OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Statistical thinking

Statistical thinking is a tool for process analysis of phenomena in relatively simple terms, while also providing a level of uncertainty surrounding it. It is worth nothing that "statistical thinking" is not the same as "quantitative literacy", although there is overlap in interpreting numbers and data visualizations.
Statistical thinking relates processes and statistics, and is based on the following principles:
* All work occurs in a system of interconnected processes.
* Variation exists in all processes
* Understanding and reducing variation are keys to success.

## History

   "The great body of physical science ... [is] only accessible and only thinkable to those who have had a sound training in mathematical analysis, and the time may not be very remote when it will be understood that for complete initiation as an efficient citizen ... it is necessary to be able to compute, to think in averages and maxima and minima, as it is now to be able to read and write."
H.G. Wells, Mankind in the Making
W. Edwards Deming promoted the concepts of statistical thinking, using two powerful experiments:
1. The Red Bead experiment, in which workers are tasked with running a more or less random procedure, yet the lowest "performing" workers are fired. The experiment demonstrates how the natural variability in a process can dwarf the contribution of individual workers' talent.
2. The Funnel experiment, again demonstrating that natural variability in a process can loom larger than it ought to.
The take home message from the experiments is that before management adjusts a process—such as by firing seemingly underperforming employees, or by making physical changes to an apparatus—they should consider all sources of variation in the process that led to the performance outcome.
Nigel Marriott breaks down the evolution of statistical thinking.

## Benchmarks

Statistical thinking is thought to help in different contexts, such as the courtroom, biology labs, and children growing up surrounded by data.
The American Statistical Association (ASA) has laid out what it means to be "statistically educated". Here is a subset of concepts for students to know, that:
* data beat anecdotes
* data is natural, predictable, and quantifiable
* random sampling allows results of surveys and experiments to be extrapolated to the population
* random assignment in comparative experiments allows cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn
* to know association is not causation
* significance does not necessarily imply practical importance, especially for studies with large sample sizes
* no statistically significant difference or relationship does not necessarily mean there is no difference or no relationship in the population, especially for studies with small sample sizes
Statistical thinking is a recognized method used as part of Six Sigma methodologies.
# Subir Das

Subir Das is a Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research in Bangalore, India. His primary area of research is statistical mechanics of systems close to phase transitions.
Das received his PhD from Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2002. Subsequently, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Mainz, Germany, with Kurt Binder and Juergen Horbach (2002-2005), and at the University of Maryland, USA, with Michael Fisher (2005-2007). Since 2007 he is a faculty member at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research in Bangalore, India.
His research interests are in phase transition and critical phenomena.

## Most cited peer reviewed papers

* Block BJ, Das SK, Oettel M, Virnau P, Binder K. Curvature dependence of surface free energy of liquid drops and bubbles: A simulation study. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 2010 Oct 21;133(15):154702. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited 143 times
* Horbach J, Das SK, Griesche A, Macht MP, Frohberg G, Meyer A. Self-diffusion and interdiffusion in Al 80 Ni 20 melts: Simulation and experiment. Physical Review B. 2007 May 22;75(17):174304. According to Google Scholar, this article has been cited 137 times
# Stefan Wurz

Stefan Wurz (born October 24, 1964, in Karlsruhe, Germany) is a German composer who specialises in musical theatre.

## Biography

Having trained as a classical pianist as well as being a keyboarder and songwriter for various rock bands in his youth, Stefan Wurz studied musicology and composition at Karlsruhe University, where he also published a thesis on femmes fatales in music theatre.
Wurz was the first composer to set the Aldous Huxley classic Brave New World to music in 1994. In 2003, he was commissioned by Czech producer Daniel Landa to create Rockquiem, a rock and dance spectacle based on Mozart's Requiem, which premiered in Prague and Bolzano and was subsequently produced in several European countries. Current projects include The Virtual Mirror, a collaboration with German games creator Wolfgang Walk and American writer Mark Barrett.

