OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fresnel–Arago laws

The Fresnel–Arago laws are three laws which summarise some of the more important properties of interference between light of different states of polarization. Augustin-Jean Fresnel and François Arago, both discovered the laws, which bear their name.

## Statement

The laws are as follows:
* Two orthogonal, coherent linearly polarized waves cannot interfere.
* Two parallel coherent linearly polarized waves will interfere in the same way as natural light.
* The two constituent orthogonal linearly polarized states of natural light cannot interfere to form a readily observable interference pattern, even if rotated into alignment (because they are incoherent).

## Formulation and discussion

Consider the interference of two waves given by the form
    $\mathbf {E_{1}} (\mathbf {r} ,t)=\mathbf {E} _{01}\cos(\mathbf {k_{1}\cdot r} -\omega t+\epsilon _{1})$
    $\mathbf {E_{2}} (\mathbf {r} ,t)=\mathbf {E} _{02}\cos(\mathbf {k_{2}\cdot r} -\omega t+\epsilon _{2}),$
where the boldface indicates that the relevant quantity is a vector. The intensity of light goes as the electric field absolute square (in fact, $I=\epsilon v\langle \mathbf {\|E\|} ^{2}\rangle _{T}$, where the angled brackets denote a time average), and so we just add the fields before squaring them. Extensive algebra yields an interference term in the intensity of the resultant wave, namely:
    $I_{12}=\epsilon v\mathbf {E_{01}\cdot E_{02}} \cos \delta ,$
where the initial fields are involved in a complex dot product $\mathbf {E_{01}\cdot E_{02}}$; the cosine argument is a phase difference $\delta$ arising from a combined path length and initial phase-angle difference is:
    $\delta =\mathbf {k_{1}\cdot r-k_{2}\cdot r} +\epsilon _{1}-\epsilon _{2}$
Now it can be seen that if $\mathbf {E_{01}}$ is perpendicular to $\mathbf {E_{02}}$ (as in the case of the first Fresnel–Arago law), $I_{12}=0$ and there is no interference. On the other hand, if $\mathbf {E_{01}}$ is parallel to $\mathbf {E_{02}}$ (as in the case of the second Fresnel–Arago law), the interference term produces a variation in the light intensity corresponding to $\cos \delta$. Finally, if natural light is decomposed into orthogonal linear polarizations (as in the third Fresnel–Arago law), these states are incoherent, meaning that the phase difference $\delta$ will be fluctuating so quickly and randomly that after time-averaging we have $\langle \cos \delta \rangle _{T}=0$, so again $I_{12}=0$ and there is no interference (even if $\mathbf {E_{01}}$ is rotated so that it is parallel to $\mathbf {E_{02}}$).
# Kristina Žumer

Kristina Žumer (born 2 February 1980) is a retired Slovenian sprinter. She represented her country in the 4 × 100 meters relay at the 2003 World Championships. In addition she won a bronze medal in the 100 metres at the 2005 Mediterranean Games.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Slovenia ||||||
| 2003 | World Championships | Paris, France | – | 4 × 100 m relay | DQ |
| 2005 | European Indoor Championships | Madrid, Spain | 13th (h) | 200 m | 24.00 |
| 2005 | Mediterranean Games | Almería, Spain | 3rd | 100 m | 11.63 |
| 2005 | Mediterranean Games | Almería, Spain | 5th | 200 m | 23.93 |
| 2005 | Universiade | Izmir, Turkey | 9th (sf) | 100 m | 11.89 |
| 2005 | Universiade | Izmir, Turkey | 17th (h) | 200 m | 24.22 |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 25th (h) | 100 m | 11.69 |
| 2006 | European Championships | Gothenburg, Sweden | 19th (h) | 200 m | 23.63 |
| 2010 | European Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 12th (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 44.30 |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 21st (sf) | 200 m | 24.20 |
| 2012 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 11th (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 44.28 |
| 2013 | Mediterranean Games | Mersin, Turkey | 9th (h) | 100 m | 11.89 |
| 2013 | Mediterranean Games | Mersin, Turkey | 7th | 200 m | 23.75 |
| 2014 | European Championships | Zürich, Switzerland | 33rd (h) | 100 m | 11.85 |
| 2014 | European Championships | Zürich, Switzerland | 31st (h) | 200 m | 24.24 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 100 metres – 11.50 (+0.5 m/s, Kaunas 2013)
* 200 metres – 23.51 (+0.8 m/s, Celje 2013)
* 400 metres – 55.22 (Sestriere 2004)
* Long jump – 6.52 (+1.7 m/s, Dolenjske Toplice 2003)
* Triple jump – 13.19 (Celje 2003)
Indoor
* 60 metres – 7.42 (Vienna 2004)
* 200 metres – 23.98 (Vienna 2012)
* Long jump – 6.39 (Ljubljana 2003)
# Cameron Farquhar McRae (born 1873)

