OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Escadrille Spa.82

Escadrille Spa.82 (also known as Escadrille N.82) was a French fighter squadron active during the First World War years of 1917 and 1918. The squadron served, at various times, on the Western and Italian Fronts, as well as in Flanders. By war's end, the squadron was credited with 26 confirmed aerial victories.

## History

Escadrille Spa.82 (also known as Escadrille N.82) was formed in January 1917. It was outfitted with a variety of Nieuports and SPADs. It would not be operational until 7 July 1917, when it was tasked to III Armee. In November, it was transferred south to oppose both Romanian and Italian forces. In April 1918, the squadron was returned to the Western Front.
On 27 August 1918, Escadrille Spa.82 was one of four squadrons consolidated into Groupe de Combat 23. On 22 September, the Groupe moved to Flanders until the Armistice on 11 November 1918.
Escadrille Spa.82 was credited with destroying 26 enemy aircraft.

## Commanding officers

* Lieutenant Raoul Echard: January 1917 until mid-1918
* Lieutenant Marie Lecoq De Kerland: 6 June 1918 until war's end

## Notable members

* Lieutenant Raoul Echard
* Lieutenant Marie Lecoq De Kerland
* Lieutenant François de Boigne

## Aircraft

* An assortment of Nieuport and SPAD fighters.

## End notes

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 98
# Albert Blumberg

Albert E. Blumberg (August 10, 1906 – October 8, 1997) was an American philosopher and political activist. He was an official of the Communist Party for several years before joining the Democratic Party as a district leader.

## Early life

Albert was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to a middle-class Litvak family. He graduated from Johns Hopkins University and then furthered his education by acquiring a master's degree from Yale, studying at the Sorbonne, and receiving a doctorate from the University of Vienna. While studying in Vienna he became attracted to the Vienna circle of Logical Positivists, founded by the German philosopher Moritz Schlick.

## Professional life

Within philosophy Albert Blumberg was best known for having co-authored with Herbert Feigl a paper which appeared in the Journal of Philosophy entitled, "Logical Positivism: A New Movement In European Philosophy." For logical positivists the discipline of philosophy hinged on one task; to clarify the meanings of concepts and ideas, and what sort of statements really did have any "meaning" in the first place. There are only two distinctions of statements that have any meaning to logical positivists. The first involves necessary truths of logic, mathematics, and ordinary language. The second involves empirical propositions about the world around us that were not necessary truths, instead they are regarded as true with greater or lesser probability. In addition to being a student and professor of philosophy, Albert Blumberg also fought for economic and social reforms. In the year 1933 he joined the Maryland Communist Party where he served for four years as the chair of the Agitprop Committee.

## Political activism

In 1937 Blumberg resigned his faculty position at Johns Hopkins, publicly announced his party membership, and took on the created position of district administrative secretary for the Communist Party. Blumberg also ran for public office on several occasions, for example, Communist candidate for Mayor of Baltimore City, 1939. As well Blumberg was several times under suspicion by various governmental organizations for communist activities, becoming one of the first convicted under a provision of the 1940 Smith Act. During his senior years Blumberg remained politically active, although not in the communist party. He enjoyed somewhat more success as the Democratic Party district leader in Manhattan. He died at the age of 91 near his home in Manhattan, New York City.
# Escuro River

Escuro River or Rio Escuro (Portuguese for dark river) may refer to:
* Escuro River (Minas Gerais), Brazil
* Escuro River (Tocantins), Brazil
# Albert Holmes (footballer, born 1942)

Albert Holmes (born 14 February 1942) is an English footballer who played as a full-back in the Football League with Chesterfield between 1961–62 and 1975–76.
He was a fitter with the East Midlands Gas Board, and played football for them before signing semi-pro for Chesterfield in 1960, and became a full professional the following year. He went on to make a total of 514 senior appearances for the club (scoring 10 goals). Of these, 470 were League appearances, putting him, as of May 2014, in fourth position on the all-time league appearance list for Chesterfield.
After leaving Chesterfield he moved to Boston United. His son Paul was also a professional footballer.
# Albert Delpit

Albert Delpit (January 30, 1849 – January 4, 1893) was a French novelist and playwright.

