OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Wiswesser

William Joseph Wiswesser (December 3, 1914 – December 17, 1989) was an American chemist best known as the creator of the Wiswesser line notation (WLN), which was an innovative way to represent chemical structures in a linear string of characters suitable for computer manipulation. He is also known for the Wiswesser rule, a mathematical formula that predicts the order of atomic orbitals in many-electron atoms.

## Early life and education

Wiswesser was born in Reading, Pennsylvania, to Louis and Hattie (Flatt) Wiswesser in 1914. He attended Reading High School in Reading, and graduated from Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, with a B.S. degree in chemistry in 1936.

## Career

Following graduation, he worked at Hercules, the Trojan Powder Company, and the Picatinny Arsenal. Wiswesser then was an instructor of chemistry in the Cooper Union's School of Engineering during the 1940s. In 1945, he published his paper describing a formula that correctly orders the subshells of atomic orbitals in the manner of the Aufbau principle, known as the Wiswesser rule. Following his time at Cooper Union, Wiswesser worked for Willson Products, where he was Director of Industrial Hygiene, followed by civilian employment by the U.S. Army at Fort Detrick and finally at the Agricultural Research Service of the USDA.
In 1949, Wiswesser first presented what is now known as the Wiswesser line notation, which was particularly well suited to molecular structure representation within the computing platforms and modalities available. This work, which was further developed and expanded on by him for many years, had a lasting impact on the field of chemical informatics.
Wiswesser was also interested in the history of chemistry and near the end of his life he made a special study of Josef Loschmidt's work, alone at first and then together with preeminent chemist Alfred Bader.

## Honors and awards

In 1970 he was awarded the Department of the Army Decoration for Exceptional Civilian Service, the highest honour which can be given by the United States Army to a civilian, in recognition of his "Chemical Line-Formula Notation", the WLN. That same year, he was awarded an honorary doctorate at Lehigh University.
In 1975 he was awarded the Austin M. Patterson Award for chemical information science.
Wiswesser received the American Chemical Society Division of Chemical Information's Herman Skolnik Award in 1980, with a citation "For pioneering mathematical, physical, and chemical methods of punched-card and computer-stored representation of molecular structures, leading to the creation of the Wiswesser Line Notation (WLN) for concise storage and retrieval of chemical structures ...".

## Death

At the end of his life he was working for the United States Department of Agriculture on weed science until his final illness, and he died on 17 December 1989, aged 75, in Wyomissing, Pennsylvania, leaving a widow, Katherine, and a son, daughter and four grandchildren. His scientific papers were deposited at Lehigh University after his death.
# Paracyprichromis brieni

Paracyprichromis brieni is a species of cichlid endemic to Lake Tanganyika where it is only known to occur in the northernmost portion of the lake. It can reach a length of 11 centimetres (4.3 in) TL. This species can also be found in the aquarium trade. The specific name honours the author, Max Poll's, friend and fellow zoologist Paul Brien (1928-1964) of the Université libre de Bruxelles.
# Paradise, West Virginia

Paradise is an unincorporated community in Putnam County, West Virginia, United States. Its post office closed in 1943.
# Paralecia

Paralecia is a monotypic fungal genus in the family Cladoniaceae. It contains a single species, the lichenicolous fungus Paralecia pratorum, found in Europe.

## Taxonomy

Both the species and the genus were described as new to science in 2015 by Wolfgang von Brackel, Katrin Greiner, Derek Peršoh, and Gerhard Rambold. The type specimen was collected in Tuscany, Italy, in Prati di Logarghena above the city of Pontremoli. Here it was found growing on the lichen Protoparmeliopsis muralis, which itself was growing on schistose rock outcrops in a meadow, at an altitude of 845 m (2,772 ft). The genus name Paralecia combines para- (meaning "along with, beside") and lecia, which refers to the lecideine apothecia produced by the fungus. The specific epithet pratorum, which is derived from the Latin pratum (meaning "meadow"), alludes to the type locality – the meadows of Logarghena.
Initially, the genus was tentatively placed in the family Squamarinaceae, because DNA analysis suggested a close relationship to genus Squamarina. In 2018, Kraichak and colleagues revised the Lecanoromycetes to use temporal-based classification, and placed the Squamarinaceae in synonymy with the Cladoniaceae.

