OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor

The alpha-4 beta-2 nicotinic receptor, also known as the α4β2 receptor, is a type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor implicated in learning, consisting of α4 and β2 subunits. It is located in the brain, where activation yields post- and presynaptic excitation, mainly by increased Na$^+$ and K$^+$ permeability.
Stimulation of this receptor subtype is also associated with growth hormone secretion. People with the inactive CHRNA4 mutation Ser248Phe are an average of 10 cm (4 inches) shorter than average and predisposed to obesity. A 2015 review noted that stimulation of the α4β2 nicotinic receptor in the brain is responsible for certain improvements in attentional performance; among the nicotinic receptor subtypes, nicotine has the highest binding affinity at the α4β2 receptor (k$_i$=1 nM), which is also the primary biological target that mediates nicotine's addictive properties.
The receptors exist in the two stoichiometries:
* (α4)$_2$(β2)$_3$ receptors have high sensitivity to nicotine and low Ca$^{2+}$ permeability (HS receptors)
* (α4)$_3$(β2)$_2$ receptors have low sensitivity to nicotine and high Ca$^{2+}$ permeability (LS receptors)

## Structure

The α4β2 receptor assemble in two distinct stoichiometric forms. One stoichiometry contains three α4 and two β2 subunits [ (α4)$_3$(β2)$_2$ ] whereas the other stoichiometry contains two α4 and three β2 [ (α4)$_2$(β2)$_3$ ]. The x-ray structure of the (α4)$_2$(β2)$_3$ receptor is known since 2016 and reveals a circular α–β–β–α–β ordering of subunits.

## Ligands

Source:

### Agonists

* 3-Bromocytisine
* Acetylcholine
* Cytisine
* Galantamine
* Epibatidine
* Epiboxidine
* Nicotine
* A-84,543
* A-366,833
* ABT-418
* Arecoline
* Altinicline
* Dianicline
* Ispronicline
* Pozanicline
* Rivanicline
* Tebanicline
* TC-1827
* Varenicline
* Sazetidine A: full agonist on (α4)$_2$(β2)$_3$, 6% efficacy on (α4)$_3$(β2)$_2$
* N-(3-pyridinyl)-bridged bicyclic diamines

### PAMs

* NS-9283: 60-fold left-shifting of concentration-response curve, no change in maximum efficacy
* Desformylflustrabromine
* Further compounds.. (see references →)

### Antagonists

* (−)-7-methyl-2-exo-[3'-(6-[18F]fluoropyridin-2-yl)-5'-pyridinyl]-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane
* 2-fluoro-3-(4-nitro-phenyl)deschloroepibatidine
* Coclaurine - alkaloid from Nelumbo nucifera
* Mecamylamine
* α-Conotoxin
* PNU-120,596
* Bupropion
* Dihydro-β-erythroidine, selective
* Nitrous oxide
* Isoflurane
* 1-(6-(((R,S)-7-Hydroxychroman-2-yl)methylamino]hexyl)-3-((S)-1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridinium bromide (compound 2) (heterobivalent ligand: D2R agonist and nAChR antagonist)

### NAMs

* Oxantel
# Vexillum atractoides

Vexillum atractoides is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 21 mm, its diameter 7 mm.
(Original description) The narrowly fusiform-biconic shell has a moderately elevated spire, ending in a blunt conoidal protoconch of four smooth whorls. The shell contains five whorls, excluding the protoconch. They are slightly convex, with a linear suture, sculptured with raised spiral threads and tessellated by curved transverse threads. The Body whorl shows a cancellate ornament, a little ventricose in front of suture, medially attenuated, but slightly dilated at the front. The aperture is very narrow. The outer lip is thin, smooth within, medially ecurved. The columella is nearly straight, with four plaits, the anterior one small.

## Distribution

Fossils of this marine species were found in older Tertiary strata in Australia
# Sonalba coal mine

The Sonalba Coal Mine is a coal mine located in Sindh. The mine has coal reserves amounting to 2.47 billion tonnes of coking coal, one of the largest coal reserves in Asia and the world.
# San Pedro de Putina Punco District

San Pedro de Putina Puncu District is one of ten districts of the province Sandia in Peru.
# Red vine

Red vine or redvine may refer to:
* Basella alba, a vegetable also known as red vine spinach
* Brunnichia, a genus of woody vines known as redvine
* Red Vines, a brand of licorice
* "Red Vines", a song from the Aimee Mann album Bachelor No. 2 or, the Last Remains of the Dodo
* The Red Vine, a painting by George Bellows
* Siphlophis compressus, also known as red vine snake
# Nautilus (secure telephone)

