OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vertical root fracture

Vertical root fractures are a type of fracture of a tooth. They can be characterized by an incomplete or complete fracture line that extends through the long axis of the root toward the apex. Vertical root fractures represent between 2 and 5 percent of crown/root fractures. The greatest incidence occurs in endodontically treated teeth, and in patients older than 40 years of age.
The occurrence of a complete vertical root fracture is often catastrophic for the individual tooth as tooth extraction is usually the only reasonable treatment.
Vertical root fracture is more likely where teeth have undergone extensive prior treatment. It is thought that excessive removal of dentine during procedures such as root canal treatment weakens the tooth. For this reason excessive canal shaping should be avoided. Fracturing may be caused by excessive forces placed on the tooth, such as during compaction of gutta-percha during the obturation phase of endodontics. Trauma can also cause crack formation.

## Symptoms and signs

Symptoms include: Short duration pain on biting, sensitivity to temperature change. Fracture lines may be visibly evident. Transillumination may reveal unseen fractures. Radiographic changes such as radiolucencies in the region of the fracture may be seen.

## Diagnosis

Vertical root fracture can be a difficult diagnosis to make where the fracture line is not evident.Use of cone-beam computerized tomography has been described.

## Regenerative Dentistry

A recent discovery shows that dentin can be regenerated, if the patient can be provided with some lithium which is available in many foods such as tomato and potato. Inside the dentin is the pulp chamber, which contains the nerves and blood vessels; new odontoblast-like cells can be produced in response to damage or trauma.
# Rio International Open Jiu-Jitsu Championship

The Rio International Open Jiu-Jitsu Championship was a Jujutsu/Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu tournament held at the Tijuca Tênis Clube, in Rio de Janeiro since 2008. This championship occurs simultaneously to Master and seniors international jiu-jitsu championship.

## Categories

Belts: White, Blue, Purple, Brown, Black, - Male and female. The age is evaluated as the one the athlete completes in the year of the contest.
* Juvenile: 16 to 17 years old
* Adult: 18 to 29 years old

## Results
### Available information

Since 2008, CBJJ has broadcast the general result by teams.

### 2008

* 1- Alliance
* 2- Check Matt
* 3- UGF

### 2009

* 1- Alliance
* 2- Checkmat BJJ
* 3- GFTeam

### 2010

* 1- Gracie Barra
* 2- Nova União
* 3- Gracie Humaita

### 2011

* 1 - GFTeam
* 2 - Nova União
* 3 - Gracie Humaitá
# Vexillum approximatum

Vexillum approximatum is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The ovate shell is turreted. The whorls are convexly angulated at the sutures, longitudinally ribbed and crossed by impressed striae. The interstices are punctured. The aperture is striated within. The columella is four-plaited. The color of the shell is white, banded and blotched irregularly with chestnut-brown.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Hawaii.
Fossils have been found in early Miocene strata on Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands
# Riešė

Riešė is a village in Vilnius District Municipality, Lithuania. According to the 2021 census, it had population of 1,595, an increase from 2011 census, which recorded 1,234 inhabitants, up from 419 in 1989 or +281% in 32 years. According to the estimates of the Avižieniai Eldership, it had population of 1,707. Riešė together with adjacent villages is one of the fastest growing localities in the vicinity of Vilnius because of suburbanisation.
The oldest and the largest (more than 800 horses) horse farm in Lithuania, specializing in breeding and growing Trakehner, Žemaitukas, and other horse breeds, is situated in Riešė. Riešė has a champignon mushroom growing complex, one of the largest in Europe.

## History

In 1867, a 9th-10th century Dirham treasure (92 coins) minted by Abbasid and Saffarid nobility was found in Riešė - an evidence of economic ties and importance of this habitable place even a thousand years ago. Unfortunately, the treasure was taken to Russia by the imperial administration. Lands and manor in the eldership were historically known since 16th century, when they belonged to the Vilnius Chapter. In 1681, the mansion was given rights to build a bridge across Riešė River and collect tolls.
# Rif (GTPase)

