OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alvikia

Alvikia is a monotypic genus of green algae in the class Chlorophyceae. Its taxonomy is uncertain. It only contains the known species of Alvikia littoralis.
The genus and species were circumscribed by Shin Watanabe and Louise A. Lewis in Phycologia vol.56 (3) on pages 329-353 in 2017.
The genus name of Alvikia is in honour of Gunnar Ålvik (fl. 1934-1951), who was a Norwegian botanist (Algology) and Professor of plant physiology. He conducted research in 1936 at the University of Göttingen and later at the University of Oslo. In 1951 he received help from the Rockefeller Foundation for the building of a laboratory and greenhouse space for his department of Plant-physiology.
# State v. Katz

State of Iowa v. Katz (241 Iowa 115, 40 N.W. 2d 41 (1949)) was a landmark civil rights victory involving the Katz Drug Store in downtown Des Moines, Iowa.

## Case synopsis

On July 7, 1948, at 3:45 p.m., Edna Griffin, her infant daughter Phyllis, John Bibbs, and Leonard Hudson entered the Katz Drug Store in Des Moines, Iowa, and ordered ice cream at the lunch counter. The manager refused to serve them, saying, "It is the policy of our store that we don't serve colored." Outraged members of the community responded with sit-ins and picketing directed at Katz and other local lunch counters that refused to serve people because of race.
The Polk County Attorney's Office prosecuted the Katz manager under Iowa's only civil rights law, a criminal statute prohibiting discrimination in public accommodations. The manager was found guilty by an all-white jury and fined $50. The Iowa Supreme Court upheld the conviction on December 13, 1949.
On December 2, 1949, civil rights attorneys Charles P. Howard and Henry T. McKnight, who was head of the local NAACP Legal Redress Committee, negotiated an agreement, which successfully ended Katz's discriminatory practices.

## Iowa Civil Rights Act

In 1884, the Iowa General Assembly enacted a law making it a crime to deny any individual "The full and equal enjoyment of the accommodations, advantages, facilities, and privileges of inns, restaurants, chophouses, eating houses, lunch counters, and all other places where refreshments are served, public conveyances, barber shops, bathhouses, theaters, and all other places of amusement," on the basis of such factors as race, religion, or ethnic background.
Prior to 1884, only Massachusetts, New York, and Kansas had enacted statutes that guaranteed African Americans and other minority groups equal opportunity in "places of public accommodation."
The Iowa state courts, however, tended to interpret narrowly the legislative intent of the 1884 Act. Because the public accommodations provision specifically enumerated types of facilities, the court construed that it necessarily meant to exclude from its operation those facilities not so listed. Many kinds of establishments catering to the public were therefore left untouched by this provision; these establishments retained an unfettered discretion to discriminate among their patrons on such bases as race, religion, or ethnic background. Among establishments that were exempt from the proscriptions of the 1884 Civil Rights Act, were retail stores, beauty shops and salons, parking lots, gas stations, schools, health clinics, doctors' and dentists' offices, hospitals, banks, loan companies, lawyers' offices, real estate brokers' offices, employment agency offices, as well as many others.
# Trimethylgallium

Trimethylgallium, often abbreviated to TMG or TMGa, is the organogallium compound with the formula Ga(CH$_3$)$_3$. It is a colorless, pyrophoric liquid. Unlike trimethylaluminium, TMG adopts a monomeric structure. When examined in detail, the monomeric units are clearly linked by multiple weak Ga---C interactions, reminiscent of the situation for trimethylindium.

## Preparation

Two forms of TMG are typically investigated: Lewis base adducts or TMG itself. All are prepared by reactions of gallium trichloride with various methylating agents. When the methylation is conducted with methylmagnesium iodide in diethyl ether, the product is the poorly volatile diethyl ether adduct. As noted by TMG discoverers Kraus and Toonder in 1933, the ether ligand is not readily lost, although it may be displaced with liquid ammonia. When the alkylation is conducted with methyl lithium in the presence of a tertiary phosphine the air-stable phosphine adduct is obtained:
    GaCl$_3$ + 3 MeLi + PR$_3$ → R$_3$P−GaMe$_3$ + 3 LiCl
Heating the solid phosphine adduct under vacuum liberates the base-free TMG:
    R$_3$P−GaMe$_3$ → R$_3$P + GaMe$_3$
Other non-volatile bases have been described. Other methylating agents for the synthesis of TMG include dimethylzinc and trimethylaluminium.

