OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Limited price indexation

Limited price indexation (LPI) is a pricing index used to calculate increases in components of scheme pension payments in the United Kingdom. Currently, the statutory requirement for occupational pension schemes is that pensions in payment must be increased by the lower of RPI and 2.5%. Usually the lesser of the annual increase in the Retail Prices Index (or Consumer Prices Index) and 5%, although the percentage limit can vary.
In April 2011, the index used for LPI was switched from RPI to CPI (Consumer Price Index). The announcement made it clear that:
* this statutory requirement will apply to all rights a member has already accrued – not just future service rights
* if a pension is already in payment, a member will remain entitled to the increases already granted but future increases on the whole pension may be based on CPI not RPI; and
* schemes can provide greater increases if they wish.
The rate of revaluation for pensions in deferment changed in a similar way (again, with revaluation already granted on an RPI basis being protected).

## Usage

The Pensions Act 1995 required scheme pension payments arising from excess contributions to go up at the LPI. Excess contributions are defined as contributions that are not protected rights contributions from contracting out of State Earnings-Related Pension Scheme (SERPS) or the State second pension (S2P) or any Additional voluntary contributions (AVCs). Only contributions made after 6 April 1997 are required to increase at the LPI rate, so these contributions are known as post 1997 excess contributions. The rules were later amended by the Pensions Act 2004 so that excess contributions made after 6 April 2005 only had to increase at the RPI rate capped at 2.5% instead of 5%.
In either case, the scheme can pay increases greater than the statutory minimum. The rules for payment increases only apply to scheme pensions, i.e. pension payments made from a defined benefits (DB or final salary) scheme. Payments arising from contributions into a money purchase pension scheme (also known as a defined contribution pension scheme) are not required to increase. This is because scheme members have the right to use their fund value to purchase an annuity with their own chosen rate of increase, which could be zero if a level pension is chosen. This right is known as the open market option. Following A-day, members also have the right to enter into an unsecured pension arrangement.
# 2019 Swedish Open – Women's doubles

Quirine Lemoine and Arantxa Rus were the defending champions from the last time the tournament was held in 2017, but Lemoine chose not to participate this year. Rus played alongside Akgul Amanmuradova, but the pair lost in the first round to Elena Bogdan and Rosalie van der Hoek.
Misaki Doi and Natalia Vikhlyantseva won the title, defeating Alexa Guarachi and Danka Kovinić in the final, 7–5, 6–7$^{(4–7)}$, [10–7].

## Seeds

* Lara Arruabarrena / Johanna Larsson (first round)
* Alexa Guarachi / Danka Kovinić (final)
* Mona Barthel / Xenia Knoll (quarterfinals)
* Cornelia Lister / Renata Voráčová (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | L Arruabarrena J Larsson | 4 | 6 | [7] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Bai E Lechemia | 6 | 3 | [10] | | A Bai E Lechemia | 6 | 6$^4$ | [9] | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Routliffe E Shibahara | 6 | 3 | [8] | | M Doi N Vikhlyantseva | 4 | 7$^7$ | [11] | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Doi N Vikhlyantseva | 0 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | M Doi N Vikhlyantseva | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | |
| 4 | C Lister R Voráčová | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | 4 | C Lister R Voráčová | 6$^2$ | 0 | | | | | |
| | A Gámiz P Ormaechea | 6 | 4 | [6] | 4 | C Lister R Voráčová | 4 | 6 | [11] | | | | | | | | | |
| | N Dzalamidze P Kania | 5 | 6 | [7] | | B Gumulya J Rompies | 6 | 3 | [9] | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Gumulya J Rompies | 7 | 2 | [10] | | | | | | | | | | | M Doi N Vikhlyantseva | 7 | 6$^4$ | [10] |
| | A Amanmuradova A Rus | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | A Guarachi D Kovinić | 5 | 7$^7$ | [7] |
| | E Bogdan R van der Hoek | 6 | 6 | | | E Bogdan R van der Hoek | 7 | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | C Hennemann F Östlund | 3 | 1 | | 3 | M Barthel X Knoll | 5 | 6 | [8] | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | M Barthel X Knoll | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | E Bogdan R van der Hoek | 4 | 1 | | | | | |
| | F Ferro D Gálfi | 0 | 4 | | | | | | | 2 | A Guarachi D Kovinić | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | G Marchetti L Pigossi | 6 | 6 | | | G Marchetti L Pigossi | 3 | 7 | [7] | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Fomina T Mrdeža | 2 | 2 | | 2 | A Guarachi D Kovinić | 6 | 5 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | A Guarachi D Kovinić | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice

The Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice is a division of the Faculty of Public Affairs at Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It offers a Bachelor of Arts degree in Criminology and Criminal Justice (Honours). Concentrations are offered in Sociology, Psychology or Law.
The institute also offers specialized programs in areas such as law enforcement, corrections, and victimology. These programs aim to provide students with a deep understanding of the causes and consequences of crime, the workings of the criminal justice system, and the various approaches to preventing and responding to crime.
# Go software

There is an abundance of go software available to support players of the game of Go. This includes software programs that play Go themselves, programs that can be used to view and/or edit game records and diagrams, programs that allow the user to search for patterns in the games of strong players and programs that allow users to play against each other over the Internet.

## Go playing programs

With the advent of AlphaGo in 2016, computer programs can beat top professional players on the standard 19x19 board. A more in depth look into Go playing programs and the research behind them can be found in the article on computer Go.

## Recording

There are several file formats used to store game records, the most popular of which is the Smart Game Format (SGF). Programs used for editing game records allow the user to record not just the moves, but also variations, commentary and further information on the game.

## Databases

Electronic databases can be used to study life and death situations, joseki, fuseki and games by a particular player. Available programs give players pattern searching options, which allows a player to research positions by searching for high level games in which similar situations occur. Such software will generally list common follow up moves that have been played by professionals, and give statistics on win–loss ratio in opening situations.

## Internet servers and clients

Many Internet-based Go servers allow access to competition with players all over the world. Such servers also allow easy access to professional teaching, with both teaching games and interactive game review being possible.
The first Go server that started operating is the Internet Go Server (IGS), which began service in 1992 and is still active today. Several other servers, all with the same basic server-client architecture, followed. Such servers required players to download a client program, and many such programs were therefore developed for a wide range of platforms. Around 2000, Kiseido publishing started the Kiseido Go Server (KGS), which allowed players to play without downloading a client by utilizing a Java applet in the web browser. This server quickly became popular and still is today. IGS and KGS were as of 2007 the most popular real-time go servers for the English speaking audience. Online Go Server (OGS) and Dragon Go Server (DGS) were as of 2011 the most popular turn-based go servers.
# Feldkirchen, Lower Bavaria

Feldkirchen is a municipality in the district of Straubing-Bogen in Bavaria, Germany.
# 277 Elvira

277 Elvira is a typical main belt asteroid and is a member of the Koronis asteroid family. It was discovered by Auguste Charlois on 3 May 1888 in Nice. 277 Elvira is possibly named for a character in Alphonse de Lamartine's Méditations poétiques (1820) and Harmonies poétiques et religieuses (1830).
A group of astronomers, including Lucy D’Escoffier Crespo da Silva and Richard P. Binzel, used observations made between 1998 through 2000 to determine the spin-vector alignment of the Koronis family of asteroids, including 277 Elvira. The collaborative work resulted in the creation of 61 new individual rotation lightcurves to augment previous published observations.
Measurements of the thermal inertia of 277 Elvira give a value of around 190 J m$^{−2}$ K$^{−1}$ s$^{−1/2}$, compared to 50 for lunar regolith and 400 for coarse sand in an atmosphere.
# 2018 European Judo Championships – Women's 52 kg

The women's 52 kg competition at the 2018 European Judo Championships was held on 26 April at the Expo Tel Aviv.

