OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chinese braille

Chinese braille refers to Standard Mandarin braille systems:
* Mainland Chinese Braille, for Putonghua in China
* Two-Cell Chinese Braille, for Putonghua in China
* Taiwanese Braille, for Guoyu in Taiwan
# Children of the Secret State

Children of the Secret State is a documentary film about homeless North Korean orphans, released in 2000. It was shot by a UK film duo in conjunction with underground North Korean cameramen.

## Synopsis

The movie opens with a clip of orphan children by Ahn Chol and speaks of the humanitarian situation in the country, and then introduces Ahn Chol, who has provided the covertly filmed footage of the children. Joe Layburn, who also narrates the movie, and his camerawoman, Anna Roberts, are then introduced, on their way into Pyongyang. Posing as tourists, they are to get an official tour of the country. Joe Layburn states that Pyongyang is 'like a multimillion-dollar film set' and that the atmosphere is 'eerie'. The movie shows the empty streets and unused fun fair and hotels, as well as the well cared-for 'children of the elite', whom he contrasts with footage of starving orphans filmed by Ahn Chol.
Layburn and Roberts then travel across the border to China to rendezvous with Ahn Chol and document the border and border town, using their own footage and interviews and the footage provided by Ahn Chol. Ahn Chol, who planned to meet up with the couple at the border, fails to turn up, but Layburn proceeds to interview refugees who have fled into China from North Korea. He then heads for South Korea and makes more interviews. They also interview a man who has fled a factory complex, as well as a former North Korean prison guard. These interviews cover the well-guarded Chinese-North Korean border, the starvation in North Korea, and hostels where, according to Layburn and the children interviewed, (paraphrased) 'orphan children are deliberately left to die'.
He also states that the factories, and most industry, in the country have stopped running - this is later referred to by Layburn as (paraphrased) 'the crisis in the North Korean economy'. An interviewed farmer who states that most North Korean food-producing farms have been made to produce opium for the profit of party officials, and several refugees speak of inhuman treatment in North Korea's prison camps.
By the end of the movie, the fate of Ahn Chol was still undetermined, but it was later revealed that he eventually managed to escape, and that he still films in North Korea.
# Chingford Reservoirs

The Chingford Reservoirs are the King George V Reservoir and the William Girling Reservoir, which form part of the Lee Valley Reservoir Chain in the London Boroughs of Enfield and Waltham Forest and Epping Forest in Essex. Construction of the King George V Reservoir was started in 1908 and completed in 1912. Work on the William Girling Reservoir was started in 1938, with John Mowlem & Co being the contractor, but owing to technical problems, and the intervention of World War II, the reservoir was not finished until 1951.
The reservoirs are a 391.3-hectare (967-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, of which 316.3 hectares are in London and 75 hectares in Essex. They are comparatively shallow and provide open water habitat for wildfowl, gulls and waders.
The reservoirs are major wintering grounds for wildfowl, including nationally important populations of shovelers and great crested grebes. They also attract significant numbers of goldeneye ducks, tufted ducks and goosanders. The reservoirs are also one of the capital's main roosting site for gulls; 70,000 of these have been recorded at one time, the majority being black-headed gulls, common gulls, lesser black-backed gulls and herring gulls.
Since the 1950s, the reservoirs have been providing a refuge for wildfowl while they are vulnerable during the late summer moult, and in some years, moulting flocks of great crested grebe have also used the reservoirs as a refuge. The reservoirs have also been used by migratory birds as a stopover site in autumn and spring, and yellow wagtail regularly breed here. A total of over 85 species of wetlands birds have been recorded at the site.
# Chloritis macrostoma

Chloritis macrostoma is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Camaenidae.

## Distribution

The type locality is Bangaya, off East Sulawesi, Indonesia.

## Shell description

The shell is large for the genus, brown, without hairs, completely flat, umbilicated, the ends of the peristome connected with a thin callus. The width of the shell is 37–48 mm.
# Chirolophinae

Chirolophinae is a subfamily of marine ray-finned fishes, classified within the family Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies. These fishes are found in the North Pacific, Arctic and North Atlantic Oceans.

## Genera

The subfamily contains the following genera:
* Bryozoichthys Whitley, 1931
* Chirolophis Swainson, 1839
* Gymnoclinus Gilbert & Burke, 1912
* Soldatovia Taranetz 1937
# 1187 papal election

1187 papal election may refer to:
* October 1187 papal election, which elected Gregory VIII to succeed Urban III
* December 1187 papal election, which elected Clement III to succeed Gregory VIII
# 1-Fluorobutane

1-Fluorobutane is the organofluorine compound with the formula CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_3$F. This compound belongs to the group of aliphatic, saturated halogenated hydrocarbons.

