OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Euler operator (digital geometry)

In solid modeling and computer-aided design, the Euler operators modify the graph of connections to add or remove details of a mesh while preserving its topology. They are named by Baumgart after the Euler–Poincaré characteristic. He chose a set of operators sufficient to create useful meshes, some lose information and so are not invertible.
The boundary representation for a solid object, its surface, is a polygon mesh of vertices, edges and faces. Its topology is captured by the graph of the connections between faces. A given mesh may actually contain multiple unconnected shells (or bodies); each body may be partitioned into multiple connected components each defined by their edge loop boundary. To represent a hollow object, the inside and outside surfaces are separate shells.
Let the number of vertices be V, edges be E, faces be F, components H, shells S, and let the genus be G (S and G correspond to the b$_0$ and b$_2$ Betti numbers respectively). Then, to denote a meaningful geometric object, the mesh must satisfy the generalized Euler–Poincaré formula
The Euler operators preserve this characteristic. The Eastman paper lists the following basic operators, and their effects on the various terms:
| Name | Description | ΔV | ΔE | ΔF | ΔH | ΔS | ΔG |
| MBFLV | Make Body-Face-Loop-Vertex | +1 | | +1 | | +1 | |
| MEV | Make Edge-Vertex | +1 | +1 | | | | |
| MEFL | Make Edge-Face-Loop | | +1 | +1 | | | |
| MEKL | Make Edge, Kill Loop | | +1 | | −1 | | |
| KFLEVB | Kill Faces-Loops-Edges-Vertices-Body | −2 | −n | −n | | −1 | |
| KFLEVMG | Kill Faces-Loops-Edges-Vertices, Make Genus | −2 | −n | −n | | | +1 |

## Geometry

Euler operators modify the mesh's graph creating or removing faces, edges and vertices according to simple rules while preserving the overall topology thus maintaining a valid boundary (i.e. not introducing holes). The operators themselves don't define how geometric or graphical attributes map to the new graph: e.g. position, gradient, uv texture coordinate, these will depend on the particular implementation.
# Anders Szalkai

Pal Anders Szalkai (born 17 April 1970 in Bårslöv, Helsingborg Municipality, Skåne) is a long-distance runner from Sweden. He represented his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in the men's marathon, finishing in 64th place. Szalkai won the 2001 edition of the Stockholm Marathon.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Sweden ||||||
| 1994 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 46th | Marathon | 2:21:42 |
| 1996 | Olympic Games | Atlanta, United States | 64th | Marathon | 2:24:27 |
| 1998 | European Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 25th | Marathon | 2:17:40 |
| 1999 | World Championships | Seville, Spain | 32nd | Marathon | 2:23:18 |
| 2001 | Stockholm Marathon | Stockholm, Sweden | 1st | Marathon | 2:18:17 |
| 2001 | World Championships | Edmonton, Canada | 39th | Marathon | 2:28:33 |
# Akar

Akar is a Turkish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Furkan Akar (born 2002), Turkish short track speed skater
* Hulusi Akar (born 1952), Turkish Army general
* Meltem Akar (born 1982), Turkish female boxer
* Nasuh Akar (1925–1984), Turkish sports wrestler
* Rıdvan Akar (born 1961), Turkish journalist and author
* Zeina Akar (born c. 1964), Lebanese politician
* Zeki Akar (born 1944), Turkish judge
# Green Valley, South Dakota

Green Valley is a census-designated place (CDP) and unincorporated community in Pennington County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,051 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 3.7 square miles (9.6 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 768 people, 314 households, and 211 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 206.9 inhabitants per square mile (79.9/km$^2$). There were 321 housing units at an average density of 86.5 per square mile (33.4/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the CDP was 95.57% White, 2.73% Native American, 0.13% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, and 1.43% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.08% of the population.
There were 314 households, out of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 23.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 4.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.90.
In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 23.4% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 31.4% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.3 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $35,767, and the median income for a family was $42,981. Males had a median income of $30,268 versus $16,176 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,111. About 7.0% of families and 11.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.7% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.

