OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles August Selby

Charles August Selby (24 October 1755 – 15 March 1823) was an English-Danish merchant and landowner. He built the Bækkeskov manor house at Præstø and Orupgaard on Falster. The Baron's oldest son, the politician and landowner, Charles Borre Selby, inherited the estate.

## Early life

Selby was born in London, the son of Thomas Selbye (1711-1787), the owner of Biddlestone, Northumberland. He was educated by English Benedictine monks in Douai in Flanders,

## Career in commerce

Selby came to Copenhagen in around 1770 and in 1771 became a partner in William Chippendale's firm which had interests in the Union House sugar refinery. He was also associated with the Copenhagen firm of Selby & Co., which later became Selby & Ter-Borch, and in 1795, the company was taken over by Selby's partner, the Austrian consul Thomas Ter-Borch. Selby developed a profitable interest in West-Indian trade until 1795-

## Personal life and property

Charles Selbye married Birgitte Kirstine Borre (1757-1809) on 26 November 1777. She was a daughter of Selbye's neighbor, tobacco manufacturer Peter Borre and Sophia Aagaard.
In 1795, he bought Bækkeskov and the Bredeshave farm. There, he was successful in introducing English and Flemish methods of farming. He built a Neoclassical manor at Bækkeskov but surprisingly sold it again in 1805 for reasons unknown. Selby was styled as Baron in 1796.
After his first wife died in 1809, he bought Orupgård on the island of Falster, redesigning the manor and developing farming there. Through his second wife, he acquired Güldenstein in Holstein together with several farms in the vicinity where he applied model approaches to cattle farming and forestry for the remainder of his life.
Selbye purchased the house at Strandgade 24 in 1780. He sold it in 1785 but reacquired it in the first half of the 1790s. From his correspondence, it can be seen Selby was a well-educated, gentlemanly figure with an interest in art and aesthetics. He demonstrated strong affinities with Denmark, donating considerable sums for the reconstruction of its fleet.
# Charity, Guyana

Charity is a small township in Guyana, located in the Pomeroon-Supenaam Region No.2, which is part of the Essequibo County.
The government of Charity is managed by the Charity/Urasara Neighbourhood Democratic Council. Charity has a recently constructed Magistrate’s Court. St Francis Xavier Roman Catholic Church is in Charity,
Alfro Alphonso, a businessman in the area, established Charity’s only five-story structure, a landmark in the area.
The fish port at Charity buys from fishermen and sells to the domestic and international markets.

## History

In 1640, the area was settled by the Dutch as part of Pomeroon. The cotton plantation Vryden Hope was located at present day Charity. The plantation was later abandoned and in 1840 resettled by Portuguese as a coffee plantation. In 1908, the government of British Guiana bought the lands and started constructing a road along the coast. In 1928, a medical centre opened which was converted to a hospital in 1935.

## Charity Market

Charity has a market each Monday, and hosts more than 300 vendors. Most of the produce sold at the market come from the surrounding Essequibo Coast and Pomeroon areas, and merchants from Georgetown sell wares as well.
In 2012, tarmacs were installed to improve the market, but merchants have been slow to move due to perception that street side locations are more competitive. This has led to issues of parking and other strains on the limited infrastructure.
As an active business hub, the area is also inundated with visitors, so the town struggles with waste disposal. Garbage accumulation has led to flooding by blocking the drainage system during rains.

## Location

Charity is located on the Pomeroon River which provides a gateway to this part of Guyana's interior and Venezuela. Many Guyanese use this waterway to travel back and forth between Guyana and Venezuela where they work. It is a central focus for the farmers who live in this area. They bring their products to this location and from here it is transshipped to other townships such as Anna Regina and Parika, and to the capital city of Georgetown.
# Charata

Charata is a city in the province of Chaco, Argentina. It has 26497 inhabitants as per the 2010 census [INDEC], and is the head town of the Chacabuco Department and the most important city in the southwest of Chaco, located 280 km from the provincial capital Resistencia.

## History

The city was founded by provincial decree on 4 October 1914.
Charata is the important settlement closest to the Campo del Cielo crater meteoric dispersion (originated by the impact of a large metallic meteoroid, probably around 3800 BCE).
# Charles Cotton (geologist)

Sir Charles Andrew Cotton KBE (24 February 1885 – 29 June 1970) was a New Zealand geologist and geomorphologist, described as one of the leading scientists that New Zealand has produced.

