OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bergman cyclization

The Masamune-Bergman cyclization or Masamune-Bergman reaction or Masamune-Bergman cycloaromatization is an organic reaction and more specifically a rearrangement reaction taking place when an enediyne is heated in presence of a suitable hydrogen donor (Scheme 1). It is the most famous and well-studied member of the general class of cycloaromatization reactions. It is named for Japanese-American chemist Satoru Masamune (b. 1928) and American chemist Robert G. Bergman (b. 1942). The reaction product is a derivative of benzene.
The reaction proceeds by a thermal reaction or pyrolysis (above 200 °C) forming a short-lived and very reactive para-benzyne biradical species. It will react with any hydrogen donor such as 1,4-cyclohexadiene which converts to benzene. When quenched by tetrachloromethane the reaction product is a 1,4-dichlorobenzene and with methanol the reaction product is benzyl alcohol.
When the enyne moiety is incorporated into a 10-membered hydrocarbon ring (e.g. cyclodeca-3-ene-1,5-diyne in scheme 2) the reaction, taking advantage of increased ring strain in the reactant, is possible at the much lower temperature of 37 °C.
Naturally occurring compounds such as calicheamicin contain the same 10-membered ring and are found to be cytotoxic. These compounds generate the diradical intermediate described above which can cause single and double stranded DNA cuts. There are novel drugs which attempt to make use of this property, including monoclonal antibodies such as mylotarg.
A biradical mechanism is also proposed for the formation of certain biomolecules found in marine sporolides that have a chlorobenzene unit as part of their structure. In this mechanism a halide salt provides the halogen. A model reaction with the enediyene cyclodeca-1,5-diyn-3-ene, lithium bromide as halogen source and acetic acid as hydrogen source in DMSO at 37 °C supports the theory:
The reaction is found to be first-order in enediyne with the formation of p-benzyne A as the rate-limiting step. The halide ion then donates its two electrons in the formation of a new Br-C bond and radical electron involved is believed to shuttle over a transient C1-C4 bond forming the anion intermediate B. The anion is a powerful base, stripping protons even from DMSO to final product. The dibromide or dihydrogen product (tetralin) never form.
In 2015 IBM scientists demonstrated that a reversible Masamune-Bergman cyclisation of diyne can be induced by a tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM). They also recorded images of individual diyne molecules during this process. When learning about this direct experimental demonstration Bergman commented, "When we first reported this reaction I had no idea that it would be biologically relevant, or that the reaction could someday be visualized at the molecular level.
# 1994 United States Virgin Islands gambling referendum

A referendum on legalizing casino gambling was held in the United States Virgin Islands in November 1994, alongside general elections. It was a repeat of the 1992 referendum, which saw the proposal rejected by a narrow margin. This time the proposal was rejected in St Thomas and St John but approved in St Croix.

## Results
### St Croix

| Choice | % |
| For | 58 |
| Against | 42 |
| Invalid/blank votes | – |
| Total | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | |
| Source: Pattullo |||

## Aftermath

Following the referendum, the Legislature voted to legalized casino gambling in St Croix by a vote of 9–6 on 27 April 1995. Governor Roy Schneider signed the bill into law on 8 May.
# Abrolhos painted buttonquail

The Abrolhos painted buttonquail (Turnix varius scintillans) is a subspecies of the painted buttonquail endemic to the Houtman Abrolhos. It is common on North Island, and also occurs on other islands of the Wallabi Group, namely East Wallabi, West Wallabi, Seagull and Pigeon Islands.

## Taxonomy

The first recorded sighting of the bird by Europeans was during the third voyage of HMS Beagle. On 22 May 1840, the crew of the ship landed at North Island, which John Lort Stokes described thus:
   "The island was about a mile across, and nearly circular. It was surrounded by a range of hills, with a flat in the centre, covered with coarse grass, where a great many quails were flushed, affording good sport, but not a single wallaby."
Five years later, the subspecies was formally published by John Gould.

