# Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997)

The taxonomy of the Gastropoda, as revised by Winston Ponder and David R. Lindberg in 1997, is an older taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, the class of molluscs consisting of all snails and slugs. The full name of the work in which this taxonomy was published is Towards a phylogeny of gastropod molluscs: an analysis using morphological characters.
This taxonomy assigns the various Gastropods into ranked categories, such as sub-orders and families, but does not address the classification of genera or individual species. This classification scheme is based on the molluscs' internal and external shapes and forms, but did not take into account any analysis of their DNA or RNA.
The classification below was the most recent until Bouchet and Rocroi published their revised taxonomy in 2005, which differs primarily in that the higher taxa are expressed as unranked clades where known, and termed "informal groups" or groups" where monophyly (a single lineage) has not yet been determined, and where polyphyly (more than one lineage) is suspected.
Ponder & Lindberg (1997) used only four families to analyze the Euthyneura. Further work by Dayrat & Tillier (2002) provided a great deal of detail about the relationships between within the Euthyneura.
Ponder & Lindberg (1997) did not use Linnean taxonomical ranks in their work, but the results of their paper were widely adapted and used with Linnean taxonomical ranks by other authors. An example of such taxonomy follows:

## Taxonomy

Class Gastropoda Cuvier, 1797 Incertæ sedis
* Order Bellerophontinaka (fossil)
* Order Mimospirina (fossil)
Subclass Eogastropoda Ponder & David R. Lindberg, 1996 (earlier: Prosobranchia)
* Order Euomphalida de Koninck 1881 (fossil)
*** Superfamily Macluritoidea
*** Superfamily Euomphaloidea
*** Superfamily Platyceratoidea
* Order Patellogastropoda Lindberg, 1986 (true limpets)
** Suborder Patellina Van Ihering, 1876
*** Superfamily Patelloidea Rafinesque, 1815
** Suborder Nacellina David R. Lindberg, 1988
*** Superfamily Acmaeoidea Carpenter, 1857
*** Superfamily Nacelloidea Thiele, 1891
** Suborder Lepetopsina McLean, 1990
*** Superfamily Lepetopsoidea McLean, 1990
'Subclass Orthogastropoda Ponder & David R. Lindberg, 1996 (earlier Prosobranchia, Opisthobranchia) Incertæ sedis
* Order Murchisoniina Cox & Knight, 1960 (fossil)
*** Superfamily Murchisonioidea Koken, 1889
*** Superfamily Loxonematoidea Koken, 1889
*** Superfamily Lophospiroidea Wenz, 1938
*** Superfamily Straparollinoidea
** Grade Subulitoidea Lindström, 1884
Superorder Cocculiniformia Haszprunar, 1987
*** Superfamily Cocculinoidea Dall, 1882
*** Superfamily Lepetelloidea Dall, 1882 (deep sea limpets)
Superorder "Hot Vent Taxa" Ponder & David R. Lindberg, 1997
* Order Neomphaloida Sitnikova & Starobogatov, 1983
*** Superfamily Neomphaloidea McLean, 1981 (hydrothermal vents limpets)
*** Superfamily Peltospiroidea McLean, 1989
Superorder Vetigastropoda Salvini-Plawen, 1989 (limpets)
*** Superfamily Fissurelloidea Fleming, 1822 (keyhole limpets)
*** Superfamily Haliotoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (abalones)
*** Superfamily Lepetodriloidea McLean, 1988 (hydrothermal vent limpets)
*** Superfamily Pleurotomarioidea Swainson, 1840 (slit shells)
*** Superfamily Seguenzioidea Verrill, 1884
*** Superfamily Trochoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (top shells)
Superorder Neritaemorphi Koken, 1896
* Order Cyrtoneritomorpha (fossil)
* Order Neritopsina Cox & Knight, 1960
*** Superfamily Neritoidea Lamarck, 1809
Superorder Caenogastropoda Cox, 1960
* Order Architaenioglossa Haller, 1890
*** Superfamily Ampullarioidea J.E. Gray, 1824
*** Superfamily Cyclophoroidea J.E. Gray, 1847 (terrestrials)
* Order Sorbeoconcha Ponder & David R. Lindberg, 1997
** Suborder Discopoda P. Fischer, 1884
*** Superfamily Campaniloidea Douvillé, 1904
*** Superfamily Cerithioidea Férussac, 1822
** Suborder Hypsogastropoda Ponder & David R. Lindberg, 1997
** Infraorder Littorinimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975
*** Superfamily Calyptraeoidea Lamarck, 1809
*** Superfamily Capuloidea J. Fleming, 1822
*** Superfamily Carinarioidea Blainville, 1818 (formerly called Heteropoda)
*** Superfamily Cingulopsoidea Fretter & Patil, 1958
*** Superfamily Cypraeoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (cowries)
*** Superfamily Ficoidea Meek, 1864
*** Superfamily Laubierinoidea Warén & Bouchet, 1990
*** Superfamily Littorinoidea (Children), 1834 (periwinkles)
*** Superfamily Naticoidea Forbes, 1838 (moon shells)
*** Superfamily Rissooidea J.E. Gray, 1847 (Risso shells) (includes genus Oncomelania, schistosomiasis transmission vector)
*** Superfamily Stromboidea Rafinesque, 1815 (true conchs)
*** Superfamily Tonnoidea Suter, 1913
*** Superfamily Trivioidea Troschel, 1863
*** Superfamily Vanikoroidea J.E. Gray, 1840
*** Superfamily Velutinoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
*** Superfamily Vermetoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (worm shells)
*** Superfamily Xenophoroidea Troschel, 1852 (carrier shells)
** Infraorder Ptenoglossa J.E. Gray, 1853
*** Superfamily Eulimoidea Philippi, 1853
*** Superfamily Janthinoidea Lamarck, 1812
*** Superfamily Triphoroidea J.E. Gray, 1847
** Infraorder Neogastropoda Thiele, 1929
*** Superfamily Buccinoidea (whelks, false tritions)
*** Superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes & Hanley, 1851
*** Superfamily Conoidea Rafinesque, 1815
*** Superfamily Muricoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Superorder Heterobranchia J.E. Gray, 1840
* Order Heterostropha P. Fischer, 1885
