OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ammoxidation

In organic chemistry, ammoxidation is a process for the production of nitriles (R−C≡N) using ammonia (NH$_3$) and oxygen (O$_2$). It is sometimes called the SOHIO process, acknowledging that ammoxidation was developed at Standard Oil of Ohio. The usual substrates are alkenes. Several million tons of acrylonitrile are produced in this way annually:
    ${\ce {CH3CH=CH2 + 3/2 O2 + NH3 -> N#CCH=CH2 + 3 H2O}}$

## Scope

Ammoxidation of alkenes exploits the weak C-H bonds that are located in the allylic position of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Benzylic C-H bonds are also susceptible to ammoxidation, reflecting the weakness of their C-H bonds. Benzonitrile is produced from toluene, and phthalonitriles are produced from xylenes. The reaction represents a partial oxidation. Many byproducts are generated, but the feedstocks are often simple, which compensates for these losses. Additionally, some byproducts are useful or recyclable. For the production of acrylonitrile, byproducts include hydrogen cyanide, acrolein, and the solvent acetonitrile.
The reaction tolerates heteroatoms and substituents. Cyanopyridines (e.g. 3-cyanopyridine, the precursor to niacin) is produced from methylpyridines. 2- and 4-Chlorotoluene are converted to 2-chlorobenzonitrile and 4-chlorobenzonitrile, respectively.
Typical catalysts are the oxides of vanadium and molybdenum. The original catalyst discovered at Sohio was bismuth phosphomolybdate (BiPMo$_{12}$O$_{40}$). π-Allyl complexes are assumed as intermediates.

## Related processes

Instead of alkenes, alcohols and aldehydes are competent substrates:
    ${\ce {O=CHCH=CH2 + 1/2 O2 + NH3 -> N#CCH=CH2 + 2 H2O}}$
    ${\ce {HOCH2CH=CH2 + O2 + NH3 -> N#CCH=CH2 + 3 H2O}}$
These substrates are usually more expensive than the alkenes, so they are less common. The nitrile process is used industrially to produce nitriles from fatty acids:
    ${\ce {RCOOH + NH3 -> RC#N + 2 H2O}}$
Hydrogen cyanide is prepared by an ammoxidation-like reaction of methane, the Andrussov oxidation:
    ${\ce {CH4 + NH3 + 3/2 O2 -> HCN + 3 H2O}}$
# Hell house

Hell houses are haunted attractions typically run by evangelical Protestant churches or parachurch organizations designed to act as moral instruction. They depict acts which the organizers deem sinful and their consequences, including the torments of the damned in Hell, and usually conclude with a depiction of Heaven. Scenes portrayed may include date rape, same-sex marriage, gambling, abortion, extramarital sex, raving, the use of alcoholic beverages and drugs, and teen suicide. Other hell houses focus on the theme of the seven deadly sins. Hell houses typically emphasize the belief that those who do not repent of their sins and choose to follow Christ are condemned to Hell.
A Hell house, like a conventional haunted-house attraction, is a space set aside for actors to frighten patrons with gruesome exhibits and scenes, presented as a series of short vignettes with a narrated guide. Unlike haunted houses, Hell houses focus on real-life situations and the effects of sin or the fate of unrepentant sinners in the afterlife. They are most typically operated in the days preceding Halloween.

## History

The idea was first popularized by Jerry Falwell in the late 1970s. The first known hell house was set up in Lynchburg, Virginia, beginning production in 1972, and was called the "ScareMare". Similar events began in several regions during that period.
Trinity Assembly of God in Cedar Hill, Texas is known to have presented a hell house since 1990.
From 1995, the concept was promoted and adapted by Keenan Roberts, originally of Roswell, New Mexico, who started a Hell house in Arvada, Colorado. Since that time, Hell houses have become a regular fixture of the Halloween season in parts of the United States. Roberts remained active in the Hell house ministry by providing kits and directions to enable churches to perform their own attractions. As of 16 January, 2017, the "Hell House Kit" was still available. As of 2023, a package of hell house scripts and scenes was being sold for $479.
In October 2000, documentary filmmaker George Ratliff filmed a production of a Hell house in Cedar Hill, Texas from scripting to the final night of the production. The resulting documentary, Hell House, has inspired numerous live plays and hell-house performances, including one based on Pastor Roberts' production, which played for a month during the 2006 Halloween season in an off-Broadway production in Brooklyn, New York by Les Freres Corbusier.
# Haplochromis petronius

