OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1963 Memorial Cup

The 1963 Memorial Cup final was the 45th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA). The George Richardson Memorial Trophy champions Niagara Falls Flyers of the Ontario Hockey Association in Eastern Canada competed against the Abbott Cup champions Edmonton Oil Kings of the Central Alberta Hockey League in Western Canada. In a best-of-seven series, held at Edmonton Gardens in Edmonton, Alberta. Edmonton won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Niagara Falls 4 games to 2.
CAHA vice-president Lionel Fleury oversaw the 1963 playoffs in Eastern Canada, when the junior champions from the Quebec Amateur Hockey Association and the Maritime Amateur Hockey Association declined to participate and complained that the national deadlines did not allow adequate time to decide their leagues' champions. When the CAHA was concerned about the quality of Memorial Cup competition due to the rapid expansion in junior ice hockey, Fleury was named chairman of a committee to investigate the imbalance the competition in Eastern Canada and find a solution to include all branches of the CAHA in the national playoffs. He opted to change the subsequent format of the playoffs from an elimination bracket into a round-robin format to reduce travel costs.
CAHA president Art Potter oversaw the 1963 Memorial Cup final series. Niagara Falls' coach Hap Emms made numerous petty complaints about the series and the CAHA, including the ice rink's dimensions and access to the other team's practices. Emms threatened that the Flyers would quit the 1963 Memorial Cup and accused Potter of being "strictly a homer" and dictatorial. Emms charged that his team was denied access to treatment for a player's broken leg, and that spectators and sportswriters in Edmonton treated his team poorly, and complained about a general lack of hospitality. Potter dismissed the charges and stated that the treatment of the Flyers matched their lack of courtesy and refusal to attend the Edmonton Sports Writers' Association dinner. The Canadian Press described the series as an "all-out war", the play of Edmonton to be "almost brutal", and that Edmonton seemed intent to end Eastern Canada's opinion that Western Canadian teams played "pantsy-waist hockey". The CAHA debated the incidents in the series and approved a motion to deplore "the actions of any club official which degrade our game". Potter agreed that Emms was a good coach but that "his actions were childlike".

## Scores

* Game 1: Niagara Falls 8-0 Edmonton
* Game 2: Edmonton 7-3 Niagara Falls
* Game 3: Edmonton 5-2 Niagara Falls
* Game 4: Edmonton 3-2 Niagara Falls
* Game 5: Niagara Falls 5-2 Edmonton
* Game 6: Edmonton 4-3 Niagara Falls
Source:

## Winning roster

Ron Anderson, Butch Barber, Tom Bend, Roger Bourbonnais, Jim Brown, Rich Bulloch, Jim Chase, Vince Downey, Jim Eagle, Ron Falkenberg, Doug Fox, Harold Fleming, Russ Kirk, S. Knox, Bert Marshall, Max Mestinsek, Butch Paul, Gregg Pilling, Pat Quinn, Dave Rochefort, Glen Sather, Reg Tashuk. Coach: Buster Brayshaw
# 2016 Strade Bianche Women

The second edition of the women's Strade Bianche was held on 5 March 2016, in Tuscany, Italy. British world champion Lizzie Armitstead won the race, in bad weather, ahead of Katarzyna Niewiadoma and Emma Johansson.
The women's Strade Bianche served as the first event of the inaugural UCI Women's World Tour, the highest level of professional women's cycling. The race is organized on the same day as the men's event, at a shorter distance, but on much of the same roads.

## Route

The Strade Bianche is a one day cycling race starting in and finishing in Siena, notorious for its long sections of white gravel roads (sterrati or strade bianche in Italian). The course runs over hilly terrain in the province of Siena, for a total of 121 km, featuring seven sectors and 22.4 km of dirt roads. Six sectors were in common with the men's route. The race finished on Siena's Piazza del Campo, after a narrow ascent on the roughly-paved Via Santa Caterina in the heart of the medieval city.

