OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gregory coal mine

The Gregory Coal Mine is an open-cut coal mine located at Crinum, 60 km north east of Emerald in Central Queensland, Australia. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 159 million tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Australia and the world. The Bowen Basin mine has an annual production capacity of 5 million tonnes of coal. Operations at the Gregory mine started in 1979. Coal from the mine is exported to the Port of Gladstone via the Blackwater railway system.

## History

The underground mine at the site is known as Crinum. Together both mines are referred to as the Gregory Crinum complex. Operations at the Crinum mine began in 1997 and it employs about 200 people.
Longwall mining at Crinum finished in 2007. Crinum received the Queensland Mining Industry Health and Safety Innovations Award in 2009 for a safety guard which prevents falls onto a coveyor belt.
Severe flooding affected operations at the mine in 2008. The 2010–11 Queensland floods resulted in a force majeure declaration for numerous Queensland mines including the Gregory Crinum complex.
In September 2012, it was announced that open-cut production at the mine was to cease on 10 October 2012. Due to falling coal prices the mine had become uneconomic. The Crinum underground mine was not closed and the coal handling preparation plant at Gregory would continue to be used. In mid 2013, the Crinum mine contained 8.3 million tonnes of coal and was forecast to continue extraction for another four years.
On 27 March 2019, BMA completed the sale of the mine to Sojitz Corporation for A$100 million. In addition to the sale of the mine to Sojitz, BMA is providing appropriate funding for rehabilitation of the site, with all rehabilitation liabilities transferred to Sojitz.
Sojitz Blue contracted with Mackay company Mastermyne Pty Ltd to run the mine in May 2021.
In September 2021, a mine worker was killed and another seriously injured at the mine.
In October 2022, the Mining & Energy Union condemned an application by Sojitz Blue to import foreign labour. It said, "Most decent Australians would be appalled that a company, during a coal boom where prices have gone from $90 to $400 a tonne, could undercut good regional jobs by choppering in foreign workers." The Union also said that Sojitz Blue was offering current workers substandard work contracts and was also blocking career progression and preventing upskilling.
# Anglican Diocese of Western Tanganyika

The Diocese of Western Tanganyika is a diocese in the Anglican Church of Tanzania: its current bishop is the Right Reverend Emanuel C. Bwatta.
# 20 Aquarii

20 Aquarii, abbreviated 20 Aqr, is a star in the constellation Aquarius. 20 Aquarii is the Flamsteed designation. It is a dim star with an apparent visual magnitude of 6.38. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 15.34 mas, it is located 213 light years away but is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of −23 km/s. The star is predicted to come to within 110 light-years in around 1.9 million years.
This is an F-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of F0 V. (Cowley and Fraquelli [1974] had given it a class of F0 III.) It is a suspected chemically peculiar Am star showing metallic lines. It is 761 million years old with a high projected rotational velocity of 92 km/s. The star has 1.52 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 9 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of about 7,314 K.
# 2010 Open 13

The 2010 Open 13 is a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 17th edition of the Open 13, and is part of the International Series of the 2010 ATP World Tour. It took place at the Palais des Sports in Marseille, France, from February 15 through February 21, 2010.
It was also one of the few ATP tournaments to have been won only by European players, with France with 5 (Guy Forget, Fabrice Santoro, Arnaud Clément, Gilles Simon, and this year's defending champion Jo-Wilfried Tsonga), Sweden with 4 (Thomas Enqvist, Joachim Johansson), Switzerland with 4 (Marc Rosset, Roger Federer), Germany with 1 (Boris Becker), Russia with 1 (Yevgeny Kafelnikov), Slovakia with 1 (Dominik Hrbatý), and Great Britain with 1 (Andy Murray).
The singles draw feature ATP No. 8, 2009 French Open finalist Robin Söderling and defending champion Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. Other players include Gaël Monfils, Gilles Simon, Tommy Robredo, Mikhail Youzhny, Marcos Baghdatis and Julien Benneteau. The previous top two seeds here were Andy Murray and Juan Martín del Potro, but both had pulled out of the tournament earlier.

