OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Beier variable-ratio gear

The Beier variable-ratio gear or Beier variator is a mechanical drive offering a continuously variable gear ratio between input and output.
The gear relies on the inter-meshing of a number of thin disks. By varying their separation, the effective radius of one disk varies, thus changing the overall gear ratio. This varying-radius principle is shared by a number of other variator mechanisms. An advantage of the Beier is that a large number of disks may be stacked on a common shaft, thus increasing its torque capacity for only a small increase in overall length.
The mechanism consists of a spring-loaded stack of thin disks on a central shaft. Around this are arranged other stacked disk packs on a number of planetary shafts, usually three. These shafts are mounted on swinging arms, so that they may be moved in and out together. The central disks are thin, with a thickened rim. The planet disks are tapered across their radius, at an included angle of around 3°. When the disks are intermeshed, they thus only contact at the rim of the central pack, no matter what the spacing of the shafts. These planetary disk packs have a gear meshing with a gear on the swing arms' fulcrum shafts, which in turn meshes with a central gear, used for the input drive. The central shaft is the output shaft and the gear is used as a reduction gear. When the disks are moved outwards, the central rim drives on the outside radius of the similar-sized tapered disks and the overall ratio is around 1:1. As the swing arms are moved inwards, the tapered disks are forced between the central rims against their spring-loading. The effective radius of the tapered disks is thus reduced and the gear ratio increases. The gear is made in a variety of ratio ranges, typically from 3:1 to 10:1. Overall efficiency is good, greater than 90%.
Unlike most other variators, but in common with the Hele-Shaw clutch, the Beier gear does not rely on friction between the disks, but rather on viscous drag through a thin oil film between them. This has little slip, less than 1%, and the lack of friction reduces the losses through heat and thus permits a small compact mechanism to still handle a high power. Oil is often pumped through the drive, also having a cooling effect.

## Applications

The drive was developed by Dr Beier, an Austrian working in Germany. Some of its first applications were as an automatic transmission in buses.
In 1951, it was used in the E.145 Napier Nomad aero engine. This was a complex turbo-compound engine that coupled a diesel piston engine together with a gas turbine and axial-compressor supercharger. Supercharging boost control was achieved by varying the ratio of this drive.
In contemporary use, the Beier variator is most widely used as part of an industrial motor drive. An electric induction motor is driven at its ideal speed, derived from the electrical line frequency, and the variator drive is used to manually adjust its output speed. These are often coupled with a cycloidal drive to provide an extra-low speed output.
# Begonia rheifolia

Begonia rheifolia is a species of plant in the family Begoniaceae. It is endemic to Pahang in Peninsular Malaysia.
# Beilschmiedia insignis

Beilschmiedia insignis is a species of plant in the family Lauraceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.
# Beilschmiedia lumutensis

Beilschmiedia lumutensis is a species of plant in the family Lauraceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia.
# Beilschmiedia mayumbensis

Beilschmiedia mayumbensis is a species of plant in the family Lauraceae. It is endemic to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is threatened by habitat loss.
Beilschmiedia mayumbensis is a small tree which grows up to 8 meters high.
The species is known from only three collections, made between 1948 and 1958. The locations are widely scattered, and the species' estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is to be 425,098 km$^2$ while its estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is just 12 km$^2$.
It grows in lowland tropical rainforest including primary forest, old forest relics, and forest with Macrolobium, from 200 to 920 meters elevation.
The species' forest is being cleared for shifting agriculture, logging, and charcoal production. One of the three known locations is in the Rubi-Tele Hunting Reserve, while the others are unprotected.
# Bebeto (disambiguation)

Bebeto (born 1964), José Roberto Gama de Oliveira, is a Brazilian politician and former football forward
Bebeto may also refer to:
* Bebeto de Freitas (1950–2018), Paulo Roberto de Freitas, Brazilian volleyball coach
* Bebeto (footballer, born 1958), Bogusław Baniak, Polish football midfielder and football manager
* El Bebeto (born 1989), Carlos Alberto García Villanueva, Mexican singer
* Bara Bebeto (born 1991), Bara Mamadou Lamine Ndiaye, Senegalese football forward
* Bebeto (footballer, born 1990), Roberto de Jesus Machado, Brazilian football right-back for Tondela
* Bebeto Canhão, Alberto Vilasboas dos Reis (1946–2003), Brazilian football forward
# Belenli, Bayramören

