OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paolo Bianchi

Paolo Bianchi was an Italian engraver of the Baroque, chiefly employed in engraving portraits for the booksellers, active c. the year 1670. He engraved some of the portraits for Priorato's History of Leopold, among which are : Cardinal Flavio Chigi, nephew of Pope Alexander VII, and Luigi do Benevides Carillio.

## Life and Work

He was born, according to A. Zanetti, in Milan around 1590 and here he worked as an engraver, draftsman and, perhaps, a painter. He was also cartographic engraver and editor "in the name of Balla"; active in 1617 and again in 1654.
Bianchi is registered in 1620 as engraver at the Academy of Fine Arts at the Ambrosiana in Milan. He then worked, almost exclusively, for the most famous Milanese printers and publishers, especially for GB Bidelli, Malatesta, Ponzio: his engravings were accurate and diligent, even if the incisor sign is often uncertain, lists twenty-four of them, drawn from drawings by Domenico Fiasella, Bernardo Castello, Andrea Lanzani, Domenico Piola, Frà Molina, GC Storer, A. Storm. He signed "Bianchi G. P. made", "Blanc.", "Blancus" "Io. Pau Blancus", etc., often followed by the indication "Mediolanensis" or "in Milan". The variety of his prints bear witness to the vast range of interests and relationships he had with the society of his time.
# Paolo Biagi

Paolo Biagi (born 1948) is an Italian archaeologist specialising in the prehistory of Southeast Europe, Russia and the Caucasus, and Southwest Asia. He is currently a professor at the Ca' Foscari University of Venice.

## Education and career

Biagi obtained a laurea from the University of Milan in 1972 and a PhD from the Institute of Archaeology in London in 1981. He has held academic positions at the Natural History Museum of Brescia (1978–1981), the University of Genoa (1981–1988), and the Ca' Foscari University of Venice (1988–present). He became a full professor (professore ordinario) of prehistory and protohistory in the Department of Asian and North African Studies at Ca' Foscari in 2002. He is currently Senior Researcher of the same University
Biagi has been director of the Italian Archaeological Mission in the Banat and Transylvania (Romania) and is at present the director of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Sindh and Las Bela (Balochistan), Pakistan since 1993. He also directed the Italian Archaeological Expedition in Oman (1990–1991). He is conducting archaeological research in the Central Alpine arc, the Pindos Mountains and the island of Lemnos (Greece), the Caucasus of Georgia, and Sindh and Las Bela (Pakistan). He is approved High Education Commission of Pakistan supervisor of Quaid-i-Azam PhD students.
Biagi is an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London, an honorary professor of Odessa and Nikolaev Universities and was awarded a gold medal from Shah Abdul Latif University in 1999.
# Birkholm (disambiguation)

Birkholm may refer to:

## Places

* Birkholm, Danish island close to Ærø south of Funen
* Birkholm, one of the islets of the Sluseholmen Canal District, in Copenhagen, Denmark

## Buildings

* Birkholm, earlier name for Løvenborg, a manor house south of Holbæk, Denmark
* Birkholm Højskole, a folk high school located on Birkholm

## People

* Jens Birkholm (1869–1915), Danish painter
* René Birkholm (born 1957), Danish comics artist
# Birkholz

Birkholz is a village and a former municipality in the district of Stendal, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 31 May 2010, it is part of the town Tangerhütte.
# Paracupes

Paracupes is a genus of beetles in the family Cupedidae, the reticulated beetles.
There are three extant species:
* Paracupes ascius Neboiss, 1989 – Ecuador
* Paracupes brasiliensis Kolbe, 1898 – Brazil
* Paracupes mexicanus Rodríguez-Mirón & López-Pérez, 2019 – Chiapas, Mexico
# Paracupta helopioides

Paracupta helopioides is a species of beetles in the family Buprestidae.

## Subspecies

* Paracupta helopioides antennata Obenberger, 1928
* Paracupta helopioides helopioides (Boisduval, 1835)

## Description

Paracupta helopioides can reach a maximum length of 40 millimetres (1.6 in).

## Distribution

This species can be found in Solomon Islands.
# Paracuris

Paracuris bimaculata is a species of beetle in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus Paracuris.
# Paradiopa

Paradiopa is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

* Paradiopa albidisca Holloway, 1976
* Paradiopa parthenia Prout, 1928
* Paradiopa postfusca (Hampson, 1893)
# Bissa, Bam

Bissa, Bam is a village in the Sabce Department of Bam Province in northern-central Burkina Faso. It has a population of 833.
# Bissa mine

The Bissa mine is one of the largest gold mines in the Burkina Faso. The mine is located in the center of the country in Centre-Nord Region. The mine has estimated reserves of 4.9 million oz of gold and is operated by Nordgold.
# Parados

A parados is a bank of earth built behind a trench or military emplacement to protect soldiers from attack from the rear or from enfiladement.
# Queen of California

"Queen of California" is the second single from American singer John Mayer's fifth studio album Born and Raised.

