OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 11-inch mortar M1877

The 11-inch mortar M1877 was a Russian 280 mm (11 in) coastal and fortress mortar that was used in the Russo-Japanese War and World War I.

## History

The M1877 was first designed and produced by the Obukhov State Plant in Saint Petersburg and was fairly conventional for its time and most nations had similar guns with similar roles such as the French Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889 or the US 12-inch coast defense mortar.

## Design

The M1877 was a short barreled breech-loading mortar. The barrel was a typical built-up gun of the period with reinforcing hoops which was built from cast iron and steel. The mortar had an early form of Krupp horizontal sliding-block breech and it fired separate-loading, bagged charges and projectiles. There were also two other similar 203 mm (8 in) and 229 mm (9 in) mortars that were also designed in 1877.

### Coastal Defense

In the coastal defense role, the M1877's theory of operation was that a low-velocity mortar firing a large shell at a high-angle was more likely to destroy an enemy ship by penetrating its thin deck armor than a high-velocity low-angle naval gun attempting to penetrate its thicker belt armor. The downside was that high-angle indirect fire was harder to aim correctly so more mortars would be needed to defend an area from attack. However, if the area was constrained by geography like a port at the mouth of a river the navigation channels could be measured ahead of time and firing ranges calculated. A complicating factor was as naval artillery progressed their size and range soon eclipsed the mortar's range.
In the coastal defense role, the M1877 was mounted on a garrison mount which sat on a concrete slab behind a parapet. The mount consisted of a rectangular steel firing platform with a pivot at the front and two wheels at the rear to give 360° of traverse. The recoil system for the M1877 consisted of a U-shaped gun cradle which held the trunnioned barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with a hydro-gravity recoil system. When the gun fired the hydraulic buffer at the front slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned the gun to position by the combined action of the buffers and gravity. These garrison mounts were used in both the coastal defense and fortress gun roles.

### Fortress Gun

In addition to its coastal defense role, the M1877 was also used as a fortress gun on the same type of mounts as in the coastal role. The M1877's were not designed to be mobile and it would have needed to be disassembled, moved on site and then reassembled before use. Due to a string of Russian defeats in the first two years of the war, it is possible the Germans may have captured a number of them but what use they made of them is unknown. However, the Germans did make use of captured 8-inch M1877 mortars and 11-inch M1877 guns on the Western Front.

## Photo Gallery

* 11-inch and 9-inch mortars at Suomenlinna.
* A front view of the mount and its recoil mechanism at Suomenlinna.
* The 11-inch M1877 shared the same mount as this 9-inch M1877.
* The M1877's breech block.
# 2001 Australian Open

The 2001 Australian Open was a tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at Melbourne Park in Melbourne in Australia. It was the 89th edition of the Australian Open and was held from 15 through 28 January 2001.

## Seniors
### Men's singles

Andre Agassi defeated Arnaud Clément 6–4, 6–2, 6–2
* It was Agassi's 7th career Grand Slam title and his 3rd Australian Open title.

### Women's singles

Jennifer Capriati defeated Martina Hingis 6–4, 6–3
* It was Capriati's 1st career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title.

### Men's doubles

Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge defeated Byron Black / David Prinosil 6–1, 5–7, 6–4, 6–4
* It was Björkman's 3rd career Grand Slam title and his 3rd Australian Open title. It was Woodbridge's 18th career Grand Slam title and his 4th Australian Open title.

### Women's doubles

Serena Williams / Venus Williams defeated Lindsay Davenport / Corina Morariu 6–2, 2–6, 6–4
* It was Serena Williams's 7th career Grand Slam title and her 1st Australian Open title. It was Venus Williams's 8th career Grand Slam title and her 2nd Australian Open title.

### Mixed doubles

Corina Morariu / Ellis Ferreira defeated Barbara Schett / Joshua Eagle 6–1, 6–3
* It was Morariu's 2nd and last career Grand Slam title and her only Australian Open title. It was Ferreira's 2nd and last career Grand Slam title and his 2nd Australian Open title.

