as such for that event was downgraded to a G-III event.

## Records

Speed record:
* 1:40.40 - Stylish Star (1989)
* 1:40.40 - Saros Brig (1989)
Most wins:
* No horse has won this race more than once.
Most wins by a trainer:
* 7 - Robert J. Frankel

## Winners since 1999

| Year | Winner | Age | Jockey | Trainer | Owner | Time |
| 2008 | Vacare | 5 | Jose Valdivia, Jr. | Christophe Clement | Jon & Sarah Kelly | 1:43.17 |
| 2007 | Citronnade | 4 | David Flores | Robert J. Frankel | Stronach Stables | 1:41.49 |
| 2006 | Grande Melody | 3 | Julien Leparoux | Patrick Biancone | H. Joseph Allen | 1:40.96 |
| 2005 | no race | | | | | |
| 2004 | Festival | 5 | Danny Sorenson | Paddy Gallagher | Grand Farm | 1:42.11 |
| 2003 | Katdogawn | 3 | Mike E. Smith | James M. Cassidy | John Cuchna et al. | 1:41.52 |
| 2002 | Tout Charmant (DH) | 6 | Alex Solis | Ron McAnally | Stonerside Stable | 1:44.55 |
| 2002 | Surya (DH) | 4 | Pat Valenzuela | Robert J. Frankel | Flaxman Holdings | 1:44.55 |
| 2001 | Verruma | 5 | Garrett Gomez | James K. Chapman | J. K. Chapman & partners | 1:43.24 |
| 2000 | Follow the Money | 4 | Victor Espinoza | David Hofmans | Christopher & Patricia Elia | 1:40.71 |
| 1999 | Lady at Peace | 3 | Garrett Gomez | Julio C. Canani | Jon & Sarah Kelly | 1:41.50 |

## Earlier winners

* 1998 - Tuzla
* 1997 - Golden Arches
* 1996 - Sixieme Sens
* 1995 - Fidina
* 1994 - Skimble
* 1993 - Kalita Melody
* 1992 - Kostroma
* 1991 - Re Toss
* 1990 - Petalia
* 1990 - Little Brianne
* 1989 - Stylish Star
* 1989 - Saros Brig
* 1988 - Balbonella
* 1987 - Top Corsage
* 1987 - Invited Guest
* 1986 - Aberuschka
* 1985 - Capricorn Belle
* 1984 - Lina Cavalieri
* 1983 - Geraldines Store
* 1983 - First Advance
* 1982 - Sangue
* 1982 - Milingo
# Gross's stinkfish

Gross's stinkfish (Callionymus grossi) is a species of dragonet found in the waters off of northwestern Australia. This species grows to a length of 20 centimetres (7.9 in) TL.
# Al-Fukaha (magazine)

The Arabic-language satirical weekly al-Fukaha (Arabic: الفكاهة; DMG: al-Fukāha; English: "Humour" or "Joke") was published in Cairo between 1926 and 1933. The famous publishing house Dar al-Hilal edited seven volumes with a total of 369 issues. The 48-page periodical largely started with a caricatural cover picture. A large range of caricatures, comics and illustrations supplemented the satirical texts whereby the style was reminiscent of the New Yorker art and Pin-Up-Art of that time. On the one hand the journals satire targeted the Cairo daily life, on the other hand the international social scene. In 1933 Dar al-Hilal combined both journals al-Fukaha and al-Kawakib to the satire magazine Al-Ithnayn (meaning "The Two" in English).
# Htigyaing Township

Htigyaing Township or Tigyaing Township (Burmese: ထီးချိုင့်မြို့နယ်; Shan: ၸႄႈဝဵင်းတီႈၶင်ႉ) is a township of Katha District in eastern Sagaing Region, in northern Myanmar. It lies on the border with the Shan State of Myanmar. The administrative seat is at Htigyaing.
The Shweli River is a tributary of the Irrawaddy and forms part of the northern boundary with Katha Township and part of the eastern boundary with the Shan State. The Indaung Reserved Forest and the Kyauktaung Reserved Forest are located in the eastern part of the township.
Among the towns and villages in Tigyaing Township are: Aledaw, Datwin, Daungbin, Htidawgaing, Myadaung, Tawma and Wundingon.
# Giedrė

Giedrė is a Lithuanian feminine given name derived from the words "giedras, giedra" that mean "bright, clear, joyful".
* GiedRé (full name Giedrė Barauskaitė), Lithuanian-French Lithuanian-born singer-songwriter and humorist
* Giedrė Beinoriūtė (born 1976), Lithuanian filmmaker, screenwriter, and producer
* Giedrė Dirvanauskaitė, Lithuanian cellist
* Giedrė Labuckienė (born 1990), Lithuanian basketball player
* Giedrė Lukšaitė-Mrázková (born 1944), Lithuanian-Czech musician
* Giedrė Rakauskaitė (born 1991), British Paralympic rower
* Giedrė Voverienė (born 1968), Lithuanian orienteer
# Catocala aenigma

Catocala aenigma is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by Leo Sheljuzhko in 1943. It is found in south-eastern Siberia.
# Garlic Island

Garlic Island, or Island Park, is an island in Winnebago County, Wisconsin. The island is located in Lake Winnebago near its west shoreline. The entirety of the island is in the town of Oshkosh. Garlic Island was the wintering site of a British Encampment during the War of 1812. This encampment was led by Col. Robert Dickson, and suffered greatly during the winter of 1813.
# Dale Messer

