OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thulium(II) fluoride

Thulium(II) fluoride is one of the fluoride salts of the lanthanide metal thulium, with the chemical compound of TmF$_2$. It can react with zirconium tetrafluoride at 900 °C to form TmZrF$_6$, which has a hexagonal structure. In addition, low-temperature Mössbauer spectroscopy and some theoretical studies of thulium(II) fluoride have also been reported.
# The Original Disco Man

The Original Disco Man is a studio album by the American musician James Brown. It was released in July 1979 by Polydor Records. The front cover photograph was taken by Joel Bernstein. Brown supported the album with a North American tour.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| (The New) Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
| Smash Hits | 8/10 |
| The Village Voice | A− |
| The Virgin Encyclopedia of R&B and Soul | |
The New York Times wrote that "the performances aren't really up to the fevered level of his great days."

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Brad Shapiro and Randy McCormick; except where indicated
# The Reporter (1935–1937)

The Reporter was a weekly Black-owned newspaper serving the New York City area from 1935 to 1937. It was published by the Newspaper Guild of New York on behalf of the editorial members of the New York Amsterdam News during a 1935 strike, the first such strike within a Black-owned newspaper.

## History

In 1935 fifteen editorial workers within the Amsterdam News sought to form a local unit of the then recently founded American Newspaper Guild. In response, the owners of the Amsterdam News locked out the majority of their editorial workers, leading to picketing and calls for a boycott against the newspaper. This is reported to be the first such case of successful labor action by Black workers against Black employers.
In response to these calls for a boycott, The Reporter was published a few days later by the former editorial workers and by the Newspaper Guild. Issues of the newspaper were typically two pages long, with one page consisting of news and updates about the strike and the other page consisting of "DON'T BUY AMSTERDAM NEWS" in large font filling the page. This newspaper was published out of the Dumas Hotel on West 135th Street, in an office set up by the Newspaper Guild for the striking workers.
The final publication made during the strike was on December 12, 1935. The strike ended on December 24, 1935, after eleven weeks, with the striking workers reinstated and receiving a 10% pay raise.The Reporter stopped publishing due to the end of the strike, as the people who wrote and edited for it returned to their jobs at the Amsterdam News.
The Reporter had a second volume published in 1937, to deny the existence of segregationist policies by the Newspaper Guild of New York and deny allegations that their union had tried to seize control of the Amsterdam News. No volumes of The Reporter were published after 1937.
# Ricardo Becher

Ricardo Becher (1930–2011) was an Argentine film director, screenwriter and journalist. He directed twelve films 1955 and 2006. His 1969 film Coup de Grâce was entered into the 19th Berlin International Film Festival.
He worked as Leopoldo Torre Nilsson's assistant director on four films. During the 1970s he made a living in advertising and publicity. Since 1990 he made a career as a filmmaking teacher and he has published two novels.
In 2006 he screened his last feature film in the VI BAFICI (Buenos Aires Festival Internacional de Cine Independiente) where a retrospective of his films was made. He is the founder of the N.E.D Neo expresionismo digital, a way of transforming the video footage (imagen mundo) by postproduction filters in the search of its essence.

## Selected filmography

* The Female: Seventy Times Seven (1962 – writer)
* The Terrace (1963 – writer)
* Coup de Grâce (1969)
* Back Long Ago (1969)
# Massingir Dam

Massingir Dam is a dam on the Rio dos Elefantes (Olifants or Lepelle), Gaza Province, Mozambique. It is named after the town of Massingir, in Massingir District. The Shingwedzi River flows close to the northeastern side of the reservoir and joins the Rio dos Elefantes about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) downstream from the dam wall.

## History

By 1975, before the dam's completion, Mozambique gained independence and construction came to a halt. Shortly thereafter the FRELIMO government restarted the project, but by the early 1980s economic decline and war time conditions halted further progress. A failure to maintain dam infrastructure or invest further in completion resulted in the Massingir dam not fulfilling its original purpose and full potential in the irrigation schemes of the Limpopo Valley downstream at Chokwe.
During the period of post conflict reconstruction that followed conclusion to the civil war in 1994 a rehabilitation programme costing US$61m was undertaken, concluding in 2007. The dam now holds a reservoir with storage capacity of 2.8 billion cubic metres (2,300,000 acre⋅ft) of water, making it the second largest in the country. Further works now in course involve construction of a new spill-way and installation of a 25 megawatts (34,000 hp) hydro-electric power plant.
The Massingir Dam is located within Limpopo National Park, forming part of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park. The area is an important breeding ground for the Nile Crocodile and there was concern at the Kruger National Park regarding the flooding of the Olifants River Gorge.
| NASA picture of the Massingir Dam showing also the confluence of the Shingwedzi River and the Rio dos Elefantes | Dam wall of Massingir dam, Mozambique, during the raising of the wall, December 2014 |
# Party political broadcast

