OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# South West African Class Hc

The South West African Class Hc 0-6-0T of 1907 was a narrow gauge steam locomotive from the German South West Africa era.
In 1907, the German Administration in German South West Africa acquired three Class Hc 0-6-0T locomotives for lease to the Otavi Mining and Railway Company. Two more entered service in 1910 and 1911, and a sixth was acquired new by the South African Railways in 1923.

## Manufacturer

Three 600 millimetres (23.6 inches) narrow gauge 0-6-0T steam locomotives were built by Henschel and Son in Germany in 1907 for the German Administration in German South West Africa (GSWA). Their works numbers were in the range from 8334 to 8336. The engines were designated Class Hc and numbered in the range from 81 to 83.

## German South West Africa

The locomotives used Allan valve gear. Their small coal bunkers had a capacity of only 660 pounds (299 kilograms), while the water capacity of their side tanks was 220 imperial gallons (1,000 litres).
The "Hc" classification identified the type as the third class to have been built for GSWA by Henschel, probably excluding locomotives which were no longer in service by the time the First World War broke out. They were leased to the Otavi Mining and Railway Company who operated a narrow gauge railway across the Namib Desert between Swakopmund and Tsumeb.
In 1910 and 1911, two more Class Hc locomotives, no. 104 with works number 10415 and no. 106 with works number 10765, were delivered by Henschel for service on the Otavi Railway. They were employed as shunting locomotives at Otavi.

## South African Railways

During the First World War, the former German Colony came under South African administration and the railways in GSWA came under control of the Union Defence Forces. Control of all railway operations in South West Africa (SWA) was passed on from the Military to the Director of Railways in Windhoek on 1 August 1915. On 1 April 1922, all the railway lines and rolling stock in the territory became part of the South African Railways (SAR).
None of the five pre-war Class Hc locomotives survived the war into the SAR era. In 1923, the SAR ordered a new one, no. 84, which was built to the same design by Henschel with works number 19765. This locomotive was not preserved and was presumably scrapped.

## Works numbers

The works numbers, years built and engine numbers of the Class Hc locomotives are listed in the table.
Class Hc works numbers :
| Works no. | Year built | Loco no. |
| 8334 | 1907 | 81 |
| 8335 | 1907 | 82 |
| 8336 | 1907 | 83 |
| 10415 | 1910 | 104 |
| 10765 | 1911 | 106 |
| 19765 | 1923 | 84 |

## Illustration

* Class Hc at Tsumeb, c. 1930
# Southwest PGA

The Southwest Section PGA (Southwest PGA) is a professional golf organization founded in 1958 that is headquartered in Scottsdale, Arizona. The Southwest PGA administers golf tournaments for stakeholders and conducts PGA Tour qualifying events. Based on the number of members and associate members, the Southwest PGA is the 5th largest of the 41 Professional Golfers' Association of America Sections. The largest annual event the Southwest PGA Section conducts is the Arizona Open.
As of 2024, the Section is represented by Dr. Chris Cain on the PGA of America board of directors.

## Chapters

The Southwest PGA has two chapters of the Section – the Southern Arizona Chapter of the Southwest PGA and the Southern Nevada Chapter of the Southwest PGA.
The Southern Arizona Chapter of the Southwest PGA was chartered by the Section to provide greater member service to those association members and associates whose facilities are located in the southernmost regions of the Section including Tucson, Arizona.
The Southern Nevada Chapter of the Southwest PGA was chartered by the Section to provide greater member service to those association members and associates whose facilities are located in Clark County including Las Vegas, Nevada.

## Tournaments

The Southwest PGA conducts a number of golfing championship events:
* The Southwest PGA Match Play Championship
* The Arizona Open
* The Southwest PGA Championship/PPC
* The Southwest PGA Jr. League Section Championship

## PGA Tour qualifying

As of the 2024 season, the Southwest PGA conducts pre-qualifying and Monday qualifying outings for three PGA Tour events:
* WM Phoenix Open
* Shriners Children's Open
* Cologuard Classic
An exemption for the Shriners Hospital Open is given to the winner of a qualifying tournament for Southwest PGA Professionals. An exemption for the WM Phoenix Open goes to the winner of the Southwest PGA Championship. 2023 winner Kim Paez became the first woman to win the Southwest PGA Championship, but was ineligible for the Phoenix Open because Paez played from shorter tees in violation of the Whaley Rule; her spot went to Jesse Mueller.
# Soviet cruiser Murmansk

