OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dinding Bypass

Dinding Bypass, Federal Route 60, is a highway bypass in Manjung district, Perak, Malaysia. The bypass connecting Damar Laut in the north until Sitiawan in the south. The bypass was opened on 30 April 2001. It also featured the second longest river bridge in Malaysia, the Raja Pemaisuri Bainun Bridge crossing Dinding River.

## List of junctions and towns

| Km | Junctions | To | Remarks |
| | Seri Manjung 6007 Jalan Semarak Api | South FT 60 Sitiawan Bypass FT 5 Klang FT 5 Kuala Selangor FT 5 Sabak Bernam FT 5 Teluk Intan Teluk Rubiah Hospital Seri Manjung Sultan Azlan Shah Power Station | |
| | | Jalan Kayu Manis | |
| | Seri Manjung Jalan Iskandar Shah | FT 18 Jalan Iskandar Shah West FT 18 Lumut FT 18 Pangkor Island A186 Teluk Batik A186 Royal Malaysian Navy Lumut Naval Base East FT 18 Sitiawan town centre | Start/End of highway Junctions |
| FT 60 Dinding Bypass Start/End of highway |||||
| | Lotus's Seri Manjung (formerly Tesco) | | |
| | Aeon Seri Manjung shopping Centre Manjung Point | | |
| | Sungai Lumut Kiri bridge | | |
| | Lumut Bypass | FT 100 Lumut Bypass West FT 18 Lumut FT 18 Pangkor Island A186 Teluk Batik A186 Royal Malaysian Navy Lumut Naval Base East FT 5 Ipoh FT 5 Ayer Tawar | Junctions |
| | Jalan Kampung Acheh | A177 Jalan Kampung Acheh Northwest Kampung Acheh Southeast Sitiawan | Junctions |
| | Sungai Sitiawan Bridge | | |
| | Sungai Tebok Raja Semalon Bridge | | |
| | Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UNIKL) Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology (MIMET) | Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UNIKL) Malaysian Institute of Marine Engineering Technology (MIMET) | |
| | Kampung Baru | Kampung Baru | T-junctions |
| | Sungai Dinding Restaurant and Rest Plaza | V | |
| | Sungai Dinding Bridge Raja Pemaisuri Bainun Bridge 1.2 km Dinding River | | Start/End of bridge |
| | Sungai Dinding Bridge Raja Pemaisuri Bainun Bridge 1.2 km Dinding River | | |
| | Sungai Dinding Bridge Raja Pemaisuri Bainun Bridge 1.2 km Dinding River | | Start/End of bridge |
| FT 60 Dinding Bypass Start/End of highway |||||
| | Damar Laut | South FT 60 Damar Laut | Start/End of highway T-junctions |
| | | North FT 60 Pantai Remis FT 60 Changkat Jering FT 1 Taiping | |
# Deep underground

Deep underground (大深度地下, dai-shindo chika) is a Japanese concept for the public use of deep underground, enabled by a 2001 law. It was first thought of in the late 1980s as Japan faced ever-increasing land values in the economic bubble, to allow the use of heretofore-unused deep underground for necessary water and utility ducts and other city tunnels.
However, due to technical difficulties in ventilation, emergency procedures and other safety-related issues and the relatively high cost, no projects using deep underground have been completed as of 2010.

## Definition

* Depth greater than 40 meters or
* Depth 10 meters greater than the layer on which deep foundation rests
In the case of public use, no compensation to the land owner is required.

## Projects using the law

* Underground water mains in Kobe (Chūō-ku, Kobe)
** Project approved on June 19, 2007 (first ever in Japan).
* Tokyo Gaikan Expressway (Tōmei Junction - Ōizumi Junction/Interchange)
** Project status elevated to construction stage on April 27, 2009.

## Projects anticipated to use the law

* Capacity expansion of Chūō Main Line (extension of Keiyō Line from Tokyo Station to Mitaka Station)
* Extension of Tsukuba Express from Akihabara Station to Tokyo Station
* Chūō Shinkansen (a total of 100 km of deep underground track in Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka areas)
* Hanshin Expressway Route 2 Yodogawa-Sagan Line third phase (extension from Toyosaki, Kita-ku, Osaka to Hiejima, Kadoma)
# 1951 Harvard Crimson football team

