OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stanley Awramik

Stanley Awramik (born 1946) is an American biogeologist and paleontologist. He is best known for his work related to the Precambrian. In 2013, he was inducted as a fellow of the Geological Society of America.

## Career

Born in New England, he first studied stromatolites as a graduate student under famed paleobotanist Elso Sterrenberg Barghoorn at Harvard University. In 1979, he became a faculty member at the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he was a contemporary of Preston Cloud.

### Stromatolites

Awramik is known for his long standing expertise on stromatolites. His 1971 discovery of a link between a loss in stromatolitic diversity and the appearance of the first metazoans was published in Science. In 1974, he and Lynn Margulis gave an often-used definition of "stromatolite".

### Origin of life

In 1983, he discovered what was then considered to be the oldest evidence of life on earth, located in Western Australia. His and others' work provided credence to the notion that life was likely as old as 3.5 Ga.

### Recent research

Awramik remains a faculty member at UCSB, where he continues to teach. He continues to study stromatolites. Recently, he has begun studying Neoproterozoic deposits in eastern California. In 2003, he, Frank Corsetti and David Pierce published evidence in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of fossilized microbiota in Cryogenian rocks, a revelation which has cast doubt on the notion of the near elimination of life during potential equatorial glaciation during that period (commonly referred to as Snowball Earth).

## Selected works
### Notable articles

* Awramik, S. M. (1971). "Precambrian Columnar Stromatolite Diversity: Reflection of Metazoan Appearance". Science. 174 (4011): 825–827. doi:10.1126/science.174.4011.825. PMID 17759393. S2CID 2302113.
* Corsetti, F. A.; Awramik, S. M.; Pierce, D. (2003). "A complex microbiota from snowball Earth times: Microfossils from the Neoproterozoic Kingston Peak Formation, Death Valley, USA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 100 (8): 4399–404. doi:10.1073/pnas.0730560100. PMC 153566. PMID 12682298.
* Awramik, S. M.; Barghoorn, E. S. (1977). "The Gunflint microbiota". Precambrian Research. 5 (2): 121. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(77)90025-0.
* Awramik, S. M. (1992). "The oldest records of photosynthesis". Photosynthesis Research. 33 (2): 75–89. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.682.7217. doi:10.1007/BF00039172. PMID 24408570.
* Awramik, S. M.; Schopf, J. W.; Walter, M. R. (1983). "Filamentous fossil bacteria from the Archean of Western Australia". Precambrian Research. 20 (2–4): 357. doi:10.1016/0301-9268(83)90081-5.

### Other works

In addition to his journal articles, Awramik has written on a variety of topics related to biogeology. He co-authored a textbook on microbial sediments with Robert E. Riding, titled Microbial Sediments.
Additionally, he is interested in astrobiology, and has given several talks regarding the topic, including one titled "Astrobiology and the Origins of Life", at the National Health Museum in Atlanta.
# Stanstead St Margarets

Stanstead St Margarets, often abbreviated to just St Margarets, is a village and civil parish in the district of East Hertfordshire, Hertfordshire, England. It is located halfway between the towns of Hoddesdon and Ware. The village is separated from the village of Stanstead Abbotts by the River Lea, and had a population of 1,318 at the census of 2001, increasing to 1,652 at the 2011 Census.

## Geography

The Greenwich Meridian (longitude 0°) passes through the village with its exact position marked by Meridian obelisks which were erected in 1984 to commemorate the centenary of the adoption of the prime meridian line. The current line is one of many that have existed, however the Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) system uses a prime meridian that is about 100 metres east of the Greenwich Meridian at Stanstead Abbotts.

## Transport

The village is served by St Margarets station on the Hertford East Line, operated by Abellio Greater Anglia. St Margarets station was formerly the junction with the now closed Buntingford Branch Line.
The 25 bus route from Harlow to Cheshunt runs through the village. There are also bus connections to Hertford and Bishop's Stortford.