Cameron Farquhar McRae (February 3, 1873 – January 23, 1954) was an American Episcopalian missionary priest in China. McRae left the United States for China in 1899 and began to work in Shanghai. Outside of his evangelistic work, McRae had been the acting-president of St. John's College, Shanghai, the rector of St. Peter's Church, Shanghai [zh], and the founder of Holy Cross Church, Wuxi, and All Saints Church, Shanghai. In 1942, McRae left China and settled in Virginia, where he died in 1954.

## Biography

McRae was born in Warrenton, North Carolina, on February 3, 1873, to Rev. Cameron Farquhar MacRae. His brother was Virginia state delegate William Plummer McRae. He was a member of the 1893 class of the Virginia Military Institute. He received his master's degree from Columbian College (now George Washington University). He also studied at Virginia Theological Seminary and received his bachelor of divinity in 1899. Influenced by the foreign missionaries visiting VTS in the 1890s, which included Francis Pott, president of St. John's College, Shanghai, McRae decided to become a missionary in China and left the United States upon graduation.
McRae started working in Shanghai together with his classmate Benjamin Lucius Ancell [zh]. In 1901 he was sent to build a church in Wusih with Zhu Baoyuan (朱葆元). A small chapel was built by 1908, and the Holy Cross Church was completed and consecrated on May 10, 1916.
In Shanghai, McRae first taught at St. John's College, and he had been the acting-president of the college twice. McRae then oversaw the evangelistic work of the Episcopal Church in Shanghai and the training of catechists. Later, he became the rector of St. Peter's Church, Shanghai [zh], where he improved its finances and eventually handed it over to the Chinese clergy and congregation. In 1914, St. Peter's Church became the third financially independent Anglican church in Shanghai. McRae had also worked at St. Luke's Hospital, Shanghai [zh], as the chaplain. By 1923 he was planning the construction of All Saints, Shanghai, which was completed in 1925. Meanwhile, McRae married Sarah Nicoll Woodward on February 17, 1908. They had four daughters and two sons. His wife died in 1937.
After the Second Sino-Japanese War began in 1937, the Japanese troops occupied many churches in Shanghai. In 1942 McRae left the Far East and settled in Virginia. He died on January 23, 1954, in a hospital in Richmond, Virginia.
# Enrique Molina Sobrino

Enrique Molina Sobrino is a Mexican businessman known for creating the biggest Pepsi bottling group in Mexico, named Gemex. He also created a business empire in the production of sugar. In 2002 he sold Pepsi Group in Mexico to The Pepsi Bottling Group, the largest Pepsi bottler in the world partially owned by Pepsi, for 1.5 billion dollars.
Molina also was part owner of Grupo Financiero Banamex when it was privatized by the Salinas administration. Banamex is now owned by Citibank.

## Personal life

He is married to Mexican actress Angelica Chain.
# Chrysophyllum wilsonii

Chrysophyllum wilsonii is a tree in the family Sapotaceae, native to Brazil.

## Description

Chrysophyllum wilsonii grows up to 40 metres (130 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 85 cm (30 in). It has buttresses up to 2 m (7 ft) high. The elliptic or oblanceolate leaves measure up to 15 cm (6 in) long. Fascicles feature up to ten yellow-green flowers. The roundish fruits ripen to yellow and measure up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter.

## Distribution and habitat

Chrysophyllum wilsonii is endemic to Brazil, where it is confined to the forest reserves of the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project near Manaus, in Amazonas state. Its habitat is in terra firme forest (not subject to river flooding), at altitudes of 50–125 m (200–400 ft).

