OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Baglioni

Baglioni is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Claudio Baglioni (b. 1951), Italian musician
* Piero Baglioni (b. 1952), Italian chemist and university professor at the University of Florence
* Giovanni Baglione (1566–1643), Italian early Baroque painter and historian of art
* Cesare Baglioni (c. 1525–1590), Italian painter of the Renaissance period
* Baglioni (family) or one of its members:
** Rodolfo Baglioni (1512–1554), Italian condottiero serving in the Imperial army
** Astorre Baglioni
** Malatesta Baglioni the Elder (died 1437), ruler of Cannara, Spello and Bastia Umbra
** Malatesta Baglioni the Younger (1491–1531), ruler of Perugia
** Grifonetto Baglioni
** Gian Paolo Baglioni (c.1470–1520), condottiero and nemesis of Cesare Borgia
# Alton Locke

Alton Locke is an 1850 novel, by Charles Kingsley, written in sympathy with the Chartist movement, in which Carlyle is introduced as one of the personages.

## Overview

In this novel, Kingsley set out to expose the social injustice suffered by workers in the clothing trade and the trials and tribulations of agricultural labourers. It also gives an insight into the Chartist campaign with which Kingsley was involved in the 1840s.

## Plot

Alton Locke is the story of a young tailor-boy who has instincts and aspirations beyond the normal expectations of his working-class background. He is intensely patriotic and has ambitions to be a poet. In the course of the narrative, Alton Locke loves and struggles in vain.
Physically, he is a weak man, but is able to encompass all the best emotions, along with vain longings, wild hopes, and a righteous indignation at the plight of his contemporaries. He joins the Chartist movement because he can find no better vehicle by which to improve the lot of the working class, experiencing a sense of devastation at its apparent failure. Utterly broken in spirit, Alton Locke sails for America to seek a new life there; however, he barely reaches the shore of the New World before he dies.
# A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications

The A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications is a museum of science and technology founded in 1872. It is located in the historic centre of Saint Petersburg, Russia, near Saint Isaac's Square.

## History

The museum was opened on 11 September 1872 as the Telegraph Museum. The head of the Telegraph Department of Russia Carl Luders proclaimed the foundation of this museum:
   …For the purpose of familiarisation of all the telegraph workers and other interested persons with all innovations and improvements in the field of telegraphy, it is proposed to organise a permanent museum in Saint Petersburg, based on objects presented at the Moscow Polytechnic Exhibition…
In 1884, the post office branch was added and the museum was transformed into the Postal and Telegraph Museum.
In 1945, the museum was named after the Russian scientist and inventor Alexander Stepanovich Popov.
By the late 1970s, the museum housed more than 4 million stamps, stamped envelopes, and postcards.
Nowadays, the museum is a leading institution in its field in the Russian Federation. As such, it provides consulting supervision for other telecommunications museums.

## Collections

The museum archives and collections include over 8 million items including:
* documents and items related to the history of post, telegraph and telephone, radio and broadcasting, space communication, and modern means of telecommunications,
* 15,000 apparatuses and technical pieces,
* 50,000 archival documents,
* vast collections of stamps and postal stationery, including 8 million items of the Russian National Collection of Philately,
* 50,000 books and periodicals of the specialised research library.

## Address

The museum is situated at the address: 7 Pochtamtskaya Street, Saint Petersburg, 190000, Russia.
* View of the museum at Pochtamtskaya Street
* Main museum entrance
* 1960 USSR stamp celebrating Radio Day and showing the museum building
* 1972 USSR stamp commemorating the 100th anniversary of the museum
# Bombing of Ferrara in World War II

The bombing of Ferrara was a series of attacks by the United States Army Air Force and the Royal Air Force on the Italian city of Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, during the final two years of World War II. The purpose of these raids was to disable the city's marshalling yard, but they also resulted in considerable collateral damage to the city itself, and over a thousand deaths among the population.

## Chronology of the main air raids
### 29 December 1943

First air raid on Ferrara: bombers of the 15th Air Force attacked the marshalling yard. A large part of the bombs, however, fell on the city, causing 312 victims among the population.

