OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 101 Philosophy Problems

101 Philosophy Problems (1999) is a philosophy book for a general audiences by Martin Cohen published by Routledge.

## Format and summary

The format of the book was unique and later copied by other authors. For example, in Julian Baggini's The Pig That Wants to Be Eaten it was observed that the books "format is essentially the same as that first successfully introduced by Martin Cohen's 101 Philosophy Problems."
In a review for the Times Higher Education Supplement (London), Harry Gensler, Professor of philosophy, at John Carroll University, Cleveland, describes the book:
    "The book has 101 humorous little stories, each with a philosophical problem (not however, necessarily, the usual Unsolved problems in philosophy). For example, problem 54 is about Mr Megasoft, who dies leaving his fortune to his favourite computer. Megasoft's children take the matter to court, contending that the computer cannot think and so cannot inherit money. Mr Megasoft's lawyers claim that the computer can think. But on what grounds can we say that computers can or cannot think?"
Other stories deal with paradoxes, ethics, aesthetics, perception, time, God, physics, and knowledge and include problems from Zeno, Descartes, Russell, Nelson Goodman, Edmund Gettier and others. The problems are followed by a discussion section and a glossary.

## Reception

In a review for The Philosopher, Dr. Zenon Stavrinides says that:
    "Both in regard to its structure and the style in which it is written, it is very unconventional. The first part of the book consists of a series of very short stories or narrative texts, grouped by subject-matter, setting out problems or puzzles of philosophical interest. Some of these problems are well-known in philosophical literature, e.g. the paradox of Epimenides the Cretan, who said: 'All Cretans are liars'. In the second part of the book, entitled 'Discussions', Cohen provides explanations and analyses of the issues raised by each of the problems, with some references to the treatment offered by particular historical philosophers. These discussions are intelligent and balanced, if (in most cases at least) inevitably inconclusive."
101 Philosophy Problems has been reviewed in The Philosophers Magazine by Julian Baggini (Summer 1999); the Ilkley Gazette (May 29, 1999 ); The Guardian (5.11.1999); and Der Spiegel (2001).

## Editions

It has had three English editions and been translated into German, Dutch, Greek, Estonian, Korean, Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese and other languages. The German translation has alone run to three editions, one by Campus and two by Piper, including a massmarket hardback edition. There also an edition in Persian.
# Bandon State Airport

Bandon State Airport (IATA: BDY, FAA LID: S05), is a public airport located two miles (3.2 km) southeast of the city of Bandon in Coos County, Oregon, United States. It has one asphalt runway, 16/34 that is 3,601 feet (1,098 m) long by 60 feet (18 m) wide and medium intensity runway edge lights.
The airport has a fixed-base operator, Bandon Aviation, LLC, that sells aviation gasoline and can provide major airframe and engine repairs.
The airport began operations in 1958, and had an average of 136 airport operations per week in the 12 months ending August 25, 2021.
# Mirdha (tribe)

The Mirdha (Kapu) people are an Indian Others backward classes (OBC) group that live mostly in the state of Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh , karnatak, Odisha, Rajasthan. The 1981 census recorded a population of 28,177, mainly spread over the districts of Sambalpur, Bolangir and Kalahandi. They are considered to be the other backward classes offshoots of several other backward classes groups.
# Artemps

Artemps is a commune in the department of Aisne in the Hauts-de-France region of northern France.

## Geography

Artemps is located 10 km southwest of Saint-Quentin and 7 km northeast of Ham. It can be accessed by the D32 road from Saint-Simon in the south passing through the heart of the commune and the village and continuing to Seraucourt-le-Grand in the north. There are a few country roads in the commune and the old Saint-Simon – Clastres Air Base is in the southeast of the commune. The commune is mostly farmland with a forest belt along the whole northern border.
The Somme river flows along the northern border forming part of the border and the Canal of Saint-Quentin passes through parallel to the river inside the commune.

