OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alameda County Transportation Commission

The Alameda County Transportation Commission (abbreviated as ACTC or as Alameda CTC) is a government agency responsible for planning of county-wide transportation efforts, allocating of funding to street, highway, bicycle, pedestrian, and transit programs, and management of select construction projects across Alameda County, California.
Alameda CTC is a joint powers authority and a congestion management agency.

## Planning initiatives

Current planning initiatives include redesigning surface arterial roads that run the length of the county such as San Pablo Avenue and East 14th Street.

## Funding

Alameda CTC is responsible for administering and distributing funds from a voter-approved sales tax (Measure BB, 2014). Other local sources of funds administered by the commission include a voter-approved vehicle registration fee (Measure F, 2010).
The commission is also responsible for helping to allocate and distribute regional, state, and federal transportation funds in collaboration with the Bay Area-wide Metropolitan Transportation Commission.

## Projects and programs

Alameda CTC also funds and operates the Alameda County Safe Routes to School program.
Current capitol projects constructed and managed by Alameda CTC include high-occupancy toll lanes along I-680 and I-580.
Alameda CTC uses Measure BB sales tax funds to augment and extend funding for the operation of transit service in the county. Transit service operators utilizing these funds include AC Transit, Altamont Corridor Express, BART, WHEELS, WETA, Union City Transit, and the proposed Valley Link.
# Magnetic resonance force microscopy

Magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) is an imaging technique that acquires magnetic resonance images (MRI) at nanometer scales, and possibly at atomic scales in the future. MRFM is potentially able to observe protein structures which cannot be seen using X-ray crystallography and protein nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Detection of the magnetic spin of a single electron has been demonstrated using this technique. The sensitivity of a current MRFM microscope is 10 billion times greater than a medical MRI used in hospitals.

## Basic principle

The MRFM concept combines the ideas of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Conventional MRI employs an inductive coil as an antenna to sense resonant nuclear or electronic spins in a magnetic field gradient. MRFM uses a cantilever tipped with a ferromagnetic (iron cobalt) particle to directly detect a modulated spin gradient force between sample spins and the tip. The magnetic particle is characterized using the technique of cantilever magnetometry. As the ferromagnetic tip moves close to the sample, the atoms' nuclear spins become attracted to it and generate a small force on the cantilever. The spins are then repeatedly flipped, causing the cantilever to gently sway back and forth in a synchronous motion. That displacement is measured with an interferometer (laser beam) to create a series of 2-D images of the sample, which are combined to generate a 3-D image. The interferometer measures resonant frequency of the cantilever. Smaller ferromagnetic particles and softer cantilevers increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Unlike the inductive coil approach, MRFM sensitivity scales favorably as device and sample dimensions are reduced.
Because the signal-to-noise ratio is inversely proportional to the sample size, Brownian motion is the primary source of noise at the scale in which MRFM is useful. Accordingly, MRFM devices are cryogenically cooled. MRFM was specifically devised to determine the structure of proteins in situ.

## Milestones

The basic principles of MRFM imaging and the theoretical possibility of this technology were first described in 1991. The first MRFM image was obtained in 1993 at the IBM Almaden Research Center with 1-μm vertical resolution and 5-μm lateral resolution using a bulk sample of the paramagnetic substance diphenylpicrylhydrazyl. The spatial resolution reached nanometer-scale in 2003. Detection of the magnetic spin of a single electron was achieved in 2004. In 2009 researchers at IBM and Stanford announced that they had achieved resolution of better than 10 nanometers, imaging tobacco mosaic virus particles on a nanometer-thick layer of adsorbed hydrocarbons.
# Alan Davies (mathematician)