### 28 January 1944

Raid by the 15th Air Force, targeting the marshalling yard; the objective was hit, but many bombs fell on the city, destroying 140 homes, damaging another 600 and causing 202 dead and 172 wounded among the population.

### 7 April 1944

Raid by the 15th Air Force, targeting the marshalling yard; both the objective and the industrial districts were hit.

### 25 April 1944

Raid by the 15th U.S. Air Force, targeting the marshalling yard.

### 12 May 1944

Another raid by the 15th Air Force, targeting the marshalling yard.

### 14 May 1944

Another raid on the marshalling yard by the 15th U.S. Air Force.

### 5 June 1944

The 15th U.S. Air Force attacks once again the marshalling yard.

### 10 June 1944

Raid by the 15th U.S. Air Force, targeting the airfield.

### 8 July 1944

Raid by the 12th Air Force, targeting the marshalling yard.

### 31 August 1944

Night raid by the RAF: 74 bombers dropped their bombs on the marshalling yard.

### 2 September 1944

78 RAF bombers (two of which were shot down) attacked the marshalling yard.

### 5 September 1944

Another night raid by the RAF (62 bombers) against the marshalling yard.

### 24 February 1945

Raid by the 15th U.S. Air Force, targeting the marshalling yard.

## Damage and casualties

By the end of the war, 40% of all homes in Ferrara had been destroyed or damaged; most of the destruction occurred in the area surrounding the marshalling yard and in the newer districts, Giardino and Arianuova. The cultural heritage also suffered, with serious damage to the Palazzo dei Diamanti, the Palazzo Prosperi-Sacrati, the Cathedral, the churches of Gesù, Santa Maria in Vado, San Paolo and Santo Stefano; the Castello Estense was damaged as well, with the destruction of the northern ravelin. Industries also suffered damage; Ferrara's two large sugar factories were almost completely destroyed.
1,071 inhabitants of Ferrara, according to data of the local civil registry, lost their lives in the air raids.
# David Irvine

David Irvine may refer to:
* David Irvine (blackjack player) (born 1970), engineer and professional blackjack player
* David Irvine (Canadian politician) (1835–1924), Irish-born farmer and political figure in New Brunswick, Canada
* David Irvine (diplomat) (1947–2022), Director-General of ASIO
# Aircraft marking

Aircraft markings are symbols and annotations painted on aircraft, primarily for visual identification. Types of aircraft markings include:
* Aircraft registration, unique alphanumeric string that identifies every aircraft
* Invasion stripes, alternating black and white bands painted on the fuselages and wings of World War II Allied aircraft, for the purpose of increased recognition by friendly forces
* Military aircraft insignia, applied to military aircraft to identify the nation or branch of military service
** United Kingdom
*** Royal Air Force roundels, a circular identification mark used since 1915, United Kingdom
*** United Kingdom military aircraft registration number, the alpha-numeric registration used to identify individual military aircraft
** Royal Canadian Air Force, roundels used from 1920–1945
** Hungarian Air Force, a set of aligned triangles which points toward the front of the aircraft
** Romanian Air Force#Aircraft markings, roundels on military vehicles and aircraft that use the colours of the Romanian flag
** Serbian Air Force and Air Defence, an adapted version of the former Royal Yugoslav Air Force roundel that was officially adopted in 2006
** South African Air Force, roundels adopted in 2002 that are distinct from the Army
** United States:
*** United States military aircraft national insignia, a listing of the nationality markings used by military aircraft of the United States
*** United States military aircraft serials, the serial numbers used to identify individual military aircraft
*** USAAF unit identification aircraft markings, an identification code to identify the unit to which U.S. aircraft are assigned
*** Tail code, markings, usually on the vertical stabiliser of U.S. military aircraft, that help to identify the unit and base assignment
* Nose art, decorative painting or design on the fuselage of an aircraft, often applied during conflicts
* Mission marks, monochrome stencil representations on the fuselage (typically adjacent to the cockpit) of individual ordinance items delivered during conflict by that specific aircraft
* List of air forces provides the markings used by each military organisation, with historical examples.
# Alucita brachyzona

Alucita brachyzona is a species of moth of the family Alucitidae. It is known from South Africa.
# 9B

9B, 9b or IX-B may refer to :
* Route 9B (WMATA), a bus route operated by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
* Stalag IX-B, a World War II German Army prisoner of war camp at Wegscheide close to Bad Orb
* 9B (TV series), a 1988 TV series with Canadian actor Zachary Ansley
* Boron-9 ($^9$B), an isotope of boron
* HAT-P-9b, an extrasolar planet
# Carreghofa Halt railway station

Carreghofa Halt railway station is a disused station in Carreghofa, Powys, Wales. The station opened in 1938 and closed in 1965.
# Balfe

Balfe is an Irish surname. It is derived from Gaelic balbh meaning 'stammering'.

