OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Andrew Murray

Andrew or Andy Murray may refer to:

## Scots of the Wars of Independence

* Andrew Moray (justiciar) (died 1298), or Sir Andrew Murray of Petty, Justiciar of Scotia
* Andrew Moray (died 1297), or Sir Andrew Murray, leader of the Scots during the Scottish Wars of Independence, son of the above
* Andrew Murray (soldier) (1298–1338), Scots general of the 2nd Scottish War of Independence, Scottish head-of-state (Guardian of Scotland) twice; posthumous son of the above

## Sport

* Andy Murray (born 1987), Scottish tennis player
* Andy Murray (boxer) (born 1982), Irish professional boxer
* Andrew Murray (Guyanese boxer) (1971–2002), Guyanese boxer of the 1990s and 2000s
* Andrew Murray (golfer) (born 1956), English golfer
* Andrew Murray (ice hockey) (born 1981), Canadian ice hockey player
* Andy Murray (ice hockey) (born 1951), Canadian ice hockey coach and former player

## Other

* Andrew Murray (Australian politician) (born 1947), Australian politician, former member of the Australian Senate
* Andrew Murray (children's writer) (born 1970), English children's writer
* Andrew Murray (doctor) (born 1980), Scottish doctor, runner and author who works for the Scottish Government
* Andrew Murray (journalist) (1813–1880), Australian journalist
* Andrew Murray (minister) (1828–1917), South African religious minister, missionary, and author
* Andrew Murray (physiologist), lecturer in physiology, University of Cambridge
* Sir Andrew Murray (Scottish politician) (1903–1977), Lord Provost of Edinburgh
* Andrew Murray, 1st Lord Balvaird (1597?–1644), minister of the Church of Scotland and peer
* Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin (1849–1942), Scottish politician and judge
* Andrew Murray (naturalist) (1812–1878), Scottish botanist and entomologist
* Andrew F. Murray (1877–1932), New York assemblyman
* Andrew Murray (singer), Danish singer
* Andrew Murray (trade unionist) (born 1958), British trade union official and journalist; former member of the Communist Party of Britain
* Andrew Hunter Murray, British writer and podcaster
* Andrew W. Murray, American biologist
* R. Andrew Murray, American attorney
# Merchant capitalism

Some economic historians use the term merchant capitalism, a term coined by the German sociologist and economist Werner Sombart in his "The Genesis of Modern Capitalism" in 1902, to refer to the earliest phase in the development of capitalism as an economic and social system. However, others argue that mercantilism, which has flourished widely in the world without the emergence of systems like modern capitalism, is not actually capitalist as such.
Merchant capitalism is distinguished from more fully developed capitalism by its focus on simply moving goods from a market where they are cheap to a market where they are expensive (rather than influencing the mode of the production of those goods), the lack of industrialization, and of commercial finance. Merchant houses were backed by relatively small private financiers acting as intermediaries between simple commodity producers and by exchanging debt with each other. Thus, merchant capitalism preceded the capitalist mode of production as a form of capital accumulation. A process of primitive accumulation of capital, upon which commercial finance operations could be based and making application of mass wage labor and industrialization possible, was the necessary precondition for the transformation of merchant capitalism into industrial capitalism.
Early forms of merchant capitalism developed in the 9th century, during the Islamic Golden Age, while in medieval Europe from the 12th century. The movement towards merchant capitalism across the old municipal and guild system had been apparent in the wool trade as early as the age of Chaucer. In Europe, merchant capitalism became a significant economic force in the 16th century. The mercantile era drew to a close around 1800, giving way to industrial capitalism. However, merchant capitalism remained entrenched in some parts of the West well into the 19th century, notably the Southern United States, where the plantation system constrained the development of industrial capitalism (limiting markets for consumer goods) whose political manifestations prevented Northern legislators from passing broad economic packages (e.g. monetary and banking reform, a transcontinental railroad, and incentives for settlement of the American west) to integrate the states' economies and spur the growth of industrial capitalism.
# Baba Gurbaksh Singh

Baba Gurbaksh Singh (alternatively spelt as Gurbax) was a Sikh warrior from the 18th century who served under the Shaheedan Misl of the Sikh confederacy. Gurbaksh Singh along with 29 other Sikh warriors led a last stand against the Afghan and Baloch forces on December 1, 1764, at Amritsar. It was in this skirmish that Baba Gurbaksh Singh along with 29 other Sikhs were killed.

