OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Science and Art Department

The Science and Art Department was a British government body which functioned from 1853 to 1899, promoting education in art, science, technology, and design in Britain and Ireland.

## Background

The Science and Art Department was created as a subdivision of the Board of Trade in 1853, expanding the existing Department of Practical Art. Its first superintendent was Henry Cole, and it supported not just science but also "practical arts" – i.e. technology and design. The department benefited substantially from the Great Exhibition of 1851, part of the profits of which were distributed by the Commissioners of the Great Exhibition for educational purposes. That donation funded a large site in South Kensington accommodating the Science and Art Department, the South Kensington Museum, and other bodies. In 1856 the Science and Art Department was absorbed by a new Education Department, but retained considerable autonomy in promoting artistic and scientific higher education, especially for teacher training.
The Science and Art Department took over the Government School of Design, founded in 1837, which became the National Art Training School in 1853, and finally in 1896 the Royal College of Art, under which name it still flourishes. It developed what became known as the South Kensington system in art education. The headmaster until 1875 was Richard Burchett. On the science side it ran classes in South Kensington in the 1870s, which led directly to the formation of the Normal School of Science, a constituent college of Imperial College London. From 1859 the Science and Art Department had offered examinations for prospective science teachers, and promoted evening classes in science across Britain. From 1872 the Science and Art Department began offering scientific higher education directly through evening classes at the South Kensington site. In 1880 these classes acquired formal recognition as the Normal School of Science.
During the 1880s a number of royal commissions considered the question of technical education, and their recommendations led to an increasing role in scientific training for other branches of government. The increased attention paid to education led to the formation of the Board of Education in 1899, into which the Science and Art Department was fully integrated.
# Saint Kitts and Nevis men's national basketball team

The Saint Kitts and Nevis national basketball team is the national men's basketball team from Saint Kitts and Nevis, governed by the St. Kitts Amateur Basketball Association.

## Current roster

At the 2006 FIBA CBC Championship:
# Punishment in Sasanian culture

The criminal law in the Sasanian Empire followed the same model as the Zoroastrian law, which had the intention to punish the individual in order to save the latter's soul from the otherworldly consequences of the offense. The purpose of punishment in Zoroastrian law was to save the condemned's soul from the supernatural consequences of lawbreaking. People who were punished in life were purged of their sins and spared divine punishment after death. Due to punitive punishment being considered beneficial, torture was rationalized and confessions could be extorted during torture. The chronicle of Matigan-i Hazar Datistan ("Book of a Thousand Judgements") makes mention of punishments in Zoroastrian law.
The most prevalent punishment specified is lashing, with lawbreaking acts being theoretically differentiated in harshness by the number of lashes, even up to unreasonable levels. Amputation of the nose was favored for adultery. Bandits and Christians were stomped by elephants, the most notable occurrence being during the reign of king (shah) Shapur II (r. 309–379), who had the city of Susa destroyed with 300 elephants in order to suppress a rebellion.
The same punishment methods did not apply to the Sasanian royal family, whose blood was considered clean. Thus asphyxiation in ashes or garroting were the favoured techniques for the execution of princes. Another method was to have them mutilated, since disfigured princes were not allowed to claim the throne.
# Osmanlı, Şahinbey

Osmanlı, historically Babilge, is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Şahinbey, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. Its population is 3,912 (2022).
# Baimudan tea

Bai Mudan (Chinese: 白牡丹; pinyin: bái mǔdān; Wade–Giles: pai$^2$ mu$^3$-tan$^1$; lit. 'white peony') is a type of white tea made from plucks each with one leaf shoot and two immediate young leaves (one bud two leaf ratio) of the Camellia sinensis plant. Bai Mudan is sometimes preferred by white tea drinkers for its fuller flavor and greater potency than the other major type of white tea, Bai Hao Yinzhen. The latter is made purely with leaf shoots, and so it is comparatively softer and more subtle. The typical taste of Bai Mudan is a result of both the processing and the tea plant cultivars employed in the production.

