OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 5 Squadron SAAF

5 Squadron SAAF was a South African Air Force Fighter / Fighter-Bomber squadron during World War II. It was disbanded at the end of the war and was re-commissioned in 1950. It remained active until 2 October 1992, when it was disbanded; its Atlas Cheetah E aircraft were also decommissioned.

## History

The squadron was initially designated as a fighter-bomber unit and formed in Cape Town in April 1939. It was only active for eight months and was disbanded in December that year. It was re-formed on 7 May 1941 as a fighter squadron operating from Zwartkop Air Station equipped with Mohawk Vs. It deployed to Egypt in December 1941 re-equipped with Tomahawk IIBs.
The squadron was initially tasked with providing anti-shipping patrols and subsequently deployed as a fighter squadron over the Western Desert battlefield area. At the end of 1942 it received Kittyhawk IIIs and later Kittyhawk IVs and began to specialize in the ground-attack role, although still being retained as an ordinary fighter squadron as required. After the cessation of hostilities in Africa, the squadron moved to Malta to support the invasion of Sicily, after which it moved to that island and then on to mainland Italy. By the time the squadron was deployed to Italy, it was used only in the ground attack role.
While deployed to Italy, the squadron flew close air support and fighter-bomber missions, some over Yugoslavia. The squadron took part in the battles on the Sangro River, Monte Cassino and the Gustav and Gothic Lines. The Kittyhawks were replaced by Mustang IIIs (and later Mustang IVs) and these aircraft were retained until the end of the war in Italy when the squadron was disbanded.
5 Squadron was re-formed in Durban in December 1950 as an 'Active Citizen Force' unit flying Harvards. It was re-equipped with Impala Mk Is in July 1973 and Impala Mk IIs in early 1981. The squadron then moved to AFB Louis Trichardt to be equipped with Cheetah Es. It was finally disbanded on 2 October 1992 when its Cheetah aircraft were decommissioned.

## Aircraft

* Curtiss Mohawk 1941
* Curtiss Tomahawk 1941–1942
* Curtiss Kittyhawk Mark III Italy, 1942–1945
* Mustangs of 5 Squadron SAAF Italy, 1942–1945
* North American T-6 Harvard 1950–1973
* Atlas Impala Mk. I 1973–
* Atlas Impala Mk.II 1981–
* Atlas Cheetah E −1992
# Anita Rivas

Anita Carolina Rivas Párraga (born May 4, 1972) is an Ecuadorian lawyer and politician. She was the mayor of Puerto Francisco de Orellana from 2005 to 2019. In 2009 she visited the United Kingdom, Luxembourg and Spain to propose that oil in her area could remain unexploited if compensation could be found and Yasuni National Park's habitat would be preserved. The eventual support delivered was less than 0.5 per cent of the money requested. The oil revenue that was delivered was spent on items including the supply of toilets and drinking water.

## Life

Rivas was born in Puerto Francisco de Orellana in 1972, three years after her parents, Dioselinda Párraga and Enrique Rivas, moved from Manabí. Her secondary education was in Quito at the Colegio Padre Miguel Gamboa (Coca) and the Colegio Los Pinos. She went to gain her degrees in law and in Social Sciences and Economic Policies at the Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja.
In 1991 she joined her city's administration working in the police station, leading the library and directing their human resources. In 2000 she was elected a councillor and she served for four years with two of them as Deputy Mayor.
In 2005 she was elected to be the Mayor of Francisco de Orellana and in 2007 she and the prefect were accused of causing riots. Guadalupe Llori was arrested and they were both blamed but Rivas said they had only been trying to mediate the situation in Dayuma which she blamed on the President Rafael Correa. In 2008 she visited the United Kingdom for five days with a proposal to stop oil production and to leave the oil unexploited to make a contribution towards climate change. After meetings she flew to Luxembourg and on to Spain. She proposed that the Yasuni rainforest could be preserved if money could be found to compensate people for the loss of oil revenues. Rivas pleaded with Western consumers that their use of oil was destroying her land. She said oil production "has brought deforestation, displacement, pollution and diseases to the province, which despite this is the second poorest in the country". In 2012 she was working with the think tank Grupo FARO as she tried to negotiate concerning extractive industries in her area. The proposal was abandoned in 2013 after the president found that, despite all of the international support, less than 0.5 per cent of the funds required to mitigate lost revenue had arrived in Ecuador.
Rivas was re-elected in 2009 having changed her political allegiance in 2014. In 2014 she stood for the PAIS Alliance and was re-elected for a third term, having promised to spend oil revenues on toilets and drinking water.
Rivas has been helping organise support for the indigenous people who are obtaining grants of land that will enable them to preserve their way of life. She stood down in 2019, and Antonio Cabrera became the new mayor.
# Anisopodus sparsus

