OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Illusory discontinuity

Illusory discontinuity is an auditory illusion in which a continuous ongoing sound becomes inaudible during a brief, non-masking noise. The illusion is perceived only by some listeners, but not by others, reflecting individual variation in hearing abilities. It has been estimated that among young adults 24% are susceptible to illusory discontinuity. The most susceptible listeners describe their sensations in terms of the sound actually containing a physical gap. The illusory discontinuity is strongest when the interrupting sound is short (50ms). Longer sounds elicit weaker illusory discontinuity; this effect may be related to better auditory segregation.

## Relation to other auditory illusions

Illusory discontinuity is antagonistic with illusory continuity of tones (auditory filling-in). While illusory continuity restores perceptual continuity of obscured sounds, illusory discontinuity disrupts the perception even if the sound is indeed continuous. Listeners strongly susceptible to illusory discontinuity do not perceive illusory auditory continuity .

## Relation to auditory masking

The illusion is likely to be a novel form of informational masking (broadly defined as a degradation of auditory detection or discrimination of a signal embedded in a context of other similar sounds). Illusory discontinuity cannot be explained by simultaneous masking, because it appears even if the noise is as far as one octave away.

## Relation to auditory stream segregation

It has been suggested that illusory discontinuity is related to inability to segregate the ongoing sound from the interrupting noise, although more research is needed to prove this.

## Physiology

The mechanism of the illusory discontinuity is unknown. An electroencephalographic study has demonstrated that participants who were not prone to illusory discontinuity showed robust early neural responses at 40–66 ms after noise burst onset, whereas those prone to the illusion lacked these early responses. This suggests that the individual variability in perceiving discontinuity illusion is related to neural processing of the interrupting sound.
# Hamza Anani

Hamza Anani (born 6 January 1988 in Barbacha, Béjaïa Province) is an Algerian professional footballer. He currently plays as a forward for the Algerian Inter-Régions Division club CRB Aïn Fakroun.

## Statistics

| Club performance | Club performance | Club performance | League | League | Cup | Cup | Continental | Continental | Total | Total |
| Season | Club | League | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Algeria | Algeria | Algeria | League | League | Algerian Cup | Algerian Cup | League Cup | League Cup | Total | Total |
| 2010–11 | Olympique de Médéa | Ligue 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 3 | 0 |
| 2011-12 | Olympique de Médéa | Ligue 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| Total | Algeria | Algeria | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
# Hamilton Jukes

Hamilton Dawson Jukes (28 May 1895 – 8 January 1951) was a Canadian-born ice hockey player who competed in the 1924 Winter Olympics with the British team.

## Biography

Born in Winnipeg, Manitoba, he was a member of the British ice hockey team, which won the bronze medal in 1924. After being invalidated out of the army in 1917, he settled in Newcastle-upon-Tyne before starting work as an engineer in the oil industry for British American Oil. He worked and lived in Colombia and Peru for 25 years with his first wife, Dilys Gwendolyn (Rees), and their five children, Dilys Mary (Shan) - (born 1918), Margaret Cleaton - (born 1919), Yvonne Sarah (born 1920), Maureen Hamilton - (born 1921), and Arthur Hamilton (born 1922). He remarried and moved to Escondido, California in late 1948. Jukes and his second wife Margaret had two sons, Hamilton Dawson Jr. and John Frederick. Jukes died by suicide in Escondido, California in 1951.
# Code of the Fearless

Code of the Fearless is a 1939 American Western film directed by Raymond K. Johnson and written by Fred Myton. The film stars Fred Scott, Claire Rochelle, John Merton, Walter McGrail, George Sherwood and Harry Harvey Sr. The film was released on January 5, 1939, by Spectrum Pictures.

## Plot

Fred Jamison gets kicked out of the Rangers and starts his outlaw life, however this is just a plot between Fred and the Captain of the Rangers, so Fred can dismantle Red Kane and Jim Davis' gang from within.