## Biography

Born in 1849 in New Orleans, Albert Delpit was the son of a wealthy tobacco merchant, Jean Adrien Delpit (1806–1883), and Marie Félicité Plaix (1822–1876). He came to France at a young age to study in Paris and Bordeaux. He initially worked for magazines established by Alexandre Dumas père, such as Le Mousquetaire and Le d’Artagnan, while beginning to write his own works.
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, he served voluntarily and wrote a collection of verses titled L’Invasion (1870), which achieved great success. The French Academy awarded him the Prix Montyon in 1871, the Prix de poésie in 1873, and the Prix Vitet in 1880. His American nationality saved him from death during the Paris Commune; he served as an aide-de-camp to Admiral Saisset, who attempted mediation. In 1883, he engaged in a duel with Alphonse Daudet, accusing him of various literary offenses.
Delpit became a French citizen in 1892. He died on January 5, 1893, at his residence in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, and was buried in the Montmartre Cemetery (28th division).

## Works
### Novels

* Les Malédictions (1869)
* L'Invasion 1870 (1870)
* Jean-nu-pieds, chronique de 1832 (1874)
* La Famille Cavalié (1878)
* La Marquise (1882)

### Plays

* L'Apothéose de Lamartine (1869)
* La Voix du maître (1870)
* Le Fils de Coralie (1880)
* Le Père de Martial (1883)
* Mademoiselle de Bressier (1887)
* Passionnément (1891)

### Poetry

* Le Repentir, récit d'un curé de campagne (1873)
* La Vieillesse de Corneille (1877)
* Sur les bords de la Nonnette et de la Beuvronne (1886)

### Others

* La Volonté nationale (1870)
* Huit jours d'histoire : le commandement de l'amiral Saisset du 19 au 25 mars 1871 (1871)
* Boj srdce mateřského (1886)
# Estação Brasil

Estação Brasil is a compilation album by Brazilian solo artist Zé Ramalho, containing songs by him (including one new song, "Nesse Brasil cabôco de Mãe-Preta e Pai João") as well as songs by various Brazilian artists. It was released in 2003.

## Personnel

* Zé Ramalho – Acoustic guitar on tracks 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, lead vocals on tracks 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, Arrangement on tracks 2, 8, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, electric guitar on tracks 2, 18, electric guitar solo on track 4
* Robertinho de Recife – Viola on track 1, twelve-string viola on track 2, arrangement on tracks 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 15, 16, 19, 20, electric guitar on tracks 4, 8, 9, 16, twelve-string guitar on track 14, bass guitar on track 18, 19, acoustic guitar on track 19, cavaco on track 19, sitar on track 20
* João Lyra – Acoustic guitar on tracks 3, 5, 14, 15 arrangement on track 14
* Rick Ferreira – Electric guitar on track 10, steel guitar on tracks 11, 13
* André Neiva – Bass guitar on tracks 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 15, 16, 20
* Jamil Joanes – Bass on tracks 8, 14
* Eduardo Krieger – Seven-string bass guitar on track 19
* Luiz Antônio – Arrangement on tracks 1, 12, keyboard on tracks 1, 2, 6, 12, 13, 15, 16, 20
* Dodô de Moraes – Arrangement on track 10, keyboard on track 10
* Jota Moraes – Arrangement on track 14, keyboard on track 14
* Sandro Moreno – Drums on track 10, 11
* João Firmino – Percussion on tracks 3, 6, 7, 15, 16, 20
* Marcos Suzano – Percussion on track 13
* Durval – Zabumba on tracks 2, 8, percussion on track 18
* Zé Gomes – Pandeiro on tracks 2, 8, percussion on track 18
* Naif Simões – Drums on track 2, percussion on tracks 9, 17, 19
* Léo Ortiz – Violin on tracks 1, 6, 15, 20
* Marcio Malard – Cello on track 3
* Lui Coimbra – Cello on track 5
* Andréa Ernest – Flute on track 3
* Cristiano Alves – Clarinet on track 3
* Juarez Araújo – Clarinet on track 19
* Carlos Prazeres – Oboe on track 3
* Carlos Malta – Fife on track 9
* Ismael Oliveira – Horn on track 3
* Toti Cavalcanti – Saxophone on track 10, flute on track 14
* Dominguinhos – Accordion on tracks 2, 7
* Aldrin de Caruaru – Accordion on tracks 4, 17
* Waldonys – Accordion on tracks 8, 19
* Chico Guedes – Choir on tracks 1, 12, 19, bass guitar on tracks 10, 11
* Aldrin de Caruaru – Choir on tracks 1, 12, 19, accordion on tracks 8, 18
* Gilberto Teixeira – Choir on tracks 1, 12, 19
* Boca – Choir on tracks 1, 12, 19
* Roberta de Recife – Choir on tracks 5, 8, bass guitar on track 17
* Jussara Sara – Choir on tracks 5, 8
* Carla Pietro – Choir on tracks 5, 8
* Micheline Linhares – Choir on tracks 5, 8
* Hana – Children choir on track 9
* Carlos Roberto – Children choir on track 9
* Carolina – Children choir on track 9
* Isadora – Children choir on track 9
* Sean – Children choir on track 9
* Ingrid – Children choir on track 9
* Eduardo Souto Neto – Arrangement on track 3
# Ethmia nigrimaculata

