OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rotation of ammunition

Rotation of ammunition is a term used with reference to guns. Projectiles intended for RML (rifled muzzle-loading) guns were at first fitted with a number of gun-metal studs arranged around them in a spiral manner corresponding to the twist of rifling. Invented in mid-1840s by Giovanni Cavalli, this method was defective, as it allowed, as in the old smooth-bore guns, the powder gas to escape by the clearance (called "windage") between the projectile and the bore, with a consequent loss of efficiency; it also quickly eroded the bore of the larger guns. Multiple solution to the problems were invented in two following decades, both for muzzle-loaders and breech-loaders.
In 1855 Andrew Hotchkiss patented an RML projectile, in which two parts squeezed a lead ring to obturate the barrel under the pressure of gunpowder fumes. After his death in 1858 his brother Benjamin, later a renowned arms designer and industrialist, adapted the design to practical use, and the Union Army fired them during the American Civil War.
In the same year Joseph Whitworth patented polygonal projectiles mechanically fitted with polygonal rifling in the muzzle-loaders. They were used in the same war by the Confederates.
Later the rotation was effected by a cupped copper disc called an "automatic gas-check" attached to the base end of the projectile. The powder gas pressure expanded the rim of the gas check into the rifling grooves and prevented the escape of gas; it also firmly fixed the gas check to the projectile, thus causing it to rotate. A more regular and efficient action of the powder gas was thus ensured, with a corresponding greater range and an improvement in accuracy.
With the earlier Armstrong (RBL or rifled breech loading) guns the projectiles were coated with lead (the late Lord Armstrong's system), the lead being forced through the rifling grooves by the pressure of the exploded powder gas. The lead coating is, however, too soft with the higher velocities of modern B.L. guns.
Vavasseur devised the plan of fitting by hydraulic pressure a copper "driving band" into a groove cut around the body of the projectile and patented it in 1866. This is now universal. It not only fulfills the purpose of rotating the projectile, but renders possible the use of large charges of slow-burning explosive. The copper band, on being forced through the gun, gives rise to considerable resistance, which allows the propelling charge to burn properly and thus to exert its enormous force on the projectile.
The laws which govern projectile designs are not well-defined. Certain formulae are used which give the thickness of the shell walls for a known chamber pressure in the gun, and for a particular stress on the shell material. The exact proportions of the shell depend, however, greatly on experimental knowledge.
# Stjepko Gut

Stjepko Gut (also known as Stepko, Steve Gut, born 15 December 1950 in Ruma) is a Belgrade-based jazz musician.

## Biography

Gut studied jazz trumpet at the Swiss Jazz School in Bern, Switzerland, and at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. As a conductor, he won first place in the first Austrian Big Band Competition. He is one of the most famous jazz brass players from Serbia, others being Duško Gojković and Milivoje Marković. He was a member of the Lionel Hampton All Stars for two years, one of two white players at the time in that band. He made international tours, performances and recordings with Clark Terry, Wild Bill Davis, Curtis Fuller, Ed Thigpen, Benny Bailey, Horace Parlan, Mel Lewis, Johhny Griffin, Jimmy Heath, James Moody, Clifford Jordan, Ernie Willkins, Snooky Young, Joe Newman, Wallace Davenport, Jon Faddis, Nicholas Payton, Frank Wess, Alvin Queen, Sal Nistico, Vince Benedetti, Kenny Washington, Charlie Antolini and Dusko Gojkovic. He is a member of the faculty at the Graz Institut for Jazz since 1984 and a guest professor at the jazz department of Belgrade Music Academy.
-Workshops and masterclasses at numerous universities around the world: Royal Academy Den Haag, Rotterdam Conservatory, New School NYC, USA, University of Arkansas UAPB, Pine Bluff, UNH Durham University, New Hampshire, USA, Paris Conservatory, Amsterdam Jazz Academy, the Netherlands.
-Appeared as a member of the group Trumpet Jazz Summit - 1999 in Marsiac, France - with Clark Terry, Benny Bailey, Jon Faddis, Wynton Marsalis, Terrell Stafford, Roy Hargrove and Nicholas Payton.

