OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vilhelm Petersen (painter)

Vilhelm Peter Carl Petersen (17 December 1812 – 25 July 1880) was a Danish landscape painter. He was one of the first Danish landscape painters to work on Bornholm and in the moorlands of Jutland. Small fishing villages were especially attractive to him.

## Biography

Vilhelm Petersen was born in Copenhagen. He was the son of a wagon manufacturer. In 1830, he became a student at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where he studied landscape painting. His work was first featured at the Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition in 1833. His first painting, A Party in Nødebo, was purchased by the Kunstforeningen.
He received a travel stipend from the Academy in 1848 but, because of the political unrest in Europe, had to postpone leaving until 1850. Travelling to Italy by way of the Netherlands, Germany and the Tyrol, he spent two years in Rome.
He exhibited regularly until 1860, then stopped for a few years; holding some major showings from 1873 to 1874. Part of this break was due to family obligations that arose from his father's illness and death and the necessity of taking work as a drawing teacher. In 1864, he married Sophie Margrethe Sørensen-Groth (1838-1916), the daughter of a retired sea captain. In 1877, he was a recipient of the "Sødrings Legat", an endowment for artists established by the painter Frederik Sødring.
He died in Copenhagen and was buried at Assistens Cemetery. His art is on display at the National Gallery of Denmark as well at Øregaard Museum, Bornholm Art Museum, Sorø Art Museum, Helsingør City Museum, Skovgaard Museum and Randers Museum of Art.

## Gallery

* Church of Holmen (c. 1855)
* View of Østerlarsker parish (1838)
* Højbro with a view of Slotsholmen (1839)
# S-function

In mathematics, S-function may refer to:
* sigmoid function
* Schur polynomials
* A function in the Laplace transformed 's-domain'
In computer science,
In physics, it may refer to:
In MATLAB, it may refer to:
# Urgleptes gahani

Urgleptes gahani is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chalumeau in 1983.
# Sandy Ridge and Clear Lake Railway

Sandy Ridge & Clear Lake Railway is a private, 7+1⁄2 in (190.5 mm) gauge ridable miniature railway located on 29 acres (120,000 m$^2$) of mostly wooded hills near Battle Creek in the state of Michigan. The railroad was built and owned by John "Jack" Ozanich, who was a retired locomotive engineer of the Grand Trunk Railroad. Jack died on May 29, 2020.
The railroad runs through rolling landscape, with grades of up to 5.2% on the mainline and 75ft minimum radius curves. The branch lines have switch backs and even steeper grades to change elevation rapidly. If the mainline is extended to completion, the railroad should have approximately 7,000 feet (2,100 m) of track. The railroad does not form a loop, since the ends of the line are separated vertically by nearly 90 feet (27 m).
The rolling stock used on the railroad is modelled in 3+3⁄4 inches per foot (5:16) scale to resemble the 2 ft (610 mm) narrow gauge locomotives, freight cars, coaches, and cabooses used by the Sandy River & Rangeley Lakes Railroad in the state of Maine.

## Rolling Stock

Locomotives :
| Number | Builder | Type | Date | Notes |
| 3 | John Korstange | 2-axle Rail Bus | | Lettered for the SR&CL. 5hp Honda gasoline. |
| 4 | Allen | 2-Truck Shay | | Lettered for the Clear Lake Logging Co. (CLL). 3-Cylinder 4 inch scale. Originally burned wood but now burns coal. |
| 7 | Jim Small | 2-4-4T Forney locomotive | | Lettered for the SR&CL. Patterned after B&SR #7. Burns coal. |
| 10 | Marty Knox http://www.ridgeboiler.com/ | 2-4-4T Forney locomotive | 2005 | Lettered for the SR&CL. Patterned after SR&RL #10. Originally was an oil burner but now burns coal. |
| 24 | Started - Jim Small Finishing - Marty Knox http://www.ridgeboiler.com/ | 2-6-2 Prairie | Under construction | Lettered for the SR&CL. Patterned after SR&RL #24. Burns coal. |
| 25 | John Korstange | B-B | | Lettered for the SR&CL. Loosely resembles GE 70-ton. 18hp gasoline engine. |
Freight Cars, Coach, and Cabooses :
| Number/Name | Type | Notes |
| 437 | Flat Car | Lettered for the SR&CL |
| 438 | Flat Car | Lettered for the SR&CL |
| 439 | Flat Car | Lettered for the SR&CL |
| 440 | Flat Car | Lettered for the SR&CL |
| 12 | Flat Car | Lettered for the CB&E |
| 158 | Box Car | Lettered for the SR&CL |
| 501 | Gondola | Lettered for the SR&CL. Carries snow plow in the winter |
| 521 | Gondola | Lettered for the SR&CL |
| 559 | Caboose | Lettered for the SR&CL. Based on SR&RL style caboose |
| 560 | Caboose | Lettered for the SR&CL. Four wheeler renumbered from C-1 |
| Ailina | Coach | |
# Placoclytus

