OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Query evaluation

In database theory, the query evaluation problem is the problem of determining the answers to a query on a database. Research in database theory aims at determining the computational complexity of answering different kinds of queries over databases, in particular over relational databases.

## Formal definition

The query evaluation problem takes two inputs: the query to be answered, and the database on which to answer it. The output of the problem is the set of answers to the query on the database. If the queries are Boolean queries, i.e., queries have a yes or no answer (for example, Boolean conjunctive queries) then the query evaluation problem is a decision problem.
The query evaluation problem is usually posed for a specific class of queries and databases. For instance, one example of the query evaluation problem would be the problem of evaluating a conjunctive query on a relational database.
The computational complexity of the problem can be measured in different ways, to account for the fact that the two inputs of the problem are different:
* The combined complexity of the query evaluation problem is its computational complexity when measured as a function of the two inputs, i.e., the query and the database, as usual in computational complexity.
* The data complexity is the computational complexity when the query is fixed and when the input is just the database. For instance, we say that query evaluation has polynomial-time data complexity for a class of queries if, for every fixed query Q in that class, given a database D, we can compute the answers to Q on D in polynomial time.
* Less commonly, we can study the query complexity, which is the computational complexity when the database is fixed and when the input is just the query. This is also called expression complexity.

## Query classes

The complexity of query evaluation can be studied for several query classes, for instance acyclic queries, conjunctive queries, unions of conjunctive queries, Datalog, regular path queries, etc., up to logical formalisms like first-order logic or monadic second-order logic.
For instance, for Boolean conjunctive queries, the complexity of query evaluation is polynomial in data complexity: it even falls in the class AC0. By contrast, the query complexity and combined complexity are NP-complete by a reduction from 3-colorability.

## Boolean versus non-Boolean queries

The complexity of query evaluation can be studied for queries that return answers, or for Boolean queries (yes/no queries). However, we can often reduce to the case of Boolean queries. More specifically, if the number of answers to the query is always polynomial in the database size, and if we can rewrite the query to a Boolean query for each answer, then we can reduce query evaluation for a non-Boolean query to polynomially many Boolean query evaluation problems.
# Quinby (automobile)

The Quinby was an American automobile manufactured in 1899 in Newark, New Jersey.

## History

The Horseless Age magazine of March 1899 reported "'It is an unfailing sign of the times, when one of the oldest carriage-building firms in the country, noted for more than half a century for the excellence of their product, embarks in the manufacture of electric carriages.”
J. M. Quinby & Company had been established in Newark in 1834. For a short time, Electric carriages were built to custom order only, though the firm provided a variety of adaptable styles. An electric "on the Leitner system", developed by Henry Moritz Leitner, Electrical Undertakings, Ltd., used two 2½ motors which were geared to the rear wheels. Many of the vehicles appear to have been exported, and the first Quinby Electric was tested in England, where it drove sixty miles without a charge averaging 12½ miles an hour. The battery accumulator system used regenerative braking.

### Automobile Coachbuilders

Shortly after the turn of the century, when the Quinby electric car was discontinued, the firm turned to coach-building for the automotive industry. In 1902, Herbert T. Strong, one of Quinby's designers, patented a process for making composite aluminum over wood for automobile bodies. This innovation helped launch their bodybuilding business. Quinby's annual Importers Salon exhibits consisted of a variety of open and closed body styles on various imported chassis - Benz, Daimler, Decauville, FIAT, Isotta-Fraschini, Lancia, Mercedes, Minerva, Panhard, Renault, and Rolls-Royce. American makes displayed at the New York Auto Show included Simplex, Jennis, Locomobile, Lozier, Matheson, Packard, Pennsylvania, Pierce (Great Arrow), Pierce-Arrow, Scott, Singer, Smith & Mabley and Wick.
In March 1917 Quinby announced its retirement from business.
# Quench press

A quench press is a machine that uses concentrated forces to hold an object as it is quenched. These types of quench facilities are used to quench large gears and other circular parts so that they remain circular. They are also used to quench saw blades and other flat or plate-shaped objects so that they remain flat.
Quench presses are able to quench the part while it is being held because of the unique structure of the clamps holding the part. Clamps are slotted so that oil or water can flow through each slot and cool the part and the ribs of the clamps can hold the part in place.
# Quenched approximation