Nautilus is a program which allows two parties to securely communicate using modems or TCP/IP. It runs from a command line and is available for the Linux and Windows operating systems. The name was based upon Jules Verne's Nautilus and its ability to overcome a Clipper ship as a play on Clipper chip. The program was originally developed by Bill Dorsey, Andy Fingerhut, Paul Rubin, Bill Soley, and David Miller.
Nautilus is historically significant in the realm of secure communications because it was one of the first programs which were released as open source to the general public which used strong encryption. It was created as a response to the Clipper chip in which the US government planned to use a key escrow scheme on all products which used the chip. This would allow them to monitor "secure" communications. Once this program and another similar program PGPfone were available on the internet, the proverbial cat was "out of the bag" and it would have been nearly impossible to stop the use of strong encryption for telephone communications.
The project had to move their web presence by the end of May 2014 due to the decision of Fraunhofer FOCUS to shut down the developer platform that hosted the project.
# Query likelihood model

The query likelihood model is a language model used in information retrieval. A language model is constructed for each document in the collection. It is then possible to rank each document by the probability of specific documents given a query. This is interpreted as being the likelihood of a document being relevant given a query.

## Calculating the likelihood

Using Bayes' rule, the probability $P$ of a document $d$, given a query $q$ can be written as follows:
    $P(d|q)={\frac {P(q|d)P(d)}{P(q)}}$
Since the probability of the query $P(q)$ is the same for all documents, this can be ignored. Further, it is typical to assume that the probability of documents is uniform. Thus, $P(d)$ is also ignored.
    $P(d|q)\propto P(q|d)$
Documents are then ranked by the probability that a query is observed as a random sample from the document model. The multinomial unigram language model is commonly used to achieve this. We have:
    $P(q|M_{d})=K_{q}\prod _{t\in V}P(t|M_{d})^{tf_{t,q}}$,where the multinomial coefficient is $K_{q}=L_{q}!/(tf_{t1,q}!tf_{t2,q}!...tf_{tN,q}!)$ for query $q$,
and $L_{q}=\sum _{1\leq i\leq N}tf_{t_{i},q}$ is the length of query $q$ given the term frequencies $tf$ in the query vocabulary $N$.
In practice the multinomial coefficient is usually removed from the calculation. The reason is that it is a constant for a given bag of words (such as all the words from a specific document $d$). The language model $M_{d}$ should be the true language model calculated from the distribution of words underlying each retrieved document. In practice this language model is unknown, so it is usually approximated by considering each term (unigram) from the retrieved document together with its probability of appearance. So $P(t|M_{d})$ is the probability of term $t$ being generated by the language model $M_{d}$ of document $d$. This probability is multiplied for all terms from query $q$ to get a rank for document $d$ in the interval $[0,1]$. The calculation is repeated for all documents to create a ranking of all documents in the document collection.
# Camila Solórzano

Camila Solórzano Ayusa (born August 16, 1989 in San Miguel de Tucumán) is an Argentine beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned Miss Argentina 2012 and was represented her country at the Miss Universe 2012 pageant.

## Miss Earth 2008

Camila represented her country at the Miss Earth 2008 pageant in the Philippines.

## Miss Argentina 2012

Camila Solorzano, from Tucumán, was crowned Miss Universo Argentina 2012 during an event held on November 6. Camila, who is 23 years of age, She stands 179 cm tall and travelled to Las Vegas, Nevada, USA in December for the 2012 Miss Universe competition.

## Miss Universe 2012

She represented Argentina in Miss Universe 2012 held in Las Vegas but did not place in the semifinals.
# Vrasene

Vrasene is a village in the municipality of Beveren in the Belgian province of East Flanders. It is located about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) west of Antwerp.

## History

Vrasene is located on a hill which is a remnant of an old dune stretching from Stekene to Zwijndrecht. The area around Vrasene was never a noble possession or a fief. The name probably means "settlement on the (former river) Verre". In 1136, the monastery of Salegem was founded in Vrasene and the monks started to cultivate the land. A church has been known to exist in Vrasene since 1183. In 1624, the monastery was destroyed during the religious wars. During the 18th century, Vrasene was a centre of clog production.
In 1845, the village of Meerdonk [nl] separated from Vrasene and formed its own municipality. During World War I, the polders around the village were inundated to halt the German progress. During the occupation, the village was part of the so-called Etappegebiet, a military area where 188 bunkers were constructed to guard against a British invasion or Dutch attack. In September 1918, the entire male population was held hostage in the church after a local police officer who allegedly collaborated with the Germans was murdered.
Vrasene was an independent municipality until 1977 when it was merged with Beveren as part of the fusion of municipalities in Belgium.