## Juniors
### Boys' singles

Janko Tipsarević defeated Wang Yeu-tzuoo 3–6, 7–5, 6–0

### Girls' singles

Jelena Janković defeated Sofia Arvidsson 6–2, 6–1

### Boys' doubles

Ytai Abougzir / Luciano Vitullo defeated Frank Dancevic / Giovanni Lapentti 6–4, 7–6 (7–5)

### Girls' doubles

Petra Cetkovská / Barbora Strýcová defeated Anna Bastrikova / Svetlana Kuznetsova 7–6 (7–3), 1–6, 6–4

## Legends
### Men's doubles

* John Fitzgerald / Wally Masur defeated Darren Cahill / Brad Drewett, 6–2, 6–4,

### Mixed doubles

* Nicole Bradtke / Tony Roche defeated Elizabeth Smylie / Stan Smith, 2–6, 6–2, 7–5
# Harinela Randriamanarivo

Harinela Randriamanarivo (born 25 January 1966) is a Malagasy weightlifter. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Constancea

Constancea is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae containing the single species Constancea nevinii (formerly Eriophyllum nevinii), which is known by the common name Nevin's woolly sunflower. It is endemic to three of the Channel Islands of California, where it grows in coastal scrub habitat. This is a small shrub or subshrub generally growing up to one or 1.5 meters tall, and taller when an erect form, with a branching, woolly stem. The whitish, woolly oval leaves may be up to 20 centimeters long and are divided into many narrow lobes with edges curled under. The inflorescence is a cluster of 10 to 50 or more small flower heads, each on a short peduncle. The flower head has a center of hairy, glandular, star-shaped yellow disc florets and a fringe of four to nine yellow ray florets, each about 2 millimeters long. The fruit is an achene a few millimeters long with a small pappus at the tip.
Like many Channel Islands endemics, this plant was threatened with extinction by the herbivory of the feral goats living on the islands; the goats have since been removed, and the plant is recovering.
Genetic analyses indicate that this species, previously called Eriophyllum nevinii, did not come from the same common ancestor as the other Eriophyllum species and so is not close enough relative to be included in that genus. Genus Constancea was created for the plant in 2000 and named for botanist Lincoln Constance.
# Chamazi

Chamazi (Kata ya Chamazi, in Swahili) is an administrative ward in the Temeke district of the Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. The Kitunda, Kivule, and Msongola wards of Ilala MC's form the western border of the ward. Mianzini and Charambe are to the north. Tambani ward in Pwani Region's Mkuranga District is to the south and east. The ward is home to the Azam Football Club and the Chamazi Stadium. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 63,650.

## Administration

The postal code for Chamazi Ward is 15116. The ward is divided into the following neighborhoods (Mitaa):

### Government

Like every other ward in the country, the ward has local government offices based on the population served. The Chamazi Ward administration building houses a court as per the Ward Tribunal Act of 1988, including other vital departments for the administration of the ward. The ward has the following administration offices:
* Chamazi Police Station (Kituo cha Polisi)
* Chamazi Government Office ( Ofisi ya Afisa Mtendaji wa Kata)
* Chamazi Tribunal (Baraza La Kata) is a Department inside Ward Government Office
In the local government system of Tanzania, the ward is the smallest democratic unit. Each ward comprises a committee of eight elected council members, including a chairperson, one salaried officer (with no voting rights), and an executive officer. One-third of seats are reserved for women councilors.

## Demographics

The ward serves as the Zaramo people's ancestral home, along with much of the district. As the city developed over time, the ward became a cosmopolitan ward with a population of 63,650 as of 2012.

## Education and health
### Education

The ward is home to these educational institutions:
* Chamazi Primary School
* Rufu Primary School
* Shalom Mission Primary School
* Yalamalam Primary School
* Saku Primary School
* Dynamic Primary School
* Salaam Primary School
* Chamazi Islamic Primary School
* Mkombozi Primary School
* Pacific Primary School, Chamazi
* Chamazi Secondary School
* Mbande Secondary School
* Upeo Islamic Secondary School
* Chem-Bande Secondary School
* Chamazi Islamic Secondary School
* St. Emmanuel Secondary School
* Kent Secondary School, Chamazi
* Epiphany Secondary School, Chamazi
* Debrabant Secondary School

### Healthcare

The ward is home to the following health institutions:
* Medichecks Polyclinic, Chamazi
* Zango Health Center
* Hekima Health Center, Chamazi
* Ansa Health Center
* Alves Health Center, Chamazi
* Family Health Center, Chamazi
# Franciszek Zglenicki

