OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# VELCT

Velocity Energy-efficient and Link-aware Cluster-Tree (VELCT) is a cluster and tree-based topology management protocol for mobile wireless sensor networks (MWSNs).
# Verville Racer Aircraft

Verville Racer Aircraft can refer to
* Verville-Packard R-1 - Verville VCP modified to use in the Pulitzer Trophy races
* Verville-Sperry R-3
# Rauch comparison theorem

In Riemannian geometry, the Rauch comparison theorem, named after Harry Rauch, who proved it in 1951, is a fundamental result which relates the sectional curvature of a Riemannian manifold to the rate at which geodesics spread apart. Intuitively, it states that for positive curvature, geodesics tend to converge, while for negative curvature, geodesics tend to spread.
The statement of the theorem involves two Riemannian manifolds, and allows to compare the infinitesimal rate at which geodesics spread apart in the two manifolds, provided that their curvature can be compared. Most of the time, one of the two manifolds is a "comparison model", generally a manifold with constant curvature, and the second one is the manifold under study : a bound (either lower or upper) on its sectional curvature is then needed in order to apply Rauch comparison theorem.

## Statement

Let $M,{\widetilde {M}}$ be Riemannian manifolds, on which are drawn unit speed geodesic segments $\gamma :[0,T]\to M$ and ${\widetilde {\gamma }}:[0,T]\to {\widetilde {M}}$. Assume that ${\widetilde {\gamma }}(0)$ has no conjugate points along ${\widetilde {\gamma }}$, and let $J,{\widetilde {J}}$ be two normal Jacobi fields along $\gamma$ and ${\widetilde {\gamma }}$ such that :
* $J(0)=0$ and ${\widetilde {J}}(0)=0$
* $|D_{t}J(0)|=\left|{\widetilde {D}}_{t}{\widetilde {J}}(0)\right|$.
If the sectional curvature of every 2-plane $\Pi \subset T_{\gamma (t)}M$containing ${\dot {\gamma }}(t)$ is less or equal than the sectional curvature of every 2-plane ${\widetilde {\Pi }}\subset T_{{\tilde {\gamma }}(t)}{\widetilde {M}}$ containing ${\dot {\widetilde {\gamma }}}(t)$, then $|J(t)|\geq |{\widetilde {J}}(t)|$ for all $t\in [0,T]$.

## Conditions of the theorem

The theorem is formulated using Jacobi fields to measure the variation in geodesics. As the tangential part of a Jacobi field is independent of the geometry of the manifold, the theorem focuses on normal Jacobi fields, i.e. Jacobi fields which are orthogonal to the speed vector ${\dot {\gamma }}(t)$ of the geodesic for all time $t$. Up to reparametrization, every variation of geodesics induces a normal Jacobi field.
Jacobi fields are requested to vanish at time $t=0$ because the theorem measures the infinitesimal divergence (or convergence) of a family of geodesics issued from the same point $\gamma (0)$, and such a family induces a Jacobi field vanishing at $t=0$.

## Analog theorems

Under very similar conditions, it is also possible to compare the Hessian of the distance function to a given point. It is also possible to compare the Laplacian of this function (which is the trace of the Hessian), with some additional condition on one of the two manifolds: it is then enough to have an inequality on the Ricci curvature (which is the trace of the curvature tensor).
# St Mary's Abbey Figurine

The St. Mary's Abbey Figurine is a medieval gilt-copper alloy, Limoges enamel figurine found in St. Mary's Abbey, York in 1826. It was acquired by the Yorkshire Museum in 2019.

## History

The figurine was discovered in the ruins of St. Mary's Abbey in 1826. This information is recorded on an antiquarian label stuck to the back of the figure. It was lost until the 1920s, when it was recorded in the private collection of Franz Monheim of Aachen (1891–1969) and then passed down to his family. The figurine was publicly auctioned by Monheim's family, through the Van Ham auction house in Cologne, on 15 May 2019.
It was purchased for €8500. This purchase price was raised by York Museums Trust through grants from Arts Council England and the V&A Purchase Grant Fund.

