OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Transaction logic

Transaction Logic is an extension of predicate logic that accounts in a clean and declarative way for the phenomenon of state changes in logic programs and databases. This extension adds connectives specifically designed for combining simple actions into complex transactions and for providing control over their execution. The logic has a natural model theory and a sound and complete proof theory. Transaction Logic has a Horn clause subset, which has a procedural as well as a declarative semantics. The important features of the logic include hypothetical and committed updates, dynamic constraints on transaction execution, non-determinism, and bulk updates. In this way, Transaction Logic is able to declaratively capture a number of non-logical phenomena, including procedural knowledge in artificial intelligence, active databases, and methods with side effects in object databases.
Transaction Logic was originally proposed in 1993 by Anthony Bonner and Michael Kifer and later described in more detail in An Overview of Transaction Logic and Logic Programming for Database Transactions. The most comprehensive description appears in Bonner & Kifer's technical report from 1995.
In later years, Transaction Logic was extended in various ways, including concurrency, defeasible reasoning, partially defined actions, and other features.
In 2013, the original paper on Transaction Logic has won the 20-year Test of Time Award of the Association for Logic Programming as the most influential paper from the proceedings of ICLP 1993 conference in the preceding 20 years.

## Examples
### Graph coloring

Here tinsert denotes the elementary update operation of transactional insert. The connective ⊗ is called serial conjunction.

### Pyramid stacking

The elementary update tdelete represents the transactional delete operation.

### Hypothetical execution

Here <> is the modal operator of possibility: If both action1 and action2 are possible, execute action1. Otherwise, if only action2 is possible, then execute it.

### Dining philosophers

Here | is the logical connective of parallel conjunction of Concurrent Transaction Logic.

## Implementations

A number of implementations of Transaction Logic exist:
* The original implementation.
* An implementation of Concurrent Transaction Logic.
* Transaction Logic enhanced with tabling. An implementation of Transaction Logic has also been incorporated as part of the Flora-2 knowledge representation and reasoning system.
All these implementations are open source.
# Xylota steyskali

Xylota steyskali is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Taiwan.
# Cardanol

Cardanol is a phenolic lipid obtained from anacardic acid, the main component of cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL), a byproduct of cashew nut processing. Cardanol finds use in the chemical industry in resins, coatings, frictional materials, and surfactants used as pigment dispersants for water-based inks. It is used to make phenalkamines, which are used as curing agents for the durable epoxy coatings used on concrete floors. The name of the substance is derived by contraction from the genus Anacardium, which includes the cashew tree, Anacardium occidentale. The name of the genus itself is based on the Greek word for heart.
Friction particles are made by polymerizing the unsaturated side chain of cardanol, followed by cross-polymerization with formaldehyde to yield a cardanol-formaldehyde resin by a process analogous to the formation of phenol-formaldehyde resins such as Bakelite. Cardanol-phenol resins were developed in the 1920s by Mortimer T. Harvey, then a student at Columbia University. These resins found use in vehicle brakes after it was found that they had a coefficient of friction that was less sensitive to temperature changes than phenol-formaldehyde resins.
Despite all these uses, only a fraction of the cardanol obtained from cashew nut processing is used in the industrial field. Therefore, there is still interest in developing new applications, such as new polymers.
The name cardanol is used for the decarboxylated derivatives obtained by thermal decomposition of any of the naturally occurring anacardic acids. This includes more than one compound because the composition of the side chain varies in its degree of unsaturation. Tri-unsaturated cardanol, the major component (41%) is shown below. The remaining cardanol is 34% mono-unsaturated, 22% bi-unsaturated, and 2% saturated.
In terms of physical properties, cardanol is comparable to nonylphenol. Cardanol is hydrophobic and remains flexible and liquid at very low temperatures; its freezing point is below −20 °C, it has a density of 0.930 g/mL, and boils at 225 °C under reduced pressure (10 mmHg). CAS registry number: 37330-39-5.
Recently, it has been demonstrated that cardanol can be used for formation of eco-design of biobased polymeric microcapsules for pesticidal applications with potential to further extended for drugs, self-healing agents, catalysts, etc.
# Aerator

An aerator is a mechanical device used for aeration, or mixing air with another substance, such as water or soil.
The word aerator may also refer to:
* Faucet aerator
* Floating surface aerator, used in wastewater treatment
* Lawn aerator
* Surface or subsurface aerator, used in water aeration
* Wine aerator
# Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences

Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering cellular and molecular life sciences. It was established in 1945 as Experientia, obtaining its current name in 1994. The Editors-in-chief are Roberto Bruzzone and Jean Leon Thomas. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 9.261.
# Veblen ordinal

In mathematics, the Veblen ordinal is either of two large countable ordinals:
* The small Veblen ordinal
* The large Veblen ordinal
# 1891 Virginia Orange and Blue football team

The 1891 Virginia Orange and Blue football team represented the University of Virginia as an independent during the 1891 college football season.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| November 14 | vs. St. John's (MD) | Madison Hall FieldCharlottesville, VA | W 34–0 | |
| November 16 | Schuylkill Navy | Madison Hall FieldCharlottesville, VA | T 16–16 | |
| November 20 | Lafayette | Madison Hall FieldCharlottesville, VA | T 6–6 | |
| November 23 | Princeton JV | Madison Hall FieldCharlottesville, VA | W 12–0 | |
| November 28 | vs. Trinity (NC) | Island ParkRichmond, VA | L 0–20 | 1,200 |
# 2007 RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards

The 30th RTHK Top 10 Gold Songs Awards (Chinese: 第三十屆十大中文金曲頒獎音樂會) was held on January 19, 2008 at the Hong Kong Coliseum for the 2007 music season.

## Top 10 song awards

The top 10 songs (十大中文金曲) of 2008 are as follows.
| Song name in Chinese | Artist | Composer | Lyricist |
| 富士山下 | Eason Chan | Christopher Chak | Albert Leung |
| 花落誰家 | Hacken Lee | Eric Kwok | Riley Lam (林若寧) |
| 愛回家 | Leo Ku | Dick Lee | Albert Leung |
| 愛一個上一課 | Joey Yung | Pong Nan | Albert Leung |
| 化 | Miriam Yeung | A Kwan (阿滾) | Albert Leung |
| 酷愛 | Hins Cheung | Vincent Chow | Albert Leung |
| 逼得太緊 | Kary Ng | Dennie Wong (黃丹儀) | Albert Leung |
| 男人KTV | Justin Lo | Anson Hu, Philip Yin (殷文琦), Choi Jing-fan (蔡政勳) | Albert Leung, Zan gin-koeng (甄健強), Ho kai-wang (何啟弘) |
| 電燈膽 | Stephy Tang | Joe Lei (李峻一) | Joe Lei (李峻一) |
| 思前戀後 | Eric Suen (孫耀威) | Tse Kwok Wai, Victor (謝國維) | Albert Leung |

## Other awards

| Award | Song or album (if available) | Recipient |
| Best prospect award (最有前途新人獎) | - | (gold) Jason Chan (silver) Pakho Chau (bronze) Ken Hung (exceptional) Sherman Chung, Elanne Kwong, Terence Siufay |
| Excellent Mandarin song award (優秀流行國語歌曲獎) | 不能說的秘密 | Jay Chou |
| Outstanding singer award (優秀流行歌手大獎) | - | Eason Chan, Joey Yung, Twins, Hins Cheung, Justin Lo, Janice Vidal, Miriam Yeung, Leo Ku, Hacken Lee, Andy Lau |
| Outstanding female singer award (最優秀女歌手獎) | - | Joey Yung |
| Outstanding male singer award (最優秀男歌手獎) | - | Eason Chan |
| CASH best composer singer award (CASH最佳創作歌手獎) | - | Ivana Wong |
| Most improved award (全年最佳進步獎) | - | Stephanie Cheng |
| Best national male artist (全國最佳歌手獎) | - | Andy Lau |
| Best national female artist (全國最佳歌手獎) | - | Joey Yung |
| Best national group (全國最佳歌手獎) | - | Twins |
| Best Chinese song award (全國最佳中文歌曲獎) | 富士山下 | Eason Chan |
| International Chinese award (全球華人至尊金曲獎) | 富士山下 | Eason Chan |
| Sales award for male artists (全年最高銷量歌手大獎) | - | Eason Chan |
| Sales award for female artist (全年最高銷量歌手大獎) | - | Joey Yung |
| Sales award for group (全年最高銷量歌手大獎) | - | Twins |
| Four channel award (四台聯頒大獎) | 富士山下 | Eason Chan |
| RTHK Golden needle award (金針獎) | - | Teresa Carpio |
# Transaction document

