OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Determinatio

A determinatio is an authoritative determination by the legislator concerning the application of practical principles, that is not necessitated by deduction from natural or divine law but is based on the contingencies of practical judgement within the possibilities allowed by reason. The concept derives from the legal philosophy of Thomas Aquinas, and continues to be a part of discussions in natural law theory.
In natural law jurisprudence, determinatio is the process of making natural law into positive law.
In Catholic canon law, determinatio is the act by which natural law or divine positive law is made determinate in the canonical legal system as specific norms of law, although the content of such law is still essentially that of divine law, which, together with canon law, forms "a single juridical system of law".

## Catholic canon law

Determinatio is a legal doctrine in the jurisprudence of the canon law of the Catholic Church. It was imported from the legal philosophy of Thomas Aquinas.
The general norms of divine or natural law serve as "shaping factors" and "a necessary basis" for the human-made canon law, but such general norms in themselves cannot have a greater legal effect until they are made into specific human laws, since the norms of divine law are "general and non-specific".
But in the movement from the general to the concrete, there are sometimes many possibilities; that is, divine or natural law can be made concrete in many different ways, and all the legitimate alternatives are in line with the requirements of divine law. Wherefore the legislator must make a determinatio and "opt or choose among them".
# Gamstädt

Gamstädt is a village and a former municipality in the district of Gotha, in Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 December 2009, it is part of the municipality Nesse-Apfelstädt.
* This Gotha district location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Hasenbuck station

Hasenbuck station is a Nuremberg U-Bahn station, located on the U1 line.
# AS Noicattaro Calcio

Associazione Sportiva Noicattaro Calcio was an Italian association football club located in Noicattaro, Apulia. Its colors were black and red.
In 2006–07, Noicattaro won the division H of Serie D league thus gaining its first promotion ever in Serie C2.
In its last season it played in Lega Pro Seconda Divisione. Following bankruptcy in 2010, they subsequently folded.
# John MacDermott

John MacDermott may refer to:
* John MacDermott, Baron MacDermott (1896–1979), Northern Irish politician and lawyer
* John MacDermott (judge) (1927–2022), Northern Irish barrister and judge
* Seán Mac Diarmada (1883–1916), Irish rebel, leader in the 1916 Easter Rising in Ireland (born John MacDermott)
# Empe

Empe is a village in the municipality of Brummen in the province of Gelderland in the Netherlands. Empe is located on the Apeldoorn-Zutphen railway, 4 km west of Zutphen. The NS railway station Voorst-Empe was reopened on 10 December 2006. The castle Huis Empe, built around 1550 lies on the edge of the village.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1046 as Suthempe. The etymology is unknown. The oldest forms have Sut (south) as prefix to distinguish between Noord-Empe [nl].
The manor house Huis Empe was built around 1550. In 1710, it was bought by Thomas van Buerlo, mayor of Zutphen, and would remain in the family. It was redesigned in 1825 in neoclassic style. The south and the west wing were significantly altered in 1930. In late 1950, the east wing was turned into a clergy house. In 1983, the foundation Stichting Huis Empe was established to preserve the estate. It is currently used as residential houses.
Empe was home to 544 people in 1840. A joint railway station with Voorst opened in 1876 on the Amsterdam to Zutphen railway line. It closed in 1938. It was briefly in operation between 25 September 1940 and 5 May 1941. The building was demolished in 1946. In 2006, it reopened again.

## Notable people

* Dick Dolman (1935-2019), politician, member of parliament 1970-1990
* Stefan Groothuis (b. 1981), speed skater

## Gallery

* Farm in Empe
* Farm in Empe
* Voorst-Empe railway station
* Oude IJssel near Empe
# Hermanus (name)

Hermanus is a Latinized version of the Germanic masculine given name Herman. It and its less common variant Hermannus have been used in the Low Countries and South Africa as a birth name. Most people use a short form, like Herman, Harm, Harmen, and Manus. Hermanus also is a patronymic surname in South Africa. People with the name include:

## As a Latinized name

* Hermannus Alemannus (died 1272), German bishop in Spain and translator of Arabic philosophical works into Latin
* Hermannus Contractus (1013–1054), German scholar, composer, music theorist, mathematician, and astronomer
* Hermannus Dalmata (c.1100–1160), Istrian philosopher, astronomer, astrologer, mathematician, translator and author
* Hermannus de Wartberge (died c.1380), Livonian chronicler
* Hermannus Witsius (1636–1708), Dutch theologian