Ethmia nigrimaculata is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in China (Shansi), Ukraine, Russia (Central Tuva and the southern Chita Province) and probably Mongolia.
# Albèrt Arnavièlha

Albèrt Arnavièlha (Albert Arnavielle in French) was an Occitan poet and journalist born in Alès on 22 July 1844. He died in Montpellier on 11 November 1927. He wrote both in French and Occitan and was a majoral of Frederic Mistral's Felibritge. He also was a royalist militant for Action française and a close friend of Charles Maurras's.

## Main works

* Lous Cants de l'aubo ("Morning Songs"), Nîmes, J. Roumieux, 1868.
* Per Toulouso, au noum de Diéu ("For Toulouse, in God's name"), Alès, J. Martin, 1875.
* Lous Gorbs ("The Baskets"), Montpellier, Hamelin et frères, 1880.
* Pouẽsìos dau troubaire-massou Matiéu Lacroix ("Poems by the Troubadour and masseur named Matthieu Lacroix"), La Grand-Combe, D. Coronel, 1899.
* Las Raiolos ("The Raviolis"), Montpellier, Éditions Languedociennes, 1932.
# Albéric Aurtenèche

Albéric Aurtenèche is a Canadian film director. He is most noted for his short film Opening Up (M'ouvrir), which won the Jutra Award for Best Live Action Short Film at the 13th Jutra Awards in 2011.
Born in Paris, France and raised in Montreal, Quebec, he studied film at Concordia University. In addition to Opening Up, he has also directed the short films Non-lieu (2006), L'appel du vide (2008), Sigismond sans images (2016) and Que votre empire s'étende (2019).
His debut feature film, La Contemplation du mystère, entered production in 2019, and was longlisted for the Directors Guild of Canada's DGC Discovery Award in 2020.
# Albini-Braendlin rifle

The Albini rifle (or Albini-Braendlin rifle) was a single-shot 11mm rifle adopted by Belgium in 1867. The action on the Albini rifle was designed by Italian naval officer Augusto Albini and was perfected by an English gunsmith, Francis Braendlin. Initially, there were delays and problems with its delivery as the rifle seemed to have extractor issues and the Terssen rifle was adopted as a temporary measure. But once the problem was fixed and the availability of Albinis increased, Terssens were eventually withdrawn from service. The Albini rifles were eventually replaced by M1870 Belgian Comblain rifles beginning in the 1870s.

## Distinguishing characteristics

The rifle has a front-hinged, forward lifting action with a mechanism that works together with the hammer-striker assembly to simultaneously lock and fire the rifle. The breech block itself houses longitudinal spring-loaded firing pin which is struck by a cylindrical striker, the back end of which is attached to the hammer via a screw through the hammer nose, and which passes longitudinally through the rear of the receiver behind the firing pin. When fired, the striker moves into the back of the breech block striking the firing pin and locking the block in place at ignition. Both striker and firing pin move in the same line as the rifle bore. Pulling the hammer back withdraws the striker from the breech block allowing it to be lifted on its pivot pin by means of a small fixed knob on the right side of the block.
# Albinețul Vechi

Albinețul Vechi is a commune in Fălești District, Moldova. It is composed of four villages: Albinețul Nou, Albinețul Vechi, Rediul de Jos and Rediul de Sus.
# Aleksander Tassa

Aleksander Tassa (5 July 1882 Tartu – 23 March 1955 Tallinn) was an Estonian writer and art personnel.
He was one of the founder of Pallas Art School and society Pallas. 1918–1922 he was the director of society Pallas. 1931–1940 he was the director of Estonian National Museum's art and cultural history department.
He died in 1955 and he is buried at Rahumäe Cemetery.
# Estel

Estel (also styled as ESTEL) was a steel company formed by the merging of Koninklijke Hoogovens IJmuiden steel plant and Hoesch's main steel plant in Dortmund. The company existed from 1972 to 1982 until de-merged.

