OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Adnan (disambiguation)

Adnan is, according to tradition, a descendant of Ishmael and an ancestor of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Adnan may also refer to:
* Adnan (name), an Arabic name and lists of people with the given name or surname
* Adnan (actor), Bangladeshi film actor
* Adnan AIFV, the Malaysian variant of the ACV 300 Armoured Fighting Vehicle
* "Adnan", a track by Orbital from the album In Sides
# Condonation

Within the legal profession, condonation (or a condonance) is a defence argument sometimes made when an accuser has previously forgiven or chosen to ignore an act about which they are now legally complaining. In some legal jurisdictions, and for certain behaviors, it may prevent the accuser from prevailing. It is most frequently presented during divorce proceedings, though it is also used in other legal contexts.
Condonation is irrelevant to some acts. For example, some jurisdictions prohibit consensual combat (other than in specially-sanctioned sports, such as boxing). In such a jurisdiction, the people arrested for brawling cannot avoid prosecution by condoning one another's assaults.

## Common law

In the civil law of the common law legal systems, if a creditor states that they forgive a certain debt, they might be blocked (or estopped) from attempting to collect that same debt at a later date. Condonation would not prevent the creditor from collecting any subsequent or other debts, however.

### Divorce law

Prior to the advent of no-fault divorce statutes, condonation was frequently asserted as a defense to divorce. Although one spouse may have committed an act that justified the other in obtaining a divorce, the other spouse might be deemed to have forgiven the conduct and thus waived the right to sue for divorce. The most typical way in which condonation occurred is if the wronged spouse, with knowledge of the act, voluntarily engaged in sexual relations with the wrongdoer. Critics of the doctrine contended that it discouraged spouses from attempting reconciliation, as one act of sexual intercourse would deprive the wronged spouse of any relief if the spouses were unable to resolve their differences.

## Military law

The principle of condonation in military law is traced back to the "Memorandum on Corporal Punishment" issued by the Duke of Wellington on 4 March 1832:
   "The performance of a duty of honour or of trust, after the knowledge of an offence committed by a soldier, ought to convey a pardon for the offence."
# Claudia Österheld

Claudia Österheld (born 8 December 1968 in Kassel) is an aircraft engineer, working at Airbus Operations GmbH. She is specialized in multidisciplinary design optimization and finite element modeling.
Österheld competed as a canoe sprinter for West Germany in her late teens. In 1988, she won the Women's K-2 500m championship with Catrin Fischer. At the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, she finished fifth in the semifinals of the K-4 500 m event.
# Glyn Barker

Glyn Anthony Barker (born September 1953) is a British businessman who is chairman of Interserve (since September 2017), the law firm Irwin Mitchell and Berkeley Group Holdings (from 2020 for up to two years until a permanent replacement is identified).
Barker is a non-executive director of Aviva since February 2012 and Transocean Limited. Barker is an adviser for Novalpina Capital, a private equity firm.
# Ernest Smith (cricketer, born 1869)

Ernest Smith (19 October 1869 – 9 April 1945) was an English amateur first-class cricketer, who played twenty one games for Oxford University from 1888 to 1891, 154 matches for Yorkshire County Cricket Club from 1888 to 1907, and four for the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) from 1892 to 1902.
Smith was born in Morley, West Riding of Yorkshire, and educated at Clifton College and University College, Oxford. In a first-class career that lasted from 1888, when he was 18, till 1928, when he was 58, he also played cricket for Oxford and Cambridge Universities Past and Present (1890), fifteen matches for The Gentlemen (1891–1906), North of England (1891–1908), Gentlemen of England (1891–1910) and C. I. Thornton's XI (1892–1899) and, among other teams, twenty-seven games for H. D. G. Leveson-Gower's XI (1909–1928).
In 242 first-class matches, Smith scored 7,686 runs at 21.46, with a highest score of 164 not out for H. D. G. Leveson-Gower's XI against Cambridge University in 1912. In 1891 he scored 154 for North against South, he and Charles de Trafford adding 254 in 105 minutes. A right-arm fast bowler, Smith took 454 wickets at 25.69, with a best return of 7 for 40 for Yorkshire against MCC in 1893. For Oxford University in 1890 he took 13 for 146 in the match against Lancashire. Standing six feet one inch tall, he was also a good fieldsman.
Smith was a schoolteacher who played most of his cricket during the summer school holidays. In 1958 A. A. Thomson said of him: "Ernest was one of that devoted band of August schoolmasters – happily they survive to-day – who pack their boys off home and add a kind of academic gaiety to the month's cricket." He added that Smith could "defend like a lowered portcullis if Yorkshire were in serious trouble" or bat "like a charging cavalry leader".
Smith died in April 1945 in Eastbourne, Sussex. His brother, A. E. Smith, played one first-class game for the "English Residents" in Philadelphia in 1890.
# Beşpınarlar, Şenkaya