Haplochromis petronius is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake George, Uganda. This species can reach a length of 8.8 centimetres (3.5 in) SL.
# HAT-P-6b

HAT-P-6b is a transiting extrasolar planet discovered by Noyes et al. on October 15, 2007. It is located approximately 910 light-years away in the constellation of Andromeda, orbiting the star HAT-P-6. This hot Jupiter planet orbits with a semi-major axis of about 0.05 AU, and takes 92 hours, 28 minutes, 17 seconds to orbit the star. It has true mass of 5.7% greater than Jupiter and a radius 33% greater than Jupiter, corresponding to a density of 0.583 g/cm$_3$, which is less than water.
The planet HAT-P-6b is named Nachtwacht. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by the Netherlands, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU, after Rembrandt's painting The Night Watch.
The sky projected angle between stellar and orbital axis is roughly 166°, making it one of the few planets that is in a retrograde orbit around its parent star. Observations made by Spitzer Space Telescope shows that the planet atmosphere has a weak temperature inversion, or no inversion at all, depending on how strong is the stellar chromospheric activity.
# Aloinopsis schooneesii

Aloinopsis schooneesii is a species of flowering plant in the genus Aloinopsis, in the ice plant family Aizoaceae, native to the eastern Cape Provinces of South Africa. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
# Harold Marion Crothers

Harold Marion Crothers (born 1887) was an American professor of electrical engineering at South Dakota State University where he also served as president for three periods (1946, 1951, 1957–58). He was dean of Engineering 1925-55 and gave name to the Crothers Engineering Hall (1957). Earlier, he was instrumental in the establishment of the university's first radio station (1931).
Crothers received a B.S. in mathematics (1910) and did a study on Potential Distribution on High Tension Insulators with advisor Jesse L. Brenneman (1913). This led to a Ph.D. at University of Wisconsin, Madison on a thesis entitled The Selective Properties of Coupled Radio Circuits advised by with Edward Bennett (physicist) (1920). He joined the faculty there and wrote a book on Introductory Electrodynamics, jointly with Bennett (1926).
# Adinetidae

Adinetidae is a family of rotifers belonging to the order Bdelloidea.
Genera:
* Adineta Hudson, 1886
* Bradyscela Bryce, 1910
# Aransas

Aransas (/əˈrænzəs/ ə-RAN-zəs) is a placename for several neighboring places in coastal Southern Texas.
* Aransas County, Texas
* The Aransas River, which begins in Bee County, Texas, and flows into Copano Bay in Aransas County
* The Aransas Bay, fed by Copano Bay
* Aransas Pass, Texas, which borders the Aransas Bay
* Port Aransas, Texas
* The Aransas Pass, a navigable salt water channel connecting the Gulf of Mexico with Aransas Bay
* The Aransas National Wildlife Refuge, north of Aransas River
* The ghost town of Aransas City
# Grammy Award for Best Regional Mexican Album

The Grammy Award for Best Regional Mexican Album was awarded from 2009 to 2011. Previous to this field, Regional Mexican albums were awarded within the Best Mexican/Mexican American Album field.
The award was discontinued in 2012 in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. In 2012, this category merged with the Best Tejano Album category into the newly formed Best Regional Mexican or Tejano Album category.
Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