Anisopodus sparsus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae that was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1863.
# Annachlamys

Annachlamys is a genus of scallops, marine bivalve molluscs in the family Pectinidae.

## Species

The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species:
* Annachlamys flabellata (Lamarck, 1819)
* Annachlamys iredalei (Powell, 1958)
* Annachlamys kuhnholtzi (Bernardi, 1860)
* Annachlamys leopardu Iredale, 1939
* Annachlamys reevei (Adams in Adams & Reeve, 1850)
* Annachlamys striatula (Linnaeus, 1758)
# Annacatia Casagrande

Annacatia Casagrande (born April 1, 1964) is an Italian sprint canoer who competed in the early 1990s. She was eliminated in the semifinals of K-4 500 m event at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.
# Annakara

Annakara is a village in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India. Located on the western bank of Kechery river, it was earlier a border village, located near the junction of Malabar region of Madras presidency and Kochi kingdom. Annakara village comes under Mullassery Grama Panchayat. Chirakkal Bagavathy temple is located in this village.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Annakara had a population of 8125 with 3851 males and 4274 females.
# Annakeera Crossing

Annakeera Crossing was a level crossing near Annaghmore in County Armagh, Northern Ireland. By 1938 it was also a railway request halt.

## History

The Great Northern Railway opened the halt on its Portadown — Omagh line. The Ulster Transport Authority took over the GNR's remaining lines in Northern Ireland in 1958 and closed the halt in 1960.
# Annai, Guyana

Annai is an Amerindian village in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region of Guyana.
Annai stands at an altitude of 95 metres (314 feet), at the edge of the Rupununi savannah, where the cattle trail to the Atlantic coast begins. It is nestled in the foothills of the Pakaraima Mountains, and is close to the Rupununi River. Annai, considered to be the gateway to the Rupununi, is approximately 15 miles (24 km) north of Karanambo and is 416 km (258 mi) by road from the nation's capital, Georgetown.
Much of the population of the area are members of the Macushi people. Annai is one of the northernmost Macushi Amerindian villages in the North Rupununi Savannahs. It is mainly an agriculture community living on cassava and peanut farming, and cattle ranching. Electricity is provided by solar power. Public services include a nursery, primary, and secondary school as well as a public health centre. Annai's airstrip (NAI) allows light planes to land.
Annai is home to the Rock View Ecotourism Resort, an old ranch built in the 1950s. Rock View is a good base for trips to the Iwokrama International Centre for Rain Forest Conservation and Development.
Kwatamang is a satellite village of Annai that was settled in 1948, and a school was built there in 1990.
# Annaheim, Saskatchewan

Annaheim (2016 population: 210) is a village in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within the Rural Municipality of St. Peter No. 369 and Census Division No. 15. The village is located about 125 km east of the City of Saskatoon, at the junction of provincial Highway 756 and Highway 779. Annaheim hosts the offices of the Rural Municipality of St. Peter No. 369.

## History

Annaheim incorporated as a village on April 1, 1977. Annaheim means Anna's home (Anna's heim) in German.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Annaheim had a population of 206 living in 88 of its 95 total private dwellings, a change of -1.9% from its 2016 population of 210. With a land area of 0.7 km$^2$ (0.27 sq mi), it had a population density of 294.3/km$^2$ (762.2/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the Village of Annaheim recorded a population of 210 living in 87 of its 94 total private dwellings, a -4.3% change from its 2011 population of 219. With a land area of 0.78 km$^2$ (0.30 sq mi), it had a population density of 269.2/km$^2$ (697.3/sq mi) in 2016.

## Economy

Annaheim is the headquarters of Doepker Industries, a semi trailer and heavy machinery manufacturer, which is also the community's main employer.

