OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid

1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) is an organic compound with the formula C$_{10}$H$_7$CH$_2$CO$_2$H. This colorless solid is soluble in organic solvents. It features a carboxylmethyl group (CH$_2$CO$_2$H) linked to the "1-position" of naphthalene.

## Use and regulation

NAA is a synthetic plant hormone in the auxin family and is an ingredient in many commercial horticultural products; it is a rooting agent and used for the vegetative propagation of plants from stem and leaf cuttings. It is also used for plant tissue culture.
The hormone NAA does not occur naturally, and, like all auxins, is toxic to plants at high concentrations. In the United States, under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), products containing NAA require registration with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as pesticides.

## Use and analysis

NAA is widely used in agriculture for various purposes. It is considered to be only slightly toxic but when at higher concentrations it can be toxic to animals. This was shown when tested on rats via oral ingestion at 1000–5900 mg/kg. NAA has been shown to greatly increase cellulose fiber formation in plants when paired with another phytohormone called gibberellic acid. Because it is in the auxin family it has also been understood to prevent premature dropping and thinning of fruits from stems. It is applied after blossom fertilization. Increased amounts can actually have negative effects however, and cause growth inhibition to the development of plant crops. It has been used on many different crops including apples, olives, oranges, potatoes, and various other hanging fruits. In order for it to obtain its desired effects it must be applied in concentrations ranging from 20–100 μg/mL. NAA present in the environment undergoes oxidation reactions with hydroxyl radicals and sulfate radicals. Radical reactions of NAA were studied using pulse radiolysis technique. Hydroxyl adduct radical was formed as the intermediate during the reaction of hydroxyl radical with NAA. The intermediate naphthyl methyl radical was formed during the reaction of sulfate radical anion with NAA.
In micropropagation of various plants, NAA is typically added to a medium containing nutrients essential to the plants' survival. It is added to help induce root formation in various plant types. It can also be applied by spraying it onto plants and which is typical in agricultural use. It is prohibited in many areas to use it in high concentrations due to the health concerns towards humans and other animals.
NAA can be detected by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).

## Derivative uses

* RSD 1000 [169191-56-4]
# .310 Cadet

The .310 Cadet, also known as the .310 Greener, or the .310 Martini, is a centerfire rifle cartridge, introduced in 1900 by W.W. Greener as a target round for the Martini Cadet rifle. Firing a 120 grain heeled lead projectile at 1350 ft/s the round is similar in performance to the .32-20 Winchester and some rifles may chamber both rounds with some accuracy. The full metal jacketed round was used in cadet rifles in Australia and New Zealand after early 20th-century Defence Acts. In New Zealand, after the start of the Boer War, a cadet corps had been started; by 1901 it was recommended that membership be compulsory. 500 Westley-Richards miniature Martini–Henry rifles were available by October 1902 (Auckland Star), and 5000 by April 1903 (Star). Such rifles gained popularity in Australia, New Zealand and the United States when thousands of Martini Cadet rifles were sold by the Australian government after World War II. A shorter version used as a humane killer was used in pistols. Known as the .310 cattle killer, invented by WW Greener, it was shorter in that a .310 cadet could not be accidentally chambered into the humane killer pistol.

## Current Use

After being sold by the Australian government many were converted to sporting or target rifles, often re-barreled to calibers like .22 Hornet, .218 Bee, .25-20 Winchester, .222 Rimmed, .357 Magnum and others to .22 rimfire by gun makers like Sportco.
Those still using the .310 Cadet have to either buy cases to reload, by Bertram Bullet Co. in Victoria, Australia, or several small independent ammunition makers in Australia and the United Kingdom. However these new .310 Cadet cases are 3-4 times as expensive as new .32-20 Winchester cases, hence shooters modify .32-20 cases, as a cheaper alternative. Modifications involve length resizing, and in most cases reducing the rim thickness. Due to the .310 using a heeled projectile, the neck thickness of the .32-20 does not have to be reamed down, after first being case length resized to 1.075" (27.3 mm). Most .310 cadet chambered rifles need to have the rim of the .32-20 case reduced from 0.065" to 0.045" (1.7 mm to 1.14 mm), to allow proper head spacing and operation of rifle. However, in the unusual instance of a lever action .32-20 fitted with a .310 barrel, the rifle will cycle better without the case rim thickness being reduced. As home reloading is the main option for the .310, many shooters play with different case length reduction of the .32-20, anywhere from 0.875'' to 1.185'' (22.23 mm to 30.10 mm).

