# The Division Flute

The Division Flute is a collection of variations over ground basses and their melodies. The Division Flute was first published in 1706/1708 by John Walsh, senior and is based on The Division Violin by John Playford. Most of the grounds are anonymous folk songs taken from different styles like the French chaconne or the Italian Ostinato.

## Terminology
### Division

The word division basically means variation and describes the ornamentation of the melody. In the 17th century, "divisions" became bravura pieces for violinists in England. The virtuosos simply took a common folk song and improvised about it according to their abilities.

### Ground bass

A ground bass is a type of ostinato, which is a melodic figure repeated over and over again in the same voice. The ground bass specifically is a melodic line or harmonic pattern repeated in the bass voice. The most famous example of this is Pachelbel's Canon.

## History

In the 17th century, music became more common for amateurs and non-professional musicians. With the elevation of music in people's everyday lives, the recorder, as an attractive, simple instrument to learn, became one of the most popular instruments. The Division Violin is a collection of the most famous of the divisions, played by the virtuosic violin players in England. John Playford published it in 1684. After the role of the recorder grew, the publisher John Walsh, senior, transcribed (or had someone else transcribe) some of the pieces for recorder and added his own selection of other divisions and published them in 1706/1708.

### John Walsh

John Walsh, senior, was one of the most important music publishers and printers of his day. Born around 1665 in London he was the musical instrument-maker-in-ordinary for the king since 1692. He developed many new printing techniques and printed music for composers like Arcangelo Corelli and George Frideric Handel.

## Book 1

| Name | Form | Key | Background |
| Readings Ground | 20 Divisions | F major | These originally 50 variations for violin, written by the royal violinist Valentine Reading got reduced by John Walsh in his version for recorder to 20 variations. In the original, the ground bass varies in every variation but got replaced later by a single always repeating bass line, which mostly did not actually fit the melody. |
| Pauls Steeple | 8 Divisions | G minor | This piece is probably the oldest one in this collection, based on the style of its variations. The first variation is an old ballad melody from the 17th century, also known as "The Duke of Norfolk". |
| Faronells Ground | 11 Divisions | G minor | These are variations by the French violinist M. Farinel on the popular Folia theme, which made him very famous in England. The melody line is very similar to the melody of "Air des Hautbois Les Folies d'Espagne" by J. B. Lully. Variations 1, 2, 3 and 5 became also famous as the song "Joy to Great Zesar". Farinel lived from 1649 until 1726 in La Tronche, France. He worked at the court of Versailles and was one of the most influential violinists of his time. |
| Old Simon the King | 10.5 Divisions | F major | The first two variations are based on an old ballad melody from the beginning of the 17th century. This piece as well as the "Johney" - variations are representing clearly the style of folk music of the 17th century. |
| Tollets Ground | 22 Divisions | C major | These variations are based on the composition by the Irish fiddler Th. Tollet and were later transcribed for recorder. The style of this piece is very close to folk music. These variations are also known as the "Irish Ground". |
| Green Sleeves to a Ground | 15 Divisions | D minor | This ground is based on one of the most famous songs of the 16th century and was used in many other textual and melodic variations. The well-known text to the song included in variations 1 and 3 is: Alas my love, you do me wrong to cast me off discourteously; and I have loved you so long delighting in your company. Greensleeves was all my joy, Greensleeves was my delight, Greensleeves was my heart of gold, and who but you has Greensleeves? |
| Johney Cock thy Beaver | 2 Divisions | C major | This piece is based on a Scottish Ballad melody and the variations prove the influence of English folk music. The ground bass for this piece differs for every version. In The Division Violin the bass is different for every variation, in later editions the bass is the same. |
| Division on a Ground (Bellamira) | 16 Divisions | D minor | These variations were probably composed by the theater composer S. Eccles. Eccles lived from 1618 until 1683 in England and was a very important theater composer. He was known to be a Quaker and in order to distance himself from church music he burned most of his compositions. This division is one of the only pieces remaining. It got its additional title "Bellamira" from John Hawkins's reference in his music history. |
| A Division on a Ground by Mr. Finger | 9 Divisions | G minor | This piece was written by the theater composer Gottfried Finger. Finger was a very influential Moravian Baroque composer. Next to many opera and theater compositions he wrote mainly for the viol and the recorder. This division is probably one of the few pieces in this collection originally composed for recorder. |
| A Division on a Ground by Mr. Eccles | 8 Divisions | A minor | The form of this piece and the melody line of the recorder suggest that the piece was originally written for solo voice. It was probably taken from Mr. Eccles countless theater compositions. Eccles lived from 1618 until 1683 in England and was a very important theater composer. He was known to be a Quaker and in order to distance himself from church music he burned most of his compositions. This division is one of his few surviving pieces. |
| A Division on a Ground by Mr. John Banister | 17 Divisions | G major | Stylistic details suggest that this piece was not written by the royal conductor and organist John Banister but by his son and namesake John Banister junior who was royal violinist. The ground bass does not fit all the variations so the editors and players vary the bass line accommodating. |
| A Division on a Ground by Mr. Banister | 17 Divisions | F major | This piece was written by John Banister senior, the royal organist and conductor. He was the son of waits at St. Giles-in-the-Fields and followed this tradition throughout his life. After getting first music instructions from his father, Charles II sends him to France to get a professional education. Later Charles II made him leader of his own musical band. Since the bass in this division does not fit with any of the variations the piece is mostly performed as a composition for recorder solo. |

