OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Director's law

Director's law states that the bulk of public programs are designed primarily to benefit the middle classes, but are financed by taxes paid primarily by the upper and lower classes. The empirically derived law was first proposed by economist Aaron Director.
The philosophy of Director's law is that, based on the size of its population and its aggregate wealth, the middle class will always be the dominant interest group in a modern democracy. As such, it will use its influence to maximize the state benefits it receives and minimize the portion of costs it bears.
The logic for the law is developed as follows:
* In theory, one would imagine that the most likely voting block would arise from the bottom 51 percent of society aligning to accrue benefits at the expense of the top 49 percent
* However, the conditions that may cause people to be in the lower income stratas are the same conditions that prevent them from organizing effectively as a cohesive unit
* Furthermore, the highest-income voters are also excluded because the value of taxing them more outweighs the contribution of their votes
* In the absence of the lowest income voters, the middle 51 percent align to push legislation that benefit themselves at the expense of the lowest and highest strata of earners
In addition, the law can explain the range of public perception of various government programs:
* Direct welfare payments, disproportionately received by the poor, are generally maligned
* Support of state colleges / universities and education debt forgiveness, which disproportionately affect the middle class, are very well regarded politically
The law bears some resemblance to Chinese Communist theory, which stipulates similarly that Communist revolution cannot come from the uneducated proletariat (as originally stipulated by Marx et al.) for similar reasons, but instead must be ushered in by the educated classes.
Milton Friedman used Director's law in his lectures to argue against the notion that governments benefited the poor at the expense of the rich.
# Chavarría, Argentina

Chavarría is a small town in the San Roque Department, Corrientes Province, Argentina, located approximately 55 kilometres from San Roque. According to the 2001 population census conducted by INDEC its population was 2031 inhabitants. It is named in honor of Dr. Isaac Maria Chavarría, who was Minister of Works and Utilities at the time. It is located in a river area which is known as the Iberá Wetlands.
The main activity is agriculture-livestock-forestry. The village also has a historical museum which has a group of artisans making items with raw wool like jackets, berets, ponchos, etc.
# Hatunsaray

Hatunsaray is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Meram, Konya Province, Turkey. Its population is 583 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).
It is located south-southeast of the ancient site of Lystra. A small museum within the village of Hatunsaray displays artifacts from ancient Lystra.
# Gotoma the Buddha

Gotoma the Buddha is a 1956 Indian documentary film directed by Rajbans Khanna. It was entered into the 1957 Cannes Film Festival, where it won a Special Mention for Best Director and competed for the Palme d'Or (Best Film).
# Anil Kant

Anil Kant, a retired Indian Police Service (I.P.S.) officer, served as the State Police Chief and Director General of Police of Kerala. He was the former Road Safety Commissioner in Kerala. He is the first Dalit officer on the chief post in the police department of Kerala. Kant is from Delhi.

## Education

Kant holds a Master's degree in Political science.

## Personal life

Kant is married to Preeta Harit and has a son Rohan. He is son of Late Rumal Singh and Shankuntala.

## Career

Kant is a 1988 batch IPS officer. He started his career in the Kerala cadre as an assistant superintendent in Kalpetta, in Wayanad district. He also served in Thiruvananthapuram rural and Railway in the same position. Provided distinguished services as Kochi City Police Commissioner and SP in Malappuram, Ernakulam, as also served in State Crime Branch and Special Branch as IG.
He also served as the chief of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau, Prisons and Correctional Services and Fire and Rescue Services.
Prior to being appointed as the DGP of the Kerala Police, he served as Road Safety Commissioner. He was chosen by Pinarayi Vijayan, the Chief Minister of Kerala, after a cabinet meeting.
Notably, Kant made history as the first Dalit officer to hold the esteemed chief post within the Kerala police department.

## Awards

Kant was awarded the President's Police Medal for meritorious services and also received Badge of Honour in 2018 for the successful conduct of All India Police Games.
# Alexandria in Orietai

Alexandria in Orietai was one of the seventy-plus cities founded or renamed by Alexander the Great.
The town was founded by Alexander in autumn of 325 BC after his army had separated from Nearchus and the boats near the mouth of the Indus River.
The sources agree that a town was built among the Oritae, that the fortification was left to Hephaestion and Leonnatus be built in the autumn of 325 BC and that it was located near Rhambacia, the largest town of the Oreitai. The core of colonists were retired Arachosian horsemen.
Alexander probably intended the new town to be an emporium controlling the local and Indian spice trade through the passes to Kandahar. The area certainly had exotic resources for trade. Written four centuries later the Roman Periplus of the Erythraean Sea says that this area "yields much wheat, wine, rice and dates but along the coast there is nothing but Bdellium".

