OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Greek democracy

During the Classical era and Hellenistic era of Classical Antiquity, many Hellenic city-states had adopted democratic forms of government, in which free (non-slave), native (non-foreigner) adult male citizens of the city took a major and direct part in the management of the affairs of state, such as declaring war, voting supplies, dispatching diplomatic missions and ratifying treaties. These activities were often handled by a form of direct democracy, based on a popular assembly. Others, of judicial and official nature, were often handled by large juries, drawn from the citizen body in a process known as sortition.
By far the most well-documented and studied example is the Athenian democracy in Athens. However, there are documented examples of at least fifty-two Greek city-states including Corinth, Megara, and Syracuse that also had democratic regimes during part of their history. According to Ober (2015), the proportion of Greek city-states with democratic regimes gradually increased from the mid 6th century BC to the end of the 4th century BC, when perhaps half of the one-thousand Greek city-states in existence at the time had democratic regimes.

## Federal democracy

During the period from the 4th to the early 2nd centuries BC, the political center of gravity in Greece shifted from individual city-states to federal leagues, such as the Aetolian League and the Achaean League. These were confederations that jointly handled the foreign and military affairs for the member cities. Their internal structure was democratic with respect to the member cities, that is, each city within the league had a weight roughly proportional to its size and power. On the other hand, the cities themselves were largely represented in the leagues by their wealthy elites if they had an oligarchic form of government (another common form of government during the late Classical and Hellenistic periods) or by their Tyrant if they had a tyrannical form of government.
These federal leagues differed from earlier groupings of Greek city-states, like the Peloponnesian League or the Delian League, in that they were not dominated by a single city as the earlier leagues used to be dominated by Athens and Sparta.
# Beaux Arts Trio

The Beaux Arts Trio was a noted piano trio, celebrated for their vivacity, emotional depth and wide-ranging repertoire. They made their debut on 13 July 1955, at the Berkshire Music Festival, Lenox, Massachusetts, United States, known today as the Tanglewood Music Center. Their final American concert was held at Tanglewood on 21 August 2008. It was webcast live and archived on NPR Music. Their final concert was in Lucerne, Switzerland, on 6 September 2008.
The Beaux Arts Trio recorded the entire standard piano trio repertoire. In 2005, the trio celebrated its 50th anniversary with two special CD issues, one featuring their most popular releases through their long years of recording (released by Philips Records), and the other an anniversary collection of new music (released by Warner Records).
Throughout its existence, the trio was held together by founding pianist Menahem Pressler. The original members of the trio when it was founded in 1955 were as follows:
* piano: Menahem Pressler
* violin: Daniel Guilet
* cello: Bernard Greenhouse
The violin and cello members changed on a number of occasions, with later members including the following:
* violin: Isidore Cohen (1968–1992; formerly second violinist of the Juilliard String Quartet), Ida Kavafian (1992–1998), Yung Uck Kim (1998–2002), Daniel Hope (2002–2008)
* cello: Peter Wiley (1987–1998, he then moved to Guarneri Quartet), Antonio Meneses (1998–2008)
In July 2015, Decca Classics released a 60-CD boxed set to mark their 60th anniversary.
# Acropora latistella

Acropora latistella is a species of Acropora polyp coral found in tropical reefs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean from depths ranging from 3 – 20 meters.
# Aminoalkylindole

Aminoalkylindoles (AAIs) are a family of cannabinergic compound that act as a cannabinoid receptor agonist. They were synthesized by the pharmaceutical company Sterling-Winthrop in the early 1990s with a commercial potential as a new family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
Aminoalkylindole is a class of synthetic cannabinoid compounds originally developed for cannabinoid receptor pharmacology studies but later emerged as drugs of abuse. They are often found in designer drugs known as synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) or "synthetic marijuana," and their use has been associated with various adverse health effects, including acute kidney injury (AKI) as shown in a 2012 study.

## Legality

Aminoalkylindoles are now commonly found in synthetic cannabis designer drugs.
In the United States, the DEA added the aminoalkylindoles JWH-200 to Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act on 1 March 2011 for 12 months.
# Bahrenfelder SV

Bahrenfelder SV is a German association football club from Bahrenfeld in the western quarter of the city of Hamburg.

