OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sam Mtukudzi

Sam Mtukudzi (April 1, 1988 – March 15, 2010) was a Zimbabwean musician. He was the son of the late singer Oliver Mtukudzi.

## Early life and career

After graduating high school, Sam joined his father on tours playing the saxophone and a guitar. In Harare, he had his own jazz-influenced band called Ay Band with whom he recorded his debut album, Rume Rimwe, in 2008. He also had recorded two solo albums. The elder Mtukudzi introduced Sam as "the future" to appreciative crowds at a British nightclub in late 2009.

## Death

In the early hours of Monday, March 15, 2010, Sam and his sound engineer, Owen Chimhare, died in a car crash while traveling back to Norton near Harare. Their Tata pickup truck, driven by Chimhare, struck a bridge just before the Kuwadzana Extension off-ramp along the Harare-Norton road. The vehicle veered off the road, rammed into the right side of the bridge's guard rails, and plunged into the river bank below. Inspector Tigere Chigome, a national Traffic Police spokesman, explained in the news that the accident happened at 1:20 am. Both Mtukudzi and Chimhare died of head injuries on the scene.
Sam Mtukudzi was an ambassador in the Dance4Life initiative whose national concept owner is Students Partnership Worldwide in Zimbabwe (SPW Zimbabwe). The initiative seeks to fight HIV and the stigma surrounding it through music and dance. It is being run in several countries namely South Africa, The Netherlands, Kenya, Zambia, Tanzania, UK, US, Russia amongst others. Mtukudzi was identified as an ambassador by Luckmore Jalisi from SPW Zimbabwe due to his youthfulness as well as his focus and maturity in music.
His father Oliver Mtukudzi died on January 23, 2019. The burial occurred on January 27, 2019.
# Salicyl-alcohol beta-D-glucosyltransferase

In enzymology, a salicyl-alcohol beta-D-glucosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.172) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    UDP-glucose + salicyl alcohol $\rightleftharpoons$ UDP + salicin
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are UDP-glucose and salicyl alcohol, whereas its two products are UDP and salicin.
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP-glucose:salicyl-alcohol beta-D-glucosyltransferase. Other names in common use include uridine diphosphoglucose-salicyl alcohol 2-glucosyltransferase, and UDPglucose:salicyl alcohol phenyl-glucosyltransferase.
# Martin Site

Martin Site may refer to:
* Martin Site, one of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Powell County, Kentucky
* Martin Site (Fosters Falls, Virginia)
# Sainte-Radegonde, Dordogne

Sainte-Radegonde (French pronunciation:; Languedocien: Senta Radegonda) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Vijayavalli

Vijayavalli is a given name of these characters from the Hindu scriptures:
* Vindhyavalli, the spouse of Mahabali
* Vijayavalli, the spouse of Sudarshana or Chakrapani
# Tactical engagement simulation

A Tactical Engagement Simulation (TES) is a training system for using weapons. Laser transmitters are typically used instead of bullets, larger rounds, or shorter-range guided weapons such as anti-tank missiles. A laser transmitter is mounted on the weapon and aligned with the weapon's barrel. However, some engagement simulators are capable of also utilizing live firing in order to increase the fidelity of the training simulation.
Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is often used as the stimulated medium and this produces a wavelength of 904 nanometres, in the near infrared band outside the sensitivity of the human eye which is from about 400 to 700 nm (0.4 to 0.7 micrometres).
In modern TES systems the laser transmission is coded so that in a field exercise, individual weapons can be identified by exercise control (EXCON) and appropriate calculations made of gravity drop, warhead damage radius and so forth.
Weapons as small as hand guns can be part of a TES system as can larger weapons including tanks and large calibre guns. In field exercises, the laser transmitters can trigger cartridge-based Weapon effects simulation (WES) devices mounted on potential targets such as tanks and other vehicles. WES systems include pyrotechnic flash/bang and smoke devices that add realism to a field exercise.
All these events are recorded on the exercise computer. After-Action Review (AAR) can include comprehensive analysis of weapon firing, accuracy and warhead effects on the targets. Such techniques have taken much speculation out of the assessment of field exercises and have resulted in more realistic training than used to be available other than by using (dangerous) live firing.
# Marurui

Marurui is a neighbourhood in the city of Nairobi. Located in the larger Kasarani area, it is approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of the central business district of Nairobi.