The 1951 Harvard Crimson football team was an American football team that represented Harvard University during the 1951 college football season. In their second year under head coach Lloyd Jordan, the Crimson compiled a 3–5–1 record and were outscored 266 to 143. Carroll M. Lowenstein and Warren D. Wylie were the team captains.
Harvard played its home games at Harvard Stadium in the Allston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 22 | Springfield | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA | W 21–13 | 10,000 |
| September 29 | Holy Cross | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA | L 6–33 | 24,000 |
| October 6 | at Columbia | Baker FieldNew York, NY | L 0–35 | 15,000 |
| October 13 | at No. 17 Cornell | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | L 6–42 | 20,000 |
| October 20 | Army | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA | W 22–21 | 14,000 |
| October 27 | Dartmouth | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA (rivalry) | L 20–26 | 20,000 |
| November 10 | No. 4 Princeton | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA (rivalry) | L 13–54 | 22,000 |
| November 17 | Brown | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA | W 34–21 | 12,000 |
| November 24 | at Yale | Yale BowlNew Haven, CT (The Game) | T 21–21 | 43,000 |
| Rankings from AP Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# 1717 in Russia

Events from the year 1717 in Russia

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Peter I

## Events

* College of War
* Collegium of Accounting
* Collegium of Commerce
* Collegium of Foreign Affairs
* Collegium of Justice
* Collegium of Mining and Manufacturing
* Collegium of State Expenses
* Collegium of State Income
* Russo–Khivan War of 1717

## Births

* November 14 – Alexander Sumarokov, poet, play write (died 1777)

## Deaths

* (N/A) - Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky, commander (born N/A)
# Colias dimera

Colias dimera, the Dimera sulphur, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It is found in the Tropical Andes subregion of the Neotropical realm (Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador). The species was first discovered in Colombia. It is the most abundant butterfly in the interior of Ecuador.
The wingspan is 35–40 mm (1.4–1.6 in).
# Felinfoel RFC

Felinfoel RFC is a Welsh rugby union club representing the town of Felinfoel, Llanelli, West Wales. Felinfoel RFC is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for Llanelli Scarlets.

## Club honours

* WRU Division Two West - 2007/08 - Champions. (Perfect season, 22 games played - 22 games won)

## Notable former players

The following players have represented Felinfoel and have been capped at senior international level
* Phil Bennett OBE, (29 caps), British Lions, Wales & Llanelli captain.
* Brian Butler, Wales Youth, Llanelli & Bradford Northern Rugby League
* William Harries "Bill" Clement (6 caps)
* Brinley E. Evans
* Bryn Evans
* Ian Stuart Gallacher, Llanelli, Wales Youth, Wales, Bradford Northern,R.L.
* Elvet Jones
* Roy Mathias, Llanelli, Wales Youth, Wales, St.Helens RL & Great Britain Rugby League.
* William "Bill" Morris (3 caps)
* David Nicholas, Wales Schoolboys, Wales Youth, Wales, Llanelli (4 caps)
* Gareth Rees, Glamorgan Cricket
* Colin Stephens, Wales Schoolboys, Wales, Llanelli
* Watcyn Thomas
* Nathaniel "Danny" Walters
* John Douglas Warlow Llanelli, Wales, St.Helens R.L.
* William Watts
* Ossie Williams
* Henry Raymond "Ray" Williams
* Stanley Williams
# Antonio Pereira

Antonio Pereira may refer to:
* António Pereira (racewalker), Portuguese race walker
* Antônio Pereira, Brazilian football referee
* António Garcia Pereira, Portuguese lawyer and politician
* António Pereira (wrestler), Portuguese wrestler who competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics
# Ice blasting

Ice blasting is the use of explosives to break up ice in rivers, aiding navigation and preventing flooding.
This is done during the spring when snow is melting and river ice is breaking up. There is always a chance that the ice flows could collide creating an ice jam and blocking the river. The river, filled with melt water, will quickly flood and often cause damage to nearby settlements. Thus in most northern areas governments quickly act to break up the ice jams before they can do much damage. This is most easily done with explosives. These explosives may be planted from the shore, or in some cases by helicopter. Explosives can also be remotely delivered by artillery or dropped by bombers. In the large rivers of the Siberia the Russian airforce is sometimes called in to bomb ice jams.
Some districts, where flooding is especially common, do preemptive ice blasting. The city of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, for instance, blasts the Rideau River each spring to break up the ice. In 1994, for instance, 10,000 sticks of dynamite were used to break up ice along 9 kilometres of the river.
Ice blasting has a number of disadvantages. It is expensive and dangerous requiring highly skilled explosives experts. When blasting is occurring the public must be warned to keep their distance. The blasting has negative environmental consequences. Fish and other river creatures are inevitably killed and the river bottom is scarred. Unexploded ordnance can also be a concern where remote delivery is used.
# 2000–01 Georgia Bulldogs basketball team