## History

In 1966 the board of Koninklijke Hoogovens voted in favour of merging their IJmuiden steelworks with the Dortmund plant of German steelmaker Hoesch; Hoesch would benefit from the IJmuiden steelwork's port, and Koninklijke Hoogovens' 43% shareholding in the Dortmund-Hörder Hüttenunion (DHHU) was converted into a 15% shareholding in Hoesch with Hoesch acquiring DHUU. The two firms made agreements on division of work between the plants – IJmuiden was to concentrate on pig iron, crude steel, and semi-manufactured products, whilst Hoesch's Dortmund plant was to produce finished steels and manufactured products. The two entities were merged in 1972, forming Estel NV, headquarter in Nijmegen.
In the mid 1970s the Steel crisis caused overcapacity in steel production throughout Europe; Estel needed to invest to improve production quality and efficiency to compensate for loss of production volume, and to cut production costs; additionally Hoesch's branch of Estel was making losses, and required support; as such it sought investment from both the German and Netherlands government; however the Dutch government was only willing to invest if the German state also supported the venture, whilst the German state wished any restructuring and investment to be done in collaboration with Krupp (also loss making) which was not acceptable to Dutch banks. As a result, in 1982 the 50:50 partnership of Estel was dissolved, with Hoesch taking 61% of its liabilities.
# Aldo Ferrabino

Aldo Ferrabino (26 June 1892, in Cuneo – 30 October 1972, in Rome) was an Italian historian, philosopher, librarian, writer, and poet. A graduate of the University of Turin, he taught ancient history at the University of Padua and the Sapienza University of Rome, later becoming rector at the University of Padua in 1947. From 1948 to 1954, he served in the Italian Senate for the Christian Democracy party. In 1950, he become a correspondent for the Accademia dei Lincei, and the president of the Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico. From 1954 to 1972, he was president of the Treccani encyclopaedia. In 1956, he was elected the president of the Dante Alighieri Society. In 1957, he co-founded the magazine Il Veltro with Vincenzo Cappelletti. Considered an expert on Christology and the philosophy of history, he was made a Knight of the Civil Order of Savoy in 1970.
# Esther Largman

Esther Regina Largman is a Brazilian author. Her works have been recognized by the Brazilian government and are now a part of the high school curriculum in Brazilian schools.

## Published works

* Jovens Polacas (1992)
* Jan e Nassau (1996)
* Tio Kuba nos Trópicos (1999)
* O Milionésimo Café de Augusta e Da Janela (2003)
* Judeus nos Trópicos (2003)
* Included in Contemporary Jewish Writing in Brazil (2009)
# Albu baronets

The Albu Baronetcy, of Grosvenor Place in the City of Westminster, and Johannesburg in the Province of Transvaal in the Union of South Africa, is a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 12 February 1912 for the South African mining magnate George Albu. He was the founder of the General Mining and Finance Corporation alongside his brother Leopold Albu. As of 2017 the title is held by the first Baronet's grandson, the third Baronet, who succeeded his father in 1963.
The Albu family is of German-Jewish origin.

## Albu baronets, of Grosvenor Place and of Johannesburg (1912)

* Sir George Albu, 1st Baronet (1857–1935)
* Sir George Werner Albu, 2nd Baronet (1905–1963)
* Sir George Albu, 3rd Baronet (born 1944)
There is no heir to the baronetcy.

## Arms

Coat of arms of Albu baronets :
* CrestThe battlements of a tower Or issuant therefrom a demi-bear Proper holding in the dexter paw a flower of the sugar bush as in the arms.
* EscutcheonPer chevron raguly Or and Vert in dexter chief an acorn in sinister chief the flower of a sugar bush both slipped and leaved and in base a bear sejant all Proper.
* MottoOmnia Bene Evenient
# Ethiopianism

Ethiopianism may refer to:
* Ethiopian studies, the western academic study of Ethiopian history and culture
* The Ethiopian movement, a social movement that began in Southern Africa in the late 19th and early 20th century
* The Ethiopian nationalism, political parlance of civic nationalism in Ethiopia
# Bratříčku, zavírej vrátka

Bratříčku, zavírej vrátka (English: Close the Gate, Little Brother) is the debut album by Karel Kryl, issued in Czechoslovakia by Panton in 1969. The album was recorded in Ostrava between 1967 and 1968. It was produced by Jiří Černý, who also wrote the liner notes. The cover features photography by Josef Koudelka.