A party political broadcast (also known, in pre-election campaigning periods, as a party election broadcast) is a television or radio broadcast made by a political party.
In the United Kingdom the Communications Act 2003 prohibits (and previously the Broadcasting Act 1990 and earlier broadcasting practice prohibited) political advertising on television or radio; parties are instead allocated broadcast slots (usually around five minutes long) free of charge on broadcast channels using a formula set by Parliament. From 1953 to 2012, government and opposition commentaries were broadcast on the evening of the annual budget statement. Ministerial Broadcasts are occasionally made on urgent matters of a non-partisan nature.
A similar format exists in the Republic of Ireland, though for smaller parties, because a greater number of them are represented in the Dáil, their allocated time may be as little as one or two minutes each.
In Canada, the Canada Elections Act includes provisions for free-time election broadcasts (in addition to paid advertising) during Canadian federal elections, on all licensed terrestrial television and radio networks; notably, however, none of Canada's main English-language private television networks (CTV, Global and Citytv) actually operates under a network license anymore, meaning that in actual practice in the 2020s this provision applies only to the CBC's main radio and TV networks, and the private French-language networks TVA and Noovo. CBC Television formerly broadcast the regular weekly series The Nation's Business, in which Members of Parliament from all parties could give a short speech on a political issue, but this series no longer airs.
In Asia, party political broadcasts have existed in Singapore since 1980, where they are known as political party broadcasts. In Japan, party political broadcasts are known as seiken hōsō (政見放送). In Brazil, party political broadcasts are known as horário político. In Chile, party political broadcasts are known as franja electoral.
# Boot Camp (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| RapReviews | 2/10 |
Boot Camp is the only studio album by American hip hop duo Lil Soldiers. It was released on April 27, 1999, through No Limit/Priority Records. Production was handled by Beats By The Pound. It features guest appearances from Fiend, Ghetto Commission, Magic, Melchior, Mia X, Reginelli and Short Circuit. The album peaked at number 80 on the Billboard 200 and number 22 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart in the United States. It spawned two promotional singles: "Close 2 You" and "Where Da Lil Soldiers At?".

## Track listing
### Notes

* Track 5 features additional vocals from Mo B. Dick
* Track 13 features additional vocals from Keith, KK and Powerful
* Track 16 features additional vocals from O'Dell

## Charts

Chart performance for Boot Camp :
| Chart (1999) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 80 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 22 |
# Richard Leibler

Richard A. Leibler (March 18, 1914, Chicago, Illinois – October 25, 2003, Reston, Virginia) was an American mathematician and cryptanalyst. Richard Leibler was born in March 1914. He received his A.M. in mathematics from Northwestern University and his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1939. While working at the National Security Agency, he and Solomon Kullback formulated the Kullback–Leibler divergence, a measure of similarity between probability distributions which has found important applications in information theory and cryptology. Leibler is also credited by the NSA as having opened up "new methods of attack" in the celebrated VENONA code-breaking project during 1949-1950; this may be a reference to his joint paper with Kullback, which was published in the open literature in 1951 and was immediately noted by Soviet cryptologists.
He was director of the Communications Research Division at the Institute for Defense Analyses from 1962 to 1977, during which he was the boss of Jim Simons. He was inducted into the NSA Hall of Honor for his efforts against the VENONA code.
# Aksana Papko

Aksana Papko (born 16 November 1988) is a Belarusian track cyclist. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, she competed in the women's team pursuit for the national team.