Alan Davies (born 22 December 1945) is a British professor emeritus of mathematics at the University of Hertfordshire.
He obtained a first class honours degree in mathematics (1968) from Southampton University. He followed that with a master's degree, with distinction, in structural engineering (1974) and a doctorate in numerical computation (1989) from Imperial College. He has spent most of his working life as an academic at the University of Hertfordshire (UH), formerly the Hatfield Polytechnic. He had short spells in industry working as a research engineer in the aircraft industry and as a process engineer in the food industry.
During his time in Hatfield his major activity has been teaching mathematics to undergraduates and postgraduates in mathematics, science and engineering. He has also been engaged in research in numerical computation. In 1992 he became Head of the Department of Mathematics and was appointed Professor of Mathematics and, in 2004, the Department merged with Physical Sciences and Davies was appointed head of the School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics. During his time as head of the department he became increasingly involved with outreach activities with both schools and the general public. He retired from his full-time post in 2006 and is currently Professor Emeritus in mathematics and a London Mathematical Society Holgate Lecturer. His particular interest in teaching is in applied mathematics and numerical computation, particularly to students for whom mathematics is not their main subject, in particular engineering.
In 1991, in collaboration with Ros Crouch, he was awarded the British Nuclear Fuels Partnership Award for Innovative Teaching in Mathematics, in recognition of their undergraduate module in which mathematical modelling was used as a vehicle for the teaching and learning of communication skills. He was a member of the Mew Group which produced materials suitable for teachers to use with sixth formers to consider problems different from the rather idealised versions found in their usual text books. He has also worked with the Open University (OU) as a part-time tutor; he retained that position until 2012 and still teaches in summer schools and mathematics revision weekends.
His research interest is in the area of numerical computation. He collaborated with his wife, Dr Diane Crann, for 15 years developing boundary element solutions to diffusion and heat-conduction problems. They are particularly interested in the use of the Laplace transform and domain decomposition approaches. The two of them co-wrote "A Handbook of Essential Mathematical Formulae" intended for students of mathematics and related fields.
Since his retirement he has concentrated on outreach activities, working with his wife to present masterclasses in mathematics and physical science in collaboration with the Royal Institution (Ri). Over the past twenty years they have both became heavily involved with the Ri and its masterclass programme, she as Clothworkers’ Fellow in Mathematics and Manager of the Masterclass Programme (2010-2015), and he as a trustee (2009-2015).
# Madeira, South Africa

Madeira is a village (in Tzaneen town) in Mopani District Municipality in the Limpopo province of South Africa.
# Madehurst

Madehurst is a small village and civil parish in the Arun District of West Sussex, England on the south slopes of the South Downs in the South Downs National Park. It is three miles (5 km) north-west of Arundel, to the west of the A29 road. The village of Madehurst is in two well-wooded valleys, listed in park guides.

## Economy

Many of the few inhabitants are farmers, retired, or commute as far afield as London, Portsmouth or Brighton.

## The parish church

The Anglican parish church, dedicated to St. Mary Magdalene, is built of local flint. It was restored and enlarged in 1864, when the north aisle and a new chancel were added.

## Notable residents

Theodora Elizabeth Lynch, a novelist, was born here in 1813.

## Recreation

For its population, the village has a notable Cricket Club. A new pavilion was completed in 2011 which features luxury showers. The view from near Dale Park Farm over New Barn Farm towards Parletts Farm is elevated stretching for tens of miles and open to public visits. A listed walk and marked path is to the local summit at Bignor Post: this starts from Chichester Lodge (on the A29) in the south-west, proceeds through The Drove, New Barn and Parletts farms and finishes at Stammers Wood in the north-west. Other paths scale the local slopes, including The Denture along part of the northern boundary which nearby joins the Monarch's Way through the hills. The parish aside from its aged cluster has been kept mostly undeveloped; before the creation of the National Park, consistently new buildings, residential or commercial, have proven to be against applicable planning policies since the 1950s.

## Gallery

* The church seen from the road
# Magnoald Ziegelbauer

Magnoald Ziegelbauer (1689 in Ellwangen, Swabia – 14 January 1750 at Olmütz) was a Benedictine monk and ecclesiastical historian.

## Life

He took vows at the Benedictine monastery of Zwiefalten on 21 November 1707, where he was ordained priest on 21 March 1713 and where he became professor of theology. Soon however some of the illiterate monks of Zwiefalten made plain their dislike of the learned and studious Ziegelbauer, who therefore obtained his abbot's permission to live at another monastery of the order.
At first he went to Reichenau Abbey, where he taught theology. About 1730 the prior of this imperial monastery sent him to the court of Vienna on business relating to the monastery, after the successful accomplishment of which he taught moral theology at Göttweig Abbey from 1732–33, then returned to Vienna to devote himself to literary activity.
In 1734 he became tutor of the young Barons von Latermann. From 1747 until his death he resided at Olomouc as secretary of the first learned society in the Habsburg Monarchy, the Societas eruditorum incognitorum in terris Austriacis.

