OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sarah Piers

Sarah, Lady Piers (fl. 1697 – 1714; died 1719) was an English literary patron, political commentator, and a poet.
Her father was originally of Roydon in Yorkshire. She was the daughter of Matthew Roydon and wife of Sir George Piers (1670–1720), a Kentish army captain and Clerk of the Privy Seal. She had two sons, one of whom died in childhood. She is now known mainly for being one of The Nine Muses, a close friend and patron of Catherine Trotter, and a target of satire for Delarivier Manley.
She and Catherine Trotter had a long history of correspondence, private and public: Trotter invited Piers to contribute to The Nine Muses; Piers wrote a dedicatory poem to Trotter's The Fatal Friendship (1698) and a prefatory poem to her The Unhappy Penitent (1701); Trotter dedicated her comedy Love at a Loss (1701) to Piers. Manley satirised both writers, in the second volume of The New Atalantis (1709), as part of a "cabal" of women who carried their friendships "beyond with Nature design'd" (Greer 445).
In an untitled poem published in 1708, Piers praises the virtue of the female community at Tunbridge Wells. In her last known work, George for Britain, she championed the monarchy over republicanism.

## Writings

* "To my much Esteemed Friend on her Play call'd Fatal-Friendship." Reprinted in Kissing the Rod: An Anthology of Seventeenth-Century Women's Verse. Germaine Greer et al., eds. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1988. 446–447.
* George for Britain (1714)
* "Urania: The Divine Muse. On the Death of John Dryden, Esq. By the Honourable the Lady P[iers]." The Nine Muses, Or, Poems Written by Nine severall Ladies Upon the death of the late Famous John Dryden, Esq. London: Richard Basset, 1700. Reprinted in Kissing the Rod: An Anthology of Seventeenth-Century Women's Verse. Germaine Greer et al., eds. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1988. 448–451.
# Sahara Airlines (Algeria)

Sahara Airlines was an airline company in Algeria. It operated domestic flights in Algeria between 1999 and 2003.

## Service

Sahara Airlines operated flights to many destinations in Algeria: Adrar, Algiers, Bechar, Batna, Ghardaia, Tindouf, Annaba, Oran, Constantine, Hassi messaoud, Tamanrasset, Ouargla.

## Code data

* IATA Code: 6S
* ICAO Code: SHD

## History

Sahara airlines company was founded in 1998 and started its flights in September 1999 with air hostess and stewardess trained by the company.

## Fleet

* 5 Fairchild Hiller FH-227
# Sackett self-selection circus

The Sackett self-selection circus is an apparatus used in experimental psychology with non-human primates. It is a space divided into compartments containing objects; the time an animal spends with each object is measured, indicating any amount of fear of or anxiety from those objects.
# Sod shock tube

The Sod shock tube problem, named after Gary A. Sod, is a common test for the accuracy of computational fluid codes, like Riemann solvers, and was heavily investigated by Sod in 1978. The test consists of a one-dimensional Riemann problem with the following parameters, for left and right states of an ideal gas.
$\left({\begin{array}{c}\rho _{L}\\P_{L}\\u_{L}\end{array}}\right)=\left({\begin{array}{c}1.0\\1.0\\0.0\end{array}}\right)$,$\left({\begin{array}{c}\rho _{R}\\P_{R}\\u_{R}\end{array}}\right)=\left({\begin{array}{c}0.125\\0.1\\0.0\end{array}}\right)$
where
      * $\rho$ is the density
      * $P$ is the pressure
      * $u$ is the velocity
The time evolution of this problem can be described by solving the Euler equations, which leads to three characteristics, describing the propagation speed of the various regions of the system. Namely the rarefaction wave, the contact discontinuity and the shock discontinuity. If this is solved numerically, one can test against the analytical solution, and get information how well a code captures and resolves shocks and contact discontinuities and reproduce the correct density profile of the rarefaction wave.

