OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# UK Visas and Immigration

UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI) is a division of the Home Office responsible for the United Kingdom's visa system. It was formed in 2013 from the section of the UK Border Agency that had administered the visa system.

## History

The then Home Secretary, Theresa May, announced the abolition of the UK Border Agency on 26 March 2013, with the intention that its work would be returned to the Home Office. The agency's executive agency status was removed, and internally it was split, with one division responsible for the visa system and the other for immigration enforcement. May says UKBA had a "closed, secretive, and defensive culture" that contributed to immense backlogs. The intention of the split was to disperse cases more evenly in a way that would provide them with "high-quality decisions". The responsible minister is the Minister of State for Immigration.
Sarah Rapson, the Registrar General for England and Wales, was appointed as interim director general of UK Visas and Immigration. Her position was made permanent on 5 March 2014. Marc Owen, former senior director of national and international operations, is the current director for visas and citizenship.

## Role

UKVI operates the UK visa system, managing applications from foreign nationals seeking to visit or work in the UK and also considering applications from businesses and educational institutions seeking to become sponsors for foreign nationals. It also considers applications from foreign nationals seeking protection or British citizenship and manages appeals from those who have been denied visas.
The UKVI's role has widened in the aftermath of Brexit. In January 2021, the UK implemented a new points-based immigration system, and EU, EEA, and Swiss citizens who resided in the UK must have applied to the EU Settlement Scheme to continue living in the UK after the Brexit transition period.

## Locations

As of 2017, UKVI is spread over nine buildings across the country. The headquarters of UK Visas and Immigration are in South London in Lunar House. Other immigration offices, such as the Public Enquiry Office, are also there.
* Belfast
* Cardiff
* Croydon, London
* Glasgow
* Leeds
* Liverpool
* Sheffield
* Solihull
# UFC Fight Night: Bisping vs. Le

UFC Fight Night: Bisping vs. Le (also known as UFC Fight Night 48) was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship held on August 23, 2014, at the CotaiArena in Macau.

## Background

The event was headlined by a middleweight bout between Michael Bisping and Cung Le.
It was the third event that the organization had hosted in the CotaiArena following UFC on Fuel TV: Franklin vs. Le in November 2012 and The Ultimate Fighter China Finale: Kim vs. Hathaway in March 2014.
Also featured on the card was the featherweight final from The Ultimate Fighter: China between Ning Guangyou and Jianping Yang, which was originally expected to take place at The Finale for the inaugural season.
Dong Hyun Kim was expected to face Héctor Lombard at the event. However, Lombard pulled out of the bout and was replaced by Tyron Woodley.
Alberto Mina was expected to face Sheldon Westcott at the event. However, in the days leading up to the event, Westcott pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Shinsho Anzai.

## Results

* ↑ The Ultimate Fighter: China Featherweight Tournament Final

## Bonus awards

The following fighters were awarded $50,000 bonuses:
* Fight of the Night: None awarded
* Performance of the Night: Michael Bisping, Tyron Woodley, Alberto Mina and Yuta Sasaki
# UNLV Graduate College

University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) Graduate College supports more than 4,500 graduate students in more than 150 graduate certificate, master's, specialist and doctoral programs offered at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV).

## History

The UNLV Graduate College was founded as the Division of Graduate Studies in 1964 by Nevada Southern University (UNLV's name prior to 1969). It was not until 1972 that the Division of Graduate Studies became the Graduate College as it is known today.

## Facts and figures

UNLV has more than: 5,000 graduate and professional students; 150 graduate degree programs, including more than 50 doctoral and professional programs; 1,000 full-time graduate faculty members; and 1,000 graduate assistants.

## Academics

The UNLV Graduate College offers an array of degree programs ranging from accounting to water resources management.
# UHZ1

UHZ1 is a background galaxy containing a quasar. At a redshift of approximately 10.1, UHZ1 is at a distance of 13.2 billion light-years, seen when our universe was about 3 percent of its current age. This redshift made it the most distant, and therefore earliest known quasar in the observable universe as of 2023. To detect this object, astronomers working at the Chandra X-ray Observatory used the Abell 2744's cluster mass as a gravitational lens in order to magnify distant objects directly behind it. At the time of discovery, it exceeded the distance record of QSO J0313−1806.
The discovery of this object has led astronomers to suggest the seeds of the first quasars may have been direct-collapse black holes, from the collapse of supermassive primordial stars at the beginning of our universe.