## Early life and family

Born in Dunedin, Cotton was educated at Christchurch Boys' High School, where he lost the sight in his left eye because of a schoolmate's prank. In 1908 Cotton graduated from the University of Otago with an MSc, with first-class honours in geology.

## Academic career

Cotton was then director of the Coromandel School of Mines from 1908 to 1909, and geology lecturer at Victoria University College from 1909 to 1920, when he was appointed to the newly created chair of geology. He retired in 1953, and that year was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal. In the 1959 Queen's Birthday Honours, Cotton was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire. According to Cotton himself an important development to his scientific career was the introduction of air mail to New Zealand allowing letters to arrive or be received from Europe within two weeks.
Cotton was a leading New Zealand scientist, and became an international authority on geomorphology through the publication of his books and papers, the most notable of which include Geomorphology of New Zealand (1922), Landscape (1941), Geomorphology (1942), Climatic Accidents in Landscape Making (1942), Volcanoes as Landscape Forms (1944), The Earth Beneath (1945), Living on a Planet (1945), and New Zealand Geomorphology (1955).
Cotton's work became the inspiration for much of Colin McCahon's landscape painting.

## Legacy

Cotton is considered to be one of the leading scientists New Zealand has yet produced. Victoria University of Wellington has named a building to honour Cotton. The building on the Kelburn campus contains a low-rise block with science departments, a group of lecture theatres and laboratories and "Cotton Street", an enclosed concourse with shops and displays.
# Charidia

Charidia is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae.

## Species

Recognised species in the genus Charidia include:
* Charidia lucaria (Hewitson, 1868)
# Charles Davenport (manufacturer)

Charles Davenport (May 25, 1812 – February 14, 1903) was a manufacturer of passenger cars for railroads, and made some of the first of these cars used in the United States.

## Biography

Charles Davenport was born in Newton Upper Falls, Massachusetts on May 25, 1812. After learning to build coaches and carriages, he went into business for himself in 1832 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1834, as the firm of Davenport & Bridges, he entered upon the business of building railroad cars. For some years, his firm also built locomotives. As a car builder, his was not only a pioneer firm in the United States, but for the 22 years during which he carried on the business his was the largest car establishment in the country, having factories at Cambridgeport, and from 1840 to 1850 also at Piermont and Newburg, New York.
He built his first cars for the Boston and Worcester Railroad, early in 1835. They were after the pattern of a long omnibus built on four wheels, seating 24, to be entered by a central door upon either side, and from a step running the length of the car, as on late 19th century street cars. Within the car, the fixed seats faced all one way, and were separated on either side by a central aisle the length of the car. The car was turned about on a turntable at the end of each trip.
The next series of cars were built with seats that had reversible backs, thus obviating the need of turning around the car itself. In 1837 he built the entrance door and platform steps at the ends of the car, instead of the side, thus opening a passageway through a train from car to car. In 1838-1839 he built the first 8-wheel car, to seat 60, and in 1840 the first 16-wheel car, to carry 76 passengers.
In 1849, business reverses cost Davenport a good deal of his wealth, but he made a recovery in years after. In 1856 he retired from business, having constructed over $4,000,000 worth of cars for over fifty different railroads in the United States and Cuba.
In retirement, he traveled much. He was an advocate and promoter of many public improvements in and about the city of Boston. Among others, he originated the earliest plan for the Boston Back Bay park, and the Charles River embankment improvement in Cambridge.
He died in Watertown, Massachusetts on February 14, 1903.
# Charikleia Sakkoula

Charikleia Sakkoula (born (1973-12-18)18 December 1973) was a Greek female volleyball player. She was part of the Greece women's national volleyball team.
She competed with the national team at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. She played with Panathinaikos in 2004.

## Clubs

* Panathinaikos (2004)
# Charles François Gand

Charles François Gand (1787–1845) was one of the foremost violin makers/luthier and dealers of his time.
Known as Gand Père, Charles François Gand was the son and pupil of Charles Michel Gand, a violin maker who was living in Mirecourt around 1750, before coming to Versailles in 1780.
Charles Francois first worked with Nicolas Lupot from 1802 to 1810, then joined his father's workshop (some of the instruments from this period are labeled as made between 1807 and 1816). At the death of his father in 1820, Charles François Gand took over the workshop of Jean Gabriel Koliker at 24 rue Croix-des-Petits-Champs in Paris. He married Nicolas Lupot's adopted daughter and succeeded Lupot in 1824.
Charles François Gand is considered as one of the important French violin makers. His instruments are typical of the French school of this period and the finest examples are very much influenced by Lupot. They are bold and powerful, coated with a rich red-brown or orange-brown varnish on a golden/yellow ground. His collaborators in the shop included: Auguste Sebastien Bernardel, Georges Chanot (1821), Joseph Louis Germain (1840–1845) and Pierre Silvestre (1824–1829). At Charles François Gand's death in 1845, his son and pupil, Charles Adolphe Gand, succeeded him.
Gand was appointed luthier to the Royal Court of France and Paris Conservatoire. He completed a set of instruments begun by Lupot for the Royal Orchestra, but most of them were destroyed in a fire at the Tuileries in 1871. Charles Francois Gand is ranked as a serious rival to both Nicolas Lupot and Jean-Baptiste Vuillaume as a luthier. His work is superb and mainly on the Stradivari models.