## Results

Result :
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Lizzie Armitstead (GBR) | Boels–Dolmans | 3h 30' 13" |
| 2 | Katarzyna Niewiadoma (POL) | Rabo–Liv | + 3" |
| 3 | Emma Johansson (SWE) | Wiggle High5 | + 13" |
| 4 | Elisa Longo Borghini (ITA) | Wiggle High5 | + 1' 04" |
| 5 | Anna van der Breggen (NED) | Rabo–Liv | + 1' 07" |
| 6 | Megan Guarnier (USA) | Boels–Dolmans | + 1' 07" |
| 7 | Annemiek van Vleuten (NED) | Orica–AIS | + 1' 13" |
| 8 | Claudia Lichtenberg (GER) | Lotto–Soudal Ladies | + 1' 17" |
| 9 | Lauren Kitchen (AUS) | Team Hitec Products | + 1' 17" |
| 10 | Leah Kirchmann (CAN) | Team Liv–Plantur | + 1' 21" |
# 2017 Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan)

Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan) 2017 was a UCI 2.1 Asian Tour stage race and the 32nd edition of Tour of Iran (Azerbaijan) which took place across six stages October 8–13, 2017 in Iranian Azerbaijan. The total length of the tour was 1,017.0 km with its route passing through Tabriz, Urmia, Jolfa, Sarein, and Sahand Ski Resort. A total of 14 Iranian and International teams participated in this edition of the tour.

## Stages of the Tour

| Stage | Date | Start | Finish | Distance | 1st place | 2nd place | 3rd place |
| 1 | 8 October | Tabriz | Urmia | 162.4 km | Koos Jeroen Kers (NED) | Liam White (AUS) | Nikita Sokolov (KAZ) |
| 2 | 9 October | Urmia | Aras Free Zone in Jolfa | 209.4 km | Alexey Voloshin (KAZ) | Rob Ruijgh (NED) | Ilya Davidenok (KAZ) |
| 3 | 10 October | Jolfa | Tabriz | 139.9 km | Saeid Safarzadeh (IRN) | Theodore Yates (AUS) | Mohammad Ganjkhanlou (IRN) |
| 4 | 11 October | Tabriz | Sarein | 192.2 km | Amir Kolahdozhagh (IRN) | Thomas Lebas (FRA) | Rob Ruijgh (NED) |
| 5 | 12 October | Sareyn | Sahand Ski Resort | 180.7 km | Davide Rebellin (ITA) | Nicola Toffali (ITA) | Mohammad Ganjkhanlou (IRN) |
| 6 | 13 October | Tabriz | Tabriz | 114 km | Theodore Yates (AUS) | Mohammad Ganjkhanlou (IRN) | Marco Doets (NED) |

## Final Standing

Final general classification (1–3) :
| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Rob Ruijgh | Crelan–Vastgoedservice | 23:11:31 |
| 2 | Ilya Davidenok | Tabriz Shahrdari Team | 0:04 |
| 3 | Nicola Toffali | 0711 / Cycling | 0:07 |
# 1960–61 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team

The 1960–61 Wisconsin Badgers men's basketball team represented University of Wisconsin–Madison. The head coach was John Erickson, coaching his second season with the Badgers. The team played their home games at the UW Fieldhouse in Madison, Wisconsin and was a member of the Big Ten Conference.