## Overview

The estate is believed to have got its name from a medical plant known as Olmaroroi by the Maasai. The neighbourhood is zoned as a low-density residential suburb with single-family homes. Marurui hosts the high-income, middle-income to some low-income residents. The neighbourhood contains the slum of Gathara (known as Jua Kali by its residents).
The neighbourhood is bordered by Garden Estate, Thome, Roysambu, Kasarani and Mirema.
Roysambu Constituency and Roysambu ward, both electoral divisions, cover the neighbourhood. The constituency encompasses other estates and neighbourhoods such as: Garden Estate, Thome, Ridgeways, Kiwanja, Njathaini, Ngomongo, Kongo Soweto, parts of Kahawa and Githurai, Mirema, Kamiti, and Zimmerman. Both electoral divisions are within the Kasarani Sub-county
As of 2019, Marurui together with Njathaini had a population of 11,522, with 5,920 of them being male and 5,600 being female. The neighbourhood had a population density of 2,769/km$^2$ in a land area of 4.2 km.$^2$

## Points of interest

* Starehe Girls' Centre, is located in Marurui.
* Windsor Golf Club, located in Marurui.
# TM2

TM2 or Tm2 may refer to:
* Soyuz TM-2, the spacecraft used to launch a long duration crew to the Soviet space station Mir
* Thermal Monitor 2, a computer central processing unit thermal control
* TM2, a Rolls-Royce Marine Olympus gas turbine
* Square terametre (Tm$^2$), a multiple of the SI unit of surface area, the square metre
* Tm^2, a metric unit equal to a weber
* Twisted Metal 2, a 1996 video game
# Taklong Island

Taklong Island is the main island of the Taklong Island National Marine Reserve located in Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, off the southern end of the island of Guimaras, in the West Visayas of the Philippines. The island and nearby vicinity was declared by President Corazon Aquino in June 1990. A marine biological station run by the University of the Philippines Visayas (UPV) of nearby Iloilo Province is located on this island. The one-storey station established in 1977 and renovated twice (in 1987 and in 2008) sits on a 1.64 hectares parcel of land donated to UP in 1964, with Carlos P. Romulo as then University President. Donors included the family of the first Lieutenant Governor of then SubProvince of Guimaras, the late Antonio Ortiz. When proclaimed as a national marine reserve in Feb. 8, 1990 by then President Corazon C. Aquino, there was only one family residing in the island, the family of Vicente Basco, the only recognized tenured migrant when Taklong Island became part of the national marine reserve. Mr. Basco was employed by UPV as caretaker of its Station in Taklong Island since the 1970s until his retirement. There are UPV staff, including security guards stationed in the island.
Takong Island was affected by the Guimaras Oil Spill of 2006 with 90% of its mangrove forest being coated with the oil sludge. Rehabilitation efforts in the area was started in 2007. It has fully recovered.
# Vinylphosphonic acid

Vinylphosphonic acid is an organophosphorus compound with the formula C$_2$H$_3$PO$_3$H$_2$. It is a colorless, low-melting solid, although commercial samples are often yellowish viscous liquids. It is used to prepare adhesives. As in other phosphonic acids, the phosphorus center is tetrahedral, being bonded to an organic group (vinyl in this case), two OH groups, and an oxygen.

## Preparation

Vinylphosphonic acid can be prepared in several ways, but the most common involves the addition of PCl$_3$ to acetaldehyde:
    PCl$_3$ + CH$_3$CHO → CH$_3$CH(O$^−$)PCl$_3$$^+$
This adduct reacts with acetic acid:
    CH$_3$CH(O$^−$)PCl$_3$$^+$ + 2 CH$_3$CO$_2$H → CH$_3$CH(Cl)PO(OH)$_2$ + 2 CH$_3$COCl
This chloride undergoes dehydrochlorination to afford the target:
    CH$_3$CH(Cl)PO(OH)$_2$ → CH$_2$=CHPO(OH)$_2$ + HCl

## Applications

Polymerization of vinylphosphonic acid gives polyvinylphosphonic acid, which is best known for promoting adhesion between organic and inorganic phases. Such interfaces exist between coatings and the substrates to which they are applied. Both vinylphosphonic acid homopolymer and its copolymers are the basis of many products which have found applications in scale and corrosion treatment. Polyvinylphosphonic acid is an essential component for the polymer electrolyte membranes used in fuel cell development, in the medical field as dental cements, hydrogels for drug delivery, and components in biomimetic mineralization.
# Vinylsilane

Vinylsilane refers to an organosilicon compound with chemical formula CH$_2$=CHSiH$_3$. It is a derivative of silane (SiH$_4$). The compound, which is a colorless gas, is mainly of theoretical interest.