In lattice field theory, the quenched approximation is an approximation often used in lattice gauge theory in which the quantum loops of fermions in Feynman diagrams are neglected. Equivalently, the corresponding one-loop determinants are set to one. This approximation is often forced upon the physicists because the calculation with the Grassmann numbers is computationally very difficult in lattice gauge theory.
In particular, quenched QED is QED without dynamical electrons, and quenched QCD is QCD without dynamical quarks.
Recent calculations typically avoid the quenched approximation.
# Quinua District

Quinua District is one of fifteen districts of the province Huamanga in Peru.

## Ethnic groups

The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (87.00%) learnt to speak in childhood, 12.76% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).

## Climate

Climate data for La Quinua, elevation 3,215 m (10,548 ft), (1991–2020) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.6 (65.5) | 18.1 (64.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 18.4 (65.1) | 18.7 (65.7) | 18.1 (64.6) | 17.8 (64.0) | 18.7 (65.7) | 19.2 (66.6) | 19.6 (67.3) | 20.6 (69.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 18.7 (65.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.1 (44.8) | 7.1 (44.8) | 7.0 (44.6) | 6.5 (43.7) | 5.3 (41.5) | 4.0 (39.2) | 3.4 (38.1) | 4.0 (39.2) | 5.7 (42.3) | 6.6 (43.9) | 6.8 (44.2) | 6.7 (44.1) | 5.9 (42.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 129.3 (5.09) | 149.3 (5.88) | 123.2 (4.85) | 41.7 (1.64) | 20.5 (0.81) | 5.8 (0.23) | 12.5 (0.49) | 12.9 (0.51) | 34.5 (1.36) | 50.7 (2.00) | 62.7 (2.47) | 112.7 (4.44) | 755.8 (29.77) |
| Source: National Meteorology and Hydrology Service of Peru ||||||||||||||
# Quitumbe metro station

Quitumbe is a Quito Metro station. It was officially opened on 21 December 2022 as the southern terminal of the inaugural section of the system, between Quitumbe and El Labrador. The revenue service started on 2 May 2023 and stopped on 11 May 2023. It resumed on 1 December 2023. The adjacent station is Morán Valverde.
This is an underground station. It is located below Avenida Condor Ñan, next to a large ground transportation terminal.
On 23 January 2023, the first train with 600 passengers to whom invitations were extended arrived at the station.
# Quisqualamine

Quisqualamine is the α-decarboxylated analogue of quisqualic acid, as well as a relative of the neurotransmitters glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). α-Decarboxylation of excitatory amino acids can produce derivatives with inhibitory effects. Indeed, unlike quisqualic acid, quisqualamine has central depressant and neuroprotective properties and appears to act predominantly as an agonist of the GABA$_A$ receptor and also to a lesser extent as an agonist of the glycine receptor, due to the facts that its actions are inhibited in vitro by GABA$_A$ antagonists like bicuculline and picrotoxin and by the glycine antagonist strychnine, respectively. Mg$^{2+}$ and DL-AP5, NMDA receptor blockers, CNQX, an antagonist of both the AMPA and kainate receptors, and 2-hydroxysaclofen, a GABA$_B$ receptor antagonist, do not affect quisqualamine's actions in vitro, suggesting that it does not directly affect the ionotropic glutamate receptors or the GABA$_B$ receptor in any way. Whether it binds to and acts upon any of the metabotropic glutamate receptors like its analogue quisqualic acid however is unclear.
# R. Kanagasuntheram

Professor Ragunathar Kanagasuntheram (13 October 1919 – 19 June 2010) was a Sri Lankan Tamil physician, zoologist, academic and dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Jaffna.

## Early life and family

Kanagasuntheram was born on 13 October 1919 in Karainagar in northern Ceylon. He was the son of Ragunathar, a teacher from Karainagar. He was educated at Karainagar Hindu College and Jaffna Hindu College. After school he joined Ceylon Medical College in 1938. He graduated from the University of Ceylon in 1944 with a first class honours MBBS degree and was awarded the Rockwood Gold Medal. He passed the part 1 of the Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons exam in 1947 but did not sit the part 2 exam for health reasons.
Kanagasuntheram married Sornam. They had two sons (Narendran and Rajendran) and three daughters (Pathmini, Bhavani and Panja).

