OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Birdie Alexander

Birdie Alexander (March 24, 1870 – August 2, 1960) was an American educator and music teacher. She was a charter member of the Music Supervisors' National Conference. Alexander is credited with laying the foundations of music education in the Dallas public schools.

## Biography

Alexander was born on March 24, 1870, in Lincoln County, Tennessee. Later, she and her family moved to Texas and she attended school in Forney, Texas and also at Mary Nash College. She returned to Tennessee to study piano and voice at Ward Seminary, graduating in 1891. When she graduated, she and her family moved to Dallas. Alexander became the Dallas Public School's music supervisor and worked there for twelve years during which she established a "first rate system of music education." She organized special concerts for students with conductor Walter Fried. Alexander was a charter member of the Music Supervisors' National Conference, founded in 1907. When officials cut back on music programs, Alexander created her own music textbook, published in 1912, called Songs We Like to Sing. Alexander was also instrumental in bringing a victrola to play music for her students. She was also invited to lecture on music education at the University of Texas.
Alexander moved to El Paso for health reasons in 1913 after contracting tuberculosis. Her brother-in-law, Robert B. Homan, Sr., was a physician and ran a sanatorium in El Paso called Homan's San. Alexander stayed at the sanatorium for four years where she worked in the office and didn't feel that she would be able to go back to teaching music. Eventually, Alexander began to give piano lessons for her niece and word began to spread and soon Alexander had many students. There were times when she had more students than she could teach and in those situations, she would refer them to other teachers.
Alexander was made an honorary life member of the National Music Teachers' Association of Texas in 1941. Formerly, she had served as president of the organization. In addition, she put together the music department for the Texas State Teachers Association.

## Death and legacy

Alexander died in her home in El Paso on August 2, 1960. She was buried in Evergreen Cemetery in El Paso. An elementary school named after Alexander was dedicated in Dallas in March 1970.
# 1567 in Ireland

Events from the year 1567 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Monarch: Elizabeth I

## Events

* May 8 – Battle of Farsetmore is fought near Letterkenny in Donegal. Shane O'Neill, chief of the O’Neills of Tír Eoghain, is defeated by the MacDonnells led by Aodh mac Maghnusa Ó Domhnaill who thus free themselves from O’Neill overlordship.
* June 2 – Shane O'Neill is killed by the MacDonnells near Cushendun. O'Neill's head is severed and sent to the government in Dublin. His body is buried at CrossSkern Church in Ballyterrim townland, above Cushendun. He is succeeded as The O'Neill by his tanist, Turlough Luineach O'Neill.
* August 8 – Dr. Robert Weston is sworn in as Lord Chancellor of Ireland. Although a layman, he is also appointed Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin.

## Births

* Tiobóid na Long Bourke, 1st Viscount Mayo (born at sea), clan chief (d. 1629)
* Sir Paul Gore, 1st Baronet, politician and soldier (d. 1629)
* Eochaidh Ó hÉoghusa, poet (d. 1617)

## Deaths

* June 2 – Shane O'Neill, clan chief (b. c.1530)
* Cormac na Haoine MacCarthy Reagh, Prince of Carbery (b. 1490)
# 1983 World Junior Curling Championships

The 1983 World Junior Curling Championships were held from March 13 to 19 at the Medicine Hat Arena in Medicine Hat, Alberta, Canada. The tournament only consisted of a men's event.

## Teams

| Country | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Coach | Curling club |
| Canada | John Base | Bruce Webster | Dave McAnerney | Jim Donahoe | Rick Base | |
| Denmark | Jack Kjaerulf | Lasse Lavrsen | Henrik Jakobsen | Bo Frank | | Hvidovre CC |
| France | Dominique Dupont-Roc | Patrick Philippe | Christian Dupont-Roc | Thierry Mercier | | |
| West Germany | Christoph Möckel | Uwe Saile | Jürgen Kiesel | Andreas Sailer | | CC Schwenningen |
| Italy | Dennis Ghezze | Massimo Constantini | Paolo Bocus | Umberto Vacondio | | |
| Norway | Pål Trulsen | Flemming Davanger | Stig-Arne Gunnestad | Kjell Berg | Bo Bakke | |
| Scotland | Mike Hay | David Hay | David Smith | Russell Keiller | | |
| Sweden | Sören Grahn | Niclas Järund | Henrik Holmberg | Anders Svennerstedt | | Karlstads CK |
| Switzerland | Raoul Perren | Donat Perren | Diego Perren | Peto Biner | | |
| United States | Al Edwards | Mark Larson | Kenny Mickelson | Dana Westemeier | | |