## Production and processing

The family of tea cultivars used in producing Bai Mudan are the "Da Bai" (大白) varietal. In eastern Fujian, the cultivar Fuding Da Bai is used. In northern Fujian, the Zhenghe Da Bai cultivar is used. The differences in the plant yield two distinct styles of Bai Mudan: the Fuding variety and the Zhenghe variety.
Genuine Bai Mudan is a white tea; therefore, it is a slightly oxidized tea. The plucks are sun-withered for an extended period of time and then piled briefly for oxidation, during which enzymes of the tea leaves interact with other constituents to form new materials that result in the final taste and aromatic character of the tea. Depending on the weather, conditions of the pluck and the taste style requirements of the finished products, the sunning may last between 1 and 3 days and the piling between one half and 3 hours.
The leaves are then baked to dry for packing. The handling of the leaves remains gentle and non-intrusive throughout the process to avoid breakage of the cellular structure. This is needed because once the cell walls are physically broken, oxidation of the leaves quickens and the quality will be compromised.
Although the processing steps are simpler than those for other teas, the long process and the variable factors during which are key cost factors. For example, a sudden rainstorm during the lengthy withering can be destructive.

## Tasting and brewing

A very mild peony aroma and a floral aroma are noticed when brewing the tea. The tea is best brewed with good mineral water and at 70 to 80 °C (158 to 176 °F). The brew is a very pale green or golden color. The flavor is fruity; stronger than Silver Needle, yet not as strong as Shou Mei. The finest quality should have a shimmering clear infusion with a delicate lingering fragrance and a fresh, mellow, sweet taste devoid of astringency, and grassy flavors.

## Varieties

* Gushan Baiyun, otherwise known as, Drum Mountain White Cloud is a good quality Bai Mu Dan, originally grown by Buddhist monks at the monastery on Drum Mountain in the Fujian Province. The tea has a nutty aroma and was apparently tasted by Robert Fortune on his trip to China.
# St. Mary's Catholic Church (Boise, Idaho)

St. Mary's Catholic Church is a Catholic parish in Boise, Idaho, in the West Central Deanery of the Diocese of Boise.
It was erected by Bishop Edward Kelly in 1937 as Boise's second Catholic parish; the city's Catholic population had grown too large to be served solely by the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist. Its North End location was criticized at the time for being too far from the city center. A Catholic school, St. Mary's School, was established in 1948.
The historic Gothic church building, located at State and 26th Streets, was designed bt Frank Hummel of Tourtellotte & Hummel. It was significantly enlarged in 2009 with a design by ZGA Architects and Planners intended to respect the original structure, which won the Idaho Historic Preservation Council's Orchid Award for cultural heritage preservation. The renovated building combines Gothic and neo-classical styles with some modern elements.
The church is richly decorated with religious artwork. Notable pieces include a statue of Mary seated in a pew, carved by John Taye; ten roof beams chainsaw-carved into statues of angels carrying various musical instruments by J. Chester Armstrong; large doors of Honduran mahogany also chainsaw-carved by Armstrong depicting Biblical scenes; and a Biblical altar triptych painted by Tom Browning. The church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
# Tribunal (Madrid Metro)

Tribunal is a station on Line 1 and Line 10 of the Madrid Metro. Originally opened under the name Hospicio, it has been operating since 1919. It is located in Zone A.

## History

The station opened on 17 October 1919 and was one of the first 8 stations on the network. Its original name came from the Real Hospicio de San Fernando, located on Calle Fuencarral near the metro's entrance. It was later renamed Tribunal, after the Tribunal de Cuentas, also located on Calle Fuencarral near the metro's entrance.
The Line 10 platforms opened on 18 December 1981 as part of the Carabanchel–Chamartín de la Rosa suburbano railway then operated by FEVE, which shortly afterwards was transferred to the Community of Madrid.
# Tom Machowski

Thomas E. Machowski (born May 7, 1953) is a retired American professional ice hockey defenseman. He was selected by the Atlanta Flames in the 7th round (101st overall) of the 1973 NHL Amateur Draft.
Machowski played high school hockey in Wilmette, Illinois in the Catholic League with the Loyola Academy Ramblers from 1969 to 1971. He was selected to the All-League Team in all three of his high school seasons, and was named the Catholic League's Most Valuable Player in his senior year. In 1971, Machowski was inducted into Loyola Academy's Athletic Hall of Fame.
Machowski attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison, on a full athletic scholarship, where he played four seasons (1971 – 1975) of NCAA college hockey with the Wisconsin Badgers. During the 1972–73 season, he led the Badgers with 48 penalty minutes as he helped his team to win the 1973 NCAA Championship.
In 1976, Machowski toured the United States as a member of the USA National pre-Olympic in preparation for the 1976 Winter Olympics, but did not compete at the Innsbruck games.
Between 1978 and 1981 (with the exception of four games played with the Milwaukee Admirals during the 1979–80 IHL season) Machowski played professionally in the Eastern Hockey League (EHL) for all three seasons of the troubled league's existence. In 1981 the EHL folded, and Machowski retired.
# Yaneth Giha Tovar

