OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# NGC 2420

NGC 2420 is an open cluster in the constellation Gemini. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1783. The cluster is about two billion years old and it is located 10,000 light years away.

## Observation

NGC 2420 lies about 6,5 degrees south-southeast of the star Pollux and a bit over two degrees east-northeast of the Eskimo Nebula. Through a small telescope at low magnification it appears as a uniform ghostly light that gets brighter to the centre, similar to a tail-less comet and at x33 magnification some individual stars can be glimpsed with averted vision. At higher magnification the cluster is resolved into a rich field of individual stars. It is included in the Herschel 400 Catalogue.

## Characteristics

The cluster is located at a greater distance from the galactic centre than the Sun, lying in the direction of the galactic anti-centre, and lies 19° above the galactic plane, which corresponds to a distance of 3,000 light years. It has a Trumpler classification of I1r, indicating a rich detached cluster with a central concentration made out of stars of similar apparent magnitude. Photographic photometry down to magnitude 19 indicates that the cluster has over 500 members, with the brightest being of 11th magnitude. The total number of members is estimated to be around 1,000 within a diameter of 30 light years.
It is estimated that 41% of the stars of the cluster are binaries. The cluster has been found to contain two binary systems made out of two blue stragglers, while a third binary system is made out of a blue straggler and an extremely low mass white dwarf. These binary stars shine bright in far ultraviolet. Using data from the Hubble Space Telescope, von Hippel and Gilmore detected eight white dwarf candidates and estimated a cooling age of about 2 billion years.
The metallicity of the cluster has been a subject of many studies and has been found to be a bit sub-solar, with a metallicity of -0.26 according to WEBDA. The cluster was found to be a bit metal poor, with a [Fe/H] of -0.7 to -0.6 from spectrographic studies performed in the 1980s while subsequent CCD photometry indicates of a higher metallicity of about -0.30. Pancino et al. indicated a [Fe/H]= -0.05 ± 0.03 according to Pancino et al., which is close to the trend of metallicity descreasing with increasing distance from the galactic centre. The red giants of the cluster have a mean metallicity of −0.16 ± 0.04. Based on spectrographic data of the Gaia-ESO survey, the stars around the turnoff point have sub-solar metallicities but they increase for stars of smaller mass.
The stars of the cluster have homogenous CN and CH molecular band strengths. Similar low dispersion was observed in other elements.
# National Independent Party

The National Independent Party is a political party in Lesotho.
The NIP was founded by Anthony Manyeli as a split from the Basotho National Party. It performed poorly in the 1993 and 1998 parliamentary elections, but in the election for the National Assembly held on 25 May 2002, the party won 5.5% of popular votes and five out of 120 seats. The party had previously never won any seats, and its success in winning five seats through proportional representation in the 2002 election was attributed to voter confusion about party symbols: its symbol being that of the dove and the symbol of the ruling Lesotho Congress for Democracy (LCD) being that of the eagle. NIP party leader Manyeli, expressing surprise at the results, said that this explanation was the only way he could account for them.
In the 17 February 2007 parliamentary election, the party won 21 seats through proportional representation. It is allied with the LCD. Manyeli contested this alliance and won a court ruling against the alliance, but it was then overturned on appeal. He was excluded from the party's list of candidates and therefore did not get a seat in parliament. Opposition parties trying to have the alliance ruled invalid have said that the appeal ruling was in violation of the constitution; they sought for the NIP members of parliament to be replaced by Manyeli and his supporters.