Placoclytus is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
* Placoclytus championi (Bates, 1885)
* Placoclytus distortus (Chevrolat, 1860)
* Placoclytus virgulatus Chemsak & Linsley, 1974
# Prosoplus carinicollis

Prosoplus carinicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1864. It is known from Papua New Guinea.
# S-index

s-index may refer to:
* S-index, a spectroscopic measure of chromospheric activity on other stars
* s-index, an author-level metric
# S-form

    For the geological erosional feature, see P-form (geology)
The s-form is the English language phenomenon of suffixing -'s or -s to business names where there is not one present in writing, predominantly in colloquial speech. This is particularly common with the names of supermarkets. For example Tesco could be converted to Tesco's in speech, Safeway to Safeways, Wal-Mart to Wal-Mart's, etc.
Foreigners come across this form especially as concerns manufacturers; mere retailers like the above examples remain customers' and employees' conversation. For example, the firm Short Brothers (of Belfast) built the aircraft called the Short Sunderland, but the firm is colloquially given as Shorts.

## Causes

It is most likely that the s-form is an overgeneralisation of the possessive suffix common in business names.
# SIP Forum

The SIP Forum is a nonprofit organization devoted to advancing the adoption of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), a signaling protocol for use in initiating, modifying, and terminating an interactive session among two or more users that involves multimedia elements such as voice, video, instant messaging, online games, and virtual reality.

## Mission

The SIP Forum performs a variety of activities to accomplish its mission.
* Technical activities. While the IETF is the body that establishes the core SIP protocol definitions in Internet standard documents (RFCs), the SIP Forum performs ancillary technical activities.
** SIPit events. Previously called Bake-offs, these events are held at least two times a year in various venues around the world. Vendors of products and services that implement and use SIP send engineers and products to the event, and all participants spend a week making their products interoperate with each other. These events have been held since 1998, and have been one of the single most important industry events to help further standards-compliant products. The Enterprise Communications System sipXecs serves as a reference implementation for the SIP standard.
** SIMPLEt events. These are like SIPit events, but are held specifically to test the interoperability of products that implement the instant messaging and presence components of SIP.
** Technical working group Recommendations. While the IETF standardizes SIP and ancillary protocols, the IETF is not the right organization to create documents with the force of standards, but which are application-level and use-level documents. The SIP Forum works with the IETF to determine which of these are best handled outside the IETF, and the Forum acts as the technical body to create such Recommendations. (The Forum's process mirrors that of the IETF.)
* Marketing activities. The SIP Forum maintains a website and a Wiki devoted to providing information about SIP, primarily to a technical audience. It also sponsors booths in relevant trade shows, and does other marketing to advance the adoption and use of SIP.

## Members

The SIP Forum has two types of members:
* Participant Members. Any interested individual can become a Participant Member at no cost simply by signing up at the Forum website. This allows users to participate in email discussions and other online activities. As of mid-2005, the Forum has over 4,000 Participant Members.
* Full members. Organizations can pay €5000 per year to become a Full Member. Primarily, this gives the Full Member the ability to vote for Forum Board of Director members (as well as list its logo on the Forum page.) As of mid-2005, the Forum has 53 Full Members.

## History

The SIP Forum was formed in 1999 by 7 founding Full Member companies. Some of its current Board of Director members have been on the board since its founding.
# Alden W. Clausen

Alden Winship "Tom" Clausen (February 17, 1923 – January 21, 2013) was President of the World Bank from 1981 to 1986. He was also president and CEO of Bank of America in 1970 and again in 1986.

## Education

Clausen was born in Hamilton, Illinois to a family of Norwegian and German ancestry. He was the son of Morton Clausen, owner, editor and publisher of the Hamilton Press, the town's weekly newspaper. His mother was Elsie Emma Kroll. He graduated from Carthage College in 1944 with a BA (and was awarded an honorary LLD in 1970), from the University of Minnesota Law School in 1949 with a LLB, and attended the Harvard University's six-week Advanced Management Program in 1966.