## Location

The exact site of the city in Balochistan, Pakistan is still unknown but several locations have been proposed:
* Stein locates it near modern Bela, Pakistan and this remains the most popular site.
* Diodorus, however, says it was on the coast. Although it is uncertain the extent to which the coast has changed in 2+1⁄2 millennia.
* Tarn, however, thinks no city was built here due to a lack of Greek artefacts in the area.
# 1985 East Coast Conference (Division I) men's basketball tournament

The 1985 East Coast Conference men's basketball tournament was held March 2–4, 1985. The champion gained and an automatic berth to the NCAA tournament.

## Bracket and results

| Quarterfinals Saturday, March 2 | Quarterfinals Saturday, March 2 | Quarterfinals Saturday, March 2 | Semifinals Sunday, March 3 | Semifinals Sunday, March 3 | Semifinals Sunday, March 3 | Final Monday, March 4 | Final Monday, March 4 | Final Monday, March 4 |
| 1 | Bucknell | 79 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Towson State | 77$^{OT}$ | | | | | | |
| 8 | Towson State | 77$^{OT}$ | 1 | Bucknell | 74 | | | |
| | | | 4 | Rider | 62 | | | |
| 4 | Rider | 59 | 4 | Rider | 62 | | | |
| 5 | Delaware | 58 | | | | | | |
| 5 | Delaware | 58 | | | | 1 | Bucknell | 74$^{OT}$ |
| | | | | | | 6 | Lehigh | 76 |
| 3 | Drexel | 56 | | | | | | | 6 | Lehigh | 76 |
| 6 | Lehigh | 58 | | | | | | |
| 6 | Lehigh | 58 | 6 | Lehigh | 72 | | | |
| | | | 7 | Hofstra | 68 | | | |
| 2 | Lafayette | 74 | 7 | Hofstra | 68 | | | |
| 7 | Hofstra | 75 | | | | | | |

## All-Tournament Team

* Leroy Allen, Hofstra
* Jaye Andrews, Bucknell
* Tony Duckett, Lafayette
* Mike Polaha, Lehigh – Tournament MVP
* Daren Queenan, Lehigh
* Chris Seneca, Bucknell
Source
# Gulf Harbors, Florida

Gulf Harbors is an unincorporated community in western Pasco County, Florida, United States, near New Port Richey; however, the community has not been a census-designated place since 1970. According to Rand McNally, the latest population estimates for the community is approximately 5,000. Gulf Harbors and its sister communities, the Woodlands, Sea Forest, Sea Colony, Egrets Place and Harbor Colony are deed restricted, waterfront communities and cater to boating and fishing enthusiasts. It used to have a golf course that opened in 1973 and closed in 2011.
The community falls into the 34652 zip code and 727 area code.
# Dipsas welborni

Dipsas welborni is a non-venomous species of snake in the subfamily Dipsadinae. It is found in 26 localities along the Cordillera del Cóndor in south-eastern Ecuador(provinces Morona Santiago and Zamora Chinchipe) and northern Peru (Amazonas department). The species occurs over an estimated area of 10,521 km2 and has been recorded at elevations 853–1843 m above sea level.

## Description

Dipsas welborni is typically found foraging on vegetation 20–350 cm above the ground in evergreen montane forests, both old-growth and moderately disturbed. These snakes are non-aggressive, resorting to defensive measures when threatened, including body flattening, head expansion to form a triangular shape, and emitting a musky, unpalatable odor.
# Chemin Craig

Craig Road was a road created in the early 19th century on the order of James Henry Craig, Governor of British North America. It was intended to connect Quebec City with the United States and to promote settlement of the Eastern Townships.

