OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1957 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships

The 1957 ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships were held in Augsburg, West Germany under the auspices of International Canoe Federation. It was the 5th edition. The Mixed C2 team event debuted at these championships.

## Note

Mixed C2 team only had two nations compete.

## Medal summary
### Men's
#### Canoe

| Event | Gold | Points | Silver | Points | Bronze | Points |
| C1 | Manfred Schubert (GDR) | 384.4 | Emil Zimmermann (GDR) | 397.7 | Jean-Claude Tochon (SUI) | 408.5 |
| C1 team | West Germany Günther Beck Heiner Stumpf Otto Stumpf | 654.8 | East Germany Emil Zimmermann Gert Kleinert Manfred Schubert | 793.2 | Czechoslovakia Luděk Beneš Jiří Hradil Vladimír Jirásek | 867.6 |
| C2 | East Germany Dieter Friedrich Horst Kleinert | 317.1 | Czechoslovakia Václav Havel Josef Hendrych | 354.0 | Czechoslovakia František Hrabě Jiří Kotana | 377.3 |
| C2 team | Czechoslovakia Rudolf Flégr & Milan Řehoř Václav Havel & Josef Hendrych František Hrabě & Jiří Kotana | 818.4 | Switzerland Charles Dussuet & Henri Kadrnka Jean Pessina & Robert Zürcher Jean-Paul Rössinger & Roger Tauss | 1052.4 | East Germany Franz Brendel & Günter Grosswig Dieter Friedrich & Horst Kleinert Dieter Göthe & Lothar Schubert | 1107.8 |

#### Kayak

| Event | Gold | Points | Silver | Points | Bronze | Points |
| Folding K1 | Manfred Vogt (FRG) | 264.8 | Dimitrij Skolil (TCH) | 274.9 | Heinz Bielig (GDR) | 283.9 |
| Folding K1 team | East Germany Heinz Bielig Eberhard Gläser Reinhard Sens | 403.5 | Czechoslovakia Vladimír Cibák Jan Pára Dimitrij Skolil | 426.5 | West Germany Manfred Vogt Günter Kirchner Karl Schröder | 506.2 |

### Mixed
#### Canoe

| Event | Gold | Points | Silver | Points | Bronze | Points |
| C2 | East Germany Brigitte Schmidt Manfred Glöckner | 389.6 | East Germany Ellen Krügel Siegfried Seidemann | 526.2 | East Germany Waltraud Schale Rudolf Seifert | 547.7 |
| C2 team | East Germany Waltraud Schale & Rudolf Seifert Margot Seidler & Helmut Schmieder Brigitte Schmidt & Manfred Glöckner | | France Bonnaud & Thezier Henriette Guette & Jean Olry E. Spahr & M. Spahr | | - | |

### Women's
#### Kayak

| Event | Gold | Points | Silver | Points | Bronze | Points |
| Folding K1 | Brigitte Magnus (GDR) | 452.8 | Eva Setzkorn (GDR) | 512.6 | Anneliese Seidel (GDR) | 530.3 |
| Folding K1 team | East Germany Elfriede Hugo Eva Setzkorn Brigitte Magnus | 1081.4 | West Germany Inge Walthemate Rosemarie Biesinger Hanni Schulte | 1441.0 | Austria Hella Philips Gertrude Stöllner Fritzi Schwingl | 2268.1 |

## Medals table

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | East Germany (GDR) | 7 | 4 | 4 | 15 |
| 2 | West Germany (FRG) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 3 | Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 1 | 3 | 2 | 6 |
| 4 | Switzerland (SUI) | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| 5 | France (FRA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 6 | Austria (AUT) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (6 entries) | Totals (6 entries) | 10 | 10 | 9 | 29 |
# 2012 PBZ Zagreb Indoors

The 2012 PBZ Zagreb Indoors was an ATP men's tennis tournament played on hard courts indoors. It was the 10th overall edition of the PBZ Zagreb Indoors, and was part of the ATP World Tour 250 series of the 2012 ATP World Tour. It took place in Zagreb, Croatia from January 28 through February 5, 2012. Mikhail Youzhny won the singles title.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| CRO | Ivan Ljubičić | 30 | 1 |
| RUS | Alex Bogomolov Jr. | 34 | 2 |
| RUS | Mikhail Youzhny | 35 | 3 |
| CRO | Ivan Dodig | 36 | 4 |
| ITA | Andreas Seppi | 40 | 5 |
| CYP | Marcos Baghdatis | 44 | 6 |
| NED | Robin Haase | 53 | 7 |
| CRO | Ivo Karlović | 57 | 8 |
* Rankings are as of January 16, 2012