## Sport and leisure

The St. Margaretsbury recreation ground hosts both a football club, St. Margaretsbury F.C., and includes both youth and adult football teams, as well as a cricket club.
The village has a Scout Group, the 1st Stanstead Abbotts & St. Margaret's Scout Group.
# Stanisław Jan Skarżyński

Stanisław Jan Skarżyński (23 April 1897 in Aleksandrów – 15 July 1920 near Zwierowce) was a Polish pilot who fought and died in the Polish-Soviet War. For his actions he received the highest military order of Poland, Virtuti Militari, posthumously.
* This biographical article related to the military of Poland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Stanisławski

Stanisławski (feminine: Stanisławska; plural: Stanisławscy) is a Polish locational surname, which originally meant a person from a place in Poland called Stanisław, Stanisławów, or Stanisławice, all of which in turn derive from the given name Stanisław.
The surname may refer to:
* Anna Stanisławska (1651–1701), Polish author and poet
* Danuta Stanisławska (born 1958), Polish field hockey player
* Gary Stanislawski (born 1959), American politician
* Holger Stanislawski (born 1969), German football player and manager
* Jan Stanisławski (painter) (1860–1907), Polish painter
* Jan Stanisławski (lexicographer) (1893–1973), Polish lexicographer
* Konstantin Stanislavsky (1863–1938), Russian actor and theater director
* Michael Stanislawski (born 1952), American historian
* Olga Stanisławska (born 1967), Polish writer and freelance journalist
* Teresa Stanisławska-Adamczewska (1924-2003), Polish writer
* Włodzimierz Stanisławski (born 1956), Polish field hockey player
# Stanley Potato House

Stanley Potato House is a historic potato house located near Laurel, Sussex County, Delaware, United States. It is one of the last surviving examples of its building type. It was built about 1920, and is a 1+1⁄2-story, gable fronted, balloon frame structure on a brick foundation. It measures 17 feet by 23 feet. It retains a number of important elements characteristic of potato house including: minimal fenestration, center aisle floor plan, double siding, and hatched loading doors.
It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
# Streptomyces vinaceus

Streptomyces vinaceus is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces. Streptomyces vinaceus produces vitamin B12, viomycin, amicetin and citreamycin delta.
# Strenua

In ancient Roman religion, Strenua or Strenia was a goddess of the new year, purification, and wellbeing. She had a shrine (sacellum) and grove (lucus) at the top of the Via Sacra. Varro said she was a Sabine goddess. W.H. Roscher includes her among the indigitamenta, the lists of Roman deities maintained by priests to assure that the correct divinity was invoked in public rituals. The procession of the Argei began at her shrine.
On January 1, twigs from Strenua's grove were carried in a procession to the citadel (arx). The rite is first noted as occurring on New Year's Day in 153 BC, the year when consuls first began assuming their office at the beginning of the year. It is unclear whether it had always been held on that date or had been transferred that year from another place on the calendar, perhaps the original New Year's Day on March 1.
The name Strenia was said to be the origin of the word strenae (preserved in French étrennes and Italian strenne), the new-year gifts Romans exchanged as good omens in an extension of the public rite:
   From almost the beginning of Mars' city the custom of New Year's gifts (strenae) prevailed on account of the precedent of king Tatius who was the first to reckon the holy branches (verbenae) of a fertile tree (arbor felix) in Strenia's grove as the auspicious signs of the new year."
During the Principate, these strenae often took the form of money.
Johannes Lydus says that strenae was a Sabine word for wellbeing or welfare (hygieia, Latin salus). The supposed Sabine etymology may or may not be factual, but expresses the Sabine ethnicity of Tatius. St. Augustine says that Strenia was the goddess who made a person strenuus, "vigorous, strong."
According to some scholars the Befana tradition is derived by the Strenua cult. In the book Vestiges of Ancient Manners and Customs, Discoverable in Modern Italy and Sicily by Rev. John J. Blunt (John Murray, 1823), the author says:
   "This Befana appears to be heir at law of a certain heathen goddess called Strenia, who presided over the new-year's gifts, 'Strenae,' from which, indeed, she derived her name. Her presents were of the same description as those of the Befana—figs, dates, and honey. Moreover her solemnities were vigorously opposed by the early Christians on account of their noisy, riotous, and licentious character".
# Standard logic

Standard logic may refer to any of the following:
* Classical logic
* 7400 series
# Stonegate Mansion

The Stonegate Mansion was located at the edge of the Stonegate neighborhood in Fort Worth, TX near the Texas Christian University campus on a hill overlooking downtown Fort Worth. Built by multimillionaire oilman T. Cullen Davis, the mansion, once a private home, has been a restaurant, a church and most recently has been renovated to become an event facility used for weddings, parties, meetings and charitable events.
The Stonegate Mansion also serves as an art gallery for local and regional artists, holding its first event as member of the Fort Worth Art Dealer's Association on Saturday, March 29, 2008.

