OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guillaume Chartier (theologian)

Guillaume Chartier was a Calvinist theologian and Protestant pastor from Geneva, active between 1555 and 1560.

## Mission to France Antarctique

He was a young theologian in Geneva when he was chosen by John Calvin to take part in an expedition organized by the French gentleman Philippe de Corguilleray, who had been asked by Gaspard de Coligny to come to the aid of admiral Nicolas Durand de Villegagnon, who was asking for assistance in increasing the population of the small French colony at Fort Coligny in France Antarctique in what is now Brazil. His mission was to convert Catholics in the French colony and support the Huguenot colonists in their faith. He was accompanied by the 50-year-old pastor Pierre Richier.
The expedition was financed by de Coligny and Villegagnon and included Philippe de Corguilleray, the two pastors and Jean de Léry – de Léry later wrote an account of the voyage. Fifteen people in total travelled from Geneva to Le Havre to embark, where they were met by three hundred Protestant emigrants. They set sail on 19 November 1556 and arrived in Guanabara Bay on 7 March the following year. The emigrants disembarked on île de Coligny, where they built fort Coligny.
Villagagnon and Corguilleray soon fell out, with the latter contesting his authority and leading the Huguenots against the French Catholics in Fort Coligny. Pierre Richier opposed Villegagnon's religious vision (for Villegagnon "the body and blood of Christ are really enclosed in the bread and wine"), backing instead a more symbolic interpretation of the eucharist. Chartier left for Europe and visited Calvin and the German Protestants to consult them about controversial points and polemics which opposed the believers of France Antarctique.
# Alexander Boyd (county solicitor)

Alexander Boyd (September 8, 1834 – March 31, 1870) was notable as the Republican County Solicitor and Register in Chancery of Greene County, Alabama in 1870 during Reconstruction who was murdered by a lynching party of Ku Klux Klan members. He was fatally shot on March 31, 1870 in Eutaw, the county seat. The Klan members apparently intended to hang him in the square in a public lynching, to demonstrate their power during this period and their threat to Republicans.
Boyd fiercely resisted their taking him from his hotel room. In the armed confrontation, he was shot and killed there. As was typical of most Klan attacks, his murderers were never brought to justice. That same night, prominent black Republican James Martin was shot and killed at his home in Union, Alabama, also in Greene County.

## Early life

Boyd was born in South Carolina, and later lived in Alabama. He was among thousands of Klan victims who were killed or wounded in Alabama and other Southern states during the Reconstruction era. The Klan's primary targets were freedmen and free blacks from the North, but they also attacked and intimidated white Republican officeholders, teachers, and other freedman sympathizers.
Similarly, the Greene County Courthouse was burned in 1868, and some suspect it was arson to destroy such records of suits by freedmen against planters.

## Death

On the night of Boyd's murder, thirty masked, armed, and costumed Klansmen were observed riding into the town square of Eutaw, the county seat of Greene County. A number of the men entered George Cleveland's hotel and demanded to be shown to Boyd's room. Boyd put up unexpected resistance and a gunfight broke out. He was wounded and left the room, and was fatally shot in the hallway. It is believed that he was attacked to prevent prosecution of suits by freedmen against planters. That same night, James Martin, a black Republican prominent in the county, was shot by gunmen near his home in Union, Alabama, who took him away rather than let him be treated; he was never seen again.

## Aftermath

Reports of the Thursday night murder brought several hundred armed freedmen into Eutaw on Saturday, April 2, 1870, calling for retaliation against the night riders. One member of the mob spoke for all when he said that local Confederates "have never surrendered yet, and the only way to stop this is to burn them out." A store in Eutaw, owned by a prominent white Democrat, was burned a few days after Boyd's murder, and several barns were also reportedly torched over the next month.
In the fall of 1870 before elections, two black politicians were killed in Greene County. An estimated four blacks were killed by whites in the Eutaw riot, which took place in the town square.
President Ulysses S. Grant gained congressional passage of the 1870 Enforcement Acts, intended to authorize the federal government to suppress Klan violence. While the Klan was suppressed, rifle leagues and such insurgent groups as the White League in Louisiana and Red Shirts in Mississippi and the Carolinas developed as other paramilitary insurgent groups.
# Andreas Fredrik Falkenberg