Franciszek Ksawery Zglenicki (1767 – 27 January 1841) was a Polish Catholic bishop who served as auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Kraków, and archdeacon of the cathedral chapter in Kraków.
He joined the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland in 1812. On 12 December 1824 he was consecrated a bishop by Jan Paweł Woronicz. He then became the apostolic administrator of the Diocese of Kraków, in Woronicz's absence.
He became an auxiliary bishop to Karol Skórkowski, the Bishop of Kraków, and on 18 January 1836 began managing the diocese after the bishop left.
On 14 August 1836 he was consecrated in the church in Proszowice. He served as a priest in the Church of St. Sczcepan in Kraków.
He recognized the relics of Saint Bronislava, and presided over he rbeatification ceremonies, which took place on 3 September 1840.
# Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies

Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal which figures among the earliest publications in the field of feminist and gender studies in the United States. First published in 1975, at the University of Colorado, Boulder, Frontiers takes pride in its extensive, interdisciplinary agenda concerned with the intersections of the different systems of oppression that produce and reproduce social inequalities and injustices.
From 2012 through spring 2017, the journal was edited at Ohio State University, with Guisela Latorre and Judy Tzu-Chun Wu serving as editors-in-chief. As of July 2017, the journal's editorial team is based at the University of Utah's new School for Cultural and Social Transformation, and the editors are Wanda S. Pillow, Kimberly M. Jew, and Cindy Cruz. The aim of the publication is to promote the works of feminist thinkers and theorists.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Social Sciences Citation Index and Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.214, ranking it 37th out of 40 journals in the category "Women's Studies".
# Edward A. Bayer

Edward A. Bayer is an American-Israeli scientist.

## Education

He graduated with B.Sc. and M. Sc. in Zoology and Biology in University of Michigan and Wayne State University. He immigrated to Israel in 1971. He then graduated a Ph.D. in biophysics from the Weizmann Institute of Science, under the supervision of Meir Wilchek. Edward A. Bayer became a professor in the Weizmann Institute of Science in 2001 and published over 400 scientific papers. He is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board, of US-Department of Energy BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) since 2008 and of the Israel VATAT Planning and Budgeting Committee: National Subcommittee on "Energy & the Environment" and also serves as editor in several scientific journals.

## Scientific contributions

Edward A. Bayer participated in the development of avidin-biotin technology (together with Meir Wilchek) that contributed to the field of biorecognition and is intensively used in various biochemical applications, e.g. for affinity chromatography, affinity labeling, affinity therapy and many more. During his post-doctoral studies at Tel Aviv University, Edward A. Bayer co-discovered the Cellulosome (together with Raphael Lamed Professor at Tel Aviv University), an intricate multi-enzyme complex produced by many cellulolytic anaerobic microorganisms. In 1994, Edward A. Bayer proposed an original concept for the construction of designer cellulosomes, based on the specific affinity between cohesin and dockerin modules from the same bacterial species and type.
These enzymatic complexes are composed of recombinant chimaeric scaffoldins and dockerin-containing enzyme hybrids and serve as nanomolecular tool for the characterization of cellulosomes. The use of designer cellulosome technology for the construction of a consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) organism to will combine enzyme production, cellulose hydrolysis, and fermentation into a single process for the conversion of lignocellulosic waste and biomass to valuables products such as sugars and biofuels has been demonstrated.

## Honors and awards

* 1979-1982 Recipient of NIH National Research Service Award.
* 1990 Recipient of The Sarstedt Research Award (together with Meir Wilchek) for "development of biotin-avidin systems for biomedical analysis." Presented by the German Association for Clinical Chemistry (Nümbrecht, Germany).
* 1993-1999 Peer-elected to General Council of the International Society for Molecular Recognition.
* 2002 Elected to Fellowship by the American Academy of Microbiology
* 2005-2009 Peer-elected to National Council of the Israeli Society of Microbiology
* 2006 Recipient of The Ulitzky Prize, The Israel Society for Microbiology
* 2007-2013 Peer-elected to General Council of the International Society for Molecular Recognition.
* 2013 Invited Member of the European Academy of Microbiologists
# Calligonum

Calligonum is a genus of plants in the family Polygonaceae with about 80 species across the Mediterranean Sea region, Asia and North America.