## Music video

The music video for "Queen of California" premiered on YouTube on July 30, 2012.

## Personnel

* John Mayer – vocals, acoustic and electric guitars
* Aaron Sterling – drums, tambourine, bongos
* Sean Hurley – bass guitar
* Chuck Leavell – piano, Wurlitzer
* Greg Leisz – pedal steel

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak position |
| Japan (Japan Hot 100) | 74 |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) | 7 |
| US Adult Alternative Songs (Billboard) | 2 |
| US Adult Pop Airplay (Billboard) | 40 |
| US Hot Rock & Alternative Songs (Billboard) | 38 |
# Arcadia Park (Warsaw)

The Arcadia Park is an urban park in Warsaw, Poland. It is located in the district of Mokotów between Puławska Street, Żywnego Street, Piaseczyńska Street, Idzikowskiego Street, and around the gardens of Królikarnia Palace. It was opened in 1970.

## History

In 1680, within the current area of the park, nobleperson and politician Stanisław Herakliusz Lubomirski, built his palace residence, which he had called Arkadia (Arcadia). It was designed by architect Tylman van Gameren. Around the residence were built gardens. Neither structure survives to the present day. In 1720, the area was bought by Augustus III of Poland, monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. He had bought it due to its natural water springs, which were planned to be used to feed the water features of the Royal Baths Park complex. In 1786, nearby the area, was built Królikarnia palace, owned by Carlo Alessandro Tomatis, husband of Caterina Gattai Tomatis.
The urban park was designed by Longin Majdecki, and created between 1968 and 1970. It was built next to Królikarnia palace.

## Characteristics and design

The urban park is located between Puławska Street, Żywnego Street, Piaseczyńska Street, Idzikowskiego Street, and around the gardens of Królikarnia palace. It is located in the city of Warsaw, Poland, in the district of Mokotów, within the City Information System areas of Ksawerów, Sielce, and Wierzbno.
The park is divided in half by the Warsaw Escarpment. The portion to the west located at its peak, is known as Upper Arcadia (Polish: Arkadia Górna), while the portion below it, located to the east, is known as Lower Arcadia (Polish: Arkadia Dolna).
There are three ponds in the eastern portion. To the north, is located Arcadia pond, a man-made clay pit pond. From it flows Piaseczno Ditch, which discharges into the ponds in the Royal Baths Park, and into basin of the Czerniaków Port, in the Vistula River.
There are two ponds in the southern portion, to the east of Królikarnia palace: Królikarnia Pond (Polish: Staw pod Królikarnią) to the west, and an unnamed pond to the east. Together, they are known as Królikarnia Ponds (Polish: Stawy pod Królikarnią).
The gardens of Królikarnia Palace are attached to the south-western boundary of the park. The palace houses the Xawery Dunikowski Sculpture Museum.
The park has protected area status as the Arcadia Nature and Landscape Complex.

## Gallery

* Królikarnia Pond in 2021.
* Unnamed pond in Arcadia Park, in 2021.
* Piaseczno Ditch in Arcadia Park, in 2021.
* The underground spring which feeds the ponds in Arcadia Park, in 2021.
# PWD

PWD may refer to:

## Aviation

* Sher-Wood Airport, in Montana, United States
* PAWA Dominicana, flag carrier of the Dominican Republic from 2015 to 2018

## Government and military

* Petroleum Warfare Department, of the British Government during World War II (WWII)
* Philadelphia Water Department, a public utility in the northeastern United States
* Psychological Warfare Division, an Anglo-American WWII military unit

## Science and technology

* pwd, in computing, a Unix command
* Phosphoglucan, water dikinase, a phosphorus transferase enzyme
* Wilson disease protein, a P-type ATPase enzyme

## Sport

* Plymouth and West Devon Football League, England (founded 2004)
* Public Works Department cricket team, Pakistan (1964–2003)
* PWD Bamenda, a Cameroonian football club

## Other uses

* Parkway Drive, an Australian metalcore band (formed 2003)
* People with disabilities, those chronically impaired physically or intellectually
* Portuguese Water Dog, a dog breed
# Sid Ali Mazif

Sid Ali Mazif (16 October 1943 – 2 May 2023) was an Algerian film director.

