OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cephalocereus scoparius

Cephalocereus scoparius is a species of Cephalocereus from Mexico.

## Description

Cephalocereus scoparius grows tree-shaped and candelabra-like with richly branched, ascending shoots that are 8 to 15 centimeters in diameter. Growth heights of 6 to 12 meters are achieved. The clearly pronounced trunk has a diameter of up to 30 centimeters. The 14 to 30 very variable ribs are slightly bumpy and dented between the areoles. Its cross section is broadly triangular. The one or two central spines are black and turn gray with age. They are flattened, somewhat stiff, straight or slightly curved inward and 1.8 to 2.1 centimeters long. The usually five to nine flexible marginal spines are slightly curved downwards. They are initially dark and become lighter as they age. The marginal spines are 5 to 13 millimeters long. The flowering part of the shoots located at the top of older shoots is covered with numerous flexible bristles 5 to 13 centimeters long.
The bell-shaped flowers appear near the tips of the shoots. They are reddish, 1.8 to 2.1 centimeters long and reach a diameter of up to 3.1 centimeters. Its pericarpel and flower tube are covered with large tubercles and scales that later fall off. The spherical red fruits are up to 3 centimeters long.

## Distribution

Cephalocereus scoparius is distributed in the Mexican states of Oaxaca and Veracruz.

## Taxonomy

The first description as Pilocereus scoparius was made in 1853 by Heinrich Poselger. The specific epithet scoparius comes from Latin, means 'broom-like' and refers to the species' thorns. Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose placed the species in the genus Cephalocereus in 1909. Further nomenclature synonyms are Cereus scoparius (Poselg.) A.Berger (1905), Neobuxbaumia scoparia (Poselg.) Backeb. (1941) and Carnegiea scoparia (Poselg.) P.V.Heath (1992).
# 1977 West Virginia Mountaineers football team

The 1977 West Virginia Mountaineers football team represented West Virginia University in the 1977 NCAA Division I football season. It was the Mountaineers' 85th overall season and they competed as an independent. The team was led by head coach Frank Cignetti Sr., in his second-year, and played their home games at Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia. They finished the season with a record 5–6.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 10 | Richmond | Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV | W 36–0 | 35,545 |
| September 17 | at No. 11 Maryland | Byrd StadiumCollege Park, MD (rivalry) | W 24–16 | 45,123 |
| September 24 | at Kentucky | Commonwealth StadiumLexington, KY | L 13–28 | 57,796 |
| October 1 | at Virginia | Scott StadiumCharlottesville, VA | W 13–0 | 21,500 |
| October 8 | Temple | Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV | W 38–16 | 32,822 |
| October 15 | Boston College | Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV | L 24–28 | 36,211 |
| October 22 | at No. 10 Penn State | Beaver StadiumUniversity Park, PA (rivalry) | L 28–49 | 62,108 |
| October 29 | Villanova | Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV | L 36–41 | 31,175 |
| November 5 | No. 12 Pittsburgh | Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV (rivalry) | L 3–44 | 37,031 |
| November 12 | Virginia Tech | Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV (rivalry) | W 20–14 | 29,041 |
| November 19 | at Syracuse | Archbold StadiumSyracuse, NY (rivalry) | L 9–28 | 16,118 |
| HomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game ||||||
# Allan C. Hill

Allan C. Hill (September 23, 1948 in Norfolk, Virginia – September 10, 2007 in Sarasota, Florida) was an American Entrepreneur and Circus owner who founded the Great American Circus.
In 1992, Hills' company successfully bounced back from tragedy when an elephant stampeded out of control and had to be euthanized by police officers.
# 46th Battalion (South Saskatchewan), CEF

The 46th Battalion (South Saskatchewan), CEF, was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the Great War.

## History

The 46th Battalion was authorized on 7 November 1914 and embarked for Britain on 23 October 1915. On 11 August 1916 it disembarked in France, where it fought with the 10th Infantry Brigade, 4th Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. The battalion was disbanded on 30 August 1920.
The unit has come to be known as "The Suicide Battalion". The 46th Battalion lost 1,433 killed and 3,484 wounded – a casualty rate of 91.5 percent in 27 months.
The battalion recruited throughout Saskatchewan and was mobilized at Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan.
The 46th Battalion had two officers commanding:
* Lieutenant-Colonel H. Snell, 22 October 1915 – 29 August 1916
* Lieutenant-Colonel H.J. Dawson, CMG, DSO, 29 August 1916-Demobilization
One member of the 46th Battalion was awarded the Victoria Cross. Sergeant Hugh Cairns was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions at Valenciennes on 1 November 1918.