## Notable people

* Brendan Balfe (born 1945), Irish radio personality
* Caitriona Balfe (born 1979), Irish actress and fashion model
* David Balfe (born 1958), English musician and record producer
* Jimmy Balfe, Irish footballer
* Lorne Balfe (born 1976), Scottish composer
* Michael William Balfe (1808–1870), Irish composer
* Richard Balfe (born 1944), English politician
* Rupert Balfe (1890–1915), Australian rules footballer
* Shaun Balfe (born 1972), English racing driver
* Veronica Cooper (née Balfe) (1913–2000), American socialite and actress
* Victoria Balfe (1837–1871), Franco-Irish singer, daughter of Michael William Balfe
# Alucita sikkima

Alucita sikkima is a moth of the family Alucitidae. It is found in India (Sikkim).
# Esther Whitley

Esther Whitley (1755–1833) was an American pioneer who was the third woman of European descent to cross the Cumberland Mountains. Traveling with her husband, William Whitley, she came to Kentucky on Wilderness Road. They built the first brick house in Kentucky which is maintained at the William Whitley House State Historic Site in Crab Orchard, Kentucky.

## Early life

Esther Gill Fullen was born in Augusta County, Virginia. Fullen married William Whitley in Virginia, and together they had eight daughters and three sons.
In November 1775, she began the trip west along Wilderness Road with her husband and their family.

## Sportman Hill

The Whitleys built an estate called Sportman Hill which contained the first brick house in Kentucky. Sportman Hill had an oval race track for horse racing that ran in a counterclockwise direction, differing for the direction of British horse racing.

## Death

Esther died at the home of her daughter, Ann Harper, in Woodford County, Kentucky, on November 20, 1833.
# Este (woreda)

Este was one of the 105 woredas in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Part of the Debub Gondar Zone, Este was bordered on the south by the Abay River which separated it from the Misraq Gojjam Zone, on the west by Dera, on the northwest by Fogera, on the north by Farta, on the northeast by Lay Gayint, and on the east by Simada; part of this woreda's boundary with Simada was defined by the Wanka, a tributary of the Abay. Towns in Este included Jara Gedo and Mekane Yesus, as well as the historic settlement of Mahdere Maryam. Este was divided for Mirab Este and Misraq Este woredas.

## Overview

The woreda is one of the most abandoned place by the regime in power. The woreda went to spend for about 20 years in darkness, after losing a generator that lit up about 10,000 households. Even if there are some minor changes and development, Estie is still relatively underdeveloped when compared to the national average. The woreda is known for its agricultural product and huge market. Estie densa, a mountain just outside the city of mekane eyesus, is the brand of the woreda with chena and wanka, the two year round rivers, flowing down south to the east and west of the woreda. The Sabero Dilde (also known as the "Second Portuguese Bridge" or the "Broken Bridge") crosses the Abay here, connecting Este with Hulet Ej Enese, a woreda in Misraq Gojjam.
On 15 October 2002, police fired into the air to disperse a crowd of 4,000 farmers gathered at a meeting of the Ethiopian Democratic Unity Party in the village of Dankura Maryam, although party officials maintained they had a valid permit for their meeting. Police beat many of the farmers, injuring 50 seriously, and kept dozens in detention for a week.