## Synthesis

1-Fluorobutane can be obtained by reacting 1-bromobutane with mercury(II) fluoride.
The compound can also be obtained by reacting 1-bromobutane with potassium fluoride in ethylene glycol.

## Physical properties

1-Fluorobutane is a low-temperature boiling liquid that is highly soluble in ethanol.

## Uses

1-Fluorobutane can be used to etch semiconductors.
# 101st Regiment of Foot (Duke of York's Irish)

The 101st Regiment of Foot (Duke or York's Irish) was a regiment in the British Army raised in 1805 by Honourable Henry Augustus Dillon and disbanded in 1817. It was the last unit in the British Army to be raised through a contract with an individual.

## History
### Formation

The regiment was raised through a letter of service to Honourable Henry Augustus Dillon in 1805. Dillon had served in the Catholic Irish Brigade from 1792 to 1798. The new regiment was recruited in Ireland, and it establishment was set at 1,000 rank and file. Dillon was granted significant patronage through the letter of service, as he was permitted to nominate the officers to the unit. The officers that Dillon nominated received a promotion for joining the unit. However, gathering the officers from their previous regiments led to some delay before it was formally incorporated as part of the British Army. The regiment was added to the British Army on 25 July 1806, and the officer appointments were announced in The London Gazette on 30 August 1806. On 8 September 1806 the regiment was given the title 101st Regiment of Foot (Duke of York's Irish). It was probably the last unit in the British Army to be raised through a letter of service - a contract between the Army and individual to raise men.

### Recruitment

The regiment's commanding officer was William Pollock, who had seen active service in the Siege of Fort St. Philip on Minorca during the American Revolutionary War, becoming a prisoner of war after the siege. He then served in Ireland and England between 1782 and 1792 before being sent to Gibraltar and participating in the Toulon. Service in the Mediterranean followed, in Corsica and Portugal in 1797. After this, he was sent to the East Indies, before returning to Ireland on recruiting duty during 1806 in the run up to the 101st Foot being established. Pollock was assisted in the recruitment by Major George O'Malley. O'Malley commanded the unit during its deployment overseas, but wanted to serve in Europe, a wish that was granted in 1815 when he became the commander of the 2nd battalion of 44th Regiment of Foot at the Battle of Waterloo.

### Napoleonic Wars and disbandment

Although the establishment of the regiment was set at 1,000 men, when it was added to the British Army it was set at 10 companies with 76 privates each. Like many single battalion British regiments, a recruiting company was added in 1809. Initially, the regiment was stationed in Ireland, then Jersey before being sent to Nova Scotia. After two years there it was sent to Jamaica, and was quartered at Spanish Town and Stony Hill. It spent the rest of the Napoleonic Wars in Jamaica until it returned to the UK in 1816 and 1817. Four companies were landed at Portsmouth on 18 June 1816 and disbanded on 24 August 1816 at Hilsea Barracks, followed by the remaining six companies which landed on 17 December 1816 and were disbanded on 7 January 1817.
# 106th Brigade

In military terms, 106th Brigade or 106th Infantry Brigade may refer to:
* 106th Brigade (United Kingdom), a unit of the British Army during the First World War
* 106th Territorial Defense Brigade (Ukraine), a unit of the Ukrainian Territorial Defense Forces
* 106th Signal Brigade (United States), a signal command of the United States Army
* 106th Brigade (Libya), a military unit of the Libyan National Army
# (n-p) reaction

The (n-p) reaction, or (n,p) reaction, is an example of a nuclear reaction. It is the reaction which occurs when a neutron enters a nucleus and a proton leaves the nucleus simultaneously.
For example, sulfur-32 ($^{32}$S) undergoes an (n,p) nuclear reaction when bombarded with neutrons, thus forming phosphorus-32 ($^{32}$P).
The nuclide nitrogen-14 ($^{14}$N) can also undergo an (n,p) nuclear reaction to produce carbon-14 ($^{14}$C). This nuclear reaction $^{14}$N (n,p) $^{14}$C continually happens in the Earth's atmosphere, forming equilibrium amounts of the radionuclide $^{14}$C.
Most (n,p) reactions have threshold neutron energies below which the reaction cannot take place as a result of the charged particle in the exit channel requiring energy (usually more than a MeV) to overcome the Coulomb barrier experienced by the emitted proton. The (n,p) nuclear reaction $^{14}$N (n,p) $^{14}$C is an exception to this rule, and is exothermic – it can take place at all incident neutron energies. The $^{14}$N (n,p) $^{14}$C nuclear reaction is responsible for most of the radiation dose delivered to the human body by thermal neutrons – these thermal neutrons are absorbed by the nitrogen $^{14}$N in proteins, causing a proton to be emitted; the emitted proton deposits its kinetic energy over a very short distance in the body tissue, thereby depositing radiation dose.
# 1236 in poetry
## Works