## As a birth name

* Hermanus Angelkot (1688–1727), Dutch pharmacist, poet and playwright
* Hermanus Hendrikus Baanders (1849–1905), Dutch architect
* Hermanus Berserik (1921–2002), Dutch painter and print maker
* Hermanus Beukes (1913–2004), Namibian politician and activist
* Hermanus Blom (1885–1963), Dutch actor, screenwriter and playwright known as Herman Bouber
* Hermanus Brockmann (1871–1936), Dutch rower
* Hermanus Brood (1946–2001), Dutch musician and painter.
* Hermanus van Brussel (1763–1815), Dutch landscape painter and etcher
* Hermanus Jacob Coster (1865–1899), Dutch lawyer and Second Boer War lieutenant
* Hermanus Johannes de Graaf (1899–1984), Dutch historian of Java
* Hermanus Haga (1852–1936), Dutch physicist
* Hermanus P. J. B. Heinsbroek (born 1951), Dutch Minister of Economic Affairs
* Hermannus Höfte (1884–1961), Dutch rower
* Hermanus Koekkoek (1815–1882), Dutch landscape painter
* Hermanus Willem Koekkoek (1867–1929), Dutch military scenes painter
* Hermanus Ellen Mees (1880–1964), Dutch painter, draftsman, and lithographer
* Hermanus Meyer (1733–1791), German-born clergyman of the Dutch Reformed Church in America
* Hermanus Numan (1744–1820), Dutch painter, draftsman, and publisher
* Hermanus J.A.M. Schaepman (1844–1903), Dutch priest, politician and poet
* Hermanus Eliza Verschoor (1791–1877), Dutch liberal politician
* Hermanus L. W. Vrauwdeunt (1915–1982), Dutch footballer
* Hermanus van Wyk (1835–1905), South African Baster settler in Namibia

## As a surname

* Grant Hermanus (born 1995), South African rugby player
* Kartini Hermanus (1949–2021), Indonesian military officer
* Oliver Hermanus (born 1983), South African film director and writer
# Determination (God Forbid album)

Determination is the second full-length studio album by the New Jersey heavy metal quintet God Forbid. It was released on April 17, 2001, through Century Media Records. The album was reissued on Vinyl in 2021 to celebrate the album’s twentieth anniversary.
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Drowned in Sound | |
| Metal.de | |
| Lambgoat | |
| Chronicles of Chaos | |

## Track listing

All tracks are written by God Forbid

## Personnel

* Byron Davis – lead vocals
* Doc Coyle – lead guitar
* Dallas Coyle – rhythm guitar
* John "Beeker" Outcalt – bass guitar
* Corey Pierce – drums
Production
* Zeuss - producer, engineering
* Eric Rachel - co producer, mixing
* Alan Douches - mastering
* Justin Borucki - photography
* Don Clark (musician) - art direction, design
* Tom Bejgrowicz - A&R
Additional musicians
* Tony Schreck - keyboards, samples
# Gancedo (meteorite)

The Gancedo Meteorite is the largest known fragment of the meteor shower that fell in Campo del Cielo, in Charata, Chaco Province, Argentina.
According to early reports, the meteorite weighs approximately 30,800 kilograms (34.0 short tons), making it the largest meteorite found in the Americas and the third-largest in the world. Before 2016, El Chaco, also part of the Campo del Cielo meteorite fall, was estimated to be the largest fragment of this meteor shower. Its weight was estimated at 37,000 kilograms (41 short tons) but was re-estimated at 28,840 kilograms (31.79 short tons) in 2016.
It makes Gancedo the third-largest worldwide, while Anighito, part of the massive Cape York meteorite fall found in Greenland, weighs 30,875 kilograms (34.034 short tons). The largest single-piece find remains the Hoba meteorite, which was estimated at 60,000 kilograms (66 short tons).