## Description

It lives amongst dunes and sand flats covered with Spinifex, saltbush and samphire, and avoids areas of limestone pavement. It obtains food such as insects and seeds by scratching in the surface soil, but also will collect scraps it can find. It breeds from April to October. Its nest is a scrape in loose soil about ten centimetres wide and two centimetres deep, beneath vegetation. The species matures at one year and has a longevity of nine years.

## Conservation status

In 2003 it was assessed as "fauna which is rare, or likely to become extinct" under the WA Wildlife Conservation Act 1950. Islands where it breeds are considered to have a high conservation value. Rats and cats have been introduced to the ecosystem which may pose a threat to the population.
A 2018 study ranked it fifth in a list of Australian birds most likely to go extinct.
As of July 2022 the subspecies is listed as "vulnerable" under the federal EPBC Act (last updated 16 July 2000, due for reassessment 30 October 2022), and endangered under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (WA).
# Kelkin

Kelkin is an Irish healthy food company that provides healthy food products such as popcorn, peanut butter, cereal and vitamins.
In recent years, the company has produced skincare products such as shampoos containing aloe vera or tea tree oil as the main ingredient.

## History

Kelkin was registered on 10 February 1977 as Kelkin Naturproducts Ltd by Ken Kinsella and Liz Kelly.
# East Hereford

East Hereford is a municipality of about 260 people in southeastern Quebec, Canada, in Coaticook Regional County Municipality in the Estrie region.
East Hereford is located just north of Beecher Falls, Vermont, and on the east side of East Hereford it is bordered by New Hampshire. Halls Stream, a south-flowing tributary of the Connecticut River, forms the eastern boundary of the municipality and the Canada–United States border. Dairy farming and lumber products are the main sources of income in the area.
The nearby Mont Hereford has a developed trail network for the sport of mountain biking.

## Demographics
### Population

Population trend:
| Census | Population | Change (%) |
| 2016 | 269 | 12.1% |
| 2011 | 306 | 12.3% |
| 2006 | 349 | 8.0% |
| 2001 | 323 | 1.9% |
| 1996 | 317 | 8.1% |
| 1991 | 345 | N/A |
# Central European

Central European may mean:
* A person of one of a Central European ethnic group
* Relating to or characteristic of Central Europe or its inhabitants

## Culture

* Central European cuisine, cuisine typical to Central Europe
* Central European University, a graduate-level, English-language university promoting a distinctively Central European perspective
* Central European University Press
* Central European Free Trade Agreement, a free trade area established by central European countries
* Central European Initiative, a forum of regional cooperation
* Central European Media Enterprises, a Bermuda-based media and entertainment company
* Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Central Europe, former name of the Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Frankfurt and all of Germany
* Central European History, a peer-reviewed academic journal on history published quarterly by Cambridge University Press
* Central European Time, time zone used in most parts of the European Union
* Central European Jamboree, a Scouting jamboree

## History

* Urnfield culture (c. 1300 BC – 750 BC), a late Bronze Age culture of Central Europe
* Lusatian culture (1300 BCE – 500 BCE), a late Bronze Age and early Iron Age in Central Europe
* Hallstatt culture, the predominant Central European culture from the 8th to 6th centuries BC
* Central Europe Campaign, Western Allied invasion of Germany

## Sport

* Central European Football League, a regional American football league
* Central European Tour Budapest GP, a cycling race in Hungary
* Central European Tour Miskolc GP, is a cycling race in Hungary
* Central European International Cup, an international football competition held by certain national teams from Central Europe between 1927 and 1960
* 2008 Central Europe Rally, a rally raid endurance race held in Romania and Hungary
* 2023 Central Europe Rally, a rally race held in Germany, Austria and Czech Republic
* Ladies Central European Open, a women's professional golf tournament on the Ladies European Tour
* Mitropa Cup, officially called the La Coupe de l'Europe Centrale, was one of the first international major European football cups for club sides
# 2017 SportPesa Super Cup

The SportPesa Super Cup is an association football competition that took place in June 2017 in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.
The competition was created and sponsored by bookmakers SportPesa.
All matches took place at Uhuru Stadium.

