OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George Valentine (photographer)

George Dobson Valentine (1852–1890) was a Scottish photographer.
The son of James Valentine, he became one of Scotland's leading photographers. Serious ill-health and the need for a warmer climate saw Valentine leave the family business and emigrate to New Zealand with his family in 1884. He continued with his career of photography and produced a significant body of work.
In 1885, he photographed the famous Pink and White Terraces and, after the destruction of the area by the Mount Tarawera eruption in 1886, photographed the area again creating a definitive record of this natural disaster. The Pink and White Terrace locations were finally mapped in 2017 after a lost 1859 survey was recovered and analysed.
He produced many of what were to become the classic iconic images of early New Zealand, including geyser studies in the thermal region and studies of New Zealand bush and waterfalls.
Valentine died in 1890, just six years after his arrival in New Zealand.
His work is represented in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa and the Auckland Art Gallery.

## Gallery

* 'Washing Day' at Motoutu Creek, Apia, Samoa, 1887
* Coconut Palms, Rarotonga, 1887
* Huka Falls, Taupo, 1887
* Ikurangi Peak, Rarotonga, 1887
* Nukualofa, Tonga, 1887
* Orange loading at Viaroa, Tahiti, 1887
* The Wharf, Papeete, Tahiti, 1887
* Tikitere, Rotorua, 1887
* Whakarewarewa, Rotorua, 1887
# George Vale Owen

George Vale Owen (26 June 1869 – 9 March 1931) was a clergyman of the Church of England and one of the best-known spiritualists of the early twentieth century.

## Early life

Vale Owen was born in Birmingham, England, the eldest son of George Owen, a chemist and druggist, and his wife Emma. He was educated at the Midland Institute and Queen's College, Birmingham (a predecessor college of Birmingham University).

## Career

In 1893 he was ordained by the Bishop of Liverpool as curate in the parish of Seaforth, in Liverpool. He became curate successively at Fairfield in 1895 and St Matthew's, Scotland Road, in 1897, both also in Liverpool. In 1900 he became vicar of Orford, Warrington, where he created a new church, which was built in 1908, and worked there until 1922.

## Spiritualism

The death of his mother in 1909 awoke his alleged psychic abilities and he claimed to began receiving psychic communication in 1913. He received 'messages' via a process known as automatic writing, which adherents believe is writing performed without conscious thought or deliberation, typically by means of spontaneous free association or as a medium for alleged spirits or psychic forces.
Given the impact on him of the information he received in this way, he converted to Spiritualism. This was to incur the disapproval of his bishop, Francis Chavasse.
The 'messages' he received were developed into books. During the 1920s he authored a number of books about his new faith, his most notable being the five-volume set, Life Beyond the Veil. The works were prefaced by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (creator of Sherlock Holmes), who was a great supporter of Owen.
Lord Northcliffe, the foremost newspaper proprietor of the day, published summaries of the works of Owen in his journal, The Weekly Dispatch. He said that he was impressed by the great sincerity and unshakeable conviction of Owen and that he clearly possessed great spiritual gifts. Through the publication of his work in the Dispatch, Owen became famous throughout the United Kingdom.
Owen's spiritualist work resulted in the Church authorities forcing him out of his parish. This had a severe impact on him, including the loss of his primary source of income. In 1922, aged 53, he began actively promoting Spiritualism. He first went on a lecture tour in the United States. In England, after his return, he gave more than 150 lectures.
He eventually became pastor of a Spiritualist congregation in London.
However, his financial resources became severely depleted. To help him, Conan Doyle organised a collection for him. This resulted in a trust fund that provided financial support for Owen for the rest of his life.

## Personal life

Owen married Rose Pemberton on 21 November 1892 at St James church in Handsworth; they had four children.

## Death

In 1931 he fell seriously ill, exacerbated by the strain of his work as a medium. He died on 9 March of that year, aged 61.
# George van Parris

George van Parris (died 1551) was a Dutch Arian, who was burnt at the stake in London having been excommunicated by his fellow Dutchmen for denying that Jesus Christ was God.
George van Parris attended one of the Stranger churches, which were congregations of European Christians, where he was excommunicated and his remains denied a Christian burial by being burned, presumably with the knowledge of the Polish superintendent over the various congregations, John Lasco. King Edward VI, who permitted the foreign congregations to hold services, wrote in his diary, "A certain Arian, of the strangers, a Dutchman, being excommunicated by the congregation, was, after long disputation, condemned to the fire."