## Compositions
### Musical Theatre

* 2016: The Virtual Mirror – Rock ’n’ Games Cross Over Opera (WIP)
* 2010: Brandnacht - Jugendrockmusical
* 2007: Trurls Elektrobarde based on Stanislaw Lem
* 2006: Helle Nächte – romantic musical based on Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky's White Nights
* 2003: Da Capo al Fine – a Splatter Opera
* 2003: Rockquiem – based on W. A.Mozart
* 1994: Schöne neue Welt – rock musical based on Aldous Huxley's Brave New World
* 1993: Alice – rock musical after Lewis Carroll

### Miscellaneous

* 2017: Crossing Bridges for State Theatre Kassel
* 2017: Scherben und Papa Haydn - string quartets for Quartett PLUS 1
* 2016: Golden Dragon, Golden Snake - Aria und Dance for Anging Normal University, Anqing, Anhui, China
* 2015: Time Changes - Concert for baglama, electric guitar, rockbound and orchestra
* 2015: Hannover Sounds - A Symphony of City Sounds for the State Opera House Hannover
* 2015: Pudiera ser...quizás - Tango for baritone and tango orchestra after lyrics by Mario Pinnola
* 2012: Baroque With You and Indian Smooth Criminal for voice and string quartet based on Songs performed by Michael Jackson
* 2011: Credo - a musical confrontation for church organ and electric guitar
* 2011: American Jesus Suite for string quartet based on Songs performed by Michael Jackson
* 2008: La Mariposa – tango nuevo
* 2004 Tenorissimo – 4 compositions and arrangements for Saimir Pirgu
* 2004 Martes Martes – miniature animated film opera
* 2004 Heile Welt – short film by Klemens Brysch – film score
* 2002: Heaven Fears Freedom – animated film by Chrysis Lengen - film score
* 1997: Spieler (Gambler) – animated film by Jan Schönfelder – film score
* 1992: Rilke-Lieder – Seven Poems by Rainer Maria Rilke
# Suat Uğurlu Dam

The Suat Uğurlu Dam is a rock-fill dam for irrigation and hydro power purposes, located 24 km downstream of Hasan Uğurlu Dam on the River Yeşilırmak 13 km south of Çarşamba town and 25 km east of Samsun in northern Turkey. Originally, it was named the Bolahor Dam.
Suat Uğurlu died following an accident at the construction site of a dam project 24 km upstream together with her husband, an engineer at that site. While Ayvacık Dam was renamed after her husband's name Hasan Uğurlu, this dam was renamed in her memory.
Having a dam volume of 2,151,000 m³, Suat Uğurlu Dam and hydro-electric power plant went in service in 1982. The dam has a storage volume of 182 billion m³ in a reservoir area at normal water surface elevation of 9.7 km$^2$. The storage of Suat Uğurlu Dam is little but controlled by Hasan Uğurlu Hydro Power Plant. The surface of irrigated area by the dam is 83,312 ha. The power plant generates 46 MW power giving annually 273 GWh.
# Suau

Suau may refer to:
* Suau language of Papua New Guinea
* Suau Rural LLG of Papua New Guinea

## People

* Anthony Suau
* Paloma Suau
* Jean Suau
* Joan Tuset Suau

## Wine

* Château Suau
* Château Suau (Capian)
# Stuart Wilson (musician)

Stuart Wilson is a Reggae, Jazz and Blues musician from the Cayman Islands. Stuart Wilson's music has been branded as a Reggae Renaissance, which includes elements of Jazz, Classic Rock and Blues.

## Early life

Stuart Wilson started out singing and playing the guitar in the Church with his Grand Mother before deciding to put concentrate on his schooling. The Artist made the difficult decision to take a break from music to accomplish his degree at St. Thomas University, Miami Florida. After spending years as a journalist, working in television, radio and print in the Cayman Islands, Stuart left his career as a journalist to refocus his efforts on music.