## Major results

Source:

### 2007

    National Road Championships
       2nd Road race
       4th Time trial

### 2008

    2nd Time trial, National Road Championships
    3rd Points Race, UEC European U23 Championships

### 2009

    2nd Road race, National Road Championships

### 2010

    National Road Championships
       1st Road race
       1st Time trial
    UEC European Under-23 Track Championships
       1st Individual Pursuit
       1st Points Race
       3rd Omnium
    4th Time trial, European Under-23 Road Championships
# Arturo Rojas de la Cámara

Arturo Rojas de la Cámara (22 December 1930 – 8 January 2019) was a Spanish children's cartoonist. He held a longtime collaboration with the Spanish newspaper Editorial Valenciana.
# The Bet

The Bet may refer to:
* The Bet (short story), an 1889 short story by Anton Chekhov
* The Bet (1990 film), a Polish film
* The Bet (1992 film), a short film directed by Ted Demme
* The Bet (1997 film) (French: Le Pari), a French film
* The Bet (2006 film), an Australian film directed by Mark Lee
* The Bet (2016 film), an American comedy film
* "The Bet" (The Amazing World of Gumball), a season 2 episode of the Cartoon Network animated sitcom The Amazing World of Gumball
* "The Bet" (Brooklyn Nine-Nine), a first season episode of Brooklyn Nine-Nine
* "The Bet" (Recess episode), a season 3 episode in the Disney animated television series Recess
* "The Bet", a season 2 (2004) episode of the Nickelodeon television comedy series Drake & Josh
* "The Bet", the second episode of Men Behaving Badly
* "The Bet", an unfilmed episode from Seinfeld season 2
# Thampalakad, Sri Lanka

Thampalakad, Sri Lanka is a small town in Sri Lanka. It is located within the Northern Province.
# Thamnosophis stumpffi

Thamnosophis stumpffi, commonly known as the yellow-striped water snake, is a species of snake in the subfamily Pseudoxyrhophiinae of the family Pseudoxyrhophiidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

## Etymology

The specific name, stumpffi, is in honor of Anton Stumpff who collected the holotype.

## Geographic range

T. stumpffi is found in northwestern Madagascar, including the island Nosy Be.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of T. stumpffi is forest.

## Reproduction

T. stumpffi is oviparous.
# The Blond Knight of Germany

The Blond Knight of Germany is a book by the American authors Trevor J. Constable and Raymond F. Toliver dedicated to the life and career of the German fighter pilot of World War II, Erich Hartmann. Originally released in the United States in 1970, it was published in Germany the next year, as Holt Hartmann vom Himmel! (with the sub-title Die Geschichte des erfolgreichsten Jagdfliegers der Welt).
The Blond Knight was a commercial success and enjoyed a wide readership among both the American and the German public. The book has been criticised by American and German historians as ahistorical and misleading in recent historiography.

## Background

Trevor J. Constable and Raymond Toliver are American authors who produced 10 non-fiction books on the fighter aces of World War II. Toliver is a former U.S. Air Force pilot and official historian of the American Fighter Aces Association.

## Criticism

The Blond Knight of Germany was criticised by historians Ronald Smelser and Edward J. Davies in their work The Myth of the Eastern Front as one of the key works that promoted the myth of the "clean Wehrmacht". They described the book as a "hallmark of romanticization", with its "insidious" title that suggested medieval chivalry that "not only fails to characterize the conduct of the Wehrmacht during the Soviet-German war, but, indeed, marks its opposite".
The historian Klaus Schmider notes that the authors are "sympathetic" to Hartmann, and that the book "tip[s] over into out-and-out hero worship".
The historian Jens Wehner notes that the German-language version of the book, released in 1971 as Holt Hartmann vom Himmel! Die Geschichte des erfolgreichsten Jagdfliegers der Welt, was immensely popular in Germany, but contained serious flaws in terms of presentation of historical realities. These included the uncritical borrowing from the Nazi propaganda elements of the Fliegerasse ("aces") and stereotypes about the Soviet Union. According to Wehner, the latter could be traced to the prevailing attitudes during the Cold War. Further, the political and social consequences of World War II were completely ignored.
# The Band Geek Mafia

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
The Band Geek Mafia is Voodoo Glow Skulls' fourth full-length album. It was released on July 14, 1998 on Epitaph Records. All songs were written by Voodoo Glow Skulls except "Stranded in the Jungle", written by James Johnson and Ernestine Smith. The song "Stranded in the Jungle" appears on punk compilation album Punk-O-Rama 5, "They Always Come Back" appears on Punk-O-Rama 4, and "Delinquent Song" appears on Punk-O-Rama 3. The song "Symptomatic" was in ESPN X Games Pro Boarder for the PS1.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Frank Casillas and Eddie Casillas, except where noted