## ATP entrants
### Seeds

| Player | Nationality | Ranking* | Seeding |
| Robin Söderling | Sweden | 8 | 1 |
| Jo-Wilfried Tsonga | France | 9 | 2 |
| Gaël Monfils | France | 13 | 3 |
| Tommy Robredo | Spain | 15 | 4 |
| Gilles Simon | France | 16 | 5 |
| Mikhail Youzhny | Russia | 20 | 6 |
| Marcos Baghdatis | Cyprus | 36 | 7 |
| Julien Benneteau | France | 38 | 8 |
* Rankings as of February 8, 2010.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the main draw:
* David Guez
* Guillaume Rufin
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Ruben Bemelmans
* Stéphane Bohli
* Yannick Mertens
* Édouard Roger-Vasselin
The following players received entry as a lucky loser from the qualifying draw:
* Illya Marchenko
* Josselin Ouanna
* Laurent Recouderc

## Finals
### Singles

Michaël Llodra defeated Julien Benneteau, 6–3, 6–4
* It was Llodra's first title of the year, 4th title of his career, and his second consecutive final of the event.

### Doubles

Julien Benneteau / Michaël Llodra defeated Julian Knowle / Robert Lindstedt, 6–3, 6–4
# 1922–23 Nemzeti Bajnokság I

Statistics of Nemzeti Bajnokság I for the 1922–23 season.

## Overview

It was contested by 12 teams, and MTK Hungária FC won the championship.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| 1 | MTK Budapest FC | 22 | 17 | 3 | 2 | 61 | 15 | 4.067 | 37 |
| 2 | Újpest FC | 22 | 16 | 2 | 4 | 49 | 11 | 4.455 | 34 |
| 3 | Ferencvárosi TC | 22 | 12 | 8 | 2 | 34 | 17 | 2.000 | 32 |
| 4 | Vasas SC | 22 | 10 | 8 | 4 | 37 | 31 | 1.194 | 28 |
| 5 | Törekvés SE | 22 | 9 | 6 | 7 | 41 | 33 | 1.242 | 24 |
| 6 | Vívó és Atlétikai Club | 22 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 24 | 28 | 0.857 | 21 |
| 7 | III. Kerületi TUE | 22 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 25 | 38 | 0.658 | 21 |
| 8 | Zuglói AC | 22 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 20 | 32 | 0.625 | 19 |
| 9 | Budapesti TC | 22 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 21 | 36 | 0.583 | 17 |
| 10 | Kispest AC | 22 | 3 | 9 | 10 | 15 | 28 | 0.536 | 15 |
| 11 | Magyar AC | 22 | 3 | 2 | 17 | 10 | 37 | 0.270 | 8 |
| 12 | Műegyetemi AFC | 22 | 2 | 4 | 16 | 10 | 41 | 0.244 | 8 |

## Results

| Home \ Away | KER | BTC | FTC | KIS | MAC | MTK | MŰE | TÖR | ÚJP | VAS | VIV | ZUG |
| III. Kerület | | 1–0 | 2–3 | 1–0 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–3 | 1–0 | 2–5 | 2–1 | 3–1 |
| Budapesti TC | 3–1 | | 3–3 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–4 | 1–1 | 1–6 | 1–3 | 2–1 | 0–1 | 0–0 |
| Ferencváros | 2–2 | 2–1 | | 1–0 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 2–0 |
| Kispest | 1–1 | 0–0 | 0–3 | | 0–0 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 1–1 | 1–4 | 1–2 | 1–1 | 0–3 |
| Magyar AC | 5–1 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 1–1 | | 1–3 | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–1 | 0–1 | 0–3 | 0–2 |
| MTK Budapest | 1–0 | 3–1 | 3–0 | 3–0 | 4–0 | | 1–0 | 4–2 | 0–0 | 2–2 | 2–2 | 4–0 |
| Műegyetem | 0–1 | 0–2 | 0–1 | 2–3 | 0–1 | 0–8 | | 0–3 | 0–2 | 1–3 | 0–3 | 0–0 |
| Törekvés | 1–2 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 3–1 | 1–2 | 4–2 | | 0–3 | 2–3 | 1–3 | 2–1 |
| Újpest | 5–1 | 5–0 | 2–1 | 1–0 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 2–3 | | 3–0 | 5–0 | 1–0 |
| Vasas | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 0–5 | 2–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 | | 1–0 | 1–1 |
| Vivó AC | 0–0 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 2–0 | 1–5 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 1–0 | 2–2 | | 0–1 |
| Zugló | 4–1 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 0–0 | 3–0 | 0–4 | 1–2 | 0–0 | 0–5 | 1–5 | 1–0 | |
# Akentrogonida