## Life

He was said to have been born in Flanders; but is also described by Robert Wallace as of "Mentz" in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. He was a surgeon, and the law of 1531 enabled foreign surgeons in England to enjoy a larger liberty of opinion than native surgeons enjoyed. He became naturalised 29 October 1550, and was a member for a time of the Dutch Church in Austin Friars, London.
After the death of Joan Bocher, who had denied the humanity of Christ, moves were taken against the spread of unitarian opinions. A commission was issued on 18 January 1551, and Van Parris, having been arrested, was formally examined on 6 April. The Dutch church excommunicated him, and on 7 April he was condemned. His offence was the denial of the divinity of Christ. Edward VI, in his Journal: Van Parris knew little or no English, and Miles Coverdale interceded as his interpreter. A man without prior offences, efforts were made to secure a pardon for him. He was, however, burnt, on 25 April 1551, in Smithfield.
# Gerald of Salles

Gerald of Sales (c.1055 or 1070 – 1120) was a French monastic reformer from Salles, Lot-et-Garonne near Bergerac, Dordogne in the south-west of France. His feast day is on April 20.

## Monastic reformer

Gerald of Salles was ruler of Salles near Bergerac in Dordogne, France. According to a tradition going back to his Vita, he became a canon regular of St. Avitus, from the diocese of Périgueux, and the monastery of Saint-Avit,
A friend of Robert of Arbrissel, and follower of Vitalis of Savigny; like Bernard of Thiron, Gerard set up Benedictine houses, or groups of hermits, mostly in the west of France, and was important in the later spread of the Cistercians, from their beginnings in Burgundy. Following a spirituality very close to that of the Cistercians, Gerald of Salles monasteries progressively joined them.

## Foundations

Most of Gerald's foundations were south of the Loire; all were founded under the Rule of St. Benedict. Among his attributed foundations, of which there are traditionally said to be nine, were:
* Absie Abbey (1120)
* Sainte-Marie d'Ardorel
* Belleperche Abbey
* Abbaye Notre-Dame de l'Assomption du Bournet (1113)
* Cadouin Abbey (c.1115)
* L’abbaye Notre-Dame des Châtelliers (1119)
* Dalon Abbey (1114)
* Fontdouce Abbey (1117)
* Grandselve Abbey (1114)
* Valmagne Abbey
The Abbaye du Pin à Béruges is also attributed, in a chronicle. Feuillant Abbey may have been started by a group of monks from Dalon.
Loc-Dieu Abbey belonged to a series of monasteries reformed by Gerald of Salles.
Like Grandselve, the monastery of Sainte-Marie d'Ardorel near Albi, and its daughter house, Valmagne Abbey, were established as independent Benedictine houses before being absorbed into the Cistercian system.

## Veneration

He was beatified in 1249, and was reburied in a marble tomb, south of the altar at Châtelliers Abbey.
# Gerard Russell

Gerard Russell may refer to:
* Gerard Russell (politician) (1620–1682), English politician
* Gerard Russell (diplomat), British diplomat and author
# German submarine U-367

German submarine U-367 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She carried out no patrols. She did not sink or damage any ships. She was sunk by a Soviet mine northeast of Danzig (now Gdansk) on 15 March 1945.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-367 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8-276 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-367 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The submarine was laid down on 6 July 1942 at the Flensburger Schiffbau-Gesellschaft yard at Flensburg as yard number 490, launched on 11 June 1943 and commissioned on 27 August under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Ulrich Hammer. She served with the 23rd U-boat Flotilla from 27 August 1943 and the 31st flotilla from 20 February 1945.

### Loss

U-367 sank after striking a mine on 16 March 1945 which had been laid by the Soviet submarine L-21 three days previously. Forty-three men died in the U-boat; there were no survivors.
# Germano Grachane

Germano Grachane C.M. (born May 4, 1942 in Zandamela, Zavala District) is a Mozambican clergyman, who is the Bishop of Nacala. He was ordained a priest of the Congregation of the Vincentians on 24 May 1970. On 22 January 1990 Pope John Paul II appointed him auxiliary bishop in Nampula and Titular Bishop of Thunusuda. He received his episcopal consecration as Archbishop of Nampula from Manuel Vieira Pinto, on June 3 of that year; Co-consecrators were Paulo Mandlate, Bishop of Tete, and Júlio Duarte Langa, Bishop of Xai-Xai. On 11 October 1991 he was appointed Bishop of Nacala.
# Gera Chausheva

Gera Peeva Chausheva (1924–1989) was a Bulgarian communist resistance member during the Second World War in Bulgaria.