## Description

The figurine measures 16 cm in height. It depicts the Crucifixion of Jesus in gilded copper-alloy. It has the remains of enamel champlevé decoration and includes stone settings on the crown, eyes and loincloth. Both hands and feet are missing. The back is hollow and included an adhesive label, which reads “Found in the ruins of St. Mary’s Abbey at York: in 1826”. It is an example of Limoges enamelwork and was made in France in the 13th Century.

## Public display

The figurine first went on public display on 21 September 2019 in the Medieval gallery of the Yorkshire Museum.
# Swedbank Arena

Swedbank Arena may refer to:
* Strawberry Arena, Stockholm, home arena for the Sweden men's national football team and AIK Fotboll, known as Swedbank Arena between 2009 and 2012.
* Hägglunds Arena, Örnsköldsvik, home arena for Modo Hockey, known as Swedbank Arena between 2006 and 2009.
* Solid Park Arena, Västerås, home arena for Västerås SK Fotboll, known as Swedbank Park between 2008 and 2015.
* Stadion, Malmö, home arena for Malmö FF, known as Swedbank Stadion between 2007 and 2017.
# Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act

The Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act (CBDTPA) (S. 2048) was a United States bill proposed in 2002 that would have prohibited any kind of technology that could be used to read digital content without digital rights management (DRM)—which prohibits copying and reading any content under copyright without permission of the copyright owner. The bill was known in early drafts as the Security Systems and Standards Certification Act (SSSCA) and was sometimes called the Consume But Don't Try Programming Act.

## Legislation

The CBDTPA was proposed by South Carolina senator Fritz Hollings (D-SC). Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT), chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, had stated that he could "not support" the proposed legislation and, as chairman, intended to block consideration of the controversial bill. This essentially killed the bill in 2002.
Proposed penalties for violating the CBDTPA ranged from five to twenty years in prison, and fines between $50,000 and $1 million.
Richard Stallman criticized this act due to the restrictions that it would place in the immediate and long-term future on free software, dubbing the bill the "Consume But Don't Try Programming Act."
Other U.S. senators named as sponsors of the CBDTPA bill include:
* John Breaux (D-LA)
* Dianne Feinstein (D-CA)
* Daniel Inouye (D-HI)
* Bill Nelson (D-FL)
* Ted Stevens (R-AK)
# Santiago Schaerer

Santiago Otto Schaerer Kuenzli (born Jakob Otto Schärer; June 6, 1834 - January 28, 1895) was a Swiss emigrant, trader, settler and important colonizer in South America. He was the founder and administrator of several Swiss colonies, most prominently Nueva Helvecia in Uruguay and San Bernardino in Paraguay. He was the father of the 25th president of Paraguay Eduardo Schaerer and grandfather of businessman and journalist Arturo Schaerer.

## Early life and education

Schaerer was born Jakob Otto Schärer on June 6, 1834, in Vordemwald, Switzerland to Jakob Schärer, the municipal clerk of the village, and Johanna Barbara (née Künzli). He attended the local public schools in Vordemwald and Zofingen. In 1855, he married Katharina Karoline Müller (1828-1861) originally from Unterambringen (Kingdom of Württemberg) and the couple had two sons; Jakob Emil Anton (1856-1929) and Hans Otto (1857-1935). His first wife died in childbirth of his third son in 1861.

## Career

He sailed from Hamburg in 1862 and arrived in Montevideo, Uruguay. Together with other Swiss settlers created Nueva Helvecia, the first Swiss colony in Uruguay. Then he travelled through Argentina, Carmen de Patagones and Santa Fe, and settled in 1869 in Paraguay, in the area of Caazapá, where he married Elizabeth Vera and had two other sons: Santiago Guillermo and Eduardo Schaerer. The latter would eventually become President of Paraguay and one of the most influential politicians in the history of this country. Years later his other sons, Emil Jakob and Hans Otto, came from Switzerland and also settled in Paraguay.
He continued his colonizing work in Paraguay in times of Bernardino Caballero, with the foundation of San Bernardino, Paraguay, the first German and Swiss colony in Paraguay, August 24, 1881. He continued on founding cities like Benjamin Aceval and Yegros. Santiago Schaerer died in Asuncion, Paraguay, on January 28, 1895, at 60 years of age.