## Biography

Born in Algiers on 16 October 1943, Mazif began his career as an assistant director on the film Vingt ans à Alger. He studied at the Institut national du cinéma de Ben Aknoun. During his studies, he released his first short films from 1965 to 1966. He then began working for the Office national pour le commerce et l'industrie cinématographique [fr], where he directed documentaries such as La Cueillette des oranges and Le Paludisme en Algérie. He also collaborated on two important films in Algerian cinematic history: L'Enfer à dix ans and Histoires de la révolution.
Mazif's first feature film, Sueur noire, touched on the struggles of miners during the colonial era. His 1975 film, Les Nomades, focused on the issue of settling Algeria's nomadic people. Since the release of Leïla et les Autres [fr], he campaigned for women's rights in Algeria.
Sid Ali Mazif died in Algiers on 2 May 2023, at the age of 79.

## Filmography

* Sueur noire (1972)
* Les Nomades (1975)
* Leïla et les Autres (1977)
* J'existe (1982)
* Houria [fr] (1986)
* La Cause des femmes (2007)
* La Violence contre les femmes (2007)
* Le Patio (2016)
# Alessandro Barchiesi

Alessandro Barchiesi (born 1955) is an Italian classicist. A specialist on Latin poetry, he is best known for his work on Horace, Vergil and Ovid. Having spent the majority of his career in Italy and the United States, he has served as a professor of Classics at New York University since 2016.

## Career

Until 1987, Barchiesi was based at the Scuola Normale di Pisa, first as a student of Gian Biagio Conte and later as research fellow. He then became an associate professor at the University of Milan in 1987. In 1990, he was appointed to a tenured position at the University of Verona which he held for ten years. In 2000, Barchiesi moved to a professorship at the University of Siena at Arezzo. He held this position in parallel with a Spogli Professorship at the Stanford University. Since 2016, he works as a professor of Classics at NYU.
In addition to the above appointments, he has had visiting positions at various institutions, including Oxford, Harvard and Princeton. In 2010–11, he served in the prestigious role of Sather Professor of Classical Literature at the University of California, Berkeley. He is an editor, with Robert Fowler, Lucia Prauscello and Nigel Wilson, of the series Sozomena which is published for the Herculaneum Society by Walter de Gruyter.

## Selected publications

* Le Fenicie, Venice, 1988.
* The poet and the prince: Ovid and Augustan discourse, Berkeley, 1997
* Ovidian transformations: essays on the Metamorphoses and its reception, ed. with P. Hardie and S. Hinds, Cambridge, 1999
* Ovidio: Metamorfosi 1 (Libri I-II), Milan, 2005
* Ovidio: Metamorfosi 2 (Libri III-IV), Milan, 2007
* Homeric effects in Vergil’s narrative, Princeton, 2015
# Organic nonlinear optical materials

Organic materials are expected to have relatively strong nonlinear optical properties due to delocalized electrons at $\pi -\pi$* orbitals. This expectation explains extensive search for better NLO materials among organic crystals.

## L-arginine maleate dihydrate

L-arginine is one of the essential amino acids widely distributed in biological substances. It forms a number of salts with organic and inorganic acids showing non-linear optical properties. L-Arginine maleate dihydrate (C$_6$H$_{14}$N$_4$O$_2$,C$_4$H$_4$O$_4$,2H$_2$O) is one of these L-arginine salts which is a complex of strongly basic amino acid, carboxylic acid and provides useful information in relation to molecular interaction in present-day biological systems and to prebiotic self-organisms. It is also a nonlinear optical material with second harmonic generation efficiency 1.68 times that of KDP. L-arginine maleate dihydrate crystals are grown from solution by solvent evaporation; they belong to the triclinic space group P1.

## L-methionine L-methioninium hydrogen maleate

L-methionine L-methioninium hydrogen maleate also belongs to the amino acid family. Crystals are grown by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution containing L-methionine and maleic acid, resulting in centimeter-large crystals of a non-centrosymmetric space group. They were applied for second-harmonic generation of an Nd:YAG laser (wavelength 1064 nm), and SHG efficiency equal to that of KDP has been obtained.
# Rajbari

Rajbari may refer to:

## Bangladesh

* Rajbari District, Dhaka Division
** Rajbari Sadar Upazila, an upazila subdistrict of Rajbari District
** Rajbari, Bangladesh, the headquarters of Rajbari District and Rajbari Sadar Upazila
** Rajbari-1, a Jatiya Sangsad electoral constituency
** Rajbari-2, a Jatiya Sangsad electoral constituency
** Rajbari Government College
** Rajbari Government High School
** Rajbari Stadium