## Applications

TMG is the preferred metalorganic source of gallium for metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of gallium-containing compound semiconductors, such as GaAs, GaN, GaP, GaSb, InGaAs, InGaN, AlGaInP, InGaP, AlInGaNP and Ga$_2$O$_3$. These material are used in the production of LED lighting and semiconductors as a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition precursor.
# Tanzania Teachers' Union

The Tanzania Teachers’ Union (TTU) is a teachers' trade union in Tanzania.

## History

The union was formed in 1993 with the intent of advocating and promoting the rights of teachers in Tanzania.
In 2006, the union's president Margaret Simwanza Sitta was appointed as Minister of Education and Vocational Training by President Jakaya Kikwete.
The union had observer status at the 17th Ordinary African Union Summit in 2011.
In 2012, 200,000 teachers went on strike after 95.7 percent of Union members voted in favour. Union chairman Gratian Mukoba said that a pay rise was necessary.
In May 2017, the union condemned the sacking of 10,000 civil servants.

## Leadership

Leah Ulaya is the current union president. Christopher Banda is the Vice President.
Ezekiah Oluoch was the deputy secretary general.
# Vrnčani

Vrnčani may refer to the following places in Serbia:
* Vrnčani (Čačak), village in the municipality of Čačak
* Vrnčani (Gornji Milanovac), village in the municipality of Gornji Milanovac
# Alvik, Luleå Municipality

Alvik is a locality situated in Luleå Municipality, Norrbotten County, Sweden with 777 inhabitants in 2010.

## Sports

The following sports clubs are located in Alvik:
* Alviks IK
# Vianopolisia captiosa

Vianopolisia captiosa is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 1985.
# Antonescu

Antonescu is a common family name in Romania derived from the root name, Antonius. Persons named Antonescu include:
* Ion Antonescu, Romanian politician and military, Conducător during World War II
* Crin Antonescu, Romanian politician, Minister of Youth and Sports, President of the Senate
* Dumitru Antonescu, Romanian footballer
* Maria Antonescu, Romanian socialite, wife of Ion Antonescu
* Mihai Antonescu, Romanian politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Romania during World War II
* Petre Antonescu, Romanian architect
* Petre Antonescu, Romanian soldier
* Teohari Antonescu, Romanian politician
* Victor Antonescu, Romanian politician
* Victor Antonescu, Romanian film director
# Adnexa

In anatomy, adnexa (plural) refers to the appendages of an organ. The term adnexa is from the Latin word adnexa (appendages).
More specifically, it can refer to:
* Adnexa of eye (accessory visual structures)
* Adnexa of skin (skin appendages)
* Adnexa of uterus (uterine appendages)
# Tokumitsu Iwagō

Tokumitsu Iwagō (岩合 徳光, Iwagō Tokumitsu, 1916–2007) was a renowned Japanese photographer. Mitsuaki Iwagō is his son.
# Stearnes

Stearnes may refer to:
* Stearnes, Virginia, U.S., unincorporated community
* Turkey Stearnes (1901– 1979), American baseball player
# Trimethylolethane

Trimethylolethane (TME) is the organic compound with the formula CH$_3$C(CH$_2$OH)$_3$. This colorless solid is a triol, as it contains three hydroxy functional groups. More specifically, it features three primary alcohol groups in a compact neopentyl structure. Its esters are known for their resistance to heat, light, hydrolysis, and oxidation. More important than TME and closely related is trimethylolpropane (TMP).

## Production

Trimethylolethane is produced via a two step process, starting with the condensation reaction of propionaldehyde with formaldehyde:
    CH$_3$CH$_2$CHO + 2 CH$_2$O → CH$_3$C(CH$_2$OH)$_2$CHO
The second step entails a Cannizzaro reaction:
    CH$_3$C(CH$_2$OH)$_2$CHO + CH$_2$O + NaOH → CH$_3$C(CH$_2$OH)$_3$ + NaO$_2$CH
A few thousand tons are produced annually in this way.