## History

The Stonegate neighborhood is part of the 1854 Samuel C. Inman Survey. The area is bordered on the north by the Clear Fork of the Trinity River, on the east and south by the Tanglewood neighborhood and the west by Hulen Street.
An original owner of the 304 acres (1.23 km$^2$) was Matilda F. Burford. The records show that Mrs. Burford owned the Stonegate property in 1918. A house and barns were built on the property in 1925.
In 1927, 10.24 acres (41,400 m$^2$) were sold to the T & P Railroad, along the northern edge of the area, by the river. And in 1940 the present day Stonegate property was sold in judgment to Kenneth W. Davis. In 1968 the ownership transferred to his sons Kenneth W. Davis, Jr., Thomas Cullen Davis and William S. Davis.
In 1972, Cullen Davis spent $6 million to build the five-bedroom, 11-bath mansion with an indoor pool and a 2,000-square-foot (190 m$^2$) master bedroom. In its prime, the luxurious, contemporary home of courtyards, tunnels and balconies at 4100 Stonegate Blvd. was decorated with more than 100 oil paintings. The mansion was designed by Albert S. Komatsu and Associates.
In 1976, Andrea Wilborn and Stan Farr were killed in the mansion. The killer was described as a man in black who wore a black wig.
Three witnesses described Davis as the shooter. However, in a trial in Amarillo he was acquitted of the killing of his 12-year-old stepdaughter, Andrea Wilborn, who was murdered execution-style in the basement. Prosecutors also later dismissed charges related to the killing of former TCU basketball player Stan Farr, who police found dead in the kitchen, and the wounding of Davis’ estranged wife, Priscilla, and her friend Gus "Bubba" Gavrel. Davis’ oil-based business empire later crumbled. He moved out of the mansion in 1983 and declared bankruptcy in 1987.
The Tarrant Appraisal District lists the value of the mansion and property at $1.64 million.
In December 2021, demolition of the mansion began to make way for another real estate development
# Stretton Hall

Stretton Hall may refer to the following structures:
* Stretton Hall, Cheshire
* Stretton Lower Hall, in Cheshire
* Stretton Old Hall, in Cheshire
* Stretton Hall, Leicestershire
* Stretton Hall, Staffordshire
# Strike Force (video game)

Strike Force is a horizontally scrolling shooter released as an arcade video game by Midway in 1991. In the same way that 1990's Smash TV is a modernized reimagining of Robotron: 2084 with two-player simultaneous play, Strike Force is a modernized reimagining of Defender with two-player simultaneous play. Strike Force was not widely distributed and was not ported to any home systems.

## Gameplay

The game shares many features with the earlier Defender and Stargate in that play takes place in a horizontally scrolling play field above a planet's surface on which humans are under attack from alien invaders. In all three games the player gains points and other advantages from protecting and rescuing humans from these attacks.
Strike Force adds several new features; two players may share the screen at one time, and either player may press the start button to change into a "turret" that moves very slowly, but has greater firepower. If one player becomes a turret and the other remains a fighter, the turret will automatically attach to the fighter, and the turret player can shoot in any direction without altering the fighter's motion.
Players begin from a 2D view of planets, and can move around to choose which planet to save from alien attack. When a planet is cleared, the players are returned to the system view again.
There are 50 planets in the game to clear, and the surface of each planet is littered with various special weapons that can be picked up and deployed. There are also many aliens to kill and humans to save on each planet. Large aliens can capture and "mutate" humans on the planet into small green creatures (mutants) that will fight against the player (although the player may still pick them up for points as with the normal humans). The mutants may also use vehicles found on the planet's surface against the player.
In the system view mode, randomly, an enemy ship will drop down to a planet, which then starts flashing. If the player does not move to that planet in time, the planet is destroyed. Once on a planet under such attack, the player must destroy the ship, which is like a "mini-boss". There is also a weapons satellite in system view, where the player can purchase weapons similar to those collected randomly from planet surfaces.
After a certain number of planets are cleared, the player may attack the enemy base, in an attempt to destroy it and the end boss within. Destroying the base ends the game.
If the player succeeds in destroying the enemy base, and manages to clear and save all 50 planets, the game gives one free credit to each player as a reward. Using that free credit and clearing all 50 planets again repeats this, ad infinitum.