## Recipients

| Year | Winner | Nominations |
| 2011 | No award given. There were fewer than ten artists entered into this category, so per Academy rules The Recording Academy did not announce nominations or presented an award in this category this year. | |
| 2010 | Necesito de Tí by Vicente Fernández | Corazón Ranchero by Shaila Dúrcal Compañeras by Mariachi Reyna de los Angeles 10 Aniversario by Mariachi Divas de Cindy Shea Pegadito al Corazón by Joan Sebastian |
| 2009 | Amor, Dolor y Lágrimas: Música Ranchera by Mariachi Los Camperos de Nati Cano (tie) Canciones de Amor by Mariachi Divas | Desde México: "Cumbia Cusinela" by Huichol Musical Vámonos Pa'l Río by Los Pikadientes de Caborca A Puro Dolor by Nadia |
* Latin music
* Music
# Anaklinoceras

Anaklinoceras is a genus of extinct heteromorph ammonite cephalopod that lived in marine environments in what is now Western North America during the Campanian division of the Cretaceous period. Their shells were very similar to the related ammonites of the genus Ainoceras, where the young ammonite's shell coiled helically, and upon reaching adulthood, the youngest coil arched over the older coils.
# Andreas Eenfeldt

Andreas Eenfeldt (born 19 January 1972) is a Swedish doctor specializing in family medicine. He is an advocate for low-carbohydrate high-fat diets and has criticized the saturated fat guidelines. Eenfeldt was born in 1972 and graduated from medical school at Uppsala University. A few years later, he started DietDoctor.com, a website focused on low-carbohydrate diets. He became a public figure in a heated debate over the merits of the diet.

## Early life and education

Andreas Eenfeldt was born in 1972. He earned a degree in medicine from Uppsala University. After graduating, Eenfeldt became interested in poker and eventually earned more money from online poker than from practicing medicine.

## Career

Initially, Eenfeldt encouraged overweight patients to follow the traditional dietary guidelines he learned at medical school, but his views changed over time. In 2007, he started a blog about low-carbohydrate dieting under the name "Kostdoktorn."
Within a few years, Kostdoktorn (now called dietdoctor) became the most visited health blog in Sweden.$^{:15}$ He created an English version in 2011. In 2015, Eenfeldt quit his job as a doctor to focus on the website. As of 2019, the website generates 50 million Swedish Krona (= US$5.7 million) per-year from 500,000 daily visitors. As of 2019, it had a staff of 30 employees and was mostly owned by Eenfeldt.

## Low-carbohydrate advocacy

Eenfeldt became a public figure and commentator in a heated debate over low-carbohydrate diets. In 2012, he published a book called Low Carb, High Fat Food Revolution: Advice and Recipes to Improve Your Health and Reduce Your Weight. It became a bestseller in Sweden and was translated into eight languages.
The low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets Eenfeldt advocates for are controversial and not supported by official dietary guidelines. Eenfeldt disputes the current saturated fat guidelines and says official dietary guidelines are not supported by good science. He has commented that "there is no good science to show that saturated fat is bad. I have been in contact with many experts but no one has been able to show me a single study that shows that it is dangerous, because there are no studies that show a reduced risk of heart attack and stroke."
An article in Science as Culture said low-carbohydrate advocates like Eenfeldt are exploiting anecdotes where patients experienced better health after adopting the diet.

## Personal life

Eenfeldt lives in Karlstad, Sweden with his wife and their two daughters.
# Audrey Brooks

Audrey Vera Brooks (1933–2018) was a British botanist, plant pathologist, and author. She is particularly known for her work for the Royal Horticultural Society where she was the first woman to hold a senior position.

## Career

Brooks was born in Kent in 1933. Brooks studied agricultural botany at the University of Aberystwyth. In 1957 Brooks started work as an assistant plant pathologist for the Royal Horticultural Society at RHS Garden, Wisley. In 1964 she was promoted to plant pathologist and campaigned for a salary commensurate with her male colleagues. Brooks continued to work for the Royal Horticultural Society, eventually becoming the senior plant pathologist and the Education Officer overseeing Royal Horticultural Society examinations.
While at the Royal Horticultural Society, Brooks edited the RHS Gardens Club Journal and produced several books on plant disease and disorders which remain set texts for RHS qualifications.
Brooks retired from the Royal Horticultural Society in 1993.