## Career

In 2013, Stuart Wilson began working with Legendary Reggae Producer Clive Hunt along with other notables in the industry such as Dean Fraser, Sly Dunbar and many other stalwarts in the industry, including Jason Gilbert who won a Grammy for his work on Eminem's album Recovery.
In 2014 Stuart Wilson made his debut at Reggae Sumfest with his band Love Culture Stuart then went on to Thailand to play a dizzying 72 shows over a three month period with his band before returning to Jamaica.
In 2016 Stuart Wilson released his first Number One Single in Jamaica titled, "Feel for You" and has since been playing a series of acoustic and full ensemble shows, in London, as well as around the Caribbean.

## Discography

EPs
* Holding the Fort
Singles
* "Three Kings" (2012)
* "Real Come Back Story" (2013)
* "Leroy Can't be Wrong" (2014)
* "Feel for You" (2016)
# Stuart Taylor

Stuart Taylor may refer to:
* Stuart Taylor (cricketer) (1900–1978), Australian cricketer
* Stuart Taylor (footballer, born 1947) (1947–2019), English former footballer for Bristol Rovers
* Stuart Taylor (footballer, born 1974), Scottish footballer and coach
* Stuart Taylor (footballer, born 1980), English football goalkeeper
* Stuart Taylor Jr., American journalist and author
* Stuart Ross Taylor (1925–2021), New Zealand-born geochemist and planetary scientist
# Sturminster Newton (disambiguation)

Sturminster Newton is a town in Dorset, England.
Sturminster Newton may also refer to the following things associated with it:
* Sturminster Newton High School
* Sturminster Newton (ward), the electoral division based on the town
* Sturminster Newton Hundred, the ancient administrative area based on the town
* Sturminster Newton railway station
* Sturminster Newton United F.C.
# Sturmioactia

Sturmioactia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Sturmioactia auronigra Townsend, 1927

## Distribution

Peru.
# Styrax pentlandianus

Styrax pentlandianus is a species of flowering plant in the family Styracaceae. It is native to South America.
# Stele of Vespasian

The Stele of Vespasian (Georgian: ვესპასიანეს სტელა) is a stele celebrating Roman emperor Vespasian. It was written in Ancient Greek and found in 1867 at Armazi, near Mtskheta, Georgia in the ancient capital of the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia.

## Stele

The stele memorialises reinforcement of the fortification of Armazi walls by Emperor Vespasian. Additionally, the inscription mentions two emperors Titus, Domitian and two kings Mihrdat I of Iberia, Pharasmanes I of Iberia and prince royal Amazaspus. The inscription is dated to 75 AD. The top of the stele is lost. According to Professor David Braund, the missing text was in Latin or Armazic (outgrowth of Aramaic language). Cyril Toumanoff identifies Amazaspus as King Amazasp I of Iberia, though it can be prince royal Amazaspus, son of Pharasmanes I of Iberia, who is known from the Epigram of Amazaspos found in Rome.

## Inscription

   Imperator Caesar Vespasianus Augustus, pontifex maximus, holding the tribunician power for the seventh time, imperator for the fourteenth time, consul for the sixth time, and designated for the seventh, father of the fatherland, censor and imperator Titus Caesar, son of Augustus, holding the tribunician power for the fifth time, consul for the fourth time and designated for the fifth, censor, and Domitianus Caesar, son of Augustus, consul for the third time and designated for the fourth, for the king of the Iberians, Mithridates, son of King Pharasmanes, and Amazaspus, friend of Caesar and of the Romans, and for his people [Iberians] they [Romans] fortified the walls.
# Stele of the Labyadai

Among the inscriptions found at Delphi is a stele, written on all four sides, which seems to have regulated the phratry of the Labyadai.