## Honors and awards

* Luthier de la Musique du Roi (Luthier of the King's Music)
* Luthier de l'Ecole Royale de Musique (Luthier of the Royal School of Music)
* Luthier du Conservatoire Royal de Musique (Luthier of the Royal Music Conservatory)
# Ganeshipur Uperhar

Ganeshipur Uperhar is a small locality in Saidabad Block of Handia region situated in Prayagraj district, Uttar Pradesh, India. The native language of Ganeshipur Uperhar is Hindi and Urdu.This village consist of two primary school one PHC and Panchayat Bhavan. The current village head is Mr. Suresh Jaishwal And B.D.C. Mr. Vinod Tiwari Ex Village head was Rajbali Yadav And B.D.C. Shri Tribhuwannath Tiwari

## Geography

Ganeshipur Uperhar is located at 25°20'5"N to 82°5'54"E. It has an average elevation of 92 metres (301 feet). It is the village comes near on the way of NH-2 also popularly known as G.T. Road (Grand Trunk Road) National highways of India Ganga or Ganges is the only main river in this area. It consists of a canal nearbuy its cultivated land ,naming bairagiya naala and small ponds near by this village. It has a very big area of cultivated land naming kachhar.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census, Ganeshipur Uperhar Village has a population of 4.74 k (4,742) with 2.76 k (2,756) males and 1.99 k (1,986) females.The sex ratio in Ganeshipur Uperhar is 721, indicating a below-average ratio compared to the national average of 943.
In 2024, Ganeshipur Uperhar Village current estimated population is projected to be 5.63 k (5,630), indicating a 18.72% increased from Ganeshipur Uperhar's population in the 2011 census. In 2024, the estimated male population is 3.26k, and the estimated female population is 2.37k.
Ganeshipur Uperhar Village has a literacy rate of 74.5%.

## Transportation

The nearest railway station to Ganeshipur Uperhar (Brahmin Basti) is Saidabad and Handia Khas, which is located in and around 6.0 and 14.0 kilometer distance.Other stations and their distances from Mamakudi: Handia Khas railway station, 14.0 km. Meja Road railway station,16.1 km. Bheerpur railway station, 17.6 km. Birpur railway station, 13.6 km. Unchdih railway station, 15.2 km. The nearest airport to Ganeshipur Uperhar (Brahmin Basti) is Prayagraj Airport, situated at 40.1 km distance. A few more airports around Ganeshipur Uperhar are as follows: Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport, 76.5 km. Sultanpur Airport, 103.4 km.
# Alucita pectinata

Alucita pectinata is a moth of the family Alucitidae. It is found in Greece.
# Federation of Entertainment Unions

The Federation of Entertainment Unions (FEU) is a joint representative body based in the United Kingdom, representing workers in TV, theatre, film, music, gaming, cinema, publishing, new media, professional football and other performing arts.
The body was established in 1968 as the Confederation of Entertainment Unions. In 1991, two of its larger members merged to form the Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union (BECTU), and it was reconstituted under its current name.
As of 2017, FEU comprises what is now the BECTU section of Prospect along with, Equity, the Musicians Union, the National Union of Journalists, the Professional Footballers' Association, Unite and the Writers' Guild of Great Britain - around 130,000 members in total are in the relevant sections of these unions.
The FEU takes up issues that are of common interest among these unions, providing joint responses to policy consultations, offering jointly-managed training and campaigning services for members of those unions.

## Presidents

    1968: George Elvin
    1970: Alan Sapper
    1991: Position abolished
# Armed Forces Retirement Home – Washington

The Armed Forces Retirement Home – Washington is a retirement home for retirees of the United States Armed Forces located in the Park View neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The complex forms an historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007. President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home is on the campus.