## Works

* His chief literary work is Historia rei literariae ordinis S. Benedicti, which was published posthumously by his friend and collaborator Oliverius Legipontius (4 volumes, Augsburg 1754) and still remains a standard literary history of the Benedictine Order.
His other 19 printed works include:
* Mancipatus illibatae virginis deciparae (Constance, 1726).
* Lebengeschichte des ertz-martyrers Stephani (Vienna, 1736).
* Epitome historica regii, liberii et exempti in regno Bohemiae antiquissimi monasterii Brevnoviensis (Cologne, 1740).
* other historical and theological treatises of minor importance.
Works unprinted (as of 1908) are:
* Olomucium sacrum, an ecclesiastical history of Moravia and its bishops.
* Bibliotheca Bohemica, a collection of writers on Bohemia.
# Madonna Della Strada

Madonna Della Strada or Santa Maria Della Strada (English: Our Lady of the Wayside or Saint Mary of the Good Road) is a painting of Mary, mother of Jesus at the Church of the Gesù in Rome, mother church of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) religious order of the Catholic Church; it is a variation on the basilissa (imperial) type of icon.
The Madonna Della Strada is the patron saint of the Society of Jesus. The society's founder, Ignatius of Loyola, was said to have been protected by the intercession of Mary during battle in his service as a soldier.

## History

The name goes back to a shrine established in Rome in the 5th century by the Astalli family, originally known as the Madonna degli Astalli, at a crossroads along the ceremonial route of the popes. The 13th-14th century fresco (a wall painting done on damp plaster) was originally painted on the wall of Saint Mary of the Way in Rome, the church of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), given to Saint Ignatius by Pope Paul III in 1540.
In 1568, Cardinal Alessandro Farnese erected the Gesù Church of Rome, the mother church of the Jesuits, in place of the former church of Santa Maria della Strada. The fresco was moved there in 1575 to a side chapel where Jesuits pronounced their vows. Sometime in the 19th century, the image was transferred to canvas and affixed to a slate panel.
Pope Urban VIII granted a decree of Canonical Coronation towards the image. The coronation took place on August 15, 1638.
The icon is located between two altars, the first dedicated to Ignatius of Loyola, the second, the main altar of the Church, dedicated to the Holy Name of Jesus.
The icon was restored in 2006, revealing at least two layers of previous paint, the original art being a fresco which had been detached from a wall and affixed to canvas.

## Legacy

There is a Madonna Della Strada Chapel at Loyola University in Chicago, Illinois, at the University of Scranton in Scranton, Pennsylvania, and another at Zilber Hall, Marquette University in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
The Madonna della Strada Chapel is located at the campus ministry center of Le Moyne College.
# Madonna Fitta de Milano

Madonna Fitta de Milano (born 17th-century) was an Italian painter whose works were in the collection of Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria.
As her name implies, she was probably born in Milan or worked there at the time her works were purchased. All that is known of her is her name on a list of artists between Michaelina Wautier and Maerten de Vos.
It is possible that she is the same person as the Milanese painter Fede Galizia, considering the garbled spelling of some other artist names in the same catalog. No known works by Galizia are in the Kunsthistorisches Museum today, however there is a portrait by her hand in the Uffizi, where an exchange of paintings between the two collections occurred in 1792.
# Albay's 4th congressional district

Albay's 4th congressional district is a defunct congressional district that encompassed the island of Catanduanes, a former territory of the province of Albay. It was represented in the House of Representatives of the Philippine Islands from 1931 to 1935, in the National Assembly of the Philippine Commonwealth from 1935 to 1941, and in the House of Representatives of the Philippine Commonwealth from 1945 to 1946. It was created by the 1929 reapportionment that redrew the boundaries of Albay's 2nd congressional district and allocated an additional district for the seven municipalities that comprised the island; the change took effect in 1931. Following the reorganization of a provincial government in Catanduanes in 1945, the district was dissolved and replaced by Catanduanes's at-large congressional district.