## Buildings

The Holy Cross church was first mentioned in 1183. In 1448, the church was redesigned into a three aisled Gothic church. The square tower was added between 1450 and 1455. The church was extended in 1877, and declared a monument in 1942.

## Notable people

* Ruben Apers (born 1998), racing cyclist
* Laura Waem (born 1997), artistic gymnast

## Gallery

* Bunkers in the meadow
* Former brewery. Nowadays a residential house
* Retirement home
# Allin Township, McLean County, Illinois

Allin Township is located in McLean County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 919 and it contained 389 housing units. Allin Township was originally named Mosquito Grove Township, but changed its name on March 4, 1867. The township bears the name of James Allin, a promoter of Bloomington, Illinois.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 36.25 square miles (93.9 km$^2$), all land.
# Vessel States

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 76/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Pitchfork Media | 7.5/10 |
Vessel States is the second studio album by Baltimore band Wilderness. It was recorded, mixed and mastered in the fall of 2005, by Chad Clark and T.J. Lipple at Silver Sonya in Arlington, Virginia.

## Track listing

* "The Blood Is on the Wall"
* "Beautiful Alarms"
* "Emergency"
* "Last"
* "Fever Pitch"
* "Death Verses"
* "Towered"
* "Gravity Bent Light"
* "Monumental"
# Sopa

Sopa or SOPA may refer to:
* Sopa (tribe), an Albanian tribe of the Sharr Mountains
* Lake Sopa, Albania
* School of Performing Arts Seoul, an arts high school in Seoul, South Korea
* Senior Officer Present Afloat, a term used in the U.S. Navy
* Socialist Party of Azania, a political party in South Africa
* Stop Online Piracy Act, a controversial proposed legislation introduced in the U.S. Senate regarding copyright infringement on the Internet
* Sydney Olympic Park Authority, the managers of Sydney Olympic Park
# San Pedro de Quemes Canton

San Pedro de Quemes is one of the cantons of the San Pedro de Quemes Municipality, the second municipal section of the Nor Lípez Province in the Potosí Department of Bolivia. During the census of 2001 it had 574 inhabitants. Its seat is San Pedro de Quemes with a population of 490 in 2001.
# Recessional velocity

Recessional velocity is the rate at which an extragalactic astronomical object recedes (becomes more distant) from an observer as a result of the expansion of the universe. It can be measured by observing the wavelength shifts of spectral lines emitted by the object, known as the object's cosmological redshift.

## Application to cosmology

Hubble's law is the relationship between a galaxy's distance and its recessional velocity, which is approximately linear for galaxies at distances of up to a few hundred megaparsecs. It can be expressed as
    $v_{r}=H_{0}D\ +v_{pec}$
where $H_{0}$ is the Hubble constant, $D$ is the proper distance, $v_{r}$ is the object's recessional velocity, and $v_{pec}$ is the object's peculiar velocity.
The recessional velocity of a galaxy can be calculated from the redshift observed in its emitted spectrum. One application of Hubble's law is to estimate distances to galaxies based on measurements of their recessional velocities. However, for relatively nearby galaxies the peculiar velocity can be comparable to or larger than the recessional velocity, in which case Hubble's law does not give a good estimate of an object's distance based on its redshift. In some cases (such as the Andromeda Galaxy, 2.5 million light-years away and approaching us at 300 km/s, or even Messier 81 at 12 million light-years away and approaching at 34 km/s) $v_{r}$ is negative (i.e., the galaxy's spectrum is observed to be blueshifted) as a result of the peculiar velocity.
# Ansa lenticularis

The ansa lenticularis (ansa lentiformis in older texts) is a part of the brain, making up the superior layer of the substantia innominata. Its fibers, derived from the medullary lamina of the lentiform nucleus, pass medially to end in the thalamus and subthalamic region, while others are said to end in the tegmentum and red nucleus. It is classified by NeuroNames as part of the subthalamus.
# Quebrada Maracuto

Quebrada Maracuto, in the municipality of Carolina, Puerto Rico, is a prehistoric rock art site. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
The site includes seven boulders with petroglyphs.
Images in the petroglyphs include faces and a carved clockwise spiral.
# Vásáry

Vásáry is a Hungarian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* André Vásáry (born 1982), Hungarian singer and sopranist
* István Vásáry (1887–1955), Hungarian politician
* Tamás Vásáry (born 1933), Hungarian classical pianist and composer
# Sormitz

The Sormitz is a tributary or affluent of the Loquitz in Thuringia, Germany and is 29.2 km in length.
Its origin is in the town park of Wurzbach where Langwasser and Oßlabach confluence. It enters the Loquitz in Hockeroda, which is in turn a tributary of the Saale.