## Attractions

The village has a Roman Catholic church (St. Ann's Parish), a community hall, skating rink, credit union, post office, New Horizons recreation and senior centre (including a bowling alley) and a bar.

## Education

The school in Annaheim contains approximately 100 students, from kindergarten to grade 12. In September of 2021, Annaheim got a new class, the Pre-K class. There are still fewer than 100 students.
# Annaheim

Annaheim may refer to:
* Melanie Annaheim, a Swiss triathlete
* Annaheim, Saskatchewan
* Annaheim meteorite, an iron meteorite recovered in 1916
# Ann Buchholtz

Ann K. Buchholtz was Professor of Leadership and Ethics and Research Director of the Institute for Ethical Leadership at Rutgers University. She served on the Board of Governors of the Academy of Management and was past Division Chair of the Social Issues in Management (SIM) division, as well as inaugural Chairperson of the Ethics Adjudication Committee at Academy of Management. She also served on the editorial board of Business & Society. She died on September 14, 2015, from complications related to surgery.

## Academic research

Buchholtz' research on ethics, social responsibility, and corporate governance was published in leading management journals, including Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Business and Society, Business Ethics Quarterly, Journal of Management, Journal of Management Studies, Organization Science.

## Academic career

Buchholtz received her Ph.D. from the Stern School of Business, New York University. She taught undergraduate, MBA and doctoral courses in strategic management, business ethics, organization theory, and others at Rutgers University, University of Georgia, and University of Connecticut.

## Books

With Archie Carroll, Buchholtz co-authored Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management.
# Anoectochilus sandvicensis

Anoectochilus sandvicensis, also called Hawaii jewel-orchid, is a species of plant in the family Orchidaceae. It is endemic to Hawaii. It is threatened by habitat loss. It is found in the Haleakala National Park. It grows in dense, dark, and continuously saturated forest. A. sandvicensis is a perennial herb which grows up to 20 in (51 cm) tall.
# AnonCoders

AnonCoders is a group of computer hackers. Using denial of service attacks, database hijacking, database leaks, admin panel takeovers, and other defacements, the group mainly targets Israeli websites in protest of crimes allegedly committed against the Palestinian people on behalf of Israel. AnonCoders began operation in January 2015.
AnonCoders' first attack was leveled against several major Israeli websites. In February, it attacked numerous French websites in opposition to cartoons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad published in Charlie Hebdo Magazine. The group has vandalized sites in Israel, Europe, and the United States.
# Anthony Llewellyn

John Anthony Llewellyn (22 April 1933 – 2 July 2013) was a Welsh-born American chemist, a former NASA astronaut candidate, and a NOAA aquanaut.

## Biography

Llewellyn was born in Cardiff, Wales, and graduated from Cardiff High School in 1949. He received his BSc degree from University College, Cardiff in 1955 and went on to achieve his PhD degree in chemistry in 1958. He married Valerie Mya Davies-Jones, and they had three children.

## Early career

After the award of his doctorate, Llewellyn moved to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, as a post-doctoral fellow at the National Research Council. In 1960, he went to Florida State University as a research associate in the Chemistry Department and was subsequently appointed assistant professor. In 1964, he was jointly appointed associate professor in the School of Engineering Science and the Department of Chemistry.

## Diving

Having been taught to dive by Jacques Cousteau, Llewellyn served as training director for Florida State University's diver training program. This was one of the first scuba diving certification programs in the United States. Among those he certified was sixteen year old E. Lee Spence, who received his certification on 10 July 1964. Spence went on to become one of the pioneers of underwater archaeology. Llewellyn's diving gave him experience in the feeling of weightlessness, which helped prepare him for his later training as an astronaut.

## NASA selection

Llewellyn was selected as a scientist-astronaut by NASA in August 1967, one of two non-US citizens selected. He participated in flight training as part of NASA Astronaut Group 6; however, he dropped out of flight school and resigned from NASA in September 1968. Llewellyn needed to learn to fly jets, and was not able to fly the jet with the cockpit blacked out.