## Discography

Clark Terry and Louie Bellson "Louie & Clark Expedition 2",-- Lionel Hampton "Live in Switzerland" Vol 1 and 2 - Amos Records—Clark Terry and His Young Titans Of Jazz - Chiaroscuro Records—Steve Gut "Sketches Of Balkan" - Timeless Records Steve Gut "Mr.CT" - Timeless Records—Steve Gut "Steve Gut and RTB Big-Band" - Timeless Records—RTS Big-Band - "Afro Balkan Sketches" - PGP RTB Records—Stjepko Gut "Quartets" - PGP RTB Records—Alvin Queen and Stepko Gut "Nishville" MoJoe Records -- "Something Special" Videorama Records—Louie Bellson -Clark Terry "Louie and Clark Expedition 2" - Percussion Power Records—Five LP´s with the Sextet Markovic-Gut for PGP RTB Records—Sextet Markovic-Gut "Message from Belgrade" Timeless Records—Melissa Stott "Why Now" - Leo Records (2005) -- Melissa Stott "The Picture" Leo Records (2007) -- Charly Antolini Jazz Power "Wow"—Mark Murphy Wem Records --
# Pentax K110D

The K110D is Pentax's entry-level DSLR. It has 6.1 Megapixels (6.1 Million effective pixels). The K110D is youngest of three sibling cameras in terms of specifications. It differs from the K100D only in lacking an in-body image stabilization system.
The K110D has a 2.5 in LCD display screen with 210,000 pixels of resolution. It uses Secure Digital cards to record both JPEG and RAW image formats. The K110D uses AA alkaline batteries to power it, though an AC adapter is also compatible. It has a 23.5 mm x 15.7 mm CCD sensor to record its images. The body itself comprises a stainless steel chassis with a fiber reinforced plastic shell for durability. Continuous shooting mode allows for up to 2.8 frames per second to be recorded, which is five JPEGs (on highest quality setting) or three RAW format images. The Camera is compatible with PictBridge printers. The DSLR is considered "entry-class" among DSLRs.
With firmware update, using SDHC cards is possible. Latest firmware version is 1.02.

## Marketing and Sibling Details

Said to be shipped in August, 2006, the body would be sold in addition to a smc 18-55mm lens for about $599.99. The K110D would have virtually the same specifications as its superior, the K100D. The most noticeable difference was the Shake-Reduction system found in the K100D and K10D models. Pentax claimed that the Shake-Reduction system would offer a two-stop advantage, and produce almost blur-free images.
Ned Bunnell, the Pentax Imaging Company's director of marketing, was quoted saying:
“The ease-of-use, advanced features and attractive price make the Pentax K100D digital SLR a perfect choice for users moving up from a point-and-shoot camera", meaning that the new Pentax DSLRs were easy to use, even for a beginner. The K110D and K100D, unlike the K10D, do not have the typical aperture adjustment wheel found under the shutter release button on most DSLRs.
The K100D, K100D Super and K110D have been discontinued in favor of the K200D and K-m.
# Panthea (disambiguation)

Panthea is a genus of the owlet moth family.
Panthea may also refer to:

## People

* Julia Drusilla (16–38), a member of the Roman imperial family, given the title of "Panthea" upon her death
* Panthea, mistress of Lucius Verus (130–169), co-emperor of Ancient Rome
* Panthea, pen name of Sophia Dobson Collet (1822–1894), English feminist freethinker
* Panthea Grant Boone, second wife of Lilburn Boggs, sixth governor of Missouri

## Fictional characters

* Panthea, in the Jacobean stage play A King and No King
* Panthea, in the lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound by Shelley
* Panthea, in the 1953 American film Slaves of Babylon
* Lady Panthea Vyne, in the UK television movie The Lady and the Highwayman
* Panthea Vyse, in the audio drama The Diet of Worms
* Queen Panthea, antagonist of the CGI animated television series Mia and Me

## Other uses

* Panthea (film), a 1917 American silent drama film
* Panthea; or, the Captive bride, a tragedy, a 1789 work by Thomas Maurice
* Panthea, an American ship - see List of shipwrecks in January 1827
* Panthea, a poem by Oscar Wilde
# Regions of Niger

Niger is divided into seven regions (French: régions; singular – région), each of which is named after its capital. Additionally, the national capital, Niamey, comprises a capital district.