## Cast

* Fred Scott as Fred Jamison
* Claire Rochelle as Jean Morrison
* John Merton as Red Kane
* Walter McGrail as Captain Rawlins
* George Sherwood as Jim Davis
* Harry Harvey Sr. as Old Timer
* William Woods as Li Hung Lo
* Donald Gallaher as Pete Howard
# Susanna Berger

Susanna Berger is an American art historian. She is associate professor of Art History and Philosophy at the University of Southern California.

## Biography

Berger received her B.A. in philosophy from Columbia University in 2007. She then earned her MPhil and Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge in 2012. Her scholarship focuses on the intersections between visual art and intellectual history in Early modern Europe. From 2013 to 2016, she was a member of The Princeton Society of Fellows in the Liberal Arts, and she joined the faculty of the University of Southern California in 2016.
She received a Guggenheim Fellowship in 2019 for Fine Arts Research. In 2017–2018, she was a fellow at Villa I Tatti of Harvard University. Her book, The Art of Philosophy: Visual Thinking in Europe from the Late Renaissance to the Early Enlightenment, received the 2018 Ronald H. Bainton Prize from the Sixteenth Century Society and Conference for the best book in English in the field of early modern art or music.
# Coelastrella terrestris

Coelastrella terrestris is an algae species in the genus Coelastrella.
# Coelatura

Coelatura is a genus of bivalve in the Unionidae family.

## Species

Species:
* Coelatura aegyptiaca (Cailliaud, 1827)
* Coelatura alluaudi (Dautzenberg, 1908)
* Coelatura bakeri (H.Adams, 1866)
* Coelatura briarti (Dautzenberg, 1901)
* Coelatura choziensis (Preston, 1910)
* Coelatura cridlandi Mandahl-Barth, 1954
* Coelatura disciformis (Rochebrune, 1886)
* Coelatura essoensis (Chaper, 1885)
* Coelatura gabonensis (Küster, 1862)
* Coelatura gommeryi Musalizi, 2017
* Coelatura hauttecoeuri (Bourguignat, 1883)
* Coelatura horei (E.A.Smith, 1880)
* Coelatura hypsiprymna (Haas, 1936)
* Coelatura hypsiprymna (von Martens, 1897)
* Coelatura kipopoensis Mandahl-Barth, 1968
* Coelatura kunenensis (Mousson, 1888)
* Coelatura leopoldvillensis (Putzeys, 1898)
* Coelatura lobensis (Frierson, 1913)
* Coelatura luapulaensis (Preston, 1913)
* Coelatura madagascariensis (Sganzin, 1841)
* Coelatura malgachensis (Germain, 1911)
* Coelatura mossambicensis (E.von Martens, 1860)
* Coelatura ratidota (Charmes, 1885)
* Coelatura rothschildi (Neuville & R.Anthony, 1906)
* Coelatura rotula Pilsbry & Bequaert, 1927
* Coelatura scholzi Van Damme & Pickford, 2010
* Coelatura stagnorum (Dautzenberg, 1890)
* Coelatura stuhlmanni (E.von Martens, 1897)
# Antignano

Antignano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Turin and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) southwest of Asti.
Antignano borders the following municipalities: Celle Enomondo, Costigliole d'Asti, Isola d'Asti, Revigliasco d'Asti, San Damiano d'Asti, and San Martino Alfieri.
# 1955 in Dutch television

This is a list of Dutch television related events from 1955.