Akentrogonida was formerly a suborder of barnacles belonging to the group Rhizocephala, now an infraclass. In research published by Chan et al. in 2021, the suborders Akentrogonida and Kentrogonida were removed from the infraclass Rhizocephala, leaving 13 families as children of Rhizocephala without intermediate orders or suborders.
# Greenham (surname)

Greenham is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Chris Greenham (1923–1989), English sound editor
* Dave Greenham (1889–1945), Australian rules footballer
* Fiona Greenham (born 1976), British field hockey player
* Richard Greenham (1535?–1594?), English clergyman
# 1948 Italian general election in Veneto

The Italian general election of 1948 took place on 18 April 1948.
The election was a triumph for Christian Democracy (DC), which won a thumping 60.5% throughout Veneto. The party did better in its traditional strongholds, Vicenza (71.8%), Padua (65.4%) and Treviso (64.9%). The Italian Socialist Party (PSI) and the Italian Communist Party (PCI), which formed a joint list named Popular Democratic Front (FDP), won just 23.9% of the vote. Apart from Rovigo, where the FDP gained 48.2%, many Socialist votes went to DC and the Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), an outfit formed by those Socialists who had been opposed to the alliance with the Communists. The PSDI garnered 10.1% of the vote at the regional level, one of the highest tallies among regions, and was stronger in Belluno (15.9%), Treviso (12.6%) and Verona (10.1%).

## Results
### Chamber of Deputies

| Party | votes | votes (%) | seats |
| Christian Democracy | 1,327,040 | 60.5 | 29 |
| Popular Democratic Front | 525,900 | 24.0 | 11 |
| Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 221,937 | 10.1 | 4 |
| National Bloc | 37,510 | 1.7 | - |
| Italian Social Movement | 26,143 | 1.2 | - |
| Italian Republican Party | 17,892 | 0.8 | - |
| Monarchist National Party | 12,321 | 0.6 | - |
| Others | 7,943 | 0.4 | - |
| Total | 2,192,842 | 100.0 | 44 |
Source: Regional Council of Veneto

#### Provincial breakdown

| Province | DC | PSDI | FDP* |
| Verona | 62.4 | 10.1 | 22.3 |
| Vicenza | 71.8 | 9.0 | 13.9 |
| Padua | 65.4 | 7.6 | 21.9 |
| Treviso | 64.9 | 12.6 | 15.2 |
| Belluno | 61.1 | 15.9 | 15.7 |
| Venice | 50.6 | 9.8 | 34.4 |
| Rovigo | 38.4 | 9.6 | 48.2 |
| Veneto | 60.5 | 10.1 | 23.9 |
Source: Regional Council of Veneto

### Senate

| Party | votes | votes (%) | seats |
| Christian Democracy | 1,153,598 | 61.8 | 14 |
| Popular Democratic Front | 446,984 | 24.0 | 4 |
| Italian Democratic Socialist Party–PRI | 181,396 | 9.7 | 1 |
| National Bloc | 70,481 | 3.8 | - |
| Independents | 13,729 | 0.7 | - |
| Total | 1,866,188 | 100.0 | 19 |
Source: Regional Council of Veneto
# Drymophila cyanocarpa

Drymophila cyanocarpa commonly known as turquoise berry or native Solomon's seal, is a monocot species of flowering plant in the family Alstroemeriaceae (formerly Liliaceae). The genus Drymophila has 2 species, D. cyanocarpa and D. moorei, both of which are native to Australia. D. moorei has orange-yellow berries and is found in northern NSW and Queensland. D. cyanocarpa is found in Tasmania, Victoria, and New South Wales (NSW).

