OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arjunpur (disambiguation)

Arjunpur is a town in West Bengal, India.
Arjunpur may also refer to the following places in India:
* Arjunpur (Bilhaur), a village in Kanpur Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh
* Arjunpur, Lucknow, a village in Uttar Pradesh
* Arjunpur, Mainpuri, a village in Uttar Pradesh
# Armenakan Party

The Armenakan Party (in Armenian Արմենական Կուսակցութիւն) was an Armenian political party established in Van, Ottoman Empire in 1885 by Mekertich Portukalian as an underground organization against the ruling system. It is considered the first Armenian political party.
The party was founded in autumn 1885 journalist and teacher Mekertich Portukalian and nine of his disciples: Meguerditch Avetisian, M. Baroudjian, Panos Terlemezian, Grigor Adjemian, Grigor Adian, Grigor Beozikian, Rouben Chatavarian, Kevork Handjian and Garegin Manoukian.
Portukalian, who was based in Marseille, kept in touch with the leaders and published a journal of political and social enlightenment, Armenia (1885-1923). Portukalian is also cited as the father of the Armenian Patriotic Society of Europe.
After Mekertich Portukalian, the Armenians of Van continued developing the political principles of Armenian nationalism in secret. The party's aim soon became winning the right of Armenians to rule over themselves through revolutionary armed struggle and thus liberate Armenia from the Ottoman Empire. Its concept of revolution was distinctly limited in comparison with that of succeeding organisations; it viewed terrorism, agitation and militant demonstrations with disfavor, preferring instead to deploy Armenians trained in the use of arms as guerrillas against the Ottoman Empire.
The party's main misconception was that enemies of the Ottoman Empire would intervene and rescue the Armenian people throughout the period 1885–1918.
With the turn of the century, Armenakans established cells outside Van, in other towns in the province, as well as in Trabzon and Istanbul. The military structure was developed in Russian Transcaucasia, in Persia and in the United States.
Activities in the Ottoman Empire:
* Bashkaleh Resistance: (May, 1889)
* Van Rebellion : (June, 1896)
* Siege of Van: (April 19, 1915 - May 6, 1915)

## Merger into the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party

After the Armenian genocide, the remnants of the Armenakans joined forces with the splinter faction of the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party known as Reorganized Hunchakian Party, the Armenian Constitutional Democratic Party, and the Popular Party, and founded the Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ռամկավար Ազատական Կուսակցութիւն (ՌԱԿ)) or Ramgavar Party) in Constantinople on October 1, 1921. The membership of the Armenakan Party was absorbed into the new party. The party went on to become one of the three traditional Armenian diaspora political groupings alongside the Armenian Revolutionary Federation and the Social Democrat Hunchakian Party.
# Arkham Tales

Arkham Tales: Legends of the Haunted City is a 2006 Cthulhu Mythos anthology published by Chaosium. It is a shared universe anthology, meaning all the stories occur in the same fictional universe. The stories all take place in the fictional city of Arkham, Massachusetts, spanning a time period from 1873 to the present day. The stories all feature elements of the Cthulhu Mythos. The anthology is edited by William Jones.

## Contents

* "Mysterious Dan's Legacy" by Matthew Baugh
* "Vaughn's Diary" by Robert Vaughn
* "The Orb" by Tony Campbell
* "The Nether Collection" by Cody Goodfellow
* "Worms" by Pat Harrigan
* "They Thrive in Darkness" by Ron Shiflet
* "What Sorrows May Come" by Lee Clark Zumpe
* "Arkham Pets" by James Ambuehl
* "Small Ghost" by Michael Minnis
* "Burnt Tea" by Michael Dziesinski
* "Arkham Rain" by John Goodrich (YBF&H Honorable Mention)
* "Regrowth" by David Conyers
* "The Idea of Fear" by C.J. Henderson (YBF&H Honorable Mention)
* "Disconnected" by Brian M. Sammons (YBF&H Honorable Mention)
* "The Lady in the Grove" by Scott Lette
* "On Leave to Arkham" by Bill Bilstad
* "Geometry of the Soul" by Jason Andrew
# Armeria duriaei

Armeria duriaei is a flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae. It is endemic to mountains of north-western Spain. Its flowers are usually pink, or rarely white.
# Armeria juniperifolia

Armeria juniperifolia, the juniper-leaved thrift, is a species of flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae. It is a mat-forming evergreen perennial, with pale pink clover-like flowers appearing in Spring above dark green, needle-like foliage. Numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use, where it is suitable for cultivation in the alpine or rock garden.
This species and the cultivar 'Bevan's Variety' have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
# Aromia bungii

Aromia bungii is a species of beetle native to China, belonging to the family of longhorn beetles (Cerambycidae). It was described by the entomologist Franz Faldermann in 1835.