## Conservation

Chrysophyllum wilsonii has been assessed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is threatened by population growth in the area, leading to residential development in its habitat. It is also threatened by deforestation for cattle farming. Water pollution by heavy metals from urban landfills poses a threat to the species.
# Bocula diasticta

Bocula diasticta is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by George Hampson in 1926. It is found in Borneo.
# AC-T (disambiguation)

AC-T may refer to:
* Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and a taxane, a combination chemotherapy regimen used to treat breast cancer
* Albert City–Truesdale Community School District, a school district in Iowa
* Asheville Citizen-Times, a newspaper based in Asheville, North Carolina
# ABN AMRO I

ABN AMRO I (also Team Delta Lloyd) is a Volvo Open 70 yacht. She won the 2005–06 Volvo Ocean Race skippered by Mike Sanderson.
She also competed in the 2008–09 Volvo Ocean Race as Team Delta Lloyd skippered by Ger O'Rourke.

## 2005-06 crew

The line-up was led by skipper Mike Sanderson and technical director Roy Heiner and included Brad Jackson - Watch Captain (NZL) (New Zealand Endeavour/Merit Cup/Tyco), Tony Mutter - Helmsman Trimmer (NZL) (Swedish Match/Team SEB) David Endean - Trimmer Pitman (NZL) (Tyco) Jan Dekker - Bowman (FRA/RSA) (Merit Cup/Tyco) Robert Greenhalgh - Helmsman Trimmer (UK) Justin Slattery - Bowman (IRE) (News Corp) and Stan Honey - Navigator (USA). Replacement crew included Mark Christensen (NZL), Sidney Gavignet (FRA) and Brian Thompson (GBR).
# Afroclanis calcareus

Afroclanis calcareus is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Brachystegia woodland from northern South Africa, Zimbabwe and Mozambique to Malawi, Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Tanzania.
The length of the forewings is 29–32 mm for males and 34–36 mm for females and the wingspan is 68–76 mm.
# Fresnes, Côte-d'Or

Fresnes (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
# Kudreš

Kudreš is a small village in the municipality of Golubac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 193 people.

## Legend

The arrival of the Romans on the Balkan Peninsula was very significant for the population of the Balkans. In Serbia there are many settlements where the remains of their homes and temples are still visible. One of these buildings is located in the village of Kudres. In the village of Kudres, deep in the forest there are the remains of a Roman church from that period. The church, according to folk belief, is damned, and was therefore destroyed by the Turkish pasha. Legenda says that when the Turkish leader attempted to rob the church, his vassals were blinded. According to the belief of the locals, in the church there were plenty of gold from which the vassals were blinded. After that loss, the Turkish ordered that the church be collapsed to the ground. Today, only the dome can be seen of the church. The fate of the purported gold it housed is still unknown.
# Calypogeia rhynchophylla

Calypogeia rhynchophylla is a species of liverwort in the family Calypogeiaceae. It is endemic to Costa Rica. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
# Enveloped Ideas

Enveloped Ideas may refer to:
* Enveloped Ideas, a tribute album
* Enveloped Ideas, a song by Filipino rock band The Dawn
# Christopher Manson

Christopher Manson is a children's book author and illustrator noted for his use of traditional hand tools to painstakingly make the pine woodcuts that fill his several highly acclaimed works.

## Background

Born in Buffalo, New York, Manson graduated in 1975 from the Nova Scotia College of Art and Design in Halifax, Nova Scotia, having specialized in printmaking. He also obtained a Master of Fine Arts from the State University of New York at New Paltz (SUNY New Paltz).
He returned to Buffalo, where he took a job at a local arts council in arts management, a position that required fundraising skills. "It wasn't for me," he later recalled. "I figured out that I was tired of helping others make their art."

## Career

After illustrating a friend's cookbook, he published the phenomenally popular children's book, MAZE: Solve the World's Most Challenging Puzzle (1985), issued by the major publishing house Henry Holt and Company. The book promised a $10,000 award to whoever solved the book's many visual puzzles, and even though the contest has long since ended, the book remains in print, and was reissued as a computer game in CD-ROM format.
Manson summed up his approach to his authoring and illustrating children's books like so: "What I'm really after is the perfect book. The kind where you just can't imagine the words without the pictures, or the pictures without the words . . . like [Winnie-the-Pooh author A. A.] Milne. But there aren't that many out there to point to as perfect. I'm constantly working toward it." He added, "Even if I won the 40 million dollar lottery, I'd still do this — I'd have a fancier studio, but I'd still do this."