## Results
### Finals

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| Natalia Kuziutina (RUS) | 10 |
| Evelyne Tschopp (SUI) | 00 | | |
| Evelyne Tschopp (SUI) | 00 | Natalia Kuziutina (RUS) | 10 |
| | | Distria Krasniqi (KOS) | 00 |
| İrem Korkmaz (TUR) | 00 | Distria Krasniqi (KOS) | 00 |
| Distria Krasniqi (KOS) | 10 | | |

### Repechage

| Repechage | Repechage | Third place | Third place |
| Anja Štangar (SLO) | 00 |
| Gefen Primo (ISR) | 01 | | |
| Gefen Primo (ISR) | 01 | Gefen Primo (ISR) | 10 |
| | | İrem Korkmaz (TUR) | 01 |
| Repechage | Repechage | Third place | Third place |
| Andreea Chițu (ROU) | 00 |
| Réka Pupp (HUN) | 01 | | |
| Réka Pupp (HUN) | 01 | Réka Pupp (HUN) | 00 |
| | | Evelyne Tschopp (SUI) | 10 |

### Pool A

| First round | First round | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals |
| | | Natalia Kuziutina (RUS) | 10 |
| | | Ana Perez Box (ESP) | 00 |
| Ana Perez Box (ESP) | 10 | Ana Perez Box (ESP) | 00 |
| Katinka Szabó (HUN) | 00 | | | | |
| Katinka Szabó (HUN) | 00 | | | Natalia Kuziutina (RUS) | 10 |
| | | | | Anja Štangar (SLO) | 00 |
| | | Anja Štangar (SLO) | 10 | | |
| | | Joana Ramos (POR) | 00 |
| Agata Perenc (POL) | 00 | Joana Ramos (POR) | 00 |
| Joana Ramos (POR) | 01 | | |

### Pool B

| First round | First round | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals |
| | | Charline Van Snick (BEL) | 00 |
| | | Gefen Primo (ISR) | 10 |
| Sofia Asvesta (CYP) | 00 | Gefen Primo (ISR) | 10 |
| Gefen Primo (ISR) | 11 | | | | |
| Gefen Primo (ISR) | 11 | | | Gefen Primo (ISR) | 00 |
| | | | | Evelyne Tschopp (SUI) | 10 |
| | | Evelyne Tschopp (SUI) | 01 | | |
| | | Madelene Rubinstein (NOR) | 00 |
| Buyankhishig Purevsuren (AZE) | 00 | Madelene Rubinstein (NOR) | 00 |
| Madelene Rubinstein (NOR) | 01 | | |

### Pool C

| First round | First round | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals |
| | | Amandine Buchard (FRA) | |
| | | Andreea Chițu (ROU) | 10 |
| Andreea Chițu (ROU) | 10 | Andreea Chițu (ROU) | 10 |
| Lyudmila Afendikova (UKR) | 00 | | | | |
| Lyudmila Afendikova (UKR) | 00 | | | Andreea Chițu (ROU) | 00 |
| | | | | İrem Korkmaz (TUR) | 01 |
| | | Betina Temelkova (ISR) | 00 | | |
| | | İrem Korkmaz (TUR) | 10 |
| Gultaj Mammadaliyeva (AZE) | 00 | İrem Korkmaz (TUR) | 10 |
| İrem Korkmaz (TUR) | 01 | | |

### Pool D

| First round | First round | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals |
| | | Distria Krasniqi (KOS) | 10 |
| | | Karolina Pieńkowska (POL) | 00 |
| Darya Skrypnik (BLR) | 00 | Karolina Pieńkowska (POL) | 00 |
| Karolina Pieńkowska (POL) | 01 | | | | |
| Karolina Pieńkowska (POL) | 01 | | | Distria Krasniqi (KOS) | 11 |
| | | | | Réka Pupp (HUN) | 00 |
| | | Réka Pupp (HUN) | 10 | | |
| | | Rosalba Forciniti (ITA) | 00 |
| Mariana Esteves (POR) | 00 | Rosalba Forciniti (ITA) | 00 |
| Rosalba Forciniti (ITA) | 01 | | |
# Mark Mauer

Mark Mauer (born c. 1960) is a former American football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Concordia University in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 2004 to 2010, compiling a record of 40–39. As a college football player, Mauer was the starting quarterback at the University of Nebraska in 1981. Mauer is a cousin of professional baseball player Joe Mauer.
Mauer resigned from coaching high school football Hill-Murray School following being charged with prostitution; the charges were ultimately dropped and Mauer received one year of probation.