## Substituted vinylsilanes

More commonly used than the parent vinylsilane are vinyl-substituted silanes with other substituents on silicon. In the area of organic synthesis, vinylsilanes are useful intermediates.
In the area of polymer chemistry and materials science, vinyltrimethoxysilane or vinyltriethoxysilane serve as monomers and coupling agents.

## Preparation

Vinylsilanes are often prepared by hydrosilylation of alkynes. They can be made by the reaction of alkenyl lithium and Grignard reagents with chlorosilanes. In some cases dehydrogenative silylation is another method.
# Vinylsulfonic acid

Vinylsulfonic acid is the organosulfur compound with the chemical formula CH$_2$=CHSO$_3$H. It is the simplest unsaturated sulfonic acid. The C=C double bond is a site of high reactivity. Polymerization gives polyvinylsulfonic acid, especially when used as a comonomer with functionalized vinyl and (meth)acrylic acid compounds. It is a colorless, water-soluble liquid, although commercial samples can appear yellow or even red.

## Preparation

Vinylsulfonic acid is produced industrially by the alkaline hydrolysis of carbyl sulfate with subsequent acidification of the resulting vinyl sulfonate salt:
The reaction is highly exothermic (reaction enthalpy: 1,675 kJ/kg) and requires exact maintenance of temperature and pH during the hydrolysis. When calcium hydroxide is used as the hydrolysis medium, a solution of calcium vinyl sulfonate is obtained. Acidification of this hydrolysis mixture with sulfuric acid gives vinylsulfonic acid, together with the poorly soluble calcium sulfate.
Vinylsulfonic acid also can be prepared by dehydration of isethionic acid with phosphorus pentoxide:
Vinylsulfonic acid can also be prepared by sulfochlorination of chloroethane, dehydrohalogenation to vinylsulfonyl chloride and subsequent hydrolysis of the acid chloride.
       ClCH$_2$CH$_3$ + SO$_2$ + Cl$_2$ → ClCH$_2$CH$_2$SO$_2$Cl + HCl
       ClCH$_2$CH$_2$SO$_2$Cl → H$_2$C=CHSO$_2$Cl + HCl
       CH$_2$=CHSO$_2$Cl + H$_2$O → H$_2$C=CHSO$_3$H + HCl

## Use

The activated C=C double bond of vinylsulfonic acid reacts readily with nucleophiles in an addition reaction. 2-Aminoethanesulfonic acid is formed with ammonia and 2-methylaminoethanesulfonic acid with methylamine.
Vinylsulfonic acid is the monomer in the preparation of highly acidic or anionic homopolymers and copolymers. These polymers are used in the electronic industry as photoresists, as ion-conductive polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) for fuel cells. For example, transparent membranes with high ion exchange capacity and proton conductivity can be produced from polyvinylsulfonic acid.

## Research

Vinylsulfonic acid may also be grafted to polymeric supports (e.g. polystyrene) to give highly acidic ion exchangers, which used as catalysts for esterification and Friedel-Crafts acylations. Where the sulfonic acid functionality is not essential, the much more usable alkaline aqueous solution of sodium vinylsulfonate is used, which is obtained directly in the alkaline hydrolysis of the carbyl sulfate and is commercially supplied as an aqueous solution..
# Pagnani

Pagnani is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andreina Pagnani (1906–1981), Italian actress and voice actress
* Gino Pagnani (1927–2010), Italian actor and voice actor
* Lola Pagnani (born 1972), Italian actress
# Thomas C. Nelson

Thomas Craig Nelson (born 1961/1962) is an American businessman, and the chairman, CEO and president of National Gypsum, a company wholly owned by the Spangler family, since 1999.

## Early life

He is the son of Mr and Mrs Nels Richard Nelson of Glenview, Illinois, an IBM marketing executive in Chicago. His parents are both immigrants from Sweden.

## Education

Nelson earned a bachelor's degree in industrial engineering from Stanford University in 1984, and an MBA from Harvard Business School in 1988.

## Career

Nelson was vice chairman and chief financial officer of National Gypsum from 1995 to 1999, and has been the chairman, CEO and president since 1999.