## Naming

It is not possible to clarify to origin of the name. One assumption is the origin in Slavic Sb'rbica bzw. Sb'rbici (what means Sorbian stream).
# San Pedro de Rozados

San Pedro de Rozados is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 307 inhabitants.
# Recetto

Recetto is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Novara in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Turin and about 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) west of Novara. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 865 and an area of 8.8 square kilometres (3.4 sq mi).
Recetto borders the following municipalities: Arborio, Biandrate, Greggio, San Nazzaro Sesia, and Vicolungo.
# Nayan

Nayan may refer to:
* Nayan (Mongol prince), 13th century prince of the Mongol Empire
* Nayanthara (born 1984), or Nayan, Indian actress
* Nayan Chanda (born 1946), Indian magazine editor
* Nayan Desai (born 1946), Indian poet
* Nayan Doshi (born 1978), British cricketer
* Nayan Ghosh (born 1956), Indian musician
* Nayan Mongia (born 1969), Indian cricketer
* Nayan Padrai (born 1975), Indian screenwriter, producer, and director
* Nayan Shah, American professor
# QuickBus

QuickBus or "qb" may refer to the following Maryland Transit Administration bus routes:
* Route 40, operating from Woodlawn to Middle River
* Route 46, operating from Cedonia to Paradise
* Route 47, operating from Walbrook Junction to Overlea
* Route 48, operating from Towson to Downtown Baltimore
# Politics Daily

Politics Daily was an American political journalism web site launched by AOL News in April 2009. It described itself as a "political news magazine for the general reader." Melinda Henneberger, a former Newsweek and New York Times reporter, was Editor in Chief. Carl M. Cannon was the Executive Editor and senior Washington correspondent. Former Baltimore Sun reporter David Wood was chief military correspondent. Politics Daily columnist Jill Lawrence was a national political correspondent for USA Today. Washington Post columnist Donna Britt and Chicago Sun-Times reporter Lynn Sweet wrote for the web site. Bucking the general trend of layoffs in the media industry due to declining advertising revenue in the late-2000s recession, Politics Daily had hired 22 professional writers and journalists by the end of April 2009, with some reportedly earning salaries over US$100,000 annually.
On March 10, 2011, Melinda Henneberger and other top Politics Daily staffers were among 200 editorial employees laid off at AOL. It was later merged into The Huffington Post's Politics section.
# Blóðdropinn

Blóðdropinn (Drop of Blood) is an annual Icelandic literary award for the best crime novel of the previous year, which has been awarded since 2007. The author of the winning novel becomes Iceland's candidate for the Glass Key award.

## Winners

| Year | Author | Original title | English title |
| 2019 | Lilja Sigurðardóttir | Svik JPV (Forlagið), Reykjavík 2018 | |
| 2018 | Lilja Sigurðardóttir | Búrið JPV útgáfa, Reykjavík 2016 | Cage |
| 2017 | Arnaldur Indriðason | Petsamo Vaka-Helgafell, Reykjavík 2016 | |
| 2016 | Óskar Guðmundsson | Hilma Draumsýn, Reykjavík 2015 | |
| 2015 | Yrsa Sigurðardóttir | DNA Veröld, Reykjavík 2014 | The Legacy |
| 2014 | Stefán Máni | Grimmd JPV, Reykjavík 2013 | Cruelty |
| 2013 | Stefán Máni | Húsið JPV, Reykjavík 2012 | The House |
| 2012 | Sigurjón Pálsson | Klækir Sigurjón Pálsson, Reykjavík 2011 | Monkey business |
| 2011 | Yrsa Sigurðardóttir | Ég man þig Veröld, Reykjavík 2010 | I Remember You Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2012 |
| 2010 | Helgi Ingólfsson | Þegar kóngur kom Ormstunga, Reykjavík 2009 | When the King Came |
| 2009 | Ævar Örn Jósepsson | Land tækifæranna Uppheimar, Akranes 2008 | Land of Opportunities |
| 2008 | Arnaldur Indriðason | Harðskafi JPV, Reykjavík 2007 | Hypothermia Harvell Seckler; London, 2009 |
| 2007 | Stefán Máni | Skipið JPV, Reykjavík 2006 | The Ship Murdoch Books, Sydney 2012. |
# Vuković (Kučevo)