## History

The Armed Forces Retirement Home was established as the northern branch of the United States Military Asylum in 1851. The property was originally the country estate of Washington banker George Washington Riggs. The government purchased the estate's 197 acres (80 ha) and an additional 58 acres (23 ha) using an endowment collected by General Winfield Scott. He had received $150,000 in lieu of pillaging during his occupation of Mexico City in 1847. The facility was known as the U.S. Soldiers' Home from 1859 to 1972 and as the U.S. Soldiers’ and Airmen's Home from 1972 to 2001. It has been known as the Armed Forces Retirement Home – Washington since 2001.
Four American Presidents, James Buchanan, Abraham Lincoln, Rutherford B. Hayes and Chester A. Arthur, summered at the home. Lincoln spent a quarter of his presidency in residence. It was here that he worked on the final draft of the Emancipation Proclamation in 1862. While no fighting took place on the site during the American Civil War it was used as a signal post. Given the elevation Lincoln was able to view various skirmishes that arose nearby. Military officers that are associated with the home's operation include Generals Winfield Scott, William Tecumseh Sherman, Philip Sheridan and Surgeon General Joseph K. Barnes.

## Architecture

The historic district includes a collection of 19th and early 20th century buildings and extensive historic landscapes. There are 39 contributing buildings and a total of 140 contributing properties that date from 1842 to 1951. The Lincoln Cottage is the centerpiece of the property. It is the original Gothic Revival-style cottage known as Corn Rigs. It was built from 1842 to 1843 as the home for George Riggs. Development of the asylum began in 1852 when the Riggs home was enlarged and the placement of a flagstaff, which marks the establishment of a military installation. The next three masonry buildings were completed by 1857. Other buildings were constructed over next century. The grounds also include recreational areas, statuary, war relics, and other features.
# Guareí River (Mato Grosso do Sul)

The Guareí River is a river of Mato Grosso do Sul state in southwestern Brazil.
# Dineutus productus

Dineutus productus is a species of whirligig beetle in the family Gyrinidae. It is found in North America.
# 2012 Copa Sony Ericsson Colsanitas – Doubles

Edina Gallovits-Hall and Anabel Medina Garrigues are the defending champions, but Medina Garrigues decided to participate instead at the 2012 Qatar Ladies Open. Edina Gallovits-Hall choose to participate with Karin Knapp, but they lost in the semifinals.
Eva Birnerová and Alexandra Panova won the title, they defeated Mandy Minella and Stefanie Vögele in the final, 6–2, 6–2.

## Seeds

* Eva Birnerová / Alexandra Panova (champions)
* Sharon Fichman / Sun Shengnan (first round)
* Tetiana Luzhanska / Kathrin Wörle (first round)
* Maria Abramović / Marie-Ève Pelletier (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | E Birnerová A Panova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | K Castiblanco P Ormaechea | 2 | 0 | | 1 | E Birnerová A Panova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Auroux M Irigoyen | 6 | 6 | | | M Auroux M Irigoyen | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | G Dulko P Suárez | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | 1 | E Birnerová A Panova | 6 | 5 | [12] | | | | |
| 4 | M Abramović M-È Pelletier | 6 | 3 | [3] | | | | | | | T Babos V Savinykh | 4 | 7 | [10] | | | | |
| | T Babos V Savinykh | 1 | 6 | [10] | | T Babos V Savinykh | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | L Arruabarrena-Vecino E Cabeza Candela | 6 | 6 | | | L Arruabarrena-Vecino E Cabeza Candela | 4 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Cadanțu IR Olaru | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | E Birnerová A Panova | 6 | 6 |
| | L Domínguez Lino R Oprandi | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | M Minella S Vögele | 2 | 2 |
| | MF Alves J Cohen | 1 | 0 | | | L Domínguez Lino R Oprandi | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Gallovits-Hall K Knapp | 7$^{12}$ | 2 | [10] | | E Gallovits-Hall K Knapp | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | T Luzhanska K Wörle | 6$^{10}$ | 6 | [4] | | | | | | | E Gallovits-Hall K Knapp | 3 | 7 | [6] | | | | |
| | L Costas-Moreira I Ferrer Suárez | 2 | 6 | [5] | | | | | | | M Minella S Vögele | 6 | 5 | [10] | | | | |
| | M Minella S Vögele | 6 | 0 | [10] | | M Minella S Vögele | 4 | 6 | [11] | | | | | | | | | |
| | C Castaño M Duque-Mariño | 6 | 6 | | | C Castaño M Duque-Mariño | 6 | 3 | [9] | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | S Fichman S Sun | 2 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 2012 Liège–Bastogne–Liège