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Dino Marcan
* Kristijan Mesaroš
* Antonio Veić
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Marco Chiudinelli
* Daniel Evans
* Jürgen Melzer
* Matteo Viola

## Doubles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| AUT | Jürgen Melzer | AUT | Alexander Peya | 30 | 1 |
| ISR | Jonathan Erlich | ISR | Andy Ram | 91 | 2 |
| USA | James Cerretani | BEL | Dick Norman | 92 | 3 |
| POL | Łukasz Kubot | UKR | Sergiy Stakhovsky | 100 | 4 |
* Rankings are as of January 16, 2012

### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* Ivan Dodig / Mate Pavić
* Marin Draganja / Franco Škugor

## Finals
### Singles

Mikhail Youzhny defeated Lukáš Lacko, 6–2, 6–3
* It was Youzhny's 1st title of the year and 8th of his career.

### Doubles

Marcos Baghdatis / Mikhail Youzhny defeated Ivan Dodig / Mate Pavić, 6–2, 6–2
# USS Mobile

USS Mobile may refer to:
* USS Mobile, a former name of SS Republic (1853)
* USS Mobile (1862), the former Confederate blockade runner Tennessee originally launched in 1854
* USS Mobile (ID-4030), the former German liner SS Cleveland used to transport U.S. troops home from Europe after World War I
* USS Mobile (CL-63), a Cleveland-class light cruiser
* USS Mobile (LKA-115), a Charleston-class amphibious cargo ship
* USS Mobile Bay (CG-53), a Ticonderoga-class guided-missile cruiser
* USS Mobile (LCS-26), an Independence-class littoral combat ship
# You Can't Be President

You Can't Be President: The Outrageous Barriers to Democracy in America (2008) is the third book by journalist and Harper's Magazine president John R. MacArthur. It largely concerns the influence of money and class on the American political process.
# Cat Island (Wisconsin)

Cat Island is a Wisconsin island in Lake Superior. It is one of the Apostle Islands and a part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. It is located at 47°00′48″N 090°33′33″W﻿ / ﻿47.01333°N 90.55917°W﻿ / 47.01333; -90.55917. Variant names include Caterhemlock Island and Kagagiwanijikag Miniss. According to USGS GNIS, there is a smaller Cat Island in Brown County, Wisconsin just off shore of the city of Green Bay.
Cat Island has gone by a number of names including Kagagiwanjikag Miniss (Ojibwe for 'Island of Hemlock Trees'), Texas Island, Hemlock Island and Shoe Island.
# Albert Brock-Utne

Albert Brock-Utne (June 4, 1906 – c. 1990) was a Norwegian scholar of religion and anthropologist.

## Life

Albert Brock-Utne was born in Kristiania (now Oslo), the son of the attorney Albert Brock-Utne (1872–1925) and Dagmar Gasmann-Hansen (1876–1925). He studied religious studies under Wilhelm Schencke and received his cand. theol. degree from the University of Oslo in 1932. He also studied sociology under Bronisław Malinowski in London. From 1934 to 1939, he was a university fellow in the history of religion. From 1940 to 1942 he was a lecturer in the history of religion after Schencke's departure. Because of his anti-Nazi activities, in 1943 he fled to Sweden, where he participated in work for Norwegian refugees and opposed the Quisling regime.
After the war, Brock-Utne hoped to become Schencke's successor as a professor, but when the professorship was given to Georg Johan Sverdrup he relocated to Los Angeles, California to become a businessman and fund his further research.
Brock-Utne's research interests focused especially on primitive religions. His Studiet av primitive folk (The Study of Primitive Peoples, 1938) can be regarded as the first Norwegian anthropology textbook.
# Charles Jacob (stockbroker)

Charles William Jacob CBE (24 January 1921 – 1 June 2015) was a British stockbroker in the City of London who was a pioneer and promoter of ethical investment.
Jacob was born into poverty in Hornsey, north London, and became a Methodist at a young age. After working his way up from office boy, he became a stockbroker specialising in gilt-edged and fixed-interest stocks. In 1972 he was asked to manage the Methodist Church's investment fund and his interest in ethical investment developed from there. He became a director of a number of investment companies and was the director and patron of the UK Sustainable Investment & Finance Association.
Jacob was a Methodist preacher. He was made MBE in 1988, and CBE in 2011.
# Velika Jastrebica