## Education

The CDP is divided between the Douglas School District and the Rapid City School District 51-4.
# Charles A. Cooke

Charles Alston Cooke, or Cook (c. 1848–1917) was an American politician and jurist in North Carolina and later in Oklahoma.
Cooke served as a member of the North Carolina House of Representatives and the North Carolina Senate, representing Warren County, as U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina (1889–1893) and later as an associate justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court (1901–1903).
Cooke moved to Muskogee, Oklahoma in 1903 and became a prominent lawyer and politician there as well. A Republican, he was elected to the Oklahoma House of Representatives in 1908 and was his party's unsuccessful nominee for the Oklahoma Supreme Court in 1912 and for Congress in 1914.
# Dichomeris cocta

Dichomeris cocta is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1913. It is found in Assam, India.
The wingspan is 17–18 mm (0.67–0.71 in). The forewings are ochreous fuscous, the costal edge suffused with yellow ochreous. The stigmata are dark fuscous, the discal approximated, the plical obliquely before the first discal. There are some dark fuscous dots around the posterior part of the costa and termen. The hindwings are grey.
# Happyland, Oklahoma

Happyland is an unincorporated community in Pontotoc County, Oklahoma, United States. It is about 8 miles east of Ada on Oklahoma State Highway 1.
Happyland has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names. Sign theft of the Happyland sign has been reported.
# Glenavon, Saskatchewan

Glenavon (2016 population: 182) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of Chester No. 125 and Census Division No. 5. It is accessed from Highway 48.

## History

Glenavon incorporated as a village on April 13, 1910.

### Murder of Anna Juswiak

On May 5, 1950, 23-year old Polish émigrée Anna Juswiak boarded a train in Regina bound for Glenavon, where she was to meet friends of her fiancé, Stanley Kisilowski. On May 6, Juswiak's body was discovered in the backyard of a Glenavon home, "her head battered by a blunt instrument." Subsequently, Royal Canadian Mounted Police interviewed a man registered as "Leo Beaudry" from Portage la Prairie at a hotel in Kipling, identifying him as 25-year old John Woltucky, an ex-military and ex-convict using an alias, who had been released from penitentiary in Prince Albert on April 17, 1950. Woltucky was previously serving out a three-year sentence for illegal possession of a firearm, five charges of housebreaking, and theft of a parka. Police were initially "convinced that Woltucky did not answer to the description of the man they were looking for," but, with additional information from authorities in Glenavon, picked up Woltucky at the train station minutes before he was to board an outbound train. Among his personal effects, police discovered a bank book belonging to Ms. Juswiak. Two women from Kipling, Mrs. Lars Pearson and Mrs. Alf Johnston, identified Woltucky as having disembarked the train in Glenavon accompanying Juswiak.
The trial of John Woltucky proved sensational for the small town of Glenavon, where, "nothing like it had ever happened before in the peaceful community." In multiple newspapers, the murder of Anna Juswiak was initially reported as a shooting. During the trial, Glenavon's population of roughly 250 was "augmented by some 200 non-residents." According to Regina Leader-Post reporter Robert Tyre, "the murder itself was overshadowed by the antics of the villagers who deserted home, business, and family en masse to prowl and poke about the scene of the crime like an army of Scotland Yard detectives gravely and earnestly searching for clues."
Woltucky was convicted and found guilty twice, both times sentenced to the death penalty. During his detainment, he underwent psychological testing at Weyburn's Souris Valley Mental Health Hospital, from which he escaped on July 2, 1951 and was later re-apprehended.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Glenavon had a population of 179 living in 97 of its 110 total private dwellings, a change of -1.6% from its 2016 population of 182. With a land area of 1.29 km$^2$ (0.50 sq mi), it had a population density of 138.8/km$^2$ (359.4/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Glenavon recorded a population of 182 living in 108 of its 121 total private dwellings, a 3.3% change from its 2011 population of 176. With a land area of 1.32 km$^2$ (0.51 sq mi), it had a population density of 137.9/km$^2$ (357.1/sq mi) in 2016.
# Eugene N. Lane

Eugene Numa Lane (August 13, 1936 in Washington, DC – January 1, 2007, Columbia, MO) was an American classical philologist and archaeologist.