### Neighbouring communes and villages

vtePlaces adjacent to Artemps :
Douchy
Seraucourt-le-Grand
Essigny-le-Grand
Aubigny-aux-Kaisnes
Artemps
Tugny-et-Pont
Saint-Simon
Clastres :

## Administration

List of Successive Mayors of Artemps
| From | To | Name | Party |
| 2001 | Present | Jean-Claude Dusanter | DVD |

## Sites and Monuments
### St. Martin's Church

This church is one of the few in France to have a steeple topped by two cocks. The church has undergone many changes over the years but was not completely destroyed during the two world wars. Most windows have been preserved and on one of them the master glassmaker represented the church.
* Statue of Saint Pierre in the church
* Stained glass window in the church
* The steeple with its two cocks
# Auzolan

Auzolan (neighborhood labor in Basque) was a political coalition in the Southern Basque Country, created on 26 March 1983. It was a coalition between the Liga Komunista Iraultzailea (LKI), Langile Abertzale Iraultzaileen Alderdia (LAIA, one of the parties that founded Herri Batasuna) and Nueva Izquierda (a split Euskadiko Ezkerra), and had the support of the Communist Movement of Euskadi (EMK). The spokesperson of Auzolan was Bixente Serrano Izko.

## History

In March 1983 Auzolan was presented, with the intention of presenting candidates in the municipal elections of that year in some municipalities of Navarre, as well as in the elections to the Parliament of Navarre. In these elections Auzolan obtained 8,356 votes (3.46% of the total), but no seats, although the coalition exceeded by two thousand votes their rivals of Euskadiko Ezkerra.
In the elections to the Basque Parliament the following year Auzolan presented a list headed by Iñaki Pérez Beotegi, Wilson. Auzolan obtained 10,462 votes (0.98%) and no seats.
On May 30, 1986 Auzolan self-dissolved, but the Navarran branch continued to exist, as Batzarre.
# 1962 Detroit Titans football team

The 1962 Detroit Titans football team represented the University of Detroit as an independent during the 1962 NCAA University Division football season. In their first year under head coach John Idzik, the Titans compiled a 1–8 record and were outscored by a combined total of 199 to 90.
The team's statistical leaders included Jerry Gross with 1,317 passing yards and 24 points scored, Vic Battani with 359 rushing yards, and Tom Bolz with 455 receiving yards.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 22 | Boston College | University of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MI | L 0–27 | 22,000 |
| September 29 | at Xavier | Xavier StadiumCincinnati, OH | L 20–24 | 12,652 |
| October 5 | New Mexico State | University of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MI | L 14–21 | 12,507 |
| October 12 | Kentucky | University of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MI | L 8–27 | |
| October 26 | Dayton | University of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MI | L 12–13 | 12,608 |
| November 3 | at Villanova | Villanova StadiumVillanova, PA | L 0–14 | 9,500 |
| November 9 | Cincinnati | University of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MI | W 15–14 | 8,393 |
| November 17 | South Carolina | University of Detroit StadiumDetroit, MI | L 13–26 | |
| November 24 | at Memphis State | Crump StadiumMemphis, TN | L 8–33 | 9,022 |
# 10th Fighter Wing

The 10th Fighter Wing was a unit of the United States Army Air Forces. Its last assignment was with the Fourth Air Force, based at Hamilton Army Airfield, California. It was inactivated on 1 December 1943.

## History

Assigned to Fourth Air Force as prewar Pursuit Wing, remained active at Hamilton Field, California until 1 December 1943.

### Lineage

* Constituted as 10th Pursuit Wing on 1 December 1940
    Activated on 10 December 1940
    Inactivated on 7 December 1941.
* Redesignated 10th Fighter Wing and activated on 1 October 1942
    Inactivated on 1 May 1943
* Disbanded on 1 December 1943

### Assignments

* Southwest Air District (later 4th Air Force), 10 December 1940 – 1 May 1943.

### Stations

* Hamilton Field, California, 10 December 1940 – 1 May 1943

### Components

* 20th Fighter Group, 18 December 1940 – 1 October 1941
* 35th Fighter Group, 9 December 1941 – 12 January 1942
# Balloon Factory

Balloon Factory may refer to:
* School of Ballooning, a late 19th-century / early 20th-century British military unit
* The Balloon Factory, a 2006 album by British Electropop band Chikinki
# Hellenic Volleyball Federation

The Hellenic Volleyball Federation (Greek: Ελληνική Ομοσπονδία Πετοσφαίρισης, abbreviated as Ε.Ο.ΠΕ.), is a governing body for volleyball and beach volleyball in Greece. The organization oversees the A1 Ethniki Volleyball league, the Greek Volleyball Cup, the Greek Volleyball League Cup, the Greek Volleyball Super Cup, such as the women's competitions.