Velika Jastrebica (trans. "great she-hawk") is the highest summit of the Bijela Gora plateaux in the north of the Orjen range, and the second highest peak after Zubački kabao.
* This Montenegro location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
42°35′52″N 18°32′38″E﻿ / ﻿42.59778°N 18.54389°E﻿ / 42.59778; 18.54389
# 2012 World Long Distance Mountain Running Challenge

The 2012 World Long Distance Mountain Running Challenge was the ninth edition of the global Mountain running competition, World Long Distance Mountain Running Championships, organised by the World Mountain Running Association.
# Streeton

Streeton is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Arthur Streeton (1867–1943), Australian landscape painter
* George H. Streeton (1864–?), American architect
* Richard Streeton (1930–2006), English journalist
* Terence Streeton (1930–2017), British diplomat
# Trichopsomyia

Trichopsomyia is a genus of Hoverflies, from the family Syrphidae (flower flies), in the order Diptera.

## Biology

Hover flies like the Trichopsomyia are small flies with large heads and eyes, and small antennae. Their bodies are medium to slender, with a waist that is not significantly narrow, unless it is a wasp mimicking species. They have one pair of clear wings, and the banded forms have yellow and black bands. Hoverflies resemble wasps or bees because of their black and yellow-striped abdomens. However, they are actually members of a fly family that have evolved to mimic wasps and bees for protection.
Hoverfly larvae are flattened, legless and maggot-like. Most are green or brown in colour. They are carnivorous and eat aphids.

## Species

* Trichopsomyia antillensis (Thompson, 1981)
* Trichopsomyia apisaon Walker, 1849
* Trichopsomyia australis (Johnson, 1907)
* Trichopsomyia currani (Fluke, 1937)
* Trichopsomyia banksi Curran, 1921)
* Trichopsomyia biglumis (Matsumura, 1916)
* Trichopsomyia boliviensis (Shannon, 1927)
* Trichopsomyia flavitarsis (Meigen, 1822)
* Trichopsomyia granditibialis (Fluke, 1937)
* Trichopsomyia lasiotibialis (Fluke, 1937)
* Trichopsomyia joratensis Goeldlin, 1997
* Trichopsomyia litoralis Vockeroth, 1988
* Trichopsomyia longicornis (Williston, 1888)
* Trichopsomyia lucida (Meigen, 1822)
* Trichopsomyia nigritarsis (Curran, 1924)
* Trichopsomyia occidentalis (Townsend, 1897)
* Trichopsomyia ochrozona (Stackelberg, 1952)
* Trichopsomyia pilosa (van Steenis & Wyatt, 2020)
* Trichopsomyia polita Williston, 1888
* Trichopsomyia pubescens (Loew, 1863)
* Trichopsomyia puella (Williston, 1888)
* Trichopsomyia recedens (Walker, 1852)
* Trichopsomyia rufithoracica (Curran, 1921)
* Trichopsomyia similis (Curran, 1924)
* Trichopsomyia tuberculata (Williston, 1888)
* Trichopsomyia tshapigou (Kuznetzov, 1990)
* Trichopsomyia urania (Hull, 1949)
# You Can't Be Neutral On a Moving Train

You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train can refer to:
* You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train, Howard Zinn's autobiography book
** Howard Zinn: You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train, 2004 documentary based on the book
* "You Can't Be Neutral On a Moving Train", a song from the album God of the Serengeti by Vinnie Paz
# Cat Island (Antarctica)

Cat Island (65°47′S 65°13′W﻿ / ﻿65.783°S 65.217°W﻿ / -65.783; -65.217) is an island 0.5 nautical miles (0.9 km) long, lying midway between Duchaylard Island and Larrouy Island at the south end of Grandidier Channel. Discovered and named by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE), 1934-37, under Rymill.
# Albert Brommels

Johan Albert Brommels (7 February 1891 - 15 June 1962) was a Finnish schoolteacher, journalist and politician.