## Description

Paralecia pratorum is endothallic, meaning it grows within the tissue of its host. Its apothecia eventually break through the cortex of its host; these structures are black, more or less round with a flattened to convex top, and measure 0.2–0.45 in diameter. The apothecia produce ascospores that are hyaline (translucent), ellipsoid in shape, and typical have dimensions of 11.8–13.7 by 4.7–5.6 μm. The fungus does not appear to harm its host, but causes the formation of new lobes, and somewhat inhibits the formation of host apothecia.

## Distribution

In addition to its initial report from Italy, the fungus has subsequently been recorded from Montenegro and Sweden.
# Paralebedella shimonii

Paralebedella shimonii is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Kenya. The habitat consists of legume-dominated coastal forests.
The length of the forewings is about 12.5 mm.

## Etymology

The species is named for Shimoni Lehmann, the son of the author.
# William Strahan

William Strahan may refer to:
* William Strahan (publisher) (1715–1785), printer and publisher
* William Henry Strahan (1869–1915), Australian soldier and poet
* William Strahan (cricketer) (1807–1886), English cricketer
# William James Loudon

William James Loudon (June 25, 1860 – September 27, 1951) was a Canadian geologist and amateur photographer in Ontario.
Mount Loudon (10, 568 ft./3,221 m) in Banff National Park, Alberta is named in his honour.
# Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 135

Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 135 (P. Oxy. 135 or P. Oxy. I 135) is the third in a series of Oxyrhynchus papyri (133–139) concerning the family affairs of Flavius Apion, his heirs, or his son. This one is a deed of surety, written in Greek and discovered in Oxyrhynchus. The manuscript was written on papyrus in the form of a sheet. The document was written on 21 March 579. Currently it is housed in the Egyptian Museum (10018) in Cairo.

## Description

The document contains a binding agreement by a worker in lead, Aurelius Pamouthius, guaranteeing to the heirs of Flavius Apion that Aurelius Abraham, a worker, would remain with his wife and family on an estate belonging to those heirs. Note that Grenfell and Hunt carried out a detailed analysis to determine the date of this document, and had to make a few speculative leaps to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion. The measurements of the fragment are 320 by 195 mm.
It was discovered by Grenfell and Hunt in 1897 in Oxyrhynchus. The text was published by Grenfell and Hunt in 1898.

## Text

In the 4th year of the reign of our most godly and pious sovereign and greatest benefactor Fl. Tiberius Constantius, eternal Augustus and Imperator, Phamenoth 25, 12th indiction.
To the most magnificent heirs of Apion, of glorious memory, patrician, landholders in this illustrious city of Oxyrhynchus, through Menas their servant who is acting on their behalf and assuming for his masters, the said all-esteemed persons, the conduct and responsibility of the transaction, from Aurelius Pamouthius, lead-worker, son of George and Anniana, coming from the city of Oxyrhynchus. I agree of my own free will and with the oath by Heaven and the Emperor to be surety and pledge to your magnificence, through your representatives, for Aurelius Abraham, son of Herminus and Herais, who comes from the estate of Great Tarouthnus belonging to your magnificence in the Oxyrhynchite nome, and is entered as your laborer. I engage that he shall continually abide and stay on his holding along with his friends and wife and herds and all his possessions, and be responsible for all that regards his person or the fortunes of him who has been entered as a cultivator; and that he shall in no wise leave his holding or remove to another place, and if he is required of me by your magnificence through your representatives at any date or for any reason whatsoever, I will bring him forward and produce him in a public place without any attempt at flight or excuse, in the keeping of your same honored house just as he is now when I become his surety. If I do not do this I agree to forfeit for his nonappearance and my failure to produce him 8 gold solidi, actual payment of which is to be enforced. This pledge, of which only this copy is made, is valid, and in answer to the formal question I have given by assent.
Executed by me, Anastasius.
# Panic Disorder Severity Scale

The Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS) is a questionnaire developed for measuring the severity of panic disorder. The clinician-administered PDSS is intended to assess severity and considered a reliable tool for monitoring of treatment outcome. Self-report form of the Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS-SR) is used to detect possible symptoms of panic disorder, and suggest the need for a formal diagnostic assessment.
The PDSS consists of seven items, each rated on a 5-point scale, which ranges from 0 to 4. The items assess panic frequency, distress during panic, panic-focused anticipatory anxiety, phobic avoidance of situations, phobic avoidance of physical sensations, impairment in work functioning, and impairment in social functioning. The overall assessment is made by a total score, which is calculated by summing the scores for all seven items. The total scores range from 0 to 28.
The PDSS-SR is used for screening and the scores 9 and above suggest the need for a formal diagnostic assessment.
# Paracoryza

Paracoryza is a genus of beetles in the family Carabidae, containing the following species:
* Paracoryza canaliculata Balkenohl, 2000
* Paracoryza incribra Balkenohl & Schüle, 2005
* Paracoryza insulana Basilewsky, 1973
* Paracoryza mahnerti Balkenohl, 2000
* Paracoryza parvusulcata Balkenohl & Schüle, 2005
* Paracoryza taitensis Balkenohl & Schüle, 2005
# William Wickham (bishop)

William Wickham (Wykeham) (1539 – 11 June 1595) was an English bishop.

## Life

He was educated at Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, where he was a Fellow in 1559, and M.A. 1564. He was a fellow of Eton in 1568, and vice-provost there around c. 1570. He was a royal chaplain, before 1574, and owed his career largely to the influence of Lord Burghley.
After holding successive canonries at Westminster Abbey (1570–1571) and St George's Chapel, Windsor (1571–1584), he became Bishop of Lincoln in 1584, and preached at the funeral of Mary, Queen of Scots, on 2 August 1587 in Peterborough. His prayer for her led him to be attacked by Martin Marprelate.
He became Bishop of Winchester in 1595. He died in Southwark at Winchester Palace, and was buried at St Mary Overies. William Wickham, Member of Parliament for Petersfield was his descendant.
# Paradarisa consonaria

Paradarisa consonaria, the brindled square spot or square spot, is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in north and central Europe and east to south-eastern Siberia and Japan.
It is a variable species and has a tendency to melanism. Well-marked individuals have a dark square spot on the forewing. It differs from the crepuscularia group in its tone of colour as well as in the shape and position of the postmedian line. The female is much more whitish than the male and shows a stronger, darker quadrate spot between the postmedian and subterminal lines of the forewing. Abnormal form nigra Bankes is unicolorous blackish except a very small patch of white distally to the cell.
The wingspan is 40–45 mm. Adults are on wing from April to June.
The eggs are longitudinally ribbed, and yellow, marked with orange red. Larva elongate, transversely wrinkled, with two minute warts on the 8th abdominal segment: yellowish brown clouded with grey and with reddish. The larvae feed on various deciduous and coniferous trees. On birch, beech, oak, etc. The pupa hibernates.
# William Porter (fl. 1388)

William Porter (fl. 1388) was an English Member of Parliament (MP) and grocer.
He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Southwark in February 1388.
# William Porter (died 1436)

William Porter (died 1436) of Wimpole, Cambridgeshire, was an English politician.

## Family

Porter was the son of Reynold Porter of Rutland. By December 1411, Porter had married Agnes (c. 1387 – 4 March 1461), daughter and coheiress of Sir Adam Francis, MP.

## Career

He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Cambridgeshire in May 1413.
# William Porter (died c. 1593)

William Porter (by 1526 – 1592/93?) was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Grantham in 1555, Bletchingley in 1559 and Helston in 1563.
# Williams & Son, Dublin

Williams & Son, Dublin was a taxidermy firm which operated in Dublin, Ireland from the late 1860s to the early 1940s.