Rif is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rho family of GTPases. It is primarily active in the brain and plays a physiological role in the formation of neuronal dendritic spine. This process is regulated by FARP1, a type of activator for RhoA GTPases. Alternatively, Rif can induce the formation of actin stress fibers in epithelial cells, which is dependent on the activity levels of ROCK proteins since the absence of ROCK activity would mean Rif would be unable to stimulate the growth of stress fibers.
Rif is also seen expressed in diverse amount of human tissues such as in the colon and stomach due to Rho's use of actin dynamics to absorb intestinal epithelial cells. Rif is one way of generating filopodia (Rif-induced filopodia) through its interaction with mDia2. Specifically, the interaction is between the GTP from Rif and the GTPase binding domain (GBD) of mDia2. Rif's function in forming filopodia has a relation to the function of platelets. But in mice, Rif is not necessary for platelets to function. The co-expression of Rif with Rac or Cdc42, other GTPases that also participate in regulating cell structure and morphology, can give rise to new filopodial structures that differ from the filopodia arrangements stimulated by each of these GTPases functioning separately.
# Vexillum creatum

Vexillum creatum is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 13.1 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species was found off Exmouth Gulf (north end), Western Australia.
# Vexillum croceostoma

Vexillum croceostoma is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 38 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off North West Australia
# Rickey Sayers

Rickey Sayers (born February 9, 1990) is a former footballer. Born in Canada, he represented Grenada internationally.

## Playing career

Sayers played in the Canadian Soccer League in 2013 with York Region Shooters B in the Second Division. In 2015, he played in League1 Ontario with ProStars FC. In 2017, he played abroad in the Verbandsliga Hessen-Süd with 1. FCA Darmstadt.

## International career

Sayers made his debut for the Grenada national football team on October 24, 2017, against Panama in a friendly match. He made his second appearance on November 12, 2017, against Trinidad and Tobago.
# Veronica bellidioides

Veronica bellidioides is a flowering plant species in the genus Veronica of the family Plantaginaceae. It is native to Europe. This species was described by Carl von Linné.
# Vesa Hellman

Vesa Hellman (born (1970-11-11)November 11, 1970 in Pertteli) is a Finnish wheelchair curler.
He participated in the 2014 Winter Paralympics where Finnish team finished on tenth place.

## Teams

| Season | Skip | Third | Second | Lead | Alternate | Coach | Events |
| 2008–09 | Vesa Hellman | Tuomo Aarnikka | Jari Manni | Riitta Särösalo | Seppo Pihnala | Lauri Ikävalko | WWhCQ 2008 (7th) |
| 2008–09 | Vesa Hellman | Vesa Kokko | Riitta Särösalo | Anneli Rämö | | | FWhCC 2009 |
| 2009–10 | Vesa Hellman | Vesa Kokko | Riitta Särösalo | | | | FWhCC 2010 |
| 2010–11 | Vesa Hellman | Tuomo Aarnikka | Markku Karjalainen | Riitta Särösalo | Sari Karjalainen | Lauri Ikävalko | WWhCQ 2010 (8th) |
| 2010–11 | Vesa Hellman | Riitta Särösalo | Vesa Kokko | Mikko Nuora | | | FWhCC 2011 |
| 2011–12 | Markku Karjalainen (fourth) | Vesa Hellman (skip) | Sari Karjalainen | Tuomo Aarnikka | Riitta Särösalo | Lauri Ikävalko | WWhCQ 2011 |
| 2011–12 | Vesa Hellman | Mikko Nuora | Riitta Särösalo | Vesa Kokko | | | FWhCC 2012 |
| 2012–13 | Markku Karjalainen (fourth) | Vesa Hellman (skip) | Sari Karjalainen | Tuomo Aarnikka | | Lauri Ikävalko | WWhCQ 2012 |
| 2012–13 | Vesa Hellman | Seppo Pihnala | Mina Mojtahedi | Tuomo Aarnikka | | | FWhCC 2013 |
| 2012–13 | Markku Karjalainen (fourth) | Vesa Hellman (skip) | Sari Karjalainen | Tuomo Aarnikka | Mina Mojtahedi | Osku Kuutamo | WWhCC 2013 (8th) |
| 2013–14 | Markku Karjalainen | Sari Karjalainen | Vesa Hellman | Tuomo Aarnikka | Mina Mojtahedi | Osku Kuutamo | WPG 2014 (10th) |
# Riedelberg

Riedelberg is a municipality in Südwestpfalz district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.
# Ripistes