## Background

He was born in Övermark. His father was Johan Henrik Brommels and his mother was Ulrika Wilhelmina med Mickelsdotter. He was married to Anna Olivia Stenfors in 1915 and had 4 kids. He started as a school teacher by profession. He taught the elementary school in Vörå from 1914 -1915, primary school in Bergö from 1915 -1922 and again elementary school in Närpes from 1922 -1955.
He later worked as postman (1915 -1920) and as locksmith (1915 - 1921) in Bergö. As a journalist, he worked as an editor at Vasa-Posten in 1920 and from 1956 to 1960 in Kaskö Tidning and Syd-Österbotten.

## Career

He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1945 to 1951, representing the Swedish People's Party of Finland (SFP). When he served in Parliament, he was a member of the Committee on Education and of the Committee on Economic Affairs. He represented the southern constituency of Vaasa County. He was a presidential elector in 1950 and 1956 and also held positions of trust in Bergö and Närpes Municipal Council. Other positions of trust that he held were as chairman to Southern Ostrobothnia Teacher's Association and as secretary of Southern Ostrobothnia Song and Music Association. Lastly, he also held a position of trust at the Central Board of the Finnish Association of Swedish Primary School Teachers.
# Charles Percy (British politician)

Charles Percy (1851 – 10 September 1929) was a British Conservative politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Tynemouth from 1918 to 1922.
He earlier fought Wansbeck in the January 1910 general election.
# Velika Jasenica

Velika Jasenica (Serbian Cyrillic: Велика Јасеница) is a village in the municipality of Bosanska Krupa, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 11, all Serbs.
# Sylviorthorhynchus

Sylviorthorhynchus is a genus of small passerine birds belonging to the ovenbird family Furnariidae. They are somewhat similar to birds of the tit family in their shape and feeding behaviour. They have short rounded wings, short pointed bills and are mainly brown in colour. Their nests are built in holes or in the old nests of other birds.

## Species list

* Des Murs's wiretail, Sylviorthorhynchus desmurii
* Tawny tit-spinetail, Sylviorthorhynchus yanacensis
# Trichopterigia kishidai

Trichopterigia kishidai is a species of moth of the family Geometridae first described by Yazaki in 1987. It is found in Taiwan.
# Yenikent, Eskişehir

Yenikent is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Günyüzü, Eskişehir Province in Turkey. The population of Yenikent has decreased from 472 in 2007 to 357 in 2022.
# Caurel

Caurel is the name of the following communes of France:
* Caurel, Côtes-d'Armor, in the Côtes-d'Armor department
* Caurel, Marne, in the Marne department
# Alangium platanifolium

Alangium platanifolium is a species of Alangium found in China, Japan, and Taiwan at elevations below 2000 meters.
# Charles G. Ross (SAAF officer)

Brigadier Charles Gordon Ross CBE DFC (born 12 March 1892, date of death unknown) was a career soldier who served in both the Royal Air Force and the South African Air Force. He was a quadruple ace, being credited with 20 victories during World War I.

## World War I service

Ross originally served in the Royal Flying Corps, having joined in August 1917. He was assigned to 29 Squadron RAF on 25 March 1918 as a Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a pilot. He began his victory roll on 26 May 1918; by 10 November, the day before the armistice, he had accounted for two observation balloons and sixteen enemy planes destroyed, and two planes driven down out of control. Although he shared some of his victories with others, such as Francis James Davies, Reginald H. Rusby, Ernest Charles Hoy, and Arthur Reed, Ross also singlehandedly destroyed eight enemy fighters.

## Post World War I

Ross stayed with his squadron when it was posted to Cologne as part of the Army of Occupation. In 1921, he left the RAF to enroll in the new South African Air Force. He was appointed a CBE during World War II, and retired a Brigadier.

## Honors and awards

Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) awarded 2 November 1918
Lt. Charles Gordon Ross.
A bold and skilful airman who has, during the last few months, accounted for four enemy machines. On 8 August, when on offensive patrol, he engaged a two-seater, driving it down. On his return journey he saw a hostile balloon, which he destroyed, the observer escaping in his parachute.
Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) Bar awarded 3 December 1918
Lieut. (A./Capt.) Charles Gordon Ross, D.F.C. (FRANCE)
A fine fighting pilot and leader who has destroyed twelve enemy machines. On 2 October, Ross with three other machines, attacked eight Fokker biplanes; in the engagement that followed four of these were destroyed, Capt. Ross accounting for one.
Belgian Croix de Guerre
Awarded by His Majesty, King of the Belgians, on 15 July 1919.
Insignia of the Order of Saint Sava (Fourth Class)
Awarded by His Majesty, the King of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, on 31 July 1929
Order of the British Empire
Charles Gordon Ross was appointed an Additional Commander of the Military Division of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1945.
# 1966 Danish 1st Division

Statistics of Danish 1st Division in the 1966 season.