## Round robin

| Place | Team | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | Wins | Losses |
| 1 | Canada | * | 6:2 | 2:5 | 7:4 | 6:5 | 7:6 | 5:7 | 15:3 | 6:4 | 8:5 | 7 | 2 |
| 2 | Norway | 2:6 | * | 4:5 | 7:4 | 7:6 | 6:2 | 6:3 | 5:4 | 8:6 | 11:3 | 7 | 2 |
| 3 | United States | 5:2 | 5:4 | * | 5:4 | 7:8 | 5:4 | 6:4 | 6:4 | 3:6 | 10:3 | 6 | 3 |
| 4 | Scotland | 4:7 | 4:7 | 4:5 | * | 6:7 | 10:6 | 3:5 | 6:5 | 7:2 | 13:4 | 5 | 4 |
| 4 | Denmark | 5:6 | 6:7 | 8:7 | 7:6 | * | 6:4 | 5:4 | 2:8 | 2:7 | 8:3 | 5 | 4 |
| 6 | Switzerland | 6:7 | 2:6 | 4:5 | 6:10 | 4:6 | * | 5:2 | 5:2 | 4:3 | 9:3 | 4 | 5 |
| 7 | Sweden | 7:5 | 3:6 | 4:6 | 5:3 | 4:5 | 2:5 | * | 6:4 | 5:6 | 12:3 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | Germany | 3:15 | 4:5 | 4:6 | 5:6 | 8:2 | 2:5 | 4:6 | * | 7:4 | 7:4 | 3 | 6 |
| 9 | France | 4:6 | 6:8 | 6:3 | 2:7 | 7:2 | 3:4 | 6:5 | 4:7 | * | 1:9 | 3 | 6 |
| 10 | Italy | 5:8 | 3:11 | 3:10 | 4:13 | 3:8 | 3:9 | 3:12 | 4:7 | 9:1 | * | 1 | 8 |
    Teams to playoffs
    Teams to tiebreaker

### Tiebreaker

| Team | Final |
| Scotland | 4 |
| Denmark | 3 |

## Playoffs

| Semifinal | Semifinal | Semifinal | Gold Medal Game | Gold Medal Game | Gold Medal Game |
| 1 | Canada | 7 | | | |
| 4 | Scotland | 5 | | | |
| 4 | Scotland | 5 | 1 | Canada | 7 |
| | | | 3 | Norway | 2 |
| 2 | Norway | 6 | 3 | Norway | 2 |
| 3 | United States | 4 | Bronze medal game | Bronze medal game | Bronze medal game |
| | | | 4 | Scotland | 6 |
| | | | 3 | United States | 4 |

## Final standings

| Place | Team | Games played | Wins | Losses |
| | Canada | 11 | 9 | 2 |
| | Norway | 11 | 8 | 3 |
| | Scotland | 12 | 7 | 5 |
| 4 | United States | 11 | 6 | 5 |
| 5 | Denmark | 10 | 5 | 5 |
| 6 | Switzerland | 9 | 4 | 5 |
| 7 | Sweden | 9 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | Germany | 9 | 3 | 6 |
| 9 | France | 9 | 3 | 6 |
| 10 | Italy | 9 | 1 | 8 |

## Awards

* WJCC Sportsmanship Award: Mike Hay
All-Star Team:
* Skip: John Base
* Third: Niclas Järund
* Second: Stig-Arne Gunnestad
* Lead: Dana Westemeier
# Ernesto Ganelli

Ernesto Ganelli (24 February 1901 – 9 September 1985) was an Italian civil engineer who designed various public and religious buildings in Tuscany.

## Biography

Born in Alessandria, Ganelli graduated in civil engineering at the Sapienza University of Rome in 1924. He moved to Grosseto, Tuscany, where he became one of the most influential civil engineers and architects of that city. In his career he designed hundreds of public, religious and private buildings in southern Tuscany, and he designed almost all of the churches built in the dioceses of Grosseto and Pitigliano-Sovana-Orbetello during the 20th century.