## Literature

* Schaerer, Juan Emilio Escobar (2007). Huellas de la familia Schaerer: reseña de la inmigración suiza al Río de la Plata y Paraguay (in Spanish). Juan Emilio Escobar Schaerer.
* La Tribuna Archives
* Prensa Latinoamericana / Paraguay www.red-redial.net/prensa-pais-paraguay.html
# Wuxi Mosque

The Wuxi Mosque (simplified Chinese: 无锡清真寺; traditional Chinese: 無錫清真寺; pinyin: Wúxī Qīngzhēnsì) is a mosque in Liangxi District, Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China.

## History

The mosque was originally constructed in 1921. In 1999, the mosque was reconstructed to its current shape of the building.

## Architecture

The mosque was constructed with Arabic architectural style. It spans over an area of 2,182 m$^2$.

## Transportation

The mosque is accessible within walking distance west of Nanchan Temple Station of Wuxi Metro.
# Worldbeam

Also known as the Inside-Out web, Worldbeam is the brainchild of David Gelernter and Ajay Royan proposed in 2007; it envisions a single logical repository for all information on the internet, a concept not unlike what is now referred to as the "cloud".
# Søborg, Gribskov Municipality

Søborg is a parish and small community situated a few kilometers south of Gilleleje in Gribskov Municipality, North Zealand, Denmark, some 40 km north of Copenhagen. It takes its name after Søborg Castle, which was destroyed during the Count's Feud and is now left as a ruin. The town was a market town in the Middle Ages and remained the main town of Holbo Herred until the beginning of the 19th century. Today it only has a population of 239 (1 January 2024). Søborg Church dates from the 12th century. Søborg Lake to the north of the town was drained in the 19th century.

## History

Little is known about the early history of Søborg Castle. It stood on a small peninsula on the south side of Søborg Lake and may have been built by Eskil. It was later used as a state prison before it was destroyed during the Count's Feud. The town of Søborg (Seoburgh) is referred to as a market town in about 1270. From 1341, there is evidence of a St. Gertrud's Guild and a St Knud's Guild in the town. A town hall and thing is mentioned in 1405. In 1559, Søborg is still referred to as a market town. In 1577, the king's vassal at Keonborg was granted permission to use the ruins as a quarry. Several letters show that King Fredrick II visited the town in 1580. A witch burning took place in the town square in 1582. In 1950, Frederick VII participated in archeological excavations of Søborg Castle. They have been followed by other surveys and excavations, resulting in a number of finds.
Søborg remained the main town of Holbo Herred until the beginning of the 19th century. The first efforts to drain Søborg lake took place in the late 18th century when a canal was dug between the lake and the Kattegat at Gilleleje. The lake remained a marshy area for almost a hundred years. In 1872, Count C. E. Frijs purchased the area and commissioned the engineer Peter Feilberg to complete the project. Søborg Windmill was built in 1983 and decommissioned in 1918.

## Description

Søborg Church is built in red brick and dates from about 1200. It was originally 30 metres long. The tower, sacristy and porch are later additions. In the south wall of the chancel is a tile stone with a Runic inscription inscribed before the stone was burned. It reads "The first" and was possibly the foundation stone.
A pumping station at Søborggaard currently drains Søborg Lake at a rate of 75,000 litres per day. It has been proposed to restore the lake.
Søborg railway halt is located about 2 km (1.2 mi) north east of the village of Søborg. It is located on the Hornbæk railway line from Helsingør to Gilleleje.

## Notable people

* Margaret I of Denmark (1353–1412) the Queen who founded the Kalmar Union was born in Søborg Castle
* Otto Christian Hammer (1822 in Hulerød, Søborg Sogn – 1892) a Danish naval officer who participated in the First Schleswig War and the Second Schleswig War
# Ulmus 'Planeroides'

The elm cultivar Ulmus 'Planeroides' [:Planera-like elm] was described by Carrière in the Revue horticole, 1875. It was considered "possibly Ulmus carpinifolia" [:U. minor ] by Green.
Not to be confused with Späth's U. montana viminalis which, though "also distributed under the name Planera aquatica", has osier-like leaves, Planera being the old name for Zelkova, a close relative of elm with willow-like leaves.