## History

At the turn of the 19th century, in Lower Canada, nearly all of the population lived in communities along the St. Lawrence River. The land between the river and the US border had been surveyed and was ready for settlement. In 1810, Governor James Henry Craig authorized construction of a road to link Quebec and the US city of Boston. He also wanted to promote colonization of the Eastern Townships by anglophones. His ultimate goal was to assimilate the French-Canadian population. The planned route went from Saint-Gilles to Richmond, where an existing road (modern-day Quebec Route 143) continued to the Canadian–American border.
Construction of the road began in August 1810 and took three months. The workforce of 180 soldiers cut trees and built bridges to make the road suitable for traffic. Although the terrain was muddy and damaged in several places, it was suitable enough for a winter stagecoach service, which was established in January 1811 and took passengers from Quebec to Boston in only six days. The service ended at the March thaw and was later abandoned completely because of the difficult travelling conditions, including Lipsey's Hill.
The War of 1812 led to the abandonment of the road. Several bridges were destroyed, and the road became overgrown as nature took its toll. Although some repairs were made, the road was declared unfit for passage in 1829. To relieve that problem, Gosford Road was built to promote settlement in the area.
Craig Road had a mixed success. It opened the territory to new inhabitants, but the results were far from what the planners had desired. Not enough English-speaking settlers arrived, and the goal to assimilate the French Canadians failed. On the contrary, it was the French Canadians who settled the region and became the majority.
In 1983, the Quebec writer Madeleine Ferron published the novel Sur le Chemin Craig, which describes how Irish immigrants settled in the Beauce region of Quebec during the mid-19th century.

## Route

Chemin Craig begins in Saint-Gilles, southwest of Quebec City. It continues through the town of Saint-Jacques-de-Leeds and the canton of Inverness. It then passes near Kinnear's Mills and through Saint-Jean-de-Brébeuf and Irlande. The path from Saint-Gilles to Saint-Ferdinand d'Halifax corresponds to modern-day Quebec Route 216. From Saint-Ferdinand, the road continues through Vianney, Chester-Est, Chesterville, and Tingwick. It then passes through Danville, where it joins Route 116 until Richmond. The rest of the route past Richmond follows modern-day Route 143. Heading towards the US, it passes through Windsor, Bromptonville, Sherbrooke, Ayer's Cliff and finally Stanstead, at the international border.
# Havlík

Havlík (feminine Havlíková) is a Czech surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adam Havlík (born 1991), Czech and Slovak ice hockey player
* Ferdinand Havlík (1928–2013), Czech clarinetist with Jiří Šlitr during the “golden era” of the Semafor Theatre, Prague
* Herbert Havlik (born 1946), Austrian Olympic sprint canoer
* Ján Havlík (1928–1965), Roman Catholic martyr
* Štefan Havlík (born 1975), Slovak bodybuilder and soldier
* Vladimír Havlík (born 1959), Czech action artist
* Vlastimil Havlík (born 1957), Czech basketball player
# Gordon Taylor

Gordon Taylor may refer to:
* Gordon Taylor (politician) (1910–2003), Canadian politician, businessman and teacher
* Gordon Taylor (Royal Navy chaplain) (1915–2009), Royal Navy chaplain, Anglican priest, author and clergyman
* Gordon Taylor (footballer) (born 1944), English former footballer
* Gordon Rattray Taylor (1911–1981), British author and journalist
* Gordon Taylor (aviator) (1896–1966), Australian aviator and author
# Angus Trudeau

Angus Trudeau (1905 – 1984) was an Anishinaabe artist whose inspiration was drawn from the world of Manitoulin Island, Lake Huron, Ontario where he lived. His paintings and model ships combine memory and history, tradition, and modern art.

## Career

Angus Trudeau worked as a sailor and cook aboard Lake Huron commercial ships on Lake Huron but devoted his spare time and retirement years to painting and model-building. His subjects — the lake freighters, ferry boats, logging camps and communities these boats supplied — are often portrayed through memory or through reference materials he collected such as old postcards, photographs, and other printed materials. Trudeau`s work records Anishinaabe modern art and Trudeau`s part in mechanization.
The Isaacs Gallery in Toronto gave him solo shows in 1976, 1978, and 1980, and he participated in numerous group exhibitions. In 1986, Ian Thom for the McMichael Canadian Art Collection in Kleinburg curated the exhibition Angus Trudeau`s Manitoulin which circulated across Canada. Trudeau`s work is in the collections of the Art Gallery of Sudbury, the Beaverbrook Art Gallery in Fredericton, the McMichael Canadian Art Collection in Kleinburg, the Thunder Bay Art Gallery, the Art Gallery of Windsor, and Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada.
# Alex Hurst

Alex Hurst may refer to:
* Alex Hurst (rugby), rugby league & rugby union footballer
* Alex Hurst (footballer), English footballer
* Alexandra Hurst, footballer from Northern Ireland
# 1985 WAC men's basketball tournament

The 1985 Western Athletic Conference men's basketball tournament was held March 4–7 at the Special Events Center in El Paso, Texas.
In their first season in the WAC, San Diego State defeated defending champions UTEP in the championship game, 87–81, to clinch their first WAC men's tournament championship.
The Aztecs, in turn, received an automatic bid to the 1985 NCAA tournament while top-seeded UTEP additionally received an at-large bid.