## India

* Rajbari, Abhayapuri, a Bijni palace in Assam
* Rajbari National Park, Tripura
# Ralph Bown

Ralph Bown (1891 – July 1971) was a noted American radio pioneer.
Bown was born in Fairport, New York, and received his M.E., M.M.E., and Ph.D. degrees from Cornell University where he also taught physics. He served as a captain in the United States Army Signal Corps in World War I, where he led vacuum tube development as head of its radio laboratories technical department, then joined the American Telephone and Telegraph Company research department, which in 1934 became Bell Laboratories.
Bown's work focused on electromagnetic propagation, particularly for radio broadcasting, ship-to-shore communication, aircraft radios, and intercontinental telephony. He was also an expert in radar, and served as a division member and consultant of the National Defense Research Committee and expert consultant to the Secretary of War; in 1941 he visited England to study radar in combat operations. Bown became research director at Bell Labs, and on June 30, 1948, led a press conference announcing the invention of the transistor.
Bown received the IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award (1926), and served as President of the Institute of Radio Engineers in 1927. In 1949, he received the IEEE Medal of Honor "for his extensive contributions to the field of radio and for his leadership in Institute affairs."

## Selected works

* "Some Recent Measurements of Trans-Atlantic Radio Transmission", American Telephone and Telegraph Company, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, April 24, 1923.
# Ralph Clarke (mayor)

Ralph Clark (died 1660) was an English tanner, notable for being the first Mayor of Chesterfield.
Clark came from the prominent Clark family of Chesterfield and was elected to the post of Mayor on 21 April, 1598 following the Elizabethan charter issued that same year, which granted the town the right to elect a mayor.
In 1641 when Poll tax was paid, Ralph paid the highest amount in the town.
At the time of his death in 1660, he was living in Cutthorpe, outside of Chesterfield.
# Ralph Claypool

Ralph LeClair Claypool (December 15, 1898 – November 17, 1969) was an American football center who played professionally for four seasons, from 1925 to 1928, with the Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League (NFL). Claypool played college football at Purdue University.
# Rajyasamacharam

Rajyasamacharam or Rajya Samacharam was the first Malayalam journal published in Kerala. Its first issue came out in June 1847. Hermann Gundert, the editor of the journal, was a religious propagator from the Basel Evangelical Mission society. Rajyasamacharam started publication from Illikkunnu, Thalassery, in the Kannur district of Kerala. It was published as eight cyclostyled sheets in demy octavo size produced from a litho press. The pages were without columns or cross heads and was in simple language. It was distributed free of cost.
It helped in formulating the Malayalee reader's viewpoints against caste distinction and related injustices.
It ceased publication in December 1850 and a total of 42 issues were published.
In October 1847, Gundert started another publication called Paschimodayam. It was also cyclostyled. It carried articles on history, natural science, geography and astrology. The other works of Gundert were Malayalabhaasha Vyakaranam, a Malayalam grammar book, and the first Malayalam English dictionary. He also translated the Bible into Malayalam.
# Ramopia

Ramopia /rəˈmoʊpiə/ is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was described by Nye in 1975.
The Global Lepidoptera Names Index gives this name as a synonym of Rejectaria Guenée, 1854.

## Species

* Ramopia nigripunctata (Schaus, 1913) Costa Rica
* Ramopia rufifusalis (Hampson, 1924) Trinidad
# Rakiura Track

The Rakiura Track is a 32-kilometre (20 mi) circular tramping track in Rakiura National Park on Stewart Island in New Zealand. It is one of the New Zealand Great Walks. Hikers often take three days to walk it, but it can be done in one or two days.
One end is at Lee Bay, five km (3.1 mi) north of Oban (Stewart Island's only settlement), and the other end is at Fern Gully, two km (1.2 mi) west of Oban. It can be walked either way, but is most often walked anticlockwise, starting at Lee Bay. Hikers can arrange transport from Oban over the roads to and from the ends of the track, or can walk along the roads.
The track generally follows the coastline for a large part of its length, passing small inlets, large bays and mudflats, and crosses steep hills covered in bush (dense forest) in its middle section. Large sections of the track have been gravelled. Without this, much of the track would degrade into mud, due to the peaty soil, and the rain that falls frequently throughout the year. In general, the track is well-maintained, and of easy to medium difficulty. Walking the track offers the unusual opportunity to see kiwi in the wild. The species on Stewart Island is the southern brown kiwi (Apteryx australis).
There are two huts on the track, at Port William and the North Arm of Paterson Inlet, and many hikers sleep overnight at each. There are also campsites at Maori Beach, Port William and North Arm. The huts and campsites have toilets and water supply, and the huts have bunks and mattresses. Toilet paper is not provided and hikers must bring their own. There are no cooking facilities, so trampers are advised to carry their own stoves and cooking equipment. Gas canisters and other supplies can be purchased at a store in Oban before setting out. The huts are supplied with firewood, which is flown in by helicopter, as there are no roads to the huts, and trampers are not allowed to cut firewood. The huts and campsites must be booked in advance.
Rakiura Track has been covered by Google Street View since November 2015.
# Ralph Elmer Clarkson