## Bank of America

Clausen was certified to practice law after graduating from the University of Minnesota Law School, but instead he got a job at the Bank of America in Los Angeles, California. He became vice president in 1961, senior vice president in 1965, executive vice president in 1968, vice chairman of the board in 1969, and president and CEO in 1970.

## World Bank

In 1981 Clausen was appointed president of the World Bank. He was replaced 5 years later by Barber Conable. His term as World Bank president saw the massive scaling up of structural adjustment lending that had been introduced under his predecessor Robert McNamara.

## Return to Bank of America

Clausen returned to Bank of America as chairman and CEO in 1986 but stepped back from an active executive role in 1990 to be chairman of the executive committee. During his time at the bank he helped it grow to be the biggest commercial bank in the United States. Clausen was also a member of the Advisor Council of SRI International and was on the board of governors of United Way.

## Legacy

* In 1980, Clausen received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Stephen Bechtel Sr.
* A.W. Clausen Center for World Business at Carthage College in Kenosha, Wisconsin, is named in his honor.
* Clausen Center for International Business and Policy at the Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley was endowed by a gift from Peggy and Tom Clausen in 1995.
# Amick

Amick is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
Surname:
* Bill Amick (1925–1995), American NASCAR driver
* Billy Amick (born 2002), American baseball player
* Eugene Earle Amick (1919–1942), United States Navy officer
* George Amick (1924–1959), American racecar driver
* Lyndon Amick (born 1977), American NASCAR driver
* Mädchen Amick (born 1970), American actress
* Red Amick (1929–1995), American racecar driver
Given name
# Ursula Munch-Petersen

Ursula Munch-Petersen (born 29 December 1937) is a Danish ceramist.

## Biography

Born in Rønne on the island of Bornholm, Ursula Munch-Petersen is the daughter of Gustaf and Lisbeth Munch-Petersen, both of whom were also ceramists and potters. She attended the Kunsthåndværkerskolen (design school) in Copenhagen from 1956 to 1960 and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 1970 to 1972. In 1962, she married the artist Erik Hagens. She grew up on Bornholm and after graduating from the Academy, worked for a year in the family business in Rønne. In 1978, she acquired her own studio on Møn.
Munch-Petersen's work extends from artistically designed individual items to mass-produced series of tableware. In the 1960s, she designed for Bing and Grøndahl but later worked for Royal Copenhagen. Her Ursula series is produced by Kähler Keramik.

## Awards

In 1994 Munch-Petersen received the Thorvald Bindesbøll Medal, in 2002 the Prince Eugen Medal, in 2004 the Georg Jensen Prize and in 2016 the C. F. Hansen Medal.
# Villa O'Higgins

Villa O'Higgins is a small town in the Aysén Region of southern Chile, located 220 km south of Cochrane and 550 km south of Coyhaique. Founded in 1966 and named after the Chilean independence hero Bernardo O'Higgins, it is the capital of the O'Higgins commune of Capitán Prat Province.
Villa O'Higgins is connected to the rest of Chile by the Carretera Austral (Southern Highway) – the final 120 km of which were completed southwards from Puerto Yungay in 2000 – and is the gateway to the Southern Patagonian Ice Field.

## Facilities

The town has an airport, several guesthouses and campsites, a radio station, and a number of shops and restaurants. In the summer (Dec-Feb) a regular boat service takes passengers from Villa O'Higgins across the O'Higgins / San Martín Lake to Candelario Mancilla, from where it is possible to cross the border into Argentina via a footpath (no road). In bad weather, the service can be suspended for many days.

## Climate

Villa O'Higgins has an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) characterised by pleasant, though very windy, summers and chilly winters.
Climate data for Villa O'Higgins (1993-2008) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) | 18.2 (64.8) | 15.4 (59.7) | 11.1 (52.0) | 8.3 (46.9) | 5.4 (41.7) | 5.2 (41.4) | 7.2 (45.0) | 9.8 (49.6) | 12.0 (53.6) | 13.8 (56.8) | 15.7 (60.3) | 11.6 (52.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.9 (46.2) | 7.9 (46.2) | 6.1 (43.0) | 3.9 (39.0) | 1.1 (34.0) | −0.7 (30.7) | −0.8 (30.6) | 0.3 (32.5) | 1.8 (35.2) | 3.6 (38.5) | 5.5 (41.9) | 7.0 (44.6) | 3.6 (38.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 69 (2.7) | 42 (1.7) | 79 (3.1) | 95 (3.7) | 85 (3.3) | 92 (3.6) | 89 (3.5) | 60 (2.4) | 60 (2.4) | 77 (3.0) | 69 (2.7) | 72 (2.8) | 887 (34.9) |
| Source: Atlas Agroclimatico de Chile ||||||||||||||
# Utopia Defeated

Utopia Defeated is the first album from Castlemaine musician D.D Dumbo, released on 6 October 2016 by Liberation Music in Australia and New Zealand and by 4AD in the rest of the world.
At the J Awards of 2016, the album won the Australian Album of the Year.