## Post-NASA career

In 1971, Llewellyn joined the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, where for almost five years he was one of the four-person crew of Hydrolab, on the ocean floor in the Bahamas.
From 1971, Llewellyn was a full professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of South Florida, where he also served as Director of the College of Engineering's computing department, and later as University Director of Academic Computing, helping to initiate the university's courses in High-Performance Computing and electronic and distance learning. He retired from the directorship in 2007 and was Professor Emeritus in the Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering until his death. His research interests included methods of drug and gene delivery. His then current work was presented at the 2010 American Society for Gene and Cell Therapy and he was an invited session leader at the 2010 Gordon Conference in Bioelectrochemistry.

## Death

Llewellyn died on 2 July 2013 following a stroke.
# Anthony Proctor

Anthony Proctor was a 17th-century Anglican Dean in Ireland.
Proctor was Prebendary of Donoughmore in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin and Dean of Ferns from 1643 to 1661. Rector of Mullaghbrack from 1628 until 1662; Dean of Ferns from 1662 until his death in 1665;
# Antelope Lake (Clark County, South Dakota)

Antelope Lake is a lake in South Dakota, in the United States.
Antelope Lake was named for the frequent antelope near it in early days.
# Anthrenus boyesi

Anthrenus boyesi is a species of carpet beetle in the subgenus Nathrenus of the genus Anthrenus, family Dermestidae. It is known from Congo, Malawi, Swaziland, Zimbabwe, and South Africa (Cape, Namaqualand, Natal, Transvaal, Zululand).
# Annulusmagnus

Annulusmagnus is a genus of fungi in the Cephalothecaceae family of the Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the Sordariomycetes class is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any order. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Annulusmagnus triseptatus.
# Annulus (zoology)

In zoology, an annulus is an external circular ring. Annuli are commonly found in segmented animals such as earthworms and leeches. The bodies of these annelids are externally marked by annuli that are arranged in series with each other.
An annulus may also be an indication of growth in certain species, similar to dendrochronology. For example, in fish, it is a series of concentric rings (or annuli) formed in the scales of bony fish. In bivalve mollusks, annuli are concentric growth rings in their shells.
# Antefungivoridae

Antefungivoridae is an extinct family of fungus gnats and gall midges in the order Diptera. There are about 9 genera and more than 40 described species in Antefungivoridae.

## Genera

These nine genera belong to the family Antefungivoridae:
* † Antefungivora Rohdendorf, 1938
* † Antiquamedia Rohdendorf, 1938
* † Aortomima Zhang, Zhang, Liu & Shangguan, 1986
* † Baishuilingella Lin, 1980
* † Lycoriomimodes Rohdendorf, 1946
* † Mimallactoneura Rohdendorf, 1946
* † Paralycoriomima Rohdendorf, 1946
* † Pleciomima Rohdendorf, 1938
* † Sciaromima Kovalev, 1990
# Anthony Hutchison

Anthony LaRue Hutchison (born February 4, 1961) is a former American football running back in the National Football League (NFL) who played for the Chicago Bears and Buffalo Bills. He played college football for the Texas Tech Red Raiders. He was selected as the fifth pick in the tenth round of the 1983 NFL draft by the Bears, the 256th pick overall.
His professional football career ended in 1985, and Hutchinson started a landscaping company in Texas. In December 1989, in one of the nation's first federal prosecutions regarding knowingly hiring illegal aliens, Hutchinson and one of his employees were convicted of multiple charges related to employing illegal aliens. In March 1990, Hutchinson was sentenced to 60 days in jail, eight months of home detention, and a $2,000 fine.
# Anthony Hurd, Baron Hurd

Anthony Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd (2 May 1901 – 12 February 1966) was a British politician and former Conservative Member of Parliament for Newbury.

## Early life and parliamentary career

Hurd was educated at Marlborough College and Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he was a contemporary of Rab Butler. He was first elected to the Newbury constituency in the 1945 general election and won each successive election in Newbury until he was appointed to the House of Lords just before the 1964 general election. He was knighted for his political service in 1959.

## Life peerage

On 24 August 1964 he was created a Life Peer as Baron Hurd, of Newbury in the Royal County of Berks which entitled him to a seat in the House of Lords. He died 18 months later at the age of 64.

## Family

His father, Sir Percy Hurd, was MP for Devizes, his brother was Robert Hurd (architect); his son, Douglas now Lord Hurd of Westwell, was MP for Mid-Oxfordshire and former Foreign Secretary. His grandson, Nick Hurd was MP for Ruislip Northwood and Pinner from 2005 to 2019.