## History

The team was established on 17 February 1919 and as a workers' club played as part of the Arbeiter-Turn- und Sportbund (ATSB or Workers' Gymnastics and Sports Federation), a national sports organization active between 1893 and 1933.
SV made two appearances in the league playoff. They got as far as the quarterfinals in 1923–24 where they were eliminated by FT Gerresheim. In 1929–30 the team soundly beat ATV Steinach 7:1 to advance to the final where they lost to TSV Nürnberg Ost 6:1.
Following the rise to power of the Nazis the Bahrenfelder side was banned in 1933 along with other workers' clubs and clubs with religious affiliations as being politically undesirable. Following World War II the club was reestablished on 15 December 1945.
In addition to football the current day club has departments for angling, boxing, cycling, fitness, gymnastics, Ju Jitsu, running, table tennis, and volleyball.
Nowadays the club's football department fluctuates between the tier seven Bezirksliga and the Kreisliga, playing in the latter again since 2014.

## Honours

The club's honours:
* Hamburg champions: 1921
* Northern German champions:1924
# Bancang

Bancang (Chinese: 板仓社区) is a community of Kaihui town in Changsha County, Hunan province, China. It is the birthplace of Mao Zedong's second wife, Yang Kaihui.
# Auckengill

Auckengill is a settlement, 6 miles (10 kilometres) south of John o' Groats, on the east coast of Caithness, within the Scottish council area of Highland.
Auckengill is situated 1⁄2 mile (800 metres) north of Nybster.

## Museum

As Caithness is the Viking capital of mainland Scotland, Auckengill has a museum of Viking history called the Northlands Viking Centre. The museum examines the history of the Norse from Norway to Shetland, Orkney and Caithness. On display are models of the Viking settlement at Freswick and a Viking Longship. There is also a shop and picnic area. The museum is the site of the annual Scottish-Scandinavian Northlands Festival in September.

## Gallery

* Loch in Auckengill.
* A broch in Auckengill.
* Main road of Auckengill.
* Auckengill Jetty with man made dock.
* Looking southeast from the settlement.
* Looking northeast from Auckengill.
* Map of Caithness of 1878-1879 map showing land available for cultivation.
# Günalan, Gölbaşı

Günalan is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Gölbaşı, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 149 (2022).
# Austroplebeia cincta

Austroplebeia cincta is a small eusocial stingless bee first described by Mocsáry in 1898 and it is found across Australia (far North Queensland), West Papua, and Papua New Guinea (East and Centre).

## Description and identification

The workers (3–4.3 mm in Papua New Guinea and 3–3.5 mm in Australia) can be distinguished by their body pilosity and broad yellow bands on the top of their thorax similar to A. essingtoni. The hair in the face and other parts of the thorax is much finer than other species. They have bold yellow markings in the face and a yellow patch on the side of the thorax making them easy to tell apart from other species. Most of the times is vivid yellow, but it can also range from dark yellow to reddish brown. Unlike the rest of Austroplebeia species, the males are darker than the workers, lacking the thorax markings.

## Nest building

The brood chamber is distinctive where new brood cells are waxed together into concentric layers different to other species of Austroplebeia in which the brood chambers are loosely connected to one-another forming an irregular network. A. cincta also builds very long entrance tunnels (17–43 cm) to avoid predation by ants. In difference to other species of Austroplebeia, A. cincta does not construct a mesh of resin droplets around the entrance. One exemption is when the nest is being threatened by predators such as green ants in which case, the bees would build a full or partial closure over their tunnel entrance.
* Clustered brood comb of A. cincta. The queen is in the top right corner surrounded by workers
* Nest entrance tunnel of A. cincta in far North Queensland, Australia
# Antiplanes voyi

Antiplanes voyi is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

## Distribution

This extinct marine species was found off California, USA
# 1959 Estonian Supreme Soviet election

Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR were held on 15 March 1959. The Bloc of Communists and Non-Party Candidates was the only party able to contest the elections, and won all 125 seats.

## Results

| Party | Party | % | Seats |
| | Bloc of Communists and Non-Party Candidates | 99.53 | 125 |
| Against | Against | 0.47 | – |
| Total | Total | | 125 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 99.59 | |
| Source: Liivik |||||
# Acropora indonesia

Acropora indonesia is a species of acroporid coral that was first described by Dr Carden Wallace in 1997. Found in marine, tropical, shallow reefs in sheltered flat locations or gentle slopes, it occurs at depths of 10 to 20 m (33 to 66 ft). It is listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, and it is thought to have a decreasing population. It is common and found over a large area, and is listed on CITES Appendix II.