## Overview

The 2017 SportPesa Super Cup was the inaugural edition of an eight-team knockout tournament featuring four teams each from Kenya and Tanzania created and sponsored by bookmakers SportPesa.
SportsPesa sponsored six of the participating teams, Gor Mahia FC, AFC Leopards SC and Nakuru AllStars FC from Kenya and Yanga SC, Simba SC and Singida United FC from Tanzania. Tusker FC (Kenya) and Jang’ombe Boys SC (Zanzibar) were selected to join them in the competition.
The tournament started at the quarterfinal stage with penalties separating the teams in case of a draw at regulation time. The quarter final draw pit Leopards vs Singida, Yanga vs Tusker, Gor vs Jang'ombe and Simba vs AllStars.

### Everton FC

The winner of the 2017 SportPesa Super Cup also got a chance to play against the English Premier League giants, Everton FC, on 13 July 2017. During Everton's first visit to East Africa, they played tournament winner Gor Mahia as part of their agreement with bookmaker SportPesa to develop football in East Africa.

## Matches

| Quarter-finals | Quarter-finals | Semi-finals | Semi-finals | | Final | Final |
| 5 June | 5 June | | | |
| A.F.C. Leopards | 1 (5) | | | |
| A.F.C. Leopards | 1 (5) | 8 June | 8 June | | |
| Singida United | 1 (4) | 8 June | 8 June | |
| Singida United | 1 (4) | A.F.C. Leopards | 0 (4) | |
| 5 June | 5 June | | A.F.C. Leopards | 0 (4) | |
| 5 June | 5 June | Young Africans S.C. | 0 (2) | |
| Tusker F.C. | 0 (2) | Young Africans S.C. | 0 (2) | |
| Tusker F.C. | 0 (2) | | | | 11 June | 11 June |
| Young Africans S.C. | 0 (4) | | | | 11 June | 11 June |
| Young Africans S.C. | 0 (4) | | | | A.F.C. Leopards | 0 |
| 6 June | 6 June | | | | | A.F.C. Leopards | 0 |
| 6 June | 6 June | | | | Gor Mahia F.C. | 3 |
| Gor Mahia F.C. | 2 | | | | Gor Mahia F.C. | 3 |
| Gor Mahia F.C. | 2 | 8 June | 8 June | | | |
| Jang'ombe Boys F.C. | 0 | 8 June | 8 June | | | |
| Jang'ombe Boys F.C. | 0 | Gor Mahia F.C. | 2 | | | |
| 6 June | 6 June | | Gor Mahia F.C. | 2 | | | |
| 6 June | 6 June | Nakuru AllStars | 0 | |
| Simba S.C. | 0 (4) | Nakuru AllStars | 0 | |
| Nakuru AllStars | 0 (5) | | | |

### Final
## Prize money

* Winner: $30,000
* Runner-up: $10,000
* Semi-finalists: $5,000
* Quarter-finalists: $2,500
# Berka

Berka may refer to:

## Places in Germany

* Bad Berka, in the Weimarer Land district, Thuringia
* Berka/Werra, in the Wartburgkreis district, Thuringia
* Berka vor dem Hainich, in the Wartburgkreis district, Thuringia
* Berka (river), a river in Hesse

## Other

* Berka of Dubá, medieval Czech aristocracy
* Al-Berka, an administrative division of Benghazi, Libya
# Abroma

Abroma is a genus in the family Malvaceae, with one or two species from Asia and Australia. Ambroma is an orthographic variant.

## Taxonomy

The genus was described by Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin in 1776 with a single species Abroma fastuosum, which was illustrated and described. However, because Jacquin was renaming Theobroma augusta L., according to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, he was required to use the name Abroma augustum, and A. fastuosum is an illegitimate name. The correct name of the type species, A. augustum (L.) L. f., was made in 1782 by Carl Linnaeus the Younger.

## Species

* Abroma augustum (L.) L.f. – devil's cotton, bark a source of jute-like fibre
* Abroma molle DC.
# Annelöv

Annelöv is a locality situated in Landskrona Municipality, Skåne County, Sweden.