## Description

The tree was described as having leaves like Planera aquatica.

## Pests and diseases

Most field elm clones are susceptible to Dutch elm disease.

## Cultivation

No specimens are known to survive.

### Putative specimen

A pruned elm with Planera-like leaves, possibly the cultivar 'Planeroides', stands in Stanford Avenue, Brighton.
* Stanford Avenue tree
* Same, April
* Short-shoot foliage of same
* Long-shoot foliage
* Pressed leaves
* Bark
# Tam Hòa, Núi Thành

Tam Hòa is a commune located in Núi Thành district of Quảng Nam province, Vietnam. It has an area of about 24.12km2 and the population in 2019 was 9,028.
# Verville Fellowship

The A. Verville Fellowship is an American senior scholarship established in the name of aviation pioneer Alfred V. Verville at the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum. The Verville Fellowship is a competitive nine- to twelve-month in-residence fellowship for researching the history of aviation. The fellowship includes a $50,000 stipend with limited additional funds for travel and miscellaneous expenses.
The program guidelines encourage candidates to pursue research and writing programs that appeal to an audience with broad interests while maintaining a professional tone. Outstanding manuscripts resulting from this program may be offered to the Smithsonian Institution Press for publication.

## Fellowship selections

* 2023-2024 - Sean Seyer - The Specter of Monopoly: The Conspiracy Theory that Shaped American Aviation, 1917-1949
* 2021-2022 - Alan Meyer - researching the lack of African American pilots in the industry
* 2016-2017 - Takashi Nishiyama
* 2015-2016 - Steven E. Harris - Wings of the Motherland: Soviet and Russian Cultures of Aviation from Khrushchev to Putin
* 2014-2015 - Alexander C.T. Geppert
* 2012-2013 - Richard Paul - NASA's role in the civil rights movement
* 2011-2012 - Anke Ortlepp - Jim Crow Terminals: The Desegregation of Airports in the American South
* 2010-2011 - Monique Laney - Transnational Migration and National Memory: How German Rocket Engineers Became Americans in Huntsville, Alabama
* 2009-2010 - Debbora Battaglia
* 2008-2009 - Evelyn Crellin
* 2007-2008 - Richard Hallion, Topic: Role of NACA Technical Representative John Jay Ide in air intelligence and the transfer of technical information between Europe and America
* 2006-2007 - Christine Yano, Topic: Airborne Dreams: Japanese American Stewardesses with Pan American World Airways, 1955-1972 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2011).
* 2005-2006 - Dennis R. Jenkins, Topic: Escaping the Gravity Well: A Policy History of Space Access
* 2004-2005 - Neil M. Maher Topic: Ground Control: How the Space Race Scrubbed the 1960s Revolution
* 2003-2004 - Adnan Morshed
* 2002-2003 - Asif Azam Siddiqi - The Red Rockets’ Glare: Spaceflight and the Soviet Imagination (New York: Cambridge UP, 2010)
* 2001-2002 - Dwayne A. Day
* 2000-2001 - Alan R. Bender
* 1999-2000 - Carl Bobrow
* 1997-1998 - Dik A. Daso, retired curator of military aircraft at the Museum, wrote Hap Arnold and the Evolution of American Air Power (Washington, D.C.: SI Press, 2000)
* 1996-1997 - John R. Breihan
* 1991-1992 - Harold Andrews
* 1989-1990 - Daniel Ford
* 1988-1989 - Michael J. Neufeld - Von Braun, Collier's and Disney: Selling Space in the 1950s
* 1987-1988 - William Chana
# Consumer Alert

