OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Villa Noailles

Villa Noailles (French pronunciation:) is an early modernist house, built by architect Robert Mallet-Stevens for art patrons Charles and Marie-Laure de Noailles, between 1923 and 1927. It is located in the hills above Hyères, in the Var, southeastern France.

## History

Charles de Noailles was born in 1891, his wife Marie-Laure in 1902. They were married in 1923. Before their marriage, they became friends of artist-filmmaker Jean Cocteau, and Noailles commissioned a portrait of his wife by Pablo Picasso in 1923.
In 1923, they signed a contract with the architect Robert Mallet-Stevens to build a summer villa in the hills above the city of Hyères. Construction took three years, and eventually also included a triangular Cubist garden designed by Gabriel Guevrekian.
The main artists noticed at the Salon des artistes décorateurs of 1924 for their integrated furniture were commissioned. The decoration included furniture bought or made specially for the villa, by Mallet-Stevens himself with his armchair « Transat » created for the swimming pool, by Djo-Bourgeois, Francis Jourdain, Pierre Legrain, Pierre Chareau, Jean Prouvé, Eileen Gray, Charlotte Perriand, Dominique (Marie André Domin), Sybold van Ravesteyn and Theo van Doesburg from De Stijl, the Wassily Chair of Marcel Breuer, or from the brands Smith & Co and Ronéo, as well as textiles by Raoul Dufy and Sonia Delaunay, luminaires by Jean Perzel, ironworks by Claudius Linossier, stained glass by Louis Barillet and pieces of art : sculptures by Jean and Joël Martel, Henri Laurens, Constantin Brâncuși, Alberto Giacometti, Jacques Lipchitz, paintings by Mondrian or Braque, etc.
Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, the couple were important patrons of modern art, particularly surrealism; they supported film projects by Man Ray, Salvador Dalí, and Luis Buñuel; and commissioned paintings, photographs and sculptures by Balthus, Giacometti, Constantin Brâncuși, Miró, and Dora Maar. Villa Noailles features prominently in Man Ray's film Les Mystères du Château de Dé.
In 1940 the villa was occupied by the Italian Army and turned into a hospital. From 1947 until 1970, the villa was the summer residence of Marie-Laure. She died in 1970, and the house was purchased by the city of Hyères in 1973. Charles de Noailles died in 1981. The villa is now used as an arts center and for special exhibits.
James Lord was a guest there in the mid-fifties. In his book Picasso and Dora: a memoir he writes: "...an undistinguished cubist extravaganza of reinforced concrete set atop a high hill, within the ancient walls of a Saracen fortress. It had been designed in the late twenties by a fashionable architect named Mallet-Stevens, contained something like fifty rooms and was surrounded by a large garden." He recalls the room, where Marie-Laure tried to seduce him: "...a large salon at Saint-Bernard which had no windows but was lighted from above by a bizarre cubist skylight which occupied almost all the ceiling, adding to the sense of existing outside time in a stranded ocean liner." The beauty of the location did not help, however, the "redoutable viscountess" in conquering his chastity.
# Spirit 23

The Spirit 23, also called the North American 23, is an American trailerable sailboat that was designed by Robert Finch as a cruiser and first built in 1978.

## Production

The design was built by Glastron in the United States, starting in 1976, initially by their North American Yachts subsidiary in Henderson, Tennessee, as the North American 23. Morgan Yachts, builders of the North American 40, threatened a lawsuit over the naming, resulting in North American Yachts being sold and the boat being built starting in 1978 by a different Glastron subsidiary, Spirit Yachts, in Austin, Texas as the Spirit 23. Production was ended in 1981.

## Design

The Spirit 23 is a recreational keelboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with wood trim and an optional cabin "pop-top" for increased headroom. It has a masthead sloop rig, a raked stem, a reverse transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a stub keel with a retractable centerboard or with a fixed fin keel. A "kick-up" rudder was a factory option.
The boat is normally fitted with a small 3 to 6 hp (2 to 4 kW) outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.
The design has sleeping accommodation for four people, with a double "V"-berth in the bow cabin, a drop-down dinette and a straight settee in the main cabin. An alternate main cabin plan provided two settee berths in place of the dinette. In this latter arrangement the starboard berth is 10.0 ft (3.0 m) long. The galley is located on the starboard side just aft of the bow cabin and is equipped with a two-burner stove and a sink. The head is located in the bow cabin on the port side under the "V"-berth. Cabin headroom is 57 in (145 cm) or 74 in (188 cm) with the optional "pop-top" open.
The design has a PHRF racing average handicap of 240 and a hull speed of 6.0 kn (11.1 km/h).