## Battle honours

The 46th Battalion was awarded the following battle honours:
* SOMME, 1916
* Ancre Heights
* Ancre, 1916
* ARRAS, 1917, '18
* Vimy, 1917
* HILL 70
* Ypres, 1917
* Passchendaele
* AMIENS
* Scarpe, 1918
* Drocourt-Quéant
* HINDENBURG LINE
* Canal du Nord
* VALENCIENNES
* FRANCE AND FLANDERS, 1916-18

## Perpetuation

The perpetuation of the 46th Battalion was assigned in 1920 to 2nd Battalion (46th Battalion, CEF), The South Saskatchewan Regiment, and it is now perpetuated by The Saskatchewan Dragoons.
* 2nd Battalion (46th Battalion, CEF), The South Saskatchewan Regiment: 1920–1924
* 1st Battalion (46th Battalion, CEF), The King's Own Rifles of Canada: 1924–1936
* The King's Own Rifles of Canada (MG): 1936–1942
* The King's Own Rifles of Canada: 1942–1946
* 20th (Saskatchewan) Armoured Regiment, RCAC: 1946–1949
* 20th Saskatchewan Armoured Regiment: 1949–1954
* The Saskatchewan Dragoons (20th Armoured Regiment): 1954–1958
* The Saskatchewan Dragoons: 1958–present
# Charles Wilson Greene

Charles Wilson Greene (1866–1947) was an American professor of physiology and pharmacology from Indiana.

## Biography

Greene was born in Milltown, Indiana. He graduated from DePauw Normal School in 1889 and from Leland Stanford in 1892. He was a physiology instructor from 1893 to 1896, when he began his Ph.D. at Johns Hopkins with Henry Newell Martin. In 1895, Greene married Flora Hartley. He completed his Ph.D. in 1898 and taught at DePauw Normal and Preparatory schools from 1889 to 1891, and at Stanford University between 1891 and 1900, when he became professor of physiology and pharmacology at the University of Missouri. There, he established the first laboratory for experimental pharmacology in the Mississippi Valley.
From 1901 to 1911 he also carried on investigations for the United States Bureau of Fisheries. His researches covered the structure and function of phosphorescent organs in the toadfish, the circulatory system of the hagfish, the physiology of the Chinook salmon, and the influence of inorganic salts on the cardiac tissues. He was editor of Kirke's Handbook of Physiology (Sixth American Revision, 1907) and authored Experimental Pharmacology (1905; third edition, 1909) and Textbook of Pharmacology (1914). He was involved in many national professional organizations. He was secretary of the American Physiological Society from 1915 to 1923 and that organization's president from 1934 to 1935.
Greene died on May 1, 1947.

## Eponymy

The Shoshone sculpin (Cottus greenei) was named in honour of Greene by Charles Henry Gilbert and George Bliss Culver in 1898.
# 1985 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship

The 1985 Greenlandic Men's Football Championship was the 15th edition of the Greenlandic Men's Football Championship. The final round was held in Nuuk. It was won by Nuuk IL for the third time in its history.

## Final standings

| Position | Team |
| 1st | Nuuk IL |
| 2nd | Disko-76 |
| 3rd | Kissaviarsuk-33 |
| 4th | Nagdlunguaq-48 |
| 5th | Nagtoralik Paamiut |
| 6th | Aqigssiaq Maniitsoq |
| 7th | Umanak BK 68 |
| 8th | Kugsak-45 |
# Gevilipitiya Town Grama Niladhari Division

Gevilipitiya Town Grama Niladhari Division is a Grama Niladhari Division of the Aranayaka Divisional Secretariat of Kegalle District of Sabaragamuwa Province, Sri Lanka . It has Grama Niladhari Division Code 45B.
Gevilipitiya Town is a surrounded by the Dippitiya, Gevilipitiya Gama, Moragammana, Narangammana and Vilpola Grama Niladhari Divisions.