## Background and History

Annelöv Church was built in the 12th century but was preceded by a stave church. Annelöv was founded during the Middle Ages as a linear village. The church is from the 1100 century. The village was established along thoroughfare street and this is still preserved. Annelöv was once a major center for part of the county and the neighboring counties. Here there have been a number of shops and artisans, school, poor and prison, marketplace and which also housed the sessions-hall and ride station. Enskiftet was conducted in 1806, and nine "homestead" or farms were then sealed in the village while all other farms were moved out. Of the economic map available from 1917 you can see that out of seven large farms in the village were only Ryttargården and Hästängen left. Hästängen is located just north of the Ryttargården. Annelöv had several common grounds. On these lands were, for example, gravel - and clay quarry, marketplace. And there are some commons as the village community to look, but is available to everyone in the village. The most common name is the place where a committee "Galgbacken" there. Gallows has a renowned history. Because Onsjö County District Courts Center was in Annelöv was also a place of execution - the gallows. Here, many have seen the end of their lives.

## Overview

The closeness to nature and animals is a hallmark of Annelöv and its surroundings. There are several nice walks around and within Annelövs village that can be used for recreation and exercise. 10 minutes away is also Barsebäcks resort with golf course and country walks.
Annelövs village has a population of about 850 inhabitants. The village school collaboration - Annebro which is an amalgamation of the school grounds and Annelöv Dösjebro. Kavlinge stands as the principal of the school but Annelöv included in Landskrona city. The environment in and around schools is also utilized in the teaching which also creates quality.
The train station is only 2 km from the village center Annelöv, departures are frequent with 1-2 times per hour in both directions towards the Lund / Malmö and Landskrona / Helsingborg. Commuting time to Lund is about 15 minutes and Malmö 25 minutes. Bicycle and pedestrian paths to the station and between the villages located far from traffic, which creates a good and safe road.
The villages have some leisure activities to offer including two highly active compounds Equestrian Association in Annelöv with its own riding stables / paddock, and arrangement of a number of major competitions and in Dösjebro Football Association who have a strong commitment. In Annelöv is also an active bowls club and a Tennis Club. Even in nearby villages Kävlinge / Hofterup / Löddekopinge all only 10 minutes away offers a very wide range of leisure activities. Center Syd shopping center with its large marketplace is only 7 minutes away. The distance to Landskrona is less than 20 km and to Lund just over 20 km. In Annelöv is a pizzeria that also offers some groceries.
# Kelkang

Kelkang is a village in the Champhai district of Mizoram, India. It is located in the Khawzawl R.D. Block.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Kelkang has 220 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 97.59%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 1039 | 527 | 512 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 167 | 91 | 76 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 1036 | 525 | 511 |
| Literates | 851 | 433 | 418 |
| Workers (all) | 513 | 295 | 218 |
| Main workers (total) | 512 | 295 | 217 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 455 | 256 | 199 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 4 | 1 | 3 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Main workers: Other | 53 | 38 | 15 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Non-workers | 526 | 232 | 294 |
# East Ogwell

East Ogwell is a village and former civil parish 15 miles (24 km) south of Exeter, now in the parish of Ogwell, in the Teignbridge district, in the county of Devon, England. In 2018 it had an estimated population of 855. In 1891 the parish had a population of 271.

## Amenities

East Ogwell has a church called St Bartholomew located in the centre of the village.

## History

The name "Ogwell" means 'Wocga's spring/stream'. The "East" part distinguishing it from West Ogwell. East Ogwell was recorded in the Domesday Book as Ogewille. On 1 April 1894 the parish was abolished and merged with West Ogwell to form Ogwell. A branch of the ancient Reynell family, who became the Reynell Baronets, lived here for centuries.
# Cephas of Iconium

Cephas of Iconium (Greek: Κηφᾶς Ἰκονίου) is numbered among the Seventy Disciples, and was bishop of Iconium or Colophon, Pamphylia. The name "Cephas" is Aramaic for "Peter".
The Eastern Orthodox Church remembers St. Cephas on March 30 with Apostles Sosthenes, Apollos, Caesar, and Epaphroditus; and on December 8 with the same apostles and Onesiphorus. Apostles of the 70 were hand-picked (chosen) and sent by Jesus himself to preach. They were chosen some time after the selection of the Twelve Apostles. All seventy are commemorated by the Orthodox Church on January 4.
# Feedbag