Beşpınarlar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şenkaya, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 273 (2022).
# African payal

African payal is a common name for several aquatic plants which are invasive in India:
* Salvinia auriculata, native to the Americas
* Salvinia molesta
# Bernard IV, Lord of Lippe

Bernhard IV, Lord of Lippe (c. 1230 in Brake – June 1275) was a ruling Lord of Lippe.

## Life

He was the eldest son of Bernard III and his wife, Sofie of Cuijck-Arnsberg.
In 1254, he took up grovenment of Rheda and in 1265, he succeeded his father as ruler of Lippe. His brother Herman III inherited the city of Lippstadt.
With his uncle, Bishop Simon I of Paderborn, he fought in the Battle of Zülpich of 1267 against the Duchy of Jülich. Simon was captured. In 1269, Bernard IV paid a large ransom to secure Simon's release. He had to borrow the money, causing the House of Lippe to be burdened by debt.
At different times during his reign, he was regent of Ravensberg, had a dispute with the city of Lippstadt, which had joined the Rhenish League of Cities, and was liege lord of Vehmic court in Wesenfort.
He died in 1275, and was buried in Marienfeld Abbey.

## Marriage and issue

In 1260, Bernard married Agnes (c. 1232 – c. 1 August 1285), a daughter of Count Dietrich V of Cleves and Hedwig of Meißen. Agnes and Bernard had the following children:
* Simon I (c. 1261 – 10 August 1344), married Countess Adelaide of Waldeck and had issue
* Elisabeth (b. c. 1273), married Count Henry III of Solms-Braunfels and had issue

## Footnotes

* ↑ Internetportal Westphalian History: Bernard IV of Lippe (in German)
Bernard IV, Lord of Lippe House of LippeBorn: c. 1230 Died: June 1275 :
| Preceded byBernard III | Lord of Rheda 1254–1275 | Succeeded bySimon I |
| Preceded byBernard III | Lord of Lippe 1265–1275 | Succeeded bySimon I |
* This article about a member of the German nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Ellie Johnston

Ellie Johnston may refer to:
* Ellie Johnston (rugby league)
* Ellie Johnston (cricketer)
# Clematis coactilis

Clematis coactilis, common name Virginia white-hair leather flower, is a plant species endemic to the western part of the US State of Virginia. It is reported from only Botetourt, Roanoke, Craig, Montgomery, Giles, Wythe, and Pulaski Counties. It is usually found on soils formed from shale, less often dolomite, limestone or sandstone.
Clematis coactilis is a shrub, not a vine like many of the other members of the genus. It is erect, up to 45 cm tall with silky, bristly or woolly hairs. Leaves are thick and leathery, simple but sometimes lobed, up to 12 cm long. Flowers are bell—shaped, borne one at a time at the tips of branches, pale yellow sometimes with a purplish tinge. Achenes are hairy, with a feathery beak up to 6 cm long.
# All Men Are the Same

All Men Are the Same may refer to:
# Goelet Building

The Goelet Building may refer to any of the following buildings in Manhattan, New York:
* 608 Fifth Avenue (Swiss Center Building) at 49th Street
* 900 Broadway at 20th Street
* Judge Building, originally the Goelet Building, at 110 Fifth Avenue and 16th Street
# Al Wiggins

Al Wiggins may refer to:
* Alan Wiggins (1958–1991), American baseball player
* Albert Wiggins (1935–2011), American swimmer
# Big Basin Prairie Preserve

The Big Basin Prairie Preserve is a 1,818 acres (7.36 km$^2$; 2.84 sq mi) nature preserve owned and managed by the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks. The preserve is in the Red Hills near Ashland in Clark County, Kansas. The main features are St. Jacob's Well, a water-filled sinkhole which lies in the Little Basin, and the Big Basin, a lush mile-wide crater-like depression, also resulting from a sinkhole. The area is stocked with buffalo and is open to the public.
The Big Basin is transected by U.S. Route 283 and U.S. Route 160 which run together for a short ways. The portion of the basin west of the highway is privately owned. The property was acquired in 1974 from The Nature Conservancy which made operation as a nature preserve a condition of the sale. In December 1978, the preserve was designated as a National Natural Landmark and was added to the National Registry of Natural Landmarks.
Elevations on the preserve range from 2,200 feet (670 m) to 2,360 feet (720 m) above sea level.