## Current regions

| Region | Area (km$^2$) | Population (2012 census) | Population (2020 estimate) |
| Agadez | 667,799 | 487,620 | 687,540 |
| Diffa | 156,906 | 593,821 | 837,290 |
| Dosso | 33,850 | 2,037,713 | 2,873,180 |
| Maradi | 41,796 | 3,402,094 | 4,796,950 |
| Niamey* | 402 | 1,026,848 | 1,447,860 |
| Tahoua | 113,371 | 3,328,365 | 4,692,990 |
| Tillabéri | 97,251 | 2,722,842 | 3,839,210 |
| Zinder | 155,778 | 3,539,764 | 4,991,070 |
*capital district.

## Current administrative structure

Each of Niger's regions are subdivided into departments and communes. As of 2005, there were 36 départements, divided into 265 communes, 122 cantons and 81 groupements. The latter two categories cover all areas not covered by urban communes (population over 10000) or rural communes (total population 13 million), and are governed by the department, whereas communes have had elected councils and mayors since 1999. Additional semi-autonomous subdivisions include sultanates, provinces and tributaries (tribus). The Nigerien government estimates there are an additional 17000 villages administered by rural communes, while there are a number of quartiers (boroughs or neighborhoods) administered by urban communes.

## Restructuring

Prior to the devolution program of 1999–2006, the regions were styled as departments. The current departments used to be called arrondissements.]

### 1992 division

The department of Tillabéri was created in 1992, when Niamey Region (then called "department") was split, with the areas immediately outside Niamey renamed as the capital district.

## Historical evolution

Prior to independence, Niger was divided into sixteen cercles as second-level administrative divisions: Agadez, Birni N'Konni, Dogondoutchi, Dosso, Filingué, Gouré, Madaoua, Magaria, Maradi, N'Guigmi, Niamey, Tahoua, Téra, Tessaoua, Tillabéry, and Zinder. Their capitals had the same names as the cercle.
After independence, the 31 December 1961 Law of territorial organization created 31 circonscriptions. The 16 colonial cercles continued to exist, and served as a level of division above these circonscriptions. Four cercles (Dogondoutchi, Filingué, N'Guigmi, and Téra) had only one circonscription. The Law of August 14, 1964 then reorganized the country into seven departments, adopting the French second-level administration naming system, in contrast to neighbor Mali, which retained the colonial cercles and regions.
# Simon Baus

Simon Baus (1882–1969) was an American Impressionist from Indianapolis. Baus participated in the Indianapolis City Hospital project. Baus was also a member of the Irvington Group.

## Career

Simon Baus began his career as an artist at the John Herron Art Institute. Baus studied under William Forsyth, J. Ottis Adams, and Otto Stark. Baus began studying with Stark as a high school student at the Emmerich Manual Training High School. Baus became involved with the Indianapolis City Hospital project, and was a full-time artist on the project. Although Baus is best known for his portraiture, he was a significant contributor to the City Hospital project. Baus was a member of the Irvington Group, and won numerous awards during his career.
In regards to portraiture, Baus is best known for his portraits of Senator James Eli Watson, Ferdinand Schaeffer, Dr. F.S.C. Wicks, and Emmett Forrest Branch, Indiana's 31st Governor.

## Awards

* The First Wanamaker Prize (1919)
* J. I. Holcomb Prize (1919)
* Indianapolis Art Association Award (1921)
* Foulke Prize
* Studebaker Prize
* Hoosier Salon, Griffith and Kittle Prize
# Reveille Park

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Reveille Park is the eighth solo studio album by American hip hop recording artist SPM. It was released on Dope House Records in 2002 shortly after SPM was incarcerated for sexual assault. Most of the tracks on this album are freestyle rapping. There was a "Chopped & Screwed" version of the album released on August 26, 2002. Coy stated that the entire album was recorded in two days. It was recorded at his house by his long-time friend and record producer Filero, who also added to the production of the album. It was mixed and mastered by James Hoover at Digital Services in Houston, Texas.