## Demographics
### Ethnicity

The Gevilipitiya Town Grama Niladhari Division has a Sinhalese majority (94.2%) . In comparison, the Aranayaka Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Gevilipitiya Town Grama Niladhari Division) has a Sinhalese majority (90.1%)
Ethnicity in Gevilipitiya Town

### Religion

The Gevilipitiya Town Grama Niladhari Division has a Buddhist majority (94.2%) . In comparison, the Aranayaka Divisional Secretariat (which contains the Gevilipitiya Town Grama Niladhari Division) has a Buddhist majority (90.0%)
Religion in Gevilipitiya Town
vtePlaces adjacent to Gevilipitiya Town Grama Niladhari Division :
Narangammana
Gevilipitiya Gama
Gevilipitiya Town Grama Niladhari Division
Dippitiya
Moragammana
Vilpola :
# Dina Martina

Dina Martina is the stage name of Grady West, a drag performer who has also been described as a comedian, dancer, performance artist, and singer.

## Career

Dina Martina's shows have included Chariots of Failure, Fine Avec Me, and an annual Christmas production sometimes called Dina Martina Christmas Show.

## Personal life

West "splits time" between Seattle and Provincetown, Massachusetts, as of 2020.
# Central Branch of Greater Victoria Public Library

The Central Branch of the Greater Victoria Public Library (GVPL) is the system's main branch, located at 735 Broughton Street in the downtown core of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. The Heritage Room includes a special collection with approximately 2,500 items related to the history of Vancouver Island.
# 1981–82 European Cup (handball)

The 1981–82 European Cup was the 22nd edition of Europe's premier club handball tournament.

## Knockout stage
### Round 1

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Sporting CP | 47–59 | USM Gagny | 25–27 | 22–32 |
| Ionikos Athens | 33–76 | Honvéd Budapest | 22–39 | 11–37 |
| CSKA Sofia | 64–39 | Beşiktaş İstanbul | 37–17 | 27–22 |
| NCR/Blauw-Wit Neerbeek | 33–36 | Sporting Neerpelt | 19–21 | 14–15 |
| Brentwood'72 HC | 44–57 | HB Dudelange | 25–32 | 19–25 |
| Maccabi Petah Tikva | 45–55 | ASKÖ Linz | 27–28 | 18–27 |
| Sjundea IF | 42–42 | Nordstrand IF | 20–15 | 22–27 |
| Cividin Trieste | 38–41 | St. Otmar St. Gallen | 23–21 | 15–20 |

### Round 2

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Honvéd Budapest | 58–55 | USM Gagny | 34–28 | 24–27 |
| CSKA Sofia | 42–43 | Vikingaernas Helsingborg | 24–21 | 18–22 |
| Helsingor IF | 45–37 | Sporting Neerpelt | 26–16 | 19–21 |
| HB Dudelange | 30–56 | VSŽ Košice | 15–31 | 15–25 |
| Borac Banja Luka | 63–44 | ASKÖ Linz | 32–22 | 31–22 |
| SC Magdeburg | 30–31 | TV Großwallstadt | 15–13 | 15–18 |
| Víkingur Reykjavík | 36–38 | Atlético Madrid | 14–15 | 22–23 |
| St. Otmar St. Gallen | 59–40 | Sjundea IF | 28–24 | 31–16 |

### Quarterfinals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Vikingaernas Helsingborg | 55–67 | Honvéd Budapest | 28–27 | 27–40 |
| VSŽ Košice | 46–46 | Helsingor IF | 32–26 | 14–20 |
| TV Großwallstadt | 34–31 | Borac Banja Luka | 19–16 | 15–15 |
| Atlético Madrid | 39–40 | St. Otmar St. Gallen | 21–18 | 18–22 |

### Semifinals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Helsingor IF | 44–46 | Honvéd Budapest | 23–22 | 21–24 |
| St. Otmar St. Gallen | 34–32 | TV Großwallstadt | 16–15 | 18–17 |

### Finals

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Honvéd Budapest | 49–34 | St. Otmar St. Gallen | 25–16 | 24–18 |
# Daniel Jobin

Daniel Jobin (born 1949) is a Canadian cinematographer from Quebec. He is a two-time Genie Award nominee for Best Cinematography, receiving nods at the 12th Genie Awards in 1991 for Cargo and at the 17th Genie Awards in 1996 for Lilies, and a four-time Jutra/Iris Award nominee for Best Cinematography, receiving nominations at the 11th Jutra Awards in 2009 for Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur), at the 12th Jutra Awards in 2010 for Je me souviens, at the 14th Jutra Awards in 2012 for Coteau rouge, and at the 18th Quebec Cinema Awards in 2016 for The Passion of Augustine (La Passion d'Augustine).

