OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# RDW (organization)

Dienst Wegverkeer, commonly known as RDW, is the organization that handles the type-approval and registration of motorized vehicles and driving licences in the Netherlands. This is not limited to passenger cars, but also includes trucks, tractors, bicycles, scooters, drones and more. The RDW is an independent administrative body of the Dutch government. Up until 1996, the organisation was known as "Rijksdienst voor het Wegverkeer".
The official English name of RDW is: the Netherlands Vehicle Authority.

## History

Since 2019, the RDW organizes the Self Driving Challenge [nl], a nation-wide event of competition between students of different universities to develop software for electric karts to autonomously drive and race each other on real-life racetracks.

## Statutory tasks

The RDW is responsible for four different subjects in the Netherlands:

### Type-approval and licensing

The RDW is authorized for conducting Motor vehicle type approvals for the entire European Union, and is often chosen by foreign car manufacturers and brand due to a lack of competition from Dutch automobile manufacturers.

### Supervision and control

The RDW is responsible for supervising Dutch RDW-approved garages and repair-shops for road-legal vehicles. Moreover, the RDW maintains registration of vehicles and the annual vehicle state inspection called "APK". While these inspections and repairs can be conducted by privately-owned companies, these companies have to be registered with the RDW and the RDW frequently visits and samples the performance, integrity and reliability of the companies, issuing punishments for companies that are found to fraud with approvals.

### Information provision

The RDW keeps multiple public databases available in regard to public parking, vehicle safety, registration and APK-history among other data and informs the public about current developments in the automotive sector. Furthermore, the RDW advises the government in law-making.

### Issuing documents

In the Netherlands, driving licences can be acquired by graduating exams at the Centraal Bureau Rijvaardigheid (Central Bureau of Driving Skills) and requesting such cards at the municipality office of the citizen applying. The RDW is responsible for producing and issuing the physical card that individuals receive, which is also valid as personal identification in the Netherlands.

## Locations

The RDW has two foreign offices, one in Detroit, Michigan, United States and one in Seoul, South Korea.
# Rachel Wammack

Rachel Wammack is a country music singer/songwriter signed to RCA Records from Muscle Shoals, Alabama. In 2018, she released her first self-titled EP.

## Career

Wammack is from Muscle Shoals, Alabama. She wrote her first song when she was 12 and by 17 was discovered by Sony. Before she began her recording career, she attended the University of North Alabama where she was crowned Miss UNA 2015. Six months after she finished school she signed with Sony and moved to Nashville.
Her first self-titled EP was produced by Dann Huff and was released on April 6, 2018. Rolling Stone magazine listed Wammack as one of “10 new Country artists you need to know.” Her single "My Boyfriend Doesn't Speak For Me Anymore" was also featured on Rolling Stone and was described as "mixing the power-pop pipes of Adele with the women-first attitude of Loretta Lynn." The EP also features her first single, "Damage", which was co-written with Tom Douglas and David Hodges.
On March 15, 2019, she released her single "Enough." Her next single, "Something People Say (Acoustic)", was released on June 6, 2019.
After a two-year hiatus from social media, Wammack released her single "Like Me" on August 12, 2022. Wammack has described "Like Me" as "a love note to me and a reminder to the world [...] I'm not everybody's cup of tea and that's OK. That was a hard thing for me to reckon with. But now, I feel like people are more drawn to me now that I like myself."

## Personal life

Rachel Wammack was born on June 28, 1994. She was raised in Muscle Shoals, Alabama and attended Muscle Shoals High School, where she performed in the school's marching band and percussion ensemble. Wammack attended the University of North Alabama and was crowned Miss UNA 2015. On August 3, 2019, she married Noah Purcell.

## Discography
### Extended plays

List of extended plays, with selected details :
| Title | Details |
| Enough | Released: March 15, 2019 Label: Sony Format: Digital download |
# Rachele Bruni

Rachele Bruni (born 4 November 1990) is an Italian swimmer, specialising in open water long-distance races. She won the silver medal in the 10 km marathon at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio. She competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics, in 10 km open water. She won the FINA 10km Marathon Swimming World Series 3 times in 2015, 2016 and 2019.