At least two cruisers of the Soviet Navy have borne the name Murmansk, after the city and naval base of Murmansk:
* Soviet cruiser Murmansk (1944) was the former USS Milwaukee, an Omaha-class cruiser transferred to the USSR in 1944 and decommissioned in 1949.
* Soviet cruiser Murmansk (1955) was a Sverdlov-class cruiser launched in 1955. She was decommissioned in 1989 and sold for scrapping in 1994, but was wrecked while being towed to the breakers.
# South West African banknote issuers

South West Africa had banknotes issued at various times between 1916 and 1959 while under South African administration. The issues of 1916-18 are denominated in South West African marks. The later issues are denominated in South West African pounds.

## List of issuers of South West African mark-denominated notes

* Sonja Scholz, Windhoek.
* Gibeon Savings and Loans Association, Gibeon.
* Speisser and Silla, Windhoek.
* South West African Land Credit Association, Luderitz.
* Swakopmund Co-operative Bank, Swakopmund
* Swakopmund Bookshop, Swakopmund and Windhoek.
* Viktoria Pharmacy, Windhoek.
* Wecke and Voigts, Karabib, Okahandja, Swakopmund, and Windhoek.

## List of issuers of South West African pound-denominated notes

* Barclays Bank (Dominion, Colonial and Overseas)
* Standard Bank of South Africa Limited
* Volkskas Limited
# South West African mark

The South West African mark was a temporary currency issued between 1916, after the withdrawal of the German South West African mark, and prior to the introduction of the South African pound in 1918.
A number of notes were denominated in South West African marks and pfennigs, especially by the Swakopmund Bookshop that issued 10, 25, 50 Pfennig, and 1, 2, and 3 Mark notes.
* A two mark Swakopmunder Buchhandlung note issued in 1916
* A ten pfennig Swakopmunder Buchhandlung note issued in 1916
# Slava Ostap

Slava "Ostap" Osinski is a street artist who creates works on acrylic glass using packing tape or duct tape and duct tape. He also produces work in live performances and also creates installation art works.
Ostap was born and raised in Dnipropetrowsk in Ukraine, where he studied architecture. In 1995 he moved to Germany and he later moved to Berlin. Ostap has been active in Berlin's street art and urban art scene since 2013.

## Career

Ostap was a resident artist at the Urban Spree gallery in Berlin in December 2012. In an interview about his work, Ostap has said:
    "5 years ago I found Tape art - the art of gluing sticky tape. I have worked with this media ever since. Very often I mix the Tape Art with other forms of art, for example, Street Art, in which I try to give the impulse to find the new art-forms. Installations with the sticky tape give me the opportunity to present my ideas with the new point of view."
Ostap's work is influenced by modern culture and pop culture, politics, society, religion and sex. He cites pop art artists such as Andy Warhol as influences, as well as impressionist artists including Vincent van Gogh.

## Works

Ostap says of his art:
    "I distance myself from the classic form of street art, like graffiti or tagging – with my art, I try to arouse an emotion in the audience, especially positive emotions, like smiles or laughs, or on the contrary – to show my personal attitude to the modern culture, politics, society, religion and sex. It does not mean, that in every work there is a great meaning, sometimes, I like to work with abstract forms and minimalist shapes."
Although a street artist, Ostap's works have also been exhibited in various projects and galleries.

## Gallery

* Video: Live Taping Show
* "Orange"
* "Schrei"
* "Move"
# Spanish National Union

The Spanish National Union (Spanish: Unión Nacional Española, UNE) was a conservative and traditionalist political party in Spain.