## Gallery

* An Australian .310 Cadet FMJ.
* A British .310 Cadet lead bullet.
# 02421

02421 could be a code for:
* Lexington, Massachusetts, U.S., a town
* Kreuzau, Germany, a municipality
* Lesges, France, a commune
# 1060 Magnolia

1060 Magnolia, provisional designation 1925 PA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 13 August 1925, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory. The asteroid was named after the flowering plant magnolia.

## Orbit and classification

Magnolia is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.$^{:23}$ It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,222 days; semi-major axis of 2.24 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 6° with respect to the ecliptic.
The body's observation arc begins at Heidelberg in September 1925, or one month after its official discovery observation.

## Physical characteristics

Pan-STARRS' photometric survey characterizes Magnolia as a common, stony S-type asteroid, which is also the overall spectral type for members of the Flora family.$^{:23}$

### Rotation period

Several rotational lightcurves of Magnolia have been obtained from photometric observations since 1992. The best-rated lightcurve by French amateur astronomers Jacques Michelet and Maurice Audejean gave a relatively short rotation period of 2.9107 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.14 magnitude (U=3).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE), Magnolia measures between 5.23 and 9.65 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.173 and 0.47.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts Petr Pravec's revised WISE results, that is, an albedo of 0.2839 and a diameter of 7.16 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.71.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after a genus of flowering plants, magnolia, which was in turn named after Pierre Magnol. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 101).

### Reinmuth's flowers

Due to his many discoveries, Karl Reinmuth submitted a large list of 66 newly named asteroids in the early 1930s. The list covered his discoveries with numbers between (1009) and (1200). This list also contained a sequence of 28 asteroids, starting with 1054 Forsytia, that were all named after plants, in particular flowering plants (also see list of minor planets named after animals and plants).
# 10 from 6

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Christgau's Record Guide | B+ |
10 from 6 (also known as 10/6) is a compilation album released by English supergroup Bad Company in December 1985 on Atlantic Records label. All the songs on the album were previously released on Swan Song Records, a record label begun by Led Zeppelin in 1974. The title refers to the album's 10 songs taken from the six albums Bad Company had recorded to that time, though no songs from Burnin' Sky appear on the album.

## Personnel

Per liner notes
* Paul Rodgers – vocals, second guitar, piano, producer
* Mick Ralphs – guitar, keyboards on "Ready for Love", producer
* Boz Burrell – bass, producer
* Simon Kirke – drums, producer

## Production

* Aubrey Powell Productions – sleeve design
* Richard Evans – sleeve design
* Barry Diament – mastering

## Charts

| Chart (2023) | Peak position |
| Hungarian Physical Albums (MAHASZ) | 29 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Gold | 100,000$^^$ |
| United States (RIAA) | 2× Platinum | 2,000,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# .451 Detonics Magnum

The .451 Detonics Magnum [11.5x24mm] is a pistol cartridge similar to .45 ACP. It uses a reinforced case to handle higher pressure loads. The parent case is the .45 Winchester Magnum [11.5x30.4mm] trimmed down to 0.942 inches [23.9mm] long. It was deliberately made longer than the .45 ACP cartridge [11.43x23mm] to avoid accidents.
The cartridge was available with 185-grain [11.98 gram] and 200-grain [12.95 gram] bullets.
# 1,8-Naphthyridine

1,8-Naphthyridine is an organic compound with the formula C$_8$H$_6$N$_2$. It is the most well-studied of the six isomeric naphthyridines, a subset of diazanaphthalenes with nitrogen in the separate rings. Enoxacin, nalidixic acid, and trovafloxacin are 1,8-naphthyridine derivatives with antibacterial properties related to the fluoroquinolones.

## Coordination chemistry

With flanking nitrogen centers, 1,8-naphthyridine serves as a binucleating ligand in coordination chemistry.
# 10-Deacetylbaccatin

10-Deacetylbaccatins are a series of closely related natural organic compounds isolated from the yew tree (Genera Taxus). 10-Deacetylbaccatin III is a precursor to the anti-cancer drug docetaxel (Taxotere).
10-deacetylbaccatin III 10-O-acetyltransferase converts 10-deacetylbaccatin to baccatin III:
    acetyl-CoA + 10-deacetylbaccatin III ⇌ CoA + baccatin III
# 1567 in art

Events from the year 1567 in art.