## Personnel

* Frank Casillas: Vocal
* Eddie Casillas: Guitars
* Sam Avila: Organ
* Andy Kaulkin: Piano
* Krista Panos: Theremin
* Joey Hernandez: Sax
* Brodie Johnson: Trombone
* Joe McNally: Trumpet
* Jorge Casillas: Bass
* Jerry O'Neill: Drums
* Ray Salis: Percussion
# The Big Us

The Big Us was a radical underground newspaper published in Cleveland, Ohio starting in September, 1968, appearing biweekly in tabloid format. Its politics reflected the views of SDS. Editors were Carol Cohen McEldowney, a 25-year-old SDS organizer and Cleveland welfare caseworker, and Carole Close, an antiwar activist. The paper's headquarters were in a church coffeehouse/youth center called The Outpost, near the Case Western Reserve University campus. McEldowney left in May 1969 to work in an antiwar GI coffeehouse in South Carolina, and starting with the issue of Oct. 14, 1969 (vol. 3, no. 2) the paper changed its name to Burning River News, commemorating a famous incident in which the toxic waste on the surface of the Cuyahoga River in downtown Cleveland caught fire.
In 1970 it merged with the Buddhist Third-Class Junkmail Oracle founded by Cleveland poet d. a. levy to become the Burning River Oracle, and rebooted its volume numbering to volume 1, number 1 with the March 3–17, 1970 issue. Starting with the April 15–28 issue it changed names again to simply Burning River, under which title it published its last few issues, ending with vol. 1, no. 8 or 9 in July 1970.
The Big Us was a member of both the Underground Press Syndicate and the Liberation News Service. Contributors included local underground cartoonists Dave Sheridan and Fred Schrier.
# The Coade Hall

The Coade Hall is a brick-built theatre and concert hall at Bryanston School, near Blandford Forum in Dorset, England.

## History

It was opened on 27 May 1966 by the Duke of Edinburgh. On the opening night, there was a concert with music by Brahms, Britten, and Mozart.
The Coade Hall is named after Thorold Coade, headmaster of Bryanston School from 1932 to 1959. It is used for professional performances and also by the school for drama, assemblies, and other communal activities. Performers such as Johnny Dankworth, Cleo Laine, George Melly, and Steamhammer have appeared there. The theatre is also a venue for opera, including the annual Dorset Opera Festival.
# The Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 is a 1972 book by Alfred W. Crosby on the Columbian exchange, coining that term and helping to found the field of environmental history. The exchange was of cultivated plants, domestic animals, diseases, and human culture between the Old World and the New World, in the centuries immediately following Christopher Columbus's voyage to the Americas in 1492.

## Book

Crosby begins by examining the contrasts between the Old World and the New World in the 15th century. He then looks at the way the Conquistadores brought disease and death to the indigenous peoples they encountered. He considers which Old World plants and animals were brought to the New World. The book then re-evaluates the early history of syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease which broke out in Europe immediately after Columbus and his sailors returned to Europe. Crosby examines the effect of New World foods on the demography of the Old World, suggesting that these had a substantial effect on people's nutrition and population growth in the centuries following the exchange. He concludes by looking at the continuing effects of the exchange.
The book is illustrated with monochrome reproductions of historic depictions of the exchange, such as of "King Ferdinand looks out across the Atlantic as Columbus lands in the West Indies", and with maps such as of the distributions of blood group genes in the world's aboriginal populations.
The book was first published in 1972. A revised edition was brought out in 2003.

## Reception
### First edition

G. S. Dunbar called Crosby's work a "lively little book", noting his invention of the term "biohistory", and the reluctance of historians to explore that field, which lay somewhat outside "their traditional literary education".
Wayne D. Rasmussen wrote that farmers are well aware of the pests and diseases that follow cultural and biological exchanges. He commented that the book's key theme is not the list of diseases and foods that were exchanged, but the "assessments of the effects these exchanges had upon the ecological balance in each hemisphere." Recommending the book, he called it a "brief, but well-annotated argument", describing it as controversial but outside the "usual historical boundaries".