## Honours
### Men's National Team

* Men's European Volleyball Championship
   * Third (1): 1987
* Men's European Volleyball League
   * Runners-up (1): 2014
# Avenged

Avenged may refer to:
* Avenged (1910 film), a 1910 silent film
* Avenged (2013 South African film), a 2013 South African film
* Avenged (2013 U.S. film), a 2013 American film
# HD 83443 b

HD 83443 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 134 light-years away in the constellation of Vela. It was discovered in 2000 by the Geneva Extrasolar Planet Search Team led by Michel Mayor. It has a minimum mass comparable to Saturn, and its orbit is one of the shortest known, 1/25th that of Earth's. It takes only three days to complete one revolution around the star.
The planet HD 83443 b is named Buru. The name was selected in the NameExoWorlds campaign by Kenya, during the 100th anniversary of the IAU. Buru means dust in the Dholuo language.
# Hjälstaby

Hjälstaby is a village in Enköping Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden.
# Aojiazhen

Aojia Town (Chinese: 敖家镇) is a village and town in Qianwei County, Leshan City, Sichuan, China. It has an area of 48.1 square kilometers.

## Villages

The jurisdiction of Aojia Town includes 14 villages:
* Caihua
* Cotton
* Guangguang
* Guiping
* Healthy
* Linfeng
* Longfeng
* Qingshan
* Shiba
* Shuijing
* Weigan
* Weixing
* Xianfeng
* Xianjin
# Acute tryptophan depletion

Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) is a technique used extensively to study the effect of low serotonin in the brain. This experimental approach reduces the availability of tryptophan, an amino acid which serves as the precursor to serotonin. The lack of mood-lowering effects after ATD in healthy subjects seems to contradict a direct causal relationship between acutely decreased serotonin levels and depression. However, mood-lowering effects are observed in certain vulnerable individuals. For example, a meta-analysis show that the effect size for the effects of tryptophan depletion on mood in depressed people not taking antidepressants was large (Hedge's g = −1.9 (95% CIs −3.02 to −0.78) Hence, a more accurate interpretation is that tryptophan depletion studies suggest a role for 5-HT in people vulnerable to depression and in those remitted on SSRI treatment
# Amphibdellatidae

Amphibdellatidae is a family of parasitic flatworms belonging to the order Dactylogyridea. It is known to infect species of electric rays.
Genera:
* Amphibdella Chatin, 1874
* Amphibdelloides Price, 1937
# Andreas Krogh

Andreas Jens Krogh (9 July 1894 – 26 April 1964) was a Norwegian figure skater. He won the silver medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics.

## Results
### Men's singles

| Event | 1912 | 1914 | 1915 | 1920 | 1935 |
| Olympic Games | | | | 2nd | |
| Norwegian Championships | 1st | 1st | 1st | | 1st |

### Pairs

(with Astrid Nordsveen)
| Event | 1914 |
| Norwegian Championships | 1st |
# Hellinsia subnotatus

Hellinsia subnotatus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from Saint Helena.
# Australian Document of Identity

The Australian Document of Identity (DOI) is a travel document issued by the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade to Australian citizens and some Commonwealth citizens in specific and rare circumstances. It is not intended to be a broadly used identity document in Australia, nor does it generally provide evidence of citizenship or residency.
The Australian Certificate of Identity is a related document issued for use by certain persons who do not hold Australian or Commonwealth citizenship.

## Purpose

The primary purpose of the Document of Identity is to allow an Australian citizen to travel to Norfolk Island without the need for a passport. By the Australian Passports Determination 2005 a Document of identity is also issued to Australian citizens to whom it is unnecessary or undesirable to issue a passport and, under compassionate circumstance, to non-Australian Commonwealth nationals who are unable obtain a valid travel document from their country or countries of nationality. Examples of this include: Australian citizens who have been denied a passport due to them having an outstanding arrest warrant, Australian citizens who request a document of identity instead of a passport, Australian citizens who are transgender, Australian citizens being repatriated or deported to Australia or extradited, and Australian citizens whose travel the Minister believes should be restricted.

## Eligibility

A person in one of the following can apply for a DOI:
* An Australian citizen to whom the issue of an Australian passport is unnecessary or undesirable
* A Commonwealth citizen who cannot obtain a valid travel document for the country or countries of which he/she has nationality for compassionate reasons when he/she needs to travel urgently

## Validity

Documents of Identity are issued free to travel to Norfolk Island, but other Documents of Identity are usually only for a single journey, and for a limited period. Many countries do not recognize a Document of Identity as a valid travel document. Furthermore, possession of a currently-valid Australian passport excludes the holder from applying for a Document of Identity.
# Aquitanian mole

The Aquitanian mole (Talpa aquitania) is a species of small burrowing mammal of the family Talpidae. It is found from the southwest of France to the north of Spain. Closely related to the European mole (T. europaea), this species was described in 2017, and it is difficult to distinguish it from it.