Consumer Alert was an American non-profit organization which advocated on business and consumer issues. It was primarily funded by corporations. It was founded in 1977 by Barbara A. Keating-Edh and John Henry Sununu, who would later go on to become Governor of New Hampshire (1983–1989) and White House Chief of Staff during the George H. W. Bush administration.
The philosophy of Consumer Alert advocated free-market solutions to consumer dissatisfaction and promoted the belief that markets are best regulated by informed consumers. In the organization's opinion effective consumer advocacy must steadfastly oppose any actions by government or industry that limits competition within markets.
Consumer Alert considered itself a conservative opponent to the liberal political bent of mainstream consumer advocacy. Speaking of the legislation advocated by other consumer organizations Consumer Alert President Barbara A. Keating-Edh said:
   The regulations ignore the fact that auto accidents are caused by unsafe drivers, not unsafe cars. Accidents involving children are caused by unattentive parents. Home fires are caused by careless smokers, not dangerous furniture.
   ...The no-growth movement that is playing havoc with our freedoms gains momentum by fanning public paranoia and by doting on those persons who can't be happy unless they believe they are being poisoned by someone who is earning a profit.
The organization sued anti-nuclear-power activists in attempts to make protesters pay for the police presence at demonstrations.
Consumer Alert was originally based in Darien, Connecticut. During much of its existence its offices were located in Washington, DC.
The organization published a bimonthly newsletter titled Consumer Comments with ISSN 0740-4964. Articles from some issues are available online at TheFreeLibrary.com.
In 1989 Sununu was succeeded as Chairman by attorney William C. MacLeod who would later become director of the Federal Trade Commission's Bureau of Consumer Protection.
As of July 2010 the web-based organization registry of the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs (DCRA) of Washington, DC, for the registration of Consumer Alert, Inc., file number 770925, shows status "revoked". The DCRA site defines "revoked" as: "An involuntary termination of charter or authority."
Consumer Alert has partially funded the Cooler Heads Coalition's website, globalwarming.org.

## Financial Information

United States IRS forms 990 for Consumer Alert Inc. :
| Organization Name | State | Year | Total Assets | Form | Pages | EIN |
| Consumer Alert Inc. - 2002 | DC | 2002 | $36,189 | 990 | 20 | 06-0961299 |
| Consumer Alert Inc. - 2003 | DC | 2003 | $37,190 | 990 | 19 | 06-0961299 |
| Consumer Alert Inc. - 2004 | DC | 2004 | $34,047 | 990 | 16 | 06-0961299 |
# Sterrettania, Pennsylvania

Sterrettania is a populated place located in Erie County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is in Fairview and McKean townships, in the valley of Elk Creek, a short tributary of Lake Erie.
Sterrettania is an unincorporated community on Pennsylvania Route 832. Sterrettania is located 12 miles (19 km) southwest of downtown Erie and has an elevation of 886 feet (270 m). Sterrettania is not a census designated or incorporated place having an official federally recognized name. Sterrettania appears on the Swanville U.S. Geological Survey Map, is in the Eastern Time Zone (UTC -5 hours) and observes daylight saving time.

## Major intersection

West of Sterrettania, Pennsylvania Route 832 intersects with Pennsylvania Route 98.

## History

The place is named for Robert Sterrett, who first settled there in 1804. David S. Sterrett built a gristmill there in 1839, one of the largest in the county.
# Southwest Pass

Southwest Pass may refer to:
* Southwest Pass (Mississippi River), a channel at the mouth of the Mississippi River in Louisiana in the United States.
* Southwest Pass (Vermilion Parish), a narrow strait connecting the Gulf of Mexico with Vermilion Bay in Louisiana in the United States.
# Taoranting

Taoranting may refer to the following in Beijing, China:
* Taoranting Park (陶然亭公园), city park in the former Xuanwu District, which is now part of Xicheng District
* Taoranting Station (陶然亭站), station on Line 4 of the Beijing Subway, not far from the park
* Taoranting Subdistrict (陶然亭街道), administrative division of Xicheng District that includes the above 2 entries
# Tansila

Tansila is a town and seat of the Tansila Department of Banwa Province in western Burkina Faso. In 2005 it had a population of 3,876.
# Tanshū