## Filmography

* A Woman in Transit (La Femme de l'hôtel) - 1984
* The Choice of a People (La Choix d'un peuple) - 1985
* Transit - 1986
* Marie in the City (Marie s'en va-t-en ville) - 1987
* Cargo - 1990
* Louis 19, King of the Airwaves (Louis 19, le roi des ondes) - 1994
* Lilies - 1996
* The Hanging Garden - 1997
* It's Your Turn, Laura Cadieux (C't'à ton tour, Laura Cadieux) - 1998
* Laura Cadieux II (Laura Cadieux...la suite) - 1999
* Island of the Dead - 2000
* Wedding Night (Nuit de noces) - 2001
* The Collector (Le Collectionneur) - 2002
* The United States of Albert (Les États-Unis d'Albert) - 2005
* Mommy Is at the Hairdresser's (Maman est chez le coiffeur) - 2008
* Je me souviens - 2009
* The Child Prodigy (L'Enfant prodige) - 2010
* Stay with Me (Reste avec moi) - 2010
* Coteau rouge - 2011
* Pink Ribbons, Inc. - 2011
* Love Project - 2014
* The Passion of Augustine (La Passion d'Augustine) - 2015
* Kiss Me Like a Lover (Embrasse-moi comme tu m'aimes) - 2016
# Alpay (singer)

Ahmet Alpay Nazikioğlu (born 1935 in Ankara), better known simply as Alpay, is a Turkish singer. He began his musical career in 1960, and has experimented with a number of styles, from romantic folk to rock. He also has covered a number of French and Italian songs.
Alpay is best known with his hit songs "Eylülde Gel" and "Fabrika Kızı".

## Discography
### 45rpms

* Norma Mia (Alpay) / Maç Twist (Şanar Yurdatapan) (1964)
* The Girl In My Town / Mi Sono Innamorato Di Te (1964)
* Esterella Del Mar / If (1964)
* First Kiss / Wheeping River (1964, re-released in 1967)
* Efem / Gelin Ayşem (1965, re-released in 1967)
* Now I'm Alone / Tango Per Favore (1965, re-released in 1967)
* Kara Tren / Waiting On The Hills (1965, re-released in 1967)
* Usted / Luna De Benigrom (1965, re-released in 1967)
* El Vagabundo / Una Ventura Mas (1965, re-released in 1967)
* Estrella Del Mar / Rodico (1967)
* I'll Always Love You / O Mio Signore (1967)
* Final (Şiir) / Ne Reviens Plus - Kirpiklerin Ok Ok Eyle (1967)
* Et Je Sais / Little Bird - My Only Desire (1967)
* E'Finita Cosi / Chove Chova (1967)
* Son Dakikalarim / Kilimandjaro-Jamaica Fara Well (1967)
* Cennet Yolu / Dur Dur Gitme (1968)
* Boş Kadeh / Yağmur (1969)
* Asla Bir Daha Sevemem / Kimse Bilmez Yarın Ne Olur (1969)
* Bekle Aynı İskelede / Aşk Rüyası (1969)
* Bir Tutam Saç / İnsan Hayal Ettiği Müddetçe Yaşar (1969)
* Şehrazat / Bekleyiş (1969)
* Raman - Gelin Ayşe / Kara Tren - Efem (1969)
* Sen Gidince / La La La (1969)
* Susadım Sana / Seninle Ölmek (1970)
* Tren / Bir Akşam (1970)
* Fabrika Kızı / Kolejli Kız (1970)
* Denizciler / Yapraklar Dökülmeden Gel (1970)
* Toprak / Sendin Sevgilim (1970)
* Akça Kızlar / Suna (1971)
* Dağların Gözyaşları / Ağa Düşmüş Kadın (1972)
* Hem Okudum Hem Yazdım / Solmuş Gonca Gül (1972)
* Aşk Böyledir / Gönüllerde Bahar (1972)
* Can Karagözlüm / Sev Ölesiye (1973)
* Kalenin Bayır Düzü / Köylü Kızı (1973)
* Ah Berelim / Ilık Rüzgarlar (1973)
* Yekte / Seni Dileniyorum (1973)
* Allah'ım Yeter / Dağlar Engel Oldu (1974)
* Ben Armudu Dişlerim / Bak Kalbim (1974)
* Ayrılık Rüzgarı / Mecnun Derlerdi (1975)
* Geçmiş Zaman Olur ki - "Yağmur"
* İşte Bak Yeni Bir Gün / Bütün İçkiler Benden Bu Gece (Atilla Engin) (1976)
* Gözlerin / Sevmiştim Seni (1976)
* Eylül'de Gel / Gülen Yüzüme Bakıp Da (1977)
* Aynı Yolun Yolcusu / Dünyalar Benim Olur (1977)
* Sensizliğimin Şarkısı / Aşkların Bittiği Bir Yer mi Var (1979)
* Yeşil Gözler Sürmeli / İçimde Dinmez Sızısın (Grup A1 ile) (1979)