## Career

Kanagasuntheram joined the University of Ceylon, Colombo as a lecturer in anatomy in 1948. He then proceeded to the University of Cambridge from where he received a PhD degree in 1952. He won colours at Cambridge in tennis.
Kanagasuntheram then worked at the University of Khartoum from 1958 and 1962 as a senior lecturer and reader of anatomy. He was appointed Professor of Anatomy and head of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Singapore in 1962. He was the first Asian to chair the department. He retired in 1979 and was appointed emeritus professor in 1981. He was visiting professor at Flinders University.
Kanagasuntheram was Professor of Anatomy and head of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Jaffna. He was dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the university from July 1981 to December 1983.
Kanagasuntheram became a member of the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland in 1951, and later on was made a life member. He was a fellow of the Zoological Society of London, fellow of the Institute of Biology and a member of the Academy of Medicine of Singapore. He was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Jaffna.
The National University of Singapore has named a bursary in honour of Kanagasuntheram.

## Later life

Kanagasuntheram returned to Singapore. He died on 19 June 2010 in Adelaide, Australia.

## Works

* A New Approach to Dissection of the Human Body: A Thirty Week Schedule Incorporating the Objective Method of Learning by R. Kanagasuntheram, P. Sivanandasigham and A. Krishnamurti (1977, Singapore University Press; ISBN 9971690128)
* Anatomy: Regional, Functional and Clinical by R. Kanagasuntheram, P. Sivanandasigham and A. Krishnamurti (1987, PG Medical Books; ISBN 9789971973926)
* A New Approach of the Human Body by R. Kanagasuntheram and P. Sivanandasigham (1988, PG Publishing; ISBN 9813096160)
* Textbook of Anatomy by R. Kanagasuntheram, P. Sivanandasigham and A. Krishnamurti (1996, Sangam Books; ISBN 0-86311-652-3)
# Qushui, Jiangcheng County

Qushui (simplified Chinese: 曲水镇; traditional Chinese: 曲水鎮; pinyin: Qǔshuǐ Zhèn) is a town in Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County, Yunnan, China. As of the 2017 census it had a population of 16,811 and an area of 588.3093-square-kilometre (227.1475 sq mi). The town sits at the junction of China, Vietnam and Laos.

## Administrative division

As of 2016, the town is divided into seven villages:
* Lvman (绿满村)
* Basan (坝伞村)
* Lazhu (拉珠村)
* Tianxin (田心村)
* Longtang (龙塘村)
* Gaoshan (高山村)
* Nuna (怒那村)

## History

On December 28, 2012, it was upgraded to a town.

## Geography

The town is situated at the eastern Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County. The town is bordered to the north by Lüchun County, to the east by Vietnam, to the south by Laos, and to the west by Guoqing Township, Jiahe Township and Menglie Town.
The highest point in the town is Mount Shiceng (十层大山) which stands 1,975 metres (6,480 ft) above sea level. The lowest point is in Gaoshan Village (高山村), which, at 317 metres (1,040 ft) above sea level.
The town enjoys a subtropical humid monsoon climate, with an average annual temperature of 21.8 °C (71.2 °F), total annual rainfall of 2,260-millimetre (89 in), annual average evaporation of 1,359.5-millimetre (53.52 in), and annual average sunshine hours in 1871 hours.
There are five major rivers and streams in the town, namely the Lvman River, Tuka River, Zhengkangba River, Lazhu River, and Tianxin River.

## Economy

Agriculture and animal husbandry also play roles in the local economy. The main crops are rice and corn.

## Demographics

As of 2017, the National Bureau of Statistics of China estimates the town's population now to be 16,811.
# RAF Snitterfield

RAF Snitterfield is a former Royal Air Force satellite station located west of Snitterfield, Warwickshire, England, 3.3 miles (5.3 km) north of Stratford-upon-Avon and 4.6 miles (7.4 km) south-east of Henley-in-Arden, Warwickshire.
Snitterfield was operational during the Second World War, the airfield was a class A airfield and had around 30 aircraft dispersals. The airfield was finished around June 1942 and cost around £1,147,000 and opened in 1943 then closed in 1946.