## Applications

TME is an intermediate in the production of alkyd and polyester resins, powder coating resins, synthetic lubricants based on polyol esters, stabilizers for plastics, plasticizers, and pigment coatings based on titanium dioxide. Trimethylolethane based resins have superior weatherability and resistance to alkali and heat. Trimethylolethane is used in some phase change materials. The typical composition is then 63 wt.% TME with 37 wt.% water. The mixture has melting point of 29.8 °C and heat of fusion 218 kJ/kg. Nitration of trimethylolethane gives trimethylolethane trinitrate, an explosive, monopropellant, and energetic plasticizer.
# Vrnčani (Čačak)

Vrnčani is a village in the municipality of Čačak, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 279 people.
# Amathinidae

Amathinidae, is a taxonomic family mostly consisting of small and minute sea snails, marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the superfamily Pyramidelloidea.
Together with Pyramidellidae, Ebalidae, Turbonillidae, Odostomidae and other genera they form the superfamily Pyramidelloidea.
Little is known on the biology of the group, but some data on the anatomy and systematic position is given by Ponder (1987) and Huber (1993).

## 1999 taxonomy

Genera within the family Amathinidae according to the taxonomy of Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) include:
* Genus Amathina J. E. Gray, 1842
* Genus Amathinoides Sacco, 1896
* Genus Carinorbis Conrad, 1862
* Genus Cyclothyca Stearns, 1861
* Genus Faluniella Cossman, 1921
* Genus Iselica Dall, 1918
* Genus Leucotina A. Adams, 1860
* Genus Phasianema Wood, 1842
* Genus Plicifer H. Adams, 1868

## 2005 taxonomy

This family has no subfamilies.

## Genera

This family presently comprises less than 100 recent and fossil species divided into seven genera: Amathina, Amathinoides, Carinorbis, Cyclothyca, Iselica, Leucotina and Phasianema.
Two additional genera, Faluniella and Plicifer may also be a part of Amathinidae:
* Faluniella Cossmann, 1921
Genera within the family Amathinidae include:
* Amathina Gray, 1842
* Cyclothyca Stearns, 1891
* Iselica Dall, 1918
* Leucotina A. Adams, 1860
* Monotygma G. B. Sowerby II, 1839
* Plicifer H. Adams, 1868
* † Raulinia Mayer, 1864

### Genera brought into synonymy

* Adelactaeon Cossmann, 1895: synonym of Leucotina A. Adams, 1860
* Amathinoides Sacco, 1896 † accepted as Clathrella Récluz, 1864 accepted as Carinorbis Conrad, 1862
* Clathrella Récluz, 1864 accepted as Carinorbis Conrad, 1862
* Isapis H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 accepted as Iselica Dall, 1918 (Invalid: junior homonym of Isapis Doubleday, 1847 [Lepidoptera]; Iselica is a replacement name)
* Myonia A. Adams, 1860: synonym of Leucotina A. Adams, 1860

## Anatomy

The shells are usually flat without coiling. They usually have strong axial ribs. Ponder described giant neurons in the cerebral ganglion.
# William Tegg

William Tegg (1816–1895) was an English publisher in London.

## Life

The son of Thomas Tegg, he was born in Cheapside, London. After being articled to an engraver, he was taken into his father's prolific publishing and bookselling business, and took it over when his father died in 1845. He sold off stock, however, as required by Thomas Tegg's will, and carried on at a smaller scale.
Tegg was known as a publisher of school-books, and he was a successful exporter. In 1847 he moved within the City of London to 12 Pancras Lane, Cordwainer ward; he moved to 85 Queen Street, Cheapside three years later, and then back to Pancras Lane in 1860.
George Cruikshank and Charles Dickens in their early days were close friends of Tegg; Edmund Kean, Charles Kemble, and Dion Boucicault were friends in the long term. In local politics he was an active member of the common council of the City of London.
Tegg retired from business in 1890. He died at 13 Doughty Street, London, where he had lived from 1883, on 23 December 1895.

## Family

He was married to his wife Hannah née Veargitt in 1836

## Published works

Tegg published compilations, and part of his business was low-cost reprints of standard works. He brought out popular juvenile literature by "Peter Parley": it was reprinted or adapted from works by Samuel Griswold Goodrich. His publications included:
* The Cruet Stand: a Collection of Anecdotes, 1871.
* Epitaphs . . . and a Selection of Epigrams, 1875.
* Proverbs from Far and Near, Wise Sentences . . ., 1875.
* Laconics, or good Words of the Best Authors, 1875.
* The Mixture for Low Spirits, being a Compound of Witty Sayings, 4th ed. 1876.
* Trials of W. Hone for publishing Three Parodies, 1876.
* Wills of their own, Curious, Eccentric, and Benevolent, 1876, 4th ed. 1879.
* The Last Act, being the Funeral Rites of Nations and Individuals, 1876.
* Meetings and Greetings: Salutations of Nations, 1877.
* The Knot tied, Marriage Ceremonies of all Nations, 1877.
* Posts and Telegraphs, Past and Present, with an Account of the Telephone and Phonograph, 1878. 1
* Shakespeare and his Contemporaries, together with the Plots of his Plays, Theatres, and Actors, 1879.
Trials of Charles 1 and some other regicides 1861.
# Vidstrup

Vidstrup is a village in Hjørring Municipality in North Jutland Region, Denmark. As of 1 January 2019, it has a population of 203 inhabitants. It is located in the north-western part of the Vendsyssel district about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the town of Hjørring.
Vidstrup Church is located just in the centre of the village.
The village is served by Vidstrup railway station, located on the railway line between Hirtshals and Hjørring.