## History

Williams & Son was a firm of taxidermists which was founded by the Williams family in the late 1860s. William Williams' sons Alexander (1846–1930) and Edward (1848–1905) started the business. They first were known under the name "A. & D. [an evident misprint] Williams, naturalists," as shown in an entry of Thom's Directory of 1872.
Father William Williams (1813–1901), who was born in Dublin, had run a hatmaking business in Drogheda. Alexander and his younger brother assisted in the shop. Both the father and his sons were keen bird-hunters and learned to skin and stuff their captures. William Williams learnt basic taxidermy from Mr. Evatt of Mount Louise, County Monaghan, and he taught his sons.
In 1860 the family moved from Drogheda to Dublin. At first William Williams' business was in Westmoreland Street, but in 1866 a big fire broke out at the premises. It is not impossible that chemicals that were used by Alexander and Edward for their first taxidermy-activities, like naphtha, had kindled the fire. The shop was completely ruined and Williams was obliged to move. The business was then settled in Bachelor's Walk. A year later, in 1867 Alice, William's wife, died. About 1870 the shop moved again, now to Dame Street. For some time both businesses, the hatters and the birders, now operated side by side.
Later, also the younger brother Willie (William John), and his son Teddy, joined the taxidermy business.
Among their clients was the Natural History Museum, Dublin, which still have a large array of their work on display today including the diorama of a badger set in the Irish Room. The Limerick Museum also holds a diorama of puffins from Williams & Son. Edward in particular was lauded for his mounts of birds. He was also a close acquaintance of the Natural History Museum's curator, A.G. More, and helped to secure rare Irish specimens for the Museum from his private clients. As well as taxidermy, they also mounted other zoological specimens, such as a pair of thylacine skulls from the collection of Sir Thomas Grattan Esmonde.
With the successive deaths of the Williams' brothers, the business closed in the early 1940s.

## Legacy

In the 21st century, the work of Williams & Son has become sought after in the Irish antiques market.

## Gallery

* Taxidermy diorama of a red fox vixen with four cubs (1910) in the Natural History Museum, Dublin
* Hedgehog from Lismore, County Waterford (1898) in the Natural History Museum, Dublin
* Pair of European Robins nesting in a tin can (1911) in the Natural History Museum, Dublin
# Parsonsia brownii

Parsonsia brownii, commonly known as twining silkpod or mountain silkpod, is a woody vine of the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. It occurs in rainforest in the states of New South Wales, Victoria and Tasmania in Australia.

## Description

The species climbs to 10 or more metres in height and has a watery sap. The glossy leaves are lanceolate, up to 20 centimetres long and 4 centimetres wide, and taper towards the tip. Juvenile leaves are narrower and new growth is down-covered. Small, sweetly scented yellow and brown flowers are produced in loose terminal panicles between August and December. These are followed by long, slender pods which are 5 to 10 centimetres in length.

## Taxonomy

The species was first formally described as Lyonsia brownii by botanist James Britten in Journal of Botany, British and Foreign in 1907. The species was placed in the genus Parsonsia by French botanist Marcel Pichon in 1950 in Notulae Systematicae. The names Lysonia straminea and Parsonsia straminea have been misapplied to this species in the past.

## Cultivation

The species is not commonly cultivated and is considered too vigorous for most gardens. It requires cool, moist conditions. Plants are commercially available from local indigenous plant nurseries.
# Spitsbergen Airship Museum