## Career

In 2015, Bruni became the first Italian swimmer to win the FINA 10km Marathon Swimming World Series. She won it again in 2016.
At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Bruni won the silver medal in the 10 km marathon, behind Sharon van Rouwendaal. She initially finished in 3rd position, just behind world champion Aurélie Muller, but the latter was disqualified for obstructing Bruni at the finish line. She has dedicated her medal to her girlfriend, Diletta Faina.
She is a 10-time gold medalist at the European Open Water Swimming Championships.
In 2019, she won for the third time the FINA Marathon Swim World Series 2019.
During the 2019 World Aquatics Championships, held in Gwangju, Bruni won the bronze medal in the 10 km and the silver medal in the 5 km team.
In January 2020, with 73.9% of the votes, she won the LEN Award in the Cross-Country category, an award assigned by the European Swimming League to the best continental performers in aquatic disciplines.
In November 2021 she was inducted into the prestigious International Marathon Swimming Hall of Fame, entering the list of the best swimmers in the world ever.

## Works

Volevo solo nuotare (200.000 bracciate con Rachele Bruni), the Bruni’s biography written by the Italian author Luca Farinotti was published in 2020. This book was very important in Italy as Rachele Bruni was the first Italian Olympic athlete to “come out”. This news was deemed by the newspapers more interesting than her Olympic silver medal: instead Bruni tells the true sporting life of a woman. The book won Bancarella Selezione Sport, most prestigious sport books prize in Italy.
# RPE (gene)

Ribulose-phosphate 3-epimerase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RPE gene.
# R v Whitfield

R v Whitfield (1969), [1970] S.C.R. 46 is a leading Supreme Court of Canada decision on the legal requirements of an arrest under the Criminal Code.

## Background

In June 1967, James Whitfield was driving down a street in eastern Toronto. He had been wanted for damaging the seat cushions of a local restaurant. The police spotted him in his car and approached him at a stop light. Officer Kerr told him that he had a warrant for his arrest. Whitfield drove off but had to stop due to oncoming traffic. Kerr ran up to the car and grabbed Whitfield by the collar and said he was under arrest, but Whitfield accelerated and Kerr fell to the road.
Whitfield was convicted of escape of lawful arrest.

## Reasons of the court

Judson J., writing for the majority, adopted the common law definition of arrest as consisting of "the actual seizure or touching of a person's body with a view to his detention. The mere pronouncing of words of arrest is not an arrest, unless the person sought to be arrested submits to the process and goes with the arresting officer." Consequently, there are two requirements to affect an arrest: actual seizure or touching of the suspects body with a view to detention; and pronouncing "words of arrest" to the suspect.
On the facts, the Court held that Whitfield was put under arrest and so the charge of escaping arrest was upheld.
In the subsequent Supreme Court case of R v Latimer, the court held that arrest may also be effected by words and a restraint on liberty accompanied by submission.
# Ragala Venkat Rahul

Ragala Venkat Rahul (born 16 March 1997) is an Indian weightlifter who won the gold medal in the men's 85 kg weight class at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, Australia.

## Early life

He was born in Stuartpuram, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh. He trained at Sports School in Hyderabad.

## Career

At the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics in Nanjing, he won the silver medal in the 77 kg category. This was India's first ever medal in weightlifting at the Youth Olympics.
He won a gold medal in the men's 85 kg weight class at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, Australia. He lifted a total of 338 kg - 151 kg in snatch and 187 kg in clean and jerk. It was the fourth gold medal for India in weightlifting at the Games.
# Radical History Review

Radical History Review is a scholarly journal published by Duke University Press.
The journal describes its position as "at the point where rigorous historical scholarship and active political engagement converge". In 1979, the journal advertised that it "publishes the best marxist and non-marxist radical scholarship in jargon-free English".
Articles in the journal cover the relationships that "issues of gender, race, sexuality, imperialism, and class" have with histories. In 1999, the editors described "the journal's recent move toward a more overtly political discussion of historical topics".