Andreas Fredrik Falkenberg (13 March 1875 – 1957) is a Norwegian engineer, businessperson and politician for the Conservative Party.
He was born in Bergen as a son of school headmaster Andreas Fredrik Falkenberg (1842–1875) and Anne Marie Wathne (1848–1922). He attended Bergen Cathedral School. In 1893 he graduated from Bergen Technical School, and in 1895 from the electrotechnical school Montefiore Institute in Liège. In 1898 he married photographer's daughter Anna Dorothea von der Fehr.
In 1897 he was hired as a manager in Bergen's Electric Tramway. In 1914 he moved to Eastern Norway to hold the same position in Oslo Tramway, and from 1924 to 1940 he was the chief executive of Bærumsbanen.
He was an elected member of Bergen city council from 1908 to 1913, the first term in the executive committee. From 1909 to 1910 he chaired the local Conservative party branch. He chaired Norske Elektrisitetsverkers Forening from 1918 to 1921, the Norwegian Polytechnic Society from 1918 to 1922, Kongelig Norsk Motorbåtforbund from 1920 to 1923 and Kongelig Norsk Automobilklub from 1933 to 1940.
He was decorated as a Knight, First Class of the Order of Vasa. He died in 1957.
# Mike Downstairs

Mike Downstairs is a 1968 American play. It was poorly reviewed and had a short run on its Broadway debut despite starring Dane Clark.
The play was also profiled in the William Goldman book The Season: A Candid Look at Broadway. Goldman called it the best of the plays that came out in April of its year. He summaried it as " a Spinoza-spouting Italian gets upset when the Authorities insist on holding an air-raid drill in preparation for when the Bomb drops, and he is beaten or killed and dragged off stage while all his friends roll around on the floor as the curtain comes down. (The play was a comedy.)"
# Ashley-Cooper

Ashley-Cooper is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Earls of Shaftesbury:
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury (1621–1683), English nobleman
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 2nd Earl of Shaftesbury (1652–1699), English nobleman
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury (1671–1713), English nobleman
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 4th Earl of Shaftesbury (1711–1771), English nobleman
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 5th Earl of Shaftesbury (1761–1811), English nobleman
** Cropley Ashley-Cooper, 6th Earl of Shaftesbury (1768–1851), English nobleman
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 7th Earl of Shaftesbury (1801–1885), English nobleman
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 8th Earl of Shaftesbury (1831–1886), English nobleman
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 9th Earl of Shaftesbury (1869–1961), English nobleman
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 10th Earl of Shaftesbury (1938–2004), English nobleman
** Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 11th Earl of Shaftesbury (1977–2005), English nobleman
** Nicholas Ashley-Cooper, 12th Earl of Shaftesbury (born 1979), English nobleman
* Adam Ashley-Cooper (born 1984), Australian rugby player
* Anthony Henry Ashley-Cooper, known as Henry Ashley, (1807–1858), English cricketer
* Edward Ashley-Cooper (1906–2000), Australian actor
* F. S. Ashley-Cooper (1877–1932), English cricket historian and statistician
* William Ashley-Cooper (1803–1877), English Member of Parliament
# Aqua: The Videos

Aqua: The Videos is a compilation of Aqua's music videos, released in 1998. It includes four videos, representing the band's 1997 singles, though not in chronological order of release.

## Track listing

* "Barbie Girl"
* "Doctor Jones"
* "My Oh My"
* "Lollipop"

## Personnel

* Lene Nystrom Rasted – female vocals
* Rene Dif – male vocals
* Soren Nystrom Rasted – keyboard, guitar
* Claus Norreen – keyboard
* This 1990s pop album–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Arnold Vaino

Arnold Vaino (26 June 1900 in Tartu – 15 March 1960 in Tallinn) was an Estonian actor and director.
From 1921 to 1932, he was an actor at Vanemuine Theatre and from 1932 to 1941, he worked at Estonia Theatre. Besides theatre roles he played also in films.

## Filmography

* 1927 Noored kotkad (feature film; role: student Tammekänd)
* 1930 Vahva sõdur Joosep Toots (feature film; co-director and the role: Joosep Toots)
* 1931 Kas tunned maad? (documentary film; role: ?)
# Ahrndt

Ahrndt is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ellen Ahrndt (1922–2009), American baseball player
* Jason Arhndt (born 1971), American professional wrestler
# Alexander Chisholm (artist)

Alexander Chisholm (1792?–1847) was a British portrait and historical painter.