Ralph Elmer Clarkson (3 August 1861, Amesbury, Massachusetts - 5 April 1942, Orlando, Florida) was an American painter, known primarily for his portraits of public figures in and around Chicago.

## Biography

His father was a carriage manufacturer of Scottish ancestry. He began his artistic training in 1881 at the new School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston with Frederic Crowninshield. This was followed by lessons at the Académie Julian in Paris, under the direction of Jules Lefebvre and Gustave Boulanger. His first exhibit at the Salon came in 1887.
After returning to the United States, he lived in Hartford, Connecticut. It was there that he married Frances Calhoun, the daughter of Judge David S. Calhoun (1827-1911). Shortly after, they moved to New York, where he became involved in exhibitions at the National Academy of Design. From 1892 to 1895, he travelled and painted in Europe; including a visit to the Prado Museum with William Merritt Chase. After returning once more, he decided to establish his studios in Chicago, due to the ample opportunities for portrait painting there.
Three years later, he became one of the first occupants of the newly refurbished Fine Arts Building on Michigan Avenue (formerly the Studebaker Carriage Shop). Soon, he was at the center of an artistic group that included Charles Francis Browne (1859-1920), Oliver Dennett Grover and Lorado Taft, who he assisted in creating the Eagle's Nest Art Colony on property provided by the Chicago attorney, Wallace Heckman (1851-1927).
He became one of the first members of the Cliff Dwellers Club in 1909. The following year, he became an Associate Member of the National Academy. He also taught at the Art Institute of Chicago. He was a member of the art juries at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Panama-Pacific Exposition. In 1921, he created the first history of painters in Chicago for the journal Art and Archaeology.
Among his portraits are those of the physicist, Albert Michelson, several Governors of Illinois, including John Peter Altgeld, and Secretary of War Jacob M. Dickinson, which is on display in the Pentagon, and William Jennings Bryan, painted specifically at Bryan's request. The University of Chicago professors sometimes referred to him as their "court painter"
According to a legal agreement, the lease for the Eagle's Nest would expire when the last member died, and Clarkson was that member. He died while vacationing in Florida.
# Ramayapalem, Marripudi

Ramayapalem is a small village located in Marripudi Mandal, Prakasam district in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India.
# Ramayapalem, Peda Araveedu

Ramayapalem is a village in Peda Araveedu Mandal in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh state, India. It belongs to Andhra region. It is located 111 km (69 mi) towards west from District headquarters Ongole. 222 km (138 mi) from State capital Hyderabad.
Ramayapalem Pin code is 523331 and postal head office is Pedda Dornala.
Ramayapalem is surrounded by Markapur Mandal towards South, Tarlupadu Mandal towards South, Dornala Mandal towards west, Donakonda Mandal towards East.
Markapur, Srisailam Project (Right Flank Colony) Township, Vinukonda, Macherla are the nearby Cities to Ramayapalem.
# Rappard

Rappard is a surname. It may refer to:
* Anthon van Rappard (1858–1892), Dutch painter and draughtsman
* Dora Rappard (1842–1923), Swiss missionary and hymn writer
* Ernst Herman van Rappard (1899–1953), Dutch National Socialist and anti-Semite
* Frederik van Rappard (1798–1862), Dutch politician
* Fritz-Georg von Rappard (1892–1946), German Nazi general during World War II executed for war crimes
* Harry van Rappard (1897–1982), Dutch sprinter
* Oscar van Rappard (1896–1962), Dutch track and field athlete and soccer player
* Josias Cornelis Rappard (1824–1898), Dutch soldier and artist
* William Rappard (1883–1958), American academic and diplomat
It may also refer to
# Ramjidas Rishidev

Ramjidas Rishidev was an Indian politician and former cabinet minister in the Government of Bihar from November 2005 to November 2010. He represented Araria in Lok Sabha in 1998 and Raniganj in Bihar Legislative Assembly in 2005.