Lindy Dale Messer (August 6, 1937 – February 27, 2024) was an American football wide receiver who played for five seasons in the National Football League (NFL) for the San Francisco 49ers. He played college football for the Fresno State Bulldogs and was selected by the 49ers in the fourth round of the 1961 NFL draft. Messer died on February 27, 2024, at the age of 86.
# Grétarsson

Grétarsson is an Icelandic patronym, meaning son of Grétar. Notable people with the last name include:
* Arnar Grétarsson (born 1972), Icelandic football manager and former footballer
* Daníel Leó Grétarsson (born 1995), Icelandic footballer
* Helgi Grétarsson (born 1977), Icelandic chess grandmaster
* Hilmar Grétarsson (born 1982), Icelandic journalist
* Hjörvar Steinn Grétarsson (born 1993), Icelandic chess grandmaster
* Reynir Grétarsson (born 1972), Icelandic businessman
* Sigurður Grétarsson (born 1962), Icelandic football manager and former footballer
# 925 (album)

925 is the debut studio album by English indie band Sorry. It was released on 27 March 2020 under Domino Recording Company.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AnyDecentMusic? | 7.7/10 |
| Metacritic | 79/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Beats Per Minute | 76% |
| Clash | 8/10 |
| DIY | |
| Exclaim! | 7/10 |
| The Line of Best Fit | 9.5/10 |
| Loud and Quiet | 8/10 |
| NME | |
| Paste | 6.9/10 |
| Pitchfork | 7.7/10 |
925 was met with generally favorable reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, this release received an average score of 79, based on 15 reviews.

### Accolades

Accolades for 925 :
| Publication | Accolade | Rank |
| Stereogum | Stereogum's 50 Best Albums of 2020 – Mid-Year | 7 |
| Stereogum | The 50 Best Albums of 2020 | 20 |
| Under the Radar | Under the Radar's Top 100 Albums of 2020 | 35 |

## Charts

Chart performance for 925 :
| Chart | Peak position |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 49 |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 13 |

## Release history

Release formats for 925 :
| Country | Date | Format | Label | Ref. |
| Various | 27 March 2020 | CDdigital downloadstreamingvinyl | Domino Music | |
# Gilbert W. Fitzhugh

Gilbert W. Fitzhugh (1911 – December 29, 1997) was an American actuary who became a businessman and community leader in New York City. William was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, then attended Princeton University. After graduating in 1930 he started work for Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, and by 1963 had risen to president; then became their CEO when Frederick H. Ecker retired. Fitzhugh passed all the examinations of the Society of Actuaries in 1934, but based on their rules he was made to wait until age twenty-five for admission as a fellow. He went on to serve as president of the society in 1965 and 1966. In 1963 he started a program of insurance company investment in rehabilitating urban housing, and was praised by Lyndon B. Johnson for an "Historic contribution to your country". In 1972 he was head of the New York City's Chamber of Commerce.
After retiring in 1973, Fitzhugh contracted Alzheimer's disease; and died of it at age 88 in nursing home in Hightstown, New Jersey.
# 1929 Regis Rangers football team

The 1929 Regis Rangers football team was an American football team that represented Regis College as an independent during the 1929 college football season. In their second season under head coach Red Strader, the Rangers compiled a 3–7 record and outscored opponents by a total of 156 to 153.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 28 | Colorado Agricultural | Denver, CO | L 0–14 | |
| October 5 | at Colorado | Colorado StadiumBoulder, CO | L 13–27 | 5,000 |
| October 12 | at Mount St. Charles | Butte, MT | W 13–0 | |
| October 19 | at 20th Infantry | Cheyenne, WY (Fort D.A. Russell) | W 56–0 | |
| October 26 | Chadron State | Denver, CO | L 6–13 | |
| November 2 | 1st Infantry (Fort D.A. Russell) | Denver, CO | L 12–18 | |
| November 9 | at Western State (CO) | Gunnison, CO | L 23–25 | |
| November 16 | at Colorado Mines | Golden, CO | L 0–7 | |
| November 23 | Colorado Teachers | Denver, CO | W 13–0 | |
| December 7 | Denver | DU StadiumDenver, CO | L 18–32 | |
# Casseus

Casseus is a Haitian surname. It may refer to:
* Frantz Casseus, Haitian guitarist
* Gabriel Casseus, American actor and screenwriter
* Marlie Casseus, Haitian woman with polyostotic fibrous dysplasia
# Gastroclonium reflexum

Gastroclonium reflexum is a small red alga (Rhodophyta) reported from Ireland and Britain.

## Description

This small alga grows to about 6 cm long: the fronds grow from a branched holdfast are reflexed and form haptera where they meet the rock. The branches are hollow, terete to 6 cm long and constricted by septa giving a beaded appearance. The secondary branching is dichotomous, distichous. In colour they are dark purplish red. The species is very similar to Chylocladia verticillata with which it may be confused. Spermatangia, cystocarps and polysporangia have been recorded.

## Distribution

Gastroclonium is widely distributed in the north Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, where it grows epilithically or epiphytically in the littoral or sublittoral zones.
In Great Britain, it has been recorded from Cornwall, Devon, Sussex, Norfolk, Pembrokeshire and Glamorgan. It was first recorded from Ireland by W.H.Harvey as Chylocladia reflexa Leorm. and published in 1846. Outside the British Isles, Gastroclonium has been recorded from the Channel Islands, Spain, Portugal, the Canary Islands, the Mediterranean Sea, Namibia, Morocco and South Africa.

## Records

Specimens collected from Lough Swilly by W. Sawers in 1854 are now preserved in the Ulster Museum (BEL) (F7058; F7059 and F7060) were redetermined as Chylocladia verticillata by Guiry as Chylocladia verticillata.