## History

The area was one of the locations where the Northern Cheyenne camped and rested during the Northern Cheyenne Exodus in the fall of 1878. The area was not occupied, and perhaps not even generally known, by settlers at that time. The Big Basin was also used as a landmark and watering site for trail drives of cattle northward from Texas to railroads in Kansas.
Willard D. Johnson of the United States Geological Survey visited Big Basin at the turn of the 20th century and published the following account in 1901:
    Within this zone, 19 miles east of Meade, is Big Basin, approximately circular, about a mile in diameter and 100 feet in depth. It has no drainage out, and drainage into it frequently results in shallow ponding at various low areas over the floor. Notching the rim at the southwest is a smaller basin, also without outlet, and separated from the larger one by a low divide. A short distance to the east is still another, called Little Basin, and on the rim of this is a sharply cut sink hole, St. Jacob's Well. Here, again, the water plane of the ground water is revealed. The floor of Little Basin, close to the foot of its encircling bluff, shows a number of shallow depressions, apparently the nearly healed scars of other and earlier sink holes. St. Jacob's Well has every appearance of having been rather recently formed.
Research has determined that St Jacob's Well is 84 ft (26 m) wide and 58 ft (18 m) deep. It has never been known to go dry.
* Big Basin in the fog.
* The wet floor of Big Basin.
* Shaded elevation map.
The effort to preserve the land now known as the Big Basin Prairie Preserve began in 1972 when Mrs. C.G. "Janie" Stein, formed the Big Basin Foundation and contacted and worked closely with numerous agencies, congressional representatives, and individuals over several years. She worked with local landowners and The Nature Conservancy to encourage setting this land aside to protect bison and pronghorn. Her son John Paul Stein wrote a song about his mother's involvement in this project.
# Benjamin Schwartz (linguist)

Benjamin Schwartz (died 1981) was an American linguist, specializing in ancient languages and texts from the Middle East.
He taught for a time at Lincoln University in Pennsylvania. His main interests were Indoeuropean languages, Anatolian texts and languages (such as Hittite and Luwian), Judaeo-Greek hymns, and the Phaistos disk.
He died on December 26, 1981.
# Ellie Johnston (rugby league)

Ellie Johnston (born 24 October 2000) is an Australian rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the Cronulla Sharks in the NRL Women's Premiership and the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NSWRL Women's Premiership.

## Background

Born in Taree, New South Wales, Johnston began playing rugby league for the Wauchope Thunder in 2018. She had previously represented Australia under-17 at indoor netball.

## Playing career

In May 2019, after playing for the North Coast Bulldogs at the Women's Country Championships, Johnston was selected to represent NSW Country at the Women's National Championships.
In September 2020, she joined the St. George Illawarra Dragons Women NRL Women's Premiership team. In Round 1 of the 2020 NRLW season, she made her debut for the Dragons in a 18–4 loss to the Sydney Roosters. In the 2021 and 2022 NRL Women's Premiership seasons Ellie played as a prop forward for the Parramatta Eels Women.
# Colégio Militar (disambiguation)

Colégio Militar is a military secondary school in Lisbon, Portugal.
Colégio militar in Portuguese or Colegio militar in Spanish ('military college') may also refer to:

## Military schools and academies

* Colegio Militar Caldas, a military secondary school in Bogotá, Colombia
* Colegio Militar de la Nación, in El Palomar, Buenos Aires, Argentina

## Transportation

* Colégio Militar/Luz (Lisbon Metro), a station of the Lisbon metro in Portugal
* Colegio Militar metro station, a station of the Mexico City metro system
# Clepsis celsana

Clepsis celsana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Russia, Kazakhstan and Xinjiang, China.
# Allotrioceratidae