## Variants
### North American 23

    Original model built from 1976 to 1978 and equipped with a stub keel and centerboard. It displaces 2,800 lb (1,270 kg) and carries 800 lb (363 kg) of ballast. The boat has a draft of 5.00 ft (1.52 m) with the centerboard down and 2.00 ft (0.61 m) with it retracted.

### Spirit 23

    This centerboard model is the re-designated North American 23, introduced in 1978 under this name and built until 1981. It displaces 2,800 lb (1,270 kg) and carries 800 lb (363 kg) of ballast. The boat has a draft of 5.00 ft (1.52 m) with the centerboard down and 2.00 ft (0.61 m) with it retracted.

### Spirit 23 K

    This fixed keel model was introduced in 1978 and built until 1981. It has a swept fin keel, a taller mast with more sail area, a mid-cockpit mainsheet traveler and a one-piece rudder made from fiberglass. It displaces 3,150 lb (1,429 kg) and carries 1,150 lb (522 kg) of lead ballast. The boat has a draft of 3.50 ft (1.07 m).
# Scale models of the Bastille

Scale models of the Bastille were produced between 1789 and 1790 by the businessman Pierre-François Palloy using stones from the demolition of the Bastille, the building they portray.

## History

Following the fall of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 Palloy decided to take charge of its demolition, gaining official authorisation to do so on 16 July and completing work on 21 May 1791. Stones from the former fortress were used on several building projects, notably Pont de la Concorde, but Palloy also converted salvaged stones and other materials into souvenirs, such as stone plaques made from stones from the dungeons, medals made from chains and so on, thus launching a fashion for representations of the fall.
When the 83 départements were founded at the end of 1789 Palloy decided to make a scale model of the Bastille from its stones for each of the départements' capitals. He set up a studio dedicated to producing them, initially carved from the stones, then mass-produced by casting a mix of stone powder and mortar. He offered the scale models to the départements at the end of 1790, sending with them other products and an "apostle of Liberty" (an association set up by Palloy himself), who would give a speech when the gifts were handed over. Scale models were also offered to government ministers, to Louis XVI and to foreign dignitaries such as George Washington (his is still on display at Mount Vernon).
The scale models were around 40 cm high, 100 cm wide and 60 cm deep and were presented to the public at patriotic festivals and contributed to turning the Bastille's fall into a republican myth and symbol of liberty/

## Surviving examples

Surviving examples include :
* Auch : Archives départementales du Gers
* Chartres : Musée des beaux-arts de Chartres
* Nancy : Musée lorrain (Palais des Ducs de Lorraine)
* Nantes : Musée Dobrée
* Pau : Archives départementales des Pyrénées-Atlantiques.
* Paris : musée Carnavalet
* Paris : Musée des Archives nationales
* Quimper : Musée départemental breton
* Le Puy-en-Velay : musée Crozatier
* Rouen : musée départemental des antiquités
* Tours : hôtel Goüin
* Tulle: garden of the museum cloister
* Valence : musée des beaux-arts
* Vannes : Archives départementales du Morbihan
* Versailles : salle du Jeu de paume
* Vizille : salle de l'été 1789, musée de la Révolution française
* Saint-Brieuc : musée d'art et d'histoire de Saint-Brieuc (not on display)
* Coutances : Musée Quesnel-Morinière
# Paul Kennedy (rugby union)

Anthony Paul Kennedy (born 30 January 1957) is a former Ireland rugby union international from Northern Ireland.
Kennedy attended Methodist College Belfast and captained the rugby team to success in the Ulster Schools' Cup. He went on to study at the University of Exeter and made a Combined England Universities side during this period.
While working as a marketing manager in London, Kennedy competed for the London Irish club, while also turning out for Ulster. He was capped twice for Ireland in the 1986 Five Nations, appearing against Wales and England.
# Rah Ahan Square

Rah Ahan Square (Persian:میدان راه‌آهن literally meaning Railway Square) is a square located in southern Tehran, Iran. Tehran Railway Station is located at this square.

