OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Four Heavenly Kings (disambiguation)

The Four Heavenly Kings are the Buddhist protective deities.
Four Heavenly Kings may also refer to:

## Groups of four people

* Shitennō (Minamoto clan), 四天王, retainers of Minamoto no Yorimitsu
* Shitennō (Tokugawa clan), 徳川四天王, Japanese generals
* Four Heavenly Kings (Hong Kong), namely Jacky Cheung, Andy Lau, Leon Lai and Aaron Kwok
* Four Heavenly Kings (Taiwan), four Buddhists masters who founded prominent Buddhist organizations in Taiwan
* Kōdōkan Shitennō, 講道館四天王, notable judo competitors of the early Kōdōkan
* Mitsuharu Misawa, Kenta Kobashi, Toshiaki Kawada and Akira Taue, famous professional wrestlers from All Japan Pro Wrestling

## Groups of four fictional characters

* Shitennō, from the manga Sailor Moon
* Shitennō (The Four Generals of Mutsu), the four leaders of a large dog pack in the manga Ginga: Nagareboshi Gin
* The Four Heavenly Kings or Grand Masters of Shadaloo in the Street Fighter video game series
* The Elite Four, literally translated as Four Heavenly Kings, any of various teams of four Pokémon trainers in the Pokémon meta-series
* The Big Four, sometimes translated as the Four Heavenly Kings from the manga Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo
* The Four Heavenly Kings / Four Guardians of Neo Arcadia from the Mega Man Zero series
* The Four Heavenly Kings, in Ultraman Mebius, an association composed of 4 of the franchise's most powerful aliens
* The Four Heavenly Kings of Orochi from The King of Fighters
* Four Heavenly Kings is a group of four powerful Bishoku-ya in the manga Toriko
* The Elite Four, officially translated into English from Shitennō, from the anime Kill la Kill
* In Gintama, 3 different groups of people are called "the Four Heavenly Kings" (Shitennō)
** The overlords of Kabukichō (yakuza, gambling and other activities): Doromizu Jirochou, Saigou Tokumori, Kada and Otose.
** The young leaders of the last generation of Jouishishi rebels: Sakata Gintoki, Katsura Kotarou, Takasugi Shinsuke and Sakamoto Tatsuma.
** The most skilled retainers of the Yagyuu clan: Toujou Ayumu and 3 minor characters (Kitaooji Itsuki, Nishino Tsukamu and Minamito Sui).
* Mazoku Shitennō, known as the Spice Boys in English, a collective of antagonists in the anime Dragon Ball Z.
* The Four Heavenly Kings are also represented in the anime and manga Toriko. Toriko and his three friends Coco, Sunny and Zebra are known as the "Four Gourmet Kings". They also have each have one of the five superhuman senses which Toriko has smell, Coco has sight, Sunny has touch, and Zebra has hearing.

## Films

* The Heavenly Kings, a 2006 film directed by Daniel Wu
* Detective Dee: The Four Heavenly Kings, a 2018 film directed by Tsui Hark
# 1947–48 FK Partizan season

The 1947–48 season was the second season in FK Partizan's existence. This article shows player statistics and matches that the club played during the 1947–48 season.

## Competitions
### Yugoslav First League

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| 1 | Dinamo Zagreb (C) | 18 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 56 | 20 | 2.800 | 29 |
| 2 | Hajduk Split | 18 | 11 | 2 | 5 | 40 | 15 | 2.667 | 24 |
| 3 | Partizan | 18 | 10 | 4 | 4 | 46 | 22 | 2.091 | 24 |
| 4 | Lokomotiva | 18 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 21 | 18 | 1.167 | 19 |
| 5 | Red Star Belgrade | 18 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 24 | 25 | 0.960 | 16 |
# Arthur Dodd

Arthur Dodd may refer to:
* A. H. Dodd (Arthur Herbert Dodd, 1891–1975), academic historian
* Arthur Dodd (British Army soldier) (1919–2011), British soldier during World War II and Auschwitz survivor
# 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualification Group 4

Group 4 of the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifying competition consisted of six teams: Portugal, Israel, Greece, Hungary, Albania, and Liechtenstein. The composition of the nine groups in the qualifying group stage was decided by the draw held on 5 February 2015.
The group was played in home-and-away round-robin format. The group winners qualified directly for the final tournament, while the runners-up advanced to the play-offs if they were one of the four best runners-up among all nine groups (not counting results against the sixth-placed team).

## Standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification | | | | | | |
| 1 | Portugal | 10 | 8 | 2 | 0 | 34 | 5 | +29 | 26 | Final tournament | — | 0–0 | 1–0 | 4–0 | 2–0 | 4–0 |
| 2 | Israel | 10 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 21 | 4 | +17 | 21 | | 0–3 | — | 4–0 | 4–0 | 3–0 | 4–0 |
| 3 | Greece | 10 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 13 | 14 | −1 | 13 | | 0–4 | 0–1 | — | 2–1 | 3–1 | 5–0 |
| 4 | Albania | 10 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 20 | −9 | 12 | | 1–6 | 1–1 | 0–0 | — | 2–1 | 2–0 |
| 5 | Hungary | 10 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 19 | 16 | +3 | 12 | | 3–3 | 0–0 | 2–1 | 2–2 | — | 4–0 |
| 6 | Liechtenstein | 10 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 40 | −39 | 0 | | 1–7 | 0–4 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 0–6 | — |

## Matches

Times are CEST (UTC+2) for dates between 29 March and 24 October 2015 and between 27 March and 29 October 2016, for other dates times are CET (UTC+1).

## Goalscorers
### 5 goals

* Nikolaos Ioannidis
* Dániel Prosser
* Omri Altman

### 4 goals

* Liridon Latifi
* Shoval Gozlan
* Gonçalo Paciência
* André Silva

### 3 goals

* Rey Manaj
* Bence Mervó
* Michael Ohana
* Bruno Fernandes
* Gonçalo Guedes
* Ricardo Horta

### 2 goals

* Charalampos Mavrias
* Dor Hugi
* João Carvalho
* Gelson Martins
* Rúben Neves
* Daniel Podence
* Rúben Semedo

### 1 goal

* Endri Çekiçi
* Qazim Laçi
* Herdi Prenga
* Milot Rashica
* Charis Charisis
* Anastasios Donis
* Taxiarchis Fountas
* Efthimis Koulouris
* Kosmas Tsilianidis
* Nikos Vergos
* Norbert Balogh
* Zsombor Berecz
* Barnabás Bese
* Dávid Forgács
* Dániel Gera
* Zsolt Kalmár
* László Kleinheisler
* Dávid Márkvárt
* Dominik Nagy
* Roland Sallai
* Eyad Abu Abaid
* Moti Barshazki
* Oren Biton
* Dean David
* Gadi Kinda
* Dor Peretz
* Eliel Peretz
* Dennis Salanović
* Bruma
* João Cancelo
* Tobias Figueiredo
* Diogo Jota
* Rony Lopes
* Carlos Mané
* Rúben Vezo

### 1 own goal

* Yanik Frick (against Hungary)
# Chandraprabha Urs

Chandraprabha Urs (25 May 1946 – 3 May 2016) was a politician from Karnataka. She was a member of the 10th Lok Sabha and Karnataka Legislative Assembly. She was with Janata Party and Congress at various times.

## Early life

Chandraprabha was born on 25 May 1946 in Hunsur, Mysore district. Her father D. Devaraj Urs was a member of the Indian National Congress (INC) and went on to become the Chief Minister of Karnataka. She graduated from the Smt. VHD Central Institute of Home Science with a degree in library science.

## Career

As a member of the Janata Party, Urs won the 1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election from Hunsur and was appointed the Minister for Social Welfare, Sericulture and excise in Ramakrishna Hegde's cabinet. Later she joined the INC and served her second term in the state assembly from 1989 to 1991. In the 1991 Indian general election, INC made her its official candidate from Mysore against Bharatiya Janata Party's Srikantadatta Narasimharaja Wadiyar, the titular Maharaja of Mysore. She polled 2,25, 881 votes against his 2,08,999; defeating him by a margin of 16,882 votes.

