OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# .450 Black Powder Express

The .450 Black Powder Express, also known as the .450 31⁄4-inch BPE, was a popular black powder cartridge in the late 19th and early 20th century.

## Design

The .450 Black Powder Express is a rimmed, straight walled, centerfire rifle cartridge designed for use with blackpowder. It was available in a number of loadings with bullets weighing from 270 to 365 grains (17.5 to 23.7 g), all driven by 120 grains (7.8 g) of black powder.
The .450 Nitro for Black is the same cartridge loaded with mild loadings of modern smokeless powder, carefully balanced through trial to replicate the ballistics of the black powder version.

## History

In 19th century Britain there were a large number of straight .450 cartridges developed of varying case lengths up to the 31⁄4-inch version. The .450 31⁄4-inch Black Powder Express was originally developed by Alexander Henry as an experimental military cartridge for the 1869 British Army rifle trials that led to adoption of the Martini–Henry rifle. The original military trial "long chamber" cartridge was loaded with a bullet weighing 480 grains (31 g), although for military use it was found to be awkwardly long and difficult to handle and to load, in response Eley Brothers developed the much shorter, bottlenecked .577/450 Martini–Henry cartridge.
In the 1870s the .450 31⁄4-inch "long chamber" cartridge became the basis for the .450 Black Powder Express when loaded with lighter projectiles fired at higher velocities than the original. The .450 Black Powder Express was the most popular sporting Express cartridge and was manufactured in the UK, France, Germany, Austria and Canada and was readily available in both black powder and Nitro for Black versions well into the 20th century.

### Parent case

Around 1880 this cartridge was necked down to .405 inch to make the .450/400 Black Powder Express which in turn, when loaded with cordite, became the .450/400 Nitro Express which was further developed into the .400 Jeffery Nitro Express.

### Nitro Express loadings

In 1898 John Rigby & Company loaded this cartridge with smokeless cordite to create the .450 Nitro Express, the first Nitro Express cartridge.

## Use

The .450 31⁄4-inch Black Powder Express was one of the most popular cartridges ever devised, it was widely used to shoot deer and similar sized game, as well as large dangerous game up to and including elephant.
Frederick Selous owned a single barrelled .450 Black Powder Express by Alexander Henry which he used to shoot lion when low on ammunition for his favourite .461 Gibbs No 1 Farquharson rifle.
John "Pondoro" Taylor owned two rifles in .450 Black Powder Express, a single falling block rifle and a double rifle by Holland & Holland, with these rifles he killed elephant, rhinoceros and buffalo shooting 365 grain hardened lead bullets, and lion shooting soft solid lead bullets of the same weight.
The favourite rifle of the great continental sportsman Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was a .450 Black Powder Express by Alexander Henry, with which he shot running deer out to 440 metres (480 yd).
# 2016 Open Engie Saint-Gaudens Midi-Pyrénées – Doubles

Mariana Duque and Julia Glushko were the defending champions, but both players chose not to participate.
Demi Schuurs and Renata Voráčová won the title, defeating Nicola Geuer and Viktorija Golubic in the final, 6–1, 6–2.

## Seeds

* Ysaline Bonaventure / Miyu Kato (quarterfinals, withdrew)
* Demi Schuurs / Renata Voráčová (champions)
* Verónica Cepede Royg / Paula Cristina Gonçalves (semifinals)
* Irina Khromacheva / Mandy Minella (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| | | | | 1 | Y Bonaventure M Kato | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| J Moore P Thombare | 2 | 7$^{10}$ | [10] | | J Moore P Thombare | w/o | | | | | | | | | | | |
| T Búa A Fomina | 6 | 6$^8$ | [7] | | | | | | | J Moore P Thombare | 7 | 1 | [7] | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | N Geuer V Golubic | 5 | 6 | [10] | | | | |
| | | | | 4 | I Khromacheva M Minella | 4 | 5 | | | | | | | | | | |
| N Geuer V Golubic | 7 | 6 | | | N Geuer V Golubic | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | |
| E Burgić Bucko V Muntean | 5 | 3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | N Geuer V Golubic | 1 | 2 |
| B Haddad Maia T Paszek | 0 | 6$^2$ | | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | D Schuurs R Voráčová | 6 | 6 |
| Z Yang L Zhu | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | Z Yang L Zhu | 7$^7$ | 4 | [8] | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | 3 | V Cepede Royg PC Gonçalves | 6$^4$ | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | 3 | V Cepede Royg PC Gonçalves | 6$^1$ | 6$^1$ | | | | | |
| D Khazaniuk M Oudin | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 2 | D Schuurs R Voráčová | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ | | | | | |
| F Ferro M Georges | 1 | 4 | | | D Khazaniuk M Oudin | 6$^3$ | 6 | [1] | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | 2 | D Schuurs R Voráčová | 7$^7$ | 3 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
# Callionymus curvicornis