Yaneth Giha Tovar is an economist and politician who served as the Colombian Minister of Education from 2016 to 2018. Yaneth Giha has also held the position of Director of Colcienas and Deputy Minister of Defence (2010–2013). Yaneth obtained an economics degree from University of Los Andes, and a master's degree from King's College London.
# Saint Rubin

Rubin is a saint of the Syriac Orthodox church. He was a stylite of Kartamin. He is commemorated with feast days of August 1 and August 4.
# Puquio District

Puquio District is one of twenty-one districts of the Lucanas Province in Peru.

## Geography

One of the highest mountains in the district is Inka Pallanka at approximately 4,600 m (15,100 ft). Other mountains are listed below:
* Amaruyuq
* Aqu Urqu
* Hatun Urqu
* Ichhu
* Kunturillu
* Llallawi
* Puka Pata
* Puka Punchu
* Puka Urqu
* Qiñwa
* Quri Punchu
* Q'illu
* Q'illu Mach'ay
* Sallachayuq
* Saywachayuq
* Tampu
* Urqunqucha
* Waman Pirqa
* Wamanripa
* Yuraq Q'asa
* Yuraq Sayana
Some of the largest lakes of the district are Apiñaqucha, Islaqucha, Pukaqucha and Urqunqucha.

## Climate

Climate data for Puquio, elevation 3,176 m (10,420 ft), (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 16.8 (62.2) | 16.4 (61.5) | 16.4 (61.5) | 17.5 (63.5) | 17.8 (64.0) | 17.9 (64.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.6 (65.5) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.0 (64.4) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.7 (63.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 6.6 (43.9) | 7.1 (44.8) | 6.6 (43.9) | 5.3 (41.5) | 3.5 (38.3) | 2.7 (36.9) | 2.7 (36.9) | 3.4 (38.1) | 4.2 (39.6) | 4.9 (40.8) | 4.9 (40.8) | 6.2 (43.2) | 4.8 (40.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 109.6 (4.31) | 105.8 (4.17) | 103.9 (4.09) | 25.7 (1.01) | 3.4 (0.13) | 1.0 (0.04) | 4.5 (0.18) | 3.2 (0.13) | 6.2 (0.24) | 8.4 (0.33) | 8.3 (0.33) | 34.8 (1.37) | 414.8 (16.33) |
| Source: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru ||||||||||||||
# Otiorhynchus meridionalis

Otiorhynchus meridionalis, the lilac root weevil, is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the family Curculionidae. It is found in North America. Lilac root weevils are shiny, brownish-black beetles, about 0.25 inches (0.6 cm) with long snout (rostrum) and geniculate (elbowed) antennae. They are common landscape pests, feeding on lilac, euonymous and peonies.
Larvae feed on plant roots, while adult insects feed on leaves, eating only the edges in form of numerous U-shaped notches. They are commonly present on North American lilac, but seldom create lasting damage to the plant.
Adult insects are nocturnal. Like other root weevils (O. ovatus, O. rugostriatus and O. sulcatus), they often wander into households during hot summer months in search for shade and moisture. Although harmless to humans, pets and furnishings, they pose a nuisance. Treatment with pyrethroid-based insecticides is recommended only in cases of severe infestations, and occasional bug is best tolerated or removed mechanically.
# 1891 Wallaroo colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Wallaroo on 23 May 1891. This was triggered by the resignation of the former Wallaroo MHA David Bews.
Successful candidate Richard Hooper was the first Labor member of the House of Assembly, but was not a member of the newly formed United Labor Party (ULP), instead serving as an Independent Labor member. Although he attended caucus meetings he never joined the ULP. The 1892 East Adelaide by-election saw ULP candidate John McPherson win the seat. It was the first time the ULP had won a seat in the House of Assembly, with electoral success to be followed at the 1893 colonial election, winning 10 of 54 seats and the balance of power, allowing the ULP to support the liberal opposition led by Charles Kingston in defeating the conservative government led by John Downer.