## Description

A herbaceous perennial that spreads by rhizomes, it typically grows up to 50cm with an arched and sometimes branching stem. Leaves are lanceolate to 8cm long with a prominent midrib, dark green in colour, sitting horizontal and alternate along the stem. Flowering occurs from November-January. Flowers are creamy white in colour arising from leaf axils, they sit pendulous beneath the stem, are typically 1.5cm in diameter and star shaped. The flowers have 6 pointed petals and 6 stamens with oblong anthers. The stamens are typically shorter than the perianth segments, with a three-lobed ovary. The fruits are oblong or heart-shaped, 1-1.5cm in diameter and turquoise-blue in colour containing numerous seeds. In Tasmania, there are no species that look similar making this an easy plant to identify in the field.

## Habitat and distribution

A common understory species that is found in wet eucalypt (wet sclerophyll) forest from sea level up to 900m. It is found in forests throughout Tasmania and less commonly in Victoria and NSW. In Victoria, it is typically found in the south-east of the state but can be found as far west as Otway National Park in western Victoria. In New South Wales it is restricted to the south east of the state up to Canberra.

## Naming and classification

Drymophila cyanocarpa was first published in 1810 by Scottish botanist and palaeobotanist Robert Brown, and was placed in the family Liliaceae. In 1998, Drymophila was changed to the family Luzuriagaceae under the order Liliales, however the 2009 APG III system merged Luzuriagaceae into the family Alstroemeriaceae where it remains today.
The name Drymophila likely originates from the Greek words Drymo and phila (lover). Drymo was one of the sea-nymphs from the Greek tale "Old Man of the Sea", who had waving locks of hair and a slender pale neck. This could refer to the long drooping stem of Drymophila along with the dangling, or waving, flowers and fruits that are found on this species.
# 2010 Open 13 – Doubles

Arnaud Clément and Michaël Llodra were the defending champions but chose not compete together. Clément partnered with Nicolas Mahut and Llodra partnered with Julien Benneteau. They met in the semifinals and Benneteau & Llodra won this match 7–6(0), 6–4. One day later they defeated 6–4, 6–3 Julian Knowle and Robert Lindstedt in the final.

## Seeds

* Julian Knowle / Robert Lindstedt (final)
* Julien Benneteau / Michaël Llodra (champions)
* Marc López / Tommy Robredo (quarterfinals)
* Colin Fleming / Ken Skupski (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draws

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals | Finals | Finals |
| 1 | J Knowle R Lindstedt | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | T Ascione M Baghdatis | 4 | 6$^3$ | | 1 | J Knowle R Lindstedt | 6 | 7$^{11}$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 4 | 6 | [10] | | Sa Ratiwatana So Ratiwatana | 4 | 6$^9$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | D Guez F Serra | 6 | 2 | [8] | | | | | | 1 | J Knowle R Lindstedt | 6 | 0 | [10] | | | | |
| 3 | M López T Robredo | 3 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | R Bopanna J Coetzee | 4 | 6 | [6] | | | | |
| | S Bolelli A Seppi | 6 | 3 | [7] | 3 | M López T Robredo | 6 | 1 | [19] | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Bopanna J Coetzee | 6 | 6 | | | R Bopanna J Coetzee | 4 | 6 | [21] | | | | | | | | | |
| | C Rochus O Rochus | 2 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | J Knowle R Lindstedt | 4 | 3 |
| WC | P Mamata G Monfils | 1 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | J Benneteau M Llodra | 6 | 6 |
| | R de Voest A-u-H Qureshi | 6 | 6 | | | R de Voest A-u-H Qureshi | 3 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Clément N Mahut | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | A Clément N Mahut | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | C Fleming K Skupski | 6$^4$ | 3 | | | | | | | | A Clément N Mahut | 6$^0$ | 4 | | | | | |
| WC | J Ouanna É Roger-Vasselin | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | 2 | J Benneteau M Llodra | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | |
| | S Stakhovsky R Wassen | 6 | 6 | | | S Stakhovsky R Wassen | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Marx I Zelenay | 1 | 6$^2$ | | 2 | J Benneteau M Llodra | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | J Benneteau M Llodra | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# 1926 Campeonato Carioca