The 2012 Liège–Bastogne–Liège was the 98th running of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège, a single-day cycling race. It was held on 22 April 2012 over a distance of 257.5 kilometres (160.0 miles), starting in Liège and finishing in Ans, via Bastogne in the Ardennes region of Belgium. It was the thirteenth race of the 2012 UCI World Tour season.
The race was won by Astana rider Maxim Iglinsky after catching Liquigas–Cannondale's Vincenzo Nibali in the closing stages of the race after Nibali had attempted to win the race with a 20 km (12.4 mi) attack. Iglinsky caught him with around 1 km (0.6 mi) to go, and eventually won by 21 seconds over Nibali, while Amstel Gold Race winner Enrico Gasparotto rounded out the podium placings for Astana. Defending race-winner Philippe Gilbert (BMC Racing Team) could only finish sixteenth in the race, almost 90 seconds down on Iglinsky.

## Participating teams

As Liège–Bastogne–Liège was a UCI World Tour event, all 18 UCI ProTeams were invited automatically and obliged to send a squad. Seven other squads were given wildcard places into the race, and as such, formed the event's 25-team peloton.
The teams that were invited – wildcard teams denoted by * – were:
| Accent.jobs–Willems Veranda's* Ag2r–La Mondiale Argos–Shimano* Astana BMC Racing Team Euskaltel–Euskadi FDJ–BigMat Garmin–Barracuda GreenEDGE | Team Katusha Lampre–ISD Landbouwkrediet–Euphony* Liquigas–Cannondale Lotto–Belisol Movistar Team Omega Pharma–Quick-Step Rabobank | RadioShack–Nissan Saur–Sojasun* Team Europcar* Team Saxo Bank Team Sky Team Type 1–Sanofi* Topsport Vlaanderen–Mercator* Vacansoleil–DCM |

## Results

| | Cyclist | Team | Time | UCI World Tour Points |
| 1 | Maxim Iglinsky (KAZ) | Astana | 6h 43' 52" | 100 |
| 2 | Vincenzo Nibali (ITA) | Liquigas–Cannondale | + 21" | 80 |
| 3 | Enrico Gasparotto (ITA) | Astana | + 36" | 70 |
| 4 | Thomas Voeckler (FRA) | Team Europcar | + 36" | – |
| 5 | Dan Martin (IRE) | Garmin–Barracuda | + 36" | 50 |
| 6 | Bauke Mollema (NED) | Rabobank | + 36" | 40 |
| 7 | Samuel Sánchez (ESP) | Euskaltel–Euskadi | + 36" | 30 |
| 8 | Michele Scarponi (ITA) | Lampre–ISD | + 36" | 20 |
| 9 | Ryder Hesjedal (CAN) | Garmin–Barracuda | + 36" | 10 |
| 10 | Jelle Vanendert (BEL) | Lotto–Belisol | + 36" | 4 |
# 2012 Lithuanian nuclear power referendum

An advisory referendum on the construction of a new nuclear power station was held in Lithuania on 14 October 2012, alongside parliamentary elections. The proposal was rejected by 65% of voters.

## Background

The Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant, being of a similar design to the Chernobyl plant, was considered too dangerous by the European Commission and it was closed in 2009, as part of a deal agreed when Lithuania joined the EU in 2004. A referendum in 2008 had seen a large majority (89%) vote in favour of keeping the plant open, but the low turnout of 48% (with the threshold set at 50%) invalidated the result. After closing the Ignalina plant, the country became dependent on energy supplies from neighbouring Russia. Plans to build a new 1,350MW nuclear power plant at Visaginas by 2020–2022 were subsequently developed by the Lithuanian government together with Latvia, Estonia and the Japanese company Hitachi. Lithuania would own 38% of the plant, Estonia 22%, Latvia 20% and Hitachi 20%.
On 16 July the Seimas made a decision to hold an advisory referendum on the construction of the new plant by a vote of 62–39. The proposal to hold a referendum was opposed by the ruling Homeland Union – Lithuanian Christian Democrats, which accused opposition parties of seeking to make political capital out of the issue prior to the elections. Former President Valdas Adamkus described the decision to hold the referendum as "nonsense," asking "What if the nation decides against, and the government decides to build it?

## Results

| Choice | Votes | % |
| For | 463,966 | 35.23 |
| Against | 853,163 | 64.77 |
| Invalid/blank votes | 43,953 | – |
| Total | 1,361,082 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 2,588,418 | 52.58 |
| Source: VRK |||