OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Suillus placidus

Suillus placidus, is a species of fungus in the genus Suillus. It is an edible pored mushroom found in European and North American coniferous forests, growing in association with several species of pine of the subgenus Strobus.

## Description

The cap of Suillus placidus is hemispherical when young, later becoming convex. It is ivory white in colour and very slimy, growing to 10 cm in diameter. The stem is slender, ringless and ivory white with grey granular dots or blotches near the top. The soft flesh is yellowish white with a mild taste. The spores are ochre.

## Ecology

Suillus placidus is found in Asia, Europe and North America occurring exclusively alongside species of five-needled pine of the subgenus Strobus. The ectomycorrhizal association is beneficial for both fungus and tree, and is a form of symbiosis.
In Asia, it is known to occur in the Russian Far East with Siberian pine (Pinus sibirica), Siberian dwarf pine (P. pumila) and Korean pine (P. koraiensis). It has also been reported in China.
It is rarely seen in Europe, where it is known to form ectomycorrhizal associations with Swiss pine (Pinus cembra) and introduced eastern white pine (P. strobus). In north-eastern North America, its range coincides with that of the native eastern white pine (P. strobus).
The fungus fruits in summer and autumn with fruiting bodies occurring singly or in small groups.

## Edibility

Suillus placidus is reportedly edible, but of mediocre quality.
# Stephanus of Athens

Stephanus of Athens (Greek: Στέφανος ό Άθηναίος; lived c. 540–680), also called Stephanus the Philosopher, was a Byzantine Greek physician and writer. A Christian native of Athens, he studied at Alexandria under a certain Asclepius, possibly Asclepius of Tralles. He later practised and taught medicine there.
Stephanus wrote at least five works in Greek, four of which survive. These are commentaries on the Aphorisms and Prognostics of Hippocrates; a commentary on the first book of the Therapeutics to Glaucon of Galen; and Peri ouron, a treatise on uroscopy. The work On Pulses is lost. An alphabetized epitome of the De materia medica of Dioscorides has also been attributed to Stephanus and a redaction of a commentary by Palladius on the Fractures of Hippocrates attributed to Stephanus of Alexandria may in fact be the work of Stephanus of Athens. It has even been suggested that the two Stephani are in fact a single individual.
Stephanus' commentaries are structured as a series of lectures (praxeis) and discussions (theoriai) in the fashion of the school of Ammonius of Alexandria, the teacher of Asclepius of Tralles. He demonstrates familiarity with Greek philosophy and had probably studied it alongside medicine.
# Sulpicius Alexander

Sulpicius Alexander (fl. late fourth century) was a Roman historian of Germanic tribes. His work is lost, but his Historia in at least four books is quoted by Gregory of Tours. It was perhaps a continuation of the Res gestae by Ammianus Marcellinus (which ended in 378 AD) and dealt with events at least until the death of Valentinian II (392 AD). The work of Sulpicius Alexander as extracts in Gregory's Decem Libri Historiarum (II 9) is considered an important source in any discussion of the origin of the Frankish tribes.
# Sulpicius Florus

Sulpicius Florus was a 1st-century Briton who served as an auxiliary infantryman in the Roman Army. He was given Roman citizenship by the emperor Galba and adopted his benefactor's gentile name, Sulpicius. However, he took part in Otho's coup against Galba in 69, and was one of the murderers of Galba's heir, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus.
# Sulpicius Apollinaris

Sulpicius Apollinaris was a learned grammarian of Carthage who flourished in the 2nd century AD. He taught Pertinax, himself a teacher of grammar before he was emperor, and Aulus Gellius, who speaks of him in the highest terms. He is the reputed author of the metrical arguments to the Aeneid and to the plays of Terence and (probably) Plautus. (J. W. Beck, De Sulpicio Apollinari, 1884)
# Triangular network coding

In coding theory, triangular network coding (TNC) is a non-linear network coding based packet coding scheme introduced by Qureshi, Foh & Cai (2012). Previously, packet coding for network coding was done using linear network coding (LNC). The drawback of LNC over large finite field is that it resulted in high encoding and decoding computational complexity. While linear encoding and decoding over GF(2) alleviates the concern of high computational complexity, coding over GF(2) comes at the tradeoff cost of degrading throughput performance.
The main contribution of triangular network coding is to reduce the worst-case decoding computational complexity of $O(n^{3})$ to $O(n^{2})$ (where n is the total number of data packets being encoded in a coded packet) without degrading the throughput performance, with code rate comparable to that of optimal coding schemes.
Triangular code has also been proposed as Fountain code to achieve near-optimal performance with encoding and decoding computational complexity of $O(n\log n)$. It has been further shown that triangular based fountain code can even outperform optimized Luby transform code.