Tanshū or Tanshu may refer to:
* Tanshū (丹州)
** Tanshū, another name for Tanba Province.
** Tanshū, another name for Tango Province.
*** Tamba and Tango are also called Ryōtan (両丹) or Nitan (二丹).
* Tanshū (但州)
** Tanshū, another name for Tajima Province.
*** Tanba, Tango and Tajima are also called Santan (三たん, 三丹).
* Tanshū (淡州)
** Tanshū, another name for Awaji Province.
# Tanshi, Xiangxiang

Tanshi Town (simplified Chinese: 潭市镇; traditional Chinese: 潭市鎮; pinyin: Tánshì Zhèn) is an urban town in Xiangxiang City, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

## Cityscape

The town is divided into 45 villages and three communities, the following areas: Tantai Community, Sizong Community, Jiekou Community, Tanshi Village, Anle Village, Xiaoche Village, Anquan Village, Baiyin Village, Baimen Village, Xiufeng Village, Changcheng Village, Dajiangkou Village, Daping Village, Dongshan Village, Gaolun Village, Gaopo Village, Hetang Village, Huangni Village, Jianxin Village, Jinqiao Village, Taoping Village, Jiulun Village, Jiuyan Village, Xinle Village, Langshi Village, Minzhu Village, Nanling Village, Yongming Village, Qingbei Village, Qingfeng Village, Xiquan Village, Qinghe Village, Xitian Village, Qingjiang Village, Zhaping Village, Qingquan Village, Qunyi Village, Shatang Village, Xinmin Village, Shangxin Village, Xinping Village, Shuangjiang Village, Shitang Village, Xinshi Village, Tantai Village, Xinpuzi Village, Xintian Village, and Yuejin Village (潭台社区、四总社区、街口社区、潭市村、安乐村、小车村、安全村、白银村、柏门村、秀丰村、长城村、大江口村、大坪村、洞山村、高仑村、高坡村、鹤塘村、黄泥村、建新村、锦桥村、桃坪村、九仑村、九雁村、新乐村、榔石村、民主村、南岭村、永明村、青陂村、清风村、西全村、清和村、西田村、清江村、榨坪村、清泉村、群益村、砂塘村、新民村、上新村、新坪村、双江村、石塘村、新石村、潭台村、新铺子村、新天村、跃进村).
# Tareq Al-Shammari

Tareq AL-Shammari (Arabic: طارق الشمري born 5 August 1984 in Kuwait City, Kuwait) is a Kuwaiti former professional footballer who is last known to have been assigned to Al-Yarmouk SC of the Kuwaiti Premier League.

## Yarmuk

Forming a cordial relationship with Brazilian coach da Silva during his time with Kazma, Al-Shammari sealed a move to Al-Yarmouk SC in 2016 with da Silva's assistance, nicknamed Abotreka after the retired Egyptian footballer.
# Tapuya language

Tapuya (or Tapuyá) is a Tupian term meaning ‘enemy’ or ‘foreigner’ that is used to refer to various unrelated non-Tupian ethnic groups. It can refer to:
* Carapana language, also called Carapana-tapuya, a Tucanoan language
* Karu language (Moriwene), also called Sucuriyú-tapuya, an Arawakan language
* Pira-tapuya, an indigenous people of the Amazon regions
* Wanano language, also called Pira-tapuya, a Tucanoan language
# Sweet Brown Sugar

Sweet Brown Sugar may refer to:
* Skip Young (wrestler) (Galton W. Young; 1951–2010), American professional wrestler
* Koko B. Ware (James Ware; born 1957), American professional wrestler
* Sweet Brown Sugar, a 1993 album by Rosie Ledet
* "Sweet Brown Sugar", a song by Timmy Thomas from the 1974 album You're the Song I've Always Wanted to Sing
* "Sweet Brown Sugar", a song by Calypso Rose from the 2012 album The Queen of Trinidad
# Tank rampage

Tank rampage may refer to:
* 1993 Perth tank rampage, an event in the early hours of 27 April 1993
* 1995 San Diego tank rampage, the theft of an M60A3 tank and the destruction therewith
# Swift River (Minnesota)

The Swift River (Minnesota) is a river of Minnesota.