## Works

Author and illustrator:
* MAZE: Solve the World's Most Challenging Puzzle (1985)
* The Rails I Tote: Forty-Five Illustrated Spoonerisms to Decipher (1987)
* The Practical Alchemist: Showing The Way An Ordinary House-Cat May Be Transformed Into True Gold (1988)
* A Gift For The King: A Persian Tale (1989)
* Two Travelers (1990)
* The Crab Prince: An Entertainment For Children (1991)
* The Marvellous Blue Mouse (1992)
Illustrator:
* The Norman Table: The Traditional Cooking of Normandy (1985)
* A Farmyard Song (1992)
* The Tree in the Wood: An Old Nursery Song (1993)
* Good King Wenceslas (1994)
* Till Year's Good End (1997)
* Over the River and through the Wood (1998)
* Uncle Sam and Old Glory (2000)
* Black Swan/White Crow (2007)
# Bodinus

Bodinus is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Sebastian Bodinus (c. 1700–1759), German composer
* Heinrich Bodinus (1814–1884), German zoologist
* Jean Bodin (Latinized) (1530–1596), French jurist and philosopher
# ADMET

ADMET may refer to:
* ADME-Tox, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion–toxicity in pharmacokinetics
* Acyclic diene metathesis, an olefin metathesis polymerisation method
# Afroclanis

Afroclanis is a genus of moths in the family Sphingidae. The genus was erected by Robert Herbert Carcasson in 1968.

## Species

* Afroclanis calcareus (Rothschild & Jordan 1907)
* Afroclanis neavi (Hampson 1910)
# French Chess Federation

The French Chess Federation (French : Fédération Française des Echecs – FFE) is the national organization for chess in France. The president is Éloi Relange, the vice-presidents are Laurie Delorme and Jean-Baptiste Mullon and the treasurer is Éric Le Rol. The headquarters of the French Chess Federation is Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, near Paris. The French federation was founded in 1933.

## French chess players

* Alphonse Goetz (1865–1934)
# Ksenia Perova

Ksenia Vitalyevna Perova (Russian: Ксения Витальевна Перова, IPA:; born 8 February 1989 in Lesnoy, Sverdlovsk Oblast) is a Russian archer. At the 2012 Summer Olympics she competed for her country in the Women's team event, and went on to compete in the 2016 Summer Olympics as well.
At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she finished in 5th place in the individual, and 4th with the Russian women's team. At the 2016 Olympics, she finished in the 17th in the individual but won a silver medal in the team event, with Russia losing to South Korea in the final.
In 2021, she won the gold medal in the women's team recurve event at the 2021 European Archery Championships held in Antalya, Turkey.
# Calymperastrum

Calymperastrum latifolium is the sole species in the monotypic moss genus Calymperastrum. It is a poorly known moss, having been collected only three times. All three collections were from the trunks of Macrozamia, in the Southwest Botanic Province of Western Australia. It is presumed endemic to the region, making it the only moss genus known endemic to that state.

## Description

This moss grows in a low turf, yellowish green from above but yellowish brown below. It has unbranching stems about six millimetres in length, with a reddish-brown mat of hairs on their lower half. These support numerous narrow spathulate leaves from 2.0 to 3.1 millimetres long. Nothing is known of its sexual structures and sporophytes.

## Taxonomy

This taxon was first collected from near Perth in the 1840s, and published as Calymperes latifolium in 1846 by Georg Ernst Ludwig Hampe, in Volume II of Johann Georg Christian Lehmann's Plantae Preissianae. In the 1980s, a careful examination showed it to be only superficially similar to Calymperes (Calymperaceae). It was held to belong to a different family, the Pottiaceae, but did not fit into any of that family's published genera. In 1985, therefore, Ilma Grace Stone published Calymperastrum and transferred C. latifolium into it.
Since publication the genus has been treated only once, in R. H. Zander's 1993 Genera of the Pottiaceae: Mosses of Harsh Environments. Zander found its morphology to be transitional between the Pottiaceae and the Calymperaceae, having many properties characteristic of the latter, and many properties characteristic of both. The only character of Calymperastrum that does not occur in the Calastraceae is the presence of a leaf hydroid strand.
In 1999 the genus was accepted as valid in Crosby's A Checklist of Mosses.