## Discovery

The Gancedo meteorite was discovered underground on September 10, 2016 by a team of explorers from the Astronomy Association of the Chaco (Asociación de Astronomía del Chaco). The discovery site is several kilometers south of the town of Gancedo, in the southwest of Chaco province.
The discovery was made in the area known as Campo del Cielo ("The Sky-Field" or "Field of Heaven"), where approximately 4,500 years ago a shower of metallic meteorites originating from a single parent body fell to earth.
During the extraction of the meteorite, the presence of subsurface water put the meteorite in danger. The nearby town of Gancedo provided machinery that made the extraction possible, and for this reason the team making the extraction decided to name the meteorite after the town of Gancedo.
This is the first discovery on such a scale to be carried out through studies conducted by a local team from the Chaco province. With this discovery, the Chaco region is the source of the third and fourth largest meteorites found to date. The most massive single-piece meteorite found to date is the Hoba meteorite, which was found in 1920 under a farmer's field in Namibia and weighs over 66 tons.
# Harry Windsor

Harry Windsor may refer to:
* Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex (born 1984), younger son of King Charles III and Diana, Princess of Wales
* Harry Windsor (surgeon) (1914–1987), Australian cardiac surgeon and mentor to Victor Chang
* Harry Windsor, a fictional character from John Birmingham's Axis of Time
# AS Ornans

Association Sportive d'Ornans is a French association football club. They are based in the town of Ornans and their home stadium is the Stade André Brey. As of the 2017-18 season, they play in the Regional 1 Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, effectively the sixth level of the French football league system.
# John Mitchell (physicist)

John Wesley Mitchell, FRS (3 December 1913 – 12 July 2007) was a New Zealand-born physicist.
He was born the son of an American surveyor in Christchurch, New Zealand and educated at Christchurch Boys' High School. Between 1931 and 1935 he studied chemistry and physics at Canterbury University College and was awarded a B.Sc. and M.Sc. In 1935 he sailed to England with an Exhibition Scholarship to take up a fellowship at Oxford University, where he worked under Professor Cyril Hinshelwood at Trinity College.
In 1938 he took a post to teach physics at Repton School, but when war broke out he joined the Armament Research Department at Woolwich Arsenal as a Scientific Officer. There he worked on problems related to ammunition, some of which involved the use of high-speed photography. He was later transferred to Fort Halstead in Kent to work in the Theoretical Physics Division on the analysis of shockwaves.
At the end of war in 1945 he moved to Bristol to work at the H.H. Wills Physical Laboratory of the University of Bristol. After a period studying deposited metal surfaces, he took the opportunity in 1948 to undertake a Kodak sponsored investigation into the behaviour of thin-sheet crystals of silver halides, a field of research that would dominate the rest of his career.
In 1956 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society for "his work on the borderline between physics and chemistry about the adsorption of gases on surfaces, on catalysis and on the processes occurring in photographic emulsions. With the latter end in view he has investigated in some detail the properties of silver halide crystals; he was the first to demonstrate networks of dislocations in a transparent crystal by making silver precipitate along them so that they become visible under the microscope. He has also shown by careful experimental work the role of the dislocations in providing sensitivity centres and their relation to such sensitisers as silver bromide. He has shown why the grains of the emulsions grow in a plate-like form with the octahedral faces exposed, and demonstrated the presence in such crystals of three dislocations meeting in a point, which determines the crystal form."
In 1959 he took up the offer of a professorship at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, where he continued his studies of crystal dislocations until his retirement as Professor in 1979 and as Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Fellow in 1995. His tenure as Professor was broken in 1963 when he briefly returned to the UK to take up a position as Director of the National Chemical Laboratory, only for the NCL to be closed down the following year.
He died in 2007. He had married three times but had no children.

## Honours and awards

* 1955 Awarded C.V. Boys Prize (now known as the Moseley Medal and Prize) of the Institute of Physics
* 1956 Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society
* 1994 Awarded Progress Medal (RPS) of the Royal Photographic Society
# Jerwood Painting Prize

The Jerwood Painting Prize was a prize for originality and excellence in painting in the United Kingdom, awarded and funded by the Jerwood Foundation. It was open to all artists born or resident in the UK, regardless of age or reputation. Winners of the prize include Craigie Aitchison, Patrick Caulfield, Prunella Clough and Maggi Hambling. The prize was instituted in 1994, and at £30,000 was the largest of its kind in Britain. The prize is no longer awarded.

## Prize winners

The winners of the prize were:
* 1994: Craigie Aitchison
* 1995: Maggi Hambling and Patrick Caulfield
* 1996: John Hubbard
* 1997: Gary Hume
* 1998: Madeleine Strindberg
* 1999: Prunella Clough
* 2000: no award
* 2001: Katie Pratt
* 2002: Callum Innes
* 2003: Shani Rhys James
# Enefit Kaevandused

Enefit Kaevandused (former names: Eesti Põlevkivi and Eesti Energia Kaevandused) was a mining company located in Jõhvi, Estonia. It was a subsidiary of Eesti Energia, an Estonian state-owned energy company. The core activity of Enefit Kaevandused was oil-shale mining. The produced oil shale was mainly used for shale oil production and to fuel oil shale-fired power stations in the north–east of Estonia. As of 2009, the company had 3,150 employees. The last chief executive officer was Andres Vainola. The company produced more than 17 million tons of oil shale in 2013.