## Transportation

* Valiasr Street
* Kargar Street
* Shush Street
* Tehran railway station
* Rahahan Metro Station

### Former

The Tehran trolleybus system's route 5 served Rah Ahan Square starting in 2010, but the service was withdrawn at an unknown date between 2011 and 2013.
# Vindemialis

Vindemialis was Bishop of Orange from 527 to 549.
He attended, and probably hosted, the famous second Council of Orange on July 3, 529, that was chaired by Saint Caesarius of Arles. He also attended the Synod of Marseilles in 533.
# Musa viridis

Musa viridis is a species of wild banana (genus Musa), native to northern Vietnam. It is placed in section Callimusa (now including the former section Australimusa), members of which have a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 20.
# Villiers-les-Hauts

Villiers-les-Hauts (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.
# Spelaeorhynchus

Spelaeorhynchus is a genus of mites placed in its own family, Spelaeorhynchidae, in the order Mesostigmata. It contains five recognized species:
* Spelaeorhynchus praecursor Neuman, 1902
* Spelaeorhynchus hutsoni Martyn, 1988
* Spelaeorhynchus jimi Peracchi, 1992
* Spelaeorhynchus soaresi Peracchi, 1992
* Spelaeorhynchus wenzeli Peracchi, 1992
# Scarce bridle snake

The scarce bridle snake (Lycodon gracilis) is a species of snake found in South India, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar.

## Description

The holotype measures 53 cm (21 in) in length, including the 10 cm (4 in) tail. The holotype has 234 ventral scales, an entire anal scale, and 81–83 subcaudal scales. The ground colour is white. There are about 38 dark-brown crossbands, which are about 2–3 times as wide as the white interspaces. The interspaces are marbled with brown. The first crossband occupies the head. The lower parts are uniform white.

## Distribution

This species is known from scattered records, including just two specimens reported since 1888. In India, it is known from Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, and Orissa. The Sri Lankan record is from Jaffna. Lastly, this species is known from False Island, off the Arakan coast of Myanmar. The holotype was collected from the Anamallay Mountains by Richard Henry Beddome.

## Habitat

Lycodon gracilis occurs in moist and dry forests. Its Sri Lankan habitat has been described as "monsoon scrub jungle".

## Threats

This species could be threatened by habitat loss and degradation caused by agricultural and urban expansion. However, the impact of these threats is unknown as current records are lacking.
# Reliquary Crown of Henry II

The so-called Crown of Henry II is a medieval crown which came from the reliquary of the saint Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (972–1024) at Bamberg Cathedral, though it is not thought to date from close to his lifetime. After the process of German Mediatisation, Bamberg became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria and the crown was transferred to the treasury of the Munich Residenz, where it still can be seen today.
This lily crown consists of six plates which are joined by hinges fixed with pins. Each of the plates carries a large fleur-de-lis. The pins are surmounted by praying angels standing on acanthus leaves. Four of the segments and all fleur-de-lis are adorned with precious stones while two carry antique cameos. The decoration of the frame with foliage work seems to be of later date than the frame. Due to fitting slots at the front and back segment it is possible to add an imperial arch and cross to the frame. One theory states that the crown was made for the reliquary in the 14th century but it may also be a crown of Frederick II that came into the possession of Bamberg Cathedral via Henry VII and Louis IV.
# Ponmudy

Ponmudy may refer to:
* K. Ponmudy (born 1950), ex minister for higher education in Tamil Nadu
* Ponmudy (film), a 1982 Indian Malayalam film
# Nepal at the 2006 Asian Games

Nepal participated in the 15th Asian Games, officially known as the XV Asiad held in Doha from December 1 to December 15, 2006. Nepal ranked 35th with 3 bronze medals in this edition of the Asiad.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event | Date |
| Bronze | Manita Shahi | Taekwondo | Women's 63 kg | 7 |
| Bronze | Deepak Bista | Taekwondo | Men's 78 kg | 8 |
| Bronze | Ayasha Shakya | Taekwondo | Women's 59 kg | 10 |
# Bommalattam (1968 film)

Bommalattam (transl. Puppet Show) is 1968 Indian Tamil-language comedy film, directed by Muktha Srinivasan and produced by V. Ramaswamy. The screenplay was written by Cho Ramaswamy from a story by Madurai Thirumaran. It stars Jaishankar, Jayalalithaa, Nagesh, Major Sundarrajan, Cho Ramaswamy and Manorama. V. S. Raghavan, Sachu and O. A. K. Thevar play key roles. The film was released on 31 May 1968.