## Impact on astronomical research

The Chandra-JWST discovery of a quasar with a redshift of ≈ 10.1 at the center of UHZ1 reveals that accreting supermassive black holes (SMBHs) already existed at about 470 million years after the Big Bang. The detection of early black holes as they transition from "seeds" to supermassive black holes (BHs) provides good sources at high redshift, facilitating the testing on seeding and growth models for BHs. One of the open questions about the formation of supermassive BHs is whether they originate from stellar-mass black holes, remnants from the death of massive stars or whether there are mechanisms that operate to form heavier initial seeds to begin its formation. UHZ1's data shows it requires either continuous growth exceeding the Eddington limit for >200 Myr, or a massive seed. Data collected provides a clue to the seeding mechanism and supports it.

## UHZ1 as a potential first OBG candidate

The Chandra X-ray source detected in UHZ1 is Compton-thick. It has a bolometric luminosity of L$_{bol}$ ~ 5×10$^{45}$ erg s×10$^{−1}$, corresponding to an estimated BH mass of ~ 4×10$^7$ M⊙.
The data collected from UHZ1 and its quasar are in agreement with prior theoretical predictions by astronomers for a unique class of transient, high-redshift objects known as Overmassive (or Outsize) Black Hole Galaxies (OBGs, or O.B.G.s). OBGs are heavy initial black hole seeds that likely formed from the direct collapse of gas clouds. Due to the agreement between the multi-wavelength properties of UHZ1 and the theoretical model template predictions, some astronomers suggest UHZ1 is the first detected OBG candidate.

## Footnotes

* ↑ The quasar's X-ray emission comes from a hot atmosphere of gas called the corona, which surrounds the accretion disk. As X-ray photons leave the corona in high velocity, they might be absorbed by the surrounding torus of neutral hydrogen and dust surrounding the corona. If most of the X-ray photons are absorbed, the phenomenon is called "Compton-thick".
# UHV

UHV may refer to:
* Ultra-high vacuum, the vacuum regime characterised by pressures lower than about 10$^{−7}$ pascal
* Ultra-high voltage, a classification of overhead power line with an operating voltage of higher than 800 kV
* University of Houston–Victoria, a university in Victoria, Texas, US
# USS Darlington

USS Darlington was a captured Confederate steamer acquired by the Union Navy from the prize court during the American Civil War. She was put into service by the Union Navy to patrol navigable waterways of the Confederacy to prevent the South from trading with other countries.

## Captured steamer converted to Union Navy use

Darlington, a Confederate 300 ton steamer, was captured by boats from USS Pawnee in Cumberland Sound, Florida, 3 March 1862, with a cargo of army wagons, ammunition, and camp equipment on board.

## East Coast operations

She was taken over and, with a crew of 23 and one howitzer as armament, USS Darlington was employed by the Union Navy for use in the waters off Fernandina, Florida, and Port Royal, South Carolina, with Acting Master J. W. Godfrey in command.
Darlington assisted the boats of the side-wheel steamer USS Ellen and the USS Wabash in raising the yacht USS America in St. Johns River, Florida, from 18 to 25 March 1862.

## Transfer to the Union Army

She was transferred to the Union Army for use as a transport in September 1862.
# U.S. – Northern Ireland Investment Conference

US-Northern Ireland Investment Conference (US-NI Investment Conference) was an investment conference in May 2008 in Northern Ireland.
The conference was run by Invest Northern Ireland (Invest NI), Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister, Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment and supported by Northern Bank and BT Group.

## About

The event was fully endorsed “by UK Prime Minister, Gordon Brown, the US administration, the Government of the Republic of Ireland and the European Union."
The investment conference was expected to provide a unique opportunity for invited delegates to see the dramatic transformation that has taken place in Northern Ireland. The conference was a tightly focused business event and "120 executives from 80 companies" were expected to attend. Delegates were invited from industry sectors in which Northern Ireland had particular strengths and which offered the delegates a good match for their businesses.

## Programme

The programme began with a welcome reception at the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum on May 7, 2008. The main conference was on the morning of May 8, 2008, followed by afternoon forums for delegates. A gala dinner was held that evening at Hillsborough Castle. On May 9, 2008, delegates were invited to take part in a tailored business programme specific to their sector.