A feedbag, feed bag, feeding bag, nosebag, or morral, is a bag, filled with fodder, and attached to the head of a horse, enabling it to eat. The main advantages are that only a small amount of the feed is wasted, and it prevents one animal consuming the ration of another.
It can be made of leather, reeds, but more commonly is a thick fabric or light canvas. Some modern designs are made of Cordura or other durable nylon, with a solid bottom and mesh sides for ventilation.
To access the portion of the feed near the bottom of the bag, the horse needs to be able to touch its head to the ground, allowing it to push its nose into the end of the bag.
In popular US culture, the feedbag is used in the expression "strap on the old feedbag", meaning to "dine". It suggests that the diner will pay little attention to etiquette, and will dine heartily. The term is also found in numerous restaurant names.
# Brontiades

Brontiades is a genus of skippers in the family Hesperiidae.
# Anne George (biologist)

Dr. Anne George is a Professor of Oral Biology at the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry and holds the Allan G. Brodie Endowed Professorship, and she also is an adjunct professor in the Department of Cell and Anatomy and the Department of Engineering at the University of Illinois Medical School. She has been a faculty member at Northwestern University in Chicago, where she was given a Teaching Excellence Award in 1999.
George is a leading researcher on the subject of identification and characterization of acidic proteins involved in dentin mineralization. In vertebrates, bone, teeth, and cementum are the principal mineralized tissues. She also is a leading researcher on dentin matrix proteins and is working on cloning phosphophoryn genes, the most abundant non-collagenous extracellular component in dentin, and on synthesizing protein-based templates for bone and dentin regeneration.
George earned her M.Sc. in organic chemistry from the University of Saurashtra, India, in 1978; her Ph.D. in physical chemistry from the University of Madras, India, in 1983; and was a postdoctoral research fellow at Northwestern University from 1988 to 1993. Her postdoctoral work at Northwestern was in connective tissue biology.
She holds a patent on fibrous protein fusions and use thereof in the formation of advanced organic/inorganic composite materials. George has made more than 100 scientific meeting presentations and invited lectures around the world and had published more than 65 articles in scientific journals. She has received eight research grants as well.
# Ealey Glacier

Ealey Glacier (53°2′S 73°35′E﻿ / ﻿53.033°S 73.583°E﻿ / -53.033; 73.583) is a glacier, flowing northeast from the lower slopes of the Big Ben massif to the northeast side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. Its terminus is located close southeast of Cape Bidlingmaier, between Melbourne Bluff and North Barrier. The glacier terminates in ice cliffs. To the southeast of Ealey Glacier is Compton Glacier, whose terminus is located at Compton Lagoon, between Gilchrist Beach and Fairchild Beach. To the west of Ealey Glacier is Downes Glacier, whose terminus is located at Mechanics Bay, between Saddle Point and Cape Bidlingmaier.

## Discovery and naming

Ealey Glacier is named after E. H. M. "Tim" Ealey, biologist on the 1949 ANARE Heard Island Expedition who crossed the glacier during a biological survey en route to Spit Point.
# Cephas Speak

Cephas Speak (2 April 1873 – 18 December 1958) was a British trade union leader who served as secretary of the United Textile Factory Workers' Association.
Speak grew up in Burnley, and began working at a local cotton mill as a loom sweeper when he was ten years old. He became active in the Burnley Weavers' Association, and after twenty-five years was employed part-time as the assistant secretary of the Oldham Weavers' Association. After a few months, he left this job to become assistant secretary of the Bolton Weavers' Association, then in 1910, he became the first full-time secretary of the Bolton Weavers. The following year, he was also appointed as a magistrate in Bolton.
In 1931, Speak was additionally elected as secretary of the United Textile Factory Workers' Association, serving until 1943. He finally retired from his Bolton Weavers post in 1948, at the age of 77, having held the position for 38 years.