OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Failla

Failla is a surname. Notable bearers include:
* James "Jimmy Brown" Failla (1919–1999), senior caporegime with the Gambino crime family
* Paul J. Failla (born 1972), former American football and baseball player and coach
* Polk Failla (born 1969), United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York
* Clayton Failla (born 1986), Maltese professional footballer
* Gioacchino Failla (1891–1961), Italian-born American physicist
# Alsab

Alsab (1939–1963) was an American Hall of Fame Thoroughbred racehorse.

## Background

Alsab was bred in Kentucky by Thomas Piatt. His sire was Good Goods, and his dam was Winds Chant. Buyers were not interested in him, and Alsab was sold in 1940 for only $700 to Albert Sabath. He was named after his new owner.

## Racing career

As a two-year-old, Alsab won the Washington Park Futurity, Champagne Stakes, and Mayflower Stakes.
In his three-year-old season, he was ridden by Basil James. He finished second to Shut Out in the Kentucky Derby and then won the Preakness Stakes. In the third leg of the Triple Crown he finished second to Shut Out in the Belmont Stakes.
On September 19, 1942, Alsab defeated the 1941 U.S. Triple Crown Champion Whirlaway in a match race at Narragansett Park in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.

## Assessment and awards

Alsab was voted the 1941 U.S. Champion Two-Year-Old Colt. He also won 1942 U.S. Champion Three-Year-Old Colt honors.
In the Blood-Horse magazine List of the Top 100 U.S. Racehorses of the 20th Century, Alsab was voted #65. In 1976, he was inducted in the United States' National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame.

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Alsab :
| Sire Good Goods bay 1931 | Neddie black 1926 | Colin | Commando |
| Sire Good Goods bay 1931 | Neddie black 1926 | Colin | Pastorella |
| Sire Good Goods bay 1931 | Neddie black 1926 | Black Flag | Light Brigade |
| Sire Good Goods bay 1931 | Neddie black 1926 | Black Flag | Misplay |
| Sire Good Goods bay 1931 | Brocastelle bay 1915 | Radium | Bend Or |
| Sire Good Goods bay 1931 | Brocastelle bay 1915 | Radium | Taia |
| Sire Good Goods bay 1931 | Brocastelle bay 1915 | Pietra | Pietermaritzburg |
| Sire Good Goods bay 1931 | Brocastelle bay 1915 | Pietra | Briar-Root |
| Dam Winds Chant brown 1931 | Wildair bay 1917 | Broomstick | Ben Brush |
| Dam Winds Chant brown 1931 | Wildair bay 1917 | Broomstick | Elf |
| Dam Winds Chant brown 1931 | Wildair bay 1917 | Verdure | Peter Pan |
| Dam Winds Chant brown 1931 | Wildair bay 1917 | Verdure | Pastorella |
| Dam Winds Chant brown 1931 | Eulogy bay 1913 | Fair Play | Hastings |
| Dam Winds Chant brown 1931 | Eulogy bay 1913 | Fair Play | Fairy Gold |
| Dam Winds Chant brown 1931 | Eulogy bay 1913 | St. Eudora | St. Simon |
| Dam Winds Chant brown 1931 | Eulogy bay 1913 | St. Eudora | Dorothea |
# Alsen, South Dakota

Alsen is an unincorporated community in Union County, South Dakota, United States. It is located nine miles southwest of Beresford and is on the border between Clay and Union counties.

## History

Alsen was named by Olof Erickson in honor of his birthplace, Alsen Parish, Jamtland District, Sweden. Olof Erickson was an early homesteader as well as the town's first blacksmith. Alsen started when Erickson established his blacksmith shop in 1871. Erickson established the Alsen post office in 1874 and served as its first postmaster. The post office was closed in 1900.
During its early days, Alsen had a creamery, a general store, a telephone exchange, a harness shop, a blacksmith shop, and a Model T garage. The creamery closed in 1933. The garage was sold in 1938. Part of the Alsen store was remodeled into living quarters in 1948. The telephone exchange was the Alsen Community Telephone Company, a cooperative serving rural customers in Clay and Union Counties. It was one of the first exchanges to switch from operators to dial telephones in 1952, and again early in switching to all push-button calling in 1965. It was sold to Dakota Cooperative Telephone Company, Inc. in 1970 but the exchange still operates with a 253 prefix and maintains equipment in Alsen.
# Alma Wash