## Personal life

In 1990, Nelson married Anna Wildy Spangler, a Wellesley College graduate, a fellow 1988 Harvard Business School graduate, and a fellow partner in Wakefield Group, a Charlotte, N.C. venture capital firm. She is the daughter of Clemmie Spangler.
They have two daughters, and live in Charlotte, North Carolina.
# Skelton, Illinois

Skelton is an unincorporated community in Logan County, Illinois, United States. Skelton is located on Illinois Route 10, east of Lincoln.The elevation of Skelton is 610 feet.
# Arnold W. Donald

Arnold W. Donald (born 17 December 1954) is an American businessman. He was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Carnival Corporation & plc from July 2013 to August 2022, when he became vice-chairman.

## Life and career

Donald was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was raised Catholic and graduated from St. Augustine High School.
Donald holds a bachelor's degree in economics from Carleton College in 1976 and a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the McKelvey School of Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis in 1977. He received an MBA from the University of Chicago Graduate Booth School Of Business in 1980.
Donald started his career, working at Monsanto in St. Louis and served various positions over 23 years, including as the president at Monsanto's nutrition and consumer sectors and senior vice president of the parent company.
Donald joined Carnival as CEO in July 2013.
In August 2022, Donald was succeeded as CEO by Josh Weinstein, COO of Carnival; Donald was vice-chairman for the duration of the transition, later moving to a consultant role through 2025.
# Michael Bartlett (director)

Michael F. Bartlett is an American filmmaker, producer, screenwriter, and editor.

## Life and career

Bartlett directed 'Breaking Bad' series star R.J. Mitte in his first feature film, the supernatural thriller 'House of Last Things.' Bartlett sometimes stages his screenplays within his own residences, and 'House of Last Things' was written to fit the location exactly.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Director | Writer | Actor | Editor | Producer | Notes |
| 1987 | Concerto for the Right Hand | Yes | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | |
| 1996 | Wie es ihr gefällt - Cheryl Studer, eine amerikanische Sopranistin | Yes | Yes | No | Yes | No | TV movie |
| 1998 | The Little Girl Who Fell from the Tree | Yes | Yes | No | No | No | |
| 2013 | House of Last Things | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
# Nicolas Stern

Nicolas Stern (born September 12, 1965) is an American film producer. Member of an artist family, he is the son of Golden Globe-winning actress Samantha Eggar and actor/producer Tom Stern. His sister, Jenna Stern, is a film actress.

## Selected filmography

* In God's Hands (1998)
* Random Hearts (1999)
* American Virgin (2000)
* Training Day (2001)
* Around the Bend (2004)
* Catwoman (2004)
* Starsky & Hutch (2004)
* Torque (2004)
* North Country (2005)
* Rumor Has It... (2005)
* The Holiday (2006)
* Vacancy (2007)
# Willmore energy

In differential geometry, the Willmore energy is a quantitative measure of how much a given surface deviates from a round sphere. Mathematically, the Willmore energy of a smooth closed surface embedded in three-dimensional Euclidean space is defined to be the integral of the square of the mean curvature minus the Gaussian curvature. It is named after the English geometer Thomas Willmore.

## Definition

Expressed symbolically, the Willmore energy of S is:
    ${\mathcal {W}}=\int _{S}H^{2}\,dA-\int _{S}K\,dA$
where $H$ is the mean curvature, $K$ is the Gaussian curvature, and dA is the area form of S. For a closed surface, by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem, the integral of the Gaussian curvature may be computed in terms of the Euler characteristic $\chi (S)$ of the surface, so
    $\int _{S}K\,dA=2\pi \chi (S),$
which is a topological invariant and thus independent of the particular embedding in $\mathbb {R} ^{3}$ that was chosen. Thus the Willmore energy can be expressed as
    ${\mathcal {W}}=\int _{S}H^{2}\,dA-2\pi \chi (S)$
An alternative, but equivalent, formula is
    ${\mathcal {W}}={1 \over 4}\int _{S}(k_{1}-k_{2})^{2}\,dA$
where $k_{1}$ and $k_{2}$ are the principal curvatures of the surface.

### Properties

The Willmore energy is always greater than or equal to zero. A round sphere has zero Willmore energy.
The Willmore energy can be considered a functional on the space of embeddings of a given surface, in the sense of the calculus of variations, and one can vary the embedding of a surface, while leaving it topologically unaltered.

## Critical points

A basic problem in the calculus of variations is to find the critical points and minima of a functional.
For a given topological space, this is equivalent to finding the critical points of the function
    $\int _{S}H^{2}\,dA$
since the Euler characteristic is constant.
One can find (local) minima for the Willmore energy by gradient descent, which in this context is called Willmore flow.
For embeddings of the sphere in 3-space, the critical points have been classified: they are all conformal transforms of minimal surfaces, the round sphere is the minimum, and all other critical values are integers greater than 4$\pi$. They are called Willmore surfaces.