## Debuts

* 3 February – Dappere Dodo

## Births

* 25 March - Patty Brard, singer & TV presenter
* 20 October - Robert ten Brink, TV presenter & actor

## Deaths

* This Dutch television–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Edward Snell

Edward Snell may refer to:
* Edward Snell (cricketer) (1906–1973), English cricketer
* Edward Snell (engineer) (1820–1880), railway engineer and surveyor
# 2319 aluminium alloy

AA 2319 (UNS A92319$^{:448}$) is an aluminium alloy principally containing copper (5.8–6.8%) as an alloying element. It also contains ≤0.20% silicon, ≤0.30% iron, 0.20–0.40% manganese, ≤0.02% magnesium, ≤0.10% zinc, 0.10–0.20% titanium, 0.05–0.15% vanadium, 0.10–0.25% zirconium, ≤0.0003% beryllium (in arc welding electrodes) and up to 0.15% trace elements.$^{:3}$ The density of 2319 aluminium is 2840 kg/m$^3$. This alloy was first registered in 1958, in the United States.$^{:3}$
This alloy is typically used as an arc welding electrode or filler material for use with AA 2219 workpieces.
# Glorya Kaufman

Glorya Kaufman is an American philanthropist.

## Early life

Glorya (Pinkis) Kaufman was born to a Jewish family in Detroit, Michigan during the Great Depression. Her father worked as a production manager for Automotive News and her mother volunteered for Jewish charities. Her parents could not afford dancing lessons for her.

## Philanthropy

In 1994, Kaufman made a donation for the construction of the 10,040-square-foot Donald Bruce Kaufman branch of the Los Angeles Public Library in Brentwood, Los Angeles.
In 1999, Kaufman donated US$18 million to the University of California, Los Angeles, which named Glorya Kaufman Hall in her honor. However, she admitted to being disappointed in the way UCLA handled her donation.
In 2009, Kaufman donated US$20 million to the Los Angeles Music Center to establish the Glorya Kaufman Presents Dance series. She has also donated millions to the Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater and the Juilliard School in New York City. In 2011, she donated several millions to the University of Southern California (USC) for the establishment of the Glorya Kaufman School of Dance, which enrolled its first cohort of BFA majors in 2015, and the construction of the Glorya Kaufman International Dance Center. In 2012, she joined the board of trustees at USC, where she received an honorary docrotate in 2013.

## Personal life

Kaufman is the widow of Donald Bruce Kaufman, who with Eli Broad co-founded Kaufman & Broad, now known as KB Home (NYSE: KBH), in 1957. Broad's wife, Edythe Lawson, is Kaufman's first cousin. They had four children. Donald and his son-in-law, Eyal Horwitz, both died in a plane crash in 1983; afterward Glorya turned to charity work. She raised her family in a Brentwood ranch house.
Kaufman lives in a US$18.2 million Italian-style villa in Beverly Hills, California with Erté tables and Louis Icart prints.
# Amanita albocreata

Amanita albocreata, also called the ringless panther or the ringless panther amanita, is a species of fungus in the family Amanitaceae. It was discovered in 1944, by William Murrill. It is commonly found in the northeastern United States and parts of southeastern Canada. It normally grows between the rainy months of June and August.

## Taxonomy

First described in 1902 by George Francis Atkinson under the name Amanitopsis albocreata, the species was then transferred to Amanita in 1941 by one Jean-Edouard Gilbert.

## Description

* Cap: The lengths of the cap can vary from 2–8 centimetres (1–3 inches). It can appear convex or shield-shaped. The cap's disc has been seen colored white to pale yellow, with easily removed flaky patches or warts of whitish volva remnants. The center can be tan or creamy yellow in color. Akin to its relative Amanita frostiana, the cap feels smooth and sticky when moist.
* Gills: Gills can be free or slightly adnate. They are about 3–10.5 millimetres (1⁄8–3⁄8 in) broad, with a minutely flocculose edge. The short gills are truncate to excavate-truncate with or without an attenuate "tooth" at the juncture with the flesh of the cap. They are cream to pale cream in color.
* Stipe: The stem, or stipe, measures 80–120 x 6–8 mm. It lacks a ring but consists of a volva. The notable bulb (dimensions 15–22 x 12–20 mm) bears a distinct white collar as do some species with annulate stems, like other Amanita species A. multisquamosa, A. velatipes and A. pantherina.
* Spores and microscopic features: The spores measure (7.3-) 7.7–9.5 (-11.6) x 6.6–8.4 (-9.4) μm and are globose to subglobose or occasionally broadly ellipsoid and inamyloid. Clamps are rare at bases of basidia.
* Flesh: This mushroom has thin and sticky flesh under the cap.