Alma Wash is an arroyo located in the U.S. state of California. It is located in San Diego County.
# Fairview Creek

Fairview Creek is a 5-mile (8.0 km) tributary of the Columbia Slough in the U.S. state of Oregon. The creek forms in a wetland near Grant Butte in Gresham and flows north for 5 miles (8.0 km) to Fairview Lake in Fairview. Grant Butte, rising to 602 feet (183 m) above sea level, is one of eight dormant volcanic formations near Gresham. Fairview Creek begins northeast of the butte at an elevation of 278 feet (85 m) and falls to an elevation of 10 feet (3.0 m) at the lake.
The creek is a former tributary of the Columbia River, which it reached by flowing north through wetlands in the Columbia's floodplain. In the early 20th century, an artificial channel diverted the water from these wetlands to the Columbia Slough, a tributary of the Willamette River. In 1960, water managers built a dam to create Fairview Lake for water storage and recreation. The lake covers about 100 acres (40 ha) and is 5 feet (1.5 m) to 6 feet (1.8 m) deep. Fairview Creek has two named tributaries, No Name Creek, and Clear Creek. A smaller stream, Osburn Creek, also flows into Fairview Lake, which empties through a weir and culvert system on the west side of the lake into the upper slough.
In 2002, the City of Gresham adopted a plan for a 5.2-mile (8.4 km) hiking and biking trail to run partly along the creek. The trail was designed to provide a north-south connection between the Springwater Corridor Trail along Johnson Creek to the south and the 40-Mile Loop trail along the Columbia River. As of 2008, a 1.24-mile (2.00 km) segment of the trail between Northeast Halsey Street and Northeast Burnside Road was open to the public. Unfinished segments between Northeast Halsey and the Springwater Corridor are expected to be ready by autumn 2009. If so, at that point 3.49 miles (5.62 km) of the trail will be open to the public.
# Altamura Painter

The Altamura Painter was a classical Greek vase painter. Today about 127 different vases are attributed to him. Many of them were different types of pottery, such as amphorae, kraters, pelikei, and many others. The Altamura Painter's pottery work is dated from 475 BC to 425 BC. He mostly painted mythical gods and goddesses, as well as ordinary people.
The Altamura Painter was the stylistic "older brother" of the Niobid Painter. They worked on new techniques which gave their characters different levels of depth and space on the paintings. He worked with the style known as the red-figure technique, which was an evolution from a technique known as black–figure. Many of his vases were discovered in parts of Southern Italy. Some were also found in Athens.
He worked in a workshop in Greece with the Niobid Painter and with other painters such as the Geneva Painter, the Painter of London, the Painter of Berlin Hydria, and the Blenheim Painter.. The workshop shows that the vases that were made there were most likely sold for a large profit, because of the time that was taken to make the vases.
The Altamura Painter is often confused with the Blenheim Painter because they have very similar style as a result of them working in the same workshop. They both picked up art styles making them look similar. His style of painting is predominantly focused on the characters in the paintings. He made his characters very detailed, showing special facial features and extreme details on their clothes as well, showing them in a different unique view.
# Alucita butleri

Alucita butleri is a species of moth of the family Alucitidae. It is known from South Africa.
# Alucita cancellata

Alucita cancellata is a moth of the family Alucitidae. It is found in France, Spain, Italy, Croatia, Romania and the Republic of Macedonia. It was first described from Syria and is further known from Iran, Israel, Turkey and Russia.
The wingspan is 15–16 mm. The forewings are white, with four subquadrate fuscous spots edged with black on the anterior half of the costa. The hindwings are white, the basal area ochreous tinged and spotted with dark fuscous.
# Alucita bridarollii

Alucita bridarollii is a moth of the family Alucitidae. It is found in Paraguay.
# Faizah Jamal