## Description

Aromia bungii is a wood-boring pest mostly infesting trees in the genus Prunus in its native range, but has additional reported hosts such as poplars and olives. The beetle attacks both healthy trees and trees affected by other pests. The larvae hatch approximately after 10 days and then bore a gallery in the phloem (sapwood) and sometimes even reaching the heartwood, creating wide corridors up to 12 mm in diameter, leaving frass from the perforations. The adult are 22 to 38 mm long. The whole lifecycle can range from 2 to 4 tyears depending on the environmental conditions.

## Distribution and habitat

Native range of Aromia bungii is in east Asia (south-east Palearctic) and the beetle is found in the subarctic and subtropical areas of China, Russian Far East, Mongolia, the Korean Peninsula and northern Vietnam. Aromia bungii has also been reported from Germany, Italy and Japan.
# Arman İnci

Arman İnci (born February 4, 1991) is a Kurdish-German actor.

## Filmography

Film :
| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 2000 | A Handful of Grass | Kendal | |

### Television

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 2004 | The Amber Amulet | | |
| 2003 | Die Graslöwen | Murat | 7 episodes |
| 2002 | Barbara Wood: Hounds and Jackals | Juan | |
# Arnold Mercator

Arnold or Arnoldus Mercator (Leuven, 31 August 1537 – Duisburg, 6 July 1587) was a Southern Netherlandish cartographer, mathematician and classical philologist. He was the eldest son of cartographer Gerardus Mercator and a brother of Rumold Mercator.

## Life
### Leuven

Arnold was the eldest child of Gerardus Mercator and Barbara Schellekens from Leuven, who married in 1536. Arnold grew up in Leuven and, as a 7-year-old boy, witnessed the arrest of his father, who was then a professor in Leuven. Gerardus Mercator was suspected of Lutheranism. His father was released after a few months. The family remained impoverished in Leuven for a few more years until 1552.

### Duisburg

In 1552 the Mercator family moved to the imperial city of Duisburg. The Duke of Cleves, the Lutheran William V, was hospitable to humanist scholars. Gerardus Mercator may have been attracted by the Duke's intention to found a university in Duisburg. Arnold learned the trade of cartography and mathematics from his father. He began as a cartographer in 1558 with a map of Iceland. His map of the Trier diocese from 1566 is also documented.
Arnold Mercator came to Cologne in 1569, where the city council submitted his drawing of the city's floor plan for a decision on 11 September 1570. The drawing formed the first, masterfully executed city map of Cologne and is the basis for the famous copper engraving from 1571, the Cologne city view from 1570 (Kölner Stadtansicht von 1570), which is dedicated to Cologne's Archbishop Salentin of Isenburg. From a bird's eye view, the city map shows not only the streets with 196 location information, but also the individual buildings in three-dimensional form and relatively true to scale (scale 1: 2450) in the format 109 × 170 cm. The engraving was published on 31 August 31 1571 - Arnold Mercator's birthday. Arnold Mercator created the first city map of Cologne in 1570, which was based on precise calculations and served as the basis for the city plans created later. He made, albeit less elaborate, city plans of Windeck, Homberg and Trier. He created many maps in the Bergisches Land. The map Grenzen des Bergischen Amtes Windeck und der Herrschaft Homburg ("borders of the Bergisches Amt Windeck and the rulership of Homburg") from 1575 is very well known. The map was copied by Hans Weirich in 1995 and reissued with the help of the Bergisches Geschichtsverein - Oberberg department.
Arnold also devoted himself to classical philology. At Werden Abbey he examined manuscripts written in Visigothic and Latin, dating back to the time of the Visigothic king Alaric. Arnold's son Michaël later reported on the notes that Arnold drew up during his literary research there.
Arnold Mercator's sons Johannes (1562? –1595?), Gerhard (around 1565–1656) and Michael (around 1567–1614) were also cartographers. Arnold died at his home in Duisburg in 1587. His three sons continued his cartographic work. His father Gerardus Mercator was still alive in 1587, when he died.
# Art McFarland

Arthur McFarland (born December 5, 1947) is an actor and former news reporter for WABC-TV in New York City. He was the station's lead education reporter, and has held various positions at WABC since his hiring in August 1983. McFarland was the longest tenured reporter at WABC.