## History

Enefit Kaevandused were established in June 1945 as Eesti Põlevkivi, also known by its name in Russian Estonslanets. It was created by merging Kukruse and Käva II mines. In 1946, it took over Viivikonna mine.
New mines were opened in Ahtme (1948), Jõhvi (No. 2, 1949), Sompa (1949), Tammiku (1951), and in the area between Käva and Sompa (No. 4, 1953). The Ubja mine was given to Eesti Põlevkivi in 1957, but it was closed in 1959. After construction of large oil shale-fired power stations in Narva, demand for oil shale increased and consequently Eesti Põlevkivi opened the underground mines Viru (1965) and Estonia (1972) along with the open-pit mines Sirgala (1963), Narva (1970) and Oktoobri (1974; later named Aidu). Correspondingly, several exhausted smaller mines like Kukruse (1967), Käva (1972), No. 2 (1973), No. 4 (1975), and Kiviõli (1987) were closed. The Estonia Mine became the largest oil shale mine in the world. At the end of 1988, a fire broke out in the Estonia Mine. The largest underground fire in Estonia, it continued for 81 days and caused serious pollution of ground and surface waters.
In 1998, Eesti Põlevkivi and Dynamit Nobel opened an explosives manufacturing plant in Estonia. After Dynamit Nobel sold its explosives business to Orica, the later became the main shareholder in the plant.
Due to a decrease in demand, the Tammiku and Sompa mines closed in 1999 and those at Kohtla and Ahtme closed in 2001. In 2000, the open-pit mines at Viivikonna, Sirgala and Narva were merged into the single Narva open-pit mine. The exhausted Aidu open-pit mine was closed in 2012, followed a year later by the Viru underground mine.
In 1999, Government of Estonia handed 51% of the shares of Eesti Põlevkivi to Narva Elektrijaamad. In 2003, Government transferred the remaining 49% stake in Eesti Põlevkivi to Eesti Energia. Also Narva Elektrijaamad-owned 51% stake was transferred to Eesti Energia and Eesti Põlevkivi became a fully owned subsidiary of Eesti Energia.
Starting from 2021, Enefit Kaevandused was merged with another subsidiary of Eesti Energia, Enefit Energiatootmine, to create an integrated oil shale company.

## Gallery

* Dragline excavator in Narva mine.
* Company's train transporting oil-shale near Ahtme.
* Unrehabilitated land in older part of Aidu mine.
# Hermanus Angelkot Jr.

Hermanus or Hermannus Angelkot Jr. (bapt. 6 February 1688, Amsterdam – d. 1727) was an Amsterdam pharmacist who also wrote poems and plays. He was the son of Judith Muijsart and Hermanus Angelkot Sr. (ca. 1648 - ca. 1713), who also wrote plays and practised as a pharmacist. The sources often cite father and son interchangeably. Hermanus Jr. married Catharina te Naerde in Amsterdam before 1717.
Angelkot Jr. was friendly with Pieter Langendijk who was the first to translate Molière into Dutch. Together they wrote Cato, of de ondergang der Roomsche vryheid (1715), based on Joseph Addison's Cato, a Tragedy (1713), dedicating it to the then mayor of Amsterdam, Nicolaes Witsen.

## Works

* Vechter
* Het voutje van Esphesen
* Cato, of de ondergang der Roomsche vryheid (1715, with Pieter Langendijk)
# Derenburg

Derenburg is a town in the district of Harz, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2010, it has been part of the Blankenburg am Harz municipality. Its population is 2,466 (2021).

## Geography

The settlement is situated in the northern foothills of the Harz mountain range on the Holtemme river, some 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of Wernigerode, and 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Halberstadt. It has access to the Bundesstraße 6n highway at the nearby Heimburg junction.