Faizah binte Haji Ahmad Jamal is a Singaporean academic who served as a Nominated Member of Parliament from 2012 to 2014. She was educated at Raffles Girls' School, the National University of Singapore (Bachelor of Laws) and King's College London (Masters in Environment Law).
# Almas Bobby

Almas Bobby is a Pakistani transgender activist and former television host. She is the President of the Shemale Foundation Pakistan.
In July 2018, Almas Bobby declared Rs. 100 million of assets in the tax amnesty scheme.
# Alucita granata

Alucita granata is a species of moth of the family Alucitidae. It is known from Mozambique.
# Alucita huebneri

Alucita huebneri is a moth of the family Alucitidae. It is found in most of Europe, except Ireland, Great Britain, the Benelux, Fennoscandia, Latvia, the Baltic region, Ukraine and Slovenia. The habitat consists of mesotrophic meadows, colline and montane hay meadows on altitudes between 200 and 400 metres.
The wingspan is about 15 mm. Adults are on wing from May to June and in September.
The larvae feed on Scabiosa, Centaurea and Knautia species. They live within the flowers and on seeds of their host plant.
# Alto Baudó

Alto Baudó (Spanish pronunciation:) is a municipality and town in the Chocó Department, Colombia.
The municipality contains part of the Utría National Natural Park.

## Climate

Alto Baudó has a very wet tropical rainforest climate (Af). The following data is for Pie de Pato, the capital of the municipality.
Climate data for Pie de Pato :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.7 (85.5) | 29.7 (85.5) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.5 (85.1) | 29.4 (84.9) | 29.3 (84.7) | 28.7 (83.7) | 28.9 (84.0) | 29.0 (84.2) | 29.4 (84.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.8 (78.4) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 26.2 (79.2) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.9 (78.6) | 25.4 (77.7) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.6 (78.1) | 25.9 (78.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.4 (72.3) | 22.5 (72.5) | 22.2 (72.0) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.3 (72.1) | 22.4 (72.3) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 461.3 (18.16) | 407.3 (16.04) | 401.1 (15.79) | 557.7 (21.96) | 516.7 (20.34) | 567.4 (22.34) | 582.7 (22.94) | 643.7 (25.34) | 570.9 (22.48) | 567.8 (22.35) | 619.2 (24.38) | 494.5 (19.47) | 6,390.3 (251.59) |
| Average rainy days | 14 | 12 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 18 | 202 |
| Source: ||||||||||||||
# Alter Motor Car Company

The Alter Motor Car Company, of Plymouth, Michigan, produced over 1,000 automobiles between 1914 and 1916.
The company was organized on January 26, 1914, by Guy Hamilton, F.M. Woodward, and other local residents. Construction of the factory started in the spring of 1914. Soon after, they started production of the Alter designed by Clarence Alter of Manitowoc, Wisconsin. The car was made from component parts shipped to Plymouth by rail and then assembled at the Farmer Street factory.
At its peak, the factory employed 100 people, and produced 25 vehicles a day. January 1917, the company went into receivership, and closed. The factory building still stands on Farmer Street near downtown Plymouth, across from the Cultural Center. In 2000 it was restored and, as of October 2007, is home to the C.D. Sparling Co., a small manufacturing company.
The 1914 model was a five-passenger touring car. A roadster was later introduced. The 1916 Alter model was described as "the classy look and finish of the higher priced cars", by the Plymouth Mail (local newspaper) on March 3, 1916. The 1916 model had a 27 horsepower 4-cylinder engine, 12 US gallons (45 L; 10 imp gal) fuel tank under the cowl, with a wheelbase of 108 inches (2,700 mm). The 1916 Alter sold for $685.

## Rarity

Only one Alter model is still known to exist, car No. 75, a 1915 model Alter. In 1959, Mr. & Mrs Dale Blair from Upper Sandusky, Ohio, drove to Plymouth to see the factory where the vehicle was built. He later displayed the vehicle in the Old Car Festival at Greenfield Village in Dearborn, Michigan. Clarence Moore, a charter member of the Plymouth Historical Society eventually bought the car. It is now on display at the Plymouth Historical Museum.
# Falound Kalan

Falaund Kalan is a village in Sangrur in Punjab, India.