## Reception

The New Criterion describes RHR as "a publication that plainly states it 'rejects conventional notions of scholarly neutrality and 'objectivity,' and approaches history from an engaged, critical, political stance.'"
Jon Wiener in the 1991 book Professors, Politics, and Pop wrote, "The journal has recently distinguished itself by publishing a series of interviews with (several historians) exploring the relationship in their work between historical scholarship and political commitment."
# Raj Nartaki

Raj Nartaki is a 1941 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed by Modhu Bose under the Wadia Movietone banner. It starred the famous dancer Sadhana Bose (written as Sadhona in the title) with Prithviraj Kapoor, Jal Khambata, Nayampalli and Protima Das Gupta. It was made simultaneously in English, Bengali and Hindi. The film was distributed in Europe and US through Columbia in Hollywood. It managed to recover its cost with the virtue of being released in three languages. Raj Nartaki established J. B. H Wadia's reputation as an intellectual film maker. The story is set in the early 19th century in the Manipur Kingdom and is about social barriers and a court dancer.

## Cast

* Sadhona Bose as Indrani the Court Dancer
* Protimadas Gupta as Riya, 1st Companion
* Benita Gupta as Priya, 2nd Companion
* Prithviraj as Prince Chandrakirti
* Jal Khambata as High Priest Kashishwar
* Nayampalli as King Jaisingh
* Thapan as Captain of the Guards
* Simeons as Hermit Khaipa
* Prabhat Sinha as Envoy Bhadrapal
# Rafael Grossman

Rabbi Rafael G. Grossman (23 November 1933 – 12 April 2018) was a noted American rabbi. For nearly three decades, he was the rabbi of Baron Hirsch Synagogue, an Orthodox congregation in Memphis, Tennessee, and one of the largest Orthodox congregations in the United States. Grossman was also the chairman of the Religious Zionists of America.
Rafael G. Grossman grew up in Lakewood, New Jersey, and was a student of Rabbi Yisroel Zev Gustman.
Prior to Memphis "he held pulpits in San Antonio, New York City and New Jersey." In two of the four cities he founded a Jewish day school.
He also helped found a Kollel in Fort Lee, NJ

## Jewish organizational involvement

Over the course of his career, Grossman held leadership roles at some of the nation's most respected Jewish organizations. He was a past president of the Beth Din of America and the Rabbinical Council of America, Chairman of the Rabbinical Council International, Chairman of the National Rabbinic Cabinet of Israel Bonds, a member of the executive Board of the Union of Orthodox Congregations of America and a member of the Board of the Development Corporation of Israel. A recipient of the OU's National Rabbinic leadership Award, Rabbi Grossman was one of ten rabbis to be honored at the centennial celebration of the Union of Orthodox Congregations of America. He was also awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity honoris causa from Yeshiva University in New York.

## Works

Grossman is the author of Binah: The Modern Quest for Torah Understanding, on the Book of Genesis. His scholarly papers appeared in numerous journals and volumes.
His weekly column Thinking Aloud which was printed in The Jewish Press and other periodicals also appeared online.

## Family

Grossman's father, upon coming from Poland in the 1940s, for a while was the rabbi of a synagogue in Boro Park; later the family moved to New Jersey.
Rabbi Grossman, who grew up in Lakewood, was survived by his wife, their four children, and twenty one grandchildren.
He authored a book "My Shoshana" about the 17-year-old daughter who predeceased him by about 45 years. In a review, Rabbi Hillel Goldberg wrote that (in particular subsequently) "he ... helped many parents" and quoted from the book, which is subtitled "A father’s journey through loss" that "No two people can feel the same way. Each of us feels pain, anger, even guilt differently."
On the advice of a rabbinical colleague, the Grossman family moved to Memphis, Tennessee.
# Rahila