## Life

Gera Chausheva was born on 18 July 1924 to the father Peyo Peev and mother Katerina Peeva in Kamenitsa Village, Bulgaria. Her father actively participated in the Balkan wars. Gera Chausheva had four siblings.

### Education

Gera graduated from elementary school in Kametnitsa village and signed up for high school in Pazardzhik, Bulgaria.
After the war, she continued her high school education in Moscow, Russia.

### Partisan movement

Gera Peeva joined the partisan movement of Anton Ivanov in 1943. She actively participated in all military actions and movements of troops. On the 26 March 1944, her sister Vela, who is also involved in the partisan movement, got shot and died.

## World War II

Gera joined the Russian military forces against Germany in 1944 during World War II. She later got promoted to the rank of lieutenant officer and became a platoon commander.
On 4 November 1944, in honor of her demonstration of special valor during a battle with the enemy near the village of Chertsey, Gera Peeva became the first woman to be awarded the Russian Order of Courage.
# GeraNova Bruckmann

The GeraNova Bruckmann is a German publishing house, based in Munich. Managers are Clemens Schüssler, Clemens Hahn and Hans-Joachim Hartmann.

## History

In 2003, publishers Bruckmann and GeraNova (today GeraMond) were united under the same roof as the GeraNova Bruckmann publishing house. In 2004 the C.J. Bucher Verlag (now Bucher Verlag) and the J. Berg Verlag were added. In June 2008, the publishing house GeraNova Bruckmann took over the two publishers Christian Verlag and Frederking & Thaler from Prestel Publishing.
From 2009 to 2015, GeraNova Bruckmann published together with the Gong Verlag the magazine Landidee (Country ideas), Landidee Wohnen & Deko (Country ideas Living & Décor), Landapotheke (Country Pharmacy), Landfrisch (Country Fresh), Landgarten (Country Garden) and thematic recipe booklets. Between 2012 and 2015; GeraNova Bruckman together with Gong Verlag the magazines Ein Herz für Tiere (A heart for animals) and their Dutch edition Hart voor Dieren, as well as, Partner Hund (Partner dog), Geliebte Katze (Beloved cat), Dogstoday, Catstoday and monothematic magazine extras for topics related to dogs or cats. In July 2015, Funke Mediengruppe took over Landidee publications completely and the GeraNova Bruckmann publishing house claimed the Ein Herz für Tiere publications 100% its own.
In November 2013, the publishing house took over the home improvement magazine, Selbermachen from Jahreszeiten-Verlag, Hamburg. Therefore, the Hamburg-based Selbermachen Media GmbH was founded as a 100 percent subsidiary.
In January 2014, GeraNova Bruckmann took over Sutton Publishing in Erfurt and in October 2014, the Alba publication Alf Teloeken with the magazines, Eisenbahn-Magazin ('Railroad magazine) and N-Bahn-Magazine (N train magazine).
In April 2016, National Geographic Germany and GeraNova Bruckmann founded NG Publishing. The Piper Verlag resigned from the recent joint venture with National Geographic Germany.

## Program

GeraNova Bruckmann publishes books, magazines, calendars, DVDs, online portals, e-books and apps on the topics of Tourism, Outdoor and Sport (Bruckmann Verlag), nature, culture and photography (Frederking & Thaler Verlag), history (Bucher Verlag), activities guide, illustrated books and monographs on topics from Bavaria, the Alpine region and the neighboring regions and countries (J. Berg Verlag) as well as, automotive, motorcycle, train, model, transport, aviation and military history (GeraMond Verlag).
# German Evangelical Immanuel Congregational Church

The German Evangelical Immanuel Congregational Church (Immanuel Congregational Church; Immanuel Congregational United Church of Christ) in Brush, Colorado is a historic church at 209 Everett Street. It was built in 1927 and was added to the National Register in 2005.
It was deemed notable " for its architectural significance. The church embodies the distinctive characteristics of the Late Gothic Revival style of architecture, including its brick construction, two corner towers with decorative corner pilasters, pointed arch windows, two slightly recessed entrances, and its steeply-pitched cross-gable roof. The building is also architecturally significant because it was designed by Denver architect, Walter H. Simon and to a lesser degree because it was constructed under the direction of Frank M. Kenney, a well-known Colorado building contractor."
# Gerald W. VandeWalle

Gerald Wayne VandeWalle (born August 15, 1933) is an American lawyer who served as a justice of the North Dakota Supreme Court from 1978 to 2023. He served as the court's chief justice from 1993 to 2019.