## Format

The tournament expanded by one team with the addition of San Diego State from the PCAA.
The top two teams from the regular season standings continued to receive a double-bye while the third-seeded team got a single-bye. The remaining six teams, in turn, competed in the first round. Seeding was based on regular season conference records.

## Bracket

| First round Monday, March 4 | First round Monday, March 4 | First round Monday, March 4 | Quarterfinals Tuesday, March 5 | Quarterfinals Tuesday, March 5 | Quarterfinals Tuesday, March 5 | Semifinals Wednesday, March 6 | Semifinals Wednesday, March 6 | Semifinals Wednesday, March 6 | Championship Thursday, March 7 | Championship Thursday, March 7 | Championship Thursday, March 7 |
| | | | | | | 1 | UTEP | 82 | | | |
| 4 | BYU | 79 | | | | 6 | Utah | 73 | | | |
| 9 | Air Force | 82 | 9 | Air Force | 64 | | | | | | |
| 6 | Utah | 61 | 6 | Utah | 66 | | | | | | |
| 7 | Wyoming | 60 | | | | | | | 1 | UTEP | 81 |
| | | | | | | | | | 2 | San Diego State | 87 |
| | | | | | | 2 | San Diego State | 98 | | | |
| | | | | | | 3 | New Mexico | 84 | | | |
| | | | 3 | New Mexico | 62 | | | | | | |
| 5 | Colorado State | 73 | 5 | Colorado State | 56 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Hawaii | 68 | | | | | | | | | |
# Guo Yuan (Yuan Shang's subordinate)

Guo Yuan (died 202) was a Chinese military general and politician serving under the warlord Yuan Shang in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.

## Life

Guo Yuan was a maternal nephew of Zhong Yao. He was a subordinate of the warlord Yuan Shang. In 202, when the warlord Cao Cao led his forces to attack Yuan Shang and his brother Yuan Tan at the Battle of Liyang, Yuan Shang ordered Gao Gan, Guo Yuan and Huchuquan to lead troops to attack Hedong Commandery (河東郡; around present-day Xia County, Shanxi), which was guarded by Jia Kui, an official under Cao Cao. Jia Kui could not hold up against the attack, so the people in Hedong Commandery offered to surrender to Guo Yuan on the condition that he would not harm Jia Kui. Guo Yuan agreed and captured Hedong Commandery, after which Yuan Shang appointed him as the commandery's Administrator (太守). When Jia Kui refused to surrender to Guo Yuan, the latter wanted to kill him but the people of Hedong Commandery helped Jia Kui escape.
In the meantime, Cao Cao ordered Zhong Yao to recruit forces from Liang Province to deal with Guo Yuan and Gao Gan. Ma Teng, a warlord in Liang Province, responded to Zhong Yao's call and sent his son Ma Chao and an officer Pang De to assist Zhong Yao in attacking Guo Yuan and Gao Gan at Pingyang County (平陽縣; west of present-day Linfen, Shanxi). Pang De led the vanguard, slew Guo Yuan in the midst of battle and took his head, without knowing that the man he killed was Guo Yuan. After the battle, when Zhong Yao's men searched the battlefield, they found Guo Yuan's headless body. Shortly after, Pang De went to meet Zhong Yao and he threw Guo Yuan's head in front of him. Zhong Yao cried when he recognised Guo Yuan's head because Guo Yuan was his maternal nephew. Pang De immediately apologised to Zhong Yao, who replied, "Even though Guo Yuan was my nephew, he was an enemy of the state. Why do you apologise?"
# Charles de Lorraine, Count of Armagnac

Charles de Lorraine (22 February 1684 – 29 December 1751) was a member of the House of Guise, a cadet branch of the House of Lorraine. Succeeding his father as the Count of Armagnac, he also succeeded as Count of Brionne as well as the Grand Squire of France.