## Election Results

| Election | Votes | Share | Seats | +/- | Government |
| 1993 | 241 | 0.05 | 0 / 120 | New | Extra-parliamentary |
| 1998 | 1,644 | 0.28 | 0 / 120 | 0 | Extra-parliamentary |
| 2002 | 30,346 | 5.47 | 5 / 120 | 5 | Opposition |
| 2007 | | | 21 / 120 | 16 | Opposition |
| 2012 | 6,880 | 1.25 | 2 / 120 | 19 | Opposition |
| 2015 | 5,404 | 0.95 | 1 / 120 | 1 | Opposition |
| 2017 | 6,375 | 1.10 | 1 / 120 | 0 | Opposition |
| 2022 | 3,703 | 0.72 | 1 / 120 | 0 | Opposition |
# Black Lamp

Black Lamp may refer to:
* Black Lamp (game), a 1988 platform game
* Black Lamp (revolutionary group), an early 19th-century British revolutionary organization
* Black Lamp, an alias of the DC Comics character Hop Harrigan
# Rubicon International Services

Rubicon International Services Ltd is a British private military and private security company based in London, which was acquired by Aegis Defence Services on 28 October 2005. The public announcement was made on 4 November 2005. John Davidson, Managing Director of Rubicon, joined the Aegis board and assumed the appointment of Director of Operations.
Rubicon International Services was founded in 1996 by John Davidson, a former special forces soldier. Before its 2005 acquisition by Aegis Defence Systems, it operated in more than 50 countries. Rubicon provides security services in high-risk areas, such as protecting foreign workers in Iraq during the Iraq War.
The other shareholder was Paddy Nicoll, who sold his security systems consultancy, Diplomatic Protection Ltd, to Rubicon in 2000. Paddy Nicoll retired from the Army in 1996, having served with the Black Watch.
# Nicarao

Nicarao may refer to:
* Nicarao people
* Nicarao (cacique)
* Nahuat language or Pipil language
# Madygenerpeton

Madygenerpeton is an extinct genus of chroniosuchid reptiliomorph from the Late Triassic Madygen Formation of Kyrgyzstan. It was first named by paleontologists Rainer R. Schoch, Sebastian Voigt and Michael Buchwitz in 2010 from a nearly complete skull and associated osteoderms. The type species is M. pustulatus.

## Description

Madygenerpeton, like other chroniosuchids, has osteoderms, or bony plates, overlying its spine. These osteoderms interlock with each other and connect to their associated vertebrae on the spinal column. They are wide and have curved or peaked surfaces. On the upper surface of the front end and the lower surface of the back end of each osteoderm there are facets covered in concentric ridges and furrows. These facets allow the plates to interlock with each other. The relatively narrow width of the osteoderms in Madygenerpeton allow for more lateral flexion in the trunk of than other chroniosuchids, up to 7.5°.
The skull has a parabolic outline and its surface is covered with pustular ornamentation. This distinctive ornamentation gives the type species its name, M. pustulatus. Unlike other chroniosuchids, Madygenerpeton lacks an antorbital fontanelle in front of the eyes. The postparietal or posterior area of the skull is concave.

## Paleobiology

The tightly interlocking osteoderms along the back of Permian chroniosuchians were likely an adaptation to terrestrial locomotion. The plates made the vertebral column more rigid, allowing it to better cope with stresses from shearing, torsion, compression, and tension. However, the increased stability of the vertebral column resulted in less flexibility. In Madygenerpeton, the increased flexibility of the trunk may have been an adaptation to a secondarily aquatic lifestyle. Greater lateral flexion would have enabled lateral undulation useful for swimming.
# 6262 aluminium alloy

6262 aluminium alloy is an alloy in the wrought aluminium-magnesium-silicon family (6000 or 6xxx series). It is related to 6162 aluminium alloy (Aluminum Association designations that only differ in the second digit are variations on the same alloy), but sees much more widespread use. It is notably distinct from 6162, and most other aluminium alloys, in that it contains lead in its alloy composition. It is typically formed by extrusion, forging, or rolling, but as a wrought alloy it is not used in casting. It can also be clad, but that is not common practice with this alloy. It cannot be work hardened, but is commonly heat treated to produce tempers with a higher strength but lower ductility.
Alternate names and designations for this alloy include AlMg1SiPb and A96262. The alloy and its various tempers are covered by the following standards:
* ASTM B 210: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes
* ASTM B 211: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire
* ASTM B 221: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes
* ASTM B 483: Standard Specification for Aluminium and Aluminium-Alloy Drawn Tube and Pipe for General Purpose Applications
* EN 573-3: Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Chemical composition and form of wrought products. Chemical composition and form of products
* EN 754-2: Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Cold drawn rod/bar and tube. Mechanical properties
* EN 755-2: Aluminium and aluminium alloys. Extruded rod/bar, tube and profiles. Mechanical properties