*** Superfamily Architectonicoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
*** Superfamily Nerineoidea Zittel, 1873 (fossil)
*** Superfamily Omalogyroidea G.O. Sars, 1878
*** Superfamily Pyramidelloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
*** Superfamily Rissoelloidea J.E. Gray, 1850
*** Superfamily Valvatoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
* Order Opisthobranchia Milne-Edwards, 1848
** Suborder Cephalaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
*** Superfamily Acteonoidea D'Orbigny, 1835
*** Superfamily Bulloidea Lamarck, 1801
*** Superfamily Cylindrobulloidea Thiele, 1931 (has to be included in the Sacoglossa)
*** Superfamily Diaphanoidea Odhner, 1914
*** Superfamily Haminoeoidea Pilsbry, 1895
*** Superfamily Philinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850
*** Superfamily Ringiculoidea Philippi, 1853
** Suborder Sacoglossa Von Ihering, 1876
*** Superfamily Oxynooidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854
** Suborder Anaspidea P. Fischer, 1883 (sea hares)
*** Superfamily Akeroidea Pilsbry, 1893
*** Superfamily Aplysioidea Lamarck, 1809
** Suborder Notaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
*** Superfamily Tylodinoidea J.E. Gray, 1847
*** Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea Férussac, 1822
** Suborder Thecosomata Blainville, 1824 (sea butterflies)
*** Infraorder Euthecosomata
**** Superfamily Limacinoidea
**** Superfamily Cavolinioidea
*** Infraorder Pseudothecosomata
**** Superfamily Peraclidoidea
**** Superfamily Cymbulioidea
** Suborder Gymnosomata Blainville, 1824 (sea angels)
*** Family Clionidae Rafinesque, 1815
*** Family Cliopsidae Costa, 1873
*** Family Hydromylidae Pruvot-Fol, 1942
*** Family Laginiopsidae Pruvot-Fol, 1922
*** Family Notobranchaeidae Pelseneer, 1886
*** Family Pneumodermatidae Latreille, 1825
*** Family Thliptodontidae Kwietniewski, 1910
** Suborder Nudibranchia Blainville, 1814 (nudibranchs)
** Infraorder Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819
*** Superfamily Doridoidea Rafinesque, 1815
*** Superfamily Doridoxoidea Bergh, 1900
*** Superfamily Onchidoridoidea Alder & Hancock, 1845
*** Superfamily Polyceroidea Alder & Hancock, 1845
** Infraorder Cladobranchia Willan & Morton, 1984
*** Superfamily Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845
*** Superfamily Arminoidea Rafinesque, 1814
*** Superfamily Metarminoidea Odhner in Franc, 1968
*** Superfamily Aeolidioidea J.E. Gray, 1827
* Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 (pulmonates)
** Suborder Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
*** Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
*** Superfamily Otinoidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
*** Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
** Suborder Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 (freshwater pulmonates, pond snails)
*** Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
*** Superfamily Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
*** Superfamily Chilinoidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
*** Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
*** Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
*** Superfamily Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
*** Superfamily Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
** Suborder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
** Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata)
*** Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
** Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
*** Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
** Infraorder Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 (land snails)
** Subinfraorder Orthurethra
*** Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
*** Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
*** Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
*** Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
** Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
*** Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
*** Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
*** Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
*** Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
*** Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
*** Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
*** Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
*** Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
*** Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
*** Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
*** Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
*** Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
*** Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. Adams & A. Adams, 1855
*** Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
*** Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
*** Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
*** Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
*** Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
*** Superfamily Sagdidoidea Pilsbry, 1895
*** Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
*** Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
*** Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
*** Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
*** Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
*** ? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 (= Tracheopulmonata)
*** ? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 (= Heterurethra)
Other extant classes of the Mollusca are Bivalvia, Scaphopoda, Aplacophora, Polyplacophora, Monoplacophora and Cephalopoda.