## Posted units

No. 18 (Pilots) Advanced Flying Unit RAF ((P)AFU) was the first unit to operate from the airfield starting on 7 May 1943 at RAF Church Lawford and using Snitterfield as a satellite airfield to disperse the aircraft as Church Lawford was very busy. On 3 April 1945 the unit moved permanently to RAF Snitterfield using Airspeed Oxfords and Miles Magisters.
The airfield was also home to two Belgian training schools firstly the Initial Training School dealing with reception and training elements from 1 January 1944 until 13 December 1944 and secondly the Technical Training School from January 1944 until October 1946.
From May 1945 to 1946, Snitterfield was used as a Relief Landing Ground by No. 20 Service Flying Training School from RAF Church Lawford.
The airfield was also host to other units including:
* No. 1533 Beam Approach Training Flight which joined in 1944 flying the Airspeed Oxford left 3 April 1945.
* No. 21 Flying Training School flying the North American Harvard joined the airfield on 3 April 1945 until 18 September 1946.

## Accidents and incidents

During life as a RAF training base accidents were not far away with a number of airmen killed during training and within the surrounding area.
| Date | Incident |
| 1 September 1942 | Bristol Beaufighter X7943 YD-P of No. 255 Squadron RAF dived into the ground during an electrical storm. |
| 14 February 1944 | Vickers Wellington HZ110 of 22 OTU was diverted to the airfield in bad weather, where the bomber crashed after seven attempts to land. |
| 10 July 1944 | Airspeed Oxford NM278 of 18 (P)AFU made a violent recovery from a diving turn, causing the wings to break away. |
| 25 July 1944 | Wellington HF610 of 22 OTU belly landed. |
| 26 August 1944 | Miles Magister T9895 of 18 (P)AFU crashed on landing. |

## Motor sports usage

In 1948, RAF Snitterfield was one of two disused airfields given special consideration as to the suitability of hosting a British Grand Prix. In the end, RAF Silverstone was chosen as the venue.

## Current use

The north-east section of the airfield is currently the Stratford Oaks Golf club and the south-east section is home to Stratford-Upon-Avon Gliding Club. However, before these were built there was a Wireless Transmission station.
At the southern end of the airfield is now Stratford Armouries which is a military museum that was built in 2007.
# Qutabewal Araian

Qutabewal Araian is a village located in the Ludhiana West tehsil, of Ludhiana district, Punjab.

## Administration

The village is administrated by a Sarpanch who is an elected representative of village as per constitution of India and Panchayati raj (India).
| Particulars | Total | Male | Female |
| Total No. of Houses | 147 | | |
| Population | 755 | 386 | 369 |

## Air travel connectivity

The closest airport to the village is Sahnewal Airport.
# RNAS Capel

RNAS Capel (later RAF Folkestone) was a First World War airship station near Folkestone, Kent.

## History

When Germany declared in February 1915 that it would commence unrestricted submarine warfare, the Royal Navy responded with the building of airship stations around the coast. Being close to the Dover Straits the open fields east of Capel-le-Ferne were seen as ideal location for a base and work began in April 1915. Although not entirely completed, the base was officially opened on 8 May 1915, under the command of Lt. A.D. Cunningham. The first airship for Capel was to have been SS-1 the first of a new sea scout class of non-rigid airships, on delivery to Capel from RNAS Kingsnorth on 7 May it hit telegraph wires and was destroyed. Despite the accident, more sea scouts were soon delivered to Capel.

## Airship production

Following the successful repair to SS-10 at Capel production of the airships moved from Kingsnorth to Capel, although by 1916 production had moved again to Vickers at Barrow and RNAS Wormwood Scrubs. The engineering section at Capel went on to design an improved variant of the SS airship, which would be known as the SSZ. The SSZ had an improved aluminium covered ash-framed car and was fitted with a 75 hp Rolls-Royce Hawk aero-engine, it was fitted with a 70,000 cu ft (2,000 m$^3$) envelope and test flown in August 1916. When the Admiralty were informed about the new airship they censured the air station for carrying out unauthorised modifications, but on the other hand ordered the type into production.

