# Coal homogenization

Coal homogenization refers to the process of mixing coal to reduce the variance of the product supplied. This homogenization process is performed during the coal stockpiling operation. Although the terms blending and homogenization are often used interchangeably, there are differences, as the definitions show. The most notable difference is that blending refers to stacking coal from different sources together on one stockpile. The reclaimed heap would then typically have a weighted average output quality of the input sources. In contrast, homogenization focuses on reducing the variance of only one source. A blending operation will cause some homogenization.

## Definitions
### Mixing

Mixing is defined as a random rearrangement of particles by means of mechanical energy, e.g. rotary devices, in a fixed volume. Traces of individual components can still be located within a small quantity of the mixed material of two or more material types. Application: small-scale storage.

### Blending

Blending is defined as the integration of a number of raw materials with different physical or chemical properties in time in order to create a required specification or blend. The aim is to achieve a final product from, for example, two or more coal types, that has a well-defined chemical composition in which the elements are very evenly distributed and no large pockets of one type can be identified. When sampled, the average content and the standard deviation from the average are the same. Application: e.g. using different types of coal for specific recipes.

### Homogenizing

Homogenizing is defined as the systematic regrouping of the input flow in order to provide a more homogeneous output flow of one type of material so that inherent fluctuations of chemical or physical properties in time are evened out compared to the input flow. Application: e.g. one batch of limestone or coal, i.e. to homogenize the material in itself.

## Applications

Worldwide, industry uses bulk material, like coal, as a source of energy or as a raw material for production processes. Intermediate storage facilities (for example stockpiles) are required to decouple the (discontinuous) supply of raw materials from the (continuous) production process. Large quality fluctuations of the material properties can occur due to the geographical origin of the raw materials. This means that processes using these raw materials have to deal with these fluctuations in order to produce products with a constant quality. The fluctuations can be dealt with in two ways:
* Adapting the process, so that it can handle quality fluctuations of the raw material.
* Adapting the raw material to the requirements of the process: upgrading.
Upgrading is defined as achieving a more constant quality throughout the material flow, where the mean quality cannot be influenced, but the frequency and amplitude of fluctuations around the mean value can.
Homogenization aims to upgrade the raw material to a uniform composition of the product being homogenized. In coal homogenization, the primary aim is to reduce the variance of the quality of the product supplied (in comparison to the variance in quality of the different sources of supply). This is necessary to ensure consistent (or homogeneous) quality, as well as a constant calorific value of the coal. Homogenization can be used at coal mines in order to get a better overall quality product from a stockpile. It can thus form an integral part of the quality management system in coal mines. When processing coal by more than one supplier like power stations and heat plants, coal homogenization can serve well as a strategy of processing the coal in order to get to the best acceptable quality. Coal homogenization could be applied whenever a consistent quality is needed and multiple sources of different qualities are supplied or mined.

## Methods

Typically, a large number of thin layers are thrown by the stacker on a stockpile. Stacking the layers on each other ensures that the variance in input quality is reduced once the coal is reclaimed in a vertical cross-section. After the coal is stacked in horizontal layers, it is reclaimed in vertical slices. When the standard deviation of each slice’s quality is determined, the resulting standard deviation is much smaller than that of the non-homogenized stockpile.
In a simplified form, the effectiveness of the homogenization process is represented by E, the homogenization effect:
    $E=\sigma _{in}/\sigma _{out}$ (where σ is the standard deviation).
In practice, varying stockpile layer thickness, type of stacking and different reclaiming methods makes the above formulae of little use. Thus, in practice the homogenization effect E is calculated as follows:
    $E=k{\sqrt {n}}$, k usually varies between 0.5 and 0.7. (where n is the number of layers and k is a constant determined for each stockpiling operation)
The different types of stacking will influence k.