OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sponsor (legislative)

A sponsor or patron is a person, usually a legislator, who presents a bill or resolution to a legislature for consideration. Those who support it are known as cosponsors (sometimes co-sponsors) or copatrons.

## U.S. Congress

A sponsor in the United States Congress is the first member of the House or Senate to be listed among the potentially numerous lawmakers who introduce a bill for consideration. Committees are occasionally identified as sponsors of legislation as well. A sponsor is also sometimes called a "primary sponsor."
In contrast to a sponsor, a "cosponsor" is a senator or representative who adds their name as a supporter to the sponsor's bill. An "initial cosponsor" or "original cosponsor" is a senator or representative who was listed as a cosponsor at the time of a bill's introduction, rather than added as a cosponsor later on. A cosponsor added later is known as an "additional cosponsor".
An unlimited number of cosponsors of a bill is permitted. Some bills have hundreds of cosponsors.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Bills Introduced / Bills Referred / Sponsor (CongressionalGlossary.com)". hobnob blog. TheCapitol.net. Retrieved 3 May 2014.
* 1 2 3 4 Johnson, Charles. "How Our Laws Are Made" Archived 2008-08-21 at the Wayback Machine, United States House of Representatives (2003).
* ↑ Fitch, Brad. "Media Relations Handbook for Agencies, Associations, Nonprofits, And Congress" (TheCapitol.Net 2004): "Some bills have hundreds of cosponsors, since members can easily add their support to any bill introduced and sometimes do it verbally without notifying staff."
# Soldier of Fortune (horse)

Soldier of Fortune (foaled February 20, 2004 in Ireland) is a Thoroughbred racehorse who won the 2007 Group One Irish Derby Stakes as well as important races in France, and who in 2008 won the Group One Coronation Cup.
Soldier of Fortune was sired by Galileo who also sired New Approach, Epsom Derby winner in 2008, Lush Lashes, Coronation Stakes winner in 2008, and Red Rocks, Breeders' Cup Turf winner in 2006.
In 2007, Soldier of Fortune won the Irish Derby, beating Epsom Derby winner Authorized. He later ran in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, finishing fifth behind stablemate Dylan Thomas. In 2008, he won the Coronation Cup beating Macarthur and Get Away. He finished third in a dead heat with Its Gino in the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe, and in his final race of the year, Soldier of Fortune ran fourth to winner Conduit in the Breeders' Cup Turf at Santa Anita Park in California.
# Richard Crese

Richard Crese (fl. 1415–1420) of Exeter, Devon, was an English politician.

## Family

He was married to Alice.

## Career

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Exeter in 1415 and 1420.
# The Rockery

The Rockery, also known as the Memorial Cairn, is an unusual war memorial designed by the noted American landscaper Frederick Law Olmsted. It is located at the center of North Easton Center in Easton, Massachusetts, where it forms the focal point for two adjacent H. H. Richardson buildings with their own Olmsted landscapes.
The Rockery was created in 1882 as a memorial for North Easton's citizens lost in the American Civil War, a public area, and a carriage promenade with views of North Easton. It consists of boulders heaped into a long, asymmetric mound across a rustic archway that echoes those of H. H. Richardson's nearby Oakes Ames Memorial Hall.
In April 1882 Olmsted wrote to Oakes Angier Ames that such cairns were of monuments "the oldest and most enduring in the world", and with "the beautiful plants that have become rooted in them and which spring out of their crannies or have grown over them. . . are far more interesting and pleasant to see than the greater number of those constructed of massive masonry and elaborate sculpture." He further explained that plants growing across the rocky buttress would symbolize peace taming war.
Over the years, boulders loosened and toppled away, stairways crumbled, and the gardens filled with weeds. At one point, the Rockery was lowered from its original height of 25 feet and utility poles installed on its eastern tip. In recent years, however, the Rockery has been restored and is being actively maintained.
# Surveyor Bay (Alaska)

Surveyor Bay is a bay in Alaska in the United States.
Surveyor Bay is located on the southeast coast of Unalaska Island, one of the Aleutian Islands. It lies on the west side of Cape Aiak, and is about four nautical miles (7.4 kilometers) wide and two nautical miles (3.7 km) deep at its head.
Politically, the bay lies in Alaska's Aleutians West Census Area, a part of the Unorganized Borough.
The bay was named for a survey ship of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Surveyor, which spent her career operating almost exclusively in the waters of the Territory of Alaska from 1919 to 1956.
# Thara Jhikla

Thara Jhikla is a village in Dhar Kalan in Gurdaspur district of Punjab State, India. It is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) from sub district headquarter, 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Pathankot, 60 kilometres (37 mi) from district headquarter and 259 kilometres (161 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village.