## Life

Chisholm was born at Elgin in the year 1792 or 1793; at an early age, he was apprenticed by his father to a weaver at Peterhead. He had a great aversion to the trade, and his predilection for art was so strong that he was accustomed to sketch figures upon the cloth on which he was occupied at the loom. When his leisure permitted him to resort to the sea-shore, Chisholm found great pleasure in sketching on the smooth sand. When about fourteen years of age, Chisholmwalked from Peterhead to Aberdeen, where he received his first lessons in light and shade. At this time, there was a meeting of the Synod, the members of which he was permitted to sketch. Chisholm's work gave such satisfaction, that he was forthwith commissioned to paint it, but this he was compelled to decline, as he was totally ignorant of the use of colours.
Chisholm must have employed his leisure profitably, for when about twenty years of age he went to Edinburgh, where he was patronized by the Earls of Elgin and Buchan, and was subsequently appointed an instructor at the Royal Scottish Academy. In 1818, he went to London, still under the patronage of the Earl of Buchan, and met with much encouragement. In 1829, Chisolm became an Associate Exhibitor of the Water-Colour Society and frequently sent works to that Institution. His favourite department of art was history, but he also painted portraits with eminent success. Having suffered from severe illness during nine years before his death, his later productions do not exhibit that degree of vigour which characterize his earlier works. 'The Pedlar,' a water-colour painting by him, is in the South Kensington Museum.
Chisholm died at Rothesay, in the Isle of Bute, on 3 October 1847.

## Works

The following are some of his most important works exhibited at the Royal Academy:
* Boys with a Burning Glass. 1822.
* The Cut Foot. 1823.
* Baptism of Ben Jonson's Daughter (wiih portraits of Shakespeare, Jonsonj Beaumont, Fletcher and Raleigh). 1837.
* The Lords of the Congregation taking the oath of the Covenant. 1842.
* The Minister and his Wife concealing the Scottish Regalia in the Church (his last work). 1846.
# 1683 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Works published
### Great Britain

* Philip Ayres, Emblems of Love, later reissued under the title Cupids Addresse to the Ladies
* John Chalkhill, Thealma and Clearchus: A pastoral history, posthumously published; edited by Izaak Walton
* Thomas D'Urfey, A New Collection of Songs and Poems
* Thomas Flatman, On the Death of the Illustrious Prince Rupert, Prince Rupert died November 29 of this year
* Robert Gould, Presbytery Rough-Drawn, published anonymously
* John Mason, Spiritual Songs; or, Songs of Praise to Almighty God upon Several Occasions, published anonymously
* John Oldham, Poems, and Translations
* Thomas Shipman, Carolina; or, Loyal Poems

### Other

* Benjamin Keach, Sion in Distress, or The Groans of the Protestant Church, English Colonial America
* Emilie Juliane of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, Geistliche Lieder [...], German hymns; published in Rudolstadt

## Births

Death years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* March 1 – Tsangyang Gyatso, 6th Dalai Lama (died 1706), Indian-born Monpa Buddhist religious leader and Tibetan poet
* May 20 – Elijah Fenton (died 1730), English poet
* July 3 – Edward Young (died 1765), English poet

## Deaths

Birth years link to the corresponding "[year] in poetry" article:
* December 9 – John Oldham (born 1653), English satirical poet and translator
* Katherine Austen (born 1629), English diarist and poet
# Abacetus bidentatus

Abacetus bidentatus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Andrewes in 1942.
# Mehdi Kiani

Mehdi Kiani may refer to:
* Mehdi Kiani (footballer, born 1987), Iranian footballer
* Mehdi Kiani (footballer, born 1978), Iranian footballer
# Amirul Islam

Amirul Islam may refer to:
* M Amirul Islam (1918–2001), Bangladeshi academic, researcher, and scientist
* M Amir-ul Islam (born 1937), Bangladeshi lawyer
* Amirul Islam Chowdhury (born 1942), Bangladeshi academic
* Amirul Islam (lyricist), Bangladeshi lyricist
* Amirul Islam (politician), Indian politician from West Bengal
# Michel Lasne