## Head coaching record
### College

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing | Bowl/playoffs |
| Concordia Golden Bears (Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference) (2004–2010) ||||||
| 2004 | Concordia | 7–4 | 4–3 | 4th | |
| 2005 | Concordia | 9–3 | 6–1 | T–1st | L Mineral Water |
| 2006 | Concordia | 5–6 | 4–4 | T–3rd | |
| 2007 | Concordia | 4–7 | 3–6 | T–6th | |
| 2008 | Concordia | 4–7 | 3–7 / 1–5 | 10th / 6th (South) | |
| 2009 | Concordia | 3–8 | 3–7 / 2–4 | 10th / 5th (South) | |
| 2010 | Concordia | 8–4 | 7–3 / 4–2 | 4th / 3rd (South) | L Mineral Water |
| Concordia: | Concordia: | 40–39 | 30–31 | | |
| Total: | Total: | 40–39 | | | |
| National championship  Conference title  Conference division title or championship game berth ||||||
# Alexander Chisholm (priest)

Alexander Chisholm (21 January 1887 – 17 December 1975) was Archdeacon of Carlisle from 1947 until 1958.
He was educated at Durham University, completing his licentiate in theology in 1911 as a member of Hatfield College. After a curacy at St Luke's, Bath he served incumbencies in Wedmore, Yeovil and Weston-super-Mare. He was Sub-Dean of Wells Cathedral before his Carlisle appointment.
# Fight Sports

Fight Sports is a Grappling and Brazilian jiu-jitsu academy and team based out of Miami, Florida. It was founded in 2011 by multiple time world champion Roberto "Cyborg" Abreu. Fight Sport's competition team includes a number of jiu-jitsu's top competitors, including many ADCC qualifiers. Fight Sports is also an internationally known Jiu Jitsu affiliation with 32 schools worldwide.

## History

Fight Sports started as a Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) academy established in Miami in 2011 by six-time World No-Gi and ADCC champion Roberto "Cyborg" Abreu, one of the most decorated BJJ competitors in history. In July 2022, there were Fight Sports schools affiliates on four continents and over thirty schools worldwide.
In June 2021 Fight Sports announced partnering with Melqui Galvao's project in Brazil, providing an exchange program between their HQ in Miami and their location in Manaus, Brazil. 18-year-old Mica Galvão announced that he was now representing Fight Sports team going forward in competitions, just like most of the Melqui Galvao-trained athletes. One of the best represented teams heading to the 2022 ADCC World, in June 2022 the team announced having hired wrestler Pat Downey to prepare for the Championship. In January 2023 Melqui Galvao announced leaving Fight Sports to open his own academy in Jundiai, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

### Sexual assault cases

In 2020, a BJJ black belt under Abreu and instructor at Fight Sports Naples, Marcel Goncalves, was accused of sexual assault by a student of his who was 16 years old at the time of the incident. Initially, Abreu drew heavy criticism for his handling of the claims and how he chose to comment on them before he eventually put out a further statement that denounced Goncalves' actions. Since then, Abreu has also been named in a civil suit on the same matter, where he and Fight Sports LLC were accused of "failure to properly oversee its trainers and instructors and its failures to properly care for vulnerable minors training at Fight Sports’ gyms." On June 17, 2023, a summary judgement was issued in the case that ruled in favor of Abreu and Fight Sports.
In 2023, a second sexual assault lawsuit named both Abreu and Fight Sports LLC, stemming from an incident concerning another affiliated gym. Mandy Schneider was allegedly sexually assaulted by Rodrigo da Costa Oliveira, the coach of Rockstar Martial Arts Gym in Frisco, Texas, in a hotel room. The lawsuit stated that Schneider told the managers of the gym, but they did not inform her parents or the authorities and instead ordered her to stay quiet. The lawsuit claimed that "The repeated failures of Roberto Abreu and Fight Sports to ensure the safety of underage athletes have fostered an environment ripe for such abuse."