## Schedule

| Date time, TV | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site city, state |
| Regular Season ||||||
| 12/01/1960* | at Butler | L 58–73 | 0–1 | Butler Fieldhouse Indianapolis, IN |
| 12/03/1960* | Air Force | W 80–67 | 1–1 | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| 12/05/1960* | at Iowa State | L 76–88 | 1–2 | Iowa State Armory Ames, IA |
| 12/10/1960* | Marquette | W 55–51 | 2–2 | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| 12/17/1960* | at No. 2 Bradley | L 66–88 | 2–3 | Robertson Memorial Field House Peoria, IL |
| 12/20/1960* | Nevada | W 89–56 | 3–3 | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| 12/28/1960* | vs. Oregon State Far West Classic | L 54–56 | 3–4 | Memorial Coliseum Portland, OR |
| 12/29/1960* | vs. Portland Far West Classic | L 71–79 $^{OT}$ | 3–5 | Memorial Coliseum Portland, OR |
| 12/30/1960* | vs. Washington State Far West Classic | L 72–78 | 3–6 | Memorial Coliseum Portland, OR |
| 1/07/1961 | at Michigan State | W 74–71 | 4–6 (1–0) | Jenison Fieldhouse East Lansing, MI |
| 1/09/1961 | No. 6 Iowa | L 68–76 | 4–7 (1–1) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| 1/28/1961* | at Loyola (IL) | L 79–87 | 4–8 | Alumni Gym Chicago, IL |
| 1/30/1961 | No. 1 Ohio State | L 68–100 | 4–9 (1–2) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| 2/04/1961 | at Purdue | L 58–69 | 4–10 (1–3) | Lambert Fieldhouse West Lafayette, IN |
| 2/06/1961 | at Illinois | L 73–77 | 4–11 (1–4) | Huff Hall Champaign, IL |
| 2/11/1961 | at Northwestern | L 52–54 | 4–12 (1–5) | Welsh-Ryan Arena Evanston, IL |
| 2/13/1961 | at No. 9 Iowa | L 61–63 | 4–13 (1–6) | Iowa Field House Iowa City, IA |
| 2/18/1961 | Indiana | L 84–98 | 4–14 (1–7) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| 2/20/1961 | Minnesota | W 83–75 | 5–14 (2–7) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| 2/25/1961 | at No. 1 Ohio State | L 74–97 | 5–15 (2–8) | St. John Arena Columbus, OH |
| 2/27/1961 | Michigan | W 76–68 | 6–15 (3–8) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| 3/04/1961 | Northwestern | W 75–61 | 7–15 (4–8) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| 3/06/1961 | at Indiana | L 69–80 | 7–16 (4–9) | New Fieldhouse Bloomington, IN |
| 3/11/1961 | Purdue | L 81–88 | 7–17 (4–10) | UW Fieldhouse Madison, WI |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. ||||||
# 1958–59 Dundee United F.C. season

The 1958–59 season was the 51st year of football played by Dundee United, and covers the period from 1 July 1958 to 30 June 1959. United finished in seventeenth place in the Second Division.

## Match results

Dundee United played a total of 46 competitive matches during the 1958–59 season.

### Legend

* Win
* Draw
* Loss
All results are written with Dundee United's score first. Own goals in italics

### Second Division

| Date | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance |
| 20 August 1958 | East Stirlingshire | H | 2–5 | 2,000 |
| 3 September 1958 | Forfar Athletic | H | 3–2 | 2,000 |
| 6 September 1958 | St Johnstone | A | 4–3 | 3,700 |
| 10 September 1958 | Brechin City | A | 0–1 | 1,200 |
| 13 September 1958 | Hamilton Academical | H | 3–1 | 4,500 |
| 17 September 1958 | Forfar Athletic | A | 2–2 | 1,500 |
| 20 September 1958 | Dumbarton | A | 3–4 | 7,500 |
| 27 September 1958 | Stenhousemuir | H | 5–2 | 4,600 |
| 4 October 1958 | East Fife | A | 1–5 | 2,600 |
| 11 October 1958 | Queen's Park | A | 1–2 | 3,156 |
| 25 October 1958 | Berwick Rangers | H | 4–1 | 3,500 |
| 1 November 1958 | Alloa Athletic | A | 1–3 | 700 |
| 8 November 1958 | Ayr United | A | 2–6 | 1,000 |
| 15 November 1958 | Cowdenbeath | H | 2–0 | 3,500 |
| 22 November 1958 | Montrose | A | 1–1 | 1,200 |
| 29 November 1958 | Arbroath | A | 2–3 | 4,400 |
| 6 December 1958 | Stranraer | A | 1–4 | 1,400 |
| 13 December 1958 | Albion Rovers | H | 3–4 | 2,000 |
| 20 December 1958 | Greenock Morton | A | 1–2 | 5,000 |
| 27 December 1958 | East Stirlingshire | A | 1–1 | 1,000 |
| 1 January 1959 | St Johnstone | H | 2–3 | 4,000 |
| 3 January 1959 | Hamilton Academical | A | 0–1 | 5,000 |
| 10 January 1959 | Dumbarton | H | 1–1 | 3,000 |
| 17 January 1959 | Stenhousemuir | A | 0–1 | 1,000 |
| 24 January 1959 | East Fife | H | 1–1 | 2,000 |
| 7 February 1959 | Queen's Park | H | 1–1 | 3,000 |
| 21 February 1959 | Berwick Rangers | A | 2–8 | 1,245 |
| 7 March 1959 | Ayr United | H | 2–3 | 4,000 |
| 14 March 1959 | Cowdenbeath | A | 0–6 | 1,000 |
| 21 March 1959 | Montrose | H | 3–0 | 1,500 |
| 28 March 1959 | Arbroath | A | 3–1 | 3,6440 |
| 4 April 1959 | Stranraer | H | 1–0 | 1,600 |
| 11 April 1959 | Albion Rovers | A | 1–3 | 1,500 |
| 18 April 1959 | Greenock Morton | H | 4–1 | 2,000 |
| 22 April 1959 | Alloa Athletic | H | 1–1 | 1,500 |
| 25 April 1959 | Brechin City | H | 1–2 | 2,200 |