## Life and career

In the 1980s, McFarland was an investigative reporter for the station, who helped get children's injustices and unfair treatment exposed by state officials. Art McFarland traveled to South Africa to report on an anniversary of Nelson Mandela and his race to the presidency.
McFarland was involved with WABC's early-morning newscast for many years. He originally was a co-anchor alongside Tim Fleischer, while also presenting the daily weather forecast. When WABC revamped Eyewitness News This Morning in 1992 and hired Bill Evans to be the morning meteorologist, McFarland became the newscast's sports reporter and stayed in that position for several more years. He spent his last several years with WABC serving as the station's education reporter.
In May 2014, WABC-TV announced that Art would be retiring on May 30 after spending 31 years at Eyewitness News.
McFarland currently resides in New York with his family and dog. He is now an actor and has appeared in several TV shows, including Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, and House of Cards.
# Art McEwan

Arthur Billings McEwan (August 11, 1924 – August 23, 1989) was a Canadian football player who played for the Saskatchewan Roughriders. He played junior football in Montreal.
# Arthrobacter gyeryongensis

Arthrobacter gyeryongensis is a Gram-positive and rod-shaped bacterium species from the genus Arthrobacter which has been isolated from soil from a field with Gynostemma pentaphyllum plants.
# Arthur Matthews (mathematician)

Arthur Matthews (1848 – 1911) was a founding professor at Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa.

## Early life

Matthews was born in Torquay, England in 1848 to John Redaway and Agnes Mudge Matthews. He studied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge where he obtained the degrees Bachelor of Arts (BA) in 1870 and Master of Arts (MA) in 1873. He later obtained a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree from the University of London.

## Cape Colony

He came to the Cape Colony in 1875 as the first lecturer in mathematics and physical science at St. Andrew's College, Grahamstown, and later became professor and vice-principal of its College Department. He built up at a Land Survey Department while at St. Andrew's College and trained many of South Africa's early land surveyors, including four Surveyors General.
In 1904 Rhodes University College was established and its first four professors appointed from the staff of St. Andrew's College. One of these was Matthews, who became professor of mathematics and chairman of the university senate.
Matthews retired from Rhodes University in 1910 and died in the Cape Province in 1911.

## Works

* Register of S. Andrew's College, Grahamstown: From 1855 to 1902. J.C. Juta & Co. 1902.
* Notes on chemico-physics and the chemistry of the non-metals. Grahamstown. 1886.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
# Arthur Mattuck

Arthur Paul Mattuck (June 11, 1930 – October 8, 2021) was an emeritus professor of mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He may be best known for his 1998 book, Introduction to Analysis (ISBN 013-0-81-1327) and his differential equations video lectures featured on MIT's OpenCourseWare.
Mattuck was a student of Emil Artin at Princeton University, where he completed his PhD in 1954.

## Recognition

In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.

## Personal life

From 1959 to 1977 Mattuck was married to chemist Joan Berkowitz. Mattuck is quoted extensively in Sylvia Nasar's biography of John Nash, A Beautiful Mind.
He was the brother of the physicist Richard Mattuck.
He died on October 8, 2021, at age of 91. He was survived by his daughter Rosemary and her partner Jeffrey Broadman, and three nephews (Allan, Robin, and Martin).
# Arthur Matthews (politician)

Arthur Patrick Matthews (died 25 January 1942) was an Irish politician and farmer. He was elected to Dáil Éireann as a Cumann na nGaedheal Teachta Dála (TD) for the Meath constituency at the September 1927 general election. He lost his seat at the 1932 general election.
His grandson is the writer Arthur Mathews.
# Arthonia isidiata

Arthonia isidiata is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Arthoniaceae. Found in Central America, it is characterized by its thin, shiny thallus, and isidia (reproductive propagules) that emerge from the surface. Discovered in Costa Rica's Corcovado National Park, and later recorded from Panama, this species thrives in lowland tropical coastal rainforests on smooth bark of smaller, often young trees.

## Taxonomy

Arthonia isidiata was first formally described by lichenologists Martin Grube, Robert Lücking, and Loengrin Umaña-Tenorio as a new species of lichen in 2004. The type specimen was collected in 2003, in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica. The lichen is named for the presence of isidia, which is a rare occurrence in the family Graphidaceae; Arthothelium isidiatum is the only other member of the family to have this reproductive propagule.
Arthonia isidiata does not belong to the genus Arthonia in the strict sense but seems to be related to a group of chiefly foliicolous taxa that are assigned to Arthonia sensu lato and Eremothecella. The authors suggest that molecular phylogenetic studies are needed to clarify natural relationships in this complex group of mostly tropical taxa.