Vuković is a village in the municipality of Kučevo, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 301 people.
# Almirantazgo

Almirantazgo may refer to:
* Almirantazgo Fjord, in Chile
* Yakutat Bay, in Alaska
# Veronica austriaca

Veronica austriaca, the broadleaf speedwell, large speedwell, Austrian speedwell, or saw-leaved speedwell, is a species of flowering plant in the plantain family Plantaginaceae, native to northern temperate Europe. Growing to 90 cm (35 in) tall by 60 cm (24 in) broad, it is a mound-forming herbaceous perennial, with deeply toothed leaves and erect spikes of bright blue flowers throughout summer.
The specific epithet austriaca refers to Austria within its native range.
Several cultivars are available, of which the following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
* V. austriaca subsp. teucrium 'Crater Lake Blue'
* V. austriaca subsp. teucrium 'Royal Blue'
# Valery Bevz

Valery Ananyevych Bevz is a People's Deputy of Ukraine, was a member of the Communist Party fraction in Verkhovna Rada from November 2007 to December 2012,), a militia general-lieutenant and Secretary of the Committee on Legislative Support of Law Enforcement from December 2007.

## Biography

Bevz was born on January 27, 1953, in Kozyntsi village, Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine. His spouse, Marianna (b. 1955),is a pensioner. They have a daughter, Svetlana (b. 1980), who is a crime investigator.

### Education

In 1978, Bevz graduated from Gorky High School of the USSR Interior Ministry and in 1991 graduated from the Academy of the USSR Interior Ministry.

## Career

* 1971–73 – military service in Soviet Army
* 1978–96 – inspector, senior inspector, chief of public service to combat economic crime; 1st Deputy Chief, then Chief of the district office of internal affairs, Executive Officer, deputy director, then Director of Human Resources department, Head of the department for work with military personnel, 1st Deputy Head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in Vinnytsia region, the Chief of the criminal police in Vinnytsia region.
* June 1996 – chief of the Office of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in the Chernivtsi region
* December 1996 – chief of the Office of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in the Chernihiv region
* 2000–03 – chief of the Office of Internal Affairs of Ukraine in Vinnytsia region
* 2003–04 – Rector of the Odesa Institute of Legal Affairs affiliated with National University of Internal Affairs
* 2004–05 – Deputy Head of Vinnytsia Regional State Administration
* 2007 – Deputy Minister of Emergencies and Affairs of Population Protection from Consequences of Chernobyl Accident
* November 2007 – December 2012 – Deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the 6th convocation (elected from the Communist Party, No. 7 in the list)
Bevz did not return to parliament after the 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election after losing in Ukraine's 11th electoral district (first-past-the-post wins a parliament seat) located in Vinnytsia Oblast).
* From 2007 - Secretary of the Committee on Legislative Support of Law Enforcement
* From November 2007 - member of the Communist Party fraction
* 2006–07 - worked as Vinnytsia Regional Council deputy

## Awards

Order of Merits, III class (1999); medal "For Honourable Service", III, II class
# Anthony Griffin

Anthony or Tony Griffin may refer to:
* Anthony J. Griffin (1866–1935), U.S. Representative from New York
* Anthony C. Griffin, American plastic surgeon
* Anthony Griffin (Royal Navy officer) (1920–1996), Controller of the Royal Navy
* Anthony Griffin (rugby league) (born 1966), Australian rugby league football coach
* Anthony Griffin (footballer) (born 1979), retired English footballer
* Tony Griffin (hurler) (born 1981), Irish hurler
* Tony Griffin (athlete), British Paralympic athlete
# Quinby, Virginia

Quinby is a census-designated place (CDP) in Accomack County, Virginia, United States. It was first listed as a CDP in 2010. Per the 2020 census, the population was 285.

## Geography

It lies at an elevation of 7 feet.

## Demographics
### 2020 census

Quinby CDP, Virginia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 250 | 253 | 88.65% | 88.77% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 20 | 8 | 7.09% | 2.81% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 2 | 0 | 0.71% | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 1 | 0.00% | 0.35% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 1 | 11 | 0.35% | 3.86% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 9 | 12 | 3.19% | 4.21% |
| Total | 282 | 285 | 100.00% | 100.00% |