## Chemical composition

The alloy composition of 6262 aluminium is:
* Aluminium: 94.7 to 97.8%
* Bismuth: 0.4 to 0.7%
* Chromium: 0.04 to 0.14%
* Copper: 0.15 to 0.40%
* Iron: 0.7% max
* Lead: 0.4 to 0.7%
* Magnesium: 0.8 to 1.2%
* Manganese: 0.15%
* Silicon: 0.4 to 0.8%
* Titanium: 0.15% max
* Zinc: 0.25% max
* Residuals: 0.15% max

## Properties

Typical material properties for 6262 aluminium alloy include:
* Density: 2.72 g/cm$^3$, or 170 lb/ft$^3$.
* Electrical conductivity: 44% IACS.
* Young's modulus: 69 GPa, or 10 Msi.
* Ultimate tensile strength: 280 to 390 MPa, or 41 to 57 ksi.
* Yield strength: 260 to 360 MPa, or 38 to 52 ksi.
* Thermal expansion: 21.8 μm/m-K.
* Solidus: 582 °C or 1080 °F.
# NGC 2423-3

NGC 2423-3 is a red giant star approximately 3,040 light-years away in the constellation of Puppis. The star is part of the NGC 2423 open cluster (hence the name NGC 2423-3). The star has an apparent magnitude of 10 and an absolute magnitude of zero, with a mass of 2.4 times the Sun. In 2007, it was proposed that an exoplanet orbits the star, but this is now doubtful.

## Planetary system

NGC 2423-3 b is an exoplanet 10.6 times more massive than Jupiter. Only the minimum mass is known since the orbital inclination is not known, so it is likely to be a brown dwarf instead. The planet orbits at 2.1 AU, taking 1.956 years to orbit eccentrically around the star. Its eccentricity is about the same as Mercury, but less than Pluto. The planet has a semi-amplitude of 71.5 m/s.
This planet was discovered by Christophe Lovis and Michel Mayor in July 2007 by the radial velocity method. Lovis had also found three Neptune-mass planets orbiting HD 69830 in May 2006, also in Puppis.
However, a 2018 study with the same C. Lovis as an author found evidence that the radial velocity signal corresponding to the proposed planetary companion could be caused by stellar activity or stellar pulsations, and so the planet may not exist. Another study by the same team in 2023 confirms evidence for a stellar origin of the signal.
The NGC 2423-3 planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| b (dubious) | >10.6 M$_J$ | 2.10 | 714.3 ± 5.3 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | — | — |
# National Independent Party (disambiguation)

The National Independent Party is a political party in Lesotho.
National Independent Party may also refer to:
* National Independent Party (Guyana), a political party in Guyana
* Greenback Party, a political party in the United States 1874–1889, known at one point as the National Independent Party
# Peperomia deppeana

Peperomia deppeana is a species of plant in the genus Peperomia of the family Piperaceae. Its native range reaches from Mexico to Central America.
# Black Law

Black Law or Black Laws may refer to:
* The Indemnity Ordinance, 1975 in Bangladesh
* The Frontier Crimes Regulation in Pakistan (formerly British India)
* The 2020 Indian agriculture acts in India
* The Native Laws Amendment Act, 1952 of South Africa
* The Black Law Wind Farm in Scotland
* The Black Law (hill), a mountain in Scotland
* The Black Codes (United States)
# War of the Generals