## Cast

* Jaishankar as Sukumar
* Jayalalithaa as Malathi
* Nagesh as Durai
* Manorama as Chinna Ponnu
* Cho Ramaswamy as Jaambazaar Jaggu
* Sachu as Geetha
* Vennira Aadai Moorthy as Sukumar's father
* Major Sundarrajan as Rathnam/Bal Raj
* V. S. Raghavan as Dr. Dhamodharan
* O. A. K. Thevar as Chithambaram
* K. K. Soundar as Rathnam's henchman

## Soundtrack

Music was composed by V. Kumar and lyrics were written by Vaali, Alangudi Somu, Na. Pandurangan and Avinasi Mani. For the song "Vaa Vathiyare", Srinivasan wanted the usage of Madras Bashai, but Vaali felt it was hard for him, so M. L. Govind was hired to "provide the apt words to go with it", leading to the birth of lines in the song like "Jambajar Jakku, Na Saidapetta Kokku". That also became Tamil cinema's first gaana song. "Vaa Vathiyare", Written by Vaali sung by Manorama became popular, and in 1991 HMV released a compilation album under the same title, featuring songs sung by Manorama.
| Song | Singer(s) | lyrics | Length |
| "Mayakkathai" | P. Susheela | Alagudi Somu | 3:55 |
| "Nee Aada Aada Azhagu" | T. M. Soundararajan | Vaali | 3:20 |
| "Nalla Naal Parkkavo" | T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela | Vaali | 4:11 |
| "Va Vathyare" (Jambajar Jakku) | Manorama | Vaali | 3:51 |
| "Poonai Kannai Kattinal" | Tharapuram Sundararajan & S. Sarala | Na.Pandurangan | 3:10 |

## Reception

Kalki appreciated the animated opening titles, but criticised the film's title for lacking relevance to the story.
# Raja Bollaram

Raja Bollaram is a village and panchayat in Rangareddy district, Telangana, India. It comes under Medchal mandal.
# Wales Seniors Open

The Wales Seniors Open was a golf tournament on the European Senior Tour from 2001 to 2016. The prize fund was £250,000 in 2016.

## Tournament hosts

* 2001–05 Royal St David's Golf Club, Harlech
* 2006 Vale Hotel, Golf & Spa Resort, Hensol
* 2007–08, 2012 Conwy Golf Club, Caernarvonshire
* 2009–10, 2013 Royal Porthcawl Golf Club, Porthcawl
* 2015–16 Celtic Manor Resort, Newport

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up | Venue |
| SSE Enterprise Wales Senior Open |||||||
| 2016 | Zhang Lianwei | 198 | −12 | 3 strokes | Paul Broadhurst | Celtic Manor |
| 2015 | Paul Wesselingh | 203 | −7 | 2 strokes | Peter Fowler Ian Woosnam | Celtic Manor |
| 2014: No tournament |||||||
| Speedy Services Wales Senior Open |||||||
| 2013 | Philip Golding | 211 | −2 | 2 strokes | David J. Russell | Royal Porthcawl |
| 2012 | Barry Lane | 209 | −7 | 1 stroke | Philip Golding | Conwy |
| 2011: No tournament |||||||
| Ryder Cup Wales Seniors Open |||||||
| 2010 | John Bland | 208 | −8 | 1 stroke | Ángel Franco Chris Williams | Royal Porthcawl |
| 2009 | Bertus Smit | 211 | −5 | 4 strokes | David Merriman | Royal Porthcawl |
| 2008 | Peter Mitchell | 213 | −3 | 2 strokes | Ian Woosnam | Conwy |
| 2007 | Carl Mason (2) | 210 | −6 | 2 strokes | Ross Drummond Juan Quirós | Conwy |
| Firstplus Wales Seniors Open |||||||
| 2006 | José Rivero | 212 | −4 | 1 stroke | Juan Quirós David J. Russell Sam Torrance Géry Watine | The Vale |
| Ryder Cup Wales Seniors Open |||||||
| 2005 | Carl Mason | 202 | −5 | 5 strokes | Bob Charles Denis O'Sullivan | Royal St David's |
| 2004 | Ray Carrasco | 203 | −4 | 1 stroke | David Oakley | Royal St David's |
| 2003 | Bill Longmuir | 199 | −8 | 3 strokes | David Oakley | Royal St David's |
| Wales Seniors Open |||||||
| 2002 | Seiji Ebihara | 203 | −4 | 3 strokes | Denis Durnian Christy O'Connor Jnr | Royal St David's |
| 2001 | Denis Durnian | 208 | +1 | 1 stroke | Jay Horton | Royal St David's |
# Musa zaifui

Musa zaifui is a species of plant in the banana family native to temperate China (Yunnan province).
# Sphaeromorda abessinica

Sphaeromorda abessinica is a species of beetle in the genus Sphaeromorda of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was described in 1968 by Ermisch.
# Scarce chaser