## Reception

British gaming magazine The One reviewed Strike Force in 1991, heavily comparing it to Midway's earlier arcade title Defender, stating "why not produce an updated Defender? You might as well say why not produce an updated Mona Lisa? Midway's tried - and it looks like painting-by-numbers. If you ever loved the original, don't torture yourself by playing this".
# Standardized coefficient

In statistics, standardized (regression) coefficients, also called beta coefficients or beta weights, are the estimates resulting from a regression analysis where the underlying data have been standardized so that the variances of dependent and independent variables are equal to 1. Therefore, standardized coefficients are unitless and refer to how many standard deviations a dependent variable will change, per standard deviation increase in the predictor variable.

## Usage

Standardization of the coefficient is usually done to answer the question of which of the independent variables have a greater effect on the dependent variable in a multiple regression analysis where the variables are measured in different units of measurement (for example, income measured in dollars and family size measured in number of individuals). It may also be considered a general measure of effect size, quantifying the "magnitude" of the effect of one variable on another. For simple linear regression with orthogonal predictors, the standardized regression coefficient equals the correlation between the independent and dependent variables.

## Implementation

A regression carried out on original (unstandardized) variables produces unstandardized coefficients. A regression carried out on standardized variables produces standardized coefficients. Values for standardized and unstandardized coefficients can also be re-scaled to one another subsequent to either type of analysis. Suppose that $\beta$ is the regression coefficient resulting from a linear regression (predicting $y$ by $x$). The standardized coefficient simply results as $\beta ^{\ast }={\frac {s_{x}}{s_{y}}}\beta$, where $s_{x}$ and $s_{y}$ are the (estimated) standard deviations of $x$ and $y$, respectively.
Sometimes, standardization is done only without respect to the standard deviation of the regressor (the independent variable $x$).

## Advantages and disadvantages

Standardized coefficients' advocates note that the coefficients are independent of the involved variables' units of measurement (i.e., standardized coefficients are unitless), which makes comparisons easy.
Critics voice concerns that such a standardization can be very misleading. Due to the re-scaling based on sample standard deviations, any effect apparent in the standardized coefficient may be due to confounding with the particularities (especially: variability) of the involved data sample(s). Also, the interpretation or meaning of a "one standard deviation change" in the regressor $x$ may vary markedly between non-normal distributions (e.g., when skewed, asymmetric or multimodal).

## Terminology

Some statistical software packages like PSPP, SPSS and SYSTAT label the standardized regression coefficients as "Beta" while the unstandardized coefficients are labeled "B". Others, like DAP/SAS label them "Standardized Coefficient". Sometimes the unstandardized variables are also labeled as "b".
# String Quartet No. 5 (Hill)

String Quartet No. 5 in E-flat major "The Allies", Stiles 1.2.3.3 SQ5, was completed by Alfred Hill on 24 June 1920 in Sydney (as indicated in the manuscript). It is dedicated to Henri Verbrugghen (the first director of the New South Wales State Conservatorium), whose quartet gave the first public performance of the composition on 2 March 1921. The music of the quartet presents four nations who were allies during World War I. It was subsequently arranged by Hill for string orchestra as his Symphony No. 11 "The Four Nations". The approximate duration of the quartet is 29–33 minutes, which makes it one of the most substantial quartets composed by Hill.