## Description

Acropora indonesia occurs in dense tiered cushion-shaped structures that are up to 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in depth. In colour, it is between dark grey/dark brown and pale, and the branches are tightly packed, thin, and upright. Branches at the perimeter of the structure have upward-facing ends and are up to 80mm long, and the axial corallites are normally obvious. The radial corallites are the same size. Within genus Acropora, there are no species similar to this. It is found in a marine environment in tropical, shallow reefs at depths of 10 to 20 m (33 to 66 ft), and also on gently sloping submerged surfaces and ledges. The species is composed of aragonite (calcium carbonate).

## Distribution

Acropora indonesia is common and found over a large area of the Indo-Pacific; Indonesia (all six regions), including the Banggai islands of Sulawesi and Raja Ampat islands, Thailand, the Solomon Islands, the Philippines, Singapore, Australia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and Myanmar. There is no exact population for the species, but it is known to be decreasing overall, given threats from disease and bleaching caused by the rising sea temperatures. It is prey to starfish Acanthaster planci, which is becoming a common species, and is threatening numbers of Acropora species. It is also threatened by human activities, fishing, climate change, and industry. It is classed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List, is listed under CITES Appendix II, and may occur in Marine Protected Areas.

## Taxonomy

C. C. Wallace first described the species in 1997 as Acropora indonesia, in Indonesia.
# 1040s in England

Events from the 1040s in England.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Harold I (to 17 March 1040), Harthacanute (17 March 1040 to 8 June 1042), then Edward the Confessor

## Events

* 1040
** 17 March – Harold Harefoot dies.
** June – Harthacnut lands at Sandwich, Kent, and becomes King of England.
* 1041
** Rebellion in Worcester against Harthacnut's naval taxes.
** Siward, Earl of Northumbria, kills Eadwulf IV of Bamburgh with the connivance of Harthacnut, possibly incorporating Bernicia into his Earldom of Northumbria thereafter.
** Harthacnut invites his half-brother Edward the Confessor to return to England from exile in Normandy as his heir as king of England, with the support of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Bishop Ælfwine of Winchester. Edward meets "the thegns of all England" on the coast of Hampshire and is received as heir to the kingdom in return for his oath that he will continue the laws of Cnut.
* 1042
** 8 June – Harthacnut collapses and soon after dies during the wedding celebrations of Tovi the Proud at Lambeth and is succeeded by his half-brother Edward the Confessor as King.
** Encomium Emmae Reginae, a biography of the dowager Emma of Normandy, twice queen consort of England, is completed.
* 1043
** 3 April – coronation of Edward the Confessor at Winchester Cathedral.
** 16 November – Queen Emma accused of treason and her ally Stigand, Bishop of East Anglia, is dismissed.
** Earl Leofric of Mercia founds Coventry Abbey; according to legend, his wife Godiva rides naked through the town in protest at taxes to fund the abbey.
* 1044
** King Edward pardons Emma and Stigand.
* 1045
** Marriage of King Edward and Edith of Wessex.
* 1046
** 10 April – Leofric appointed Bishop of Crediton and Bishop of Cornwall.
** Earl Sweyn Godwinson is exiled after kidnapping the Abbess of Leominster during an invasion of south Wales.
** Ealdred, Bishop of Worcester, leads troops on an unsuccessful punitive raid against Welsh leaders Gruffydd ap Rhydderch, Rhys ap Rhydderch and Gruffydd ap Llywelyn.
** Exeter Book of poetic riddles completed.
* 1048
** Last Viking raid on England; unsuccessful raiders flee to Flanders.
** King Edward goes to war against Flanders, blockading the English Channel with a fleet based at Sandwich.
* 1049
** Sweyn Godwinson returns from exile, murders his cousin, and is exiled again.

## Births

* Cristina, daughter of Edward the Exile
* 1045
** Saint Margaret of Scotland daughter of Edgar Ætheling (died 1093)

## Deaths

* 1040
** 17 March – King Harold Harefoot (born c. 1015)
** 14 August – King Duncan I of Scotland (born ca. 1001)
* 1042
** 8 June – King Harthacanute (born 1018)
# Bahren Shaari

Bahren Shaari is a Singaporean business executive who served as the chief executive officer of Bank of Singapore between 2015 and 2022. Under his leadership, the bank's reach has expanded around the world and has offices in Singapore, Europe, Dubai, and Hong Kong.
Bahren was also touted to be a potential candidate from the private sector for the 2017 presidential election by a number of Singaporean media, following the changes in the eligibility criteria for elected president. He declined to not participate for the 2017 presidential election.