## Works (selection)

* Palazzo ONMI (1933–1934) in Grosseto
* Elementary School (1934) in Sassofortino
* Restoration of Palazzo Stella d'Italia (1934) in Grosseto
* Episcopal Seminary (1934–1936) in Grosseto
* Church of San Giuseppe (1935–1940) in Grosseto
* Church of San Guglielmo d'Aquitania (1935–1940) in Braccagni
* Clergy house of the Grosseto Cathedral (1936) in Grosseto
* Orphanage for boys "Giuseppe Garibaldi" (1936) in Grosseto
* Orphanage for girls "San Lorenzo" (1936) in Grosseto
* Church of Medaglia Miracolosa (1936–1937) a Grosseto
* Episcopal Seminary (1936) in Roccatederighi
* Church of Santi Paolo e Barbara (1938–1941) in Ribolla
* Church of San Rocco (1946–1948) in Marina di Grosseto
* Church of San Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo (1946–1951) in Grosseto
* Medical Dispensary (1948–1952) in Massa Marittima
* Medical Dispensary (1948–1952) in Grosseto
* Agricultural Technical Institute (1949–1953) in Grosseto
* Church of Santa Maria Ausliatrice (1950) in Marrucheti
* Medical Dispensary (1950-1955) in Orbetello
* Church of Santa Maria Goretti (1951–1952) in Fonteblanda
* Retirement home "Francini" (1952) in Grosseto
* Church of Santa Maria delle Grazie (1953–1957) in Albinia
* Basilica of Sacro Cuore di Gesù (1954–1958) in Grosseto
* Church of Apparizione (1956) in Montenero, Livorno
* Church of San Giuseppe Lavoratore (1956–1957) in Bagno di Gavorrano
* Church of Santi Lorenzo e Mamiliano (1958) in Giglio Porto
* Church of Santa Margherita (1958) in Poggi del Sasso
* Church of Madonna del Rosario (1958) in Pian d'Alma
* Church of San Donato (1958–1961) in San Donato
* Church of Nostra Signora del Sacro Cuore (1959) in Bagnore
* Church of San Giovanni (1963) in Semproniano
* Restoration of the church of Misercordia (1968) in Grosseto
# East Haven

East Haven or Easthaven may refer to:

## Places

* East Haven, Angus, Scotland
* East Haven, Connecticut, United States
* East Haven, Indiana, United States
* East Haven, Vermont, United States

## Games

* Easthaven (card game), a variant of the patience or solitaire known as Westcliff
* Easthaven, a place in the role-playing video game Icewind Dale
# Deepika Kundaji

Deepika Kundaji (born c. 1963) is an Indian farmer whose methods gained national attention and an award from the Government of India. The Nari Shakti Puraskar award was made by the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind. The award is India's highest civilian award for women.

## Life

She was born in about 1963 and she spent her childhood in Karnataka. She trained to be an archaeologist and she is married.
She has created the Pebble Garden in Auroville near Pondicherry which is an experiment. The Pebble Garden is built on dry valueless land. She is transforming the land without using external chemicals or even natural compost. She knows that plants are mostly created from the air and only a small part of them comes from the soil. If she can get a few varieties to thrive then they will create compost as they die and are replaced. Once this has started then other varieties can be introduced. She has worked with her huband Bernard Declercq since 1994 and they do not use external labour on their 9 acres of Pebble garden. The seven acres they own is an example of a type of land that was ruined they say by deforestation by French and British colonists. If they find out how to fix their land then there is 93 million hectares of land in India that also needs to be restored to productive and sustainable use.
In 2009 she had spoken about the importance of seeds. She believes that the local farmers in Auroville need to concentrate on preserving their seeds. The poor land is being transformed slowly using 80-90 different seed varieties but to achieve success they need to save and distribute about 3,000 packets of seeds. She ensures that the hardiest of varieties are conserved so that they can transform the land. She understands climate change is coming but it isn't new - climate does change. Kundaji notes that humans have been cultivating crops for 10,000 years and we need to exploit the varieties of crops that are available.
Her award of the Nari Shakti Puraskar was made in the Durbar room of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (Presidential Palace) by the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind, on International Women's Day. The award is India's highest civilian award for women. She had not been expecting the award. She had flown to New Delhi the night before after an official had contacted her at the start of March to mention the award. She had been dealing with both her brother and her mother who had needed her support when the phone call came.
# Bathers Beach, Fremantle

Bathers Beach, also known as Whalers Beach, is a section of coastline that has a written history since the European settlement of what is now called Fremantle, Western Australia.
In the 1890s it was bounded to the south by the Long and Short jetties.
In the 1930s and 1940s it was called City Beach.
The water offshore has also been called Bathers Bay. It is the shore below the Round House and is located just south of Arthur Head, at the entrance to Fremantle Harbour with the South Mole starting at its northern side.