## Demography

As of 2011, The village has a total number of 667 houses and the population of 3627 of which 1907 are males while 1717 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of the village is 80.04%, highest than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 477 which is 13.16% of total population of the village, and child sex ratio is approximately 780 lower than the state average of 846.
Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 22.54% of total population in the village. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far.
As per census 2011, 1235 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of the village which includes 1020 males and 215 females. According to census survey report 2011, 66.80% workers describe their work as main work and 33.20% workers are involved in marginal activity providing the livelihood for less than 6 months.

## Transport

The nearest train station is located 29 kilometres (18 mi) away in Dalhousie road and Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is 147 kilometres (91 mi) away from the village.
# Tabernanthe

Tabernanthe is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1888. It is native to tropical central Africa.

## Species

* Tabernanthe elliptica (Stapf) Leeuwenb. – Congo-Brazzaville, Zaire, Angola
* Tabernanthe iboga Baill. – Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Cabinda, Congo-Brazzaville, Zaire, Angola
# Sargan–Hansen test

The Sargan–Hansen test or Sargan's $J$ test is a statistical test used for testing over-identifying restrictions in a statistical model. It was proposed by John Denis Sargan in 1958, and several variants were derived by him in 1975. Lars Peter Hansen re-worked through the derivations and showed that it can be extended to general non-linear GMM in a time series context.
The Sargan test is based on the assumption that model parameters are identified via a priori restrictions on the coefficients, and tests the validity of over-identifying restrictions. The test statistic can be computed from residuals from instrumental variables regression by constructing a quadratic form based on the cross-product of the residuals and exogenous variables.$^{:132–33}$ Under the null hypothesis that the over-identifying restrictions are valid, the statistic is asymptotically distributed as a chi-square variable with $(m-k)$ degrees of freedom (where $m$ is the number of instruments and $k$ is the number of endogenous variables).
# Victoria Carter

Victoria Mary Carter ONZM is a former New Zealand politician. She is now a professional company director and businesswoman.

## Early life

Carter, born in England, came to New Zealand with her mother, journalist Valerie Davies. Her stepfather was journalist, Pat Booth.

## Education and early career

Carter holds a law degree from the University of Auckland and has a varied background in public relations, marketing, and governance. Carter has served on the boards of Kidicorp, Turner’s Auctions, New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing, Auckland Racing Club, and JUCY group. She was extensively involved with the Auckland Kindergarten Association from 1995 to 2005, as Chair (4 years), Deputy-Chair (3 years), and Councillor (3 years), ending up as the President of the Association.

## Political career

Carter was elected as an Auckland City Councillor in 1998 for the Hobson ward. Carter was the first independent trustee to be elected to the Auckland Energy Consumer Trust in 1997, but had to resign from this position when elected to Auckland City Council.
She served as Chair of City Attractions at Auckland City Council and led the public private partnership that saw the indoor arena at Quay Street built. Carter also restarted the Auckland Arts Festival which she chaired until June 2015.

## Later career

Carter left politics in 2003 to pursue business opportunities, co-founding Cityhop, New Zealand’s first car sharing company with JUCY Group led by brothers Tim and Dan Alpe. JUCY later exited Cityhop.
In May 2018 Victoria was elected as the first female President of the Northern Club.
In November 2018 she sold the carshare business to Toyota Financial Services. She still speaks about the value of car share to cities battling congestion
In September 2019 Minister of Transport Phil Twyford appointed Victoria to the Board of Waka Kotahi, NZ Transport Agency. Carter is also an Independent director of Ngati Awa Group Holdings, the commercial arm of the Ngati Awa runanga in the Bay of Plenty.