## Paisley legacy

Ian Paisley announced that he would step down as First Minister after the US-NI Investment Conference. On March 4, 2008, he said "I came to this decision a few weeks ago when I was thinking very much about the forthcoming investment conference and what was going to come after the conference, I thought that it is a marker, a very big marker and it would be a very appropriate time for me to bow out."
# USS John Rodgers

Three ships of the United States Navy have been USS John Rodgers for John Rodgers, his son, John Rodgers and his great grandson, John Rodgers.
* USS John Rodgers (1917), was a lighthouse tender and part of the Lighthouse Service run by the Navy from 1917 to 1919
* USS John Rodgers (DD-574), was a Fletcher-class destroyer, commissioned in 1943 and decommissioned in 1946
* USS John Rodgers (DD-983), was a Spruance-class destroyer, commissioned in 1979 and decommissioned in 1998
# USS John S. McCain

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named USS John S. McCain, in honor of John S. McCain Sr., John S. McCain Jr., and John S. McCain III (commonly just John McCain).
* USS John S. McCain (DL-3) was a Mitscher-class guided-missile destroyer leader, later re-designated as the destroyer DDG-36, commissioned in 1953 and decommissioned in 1978.
* USS John S. McCain (DDG-56) is an Arleigh Burke-class guided-missile destroyer commissioned in 1994 and currently on active service.
# USS Caroline County

USS Caroline County (LST-525) was an LST-491-class tank landing ship built for the United States Navy during World War II. Named for counties in Maryland and Virginia, she was the only U.S. Naval vessel to bear the name.
LST-525 was laid down on 18 October 1943 at Jeffersonville, Indiana by the Jeffersonville Boat & Machine Company; launched on 20 December 1943; sponsored by Mrs. Anna Mae Federspiel; and commissioned on 14 February 1944.

## Service history

During World War II, LST-525 was assigned to the European Theater and participated in the following operations: Convoy UGS-36 (April 1944) and the invasion of southern France (August and September 1944). Following the war, LST-525 was decommissioned on 25 June 1946.
She was recommissioned in October, 1950 and performed services for the Amphibious Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet, until decommissioned on 15 September 1954. On 1 July 1955 she was named USS Caroline County (LST-525).
Again reactivated in mid-1965, Caroline County provided support and resupply for riverine forces in Vietnam in 1967 and 1968. Decommissioned in early 1970 at Orange, Texas she was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 15 September 1974. Caroline County was sold for scrapping by the Defense Reutilization and Marketing Service (DRMS) 1 August 1975.
Caroline County earned two battle stars for World War II service as LST-525 and four battle stars for Vietnam War service.
# Transtillaspis brandinojuxta

Transtillaspis brandinojuxta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Bolivia.
# Roman Forum (disambiguation)

The Roman Forum is the ancient center of Rome, Italy.
Roman Forum may also refer to similar structures in these other cities:
* Roman Forum, Beirut, Lebanon
* Roman Forum (Mérida), Spain, in the Roman city of Emerita Augusta
* Roman forum of Philippopolis, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
* Colonial forum of Tarraco, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
* Provincial forum of Tarraco, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
* Roman Forum (Thessaloniki), Greece
# Messier 12

Messier 12 or M 12 (also designated NGC 6218) is a globular cluster in the constellation of Ophiuchus. It was discovered by the French astronomer Charles Messier on May 30, 1764, who described it as a "nebula without stars". In dark conditions this cluster can be faintly seen with a pair of binoculars. Resolving the stellar components requires a telescope with an aperture of 8 in (20 cm) or greater. In a 10 in (25 cm) scope, the granular core shows a diameter of 3′ (arcminutes) surrounded by a 10′ halo of stars.
M12 is roughly 3° northwest from the cluster M10 and 5.6° east southeast from star Lambda Ophiuchi. It is also located near the 6th magnitude 12 Ophiuchi. The cluster is about 16,400 light-years (5,000 parsecs) from Earth and has a spatial diameter of about 75 light-years. The brightest stars of M12 are of 12th magnitude. M10 and M12 are only a few thousand light-years away from each other and each cluster would appear at about magnitude 4.5 from the other. With a Shapley-Sawyer rating of IX, it is rather loosely packed for a globular and was once thought to be a tightly concentrated open cluster. Thirteen variable stars have been recorded in this cluster. M12 is approaching us at a velocity of 16 km/s.
A study published in 2006 concluded that this cluster has an unusually low number of low-mass stars. The authors surmise that they were stripped from the cluster by passage through the relatively matter-rich plane of the Milky Way.
* Messier 12 core by HST
* The Central Part of Messier 12. Credit: ESO
* Map showing the location of M12
# Root and branch