Callionymus curvicornis, the horn dragonet, is a species of dragonet native to the northwestern Pacific Ocean. This species grows to a length of 11.1 centimetres (4.4 in) SL.
# Catalanotto

Catalanotto (pronounced ca-ta-lan-na-toe) is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Frank Catalanotto (born 1974), American baseball player and coach
* Peter Catalanotto (born 1959), American book illustrator
# World Gone Crazy (The Screaming Jets album)

World Gone Crazy is the fourth studio album by the Australian band The Screaming Jets. The album was released in August 1997 and peaked at number 18 on the ARIA Charts and was certified gold in 1999.

## Charts and Certifications
### Weekly Charts

| Chart (1997) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 18 |

### Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||

## Band members

* Dave Gleeson – vocals
* Paul Woseen – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Jimi "The Human" Hocking – guitar
* Craig Rosevear – drums
* Grant Walmsley – guitar, backing vocals
# Addi Qenafiz

Addi Qenafiz is a reservoir located in the Hintalo Wajirat woreda of the Tigray Region in Ethiopia. The earthen dam that holds the reservoir was built in 1998 by SAERT.

## Dam characteristics

* Dam height: 15.5 metres
* Dam crest length: 514 metres
* Spillway width: 10 metres

## Capacity

* Original capacity: 670 480 m³
* Dead storage: 60953 m³
* Reservoir area: 12.86 ha
In 2002, the life expectancy of the reservoir (the duration before it is filled with sediment) was estimated at 31 years.

## Irrigation

* Designed irrigated area: 60 ha
* Actual irrigated area in 2002: 7 ha

## Environment

The catchment of the reservoir is 14.18 km² large, with a perimeter of 17 km and a length of 5360 metres. The reservoir suffers from rapid siltation. The geology of the catchment is Mekelle Dolerite, Agula Shale, and, at the upper edge, the Amba Aradam Formation. Part of the water that could be used for irrigation is lost through seepage; the positive side-effect is that this contributes to groundwater recharge.
# 1518 Rovaniemi

1518 Rovaniemi, provisional designation 1938 UA, is a stony Florian asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Yrjö Väisälä at the Turku Observatory in 1938, the asteroid was later named after the Finnish city of Rovaniemi.

## Discovery

Rovaniemi was discovered on 15 October 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland. Six nights later, it was independently discovered by Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte at Uccle Observatory on 21 October 1938. The Minor Planet Center, however, only recognizes the first discoverer.
The asteroid was first identified as 1928 TL at Simeiz Observatory on 7 October 1928. The body's observation arc begins two weeks later at Simeiz on 21 October 1928, almost 10 years prior to the asteroid's official discovery observation at Turku.

## Orbit and classification

Rovaniemi is a member of the Flora family (402), a giant asteroid family and the largest family of stony asteroids in the main-belt.$^{:23}$ It orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.9–2.5 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,212 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.

## Physical characteristics

Rovaniemi is an assumed stony S-type asteroid, which corresponds to the overall spectral type of the Flora family.$^{:23}$

### Rotation period

In January 2009, two rotational lightcurves of Rovaniemi were obtained from photometric observations by René Roy at Blauvac Observatory (627) in France, and by Brian Warner at the Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado, United States. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 5.247 and 5.249 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.26 and 0.25 magnitude, respectively (U=2+/3).