## Honours and awards

In 2013 Carter was named in the inaugural Forty Over 40 list acknowledging women who are disrupting and reinventing, and was the only Australasian selected. She was a finalist in the arts category of the Women of Influence awards in 2013 and 2014.
In the 2016 New Year Honours, Carter was appointed an Officer of the New Zealand Order of Merit for service to arts, business, and the community.
# Vilen Ivanov

Vilen Nikolaevich Ivanov (born July 6, 1934 in Poltava, Soviet Union) is a Russian sociologist, Ph.D., Professor, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS); since October, 2005 he has been a RAS adviser; member of the Bureau for Social Sciences under the RAS; Vice-President of the Russian Academy of Social Sciences; Editor-in-Chief of the Nauka. Kultura. Obshchestvo Journal; member of the Presidium of Moscow Sociological Association; honorary member of the Russian Association of Sociologists; full member of the Belarusian Academy of Social Sciences; Vice-President of the International Academy of Russia-Belarus Union; member of the Union of Russian Writers; full member of the Academy of Literature (since 2006). V. Ivanov is the author of more than 400 scientific publications (monographs, manuals, brochures) and of 11 collections of poems.
* He graduated from the Lenin Political-Military Academy with honours.
* From 1983 to September 1988 V. Ivanov was Director of the Institute of Sociological Research under the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.
* From 1991 to 2005 he was the first Deputy Director of the Institute of Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ISPR RAS)
* At present time he is Deputy Head of the Sociology Department for National Security and Federalism under the ISPR RAS.

## Awards and Prizes

* Order of Friendship (1986);
* Medal for Serving the Motherland, 2nd degree
* The Order “Renascence of Russia, 21st century”;
* Gold Medal for the Assembly of Russian Peoples.
# Velia saulii

Velia saulii is a Palearctic species of true bug. It is aquatic.
# Vidyamadhava

Vidyamadhava was an Indian astrologer and poet who flourished around 1350 CE. He was a member of a Tulu Brahmin family Nīlamana residing in a village called Guṇavatī near Gokarna, Karnataka, on the west coast of India. His father was one Narayaṇa Pūjypāda, a scholar in the court of King Mallappa.
The best known work of Vidyamadhava is Muhūrtadarśana, a treatise in fifteen chapters dealing with fixing the most auspicious day and time for performing all sorts of religious and other ceremonies. Vidyamadhava's son Viṣṇuśarman has authored a highly acclaimed commentary called Muhūrtadarśana-dīpikā. Both the original Muhūrtadarśana and its commentary Muhūrtadarśana-dīpikā have been highly popular among the astrologers in Kerala. As many as six commentaries, two of which are in Sanskrit and the rest in Malayalam, have been composed by Kerala astrologers. And, because of this, even though the place where Vidyamadhava flourished is not within the geographical boundaries of the present-day region referred to as Kerala, K. V. Sarma has considered him as an illustrious member of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.
Because of the huge popularity of Muhūrtadarśana, later authors have referred to Muhūrtadarśana by different names like Muhūrtamādhavīyaṃ and Vidyamādhavīyaṃ. The complete text of Vidyamādhavīyaṃ with the commentary Muhūrtadarśana-dīpikā by Viṣṇuśarman edited by Dr Shama Sastri has been digitized and is now available in the Internet Archive for free down load. The titles of the fifteen chapters in the book give an idea of the topics discussed in the work: saṃjñā (sign, signal), doṣa (harm), apavāda (defame), guṇa (virtue), balābala (strength and weakness), niṣekādi (insemination etc.), vidyopanayana (initiation to learning, sacred thread ceremony), vivāha (marriage), vāstu (architecture), kṛṣi-bījāvāpa (agriculture, sowing), deva-pratiṣṭhā (consecration of idols), yātrā (travel), prakīrṇaka (tuft of hair), tārādi-lakṣaṇa (indications by stars etc.), puṣpa-graha-gocara (domain of flowers and planets).

## Full text of Vidyamādhavīyaṃ

The full text of Vidyamādhavīyaṃ with the commentary by Viṣṇuśarman has been published by University of Mysore in three parts during 1923-1926 which are available in the Internet Archive at the following links:
* Vidyamādhavīyaṃ Part I Chapters 1-5 (385 pages)
* Vidyamādhavīyaṃ Part II Chapters 6-10 (359 pages)
* Vidyamādhavīyaṃ Part III Chapters 11-15 (300 pages)