## Taxonomy

This species was described in 2017 by zoologists Violaine Nicolas, Jessica Martínez-Vargas and Jean-Pierre Hugot.
Its specific epithet, aquitania, means "Aquitaine", a former French region which is part of New Aquitaine, where it is most abundant.

## Distribution

It ranges from the southwestern region of France to the north of Spain. It is mainly distributed south and west of the Loire River, with the inverse being true for the European mole; however, this is not a strict barrier, as specimens of both species have been caught on opposite sides of the river from their main distribution, and thus they are likely sympatric in some areas.

## Description

The Aquitanian mole is very similar to the European mole, a mole with a much wider range. It can be distinguished unambiguously from the European mole and the Spanish mole (T. occidentalis) by the combination of the following characters:
* the eyelids are fused;
* the eyes are completely covered with a membrane, while the European Mole has its eyes open;
* its head, body and hind legs are significantly larger in size;
* its weight is also heavier; its weight varies from 72 to 106 g, the length of its head and body from 142 to 156 mm, its legs from 20 to 23 mm.
In addition, there are differences from these two species:
* at the dental level (M2 and M3 molars);
* from a genetic point of view (cytochrome b gene).
# Megachile framea

Megachile framea is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Schrottky in 1913.
# Arnold Vaatz

Arnold Vaatz (born 9 August 1955) is a German politician of represents the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) who served as a member of the Bundestag from the state of Saxony from 1998 until 2021.

## Political career

Vaatz became a member of the Bundestag after the 1998 German federal election. He was a member of the Committee on Education, Research and Technology Assessment and the Committee on Petitions. Vaatz did not stand for reelection in the 2021 German federal election.
# Monte Graciosa

Monte Graciosa (Portuguese meaning “gracious mountain”) is a mountain in the northern part of the island of Santiago in Cape Verde. It lies 2.5 km north of the town of Tarrafal, overlooking the Baía de Tarrafal. Its elevation is 643 m. Towards the west it ends in the headland of Ponta Preta. It is part of a larger proposed natural park.$^{:40}$ The mountain is of volcanic origin, composed of phonolite and rich in feldspar and olivine.$^{:13}$
Several endemic plants grow on the mountain, notably Campylanthus glaber ssp. glaber, Euphorbia tuckeyana, Kickxia webbiana (agrião de rocha), Kickxia dichondrifolia, Nauplius daltonii ssp. daltonii, Paronychia illecebroides, Cynanchum daltonii and Macaronesian ironwood (Sideroxylon marginatum).$^{:23}$
# 1790 House

42°30′10″N 71°9′29″W﻿ / ﻿42.50278°N 71.15806°W﻿ / 42.50278; -71.15806
The 1790 House, also called the Joseph Bartlett House or the Bartlett–Wheeler House, is a historic house located at 827 Main Street, Woburn, Massachusetts, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is close to the Baldwin House, with the Middlesex Canal running between them.
The 1790 House, originally on Main Street, has been moved closer to the canal to make room for a hotel. It now faces more south than its original facing of southwest.

## History

The Federal style house was originally built in 1790 on the banks of the Middlesex Canal, for Woburn lawyer Joseph Bartlett. Shortly before completion it was purchased by Col. Loammi Baldwin, noted engineer, who hoped to convince expatriate scientist and inventor Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, to return to his home town. Although this idea never came to fruition, author Frances Parkinson Keyes, who later spent childhood summers in the home, refers to it repeatedly in her memoirs as the Count Rumford House. The house also features in her autobiography, Roses in December.
In 1815 Hall Jackson Kelley conducted a private school for boys in the house, and there he first read the newly published Journals of Lewis and Clark. Kelley conceived a passion for the Pacific Northwest and became the prime advocate of the United States settlement of Oregon. He then migrated west to become a legendary "mountain man" and explorer.
The house was purchased by the BNMC MA Realty LLC in March 2014. Previously, the house was owned by Woburn Daily Times Inc since 1981 and is currently used as office space. Before that it was owned by the North Congregational Church of Woburn, and used as a Sunday School.