## Analytic derivation

NOTE: The equations provided below are only correct when rarefaction takes place on left side of domain and shock happens on right side of domain. The different states of the solution are separated by the time evolution of the three characteristics of the system, which is due to the finite speed of information propagation. Two of them are equal to the speed of sound of the left and right states
       $cs_{1}={\sqrt {\gamma {\frac {P_{L}}{\rho _{L}}}}}$
       $cs_{5}={\sqrt {\gamma {\frac {P_{R}}{\rho _{R}}}}}$
where $\gamma$ is the adiabatic gamma. The first one is the position of the beginning of the rarefaction wave while the other is the velocity of the propagation of the shock.
Defining:
       $\Gamma ={\frac {\gamma -1}{\gamma +1}}$, $\beta ={\frac {\gamma -1}{2\gamma }}$
The states after the shock are connected by the Rankine Hugoniot shock jump conditions.
       $\rho _{4}=\rho _{5}{\frac {P_{4}+\Gamma P_{5}}{P_{5}+\Gamma P_{4}}}$
But to calculate the density in Region 4 we need to know the pressure in that region. This is related by the contact discontinuity with the pressure in region 3 by
       $P_{4}=P_{3}$
Unfortunately the pressure in region 3 can only be calculated iteratively, the right solution is found when $u_{3}$ equals $u_{4}$
       $u_{4}=\left(P_{3}'-P_{5}\right){\sqrt {\frac {1-\Gamma }{\rho _{R}(P_{3}'+\Gamma P_{5})}}}$
       $u_{3}=\left(P_{1}^{\beta }-P_{3}'^{\beta }\right){\sqrt {\frac {(1-\Gamma ^{2})P_{1}^{1/\gamma }}{\Gamma ^{2}\rho _{L}}}}$
       $u_{3}-u_{4}=0$
This function can be evaluated to an arbitrary precision thus giving the pressure in the region 3
       $P_{3}=\operatorname {calculate} (P_{3},s,s,,)$
finally we can calculate
       $u_{3}=u_{5}+{\frac {(P_{3}-P_{5})}{\sqrt {{\frac {\rho _{5}}{2}}((\gamma +1)P_{3}+(\gamma -1)P_{5})}}}$
       $u_{4}=u_{3}$
and $\rho _{3}$ follows from the adiabatic gas law
       $\rho _{3}=\rho _{1}\left({\frac {P_{3}}{P_{1}}}\right)^{1/\gamma }$
# Calathus abaxoides

Calathus abaxoides is a species of ground beetle from the Platyninae from the Platyninae subfamily. It is endemic to Tenerife, the Canary Islands. It occurs in laurel forests, often on tree trunks .
# Valerio Agnoli

Valerio Agnoli (born 6 January 1985) is an Italian road bicycle racer, who last rode for UCI WorldTeam Bahrain–Merida.

## Career

Agnoli was one of the key domestiques for the Liquigas cycling team, where he was often instrumental in victories for Ivan Basso and Vincenzo Nibali during the Giro d'Italia. Agnoli had a very successful junior and amateur career, taking victories in many prestigious Italian races, including the famous Giro della Lunigiana.
Agnoli wore the white jersey for the best young rider during the 2010 Giro d'Italia, before a crash including his team-mates Ivan Basso and Vincenzo Nibali caused him to lose it.
Agnoli left Liquigas–Cannondale at the end of the 2012 season, to follow Nibali and join Astana on a two-year contract from the 2013 season onwards.

## Major results
### 2003

    1st Overall Giro della Lunigiana

### 2004

    9th Trofeo Internazionale Bastianelli
    10th Giro della Romagna

### 2005

    3rd Overall Tour of Qinghai Lake
       1st Stage 8

### 2006

    5th Overall Settimana Ciclistica Lombarda
    7th GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano

### 2008

    1st Stage 1 (TTT) Vuelta a España
    4th Japan Cup

### 2009

    3rd Memorial Marco Pantani
    7th Japan Cup
    7th Giro del Veneto

### 2010

    1st Stage 4 (TTT) Giro d'Italia
    10th GP Miguel Induráin

### 2011

    4th GP Industria & Artigianato di Larciano

### 2012

    3rd Giro della Toscana

### 2014

    7th Overall Vuelta a Burgos
    8th Overall Danmark Rundt

### 2015

    2nd Overall Tour de Langkawi
    4th Clásica de Almería
    9th Overall Settimana Internazionale di Coppi e Bartali

