# Swains Lock

Swains Lock (Lock 21) and lock house are part of the 184.5-mile (296.9 km) Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (a.k.a. C&O Canal) that operated in the United States along the Potomac River from the 1830s through 1923. It is located at towpath mile-marker 16.7 near Potomac, Maryland, and within the Travilah census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland. The lock and lock house were built in the early 1830s and began operating shortly thereafter.
Swains Lock is named after Jesse Swain and his family. Jesse Swain was lock keeper for Lock 21 beginning in 1907, and had been a canal boatman. His father had helped with the canal construction, and his grandson has lived in the house and operated an onsite concession stand into the 21st century. Some of the Swains from Jesse's generation were born on canal boats, and more recent Swains were born in the lock house. Family members lived in the house until 2006, when the house was turned over to the National Park Service.
Today, the lock and restored lock house are part of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. Picnic tables at the lock site are located between the Potomac River and the lock house. The lock house is one of seven lock houses on the canal that can be used for overnight stays. It is only a few miles upriver from the Potomac River's Great Falls, and is a few miles downriver from a bird sanctuary.

## Background

Ground was broken for construction of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal (a.k.a. C&O Canal) on July 4, 1828. One of the early plans was for the canal to be a way to connect the Chesapeake Bay with the Ohio River—hence the name Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. The canal has several types of locks, including 74 lift locks necessary to handle a 610-foot (186 m) difference in elevation between the two canal ends—an average of about 8 feet (2.4 m) per lock. Including walls, lift locks are 100 feet (30 m) long and 15 feet (4.6 m) wide—usable lockage was closer to 88 feet (27 m) long and 14.5 feet (4.4 m) wide. Some canal boats could carry over 110 tons (99.79 metric tons) of coal.
Portions of the canal (close to Georgetown) began operating in the 1830s, and construction ended in 1850 without reaching the Ohio River. Upon completion, the canal ran from Georgetown to Cumberland, Maryland. The canal was necessary since portions of the Potomac River, especially at Great Falls, could not serve for reliable navigation because the river can be shallow and rocky as well as subject to low water and floods. The canal opened the region to important markets and lowered shipping costs. By 1859, about 83 canal boats per week were transporting coal, grain, flour, and farm products to Washington and Georgetown. Tonnage peaked in 1871 as coal trade increased.
The canal faced competition from other modes of transportation, especially the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O Railroad). Starting in Baltimore and adding line westward, the B&O Railroad eventually reached the Ohio River and beyond, while the C&O Canal never went beyond Cumberland in Western Maryland. An economic depression during the mid-1870s, and major floods in 1877 and 1886, put a financial strain on the C&O Canal Company. In 1889, another flood severely damaged the C&O Canal and caused the company to enter bankruptcy. Operations stopped for about two years. Court-appointed trustees recommended by the B&O Railroad took over receivership of the canal and began operating it under court supervision, but canal use never recovered to the peak years of the 1870s. The C&O Canal closed for the season in November 1923. Severe flooding in 1924 prevented the canal from opening in the spring, and the resulting damage from the floods prevented it from opening during the entire year. The flood damage, combined with continued competition from railroads and trucks, caused the shutdown to be permanent. In 1938, the canal was sold to the United States government, and the canal was proclaimed a national monument in 1961.