Belenli is a village in the Bayramören District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 84 (2021).
# Behind the Lines (John Schumann album)

Behind the Lines is the second album by John Schumann and the Vagabond Crew. Released in 2008, it was re-released in 2011.
It consists almost entirely of cover songs and musical renditions of poems. The album includes covers of artists and groups such as Eric Bogle, Judy Small, Cold Chisel, as well as a number of songs previously released by Schumann, either as a solo artist or during his time with Redgum.
The central theme of the album is Australians at war, although it also includes the iconic Australian song Waltzing Matilda, and "To An Old Mate", a Henry Lawson poem not specifically about war, which was also included on the Lawson album.

## Album artwork

The cover art shows a picture of an Australian First World War era soldier in a barracks, reading a book or a letter.

## Track listing

(original artists in parentheses)
* "Boy on the Run" (The Dingoes) – 3:47
* "And The Band Played Waltzing Matilda" (Eric Bogle) – 4:41
* "Scots of the Riverina" (Henry Lawson) – 4:07
* "No Man's Land (The Green Fields of France)" (Eric Bogle) – 5:08
* "To An Old Mate" (Redgum) – 3:10
* "Ted" (Redgum) – 4:13
* "Mothers, Daughters, Wives" (Judy Small) – 4:59
* "Khe Sanh" (Cold Chisel) – 4:25
* "My Country" (Midnight Oil) – 4:28
* "I Was Only Nineteen" (Redgum) – 4:46
* "Rachel" (Raymond Froggatt)– 5:02
* "Wings Of An Eagle" (Russell Morris) – 4:10
* "Safe Behind The Wire" (John Schumann) - 3:36
* "When the War Is Over" (Cold Chisel) - 4:01
* "I'll Be Gone" (Spectrum) - 4.36
* "Waltzing Matilda" (Banjo Paterson) - 5.11

## Personnel
### The Vagabond Crew

* John Schumann – lead & backing vocals, acoustic guitars, percussion
* Hugh McDonald - lead & backing vocals, acoustic & electric guitars, bass, mandolin, violin, mandocello, dobro, keyboards, percussion
* Dave Folley - Drums, percussion
* Kat Kraus - lead and backing vocals
* Mark Kraus - audio

### Special guests

* Rob Hirst - backing vocals
* Russell Morris - lead and backing vocals
* Mike Rudd - vocals, harmonica
* Broderick Smith - harmonica

### Contributing Musicians

* Peter Anderson - accordion
* Shannon Bourne - acoustic and electric guitars
* Charlotte Dennis - cello
* Tom Kinnet - uilleann pipes, tin whistle
* Kecil Saudara - backing vocals
* Sam Willoughby - bass, backing vocals
# Bellis cordifolia

Bellis cordifolia is a species of daisy in the genus Bellis. It is endemic to Spain.
# Bellis annua subsp. minuta

Bellis annua subsp. minuta is a subspecies of daisy in the genus Bellis and is a subspecies of Bellis annua. It is endemic to the areas of the eastern and central Mediterranean.
# Bellis azorica

Bellis azorica is a species of daisy in the genus Bellis. It is endemic to the Azores.
# Bellis dubia

Bellis dubia is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae and is in the genus Bellis.
# Belarusian orthography reform of 1933

The orthography of the Belarusian language was reformed in 1933 during the Soviet era.