The 1926 Campeonato Carioca, the 21st edition of that championship, kicked off on April 4, 1926 and ended on November 21, 1926. It was organized by AMEA (Associação Metropolitana de Esportes Atléticos, or Metropolitan Athletic Sports Association). Ten teams participated. São Cristóvão won the title for the 1st time. No teams were relegated.

## Participating teams

Originally, there would be no promotion and relegation within the league, even though there was a Second level, but at the end of the 1925 season, Hellênico left the league. To fill the remaining berth in the first level, the winners and runners-up of 1925's Second level, Andarahy and Villa Isabel, respectively, applied, with Villa Isabel being chosen.
| Club | Home location | Previous season |
| América | Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro | 5th |
| Bangu | Bangu, Rio de Janeiro | 7th |
| Botafogo | Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro | 4th |
| Brasil | Urca, Rio de Janeiro | 10th |
| Flamengo | Flamengo, Rio de Janeiro | 1st |
| Fluminense | Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro | 2nd |
| São Cristóvão | São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro | 6th |
| Syrio e Libanez | Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro | 8th |
| Vasco da Gama | São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro | 3rd |
| Villa Isabel | Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro | 2nd (Second level) |

## System

The tournament would be disputed in a double round-robin format, with the team with the most points winning the title.

## Championship

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | São Cristóvão | 18 | 14 | 2 | 2 | 70 | 37 | +33 | 30 | Champions |
| 2 | Vasco da Gama | 18 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 66 | 30 | +36 | 29 | |
| 3 | Fluminense | 18 | 13 | 1 | 4 | 50 | 27 | +23 | 27 | |
| 4 | Bangu | 18 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 50 | 34 | +16 | 21 | |
| 5 | Flamengo | 18 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 53 | 40 | +13 | 19 | |
| 6 | Botafogo | 18 | 7 | 0 | 11 | 55 | 67 | −12 | 14 | |
| 7 | Syrio e Libanez | 18 | 6 | 2 | 10 | 36 | 56 | −20 | 14 | Suspended from the league |
| 8 | América | 18 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 42 | 56 | −14 | 11 | |
| 9 | Villa Isabel | 18 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 27 | 51 | −24 | 10 | |
| 10 | Brasil | 18 | 2 | 1 | 15 | 25 | 79 | −54 | 5 | |
# Akyazı, Şahinbey

Akyazı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şahinbey, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 123 in 2022.
# Greenidea formosana

Greenidea formosana, also known as Greenidea (Trichosiphum) formosana, is an aphid in the superfamily Aphidoidea in the order Hemiptera. It is a true bug and sucks sap from plants.
# Dekao Yokoo

Dekao Yokoo (Japanese: 横尾 泥海男, Hepburn: Yokoo Dekao, 9 August 1899 – 5 July 1956) was a Japanese film actor active from the 1920s to the 1950s. He featured in over 90 films.