## Description

Plants of the genus Calligonum are shrubs, diffusely but irregularly branched, with flexuous woody branches. Leaves are simple, opposite, nearly sessile, linear or scale-like, sometimes absent or very small, linear or filiform, distinct or united with short membranous ochreae. Flowers are bisexual, solitary or in loose axillary inflorescences. Flowers have persistent, 5-parted perianths not accrescent in fruit, and 10-18 stamens with filaments connate at the base. The ovary is tetragonous.

## Taxonomy

The genus Calligonum was first published by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It is placed in the subfamily Polygonoideae, tribe Calligoneae, along with its sister genus, Pteropyrum.

### Species

* Calligonum acanthopterum I.G.Borshch.
* Calligonum alatosetosum Maassoumi & Kazempour
* Calligonum aphyllum (Pall.) Gürke
* Calligonum arborescens Litv.
* Calligonum azel Maire
* Calligonum babakianum Godw.
* Calligonum bakuense Litv.
* Calligonum bucocladum Bunge
* Calligonum bykovii Godw.
* Calligonum calvescens Maire
* Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk
* Calligonum crinitum Boiss.
* Calligonum crispum Bunge
* Calligonum cristatum Bunge
* Calligonum ebinuricum N.A.Ivanova ex Soskov
* Calligonum eriopodum Bunge
* Calligonum junceum (Fisch. & C.A.Mey.) Litv.
* Calligonum klementzii Losinsk.
* Calligonum laristanicum Rech.f. & Schiman-Czeika
* Calligonum leucocladum (Schrenk) Bunge
* Calligonum litwinowii Drobow
* Calligonum macrocarpum I.G.Borshch.
* Calligonum matteianum Drobow
* Calligonum mejidum Al-Khayat
* Calligonum microcarpum I.G.Borshch.
* Calligonum mongolicum Turcz.
* Calligonum murex Bunge
* Calligonum polygonoides L.
* Calligonum rubicundum Bunge
* Calligonum santoanum Korovin
* Calligonum schizopterum Rech.f. & Schiman-Czeika
* Calligonum setosum (Litv.) Litv.
* Calligonum spinosetosum Maassoumi & Batooli
* Calligonum taklimakanense B.R.Pan & K.M.Shen
* Calligonum tetrapterum Jaub. & Spach
* Calligonum trifarium Z.M.Mao
* Calligonum triste Litv.
* Calligonum turbineum Pavlov
# 11/12/13: Live in Melbourne

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
11/12/13: Live in Melbourne is a live album by Kieran Kane and Kevin Welch, recorded at The Continental, Melbourne, Australia on November 12–13, 1999. They played unaccompanied, using acoustic guitars and mandolin. Most of the songs are original compositions either written or co-written by Kane or Welch. The two exceptions are covers of John Hiatt's "Train to Birmingham" and Hank Williams' "Ramblin' Man."

## Critical reception

Richie Unterberger of AllMusic writes, "There's an informal, playing-before-friends feel to the performances, on tunes that are mostly good-natured and easygoing."
The review at No Depression concludes with, "Both singers are probably better presented on their own discs, but 11/12/13 allows for a worthy examination of two fine artists in a rare, no-pressure setting. Think of it as a pair of cool guys trading off playing songs for you in your living room, and it comes out a winner."
Robert Wooldridge of Country Standard Time begins his review with, "Recorded on November 12th and 13th, 1999 (thus the title), this live acoustic set is reminiscent of the VH1 Storytellers performance by Johnny Cash and Willie Nelson-two singer/songwriters with their guitars trading off songs."

## Track listing

* Track information and credits taken from the album's liner notes.

## Musicians

* Kieran Kane: Vocals, Mandolin, Guitar
* Kevin Welch: Vocals, Guitar
# Haplogroup K2a

Haplogroup K2a may refer to:
* Haplogroup K2a (Y-DNA)
* Haplogroup K2a (mtDNA), a subclade of Haplogroup K (mtDNA)
# Constancio Bernardo

Constancio Bernardo (December 22, 1913 – August 8, 2003) was a Filipino painter and professor. He is known for making the earliest modern geometric abstract paintings in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia.