## Structure

The structure stands two stories tall beneath a hip roof, seven bays wide and four bays deep. It is of frame construction covered with clapboard, except at the front where it is imitation ashlar; wood quoins ornament its corners. A two tier Doric porch projects from the front facade, with single-story Tuscan pillars supporting the porch, and two-story Doric pillars at the corners. The upper level has a balustrade with Chinese railings. The two sides and rear also contain entrances, and the rear facade was once graced with a large Palladian window. (As of 2005, the rear facade seems to have been obliterated in a large-scale extension to the building.) There are two interior end chimneys.
At one time there was a large barn filled with old books behind the building; this was torn down in the late 1960s.
# Hellinsia subochraceus

Hellinsia subochraceus is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in North America (including California, Oregon and Alberta).
The wingspan is 24–26 mm. The head is whitish above and the face and neck are brownish. The antennae are whitish ochreous, with the basal joint brown. The forewings are cream white, with a few scattered brown scales. There is a brown spot before the base of the fissure and another between that and the costa. The fringes are cream white, tinged with brown on the outer margin. The hindwings are very pale cinereous and the fringes are slightly darker about the ends of the feathers.
The larvae have been recorded feeding on Helianthus species.

## Taxonomy

Hellinsia australis was described as a subspecies of Hellinsia subochraceus. It is either treated as a synonym of subochraceus or as a valid species, Hellinsia australis.
# Hans Dorrestijn

Hans Dorrestijn (born 16 June 1940 in Ede, Gelderland) is a Dutch comedian and writer.

## Programs

* Bofkont (1973)
* Mooi van lelijkheid (1977)
* In staat van ontbinding (1980)
* Dorrestijns geweten spreekt (1982)
* Circus Horlepiep (1985, with Lévi Weemoedt)
* Liederen van wanhoop en ongeloof (1987)
* Liederen van wanhoop en ongeloof II (1989)
* Pretpark (1991)
* Na regen komt Dorrestijn (1993)
* Gesmolten ijsberen (1995)
* Dorrestijn viert oud en nieuw (1996)
* Onvervuld verlangen – Dorrestijn viert oud en nieuw (1998)
* Cirkels (2000, with Martin van Dijk)
* Het naakte bestaan (2005, with Martin van Dijk)
* Ruïnes (2006, with Martin van Dijk)
* Buigen (2010)
* Goeie genade (2013-2015)
* Baardmannetjes (2014, with Nico de Haan)
* Eindelijk Licht (2014, with Zazí)
* Het einde is zoek (2015-2016)

## Filmography

* J.J. de Bom voorheen: 'De kindervriend' (1979) (writer)
* Sesamstraat (1976) (writer)
* De Stratemakeropzeeshow (1972) (writer)
* De Vliegende Hollander (1995) (dialogue advisor) (song advisor)
# Auri, Uttar Pradesh

Auri is a village in Uttar Pradesh, India.
# Harold Denny

Harold Denny (March 11, 1889 – July 3, 1945) was an American war correspondent.
Denny served in the US Army's Rainbow Division, during World War I, rising from Private, to Sergeant, prior to being wounded.
He had studied at Drake University, and began his newspaper career in 1913, working for the Des Moines Register, the St. Paul Pioneer Press, and the Minneapolis Tribune, before he began working for The New York Times.
His obituary said he covered four wars, one rebellion, and the sixth undeclared war on the Manchurian border between the Soviet Union and Japan. He covered other important international stories, including the Moscow show trials. He wrote a book based on his coverage of unrest in Nicaragua, entitled "Dollars for Bullets".
Denny married Jean Bullitt Lowery, in Moscow, in 1936. She was an American woman, fifteen years his junior, from Kentucky. She predeceased him on May 21, 1943.
He was captured in November 1941, in Libya, while working there as a war correspondent, and was imprisoned as a POW. During his imprisonment he was interrogated by the Gestapo. He wrote "Behind both Lines" on his experience as a POW, after he was repatriated in May 1942.
He returned to work as a war correspondent, and covered the Invasion of Normandy, and the American advance into Germany, including being wounded during the Battle of the Bulge.
After Victory in Europe Denny was visiting his sister, in Des Moines, when he suffered a fatal heart attack, on July 3, 1945.
Secretary of War Robert P. Patterson honored war correspondents, including Denny, at an event in Washington, on November 23, 1946.
# Mecyclothorax granulipennis

Mecyclothorax granulipennis is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Liebherr in 2008.