## Results

Wallaroo state by-election, 23 May 1891 :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| Labor | Richard Hooper | 913 | 52.0 | +52.0 |
| | Peter Allen | 435 | 24.8 | +24.8 |
| | Luke Furner | 306 | 17.4 | +4.5 |
| | J Murray | 71 | 4.0 | +4.0 |
| | W H Wilkinson | 30 | 1.7 | –5.3 |
| Labor gain from Other | Labor gain from Other | Swing | N/A | |
# Transition metal phosphinimide complexes

Transition metal phosphinimide complexes are metal complexes that contain phosphinimide ligands of the general formula NPR$_3$$^−$ (R = organic substituent). Several coordination modes have been observed, including terminal and various bridging geometries. In the terminal bonding mode the M-N=P core is usually linear but some are quite bent. The preferred coordination type varies with the oxidation state and coligands on the metal and the steric and electronic properties of the R groups on phosphorus. Many transition metal phosphinimide complexes have been well-developed and, more recently, main group phosphinimide complexes have been synthesized.

## Complexes of Ti, Zr, V, Ta

Complexes of Phosphinimide are generally prepared by two routes. For highly electrophilic metal chlorides, the silyl derivative is convenient since is generates volatile trimethylsilyl chloride:
    R$_3$PNSiMe$_3$ + L$_n$MCl → R$_3$PN-ML$_n$ + ClSiMe$_3$
CpTi(NPR$_3$)Cl$_2$ is prepared by this route.
More common are salt-elimination reactions:
    R$_3$PNLi + L$_n$MCl → R$_3$PN-ML$_n$ + LiCl

## Phosphinimide polyethylene catalysts

Phosphinimide ligands have shown promise in the area of ethylene polymerization. In terms of homogeneous catalysts, this field has been dominated by metallocene-based catalysts inspired by the Kaminsky catalyst in 1976. Initially phosphinimide ligands were suggested for polyethylene synthesis due to the fact they have similar steric and electronic properties to metallocene polyethylene catalysts.
In most respects the steric and electronic properties, of phosphinimides and cyclopentadienyl are comparable ligands. Metal bound t-Bu$_3$PN$^−$ has a cone angle of 87° vs 83 for cylclopentadienyl. Compared to Cp, the bulky substituents of the phosphinimide ligand are more distant from the metal, which increase the exposure of the metal centre to substrate. The less sterically crowded metal centre appears to be particularly susceptible to deactivation however.
The precatalyst are prepared by alkylation and arylation of the phosphinimide complexes is possible through alkyllithium or Grignard reagents, giving products such as CpTi(NPR$_3$)Me$_2$. The zirconium complexes (R$_3$PN)$_2$ZrCl$_2$ can be alkylated or arylated through simple substitution. These organoTi and organoZr complexes are activated by treatment with MAO and B(C$_6$F$_5$)$_3$ as a cocatalyst to activate polymerization through methyl abstraction. The phosphinimide catalyst is thought to be homogeneous and single sited. It therefore produces reactivity comparable to metallocene catalysts which are also believed to be homogeneous, single sited catalysts. The catalytic process is assumed to proceed in much of the same way as metallocene based catalysts, as the chemistry is thought to occur primarily with the metal centre and not through the bulky ligands.
# Tom Marrison

Thomas Marrison (1881–1926) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Bristol City, Nottingham Forest, Oldham Athletic and The Wednesday.
# Schinia niveicosta

Schinia niveicosta is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from south-western Utah and western and south-eastern Arizona, west to southern California and southern Nevada.
Most adults are recorded in March and April, but there are also records for May, September to November and January to February.
The larvae feed on Palafoxia linearis.
# Saint Anthony with the Christ Child

Saint Anthony with the Christ Child is the name of the following paintings:
* Saint Anthony with the Christ Child (Murillo), the name of two 17th-century paintings by Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
* The Vision of Saint Anthony of Padua (Pittoni), also known as Saint Anthony with the Christ Child, a 1730 oil-on-canvas painting by Giambattista Pittoni
# Pur

Pur or PUR may refer to:

## Arts, entertainment, and media

* Pur (band), a German band
* Pur, a song by the Cocteau Twins

## People

* Necla Pur (born 1943), Turkish economist and professor
* Quraish Pur (1932–2013), Pakistani scholar, writer, and television host

## Places
### Villages

* Pur, Belgaum, Karnataka, India, a village
* Pur, Bhiwani, Haryana, India, a village
* Pur, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, India, a village
* Pur, Iran, a village

### Rivers

* Pur (Russia), a river in Yamalo-Nenets, Russia
* Pur River (India), a river Gujarat, India

## Transport

* Purley railway station, London, England (National Rail station code)

## Other uses

* Pur (brand), a brand of water filters
* Pur (placename element), placename suffix used in South Asia
* Pacific Union Recorder, see List of Seventh-day Adventist periodicals
* Partidul Umanist Român (Romanian Humanist Party), former name of the Conservative Party (Romania)
* Polyurethane, a polymeric material
* Puerto Rico, IOC country code PUR
# Belgium at the 1934 European Athletics Championships

Belgium competed at the 1934 European Athletics Championships in Turin, Italy, between 7 and 9 September 1934.