## Distribution and habitat

This fungus is found in the hardwood-hemlock (Tsuga) forest of the northeastern United States and southeastern Canada and of boreal forest at least as far north as the Island of Newfoundland. Commonly it is found in coniferous and deciduous forests or open lush green grasslands.

## Edibility

This species is of unknown edibility and is possibly poisonous.
# Illanmaster

Illanmaster or Illaunmaistir (Irish: Oileán Máistir) is an uninhabited steep rocky island rising to about 100m, lying just off the north coast of County Mayo, Ireland and 19 km (12 mi) west of Ballycastle. Grid ref: F 933 435. The island is separated from the mainland by a narrow sound.

## Wildlife

It has breeding puffins and storm petrels, and in winter is used by a small flock of barnacle geese. The island is managed as a nature reserve by BirdWatch Ireland. The reserve is inaccessible but can be viewed from the mainland.
# Hannah Karema Tumukunde

Hannah Karema Tumukunde is a Ugandan model and beauty peageant title holder who was crowned the Miss Uganda season 2023–2024. She represented Uganda at the Miss World competition which took place in India from February 18 to March 9, 2023. She emerged as the first runner up Miss World Africa at the 71st Miss World event that was close to Quiin Abenakyo and was also ranked among the top 10 queens with the best "beauty with purpose project".

## Background and education

Hannah Karema Tumukunde was born in 1998 in Nakaseke District, Central Region, Uganda. She went to Seroma Christian High School and Hana International School before joining Makerere University. She currently lives in Kisasi, Kampala and is a StarTimes brand ambassador in Uganda.

## Miss Uganda pageant 2023

During the 2023 Miss Uganda competition, Karema beat other 20 contestants to win the Miss Uganda crown at UMA multipurpose hall in Kampala. She was awarded a Toyota Wish and a direct pass to represent Uganda at the Miss World pageant.

## Miss World 2024

Karema represented Uganda at the 71st Miss World pageant where she emerged 7th with her Beauty With A Purpose project, which seeks to keep girls in school and equip children with menstrual hygiene management skills. She appeared among the top 8 and was first runner-up to Miss World Africa after she was beaten by Miss Botswana, Lesego Chombo.
# Hans-Jürgen Mende

Hans-Jürgen Mende (19 May 1945 in Berlin-Kreuzberg – 21 September 2018 in Rostock) was a German historian. He was a lecturer in the history of philosophy at the Weißensee Academy of Art Berlin. After the reunification of Germany (1989/90) he became founder and managing director of the social and cultural-historical association Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein [de], whose main aim was the research and spreading of the history of Berlin and Brandenburg.
Mende died in Berlin at the age of 73.