## Early life

Gurbaksh Singh was born in the village of Lil in Amritsar district on April 10, 1688, and was the son of Dasaundha and Mai Lachchhami Gurbaksh Singh was a contemporary of the 10th Sikh guru,Guru Gobind Singh and was initiated into the Khalsa during the Vaisakhi of 1699. He completed his religious education under Bhai Mani Singh and he would soon join the Shaheedan Misl under Baba Deep Singh. Gurbaksh Singh would lead a group of Sikh warriors who were famous for their bravery and gallantry against both Mughal and Afghan armies.

## Last Stand In Amritsar (1764)

From 1763 to 1764, the Sikh misls would greatly expand their territory over the region of Punjab. The Sikhs would successfully occupy Lahore and expand their territory into Multan and Derajat. This greatly weakened Afghan rule over Punjab which caused Ahmad Shah Abdali to launch a seventh invasion into the Indian Subcontinent.
Ahmad Shah Abdali arrived in Punjab and reached Eminabad.It was at Eminabad that Ahmad Shah was Joined by his Baloch ally Nasir Khan.Ahmad Shah Abdali commanded a force numbering 18,000 while Nasir Khan commanded a force numbering 12,000. The Afghan and Baloch forces marched towards Lahore in which where they got into a Skirmish with the Sikhs under the command of Charat Singh Sukerchakia.
Ahmad Shah heard news that the Sikhs had retreated towards Amritsar.Ahmad Shah arrived in Amritsar on December 1, 1764; however, the Afghan forces did not come across any large gathering of Sikhs. Baba Gurbaksh Singh, Nihal Singh, Basant Singh, Man Singh along with 26 other Sikhs had stayed in Amritsar to fight a last stand against the Afghan and Baloch forces.
The Afghans were soon attacked by 30 Sikhs led by Baba Gurbaksh Singh at Shri Harmandir Sahib.It was in this skirmish that Baba Gurbaksh Singh along with the 29 Sikh defenders were killed.

## Legacy

The remains of Baba Gurbaksh Singh along with the other dead sikhs were cremated and a memorial called Shaheedganj was built to commemorate the fallen Sikhs.
# Berlin Demography Forum

The Berlin Demography Forum (BDF) is a global, non-partisan platform providing a new impetus to raise awareness of the significance of demographic change both at a national and international level. The forum brings together high-ranking politicians, scientists, business leaders, and representatives of international organisations and civil society to debate potential solutions and to contribute to sustainable development.

## Conferences

Conference themes were: “Family – Children – Society” at the BDF 2012, “Generations – Learning – Prosperity“ at the BDF 2013, “Trust – Security – Solidarity” at the BDF 2014 and "Activity – Health – Participation" in 2015. The fifth BDF took place on February 24–25, 2016 on the topics of „Labour – Perspectives – Prosperity“. The sixth BDF is going to take place on February 15–16, 2017 in Berlin.

## Organization

The BDF is a cooperation between the German Federal Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth and Allianz SE. In addition, the German Federal Ministries of the Interior and Health contribute to this Forum. The European School of Management and Technology (ESMT) is the host and partner of the BDF. Vodafone Foundation Germany supports the Forum by sponsoring the Young Expert Panels. Wolfgang Ischinger and Jörg Rocholl (ESMT) are the patrons of this event.
The BDF is supported by an advisory council. In March 2014, Franz Müntefering replaced Ursula Lehr as chairman.

## Participants

Each year, 300 decision-makers participate in the Berlin Demography Forum. Some of those high-ranking participants include:
* Alain Berset
* Dominique Bertinotti
* Francesco Billari
* Carol M. Black
* M. Michele Burns
* Michèle Delaunay
* Michael Diekmann
* Markus Dröge
* Elsa Fornero
* Hermann Gröhe
* Yves Leterme
* Thomas de Maizière
* Åsa Regnér
* Bert Rürup
* Kristina Schröder
* Ursula Staudinger
* Rita Süssmuth
* Sven Voelpel
# Alexander Sargent

Alexander Sargent (9 May 1895 – 5 January 1989) was an eminent Anglican clergyman in the mid 20th century.
He was born on 9 May 1895, educated at The King's School, Canterbury and St Edmund Hall, Oxford and ordained in 1920. After curacies at St Margaret's at Cliffe and Maidstone he became Chaplain of Ripon College Cuddesdon. He was then Sub-Warden of St Paul's College, Grahamstown and after that Resident Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1939 he was appointed Archdeacon of Maidstone and in 1942 Archdeacon of Canterbury. He retired in 1968 and died on 5 January 1989.
# Apanisagrion

Apanisagrion lais, the black-and-white damsel, is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae, and is the only species in the genus Apanisagrion.
# Mordellistena diluta

Mordellistena diluta is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1891 by George Charles Champion.
# Mugongo-Manga

Mugongo-Manga is one of the communes of Bujumbura Rural Province, located in natural region of Mugamba.