## Chart history

| Chart (2002) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 149 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 48 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 8 |
# Segeda

Segeda is an ancient settlement, between today's Belmonte de Gracián and Mara in the province of Zaragoza, Aragon, Spain. Originally it was a Celtiberian town, whose inhabitants, the Belli, gave it the name Sekeida or Sekeiza.
According to the Periochae, in 153 BC, the Roman Senate changed the first day of the consular year to 1 January in order to allow consul Quintus Fulvius Nobilior to attack the city of Segeda during the Celtiberian Wars. The city was destroyed during the war but, soon after, a new settlement was built on a nearby site. Coinage shows it had the same name as the old settlement, but "Segeda II" (as archeologists have named it) was under Roman influence, obvious from the rectilinear layout of streets and other features. During the events of the Roman Civil War, "Segeda II" was ruined, and after 49 BC it was abandoned permanently. In 1998 excavations began in the area, bringing this ancient settlement into prominence.
# 2016 Australian Open – Wheelchair men's doubles

Two-time defending champion Stéphane Houdet and his partner Nicolas Peifer defeated the other three-time defending champion Shingo Kunieda and his partner Gordon Reid in the final, 6–3, 3–6, 7–5 to win the men's doubles wheelchair tennis title at the 2016 Australian Open. With the win, Peifer completed the career Grand Slam.

## Seeds

* Stéphane Houdet / Nicolas Peifer (champions)
* Shingo Kunieda / Gordon Reid (final)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Stéphane Houdet Nicolas Peifer | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | Adam Kellerman Maikel Scheffers | 0 | 1 | | | | | |
| | Adam Kellerman Maikel Scheffers | 0 | 1 | 1 | Stéphane Houdet Nicolas Peifer | 6 | 3 | 7 |
| | | | | 2 | Shingo Kunieda Gordon Reid | 3 | 6 | 5 |
| | Gustavo Fernández Joachim Gérard | 6$^3$ | 2 | 2 | Shingo Kunieda Gordon Reid | 3 | 6 | 5 |
| 2 | Shingo Kunieda Gordon Reid | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | |
# Tetraopes comes

Tetraopes comes is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1881. It is known from Costa Rica and Mexico.
# Rotational Brownian motion

Rotational Brownian motion is the random change in the orientation of a polar molecule due to collisions with other molecules. It is an important element of theories of dielectric materials.
The polarization of a dielectric material is a competition between torques due to the imposed electric field, which tend to align the molecules, and collisions, which tend to destroy the alignment. The theory of rotational Brownian motion allows one to calculate the net result of these two competing effects, and to predict how the permittivity of a dielectric material depends on the strength and frequency of the imposed electric field.
Rotational Brownian motion was first discussed by Peter Debye, who applied Albert Einstein's theory of translational Brownian motion to the rotation of molecules having permanent electric dipoles. Debye ignored inertial effects and assumed that the molecules were spherical, with an intrinsic, fixed dipole moment. He derived expressions for the dielectric relaxation time and for the permittivity. These formulae have been successfully applied to many materials. However, Debye's expression for the permittivity predicts that the absorption tends toward a constant value when the frequency of the applied electric field becomes very large—the "Debye plateau". This is not observed; instead, the absorption tends toward a maximum and then declines with increasing frequency.
The breakdown in Debye's theory in these regimes can be corrected by including inertial effects; allowing the molecules to be non-spherical; including dipole-dipole interactions between molecules; etc. These are computationally very difficult problems and rotational Brownian motion is a topic of much current research interest.
# Stocks (surname)

Stocks is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Amber Stocks (born 1978), American basketball coach
* Cheridah de Beauvoir Stocks (1887–1971) second British woman to gain a Royal Aero Club aviator's licence.
* Cyril Stocks (1905–1989), English footballer
* David Stocks (born 1943), English footballer
* Edward Stocks (1856–1876), English cricketer and athlete
* Francis Stocks (1873–1929), English cricketer and schoolteacher
* Frederick Stocks senior (1883–1954), English cricketer
* Frederick Stocks junior (1918–1996), English cricketer
* Harold Carpenter Lumb Stocks (1884–1956), English cathedral organist
* John Stocks (disambiguation), various people
* Lumb Stocks (1812–1892), English engraver
* Mary Stocks, Baroness Stocks (1891–1975), British writer, suffragist and principal of Westfield College
* Minna Stocks (1846-1928), German painter
* Nigel G. Stocks (born 1964), British physicist who discovered suprathreshold stochastic resonance, with application to cochlear implant technology
* Samuel Stocks (c.1786–1863), British businessman in South Australia
* Samuel Stocks, jun. (c.1812–1850), businessman in South Australia, son of the above Samuel Stocks
* Tamara Stocks (born 1979), American basketball player
# Penthouse Paupers