## Personal life

She married M.C. Mohan Raj Urs. Urs died on 3 May 2016 at a Mysore hospital after suffering a cardiac arrest.
# Acrobati

Acrobati is the eighth studio album by Italian singer-songwriter Daniele Silvestri, released February 26, 2016 by Sony Music.
The album debuted at the top of the FIMI Albums Chart, the first in the singer's career to reach this position. Furthermore, on 4 July 2016, a gold record is certified for the 25,000 copies sold.
The record was made in Lecce at Roy Paci's Posada Negro studio and was described by Silvestri as a record intended to "tell stories that would take the listener as far as possible", thus as a work "more poetic than political". Several artists took part in the recordings, including Caparezza (in La guerra del sale), Diodato and Roberto Dell'Era.
The album cover was designed by Paolino De Francesco.
The album was positively received by critics. Ernesto Assante, Journalist of La Repubblica called it "the best work the Roman singer-songwriter has ever done. And if he is not the best he is certainly the richest, most convincing, complete of his albums, the one that paints him in the most precise and sure way, putting together all his passions, his loves, vices and virtues, ideal tensions and those of the heart."
Acrobats was anticipated by the first single "Quali Alibi", released in January 2016.

## Track listing

* La mia casa – 3:55
* Quali alibi – 4:03
* Acrobati – 5:23
* Pochi giorni (feat. Diodato) – 3:51
* Un altro bicchiere (feat. Dellera) – 3:50
* La mia routine – 4:53
* Così vicina – 2:49
* La verità – 4:13
* Pensieri – 2:13
* Monolocale – 5:24
* La guerra del sale (feat. Caparezza) – 4:03
* A dispetto dei pronostici – 4:45
* Come se – 3:56
* L'orologio (feat. Diego Mancino) – 3:18
* Bio-Boogie (feat. Funky Pushertz) – 5:15
* Tuttosport – 1:16
* Spengo la luce (feat. Dellera) – 4:29
* Alla fine (feat. Diodato) – 5:09
# Dennenloher See

Dennenloher See is a lake in Ansbach, Bavaria, Germany. It has a surface area of 20 hectares. The lake is located 14 km west of Gunzenhausen, Dennenlohe. It is the smallest body of water in the Franconian Lake District.

## Neighbouring Lakes

* Altmühlsee
* Großer Brombachsee
* Igelsbachsee
* Kleiner Brombachsee
* Rothsee
* Hahnenkammsee
# 1949 in Estonia

This article lists events that occurred during 1949 in Estonia.

## Events

* 25 March – an extensive deportation campaign was conducted in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. The Soviet authorities deported more than 92,000 people from the Baltics to remote areas of the Soviet Union.

## Births

* 3 March – Jüri Allik, Estonian psychologist
* 3 April – Ivo Eensalu, actor and stage director
* 12 June – Ivo Linna, Estonian singer
# Buron

Buron is a village in France about 6 kilometres north-west of Caen, in the communes of Cairon, Rosel and Saint-Contest in Calvados.

## History

Buron was the site of two major battles, one on June 7, 1944, and another during Operation Charnwood on July 8, 1944, when the Highland Light Infantry of Canada liberated the town from defending elements of the 12th SS Panzer Division.
# Four Holy Marshals

The Four Holy Marshals (Vier Marschälle Gottes or just Vier Marschälle) are four saints venerated in the Rhineland, especially at Köln, Lüttich, Aachen, and the Eifel. They are conceived as standing particularly close to throne of God, and thus powerful intercessors. Their joint veneration is comparable to that of the Fourteen Holy Helpers, who are also venerated in the Rhineland.
They are considered “marshals of God” and were invoked against diseases and epidemics during the Middle Ages.
Evidence of this devotion is testified by documentation dating from 1478; however, the joint devotion of these four saints may have existed earlier. The devotion reached its high point in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries and diminished by the seventeenth. There were churches dedicated to them at Hüngersdorf, Schleiden, and in the Mariwald.