## Coding and decoding

In TNC, coding is performed in two stages. First redundant "0" bits are added at the head and tail of each packet such that all packets are of uniform bit length. Then the packets are XOR coded, bit-by-bit. The "0" bits are added in such a way that these redundant "0" bits added to each packet generate a triangular pattern.
In essence, the TNC decoding process, like the LNC decoding process involves Gaussian elimination. However, since the packets in TNC have been coded in such a manner that the resulting coded packets are in triangular pattern, the computational process of triangularization, with complexity of $O(n^{3})$, where $n$ is the number of packets, can be bypassed. The receiver now only needs to perform back-substitution, with worst-case complexity given as $O(n^{2})$ for each bit location.
# Salix cinerea

Salix cinerea (common sallow, grey sallow, grey willow, grey-leaved sallow, large grey willow, pussy willow, rusty sallow) is a species of willow native to Europe and western Asia.
The plant provides a great deal of nectar for pollinators. It was rated in the top 10, with a ranking of second place, for most nectar production (nectar per unit cover per year) in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative.

## Plant

It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing 4–10 metres (13–30 ft) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, 2–9 cm (1–3+1⁄2 in) long and 1–3 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) broad (exceptionally up to 16 cm long and 5 cm broad), green above, hairy below, with a crenate margin. The flowers are produced in early spring in catkins 2–5 cm long; it is dioecious with male and female catkins on separate plants. The male catkins are silvery at first, turning yellow when the pollen is released; the female catkins are greenish grey, maturing in early summer to release the numerous tiny seeds embedded in white cottony down which assists wind dispersal.

## Taxonomy

The closely related species Salix atrocinerea Brot., which overlaps in distribution in France, Belgium, Netherlands, England and Ireland, is considered by some authors as the subspecies S. cinerea oleifolia (Gaudin) Macreight. S. atrocinerea differs from S. cinerea in that it is taller (reaching up to 15 metres), has a deeply furrowed bark, dark red-brown hairs beneath the leaves, smaller stipules, and is earlier deciduous. Despite the coexistence of these two nomenclatures, the main taxonomic databases regard S. cinerea oleifolia as synonym of S. atrocinerea.

## Ecology

Grey willow grows in wetlands, moist depressions, ditches, embankments, banks of stagnant or slow-moving water bodies, and forest edges, where it encounters low-lying damp situations with waterlogged and nutrient-poor soils. S. cinerea is a pioneer species that rapidly colonizes disturbed sites.
A common herbivore of Salix cinerea is Phratora vulgatissima, which prefers and is more common on female plants. Anthocoris nemorum, a natural enemy of Phratora vulgatissima, is also more common on S. cinerea.

## Invasive species

Salix cinerea is an invasive species in New Zealand and is listed on the National Pest Plant Accord, which means it cannot be sold or distributed. S. cinerea is also highly invasive in south-eastern Australia, with the entire genus listed as a Weed of National Significance. The species was introduced to stop erosion along riverbanks, but has since caused worse erosion over time by widening and shallowing invaded streams.
# Uncial 0187

Uncial 0187 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 024 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 6th century.

## Description

The codex contains a small parts of the Gospel of Mark 6:30-41, on one parchment leaf (24 cm by 18 cm). It is written in two columns per page, 26 lines per page, in uncial letters. The fragment contains about 339 letters from 1044 on both sides of the leaf.
The Greek text of this codex is mixed. Aland placed it in Category III.
Currently it is dated by the INTF to the 6th-century.
It belonged to the same manuscript as 0149.
It was examined by Guglielmo Cavallo.
The codex is currently housed at the University of Heidelberg (Pap. 1354) in Heidelberg.
# Sveinn Pálsson

Sveinn Pálsson (25 April 1762 – 24 April 1840) was an Icelandic physician and a naturalist who carried out systematic observations of Icelandic glaciers in the 1790s. He also observed volcanoes and wildlife throughout his homeland. He studied medicine and natural science in Copenhagen (1787–1791) before spending four years travelling around Iceland studying nature. He described his research in Ferðabók ('Travel Journal') and in addition wrote Jöklarit ('Glacier Treatise') and Eldrit ('Volcano Treatise'). Sveinn also wrote extensively about medicine.