Ripistes is a monotypic genus of annelids belonging to the family Naididae. Its sole species, Ripistes parasita, is found in Eurasia and Northern America.
This aquatic oligochaete species has been detected in the Great Lakes at varying depths, specifically within the range of 6 meters to 10 meters. These observations encompass its presence on both barren, rocky substrates and amid macrophyte vegetation. In riverine environments, specimens of this oligochaete have been documented in water depths spanning from 0.9 meters to 3.5 meters. Furthermore, they have been observed in diverse flow rates, ranging from calm conditions to speeds of up to 50 cm/s (Simpson and Abele 1984; Montz 1988).
# Vexillum regina

Vexillum regina, common name the queen mitre, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The queen miter snail (Vexillum regina) is spectacularly colored with white, orange, and dark brown stripes (the species does vary in coloration, however). Vexillum is a predatory snail that secretes toxins to immobilize & kill prey.
The shell is elongately fusiform. The spire is turreted and sharply produced. The whorls are angulated at the upper part, longitudinally ribbed, transversely elevately striated. The shell is alternately zoned with orange-red and blueish white, edged with black. The columella is four-plaited.

## Distribution

It is a tropical marine gastropod from the Indo-Western Pacific Basin: Madagascar, Mozambique, the Philippines; also in the Coral Sea.
# Victor Owino

Victor Owino (born 5 July 1968) is a Kenyan field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Victor Costello

Victor Carton Patrick Costello (born 23 October 1970) is a retired Irish rugby union player and Olympic shot-putter.

## Athletics career

Costello is a former five-time Irish shot put champion; he finished in 22nd place at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona.

## Rugby career

Playing senior rugby throughout the 1990s until his retirement in 2005, Costello's rugby career with Leinster and Ireland straddled the amateur and professional eras. He was part of the Irish team at the 2003 Rugby World Cup and also had spells with Connacht and London Irish.

### Irish Rugby player file

* Official Leinster caps: 126
* Points scored: 80 (16 tries)
* Celtic League/Cup caps: 38 (5 tries)
* Heineken Cup caps: 57 (5 tries)
* Senior debut: Friendly, 46–11 win v Natal XV at Anglesea Road, 25 October 1995
* Heineken Cup debut: 24–21 win v Milan in Italy, 1 November 1995
* Ireland caps: 39 (January 1996 – 2004)
* Ireland points: 20 (4 tries)
* Ireland "A" caps: 9
* Ireland Under-21 caps: 2
* Ireland Schools caps: 4
* Leinster Under-20/21 caps: 1

## Other work and family

Costello provides TV and radio analysis for RTÉ Sport on-field events in major athletics championships, including the 2012 London Olympics. He also works as a pilot for Ryan Air, and is a committee member of the rugby sevens club, Shamrock Warriors. His sister Suzanne is an Irish international hockey player, sprinter and director of the Samaritans (Charity). His father Paddy was also a shot putter and Irish International rugby player, playing second row.
# Victoria, Colombia

Victoria is a town and municipality in the Colombian Department of Caldas.
5°25′N 74°50′W﻿ / ﻿5.417°N 74.833°W﻿ / 5.417; -74.833
* This Caldas Department location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Ringo no Uta

Ringo no Uta may refer to:
* "Ringo no Uta" (Michiko Namiki and Noboru Kirishima song), a 1945 song
* "Ringo no Uta" (Ringo Sheena song), a 2003 song
# Rivers State Bureau on Public Procurement

The Rivers State Bureau on Public Procurement (RSBOPP) is a regulatory agency within the Government of Rivers State in Nigeria, which regulates, monitors and oversees public procurement, ensuring that its conduct in the state follows laid down rules, is accountable, transparent and delivers value for money. It was created by the Rivers State Public Procurement Law no. 4 of 2008.

## Board of directors

The agency is led by a board of directors that comprises a Chairperson, the Attorney General of Rivers State, seven other members, and the Director-General of the bureau. The first board of directors of RSBOPP was inaugurated on 9 September 2008 by the Governor of Rivers State.