## Differences between the old and the new orthography

* The soft sign ⟨ь⟩ /ʲ/ is no longer written when denoting assimilation of 'softness': ⟨песня⟩, ⟨свет⟩, instead of ⟨песьня⟩, ⟨сьвет⟩.
* The soft sign is no longer written between double consonants: ⟨каханне⟩, instead of ⟨каханьне⟩.
* The particle ⟨не⟩ and the preposition ⟨без⟩ are written unchanged, independently of pronunciation: ⟨не быў⟩, instead of ⟨ня быў⟩; and ⟨без мамы⟩, instead of ⟨бяз мамы⟩ (compare with English definite article "the").
* Loanword orthography is regulated:
** Akanye is preserved in all cases except ten words (such as ⟨рэволюцыя⟩, ⟨совет⟩ instead of ⟨рэвалюцыя⟩, ⟨савет⟩; these exceptions were abolished in 1959)
** Central-European L is transmitted as hard /l/ and not soft /lʲ/, as in Russian
** The variants of writing the sound of ⟨ф⟩ with letters ⟨п⟩, ⟨хв⟩, ⟨х⟩, ⟨т⟩ are removed
** The endings ⟨-тар⟩, ⟨-дар⟩ are replaced with ⟨-тр⟩, ⟨-др⟩, for example: ⟨літр⟩, instead of ⟨літар⟩
** The endings ⟨-ый⟩, ⟨-iй⟩ are used where appropriate, for example: ⟨алюміній⟩ instead of ⟨алюміні⟩.
* The orthography of personal names is regulated so that vernacular forms are replaced with canonical Orthodox forms, for example: ⟨Юрый⟩ instead of ⟨Юрка⟩, ⟨Юры⟩, ⟨Юра⟩ or ⟨Юрась⟩.
* In morphology, the ending ⟨-а⟩/⟨-у⟩ denoting genitive case is regulated as ⟨-а⟩, as in Russian, and not as ⟨-у⟩, as in certain modern dialects. Also unified is the spelling of names in dative and prepositional case.
# Belloliva exquisita

Belloliva exquisita is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Bellolividae, the olives.
# Benevola, Alabama

Benevola is a small farming community in Pickens County, Alabama, United States. It is located along the Sipsey River.

## Geography

Benevola is located at 33°06′33″N 87°57′54″W﻿ / ﻿33.1092894°N 87.9650190°W﻿ / 33.1092894; -87.9650190 and has an elevation of 200 feet (61 m).
# Benevola, Maryland

Benevola is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Maryland, United States.
# Benjamin Heywood

Sir Benjamin Heywood, 1st Baronet Bt FRS (12 December 1793 – 11 August 1865) was an English banker and philanthropist.

## Early life

Benjamin Heywood was born on 12 December 1793 in St Ann's Square, Manchester. He was the grandson of Thomas Percival, the son of Nathaniel Heywood and Ann Percival, the brother to Thomas Heywood and James Heywood, and the nephew to Samuel Heywood. He lived at "Claremont" to the north west of the city centre in Irlams o' th' Height. He graduated from the University of Glasgow.

## Career

Heywood entered his father's bank becoming a partner in 1814 and sole proprietor in 1828. He was an enthusiast for workers' education and was a founder of the Manchester Mechanics' Institute, serving as its president from 1825 until 1840. Heywood briefly served as Member of Parliament for Lancashire from 1831 until 1832, receiving his baronetcy in recognition of his work in support of the 1832 Reform Bill. He was also active in the Manchester Statistical Society.

## Personal life

The family had a strong affinity with the south Derbyshire and Staffordshire area and bought a summer retreat at Dove Leys, near Denstone (When the Claremont area (Irlams o' th' Height) of Pendleton, Salford, was built up, many of the streets were given names such as Duffield Road, Doveleys Road, Denstone Road, among others.)
He was the father of:
* Sir Thomas Percival Heywood, 2nd Baronet;
* Oliver Heywood; and
* Rev. R.H. Heywood.