## Biography

Sveinn was the first person to propose the theory that glaciers move under their own weight, like viscous material. He focused on glacial sediments, melt-water rivers and floods, and the effects of subglacial volcanos. His conclusions made significant findings in regards to the formation and dynamics of glaciers. His treatise Draft of a Physical, Geographical, and Historical Description of Icelandic Ice Mountains on the Basis of a Journey to the Most Prominent of Them in 1792–1794 was submitted to the Naturhistorieselskabet in Denmark in 1795, where it languished for almost a century. Not until the 1880s was the Danish manuscript published in part in Oslo, Norway; in 1945 it was published in its entirety in Icelandic by glaciologist Jón Eyþórsson. Due to its isolated location, Iceland remained a remote location for geological investigation until the 20th century.
During his research, Sveinn observed that glaciers move by creeping in a way analogous to the flow of pitch. From the top of Öræfajökull, which he was first to climb as far as is known, he described the Kvíárjökull (Hrútárjökull [is]) glacier in his 1794 work in Jöklarit: "The surface appeared to be covered with curved stripes which lay across the glacier, especially up near the main glacier, and the arch of the curves pointed towards the lowland, just as though the descending glacier had flowed down half-melted or as thick, viscous material. Could this be proof that ice, without actually melting, behaves as a liquid to some extent, like some types of resin?" In Eldrit, Sveinn was the first person to describe the volcanic belt, which lies across Iceland from southwest to northeast. He was also first to find gabbro in Iceland.

## Personal life

Sveinn Pálsson served as physician for southern Iceland from 1799 to 1833. His district stretched from Árnessýsla to Skeiðarár Sandur, including the Westman Islands, and was difficult to cross owing to the many unbridged rivers. Doctors were very poorly paid in those days so, to support his family, Sveinn also fished at sea from a row boat and farmed. His wife, Þórunn Bjarnadóttir, was hardworking and took charge of the farm when Sveinn was away. They had 15 children, seven of whom lived to adulthood, so it was a large household. Sveinn lived most of his life at Suður-Vík in Mýrdalur. In 1840, he was laid to rest in the old churchyard at Reynir near Vík.
# Colleen Ward

Colleen Ward is an American beauty pageant titleholder from Wolcott, Connecticut, who was crowned Miss Connecticut 2015. She competed for the Miss America 2016 title in September 2015.

## Pageant career
### Early pageants

Entering her hometown pageant, Ward vied for the Miss Wolcott 2011 title in November 2010 and for the Miss Wolcott 2012 title in November 2011 but failed to claim the crown both times.
On December 3, 2011, Ward won the Miss Greater Waterbury 2012 title. She competed in the 2012 Miss Connecticut pageant with the platform "Promoting Childhood Literacy: Encouraging a Healthy Mind for a Healthy Body" and a dance performance in the talent portion of the competition. She was not a finalist for the state title. She did not participate in the 2013 or 2014 Miss Connecticut pageants.

### Miss Connecticut 2015

On January 17, 2015, Ward was crowned Miss Windham County 2015. She earned a $250 scholarship prize plus a package of prizes designed to help her prepare for the state pageant at the Mohegan Sun in Uncasville, Connecticut. She entered the Miss Connecticut pageant in June 2015 as one of 13 qualifiers for the state title. Ward's competition talent was traditional Irish stepdance. Her platform is "Promoting Childhood Literacy: Encouraging a Healthy Mind for a Healthy Life".
Ward won the competition on Saturday, June 27, 2015, when she received her crown from outgoing Miss Connecticut titleholder Acacia Courtney. She earned more than $8,500 in scholarship money and other prizes from the state pageant. As Miss Connecticut, her activities include public appearances across the state of Connecticut.