Root and branch may refer to:
* Root and Branch Men
* Root and Branch petition, presented on December 11, 1640
# Barnby

Barnby may refer to:

## Places

* Barnby, North Yorkshire, England
** location of East Barnby and West Barnby
* Barnby, Suffolk, England
* Barnby in the Willows, Nottinghamshire, England
* Barnby Moor, Nottinghamshire, England
# Allan Neil McMillan

Allan Neil McMillan (born 1951) is a Canadian politician who was the MLA for Kindersley from 1975 to 1978.
# C15H14O4

The molecular formula C$_{15}$H$_{14}$O$_4$ may refer to:
* O-Desmethylangolensin, a phytoestrogen
* Gnetucleistol D, a stilbenoid
* Guibourtinidol, a flavan-3ol
* Isorhapontigenin, a stilbenoid
* Lunularic acid, a dihydrostilbenoid
* Plicatol C, a phenanthrene
* Rhapontigenin, a stilbenoid
* Yangonin, a kavalactone
* Lomatiol, a quinone pigment found in flowering plants
# Turbonilla perezdionisi

Turbonilla perezdionisi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
# Borsonia symbiophora

Borsonia symbiophora is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.

## Description

The size of the shell attains 70 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Solomon Islands.
# Borsos

Borsos is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Attila Borsos (born 1966), Hungarian handball player
* Gábor Borsos (born 1991), Hungarian tennis player
* József Borsos (1821–1883), Hungarian portrait painter and photographer
* Miklós Borsos (1906–1990), Hungarian sculptor and medallist
* Phillip Borsos (1953–1995), Canadian film director and film producer
* Tamás Borsos (1566–after 1633), Hungarian politician and diplomat
* Tamás Borsos (born 1990), Hungarian handball player
* Andrej Borsos (born 1984), Robotics Engineer
# Borosia

Borosia is a monotypic snout moth genus described by László Anthony Gozmány in 1959. Its only species, Borosia aegyptiaca, described by the same author in the same year, is found in Egypt.
# Borostomias abyssorum

Borostomias abyssorum is a species of fish in the family Stomiidae. The species has been documented in the Atlantic Ocean near France, and adults can reach a maximum size of ~7.5 centimeters.
# Booty v Barnaby

Booty v. Barnaby is the name of an English court case in 1687, in which a Mrs Booty brought a suit for slander against her neighbour, Captain Barnaby, who claimed that he had seen her deceased husband being driven into Hell.

## Events

On May 12, 1687, Captains Barnaby, Bristow and Brewer with Mr Ball, a merchant of Wentworth, went to go shooting on Stromboli, aboard the Spinks. Later, as they prepared to leave on the 15th, they saw two men running and Capt Barnaby cried out, "Lord bless me! the foremost man is Mr Booty my next door neighbour in London." He was in grey clothes with cloth buttons, and the man who was chasing him was dressed in black. They both ran into the mouth of the volcano and at instant there came a great noise. Capt Barnaby said "I do not doubt, but it is old Booty running into hell."
They arrived at Gravesend on October 6. After some discourse, Capt Barnaby's wife said "I can tell you some news, old Booty is dead." He answered, "that we all know: we all saw him run into hell." Mrs Barnaby related this to an acquaintance in London, who informed Mrs Booty of it. Mrs Booty was very much displeased and went to court about it. The Judge asked Mrs Booty what time her husband died. She told them and it agreed with the time in which the Captain and his crew saw him running.
   Lord have mercy upon me, and grant I may never see what you have seen; one, two or three may be mistaken, but thirty never can be mistaken.
She lost her suit, based on the statements of thirty witnesses who were there and their journals.

## Distortions

Some later versions have Booty as a baker, or as a receiver.
The Idler published two illustrations concerning Mr. Booty by George Cruikshank in 1837.
A poem titled "Old booty! : A serio-comic sailor's tale." was published in 1830 by William Thomas Moncrieff.