## Administration

Mugongo-Manga is divided into 3 zones: Kankima, Ijenda and Mugongo.
Mugongo-Manga contains the collines of Mwura, Kayoyo, Butaganzwa, Mugongo, Gisarwe, Nyamugari, Murunga, Kibira, Rutambiro, Mugoyi, Ijenda, Rwibaga, Centre-Urbain, Buhoro and Nyarushanga.

## Health

The commune of Mugongo-Manga has 2 main hospitals: Ijenda Hospital and Rwibaga Hospital; there are 2 other health centers in Kankima and Mugongo.

## Education

There are 4 high schools in Mugongo-Manga: Kankima (college communal), Ijenda (Lycee), Rwibaga (college communal), and Mugongo (college communal). There are several elementary schools.
# Mount Olivet Cemetery (Chicago)

Mount Olivet Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery located in Chicago, Illinois. The cemetery is operated by the Archdiocese of Chicago. The cemetery is located at 2755 West 111th Street.

## History

Mount Olivet was consecrated in 1885, and was the first Catholic cemetery to be established in the south side of Chicago. There are over 142,200 people buried at the cemetery, with over 150 annual interments. The cemetery is 93 acres (38 ha) in size. It became one of the first major area cemeteries to become full, until the purchase and development of additional lands along what had been the eastern border of the cemetery.
Mount Olivet was the original burial location of Al Capone, who was laid to rest between the graves of his father and brother. A few years after his death, the remains of all three men were moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois upon the death of Capone's mother.

## Notable burials

* James M. Bell, Sgt. during Battle of Little Big Horn
* Al Capone, gangster (remains later moved to Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside, Illinois))
* Thomas A. Doyle, U.S. Congressman
* Charles Martin, U.S. Congressman
* Lawrence E. McGann, U.S. Congressman
* M. Alfred Michaelson, U.S. Congressman
* P. H. Moynihan, U.S. Congressman
* Catherine O'Leary, owner of cow who allegedly started the Great Chicago Fire
* Daniel Ryan Sr., politician who served as president of the Cook County Board of Commissioners
* One British Commonwealth war grave of a Canadian soldier of World War I.
* Zachary Taylor Davis, architect of Comiskey Park and Wrigley Field
# Ambohimanjaka

Ambohimanjaka is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Ambohidratrimo (district), which is a part of Analamanga Region. It lies North West from the capital Antananarivo. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 5,284 in 2018.

## References and notes

* Monographie Region Analamanga
* This Analamanga location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Hagmann

Hagmann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Fritz Hagmann (1901–1974), Swiss sport wrestler
* Marcel Hagmann (born 1983), German footballer
* Robert Hagmann (born 1942), Swiss racing cyclist
* Stuart Hagmann (born 1942), American film and television director
* Thomas Hagmann (born 1953), Swiss judoka
# Apang

Apang may refer to:

## People

* Gegong Apang, Indian politician
* Minam Apang, an artist recognized by the New Museum in New York City in 2012, see List of New Museum Triennial Artists
* Omak Apang, Indian politician
* Ona Apang (botanical abbreviation: Apang), a published botanist, see List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)
* Otu Apang, a student leader, a 2016-2017 executive of the Students' Union of Rajiv Gandhi Government Polytechnic (SURGGP), Itanagar

## Places

* Apang, Alilem, Ilocos Sur, Ilocos, Luzon, Philippines; a barangay (barrio), see List of barangays in Ilocos Sur
* Apang Palace (University of Cambridge spelling), the imperial palace of the Qin dynasty in Xian, the palace of the First Emperor of China

## Other uses

* Apang, a traditional alcoholic beverage of India found in Assam
* Apang Mitra, organization
# Barra Ó Donnabháin

Barra Ó Donnabháin (1941–2003) was a columnist with the New York Irish Echo newspaper. His weekly article in Irish entitled Macalla spoke of the Irish language and its people in Ireland and the United States. A selection of his articles were edited and translated by Hilary Mhic Suibhne and Eibhlín Zurell in a volume entitled Súil Siar: Cnuasach Aistí le Barra Ó Donnabháin (2008). He also wrote for Treoir, the magazine of Comhaltas Ceoltóirí Éireann, as well, as the newspapers Foinse and Saol. He would read out his Irish language column from the Irish Echo on the weekly radio program Míle Fáilte on WFUV. He also taught Irish at the weekends, organized by Daltaí na Gaeilge.
Born in West Cork, Ireland, Barra Ó Donnabháin immigrated to the United States in 1963 where he worked as a software engineer.