## Notable members

A list of current and former members:
* Aaron "Tex" Johnson
* Sofia Amarante
* Fabricio Andrey
* Valdir Araújo
* Daniel Azevedo
* João Costa
* Roberto "Cyborg" Abreu
* Rodrigo Francioni
* Micael Galvâo
* Marcel Gonçalves
* Maggie Grindatti
* Jacob Mackenzie
* André Porfirio
* Natasha Quiza
* Diogo Reis
* Ricardo Rezende
* Vagner Rocha
# Eugénia Cândida da Fonseca da Silva Mendes, 1st Baroness of Silva

Eugénia Cândida da Fonseca da Silva Mendes (died 1843) was a Portuguese baroness and landowner. She was born to José António da Fonseca and Perpétua Maria Xavier, and married João da Silva Mendes. Da Silva Mendes was of considerable wealth, and was a notable landowner. She is known for her political activity, especially during the 1820s, when she was the main financier of the Portuguese Liberals.
# AirTag (company)

AirTag was a French startup that was acquired by Morpho, at the time a Safran subsidiary, in 2015. It was a mobile shopping and payments provider.

## History

AirTag was founded in 2006 by Jérémie Leroyer, Cyrille Porteret, Cedric Nicolas and Gunnar Graef. As of late 2012, investors had provided €6 million in seed capital, following a second-round in 2011 when it secured €4 million.
In October 2008, AirTag launched what it called the first NFC software development kit (SDK). It included an NFC reader and four types of NFC tags. In 2012, the company launched another SDK. This one included hardware for smartphone-based payments.
In 2009, AirTag and its partner Netsize launched Airtag Pad, an in-store terminal for clients to check their loyalty points, ask about tailored products, etc. Reebok hired it for its line of Go Sport stores.
Nokia C7, the world's first smartphone with an NFC chip, was able to pick up loyalty points and discount coupons on the phone, through a partnership with AirTag.
AirTag built McDonald's France smartphone app GoMcDo which was one of the first to integrate with Apple's Passbook soon after the latter's initial launch with iOS 6 in 2012.
In 2012, Carrefour's mobile app for near-field communication (NFC) purchasing was built by AirTag. In 2013, French newspaper L'Express ranked AirTag among the top 30 French internet startups. That same spring, AirTag launched KFC’s first mobile wallet to order and pay via smartphone; three months later, 90% of those installing the app were placing orders through it. Late that year, AirTag admitted it was not profitable.
In 2014, the company had 50 employees when it launched mobile commerce applications for Dia France and for Brioche Dorée.
On November 28, 2018, the sole shareholder IDEMIA Identity et Security France (Courvevoie) decided to dissolve Airtag early without liquidation.

## Criticism

Whereas AirTag said it launched the first NFC SDK in late 2008, industry magazine RFID Update said at the time that there were pre-existing SDK's from Nokia and from Alvin Systems.
# 2018 European Judo Championships – Women's 70 kg

The women's 70 kg competition at the 2018 European Judo Championships was held on 27 April at the Expo Tel Aviv.

## Results
### Finals

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| Gemma Howell (GBR) | 01 |
| Kim Polling (NED) | 11 | | |
| Kim Polling (NED) | 11 | Kim Polling (NED) | 10 |
| | | Sally Conway (GBR) | 01 |
| Barbara Matić (CRO) | 00 | Sally Conway (GBR) | 01 |
| Sally Conway (GBR) | 10 | | |

### Repechage

| Repechage | Repechage | Third place | Third place |
| Michaela Polleres (AUT) | 10 |
| Sanne van Dijke (NED) | 00 | | |
| Sanne van Dijke (NED) | 00 | Michaela Polleres (AUT) | 01 |
| | | Barbara Matić (CRO) | 00 |
| Repechage | Repechage | Third place | Third place |
| María Bernabéu (ESP) | 10 |
| Anka Pogačnik (SLO) | 00 | | |
| Anka Pogačnik (SLO) | 00 | María Bernabéu (ESP) | 00 |
| | | Gemma Howell (GBR) | 10 |