## Career

Born in Saga Prefecture, Yokoo studied Western painting at the Tokyo Bijitsu Gakkō (now the Tokyo University of the Arts). He joined the art department of the Shochiku studio in 1923, eventually becoming an assistant director, but due his large size, started playing comedic roles in films. He appeared in most of the films of Denmei Suzuki as well as in many comedy shorts directed by Torajiro Saito. After leaving Shochiku, he joined the comedy revue of Roppa Furukawa. After WWII, he appeared in many films starring Kin'ichi Shimizu.
He played a supporting role in Geisha Girl (1952).
# 1949 Irish Greyhound Derby

The 1949 Irish Greyhound Derby took place during July and August with the final being held at Harold's Cross Stadium in Dublin on 12 August 1949.
The winner Spanish Lad won £1,000 and was trained by Tim 'Chubb' O'Connor.

## Final result

At Harold's Cross, 12 August (over 525 yards):
| Position | Name of Greyhound | Breeding | Trap | SP | Time | Trainer |
| 1st | Spanish Lad | Shaggy Lad - Cordal Moonlight | 4 | 2-1 | 29.87 | Tim O'Connor |
| 2nd | Merry Courier | Mad Tanist - Lucky Orna | 1 | 3-1 | 30.07 | |
| 3rd | Rushton News | Tanimon - Fly Joan | 5 | 100-8 | 30.11 | |
| 4th | Friends Everywhere | unknown | 6 | 5-4f | | |
| 5th | Ballylanigan Blackout | unknown | 3 | 20-1 | | |
| 6th | Spanish Emperor | Shaggy Lad - Cordal Moonlight | 2 | 100-6 | | |

### Distances

2½, ½ (lengths)

## Competition Report

Tim 'Chubb' O’Connor bred a successful litter from a mating with his brood bitch Cordal Moonlight. He mated her to Shaggy Lad and the subsequent litter of Spanish Lad, Spanish Emperor, Spanish Treasure and Ardraw Moonlight all performed well in coursing competitions which prompted O'Connor to mate her again. This time it was to Rebel Abbey and resulted in a greyhound named Spanish Chestnut. The older pair of Spanish Lad and Spanish Emperor were aimed at the Irish Derby and expected to do well.
Spanish Lad broke the track record in round one, heat eight, with a time of 29.75; however Spanish Emperor could only finish second in heat seven lengths behind Labrais Bella. Spanish Lad won his quarter-final from Labrais Bell and Spanish Emperor also made it through.
In the semi-finals a greyhound called Friends Everywhere set a surprise track record of 29.74sec. Merry Courier and Spanish Emperor made the final but Labrais Bella did not. The second semi was also a surprise when Rushton News defeated odds on favourite Spanish Lad.
The final trap draw looked bad for Spanish Lad because he started from trap four but he overcame this when making a very fast break from the traps and was an easy winner. His brother Spanish Chestnut won the Irish Laurels in early September, aged just 18 months, beating Derby champion and older half-brother Spanish Lad into second place.
# Dry glue

Dry glue is an adhesion product based upon the adaptations of geckos' feet that allow them to climb sheer surfaces such as vertical glass. Synthetic equivalents use carbon nanotubes as synthetic setae on reusable adhesive patches.

## Background

A gecko can hang on a glass surface using only one toe. This ability is attributed to van der Waals force, although a more recent study suggests that water molecules of roughly monolayer thickness (present on virtually all natural surfaces) also play a role.

## Developments

In 2007, researchers from the University of Akron and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute announced they had developed a form of flexible, reusable gecko tape using carbon nanotubes to create microscopic synthetic setae and spatulae capable of supporting a shear stress of 32 N/cm$^2$, which is four times the strength of a gecko's foot.
In 2008 researchers from the University of Dayton reported a gecko glue capable of supporting 100N/cm$^2$, ten times the strength generated by a gecko's foot. The research also used carbon nanotubes, but included a curled end which allowed stronger binding but easy removal. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has a project called "Z-Man" that is attempting to develop a fabric allowing soldiers to scale vertical walls while carrying a full combat load. In February 2012 Nitto Denko developed a version of gecko tape capable of sticking at temperatures between -150 and 500°C.