## Early life and education

VandeWalle was born in Noonan, North Dakota and graduated from the University of North Dakota in 1955 with a Bachelor of Science degree in commerce. While attending the University of North Dakota he joined the Lambda Chi Alpha fraternity. He then received a Juris Doctor from the University of North Dakota School of Law in 1958.

## Career

In late 2019, VandeWalle announced he would not seek reelection for another term as chief justice, but would remain on the court. He was the longest-serving chief justice in North Dakota history and at the time, the oldest in the nation. He retired from the court on January 31, 2023.

## Career

* 1958 – admitted to the State Bar of North Dakota
* 1975 – appointed First Assistant Attorney General of North Dakota
* August, 1978 – appointed to the North Dakota Supreme Court
* November, 1978 – elected to serve an unexpired term on Supreme Court
* 1985–1987 – served as the first chair of the North Dakota Judicial Conference
* 1993 – elected Chief Justice of North Dakota Supreme Court
* 1995 – re-elected Chief Justice
* 2000 – re-elected Chief Justice
* 2005—re-elected Chief Justice
* 2010—re-elected Chief Justice
* 2015—re-elected Chief Justice
# German Men's Volleyball Super Cup

The German Men's Volleyball Supercup is a volleyball competition between the champion of Germany and the winner of the Cup of Germany . The first edition of this competition was contested in the 1987–88 season. Since 2022 tournament is played as 8-team tournament Bounce House Cup.

## Winners list

| Years | Champions | Score | Runners-up |
| 1988 | Hamburger SV | | Bayer 04 Leverkusen |
| 1989 | Hamburger SV | | Bayer 04 Leverkusen |
| 1990 | TSV Milbertshofen | | Bayer 04 Leverkusen |
| 1991 | Moerser SC | | SC Berlin |
| 1993 | Moerser SC | | SCC Berlin |
| 2016 | VfB Friedrichshafen | 3 : 0 | Berlin Recycling Volleys |
| 2017 | VfB Friedrichshafen | 3 : 1 | Berlin Recycling Volleys |
| 2018 | VfB Friedrichshafen | 3 : 1 | Berlin Recycling Volleys |
| 2019 | Berlin Recycling Volleys | 3: 0 | VfB Friedrichshafen |
| 2020 | Berlin Recycling Volleys | 3 : 0 | United Volleys Frankfurt |
| 2021 | Berlin Recycling Volleys | 3 : 0 | United Volleys Frankfurt |
| 2022 | Berlin Recycling Volleys | 3 : 0 | VfB Friedrichshafen |
| 2023 | Berlin Recycling Volleys | 3 : 0 | VfB Friedrichshafen |

## Honours by club

| Rk. | Club | Titles | City | Years won |
| 1 | Berlin Recycling Volleys | 5 | Berlin | 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023 |
| 2 | VfB Friedrichshafen | 3 | Friedrichshafen | 2016, 2017, 2018 |
| 3 | Hamburger SV | 2 | Hamburg | 1988,1989 |
| = | Moerser SC | 2 | Moerser | 1991, 1993 |
| 5 | TSV Milbertshofen | 1 | Milbertshofen | 1990 |
# Gert and Daisy's Weekend

Gert and Daisy's Weekend is a 1942 British comedy film directed by Maclean Rogers and starring Elsie Waters, Doris Waters and Iris Vandeleur. It was written by Kathleen Butler, H. F. Maltby and Rogers.
It was shot at Welwyn Studios with sets designed by the art director William Hemsley. It was followed by a sequel Gert and Daisy Clean Up (1942).