## Description

In 1893, slightly after the beginning of the great Excavations at Delphi, a stele with a rectangular plan, which was inscribed on all four sides, was discovered. The director of excavations Théophile Homolle was the first to study the inscription and concluded that it contained a series of rules concerning the normal function and internal relations of a phratry, named the Labyadai. For years the stele remained literally in the shadows, but its transferral to the Epigraphic Portico in the Delphi Museum revived scholarly interest as researchers could now read it more easily. Several questions were raised at this point, such as whether the Labyadai actually constituted a phratry, as they are nowhere referred to as such. However, a reference in the text to "Poseidon Phratrios" continues to support the phratry theory. The inscription dates to the late classical period. There is a lengthy discussion of funerary rituals, where it is stated, among other things, that the deceased should be accompanied in utmost quietness, without lamentations.
# Stylopidae

Stylopidae is a family of twisted-winged insects in the order Strepsiptera. There are about 15 genera and more than 330 described species in Stylopidae.
Members of Stylopidae are parasitic insects. Host insects of this family that are afflicted are referred to as being "stylopized".
Stylopidae are associated primarily with wasps and bees but are known to also use members of Blattodea, Mantodea, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, and other Hymenoptera as hosts. Stylopized hosts often display a variety of physical and behavioral changes.

## Life cycle

As with others in the order Strepsiptera, Stylopidae larvae called triungulins enter their host and develop inside it. Females will remain inside the host. When females are ready to breed, they will push their head and brood canal opening, which is located just behind their head, out between the host insect's sclerites. Females draw males with pheromones who mate with them by means of the exposed brood canal. The eggs will hatch inside of their mother, and the larvae will feed on her body until it is time for them to exit through the brood canal and find their own hosts.

## Genera

* Crawfordia Pierce, 1908
* Eurystylops Bohart, 1943
* Halictoxenos Pierce, 1908
* Hylecthrus Saunders, 1850
* Melittostylops Kinzelbach, 1971
* Pseudoxenos Saunders, 1872
* Stylops Kirby, 1802
* Xenos Rossi, 1793
* †Jantarostylops Kulicka, 2001 (Baltic amber, Priabonian)
# Stylophthalmus

Stylophthalmus (meaning 'stem-eye') was a name used for what was previously believed to be a genus of fish with eyes perched upon periscopic stalks, known in some cases to be almost one third of the length of the animal's actual body. It is now recognised that all species in this genus are the fish larvae of already named, distantly related fish in the orders Stomiiformes and Myctophiformes which may have developed this same trait as a result of convergent evolution. Thus, Stylophthalmus is an invalid name.

## Species

* Stylophthalmus lobiancoi, Mazzarelli, 1909, now recognised as a junior synonym of Myctophum punctatum, Rafinesque, 1810
* Stylophthalmus mediterraneus, Mazzarelli, 1810, now recognised as a junior synonym of Symbolophorus veranyi, Moreau, 1888
* Stylophthalmus paradoxus, Brauer, 1902, now recognised as a junior synonym of Idiacanthus fasciola, Peters, 1877
# State Highway 26 (Uttar Pradesh)

Uttar Pradesh State Highway 26 (UP SH 26) passes through Pilibhit - Lakhimpur - Bahraich - Basti and covers a distance of 402.03 km.
Uttar Pradesh state in India has a series of road networks. There are 35 national highways with total length of 4635 km and 83 state highways with total length of 8,432 km (5,239 mi).
# State Highway 27 (Kerala)

State Highway 27 (SH 27) is a State Highway in Kerala, India that starts in Palakkad Collectorate and ends at Meenakshipuram in the state boundary. The highway is 35.0 km long.

## The Route Map

Palakkad Collectorate(NH 17) - Kannady - Koduvayur - Tattamangalam - Mettupalayam junction, Tattamangalam - Ayyappankavu temple - Nanniyode - Meenakshipuram - Gopalapuram - Meenakshipuram road joins - Kerala State boundary - Road continues to Pollachi in Tamil Nadu.
# Subodh Deb Barma

Subodh Deb Barma (born 1 June 1971), is an Indian Tiprasa legislator who is a member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly from the Charilam Assembly constituency.