## Demographics

Based on figures published by the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, this woreda has an estimated total population of 403,956, of whom 199,325 are men and 204,631 are women; 16,014 or 3.96% of its population are urban dwellers, which is less than the Zone average of 8.3%. With an estimated area of 2,368.13 square kilometers, Este has an estimated population density of 170.6 people per square kilometer, which is greater than the Zone average of 169.21.
The 1994 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 296,978 in 62,267 households, of whom 152,046 were men and 144,932 were women; 10,714 or 3.61% of its population were urban dwellers. The largest ethnic group reported in Este was the Amhara (99.98%), and Amharic was spoken as a first language by 99.98%. The majority of the inhabitants were Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 96.53% of the population reporting they observed this belief, while 3.45% of the population said they were Muslim.
# Ethmia mulleri

Ethmia mulleri is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Mexico.
The length of the forewings is 9.7–10.4 mm (0.38–0.41 in). The ground color of the forewings is white, although the costal area above the cell is gray-brown, ending before the apex. The ground color of the hindwings is pale brownish, but darker under the costal brush. Adults are on wing in May, July, August and September.
# Ethmia nigripedella

Ethmia nigripedella is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Ukraine, Turkestan, Central Asia, eastern Siberia, Mongolia, northern Tibet, China (Kuku-Nor, Shansi) and Japan (Hokkaido, Kuschiro).
The length of the forewings is about 11 mm (0.43 in). Adults have been recorded from late April to early July.
# Albert M. Chang

Albert Mien-fu Chang (Chinese: 張綿福) is a condensed matter physicist.
Chang earned a bachelor of science degree in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1977. After completing doctoral study in the same subject at Princeton University in 1983, he successively worked for Bell Laboratories, AT&T Technologies, and Lucent from 1984 to 1997. Chang began his teaching career at Purdue University in 1997 and joined the Duke University faculty in 2003. In 2000, Chang was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society, "[f]or experimental studies of quantum Hall edge states and Luttinger liquids".
# Albu Shajal

Albu Shajal (also: Albu Shejel, Albu Shijil) is a village in Iraq, which is located in the Al Anbar Governorate north west of the city of Fallujah between Habbaniyah and Saqlawiyah, on the north bank of the river Euphrates.
In February 2016, during the Anbar offensive, the village was recaptured by the Iraqi army from ISIL, dozens of ISIL militants were killed during the operation. On 29 May 2016, during Operation Breaking Terrorism, the Iraqi forces reportedly repelled an ISIL attack on Albu Shajal, killing "dozens" of militants.
# Ethiopian white-footed mouse

The Ethiopian white-footed mouse or white-footed stenocephalemys (Stenocephalemys albipes) is a species of rodent in the family Muridae. It lives in Ethiopia and Eritrea. Its natural habitats are tropical moist montane forest and tropical high-altitude shrubland.

## Description

This is a medium-sized species weighing about 60 g (2 oz), with an average head-and-body length of 132 mm (5.2 in) and a tail of 162 mm (6.4 in). The ears are large, rounded and scantily haired. The dorsal fur is long, sleek and glossy, sandy brown, and slightly darker brown along the spine. Individual hairs have grey bases and sandy brown shafts. The underparts are abruptly delineated from the upper parts and are pale grey, the individual hairs having darker grey bases. The limbs are short and brownish-grey, the feet having white hairs on the upper surface, except for a dark mark above the metatarsals on the hind feet. The tail is bicoloured and appears naked, being dark above and pale below.

## Distribution and habitat

The Ethiopian white-footed mouse is endemic to the Ethiopian highlands where it occurs on either side of the Great Rift Valley, with a separate smaller population in the mountains in the northern part of the country, where it was studied in detail in the Degua Tembien district. Its habitat is primarily upland forests and scrubland, but it also inhabits rough grassland and pasture, at an altitudinal range of between about 800 and 3,300 m (2,600 and 10,800 ft).

## Ecology

This species is nocturnal and mainly terrestrial, although it also scrambles around in bushes. Its diet is mainly vegetable matter, including the berries of the bush plum, olive, juniper, Abyssinian rose and Rubus spp., as well as green leaves. Breeding takes place at any time of year but peaks in the wet season, from September to November. The average litter size is four. Gestation takes 23 days and weaning takes place at 24 to 29 days. Longevity for adults may be less than one year, and the population size may be controlled by predators such as owls.

## Status

The Ethiopian white-footed mouse is probably the commonest rodent in the mountains of Ethiopia above 1,500 m (5,000 ft), and particularly common around 2,900 m (9,500 ft). It has a wide range and large total population. No particular threats have been identified, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as of "least concern".
# Ethiopians in Sweden

Ethiopians in Sweden are citizens and residents of Sweden who are of Ethiopian descent.