## Gallery

* Vidstrup village
* Vidstrup Assembly House
* Vidstrup Church
* Vidstrup railway station
# Adela punctiferella

Adela punctiferella is a moth of the family Adelidae or fairy longhorn moths. It was described by Walsingham in 1870. It is found in the semi-arid parts of California and southern Nevada.
# Stearns (crater)

Stearns is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. Unlike many lunar craters, this is a relatively fresh and well-defined impact feature with little appearance of erosion. The rim edge is sharp and roughly circular, with some unevenness. The inner walls are simple slopes down to piles of talus along the base. At the midpoint of the somewhat uneven interior floor is a central peak.
This crater is located about midway between Appleton to the northwest and Nušl to the southeast. Just over one crater diameter to the south-southwest of Stearns is the smaller crater Steno.
Stearns is a crater of Eratosthenian age.
# Tom Larson (sportscaster)

Lanny Lee Larason (January 30, 1939 – November 22, 2023), known professionally as Tom Larson, was an American sportscaster and television host who worked in Boston from 1969 to 2007 and was the longtime host of Boston Bruins broadcasts on WSBK-TV and NESN.

## Early years

Lanny Lee Larason was born and raised in Webster Groves, Missouri, where one of his friends was another future sportscaster, Skip Caray. He began his broadcasting career in 1960 as a junior at Westminster College. After college, Larason worked in Bloomington, Illinois, Peoria, Illinois, and Lansing, Michigan.

## Career in Boston

In 1969, he was hired by WSBK-TV general manager Bill Flynn, who was looking for someone with a background in sports who could also host a public affairs talk show. Upon moving to Boston, Larason adopted the name "Tom Larson". During his tenure at WSBK, Larson hosted a daily talk show, hosted the post-game shows for the Boston Bruins and the Boston Red Sox, and served as the station's public affairs director. In 1985, Larson was replaced on Bruins games on TV 38 by Sean McDonough.
From 1981 to 1988, Larson was also the sports director at WHDH radio, doing sports reports during Jess Cain's morning show. In 1983, he was recognized as the best TV sportscaster in Boston, by Boston magazine.
In 1986, Larson joined the New England Sports Network, where he served as the studio host for Red Sox and Bruins games, wrote, produced, and reported for Front Row and a number of special presentations, and was a play-by-play announcer for college and high school sports.
Larson retired from broadcasting in 2007. In 1981, Larson had promised to shave his beard if the Bruins won the Stanley Cup; he shaved his beard 30 years later after the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals.
A former resident of Norwell, Massachusetts, Larson spent his later years in Fredericksburg, Virginia. He died from complications of cancer on November 22, 2023, at the age of 84.
# Vít Zouhar

Vít Zouhar (born 1966) is a Czech composer, pedagog, and musicologist. He is the son of Zdeněk Zouhar, who was also a composer, educator and musicologist, and close friend of Martinů.
# Amathole Museum

The Amathole Museum, formerly the Kaffrarian Museum is a natural and cultural history museum located in King William's Town in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The museum houses a large collection of mammals and includes the taxidermied body of Huberta, the hippopotamus.
The Xhosa Gallery, housed in the old post office building, concentrates on the cultural history of all tribes of the Xhosa nation. The history section has artefacts, documents and photographs of local interest dating back to the 19th century. The Missionary Museum contains information on missionary endeavours in this area. The museum was founded in 1884 and was later opened to the public in October 1898. The name of the museum was changed from the Kaffrarian Museum to the Amathole Museum in 1999.
# Samaritani

Samaritani is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alberto Alberani Samaritani (born 1947), Italian water polo goalkeeper
* Pierluigi Samaritani (1942–1994), Italian opera director/production designer
# Adorjánháza

Adorjánháza is a village in Veszprém county, Hungary.
The name literally means 'house of Adorján' and refers to the backyard of a landlord named Adrián. It was recorded as Adryanhaza in 1476, but over time, the first part evolved into Adorján, which is another form of the same name.
# Tringa, Mali

Tringa, Mali is a commune in the Cercle of Yélimané in the Kayes Region of south-western Mali. The commune contains the four villages: Diakoné, Dialaka, Lambatara and Maréna. The administrative centre (chef-lieu) is Maréna. In 2009 the commune had a population of 12,509.
# Weightlifting gloves

Weightlifting gloves are gloves worn by weightlifters. These gloves provide extra grip strength to the wearer by mitigating friction from the bar and to reduce the potential for injury.