### 2016

    1st Stage 1 (TTT) Giro del Trentino

### Grand Tour general classification results timeline

| Grand Tour | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
| Giro d'Italia | — | 61 | 32 | 83 | 57 | 39 | 71 | — | DNF | 110 | — | 93 |
| Tour de France | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career | Has not contested during career |
| Vuelta a España | 110 | — | — | 105 | — | — | — | — | — | 79 | — | — |
Legend :
| — | Did not compete |
| DNF | Did not finish |
# Stigmella resplendensella

Stigmella resplendensella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in North America, including Kentucky.
The wingspan is about 6 mm.
The larvae feed on Celtis occidentalis. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Whitelock's Ale House

Whitelock's Ale House is a pub in the city centre of Leeds, in England.
The pub lies on Turk's Head Yard, on a narrow burgage plot off Briggate. The building it occupies was constructed in about 1700 as a row of cottages, and the easternmost of these was licensed as the Turk's Head pub in 1715. John Lupton Whitelock became the landlord in 1867, and in the 1880s he purchased the cottage, renaming the pub as Whitelock's First City Luncheon Bar.
In 1895, John's son, William Henry Whitelock, commissioned Waite & Sons to remodel the pub. It was extended into the next cottage, a new kitchen was created, and the whole was redecorated with a scheme which largely survives. As part of the refurbishment, electric lighting and an electric clock were installed, supposedly the first building in the city to have these features. The pub was later further extended, to encompass the whole terrace of cottages.
In the early 20th century, the landlord was Lupton Whitelock, a well known flautist, and under his management, the pub became popular with musicians, other artists, journalists and academics. Among its regulars was John Betjeman, who described as "the very heart of Leeds". Other regulars included Peter O'Toole, Len Hutton and Keith Waterhouse. Prince George once held a party in a curtained-off area of the pub.
The pub was sold by the Whitelocks to Scottish Brewers in 1944. It was Grade II listed in 1963, and in 2022, it was upgraded to grade II*. It is also listed on the Campaign for Real Ale's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors. In 2015, the western part of the pub, which had formerly been a function room, was converted into a separate pub, named The Turks Head.
The building is built of brick, with stone dressings. It is mostly two storeys in height, with a cellar, although the western part is three storeys high. Some of the windows contain stained glass, mostly advertising the pub, although one above a doorway advertises an engraving business which was formerly based upstairs. In the main bar, part of which was formerly curtained off as a dining room, the walls are covered in mirrors and panelling. There are long bench seats, separated by baffles to form booths. The bar takes up half the rear wall, and has a tiled front, and a copper and marble top. The first floor former dining room also has panelling and mirrors, and retains a Victorian fireplace.
# Saab Monster

The Saab Monster was an experimental car made by Saab in 1959. This project was part of Saab's work in motorsport and the need to derive more power from their two-stroke powerplant.

## Design

The project consisted of a 'Toreador Red' Saab 93 with all excess weight removed, including the bonnet, which was replaced by a plastic one. The engineers then installed two transversely-mounted 748 cc (45.6 cu in) two-stroke, three cylinder engines, in a 'split in-line' configuration, driving the front wheels through a modified clutch and gearbox assembly. The drivetrain also used two distributors and an enlarged radiator.
This arrangement gave the car about 138 bhp (103 kW) and a top speed of 196 km/h (122 mph) (achieved at Såtenäs airfield). The low weight and the 'drop' or aerofoil shape of the body gave the rear end a tendency to become airborne when approaching the top speed. The amount of torque, coupled with front-wheel drive, also gave rise to severe understeer. It was the combination of immense power and poor handling that gave rise to the name 'Monster'.

## History

Started in 1959, this project was a part of Saab's work in motorsport and the need to derive more power from their then-standard two-stroke powerplant. During the project there was a speed record attempt but this was not recognised on account of discrepancies in scrutineering and recording. In the end, the project was terminated because it proved impractical.
The restored Saab Monster is now on display in the Saab museum in Trollhättan.
In the early 1970s Saab and Sportpromotion built a similar vehicle powered by two V4 engines giving 144 hp (107 kW).
# Wilkinson, Mississippi

Wilkinson (also called Buffalo) is an unincorporated community in Wilkinson County, Mississippi, United States.
It is located on the north shore of the Buffalo River.
# Sabine von Heusinger

Sabine von Heusinger (born 13 September 1964) is a German professor of medieval history at the University of Cologne.