### Vying for Miss America 2016

Ward was Connecticut's representative at the Miss America 2016 pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey, in September 2015. In the televised finale on September 13, 2015, she placed outside the Top 15 semi-finalists and was eliminated from competition. She was awarded a $3,000 scholarship prize as her state's representative.

## Early life and education

Ward is a native of Connecticut, and a 2010 graduate of Wolcott High School. Ward is a May 2015 graduate of Central Connecticut State University where she earned a Bachelor of Science degree in elementary education.
# Siege of Paris

Siege of Paris may refer to:
* Siege of Paris (845), the Viking siege by Reginherus, possibly Ragnar Lodbrok
* Siege of Paris (885–886), the Viking siege by Rollo
* Siege of Paris (978), by Otto II of Germany, and Holy Roman Emperor
* Siege of Paris (1429), by Charles VII of France and Joan of Arc
* Siege of Paris (1465), by the League of the Public Weal
* Siege of Paris (1590), the Protestant siege by Henry IV of France
* Siege of Paris (1870–1871), the German siege in the Franco-Prussian War

## Artworks

* The Siege of Paris, a 1884 painting by Ernest Meissonier
# Rail & Maritime Transport Union

The Rail & Maritime Transport Union (RMTU) is a trade union in New Zealand. It represents transport workers in all aspects of the transport industry; rail, road and ports.
The RMTU is affiliated with the New Zealand Council of Trade Unions, the International Transport Workers' Federation, the International Centre of Labour Solidarity (ICLS) and the New Zealand Labour Party.
# Soft spot

Soft spot may refer to:
* Fontanelle, a human anatomical feature also called the "soft spot"
* "Soft Spot" (song), a song by Piri
* Soft Spot (album), an album by Clem Snide
* Soft Spot, a 2022 album by Chelsea Jade
# Swintonia floribunda

Swintonia floribunda is a tree species in the family Anacardiaceae and the type species in the genus. It can be found in the Andaman Islands, Bangladesh, Indo-China and Malesia through to Sumatra.
Plants of the World Online lists a subspecies, S. floribunda var. penangiana (King) K.M. Kochummen, which is found in peninsular Malaysia.
# Swiss East–West Railway

The Swiss East–West Railway (German: Schweizerische Ostwestbahn, OWB) was a former Swiss rail company, which planned to build a line to compete with the network of the Swiss Central Railway (German: Schweizerische Centralbahn, SCB) in central Switzerland on which construction commenced in 1857.
Jakob Stämpfli, a federal politician, established the company to build a line between La Neuveville (on Lake Biel in western Switzerland) and Zürich via Bern, Langnau im Emmental, Luzern and Zug. It began construction without raising sufficient finance to guarantee its completion. It opened a line between Frienisberg (near Le Landeron) and Biel (now part of the Jura foot line on 3 December 1860, but then went bankrupt. The completed section from La Neuveville and Langnau line was taken over by the canton of Bern and incorporated as the Bernese State Railway (German: Bernische Staatsbahn, BSB) in June 1861, which continued building the line to Lucerne. The concession for the section from Lucerne to Zürich via Affoltern am Albis was bought out of the bankrupt estate by the Swiss Northeast Railway (German: Schweizerische Nordostbahn) and established as a subsidiary, the Zürich–Zug–Lucerne Railway (German: Zürich–Zug–Luzern-Bahn, ZZL). Construction of the line was completed in 1864 and shortly later it was connected to SCB's Olten–Lucerne line to Lucerne station, which had opened in 1856 on the edge of the lake, across the Reuss from the centre of the town. Part of this line now forms part of the Zug–Lucerne railway.
# Sylvirana

Sylvirana is a genus of true frogs, family Ranidae, found in South and East Asia, from northeastern India in west to China in the north, Taiwan in the east, and Thailand in the south. Originally proposed as a subgenus of Rana in 1992, it has been considered both a full genus and a synonym of Hylarana. Its current recognition at generic level stems from molecular genetic analyses published in 2015.

## Description

Sylvirana are generally medium-size frogs with robust bodies. They have similar postocular masks as in Papurana. The upper lip is gray, off-white, or occasionally, mottled. The dorsum is shagreened with spicules, or it can be warty. The dorsolateral folds a medium-sized and well-developed, either pale or the same color as the dorsum. The flanks have dark coloration below lateral ridges that fades to pale with well-defined dark spots. Males have paired vocal sac that may be internal or external.