## Life

The son of linguist George Sherman Lane, he attended Episcopal High School in Alexandria, Virginia and studied from 1954 to 1958 at Princeton University (Salutatorian), then at Yale (MA 1960, Ph.D. 1962). Winning a Fulbright Scholarship, he spent a year studying at the American School of Classical Studies in Athens, Greece before taking a faculty position at the University of Virginia from 1962 to 1966. He then went on to teach at the University of Missouri from 1966 to 2000. In the course of his career at the University of Missouri, he was chairman of the Classics Department and served as the Director of Graduate Studies. He taught courses in ancient and modern Greek, along with Latin and others covering classical civilizations. In 1992 he taught once again at the American School of Classical Studies where he was the director of the institution's first summer session. In 2000 he became professor emeritus at the University of Missouri.
He died of complications of Parkinson's disease on New Year's Day 2007.

## Published works

Eugene Lane's main interest was the study of the ancient religions, especially the influence of eastern cults in the Roman Empire. He major works were on the cults of the Men and Sabazios, both deities with Anatolian origins.
* Corpus Monumentorum Religionis Dei Menis (= Etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain vol. 19). Vol. I-IV, Brill, Leiden 1985–1989.
* Corpuscultus Iovis Sabazii (= Etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire romain, vol. 100). Bd. II-III, Brill, Leiden 1985–1989, ISBN 90-04-06951-8; ISBN 90-04-07149-0; ISBN 90-04-08974-8.
* Paganism and Christianity. A source book. Fortress Press, Minneapolis 1992, ISBN 0-8006-2647-8.
* Cybele, Attis, and Related Cults: Essays in Memory of M.J.Vermaseren (Leiden, Brill, 1996). [Served as general editor and contributed one article on the subject of the Galli.]
# Andrew Armstrong Kincannon

Andrew Armstrong Kincannon (1859-1938) was the chancellor of the University of Mississippi from 1907 to 1914. He served as Mississippi's state superintendent of schools.

## Biography

He was born in Noxubee County, Mississippi in on 2 August 1859. In 1884, he graduated from the National Normal University of Ohio. He taught at Mississippi A&M College, now known as Mississippi State University, and was superintendent of the new public school system in Meridian, Mississippi. He was also president of the Industrial Institute and College, now known as Mississippi University for Women. From 1907 to 1914, he served as chancellor of the University of Mississippi. He died in New Orleans on 10 December 1938 and was buried in Columbus, Mississippi.
# Ahmadiyya Militia

The Ahmadiyya Militia was raised during the 1947 Partition of India to protect members of the Ahmadiyya Muslim branch from communal violence, based on the guidance from their founder, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, that violence could be used only in defensive wars.
# Charaxes pseudophaeus

Charaxes pseudophaeus, the false dusky charaxes, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Mozambique and eastern Zimbabwe. The habitat consists of evergreen forests and the fringes of Brachystegia woodland.
The larvae feed on Brachystegia spiciformis.

## Taxonomy

It may be a subspecies of Charaxes chintechi Charaxes pseudophaeus is a member of the large species group Charaxes etheocles.
# Die Nacht (film)

Die Nacht ("The night") is a 1985 West German installation film directed by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg. It consists of a six hours long monologue performed by Edith Clever, who reads texts by Syberberg and many different authors, such as Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Heinrich von Kleist, Plato, Friedrich Hölderlin, Novalis, Friedrich Nietzsche, Eduard Mörike, Richard Wagner, William Shakespeare, Martin Heidegger, Samuel Beckett and chief Seattle. The film was screened out of competition at the 1985 Cannes Film Festival.
Die Nacht has primarily been shown as an exhibition at art galleries, where viewers have been welcome to come and go as they please. Syberberg has said: "The gesamtkunstwerk I formerly strove for, now [with Edith Clever] became a theater of the world within one person ... where film and theater came together for me. The film on the stage, and the theater in the film." The film won the Deutscher Filmpreis for Best Direction and Best Actress.
# Charles Ainsworth

Charles Ainsworth may refer to:
* Charles Ainsworth (politician) (1874–1956), British businessman and politician
* Charles Ainsworth (footballer) (1885–1955), English footballer
# Hans Wilhelm Hammerbacher

Hans Wilhelm Hammerbacher (2 November 1903 – 1980) was a German writer and, in Nazi Germany, a member of the Sturmabteilung.