## Events

* In China, the Jiajing era (1522–1566) has ended.

## Paintings

* Federico Barocci – Madonna di San Simone (Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, Urbino)
* Pieter Bruegel the Elder
** The Adoration of the Magi
** The Massacre of the Innocents (1566-7)
** The Peasant Wedding
* Gian Paolo Lomazzo – Allegory of the Lenten Feast (for San Agostino, Piacenza)
* Titian – Self-portrait (approximate date)
* Giorgio Vasari – Self-portrait (approximate date)

## Births

* 1 May - Michiel Jansz van Mierevelt, Dutch painter (died 1641)
* 24 September - Martin Fréminet, French painter and engraver (died 1619)
* date unknown
** Nicolas Cordier, French sculptor, painter and printmaker (died 1612)
** Giovanni Giacomo Pandolfi, Italian painter who worked in his native Pesaro (died 1636)
* 1567/1576: Abraham Janssens, Flemish painter (died 1632)

## Deaths

* 17 September - Pier Francesco d'Jacopo di Domenico Toschi, Italian painter of primarily religious works (born unknown)
* date unknown
** Lambert Barnard, English Renaissance painter (born 1485)
** Pier Francesco Foschi, Italian painter active in Florence in a Mannerist style (born 1502)
** Dirck Jacobsz, Dutch Renaissance painter (born 1496)
** Antonio Labacco, architect, engraver, and writer (born 1495)
** Ligier Richier, French sculptor (born 1500)
** Jakob Seisenegger, Austrian portrait painter used by Charles V (born 1505)
** Enea Vico, Italian engraver (born 1523)
# 1637 in Ireland

Events from the year 1637 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Monarch: Charles I

## Events

* February – Mícheál Ó Cléirigh seeks approbation for the text of the Annals of the Four Masters from Thomas Fleming, Archbishop of Dublin (Roman Catholic), before carrying the manuscript to Leuven.
* May 25 – letters patent authorise 'Laudian statutes' for Trinity College Dublin.
* July 25 – Christopher Wandesford acquires an estate at Castlecomer, County Kilkenny.
* August 10 – Edward King is drowned in the Irish Sea en route to visiting his family in Ireland, an event which inspires fellow poet Milton's elegy Lycidas.
* December 22 – a charter incorporates the guild of goldsmiths in Dublin and the Dublin Assay Office is established.

## Births

* Sir Stephen Rice, lawyer (d. 1715)
* Approximate date – Richard Head, writer and bookseller (d. c.1686)

## Deaths

* August 10 – Edward King, poet (b. 1612)
* Sir Nathaniel Catelyn, lawyer and politician (b. c.1580)
# 1637 in music

The year 1637 in music involved some significant events.

## Events

* The first public opera house, Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice.
* Johann Jakob Froberger travels to Rome to study under Girolamo Frescobaldi.
* Delphin Strungk becomes organist at the Marienkirche in Brunswick.
* Robert Ramsey, organist of Trinity College, Cambridge, becomes Master of the Children at the college.
* Antonio Cesti joins the Franciscan order.
* The Westminster Musicians Guild attempts to assert control over the musicians of London, in competition with the Worshipful Company of Musicians.

## Classical music

* Benedetto Ferrari – Musiche varier a voce sola, volume 2, published in Venice
* Girolamo Frescobaldi – Partite sopra l'aria della Romanesca
* Tarquinio Merula – Canzoni overo Sonate concertate per chiesa e camera

## Opera

* Benedetto Ferrari & Francesco Manelli – Andromeda (the first publicly shown opera, premièred at Teatro San Cassiano in Venice, during carnival)
* Virgilio Mazzocchi – Chi soffre, speri (premièred February 12 at the Palazzo Barberini in Rome)

## Births

* February 11 – Friedrich Nicolaus Brauns, composer and music director (died 1718)
* December 7 – Bernardo Pasquini, composer of opera and church music (died 1710)
* date unknown – Giovanni Grancino, luthier (died 1709)
* probable – Dieterich Buxtehude (died 1707)

## Deaths

* May 29 – Jiří Třanovský, hymn-writer (born 1592)
* July 6 – Charles d'Ambleville, French composer
* September 14 – Theodoor Rombouts, painter of musicians (born 1597)
* dates unknown – Basilius Froberger and Anna Froberger, parents of Johann Jakob Froberger (plague)
# 1116 in Italy

Events during the year 1116 in Italy

## Events

* Ordelafo Faliero leads the Venetian armies and successfully conquered Dalmatia but dies in the process

## Deaths

* Robert of Caiazzo
# 1670s in piracy

This timeline of the history of piracy in the 1670s is a chronological list of key events involving pirates between 1670 and 1679.

## Events
### 1670

* John Wentworth is appointed colonial governor of Nassau.
* June - After the signing of the Treaty of Madrid, in which Great Britain agrees to cease its privateering activities against Spain, ending British support for buccaneering raids against the Spanish. Local colonial governors such as Thomas Modyford of Jamaica reluctantly cease issuing "letters of marque".
* December - Henry Morgan's Panama expedition. In spite of a direct order from Thomas Modyford not to engage in hostilities against the Spanish, Captain Henry Morgan begins organizing a group of English and French buccaneers to raid the Spanish stronghold of Panama City. His fleet, which included 1,800 men, sailed from Port Royal as an advance force captured Fort San Lorenzo guarded the Chagres River. Travelling up the river by canoe, Morgan and his 1,200 men crossed the isthmus of Panama to attack Panama City within several weeks.

## Deaths

* Manuel Ribeiro Pardal, Portuguese pirate active in the Caribbean during the late 1660s.
* Christina Anna Skytte
# 168 Sibylla

168 Sibylla is a large main-belt asteroid, discovered by Canadian-American astronomer J. C. Watson on September 28, 1876. It was most likely named for the Sibyls, referring to the Ancient Greek female oracles. Based upon its spectrum this object is classified as a C-type asteroid, which indicates it is very dark and composed of primitive carbonaceous materials. 168 Sibylla is a Cybele asteroid, orbiting beyond most of the main-belt asteroids.
Photometric observations of this asteroid made at the Torino Observatory in Italy during 1990–1991 were used to determine a synodic rotation period of 23.82 ± 0.004 hours. The shape of this slowly rotating object appears to resemble an oblate spheroid.
# 168 (disambiguation)

168 may refer to:
* 168 (year)
* 168 (number)
* UFC 168
* 168 Sibylla
* Tracy 168
* Fieseler Fi 168
# 1706 in music

The year 1706 in music involved some significant events.

## Events

* Louis-Antoine Dornel succeeds François d'Agincourt as organist at the church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine-en-la-Cité.
* David Tecchler makes the cello now on loan to Denis Brott from the Canada Council for the Arts Musical Instrument Bank.

## Published popular music

* Thomas D'Urfey – Wit and Mirth, or Pills to Purge Melancholy, vol. 4 (collection of songs)

## Classical music

* Johann Sebastian Bach – Fantasia in C minor, BWV 1121
* Francesco Bartolomeo Conti – Il Gioseffo
* John Gostling – the "Gostling manuscript", a collection of sixty-four anthems: seventeen by Henry Purcell, twenty-three by John Blow, three by Matthew Locke, four by Pelham Humfrey, four by William Turner, and one by William Child, one by Henry Aldrich, three by Thomas Tudway, four by Jeremiah Clarke, and a few others.
* Jean-Adam Guilain – Pièces d'orgue pour le Magnificat sur les huit tons différents de l'église
* George Frideric Handel
** Chi rapì la pace al core, HWV 90
** Figlio d'alte speranze, HWV 113
** Lucrezia, HWV 145
** Tu fedel? tu costante?, HWV 171
** Udite il mio consiglio, HWV 172
** Laudate pueri Dominum, HWV 236
** Lesson in A minor, HWV 496
* Michele Mascitti – 15 Violin Sonatas, Op.2
* Francesco Nicola Fago – Confitebor tibi Domine
* James Paisible - The Britannia, Mr. Isaac's new dance, made for Her Majesty's Birth Day...
* Maria Pannina – Il trionfo dell'amor santo espresso nella conquista del cuore, a collection of canzonettas for two voices
* Michel Pignolet de Montéclair – Cantates à voix seule et avec simfonie
* Jean-Philippe Rameau – Premier Livre de Pieces de Clavecin
* Jean-Baptiste Stuck – Cantates Françaises et Italiennes
* Stanisław Sylwester Szarzyński – Trio Sonata in D major
* Giuseppe Valentini – 7 Idee per Camera, Op.4

## Opera

* Toussaint Bertin de la Doué – Cassandre
* Antonio Maria Bononcini – Arminio
* Francesco Mancini – Alessandro il Grande in Sidone
* Marin Marais – Alcyone
* Alessandro Scarlatti
** Il Gran Tamerlano
** Lucio Manlio l'imperioso
* Jean-Philippe Rameau – Nélée et Myrthis, RCT 50

## Births

* April 6 – Louis de Cahusac, librettist (died 1759)
* April 24 – Giovanni Battista Martini, violinist, harpsichordist and composer (died 1784)
* October 18 – Baldassare Galuppi, composer best known for his operas (died 1785)
* November 7 – Carlo Cecere, composer (died 1761)
* December – William Hayes, composer and organist (died 1777)

## Deaths

* February – Frances Purcell, widow of Henry Purcell
* March 3 – Johann Pachelbel, composer (born 1653)
* June 30 – Jacques Boyvin, French organist and composer (born c.1649)
* October 26 – Andreas Werckmeister, organist and composer (born 1645)
* December 2 – Johann Georg Ahle, organist and composer (born 1651)
* date unknown – Flavio Carlo Lanciani, opera composer (born 1667)
# 16 & 1

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Winnipeg Free Press | |
16 & 1 is the seventh studio album by Canadian country music group Doc Walker. It was released on August 29, 2011 by Open Road Recordings. The album includes covers of Bob Seger's "Get Out of Denver" and the Crash Test Dummies' "I Think I'll Disappear Now."
16 & 1 was nominated for Country Album of the Year at the 2012 Juno Awards.

## Chart performance
### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak positions |
| Year | Single | CAN |
| 2011 | "Country Girl" | — |
| 2011 | "Do It Right" | — |
| 2012 | "Where I Belong" | 96 |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart |||
# 1595 in India

Events from the year 1595 in India.

## Events

* The Scourge of Malice is built and launched, and will go on to be used in the first, second, third and tenth voyages of the East India Company under its later name of Red Dragon

## Births

* 5 July Guru Hargobind, the sixth of the ten gurus of Sikhism is born in Punjab, (dies 1644)
* Bihari Lal, poet is born in Gwalior (dies 1663).
* Shri Guru Raghavendra Tirtharu is born in Bhuvanagiri, India.

## Deaths

* 5 October – Faizi, Malik-ush-Shu'ara (poet laureate) of Akbar's Court. (born 1547)
# 1891 Wake Forest Baptists football team

The 1891 Wake Forest Baptists football team was an American football team that represented Wake Forest College during the 1891 college football season

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| November 10 | vs. North Carolina | Raleigh, NC (rivalry) | W forfeit |
# 1866 Swedish general election

General elections were held in Sweden in 1866. They were the first elections for the new Second Chamber (Andra kammaren) in the Riksdag, which would serve a three-year term. Suffrage was given to men over the age of 21 who either had a taxable income of at least 800 riksdaler a year, owned a property worth at least 1,000 riksdaler, or rented a property taxed to at least 6,000 riksdaler. This meant that around 5.5% of the population were able to vote, a slight reduction from the 6% that had been eligible under the previous Estates system. The changes had been approved following a 60,000-strong petition and a vote in the House of Nobility in December 1865 during which crowds had gathered outside to pressure the nobles into approving it.
The 190 seats consisted of one representative from every Domsaga (or two for Domsaga with a population exceeding 40,000) and one representative for every 10,000 residents of a town (with smaller towns merged into combined constituencies). Candidates were required to be at least 25 years old.
Around 187,000 voters qualified by real estate, 9,500 through their rental arrangements and 10,500 through their income. Many property owners were farmers, giving the rural Lantmanna Party a dominant position in the second chamber.
The other house in the Riksdag, the 125-seat First Chamber, was dominated by the upper classes, with membership restricted to the 6,000 wealthiest people in the country, less than 1% of the population.

## Results

Of the 190 elected members, 107 had previously served in the Estates.
Seats :
| | Lantmanna Party | 81 |
| | Ministerial Party | 38 |
| | Independents | 71 |
| Total | Total | 190 |
| Source: Norberg et al. |||