## History

Derenburg is the site of a grave field dating back to the Linear Pottery culture about 5500–4500 BC. Archaeological excavations have revealed some ornaments made from Spondylus shells fairly rare in this Northern region. Moreover, several large menhirs in the area denote a prehistoric settlement.
Derenburg was probably founded under the rule of King Henry the Fowler (d. 936 AD), who had a fortified Königspfalz erected; the first likely mention of the settlement is in a 937 deed issued by his son and successor Otto I. Then part of the Eastphalian region of medieval Saxony, it was even the site of an Imperial Diet convened by Otto's daughter Abbess Matilda of Quedlinburg in 993, while her nephew King Otto III was on campaign in Italy. Derenburg Castle remained a preferred location of the Ottonian dynasty until in 1008 King Henry II ceded the estates to Gandersheim Abbey under his aunt Abbess Sophia. Subsequently, the comital House of Regenstein was enfeoffed with the lordship and the Pfalz of Derenburg lost its Imperial status.
From the 14th century onwards, the Lordship of Derenburg was affected by the conflicts between the Regenstein counts and the Prince-Bishops of Halberstadt. The town became notorious for the Derenburg witch trials conducted in 1555; further witch-hunts continued up to the early 18th century. During the Thirty Years' War, in 1623, Derenburg was devastated by Imperial troops led by Colonel Heinrich von Schlick. With the secularised Principality of Halberstadt, the town became part of the newly established Kingdom of Prussia in 1701.

## Twin towns

Derenburg is twinned with Schladen (part of Schladen-Werla), Germany.
# Garaiyan, Bhojpur

Garaiyan, also spelled Gareyan or Gariyan, is a small village in Arrah block of Bhojpur district, Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 2, in 1 household, making it the least populous village in Bhojpur district.
# Hartbeespoort Aerial Cableway

The Hartbeespoort Aerial Cableway (or Harties Cableway), originally constructed in 1973, is a 1.2 km long cableway that extends to the top of the Magaliesberg and offers panoramic views of the Magaliesberg, Hartbeespoort Dam and the surrounding area. It is situated 1 km to the north of the town of Hartbeespoort in the North West Province, and is the longest mono-cableway in Africa. In 2010 the cableway was completely revamped and modernised by Zargodox (Pty) Ltd, and officially reopened on 14 August 2010 by the then Minister of Tourism Marthinus van Schalkwyk. The aerial cableway is open seven days a week.

## History
### 1973–2005

The first Harties Aerial Cableway was constructed in 1973. The aerial cableway was a top visitor attraction for overseas travellers and local residents, and became a popular paragliding and hang gliding destination. By 2005 the cableway had fallen into a state of disrepair, and was closed.

### 2010

In 2010, Zargodox (Pty) Ltd began a private initiative with the aim of growing tourism in the Hartbeespoort area, and purchased the old cableway. In collaboration with Swiss company Rowema AG, Zargodox invested time and expertise into rejuvenating the old cableway and bringing the area back to life. 14 six-seater hi-tech cable cars, new galvanised cabling, touch-screen technology, and auto cabin spacing and conveyor programming technology was installed. The cableway underwent 500 hours of testing, complying with the Canadian Standards Association specifications.

### 2012

The Harties Aerial Cableway was named 'Best Conference Venue' at the North West Provincial Tourism Awards.

## Government recognition

In his address at the official launch of the Harties Aerial Cableway on 14 August, Minister of Tourism Marthinus van Schalkwyk congratulated the team behind the rejuvenation of the cableway, and stated "Anyone who has been to Switzerland will tell you that the Harties Cableway is up there with the best. "This is a world-class facility and we need many more products like this."
# A4063 road

The A4063 links the town of Bridgend with Cymer in Wales.

## Settlements on route

Settlements served by the route include:
* Bridgend
* Wild Mill
* Pen-y-fai
* Sarn
* Aberkenfig
* Tondu
* Coytrahen
* Llangynwyd
* Cwmfelin
* Maesteg
* Nantyffyllon
* Dyffryn
* Caerau
* Croeserw
* Cymer
Geohash Coordinates: gcjmmqdnqp2
# John Nicholas (academic)

John Nicholas D.D. was an English academic administrator at the University of Oxford.
Nicholas was elected Warden (head) of New College, Oxford, in 1675, a post he held until 1679. During his time as Warden of New College, he was also Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University from 1677 until 1679. He was elected warden of Winchester College in 1679, a post he held until his death.
# 1998 Aloha Bowl

The 1998 Aloha Bowl was a postseason college football bowl game between the Colorado Buffaloes of the Big 12 Conference and the Oregon Ducks of the Pacific-10 Conference. It was the last game of the season for these two schools and the last college game for Duck legend Akili Smith. Colorado won, 51–43.