Penthouse Paupers were an Australian rock band from Melbourne that was active in the 1980s.
They released one album, Penthouse Paupers, in 1987 on the Grown Up Wrong label. It reached #9 in the Indie charts. The following year they released a single Same Place Twice that reached #11 on the Indie charts.
The group name may have been inspired by Penthouse Pauper, a 1969 track by Creedence Clearwater Revival.
Contemporaries in the Melbourne music scene included the Huxton Creepers, Painters and Dockers, the Cracked Jaffers and the Puritans. They performed close to 200 gigs over five years, including headlining at Melbourne venues such as the Punters Club, the Prince of Wales, the Palace, the Esplanade Hotel and the Club. The Paupers also shared the bill with The Troggs, Hunters and Collectors, Screaming Tribesmen, and TISM.
Ian Collard went on to play with blues-rock bands Backsliders and Three Kings.

## Members

* Mick Collopy — lead vocals, guitar
* Jeremy Hart — guitar
* Richard Collopy — drums, vocals
* Hamish Hardy — bass, vocals
* Ian Collard — harmonica
* Chris Boyce — keyboard

## Discography
### EPs/Singles

* Penthouse Paupers - Grown Up Wrong (WRONG 2) (1987)
* "Same Place Twice"/"Snake Charm" - Grown Up Wrong (WRONG 11) (1988)
# Paolo Bertoli

Paolo Bertoli (1 February 1908 – 8 November 2001) was an Italian Roman Catholic Cardinal and Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

## Early life

Paolo Bertoli was born in Poggio Garfagnana of Italy. He was educated at the Seminary of Lucca and later at the Pontifical Roman Seminary in Rome where he earned doctorates in philosophy and theology. He carried on his studies at the Pontifical Roman Athenaeum "S. Apollinare", where he earned a doctorate in utroque iure (in both canon and civil law).

## Priest

He was ordained on 15 August 1930 in Lucca. From 1930 until 1933 he studied further. From 1933 until 1938 he served as an attaché of the nunciature in Yugoslavia. He was created Privy chamberlain of His Holiness in 1934. He was an Auditor of the nunciature in France between 1938 and 1942. He was raised to the level of Domestic prelate of His Holiness in 1946. He was the Papal representative to the International Conference to solve the problems caused by the Second World War in Bern, Switzerland, in 1946. He was Chargé d'affaires of the nunciature in Czechoslovakia for 1949 but was unable to hold the post for political reasons.

## Bishop

Pope Pius XII appointed him titular Archbishop of Nicomedia on 24 March 1952 and then named him apostolic delegate to Turkey two days later. He was consecrated a bishop on 11 May 1952 by Eugène Tisserant then Dean of the College of Cardinals. He was appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Colombia on 7 May 1953.
He was named Apostolic Nuncio to Lebanon on 16 April 1959 and Apostolic Nuncio to France on 16 April 1960. He attended the Second Vatican Council.

## Cardinal

He was created Cardinal-Deacon of San Girolamo della Carità in the consistory of 28 April 1969. Pope Paul VI appointed him Prefect of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 7 May 1969. He remained as Prefect until he resigned on 1 March 1973. He was raised to the order of Cardinal-Priests and exchanged his deaconry for the title of S. Girolamo degli Schiavoni on 5 March 1973. He took part in the 1978 conclaves that elected Pope John Paul I and Pope John Paul II in August and October. Pope John Paul named him Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church. He was elevated to the rank of Cardinal-Bishop of the suburbicarian see of Frascati on 30 June 1979. He resigned the post of Camerlengo on 25 March 1985. He died in 2001 in Rome.
# Valerius Geerebaert

Valerius Hieronymus Geerebaert (1884–1957) was a Belgian Redemptorist educator, preacher and author. Geerebaert was born in Ghent on 19 January 1884. He contributed to numerous journals and reviews in both French and Dutch. He died in Ghent on 26 December 1957.

## Books

* De God-Mensch (Leuven, 1925–1939)
# Sierra de Béjar

Sierra de Béjar may refer to:
* Sierra de Béjar (mountain range) a mountain range in Spain
* Sierra de Béjar (comarca) a comarca in the province of Salamanca