### Albums

* Alpay (1967)
* Alpay (1968)
* 7 Dilde Alpay (1973)
* Alpay (Güven Parkı) (1975)
* Aşk (1978)
* 82 (1982)
* Sevgilerle (With Group A1) (1984)
* Hayalimdeki Resim (1987) (With Group A1, last album as LP, re-released in 1995 as cassette)
* Dünden Bugüne (1988)
* Gitme (1990)
* Senin İçin (1991)
* Anılarla Alpay (1993)
* Eylül'de Gel Demiştim (1993)
* Bu Kaçıncı Sevda (1994)
* Ve Alpay 1996 (1996)
* Muhbbet Kuşları (1997)
* Küçük Bir Öykü/Yüreğine Al Beni (2000)
* Tango&Latin (2001)
* Sessiz Kalma (2004)
* En İyilerle Alpay (2008)
* Aşka Dair (2012)
# 50th Independence Anniversary Medal

The 50th Independence Anniversary Medal was issued to commemorate the historic occasion of 50 years of the independence of India. and is authorised for all Armed Forces personnel borne on strength as on 15 August 1997.

## Criteria

The medal was issued by the Government of India through a Presidential Notification for all personnel of –
a) Armed Forces (the Army, the Navy, the Air Force and other Reserve Forces, Territorial Army and any other armed forces of the Union), and
b) All ranks of the Railway Protection Force, Police Forces, personnel of Central Police Organisations including Para-military Forces, Home Guards, Civil Defence Organisation, Fire Services and any other organisation specified by the Government.

## Design
### Medal

The medal is circular in shape and made of cupro-nickel. It is 35 mm in diameter and will be fitted to a plain horizontal bar with standard fittings. It shall have embossed on its obverse the Red Fort and the inscriptions 50th Anniversary of Independence and 1947—1997 in English along the rim. On its reverse, it shall have the map of the Union of India in a circle with inscriptions स्वतंत्रता की स्वर्ण जयंती पदक (Golden Jubilee of Independence Medal) and 1947-1997 in Hindi along the rim.

### Ribbon

The ribbon will be of silk and of a golden colour background of 10 mm each on either side, with stripes of the National Flag i.e. Saffron, White and Green stripes of 3 mm width in the centre.
# Charlie Carr (activist)

Charlie Carr (born 1953 in Everett, Massachusetts) is a disability rights activist who became disabled after a diving accident in 1968. He was institutionalized for seven years and then left Middlesex County Hospital in Waltham, MA upon the creation of the Boston Center for Independent Living in 1974. He was an early member and went on to start:
* The Northeast Independent Living Program in Lawrence, MA in 1980 as the founder and CEO
* The National Council on Independent Living in 1983
* The Disability Policy Consortium in Massachusetts in 1996
He was appointed Commissioner of the Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission in 2007 by Gov. Deval Patrick, and served for eight years.
# Get Your Lie the Way You Want It

