OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lexis

Lexis may refer to:
* Lexis (linguistics), a term for a language's lexicon in the abstract, or a synonymous expression
* Lexis (Aristotle), in philosophy
* Lexis diagram, in demography

## Publications

* LexisNexis, a database of legal and public records and its publisher
* Lexis Journal in English Lexicology published by OpenEdition.org

## People with the name

* Wilhelm Lexis (1837–1914), German statistician, economist, and social scientist
# Femto-photography

Femto-photography is a technique for recording the propagation of ultrashort pulses of light through a scene at a very high speed (up to 10$^{13}$ frames per second). A femto-photograph is equivalent to an optical impulse response of a scene and has also been denoted by terms such as a light-in-flight recording or transient image. Femto-photography of macroscopic objects was first demonstrated using a holographic process in the 1970s by Nils Abramsson at the Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden). A research team at the MIT Media Lab led by Ramesh Raskar, together with contributors from the Graphics and Imaging Lab at the Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain, more recently achieved a significant increase in image quality using a streak camera synchronized to a pulsed laser and modified to obtain 2D images instead of just a single scanline.
In their publications, Raskar's team claims to be able to capture exposures so short that light only traverses 0.6 mm (corresponding to 2 picoseconds, or 2×10$^{−12}$ seconds) during the exposure period, a figure that is in agreement with the nominal resolution of the Hamamatsu streak camera model C5680, on which their experimental setup is based. Recordings taken using the setup have reached significant spread in the mainstream media, including a presentation by Raskar at TEDGlobal 2012. Furthermore, the team was able to demonstrate the reconstruction of unknown objects "around corners", i.e., outside the line of sight of light source and camera, from femto-photographs.
In 2013, researchers at the University of British Columbia demonstrated a computational technique that allows the extraction of transient images from time-of-flight sensor data without the need for ultrafast light sources or detectors.

## Other uses of the term

Prior to the aforementioned work, the term "femto-photography" had been used for certain proposed procedures in experimental nuclear physics.
# Jackson Township, Wood County, Ohio

Jackson Township is one of the nineteen townships of Wood County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 702 people in the township.

## Geography

Located in the southwestern corner of the county and possessing Wood County's share of a "four corners" boundary, it borders the following townships:
* Milton Township - north
* Liberty Township - northeast corner
* Henry Township - east
* Portage Township, Hancock County - southeast corner
* Pleasant Township, Hancock County - south
* Van Buren Township, Putnam County - southwest corner
* Bartlow Township, Henry County - west
* Richfield Township, Henry County - northwest corner
The village of Hoytville is located in southeastern Jackson Township.

## Name and history

Jackson Township was established in 1840. The township was named for Andrew Jackson, seventh President of the United States (1829–1837). It is one of thirty-seven Jackson Townships statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
# Felpeyu

Felpeyu is a Spanish musical group formed in 1991, playing traditional Asturian music as well original compositions based on traditional structures and rhythms.
The band was formed in Salamanca, Spain, by founding members Igor Medio, Ruma Barbero, and the Galician brothers Castor and Félix Castro. The band enjoyed early success within Spain, and has subsequently toured internationally with numerous performances in Europe and Australia. Over the years Felpeyu has also released five studio albums.

## History

The group's first recording was the demo Fuxide Oricios in 1993. The same year, Felpeyu won third prize in the Vilagarcía d'Arousa Folk Bands Competition, and consequently contributed two tracks to the compilation V Festival de Música Folk Galega (CD, 1993 Edicions Discográficas Galegas).
In 1994 the group released its first album, titled Felpeyu and published by FonoAstur. At this early stage the band's repertoire included both Galician and Asturian music, whereas the focus later shifted solely to the Asturian. The second album, Tierra, was released in 1997 and became Asturian Recording of the Year.
During the following years, the band toured throughout Spain and other European countries. In 2000, Felpeyu toured Australia, with 30 performances at major Australian festivals. During the international tour Felpeyu recorded Live Overseas. A second Australian tour took place in 2001.
In 2003 Felpeyu created its own label, Tierra Discos. The first release on the label was the album Yá!, distributed in Spain and Australasia. That same year, Felpeyu played at the annual WOMADadelaide festival of world music and dance in Adelaide, South Australia.
On 24 June 2006, as Felpeyu was travelling from a performance in Corvera to another venue in Barcelona, the group's van overturned on the road. Band members Igor Medio and Carlos Redondo were killed, and four other members were seriously injured. The accident shocked the Spanish folk music community, and the group remained inactive for eleven months.
In May 2007, Felpeyu began performing again with the addition of Dudu Bridge on bass and lead vocals. The following year saw a number of changes to the group's lineup: Senen Luis Fernández replaced Dudu Bridge on bass and lead vocals, Borja Baragaño (Asturian bagpipes, flutes) replaced Diego Pangua and Elias Garcia (bouzouki) replaced Fernando Oyagüez. 2008 also saw the release of the group's most recent album, Canteros.