## Demographics

According to Statistics Sweden, as of 2016, there are a total 17,944 Ethiopia-born immigrants living in Sweden. Of those, 6,225 are citizens of Ethiopia (3,319 men, 2,906 women). In 2016, there were 88 registered remigrations from Sweden to Ethiopia. Abeba Aregawi become the first Swedish-Ethiopian Woman to win Gold in 1500m Athletics World Championship in Moscow 2013 and Bronze in 2012 Olympics in London

## Education

According to Statistics Sweden, as of 2016, 20% of Ethiopia-born individuals aged 25 to 64 have attained a primary and lower secondary education level (17% men, 23% women), 44% have attained an upper secondary education level (42% men, 46% women), 14% have attained a post-secondary education level of less than 3 years (15% men, 12% women), 19% have attained a post-secondary education of 3 years or more (23% men, 16% women), and 3% have attained an unknown education level (2% men, 3% women).

## Employment

According to Statistics Sweden, as of 2014, Ethiopia-born immigrants aged 25–64 in Sweden have an employment rate of approximately 64%. The share of employment among these foreign-born individuals varies according to education level, with employment rates of around 47% (49% males, 46% females) among Ethiopia-born individuals who have attained a primary and lower secondary education level (2,587 individuals), 70% (70% males, 71% females) among those who have attained an upper secondary level (5,739 individuals), 68% (68% males, 67% females) among those who have attained a post-secondary education level of less than 3 years (1,800 individuals), and 70% (67% males, 76% females) among those who have attained a post-secondary education level of 3 years or more (2,434 individuals).
According to the Institute of Labor Economics, as of 2014, Ethiopia-born residents in Sweden have an employment population ratio of about 53%. They also have an unemployment rate of approximately 9%.
# Estoloides bellefontanei

Estoloides bellefontanei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Touroult in 2012.
# Estoloides chamelae

Estoloides chamelae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Noguera in 1993. It is known from Mexico.
# Ethnic penalty

In sociology, the term ethnic penalty is used in reference to the economic and non-economic disadvantages that ethnic minorities experience in the labour market compared to other ethnic groups. As an area of study among behavioral economists, psychologists, and sociologists, it ranges beyond discrimination so non-cognitive factors can also be taken into consideration in order to explain why unwarranted differences exist between individuals with similar abilities because they are members of different ethnicities.

## Overview

The concept of the ethnic penalty was first discussed by Oxford sociologist Anthony Heath. Heath originally looked at the ethnic penalty by making comparisons between two groups in Britain, whites and blacks, noting that unemployment of black African men was twice as high as unemployment of white men. Using 2001 UK census data, Johnston et al. suggests that all ethno-religious groups in the UK experienced ethnic penalties in the labour market, with the exception of White British ethno-religious groups. Carmichael and Woods additionally show that "the penalties paid vary considerably between the minority groups" studied, in the case of black, Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi workers in the United Kingdom. Simpson, Purdam, Tajar, et al. also found that this differs between UK-born members of an ethnic minority and those of the same ethnicity born abroad – UK-born males are more likely to be unemployed than males from overseas, while UK-born women "tend to do better in the labour market than their overseas-born counterparts". Beyond this, Simpson et al. confirmed that this disadvantage is not tied to "concentration of ethnic minorities in deprived areas"; those of an "ethnic minority were still twice as likely to be unemployed than their White counterparts... even in areas that are predominantly White".
Ethnic penalties are usually measured as differences in labour market outcomes between minorities and the majority that remain after controlling for human capital and social background characteristics in a statistical model. The ethnic penalty can be related to unemployment, occupational status or over-qualification differences. Ethnic penalties in the labour market are explained by a diversity of factors, such as individual characteristics, country characteristics, the social environment in the host country, and the policy environment in the host country and tested them separately. However, ethnic penalties are usually attributed employer discriminatory behaviour against minorities.
# Aleksandrowice

Aleksandrowice may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Aleksandrowice, Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Aleksandrowice, Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Aleksandrowice, Bielsko-Biała (south Poland)