## Cast

* Elsie Waters as Gert
* Doris Waters as Daisy
* Iris Vandeleur as Ma Butler
* Elizabeth Hunt as Maisie Butler
* John Slater as Jack Densham
* Wally Patch as Charlie Peters
* Annie Esmond as Lady Plumtree
* Aubrey Mallalieu as Barnes
* O. B. Clarence as vicar
* Noel Dainton as Detective Inspector
* Arthur Denton as village policeman
* Vi Kaley as old lady whose son is to be evacuated
* David Keir as magistrates clerk
* Jack May as old man dancing on Tube station
* Gerald Moore as Tommy
* Johnnie Schofield as Policeman at Town Hall
* Leonard Sharp as small boy's father
* Jack Vyvyan as village policeman
* Ben Williams as sam the fishmonger

## Critical reception

The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote: "The story is naturally outrageous and simply serves as an extravagant setting in which the well-known comediennes Elsie and Doris Waters can perform. This they do excellently and bring to the screen all the verve of their music-hall and radio turns. The supporting players are very much inferior in ability to the stars. On the other hand, the authenticity of real English backgrounds and manners is refreshing after seeing so many Hollywood imaginative attempts to show England to the English."
The Radio Times Guide to Films gave the film 2/5 stars, writing: "Elsie and Doris Waters had been radio stars for some 15 years before they made this rare sortie in front of the movie camera. Starring as the cockney tittle-tattles Gert and Daisy, they escort some East End evacuees to a country house, where the kids end up as chief suspects in a jewel robbery. The sisters usually wrote their own material and took great pains to be original. Consequently, they look distinctly unhappy with the rehashed gags on offer here."
In British Sound Films: The Studio Years 1928–1959 David Quinlan rated the film as "average", writing: "Pretty wild comedy goes at a fair old pace; material is broad but the stars play it with gusto."
# Digboi Refinery

Digboi Oil Refinery was set up at Digboi in 1901 by Assam Oil Company Ltd. The Indian Oil Corporation Ltd (IOC) took over the refinery and marketing management of Assam Oil Company Ltd. with effect from 1981 and created a separate division. This division has both refinery and marketing operations. The refinery at Digboi had an installed capacity 0.5 million tonnes per year. The refining capacity of the refinery was increased to 0.65 million tonnes per year by modernization of refinery in July, 1996. A new delayed Coking Unit of 170,000 tonnes per year capacity was commissioned in 1999. A new Solvent Dewaxing Unit for maximizing production of microcrystalline wax was installed and commissioned in 2003. The refinery has also installed Hydrotreater-UOP in 2002 to improve the quality of diesel. The MSQ Upgradation unit has been commissioned. A new terminal was expected to be completed by 2016. It is one of the best oil fields in Assam. Certified
The small town of Digboi in the remote north eastern corner of the country is the birth place of the Oil Industry in India. Digboi Refinery, commissioned on 1901. It is India's oldest operating refinery and one of the oldest operating refineries in the world and termed as the "Gangotri of the Indian Hydrocarbon sector." Earlier owned and operated by the Assam Oil Company Limited/Burmah Oil Company, it came into the fold of the Indian Oil Corporation Limited and became the Assam Oil Division of Indian Oil Corporation Limited.

## History

Digboi refinery is known as birthplace of the oil Industry in India. It was commissioned on 11 December 1901. It has the distinction of being Asia's first refinery and one of oldest still in operation. Oil was accidentally discovered in 1867 while laying a railway line in Digboi area. It was just found seeping out in dense jungles in Tinsukia district. Digging for oil was started in 1889 and the refinery set up in 1901 at Digboi.
# Andrew Maatla Motsomi

Andrew Maatla Motsomi is a Botswana economist and corporate executive, who serves as the managing director and chief executive officer of Debswana Diamond Company Limited, the largest diamond-mining company in the world, by value. He was appointed to that position in May 2022 on a five-year contract. He assumed office on 1 June 2022.

## Background and education

Motsomi is a Motswana by birth. He holds a bachelor's degree in Economics and Accounting from the University of Botswana. He went on to obtain a Postgraduate Diploma in Economic Development and Planning from the African Institute for Economic Development and Planning in Dakar, Senegal. His degree of Master of Arts in economics was obtained from the Victoria University of Manchester.

## Career

In 2016, the President of Botswana at the time, Ian Khama, appointed Motsomi as Deputy Governor of the Bank of Botswana, effective 1 February 2016. While at the bank, he represented Botswana regionally as the chairman of the Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis. He also worked on attachment at the International Monetary Fund on behalf of Botswana. His tenure at Bank of Botswana exceeded 35 years of service.
Motsomi took over the helm of Debswana from Lynette Armstrong, the substantive chief financial officer (CFO) at the company, who served as the CEO of the company in acting capacity between August 2019 until May 2022.