## Representation history

| # | Member | Member | Term of office | Term of office | Legislature | Party | Electoral history | Constituent LGUs |
| # | Member | Member | Start | End | Legislature | Party | Electoral history | Constituent LGUs |
| Albay's 4th district for the House of Representatives of the Philippine Islands |||||||||
| District created June 1, 1931. |||||||||
| 1 | | Pedro Vera | June 2, 1931 | June 5, 1934 | 9th | Nacionalista Consolidado | Redistricted from the 2nd district and re-elected in 1931. | 1931–1935 Baras, Bato, Calolbon, Pandan, Panganiban, Viga, Virac |
| 2 | | José T. Surtida | June 5, 1934 | September 16, 1935 | 10th | Nacionalista Democrático | Elected in 1934. | 1931–1935 Baras, Bato, Calolbon, Pandan, Panganiban, Viga, Virac |
| # | Member | Member | Term of office | Term of office | National Assembly | Party | Electoral history | Constituent LGUs |
| # | Member | Member | Start | End | National Assembly | Party | Electoral history | Constituent LGUs |
| Albay's 4th district for the National Assembly (Commonwealth of the Philippines) |||||||||
| (1) | | Pedro Vera | September 16, 1935 | December 30, 1941 | 1st | Nacionalista Demócrata Pro-Independencia | Elected in 1935. | 1935–1941 Baras, Bato, Calolbon, Pandan, Panganiban, Viga, Virac |
| (1) | | Pedro Vera | September 16, 1935 | December 30, 1941 | 2nd | Nacionalista | Re-elected in 1938. | 1935–1941 Baras, Bato, Calolbon, Pandan, Panganiban, Viga, Virac |
| District dissolved into the two-seat Albay's at-large district for the National Assembly (Second Philippine Republic). |||||||||
| # | Member | Member | Term of office | Term of office | Common wealth Congress | Party | Electoral history | Constituent LGUs |
| # | Member | Member | Start | End | Common wealth Congress | Party | Electoral history | Constituent LGUs |
| Albay's 4th district for the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of the Philippines |||||||||
| District re-created May 24, 1945. |||||||||
| 3 | | Francisco Perfecto | June 9, 1945 | May 25, 1946 | 1st | Nacionalista | Elected in 1941. Redistricted to Catanduanes's at-large district. | 1945–1946 Baras, Bato, Calolbon, Pandan, Panganiban, Viga, Virac |
| District dissolved into Catanduanes's at-large district. |||||||||
# Magnus of Norway

Magnus of Norway may refer to:
* Magnus I of Norway (1024–1047)
* Magnus II of Norway (1048–1069)
* Magnus III of Norway (1073–1103)
* Magnus IV of Norway (c. 1115–1139)
* Magnus Haraldsson of Norway (c. 1135 – 1145)
* Magnus V of Norway (1156–1184)
* Magnus VI of Norway (1238–1280)
* Magnus VII of Norway (1316–1374)
* Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway (b. 2005)
# 3,5-Di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde

3,5'-Di-tert-butylsalicylaldehyde is an organic compound. It is a pale yellow solid. This aldehyde is a building block for preparing salen ligands.

## Preparation

This compound is commercially available. It may be prepared by the Duff reaction, from 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol and hexamethylenetetramine:

## Reactions

Condensation of this aldehyde with various diamines gives various salen ligands, which are popular for catalysis. For example, the enantiopure ligand for Jacobsen's catalyst may be prepared from the appropriate 1,2-diaminocyclohexane. The catalyst is obtained by further reaction with manganese(II) acetate and atmospheric oxygen in the presence of a chloride source.
# Agatha Welhouk

Agatha Welhouk (1637–1715) was the central figure of a court case in the Netherlands, where she and her father, sued each other regarding whether a marriage should be considered legal if it had taken place without the consent of the parent.
Welhouk was the daughter of Mayor Gerahdo Cornelisz Welhouck of Delft and Petronella Adriaansdr.
She married a vicar, Arnold Bornius, without the consent of her father in 1655, for which she was sued by her father in 1657. They were forced to separate in 1658, and Welhouk was sentenced to house arrest after having seen her spouse in 1661. Her marriage was declared illegal in 1665, and then declared legal in 1670. The Welhouk case attracted a lot of attention, and became a reference case which affected the law regarding the guardianship of parents over children until the 19th century.
# Inquisitor carmen