## History

The village name came from the foundries that were used to melt iron (folad) for the state of Malerkotla. A large mound near the Chupka village in the administrative land of Falaund Khurd offers evidence of that. The area was once called Banger, as its dialect was different from central Punjab.
Ahmed Shah Abdali fought a historical war with Sikhs at nearby Rohira in which more than twenty-thousand men were killed and a large number were injured. This battle was significant in the history of Malerkotla Rayiast.
During the Partition of India in 1947, those men who had crossed the boundary into Falaund Kalan were not harmed. The Nawab of Malerkotla, Sher Khan opposed the killing of the younger sons of the 10th master Sri Guru Gobind Singh at Sirhind. This is known as Ha Da Nahra ("Voice against oppression.") The Sikhs felt that Sri Guru Gobind Singh had pardoned the Nawab. In lieu of this, Malerkotla was not displaced. Many people and animals entered the city for protection during Partition.
In 2015, Mr. Bal Anand, IFS, from Falaund Kalan, instituted a prize consisting of Rs 11,000 and a citation for a renowned author in the memory of his grandfather Baba Paramatma Nand, an Ayurveda wizard who had written the life history of Baba Gajjan Shah.

## Location

Falound Kalan is located on the Ludhiana-Malerkotla Road four kilometers away from Rohira.

## Lohri festival

In 1884 Samat started the Lohri festival celebration, where the Sadhus used to assemble in large numbers. The scholars of Sanskrit who had contributed to Ayurvedic medicine were honored by Baba Ji. This tradition was made compulsory by Baba Ji followers known as Mahant.
The rural sports organized by Young Farmers Club was started in 1951 by Master Ram Swarup. The events of kabbadi, football, volleyball, wrestling and tug-of-war are included. Local artists sing religious and historical songs.

## Villagers

A majority of the villagers served in the Indian Army. The village's population is educated and produced administrators such as Shri Bachitter Singh I.R.S .(retired), Shri Jagtar Singh P.C.S., and various educators and men ranging from Indian Foreign Services to the Indian Postal department.
Some younger inhabitants emigrated to the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Europe and the Gulf nations. Many return to their native village for the Lohri festival where they pay homage to the forefathers and fulfill the vow, "The person who visits Falound for three days together on Lohri will go to Heaven." This legacy was ordained by Guru Gajjan Shah.
# Alucita iranensis

Alucita iranensis is a moth of the family Alucitidae. It is found in Iran.
# Always Tomorrow: The Portrait of an American Business

Always Tomorrow: The Portrait of an American Business is a 1941 American promotional film dramatizing the history of the Coca-Cola company.

## Plot

The film opens with Jim Westlake (John Archer) reflecting on the newspaper headlines about World War II, emphasizing a sense of uncertainty about the future. He says, "Men's souls wrestle with the thought of tomorrow, and today is the eve of tomorrow." His employee Larry Larabee (Johnny Arthur) is worried about the future of their company, but Westlake attempts to placate him by reminding him that the company has survived World War I and the lean years of the Great Depression.
Westlake narrates how he became a Coca-Cola bottler and has recently opened a new bottling plant in his town. The scene shifts back several years to the planning stages of the new factory, and Larabee worries about the risk of building a new plant during the Depression. "Right now isn't the time to go sinking a lot of money—" he begins, before a co-worker interrupts him: "Right now isn't what we're building for. It's the future." "You talk just like Jim Westlake," Larabee responds, "All he thinks about is tomorrow. Always tomorrow."
More scenes from the history of the bottling business follow, illustrating Westlake's willingness to spend money and time on new initiatives to grow his business, and the efforts of the company's salesmen and dealers. Details such as a Depression-era bank holiday, a 20s-era dance party, and an early wireless (radio) help to place each scene in period context as the film proceeds through its reverse chronological narrative, moving backwards through time to show different moments in the company's history. Also illustrated is the development of manufacturing and bottling standards, in which chemists and modern quality-control methods are employed. A cooler to allow Coca-Cola to be sold ice-cold in the store is introduced. Sugar rationing during World War I threatens the company's future. The design of the well-known "Coke bottle" shape is said to have been inspired a woman's hobble skirt.
The final scene of the film shows the business's earliest operations. Westlake is denied a loan due to a period of financial uncertainty, presumably the Panic of 1907, but remains confident about his business's future. Larabee is shown operating a manual bottling machine, which is slow and difficult to use, contrasting with the automated production line shown early in the film. He complains about the quality of their second-hand equipment, but Westlake remains characteristically optimistic.