## History

Work on Lock 21 began in July 1829 and was completed in October 1830 at a cost of $8,327.76 (equivalent to $238,278 in 2023). The lock was made from Seneca Creek Red Sandstone boated down the Potomac River from the Seneca Quarry. Construction of the lock house began in May 1831, and was finished in August 1832 at a cost of $765.00 (equivalent to $23,348 in 2023). On August 7, 1830, an individual listed only as "Fuller" was recommended and approved as lock keeper (a.k.a. locktender). His annual compensation was $50 (equivalent to $1,431 in 2023) with the additional benefits of the use of the lock house and the right to use the canal company's land, which was typically used for farming. By June 1832, a 22-mile (35 km) section of the canal was operating between Georgetown and Seneca, which included Lock 21.
Some C&O Canal records remain, allowing some of the lock keepers to be identified. Mrs. Susan Cross was lock keeper in 1836 until females were banned effective May 1 of that year. Exceptions were made, and most female lock keepers were widows or relatives of the previous keeper. Another early keeper for Lock 21 was Robert C. Fields, who is listed as lock keeper on July 1, 1839. Samuel M. Fisher replaced Fields on May 1, 1846, after an incident at the lock. Fisher was still listed as lock keeper at the end of 1850. Thomas Tarman is listed as Lock 21 tender for 1865. A map of Montgomery County, Maryland, confirms Tarman as the "L.K." (lock keeper) at a point on the canal southwest of Offutt's Crossroads. The name Offutt's Crossroads comes from Edward Offutt, who received a large land grant from Lord Baltimore in 1714. In 1881, the community was renamed Potomac because the Post Office said too many communities had "Crossroads" in their name. Today, Lock 21 (Swains Lock) has a Potomac address and is located in the Travilah census-designated place.
The flood of 1889 caused damages to the entire canal estimated to be $1 million (equivalent to $33,911,111 in 2023). In the case of the Lock 21 lock house, the upstream end wall was swept away. Repairs to the house included an addition that had a main floor one foot (0.30 m) lower than the original portion. The house's chimney was enlarged, and another was built on the downstream side. This addition made the house one of the largest lock houses on the canal. John Sipes is listed as the Lock 21 lock keeper in a 1903 newspaper article. He drowned later that year at a lock described as "Gibbs Lock", located "about three miles above the Great Falls".

### Swain family

Lock 21, Swains Lock, is named after the Swain family, which has been associated with the C&O Canal since early in its existence. Earlier, the lock had been known as Oak Spring Lock. John T. Swain Sr. was involved in the construction of the C&O Canal and a boatman. Most of his children were born on canal boats. His four sons were all involved with the canal as boatmen or boat captains: John T. Swain Jr., Charles Henry "Hen" Swain, William F. "Bill" Swain, and Jesse A. Swain. The C&O Canal Company eventually transitioned to canal-owned boats—forcing the Swains to leave the shipping business. John Swain Sr. had 15 canal boats that he sold because the canal company would no longer allow them on the canal.
A partial list of canal employees shows a dozen workers named Swain, and many of them were boat captains and a few were lock tenders. Jesse Swain, a boat captain and the youngest of the four sons of John T. Swain Sr., became a lock keeper at Great Falls before moving to Lock 21 in 1907. At Lock 21, Jesse and his family supplemented their income by farming on land near the lock house and by driving a wagon of children to school during the offseason. The wagon was pulled by mules and was the first school bus in Potomac. One of Jesse's sons, Otho Oliver Swain, was born on a boat, worked as a boatman, and is thought to be the author of a folk song about the canal.
Jesse Swain was the last lock keeper at Lock 21. Before the canal closed to boat traffic, it began transitioning to a place for outdoor recreation. The Swain family continued living at the lock and carried on this transition after the closing by providing canoes for rent. They also ran a concession stand that sold refreshments and fishing supplies. Jesse Swain died in 1939, survived by six of his children. Jesse's son Robert Lee "Bob" Swain and his wife Virginia moved into the lock house after Jesse died, and ran the family business. Bob Swain died in 1967. At that time Frederick "Bubba" Swain and his mother Virginia took over the family business at the lock. Family members continued to live at the lock and run the concession stand until 2006, when it was turned over to the National Park Service.

## Today

Today, the Swains Lock and restored lock house are part of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park. Congress authorized the establishment of the park, and acquisition of adjacent land, in 1971. The National Park Service and C&O Trust spell the name of the lock as "Swains" instead of "Swain's", and the road leading to the lock is spelled as "Swains Lock Road".
In 2017, it was decided to renovate the lock house and make it available to the public for overnight stays as part of the Canal Quarters program managed by the C&O Canal Trust. The Swain lock house was restored to be like a typical lock house from 1916, and is one of seven restored lock houses on the C&O Canal. Each of the seven restored lock houses in the Canal Quarters program has been restored to a different time period, and all seven are available for overnight stays.
Swains Lock was once thought to be "the most heavily trafficked area on the entire canal". Until 2006, the lock had a concession stand, boat rentals, and bike rentals. It is located between waterfall and water fowl attractions—Great Falls is about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) downstream at towpath mile marker 14.4, and the Dierssen Waterfowl Sanctuary is located about 3.3 miles (5.3 km) upstream at towpath mile marker 20.0. The 40-acre (16 ha) Dierssen Waterfowl Sanctuary is a favorite of bird watchers. Both Swains Lock (Lock 21), and the Pennyfield Lock (Lock 22) have also been described as birdwatching "hot spots". The lock has restrooms, parking, picnic tables, and limited tent camping.