### Scottish Cup

| Date | Rd | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance |
| 9 February 1959 | R1 | East Stirlingshire | A | 1–1 | 1,100 |
| 10 February 1959 | R1 R | East Stirlingshire | H | 0–0 | 2,700 |
| 11 February 1959 | R1 2R | East Stirlingshire | H | 4–0 | 2,480 |
| 14 February 1959 | R2 | Third Lanark | H | 0–4 | 11,882 |

### League Cup

| Date | Rd | Opponent | Venue | Result | Attendance |
| 9 August 1958 | G6 | St Johnstone | A | 2–1 | 6,200 |
| 13 August 1958 | G6 | Cowdenbeath | H | 1–3 | 5,000 |
| 16 August 1958 | G6 | Greenock Morton | H | 1–4 | 8,000 |
| 23 August 1958 | G6 | St Johnstone | H | 5–3 | 3,500 |
| 27 August 1958 | G6 | Cowdenbeath | A | 1–6 | 3,000 |
| 30 August 1958 | G6 | Greenock Morton | A | 1–6 | 6,500 |
# 1965–66 ice hockey Bundesliga season

The 1965–66 Ice hockey Bundesliga season was the eighth season of the Ice hockey Bundesliga, the top level of ice hockey in Germany. 10 teams participated in the league, and EC Bad Tolz won the championship.

## First round

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts |
| 1. | EV Füssen (M) | 18 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 110:39 | 34:2 |
| 2. | ESV Kaufbeuren | 18 | 11 | 1 | 6 | 84:75 | 23:13 |
| 3. | EC Bad Tölz | 18 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 76:48 | 21:15 |
| 4. | Düsseldorfer EG (N) | 18 | 10 | 1 | 7 | 66:57 | 21:15 |
| 5. | Mannheimer ERC | 18 | 8 | 1 | 9 | 61:73 | 17:19 |
| 6. | Krefelder EV | 18 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 64:73 | 15:21 |
| 7. | Preußen Krefeld (N) | 18 | 7 | 1 | 10 | 58:71 | 15:21 |
| 8. | EV Landshut | 18 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 50:73 | 13:23 |
| 9. | VfL Bad Nauheim (N) | 18 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 70:102 | 11:25 |
| 10. | SC Riessersee | 18 | 4 | 2 | 12 | 45:71 | 10:26 |

## Qualification round

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts |
| 1. | SC Riessersee | 8 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 28:15 | 10:6 |
| 2. | Preußen Krefeld (N) | 8 | 5 | 0 | 3 | 31:24 | 10:6 |
| 3. | EV Landshut | 8 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 25:30 | 8:8 |
| 4. | Krefelder EV | 8 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 33:25 | 8:8 |
| 5. | VfL Bad Nauheim (N) | 8 | 2 | 0 | 6 | 19:44 | 4:12 |

### Final

* SC Riessersee – Preußen Krefeld 6:4

## Final round

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF–GA | Pts |
| 1. | EC Bad Tölz | 8 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 36:19 | 11:5 |
| 2. | EV Füssen (M) | 8 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 41:23 | 9:7 |
| 3. | Düsseldorfer EG (N) | 8 | 3 | 2 | 3 | 27:37 | 8:8 |
| 4. | Mannheimer ERC | 8 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 20:34 | 7:9 |
| 5. | ESV Kaufbeuren | 8 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 22:33 | 5:11 |
# 1961 National Invitation Tournament

The 1961 National Invitation Tournament was the 1961 edition of the annual NCAA college basketball competition.