## History

On 4 September 1829 Marquis of Anglesea dragged her anchors and was wrecked on Bathers Beach during a gale. A rocky promontory, which defined the southern end of the beach (now hidden beneath reclaimed land) and from which the Fremantle Long Jetty extended, was subsequently named "Anglesea Point".
Daniel Scott, who was the local harbour master, businessman and chair of the town council, made substantial investment in the Fremantle Whaling Company in 1837. An impressive investment was made when the company created a 57-metre-long (187 ft) tunnel that linked the beach to the High Street, allowing easy access for transporting heavy equipment or products. The tunnel was built underneath the substantial Round House without damage. It was dug in five months and completed in January 1838. This rapid progress was possible because prisoners from the Round House were used, the rock was capable of being mined with a pick axe, and the work was overseen by Henry Willey Reveley. Today the tunnel is only 45 metres (148 ft) long as the cliffs were cut back some time after 1880.
There were two local whaling companies started in 1836 but the Fremantle Whaling Company was based here. This company, which included investors in Liverpool, had mixed fortunes as the market collapsed in 1840. However the company did build a whaling station at Bathers Beach. The station included the tunnel and a number of buildings and a jetty where whales could be processed. Scott rented this station in the 1840s and he also operated a number of whaling ships including Napoleon and Merope. The whaling business does not appear to have been driven hard and Scott sold up his whaling boats and equipment in 1850. The Fremantle Whaling Company also ceased to operate that year. (Scott's new task was accommodating convicts that year.)
Due to the range of activities since the 1820s, including whaling, the area adjacent to the beach has attracted archaeological interest.
# Coppery sprite

The coppery sprite (Arielulus cuprosus), also known as the coppery pipistrelle, is a species of vesper bat found only in Malaysia.
# 1671 Chaika

1671 Chaika, provisional designation 1934 TD, is a background asteroid from the Astraea region in the central asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 3 October 1934, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The assumed S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 3.8 hours. It was named for Soviet cosmonaut Valentina Tereshkova.

## Orbit and classification

According to a HCM-analysis by Nesvorný, Chaika is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population, while for Milani and Knežević, it is a member of the larger Astraea family, named after 5 Astraea. The Astraea family is not recognized by Nesvorný as a collisional asteroid family, who rather considers it an artifact in the model due to a resonant alignment.
It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.9–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 2 months (1,520 days; semi-major axis of 2.59 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.26 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed at the Lowell Observatory in April 1907. The body's observation arc begins at the Tokyo Observatory (389) in November 1930, almost 4 years prior to its official discovery observation at Simeiz–Crimea.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in honor of Soviet cosmonaut Valentina "Chaika" Tereshkova (born 1937). Tereshkova received the call sign "Chaika" – the Russian word for seagull – as she was the first woman to fly in space. The asteroid's name was proposed by the Institute of Theoretical Astronomy (ITA) in St Petersburg. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 June 1967 (M.P.C. 2740).

## Physical characteristics

Chaika is an assumed, stony S-type asteroid.

### Rotation period

In November 2005, a rotational lightcurve of Chaika was obtained from photometric observations by Italian astronomers Roberto Crippa, Federico Manzini and Josep Coloma. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 3.7718±0.0002 hours with a brightness variation of 0.18 magnitude (U=3). John Menke in collaboration with Walter Cooney and David Higgins determined a concurring period of 3.774±0.003 hours with an amplitude of 0.20 magnitude (U=3).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Chaika measures between 7.5 and 13.3 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.12 and 0.29. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for a stony asteroid of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 11.30 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.1.
# Cilt

Cilt or CILT can refer to:
* Cilt, a Welsh kilt — see Kilt#Other Celtic nations
* Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport
* CILT-FM, a music radio station in Canada
# Estadio Edgar Peña Gutierrez

The Estadio Edgar Peña Gutierrez is a football stadium in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. It opened on 30 October 2015. The stadium has a capacity of 17,000.
# Eaves (disambiguation)

Eaves may refer to:
* Eaves, the edges of a roof
* Eaves (surname), a surname
* Eaves, Lancashire, a place in England, United Kingdom
* Eaves, a women's housing charity, United Kingdom
# Bills of Exchange Act 1908

The Bills of Exchange Act 1908 is an Act of the New Zealand Parliament which regulates bills of exchange and related promissory notes. It is based on the Imperial Bills of Exchange Act 1882 (UK). The Act also applies to the Realm of New Zealand, which includes the Cook Islands and Niue as well as New Zealand.
Sections 11 to 14 of the Statutes Amendment Act 1946, the Cheques Act 1960, the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 1963, the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 1971, the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 1979, and the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 1995, are deemed part of the Bills of Exchange Act 1908.
The Bills of Exchange Act 1908 consolidates the Bills of Exchange Act 1883, the Bills of Exchange Act 1883 Amendment Act 1884, and the Bills of Exchange Act Amendment Act 1905.