## Structure

The quartet is in four movements, each presenting a nation: France, USA, Italy, and Great Britain.
    I. Artistic. Allegro risoluto — Andantino — Tranquillo (E-flat major)
    II. Syncopated. Intermezzo. Allegretto moderato (G minor)
    III. Romantic. Romance. Andantino (G major)
    IV. Nautical. Finale. Allegretto (E-flat major)

## Editions

* Alfred Hill. String Quartet No.5 in E♭. Narara: Stiles Music Publications, 2007 (pub. number S72-2006; ISMN 979-0-720029-75-7)

## Recordings

* (rec. 1994) Australian String Quartet (Hennessy, Lea, Crellin, Laurs) — (1997) Marco Polo 8.223746.
* (rec. 2007) Dominion String Quartet (Gezentsvey, Pucher, Maurice, Chickering) – (2009) Naxos Records 8.572446.
# String Quartet No. 5 (Dvořák)

Antonín Dvořák wrote his String Quartet No. 5 in F minor, Op. 9 (B. 37), in September 1873, the composition was finished on 4 October 1873.
The Bennewitz Quartet incorporated the quartet to their concert cycle, however later refused to play it due to "lack of quartet style". Dvořák was very upset and tore out the title page of the score (probably with dedication to Bennewitz). The composition was in 1929 reconstructed by Günther Raphael. The work in that version was premiered by the Kramář Quartet (Jan Buchtele, Ferdinand Karhánek, J. Lupínek and Vaclav Kefurt) on 11 January 1930, at the Prague Corn Exchange.

## Structure

It is composed of four movements:
* Moderato — Allegro con brio
* Andante con moto quasi allegretto
* Tempo di valse
* Finale: Allegro molto
Its second movement later served as the basis for Dvořák's Romance in F minor for violin and orchestra, Op. 11.

## Selected recordings

* Antonín Dvořák: Chamber Works Vol. 4. CD Supraphon (11 1453-2 131). (Panocha Quartet)

## Footnotes

* ↑ Sleeve note of Supraphon CD (11 1453-2 131), p. 14
* ↑ Sleeve note of Supraphon CD (11 1453-2 131), p. 5
* ↑ Herbert & Trufitt pp. 20–21)
# Strut bar

A strut bar, strut brace, or strut tower brace (STB) is an automotive suspension accessory on a monocoque or unibody chassis to provide extra stiffness between the strut towers.
With a MacPherson strut suspension system where the spring and shock absorber combine in one suspension unit, which also replaces the upper control arm, the entire vertical suspension load is transmitted to the top of the vehicle's strut tower. This is different from a double wishbone suspension where the spring and shock absorber may share the load separately. In general terms, a strut tower in a monocoque chassis is a reinforced portion of the inner wheel well and is not necessarily directly connected to the main chassis rails. For this reason, there is inherent flex within the strut towers relative to the chassis rails.

## Function

A strut bar is designed to reduce this strut tower flex by tying the two strut towers together. This transmits the load off each strut tower during cornering which ties the two towers together and reduces chassis flex. The transmission of load provides an increase in steering control accuracy going into a corner, reducing the possibility of the vehicle sliding or losing traction. To accomplish this effectively (especially on MacPherson strut suspensions), the bar must be rigid throughout its length. Many manufacturers have fitted strut braces to performance models as standard or optional equipment.

### Types

Most strut bars follow one of two design types. These designs include:
* A single-piece strut bar (most common)
* A hinged type strut bar
A single-piece strut bar is typically more durable and provides more rigidity as compared to the hinged type strut. However, the hinged type strut can allow for easier fitment of engine components due to its ability to move or pivot.

### Benefits

Beyond reducing chassis flex and increasing steering control accuracy in a corner, other benefits of strut bars include:
* Increasing driving stability on a straight road
* Reducing car body deformation on low-quality roads
* Increasing stability under high loads and aggressive driving
* Protecting passengers from the engine being pushed into the cabin from a head-on collision
* Extending vehicle operation life
* Reducing body roll

### Disadvantages

Some manufacturers have avoided the use of a strut bar due to a drawback in having the strut towers connected. The force from a significant impact or collision to one side of a vehicle would be distributed across the two struts leading to possible damages on both sides of the vehicle. This results in a higher repair cost.
Although a strut bar is useful for improving the handling of a vehicle, in motorsports applications, the added weight from a traditional steel or aluminum strut bar can come as a disadvantage. To offset this issue, alternative materials for strut bars are being researched with carbon fiber being the main focus, as it can provide more strength in relation to its overall weight compared to most materials.
* Front strut bar
* The strut bar also serves as mounting bracket for the overflow container of the mk2 Saab Sonett.
* Oldsmobile Regency (H-Body) Factory STB