"Get Your Lie the Way You Want It"' is a song written by Billy Mize, which was recorded by American country artist Bonnie Guitar. The song was released as a single in June 1966 and peaked at number fourteen on the Billboard Magazine Hot Country Singles chart. "Get Your Lie the Way You Want It" became Guitar's fourth major hit as a musical artist. It was later released on Guitar's 1966 album entitled, Miss Bonnie Guitar on Dot Records.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1966) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles | 14 |
# Elisabeth Eidenbenz

Elisabeth Eidenbenz, (Wila, Switzerland, June 12, 1913 - Zurich, Switzerland, May 23, 2011) was a teacher and a nurse and founder of the Mothers of Elne (also known as Maternitat d'Elna in Catalan, Maternidad de Elna in Spanish and Maternité Suisse d'Elne in French). Between 1939 and 1944, she saved some 600 children who were mostly the children of Spanish Republicans, Jewish refugees and gypsies fleeing the Nazi invasion.

## Biography

Elisabeth was a young teacher from Switzerland, teaching in Switzerland and Denmark until she decided to join the Asociación de Ayuda a los Niños en Guerra ("Association to Aid Children in War").
After the fall of the Spanish Republic many Republican exiles sought refuge in France, including the Roussillon, which is part of the Northern Catalonia region. But almost all of them were stopped and held in concentration/internment camps. There, fenced in the beach without any infrastructure, with the sand as the only protection and without any sanitary measure, many of them died of malnutrition, disease and other afflictions. Many pregnant woman lost their unborn children or died in childbirth. Elisabeth had arrived in Madrid on April 24, 1937 as a volunteer as part of the aid team Ayuda Suiza but had relocated to the south of France. She spoke both Spanish and Catalan and, appalled by the situation of mothers and children amongst the refugees, Elisabeth decided to convert an abandoned mansion in Elne (adjacent to Argelès-sur-Mer) into a maternity home.
The group initially relied on voluntary donations from Europe, but after the start of World War II, funds dried up while refugees began to arrive from France and the rest of Europe. These were mainly Jewish women fleeing the Nazi occupation. Therefore, the group was forced to associate themselves with the Red Cross, and to abide by the policy of neutrality. This would have prevented them from sheltering political refugees, mostly Jews. It was therefore decided that the identity of most of the refugees would be hidden in order to circumvent these laws. They were harassed by the Gestapo and on one occasion detained. Some 400 Spanish children and 200 Jews from Europe were saved throughout this period.
Some of the children born in the motherhood were called Nael (boys), Elna or Elisabeth (girls), in honor of her.
She retired later in life to Rekawinkel, 30 km from Vienna (Austria) and in 2009 moved to Zurich. In 2002 her work started gaining recognition with the publication of several books on her life and a reunion just before Easter 2002 when 60 of the survivors she helped save reunited in Elne to honour La Señorita. She subsequently was
* awarded the status of Righteous among the Nations by the Government of Israel in 2002.
* made an honorary citizen of Elne
* awarded the Orden Civil de la Solidaridad Social by the Spanish Government in 2006
* awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi by the Generalitat of Catalonia in 2006
* awarded the star of the Légion d'honneur by the French Government in 2007
# Centre of endemism

A Centre of Endemism is an area in which the ranges of restricted-range species overlap, or a localised area which has a high occurrence of endemics. Centres of endemism may overlap with biodiversity hotspots which are biogeographic regions characterized both by high levels of plant endemism and by serious levels of habitat loss. The exact delineation of centres of endemism is difficult and some overlap with one another. Centres of endemism are high conservation priority areas.

## Examples of Centres of Endemism

Tanzania
A local centre of endemism is focussed on an area of lowland forests around the plateaux inland of Lindi in SE Tanzania, with between 40 and 91 species of vascular plants which are not found elsewhere.
Southern Africa
There are at least 19 centres of plant endemism, including the following:
* Albany Centre of Plant Endemism
* Barberton Centre of Plant Endemism
* Cape Floristic Region
* Drakensberg Alpine Centre
* Hantam–Roggeveld Centre of Plant Endemism
* Kaokoveld Centre of Endemism
* Maputaland Centre of Plant Endemism
* Pondoland Centre of Plant Endemism
* Sekhukhuneland Centre of Endemism
* Soutpansberg Centre of Plant Endemism