* Lucas de Tuy and others, Chronicon Mundi ("Great Chronicle of the World")

## Births

* June 6 – Wen Tianxiang (died 1283), Chinese scholar-general, poet and chancellor
* October – Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi (died 1311), Persian polymath and poet

## Deaths

* Probable – Qul Ghali, Muslim Volga Bulgarian Old Tatar poet (born c. 1183)
# 12 Vulpeculae

12 Vulpeculae is a star in the northern constellation of Vulpecula, located approximately 630 light years away based on parallax. It has the variable star designation V395 Vul; 12 Vulpeculae is the Flamsteed designation. This object is visible to the naked eye as a faint, blue-white hued star with a baseline apparent visual magnitude of 4.928. It is moving closer to the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of -25 km/s.
This is a variable Be star with a stellar classification of B2.5V; its brightness ranges from magnitude 4.78 down to 4.97. As is true with other Be stars, it has a high rate of rotation with a projected rotational velocity of 195 km/s. The star has 6.8 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 963 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 18,859 K.
# 1532 Inari

1532 Inari, provisional designation 1938 SM, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 28 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in 1938, it was later named for Lake Inari in northern Finland.

## Discovery

Inari was discovered on 16 September 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at the Iso-Heikkilä Observatory near Turku, Finland. The asteroid was first identified as 1933 SZ at Simeiz Observatory in September 1933, and its observation arc begins at Nice Observatory in April 1936, more than two years prior to its official discovery observation at Turku.

## Orbit and classification

Inari is a member the Eos family (606), one of the asteroid belt's largest families with nearly 10,000 known asteroids.$^{:23}$ It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,903 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.05 and an inclination of 9° with respect to the ecliptic.

## Physical characteristics

In the Tholen classification, Saimaa is a featureless stony S-type asteroid. The overall spectral type for members of the Eos family is that of a K-type.$^{:23}$

### Rotation period

In January 2008, a fragmentary rotational lightcurve of Inari was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer René Roy. Lightcurve analysis gave a longer-than-average rotation period of 25 hours with a low brightness amplitude of 0.09 magnitude (U=1+). As of 2017, no secure period has been obtained.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Inari measures between 24.439 and 30.39 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.060 and 0.087. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1049 and a diameter of 28.38 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 10.8.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after Lake Inari (Inarijärvi), located north of the Arctic Circle in Lapland, Finland. Lake Inari is the country's third-largest lake and one of the largest lakes in Europe.
The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3929).
# 1532 in India

Events from the year 1532 in India.

## Events

* Sevappa Nayak governor of Thanjavur founds the Thanjavur Nayak kingdom and reigns (until 1560)

## Births

* Tulsidas, poet author of Ramcharitmanas (died 1623)

## Deaths

* Raja Shiladitya, a Tomar Rajput chieftain of northeast Malwa dies (year of birth unknown)
# 1806 Georgia's at-large congressional district special elections

"none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
There were two special elections in Georgia's at-large congressional district in 1806; one on September 15, 1806, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Joseph Bryan (DR) earlier that year, and the other sometime before December 6, 1806, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Thomas Spalding (DR) earlier that year.

## Election results

| Candidate | Party | Votes | Percent |
| Dennis Smelt | Democratic-Republican | 1,929 | 47.1% |
| George Troup | Democratic-Republican | 1,927 | 47.1% |
| Buckner Harris | Democratic-Republican | 237 | 5.8% |
Smelt took his seat on December 26, 1806
# 1847 in philosophy

1847 in philosophy

## Publications

* Søren Kierkegaard, Works of Love (1847) and Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits (1847)

## Births

* August 20 - Bolesław Prus (died 1912)
* November 2 - Georges Sorel (died 1922)
# 16 Songs

16 Songs may refer to:
* Fryderyk Chopin: 16 Songs Op. 74
* Kodály: 16 Songs Op.1
# 1757 in France

Events from the year 1757 in France.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Louis XV