The Spitsbergen Airship Museum (Luftskipsmuseet på Spitsbergen) is a museum located on the island of Spitsbergen in Longyearbyen, the capital of the Arctic Ocean archipelago Svalbard. It has been formally renamed as the North Pole Expedition Museum. It was co-founded by the Italian Stefano Poli and the Norwegian Ingunn Løyning. Plans to open the museum began in 2005. Originally a new building was supposed to be built to house the museum, but following a fallout with one of the share-owners in 2007 this idea was scrapped, and instead the Airship Museum was opened in 2008 in Longyearbyen's former pig farm, which previously had housed the Svalbard Museum as well.
The year of opening was chosen due to its significance as the International Polar Year, the 80th anniversary of the Italia's crash, and the 30th anniversary of polar explorer and aviator Umberto Nobile's death. Several descendants of Nobile, and of Roald Amundsen who died during the rescue of the Italia crew, attended the opening ceremony, which was held on 15 November 2008. In July 2012 the museum was relocated, to a newly constructed building closer to central Longyearbyen.
There is a long history of aviation in modern Svalbard, documented by the Spitsbergen Airship Museum. Exhibits include artefacts from, and information relating to, several major expeditions carried out during the exploration of the Arctic region. Among these exploits are the journeys of airships such as the America (several failed attempts to reach the North Pole, 1906–1909), the Norge (first trip to the North Pole and first flight over the polar cap in 1926), and the Italia (and the subsequent rescue effort following its 1928 crash). Also featured is the 1897 expedition of the balloonist Salomon August Andrée, and the attempts to discover its fate. It attempts to portray these events in a neutral tone, taking no sides. The museum's collection includes a ribbon granted to Nobile by Benito Mussolini, parts of the Norge logbook, aircraft models, international newspaper clippings, and other various objects connected to the expeditions.
# Naina Sharma

Naina Sharma is an Indian sociologist and Professor in the Department of Sociology, Rajasthan University.
# Alan Erwin

Alan Russell Erwin (September 4, 1944 – November 12, 2019) was a Texas public relations professional who served as chairman of the Public Utility Commission of Texas from 1983 to 1984.

## Early life, education, and career

Born in Greenville, Texas, Erwin received a B.A. in Communications from the University of Texas at Austin in 1967. he joined the United States Navy, eventually becoming an "advisor to the Vietnamese Navy's Swift Boat division" in 1969. In July 1969, it was reported that Erwin, then residing in Boston with his wife, would travel to Saigon towards the end of October "to work for the Joint U.S. Public Affairs Office". Erwin also worked at times as administrative assistant to Congressman Robert R. Casey, and as an assistant to the editor and publisher of The Beaumont Enterprise and Journal.
In 1973, Governor Dolph Briscoe named Erwin director of the Office of State-Federal Relations, in Washington, D.C..

## Public Utility Commission service and later life

In August 1975, Governor Briscoe named Erwin to the newly established Public Utility Commission of Texas, along with George Cowden and William Garrett Morris.
As one of "Gov. Briscoe's first appointed PUC commissioners", Alan received the shortest of the three appointed terms, set to expire in 1979. Erwin then returned to private practice, and in the 1982 election helped gubernatorial candidate Mark White to "draft his utility reform program", and also "filmed TV spots during White's campaign to unseat Clements", in which Erwin said that elected PUC commissioners "could help restore public confidence in regulation". After winning the election and taking office, Governor White reappointed Erwin to the PUC in 1983, along with Peggy Rosson. Erwin served as chair of the commission for the remainder of this tenure.
After leaving the commission, Erwin sought to become a novelist, publishing The Power Exchange in 1984. In January 1985, he was named to a panel that investigated water quality in the Colorado River in Texas. He worked for a time for the international public relations firm of Hill and Knowlton, announcing the opening of his own public relations firm in April 1985.

## Personal life and death

In December 1967, Erwin married Gay Taylor, with whom he had three sons. In 2010, Gay successfully donated a kidney to Erwin, which "defied compatibility odds of 50 million-to-one regarding organ donation between spouses". Erwin died in 2019, at the age of 75, and was interred at the Texas State Cemetery.
# Pamela Maru

Pamela Maru is a Cook Islands public servant and fisheries management adviser.
Maru began her career as a Cook Islands Fisheries Officer at the Ministry of Marine Resources, and later became a Fisheries Management Adviser at the Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency in the Solomon Islands, a regional body responsible for fisheries management. From 2009 to 2011 she was Vice-Chair of the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC) Scientific Committee. In 2017 she led the creation and implementation of a Port State Measure to combat illegal fishing through port inspections.
Maru has served as the Secretary of the Cook Islands Ministry of Marine Resources since 2018.