Michel Lasne (Caen, ca. 1590–4 December 1667, Paris), was a French engraver, draughtsman and collector.
Lasne was born in Caen and was the son of a goldsmith. He was a member of the Guild of Saint Luke in Antwerp for 1617–18, and probably worked under the direction of Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony van Dyck. At that time he made an engraving of Rubens's now-lost Susanna and the Elders, which contains a dedication from Rubens to the Dutch humanist Anna Roemers Visscher. Lasne was in Paris by 1621, and in 1633 he became the official engraver for King Louis XIII. In France, Lasne engraved a number of portraits. There are at least 759 prints by Lasne, including 13 portraits of King Louis XIII and 10 of his wife, Anne of Austria. He made reproductive engravings after the French painters Philippe de Champaigne, Daniel Dumonstier, Simon Vouet, and Charles Le Brun; the Italian painters Paolo Veronese, Francesco Albani, and Titian; and the Spanish painter Jusepe de Ribera.
# Air Mail (video game)

Air Mail is an iOS game developed by British studio Chillingo Ltd and released on May 24, 2012.

## Critical reception

The game has a Metacritic score of 85% based on 11 critic reviews.
SlideToPlay wrote " Air Mail is a delightful flight sim with broad appeal. It's about the precise controls and engaging story, not locking on with missiles or machine guns. " Vandal Online said " An original, fun and entertaining app that is above most of the games in the App Store. Its gameplay is direct and its control great, and is also beautifully crafted in graphics. " AppSmile said " A high-flying and highly-enjoyable experience, Air Mail allows you to take to the skies like few others. " Gamezebo wrote " Despite its lack of realism, fans of flight will want to sample it-as will anyone else who's just in the mood for a whimsical iOS game. " 148Apps said " Air Mail definitely lives up to the promise that the game had when I first got to play it. This is a fun flying game that has the feel of a Nintendo 64 or Dreamcast classic with its colorful graphics and feel, and it's well worth the premium app price to check it out. "
TouchGen wrote " This is one of my favorite high-flying games on iOS. It looks fantastic, provides solid options for controls and has a cool story that makes each and every task feel important. I would love to have seen some multiplayer and improved cutscenes. That being said, this is a damn good game that I absolutely loved, and highly recommend. " TouchArcade wrote "The advanced control requires a good bit of practice to get it right, but should eventually be your control of choice. " Edge Magazine said " And though a clutch of score-based challenges are both too few and too brisk, they contribute to an iOS game of rare generosity and substance. " AppSpy wrote " Air Mail brings a much-needed sense of fun and freedom to the App Store, encouraging players to breathe in its wonderful world through exploration. " Modojo wrote " Air Mail could've been exceptional, but as it stands, the game will just have to settle for being great, with beautiful art work, tight controls and fun exploration/time-based play. " Pocket Gamer UK said " An impressive game with a gorgeous world you'll want to explore, Air Mail is only let down by its lack of challenge. "
# Melibe rosea

Melibe rosea, the cowled nudibranch, is a species of sea slug, a dendronotid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Tethydidae.
This species is only found in South Africa.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to the South African coast and is found from Port Nolloth to Port Alfred, usually intertidally, but occasionally to 10 m.

## Description

The cowled nudibranch is a white to pinky-red nudibranch distinguished by its large extendable hood. Knobbly paired cerata extend down the margins of the smooth notum. The notum and cerata may have opaque white encrustations. It can grow as large as 50 mm in total length.

## Ecology

The cowled nudibranch feeds on small crustaceans, capturing them with its oral hood.
# Helen Vickroy Austin

Helen Vickroy Austin (née, Vickroy; July 19, 1829 – August 1, 1921) was an American journalist and horticulturist.

## Early life

Helen Vickroy was born in Miamisburg, Ohio, on July 19, 1829. She was a daughter of Edwin Augustus and Cornelia Harlan Vickroy. Her mother was a daughter of the Hon. George Harlen, of Warren County, Ohio. Her father was a son of Thomas Vickroy, of Pennsylvania, who was a soldier in the American Revolutionary War under George Washington, and an eminent surveyor and extensive landowner. When Austin was a child, the family removed to Pennsylvania and established a homestead in Ferndale.