## Duties and powers

Fundamental duties and powers of the agency are as follows:
* enforce the monetary and prior review thresholds for the application of the provisions of the law;
* inspect or review all procurement transactions to ensure compliance;
* determine whether a procuring entity has violated the provisions of the law;
* de-list any suppliers, contractor, or services provider that contravenes this law or regulations made under this law;
* maintain a list of firms and persons that have been de-listed and publish same in the procurement journal;
* provide guidelines for the classification, and registration of contractors and service providers by the procuring entities and maintain a database of state contractors and services providers which may be reviewed periodically;
* carry out procurement audits;
* cancel any part or an entire procurement process were a breach is observed;
* act on procurement complaints;
* suspend any officer who has been proved to be responsible for a breach of the law;
* replace the head or any member of a procuring unit of a procuring entity, as well as chairperson of the Tender Board; and
* discipline the accounting officer of procuring entity.
# Victor H. Haas

Victor Herman Frank Haas (February 5, 1916 – June 8, 1983) was an American physician, commissioned officer in the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). He was the first director of the recently merged National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) from 1964 to 1975.

## Early life and education

Haas was born in Belle Plaine, Minnesota, on February 5, 1916, spending most of his early years in Cincinnati. Davis received a BS(1929), BM(1931), and MD(1932) degrees from the University of Cincinnati.

## Career

After joining the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) in 1932, he conducted investigations of encephalitis in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1933. Haas spent the following year at the National Institute of Health, and from 1935 to 1939 served at the PHS Plague Laboratory in San Francisco.
During World War II, Haas was chief of the Medical Commission to the Yunnan-Burma Railway in China and staff officer in the China-Burma-India Theater. He was the officer in charge of PHS malaria investigations from 1943 to 1948.
Haas was selected by Surgeon General Leonard A. Scheele, to be the first director of the National Microbiological Institute (NMI), Haas established programs to fund research conducted by scientists outside NIH and to support young investigators through training and fellowship grants.
During this period, scientists developing diphtheria and tetanus antisera observed that some patients exhibited severe hypersensitivity reactions to horse serum injections. This evidence of an immune system gone awry signaled that the Institute should include basic studies of the immune system in its future plans. To acknowledge the NMI expanded mission, it was renamed the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in 1955. Haas was NIAID director until he retired from the PHS on January 1, 1961.

## Personal life

He died June 8, 1983, at Waconia, Minnesota.
# Robert Armstrong-Jones

Sir Robert Armstrong-Jones, CBE JP DL FRCS FRCP FSA (born Robert Jones; 2 December 1857 – 30 January 1943) was a Welsh physician and psychiatrist.

## Biography

He was born in Ynyscynhaearn, Caernarvonshire, the son of Thomas Jones, a Congregational minister and small landed proprietor at Eisteddfa, Criccieth, and Elizabeth, daughter of Robert Jones, of Eisteddfa. He was educated at Porthmadog Grammar School and Grove Park School, Wrexham, going on to study medicine at University of Wales, Bangor, and St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Becoming a specialist in the treatment of mental illness, he worked as a junior medical officer at the Royal Earlswood Institution and Colney Hatch during the 1880s, and became resident physician and superintendent of Earlswood Asylum in 1888. In 1893 he became the first superintendent of the London County Council's Claybury Asylum, where he developed new treatments. In the same year he married Margaret Roberts (1868–1943), the elder daughter of Sir Owen Roberts of Plas Dinas, Caernarfon.
Jones lectured at St Bartholomew's Hospital, and became consulting physician in mental diseases to the military forces at London and Aldershot. In 1913, he assumed the additional surname of Armstrong, which had been the maiden name of his wife's grandmother, Jane née Armstrong, because he wanted to distinguish himself from another prominent Robert Jones of the time. During World War I, he was designated a Lieutenant-Colonel in the Royal Army Medical Corps; he was knighted in the 1917 New Year Honours, and after the war he was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in recognition of his war service. He was appointed High Sheriff of Caernarvonshire for 1929. He was a Fellow of both the Royal College of Physicians and the Royal College of Surgeons.
Armstrong-Jones had one son, Ronald Armstrong-Jones, and two daughters, Elaine Margaret Wauchope (1895–1965) and Gwendolen Jane Buckley (1905–1985), who married Sir Denys Buckley.
Armstrong-Jones died in Plas Dinas at the age of 85. His wife survived him by only four months. Their daughter Elaine married Colonel Charles Wauchup. Armstrong-Jones's son, Ronald, became a barrister, married Anne Messel (firstly) and was the father of Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon, the brother-in-law of Queen Elizabeth II.
# Robert Armstrong (Northern Ireland politician)