## Biography

Hammerbacher was born in Nuremberg; he was the younger brother of architect Herta Hammerbacher. A physically weak child, he studied social sciences and gained his Ph.D. Having regained his health, in 1928 he bought a house in the mountain resort of Lech (Vorarlberg), Austria, with his father's inheritance. He was living in Lech when he joined the NSDAP on 25 April 1933. On 28 February 1934 he joined the SA; since the party was legally banned in Austria, he was imprisoned for five months and then deported to Germany. In 1938, following the Anschluss, he was made Kreisleiter for Feldkirch and then in early 1939 for Bregenz. He joined the Wehrmacht in mid-1940 and served in Norway, after which he was appointed to the party council in Munich. In 1943 he was a Bereichsleiter in Wieluń in the Reichsgau Wartheland, where he stayed until the end of the war.
He was imprisoned until 1948 and then retreated into obscurity, with his wife and children, and died in 1980. He wrote a dozen books promoting a kind of Germanism, in which he proposed that ancient Germanic polytheism had been destroyed by Christian missionaries, particularly Saint Boniface, whose destruction of the Donar Oak was the subject of his Die Donar Eiche: Geschichte eines Heiligtums.
# Gleina

Gleina is a municipality in the Burgenlandkreis district, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 2009 it has included Baumersroda and Ebersroda.
# Eucamptognathus dieganus

Eucamptognathus dieganus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Alluaud in 1897.
# Andrew Ashe

Andrew Ashe (c. 1758–1838) was an Irish flautist who became director of the Bath concerts.

## Life

Ashe was native of Lisburn and born in about 1758. He was educated in music at Woolwich. "On account of reverses of fortune, his parents were about removing him, when Count Bentinck adopted the lad, took him to the Continent, and secured for him a musical education. He devoted himself to the flute, and rose to be principal player in Brussels, Dublin, and London, successively — being one of the first to use the additional keys. After engagements in the Italian opera, in 1810 he became director of the Bath concerts. In Bath he was able to launch the career of the singer Elizabeth Clendining who he had met years before at the Dublin Rotunda concerts. He introduced her to Venanzio Rauzzini who gave her singing lessons.
Ashe spent the last years of his life in retirement in Dublin, and died in 1838. His wife and daughter were celebrated pianists."
# Ahmed Ibrahim Hamed

Ahmed Ibrahim Hamed (born 12 January 1954) is an Egyptian chess International Master (1987).

## Chess career

From the early 1980s to the end of 1990s, Hamed was one of Egypt's leading chess players. In 1987 in Subotica he participated in the World Chess Championship Interzonal Tournament where ranked in 16th place.
Hamed played for Egypt in the Chess Olympiads:
* In 1980, at second reserve board in the 24th Chess Olympiad in La Valletta (+1, =0, -3),
* In 1984, at first reserve board in the 26th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki (+5, =3, -3),
* In 1990, at first reserve board in the 29th Chess Olympiad in Novi Sad (+3, =1, -4),
* In 1998, at second reserve board in the 33rd Chess Olympiad in Elista (+3, =2, -2).
Hamed was awarded the International Master (IM) title in 1987.
# 1976 Campeón de campeones

The 1976 Campeon de Campeones was the 34th edition of this Mexican Super Cup football match played by:
* League winners: América
* Copa México: UANL
Was played on August 15, 1976, at México DF, in a single match, to extra time.

## Match details

Club América: :
| | Francisco Castrejón |
| | René Trujillo |
| | Javier Sánchez Galindo |
| | Miguel Ángel Cornero |
| | Mario Pérez |
| | Javier García |
| | Antonio de la Torre |
| | Cesáreo Victorino |
| | Carlos Reinoso |
| | Alcindo Marta da Fleitas |
| | Hugo Enrique Kiesse |
| Substitutes: |||
| | Cristóbal Ortega |
| | Enrique Borja |
| Manager: |||
| Raúl Cárdenas ||||
UANL: :
| | Mateo Bravo |
| | René Pérez |
| | Roberto Gadea |
| | Orlando Bandala |
| | Navarro |
| | Héctor González |
| | Alberto Rodríguez |
| | Enrique Washington Olivera |
| | Gerónimo Barbadillo |
| | Freyre |
| | Tomás Boy |
| Substitutes: |||
| | Mendoza |
| | O. R. Rodríguez |
| Manager: |||
| Claudio Lostanau ||||
# Dick Handley