## History

The UNE was born in 1975 as a "political association". Among its leaders there were members and ex-members of the Carlist movement that recognized Juan Carlos I as prince and successor to Francisco Franco, and as the future king of Spain. Among them Antonio María de Oriol, Juan María de Araluce Villar, José Luis Zamanillo and José María Valiente Soriano. Its president was the former Francisco Franco minister Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora and one of its vicepresidents the diplomat José María Velo de Antelo.
In November 1977, following a tumultuous assembly, José María Velo de Antelo and José Luis Zamanillo led a split because of the permanence of UNE in People's Alliance (AP), to which the party belonged since its establishment in 1976. The UNE, led by Gonzalo Fernández de la Mora and Miguel Fagoaga, as secretary general, left AP in November 1978 for its support of the Spanish Constitution of 1978. In 1979 UNE and Spanish Democratic Action (ADE) formed a new coalition, the Spanish Democratic Right (DDE). UNE dissolved shortly after the creation of the new coalition.
# Sparganothis caryae

Sparganothis caryae is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in the United States, including Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee and Texas.
The wingspan is about 17–18 mm.
# Sparganothis boweri

Sparganothis boweri is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alberta, Colorado, Connecticut, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Brunswick, New Jersey, New York, Nova Scotia, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Wisconsin and Wyoming.
The wingspan is 18–21 mm.
# Smertae

The Smertae were a people of ancient Britain, known only from a single mention of them by the geographer Ptolemy c. 150. From his general description and the approximate locations of their neighbors, their territory was in the modern area of central Sutherland. Ptolemy does not provide them with a town or principal place.

## History

Their name is commemorated by Càrn Smeart, an ancient burial mound on the ridge between the rivers Carron and Oykel.
The etymology of the name Smertae is not known for certain. However, entry 1794 of the Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch maintains that the element *smert- is present in Welsh verb darmerth (*do-ɸare-smertā-) meaning ‘purvey’ (i.e. 'provide') and noun armerth (*ɸare-smertā-s) ‘provision’ as well as in Old Irish airmert (*ɸare-smerto-m) ‘preparation’, glossing *smert- as 'provide for, purvey'.
# Smilodectes

Smilodectes is a genus of adapiform primate that lived in North America during the middle Eocene. It possesses a post-orbital bar and grasping thumbs and toes. Smilodectes has a small cranium size and the foramen magnum was located at the back of the skull, on the occipital bone.

## Named species

There are three named species: Smilodectes gracilis, Smilodectes gingerichi and Smilodectes mcgrewi.

### Smilodectes gracilis

Smilodectes gracilis was an adapiformes primate from the early Eocene, some 55 million years ago. S. gracilis was found on the land mass of North America and based on its dental morphology, S. gracilis was a folivore.
S. gracilis had a dental formula of 2.1.4.32.1.4.3 and had a relatively short snout, with rounded frontal bone as compared to other nothactines. This species lacked symphyseal fusion and this species of primate had comparatively reduced olfactory bulbs and a more expanded visual cortex. This suggests that S. gracilis was a diurnal species. S. gracilis had a cranial capacity of 9.5 cc. It is thought that S. gracilis had an average body mass of around 2.1 kilograms. Based upon its postcranial skeleton, S. gracilis was a vertical clinger and leaper.
# Spastonyx

Spastonyx is a genus of blister beetles in the family Meloidae. There are at least two described species in Spastonyx.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Spastonyx:
* Spastonyx macswaini (Selander, 1954)
* Spastonyx nemognathoides (Horn, 1870)
# Spasticus Autisticus

"Spasticus Autisticus" is a song written by Ian Dury and co-written by Chaz Jankel, released both as a single and on Dury's second solo studio album Lord Upminster (1981).

## History and ban by the BBC

"Spasticus Autisticus" was written in 1981 as a protest against the International Year of Disabled Persons, which Dury considered to be patronising. Dury was himself disabled by polio contracted in his youth. Fed up with repeated requests to get involved with charitable causes, Dury wrote an "anti-charity" song.
The song was a cross between a battle cry and an appeal for understanding: "Hello to you out there in normal land. You may not comprehend my tale or understand." The repeated refrain "I'm Spasticus, I'm Spasticus, I'm Spasticus Autisticus" made explicit reference to the line "I'm Spartacus" from the 1960 film Spartacus. Dury had been considering touring under the name "Spastic and the Autistics", playing on his disability and the term "blockhead", before his friend Ed Speight suggested: "No, it should be Spasticus Autisticus - he's the freed slave of the disabled."
The title and lyrics were deliberately provocative, as the word spastic, a name for people with cerebral palsy and then used as the title for the charitable Spastics Society (now known as Scope), was becoming taboo in Britain due to its use as a derogatory term. The BBC deemed the lyrics offensive ("I dribble when I piddle 'cos my middle is a riddle") and along with other radio stations denied it airplay. The record also received little promotion from the record company Polydor.
The song was performed live on television and broadcast worldwide during the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Paralympics, by Orbital and members of the Graeae Theatre Company.