Transaction documents refers to legally relevant documents that are either printed, inserted and mailed, or electronically presented. They consist of a mixture of fixed and variable data.
These documents are usually created by organizations through their financial computing system and then delivered to other parties (such as clients) through the post office or through an electronic billing system. The printed transaction documents, once delivered to the post office, conform to the mail box rule.
Common examples of transaction documents are:
* bills
* bank statements (and credit card, financial services, etc.)
* insurance policies
* notices
* other legally relevant correspondence, etc.
Xplor international is a technical association that focuses on the best practices and technologies associated with these documents.
# Xisi

Xisi (Chinese: 西四; pinyin: Xīsì) literally, the "Western Four" or the "Western Quadrangle", is the name of an intersection and surrounding neighborhood in Xicheng District, Beijing. Xisi, at the intersection of what is now Xisi Avenue and Fuchengmen Inner Avenue, dates to the Yuan Dynasty and was named after the four paifangs, Chinese sign gates, that marked the location. The intersection was known as the Western Four Sign Gates or "Western Four" for short. To the east, in Dongcheng District, there was another intersection with four sign gates called Dongsi or the Eastern Four. The sign gates at Xisi were removed in 1950s but the location name remains. Today, the Xisi Station on Line 4 of the Beijing Subway is located underneath the intersection.
# Cape Wool

Cape Wool is any wool that originates from the Republic of South Africa; it is the generic name for South African wool. It has a white color with silky and fine staple, but wool hairs are shorter in length with less elasticity and stained also. Cape snow-white was the British way of describing Cape wool when it was imported to England in the 18th century.
Mohair from South Africa was referred to as Cape mohair.

## History

Historically, there was no wool production in South Africa. In 1680, the native South African sheep did not have wool. Then the first white settlers imported Spanish merinos and crossed them with the local sheep. The production and export of wool commenced in 1716. Merino exports were begun only after 1775 when large quantities of merino were imported from Spain.

## Quality and Use

Cape Wool has several variations from coarse to fine. It has less crimp, and it is more tendering and less elastic than Australian wool. Hence, used for shawls and hosiery goods and the materials need less or no felting. The quality of "Cape Snow White Wool" is similar to Australian wool; its whiteness commends it for particular dress materials.

## Cape Wools SA

Cape Wools SA functions similar to the British Wool Marketing Board. It is a nonprofit organisation that has many roles, including promotion of the term "Cape Wool".
# Aframomum citratum

Aframomum citratum is a monocotyledonous plant species in the family Zingiberaceae that was first described by C. Pereira, and given its current name by Karl Moritz Schumann.
# Cellular beam

Cellular beam is a further development of the traditional castellated beam. The advantage of the steel beam castellation process is that it increases strength without adding weight, making both versions an inexpensive solution to achieve maximum structural load capacity in building construction.
The difference between cellular beam and castellated beam is the visual characteristic. A cellular beam has round openings (circular pattern) while the castellated beam has hexagonal openings (hexagonal pattern), both of which are achieved by a cutting and welding process. Cellular beams are usually made of structural steel, but can also be made of other materials. The cellular beam is a structural element that mainly withstands structural load laterally applied to the axis of the beam, and influences the overall performance of steel framed buildings. The type of deflection is mainly done by bending.

## Introduction

In 1987, Westok Structural Services Ltd of Wakefield invented and patented the structural steel cellular beam.
In 2009, the Steel Construction Institute developed software to assist engineers evaluating the dynamic behaviour of composite floors supported by cellular beams.
Since 1940, civil engineers have endeavoured to find solutions to reduce the cost and weight of steel frame construction. Due to the restrictions with regard to the maximum permissible deflections, the high-strength properties of structural steel cannot always be optimally used. As a result, several new steel mixtures have been identified to increase the stiffness of steel components without significantly increasing the required steel weight. The use of steel girders with web openings (SBWOs) for structures such as industrial buildings has proven to be extensive. Civil engineers came up with a solution to use a composite design of ultra-shallow floor joists together with concrete used on the Douala Grand Mall in Cameroon. Since the 2010s, further investigations into steel construction and fire protection have been carried out, which led to innovations in the field of passive fire protection that could save lives and assets.
# Uppercut (disambiguation)

An uppercut is a punch used in boxing.
Uppercut may also refer to:
* Uppercut (bridge), a defensive play in contract bridge
* Upper cut, in cricket terminology, a type of batsman's stroke
* "The Uppercut", a song by 2Pac from the album Loyal to the Game
* The Upper Cuts, a 2005 compilation album by Alan Braxe
* "Uppercut", a song by Stereophonics from Keep Calm and Carry On
* Uppercut (EP), an EP by Canadian singer and songwriter Morgan Finlay
# Susúa

Susúa is a barrio in the municipality of Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 2,736.