## Early life and education

Bernardo was born on December 22, 1913, in Obando, Bulacan, in American-occupied Philippines. He was the son of Pedro Ma. Bernardo and Cecilia Anastacio. He studied at Obando Elementary School from 1920 to 1925. In 1929, he transferred to Manila West, which is now Florentino Torres High School in Tondo, Manila, and finished his secondary education in 1933. He obtained a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the University of the Philippines in 1948. He was a student of Pablo and Fernando Amorsolo at the University of the Philippines School of Fine Arts before the Second World War. He earned a second Bachelor of Fine arts in 1951 and a Master of Fine Arts degree in 1952 at Yale School of Art as a Fulbright Scholar. While at Yale, he was mentored by Josef Albers who introduced him to innovative color experiments, teaching techniques and geometric abstract painting. He also took classes under Willem de Kooning and Edwin Savage.

## Work

Bernardo was the subject of three major retrospectives; the first one in 1979 at the Museum of Philippine Art, the second, in 2013 at the Ayala Museum during the centenary of his birth and the third, at the Cultural Center of the Philippines in 2014. According to art critic Alice Guillermo, Bernardo was "one of the earliest and most consistent exponents of abstract art in the Philippines". She wrote in the CCP Encyclopedia of Art that Bernardo worked in series, "combining geometrism and color research in such work groupings as the Bernardian series, the Rhapsody Square series, and the Wildflower series." Bernardo was a professor of Fine Arts at the UP College of Fine Arts from 1948 to 1978.
# Chamba, Uttarakhand

Chamba is a town and a hill station, nearby New Tehri City in Tehri Garhwal district in the state of Uttarakhand, India. It is situated at a junction of roads connecting Mussoorie and Rishikesh with the Tehri Dam reservoir and New Tehri. The town is about 50 km from Mussoorie and also near Dhanaulti, Surkanda Devi Temple, Ranichauri, New Tehri, and Kanatal, tipri halfway between Chamba and Dhanaulti.Chamba is situated at an altitude of 1600m above sea level. One can reach Chamba in about 7-8 hrs from Delhi via Haridwar, Rishikesh and Narendranagar (290 km).

## Demographics

As of 2011 India census, Chamba is a Nagar Palika city in the district of Tehri Garhwal, Uttarakhand. The Chamba city is divided into seven wards for which elections are held every 5 years. The Chamba Nagar Palika has population of 7,771, of which 4,149 are males while 3,622 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.
Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 1010 which is 13.00% of the total population of Chamba (NP). In Chamba Nagar Panchayat, Female Sex Ratio is of 873 against state average of 963. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Chamba is around 857 compared to the Uttarakhand state average of 890. Literacy rate of Chamba city is 89.04% higher than state average of 79.82%. In Chamba, the male literacy rate is around 91.71%, while female literacy rate is 85.99%.
Chamba Nagar Panchayat has a total administration over 1,971 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Panchayat limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.
* Caste Factor
Schedule Caste (SC) constitutes 7.73% while Schedule Tribe (ST) were 0.59% of total population in Chamba (NP).
* Work Profile
Out of the total population, 2,517 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this 2,085 were males while 432 were females. In census survey, a worker is defined as a person who does business, job, service, and cultivator and labour activity. Of total 2517 working population, 85.78% were engaged in Main Work while 14.22% of total workers were engaged in Marginal Work.
Hotels in Chamba include Hotel Akash Deep, Tehri Club Resort, Himalaya Holiday Inn, Jal Nigam Rest House, Tourist Rest House, Hotel Neelkanth, Social Palace and Hotel Classic Hill Top and many others Some hotels are having further contact in upper hill region for camping and sports.

## World War 1 and Chamba

The Chamba area, and indeed, most of Uttarakhand, has rendered in the past deep historical sacrifices during World War I. The village Manjud was one of the villages of South Asia to produce the most soldiers and volunteers, about 480 who joined various army regiments and served in various theatres of war between 1914-1918 It is also worth noting that the famous Victoria Cross recipient, Rifleman Gabbar Singh Negi, also belonged to this area, and an annual fair is still held in Chamba at 21st of April each year to commemorate Negi's great and gallant sacrifice as a young man of barely 19 or 20 years. This annual fair and festival is widely attended by many people and is a major tourist attraction.
# Hegesinus

Hegesinus is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Hegesinus griphus Reinhard, 1964

## Distribution

Mexico.