Inquisitor carmen is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pseudomelatomidae, the turrids and allies.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 18 mm, its diameter 8 mm.
The fusiform shell has an elongate, acute spire and contains 8½ whorls of which two in the protoconch. The subsequent convex whorls are somewhat angular and show numerous rounded, obtusely angulated longitudinal plicae. The shell is finely spirally lirate throughout. The plicae are rendered conspicuous by the light-brown colouring of the interstices. The suture is slightly impressed. The body whorl measures half the total length. The body whorl is at the top obtusely angulated, then slightly convex and below the middle part contracted and attenuated. The aperture is oblong with a small siphonal canal. The columella stands upright. The outer lip is sharp.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the China seas and off Japan.
# Iqbal Geoffrey

Iqbal Geoffrey (1939–2021) was a Pakistani-American modernist painter. A trained lawyer as well as an artist, Geoffrey's artistic successes included numerous solo exhibitions and receipt of the Huntington Hartford Fellowship, among others. His works include intricately detailed gouache paintings, mixed media and ink drawings of which several feature Sanskrit writing and sans-serif typefaces, embellished mandala symbols and Arabic design motifs.

## Early life and education

Born Mohammed Jawaid Iqbal Jafree in Chiniot, Geoffrey graduated in accountancy and law from Government College and the University of Punjab in Lahore before moving to London in 1960 to begin his artistic career.
Geoffrey relocated to the United States in 1962, where he continued to work as an artist and lawyer, completing an LLM from Harvard University in 1966. Geoffrey has participated in numerous solo and group exhibitions around the world, most notably the 1965 Paris Biennale where he won the Laureate Award, the Sao Paulo Biennial, and The Other Story, curated by Rasheed Araeen at the Hayward Gallery in 1989.

## Career

Geoffrey's early abstract paintings were influenced by Urdu and Arabic calligraphy, Informel and Art Brut painting, and Zen ink painters including Sesshū Tōyō. Geoffrey was one of many artists from Britain's former colonies to move to London during the postwar period. He exhibited frequently in the city and his painting Epitaph (1958) became one of the first works by an Asian artist to enter the Tate Collection. In 1962 Geoffrey moved to the United States to become an artist in residence at the Huntington Hartford Foundation in California and later the MacDowell (artists' residency and workshop) in New Hampshire.
During the early 1960s, Geoffrey's work began to include found objects and collage elements including personal items, Xerox pages, and Letraset transfers. He also undertook various conceptual performances and happenings, including burning his paintings. Geoffrey again exhibited widely in the United States during the 1960s and early 1970s, including at the Grand Central Moderns Gallery, New York; Warde Nasse Gallery, Boston; and the Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art, Ithaca. He also worked for a time as a Human Rights Officer at the United Nations and taught painting at universities including St. Mary's College of Maryland, Notre Dame University, and Central Washington State College. Between 1973 and 1985, Geoffrey worked as an Assistant Attorney General and later an independent lawyer in Chicago.
In 2015, Geoffrey filed a petition for the return of the 105 carat Koh-I-Noor diamond, (part of the Crown Jewels), to Pakistan on the basis that the diamond was removed "forcibly and under duress" during British colonial rule.

## Personal life

In 1967, Geoffrey entered into marriage with Regina Wai-ling Cheng. However, their union ended in divorce in 1978. Subsequently, Geoffrey married Ceyyeda Ferzawne Nuccwe on March 3, 1988. From his first marriage with Regina, Geoffrey had two children, Syed Hussain Haider and Shahzadi Zohra Elinoi Cheng.

## Collections

The Tate Gallery Museum of Fine Arts, Boston
# Lausanne Opera

The Lausanne Opera is an opera house based in Lausanne, Switzerland. With a stage renovation in 2012, the Lausanne Opera offers a wide variety of operas, from baroque to contemporary, along with concerts and ballets.

## History

The opening ceremony took place on 10 May 1871. In 2007 the Opera House closed for renovations that lasted until 2012, when it reopened. These renovations included updating the building and extending the stage.