## Selected teams

Below is a list of the 12 teams selected for the tournament.
* Army
* Colorado State
* Dayton
* DePaul
* Detroit
* Holy Cross
* Memphis
* Miami (FL)
* Niagara
* Providence
* Saint Louis
* Temple

## Bracket

Below is the tournament bracket.
| First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals |
| Saint Louis | 58 | | | | | | |
| Miami (FL) | 56 | | | | | | |
| Miami (FL) | 56 | Saint Louis | 59 | | | | |
| | | Colorado State | 53 | | | | |
| | | | | Saint Louis | 67 | | |
| | | | | Dayton | 60 | | |
| | | Dayton | 62 | | | | |
| | | Temple | 60 | | | | |
| Temple | 79 | Temple | 60 | | | | |
| Army | 66 | | | | | | |
| Army | 66 | | | | | Saint Louis | 59 |
| | | | | | | Providence | 62 |
| Holy Cross | 86 | | | | | | | Providence | 62 |
| Detroit | 82 | | | | | | |
| Detroit | 82 | Holy Cross | 81 | | | | |
| | | Memphis | 69 | | | | |
| | | | | Holy Cross | 83 | | |
| | | | | Providence | 90 | | |
| | | Niagara | 68 | | | | |
| | | Providence | 71 | | | | |
| Providence | 73 | Providence | 71 | | | | |
| DePaul | 67 | | | | | | |
| Third place game | Third place game | Third place game |
| Dayton | Dayton | 67 |
| Holy Cross | Holy Cross | 85 |
# Cairoli (Milan Metro)

Cairoli is a station on Line 1 of the Milan Metro. It was opened on 1 November 1964 as part of the inaugural section of the Metro, between Sesto Marelli and Lotto.
The station is located in Largo Benedetto Cairoli, near the Sforzesco Castle, in the centre of Milan.
# Frame rate control

Frame rate control (FRC) or temporal dithering is a method for achieving greater color depth particularly in liquid-crystal displays.
Older, cheaper, or faster LCDs, especially those using TN, often represent colors using only 6 bits per RGB color, or 18 bit in total, and are unable to display the 16.78 million color shades (24-bit truecolor) that contemporary signal sources like graphics cards, video game consoles, set-top boxes, and video cameras can output. Instead, they use a temporal dithering method that combines successive colors in the same pixel to simulate the desired shade. This is distinct from, though can be combined with, spatial dithering, which uses nearby pixels at the same time.
FRC cycles between different color shades within each new frame to simulate an intermediate shade. This can create a potentially noticeable 30 Hz (half frame rate) flicker. Temporal dithering tends to be most noticeable in darker tones, while spatial dithering appears to make the individual pixels of the LCD visible. TFT panels available in 2020 often use FRC to display 30-bit deep color or HDR10 with 24-bit color panels. Temporal dithering is also implemented in software, for if the display itself does not, as for instance GPU drivers from both AMD and Nvidia provide the option, enabled by default on some platforms.
This method is similar in principle to field-sequential color system by CBS and other sequential methods, such as used for grays in DLP, and also colors in single-chip DLP.
In the demonstration video green and cyan-green are mixed both statically (for reference) and by rapidly alternating. A display with a refresh rate of at least 60hz is recommended for this video. Pausing the video shows that the perceived color of the bottom-right square during playback is different from the color seen in any individual frame. In an LCD display that uses FRC the colors that are alternated between would be more similar than those in the demonstration video, further reducing the flicker effect.
# Arthur Blackburn (footballer)

Arthur Blackburn (1876–1938) was an English footballer who played as a full-back with Blackburn Rovers and Southampton around the turn of the 20th century. He was the elder brother of England international footballer, Fred Blackburn.