## Political career

Khatung joined TIPRA Motha in 2021. He contested the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly Election for the Charilam constituency. He defeated the sitting Deputy Chief Minister Jishnu Dev Varma by over 800 votes.
# Subodh Kumar

Subodh Kumar (born 10 June 1990) is an Indian football player who last plays for CFL Premier A club BSS. Talented mid-field player with great speed and endurance. An introvert player who believes in attacking football. Expert in free kicks with outstanding ball control. Member of the Gold Medal winning team at SAF Cup – Dhaka. Also represented the country in AFC U-19 at Iran, U-23 SAF Games at Dhaka and the U-19 team exposure trip to Germany.2010 played again games in China Guangzhou lost with Japan. Get awarded from Jharkhand ratna .

## Club career
### Indian Arrows

After spending years in the East Bengal F.C. youth system Kumar moved to new side Indian Arrows for the 2010-11 I-League season. He scored his only goal for Arrows during his only appearance for the club on 29 January 2011 against Viva Kerala FC in the I-League.

### East Bengal

After spending one great season at Arrows, Kumar moved back to his former club East Bengal. He made his debut for East Bengal against Mumbai F.C. on 2 November 2011.
Before the 2015–16 season, it was announced that Kumar had been released by East Bengal.

## Career statistics
### Club

Statistics accurate as of 13 September 2013 2012
| Club | Season | League | League | Federation Cup | Federation Cup | Other | Other | AFC | AFC | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Pailan Arrows | 2010–11 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | 1 | 1 |
| East Bengal | 2011–12 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| East Bengal | 2012–13 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 |
| East Bengal | 2013-14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | 7 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 1 |

## Honours

India U23
* SAFF Championship: 2009
# Walter König (ice hockey)

Walter König (born 9 June 1944) is an Austrian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1968 Winter Olympics.
# The Week (1964)

The Week was a socialist magazine founded by Ken Coates and Pat Jordan in January 1964. The magazine was edited by Jordan as the journal of the International Group and aimed at a readership in the left wing of the Labour Party. Coates and Jordan were Marxist members of the Labour Party connected to the New Left Review, to which Marxist journalist Claud Cockburn occasionally contributed. Their version of The Week, named after the earlier The Week that had been edited by Cockburn, provided a socialist critique of Harold Wilson's government, notably over its failure to oppose the Vietnam War. Jordan edited the paper until 1968, when he cooperated with Tariq Ali in launching The Black Dwarf. At that time The Week became a monthly magazine called International, which was published by the International Marxist Group.
# Sean French

Sean French may refer to:
* Sean French, one half of the writing duo known as Nicci French
* Seán French (1889–1937), Irish Fianna Fáil politician, Teachta Dála (TD) 1927–1932
* Seán French (1931–2011), Irish Fianna Fáil politician, Teachta Dála (TD) 1967–1982
* Seán French (rugby union) (born 1999), Irish rugby union player
# David MacKay (VC)

David MacKay VC (23 November 1831 – 18 November 1880) was a Scottish recipient of the Victoria Cross (VC), the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to United Kingdom and Commonwealth forces.

## Life

Born at Alterwall, Howe, Lyth, Scotland, the son of a farm labourer, he enlisted in the 93rd Highlanders (which became the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders and ultimately the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders) on 23 December 1850 and served in the Crimean War.

## The VC

He was awarded the VC for an action at the Siege of Lucknow during the Indian Mutiny. His citation in the London Gazette dated 24 December 1858 reads:
   For great personal gallantry in capturing an enemy colour after a most obstinate resistance, at the Secundrabagh, Lucknow, on the 16th of November 1857. He was severely wounded afterwards at the capture of the Shah Nujjif.
   Elected by the private soldiers of the Regiment

### The medal

The whereabouts of the VC is unknown, Mackay sold it while he was still alive and it was auctioned around 1910.

## Memorial

Mackay was awarded the VC in 1857 but was buried in Lesmahagow cemetery in an unmarked grave. A ceremony was held at the cemetery on 14 November 1998 to unveil a marker erected near the grave.