## Overview

It was contested by 12 teams, and Hvidovre IF won the championship.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Hvidovre IF | 22 | 11 | 9 | 2 | 40 | 16 | +24 | 31 |
| 2 | Boldklubben Frem | 22 | 11 | 5 | 6 | 33 | 22 | +11 | 27 |
| 3 | Kjøbenhavns Boldklub | 22 | 10 | 5 | 7 | 40 | 32 | +8 | 25 |
| 4 | Aarhus Gymnastikforening | 22 | 11 | 3 | 8 | 45 | 41 | +4 | 25 |
| 5 | Vejle Boldklub | 22 | 9 | 5 | 8 | 44 | 41 | +3 | 23 |
| 6 | Akademisk Boldklub | 22 | 9 | 3 | 10 | 35 | 29 | +6 | 21 |
| 7 | Esbjerg fB | 22 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 35 | 36 | −1 | 21 |
| 8 | Boldklubben 1903 | 22 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 29 | 33 | −4 | 21 |
| 9 | Aalborg Boldspilklub | 22 | 9 | 2 | 11 | 32 | 32 | 0 | 20 |
| 10 | Køge BK | 22 | 8 | 3 | 11 | 40 | 45 | −5 | 19 |
| 11 | Boldklubben 1909 | 22 | 6 | 4 | 12 | 35 | 59 | −24 | 16 |
| 12 | Boldklubben 1913 | 22 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 26 | 48 | −22 | 15 |

## Results

| Home \ Away | ABK | AaB | AGF | B03 | B09 | B13 | EFB | BKF | HIF | KB | KBK | VBK |
| Akademisk BK | — | 4–1 | 3–1 | 2–0 | 5–1 | 2–2 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 0–2 | 0–2 | 5–0 | 2–2 |
| Aalborg BK | 2–0 | — | 3–0 | 1–2 | 2–4 | 5–1 | 2–0 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 2–0 | 2–3 | 1–3 |
| Aarhus GF | 2–1 | 0–2 | — | 0–1 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 4–2 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 1–4 | 3–2 | 3–0 |
| B 1903 | 0–1 | 3–0 | 2–3 | — | 0–2 | 3–2 | 4–1 | 0–2 | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 1–6 |
| B 1909 | 1–0 | 2–0 | 1–1 | 3–2 | — | 2–2 | 0–4 | 1–4 | 2–6 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 0–3 |
| B 1913 | 0–3 | 1–0 | 2–4 | 1–2 | 3–0 | — | 1–1 | 0–0 | 1–1 | 0–2 | 2–1 | 1–0 |
| Esbjerg fB | 2–0 | 1–1 | 1–4 | 0–0 | 4–2 | 4–1 | — | 1–2 | 0–0 | 1–0 | 4–1 | 2–0 |
| BK Frem | 0–1 | 1–0 | 0–2 | 3–1 | 4–1 | 2–1 | 1–0 | — | 0–0 | 2–1 | 4–0 | 0–2 |
| Hvidovre IF | 1–0 | 0–1 | 2–0 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 5–0 | 2–2 | 0–0 | — | 2–2 | 3–0 | 0–0 |
| Kjøbenhavns BK | 2–0 | 1–1 | 3–1 | 0–1 | 5–3 | 2–0 | 5–2 | 1–2 | 2–4 | — | 2–1 | 2–2 |
| Køge BK | 3–1 | 4–1 | 4–2 | 1–1 | 2–2 | 2–4 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 5–1 | — | 5–1 |
| Vejle BK | 2–0 | 0–4 | 3–5 | 1–4 | 5–5 | 4–0 | 2–0 | 3–2 | 3–1 | 2–2 | 0–1 | — |
# 2012 in Korea

2012 in Korea may refer to:
* 2012 in North Korea
* 2012 in South Korea
# Stranda (disambiguation)

Stranda is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.
Stranda may also refer to:
* Stranda, Møre og Romsdal, the administrative centre of Stranda Municipality
* Stranda Hundred, a hundred of Småland in Sweden
# Trinh Xuan Thuan

Trịnh Xuân Thuận (born August 20, 1948) is a Vietnamese-American astrophysicist.