The War of the Generals was a civil war fought in Ecuador from 1911 to 1912. Its causes laid in liberal opposition to the authoritarian reign of Eloy Alfaro. The revolt began on 28 December 1911. The decisive battle of the war was fought on 18 January 1912 at Yaguachi, where Alfaro was defeated and captured. Alfaro's body was publicly cremated on 28 January 1912. Total casualties on both sides numbered around 1500. Less than a year later, a new civil war would erupt in Ecuador, which would see the Esmeraldas Province rise up against the rule of Leónidas Plaza.
# Parimé River

The Parimé River is a river of Roraima state in northern Brazil.
# Madygenophlebiidae

Madygenophlebiidae is an extinct family of rock crawlers in the order Grylloblattodea. There are at least two genera and four described species in Madygenophlebiidae.

## Genera

These two genera belong to the family Madygenophlebiidae:
* † Madygenophlebia Storozhenko, 1992
* † Micromadygenophlebia Storozhenko, 1992
# NGC 2439

NGC 2439 is a sparse open cluster of stars in the constellation Puppis. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 6.9, an angular size of 10 arcminutes, and is visible using a small telescope. This is a young cluster with age estimates in the range of 20–300 million years. It has a tidal radius of approximately 82 light years. No chemically peculiar stars have been found.
Distance estimates to this cluster vary widely. Piskunov and associates (2008) gave an estimate of 3,855 kpc. A value in the range 3–4 kpc means the cluster lies well below the Galactic Plane. It is positioned in a hole in the Milky Way's gas and dust, with the reduced absorption resulting in a lower than expected extinction of 1.27 in visual magnitude. This result raises the question of whether this cluster actually exists. It is positioned along the same line of sight as two groups of B-type supergiant stars. The nearer group is located at a distance of 1.03 kpc, while the second group is at 3.2 kpc.

## Gallery

* Map showing the location of NGC 2439
# Éric Fréchon

Éric Frechon (born 16 November 1963) is a French chef, Meilleur Ouvrier de France and three stars at the Guide Michelin. He has been described as "chef royalty" and received positive reviews as chef of the restaurant Épicure at the Hôtel Le Bristol in Paris. In 2015 he re-opened the hotel restaurant Céleste which is part of The Lanesborough

## Restaurants

* 1995: La Verrière d'Éric Frechon (next to the Buttes Chaumont) 19th arrondissement of Paris (closed)
* 2010: Le Mini Palais (at the Grand Palais) 8th arrondissement of Paris
* 2013: Le Lazare (Gare Saint Lazare) 8th arrondissement of Paris
* 2015: The Lanesborough

## Honours

* 1993: Meilleur Ouvrier de France
* 2008: Chevalier (Knight) of the Legion of Honour named by French President Nicolas Sarkozy
* 2009: Three stars at the Guide Michelin
# Peperomia crispa

Peperomia crispa is a species of plant in the family Piperaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador and Colombia.
# Black Uhuru discography

The discography of Jamaican reggae group Black Uhuru consists of at least 103 singles and EPs, 19 studio albums and at least 16 Live/Dub albums.

## Singles and EPs

Black Uhuru have issued at least 103 singles and EPs.

## Albums
### Derrick "Duckie" Simpson, Michael Rose, Errol Nelson(AKA Wilson)

* 1977 – Love Crisis
* 1981 – Black Sounds of Freedom (Love Crisis re-edition)

### Group: Derek "Duckie" Simpson, Michael Rose, Sandra "Puma" Jones, Sly Dunbar, Robbie Shakespeare

* 1979 – Showcase
* 1980 – Black Uhuru (Showcase re-edition)
* 1980 – Sinsemilla
* 1981 – Red
* 1982 – Chill Out
* 1983 – Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (Black Uhuru re-edition)
* 1983 – Anthem
* 1985 – Reggae Greats (compilation)