### Spin axis

In 2013, an international study modeled a lightcurve from various data sources including the Uppsala Asteroid Photometric Catalogue and the Palomar Transient Factory survey. The lightcurve gave a concurring period of 5.25047 hours and allowed for the determination of two spin axis of (62.0°, 60.0°) and (265.0°, 45.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Rovaniemi measures between 7.46 and 9.019 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.2631 and 0.340.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.24 – derived from 8 Flora, the Flora family's largest member and namesake – and calculates a diameter of 8.98 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 12.4.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the Finnish city of Rovaniemi, located just six kilometers south of the Arctic Circle. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).
# Stephen Kotromanić

Stephen Kotromanić (also Stjepan Kotromanić, or Stefan Kotromanić) may refer to:
* Stephen I Kotromanić, ban (ruler) of medieval Bosnia (1287–1314)
* Stephen II Kotromanić, ban (ruler) of medieval Bosnia (1322–1353)
# Callionymus doryssus

Callionymus doryssus, the Japanese filamentous dragonet, is a species of dragonet native to the Pacific waters around Japan.
# Twine (disambiguation)

Twine is a light string or strong thread composed of two or more smaller strands or yarns twisted together.
Twine may also refer to:
* Twine (band), an American electronic music duo
* Twine (device), a configurable device with sensors that can connect to a network
* Twine (marketplace), a marketplace that connects companies to creative professionals
* Twine (social network), a social networking and data storage site
* Twine (software), software for authoring HTML-based interactive fiction
* Derek Twine (born 1951), British scouting executive
* France Winddance Twine, Native American sociologist, ethnographer, visual artist
* The World Is Not Enough, a 1999 James Bond film
** The World Is Not Enough (Nintendo 64 video game), a 2000 Nintendo 64 video game based on the film
** The World Is Not Enough (PlayStation video game), a 2000 PlayStation video game based on the film
** The World Is Not Enough (2001 video game), a 2001 Game Boy Color video game based on the film
# Castelguidone

Castelguidone (Abruzzese: Lu Cuastìlle) is a comune and town in the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region of Italy.
# World Gone By

World Gone By is a crime novel by Dennis Lehane that was published in 2015.

## Plot summary

Ten years after the events chronicled in the prior novel, Live by Night, Joe Coughlin is working as the consigliere to the crime family headed by his former partner Dion Bartolo. Outwardly, Joe is a respectable Tampa-area businessman active in charity events and a devoted single father to his son, Tomás. Inside the crime family, Joe is seen as a golden goose, as his sound business decisions enabled the family to profit in the years between Prohibition and World War II, and serves as a go-between for respectable society and the crime syndicate. He is seen as untouchable, but Joe soon learns from a convicted murderer that a hit has been placed on him, and spends the next two weeks unraveling the motives for the hit while simultaneously trying to avoid it.

## Reception

Critics were generally complimentary of the novel, which caps a loose trilogy of novels with characters populated from the Coughlin family. Janet Maslin of The New York Times called World Gone By "suspenseful, devious, well-constructed and ... filled with ethical questions." Colette Bancroft of Tampa Bay Times said the novel was "a classic gangster epic, a darkly violent tale enriched by sharp insight into American life and Lehane's beautifully crafted prose."
# Adeem

Adeem may refer to;
* Abdul-Adeem Karjimi, Moroccan footballer
* Adeem (rapper), American hip-hop artist
* Adeem Investment, a Kuwaiti investment company
* Adeem Hashmi, (1946-2001) Pakistani poet
* Adeem the Artist (1988-), American country music singer
# Valley Lodge (band)

Valley Lodge is an American power pop band from New York City.

## Band history

Valley Lodge came together when John Kimbrough, former singer-guitarist for Minnesota power pop band Walt Mink, met up with comedian/musician Dave Hill (formerly a member of bands such as Cobra Verde, and Sons of Elvis) to compare the home demos they were working on.
Joined by bass player/singer Phil Costello (Satanicide) and drummer Rob Pfeiffer (Sense Field), and inspired by bands such as Cheap Trick, Raspberries, Thin Lizzy and Big Star, they released their eponymous debut album in 2005. The album proved particularly popular in Japan, even getting a re-release with bonus tracks in 2008. The band went on to tour there in March 2009.
The band released their second album, Semester at Sea, on April 21, 2009, containing ten new songs by the band and a cover of Bob Welch's 1970s hit, "Sentimental Lady". At that time, Eddie Eyeball (2 Skinnee J's) joined the band on bass guitar/backing vocals, and Phil Costello switched to guitar.
On October 19, 2018, the band released their fourth album, Fog Machine on Tee Pee Records.
On February 15, 2024, the band released "I Wrote a Song," the first single from their fifth album, Shadows in Paradise, followed in April by "Daylights." Shadows in Paradise was released on April 19, 2024. The album was produced by Tom Beaujour (Nada Surf, Juliana Hatfield), who would then replace John Kimbrough as the band's second guitarist.