## The Four Holy Marshals

The four saints are:
| Name (Alternate) | Feast day | Patronage |
| Quirinus of Neuss (Quirin) | cMarch 30, April 30 | Against smallpox and goiter |
| Hubertus (Hubert) | n November 3 | Against rabies and dog bites |
| Cornelius | aSeptember 16 | Against cramps and epilepsy |
| Saint Anthony the Great (Antonius, Antony) | mJanuary 17 | invoked against the plague |
In terms of protection over animals, Anthony is the patron of pigs, Cornelius cattle, Hubertus dogs, and Quirinus horses. In addition, each saint has its own particular place of special veneration: Anthony was venerated at Cologne, Hubertus at St-Hubert in the Ardennes, Cornelius at Aachen, and Quirinus at Neuss.
* Anthony the Great
* Pope Cornelius
* Hubertus
* Quirinus
# Art for All Foundation

The Art for All Foundation and Center is a non-profit Thai organization sponsored by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP), Thailand's Commission on Higher Education, Ministry of Culture and Chulalongkorn University that conducts programs for youths with disabilities and other disadvantaged groups such as indigenous hill tribe children as well as prison inmates.

## History

In 1997, Channarong Pornrungroj, the former Dean of the Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts at Chulalongkorn University started an art program for disadvantaged and disabled children. “Art for All” uses art as a vehicle for developing the skills and talents of both disabled and non-disabled individuals. In 2007, the Art for All Foundation partnered with the Faculty of Fine and Applied Arts of Thailand's largest university, Chulalongkorn University, creating a campus office known as the Art for All Center. Chulalongkorn University prematurely pulled funding for the Art for All Center's 3-year contract due to accounting and reporting irregularities. The University is no longer associated with Art for All.
Program volunteers, in conjunction with gifted and average children along with the blind, deaf and physically or mentally impaired all take part in a diverse range of activities. They range from musical, visual and mixed media, dance, drama to literature experiences.

## Activities

The Art for All program offers and conducts a diverse array of activities where both mainstream and disadvantaged young people learn to work cooperatively together. They range from weekend art education exchange sessions to the larger annual, regional and indigenous Hilltribe Art for All Camps as well as one for prisoners facing life and death sentences.
Art for All also organizes art exhibitions, workshops, hosts the international art education model group as well as conducts research and publishing an annual that incorporates leading research papers related to art, education and the underprivileged.

## International Education Model and Research Forum

The Art for All international program brings together key researchers and program representatives to present their current papers in an exchange forum about the disabled art education programs in their own country.
* The United Nations in 2002 selected the Art for All program to be exhibited in Australia and Japan.
* Thailand's 2007 international model Art for All program focused on its ASEAN neighbors and had 40 representatives from Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, South Korea and Vietnam participate.
# Anne Wibble

Anne Marie Wibble (née Ohlin; 13 October 1943 – 14 March 2000) was a Swedish politician who served as Minister for Finance from 1991 to 1994, the first woman to hold the post. She was a member of the Liberal People's Party. She was the daughter of Bertil Ohlin, a 1977 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureate.

## Education

Wibble graduated from the Stockholm School of Economics in 1966, then studied at Stanford University where she took an M.A. degree in 1967. In 1973 she took a licentiate degree in economics at the Stockholm School of Economics, where she also was a teacher from 1967 to 1977.

## Political career

Wibble worked for the Liberal People's Party in the Swedish government offices and the Swedish parliament from 1980 to 1986. She was a member of parliament from the 1985 election. In the 1991 election, a centre-right coalition won and Wibble was appointed Minister of Finance in the Bildt Cabinet. She stayed in office to the 1994 election, which the government lost. Wibble returned to parliament, and ran for party leader in 1995, but lost to Maria Leissner. She remained a member of parliament until the end of 1997, after which she became the chief economist of the Federation of Swedish Industry.
She died from cancer in 2000.
# Drycothaea ocularis

Drycothaea ocularis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 2010. It is known from Guatemala.
# Drummond Street (Montreal)

Drummond Street (officially rue Drummond) is a north–south street located in downtown Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Spanning a total of 1.2 kilometres, it links Doctor Penfield Avenue in the north and De la Gauchetière Street in the south.
A mix of businesses are located on this street such as bookstores, pubs and restaurants. A branch of the YMCA and George Stephen House, the final location of the Mount Stephen Club, are also on this street.