## Early life and education

Bahren was born and educated in Singapore. He studied in Sembawang Primary School, Ahmad Ibrahim Secondary School and Hwa Chong Junior College. He graduated from the National University of Singapore with a bachelor's degree in Accountancy.

## Career

Bahren started his career as an auditor at Coopers and Lybrand. After two years, he moved to the financial industry. He joined American Express in 1988 before moving to UBS AG Wealth Management in 1996, where he rose to become the managing director and Head of Southeast Asia and Australia team He then joined ING Asia Private Bank as Senior Managing Director and Global Head for the Southeast Asia market. In 2009 it was renamed Bank of Singapore after it was acquired by OCBC Bank in the same year.
In September 2016, Bahren was among the six recipients of the Institute of Banking and Finance Distinguished Fellows award.

## Other appointments

Bahren was appointed by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) to serve on the Corporate Governance Advisory Committee in Feb 2019.
In October 2018, he was named the Berita Harian Achiever of the Year in recognition of his professional achievements and contributions to the community. The award was given by Berita Harian, the sole Malay language broadsheet newspaper published in Singapore.
Following that, Bahren was one of 12 outstanding alumni honored at the NUS Business School Eminent Business Alumni Awards 2018.
In September 2016, Bahren was among the six recipients of the Institute of Banking and Finance Distinguished Fellows award.
He was appointed to the board of the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) in 2000, and stepped down in 2012. He has been an independent director of the Singapore Press Holdings since April 2012.
Bahren was awarded the Public Service Medal in 2008. He was conferred the Public Service Star Medal in 2018.
On 1 April 2017, Bahren was appointed as an alternate member to the Council of Presidential Advisers to serve a term of four years. He was then appointed as a full member on 9 January 2020.

## Personal life

Bahren's wife, June Rusdon, is the founder of Learning Vision Group and Chief Executive of BusyBees Asia. They have three children.
# Hans R. Beierlein

Hans Rudolf Beierlein (April 19, 1929 – August 5, 2022) was a German music journalist, manager and publisher.

## Biography

Beierlein was born in Nuremberg and later resided in Munich. He was involved in the creation of several television programs in Germany, including Eating like God in Germany and Grand Prix der Volksmusik.
Beierlein's career breakthrough came with the discovery of Udo Jürgens in 1963, whose subsequent win at the Eurovision Grand Prix in 1966 with "Merci Chérie" propelled him to stardom. The professional relationship between Jürgens and Beierlein ended in the late 1970s, leading to legal disputes, though they eventually reconciled 17 years later.
Beierlein had a particular interest in folk music, which he considered to be music for the people. Following the fall of the Berlin Wall, he managed the careers of several folk artists, including Stefanie Hertel, and worked with Stefan Mross and Florian Silbereisen. He founded the Grand Prix der Volksmusik in 1986. Beierlein also promoted French musicians like Charles Aznavour and Johnny Hallyday in German-speaking countries and was involved in trading football rights.
Beierlein retired in 2014, selling rights to approximately 5,000 music titles to BMG. was described by Der Spiegel as the "Bavarian Goldfinger" and the "Great White Shark in Wonderland".
After his death, Beierlein's ashes were interred by his adopted daughter, Bizzi Nießlein, in a cemetery in Schliersee, Upper Bavaria, where he owned a villa.
# Gösta Linderholm

Gösta Gunnar Linderholm (22 June 1941 – 29 December 2020) was a Swedish singer. He was best known for the hit song "Rulla in en boll och låt den rulla" which was released in 1978. He wrote the music to the film Rasmus på luffen in 1981.
# Austroplebeia essingtoni

Austroplebeia essingtoni is a small eusocial stingless bee first described by Cockerell in 1905 and it is found in Australia (Northern areas of Western Australia and Northern Territory). They are one of the smallest stingless bees in Australia and can survive in very arid areas with annual rainfalls down to 300 mm.

## Etymology

The name 'essingtoni' was given because the first specimens were collected from Port Essington on the north coast of Arnhem Land, Australia in 1840.