## Publications

* (ed.): Lexikon ‚Alle Berliner Straßen und Plätze‘ – Von der Gründung bis zur Gegenwart. Neues Leben / Edition Luisenstadt, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-355-01491-5 (4 volumes, 2300 pages).
* with Kurt Wernicke (ed.): Reihe Berliner Bezirkslexikon:
** Kathrin Chod, Herbert Schwenk, Hainer Weißpflug: Berliner Bezirkslexikon Mitte. 2 volumes. FTS Berlin / Edition Luisenstadt, 2001, ISBN 3-89542-111-1.
** Kathrin Chod, Herbert Schwenk, Hainer Weißpflug: Berliner Bezirkslexikon Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. 2 volumes. FTS Berlin / Edition Luisenstadt, 2002, ISBN 3-89542-122-7.
** Kathrin Chod, Herbert Schwenk, Hainer Weißpflug: Berliner Bezirkslexikon Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg. Haude und Spener [de] / Edition Luisenstadt, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-7759-0474-3.
** Hainer Weißpflug et al.: Berliner Bezirkslexikon Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf. Haude und Spener / Edition Luisenstadt, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-7759-0479-4.
** Hainer Weißpflug et al.: Berliner Bezirkslexikon Treptow-Köpenick. FTS Berlin / Edition Luisenstadt, 2009, ISBN 978-3-89542-153-2.
* Hans-Jürgen Mende (ed.): Reihe Berliner Friedhofsführer. 2002–2015, 23rd issue.
* with Sylvia Lais (ed.): Lexikon Berliner Straßennamen. Haude und Spener, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-7759-0477-8.
* Lexikon Berliner Begräbnisstätten. Pharus-Plan, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-86514-206-1.
* Der Jüdische Friedhof in Berlin-Weißensee. Pharus Verlag, Berlin 2016, ISBN 978-3-86514-217-7.
# Hanover bars

Hanover bars, in one of the PAL television video formats, are an undesirable visual artifact in the reception of a television image. The name refers to the city of Hannover, in which the PAL system developer Telefunken Fernseh und Rundfunk GmbH was located.
The PAL system encodes color as YUV. The U (corresponding to B-Y) and V (corresponding to R-Y) signals carry the color information for a picture, with the phase of the V signal reversed (i.e. shifted through 180 degrees) on alternate lines (hence the name PAL, or phase alternate line). This is done to cancel minor phase errors in the reception process. However, if gross errors occur, complementary errors from the V signal carry into the U signal, and thus visible stripes occur.
Later PAL systems introduced alterations to ensure that Hanover bars do not occur, introducing a swinging burst to the color synchronization. Other PAL systems may handle this problem differently.

## Suppression of Hanover bars

To suppress Hanover bars, PAL color decoders use a delay line that repeats the chroma information from each previous line and blends it with the current line. This causes phase errors to cancel out, at the cost of vertical color resolution, and in early designs, also a loss of color saturation proportional to the phase error.
# Hannes Ryömä

August Johannes (Hannes) Ryömä (24 April 1878 – 22 May 1939) was a Finnish physician and politician, born in Karkku.

## Biography

He was a member of the Parliament of Finland for the Social Democratic Party of Finland from 1919 to 1939. He served as Minister of Finance from December 1926 to December 1927 and Minister of Transport and Public Works from 1937 to 1938. He died in Helsinki, aged 61.
# Hans Heinz Theyer

Hans Heinz Theyer (August 5, 1910 – October 18, 1961) was an Austrian cinematographer. He worked on around forty films, including The Emperor Waltz (1953).

## Selected filmography

* Gulliver's Travels (1924)
* Flowers from Nice (1936)
* No Sin on the Alpine Pastures (1950)
* Wedding in the Hay (1951)
* The Mine Foreman (1952)
* Hello Porter (1952)
* Ideal Woman Sought (1952)
* The Emperor Waltz (1953)
* Roses from the South (1954)
* Marriage Sanitarium (1955)
* Espionage (1955)
* Emperor's Ball (1956)
* Deutsche Wochenschau (1945) *
* Love, Girls and Soldiers (1958)
* When the Bells Sound Clearly (1959)
* No Kissing Under Water (1962)
# Hannum

Hannum is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alberta Pierson Hannum (1906–1985), American author
* John Hannum (disambiguation), multiple people
* Thom Hannum (born 1957), percussionist and music educator
* Alex Hannum (1923–2002), American professional basketball player and coach
# Hang Chat railway station

Hang Chat railway station is a railway station located in Hang Chat Subdistrict, Hang Chat District, Lampang. It is a class 3 railway station located 654.859 km from Bangkok railway station.
# 1955 in Chile

The following lists events that happened during 1955 in Chile.