## Honours

* Baronet, (1838)
* Fellow of the Royal Society, (1843)
# Benjamin Lancaster

Benjamin Lancaster (1 December 1801 – 16 March 1887) was a 19th-century businessman and philanthropist. He was born in 1801, married Rosamira Bellairs on 5 June 1851 at Bedworth, Warwickshire, and died in Bournemouth in 1887 leaving an estate valued at £137,584 4s 2d.
In 1830 he jointly founded Price's Patent Candle Company Ltd, which became the world's largest manufacturer of candles. In the 1850s he invested in land in Canterbury, New Zealand and gave his name to the Lancaster Park cricket ground.
In 1861 Mr and Mrs Lancaster founded the Community of St Peter in Kilburn to nurse women and children and carry out mission work. After St Peter's Home in Kilburn was destroyed in the Second World War the Community transferred its mother house to Woking, where it now runs a retreat house.
# Benack's Village, Indiana

Benack's Village was an Indigenous village located in present-day Marshall County, in the present Potawatomi Wildlife Park. It was protected by terms of a treaty signed by its founder, Stephen Benack, and the United States government. The village existed from 1834 until 1848, one of the few Indian settlements allowed during The Removal Period.
Stephen Benack ("Osheakkebe" in the Potawatomi language) was born of French-Canadian and Potawatomi heritage about 1780, and lived with his Potawatomi lineage. He died in 1855, and was buried at the University of Notre Dame.
The Historical Marker is located at 41°13′51″N 86°06′19″W﻿ / ﻿41.23082°N 86.10537°W﻿ / 41.23082; -86.10537.
# Benno Friesen

Benno Friesen (27 June 1929 – 29 September 2021) was a Canadian administrator, professor, and politician. Friesen served as a Progressive Conservative party member of the House of Commons of Canada.
Born in Nelson, British Columbia, Canada, Friesen represented the British Columbia riding of Surrey—White Rock where he was first elected in the 1974 federal election.
With the riding name changed to Surrey—White Rock—North Delta, Friesen won re-election in the 1979, 1980, and 1984 federal elections. He also won in the 1988 election when the riding name reverted to Surrey—White Rock. In all, he served in the 30th, 31st, 32nd, 33rd, and 34th Canadian Parliaments.
Friesen left federal politics in 1993 and was not a candidate for the federal election that year.
# Benno Frederick Toermer

Benno Frederick Toermer (Törmer), (4 July 1804 – 6 February 1859) was a painter. He was born and educated in Dresden, Saxony, in what is now Germany. He also studied and worked in Rome, Italy. Rome became his second home where he lived, with brief interruptions, until his death from a heart attack on 6 February 1859. While at the Academy in Dresden, Toermer painted religious and historical subjects, such as Joseph's interpreting dreams while in prison. When in Italy, his subjects were based on gods of legend and romantic motifs. Toermer often painted in the style of the old Dutch. In 1852 Toemer was invited to exhibit a work entitled “The Wedding Morning – Ill Omen” at the Royal Academy in London. He was an honorary member of the Patriotic Society of Natural History in Dresden. In July 1853 he was awarded the title of professor of Dresden by the Saxon Art Association.

## Biography

Benno Friedrich Törmer was born on 4 July 1804 in Dresden, the Borough of Neustadt, in current Germany. He was the second son of a Royal Saxon Captain and drawing teacher at the Dresden Engineering Academy. Törmer's nephew was the painter Hugo Törmer (1846-1902) of Loschwitz in Dresden.
Törmer wanted to be an artist at an early age, by the time he was 15 he had entered the Dresden Art Academy, studying under Karl Vogel von Vogelstein. While a student, he worked on the art in the Chapel and dining room at Pillnitz Castle, the summer home of electors and kings of Saxony.
In August 1829 he was awarded a fellowship for a two-year study in Italy. The fellowship was renewed for another three years. Rome became his second home where he became a Papal legate and later professor. He unexpectedly died in Rome from a heart attack on 6 February 1859.