## Biography

Born to Louis de Lorraine, Count d'Armagnac, and his wife Catherine de Neufville-Villeroy (1639-1707), he was the couple's last child.
His father Louis, was the Grand Squire of France, one of the Great Officers of the Crown of France and a member of the King's Household. The position was roughly equivalent to the United Kingdom positions of Master of the Horse and the Crown Equerry. This entitled his father to be addressed as Monsieur le Grand, a style which Charles would later use, after succeeding his father in his posts (at Charles' death, it was given to Louis' grandson, the Prince de Lambesc).
Charles' mother was Catherine de Neufville, youngest child of Nicolas de Neufville, Maréchal de Villeroy, governor of the young Louis XIV. Charles' uncle was the next Duke of Villeroy and the future governor of Louis XV.
His sister, Marie was the mother of Louise Hippolyte Grimaldi, the only Princess of Monaco to reign in her own right. His older brother Henri, Count of Brionne was expected to succeed to the Armagnac titles but died in 1713, five years before his father.
On 22 May 1717 during the Regency of Philippe d'Orléans (1715–1723) Charles married Françoise Adélaide de Noailles, the eldest daughter of Adrien Maurice de Noailles, Duke de Noailles and his wife Françoise Charlotte d'Aubigné, the niece and heiress of Madame de Maintenon. The couple had no issue, and divorced in 1721. He died in Paris aged 67.
With his death in 1745, the County of Armagnac reverted to the French king, who had only first given it away to the Guise-Lorrain family in 1645.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Charles de Lorraine, Count of Armagnac :
# Dipsas vermiculata

Dipsas vermiculata, the vermiculate snail-eater, is a non-venomous snake found in Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia.
# Chigi codex

The Chigi codex is a music manuscript originating in Flanders. According to Herbert Kellman, it was created sometime between 1498 and 1503, probably at the behest of Philip I of Castile. It is currently housed in the Vatican Library under the call number Chigiana, C. VIII. 234.
The Chigi codex is notable not only for its vivid and colorful illuminations, which were probably done in Ghent in the workshop of the Master of the Hortulus Animae, but also for its very clear and legible musical notation. It contains a nearly complete catalogue of the polyphonic masses by Johannes Ockeghem and a collection of five relatively early L'homme armé mass settings, including Ockeghem's.
Several folia, comprising eight works, were added to the original codex at some point after the manuscript's original creation. These are indicated as such in the list below.
The two coats of arms in the page from Missa Ecce ancilla Domini refer to the Fernández de Córdoba family.
A facsimile of the Chigi Codex in seven parts is available to view online, in the International Music Scores Library Project, or IMSLP. The Petrucci Music Library/IMSLP is run by Project Petrucci LLC in the U.S.A.

## Contents

The manuscript contains the following works (this list is distilled from that found in Kellman's article):
* Alexander Agricola
** Missa In myne zyn (without Kyrie)
* Antoine Brumel
** Missa L'homme armé
* Antoine Busnois
** Missa L'homme armé
* Antoine de Févin
** Sancta Trinitas unus Deus (addition)
* Gaspar van Weerbeke
** Stabat mater
* Heinrich Isaac
** Angeli archangeli
* Jacobus Barbireau
** Missa Virgo parens Christi (without Agnus Dei)
* Jean Mouton
** Quis dabit oculis (addition; no attribution)
* Johannes Ockeghem
** Ave Maria (addition)
** Intemerata Dei Mater
** Missa Mi-mi
** Missa Ecce ancilla Domini
** Missa L'homme armé
** Missa Fors seulement (Kyrie, Gloria and Credo only)
** Missa sine nomine (Kyrie, Gloria and Credo only)
** Missa Ma maistresse (Kyrie and Gloria)
** Missa Caput
** Missa De plus en plus
** Missa Au travail suis
** Missa cuiusvis toni
** Missa Prolationum
** Missa quinti toni
** Missa pro defunctis
* Johannes Regis
** Celsi tonantis
** Clangat plebs
** Lauda Sion Salvatorem
** Lux solempnis (no attribution)
** O admirabile commercium
* Josquin des Prez
** Missa L'homme armé sexti toni (Kyrie, Gloria and Credo only)
** Stabat mater
* Loyset Compère
** Ave Maria (addition)
** Missa L'homme armé
** Sancte Michael ora pro nobis (addition; no attribution)
** Sile frago ac rerum (no attribution)
* Pierre de la Rue
** Credo Sine nomine
** Missa Almana
* Anonymous works
** Ave rosa speciosa
** Regina coeli (addition)
** Vidi aquam (addition)
** one motet without text