## Willmore flow

The Willmore flow is the geometric flow corresponding to the Willmore energy; it is an $L^{2}$-gradient flow.
    $e[{\mathcal {M}}]={\frac {1}{2}}\int _{\mathcal {M}}H^{2}\,\mathrm {d} A$
where H stands for the mean curvature of the manifold ${\mathcal {M}}$.
Flow lines satisfy the differential equation:
    $\partial _{t}x(t)=-\nabla {\mathcal {W}}[x(t)]\,$
where $x$ is a point belonging to the surface.
This flow leads to an evolution problem in differential geometry: the surface ${\mathcal {M}}$ is evolving in time to follow variations of steepest descent of the energy. Like surface diffusion it is a fourth-order flow, since the variation of the energy contains fourth derivatives.

## Applications

* Cell membranes tend to position themselves so as to minimize Willmore energy.
* Willmore energy is used in constructing a class of optimal sphere eversions, the minimax eversions.
# Tattler (bird)

The tattlers are the two very similar bird species in the shorebird genus Tringa. They formerly had their own genus, Heteroscelus. The old genus name means "different leg" in Greek, referring to the leg scales that differentiate the tattlers from their close relatives, the shanks.
The species are:
* Grey-tailed tattler, Tringa brevipes (formerly Heteroscelus brevipes)
* Wandering tattler, Tringa incana (formerly Heteroscelus incanus)
Tattlers resemble a common redshank (T. totanus) in shape and size, but not in color. Their upper parts, underwings, face and neck are greyish, and the belly and the weak supercilium are white, with some greyish streaking on the underside in breeding plumage. They have short yellowish legs and a bill with a pale base and dark tip.
Certain identification to species depends on details like the length of the nasal groove and scaling on the tarsus. Birds in breeding plumage can also (with some experience) be identified by the underside pattern: the grey-tailed tattler has fine barring on throat, breast and flanks only, which appear light grey from a distance; the rest of the underside is pure white. The wandering tattler has a coarser barring, still visible from quite far away, all the way from the throat to the undertail coverts. In non-breeding plumage, observers with much experience will note that the wandering tattler is an overall darker bird with very weak supercilia, whereas the grey-tailed tattler is lighter – particularly on the face, due to their stronger supercilia. Their normal calls also differ strongly; the grey-tailed tattler has a disyllabic whistle, whereas the wandering tattler has a rippling trill. But when they flee from the observer or are otherwise startled or excited, both species alike give a variety of longer or shorter alarm calls.
Tattlers are strongly migratory and winter in the tropics and subtropics on muddy and sandy coasts. These are not particularly gregarious birds and are seldom seen in large flocks except at roosts. These birds forage on the ground or water, picking up food by sight. They eat insects, crustaceans and other invertebrates.
Their breeding habitat is stony riverbeds. They nest on the ground, but these waders will perch in trees and sometimes use old nests of other birds.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Pereira & Baker (2005), Banks et al. (2006)
* 1 2 3 Hayman et al. (1986)
* ↑ Hayman et al. (1986), VanderWerf (2006)
# Mauro Gardin

Mauro Gardin (born 27 March 1961, in Padua) is a former Italian rugby union player who played as lock.
Along with Artuso, Farina and Galeazzo in Petrarca's scrum which dominated the Italian rugby scenario in the 1980s (5 scudetti and 1 Coppa Italia), Gardin debuted in the national team in the 1981-82 FIRA Trophy, at Moscow, against Soviet Union (the final result was 12-12).
A very strong lock (almost two metres high), he took part to all the tournament editions until 1986, then, he took part to the 1987 Rugby World Cup playing all the three matches of the tournament.
He ended his international career a year later, against Romania.
Focusing on the technical career after retiring from the player career, in the 2008-09 season, Gardin is the scrum coach of Valsugana Rugby, a club from Padua, which plays in Serie B.
# Mauricio Martínez (boxer)

Mauricio Martínez Aguirre (born May 20, 1975 in Colón ) is a former Panamanian bantamweight boxer .

## Boxing career

In 1995 Martínez successfully started his professional career. On September 4, 2000, he boxed against Lester Fuentes for the vacant WBO world title and won by 5th round knockout. He made only one defence of his belt against Esham Pickering before losing the title to Mexican boxer Cruz Carbajal. He lost 6 of his last 7 fights and ended up retiring in 2012.