## Types of gloves

Half-fingered gloves with wrist pads
The most common type of weightlifting gloves. They may provide more stability and support to the wrists and reduce calluses. Depending on the material, they may be less breathable.
Full finger gloves
These gloves cover the entire surface of the hand including the palms and fingers. They help protect the entire hand but may be less breathable than half finger or fingerless gloves, depending on their material. They often come with a wrist strap for support.
Fingerless gloves with an extended pad and wrist support
Offers similar support to half-fingered gloves. They may offer more flexibility, and are open to the back of the hand.
Grip pads
This type of glove only covers the palm of the hand, which may help prevent sweating and slipping. Some products may have additional wrist support.
Palm less gloves
This type only covers the fingers and may not extend all the way to the fingertip.
Ventilated Gloves
These gloves have open back and mesh which helps to reduce sweating. One thing to keep in mind that these gloves are not for heavy lifters.
# Amblystegium tenax

Amblystegium tenax is a species of moss belonging to the family Amblystegiaceae.
It is native to Europe and Northern America.
# Samaritans of Singapore

Samaritans of Singapore (SOS) is a non denominational, non-profit suicide prevention centre. Since its establishment in 1969, SOS has developed into a professionally run and managed organisation. It adopts a holistic approach to suicide, focussing on suicide prevention, intervention and postvention.
SOS is a member of the National Council of Social Service and is supported by the Community Chest. SOS is also affiliated to American Association of Suicidology (AAS), International Association for Suicide Prevention, Befrienders Worldwide, and International Federation of Telephonic Emergency Services (IFOTES).

## Purpose

With the mission to be an available lifeline to anyone in crisis, SOS offers emotional support to people in crisis, thinking of suicide or affected by suicide. All information shared with SOS is treated as confidential and people can choose to remain anonymous.

## Services

SOS provides the following services and programmes:
* Email Befriending
* 24-hour hotline
* Professional Counselling
* Local Outreach to Suicide Survivors (LOSS)
* Healing Bridge, a suicide bereavement support group
* Crisis Support
* Case Consultation
* Training
* Community Outreach
* SOS Care Text
# Vanzac

Vanzac (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department in southwestern France.
# Antigius butleri

Antigius butleri is a small butterfly found in the East Palearctic (Amur, Korea, North China) that belongs to the lycaenids or blues family.

## Description from Seitz

Above like A. attilia, but the pale spots on the hindwing, which in attilia are only found in the female, occur in the present species in both sexes, although they are duller in the male than in the female. The characteristic markings of the underside are slightly visible above and are more irregularly arranged beneath, especially on the hindwing, the dark discal band moreover being separated into an irregular row of spots; thus butleri forms a kind of link between enthea and ottilia. — Amurland and North Japan, apparently rare everywhere.

## Subspecies

* Antigius butleri butleri Japan (Hokkaido)
* Antigius butleri oberthueri (Staudinger, 1887) continental part, Ussuri, Priamurye, Primorye,
* Antigius butleri miniakonga (Yoshino, 1999) Sichuan
# Adelgitha

Adelgitha is a tragedy by the British writer Matthew Lewis. It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane on 30 April 1807 having originally been published the year before. The cast included Henry Siddons, Robert William Elliston, George Frederick Cooke and Jane Powell while the incidental music was composed by Michael Kelly. It was one in a run of Gothic plays Lewis produced following the success of The Castle Spectre. The play is set in Otranto around 1080 which was ruled over by Robert Guiscard following the Norman conquest of southern Italy.
It appeared again at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in 1817 where the cast included William Macready as the Emperor of Byzantium, Charles Mayne Young as the Prince of Apulia, Elizabeth O'Neill as Adelgitha, Sarah Booth as Imma and Maria Foote as Claudia. In May 1817 it appeared at the Crow Street Theatre in Dublin.