## Description

Arthonia isidiata has a pale greenish to green, continuous, smooth, and shiny thallus, with isidia emerging from the surface. Isidia are cylindrical to knotted, simple to coralloid, and can grow up to 0.4 mm tall and 20–30 μm in diameter. The lichen's ascomata are black and irregularly rounded, with a diameter of up to 2.5 mm.
One unique feature of this species is its thin and shiny thallus, which contrasts with many other corticolous Arthonia species. Moreover, the isidia of Arthonia isidiata closely resemble the isidiate protuberances of certain Porina species, which are common in the same habitat.

## Habitat and distribution

Arthonia isidiata occurs in lowland tropical coastal rainforests, specifically in Parque Nacional Corcovado in Costa Rica. It grows frequently on trees with smooth bark in the area, but has not been found in the apparently drier forests south of the field station. The forest where the type locality of Arthonia isidiata thrives consists of a mixture of sandy and alluvial soils, with a sparse understory and light conditions ranging from moderately exposed to rather shaded. In 2017, it was reported to occur in Panama.
# Arthur King (footballer)

Arthur King (6 August 1887–?) was a Scottish professional footballer who played for Aberdeen, Tottenham Hotspur, Belfast Celtic and Dumbarton.

## Football career

King joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1913 from Aberdeen. The goalkeeper played a total of 20 matches in all competitions for the Spurs between 1913 and 1914. After leaving White Hart Lane, King signed for Belfast Celtic before joining Dumbarton in December 1929 where he played in 62 matches in all competitions.
# Arsendescloizite

Arsendescloizite is a lead-zinc mineral, approved by the IMA in 1982. It is an arsenate analog of descloizite. Its first description was published in 1982.

## Properties

Arsendescloizite belongs to the adelite-descloizite group. It is the arsenate analog of the lead-zinc vanadate mineral descloizite. It grows crystals that are platy to wedge-shaped. Its composition consists of lead (48.35%), oxygen (18.67%), arsenic (17.48%), zinc (18.99%), and contains a negligible amount of hydrogen (0.24%). Crystals are tabular on {001}. These tabular crystals tend to intergrow into rose-like shaped aggregates. Observed forms are {001}, {011}, {101} and {111}. Unlike descloizite, arsendescloizite has no trace of vanadium in its composition whatsoever, thus it became quickly obvious that the mineral was from a new species. From the composition alone, this mineral could have also been the lead analog of austinite or the zinc analog of duftite. The specimen Pete and Paul were studying was found on a matrix of a copper ore that mainly consisted of tennantite. When studying the specimen, they found no trace of calcium or copper in its formula. This was weird due to the fact that it occurs with the calcium-rich mimetite and was found on a copper ore.

## Occurrence

Arsendescloizite's type locality is at the Tsumeb mine, Namibia. It has been reported subsequently from Cumbria, England. Arsendescloizite is also found in Durango, Mexico. Arsendescloizite occurs in oxidized hydrothermal polymetallic deposits as a secondary mineral. It is associated with chalcocite, quartz, mimetite, goethite and willemite. It comes in a sequence of these minerals, arsendescloizite being between mimetite and goethite.
# Arthur Hill, 4th Marquess of Downshire

Arthur Wills Blundell Sandys Trumbull Windsor Hill, 4th Marquess of Downshire KP (6 August 1812 – 6 August 1868) was an Irish peer, styled Earl of Hillsborough until 1845.

## Life

The eldest son of Arthur Hill, 3rd Marquess of Downshire, Hillsborough was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1830. He was commissioned an ensign in the Royal South Down Militia, of which his father was colonel, on 4 June, and was commissioned lieutenant-colonel in the same on 10 September.
He was appointed Sheriff of County Down for 1834. From 1836 until 1845, he represented Down in Parliament, and was a justice of the peace for the county as well.
He became Marquess of Downshire on 12 April 1845 on the death of his father, and was appointed to his father's Militia colonelcy on 30 July. His English residence was Easthampstead Park in Berkshire, and he was appointed a deputy lieutenant of that county in 1852, and a Knight of the Order of St Patrick on 24 May 1859. He had Easthampstead Church rebuilt in 1867.