## Works

* The Introduction (1829)
* Junge Italienerinnen an einem Brunnen bei Ariccia (1834) (Young Italian women at a fountain near Ariccia)
* The Music Lesson (1857) – has been on display at the Royal Picture Gallery in Dresden.
* Falcon Hunters with the Ladies—was purchased in 1839 by the Saxon Art Association
* Three images were reproduced by the Saxon Art Association,
** "Lady at the Finery Table", engraved by A. Krueger,
** "Rinaldo and Armida", engraved by E. Stölzel
** "Overheard Nymphs Swim by Satyr", engraved by von Kluge.
* The Falconer, Berlin
* The Laurel Tribute, Rome
* Tempel des Antonius und der Faustina, Rome (1840) (Temple of the Antonius and the Faustina)
* Portrait of American author Julia Ward Howe (author of the Battle Hymn of the Republic ca. 1843)
* Ruins with Cannon and Soldiers (1849)
* Diana at her Bath, Rome (1852)
* Diana and her Nymphs
* La mort de l'oiseau (1852)(The Death of the Bird)
* Giving Alms to Poor (1854)
* Charity (1854)
# Dutch culture

Dutch culture may refer to:
* used more narrowly, the Culture of the Netherlands
* used more widely, the culture of Dutch-speaking Europe, including:
** Dutch architecture
** Dutch literature
** Dutch music
** Dutch festivities
** Dutch folklore
# Dutch cutter Kemphaan (1781)

The Dutch cutter Kemphaan, meaning "game cock", was launched in 1781 as a 12-gun advice boat, with a mission of carrying dispatches between the Netherlands and its colonies. The Dutch increased her length by almost a quarter in 1787, gave her six more guns, and made a brig-sloop out of her. The British captured her in 1799 when they captured Suriname. She then served briefly in the Royal Navy as HMS Camphaan before she was broken up in early 1802.

## Dutch service and capture

There are accounts of Kemphaan's service in the 1780s (in Dutch). In August 1781 she was at the battle of Dogger Bank.
In 1782 she was under the command of Lieutenant Johannes Janse Eye (Jean Jantzen Eye). In 1787 the Dutch extended Kemphaan and converted her to a brig-sloop. Between October 1793 and 31 August 1794, Captain Frans Smeer escorted a convoy of merchantmen to the West Indies.
On 20 August 1799, a British force under the command of Lieutenant-General Thomas Trigge and Vice Admiral the Right Honourable Lord Hugh Seymour captured the Dutch colony of Suriname. Among the various items of booty was the Dutch brig-sloop Kemphaan and the French corvette Hussard. Kemphaan was under the command of Kaptain P. Smeer, and was described as having an armament of sixteen 6-pounder guns. Seymour appointed Lieutenant Richard Thwaite, of Prince of Wales to command Camphaan.

## Fate

Camphaan was sold in April 1802 for breaking up.
# Şagadam Stadium

40°00′52″N 52°59′17″E﻿ / ﻿40.014578°N 52.987995°E﻿ / 40.014578; 52.987995
Shagadam Stadium (Turkmen: «Şagadam» stadiony; Russian: Стадион «Шагадам») is a stadium in Turkmenbashi, Turkmenistan. It is currently used mostly for Ýokary Liga football matches and serves as the home for Şagadam Türkmenbaşy. The stadium originally had natural grass and capacity for 1,500 peoples.

## History

The stadium hosted soccer 2006 Turkmenistan Cup and 2021 Turkmenistan Cup finals.
# Cambodian National Insurance Company

Cambodian National Insurance Company (CAMINCO) is a Cambodian private insurance company with 25% of its shares owned by the Royal Government of Cambodia. It is a subsidiary of Varyia BVB Insurance.

## History

CAMINCO was officially incorporated in 1990, becoming the first insurance company in Cambodia. It began its operations during June 1993.
In 2000, the Insurance Law was passed and in 2001, the Sub-decree Nº132 on Insurance came into force. As a result, CAMINCO restructured into a state owned enterprise. CAMINCO was able to meet the capital requirement of USD 7 Millions, the insurance company to do so, and the only company to receive the 5-year license on General Insurance Services from the Ministry of Economy and Finance.
On Monday 6 April 2009, the Royal Government of Cambodia sold 75% of its shares in the formerly state owned CAMINCO insurance company for US$5.7 million. The Royal Government however, retains a 25% share in the company. The existence of the deal was not widely known. Cheam Yeap, the head of the National Assembly's banking and finance committee and a Cambodian People's Party MP, told the Phnom Penh Post that he knew nothing about it.