## Barra Ó Donnabháin Commemorative Lectures

In 2006, the Glucksman Ireland House of New York University established the Annual Barra Ó Donnabháin Lecture in honor of his memory and contribution to the Irish language community. The inaugural lecture in 2006 was given by Prof. Tomás Ó hÍde. A sample of subsequent speakers in the years that followed have included Éamon Ó Cuív, T.D., Padraic Ó Ciardha, Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill, Prof. Alan Titley, Dr. Louis de Paor, Prof. Brian Ó Conchubhair, and Prof. Breandán Mac Suibhne.
# Haru Nishioka

Haru Nishioka (西岡ハル, Nishioka Haru, 21 December 1905 – 30 November 1983) was a Japanese businesswoman and politician who was a member of the House of Councillors.

## Biography

Haru Nishioka was born on 21 December 1905 with the surname Ōgushi (大串) in the city of Nagasaki, as the fifth daughter of the ten children of Ichi (イチ) and Ōgushi Kinzaburō (大串金三郎), and at the age of two, she was adopted by his aunt and given the surname Nagano (永野) After graduating from Tamaki Women's School in 1923, she spent one year working as a maid in an asset house for social experience.
In April 1924, she worked at the election office of Takejiro Nishioka, who was later elected to the House of Representatives in the 1924 Japanese general election a month later; the two married in October of the same year. She spent many days supporting her husband's political activities. In March 1945, the family's home in Tokyo was partially destroyed by air raids, and they were evacuated to Unzen, Nagasaki; two months later the home was completely destroyed by air raid.
In 1948, her husband was expelled from public office, and she became the representative director of the Nagasaki Shimbun evening edition, and the managing director of the Nagasaki Min'yū Shimbun. After that, she became president of Nagasaki Min'yū Shimbun, and also served as president of Kyushu Corporation and director of Nagasaki Radio.
In 1950, her husband became Governor of Nagasaki after his ban from political office was lifted, and three years later she was requested by the Liberal Party to run for the national district in the 1953 Japanese House of Councillors election. Although she declined at first, she decided to run at the recommendation of his husband, Tsuruhei Matsuno, and Eisaku Satō.
She was elected to the House of Councillors, where she served in the welfare and construction committees, helped families of war casualties, enacting the Prostitution Prevention Act, developing a simple water supply on remote islands in Nagasaki Prefecture, and reconstructing the city of Nagasaki. She also served as both the Liberal Democratic Party's secretary and House of Councillors Accounting Director.
After her husband's death in January 1958, she decided to retire from the House of Councillors. She assumed the position of the director of the newly-created Nagasaki Shimbun Company was founded, and became its representative director and vice president, before she resigned as director in 1966.
Haru Nishioka died on 30 November 1983.
In 1963, her first-born son Takeo Nishioka was elected to the House of Councillors in the 1963 Japanese general election. Her fourth-son Kimio Nishioka was a member of the Nagasaki Prefectural Assembly. Her granddaughter Hideko Nishioka is a member of the House of Representatives.
# Mount Olivet Cemetery (Hanover, Pennsylvania)

Mount Olivet Cemetery is a historical, non-denominational, pre-Civil War cemetery located in Hanover, Pennsylvania. The cemetery, located at 725 Baltimore Street is operated by the Mount Olivet Cemetery Association. A volunteer group, The Friends of Mount Olivet Cemetery, provides support to the cemetery staff and local organizations when the cemetery host events.

## History

Founded in 1859 as a non-profit, non-sectarian community cemetery governed by a Board of Managers who are elected each year and serve without remuneration. Management of cemetery grounds is by a Cemetery Manager, appointed by the Board of Managers, this manager is authorized to enforce all of the Cemetery's rules and regulations.