## Results
### Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| René Geeraert | 1500 m | 4:01.2 CR | 1 Q | — | — | NT | – |
| Frans Vendersteen | Marathon | — | — | — | — | Did not finish | Did not finish |

### Combined events – Decathlon

| Athlete | Event | 100 m | LJ | SP | HJ | 400 m | 110H | DT | PV | JT | 1500 m | Final | Rank |
| Maurice Boulanger | Result | 12.0 | 6.28 | 10.81 | 1.60 | 53 | 18.4 | 28.90 | 3.40 | 46.46 | 4:33.0 | 5552 NR | 9 |
| Maurice Boulanger | Points | | | | | | | | | | | 5552 NR | 9 |
# Bamchu

Bamchu is a mountain of the Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand India. It's situated on the eastern rim of Nanda Devi Sanctuary on the watershed of Milam Glacier and Nanda Devi basin. The elevation of Bamchu is 6,303 metres (20,679 ft) and its prominence is 241 metres (791 ft). It is 124th highest located entirely within the Uttrakhand. Nanda Devi, is the highest mountain in this category. It lies 3.4 km South of Deo Damla 6,620 metres (21,719 ft) its nearest higher neighbor and 3.1 km SSE of Mangraon 6,568 metres (21,549 ft). Kalanka 6,931 metres (22,740 ft) lies 9.8 km NNW and 9.3 km SW lies Nanda Devi 7,816 metres (25,643 ft).

## Climbing history

In 1975 Bamchu was first climbed by A Japanese team led by K Shimizu. The main team was focusing on Rishi pahar at the same time K. Konno who had to leave early choose to climb Bamchu. They set up an advance base camp at the foot of the south ridge of Bamchu. on 19 September K. Konno and liaison officer Capt. B. P. S Hundal made an attempt for the summit. They climbed the south ridge of the peak. After climbing for about ten hours, they reached the summit of Bamchu at 3.05 p.m.

## Glaciers and rivers

Bamchu Glacier on the eastern side joins Milam Glacier from there emerges Goriganga River that later joins the Kali River at Jauljibi. Uttari Nanda Devi Glacier on the western side joins Uttari Rishi Glacier and drains into Rish Ganga. Rishi Ganga met with Dhauliganga River near Rini. Later Dhauli ganga met with Alaknanda at Vishnuprayag. Alaknanda River is one of the main tributaries of river Ganga that later joins Bhagirathi River the other main tributaries of river Ganga at Devprayag and became Ganga there after.

## Neighboring peaks

Neighboring peaks of Sakram:
* Nanda Devi: 7,816 m (25,643 ft)30°55′12″N 79°35′30″E﻿ / ﻿30.92000°N 79.59167°E﻿ / 30.92000; 79.59167
* Deo Damla: 6,620 m (21,719 ft)30°27′36″N 80°01′09″E﻿ / ﻿30.46000°N 80.01917°E﻿ / 30.46000; 80.01917
* Mangraon: 6,568 m (21,549 ft)30°28′31″N 80°00′40″E﻿ / ﻿30.47528°N 80.01111°E﻿ / 30.47528; 80.01111
* Lohar Deo: 6,245 m (20,489 ft)30°26′35″N 80°07′22″E﻿ / ﻿30.44306°N 80.12278°E﻿ / 30.44306; 80.12278
* Lhatu Dhura: 6,392 m (20,971 ft)30°23′29″N 80°01′49″E﻿ / ﻿30.39139°N 80.03028°E﻿ / 30.39139; 80.03028
* Rishi Kot: 6,236 m (20,459 ft)30°27′25″N 79°53′33″E﻿ / ﻿30.45694°N 79.89250°E﻿ / 30.45694; 79.89250
* Changabang: 6,864 m (22,520 ft)30°30′00″N 79°55′37″E﻿ / ﻿30.50000°N 79.92694°E﻿ / 30.50000; 79.92694