## Operations

The airships carried out patrols along the English coast, and escorted shipping across the channel as a lookout for submarines. In April 1918, the Royal Air Force was formed and Capel became RAF Folkestone. By then it had three large airship sheds and a grass landing area. On 16 September 1918, while under the command of a United States Navy officer, SSZ.1 depth-charged and sank submarine UB-103.
Two sub-stations were used: at Godmersham Park north of Wye, and Wittersham south of Tenterden. The sites were used as mooring-out bases where airships could be secured in a sheltered area.

## Closure

Following the end of the First World War, the station closed during the summer of 1919. In the Second World War the site was used as a radio monitoring station.
# RPM College, Patna

RPM College, Patna also known as Rameshwardas Pannalal Mahila College is a degree college in Bihar, India. It is a constituent unit of Patliputra University. College offers Senior secondary education and Undergraduate degree in Arts, Science.

## History

College was established in 1970. It became a constituent unit of Patliputra University in 2018.

## Degrees and courses

College offers the following degrees and courses.
* Senior Secondary
** Intermediate of Arts
** Intermediate of Science
* Bachelor's degree
** Bachelor of Arts
** Bachelor of Science
# R568 road

R568 road may refer to:
* R568 road (Ireland)
* R568 (South Africa)
# Rachel Schofield

Rachel Katherine Schofield (born 13 March 1976 in Winchester, Hampshire) is an English career coach and former journalist and news presenter.

## Education

Schofield was educated at St Margaret's School, Exeter, an independent school for girls.
She obtained a first class degree in Modern European Languages (French, German and Italian) at Durham University (St John's College), where she joined Purple FM. She was at Durham from 1994–98, spending a year in Vienna. From 1998–99, she did a Broadcast Journalism course at the London College of Printing (now called the London College of Communication).

## Radio and television career

She started her career at the BBC on BBC Radio Newcastle in 1999 and also reported for BBC Look North. She then moved to be a reporter for BBC Radio 4 before joining BBC News. Schofield resigned from her position in September 2012 although has returned on a freelance basis.
At the beginning of September 2020, she co-hosted the Jeremy Vine show for one week, standing in for the regular show co-host Storm Huntley.

## Personal life

She met the then Newsnight reporter Jeremy Vine in the run-up to the 2001 general election when he was touring Britain in a VW camper van. The couple married in 2002 and live in west London with their two daughters.
# Raben

Raben is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Cathrine Raben Davidsen (born 1972), Danish artist
* Frederik Christian Raben (1769–1838), Danish count, traveller and amateur naturalist
* Frederik Raben-Levetzau (1850–1933), Danish count and politician
* Peer Raben (1940–2007), German composer
* Robert Raben (born 1963), American attorney
* Sam Raben (born 1997), American soccer player
# Rabelera

Rabelera holostea, known as greater stitchwort, greater starwort, and addersmeat, is a perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the family Caryophyllaceae. It was formerly placed in the genus Stellaria, as Stellaria holostea, but was transferred to the genus Rabelera in 2019 based on phylogenetic analyses. It is the only species in the genus Rabelera. Greater stitchwort is native to Western and Central Europe, including the British Isles.
Greater stichwort can be found in woodlands, edges, and open fields and is sometimes grown in gardens.

## Description

Greater stitchwort can grow up to 60 cm (24 in) in height, with roughly 4-angled stems. The long, narrow (lanceolate) leaves are greyish green, hairless, sessile, opposite, and decussate (the successive pairs borne at right angles to each other).$^{:460}$$^{:90}$
The flowers are white, 2–3 cm (0.79–1.18 in) across, with five petals split to about halfway the length of the petal. The sepals are much shorter than the petals.
* Flowers
* Leaves
* With a small yellow underwing, Panemeria tenebrata

## Taxonomy
### Etymology

The specific epithet holostea comes from the Greek holosteon, meaning 'entire bone'; a reference to the brittleness of the weak stems of this plant.

### Common names

The common name stitchwort is a reference to a herbal remedy in which this plant is used allegedly to cure side stitch, which afflicts many people when they try to run without stretching first. Other common names for Rabelera holostea include: daddy's-shirt-buttons, poor-man's buttonhole, brassy buttons, wedding cakes, star-of-Bethlehem, and snapdragon. Many of these names are in reference to the stems, which easily break.