## History

Susúa was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Susúa and Torre barrios was 1,755.
# Türkan (disambiguation)

Türkan is a settlement and municipality in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Türkan may also refer to:
* Turkan, the land of the Turkana people
* Türkan (name), given name

## People with the given name

* Türkan Hanımsultan (1919-1989), Ottoman princess
* Türkân Akyol (1928–2017), Turkish politician and former government minister
* Türkan Erişmiş (born 1984), Turkish middle-distance runner
* Türkan Feyzullah (1983–1984), female murder victim
* Türkan Haliloğlu, Turkish biochemist
* Türkan Örs Baştuğ (1900–1975), Turkish school teacher, politician and one of the first (1915–2007), first ever Turkish professor of jurisprudence female members of the parliament
* Türkan Rado (1915–2007), first ever Turkish female professor of jurisprudence
* Türkan Saylan (1935–2009), Turkish physician
* Türkan Şoray (born 1945), Turkish film actress
# Capital Beat

Capital Beat may refer to
* The Concord Monitor newspaper column by Eric Moskowitz and Sarah Liebowitz
* A fictional political television show in The West Wing hosted by Mark Gottfried
# Cephalocereus senilis

Cephalocereus senilis, the old man cactus, is a species of cactus native to Hidalgo and Veracruz in central Mexico. It is threatened in the wild, but widespread propagation and popularity in cultivation have reduced the demand on wild populations.

## Description

Cephalocereus senilis is a tall, columnar species with clusters of stems that may grow to 5–15 m tall; the individual stems are usually unbranched, being unable to withstand the weight of side branches adequately. The most striking feature is the shaggy coat of long, white hairs suggestive of unkempt hair on an old man. The coat is a particularly striking silvery white on the young cactus; as the plant ages the stem begins to lose its covering. The flowers are red, yellow, or white, though the plant may not flower until 10–20 years old.

## Morphology and function of the coat

The hairs are modified spines and they make many a plant appear almost snow-white; they serve to protect the plant from frost and sun. However, the hairs are only the radial spines of the cactus; they conceal formidable sharp yellow central spines that belie the inoffensive appearance of the hairy covering.

## Cultivation

Cephalocereus senilis is a very popular cactus in cultivation, grown for its woolly appearance. It prefers a very well-drained soil mix (more so than many other cacti), and much bright sunlight, which encourages growth of the hair.
# Uppercut (bridge)

In contract bridge, an uppercut is a defensive play that involves one of the defenders ruffing high in the knowledge that an overruff by the declarer will result in the promotion of a trump card in their partner's hand into a winner. Thus, the technique presents a type of trump promotion.
It is best illustrated with an example:
| Spades are trumps | Spades are trumps | ♠ | 10 9 7 5 | | |
| Spades are trumps | Spades are trumps | ♥ | A | | |
| Spades are trumps | Spades are trumps | ♦ | 6 | | |
| Spades are trumps | Spades are trumps | ♣ | — | | |
| ♠ | Q 6 | N W E S | N W E S | ♠ | J 2 |
| ♥ | 6 | N W E S | N W E S | ♥ | — |
| ♦ | 5 4 | N W E S | N W E S | ♦ | 3 2 |
| ♣ | 8 | N W E S | N W E S | ♣ | 9 5 |
| West to lead | West to lead | ♠ | A K 8 4 3 | | |
| West to lead | West to lead | ♥ | — | | |
| West to lead | West to lead | ♦ | A | | |
| West to lead | West to lead | ♣ | — | | |
Here declarer is South, spades are trump and the declarer can cash his two top spades, drawing all the defender's trumps, and claim the rest of the tricks. But if West, on the lead, plays a heart, covered by dummy's ace, East should ruff high with his jack of spades. Now, if South overruffs with the ace or king, West's queen will be promoted into a winner and the defense is assured of an otherwise unavailable trick.
# 1870 East Sydney colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of East Sydney on 23 February 1870 because Henry Parkes had also been elected to Kiama and chose to resign from East Sydney.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| 15 February 1870 | Henry Parkes resigned. |
| 15 February 1870 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 21 February 1870 | Nominations |
| 23 February 1870 | Polling day |
| 28 February 1870 | Return of writ |