## Species

There are 12 recognized species:
* Sylvirana annamitica Sheridan and Stuart, 2018
* Sylvirana cubitalis (Smith, 1917)
* Sylvirana faber (Ohler, Swan, and Daltry, 2002)
* Sylvirana guentheri (Boulenger, 1882)
* Sylvirana lacrima Sheridan and Stuart, 2018
* Sylvirana malayana Sheridan and Stuart, 2018, PLoS One, 13(3: e0192766):
* Sylvirana maosonensis (Bourret, 1937)
* Sylvirana montosa Sheridan and Stuart, 2018
* Sylvirana mortenseni (Boulenger, 1903)
* Sylvirana nigrovittata (Blyth, 1856)
* Sylvirana roberti Sheridan and Stuart, 2018
* Sylvirana spinulosa (Smith, 1923)
# Sylvirana lacrima

Sylvirana lacrima, the Chin woodfrog or crying stream frog, is a frog in the family Ranidae. It is endemic to Myanmar. Scientists first saw it near Hteen Chaung Village, 443 meters above sea level.
Scientists consider this frog a sister taxon to Sylvirana nigrovittata.
# Sylvan Lake (New York)

Sylvan Lake is located next to the community by that name in the Town of Beekman, New York, United States. It is the deepest and second-largest lake in Dutchess County.
It is a popular local recreation spot. Many summer camps are located along it, as well as a large private campground. Many residents from Chelsea Cove also use the lake recreationally.

## Geography

It is an irregular rounded shape, with a 116-acre (47 ha) surface area, located near the town's southwestern border with East Fishkill. High unnamed hills rise to 820 feet (250 m) to its northeast, 500 feet (150 m) above the lake. The unincorporated hamlet of Sylvan Lake is located to its southeast and east. Dutchess County Route 10 runs northwest from the hamlet along the lakeshore, providing access to the nearby Taconic State Parkway via the NY 82 state highway at Arthursburg.
To the southwest are lower hills. The lake's unnamed outlet brook flows at first northward through a 91-acre (37 ha) wetland between two smaller hills at that end but soon turns southward, carrying the drainage from the lake and its 0.81-square-mile (2.1 km$^2$) basin south a few miles to Fishkill Creek. From there it reaches the Hudson River at Beacon.
The lake is located adjacent to the Chelsea Cove housing complex and all its residents are permitted access to the lake. There is a small beach with a small area to wade in before it drops off into much deeper waters. Sylvan Lake Beach Park, a privately operated campground, is located along another shore. The remainder of the 1.8-mile (2.9 km) shoreline is owned by private residences and summer camps.

## Hydrology

The lake is 140 feet (43 m) deep, the deepest in Dutchess County. Formerly a quarry used for mining, the slope is very steep and reaches maximum depth quickly near the center of the lake. The thermocline in the lake reaches about 40 degrees F. To scuba dive in the lake, advanced open water certification is needed. Equipment such as 7mml full body wetsuits including gloves and hood are necessary as are lights due to the murkiness of the water.

## Recreation

The campground and camps have facilities for swimming in the lake near its shore. Boating is permitted on the lake as long as gasoline-powered engines are not used. Diving is also permitted with advanced open-water certification due to the lake's depth.
Angling, from either boats or the shoreline, is also permitted. Fishermen must have a valid New York state license. The lake has a bass population in its warmer areas, and the state Department of Environmental Conservation stocks it with 1,700 brown trout fry every spring. Special fishing regulations apply since the lake is also a popular ice fishing spot in winter. Trout may be taken all year round; there is no minimum size and up to five fish a day may be taken. Some anglers have taken trout as large as 10 pounds (4.5 kg).
# Stow Creek

Stow Creek may refer to:
* Stow Creek (New Jersey), a tributary of Delaware Bay in southern New Jersey
* Stow Creek Township, New Jersey, in Cumberland County
* Stow Creek School District, in Cumberland County, New Jersey
# Steneotarsonemus

Steneotarsonemus is a genus of plant-feeding mites.

## Taxonomy

Selected species (35) include;
* Steneotarsonemus laticeps
* Steneotarsonemus pallidus
* Steneotarsonemus spinki