## Events

* 5 January – Robert-François Damiens makes an unsuccessful assassination attempt on Louis XV of France. On 28 March Damiens is publicly executed by dismemberment, the last person in France to suffer this punishment.
* 14 March – Seven Years' War: British Admiral Sir John Byng is executed by firing squad aboard HMS Monarch for breach of the Articles of War in failing to "do his utmost" at the Battle of Minorca (1756).
* 26 July – Seven Years' War – Battle of Hastenbeck: An Anglo-Hanoverian army under the Duke of Cumberland is defeated by the French under Louis d'Estrées and forced out of Hanover.
* 3–9 August – French and Indian War: A French army under Louis-Joseph de Montcalm forces the English to surrender Fort William Henry. The French army's Indian allies slaughter the survivors for unclear reasons.
* 5 November – Seven Years' War – Battle of Rossbach: Frederick defeats the French-Imperial army under the Duc de Soubise and Prince Joseph of Saxe-Hildburghausen, forcing the French to withdraw from Saxony.

## Births

* 6 September – Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, French soldier and statesman (d. 1834)
* 9 October – Prince Charles, future King of France and grandson of reigning monarch Louis XV (d. 1836 in the Austrian Empire)
* 21 October – Pierre Augereau, Marshal of France and duc de Castiglione (d. 1816)

## Deaths

* 9 January – Bernard Le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientist and man of letters (b. 1657)
* 17 October – René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, French scientist (b. 1683)
* 25 October – Antoine Augustin Calmet, French theologian (b. 1672)
# 1853 in India

Events in the year 1853 in India.

## Events

* April 16 – The first Indian train steamed off from Bombay to Thane. The train was drawn by three steam locomotives and covered the 34 km distance in 57 minutes.
* The Nizam of Hyderabad cedes Berar to the British so that its revenues could support the Hyderabad contingent in the British army.
* Annexations of Jhansi and Nagpur.

## Law

* Coinage (Colonial Offences) Act
* Customs Consolidation Act
* Charter Act 1853

## Births

* Chattampi Swamikal, Hindu sage and social reformer (died 1924).

## Deaths

* Kerala Varma IV, monarch of Kingdom of Cochin died at Benaras.
# 1865 Burnett colonial by-election

The 1865 Burnett colonial by-election was a by-election held on 13 May 1865 in the electoral district of Burnett for the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

## History

On 15 April 1865, John Edwards, the member for Burnett, resigned. Charles Haly won the resulting by-election on 13 May 1865.
# 1792 contract rifle

The 1792 contract rifle is not a specific model of gun, rather it is a modern way to categorize a collection of rifles bought by the United States government in that year. United States 1792 contract rifles are Pennsylvania-Kentucky rifles with a 42-inch long octagonal barrel in .49 caliber, with a patch box built into the buttstock. What distinguishes them from civilian rifles is that they were bought by the government under military contract.

## History

Before the United States military used standardized weapons with interchangeable parts, it bought rifles that are difficult to distinguish from their civilian equivalent. The process was similar to today, in which the government requests weaponry of certain specifications and then finds a manufacturer to build them. In 1792 there was a need for rifles, and a contract was drawn up with Lancaster, Pennsylvania, gunsmiths to deliver rifles.
In January 1792, U.S. Secretary of War Henry Knox authorized former General Edward Hand to contract with manufacturers for the rifles. The rifles were to be delivered in units of 100 as quickly as possible. He told Hand that the contract was for 500 rifles, but that he was willing to extend it to 1,000. The 1792 contract specified rifles with a 44-1/2 inch long barrel in .47 caliber. That was modified to a 42-inch long barrel in .49 caliber, with a well-seasoned maple stock and a flintlock. Eleven different gunsmiths took the contract on, delivering 1,476 rifles between April 1792 and December 1792. A second contract for the same weapon took place in 1794. Seventeen gunsmiths delivered 2,000 rifles by November 1794.
These military- or militia-issued rifles were of civilian style, and it has been very difficult for collectors to identify them from this contract. Edward Flanagan, who wrote a paper on the 1792 and 1807 contract rifles, believes that the weapons were marked by the U.S. government, a lesson learned from gun thefts during the Revolutionary War. He points to a "US" stamp on the barrel of a weapon known to have been a contract rifle.
A second contract rifle has been identified, the 1807 Contract Rifle, which has different specifications than the weapons of 1792 and 1794.