Richard H. Handley (May 22, 1922 – February 8, 2012) was an American football player who played at the center and linebacker positions.
A native of Tulare, California, he attended Corcoran High School and then played college football for Visalia Junior College and the Fresno State Bulldogs. During World War II, he served in the United States Marine Corps and played football for the El Toro Flying Marines football team. After the war, he returned to Fresno State and received his degree in 1947.
He signed to play professional football in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the San Francisco 49ers but was traded to the Baltimore Colts. He played for the Colts during the 1947 season, appearing in a total of 14 AAFC games, three as a starter.
Handley quit the Colts after one season to return to school, obtaining a master's degree in education. He served as Fresno State's freshman football coach in 1948. In 1949, he was hired as the head football coach Porterville College. He later worked as a coach at Fresno City College and also served as an administrator from 1965 to 1978. In the 1970s, he developed a program at Fresno City College specializing in serving disadvantaged and physically handicapped students. After retiring, he continued to live in Fresno. He died in 2012 at age 89.
# Charles Ainsworth (politician)

Colonel Charles Ainsworth (25 February 1874 – 10 April 1956) was a British businessman and Conservative politician.
He was born at Ingol, near Preston, Lancashire. Following a private education, he entered the family textile business of Charles Ainsworth and Company Limited, of which he eventually became chairman and managing director. He married Clara Middlemost in 1902, and they had three children.
In the First World War he served in the Middle East as an officer in the Lancashire Fusiliers. Following demobilisation in 1918, he was to maintain his connection with the regiment, becoming the commanding officer of the 5th (Territorial) Battalion from 1928 to 1933, and being awarded the brevet rank of colonel.
At the 1918 general election he was elected MP for Bury, and held the seat until 1935. In 1931 he was elected to the Grand Council of the Primrose League.
Apart from his business and political interests he was master of the Holcombe Hunt from 1928 to 1933, and a member of the Church Assembly.
He died at his home in Milton-under-Wychwood, Oxfordshire, in 1956, aged 82.
# Harburg-Wilhelmsburg

Harburg-Wilhelmsburg was a city in the Prussian Province of Hanover briefly in existence from 1927 and 1937, resulting from the merger of the cities of Harburg and Wilhelmsburg. In 1937, Harburg-Wilhelmsburg, along with the cities from the Prussian Province of Schleswig-Holstein, Altona and Wandsbek, is annexed to Hamburg in the Greater Hamburg Act. Despite its incorporation into Hamburg, Harburg continued to be the district capital of the Hanoverian district of Harburg. In 1944, the district capital was transferred to Winsen (Luhe).
Today, the former city takes up the major part of the borough of Harburg.
53°28′00″N 9°59′00″E﻿ / ﻿53.4667°N 9.9833°E﻿ / 53.4667; 9.9833
* This Hamburg location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Euphorbia virosa

Euphorbia virosa, the Gifboom or poison tree, is a plant of the spurge family Euphorbiaceae. It has a short main stem, usually twisted, from which 5–10 cm branches emerge. These leafless branches have 5 to 8 edges. Paired thorns grow in regularly spaced intervals from the edges.
Euphorbia virosa is commonly distributed from the Orange River in South Africa to Southern Angola, and occurs throughout the Namib Desert, mainly on rocky slopes. The plant contains within the branches a milky and creamy substance with carcinogenic properties. This substance is very poisonous and is used by San (Bushmen) to dip the tips of their hunting arrows. Contact with it causes skin irritation, and if the eyes are afflicted, blindness may occur.
# Andreas Cellarius

Andreas Cellarius (c. 1596–1665) was a Dutch–German cartographer and cosmographer best known for his 1660 Harmonia Macrocosmica, a major star atlas.

## Life

He was born in Neuhausen, and was educated in Heidelberg. The Protestant Cellarius may have left Heidelberg at the onset of the Thirty Years' War in 1618 or in 1622, when the city came into Catholic hands. His activities are unclear at this time, but based on his later works, it is conjectured that he spent time in Poland where he may have worked as a military engineer.
In 1625, he married Catharina Eltemans in Amsterdam, where he worked as a schoolmaster at a Latin school. After a brief stay in The Hague, the family moved to Hoorn. From 1637 until his death, he was rector of the Latin School in Hoorn, where Pieter Anthoniszoon Overtwater was conrector.
The minor planet 12618 Cellarius is named in his honour.
# Akio Mizuta

Akio Mizuta (水田 章雄, Mizuta Akio, born July 11, 1973) is a Nippon Professional Baseball pitcher for the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks in Japan's Pacific League.