## Book 2

| Name | Form | Key | Background |
| A Ground by Mr. Finger | 26 Division | F major | This piece was originally published in 1700 in the collection Dix Sonatas à I flute e I basse continue as "Ciacona" by Mr. Finger. Finger was a very influential Moravian Baroque composer. Next to many opera and theater compositions he wrote mainly for the viol and the recorder. Later Playford and Walsh took the piece and published it in The Division Violin and The Division Flute. |
| A Division to a Ground by Mr. Solomon Eccles | 33 Divisions | B♭ Major | This piece is written by Eccles representing the variation technique of English folk music in the 17th century. The theme is a popular Country-Dance, the Jigg. It was probably taken from Mr. Eccles countless theater compositions. Eccles lived from 1618 until 1683 in England and was a very important theater composer. He was known to be a Quaker and in order to distance himself from church music he burned most of his compositions. |
| A Division on a Ground | 14 Divisions | F major | Like in "Readings Ground" (Book 1, no. 1) the ground bass does not fit the melody of the variations, so the bass line varies depending on the publisher or the interpreter. |
| A Ground by Mr. Solomon Eccles | 39 Divisions | C major | In this piece Mr. Eccles tried to imitate the style of a French chaconne. It was probably taken from Mr. Eccles' countless theater compositions. Eccles lived from 1618 until 1683 in England and was a very important theater composer. He was known to be a Quaker and in order to distance himself from church music he burned most of his compositions. The original version is a fourth lower than the version published by John Walsh. |
| A Division on a Ground | 10 Divisions | F Major | The first half of the ground bass to these variations is based on the famous melody "The Carmans Whistle". Since the piece is published in The Division Violin with the title "Chacone by Mr. Finger" it suggests that the recorder version is also based on Mr. Finger's composition. |
| An Italian Ground | 10 Divisions | D minor | There are two versions of this pieces existing. The first one is the one published in The Division Flute, the other one has been published in a recorder method book by R. Carr. The second version includes specific notation of all ornaments and trills and an accompaniment in the Italian continuo style. |
| A Chacone | through-composed | B♭ Major | This is a transcription of a Chaconne for orchestra from the opera "Phaéton" by Jean-Baptiste Lully. The recorder plays the exact part of the first violin, the ground bass is copied from the bass of the orchestra. |
| Chacone by Mr. Morgan | through-composed | G Major | This piece is also published in other collections but always as a solo improvisation without the ground bass. |
| Division by Mr Hills | through-composed | C Major | This division represents the French style with its continuous dotted rhythm. |
| Division by Mr Gorton | through-composed | C Major | |
| Prelude by Mr Pepusch | AABB | G Major | This division is taken from one of Johann Christopher Pepusch's sonatas for recorder and basso continuo. It is written, unlike most other divisions, in the style of the baroque Dance Suite with its AABB form. |
| Prelude by Mr Pepusch | AABB | F Major | This division is also taken from a recorder sonata by Pepusch and is in AABB form. |
| Prelude by Mr Daniel Purcell | through-composed | F Major | This division is taken from one of the sonatas by Daniel Purcell. He lived from 1664 until 1717 and was the younger cousin of Henry Purcell. His best-known pieces are his Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. Daniel Purcell |
| Prelude by Mr Finger | through-composed | D minor | This is another one of Gottfried Fingers pieces, taken from one of his recorder sonatas. |
| Cibell by Mr Henry Purcell | AB | F Major | This piece is a mixture of the final choir of the first act of J. B. Lully's opera "Atys" and the imitation of this final choir by H. Purcell in his piece "The new Sebel!" for harpsichord. |
| Cibell by Signr. Baptist | through-composed | D minor | This piece is also an arrangement of a piece from Lully's opera "Atys" called "Nous devons nous animer". The recorder switches off between playing the first, the second or the bass line of the original. |
| Cibell | through-composed | F major | |
| Cibell by Mr King | AB | F major | Mr. King took the ground bass from his "The Third Book of Theatre Music", published in London in 1699 and wrote variations on it. |
| Cibell by Mr King | through-composed | F major | |
| Cibell by Mr. O | through-composed | A minor | This is the same piece as "Cibell by Mr. King" but in the original key. The prelude and interlude sections are also incorporated into the recorder part. |