## Discography

* 1994 — Felpeyu
* 1997 — Tierra
* 2000 — Live Overseas
* 2003 — Yá!
* 2008 — Canteros
# Fernando Canales Clariond

Fernando de Jesús Canales Clariond (born July 21, 1946, in Monterrey) is a Mexican politician and businessman affiliated with the National Action Party. He succeeded his cousin, Benjamín Clariond as governor of Nuevo León in 1997. He also served as Secretary of Economy and as Secretary of Energy in the cabinet of Vicente Fox.
Fernando Canales is the son of Fernando Canales Salinas and Consuelo Clariond. Consuelo is the daughter of Jacques Antoine Clariond ("Santiago Antonio Clariond), founder of Industrias Monterrey, and his wife María Garza. IMSA is nowadays one of the leading business groups in Latin America.
During his youth he briefly considered the Catholic priesthood but finally opted-in for a bachelor's degree in law from the Escuela Libre de Derecho. Later on he received an MBA from the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM) and specialized in industrial relations at the Institute of Social Studies of The Hague, in the Netherlands.
In the private sector Canales has served as chief executive officer and vice president of IMSA and as a member of the board in several companies in the United States, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina, Chile and Mexico.
Politically, he is a member of the right-of-center National Action Party since 1978. He became its 1985 nominee for the Nuevo León governorship but lost against Jorge Treviño of the Revolutionary Institutional Party (PRI). Twelve years later he reattempted it and won, becoming the first governor of the PAN in the history of the state.
As a governor, Canales delivered mixed results. He left the post after being invited to the federal cabinet by President Vicente Fox and was appointed Secretary of Economy on January 15, 2003. His former treasurer, Fernando Elizondo, assumed as interim but Elizondo lost the governorship in the July 2003 elections against Natividad González Parás, Canales' leading opponent six years earlier.
# Jacob C. Gough

Jacob Carvell Gough (May 9, 1840 – ?) was a merchant, ship builder and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Northumberland County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1868 to 1874.
He was born in Fredericton, New Brunswick, the son of James Gough and Isabella Carvell, and educated in Sackville. His father died while he was still young and his mother married Peter Mitchell in 1853. In 1862, he married Henrietta Porter. He ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the House of Commons in 1868 but was elected to the provincial assembly later that year. Gough also served as a justice of the peace and a lieutenant in the county militia.
# Liberation Day (Hong Kong)

During British rule, Liberation Day celebration took place in Hong Kong on the last Monday in August to commemorate the liberation of Hong Kong from Japanese occupation on 30 August 1945. No official ceremonies have taken place in Hong Kong since the handover to China in 1997. Nevertheless, unofficial delegations mark the day at The Cenotaph, and the flag poles are occasionally dressed.
On September 9, 1998, the Holidays (Amendment) Bill 1998, which included the abolition of the public holiday for Liberation Day, was passed.
The Memorial Day of the War of Resistance was created after 1997, referring to the Second Sino-Japanese War.
# Ferris Lake

Ferris Lake is located east of Powley Place, New York. Fish species present in the lake are yellow perch, sunfish, and brown bullhead. There is a trail access from Powley Place via private lands. Detouring off the trail or camping on the trail is not allowed.
# Jacques Fromaigeat

Jacques Fromaigeat (1913 – 29 April 1988) was a French philatelist who signed the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1974.

## Works

He contributed to Le Monde des Philatélistes 1969.
* Histoire des timbres-poste de l'Empire in four volumes
# Jacob Brønnum Scavenius

Jacob Brønnum Scavenius (2 April 1749 – 20 June 1820) was a Danish landowner.