Robert Armstrong (1888 or 1889–1961) was a unionist politician in Northern Ireland.
Armstrong worked as a shipyard fitter then, later, as a water superintendent. He joined the Ulster Unionist Party and, despite having no political experience, was elected to the Senate of Northern Ireland in 1956, serving until his death in 1961.
# Roberdel, North Carolina

Roberdel, also known as Roberdell, is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Richmond County, North Carolina, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in the 2020 census with a population of 246.
The community is in central Richmond County, 3 miles (5 km) north of Rockingham, the county seat. It sits on the north side of Hitchcock Creek, a southwest-flowing tributary of the Pee Dee River. The Roberdel Mill No. 1 Company Store was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Roberdel CDP, North Carolina – Demographic Profile (NH = Non-Hispanic) :
| Race / Ethnicity | Pop 2020 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 246 | 82.93% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 3 | 1.22% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 4 | 1.63% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) | 13 | 5.28% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 22 | 8.94% |
| Total | 246 | 100.00% |
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race.
# Vihiga Constituency

Vihiga constituency is an electoral district for the National Assembly of Kenya, encompassing Vihiga, Kenya. It is one of five constituencies in Vihiga County.
The current member of parliament (MP) for the district is Ernest Ogesi Kivai, who won on an Amani National Congress party ticket with 48.44% of the vote. His nearest challenger, Dorcas Kedogo of the Orange Democratic Party slate, received 20.14% of the vote.
# Viggo Jensen (disambiguation)

Viggo Jensen may refer to:
* Viggo Jensen, Danish gymnast and Denmark's first Olympic gold medalist
* Viggo Jensen (footballer, born 1921), Danish footballer for Hull City who won a bronze medal at the 1948 Summer Olympics
* Viggo Jensen (footballer, born 1947), Danish footballer and football manager who has managed Estonia, the Denmark under-21s, and a number of Danish clubs
# Viktor Plahte

Viktor Møinichen Plahte (24 May 1878 – 1965) was a Norwegian businessperson.

## Early years

He was a son of Frithjof M. Plahte (1836–1899) and Marie, née Birch (1852–1937). He was a brother of Herbert and Erik Plahte, and an uncle of Frithjof M. Plahte Jr. and Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn Jr. His father had settled at Høvik in Bærum and Viktor lived there. He was, however, born in Surrey and took practical business training in England as well as in Sweden. He also attended Oslo Commerce School.

## Career

He became a partner in the bank N. A. Andresen & Co in 1902, together with his brother Herbert. The other three partners were Nils August Andresen Butenschøn, Carl Christian Andresen, and, from 1910, Hans Barthold Andresen Butenschøn. The bank changed its name to Andresens Bank in 1913 and merged with Bergens Kreditbank in 1920. The merger was dissolved later that decade. Plahte sat as co-owner and bank director from 1912 to 1923. He also founded Christiania Portland Cementfabrik, together with Donato Brambani.
He chaired the Norwegian Bankers' Association from 1919 to 1921, as well as Christiania Portland Cementfabrik. He was a board member of Egeberg Brug, Skedsmo Dampsag og Høvleri, Nydalens Compagnie, Meråker Brug, and Norsk Skibs-Hypothekbank. He chaired the supervisory council member of Forsikringsaktieselskabet Norden and was a supervisory council member of Filharmonisk Selskap. He was a member of the gentlemen's club SK Fram since 1902, and was proclaimed a lifetime member in 1964.
There is a road in Bærum named Viktor Plahtes vei. However, it is named after Viktor's son, Viktor Plahte, born in 1911, who died as an Allied pilot during the Second World War.
# Robert Butler (criminal)

Robert Butler (c.1851 – 17 July 1905) was a New Zealand-Australian career criminal and murderer. He was born in either Kilkenny, County Kilkenny, Ireland or Bury, Lancashire, England on c.1851. He was suspected of murdering a family of three in New Zealand in 1880, but was acquitted. However, Butler did receive an 18-year sentence on unrelated charges. Butler was released from prison in 1896, after which he returned to Australia. He was executed for another murder in 1905.
# Village of Four Seasons

Village of Four Seasons may refer to:
* Village of Four Seasons, Missouri
* Village of Four Seasons, Pennsylvania