## History

The Scots-Quebecer businessman John Redpath (1796-1869), was a member of Montreal City Council from 1840 to 1843. He ceded the land that became Drummond Street on May 13, 1842 and named it after his second wife, Jane Drummond (1816-1907). The street was not named for General Gordon Drummond (no relation), as is sometimes thought.
Upper Drummond Street was one of the principal streets of the Golden Square Mile. Around 1925, it was a quiet tree-lined avenue of mansions belonging to the Drummond, Smithers, Molson, Reford, MacIntyre, Meighen (inherited from Lord Mount Stephen), Wallis, Angus, Reid, Davis, Brainard, Wanklyn, and Hosmer families.
Following a demolition spree that culminated in 1975, Drummond Street had become another typical modern street in Montreal, as it today. The George Stephen House, the final location of the Mount Stephen Club and former home of George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen remains, as does the home of Charles Hosmer, but the others have long since disappeared.

## Hockey

In 1862, the Victoria Skating Rink opened its doors on Drummond Street. The rink is best known for being the site of the first recorded organized indoor ice hockey game on March 3, 1875. It was also home to the first Stanley Cup playoff game. It was also the venue for numerous other activities such as the Montreal Winter Carnaval, fancy balls, exhibitions, and concerts.
Today, one block south, at the corner of Drummond and De la Gauchetière Street, is the Bell Centre, the home of the National Hockey League's Montreal Canadiens.
# Doyalson

Doyalson is a village in the Central Coast region of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Central Coast Council local government area. It has a population of 299 at the 2021 census.
The Pacific Highway passes through Doyalson. In the 1980s, the seven kilometre Doyalson Link Road was built between Doyalson and the M1 Motorway at Bushells Ridge. It was built as a single carriageway with provision for conversion to a dual carriageway.
Munmorah State Coal Mine operated in this vicinity 1962–2005.
# Drymonia urceolata

Drymonia urceolata is a species of flowering plant in the genus Drymonia. It is a climber native to Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
# Du ringde från Flen

Du ringde från Flen is a song written by Ulf Nordquist [sv], and originally recorded by Grönwalls on the debut album Du har det där in 1992. Ending up third in the 1992 edition of the music competition "Höstens melodier", it is one of Grönwall's most well-known songs. The song was also tested for Svensktoppen, where it charted for listan 13 weeks between 3 July-18 September 1993.
In the song lyrics, the I person, probably a girl/woman, sings about the you person always works overtime and travels around Sweden, blaming it on meetings and visiting relatives, but the I person suspects oninfidelity. Five towns in Sweden are mentioned in the song lyrics; Flen, Luleå, Hässleholm, Halmstad and Laholm.
At Dansbandskampen 2008 [sv], the song was performed by Shake, in a calm ballad tempo. Shake's version was released in January 2009 for digital download. At Dansbandskampen 2009 [sv], the song was used during Sveriges Television's information.
A version in Swedish radio program Framåt fredag [sv] was called "Han ringde Hamrén" and was about Lars Lagerbäck leaving his job as manager for the Sweden men's national soccer team.
# Dubbak

Dubbak can refer to any of the following places in Telangana, India:
* Dubbak, Medak, a village in Medak district
** Dubbak (Assembly constituency), a constituency of the Telangana Legislative Assembly in Medak district
* Dubbak, Nalgonda, a village in Nalgonda district
* Dubbak, Nizamabad, a village in Nizamabad district
# 21st Century Union March

21st Century Union March is an album by Ethnic Heritage Ensemble, a jazz band formed by percussionist Kahil El'Zabar, who is joined by saxophonist Edward Wilkerson and trombonist Joseph Bowie. It was recorded in 1995 and released on the Swedish Silkheart label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
In his review for AllMusic, Thom Jurek describes the album as:
   an infectious, utterly intoxicating brew of African folk songs (complete with ritual instruments), rhythm marches, R&B honking, bop caesuras, and blues stomping that is inseparable from tradition yet extends its relevancy into a new era.
The Penguin Guide to Jazz states:
   The team has an almost chamberish feel on 21st Century Union March. Bowie takes a prominent soloist's role, Wilkerson seems reserved, and the music has a gentle way of unfolding, even when El'Zabar works up some thunder at his various drums.
In a review for JazzTimes Willard Jenkins says:
   This is music not of an overly intellectual bent, it is instead so simultaneously earthy and ethereal as to conjure rich colorations and dreamscapes.