## Distribution and habitat

This moss has only been collected three times, once from near Perth, and twice from the vicinity of Windy Harbour. It is therefore presumed endemic to the Southwest Botanic Province of Western Australia. This would make it the only endemic moss genus in Western Australia, although the region is thought to contain a further three endemic species of non-endemic genera.

## Ecology

All three collections of this moss were found growing as an epiphyte on the trunk of a Macrozamia. It is therefore postulated, but by no means certain, that the species has a preference for this genus.
Because there are so few known populations of this moss, the Department of Environment and Conservation has rated it "Priority Two - Poorly Known Taxa" on the Declared Rare and Priority Flora List.
# Empty (Nils Frahm album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Loud and Quiet | 8/10 |
Empty is the eleventh studio album by German musician Nils Frahm. It was released on 28 March 2020 under Erased Tapes Records.
The album consists of piano pieces, and was originally recorded for a short film that Frahm had shot. It was released as part of World Piano Day.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Nils Frahm

## Charts

Chart performance for Empty :
| Chart (2020) | Peak position |
| UK Independent Albums (OCC) | 33 |
# Christopher Jaroniec

Christopher Jaroniec is an American professor of analytical, physical, chemical physics and biochemistry.

## Education

He obtained his Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry from Kent State University in 1997 and six years got his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is graduate research fellow of National Science Foundation and is Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation postdoc fellow.

## Career

In 2006, Jaroniec became an assistant professor at the Ohio State University and by 2014 became a full professor.
Currently he works at Evans Laboratory where he was also named Evans Scholar and is a recipient of such awards as the Eli Lilly Young Investigator Award for his analytical chemistry research and Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar Award. In 2007, he was awarded New Investigator Research Grant Award from the Alzheimer's Association and an undergraduate award in 1996 from the American Chemical Society. In 1994, he was awarded freshman award from CRC Press of Kent State University and the same year became a recipient of the Merck Award from the same place. He also has over 2,200 citations of his numerous peer reviewed articles which were published in such journals as Biochemistry, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America and many others with an h-index of 37.
# Bolara

Bolara is a small village in Bankura I CD Block in Bankura district, West Bengal, India (population 850). Shideswar temple is a famous temple and its fall under ASI.
* This article about a location in the Bankura district of West Bengal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# A Dream

A Dream may refer to:

## Literature

* A Dream (novel) or Somnium, by Johannes Kepler, 1634
* "A Dream" (Blake poem), by William Blake, 1789
* "A Dream" (Poe poem), by Edgar Allan Poe, 1827
* "A Dream" (short story), by Franz Kafka

## Music

* A Dream (album), by Max Romeo, 1969
* "A Dream" (Common song), 2006
* "A Dream" (DeBarge song), 1983
* "A Dream", a song by Jay-Z from The Blueprint 2: The Gift & The Curse, 2002
# ASU Preparatory Academy, Phoenix High School

ASU Preparatory Academy, Phoenix High School is a University-preparatory school within the Arizona State University Preparatory Academy, located in Phoenix, Arizona, United States.
The ASU Preparatory Academy, Phoenix High School is part of a series of preparatory schools for Arizona State University, including ASU Preparatory Academy, Casa Grande, ASU Preparatory Academy, Polytechnic and ASU Prep Digital.
# Afrocneros excellens

Afrocneros excellens is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Afrocneros of the family Tephritidae.
# Froberville

Froberville (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A farming village situated in the Pays de Caux, some 21 miles (34 km) northeast of Le Havre, at the junction of the D940 and D279 roads.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Froberville | The arms of Froberville are blazoned : Azure, a chevron argent between 2 leopard's heads affronty (erased) and a chess rook Or. |

## Places of interest

* The church of St.Hélène, dating from the nineteenth century.
* The Château d'Hainneville
* The fourteenth century chapel of St. Eloi.
# Kujō Fusazane

Kujō Fusazane (九条 房実, 1290–1327), son of regent Tadanori with Fujiwara Aritoki's daughter and adopted son of Moronori, was a kugyō or Japanese court noble of the Kamakura period (1185–1333). He held a regent position (kampaku) from 1323 to 1324. Nijo Haruko, a daughter of Nijō Kanemoto was his wife with whom he adopted Michinori, son of his adopted father Moronori.