### 30th anniversary edition

Frederick Liers wrote in 2005 that Crosby had difficulty getting the book published, and that when he did, conventional historians paid it little attention. That did not stop its message, of environmental history, from becoming widely accepted within the following three decades. In the foreword to the 2003 edition of the book, J. R. McNeill says that in 1972 "Crosby's ideas met with indifference from most historians, neglect from many publishers, and hostility from at least some reviewers, (but) they now figure prominently in conventional presentations of modern history." Today, the book is a founding text of the field of environmental history.
# The Clutch

The Clutch was an American collective of songwriters and record producers based in Atlanta, composed of Candice Clotiel "Gg" Nelson, Ezekiel "Zeke" Lewis, Patrick Michael "J. Que" Smith, Balewa Muhammad and Keri Hilson. They were on the Billboard Hot 100-top 40 singles Omarion's "Ice Box", Ciara's "Like a Boy", Timbaland's "The Way I Are", and Justin Bieber's "One Less Lonely Girl".
A combination of two or more of the five writers on a song is considered a track "written by the Clutch" as they rarely worked as a complete fivesome. The Clutch wrote songs themselves, but also did so in tandem with fellow commercially successful producers—including Calvo Da Gr8, Bigg D, Hit-Boy, Timbaland, Danja, Bryan-Michael Cox, Bloodshy & Avant and Tricky Stewart—to create several other hit songs.
In June 2023, Clutch member Ezekiel Lewis was named President of Epic Records. Prior, Lewis had been Vice President and head of A&R at Motown Records from 2011 to 2017 and Vice President of A&R at Epic since 2017.

## Discography
### Singles produced

| Year | Song | Artist | Chart position | Chart position | Chart position | Chart position |
| Year | Song | Artist | R&B | Hot 100 | Pop 100 | UK |
| 2004 | "Things You Never Hear" | 3LW | — | — | — | — |
| 2005 | "Take Me as I Am" | Mary J. Blige | 3 | 58 | — | — |
| 2006 | "4 Minutes" | Avant | 9 | 52 | — | — |
| 2007 | "Only One U" | Fantasia | 36 | — | — | — |
| 2007 | "Ice Box" | Omarion | 5 | 12 | 15 | 14 |
| 2007 | "Cut Off Time" (feat. Kat DeLuna) | Omarion | $^{BU}$ | $^{BU}$ | $^{BU}$ | $^−$ |
| 2007 | "Stunnas" / "Season's Change" | Jagged Edge | $^{BU}$ | $^{BU}$ | $^{BU}$ | $^—$ |
| 2007 | "Anonymous" (feat. Timbaland) | Bobby Valentino | 17 | 49 | — | 25 |
| 2007 | "Rearview (Ridin')" (feat. Ludacris) | Bobby Valentino | $^C$ | $^C$ | $^C$ | $^C$ |
| 2007 | "Forever" | Jennifer Lopez | $^C$ | $^C$ | $^C$ | $^C$ |
| 2007 | "Like a Boy" | Ciara | 6 | 19 | 27 | 16 |
| 2007 | "That's Right" (feat. Lil' Jon) | Ciara | $^P$ | $^P$ | $^P$ | $^P$ |
| 2007 | "The Way I Are" (feat. Keri Hilson, D.O.E. & Sebastian) | Timbaland | 59 | 3 | 27 | 1 |
| 2007 | "More Than Words (A E I O U)" | Menudo | $^P$ | $^P$ | $^P$ | $^P$ |
| 2007 | "Promise Ring" (feat. Ciara) | Tiffany Evans | 66 | — | — | — |
| 2008 | "Keep A Friend" | Raven-Symoné | — | — | — | — |
| 2008 | "Radar" | Britney Spears | $^P$ | 88 | 67 | 46 |
| 2008 | "Pretty Boy" | Danity Kane | — | — | — | — |
| 2008 | "Official Girl" | Cassie | — | — | — | — |
| 2008 | "Long Gone" | Chris Cornell | $^P$ | $^P$ | $^P$ | $^P$ |
| 2008 | "It's Over" | Jesse McCartney | — | 62 | 31 | — |
| 2008 | "Return The Favor" (feat. Timbaland) | Keri Hilson | — | — | — | 19 |
| 2008 | "Part Of Me" | Chris Cornell | — | — | — | 18 |
| 2008 | "Never Far Away" | Chris Cornell | — | — | — | — |
| 2009 | "One Less Lonely Girl" | Justin Bieber | — | 16 | 21 | 10 |
$^C$ Single release canceled
$^P$ Promo only or limited release
$^{BU}$ Reached only Billboard's Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart