OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ultralase

Ultralase is a healthcare company based in the Leeds, England, it specialises in vision correction through laser eye surgery.

## Overview and history

Established in 1991 by US based ophthalmologist Claus Fichte, optometrist Andrew Bell and business man Christopher Neave, Ultralase were the first to introduce a national network of laser eye surgery clinics in the UK. Following the success of the world's first refractive surgery clinic, opened by US-based investors in Toronto (1989), the UK's first ever laser eye surgery clinic was opened at Clatterbridge hospital, Wirral in January 1991. This clinic was the first to perform laser eye surgery in the UK, and expanded to become the Ultralase network.
Ultralase was purchased by 3i following the £175 million purchase from Corporacion Dermoestetica in January 2008, who had bought the business in May 2005 for £29 million.
After going into administration, in 2013 Ultralase was acquired by Optimax founder and CEO Russell Ambrose for £10 million.
Ultralase is currently part of the Optimax group of companies.

## Concerns raised in parliament

Dr. Ashok Kumar, a British Labour Party politician, made a motion on 4 February 2004 concerning laser eye surgery and mentioning Ultralase in the British House of Commons:
   Laser eye surgery was developed by the ophthalmologist Dr. Steven Trokel in 1987, and first used on a patient in Germany in 1988. The first laser eye treatment clinic using Dr. Trokel's laser was founded by US-based investors in Toronto in 1989. Following the success of the US operation, the first UK clinic was opened at Clatterbridge hospital, in Wirral, in January 1991. It grew into a string of clinics now known as Ultralase, one of Britain's foremost laser eye treatment providers.
   Negligence claims involving laser eye surgery against doctors belonging to the Medical Defence Union have more than doubled in the past six years. The Medical Defence Union is the largest insurer for UK doctors. It believes that, while some of the claims were for faulty surgery, many more centred on patients' unrealistic expectations about what could be achieved. Recent figures released by the union show that claims over laser eye surgery have increased by 166 per cent. in six years and now account for a third of all ophthalmology claims. The MDU has increased its subscription rates for laser eye surgeons and advised them on how to minimise the risk of a claim.

## Controversy

When Russell Ambrose acquired Ultralase, its existing patients discovered that Ambrose would not honour their lifetime aftercare guaranteed on purchase.
As a result of an investigation by BBC Watchdog, broadcast on 8 October 2015, in response to the negative publicity, Ambrose agreed to reinstate their aftercare.

## Services

Ultralase provides laser and lens implant eye surgery.
# Tropicario

60°11′38″N 24°57′21″E﻿ / ﻿60.193878°N 24.955730°E﻿ / 60.193878; 24.955730
Tropicario is a Finnish public aquarium, that was previously located in Hämeenlinna, Finland; due to the lack of visitors the park relocated to Helsinki, Finland in February 2007. The public aquarium is specialized in snakes and lizards. On their website they claim to have more Constrictor species than anywhere else in Scandinavia.
# Tsurumi-ku, Osaka

Tsurumi (鶴見区, Tsurumi-ku) is one of 24 wards of Osaka, Japan. It is best known for its large parkland, Tsurumi-Ryokuchi, the site of the 1990 International Garden Exposition.

## Education

Osaka Shin-ai College Tsurumi Campus is located here.

## Points of interest

* Sakuya Konohana Kan
# Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh primeval beech forest

The protected forest area, Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh, is located in the Trancarpathian region of Ukraine and belongs to the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. It is the largest primeval beech forest worldwide with an area of 8800 ha. Since 1920, some parts of this forest have been protected. In 1992, Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh primeval beech forest was designated as UNESCO World Heritage Site. Later, several other primeval and old-growth beech forests in Europe were included (in 2007 and 2011) in the UNESCO World Heritage Site Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe as well. As a primeval beech forest, Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh is an important research hotspot. In 2001, a 10 ha (200 x 500 m) research sample plot was installed in Mala Uholka as part of a Swiss-Ukrainian research project, and in 2010 a full statistical inventory of the primeval forest was carried out. The next inventory is planned in 2019 to detect any changes.

## Results of the 2010 forest inventory

The forest inventory took place on a forest area of 10 300 ha, 8800 ha of which are primeval forests. The rest is considered to be natural forest. During the fieldwork, 314 sample plots, each 500 m$^2$ in area, were surveyed. Within each plot, all trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) of 6 cm and more were measured. 97% of all the 6779 trees measured were European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). The oldest beech trees were nearly 500 years. The largest tree was a wych elm (Ulmus glabra Huds.) with a DBH of 150 cm, whereas the largest beech tree had a DBH of 140 cm. 10 beech trees per hectare had a DBH of at least 80 cm. The number of living trees consisted of 435 trees per hectare with a basal area of 36.6 m$^2$/ha and volume of 582 m$^3$/ha. In addition, the volume of standing and lying deadwood was 163 m$^3$/ha. The vertical structure of this forest consisted of mainly three layers. Most gaps in the canopy cover were not larger than the crown of a canopy tree.
* Primeval beech forest of Shyrokyi Luh
* Windthrow in Shyrokyi Luh
* Forest regeneration in Shyrokyi Luh
* Standing deadwood in Shyrokyi Luh
* Research sample plot in Mala Uholka
* Research sample plot in Mala Uholka

## Ecotourism

Two ecological hiking trails have been created for visitors to the primeval beech forest of Uholka-Shyrokyi Luh:
* Through the primeval beech forest of Mala Uholka (The Mala Uholka hiking trail): This trail guides visitors to Druzhba (Engl. “Friendship”), the longest karst cave in the Ukrainian Carpathians, and to Karstovyi Mist (Engl. “Karst or Stone Bridge”), a limestone formation in the form of an arch.
* Through the primeval beech forest of Velyka Uholka (The Velyka Uholka hiking trail): This trail guides visitors to Molochnyi Kamin (Engl. “Milky Stone”), a karst cave where Paleolithic people belonging to the bear-hunting culture used to live.
# Tryptophan—tRNA ligase

In enzymology, a tryptophan-tRNA ligase (EC 6.1.1.2) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    ATP + L-tryptophan + tRNATrp $\rightleftharpoons$ AMP + diphosphate + L-tryptophyl-tRNATrp
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, L-tryptophan, and tRNA(Trp), whereas its 3 products are AMP, diphosphate, and L-tryptophyl-tRNATrp.
This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-oxygen bonds in aminoacyl-tRNA and related compounds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is L-tryptophan:tRNATrp ligase (AMP-forming). Other names in common use include tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase, L-tryptophan-tRNATrp ligase (AMP-forming), tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleate synthetase, tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, tryptophanyl-transfer RNA synthetase, tryptophanyl ribonucleic synthetase, tryptophanyl-transfer ribonucleic synthetase, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthase, tryptophan translase, and TrpRS. This enzyme participates in tryptophan metabolism and aminoacyl-trna biosynthesis.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 21 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1D2R, 1I6K, 1I6L, 1I6M, 1M83, 1MAU, 1MAW, 1MB2, 1O5T, 1R6T, 1R6U, 1ULH, 1YIA, 1YID, 2A4M, 2AKE, 2AZX, 2DR2, 2G36, 2IP1, and 2OV4.
# Ulaskova tsässon

Ulaskova tsässon is a small Seto chapel, situated in Ulaskova village, Setomaa Parish, Võru County, Estonia.

## General information

The building is not state-protected. It is in good condition.

## Building data

Ulaskova tsässon is a one-storied pine cross-beam building with a square floor plan and a gable roof. The outer measurements are 466 x 372 cm, and the building has one interior room (13.9 m$^2$). The exterior of the building has changed significantly: it used to have an entrance room and the walls were not covered by boards. The building has a doorway measuring 84 x 155 cm, with a single-sided leaf made from boards fixed on the crosspiece by forged hinges. The door opens outwards. The building has one wooden-framed window with five panes, measuring 45 x 65 cm and painted yellowish-white. The opening for the window is outlined by profiled boards from the inside.
# Ulicoten

Ulicoten is a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is a part of the municipality of Baarle-Nassau and is situated about 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) south of Breda.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1422 as Ulencoete, and means "little house/farm on land near water"
The Roman Catholic church was built during the early 19th century, but destroyed in 1944. In 1950, a new church was built with two towers.
Ulicoten was home to 407 people in 1840.
It has a single primary school, Bernardusschool.

## Gallery

* Catholic church of Ulicoten
* Street view
# Ulidia nitens

Ulidia nitens is a species of ulidiid or picture-winged fly in the genus Ulidia of the family Ulidiidae.
# Unbeatable strategy

In biology, the idea of an unbeatable strategy was proposed by W.D. Hamilton in his 1967 paper on sex ratios in Science. In this paper Hamilton discusses sex ratios as strategies in a game, and cites Verner as using this language in his 1965 paper which "claims to show that, given factors causing fluctuations of the population's primary sex ratio, a 1:1 sex-ratio production proves the best overall genotypic strategy".
    "In the way in which the success of a chosen sex ratio depends on choices made by the co-parasitizing females, this problem resembles certain problems discussed in the "theory of games." In the foregoing analysis a game-like element, of a kind, was present and made necessary the use of the word unbeatable to describe the ratio finally established. This word was applied in just the same sense in which it could be applied to the "minimax" strategy of a zero-sum two-person game. Such a strategy should not, without qualification, be called optimum because it is not optimum against -although unbeaten by- any strategy differing from itself. This is exactly the case with the "unbeatable" sex ratios referred to." Hamilton (1967).
    "[...] But if, on the contrary, players of such a game were motivated to outscore, they would find that $1/4,$ is beaten by a higher ratio, $x^{*}$; the value of $x$ which gives its player the greatest possible advantage over the player playing $x_{0}$, is found to be given by the relationship $x^{*}=(2x_{0})^{1/2}-x_{0}$ and shows $1/2$ to be the unbeatable play." Hamilton (1967).
The concept can be traced through R.A. Fisher (1930) to Darwin (1859); see Edwards (1998). Hamilton did not explicitly define the term "unbeatable strategy" or apply the concept beyond the evolution of sex-ratios, but the idea was very influential. George R. Price generalised the verbal argument, which was then formalised mathematically by John Maynard Smith, into the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS).
# Troy Pickard

Troy Pickard (c. 1973 – 13 January 2022) was an Australian local government politician. He was the mayor of the City of Joondalup from 2006 to 2017, deputy mayor of the City of Stirling from 2001 to 2005, president of the Western Australian Local Government Association from 2010 to 2015, and president of the Australian Local Government Association from 2014 to 2016.

## Local government career

Pickard started out in local government in 2001, elected to the coastal ward of the City of Stirling. There, he was deputy mayor. He left the City of Stirling in 2005.
In 2006, Pickard was elected as the second mayor of the City of Joondalup, gaining 15% of the vote, and beating ten other candidates. This was three years after the previous Joondalup council had been sacked. Between December 2003 and his election May 2006, the City of Joondalup was controlled by state government appointed commissioners. He was re-elected in 2009, gaining 54% of the vote and beating two other candidates, and in 2013, gaining 57% of the vote and beating one other candidate. Although he initially said he would recontest the 2017 election, he eventually chose not to. He was succeeded as mayor by former state government minister Albert Jacob.
His achievements at the City of Joondalup include planning for the Ocean Reef Marina and overseeing high density development in the Joondalup central business district.
Pickard was a long-term member of the Liberal Party.
In April 2012, fellow Joondalup councillor Brian Corr accused Pickard of assault during a council meeting on 3 April. The police investigation was concluded in June 2012, with no charges laid.
In 2007, Pickard was elected deputy president of the Western Australian Local Government Association (WALGA). On 7 April 2010, Pickard was elected as the president of WALGA, after previous president Bill Mitchell resigned. On 12 November 2014, Pickard was appointed president of the Australian Local Government Association (ALGA). He stayed in his role at WALGA until 1 July 2015, wanting to stay until the end of the state government's local government mergers. In 2016, Pickard left his role as president of ALGA.

## Outside local government

In June 2016, Pickard founded Franchise Fusion Group, which was the Western Australian master franchisee of the Bucking Bull roast meat restaurant chain. In late 2017, Pickard opened a nitro coffee shop named Primal Pantry in Brookfield Place. Primal Pantry was operated by a subsidiary of Franchise Fusion Group. By January 2020, Franchise Fusion Group and its subsidiaries were in liquidation, with over $1 million of creditor claims.
In January 2018, Pickard was charged with assault, with police alleging he threw a cup of coffee at his neighbour's face. In March 2019, he went on trial, and in April 2019, he was acquitted, with CCTV unable to show whether Pickard's neighbour had sprayed him with a hose in the moments before.

## Death

Pickard died suddenly on 13 January 2022, at the age of 48.
In December 2022, the City of Joondalup council voted to rename the Warwick Hockey Centre after Pickard. During his time as mayor, Pickard helped to establish the Warwick Hockey Centre.
# Tsen rank

In mathematics, the Tsen rank of a field describes conditions under which a system of polynomial equations must have a solution in the field. The concept is named for C. C. Tsen, who introduced their study in 1936.
We consider a system of m polynomial equations in n variables over a field F. Assume that the equations all have constant term zero, so that (0, 0, ... ,0) is a common solution. We say that F is a T$_i$-field if every such system, of degrees d$_1$, ..., d$_m$ has a common non-zero solution whenever
    $n>d_{1}^{i}+\cdots +d_{m}^{i}.\,$
The Tsen rank of F is the smallest i such that F is a T$_i$-field. We say that the Tsen rank of F is infinite if it is not a T$_i$-field for any i (for example, if it is formally real).

## Properties

* A field has Tsen rank zero if and only if it is algebraically closed.
* A finite field has Tsen rank 1: this is the Chevalley–Warning theorem.
* If F is algebraically closed then rational function field F(X) has Tsen rank 1.
* If F has Tsen rank i, then the rational function field F(X) has Tsen rank at most i + 1.
* If F has Tsen rank i, then an algebraic extension of F has Tsen rank at most i.
* If F has Tsen rank i, then an extension of F of transcendence degree k has Tsen rank at most i + k.
* There exist fields of Tsen rank i for every integer i ≥ 0.

## Norm form

We define a norm form of level i on a field F to be a homogeneous polynomial of degree d in n=d$^i$ variables with only the trivial zero over F (we exclude the case n=d=1). The existence of a norm form on level i on F implies that F is of Tsen rank at least i − 1. If E is an extension of F of finite degree n > 1, then the field norm form for E/F is a norm form of level 1. If F admits a norm form of level i then the rational function field F(X) admits a norm form of level i + 1. This allows us to demonstrate the existence of fields of any given Tsen rank.

## Diophantine dimension

The Diophantine dimension of a field is the smallest natural number k, if it exists, such that the field of is class C$_k$: that is, such that any homogeneous polynomial of degree d in N variables has a non-trivial zero whenever N > d$^k$. Algebraically closed fields are of Diophantine dimension 0; quasi-algebraically closed fields of dimension 1.
Clearly if a field is T$_i$ then it is C$_i$, and T$_0$ and C$_0$ are equivalent, each being equivalent to being algebraically closed. It is not known whether Tsen rank and Diophantine dimension are equal in general.
# Umling

Umling is a village in Ri-Bhoi district, Meghalaya, India.
# Ultimo Mondo Cannibale (disambiguation)

Ultimo Mondo Cannibale (Last Cannibal World) may refer to:
* Ultimo mondo cannibale, a 1977 cannibal film directed by Ruggero Deodato
* Ultimo Mondo Cannibale (album), an album by the grindcore band Impetigo
# Undercurrent (Matisyahu album)

Undercurrent is an album by American reggae singer Matisyahu, which was released on May 19, 2017. It is his sixth studio release, and follows 2014's Akeda. Undercurrent was recorded in Brooklyn, New York.

## Background

The album utilizes great amounts of jamming; thus, Matthew Miller considers Undercurrent to be a jazz-like record, since it comes from "the same modus of musical exploration, improvisation and conversation." He states that the idea of this album was to emulate the energy of live recordings (through improvisation) that is hard to "pull off" in the studio, and he believes people will feel "its real spirit of freedom" when they listen to it"; similar to how fans tend to prefer live Grateful Dead recordings over their studio albums.
Regarding the music, Miller claims he wanted to create a different kind of album than he usually makes. When discussing the making of Undercurrent, he says that instead of writing and recording in the studio, he wanted to start with a live sound. So he gathered the "greatest musicians [he] could find" who could play this kind of music. He spent nearly two years assembling this band, during which he would improvise and jam on stage (while being recorded) during tours. These jams would then be developed into "somewhat lose forms" before, lastly, recording the vocals.
The songs "Step Out into the Light" and "Back to the Old" were posted as music videos on YouTube on April 25 and May 10, 2017, respectively; the whole album was released a day early (May 18) on YouTube as well.

## Personnel

Adapted from AllMusic.
* Matisyahu – Primary artist, producer
* Stu Brooks – amplifiers, bass, guitar, engineer, Eventide, Moog bass, producer, strings
* Aaron Dugan – Epiphone, guitars, Moog synthesizer, pedals, producer
* Abe Seiferth – Engineer
* Masayuki Hirano – Instrumentation, Moog synthesizer, producer
* Joe Tomino – Cymbals, Drums, producer, stick
* Francesco Botero – Engineer, mixing engineer
* Joel Hamilton – Mixing
* Joe LaPorta – Mastering
* Michael Jinno – Assistant engineer
* Joseph Bayer – Artwork

## Charts

The song "Step Out into the Light" peaked at position 48 on Billboard's Mexico Ingles Airplay chart.
| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| US Current Album Sales (Billboard) | 73 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 16 |
| US Top Album Sales (Billboard) | 98 |
# Umyotsky

Umyotsky (masculine), Umyotskaya (feminine), or Umyotskoye (neuter) may refer to:
* Umyotsky District, a district of Tambov Oblast, Russia
* Umyotsky Urban Settlement, a municipal formation into which Umyotsky Settlement Council in Umyotsky District of Tambov Oblast, Russia is incorporated
* Umyotskoye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation into which Umyot Work Settlement in Zubovo-Polyansky District of the Republic of Mordovia, Russia is incorporated
# Undying

Undying can refer to:

## Film

* The Undying Monster, a 1942 American horror film
* The Undying (film), a 2011 American romantic thriller film

## Games

* Clive Barker's Undying, a 2001 first-person shooter game
* Undying (video game), a 2023 survival game

## Literature

* The House of the Undying in A Song of Ice and Fire, epic fantasy series by George R.R. Martin
* The Undying: Pain, Vulnerability, Mortality, Medicine, Art, Time, Dreams, Data, Exhaustion, Cancer, and Care, a 2019 non-fiction book by Anne Boyer
* The Undying in the 1979 fantasy novel The Spellcoats by Diana Wynne Jones

## Music

* Colton Grundy: The Undying, 2004 studio album by Blaze Ya Dead Homie
* Undying (song), a 2016 single by The Gazette
# Tunnel transmitter

A tunnel transmitter allows wireless reception in tunnels. It consists of a receiving antenna which receives the signal to be radiated in the tunnel, and a transmitting antenna installed in the tunnel, which is either a Yagi antenna or a line antenna. In principle, a tunnel transmitter can work purely passively, in which case the received signal is passed over a cable to the antenna in the tunnel. Active systems, however, are more often used. In some cases the radio frequency inside the tunnel is different from the one used by the broadcaster. More often the program inside is transmitted on the same frequency as outside, in which case the information signal should be demodulated or converted to an intermediate frequency in the outside receiver, and then modulated/shifted back in the transmitter. Otherwise feedback may occur.
Tunnel transmitters are used in Germany only for audio transmitters working in FM-range and for further radio services, such as mobile phone services which also work in this frequency range. Elsewhere, there are also tunnel transmitters for audio broadcast transmitters, which work in the long and medium wave bands. An example of this is in the Dartford Crossing tunnel near London, where the programme "Virgin 1215" in the medium-wave band and the BBC's Radio 4 on 198 kHz long wave are rebroadcast in the tunnel. Emergency information could also be relayed using this system, interrupting programming to relay warnings.