## Track listing

    All compositions by Kahil El'Zabar except as indicated
* "Crumb Puck You Let Slide" – 6:48
* "Fanfare" – 8:58
* "Lover Man" (Jimmy Davis, Roger 'Ram' Ramirez, James Sherman) – 3:23
* "How the Cow See Cirrus" – 11:43
* "Missing Miles" (Joseph Bowie) – 5:03
* "Burundi" – 10:05
* "Love Outside of Dreams" – 6:27
* "Dear Albert" – 9:01
* "Procession" – 3:14

## Personnel

* Joseph Bowie – trombone, miscellaneous percussion
* Edward Wilkerson – tenor sax, alto clarinet, miscellaneous percussion
* Kahil El'Zabar – earth drums, sansa, trap drums, miscellaneous percussion, vocals
# 32nd Grey Cup

The 32nd Grey Cup was played on November 25, 1944, before 3,871 fans at Civic Stadium in Hamilton, Ontario.
The St. Hyacinthe-Donnacona Navy defeated the Hamilton Flying Wildcats 7–6.
This was the last Grey Cup to be contested by military teams, as the Second World War ended in time for the civilian unions to conduct abbreviated seasons in 1945. It was also the last Grey Cup to not feature a Western team, although WIFU champions would not be granted an automatic berth in the Grey Cup game until 1955.
# 3rd Golden Horse Awards

The 3rd Golden Horse Awards (Chinese: 第3屆金馬獎) took place on October 30, 1965 at Zhongshan Hall in Taipei, Taiwan.

## Winners and nominees

Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface.
| Best Feature Film Beautiful Duckling Romance of the Forbidden City (runner-up) Ren Zhi Chu (runner-up) The Warlord and the Actress (runner-up) | Best Documentary 53rd National Day of the Republic of China Shihmen Dam (runner-up) Wu Chang Yan Xi (runner-up) |
| Golden Horse Grant Agent No. 88 Zui Hou De Cai Pan | Best Director Li Hsing — Beautiful Duckling |
| Best Leading Actor Ko Hsiang-ting — Beautiful Duckling | Best Leading Actress Li Li-hua — Between Tears and Smiles |
| Best Supporting Actor Ching Miao — Between Tears and Smiles | Best Supporting Actress Wang Lai — Ren Zhi Chu |
| Best Child Star Hsiao Lung — Zui Hou De Cai Pan | Best Screenplay Wang Liuzhao — Four Brave Ones |
| Best Cinematography - Color Lai Cheng-ying — Beautiful Duckling | Best Cinematography - Black-and-White Wang Jianhan — The Coin |
| Best Film Editing Wang Chao-hsi — Romance of the Forbidden City | Best Music Lo Ming-tao — Lovers' Rock Joseph Koo — The Dancing Millionairess |
| Best Sound Recording Sun Ping-yun — Romance of the Forbidden City | Best Cinematography for Documentary Li Hsing-shan et al. — 53rd National Day of the Republic of China |
| Best Planning for Documentary Chi Ho-hsi and Tuan Mu-hsuan — Blossoms on a Moonlit River in Spring | Best Art Direction Tsao Nien-lung — Trouble on the Wedding Night |
| Special Award - Art Direction Blossoms on a Moonlit River in Spring | Special Award of National Spirit Four Brave Ones |
# Duchy of Tuscany

Duchy of Tuscany may refer to the following central Italian territories:
* Tuscia, historical region in Central Italy
* Duchy of Tuscia (576–797), Lombard duchy
* March of Tuscany (812–1197), frontier march of the Holy Roman Empire
* Duchy of Florence (1532–1569)
* Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569–1859)