## Case details

In the records at Westminster, Court of King's Bench, Reign of James the Second, 1687
* Sir Edward Herbert - Chief Justice
* Wythens, Holloway and Wright, Justices
* Defendant - Captain Barnaby
* Complainant - Mrs. Booty

## Resources

* Kirby, R. S. (1820). "REMARKABLE TRIAL". Kirby's wonderful and eccentric museum; or, Magazine of remarkable characters. Including all the curiosities of nature and art, from the remotest period to the present time, drawn from every authentic source. Illustrated with one hundred and twenty-four engravings. Chiefly taken from rare and curious prints or original drawings. Vol. 2. London. pp. 247–249.
# Paula Varsavsky

Paula Varsavsky is an Argentine writer and journalist. She was born in Buenos Aires in 1963. Her father was the Argentine astrophysicist Carlos Varsavsky. She is best known for her novel Nadie alzaba la voz which was translated into English by Anne Mclean. Her other books include El resto de su vida, La libertad de los huérfanos, and Las mil caras del autor.
# Pazy

Pazy (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nièvre department in central France.

## Demographics

On 1 January 2019, the estimated population was 296.
# Bosnia and Herzegovina heraldry

The uses of heraldry in Bosnia and Herzegovina is used by government bodies, subdivisions of the national government, organizations, corporations and by families.
# Boronia thujona

Boronia thujona, commonly known as the bronzy boronia, is a plant in the citrus family Rutaceae and is endemic to near coastal areas of southern New South Wales. It is a shrub or small tree with aromatic, pinnate leaves and groups of between two and six bright pink flowers in the leaf axils.

## Description

Boronia thujona is a glabrous shrub or small tree that grows to a height of 1–4 m (3–10 ft) with two grooves between the leaf bases on the smaller stems. It has aromatic, pinnate leaves with between three and fifteen leaflets. The leaf is 30–80 mm (1–3 in) long and 23–70 mm (0.9–3 in) wide in outline with a petiole 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) long. The end leaflet is narrow elliptic in shape, 5–25 mm (0.2–1 in) long and 1–4 mm (0.04–0.2 in) wide and the side leaflets are similar but usually longer. The flowers are bright pink and are arranged in pairs or groups of up to six in leaf axils, each flower on a pedicel 5–15 mm (0.2–0.6 in) long. The four sepals are triangular, 0.5–1.5 mm (0.02–0.06 in) long, 0.5–1 mm (0.02–0.04 in) wide. The four petals are 5–10 mm (0.2–0.4 in) long with a hairy lower surface and a small point on the tip. The eight stamens have hairy filaments. The stigma is about the same width as the style. Flowering occurs from August to November and the fruit is a glabrous capsule 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long and 2–2.5 mm (0.08–0.1 in) wide.

## Taxonomy and naming

Boronia thujona was first formally described in 1922 by Arthur de Ramon Penfold and Marcus Baldwin Welch and the description was published in Journal and proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales. The specific epithet (thujona) refers to the ketone, thujone that Penfold, a chemist, and Welch, an economic botanist, extracted from this plant.
The common name, bronzy boronia, was first used by Jean Galbraith in 1977 and refers to a bronze sheen, sometimes present on the leaves.

## Distribution and habitat

The bronzy boronia grows in damp, shady forest in the Sydney region and south to the Budawang Range.
# Payden & Rygel

Payden & Rygel is a privately owned investment management firm based in Los Angeles with $161.7 billion AUM, founded in 1983 by Joan Payden. The firm offers a range of mutual funds with debt and public equity based strategies, and also directly manages accounts for clients. The firm's economists and portfolio managers have also been quoted by financial news organizations, such as the Financial Times, The Wall Street Journal and Bloomberg Businessweek.
In March 2018, the firm announced the opening of an office in Milan, Payden & Rygel's first continental European office.
# Paydirt

Paydirt or Pay dirt, in the field of mining, refers to dirt, rock, or other raw materials which contains (or may contain) profitable quantities of ore or other valuable materials. By analogy it may also refer to any profitable enterprise.
The term may also refer to:
* Pay Dirt, a 1916 American silent drama film directed by Henry King
* Paydirt (game), a two-player board game simulating American football
* Paydirt (Marvel Comics), a character in the Marvel Comics Universe
* Paydirt Pete, the mascot of the University of Texas at El Paso
* The international name of There Goes the Neighborhood, a 1992 American comedy film
* Paydirt (film), a 2020 American crime thriller film starring Val Kilmer