## Early life and career

Scavenius was born in Skagen in 1749 as the 9th of 11 children of merchant Peder Christensen Brønnum (or Brøndum) and Anne Ibsdatter. He graduated from Aalborg Grammar School in 1770 and assumed the name Scavenius (a latinification of Skagbo 'person from Skagen').
Scavenius was a volunteer in Rentekammeret (the treasury) until 1776 when he was employed as an assistant for the Danish Asiatic Company in India. He returned to Denmark as a wealthy man in 1792 after spending 15 years in Bengal.

## Property and titles

Scavenius purchased Gjorslev, Erikstrup and Søholm on Stevns from the Lindencrone family in 1793. In 1798 he also purchased Klintholm on the island of Møn. He made a turn-around on Gjorslev and established a chalk plant at Bøgeskov.
He was appointed to justitsråd in 1793 and etatsråd in 1711. He created a large collection of books but much of it was lost in the fire of Christiansborg Palace in 1794 as well as in a fire caused by the British bombardment of Copenhagen in 1807.

## Personal life

He married Karine Lucie Debes (1775–1825) in 1794. She was a daughter of Supreme Court justice Lucas Debes and Christine née Suhr. Two sons died young. Their daughter Jacobine married headmaster at Sorø Academy, Hector Estrup, and became the mother of later prime minister Jacob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup.
Scavenius died at Gjorslev on 20 June 1820 and is buried at Holtug Cemetery.
# Fergus Bowes-Lyon, 17th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne

Fergus Michael Claude Bowes-Lyon, 17th and 4th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, DL (31 December 1928 – 19 August 1987) was a British landowner and peer. He was a nephew of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother, thus a first cousin of Queen Elizabeth II.

## Early life and family

Born on 31 December 1928, Strathmore was the eldest son of Michael Claude Hamilton Bowes-Lyon and Elizabeth Margaret Cator (1899–1959). His paternal grandparents were the 14th Earl and Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, and his maternal grandfather was John Cator, Conservative MP for Huntingdon. He had two younger sisters, Mary and Patricia, and a younger brother, Albemarle.
He attended the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and was commissioned in the Scots Guards on 2 September 1949. In 1953, during the coronation of his cousin, Queen Elizabeth II, he was one of many servicemen lining the processional route. He served as a captain with the Second Battalion of the regiment in Germany.
Strathmore, then Captain Fergus Bowes-Lyon, married Mary Pamela McCorquodale (born 31 May 1932) at St Margaret's, Westminster, on 10 April 1956 in a ceremony attended by his cousin, the Queen. They had three children:
* Michael Fergus Bowes-Lyon, 18th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (7 June 1957 – 27 February 2016)
* Lady Elizabeth Mary Cecilia Bowes-Lyon (born 23 December 1959)
* Lady Diana Evelyn Bowes-Lyon (born 29 December 1966)

## Later life

He became 17th and 4th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne upon the death of his first cousin, Timothy, 16th and 3rd Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne, on 13 September 1972. He sat in the House of Lords as a Conservative. He and his wife made improvements to the visitors' areas at Glamis Castle, their seat in Angus. On 6 August 1973, Strathmore was appointed a deputy lieutenant of Angus, later serving as a vice lieutenant for the Tayside Region. Additional appointments he held included honorary colonel of the Tayforth Universities Officers' Training Corps from 1974 to 1982.
On 19 August 1987, Strathmore collapsed while shooting grouse on the grounds of Glamis Castle and died en route to hospital. He was succeeded by his son, Michael.
# Fergus Bourke

Fergus Ignatius Bourke (31 July 1934 – 8 October 2004) was an Irish photographer. He was a member of Aosdána, an association of Irish artists.

## Early life

Bourke was born in Bray in 1934 to Eileen (Eibhlín) Bourke (née Somers) and Thomas Bourke (Tómas de Búrca), who was related to Brendan Behan, Kathleen Behan and Peadar Kearney. His younger brother Brian Bourke was a noted painter. Fergus spent some of his childhood in County Wexford, then attended Presentation College Bray. After that he worked a variety of jobs, and was a stuntman in the film King of Kings (1961), filmed in Spain where Bourke was working as an English teacher.