## Result

1870 East Sydney by-election Wednesday 23 February :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Bowie Wilson (elected) | Bowie Wilson (elected) | 2,755 | 55.8 |
| William Campbell | William Campbell | 2,183 | 44.2 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 4,938 | 100.0 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | 0 | 0.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 4,938 | 48.6 |
# 2008 Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid

The 2008 Madrid Masters (also known as the Mutua Madrileña Masters Madrid for sponsorship reasons) was a tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 7th edition of the Madrid Masters, and was part of the ATP Masters Series of the 2008 ATP Tour. It took place at the Madrid Arena in Madrid, Spain, from 13 October through 19 October 2008. Fourth-seeded Andy Murray won the singles title.
The singles field was led by World No. 1, Beijing Olympics singles gold medalist, French Open and Wimbledon, Monte Carlo, Hamburg, Toronto Masters champion Rafael Nadal, ATP No. 2, US Open titlist, Olympic doubles gold medalist, Madrid defending finalist Roger Federer, and Australian Open, Indian Wells, Rome Masters winner Novak Djokovic. Other top seeds were US Open runner-up, Cincinnati Masters titlist Andy Murray, Miami Masters, Pörtschach, Warsaw winner Nikolay Davydenko, David Ferrer, David Nalbandian and Andy Roddick.

## Finals
### Singles

Andy Murray defeated Gilles Simon 6–4, 7–6$^{(8–6)}$
* It was Andy Murray's 4th title of the year, and his 7th overall. It was his 2nd Masters title of the year, and overall.

### Doubles

Mariusz Fyrstenberg / Marcin Matkowski defeated Mahesh Bhupathi / Mark Knowles 6–4, 6–2
# Transmission of plant viruses

Transmission of plant viruses is the movement of plant viruses between organisms.

## Background

Viruses are known to infect both plant cells and animal cells. Since viruses are obligate intracellular parasites they must develop direct methods of transmission, between hosts, in order to survive. The mobility of animals increases the mechanisms of viral transmission that have evolved, whereas plants remain immobile, and thus plant viruses must rely on environmental factors to be transmitted between hosts.

## Natural transmission between plant hosts

The structural differences between plant and animal cells have resulted in a variety of transmission routes being exploited, enabling the virus to be passed between different host plants. The main difference, from the point of view of a virus, is the cell wall. This forms a tough barrier between the intracellular components and the extracellular environment, which has to be penetrated. These differences, combined with the fact that plants are immobile, have resulted in plant viruses relying on the wind and soil to transmit seeds as well as vectors. Vectors either transmit the virus propagative transmission, which results in an amplification of the virus by replication within the cells of the vector, or non-propagative transmission which simply carries the virus between the plants without viral replication. Common vectors include bacteria, fungi, nematodes, arthropods and arachnids.
Furthermore, human intervention, including grafting and experimental mechanical damage, physically damages the cell wall, contributes to the array of transmission routes. The virus commonly uses these methods to be passed from one host to another. However, the virus is dependent upon physical damage, generated naturally by the wind and feeding of vectors or by human intervention.

## Transmission between plant cells

Viral infections often develop into systemic infections as a means of transmission. The virus often infects many tissues, if not the whole plant, where it can continue to replicate. There are a variety of methods the virus can use to spread throughout the organism but the most common route use the vascular system, otherwise known as the xylem and phloem, and the plasmodesmata, which interconnect adjacent cells.
Nevertheless, the rigidity of the cell wall of plant cells, not only poses a problem for transmission of the viruses between different plant hosts, but also acts to prevent viral transmission between cells. Consequently, the virus must modify the plasmodesmata as they, themselves, are too large to fit through the small and tightly regulated plant structure. There are again a variety of mechanisms used for this, which have evolved for different viruses. The main mechanisms involve expressing proteins which coat the virus and interact with the structure of the plasmodesmata. The array of proteins expressed by the different viruses may act differently but all achieve a similar goal, passage between adjacent cells.