### Pool A

| First round | First round | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals |
| | | Marie-Ève Gahié (FRA) | 00 |
| | | Michaela Polleres (AUT) | 10 |
| Roxane Taeymans (BEL) | 00 | Michaela Polleres (AUT) | 10 |
| Michaela Polleres (AUT) | 10 | | | | |
| Michaela Polleres (AUT) | 10 | | | Michaela Polleres (AUT) | 00 |
| | | | | Gemma Howell (GBR) | 10 |
| | | Aleksandra Samardzic (BIH) | 00 | | |
| | | Gemma Howell (GBR) | 10 |

### Pool B

| First round | First round | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals |
| | | Sanne van Dijke (NED) | |
| | | Carola Paissoni (ITA) | |
| | | | | Sanne van Dijke (NED) | 00 |
| | | | | Kim Polling (NED) | 10 |
| | | Kim Polling (NED) | 10 | | |
| | | Jovana Peković (MNE) | 01 |
| Jovana Peković (MNE) | 10 | Jovana Peković (MNE) | 01 |
| Emilie Sook (DEN) | 00 | | |

### Pool C

| First round | First round | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals |
| | | Barbara Matić (CRO) | 01 |
| | | Megan Fletcher (IRL) | 00 |
| Giovanna Scoccimarro (GER) | 00 | Megan Fletcher (IRL) | 00 |
| Megan Fletcher (IRL) | 10 | | | | |
| Megan Fletcher (IRL) | 10 | | | Barbara Matić (CRO) | 10 |
| | | | | María Bernabéu (ESP) | 00 |
| | | María Bernabéu (ESP) | 10 | | |
| | | Daria Pogorzelec (POL) | 00 |
| Szabina Gercsák (HUN) | 00 | Daria Pogorzelec (POL) | 00 |
| Daria Pogorzelec (POL) | 10 | | |

### Pool D

| First round | First round | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals |
| | | Anna Bernholm (SWE) | 00 |
| | | Anka Pogačnik (SLO) | 10 |
| | | | | Anka Pogačnik (SLO) | 00 |
| | | | | Sally Conway (GBR) | 11 |
| | | Sally Conway (GBR) | 11 | | |
| | | Gabriella Willems (BEL) | 00 |
| Gabriella Willems (BEL) | 01 | Gabriella Willems (BEL) | 00 |
| Alina Lengweiler (SUI) | 00 | | |
# Glucerna

Glucerna is the brand name of a family of tube feeding formula, bottled or canned shakes, and snack bars manufactured by Abbott Laboratories. It was introduced to the public in 1989. These medical nutritional products are meant for people with diabetes and are promoted for their ability to satisfy hunger without causing rapid increases in glucose concentration in the bloodstream.

## Products

Tube feeding products include Glucerna 1.0Cal, Glucerna 1.2Cal, and Glucerna 1.5Cal. Bottled or canned products include Glucerna Shake, Glucerna Advance Shake, Glucerna HungerSmart Shake, Glucerna Snack Shake, and Glucerna Therapeutic Nutrition Shake. Snack bar products include Glucerna Mini Snack Bars and Glucerna Crispy Delights Nutrition Bars.

## Composition and properties

Glucerna products are formulated with fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, and carbohydrates including CarbSteady, proprietary carbohydrate blend containing sucromalt that is characterized by a reduced glycemic index of approximately 53. Some Glucerna products contain chromium picolinate, and phytosterols. There is evidence that phytosterols may help lower cholesterol, but the efficacy of chromium supplementation has not been fully agreed among experts.
The glycemic index of Glucerna shakes is approximately 31 relative to a value of 100 for pure glucose, while the snack bar has been found to produce less than a third of the glycemic response of a conventional snack bar. A scientific review concluded that diabetic snack bars, such as Glucerna snack bars, can be useful for weight control and for blunting hyperglycemia but are not suitable for treating hyperglycemia.
Like most premade foods, Glucerna products can be expensive compared with alternative healthy foods prepared at home.