## Football career

Blackburn was born in the village of Billington, Lancashire and first joined his local club, Blackburn Rovers, in March 1895. After three years of reserve-team football, he spent the 1898–99 season with Northamptonshire club Wellingborough playing in the Midland League.
He returned to Blackburn in the summer of 1899; by now his brother Fred had become established at outside-left. Arthur once again spent most of his time at Ewood Park playing in Rovers' reserve team while keeping fit by voluntarily working on the renovation of a church, and only managed two first-team appearances in the 1899–1900 season.
In May 1900, Blackburn was persuaded to move to the south coast to join Southampton in the Southern League. Blackburn Rovers were reluctant to part company with him, but the financial inducements offered by Southampton persuaded him to try his luck in the south. Described as "strongly built", Blackburn "never gave less than 100%, but at time his play was too impetuous to be reliable". He made his "Saints" debut at right-back in the opening match of the 1900–01 season, a 4–3 victory at Luton Town and played in nine of the first ten games of the season until a serious ankle injury put him out of the side, with Bertram Sharp taking over.
Blackburn was unable to regain his place and in the summer of 1901 he returned to his home-town club where he made two further appearances in the 1901–02 season.

## Later career

Blackburn is known to have coached subsequently in Rotterdam in the Netherlands, before returning to Blackburn, where he ran a retail tobacconist shop.
# Anton Kholyaznykov

Anton Kholyaznykov (born 10 December 1986) is a Ukrainian rower. He competed in the Men's eight event at the 2012 Summer Olympics.
# 3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a 3-β(or 20-α)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.210) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    5α-androstan-3β,17β-diol + NADP$^+$ $\rightleftharpoons$ 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstan-3-one + NADPH + H$^+$
This enzyme possesses the combined activities of the 3-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ-5-4 isomerase and 20-α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase enzymes.
# Chakkirako

Chakkirako (Japanese: チャッキラコ) is a dance performed at a festival in Miura, Japan, to celebrate the New Year and bring good fortune, especially in fishing.
In 1976, Japan's government recognized this dance as an intangible cultural heritage to be protected. In 2009, it has been inscribed in UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. In 2022, the inscription was revoked and the dance incorporated into the broader subject of Furyu-odori.
The dance originated in the Edo period with influences by the dances of visiting sailors. By the mid-eighteenth century, it had become a showcase for local girls. Every year in the middle of January, ten to twenty girls in colorful kimono between the ages of 5 and 12 perform the dance at a shrine or in front of houses. They are accompanied by five to ten older women singing a capella.
# Acrosorium papenfussii

Acrosorium papenfussii is a species of red algae described by W. R. Taylor.
# Dental torque wrench

A dental torque wrench or restorative torque wrench is a torque wrench used to precisely apply a specific torque to a fastener bolt for fixation of an abutment, dentures or prosthetics on a dental implant.

## Manual mechanical torque wrench

Toggle torque wrenches (friction-style) and beam wrenches (spring-style) are the most common types in dentistry as manual mechanical torque-limiting devices. Beam type wrenches in general are more consistent to its calibration than toggle types. The beam types with a dial indicator are the most precise to set the Tare torque (zero point reset). Because steam sterilization processes like an autoclave are applied to the dental torque wrenches and the length of time in use presents stress on the material, fatigue can occur.

## Surgical motor

The surgical motor is an electronic controlled torque-limiting device that also controls the speed. It is used with a twisted drill to make space in the bone for the implant or to fasten the screw (torque control can be with a torque-limiting attachment) with a screwdriver bit.
In high precision areas such as aerospace applications motor or pneumatic torque wrenches are set at a lower torque value after which the final torque is set with a manual mechanical torque wrench, they are calibrated before every use, if a wrench breaks or loses calibration every fastener done with that wrench is redone.

## Calibration

Various studies point to deviations of 10% and higher than the desired torque, regular recalibration with a torque tester restores the required torque values.

## Re-torquing

As the settling effect (the flattening of the material's micro-surface under pressure) causes a lesser torque of around 10% in a relative short time, re-torquing the fastener after 10 minutes reduces this effect as the parts get more seated.

## Wet and dry torque

Wet torques (bolts lubricated with saliva) have a higher mean torque than dry torques (unlubricated).