## Incumbents

* President of Chile: Carlos Ibáñez del Campo

## Events
### February

* 18 February - In Antarctica, the Chilean Aguirre Cerda Research Station is inaugurated on Deception Island.
* 27 February - The 1955 South American Championship begins.

### March

* 30 March - The 1955 South American Championship ends. The first place was obtained by Argentina and the second place, Chile.

### April

* 7 April - The O'Higgins Sports Club is founded in the city of Rancagua.

### June

* 12 June - closes the evening newspaper Los Tiempos.

### July

* 17 July – San Bernardo train crash

### October

* 1 October – Finance minister Abraham Perez resigns due to disagreements with President Campo.

### November

* 19 November - The Deportes Linares soccer team is founded in the city of Linares.

## Births

* 13 January – Eduardo Bonvallet (d. 2015)
* 27 February – Belus Prajoux
* 20 April – René Valenzuela
* 23 April – Juan Giha
* 15 June – Iván Flores
* 21 June – Juan Carlos Orellana
* 10 August – Gustavo Moscoso
* 5 November – Oscar Wirth
* 19 December – Alfredo Castro (actor)

## Deaths

* 13 October – Alberto Cabero (b. 1874)
* 19 October – Carlos Dávila (b. 1887)
* 27 October – Tulio Manuel Cestero (b. 1877)
# Edward Wardour

Sir Edward Wardour (died 14 March 1645/6) was an English officeholder and politician who sat in the House of Commons between 1621 and 1625.
Wardour was a native a Malmesbury and held the office of Clerk of the Pells. He was knighted by the King at Whitehall on 20 July 1618. In 1621, he was elected Member of Parliament for Malmesbury. He was re-elected MP for Malmesbury in 1624 and 1625.
Wardour died in 1646 and was buried at All Saints Church, Oxford.
Wardour married Jane Bowdler, who died on 20 January 1652 and was buried by him.
# Glenwood Park (Portland, Oregon)

Glenwood Park is a 7.3-acre (3.0 ha) public park in Portland, Oregon's Lents neighborhood, in the United States. The park was acquired in 1941.
# Ameles kervillei

Ameles kervillei is a species of praying mantis that lives in Syria.
# Imbros (disambiguation)

Imbros is an island in Turkey. It may also refer to:
* Imbros Gorge, a canyon on the Greek island of Crete
* Imbros (horse), an American thoroughbred racehorse
# Edward Warner (1818–1875)

Edward Warner (1818 – 7 March 1875) was an English Whig politician.
He was a Member of Parliament for Norwich from 1852 to 1857, and from 1860 to 1868.
# Eileen O'Connell

Eileen O'Connell may refer to:
* Eileen O'Connell (politician) (1947–2000), Nova Scotia NDP MLA, 1996–2000
* Eibhlín Dubh Ní Chonaill (1743–1800), Irish writer
# Edwardsville

Edwardsville may refer to:

## Canada

* Edwardsville, Nova Scotia

## United Kingdom

* Edwardsville, Merthyr Tydfil

## United States

* Edwardsville, Alabama
* Edwardsville, Illinois
* Edwardsville, Indiana
* Edwardsville, Kansas
* Edwardsville, Ohio
* Edwardsville, Pennsylvania
# Eita, Kiribati

Eita is a settlement in Kiribati. It is located on an atoll in South Tarawa.
# Eight-spotted skimmer

The eight-spotted skimmer (Libellula forensis) is a dragonfly of the skimmer family.

## Description

This dragonfly features the standard skimmer body form, and earns its name from the eight black markings on the wings. It is similar to the twelve-spotted skimmer, but lacks the black markings on the wing tips of that species. Males are additionally adorned with a total of eight opaque white spots. It can be found west of the Rocky Mountains near muddy bottomed ponds and lakes. East of the Sierra Nevada Mountains, some females may also have white spots, making them the only female dragonflies in North America with white spots on the wings. The total length is 44 to 50 mm. Flight season is April through October.