## Track listing

* "Bratříčku, zavírej vrátka" – 2:15
* "Král a klaun" – 4:15 (The King and the Clown)
* "Salome" – 2:50
* "Veličenstvo kat" – 4:50 (His Majesty, the Executioner)
* "Důchodce" – 1:45 (The Pensioner)
* "Anděl" – 3:05 (The Angel)
* "Morituri te salutant" – 3:15
* "Pieta" – 3:25 (The Pieta)
* "Podivná ruleta" – 4:40 (Weird Roulette)
* "Znamení doby" – 2:40 (Sign of the Times)
* "Píseň Neznámého vojína" – 2:45 (Written by an Unknown Soldier)
* "Nevidomá dívka" – 4:30 (Blind Girl)
* "Jeřabiny" – 1:45 (Rowanberries)
* "Pasážová revolta" – 2:45 (Passage Revolt)
# 8 cm/60 Type 98 naval gun

The 8 cm/60 Type 98 naval gun (六〇口径九八式八糎高角砲, 60kōkei kyūjū-hachi shiki 8-sanchi kōkakuhō) was a dual-purpose gun used by the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

## Use

It was used on the Agano-class light cruisers and the aircraft carrier Ibuki. A total of 28 guns were produced between 1940 and 1944.
Four additional weapons were used as coastal artillery at Maizuru, Kyoto.
# Ellen Kürti

Ellen Kürti (Born Erzsébet Kürthy) was a Hungarian-born film actress known for her roles in German cinema.

## Selected filmography

* The Wheels of Destiny (1923)
* Girls You Don't Marry (1924)
* Slaves of Love (1924)
* Women Who Fall by the Wayside (1925)
* Reluctant Imposter (1925)
* The Heart of a German Mother (1926)
* The Love of the Bajadere (1926)
* The Princess of the Riviera (1926)
* Assassination (1927)
* Memoirs of a Nun (1927)
* Hotel Rats (1927)
* The Dashing Archduke (1927)
* Tragedy at the Royal Circus (1928)
# Bambio

Bambio is a sub-prefecture and town in the Sangha-Mbaéré Prefecture of the south-west Central African Republic.
# Former general Hospital of Douala

The former General Hospital situated in Douala is a building constructed in 1896 by the Germans and designed by the architect Henri Drees.

## History

Designed by the German architect Henri Drees, this hospital was built in 1896 following Dr Albert Plehn’s initiative. It was created to take care of Europeans patients only, since it was based on the colonialist ideology of that time which was highly segregationist. It was first named "Nachtigal Hospital", on behalf of the roving Consul Nachtigal. Doctor Gustav Nachtigal was in charge of representing Emperor of Germany William I and the Chancellor Bismarck all over the gulf of Guinea. He made legal the 1884 treaties signed with the kings of Douala, instituting German Protectorate on the territory. He supplanted The late consul, nickname given to the British Consul Hewett, still retained in his official duties in Fernando Poo (now Malabo), who got to Cameroon Town too late to negotiate a British establishment in this city. Finally, Nachtigal's remarkable career ended with the official installation of Julius von Soden as the first German Governor, from 1885 to 1891, long before the construction of the hospital.
The French author Louis-Ferdinand Céline, arrived in 1916 in a still German-speaking town, depicted his short stay in this hospital in a memorable extract from his novel Voyage au bout de la nuit.
This building, amazingly gorgeous at that time, was extended twice its size under the French Mandate in 1930. This same year, the French administration built "Hôpital Laquintinie" for the natives, in the same spirit as during the German Freie Zone, a one-kilometer unoccupied zone, conceived to separate Europeans from the natives.
Renamed Hôpital Général when Independence took place, this building includes today the Police department and the Littoral Delegation of Culture.
In 2006 the building is highlighted by an urban sign produced by doual'art and designed by Sandrine Dole; the sign presents an historical image of the building and a description of its history.