## Biography

Trịnh Xuân Thuận was born in Hanoi, Vietnam. He completed his B.S. at the California Institute of Technology, and his Ph.D. at Princeton University. He has taught astronomy at the University of Virginia, where he is a professor, since 1976, and is also a research associate at the Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris. He was a founding member of the International Society for Science and Religion.
Thuận was the recipient of UNESCO's Kalinga Prize in 2009 for his work in popularizing science. He received the Kalinga chair award at the 99th Indian Science Congress at Bhubaneswar. In 2012, he was awarded the Prix mondial Cino Del Duca from the Institut de France. This prize recognizes authors whose work, literary or scientific, constitutes a message of modern humanism. Thuận's areas of interest are extragalactic astronomy and galaxy formation. His research has focused on the evolution of galaxies and the chemical composition of the universe, and on compact blue dwarf galaxies.

## Books for general readers

* 1992. Le destin de l'univers : Le big bang, et après, collection « Découvertes Gallimard » (nº 151), série Sciences et techniques. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
** 1993. UK edition – The Changing Universe: Big Bang and After, 'New Horizons' series. London: Thames & Hudson.
** 1993. US edition – The Birth of the Universe: The Big Bang and After, "Abrams Discoveries" series. New York: Harry N. Abrams.
* 1994. The Secret Melody.
* 2000. Chaos and Harmony.
* 2001. The Quantum and the Lotus. (with Matthieu Ricard)
* 2008. Voyage au cœur de la lumière, collection « Découvertes Gallimard » (nº 527), série Sciences et techniques. Paris: Éditions Gallimard.
# William Ewer

William Ewer may refer to:
* William Norman Ewer, journalist
* William Ewer (banker), English merchant, banker and politician
# Catholic Church in Somaliland

Somaliland is an unrecognized de facto sovereign state in East Africa. The Holy See, in line with all other UN member states, does not recognize the independence of Somaliland, favouring a peaceful solution of unity for all of Somalia. Very few native Christians exist and, owing to its unrecognized status, few expatriate Christian are in the country either.

## Background

Properly speaking there is no Christianity in Somaliland. The few Christians, perhaps one or two hundred (in a region of more than 3,500,000 (2008 Est.)), that can actually be counted, have come from the schools and orphanages of the Catholic missions of Aden, Djibouti, and of Berbera. The closest currently functioning diocese is the Diocese of Djibouti, to the north of Somaliland, although it nominally falls under the Diocese of Mogadiscio. No organized church, including the Catholic Church, operates. The religion of Somaliland is overwhelmingly Islamic.

## History

There has been Catholic missionary activity in Somaliland, but since the Somali Civil War, no Catholic missions operate. In colonial days, British Somaliland was under the care of the Vicariate Apostolic of Arabia, like the Vicariate Apostolic of the Gallas (including French Somaliland as well as its Ethiopian main territory) confided to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. While Ethiopia has an ancient Ethiopian Orthodox Church and native Christianity for nearly 1800 years, ethnic Somalis did not convert in great numbers. Efforts at expanding the church were focused in southern Somalia where Italian colonists were immigrating. British Somaliland was left generally to the Church of England, which did not prioritize the small protectorate. Italian Somaliland was detached in 1904 from the Vicariate Apostolic of Zanzibar, erected into the Prefecture Apostolic of Benadir, and confided to the ancient Order of the Holy Trinity or Trinitarians.
In 2017, it was reported that the only Catholic Church in Somaliland was closed days after it was reopened due to "public pressure". The reopening ceremony of the Church of Saint Antonio of Lisbon was held on the 29 July in the presence of expatriates and ministers. It is one of a number of churches that were built 70 years ago during British rule. The church is located in the Shaab district in the capital of the region, Hargeisa, and it was closed for three decades. A few days after the opening, Religious Affairs Minister Khalil Abdullah Ahmad made a statement saying that the reopening of the church "has caused a lot of division" which was counter to the nation's interest. He also stated that the government would keep the church closed as has been for decades to "respect the wishes of the people", further asserting that Islamic law allows foreigners to work in Somaliland and "practice their religious rituals in private".
# Venterol, Drôme

Venterol (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Drôme department in southeastern France.