## Early life

Sabine von Heusinger was born 13 September 1964 in Rielasingen. She studied German, politics and history at the University of Konstanz and Università degli Studi dell 'Aquila. In 1991, her Magister followed. She earned her doctorate at the University of Konstanz with a thesis on "Der observante Dominikaner Johannes Mulberg und der Basler Beginenstreit". Her Habilitation took place in 2006 at the University of Mannheim with work on social groups in the city using example from the guilds in Strasbourg.
On the basis of 4,055 individual entries on Strasbourg guild members from the second half of the 13th century to the end of the 15th century, she analyzed the Strasbourg guild system. Heusinger sees the Strasbourg guilds as mobile social groups and distinguishes four "sub-areas" of the medieval guild: the commercial guild, the brotherhood, the political guild and finally the military unit. She was able to prove in "more than 30% of the cases examined for Strasbourg [...] a guild change between the two generations."
Von Heusinger taught at the Universities of Konstanz, Luzern and Stuttgart. Since 2000 she has been working at the University of Mannheim. In Mannheim, she was a research associate since October 2007 and an Academic Counselor since February 2008. In 2008/2009, she was a visiting professor of Medieval history at the University of Bielefeld. In 2010, she was a senior fellow at the University of Konstanz. From 2011, she has taught as the successor to Eberhard Isenmann as professor of medieval history at the University of Cologne with an emphasis on the late Middle Ages.
Her main fields of expertise are the history of the church, the history of religions and confessions, the history of everyday life, the family, life forms, women and gender, regional, urban and local history as well as social, political and cultural orders.
She is married to the linguist Klaus von Heusinger.

## Selected publications

* Die Zunft im Mittelalter. Zur Verflechtung von Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Straßburg (= Vierteljahrschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeschichte. Bd. 206). Steiner, Stuttgart 2009, ISBN 978-3-515-09392-7(= Zugleich: Mannheim, Universität, Habilitations-Schrift, 2006) (Rezension)
* Johannes Mulberg OP († 1414). Ein Leben im Spannungsfeld von Dominikanerobservanz und Beginenstreit (= Quellen und Forschungen zur Geschichte des Dominikanerordens. Bd. 9). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-05-003543-9 (Zugleich: Konstanz, Universität, Dissertation, 1996).
# Sadków

Sadków may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Sadków, Oleśnica County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Sadków, Wrocław County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Sadków, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
* Sadków, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
# Willem Jacob Luyten

Willem Jacob Luyten (March 7, 1899 – November 21, 1994) was a Dutch-American astronomer.

## Life

Jacob Luyten was born in Semarang, Java, at the time part of the Dutch East Indies. His mother was Cornelia M. Francken and his father Jacob Luyten, a teacher of French.
At the age of 11 he observed Halley's Comet, which started his fascination with astronomy. He also had a knack for languages, and eventually could speak nine. In 1912 his family moved back to the Netherlands where he studied astronomy at the University of Amsterdam, receiving his BA in 1918.
He was the first student to earn his PhD (at the age of 22) with Ejnar Hertzsprung at Leiden University. In 1921 he left for the United States where he first worked at the Lick Observatory. From 1923 to 1930 Luyten worked at the Harvard College Observatory eventually working at the observatory's Bloemfontein station. He spent the years 1928–1930 in Bloemfontein, South Africa, where he met Willemina H. Miedema and married her on February 5, 1930.
Upon his return to the United States in 1931, he taught at the University of Minnesota from 1931–1967, then served as astronomer emeritus from 1967 until his death.
Luyten studied the proper motions of stars and discovered many white dwarfs. He also discovered some of the Sun's nearest neighbors, including Luyten's Star as well as the high–proper motion star system Luyten 726-8, which was soon found to contain the remarkable flare star UV Ceti.
He also catalogued 17,000 high-proper motion stars in the Luyten Two-Tenths Arcsecond Catalog. An exoplanet was discovered orbiting one of them, LTT 1445A.

## Honors

Awards
* James Craig Watson Medal (1964)
* Bruce Medal (1968)
Named after him
* Asteroid 1964 Luyten
* Luyten's Star
# Safe Passage Project

Safe Passage Project Corporation is a non-profit legal services organization that provides free lawyers to refugee and immigrant children in the New York City-area who face deportation.