## Notable burials

* Joseph S. Gitt (1815-1901), civil engineer and railroad surveyor
* Colonel Richard McAllister (1725-1795), founder of Hanover, Revolutionary War Veteran
* Major William S. Diller (1842-1896) was Civil War Veteran with Company D, 76th Regiment.
* Mary Shaw Leader (1835-1913), a female journalist reported on President Lincoln's Gettysburg Address
* John Luther Long (1855-1927) was a lawyer, playwright, novelist; creator of the short story that was the inspiration for 'Madame Butterfly.
* Colonel Henry Slagle (1735-1811) was an officer during the Revolutionary War and an upright citizen of Hanover
* John and William Hoffacker, John was the first local soldier to die on the first day of the Battle of Hanover, and their brother William died later resulting from injuries obtained from the Civil War
* Andrew R. Brodbeck (1860-1937), Politician, churchman, and businessman who served as U. S. Congressman between 1912-1914 and 1916-1918
* Lucy Forney-Bittinger (1859-1955), Deaconess of Presbyterian Church, missionary, and donor of the Forney-Bittinger Chapel at Mount Olivet Cemetery.
# Monday Morning Cold

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
Monday Morning Cold is the first album by musician Erin McKeown. It was released in 1999 via her own record label, TVP Records, while she was still a student at Brown University. The album was re-released in 2001 following the success of her second album, Distillation.

## Track listing

* Fast As I Can
* Lullaby in Three/Four
* My Hips
* Monday Morning Cold
* Easy Baby
* Softly Moses
* Glass
* Fast As I Can
* How to Open My Heart in 4 Easy Steps
* Something Comes
* You Don't Know
* This 1990s folk album-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Meraldene (disambiguation)

Meraldene is a village in Algeria.
Meraldene may also refer to:
* Meraldene Dam, a dam in Algeria
* Meraldene River, a river in Algeria
# Babu Bharadwaj

Babu Bharadwaj (1948–2016) was a Malayalam–language writer and journalist from Kerala, India.

## Life

Born in Chemancheri, Calicut as the son of M. R. Vijayaraghavan and K. P. Bhavani, Bharadwaj studied at Poyilkavu High School and Malabar Christian College, Calicut and Government Engineering College, Trichur. He was actively involved in student politics and was the first national joint secretary of Students' Federation of India (SFI).
Bharadwaj started his journalistic career with the left-leaning Malayalam magazine Chintha. He also worked for the television media; he was the Programme Head for MediaOne TV and Creative Executive for Kairali TV. In 2006, he founded the Malayalam online news portal DoolNews.
A civil engineer by profession, he worked in Saudi Arabia for a long time and many of his literary works focused on the lives of Indian expatriates in the Persian Gulf region. He won the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Novel for Kalapangalkkoru Grihapadam (2006). His other works include Pravasiyude Kurippukal, Shavaghoshayathra, Puppet Theatre, Pravasiyude Vazhiyambalangal, Panchakalyani and Adrushya Nagarangal. He also produced the Malayalam film Iniyum Marichittillatha Nammal (1980) directed by Chintha Ravi.
He died on 30 March 2016 of heart-related ailments.
# Berllan-deg, Llanhennock

Berllan-deg, Llanhennock, Monmouthshire is a country house dating from the mid-17th century. A rare survival of a remarkably unaltered hall house, Berllan-deg is a Grade II* listed building.

## History

The architectural historian John Newman dates the building of Berllan-deg to "the second quarter of the 17th century". Cadw gives the dates of 1620–1640. Sir Joseph Bradney, in his A History of Monmouthshire from the Coming of the Normans into Wales down to the Present Time records the owner in 1635 as John ap Rosser Morgan, and notes that, by the early 18th century, the house was "let to tenant farmers". Sir Cyril Fox and Lord Raglan, in the third of their three-volume study Monmouthshire Houses, described Berllan-deg as "a fine hall-house". The house remains privately owned.

## Architecture and description

With the exception of a small extension on the garden front of the house, noted by Fox and Raglan during their visit in the 1950s, Berllan-deg is almost unaltered since its construction. Peter Smith records it as a cross-passage hall house, with a fireplace stair, and post-and-panel partitions. Fox and Raglan produce an illustration showing the house's three-room plan, divided by the cross-passage. Newman notes the "twisted timber stair" in the parlour, between a closet and the fireplace hearth. He considers that Berllan-deg represents the "native tradition (of vernacular architecture) at its fullest development" and the "substantial and little-altered house" has a Grade II* listing.