## Personal life

Hurd married on 26 September 1928 Stephanie Frances Corner daughter of Edred Moss Corner who was invested as a Fellow, Royal College of Surgeons (F.R.C.S.) and they had three children.
* Douglas Richard Hurd, Baron Hurd of Westwell CH CBE PC (1930-)
       British Conservative politician who served in the governments of Margaret Thatcher and John Major from 1979 to 1995.
* John Julian Hurd (1932-1951)
* Honourable Stephen Anthony Hurd (1933-2019)
# Antispila nysaefoliella

Antispila nysaefoliella (tupelo leafminer moth) is a species of moth of the family Heliozelidae. It is found in south-eastern North America.
The wingspan is about 8 mm. Adults are on wing in spring.
The larvae feed on Nyssa sylvatica. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Low (2008) observed that the larvae are able to make sounds using sclerotized structures on their dorsum and tail. Larvae can be found from late August to early September.
# Antispila iviella

Antispila iviella is a moth of the family Heliozelidae. It was described by Kuroko in 1961. It is found in Japan (Yakushima).
The wingspan is 5–6 mm. Adults appear in July.
The larvae feed on Parthenocissus tricuspidata. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Larvae have been recorded at the end of October.
# Anterior white commissure

The anterior white commissure (ventral white commissure) is a bundle of nerve fibers which cross the midline of the spinal cord just anterior (in front of) to the gray commissure (Rexed lamina X). A delta fibers (Aδ fibers) and C fibers carrying pain sensation in the spinothalamic tract contribute to this commissure, as do fibers of the anterior corticospinal tract, which carry motor signals from the primary motor cortex.
Two of the five sensory modalities, pain and temperature, cross sides at the anterior white commissure, reaching the contralateral side about two vertebral levels rostral to their origin. The spinothalamic tract thus decussates very soon after entering the spinal cord, ascending in the spinal cord, contralateral to the side from where it provides (pain and temperature) sensory information. Therefore, a lesion that is caudal to the sensory decussation where the remaining three-fifths modalities decussate (at the superior medulla) will result in contralateral (opposite sided) pain and temperature loss (as this has already crossed over at the anterior white commissure), whereas loss of crude touch, pressure, and proprioception will be ipsilateral (same sided) as these have not yet crossed over.
* This neuroanatomy article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Antique Breadboard Museum

The Antique Breadboard Museum is a small museum in Putney, London dedicated to breadboards (bread cutting boards).

## History

The breadboard collection was amassed by antique dealer Rosslyn Neave, after she died in 2017 her daughter Madeleine Neave opened the museum.

## Building

The museum is in an early terraced Victorian cottage in Putney, within the Charlwood road and Lifford street conservation area.

## Collection

There are over 400 breadboards in the collection, which date from 1848 to the 1990s. There are also bread knives, butter knives and butter dishes in the collection. The earliest dateable breadboard in the collection dates from 1848 and is by woodcarver William Gibbs Rogers (1792 - 1875).

## Education and research

Madeleine Neave wrote the book Vintage Breadboards about the collection, with recipes for breads and cakes contributed by Marie Lester (Instagram: marielesterbaker). The book was published by Prospect Books in Barnes in 2019.

## Access

Visits to the museum are by appointment, and are a personal tour from the museum owner for limited size groups, as only four can fit around the collection table at one time.

## Transport

The museum is a 5-minute walk from Putney High Street, which is served by Transport for London buses 14, 22, 220, 337, 37 and 39. Putney railway station (Southwestern Railway) is an 8-minute walk from the museum. The Santander Cycles Putney Rail Station docking station is a 10-minute walk from the museum.
# Anti-Heroes (Auryn album)

Anti-Héroes is the second studio album released by Spanish boyband Auryn. It debuted at No.1 on the PROMUSICAE official Spanish Albums Chart.

## Charts
### Weekly Charts

| Year (2011) | Peak position |
| PROMUSICAE Spanish Albums Chart | 1 |

### Annual Charts

| Year-End Chart (2013) | Peak position |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 11 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Sales/Shipements |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | Platinum | 40,000 |