### In The Media

Valley Lodge's songs "Over It" and "All of My Loving" were featured in episodes of the sitcom Cougar Town. The band's song "Coming Around" was also featured on the sitcom Raising Hope. Their song "The Door" was used in a commercial for the GMC Sierra truck. "All of My Loving" is the theme song for Dave Hill's podcast, Dave Hill's Podcasting Incident. Recently, "All of My Loving" was also featured on a Sonic commercial for their hot dogs.
Valley Lodge's third album, Use Your Weapons, was released on September 3, 2013. A video for the first single "Go" was filmed in Los Angeles in July 2013, and directed by Tim Fornara.
In February 2011, "Naked City" was used as song for the in-game radio station RoadRock on Test Drive Unlimited 2
In April 2014, "Go" became the theme song for Last Week Tonight with John Oliver on HBO. In November 2015, the band appeared on Last Week Tonight to play "Go" live, as a way to close the show's second-season finale.

## Discography

* Valley Lodge (2005)
* Semester at Sea (2009)
* Use Your Weapons (2013)
* Fog Machine (2018)
* Shadows in Paradise (2024)

## Members
### Current

* Dave Hill – vocals, guitar
* Rob Pfeiffer – drums
* Eddie Eyeball – bass guitar, vocals
* Tom Beaujour - guitar, vocals
* Phil Costello – vocals, guitar

### Former

* John Kimbrough – vocals, guitar
# 1518 in art

Events from the year 1518 in art.

## Events

* Titian begins painting The Worship of Venus (Madrid, Museo del Prado) during 1518-1519 and completes his large Assumption of the Virgin (1516-1518) for the altar of Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice, his first major commission in the city.
* Bernard van Orley probably makes four tapestry cartoons for the Legend of Our Lady on the Zavel during 1516-1518.

## Paintings

* Albrecht Altdorfer - Sebastian Altar in St. Florian's Priory, Sankt Florian, near Linz, Upper Austria
* Albrecht Dürer - Maria Praying
* Adriaen Isenbrandt
** Bröhmse triptych with Adoration of the Magi (St. Mary's Church, Lübeck; destroyed 1942)
** Portrait of Paulus de Nigro
* Raphael (some dates approximate)
** Ezekiel's Vision
** Self-portrait with a friend
** St. Michael Vanquishing Satan
** The Holy Family of Francis I
* Titian - Assumption of the Virgin

## Births

* September 29 – Tintoretto (real name Jacopo Comin), Italian painter of the Venetian school and probably the last great painter of the Italian Renaissance (died 1594)
* date unknown
** Antonio Badile, Italian painter from Verona (died 1560)
** Hieronymus Cock, Flemish painter, etcher and publisher of prints (died 1570)
** Étienne Delaune, French engraver and goldsmith (died 1595)
** Mayken Verhulst, Flemish miniature, tempera and watercolor painter (died 1599)
** Marx Weiß, German Gothic painter (died 1580)

## Deaths

* January 5 (or 1517) – Francesco Raibolini known as Francesco Francia, Italian painter, goldsmith, and medallist (born 1450)
* date unknown
** Lorenzo Fasolo, Lombard painter (born 1463)
** Francisco Henriques, Flemish Renaissance painter active in Portugal (b. unknown)
** Guido Mazzoni, Italian sculptor and painter (born 1445)
** Domenico Morone, Italian painter from Verona (born 1442)
** Rodrigo de Osona - Spanish Renaissance painter (born 1440)
** Bartolomeo Sanvito, calligrapher (born 1435)
# 2006 NCAA Division I men's golf championship

The 2006 NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship was a golf tournament contested from May 31 to June 3, 2006, at the Crosswater Club in Sunriver, Oregon. It was the 68th NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship. The team championship was won by the Oklahoma State Cowboys who captured their tenth national championship (and first since 2000) by three strokes over the Florida Gators. The individual national championship was won by Jonathan Moore, also from Oklahoma State.