The 2000–01 Georgia Bulldogs basketball team represented the University of Georgia as a member of the Southeastern Conference during the 2000–01 NCAA men's basketball season. The team was led by head coach Jim Harrick, and played their home games at Stegeman Coliseum in Athens, Georgia. The Bulldogs finished third in the SEC East standings during the regular season, were bounced early from the SEC tournament, and received a controversial at-large bid to the NCAA tournament as No. 8 seed in the East region. Georgia was beaten by No. 9 seed Missouri, 77–75, and finished the season at 16–15 (9–7 SEC).

## Schedule and results

| Date time, TV | Rank$^#$ | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site city, state |
| Regular season ||||||
| Nov 17, 2000* | | Georgia State | L 79–91 | 0–1 | Stegeman Coliseum Athens, Georgia |
| Nov 19, 2000* | | at Minnesota | L 74–77 | 0–2 | Williams Arena Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Nov 23, 2000* | | vs. Indiana State Puerto Rico Shootout | W 82–64 | 1–2 | Coliseo Rubén Rodríguez Bayamón, Puerto Rico |
| Nov 24, 2000* | | vs. No. 13 Utah Puerto Rico Shootout | W 65–60 | 2–2 | Coliseo Rubén Rodríguez Bayamón, Puerto Rico |
| Nov 25, 2000* | | vs. No. 5 Stanford Puerto Rico Shootout | L 58–71 | 2–3 | Coliseo Rubén Rodríguez Bayamón, Puerto Rico |
| Nov 28, 2000* | | Coastal Carolina | W 102–69 | 3–3 | Stegeman Coliseum Athens, Georgia |
| Dec 3, 2000* | | Pepperdine | W 72–61 | 4–3 | Stegeman Coliseum Athens, Georgia |
| Dec 6, 2000* | | at Georgia Tech | W 75–70 | 5–3 | Alexander Memorial Coliseum Atlanta, Georgia |
| Dec 9, 2000* | | NC State Delta Air Lines Holiday Classic | W 68–63 | 6–3 | Atlanta, Georgia |
| Dec 16, 2000* | | at No. 6 Wake Forest | L 57–75 | 6–4 | Lawrence Joel Veterans Memorial Coliseum Winston-Salem, North Carolina |
| Dec 21, 2000* | | vs. California Pete Newell Challenge | L 64–85 | 6–5 | SAP Center San Jose, California |
| Dec 23, 2000* | | at Fresno State | L 61–80 | 6–6 | Selland Arena Fresno, California |
| Dec 28, 2000* | | Villanova | W 91–80 | 7–6 | Stegeman Coliseum Athens, Georgia |
| Mar 3, 2001 | | at Arkansas | L 67–82 | 16–13 (9–7) | Bud Walton Arena Fayetteville, Arkansas |
| SEC Tournament ||||||
| Mar 8, 2001* | | vs. LSU First round | L 62–63 | 16–14 | Bridgestone Arena Nashville, Tennessee |
| NCAA Tournament ||||||
| Mar 15, 2001* | (8 E) | vs. (9 E) Missouri First round | L 68–70 | 16–15 | Greensboro Coliseum Greensboro, North Carolina |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. E=East. All times are in Eastern Time. ||||||
# Dinnington Main F.C.

Dinnington Main F.C. was an English association football club based in Dinnington, Rotherham, South Yorkshire.

## History

Little is known of the club other than that it competed in the FA Cup on numerous occasions either side of the First World War.

### Notable former players

Players that have played in the Football League either before or after playing for Dinnington Main –
* Percy Downes
* John Lang
* Dick Neal

### League and cup history

Dinnington Main league and cup history :
| Season | Division | Position | FA Cup |
| 1907–08 | Hatchard League Division 1 Portland Senior League | /10 * | - |
| 1908–09 | Hatchard League Division 1 | /9 | - |
| 1909–10 | Hatchard League | /14* | - |
| 1910–11 | Hatchard League Holbrook Senior League | /9* /7 | - |
| 1911–12 | Hatchard League | /12 | - |
| 1912–13 | Hatchard League | /14 | - |
| 1913–14 | Hatchard League | /13 | - |
| 1914–15 | Hatchard League | /10 | - |
| 1919–20 | Hatchard League | /10 | - |
| 1920–21 | Sheffield Association League | | - |
| 1921–22 | Sheffield Association League | | Extra preliminary round |
| 1922–23 | | | 1st qualifying round |
| 1922–24 | | | Preliminary round |
| 1924–25 | | | Preliminary round |
| 1925–26 | Sheffield Association League Portland Senior League | /13 /6 | Preliminary round |
| 1926–27 | Sheffield Association League Portland Senior League | /14 /6 | Preliminary round |
| 1927–28 | Sheffield Association League | /14 | Preliminary round |
| 1928–29 | Sheffield Association League | /15 | - |
* League play-off winners