The Allotrioceratidae is a family of Middle Ordovician fossils, established by Rousseau Flower, 1955, originally including Allotrioceras and Mirabilocras, assigned inferentially to the Endocerida and known only from structures interpreted as siphuncles. Later Williamsoceras, Cacheoceras, and Perkinsoceras (Flower 1968, 1976) were added.
Similar Allotrioceras and Mirabiloceras, known only from the Chazyan (upper lower Middle Ordovician) of New York, are tubular organisms with complex interiors somewhat resembling that of the Endocerida. The later added Williamsoceras, Cacheoceras, and Perkinsoceras are true endocerids as indicated by their cylindroid shells, phragmocones, and siphuncles. Williamsoceras and Cacheoceras are from the Whiterockian stage (lower lower Middle Ordovian) of Utah. Perkinsoceras, which appeared somewhat later, is from the Chazyan of New York, like Allotrioceras and Mirabilioceras but rather distinct from either.
The Allotrioceratidae of Rousseau Flower (Flower 1955) is defined on the basis a structure within the siphuncle, assumed or real, known as an infula that consists of a thin dark, arcuate or curved, line with dark spots interpreted as endosiphuncular tubules. Allotrioceras and Mirabilioceras also have internal subdividing structures that somewhat resemble the longitudinal processes found the siphuncles of some endocerids including Williamsoceras, Cacheoceras, and Perkinsoceras.
The holotypes of Allotrioceras and Mirabiloceras are housed in the collections of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
# Goem

Goem (pronounced) is the electronic music project of Frans de Waard, Peter Duimelinks and Roel Meelkop. Active since 1996, it is one of the most internationally visible projects hailing from the Netherlands. They have about twenty CD and vinyl releases on various labels from Europe and North America.

## Trivia

Goem and Kapotte Muziek share the same members. Goem is a Russian word for stores that we reserved for the apparatchiks, the members of the establishment of the Soviet Communist Party.
# Big Bay

Big Bay may refer to:
* Big Bay, British Columbia, Canada
* Big Bay, Michigan, United States
* Big Bay (New Zealand), New Zealand
* Big Bay, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu
* Big Bay Short Range Radar Site, Canada
# Aenesidemus, tyrant of Leontini

Aenesidemus (Aenesidemos or Enesidemus), the son of Pataecus of Gela in Sicily, Magna Graecia, was made tyrant of Leontini in 498 BC by Hippocrates of Gela after aiding the latter in his effort to conquer southeastern Sicily. Aenesidemus likely continued to hold Leontini at least until the death of Hippocrates in 491 BC.
The inclusion of Aenesidemus as a character in the ancient Greek novel The Wonders Beyond Thule by Antonius Diogenes provides the general fictive or dramatic date for these events.
# Benjamin Schwarz (writer)

Benjamin Schwarz (born October 20, 1963) is an American editor and writer. He has written articles, essays, monographs, and reviews on an array of subjects, including history, politics, national security, foreign policy and international economics.

## Early life

Schwarz was born on October 20, 1963. He holds a B.A. and an M.A. in history from Yale University, where he received the Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation's Mellon Fellowship in the Humanities. Schwarz was a Fulbright scholar at Magdalen College, Oxford.

## Career

Schwarz was the literary and national editor for The Atlantic from 2000 to 2013. In addition to working on feature articles for the magazine, Schwarz ran a regular column for The Atlantic's cultural and literary department, which under his editorship expanded its coverage to include popular culture and more. The Los Angeles Times wrote that Schwarz had "re-shaped the venerable magazine's book section into the shrewdest, best-written and most surprising cultural report currently on offer between slick covers." The column has hosted writers such as Perry Anderson, Caitlin Flanagan, Sandra Tsing Loh, Christopher Hitchens, Cristina Nehring, Joseph O'Neill, Terry Castle, Mona Simpson, Clive James, and B. R. Myers. Articles under his editorial management either won or were finalists for the National Magazine Award for Criticism from 2000 to 2009. The Columbia Journalism Review described Schwarz as "the magazine's in-house intellectual." A national correspondent for The Atlantic from 1995 to 2000, Schwarz wrote a series of essays and articles that argued for a reduced role United States in global politics. He also wrote several pieces on historical and literary subjects.
From 1996 to 1998, Schwarz was the executive editor of the World Policy Journal, where he bolstered the coverage of cultural issues, international economics, and military affairs. For several years he was a foreign policy analyst at the RAND Corporation, where he researched and wrote on American global strategy, counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and military doctrine. At RAND, Schwarz wrote a widely cited and highly critical assessment of American counterinsurgency doctrine and practice. Schwarz was also a staff member of the Brookings Institution. In 1999 Schwarz won the Nona Balakian Citation for Excellence in Reviewing from the National Book Critics Circle.
Schwarz is a consulting editor-at-large at Yale University Press. From 2014 to 2017, he was the national editor of The American Conservative, where he commissioned articles by leftist writers and wrote a series of articles on the postwar social changes in Great Britain and on the gentrification in contemporary American cities. He is currently working on a biography of Winston Churchill, which will be published by HarperCollins.