## Amendments

Sections 4(1) and (1A) were substituted for section 4(1) by section 3 of the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 2002.
The proviso was substituted for sections 14(a)(i) and (ii) by section 13 of the Statutes Amendment Act 1946. Section 14(a) was substituted by section 3(1) of the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 1979.
Section 30(2) was substituted by section 50 of the Credit Contracts Act 1981.
Section 40(2) was substituted by section 4(1) of the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 1979.
Sections 41(1)(da) and (2)(fa) were inserted by section 5 of the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 1979.
Section 75 was substituted by section 2 of the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 1971.
Section 82 was repealed by section 8(1) of the Cheques Act 1960.
Section 96A was inserted by section 4 of the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 2016.
Section 97 was repealed by section 2 of the Bills of Exchange Amendment Act 1963.
# Demetrida duplicata

Demetrida duplicata is a species of ground beetle in the Lebiinae subfamily. It was described by Darlington in 1968 and is found in Indonesia and New Guinea.
# Barsuan railway station

Barsuan railway station is a railway station on the South Eastern Railway network in the state of Odisha, India. It serves Barsuan village. Its code is BXF. It has one platform. One Passenger train starts from Barsuan railway station.
# Copper–chlorine cycle

The copper–chlorine cycle (Cu–Cl cycle) is a four-step thermochemical cycle for the production of hydrogen. The Cu–Cl cycle is a hybrid process that employs both thermochemical and electrolysis steps. It has a maximum temperature requirement of about 530 degrees Celsius.
The Cu–Cl cycle involves four chemical reactions for water splitting, whose net reaction decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen. All other chemicals are recycled. The Cu–Cl process can be linked with nuclear plants or other heat sources such as solar and industrial waste heat to potentially achieve higher efficiencies, lower environmental impact and lower costs of hydrogen production than any other conventional technology.
The Cu–Cl cycle is one of the prominent thermochemical cycles under development within the Generation IV International Forum (GIF). Through GIF, over a dozen countries around the world are developing the next generation of nuclear reactors for highly efficient production of both electricity and hydrogen.

## Process description

The four reactions in the Cu–Cl cycle are listed as follows:
* 2 Cu + 2 HCl(g) → 2 CuCl(l) + H$_2$(g) (430–475 °C)
* 2 CuCl$_2$ + H$_2$O(g) → Cu$_2$OCl$_2$ + 2 HCl(g) (400 °C)
* 2 Cu$_2$OCl$_2$ → 4 CuCl + O$_2$(g) (500 °C)
* 2 CuCl → CuCl$_2$(aq) + Cu (ambient-temperature electrolysis)
    Net reaction: 2 H$_2$O → 2 H$_2$ + O$_2$
    Legend: (g)—gas; (l)—liquid; (aq)—aqueous solution; the balance of the species are in a solid phase.
Atomic Energy of Canada Limited has demonstrated experimentally a CuCl electrolyzer in which hydrogen is produced electrolytically at the cathode and Cu(I) is oxidized to Cu(II) at the anode, thereby combining above steps 1 and 4 to eliminate the intermediate production and subsequent transport of solid copper.
Approximately 50% of the heat required to drive this reaction can be captured from the reaction itself. The other heat can be provided by any suitable process. Recent research has focused on a cogeneration scheme using the waste heat from nuclear reactors, specifically the CANDU supercritical water reactor.

## Advantages and disadvantages

Advantages of the copper–chlorine cycle include lower operating temperatures, the ability to use low-grade waste heat to improve energy efficiency, and potentially lower cost materials. In comparison with other thermochemical cycles, the Cu–Cl process requires relatively low temperatures of up to 530 °C (990 °F).
Another significant merit of this cycle is a relatively low voltage (thus low electrical energy expenditure) that is required for the electrochemical step (0.6 to 1.0 V, perhaps even 0.5 if lower current density can be achieved). The overall efficiency of the Cu–Cl cycle has been estimated to be just over 43%, excluding the additional potential gains of utilizing waste heat in the cycle.
Solids handling between processes and corrosive working fluids present unique challenges for the engineering equipment development. Among others, the following materials are being currently used: spray coatings, nickel alloys, glass-lined steel, refractory materials, and other advanced materials.