The scarce chaser (Libellula fulva) is a species of dragonfly. The adult male has a bright blue abdomen with patches of black, while the adult female and juvenile male each have a bright orange abdomen. It is about 45 mm in length with an average wingspan of 74 mm. It is distributed throughout Europe. This dragonfly is considered a species of special concern in Great Britain due to loss of its specific ideal habitat.
This species lives on floodplains and marshes with dense, abundant vegetation, and females deposit their eggs in slow-current streams. Once deposited by the female, the eggs lie embedded in the mud of the riverbed and the larvae develop underwater for usually two years. Adults live from May to August, during which time they mate and lay eggs.
* Immature male (dead)
* Adult male without spotting on the wing tips
* Immature female with distinct spotting on the wing tips
* Immature female
* Mating wheel
# Careysburg, Liberia

Careysburg is a city in Montserrado County, Liberia. It was founded in 1856, and is named in honor of Rev. Lott Carey, the first American Baptist missionary to Africa and a key figure in the founding of the Colony of Liberia. It is located 15 miles northeast of Monrovia.
It was incorporated as a city in 1923 by an act of the Liberian legislature.
Rubber and coffee farming are the major economic activities in the area. It was also the site of a large Voice of America transmitter.

## History

About nine years after Liberia declared its independence on 1847, the Liberian legislature passed an Act authorizing Rev. John Seys, as an agent of the American Colonization Society to travel within the country for the purpose of locating an elevated region to establish a settlement to ensure better health conditions for Americo-Liberian settlers. It was further resolved by the Liberian legislature, per Section 12 of said Act: "That the settlement to be founded in the Queh Country shall be named Careysburg, in honor of the late Rev. Lott Carey, and that all other settlements shall be named according to the pleasure of the Legislature". The site that became Careysburg was selected for its abundance of fresh water, potential for agriculture, its cool temperature, absence of deadly mosquitoes, and scenic view. At the time, the people living in the surrounding area were of the Kpelle, Gola, and Queh ethnic groups, and Rev. Seys negotiated with local chiefs to purchase land.
In 1856, Careysburg was settled by North American freed slaves, mainly from the United States and Barbados. However, some Africans recaptured from ships at sea, destined for illicit sale as slaves in Europe and America, were also settled in Careysburg.
# Nepal at the 1996 Summer Olympics

Nepal competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, United States.

## Results by event
### Athletics

Men's Marathon
* Tika Bogati → 74th place (2:27:04)
Women's Marathon
* Bimala Rana Magar → 62nd place (3:16:19)
# Rake angle

In machining, the rake angle is a parameter used in various cutting processes, describing the angle of the cutting face relative to the workpiece. There are three types of rake angles: positive, zero or neutral, and negative.
* Positive rake: A tool has a positive rake when the face of the cutting tool slopes away from the cutting edge at inner side.
* Zero rake: A tool has a zero (or neutral) rake when the face of the cutting tool is perpendicular to the cutting edge at inner side.
* Negative rake: A tool has a negative rake angle when the face of the cutting tool slopes away from the cutting edge at outer side.
Positive rake angles generally:
* Make the tool more sharp and pointed. This reduces the strength of the tool, as the small included angle in the tip may cause it to chip away.
* Reduce cutting forces and power requirements.
* Helps in the formation of continuous chips in ductile materials.
* Can help avoid the formation of a built-up edge.
Negative rake angles generally:
* Increase the strength of the cutting edge. The tool is more blunt.
* Increases the cutting force.
* Increases the power required for a cut.
* Can increase friction, resulting in higher temperatures.
* Can improve surface finish.
Zero rake angles:
* Easier to manufacture.
* Easier to resharpen.
* Less power and cutting forces than a negative raked tool.
* Chip will wear and 'crater' the rake face.

## Recommended rake angles

Recommended rake angles can vary depending on the material being cut, tool material, depth of cut, cutting speed, machine, setup and process. This table summarizes recommended rake angles for: single-point turning on a lathe, drilling, milling, and sawing.
| Material being cut | Turning Rake | Drilling Rake | Milling Rake | Sawing Rake |
| Aluminum | 12°-25° | 40° | 35° | 12°-25° |
| Brass | 3°-14° | 8° | 0° | 3°-14° |
| Bronze | 5°-14° | | 0° | 5°-14° |
| Cast Iron, Gray | 0°-6° | 0° | 5° | 3°-6° |
| Copper | 18°-25° | | 16° | 18°-25° |
| Polystyrene | 20°-25° | | | 20°-25° |
| PVC | 20°-25° | | | 20°-25° |
| Stainless Steel | 8°-10° | 8° | 8° | 8°-10° |
| Steel, Mild | 12°-14° | 20° | 8°-15° | 12°-14° |
| Titanium | 0°-4° | | | 0°-4° |