### Group: Derrick "Duckie" Simpson, Delroy "Junior" Reid, Sandra "Puma" Jones, Sly Dunbar, Robbie Shakespeare

* 1986 – Brutal

### Group: Derrick "Duckie" Simpson, Delroy "Junior" Reid, Olafunke

* 1987 – Positive

### Group: Derrick "Duckie" Simpson, Garth Dennis, Don Carlos

* 1990 – Now
* 1991 – Iron Storm
* 1993 – Mystical Truth
* 1994 – Strongg

### Group: Derrick "Duckie" Simpson, Jenifah Nyah, Andrew Bees

* 1998 – Unification
* 2001 – Dynasty
* 2018 – As the World Turns

### Live / Dub albums

* 1982 – Uhuru in Dub
* 1982 – Tear It Up – Live (album and video)
* 1983 – The Dub Factor
* 1984 – Live
* 1986 – Brutal Dub
* 1987 – The Positive Dub
* 1988 – Live in New York City
* 1990 – Now Dub
* 1990 – Love Dub (Uhuru in Dub re-edition)
* 1992 – Iron Storm Dub
* 1993 – Mystical Truth Dub
* 1994 – Strongg Dubb
* 2000 – Live 1984
* 2001 – In Dub
* 2001 – Dubbin' It Live (summer 2001, at Paléo Festival)
* 2013 - Live in Germany 1981 (Rockpalast on CD and DVD)
# Warsaw Shore series 14

The fourteenth series of Warsaw Shore, a Polish television programme based in Warsaw, Poland was announced in July 2020 and will begin on 15 November 2020. The photos were taken in Warsaw, in compliance with all safety rules related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This was the first series not to include Anastasiya Yandaltsava, Gábor "Gabo" Szabó, and Marceli Szklanny after their departures the previous season. It was also the first series to include five new cast members Kinga Gondorowicz, Maciek Szczukiewicz, Daniel "Arnold" Jabłoński, Michał Eliszer and Paulina Karbowiak. Jakub "Ptyś" Henke returned to the show as the boss.

## Cast

* Damian "Dzik" Graf
* Daniel "Arnold" Jabłoński
* Radosław "Diva" Majchrowski
* Ewa Piekut
* Ewelina "Ewelona" Kubiak
* Joanna Bałdys
* Kasjusz "Don Kasjo" Życiński
* Kinga Gondorowicz
* Maciek Szczukiewicz
* Michał Eliszer
* Milena Łaszek
* Patryk Spiker
* Paulina Karbowiak
* Piotr "Pedro" Polak (Episodes 1–5)

### Duration of cast

| Cast members | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 | Series 14 |
| Cast members | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| Damian | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Daniel | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Diva | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Ewa | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Ewelina | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Joanna | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Kasjusz | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Kinga | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Maciek | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Michał | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Milena | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Patryk | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Paulina | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Piotr | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Parco District

Parco District is one of thirty-four districts of the province Jauja in Peru.

## Location

It is located at 3.435 meters, in an area covering 32.82 km2, exactly at kilometer 60 of the central road on the route from La Oroya to Huancayo in the Junín Region, Jauja Province.
# Aritomo

Aritomo (written: 有朋 or 存知) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Aritomo Gotō (五藤 存知, 1888–1942), Imperial Japanese Navy admiral
* Yamagata Aritomo (山縣 有朋, 1838–1922), Japanese general and Prime Minister of Japan
# 88 Antop Hill

88 Antop Hill is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language mystery thriller film written and directed by Kushan Nandy, with dialogues by Ashish Deo. The film is a murder mystery and is loosely based on James Hadley Chase's 1954 novel Tiger by The Tail and was released on 27 June 2003.