## Personnel

* Ian Dury – vocals
* Chaz Jankel – guitars, keyboards, backing vocals, arrangements
* Robbie Shakespeare – bass guitars, arrangements
* Sly Dunbar – drums, arrangements
* Tyrone Downie – clavinets, Prophet-5, Steinway & Sons pianos, backing vocals
* Tina Weymouth – backing vocals
* Laura Weymouth – backing vocals
* Harold Dorsett – backing vocals
* Gina – backing vocals
# Smodingium

Smodingium argutum, the African poison ivy or pain bush, is a southern African shrub or medium-sized tree in the Anacardiaceae, which has properties comparable to the American poison ivy, as its sap contains heptadecyl catechols that are toxic to the skin.
An immuno-chemical reaction is suspected as in other toxic anacardiaceous species. It is monotypic in the genus Smodingium, and was discovered in Pondoland by J. F. Drège during an 1832 expedition with the zoologist Andrew Smith.

## Description

It resembles Rhus species in habit and foliage. It is very variable in size, sometimes a woody shrub barely 1–2 feet high, or otherwise a tree of up to 6m. During summer it produces small, creamy green flowers arranged in large sprays. The Greek generic name, meaning "durated mark", alludes to its hard, flattened seeds, which are fitted with papery wings. The margins of the alternately arranged, trifoliolate leaves are toothed, as suggested by its specific name, argutum, which means "sharp". The foliage assumes attractive autumn colours. When damaged the twigs exude a creamy, poisonous sap, which turns black when the catechols contained in it polymerize to a melanin.

## Range

It occurs along the Mpumalanga escarpment, the uplands of Eswatini, the KwaZulu-Natal midlands, Pondoland and Transkei, southern Lesotho and the southern Free State.
# The Gulf Between Us

The Gulf Between Us is a 2009 novel by Geraldine Bedell. The novel is a romantic comedy set in a fictional Gulf emirate, with a word play on the region.
The book drew wide public attention when the author falsely claimed she had been uninvited from a planned appearance at the first International Festival of Literature in Dubai in 2009 because The Gulf Between Us featured a homosexual sheikh.
# California Competes

California Competes is an American nonprofit policy organization seeking to increase access to college and improve college graduation rates. Created in 2011 by civic and business leaders in California, the group has labeled the state's higher education system dysfunctional and called for better coordination and planning for the future needs of the state's economy. The group's work has included advocating for a more robust statewide education data system and for greater financial supports for parents in college. Prior research had revealed that lower-income areas of the state were being shortchanged in the support they were receiving for community colleges.
In 2012 California Competes began an effort to make college accreditation documents publicly available if the college receives public funds. A law sponsored by the organization was enacted in 2014, requiring accreditor evaluation reports and decision letters to be posted on the web sites of colleges receiving state financial aid. At the time of passage the major western states accreditors had already responded to the call by posting decision letters and evaluation team reports on their web sites.
One of the group's first reports faulted a California Community College regulation for contributing to costly stalemates between campus stakeholders. After the statewide community college chancellor refused to consider a change to the regulation, California Competes filed a lawsuit asking a judge to throw out the rules as inconsistent with the law enacted by the legislature. The lawsuit was not successful.
In 2015, California Competes and other organizations sponsored a campaign to highlight innovative efforts by colleges to improve student success and reduce costs. The effort was fueled by a $50 million grant program sponsored by Governor Jerry Brown.
As part of a college affordability project sponsored by the Lumina Foundation, California Competes created a prototype calculator aimed at helping prospective college students consider not only the potential future earnings from college, but also their own estimation of the enjoyment of college itself and their passion for learning.
California Competes is governed by a council that was chaired for the group's first several years by Bob Foster, mayor of Long Beach. The staff are led by executive director Su Jin Gatlin Jez. Her predecessor, Lande Ajose, moved on in 2019 to become higher education advisor to Governor Gavin Newsom. The group's first director, Robert Shireman, left to join the Century Foundation in 2015.
# Sir Robert Clarke, 2nd Baronet

Sir Robert Clarke, 2nd Baronet (1683 – November 1746) was a British politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1717 to 1722.