## Business partners

* Swiss Reinsurance Company
* Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Company
* Tokio Marine & Fire Insurance
* Toa Reinsurance Company
* Korean Reinsurance Company
* S.A. Jean Verheyen
* Malaysian Reinsurance Berhad
* BEST RE
* General Insurance Corporation of India (GICI)
* Asian Reinsurance Corporation
* Ho Chi Minh City Insurance Company (Bao Minh)
* Professional Insurance Brokers
# Albuera (1854 ship)

Albuera was launched at Moulmain (British Burma), in 1854. She made three voyages to Adelaide between 1854 and 1874. In 1858 she transported eleven convicts from Calcutta, India to Fremantle, Western Australia, arriving on 28 October 1858. The eleven convicts were all soldiers and sailors who had been convicted by court-martial in India, and sentenced to transportation. There were no other passengers on board. She was last listed in 1881.

## List of convicts on the Albuera

| Name | Date of birth | Trial place | Trial date | Crime | Sentence |
| William Barr | 1818 | Tonghoo | 1856 | Insubordination | 14 years |
| Edward Connor | 1826 | Rangoon | 1857 | Desertion | 14 years |
| Joseph Deffin | 1830 | Secunderabad | 1856 | Striking a superior officer | Life |
| James Furlong | 1826 | Thayat | 1856 | Breach of articles of war | 14 years |
| Thomas Harrison | 1827 | Rangoon | 1857 | Desertion | 14 years |
| William Howard | 1824 | Kamptin | 1854 | Theft and desertion | 14 years |
| Thomas Mahoney | 1825 | Umballah | 1855 | Attempted murder | 14 years |
| James Mallon | 1824 | Kamptin | 1854 | Theft and desertion | 14 years |
| James McGrath | 1827 | Rangoon | 1857 | Desertion | 14 years |
| Denis McInerney | 1824 | Rangoon | 1857 | Desertion and stealing | 14 years |
| Peter Pruntree (aka Pruntee) | 1825 | Rangoon | 1857 | Desertion | 14 years |

## Citations

* ↑ South Australian Maritime Museum – Passengers in History: Albuera.
# 4-Pyridylnicotinamide

4-Pyridylnicotinamide (4-PNA), also known as N-(pyridin-4-yl)nicotinamide, is a kinked dipodal dipyridine which was originally developed for use in chemotherapy. As in its isomer 3-pyridylnicotinamide, the nitrogen atoms on its pyridine rings can donate their electron lone pairs to metal cations, allowing it to bridge metal centers and act as a bidentate ligand in coordination polymers. It is synthesized through the reaction of nicotinoyl chloride and 4-aminopyridine.
# Brief and Beautiful

"Brief and Beautiful" is the third single by Norwegian pop singer Maria Arredondo, released from her 4th album For a Moment. The single spent six weeks on the charts, peak at No.4.

## Charts

| Chart (2007) | Peak position |
| Norwegian Top 20 | #4 |
# Abortion in Tonga

Abortion in Tonga is severely restricted by criminal law, as nearly all abortions are illegal. Abortions are illegal in Tonga, unless medical authorities cite preservation of maternal health.

## Tongan law

Abortion in Tonga is restricted by sections 103 to 105 of the Criminal Offences Act.
* Section 103 makes administering a drug or noxious thing or unlawfully using an instrument or using any other means with the intent to procure the miscarriage of any woman or girl an offence with a sentence of up to seven years imprisonment.
* Section 104 makes it an offence with imprisonment of up to three years for a woman or girl to take or permit to be administered to her any drug or other noxious thing or to use or permit to be used on herself any instrument or other means with intent to procure a miscarriage.
* Section 105 creates an offence with imprisonment of up to four years for anyone supplying or procuring any drug or other noxious thing or any instrument knowing they are to be used for the purpose of procuring a miscarriage.
In addition, the Tonga Extradition Act allows persons to be extradited to specified countries when they are charged in those countries with an offence relating to abortion.