## Description and identification

The workers (3.2-3.9mm) usually have distinct cream bands on the side and rear of the thorax and broad cream marking on the lower face. Most workers are noticeably smaller than those of the other Austroplebeia species across their distribution. Their colouring varies, workers in the Hamersley Ranges are brighter, with pale yellow bands on the thorax, legs and abdomen as well as bright patterns on the lower face. Other populations in contrast, such as the ones in coastal areas, are much darker. Males from this species are brightly coloured and have unusual bent tips on their genitalia.
* The characteristic male genitalia with bent tips of A. essingtoni

## Nest building

A. essingtoni usually nests in small to medium hollow trees (9–30 cm diameter at nest level) but many nest in wall cavities or crevices in cliffs. Similar to A. cassiae and A. magna, A. essingtoni builds a short nest entrance tunnel. The cells in the broods are loosely connected together into an irregular structure called a "cluster". The pollen and honey is stored in spherical or oval shaped pots with thin walls.
* The short entrance tunnel of A. essingtoni

## Human use

Preliminary attempts to establish this species in hives have been successful but propagation by division has not achieved much success.
# Miyagi Island (Uruma, Okinawa)

Miyagi Island or Miyagijima (宮城島, Japanese: Miyagi-jima, Okinawan: Naagushiku-jima) is an island located in the Yokatsu Islands of Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. It is also known as Takanaharijima (タカナハリジマ) in the Okinawan language, meaning "a high and distant island". This is a reference to its greater elevation compared to other nearby landmarks.
Miyagi Island is connected to the main Okinawa Island through a bridge that runs across Henza Island, making it accessible by car or bus. There are four villages on the island: Uehara (上原), Miyagi (宮城), Tōbaru (桃原) and Ikemi (池味).

## History

Along with the rest of the Yokatsu Islands, Miyagi was under the control of Chūzan during the Sanzan period. In 1429, Chūzan united the Okinawa Islands and formed the Ryukyu Kingdom. Under Ryukyuan rule, Miyagi Island was used as a place of exile for political criminals. In 1879, the Ryukyu Kingdom was annexed by the Japanese Empire, and control of Miyagi Island was transferred to Okinawa Prefecture.
At the end of World War II, Miyagi Island went under the control of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands, lasting from 1950 to 1972. It was returned to Japan following the Okinawa Reversion Agreement.
As evidenced by the ruins of Shigumu and Takamine, humans have inhabited the island since ancient times.

## Climate

Climate data for Miyagi Island (2008−2020 normals, extremes 2008−present) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 25.4 (77.7) | 26.8 (80.2) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.9 (84.0) | 32.4 (90.3) | 32.3 (90.1) | 34.7 (94.5) | 35.6 (96.1) | 34.3 (93.7) | 33.1 (91.6) | 30.7 (87.3) | 28.3 (82.9) | 35.6 (96.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.0 (66.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 21.1 (70.0) | 23.1 (73.6) | 25.9 (78.6) | 28.8 (83.8) | 30.9 (87.6) | 31.1 (88.0) | 30.2 (86.4) | 27.5 (81.5) | 24.3 (75.7) | 20.5 (68.9) | 25.2 (77.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) | 17.2 (63.0) | 18.5 (65.3) | 20.5 (68.9) | 23.4 (74.1) | 26.4 (79.5) | 28.3 (82.9) | 28.4 (83.1) | 27.5 (81.5) | 25.1 (77.2) | 22.0 (71.6) | 18.3 (64.9) | 22.7 (72.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 14.7 (58.5) | 15.2 (59.4) | 16.4 (61.5) | 18.5 (65.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 24.6 (76.3) | 26.4 (79.5) | 26.5 (79.7) | 25.6 (78.1) | 23.3 (73.9) | 20.3 (68.5) | 16.4 (61.5) | 20.8 (69.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 4.9 (40.8) | 9.7 (49.5) | 9.0 (48.2) | 12.5 (54.5) | 15.5 (59.9) | 19.1 (66.4) | 20.8 (69.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 21.2 (70.2) | 18.3 (64.9) | 13.9 (57.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 4.9 (40.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 83.4 (3.28) | 106.9 (4.21) | 118.1 (4.65) | 141.2 (5.56) | 294.7 (11.60) | 293.5 (11.56) | 124.3 (4.89) | 185.3 (7.30) | 172.5 (6.79) | 203.0 (7.99) | 134.9 (5.31) | 98.8 (3.89) | 1,945.4 (76.59) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 9.2 | 9.0 | 9.3 | 10.3 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 8.3 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 8.9 | 8.1 | 9.2 | 118.4 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 98.0 | 102.0 | 143.9 | 143.3 | 154.4 | 183.7 | 275.1 | 250.1 | 217.2 | 176.4 | 130.5 | 105.9 | 1,980.6 |
| Source: Japan Meteorological Agency ||||||||||||||