## Early life

Clarke was the elder son of Sir Samuel Clarke, 1st Baronet of Snailwell and his wife Mary Thompson, daughter of Robert Thompson of Newington Green, Middlesex. In 1719, he succeeded his father as baronet. He was admitted at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge on 12 December 1701, aged 18 and was also admitted at Gray's Inn in 1701. He married Mary Barnardiston, only daughter of Arthur Barnardiston of Hoxton in around 1712.

## Political career

Clarke was returned unopposed as a Whig Member of Parliament (MP) for Cambridgeshire at a by election on 18 November 1717. He was defeated at the 1722 general election, and never stood again.

## Family

Clarke died in November 1746. By his wife he had ten children. He was succeeded in the baronetcy successively by his sons Samuel and Robert. After the death of his last surviving son Arthur, the sixth baronet, the title became extinct.
# Saint-Mathias Aerodrome

Saint-Mathias Aerodrome (TC LID: CSP5) is located 1.7 nautical miles (3.1 km; 2.0 mi) northeast of Saint-Mathias-sur-Richelieu, Quebec, Canada.
# William, Viscount of Limoges

William (died 1455) was Seigneur de Avesnes and Viscount of Limoges from 1404 until his death. He was also briefly Count of Périgord following the death of his brother John II, Count of Penthièvre, in 1454.

## Biography

William was the son of John I, Count of Penthièvre and Margaret de Clisson. As a younger son, William was intended to join the clergy. He attended the University of Angers and, while he was young, his family negotiated with the duke of Brittany to grant him the Bishopric of Vannes or Saint-Brieuc.
After Margaret de Clisson and her sons failed in their plot to overthrow John V, Duke of Brittany and assert their claim to Brittany between 1420 and 1422, the Penthièvre family was forced to appear before both the French Parliament and the Breton Estates at Vannes. Two of William's brothers were found guilty of felonies and treachery on 16 February 1425 and their properties in Brittany were confiscated. William himself had already been given over to the duke of Brittany as a hostage on 29 July 1420.
William remained a hostage at Auray for twenty-eight years, during which time he lost his sight. He was finally freed in 1448 after his family reconciled with Francis I, Duke of Brittany. In 1450, he married Isabelle de la Tour d'Auvergne, daughter of Bertrand V de La Tour d'Auvergne, with whom he had three daughters: Frances; Joan, who married John de Surgeres, seigneur de Balon; and Charlotte, who married Antoine de Villequier, seigneur de Montrésor. William inherited the County of Périgord from his brother John in 1454, but he died the following year. His daughter, Frances, succeeded him in Périgord and Limoges.
# Wilbur Street Historic District

The West Second Street Historic District includes three residential subdivisions created in 1919–1922 within the original town site of Mesa, Arizona. The district boundary is Second Street on the north and First Street on the south. The western boundary is Pasadena Street and the eastern boundary is Pomeroy Street. The other streets in the district are Hibbert and Wilbur.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 and features many Bungalow style homes which were popular around 1920. There are a few Tudor Revival and Pueblo Revival homes as well as some Ranch homes that were built later after World War II.
An annual historic home tour, sponsored by the Mesa Historical Museum, allows the public to visit several homes in the district.
# Saint Jerome and Abraham panels

Saint Jerome Penitent and Abraham Served by Three Angels are two paintings by the Italian Renaissance master Antonello da Messina. They are housed in the Pinacoteca Civica, Reggio Calabria.
These two panels are considered to be among the first works by Antonello da Messina. They were both intended for devotion of private owners.

## Saint Jerome Penitent

The painting shows elements inspired both the Flemish and Italian schools of painting. The rugged landscape is characteristic of the former, while the kneeling posture of Saint Jerome is typically Italian.

## Abraham Served by Three Angels

Because of its poor condition, for a long time this work was considered a part of a larger Nativity. The identification of theme was possible after the discovery of a small panel by a 15th-century French master (now at Denver) in which the scene is reproduced in its entirety, and which was surely known to the Italian master: the part missing in Antonello's work would show Sarah spying Abraham from the hut's door.
# Sairin-ji

Sairin-ji (西琳寺) is a Buddhist temple in Habikino, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. It is affiliated with Kōyasan Shingon-shū, and was founded during the sixth century.