## Reception

Critical reception for Utopia Defeated has been uniformly positive, with the album receiving an 80% score on Metacritic, based on 8 reviews, indicating 'generally favourable reviews'. Sarah Smith for Rolling Stone Australia wrote that DD Dumbo "conjures fantastical visions singing of squidling, spilt blood and the sea on his exceptional debut" and Shaad D'Souza for Faster Louder said "If there’s one thing we learn through the course of the album, it’s that D.D Dumbo’s beautiful, fractal arrangements can make even the most hellish scenario sound utopian." Timothy Monger for AllMusic wrote that "Perry introduces a unique vision and his impressive debut is well worth the time it takes to let it decant."
# Cab Number 13

Cab Number 13 (French: Le Dernier Fiacre, Italian: Il fiacre n. 13) is a 1948 French-Italian historical crime melodrama film directed by Mario Mattoli and starring Vera Carmi, Ginette Leclerc and Sandro Ruffini.

## Cast

* Vera Carmi as Jeanne Herblet (segments "Delitto" & "Castigo")
* Ginette Leclerc as Claudia (segments "Delitto" & "Castigo")
* Sandro Ruffini as Pietro Thefar (segments "Delitto" & "Castigo")
* Marcel Herrand as Georges de la Tour Vaudieu (segments "Delitto" & "Castigo")
* Leonardo Cortese as Andrea (segments "Delitto" & "Castigo")
* Vira Silenti as Mathilde
* Flavia Grande as Olivia
* Pierre Larquey as Pierre Loriot, il cocchiere (segments "Delitto" & "Castigo")
* Raymond Bussières as Jean Jeudi (segments "Delitto" & "Castigo")
* Achille Millo as Louis
* Patrizia Muriel as Berthe Marois
* Achille Majeroni as Le professeur Charcot
* Paul Demange as Plume d'Oie
* Galeazzo Benti as Le commissaire Portier
* Henri Nassiet as Le duc de la Tour Vaudieu (segments "Delitto" & "Castigo")
* Roldano Lupi as L'amant de Claudia (segments "Delitto" & "Castigo")
# Beylik of Lâdik

Lâdik (Turkish pronunciation:) or Inanjids (Modern Turkish: İnançoğulları Beyliği ) was an Anatolian beylik with its capital in Denizli. It was one of the frontier principalities established by Oghuz Turkish clans after the decline of Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm. Its name derives from that of Laodicea on the Lycus.
The current Turkish province of Denizli was named the sanjak (sub-province) of Lâdik till the early years of the Republic of Turkey.
Its rulers are listed below:
| Bey | Reign |
| Mehmed Bey | 1261–1262 |
| Ali Bey | 1262–1305 |
| İnanç Bey | 1305–1335 |
| Murâd Arslan | 1335–1362 |
| İshâk Bey | 1362–1368 |
# Prosoplus bellus

Prosoplus bellus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1949.
# SIPTA

The Society for Imprecise Probability: Theories and Applications (SIPTA) was created in February 2002, with the aim of promoting the research on Imprecise probability. This is done through a series of activities for bringing together researchers from different groups, creating resources for information dissemination and documentation, and making other people aware of the potential of Imprecise Probability models.

## Background

The Society was originally created to manage the series of International Symposia on Imprecise Probabilities and Their Applications (ISIPTA). The first ISIPTA happened in 1999 in Ghent, Belgium; due to the success of the event, a second edition took place in Cornell, United States, in 2001. The Society was then created in Switzerland, during the year of 2002. The first general meeting of the Society happened during the third ISIPTA, in Lugano, Switzerland.
The Society is now concerned with many activities around the theme of imprecise probabilities. Imprecise probability is understood in a very wide sense. It is used as a generic term to cover all mathematical models which measure chance or uncertainty without sharp numerical probabilities. It includes both qualitative (comparative probability, partial preference orderings,...) and quantitative models (interval probabilities, belief functions, upper and lower previsions,...). Imprecise probability models are needed in inference problems where the relevant information is scarce, vague or conflicting, and in decision problems where preferences may also be incomplete.
# Münster (surname)