## Cast

* John Archer as Jim Westlake
* Johnny Arthur as Larry Larabee
* Bill Erwin as Sam Tompkins

## References in other media

In 2012, Red Bull Racing used a sample from the film's dialog in the promotional debut video for their RB8 Formula One race car. In the Red Bull video, the words "the eve of" are omitted from the line "Men's souls wrestle with the thought of tomorrow, and today is the eve of tomorrow."
# Altizer, Calhoun County, West Virginia

Altizer is an unincorporated community in Calhoun County, West Virginia, United States.
# Almost ideal demand system

The Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is a consumer demand model used primarily by economists to study consumer behavior. The AIDS model gives an arbitrary second-order approximation to any demand system and has many desirable qualities of demand systems. For instance it satisfies the axioms of order, aggregates over consumers without invoking parallel linear Engel curves, is consistent with budget constraints, and is simple to estimate.

## Model

The AIDS model is based on a first specification of a cost/expenditure function c(u,p):
    $\log(c(u,p))=\alpha _{0}+\sum _{k}\alpha _{k}\log(p_{k})+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{k}\sum _{j}\gamma _{kj}^{*}\log(p_{k})\log(p_{j})+u\beta _{0}\prod _{k}p_{k}^{\beta _{k}}$
where p stand for price of L goods, and u the utility level. This specification satisfies homogeneity of order 1 in prices, and is a second order approximation of any cost function.
From this, demand equations are derived (using Shephard's lemma), but are however simpler to put in term of budget shares $w_{i}={\frac {\partial \log c(u,p)}{\partial \log p_{i}}}$:
    $w_{i}=\alpha _{i}+\sum _{j}\gamma _{ij}\log(p_{j})+\beta _{i}\log\{x/P\}$
with $x=\log c(u,p)$ is the total expenditure, $\gamma _{ij}={\frac {\gamma _{ij}^{*}+\gamma _{ji}^{*}}{2}}$, and P is the price index defined by$\log(P)\equiv \alpha _{0}+\sum _{k}\alpha _{k}\log(p_{k})+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{k}\sum _{j}\gamma _{kj}\log(p_{k})\log(p_{j})$Under relevant constraints on the parameters $\alpha ,\beta ,\gamma$, These budget shares equations share the properties of a demand function:
* homogeneous of degree 0 in prices and total expenditure
* sum of budget shares add up to 1 (i.e., $\sum w_{i}=1$)
* satisfy the symmetry of the Slutsky matrix

## Origin

First developed by Angus Deaton and John Muellbauer, the AIDS system is derived from the "Price Invariant Generalized Logarithmic" (PIGLOG) model which allows researchers to treat aggregate consumer behavior as if it were the outcome of a single maximizing consumer.

## Applications

Many studies have used the AIDS system to determine the optimal allocation of expenditure among broad commodity groups, i.e., at high levels of commodity aggregation.
In addition, the AIDS system has been used as a brand demand system to determine optimal consumption rates for each brand using product category spending and brand prices alone.
Assuming weak separability of consumer preferences, the optimal allocation of expenditure among the brands of a given product category can be determined independently of the allocation of expenditure within other product categories.

## Extensions

An extension of the almost ideal demand system is the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) which was developed by James Banks, Richard Blundell, and Arthur Lewbel. It considers the existence of non-linear engel curve which is not expressed in the standard almost ideal demand system.
# Cercina (grasshopper)

Cercina is a genus of Asian grasshoppers in the subfamily Caryandinae (it was placed previously in the Oxyinae) first described by Carl Stål (1833–1878), a Swedish entomologist. Species records (probably incomplete) are from Sri Lanka, Nepal and Thailand.
Species include:
* Cercina mussoriensis Prasad & Sinha, 1956
* Cercina obtusa Stål, 1878 - type species
* Cercina phillipsi Henry, 1933