## Vidyamadhava's other works

* Pārvatī-Rukmiṇīya, a kāvya with the marriages of Pārvatī and Ŝiva and Kṛṣṇa and Rukmiṇī as the theme. This is a bitextual work which is a genre of work in Sanskrit literature in which the same text can have two or more different meanings. In Pārvatī-Rukmiṇīya, each verse has two meanings one applicable to the marriage of Śiva and Pārvatī and the other applicable to the marriage of Kṛṣṇa and Rukmiṇī. Thus the work simultaneously describes the two marriages.
* Commentary on Kirātārjunīya, a sixth century CE epic poem by Bhāravi.
# Vidyalankar

Vidyalankar may refer to:

## People

* Amarnath Vidyalankar (1902–1985), Indian politician
* Mahavarat Vidyalankar, Indian nationalist

## Other uses

* Vidyalankar Institute of Technology, college
# Ventenat

Ventenat is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Étienne Pierre Ventenat (1757–1808), French botanist, brother of Louis
* Louis Ventenat (1765–1794), French priest and naturalist
# Victory Avenue

Victory Avenue is a road in Mong Kok, Kowloon. It begins at Argyle Street, and ends at Waterloo Road. There are a number of pet shops along the road, as well as restaurants due to the large number of schools around the area.
# Vernikov

Vernikov is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anna Vernikov (born 2002), American-Israeli pair skater
* Inna Vernikov (born 1984), American attorney and politician
* Pavel Vernikov, Ukrainian violinist
* Yakov Vernikov (1920–1993), Soviet flying ace
# Villa de Guadalupe, Mexico City

Colonia Villa de Guadalupe (also known as La Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo) is a former separate town, now a neighborhood in northern Mexico City which, in 1531, was the site of the apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe, the most renowned Marian apparition in the Americas. She is venerated in the Our Lady of Guadalupe Shrine, located in the villa (town).
The word Guadalupe comes from Spain, where it was originally the name of a river.
La Villa de Guadalupe is located in Mexico City (formerly called the Mexican Federal District) within the borough of Gustavo A. Madero. The town was founded in 1563 and chartered as the city of "Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo" in 1828. The city was named after Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, the initiator of the Mexican War of Independence.
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which ended the Mexican–American War was signed here in 1848.
# Video chapter

Video chapters on online video platforms divide the videos into sections, with each section having a specific "chapter title", most notably YouTube. Most services offer a manual way to add chapter sections and title them, several platforms also offer automatic tools for this. The purpose is to aid the navigation of the video as well as to encourage video creators to structure the videos coherently. Both of these goals aid users in general, and in particular can be beneficial to persons with disabilities.
Online learning platforms - such as Coursera - were some of the early adopters of chapters marks in the videos that form part of their curricula as a way to aid navigation, and convey the structure of the lectures and their subject matter.

## Accessibility

As with many other forms of structured (meta) data, video chapters can improve web accessibility. In particular, it can help persons with disabilities such as visual and hearing impairments. Also as with many other forms of structured (meta) data, the advantages to persons with disabilities are a function of the quality of the metadata (poor quality can instead be detrimental).

## Automatic generation

Several online platforms offer automatic generation of chapters, including the detection of the segments, and the labeling of the segments with chapter titles. Video chapter generation as a machine learning problem statement is also conducted academically.

### Open-source models

Several open-source models for automatic segmentation have been described. Video segmentation information is typically processed by means of large language models, or combined with video Optical character recognition information, detecting the largest text in a slide (typically the title), to be used as the chapter title.

## Video editor support

Several (offline) video editors such as Final Cut Pro, Adobe Premiere Pro, Shotcut, and OpenShot have support for chapter marks, that can directly be directly uploaded to online video platforms.
# Vincent Warren Low

Vincent Warren Low CB FRCS (1 September 1867 – 2 September 1942) was a British surgeon.