Rahila (IAST: Rāhila, reigned c. 885-905 CE) was a king of the Chandela dynasty of India. He ruled in the Jejakabhukti region (Bundelkhand in present-day Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh).
Rahila was the son of his predecessor Vijayashakti. R. K. Dikshit dates his reign approximately to 885-905 CE. In an inscription of one of his successors, his title is given as nṛpati ("Lord of men"). No royal titles have been assigned to him, which suggests that he was a subordinate to the Pratiharas, like other early Chandela rulers.
Not much is known about Rahila's military career. He is mentioned in two Khajuraho inscriptions of his successors. These eulogistic inscriptions praise him as a warrior, but do not provide much information of historical value. For example, the 954 CE Khajuraho inscription states that he gave enemies sleepless nights. Using analogies, it compares a battle to a ritual sacrifice, and states that Rahila was never tired of this sacrifice. The legendary text Paramala Raso, which is of doubtful authenticity, contains a highly exaggerated account of Rahila's military campaigns. For example, it claims that he invaded Rameshvara with a cavalary of 2 million horses, and confiscated a thousand ships from the king of Simhala.

## Historical description

Rahila is believed to have commissioned several public works. Inscriptions at an Ajaygadh temple bear his name. The Rahilya Sagar lake in Mahoba, which has a temple on its bank, is named after him. Paramala Raso states that he established the Rasina (or Rajavasini) township, which is identified with Rasin village near Badausa. This village has a Chandela-style temple.
According to Paramala Raso, Rahila's queen was Rājamatī. The Kalachuri king Kokkala I married a Chandela princess Naṭṭā-devi. According to R. C. Majumdar, this princess might have been a daughter of Rahila's uncle Jayashakti. However, R. K. Dikshit, believes that she was probably a daughter or sister of Rahila.
# Rajugudem

Rajugudem (Telugu: రాజుగుడెం) is a small village located adjacent to the Lanka Sagar Dam. It falls under the Mandal Parishad of Vemsoor in the Indian State of Telangana.

## History

The village was originally located in Paturu, but it was relocated to its current location in 1964 during the construction of the Lanka Sagar Dam, which was built to provide water for drinking and irrigation for local villagers. As a result of the construction of the dam, the old settlement in Paturu was submerged, causing damage to the village and surrounding farmland. Compensation has been paid to those affected by the flooding.

## Administration

The village is being administrated by the Panchayat Raj system. Due to its sparse population, officials combined Rajugudem with the neighboring village, Chowdavaram to form one Panchayath.
The Panchayat elections for this constituency were conducted on 30 January 2019.
# Ramos, Rio de Janeiro

Ramos is a neighborhood of the North Zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
# Ralph Merry

Ralph Merry, III (1753 – 1825) is known as the founder of Magog, Quebec. He was born in Lynn, Massachusetts on March 16, 1753, and died and was buried in the Outlet, Lower Canada (now Magog, Quebec) in 1825. His grandfather, Ralph Merry, arrived in New England in the late seventeenth century from London, England. He sold his vessel, married and settled in Lynn, Massachusetts, where he had one son, Ralph II.
Ralph III married Sarah Sylvester, with whom he had eight children. He served in the American Revolution, enlisting in 1775, stationed in Lynn and nearby Salem, Massachusetts. After the war, he lived for a time in Providence, Rhode Island, and then moved to St. Johnsbury, Vermont in 1792.
Like many Americans at the time, Merry was enticed by the prospect of land in Lower Canada, which was then being freely offered to those who would swear loyalty to the Crown. Merry purchased large tracts and settled at the Outlet on Lake Memphremagog in 1798. The village that grew from this settlement would be renamed as Magog in 1855.
Merry developed saw and grist mills on the Magog River, as well as ironworks, though these were unsuccessful due to the poor ore quality of the region. He continued to develop the village with a carpenter's shop, wool mill, and a general store that opened in 1820. By 1823 this was a stage stop on the mail route between Montreal and Stanstead. Merry built a comfortable home for his family in 1821, which still stands today as the oldest structure in Magog.
Merry died in 1825 and is interred at Pine Hill Cemetery in Magog.
# Rama Sofat Hospital

Dr. Rama Sofat Hospital is an infertility hospital in the Ludhiana city of the Indian state of Punjab. It is affiliated with the Indian Medical Association. The hospital was established in 1972 with a 10-bed capacity which later expanded. It was the first hospital in Northern India to provide all the infertility-related treatments.