## Honours

* Royal Horticultural Society Associate of Honour (1994)

## Publications

* with Andrew Halstead Garden Pests and Diseases (Royal Horticultural Society's Encyclopaedia of Practical Gardening)
* Vegetable Pests, Diseases and Disorders (Wisley) (Royal Horticultural Society 1977)
* with Keith M Harris and Andrew Halstead Fruit pests, Diseases and Disorders (Royal Horticultural Society 1976)
# Michael T. Pope

Michael Pope, was born and educated in England. He received B.A. and D.Phil. degrees from Oxford University. He can be considered as one of the leading and most influential polyoxometalate chemists worldwide. His 1983 book entitled “Heteropoly and Isopoly Oxometalates” is the most cited reference in the field (>5500 citations).
# Missira

Missira may refer to:
* Missira, Kindia in Guinea
* Missira, Labé in Guinea
# Harold Marshall

Harold Marshall may refer to:
* Harold Marshall (sniper) (1918–2013), Canadian World War II sergeant
* Harold Marshall (acoustician) (born 1931), New Zealand educator, consultant and musician
# Mechow's mole-rat

Mechow's mole-rat (Fukomys mechowii ) is a species of rodent in the family Bathyergidae. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, and possibly Malawi. Its natural habitats are moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland. This mole-rat was first described by the German naturalist Wilhelm Peters in 1881. The specific epithet honours the Prussian explorer and naturalist Friedrich Wilhelm Alexander von Mechow.

## Distribution and habitat

Mechow's mole-rat is found in Central Africa. Its range extends from central Angola and northern Zambia to southern and eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of Congo and southwestern Tanzania. Reports of it occurring in Malawi probably refer to a different species. Its burrows are found in clay, stony and sandy soils. Its typical habitat is scrubby savannah or dense woodland in areas with rainfall in excess of 1,100 millimetres (43 in). It also occurs in areas under cultivation, parks, gardens and pine plantations.

## Ecology

Mechow's mole-rat is a colonial species and lives in groups of between two and twenty or more individuals. Mole-rats are adapted for life underground and have cylindrical bodies, small eyes and large incisors which they use for digging. The tunnelling activities are mostly for foraging purposes as they search for the roots and tubers that form their diet.

## Status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed the conservation status of Mechow's mole-rat as being of "least concern". It has a wide range and is a common species that has adapted to live in cultivated areas. Although it is caught and eaten as food, especially in Zambia, this seems to have little impact on its total population which seems to be stable.
# Acrylic embedment

Acrylic embedment is a process of encapsulating various objects into lucite (cast acrylic). The process is used for preserving specimens, encapsulating electronics, and making decorative items such as trophies (deal toys) and jewelry.

## History

In the early 1940s, Armand G. Winfield was interested in preserving biological and geological specimens. He developed a method for embedding such specimens in clear acrylic plastic, and by 1945, his process was used to mass-produce objects embedded in acrylic. In addition to preserving specimens, Winfield’s work included encapsulating electronics in acrylic and the production of acrylic jewelry.

## Process
### Pouring

The process starts with two basic ingredients, an acrylic resin powder polymer and clear liquid monomer. The polymer and monomer are mixed together in specific proportions. The result is a thick, opaque liquid. The mixture is hand poured into molds and allowed to partially harden. Objects to be embedded are then hand placed into the acrylic layer. Another layer is poured over the embedded object and the acrylic is again allowed to harden.
During this stage, the liquid acrylic is an opaque, milky white. It is very difficult to center objects on multiple levels when the objects below cannot be clearly seen. Because these embedded objects are placed by hand, no two acrylic embedments are ever exactly alike.

### Curing

After the acrylic has hardened, the molds are placed into an oven. There, heat cures and pressure (exceeding 12 atmospheres) compresses the air bubbles to completely harden the embedment. This curing process may take up to seven hours. After cooling, the acrylic embedments are removed from the molds and the sizing process begins. All acrylic parts are cast oversized to allow for shrinkage, which varies from part to part. Three steps are taken to size the embedments.