## Venue

This was the first NCAA Division I Men's Golf Championship hosted at the Crosswater Club in Sunriver, Oregon.
# Stephen Davies (writer)

Stephen Davies was born 28 July 1976 and is a British children's author. He lived in Burkina Faso in Africa from 2001 to 2014 and since then has lived in Battersea, London.

## Books

Picture books:
* The Goggle-Eyed Goats (illustrated by Christopher Corr, Andersen Press, 2012)
* Don't Spill the Milk (illustrated by Christopher Corr, Andersen Press, 2013)
* All Aboard for the Bobo Road (illustrated by Christopher Corr, Andersen Press, 2016)
The Sophie books are adventure stories set on the edge of the Sahara desert:
* Sophie and the Albino Camel (illustrated by Dave Shelton, Andersen Press, 2006)
* Sophie and the Locust Curse (illustrated by Dave Shelton, Andersen Press, 2007)
* Sophie and the Pancake Plot (illustrated by Dave Shelton, Andersen Press, 2008)
The following are adventure stories for young adults:
* The Yellowcake Conspiracy (Andersen Press, 2007)
* Hacking Timbuktu (Andersen Press, 2009)
* Outlaw (Andersen Press, 2011)
* Blood & Ink (Andersen Press, 2015)
* The Perfect Battle of Leah Baxter (Andersen Press, 2019)
Hilda series:
* Hilda and the Hidden People (2017)
* Hilda and the Great Parade (2018)
* Hilda and the Nowhere Space (2019)
Stephen Davies also writes historical fiction. His bestselling book is Survivor: Titanic (Scholastic, 2018)

## Awards

* Africa Geographic 'Travel Writer of the Year', 2003
* Glen Dimplex New Writers Award, Children's Category, 2006
# Camp of Fire

Camp of Fire is a slum development programme in Nairobi, Kenya initiated by Slum Dwellers International, where established slum-dwellers have promised to build proper houses, schools, and community centers without any government money, in return for land they have been illegally squatting on for 30 years.
# Tort of deceit

The tort of deceit is a type of legal injury that occurs when a person intentionally and knowingly deceives another person into an action that damages them. Specifically, deceit requires that the tortfeasor
* makes a factual representation,
* knowing that it is false, or reckless or indifferent about its veracity,
* intending that another person relies on it,
* who then acts in reliance on it, to that person's own detriment.
Deceit dates in its modern development from Pasley v. Freeman. Here the defendant said that a third party was creditworthy to the claimant, knowing he was broke. The claimant loaned the third party money and lost it. He sued the defendant successfully.

## Relationship with negligence

The leading case in English law is Derry v. Peek, which was decided before the development of the law on negligent misstatement. In Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v. Heller & Partners Ltd it was decided that people who make statements which they ought to have known were untrue because they were negligent, can in some circumstances, to restricted groups of claimants be liable to make compensation for any loss flowing, despite the decision in Derry v Peek. This falls under the so-called "voluntary assumption of responsibility" test.
In Bradford Equitable B S. v Borders, it was held that in addition the maker of the statement must have intended for the claimant to have relied upon the statement.
Negligence and deceit differ with respect to remoteness of damages. In deceit the defendant is liable for all losses flowing directly from the tort, whether they were foreseeable or not. In Doyle v. Olby (Ironmongers) Ltd, Lord Denning MR remarked, "it does not lie in the mouth of the fraudulent person to say that [such damages directly flowing from the fraudulent inducement] could not reasonably have been foreseen". So where there is a sudden downturn in the property market, a person guilty of deceitful misrepresentation is liable for all the claimant's losses, even if they have been increased by such an unanticipated event. This is subject to a duty to mitigate the potential losses.
Contributory negligence is no defence in an action for deceit. However proving deceit is far more difficult than proving negligence, because of the requirement for intention.