## History

The hospital was established by Dr. Rama Sofat in 1972, offering better facilities and making patients aware of the options for the treatment of infertility, particularly in the lesser-educated and rural areas of Punjab.

## Facilities

* Infertility
* Endoscopy
* Male Sexual Dysfunction
* Recurrent Pregnancy Lost
* Aesthetic Gynaecology
* Urogynaecology
* Gynea Cancer Clinic
* Maternity
* Menopausal Clinic
* Paediatric
* Radiology
* Dentistry
# Ralph Ellis (painter)

Ralph Gordon Ellis (1885–1963) was an English painter and designer of inn signs.

## Life and work

Ralph Gordon Ellis was born in Arundel on 31 January 1885 at no.12 the High Street, overlooking the square. His father William was in business as a taxidermist.
On leaving school, Ellis went away to London as an apprentice to a furniture draughtsman and designer, but never settled to the work. Instead, he turned to painting—an interest of his father's—by day making his living painting houses and after work attending evening classes in drawing and painting.
In 1913, three years after his marriage to Gertrude Seymour, a stonemason's daughter, he opened a little shop in her hometown of Bognor as an 'oil and colour man', selling home decorating materials and artists' supplies as well as his own paintings.
During the First World War, Ellis saw action with the Royal Sussex Regiment and the Queen's (Royal West Surrey) Regiment. Injured by shrapnel in July 1917, he was discharged and returned to England. He then enrolled at Slade School of Fine Art in London where he studied until 1919.
Relocating to Arundel in 1920, Ellis soon established his reputation as a portrait and landscape painter and, in a highly specialised field of art, as a designer and painter of inn signs. By the end of his commercial career he had painted well over two hundred signs for the Henty & Constable brewery alone.
Ellis retired from his inn sign painting business in 1951 and dedicated the rest of his life to landscape painting. He died in Arundel in 1963—a commemorative blue plaque was erected by West Sussex County Council on his home at 47 Maltravers Street, Arundel in May 1995.

## Exhibitions

He exhibited a portrait of Arthur Greaves, J.P at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1931; El Rio in 1933. An exhibition on the life and work of Ellis is on permanent display at Arundel Museum. More than 50 of his inn signs were included in the 1936 Inn Signs Exhibition at London's Building Centre.

## Signs painted for inns and hotels

* Cricketers (Donnington)
* Coach & Horses (Compton)
* Fox & Hounds (Funtington)
* Black Horse (Binsted)
# Ranulf de Vaux of Gilsland

Ranulf de Vaux, also known as Randolph or Ranulf de Vallibus, (died 1199) Lord of Triermain and later Lord of Gilsland, was a prominent 12th-century English noble.

## Biography

Vaux was the second son of Hubert I de Vaux, Lord of Gilsland and his wife Grecia. Ranulf succeeded his elder brother Robert in 1195, with his brother dying without surviving issue. He confirmed the foundation of the Augustinian Lanercost Priory and grants made by his brother Robert. He died in 1199 and was succeeded by his son Robert.

## Marriage and issue

He married Alicia, of unknown parentage, they had the following issue:
* Robert de Vaux married Johanna, had issue.
* Grecia de Vaux
He also fathered an illegitimate child Roland de Vaux of Triermain and Torcrossock.

## Citations

* ↑ The Pipe-rolls, Or, Sheriff's Annual Accounts of the Revenues of the Crown. Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne, 1847. p.lx.
* ↑ Transactions of the Cumberland & Westmorland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archæological Society. 1866. p.54.
* ↑ The Register of the Priory of St. Bees. Surtees Society, Durham, England. 1915. p.322.
* ↑ The Register of the Priory of St. Bees. Surtees Society, Durham, England. 1915. p.322.
# Randy Allen

Randy Allen may refer to:
* Randy Allen (American football) (born 1950), former American football player and current high school football coach
* Randy Allen (basketball) (born 1965), American basketball player