## Records

* Best FA Cup performance: 1st qualifying round, 1922–23
# Deep time (disambiguation)

Deep time is geologic time.
The term is also used in the following ways:
* Joanna Macy uses the term deep time to refer to the practice of using guided meditation to visualize one's ancestors and descendants
* Michael Murphy (author) uses the term deep time to refer to the experience of unusual freedom within time or unawareness of time, known to psychologists as the flow state
# 1255 Schilowa

1255 Schilowa, provisional designation 1932 NC, is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers (21 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 8 July 1932, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid has a longer-than average rotation period of 29.5 hours. It was named after Mariya Zhilova (Schilowa), who was Russia's first professional female astronomer.

## Orbit and classification

Schilowa is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,036 days; semi-major axis of 3.14 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.17 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.
The asteroid was first observed as A905 UC at Heidelberg Observatory in October 1905. The body's observation arc began one week later at Heidelberg in November 1905, almost 27 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after Mariya Vasilyevna Zhilova (1870–1934), also known Mariya Shilova or Schilowa, a Russian astronomer at the Pulkovo Observatory near Saint Petersburg. She was Russia's first professional female astronomer and awarded for her work on celestial mechanics by the Russian Astronomical Society in 1905. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 115).

## Physical characteristics

Schilowa is an assumed S-type asteroid.

### Rotation period

Between 2005 and 2009, three rotational lightcurves of Schilowa were obtained from photometric observations by European astronomers Pierre Antonini, Laurent Bernasconi, René Roy, Reiner Stoss, Jaime Nomen, Salvador Sánchez, Raoul Behrend. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 29.536 hours (also 24 h and 29.7 h) with a brightness amplitude between 0.09 and 0.15 magnitude (U=2 and 2/2-).

### Spin axis

In 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources including the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and the Palomar Transient Factory survey. The lightcurve gave a sidereal period of 29.4674 hours and allowed for the determination of two spin axis of (156.0°, −4.0°) and (338.0°, 15.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Schilowa measures between 32.52 and 37.24 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.071 and 0.1389. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1273 and a diameter of 32.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.3.
# Coldwave Breaks II

Coldwave Breaks II is a various artists compilation album released on October 28, 1997 by 21st Circuitry.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Aiding & Abetting compared Coldwave Breaks II favorably to the first compilation, saying "this one carries forth the same attitude from the first, and works to find new and innovative electronic-oriented bands." Steve Huey of allmusic awarded the compilation three out of five possible stars. Critic Richard T. Thurston of Ink 19 warmly reviewed the album and described it as "venture into the dark side of industrial techhouse." Sonic Boom called the album one of the "more concise Sythcore collections of the year" and credited Acumen, Beauty, LUXT and Rammstein as being standouts.

## Track listing

Notes
* Tracks 15–22 consist of four seconds of silence each

## Accolades

| Year | Publication | Country | Accolade | Rank |
| 1995 | CMJ New Music Monthly | United States | "Dance Top 25" | 7 |
| "*" denotes an unordered list. ||||||

## Personnel

Adapted from the Coldwave Breaks II liner notes.
* Josh Finney – cover art, design
* Guy Slater – mastering

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United States | 1997 | 21st Circuitry | CD | 21C.CD30 |
# Andranovorivato

Andranovorivato is a rural municipality Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Fianarantsoa II, which is a part of Haute Matsiatra Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 22,000 in 2001 commune census.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 93% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and beans, while other important agricultural products are cassava and sweet potatoes. Services provide employment for 7% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-05-01.
21°38′S 46°59′E﻿ / ﻿21.633°S 46.983°E﻿ / -21.633; 46.983
* This Haute Matsiatra location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Anton Jaich

Anton Jaich (also Peter Anton Jaich, Jaisch, or Taich) (1804, Vienna – 1875, Brno) was a painter specialising in theatrical painting and set design.
Jaich's career took him first to Graz (1836–1838), then a short period in Linz (1839), before moving on to Olomouc (1840) and then back to Graz (1842–1845). There he had stable employment working for the Estates Theatre in Prague from 1846 to 1861 where he was also in charge of lighting. He returned to Linz in 1868 where he stayed until 1872. He moved to Brno in 1873 where he was also the theatrical engineer.