## Plot

The film opens with the brutal murder of Neeraj Shah. His body is dumped in the trunk of a car. Elsewhere, bank employee Pratyush Shelar gets home late on his anniversary because he was consoling an old college classmate and crush about her marital woes, which does not go over well with his wife Antara, furthering their own marital woes and leading to her leaving home with their daughter. Pratyush's colleague, Aslam Durrani, suggests he visit an exotic dancer, Teesta. Pratyush is not interested. However, that night, Aslam calls Pratyush in a panic, stating that some thugs are about to kill him and asking Pratyush to come immediately to 88 Antop Hill. Pratyush arrives, only to find out that Aslam was putting on an act to get him to see Teesta. Pratyush is frustrated but, curious to know what exactly Teesta knows about him, goes to a club with her, where she points out a few folks she knows. Having learned nothing significant, he drives her home and asks for the keys to his car; she tells him to come upstairs and get them from her place. While she is waiting for Teesta to get the keys, Teesta is mysteriously murdered. Scared and confused, Pratyush leaves immediately, but is seen by a neighbor and the watchman. Inspector Arvind Khanvilkar is assigned the case, and while investigating, the cops become suspicious for Pratyush. Desperate to prove his innocence, Pratyush tries to investigate and comes across a few more suspicious characters and, eventually, another murder. He contacts cops, but a dimwitted cop doesn't hear him out and instead sternly asks him to surrender, as the police have found the murder weapon and his blood-stained shirt. At wits end, Pratyush decides to go visit Teesta's friend, who is also the sister of the other murder victim; Inspector Khanvilkar also ends up here, and the truths of the multiple murders are revealed.

## Cast

* Rahul Dev as Inspector Arvind Khanvilkar
* Atul Kulkarni as Pratyush Shelar
* Shweta Menon as Teesta
* Subrat Dutta as Prashant
* Jasmine D'Souza as Sonali
* Suchitra Pillai as Antara
* Harsh Khurana as Aslam Durrani
* Shauket Baig as Murli Mansukhani
* Sachin Dubey as Neeraj
* Sharad Ponkshe as Police officer
* Sanjay Singh as K. K. Memon

## Reception

Taran Adarsh of IndiaFM gave the film 1 out of 5, ″On the whole, 88 ANTOP HILL is high on technique, but low on substance.″ Deepa Gumaste of Rediff.com wrote ″ilms like 88 Antop Hill don't exactly need a saving grace -- they are better off not being made at all. But if there is something worth a mention, it is a couple of scary moments and solid performances from Atul Kulkarni and Rahul Dev. Both actors rise above the frailties of the film (and the rest of the cast), but their heroic efforts aren't enough to salvage the situation.″
# N-acetylgalactosamine-N,N'-diacetylbacillosaminyl-diphospho-undecaprenol 4-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

N-acetylgalactosamine-N, N'-diacetylbacillosaminyl-diphospho-undecaprenol 4-alpha-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.291, PglJ) is an enzyme with systematic name UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine:N-acetylgalactosaminyl-alpha-(1->3)-N,N'-diacetyl-alpha-D-bacillosaminyl-diphospho-tritrans,heptacis-undecaprenol 3-alpha-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosamine + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-alpha-(1->3)-N,N'-diacetyl-alpha-D-bacillosaminyl-diphospho-tritrans,heptacis-undecaprenol $\rightleftharpoons$ UDP + N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-alpha-(1->4)-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyl-alpha-(1->3)-N,N'-diacetyl-alpha-D-bacillosaminyl-diphospho-tritrans,heptacis-undecaprenol
This enzyme is isolated from Campylobacter jejuni.
# 1989 general election

1989 general election may refer to:
* 1989 Antigua and Barbuda general election
* 1989 Argentine general election
* 1989 Botswana general election
* 1989 Cook Islands general election
* 1989 Indian general election
* 1989 Irish general election
* 1989 Jamaican general election
* 1989 South African general election
* 1989 Spanish general election
* 1989 Uruguayan general election
# U.S. Military Television Network

U.S. Military Television Network is a planned specialty television channel distributed through satellite television and cable television companies.
It positions itself as "a new 24 hour cable television network designed to introduce America to the personnel and their families that make up the U.S. Military".
Its founder is Lauren Kelly, who is married to a Marine.