## Career

   Each picture was a deceptively simple evocation of a street happening or incident captured in a fraction of a second, within the borders of the classical golden mean rectangle, a rigorous organisation of the elements of the subject matter, a magical coming together of the relevant units, freezing a moment of life that as a statement would exist entirely for its own sake. Is such photography an art form? Yes, I say, when it's in the hands of an artist. Seeing these pictures revealed to me in an instant that the camera could be an instrument of artistic expression. There had been a photographer trapped inside me for so many years and suddenly this book, in one glorious moment of awakening, opened the door. It was a culture shock, but a very pleasant one, like hearing the music of Chopin for the first time. A good black and white print is like music, it has the power to excite you.
Fergus Bourke, on encountering the work of Henri Cartier-Bresson
On returning to Dublin, Bourke was at a party and picked up a copy Henri Cartier-Bresson's The Decisive Moment (Images à la sauvette), which caused him to develop an interest in black-and-white photography. An exhibition at the Project Arts Centre in Dublin in 1968 led to his work becoming known in the US; the Museum of Modern Art in New York bought seven of his pictures for its permanent collection.
Bourke was renowned as a photographer of Dublin street scenes in the 1960s, depicting the tenements and children's street culture. He worked a photo-journalist, documenting poverty in the 1970s. He was also a portraitist, and documented all major productions in the Abbey Theatre in Dublin between 1970 and 1995.
Bourke was elected to the Irish association of artists, Aosdána, in 1981. He held a major retrospective at the Gallery of Photography in Temple Bar, Dublin in 2003, and later in the Galway Arts Centre.

## Personal life

He married Maureen O'Connor, an Irish-American from Maplewood, New Jersey, in 1963; they had four children. They lived in Sandymount, Dublin from 1963 until 1992, when they moved to Connemara in County Galway. Bourke died in 2004; his widow donated his remaining prints to the National Photographic Archive.
# Li Tongxuan

Li Tongxuan (李通玄, Korean: Yi T’onghyŏn, Japanese: Ri Tsūgen) (635–730) was a lay Chinese Buddhist scholar and meditation master of the Huayan school.

## Background

Li Tongxuan was the lesser known contemporary of the great Huayan scholar Fazang. Li is known for his exegetical writings on the Huayan Sutra (Avatamsaka Sutra), including his commentary entitled Xin Huayan Jing Lun (新華嚴經論, Treatise on the new translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra).
In his commentary to the Huayan sutra, Li argues that all sentient beings already have the same qualities possessed by a Buddha and thus, he sees the Huayan teaching as a sudden teaching which reveals the Buddhahood that is immanent in all beings. Part of Li's subitist view is his non-temporal understanding of reality, which sees temporal divisions as unreal and sees all of reality as being "the one true dharma-realm" (Ch. yi zhen fajie). Because reality is all the one single dharmadhatu, there is no duality between Buddhas and living beings, no dualism between buddhahood and samsara, awakening and ignorance, or sacred and secular.
Li also drew on non-buddhist Chinese philosophy, including the Book of Changes. He also argues that Chinese sages like Laozi and Confucius also taught the way of the bodhisattvas.
Li also wrote other works, like Jueyi lun 決疑論 (Treatise on Resolving Doubts, 4 fascicles) and the Shiming lun 十明論 (Treatise on the Ten Knowledges, 1 fascicle).
Li developed a unique meditative practice called "the contemplation of Buddhalight" (foguang guan) based on the 9th chapter of the Avatamsaka sutra. This method focused on tracing the universal light of the Buddha which is present in one's mind and expanding the contemplation further and further outwards until it fills the entire universe.
Li's writings were especially influential on Zen Buddhism. His work was influential on numerous later Buddhist figures like Jinul, Myoe and Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163).
# Fergus mac Colmáin