### Sanding

The parts are ground down to size by hand on large industrial sanders. A coarse grit belt is used first, followed by a medium grit belt. A final sanding with a fine grit belt makes it easier to polish the sanded acrylic. Variations occur in this sizing process since it is all done by hand.

### Polishing

Polishing is the next step in the process. It is mostly done by hand. This brings out the luster and high gloss of the acrylic not previously seen during production. A rough buffing is administered to remove all sanding lines. A final polishing then brings out the bright crystal-like finish. The production of the acrylic embedment is completed.

### Inspection

The final phase now begins. Each embedment is carefully hand wiped and visually inspected. If flaws or any other defects are detected, the part is returned for additional finishing or rejected for recycling. After passing through inspection, each part is individually bagged and boxed. This entire procedure makes the result more expensive but because of its glossy look an acrylic embedment is very much in demand.
# Bafut Subdivision

The Bafut Subdivision or the Kingdom/Chiefdom/Fondom of Bafut is a commune in the Mezam Department of Northwest Province, Cameroon. It is located in the Western Grassfields region - a name for the Northwest Province and surrounding grassland areas. Bafut is the most powerful of the traditional kingdoms of the Grassfields, now divided into 26 wards along a 10 kilometre stretch of the "Ring Road" that trails along a ridge above the Menchum Valley.
Bafut is primarily an agrarian region. The major languages of the region are the Bafut language and Cameroonian Pidgin English. Its headquarters are located in the town of Bafut.

## History

Bafut was a fondom or kingdom - ruled by the Fon of Bafut using traditional power structures. However, following the Bafut Wars in the early 20th century, the region came under the German Empire. The Germans forced the Fon into exile, but had to ultimately reinstate him as leader when their puppet ruler was not accepted. The fall of the German Empire in World War I brought the region under the British Empire as part of the British Cameroons. At least one Fon of Bafut, Achirimbi II maintained friendly ties with the British. When the British left Cameroon in 1961, the region had a choice of joining either the newly formed Cameroon or Nigeria. Achirimbi II is famously said to have remarked that it was a choice between the "Fire and the Deep Sea"; the region ultimately joined Cameroon.
Since 2017, Bafut has become of battleground of the Anglophone Crisis. Operation Free Bafut in April 2020 saw heavy fighting in and around the village.

## Geography

The region of Bafut is situated about twenty kilometres northwest of Bamenda and covers an area of roughly 340 square kilometres (130 sq mi). The estimated population of 80,000 (2005) is settled in three main zones.
* At the centre are the people of Mumala'a (heart of the country) clustered around the Fon's palace who refer to themselves as the real Bafut (Bufu). This name can be applied to the whole chiefdom.
* To the south is the Ntare (ridge area)
* To the north is the Mbunti (lower) which descends abruptly to the Menchum river valley

## Traditional power structures

Bafut is one of the two regions in Cameroon (the other being Bali, Cameroon), where traditional power structures are still in place. Bafut is a chiefdom or fondom. It was long the centre of the local kingdom of the Tikar people (originally from the Northern regions of Lake Chad), and is administered by the Fon of Bafut. The Fon of Bafut was, and to some extent still is, the paramount Fon of the region, with all other Fons pledging allegiance to him.

## The region in popular culture

The Bafut Subdivision is known for
* its palace of the Fon of Bafut, which houses a museum (see Fon of Bafut for a section on the palace)
* for its annual festival Abin e Mfor or the Dance of the Mfor/Fon
* as the place where the famous naturalist Gerald Durrell came on two animal-collecting expeditions in 1949 and 1957. Durrell wrote two accounts - The Bafut Beagles and A Zoo in My Luggage - on his travels in Bafut, and created a mini TV series To Bafut with Beagles.
# Mordellistena atripennis

Mordellistena atripennis is a beetle in the genus Mordellistena of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1891 by George Charles Champion.
# Helsingborgs HC

Helsingborgs HC is a Swedish hockey club based in Helsingborg. They currently play in group F of Division 1, the third tier of the Swedish ice hockey system.