## Biography

After education at Cranleigh School, V. Warren Low studied medicine in London at St Mary's Hospital. He qualified MRCS in 1891. In 1892 he graduated MB (Lond). In 1893 he graduated BS (Lond) and was elected FRCS. In 1895 he graduated with the higher MD. During the Second Boer War he served from 1899 to 1902 as a civil surgeon with the British field force and was awarded the Queen's South Africa Medal with seven clasps. When he returned to England, he was briefly an assistant surgeon at the Great Northern Hospital. At St Mary's Hospital, he became an assistant surgeon, a lecturer in surgery, and a surgeon, eventually retiring as consulting surgeon. He was elected a governor and vice-president of St Mary's Hospital.
   He first came into prominence by his remarkable operative treatment of upper-arm palsy in children, reported jointly with Wilfred Harris, MRCP, at the annual meeting in 1903 of the British Medical Association. Basing his surgery on the latest physiological researches of Sherrington, Ballance, and others, he successfully undertook cross-union of the nerve roots.
During WWI he served as a temporary colonel in the Army Medical Service. He served in the Gallipoli Campaign and in Egypt as consulting surgeon to the troops in the Mediterranean. For his military service he was mentioned in despatches and in 1916 was created CB (military division).
Low was president of the Royal Society of Medicine from 1932 to 1934 and president of the Society's section of surgery in 1927–1928.
On 31 May 1902 at St Mary's, Staines, V. Warren Low married Mabel Ashley, eldest daughter of John Ashley, J.P. When Low died in 1942, the day after his 75th birthday, he was survived by his widow, four sons, and two daughters. The youngest of the four sons, Roger Vincent Low, was on the Oxford rowing team in the 1930 Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge.

## Selected publications

* "St. Mary's Hospital: Two cases of Richter's hernia with perforation and peritonitis". The Lancet. 164 (4230): 895–896. 1904. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)02226-7.
* Low, V. W. (7 March 1908). "An Address On the Modern Treatment of Surgical Tuberculosis. Delivered before the Windsor Medical Society". Br Med J. 1 (2462): 550–554. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2462.550. PMC 2436153. PMID 20763718.
* Low, V. Warren (1909). "Melanotic Growth on Dorsum of Hand with Secondary-Glands and Evidence of General Dissemination". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 2 (Clin Sect): 132–134. doi:10.1177/003591570900200150. PMC 2047092. PMID 19973374.
* Low, V. Warren (1912). "Multiple melanotic sarcomata of the skin, possibly secondary to a melanotic sarcoma of the skin, removed eighteen months ago". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 5: 104–106. doi:10.1177/003591571200500237.
# Vincent Wan (actor)

Vincent Wan Ka Hung is a Hong Kong actor under Hong Kong's Television Broadcast Limited. He is also working under TVB Jade when he starred in Relic of an Emissary. He has starred in a few films such as Moonlight Resonance. He has starred in other films such as Relic of an Emissary portraying Chu Chun, Prince Su (朱椿) and Gun Metal Grey as Photographer Ben Yue.

## Education

Vincent graduated from the University College of London in England. He can speak a range of languages such as Mandarin, Cantonese and English. Seeing his type in English, he has a range of favorite actors such as Ewan McGregor, Johnny Depp, Matt Damon, Shia LaBeouf.

## Filmography

| Title | Year | Role |
| 2011 | Relic of an Emissary | Chu Chun, Prince Su |
| 2010 | Gun Metal Grey | Photographer Ben Yue |
| 2008 | Moonlight Resonance | Gan Wing Chung |
# Vincent Emmy Mugabo

Vincent Emmy Mugabo, is a Ugandan lawyer and judge, who, on 4 October 2019, was nominated to sit on the Uganda High Court.

## Background and education

He graduated from the Faculty of Law of Makerere University, Uganda's largest and oldest public university, with a Bachelor of Laws. He also holds a Diploma in Legal Practice by the Law Development Centre in Kampala, Uganda's capital city.

## Career

In 2000, Mugabo ascended to the bench as a Grade One Magistrate. Over time, he rose through the ranks. At the time he was appointed to the High Court, he was the Registrar of the Uganda Supreme Court. He concurrently served as the Public Relations Officer of the Uganda Judiciary.
# Vermillion meteorite

The Vermillion meteorite is a pallasite (stony-iron) meteorite and one of two members of the pyroxene pallasite grouplet.

## Discovery

The meteorite was found near and was named after Vermillion, Marshall County, Kansas. It was found by two farmers while planting on a grain field in 1991. It was recognized as a meteorite and first described in 1995.

## Mineralogy

Vermillion meteorite consists of around 86 volume-% meteoric iron and 14 % silicate minerals. The silicates include olivine (93% of silicates), orthopyroxene (5%), chromite (1.5%) and merrillite (0.5%). Other accessory minerals include troilite, whitlockite, and cohenite.

## Classification

The Vermillion meteorite is classified as a pyroxene pallasite because it contains pyroxene as an accessory mineral and shares a distinct oxygen isotope signature with Yamato 8451. Some studies also object to this grouping, referring to the differences in siderophile trace elements and the occurrence of cohenite in the Vermillion meteorite.