Fergus mac Colmáin (died 618) was a King of Uisnech in Mide, Ireland, of the Clann Cholmáin. He was the son of Colmán Már mac Diarmato (died 555/558) and brother of Suibne mac Colmáin (died 600), also kings of Uisnech. He ruled Uisnech from 600 to 618.
The feud between Clann Cholmáin and Síl nÁedo Sláine continued during his reign but the annals do not record any active involvement by Fergus. His nephew Conall Guthbinn mac Suibni (died 635) in 604 defeated the high king Áed Sláine mac Diarmato (died 604) at a battle in Faithche Mic Mencnain on the brink of Loch Semdid (Ballymore Loughsewdy, Co.Westmeath) in which the high king was slain. Also, his cousin Óengus mac Colmáin Bec (died 621) won the Battle of Odba in which Conall Laeg Breg mac Áedo Sláine was slain in 612.
In 618 he was slain by Anfartach Ua Mescáin of the people of Muintir Blaitíne (near Cuilne, Co.Louth). This was probably a private grudge.
# Life zones of Peru

When the Spanish arrived, they divided Peru into three main regions: the coastal region (11.6% of Peru), that is bounded by the Pacific Ocean; the highlands (28.1% of Peru), that is located on the Andean Heights, and the jungle, that is located on the Amazonian Jungle (Climate of Peru). But Javier Pulgar Vidal (es), a geographer who studied the biogeographic reality of the Peruvian territory for a long time, proposed the creation of eight Natural Regions. In 1941, he presented his thesis "Las Ocho Regiones Naturales del Perú" at the III General Assembly of the Pan-American Institute of Geography and History.
These eight Peruvian regions are:
* Chala or Coast (subtropical dry and tropical savanna)
* Yungas
** Fluvial Yunga
** Loma-Vegetation
* Quechua
* Suni or Jalca
* Puna
* Janca
* Rupa - Rupa or Highland Jungle
* Omagua or Lowland Jungle

## Example: Andes 10°S

       See also Altitudinal zonation

### Classic version, Amazonic side

* Sea level
** Estimated 22 - 24°C (75°F), but the cold Humboldt Current generates fog on the coast side
* Tierra caliente (Hot land, tropical) up to 2,500 ft (about 750 m - 1,000 m).
** Crops: Cacao, Banana, Sugarcane, Manioc, Sweet Potatoes, Yams.
* Tierra templada (Temperate land, subtropical) up to 6,000 ft (about 1,850 m – 2,000 m)
** The warmest month has an average temperature of below 22°C or 72°F.
** Crops: Coffee, Tobacco, Maize, Coca, Peruvian Pepper (Schinus molle), Avocado, Guave (Psidium guajava), Cherimoya, Plum, Citrus fruits.
* Tierra fría (Cool land, temperate) below 12,000 ft (about 3,600 m, treeline)
** The warmest month has an average temperature of below 18°C or 64°F.
** Crops: Potato, Maize, Squash, Passionfruit, Papaya, Peach, Wheat, Rye, and Barley. Farming of cattle.
* Tierra helada (Cold land) above 12,000 ft (about 3,600 m)
** The definition of treeline of Coniferae: the warmest month has an average temperature of below 10°C or 50°F ).
** Crops above tree line: Quinoa, Cañigua, Mashua, Oca, Tarhui, Broad beans and Ulluco. Farming of Sheep, Llamas and Alpacas.
** Terrestrial Biome Type 10: Montane grasslands and shrublands
* Tierra Nevada (Janca), above the snow line, 15,000 ft (about 4,500 m - 5,000 m)
** Just warmer than -1°C over rocks or just warmer than -3°C over snow, annual mean temperature).

### Javier Pulgar Vidal's version

The Peruvian geographer Javier Pulgar Vidal divided Peru in 8 regions (traditionally, it was costa, sierra and selva):
Map from República del Perú - Instituto Geográfico Nacional
* Chala (West, Pacific Coast) 0– 500 m
* Omagua (Lowland jungle or Selva baja, Amazonic rainforest) 80– 400 m
* Rupa-Rupa (Highland jungle, Selva alta) 400– 1,000 m
* Yungas (Aymaran for "Warm Lands", Cloud forest)
** Loma-Vegetation (West, "Yunga coastal" at the north of Peru) 450– 600 m
** Fluvial Yungas (East, "Yunga fluvial") 1,000- 2,300 m
* Quechua (East, High valleys) 2,300– 3,500 m
* Suni (or Jalca or Sallqa too, high plateaus and cliffs) 3,500– 4,100 m
* Puna (means "mountain top") 4,100– 4,800 m
* Janca (means white) above 4,800 m, permafrost, rocks, snow and ice