## Family

On 23 August 1837, Hillsborough married Hon. Caroline Frances Stapleton Cotton, the eldest daughter of Stapleton Cotton, 1st Viscount Combermere. They had four children:
* Arthur Hill, Viscount Kilwarlin (10 June 1841 – 28 June 1841)
* Lady Alice Maria Hill (7 November 1842 – 25 February 1928), married Thomas Taylour, Earl of Bective and had issue
* Arthur Hill, 5th Marquess of Downshire (1844–1874)
* Col. Lord Arthur William Hill (1846–1931)
# Arthur Hill, 7th Marquess of Downshire

Arthur Wills Percy Wellington Blundell Trumbull Hill, 7th Marquess of Downshire (7 April 1894 – 28 March 1989) was an Irish peer. He lived chiefly at the family seat, Easthampstead Park within 5,000 acres in Berkshire, until the estate was sold to Berkshire County Council after the Second World War. Up to the 1920s he was the last Marquess to have connection with the family mansion with its 115,000 acres of estate in Hillsborough, County Down.
Arthur Hill was son to Arthur Hill, 6th Marquess of Downshire (1871–1918) and Katherine Mary ("Kitty") Hare (1872–1959), a granddaughter to William Hare, 2nd Earl of Listowel.
His siblings were Lord Arthur Francis Henry Hill (1895–1953) and Lady Kathleen Nina Hill (1898–1960). He was also half-brother to Robert Laycock (1907–1968), the son to Joseph (Joe) Lacock and Hill's mother Kitty who had married Laycock in 1902 after being divorced by the 6th Marquess for adultery with Joe Laycock.
Arthur Hill was educated at Eton College. During the First World War he served with the British Red Cross, and became a lieutenant in the Berkshire Yeomanry. He succeeded to the Marquessate in 1918 on the death of his father, also becoming the 8th Baron Hill of Kilwarlin, 8th Viscount Hillsborough, 7th Earl of Hillsborough, 7th Viscount Fairford, 7th Viscount Kilwarlin, and the 7th Lord Harwich, Baron of Harwich. He married Noreen Barraclough, the daughter of William Barraclough on 23 July 1953, her fourth marriage, she becoming Marchioness of Downshire.
As the Earl of Hillsborough, he took his seat in the House of Lords on 18 May 1920, but is not recorded to have ever spoken.
Arthur Hill, 7th Marquess, died on 28 March 1989 aged 94, and was succeeded by his nephew Robin Hill as the 8th Marquess.
# Arthur V. Sheridan

Arthur V. Sheridan (1888 – June 20, 1952) was a Bronx Engineer who served as Bronx Borough Commissioner of Public Works from 1942 to 1952 under Bronx Borough President James J. Lyons and Arterial Coordinator Robert Moses.

## Early life

A native of New York City, Sheridan attended the City University of New York and studied engineering at Columbia University.

## Public Service Engineering career

Sheridan Started his career working on a federal engineering project, earning himself presidential commendations from both Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt. In 1934, Sheridan was named Chief Engineer of the Bronx by Bronx Borough President James J. Lyons. In 1942, Lyons appointed him from that position to the position of Bronx Borough Commissioner of Public Works.

## Career outside of Public service

Sheridan served as president of numerous professional and community groups. From 1928 to 1930, he was the president of the New York Society of Professional Engineers. Sheridan was a founding member and from 1937 to 1938 served as the second president of the National Society of Professional Engineers after David B. Steinman. He also served as president of the Bronx Rotary Club. Sheridan also belonged to both the American Legion and the New York Athletic Club.
During World War I, Sheridan served in the American Expeditionary Forces and as a military consultant during World War II.
In addition, Sheridan edited The American Engineer for 15 years, lectured at Yale, and taught engineering at New York University and Manhattan College.
Outside of the engineering field, Sheridan lectured on history and philosophy.

## Death

Sheridan died in a car collision on June 20, 1952, en route to pick up his 11-year-old son to drive back to their home in Lake Mohawk, New Jersey, less than two weeks before his retirement as Borough Commissioner of Public Works on July 1. He is interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx.

## Legacy

Sheridan Boulevard (originally the Sheridan Expressway) is named after Sheridan. This road is 1.4 miles long and connects the Bruckner and Cross Bronx Expressways in order to provide a route for commercial vehicles, which cannot travel on the Bronx River Parkway. In the late 2010s, the Sheridan Expressway was converted into a boulevard.
In addition to the highway, Sheridan has a scholarship named after him at Manhattan College.