### Lewis and Clark

Before their exploratory trip, the Lewis and Clark Expedition obtained rifles from the Harper's Ferry Arsenal. The U.S. Army's acknowledges that there were 300 of the 1792 or 1794 contract rifles at the arsenal at that time. The Army refers to modern speculation that the changes Lewis had made to the contract rifles (adding sling swivels, shortening the barrel further to 33-36 inches and reboring them to a larger caliber), led to the design of the US Model 1803, created six months later.
# 1840 in birding and ornithology

* Gustav Hartlaub begins a world bird collection
* Death of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
* Death of Charles Fothergill
* Death of Nicholas Aylward Vigors
* Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars Voyage autour du monde sur la frégate La Vénus pendant les années 1836-1839 (10 volumes, 1840–1864) The birds in this work were illustrated by Paul Louis Oudart (1796–1860)Capitaine : Abel Aubert du Petit-Thouars (1793–1864), Ingénieur hydrographe : Urbain Dortet de Tessan (1804–1879), Médecin-naturaliste : Adolphe-Simon Neboux (1806–1844), Chirurgien : Charles René Augustin Léclancher (1804–1857)
* William Thompson presents a list of the birds of Ireland to the British Association for the Advancement of Science
* Johann Jakob Kaup becomes Inspector of the Grand Ducal museum in Darmstadt
* Luigi Benoit Ornitologia siciliana : o sia catalogo ragionato degli uccelli che si trovano in Sicilia Messina: Giuseppe Fiumara, 1840. online BHL
* Alexander Keyserling and Johann Heinrich Blasius publish Die Wirbelthiere Europa's (Vertebrates of Europe)
Ongoing events
* This article about ornithology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# 1900 Texas Longhorns baseball team

The 1900 Texas Longhorns baseball team represented the Texas Longhorns baseball program for the University of Texas in the 1900 college baseball season. Maurice Gordon Clarke coached the team in his 1st season at Texas.

## Schedule

1900 Texas Longhorns baseball game log :
Legend:        = Win        = Loss        = Tie :
Regular season (14–2) :
| Date | Opponent | Stadium | Score | Overall record | Collegiate Record | SIAA record |
| April 5 | Austin Semi-Pro$^#$ | Varsity Athletic Field • Austin, TX | W 5–1 | 1–0 | — | — |
| April 11 | Austin Semi-Pro$^#$ | Varsity Athletic Field • Austin, TX | W 21–7 | 2–0 | — | — |
| April 12 | Austin Semi-Pro$^#$ | Varsity Athletic Field • Austin, TX | W 10–3 | 3–0 | — | — |
| April 12 | Southwestern* | Varsity Athletic Field • Austin, TX | W 13–3 | 4–0 | 1–0 | — |
| April 14 | Austin YMCA$^#$ | Varsity Athletic Field • Austin, TX | W 7–4 | 5–0 | — | — |
| April 18 | Austin YMCA$^#$ | Varsity Athletic Field • Austin, TX | W 6–1 | 6–0 | — | — |
| April 21 | at San Antonio Bronchos$^#$ | San Antonio, TX | W 3–1 | 7–0 | — | — |
| April 26 | Austin College* | Varsity Athletic Field • Austin, TX | W 18–0 | 8–0 | 2–0 | — |
| May 3 | Austin YMCA$^#$ | Varsity Athletic Field • Austin, TX | W 13–1 | 9–0 | — | — |
| May 7 | at Jefferson Military | Jefferson, MS | W 8–3 | 10–0 | 3–0 | 1–0 |
| May 8 | at Jefferson Military | Jefferson, MS | T 7–7 $^{11}$ | 10–0–1 | 3–0–1 | 1–0–1 |
| May 9 | at Ole Miss | Oxford, MS | W 3–1 | 11–0–1 | 4–0–1 | 2–0–1 |
| May 10 | at Ole Miss | Oxford, MS | W 9–0 | 12–0–1 | 5–0–1 | 3–0–1 |
| May 11 | at Vanderbilt | Curry Field • Nashville, TN | W 3–2 | 13–0–1 | 6–0–1 | 4–0–1 |
| May 12 | at Vanderbilt | Curry Field • Nashville, TN | L 4–14 | 13–1–1 | 6–1–1 | 4–1–1 |
| May 14 | at Sewanee | Sewanee, TN | W 3–2 | 14–1–1 | 7–1–1 | 5–1–1 |
| May 15 | at Sewanee | Sewanee, TN | L 3–4 | 14–2–1 | 7–2–1 | 5–2–1 |
* indicates a non-conference game. $^#$ indicates a non-collegiate game. All rankings from D1Baseball on the date of the contest. :