## Descriptions

Safe Passage Project serves immigrant children in New York City and Long Island under age 21. The Safe Passage Project attorneys represent immigrant children in immigration court. Safe Passage protects their legal right to be heard and to have a fair process to determine if they may remain permanently in the United States. Safe Passage Project recruits, trains, and mentors pro bono attorneys.

## History

Safe Passage Project was founded by Professor Lenni Benson, in 2006. In May 2013, Safe Passage Project was incorporated in the State of New York as a section 501(c)(3) charitable nonprofit organization. In 2016, the board named Rich Leimsider as the first paid Executive Director.

## Accomplishments

As of 2019, Safe Passage Project has provided more than 800 immigrant children with full free legal representation, and has won 90% of their cases.
Safe Passage Project has assisted more than 1,500 children by securing pro bono representation and mentoring attorneys. The organization has helped additional children through screening clinics and know your rights presentations. Safe Passage Project has mentored over 400 attorneys working with law student volunteers.
Safe Passage received the 2008 New York State Bar Association outstanding pro bono project, and the 2013 American Immigration Lawyers Association Pro Bono Hero award.
# William, U.S. Virgin Islands

William is a settlement on the island of Saint Croix in the United States Virgin Islands.
# Sairocarpus

Sairocarpus is a genus of the family Plantaginaceae, and is one of a group of plants commonly known as 'snapdragons'. It has ten accepted species and is being considered to include many species formerly considered as New World species of Antirrhinum.

## Species

Species accepted by the Plants of the World Online as of October 2022:
* Sairocarpus cornutus (Benth.) D.A.Sutton
* Sairocarpus costatus (Wiggins) D.A.Sutton
* Sairocarpus coulterianus (Benth.) D.A.Sutton
* Sairocarpus kingii (S.Watson) D.A.Sutton
* Sairocarpus multiflorus D.A.Sutton
* Sairocarpus nuttallianus (Benth.) D.A.Sutton
* Sairocarpus subcordatus (A.Gray) D.A.Sutton
* Sairocarpus vexillocalyculatus (Kellogg) D.A.Sutton
* Sairocarpus virga (A.Gray) D.A.Sutton
* Sairocarpus watsonii (Vasey & Rose) D.A.Sutton
# Sir John Silvester, 1st Baronet

Sir John Silvester, 1st Baronet, FRS, FSA (7 September 1745 – 30 March 1822) was an English lawyer and Common Serjeant of London from 1790 to 1803, and Recorder of London from 1803 until his death in 1822.
Born in Yardley House in Chingford, Silvester was the son of Sir John Baptist Silvester M.D., FRS (died 1789), of Dutch descent and physician to the army in the Low Countries, under the Duke of Cumberland during the War of the Austrian Succession.
In 1753 aged 8 John Silvester attended Merchant Taylors' School when James Townley was the Headmaster. He took part in the theatrical activities encouraged by Townley and was Head Monitor in 1761. He attended St John's College, Oxford, from 1764 and took his BCL in 1771. On qualifying in the Law he became a barrister at the Old Bailey.
Originally a City Common Pleader, in 1790 he was chosen by the City of London Corporation to take up the post of Common Serjeant of London, and, on the death of Sir John William Rose in 1803 he was appointed Recorder of London, the senior judge at the Old Bailey. As Common Serjeant Silvester was regarded as "uncouth and overly severe".
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1780; in 1804 he was elected a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and was appointed Steward of Southwark. Silvester was the Commissioner of the Court of Lieutenancy of the City of London. He was created a baronet on 27 December 1814, and was awarded the DCL of the University of Oxford in 1818.
Silvester married twice, but had no children. On his death in 1822 his baronetcy passed to his nephew, Captain Philip Carteret Silvester, RN, CB. His body was taken from his home in Bloomsbury Square to be buried with his family at All Saints Church in Chingford in Essex. His bust was sculpted by Robert William Sievier and was displayed in the Old Bailey but later moved to the Mansion House. He was succeeded as Recorder of London by Newman Knowlys.

## In popular culture

* Silvester is mentioned, though does not appear, in Bernard Cornwell's novel Gallows Thief, during his tenure as Recorder of London and senior Circuit Judge, in 1817.
* Silvester was played by Aidan McArdle in the 2009-2011 BBC One television series Garrow's Law