## Personal life

His wife, Christina, is the author of the bestselling novel, Drowning Ruth.
# Administrative divisions of Chechnya

This article lists the administrative divisions of Chechnya, Russia.
* Cities of republican significance:
** Grozny (Грозный) (capital)
** Argun (Аргун)
** Gudermes (Гудермес)
* Towns of district significance:
** Shali (Шали)
** Urus-Martan (Урус-Мартан)
** Kurchaloy (Курчалой)
* Districts:
** Achkhoy-Martanovsky (Ачхой-Мартановский)
** Groznensky (Грозненский)
** Gudermessky (Гудермесский)
** Itum-Kalinsky (Итум-Калинский)
** Kurchaloyevsky (Курчалоевский)
** Nadterechny (Надтеречный)
** Naursky (Наурский)
** Nozhay-Yurtovsky (Ножай-Юртовский)
** Sernovodsky (Серноводский)
** Shalinsky (Шалинский)
** Sharoysky (Шаройский)
** Shatoysky (Шатойский)
** Shelkovskoy (Шелковской)
** Urus-Martanovsky (Урус-Мартановский)
** Vedensky (Веденский)
Cheberloyevsky and Galanchozhsky Districts were re-introduced into the Constitution of the Chechen Republic in November 2012 (after having been removed in December 2007); however, as of 2020, their borders and composition have not been officially defined.
# Commutator collecting process

In group theory, a branch of mathematics, the commutator collecting process is a method for writing an element of a group as a product of generators and their higher commutators arranged in a certain order. The commutator collecting process was introduced by Philip Hall in 1934 and articulated by Wilhelm Magnus in 1937. The process is sometimes called a "collection process".
The process can be generalized to define a totally ordered subset of a free non-associative algebra, that is, a free magma; this subset is called the Hall set. Members of the Hall set are binary trees; these can be placed in one-to-one correspondence with words, these being called the Hall words; the Lyndon words are a special case. Hall sets are used to construct a basis for a free Lie algebra, entirely analogously to the commutator collecting process. Hall words also provide a unique factorization of monoids.

## Statement

The commutator collecting process is usually stated for free groups, as a similar theorem then holds for any group by writing it as a quotient of a free group.
Suppose F$_1$ is a free group on generators a$_1$, ..., a$_m$. Define the descending central series by putting
    F$_{n+1}$ = [F$_n$, F$_1$]
The basic commutators are elements of F$_1$ defined and ordered as follows:
* The basic commutators of weight 1 are the generators a$_1$, ..., a$_m$.
* The basic commutators of weight w > 1 are the elements [x, y] where x and y are basic commutators whose weights sum to w, such that x > y and if x = [u, v] for basic commutators u and v then v ≤ y.
Commutators are ordered so that x > y if x has weight greater than that of y, and for commutators of any fixed weight some total ordering is chosen.
Then F$_n$/F$_{n+1}$ is a finitely generated free abelian group with a basis consisting of basic commutators of weight n.
Then any element of F can be written as
    $g=c_{1}^{n_{1}}c_{2}^{n_{2}}\cdots c_{k}^{n_{k}}c$
where the c$_i$ are the basic commutators of weight at most m arranged in order, and c is a product of commutators of weight greater than m, and the n$_i$ are integers.
# Clavicymbalum

The clavicymbalum (or clavisymbalum, clavisimbalum, etc.) is an early keyboard instrument and ancestor of the harpsichord. The instrument is described as a psaltery to which keys, but no dampers, have been attached, allowing the keys rather than the fingers to pluck the strings, which then ring until their sound fades out.
One of its earliest attestations is a 1323 work by Johannes de Muris, where it describes a monochordium as an instrument "with a keyboard of two octaves, of triangular form, with one of the three sides curved."
The work of Henri-Arnault de Zwolle (between 1438 and 1446) describes the clavicymbalum as one of the "three types" of keyboard instruments, along with the dulce melos (an early piano) and the clavicordium (clavichord).
# Almenrausch and Edelweiss

Almenrausch and Edelweiss may refer to:
* Almenrausch and Edelweiss (1957 film), an Austrian-West German comedy film
* Almenrausch and Edelweiss (1928 film), a German silent drama film