## Family

He had five children: Floriana Jaichová, Wilhelmina Kautská (Jaichová), Louisa Jaichová, Viktor Jaich, and Anton Jaich. Wilhelmina, known as Minna, married Johann Kautsky and was the mother of Karl Kautsky.
# A. P. Hill House

The A. P. Hill House, on N. Washington St. in Clarkesville, Georgia, was built in 1930. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
It is a one-story brick Craftsman-style bungalow.
It is also known as the Peter Rosetty House.
The house may no longer exist, because it seems difficult to identify any candidate matching the 1980 photo using Google Streetview imagery of 2018, along Washington Street.
# Dimitri Bissiki

Dimitri Magnokele Bissiki is a Congolese professional footballer, who plays as a defender for AC Léopards.

## International career

In January 2014, coach Claude Le Roy, invited him to be a part of the Congo squad for the 2014 African Nations Championship. The team was eliminated in the group stages after losing to Ghana, drawing with Libya and defeating Ethiopia.
# 2018 Qatar ExxonMobil Open – Doubles

Jérémy Chardy and Fabrice Martin were the defending champions, but Chardy chose not to participate this year and Martin chose to compete in Brisbane instead.
Oliver Marach and Mate Pavić won the title, defeating Jamie Murray and Bruno Soares in the final, 6–2, 7–6$^{(8–6)}$.

## Seeds

* Jamie Murray / Bruno Soares (final)
* Oliver Marach / Mate Pavić (champions)
* Feliciano López / Rajeev Ram (semifinals)
* Ivan Dodig / Fernando Verdasco (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | J Murray B Soares | 3 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M MatkowskiA-u-H Qureshi | 6 | 6$^5$ | [5] | 1 | J Murray B Soares | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | F KrajinovićV Troicki | 6$^6$ | 4 | | | B ĆorićJ-L Struff | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Ćorić J-L Struff | 7$^8$ | 6 | | | | | | | 1 | J Murray B Soares | 6 | 4 | [10] | | | | |
| 3 | F López R Ram | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | F LópezR Ram | 3 | 6 | [6] | | | | |
| WC | M JaziriMS Zayed | 5 | 2 | | 3 | F López R Ram | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | N MektićA Peya | 6 | 6$^8$ | [8] | PR | N BasilashviliA Haider-Maurer | 2 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| PR | N Basilashvili A Haider-Maurer | 1 | 7$^{10}$ | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | J MurrayB Soares | 2 | 6$^6$ |
| | P Carreño Busta G García López | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | O Marach M Pavić | 6 | 7$^8$ |
| | P LorenziA Ramos Viñolas | 2 | 6$^4$ | | | P Carreño Busta G García López | 6 | 5 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| | F MergeaN Zimonjić | 1 | 4 | | 4 | I DodigF Verdasco | 3 | 7 | [7] | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | ' I Dodig F Verdasco | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | P Carreño BustaG García López | 3 | 4 | | | | | |
| | P GojowczykF Mayer | 7 | 2 | [8] | | | | | | 2 | O Marach M Pavić | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| WC | T Altuna E Ymer | 5 | 6 | [10] | WC | T AltunaE Ymer | 2 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | D NestorP Oswald | 2 | 2 | | 2 | O Marach M Pavić | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | O Marach M Pavić | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Coldwell Complex

The Coldwell Complex is a large circular gabbro and syenite intrusion within the Earth's crust. Located on the North Shore of Lake Superior in Ontario, Canada, it is the largest alkaline intrusion in North America with a diameter of 25 km (16 mi).

## Formation

The Coldwell Complex has its origins in the Midcontinent Rift System about 1,100 million years ago. It is an exposed magma chamber that formed beneath the surface causing surface swelling to occur. This swelling turned into an active volcano, erupting basaltic magma. 600 million years ago, the volcano walls became so large and heavy, they caved in on the volcano, acting as a cap. The magma then became trapped in the magma chamber where it settled and cooled with other minerals causing the initial phases of the complex. Glacial erosion stripped away the top layers of the volcano. Today, the once-hot magma chamber is exposed to surface rock on the northern shore of Lake Superior.