## Career

In 1850, she married William W. Austin, a native of Philadelphia, at that time residing at Richmond, Indiana, where they lived until 1885, when the family removed to Vineland, New Jersey. Of her three children, two sons died in childhood.
Austin did considerable writing. Some of her best work was for the agricultural and horticultural press, and her essays at the horticultural meetings and interest in such matters gave her notability in horticultural circles. She was also a writer of sketches and essays and worked as a reporter and correspondent. Much of her work was of a fugitive nature for the local press. She also wrote in aid of philanthropic work. She was for many years identified with the cause of woman suffrage, and various woman's causes.
Long before the temperance crusade she was a pronounced advocate of temperance and while in her teens, was a member of "Daughters of Temperance", the women's group of Sons of Temperance. She was a life member of the National Woman's Indian Rights Association, and was a member of the American Pomological Society.

## Death

Helen Vickroy Austin died in 1921 and is buried in Earlham Cemetery, Richmond, Indiana.
# Abacetus bisignatus

Abacetus bisignatus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Pterostichinae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1890.
# Alex Steinbauer

Alexander Steinbauer (born 17 November 1973) is an Austrian professional darts player who plays in Professional Darts Corporation (PDC) events.
He made his PDC European Tour debut in the 2018 Austrian Darts Open, but was whitewashed 6–0 by Richie Burnett.
Steinbauer also qualified for the 2019 Austrian Darts Championship, but was beaten 6–4 by Kirk Shepherd.
# Green Party of Canada candidates in the 1993 Canadian federal election

The Green Party of Canada ran seventy-one candidates in the 1993 federal election, none of whom were elected. Information about these candidates may be found here.
The page also includes information about Green Party candidates in by-elections between 1993 and 1997.

## Candidates
### Parkdale—High Park: Richard Roy

Mr. Roy was an executive secretary at the time of the election. His campaign seems to have been based on eco-capitalist lines. A newspaper article from the period cites him as favouring the following policies: retrofitting energy-inefficient buildings, providing financial incentives for organic farmers and reducing or eliminating income taxes (Toronto Star, 22 October 1993). He received 430 votes (1.05%), finishing sixth against Liberal incumbent Jesse Flis.
In 2002, he wrote that Ontario's composting policies left open the possibility for E. coli contamination in the province's produce (Toronto Star, 17 September 2002).

## Candidates in subsequent by-elections
### Brome—Missisquoi, 13 February 1995: Éric Ferland

Éric Ferland was the leader of the Green Party of Quebec at the time of the election. He received 101 votes (0.27%), finishing eighth against Liberal Party candidate Denis Paradis.
# 291 (disambiguation)

291 is a year.
291 may also refer to:
* 291 (number)
* The year 291 BC
* 291 (art gallery), an art gallery in Midtown Manhattan, 1905–1917
* 291 (magazine), an arts and literary magazine, 1915–1916
* 291 Alice, an asteroid
* Interstate 291 (Massachusetts), an Interstate highway in Massachusetts
* Interstate 291 (Connecticut), an Interstate highway in Connecticut
# Alberto Miguel

Alberto Miguel Martín (born May 29, 1977) is a Spanish professional basketball player.

## Player career

* 1995/96 CB Laredo (youth team)
* 1996/99 CB Calasanz Santander
* 1999/03 Cantabria Lobos
* 2003/06 Llanera Menorca
* 2006/09 Plus Pujol Lleida
* 2009/11 Ford Burgos
* 2011/12 CD Estela
* 2012/12 Aguas de Sousas Ourense
* 2012/00 Ford Burgos

## Honours

Plus Pujol Lleida
* LEB Catalan League Champion: 2
** 2007, 2008
# Melibiose

Melibiose is a reducing disaccharide formed by an α-1,6 linkage between galactose and glucose (D-Gal-(α1→6)-D-Glc). It differs from lactose in the chirality of the carbon where the galactose ring is closed and that the galactose is linked to a different point on the glucose moiety. It can be formed by invertase-mediated hydrolysis of raffinose, which produces melibiose and fructose. Melibiose can be broken down into its component saccharides, glucose and galactose, by the enzyme alpha-galactosidase, such as MEL1 from Saccharomyces pastorianus (lager yeast).
Melibiose cannot be used by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ale yeast), so this is one test to differentiate between the two yeast species.