Münster is a German surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Alexander Münster (1858–1922), German aristocrat
* Amalie Münster (1767–1814), Danish courtier, translator and poet
* Eleonore von Münster (1734–1794), German noblewoman, writer, and lay musician
* Ernst zu Münster (1766–1839), German statesman in the service of the House of Hanover
* Count Georg zu Münster (1776–1844), German paleontologist
* Georg Herbert Münster (1820–1902), German statesman
* Hermann von Münster (c. 1330–1392), German master glassmaker
* Johannes Münster (died 1544), Auxiliary Bishop of Mainz
* Leopold Münster (1920–1944), Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
* Mia Münster (1894–1970), German artist
* Reinhard Münster (director) (born 1955), German film director
* Sebastian Münster (1488–1552), German cartographer, cosmographer, Hebraist and lexicographer
# Ursula Newell Gestefeld

Ursula Newell Gestefeld (April 22, 1845 – October 22, 1921) was an American New Thought leader. She founded the Exodus Club which later was renamed the Church of New Thought and College of the Science of Being. Although she had a large following in her lifetime, the organization she founded did not last past her death.

## Biography

Gestefeld was born in Augusta, Maine. She had four children with her husband, journalist Theodore Gestefeld, and in the 1870s their family moved to Chicago.
In the 1890s Gestefeld developed her philosophy which she called the "Science of Being" and published numerous works on the topic. In 1897, she founded the Exodus Club, with its corresponding magazine The Exodus, which later became the Church of New Thought and College of the Science of Being in 1904. She became a prominent voice in the New Thought movement, publishing both fiction and non-fiction.
In addition to her other writings, Gestefeld was involved with the creation of Elizabeth Cady Stanton's The Woman's Bible.
Although Gestefeld had a large following of students, her church did not last after Gestefeld's death, and many of its members were absorbed into the wider New Thought movement.
# Sant Feliu Pedestrian Bridge

The Sant Feliu Pedestrian Bridge is a pedestrian bridge over the Onyar River in Girona, Spain. Built in 1998, the bridge connects Devesa Park with Saint Feliu Square. The structure is located in an urban surrounding, the old district of the city, with a strong personality. As a result, PEDELTA have designed a slender pedestrian structure; a pure minimalist solution. The bridge main span is 58.4 m. The structural system is a weathering steel frame with only one span, embedded on both ends into the concrete abutments.

## Description

The bridge comprises a 3.5 m wide deck and it is characterized for being a weathering steel box girder of variable height between 0.6 m (L/97) at middle span and 1.7 m (L/34) at supports. The steel hand rail has been conceived to be part of the main structure.
Civil engineering mention award (2º Prize) in Construmat Exhibition for the Sant Feliu footbridge design in Girona (2000). This bridge was also selected for the FAD Awards (1997) and Eduardo Torroja Awards (1999).

## Construction

The steel girder was prefabricated in three segments. The three pieces were lifted to their final position, using two auxiliary supports, and finally welded together. Thereafter, the two concrete abutments were cast in place to complete the final structure.
# Ravenea nana

Ravenea nana is a species of flowering plant in the Arecaceae. It is a palm endemic to Madagascar. It is known from only four locations with a total population of about 100 individuals.
# Placentia

Placentia may refer to:
* Palace of Placentia, an English royal palace
* Placentia, Italy, a Roman city known today as Piacenza
* Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
** Placentia Bay, body of water
* Placentia, California, United States
** Placentia station, proposed train station in Placentia
* Battle of Placentia (disambiguation)
* Placentia Bay
* HMS Placentia, the name of two ships of the Royal Navy
# Beylik of Tanrıbermiş

The Beylik of Tanrıbermiş was a small and short-lived principality in western Anatolia (modern Turkey) during the late 11th century.
After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071, Oghuz Turkmen (Turkoman) tribes led by ghazi warriors began to settle in hitherto Byzantine-controlled Anatolia. A ghazi named Tanrıbermiş was one of them. Beginning by 1074 he founded a beylik (principality) in western Anatolia. His realm included Philadelphia (modern Alaşehir) and Ephesus. However, during the First Crusade in 1098, his territory was recovered by the forces of the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
The Turks were unable to re-establish permanent control over any section of western Anatolia until the end of the 13th century when Turkish Ghazis established a permanent foothold in the region. However, it wasn’t until the early 14th century that the region was completely overrun by the Turks and new Beyliks, such as the Aydinids, were established.
Some Byzantine strongholds were able to hold out in the region for longer, with the final city, Philadelphia, not being captured by the Turks until 1390.