OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nitrapyrin

Nitrapyrin is an organic compound with the formula ClC$_5$H$_3$NCCl$_3$, and is described as a white crystalline solid with a sweet odor. It is used as a nitrification inhibitor and bactericide, which is applied to soils for the growing of agricultural crops since 1974. Nitrapyrin was put up for review by the EPA and deemed safe for use in 2005. Nitrapyrin is an effective nitrification inhibitor to the bacteria Nitrosomonas and has been shown to drastically the reduce the amount of N$_2$O emissions from the soil.

## Synthesis

Nitrapyrin is commonly produced by the photochlorination of 2-methylpyridine:
    CH$_3$-C$_5$H$_4$N + 4Cl$_2$ → CCl$_3$-ClC$_5$H$_3$N + 4 HCl

## Function

Nitrapyrin affects the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) pathway, which is important for NH$_3$ oxidation in nitrification; it also functions as an inhibitor of the urease enzyme in the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas, preventing hydrolytic action on urea. It is applied to the region of soil and inhibits nitrification for 8–10 weeks. Urease Inhibition specifically prevents the following reaction:
(NH$_2$)$_2$CO + H$_2$O → CO$_2$ + 2NH$_3$
Without this capability Nitrosomonas cannot produce nitrite thus inhibiting nitrification:
2NH$_4$$^+$ + 3O$_2$ → 2NO$_2$$^−$ + 2 H$_2$O + 4H$^+$

## Degradation/Decomposition

Nitrapyrin decomposes both in soil and in plants. The compound itself tends not to persist in nature. The primary decomposition is the hydrolysis of the trichloromethyl functional group, resulting primarily in 6-chloro-picolinic acid which is the only detected residue in plant metabolisms.

## Effects in Agriculture

In an agricultural setting, nitrapyrin is seen to increase nitrogen retention and decrease nitrogen leaching in root zone. Nitrapyrin also has the effect of increasing crop yield and decreasing emissions of N$_2$O gas. Nitrapyrin isn't the only product applied to soils for the growing of crops, when combined with urea and mulch, wheat biomass increased by 33% and overall yield increased by 23%. Total N$_2$O emissions reduced by 66-75% when compared to urea only experiments, suggesting that nitrapyrin affects the ability of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria to engage in nitrification and produce N$_2$O gas.
# Nitraria schoberi

Nitraria schoberi, the nitrebush (a name it shares with other members of its genus), is a species of flowering plant in the family Nitrariaceae. It has an Irano-Turanian distribution. Its fruit, edible and salty-sweet, are collected by local peoples and eaten fresh or preserved. Archeological evidence shows that people have been eating the fruit since Epipalaeolithic times.
# Venturin Thrauison

Venturin Thrauison was a politician of the late 16th century in Slovenia when the country was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1593. He was succeeded by Mihael Rosen in 1595.
# Venus Figurines from Valdivia

From the Valdivia site over seventy fragments and one complete figure of these female statuettes have been found. These figurines measure anywhere from 4.6 cm to 8.8 cm when complete in form.

## Appearance and Construction

Early figurative sculptures from Valdivia were vague outlines of human forms without gender or individualized features. As time went on, figurines were given more details and the signature coiffures of the Venus figurines as well as breasts or suggestions of pregnancy appeared. This higher level of detail was made possible when the carvers began to sculpt stone slabs and incise finer details into the figurines.
The figurines are simple and compact in style with very few marks made to identify as facial features. Perhaps the most individualizing aspect of these figurines is the elaborate hairstyles for each individual figurine. Some hairstyles even eclipse other features of the woman such as her face and chin, clearly taking preference over other aspects of her form.
The construction of these figurines was as simple as their compact appearance. The women's body and head were formed by two coils, and then the larger details such as face, breasts, and arms were added with additional coils of clay. Gashes to mimic eyebrows, eyes, and a mouth were included while the clay was still wet. As a final step, the creators then waited for the material to dry and then added the coiffure hairdo. However, since the clay was almost completely dry at this point, the final hairpiece tended to fall off.

### Intersex attributes

While most figurines were obviously female with protruding breasts and feminine coiffures, a few figurines have "...a small conical projection..." in the pubic area. Some scholars such as Evans and Meggers suggest that this symbolizes intersexuality, and the inclusion of other female aspects such as curvy hips and large breasts supports this theory.

## Purpose

While their true purpose remains elusive, scholars associate the Venus figurines with fertility and fertility rituals. However, it is possible to take this association a step further.

### Shamanistic Practices

In Valdivian indigenous shamanistic practices, small human figurines are transformed into holy objects that possess the power to cure disease. It is possible that the Valdivian people may have created the figurines to "...serve a spiritual need, for a specific ritual or ceremonial event (most often assumed related to fertility), for a particular woman, or for the well-being of the home or community." These Venus figurines could very well have been used in household ceremonies and then thrown out after the ritual ended, and their discovery "...in ancient refuse heaps indicate[s] that they would 'outlive' their usefulness and be discarded." This ritualistic treatment is common within Andean shaman practices where "...spirits vivify and inhabit effigies.." and "...it is likely that when women who had a ritual intervention successfully got pregnant, the vehicle was necessarily destroyed."
# Nivelon de Quierzy

Nivelon de Quierzy (died 13 September 1207) was the bishop of Soissons from 1176 until his death. He was also the chief prelate of the army of the Fourth Crusade.

## Biography

Nivelon was the son of Gérard II, lord of Muret and Quierzy, and Agnès de Longpont. He became a canon in 1166 and the bishop of Soissons in 1176. As bishop, Nivelon oversaw the construction of the new Gothic cathedral of Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais.
Nivelon enlisted in the Fourth Crusade in late 1199 or early 1200, thus becoming one of the first persons to do so. He was significantly involved in the crusade's planning, having organised three deliberative assemblies in Soissons (once in 1200 and twice in 1201). Pope Innocent III tasked Nivelon with telling the crusaders about his disapproval of their planned invasion of Constantinople. However, not only did he withhold this message, Nivelon also preached that such an invasion would be just because the Greeks were "schismatic and traitorous". On 12 April 1204, Nivelon commandeered the Paradise, which led the naval attack against Constantinople and reached its harbour walls on the same day. After the crusaders took control of the city, Nivelon served as one of the twelve electors who installed Baldwin I as emperor of Constantinople.
The crusaders also stole some 3,600 relics from Constantinople. Nivelon himself sent back a vast quantity of "high-status" relics to his cathedral in Soissons, the first batch of which included Mark the Evangelist's crown, Stephen's skull, Thomas the Apostle's finger (specifically the one that had been placed on Jesus' side), a thorn from Jesus' crown, a towel that Jesus had worn during the Last Supper, and Mary's veil; these relics were received by the cathedral on 27 June 1205.
On 13 October 1205 or 1206, Nivelon returned to Soissons and delivered another batch of relics to his cathedral, including two pieces of the True Cross, one of Saint Blaise's ribs, the staff of Moses, and the skulls of Thomas the Apostle and John the Baptist. Nivelon also gave many relics to other abbeys and convents in Soissons. For the subsequent three centuries, the translation of these relics to northern France was commemorated on the Sunday after the ascension of Jesus (13 October).
As a friend of Boniface I, Marquis of Montferrat, the commander of the crusade, Nivelon was appointed as archbishop of Thessalonica and was given special permission to remain as bishop of Soissons at the same time. Nivelon died on 13 September 1207 in Apulia, having been sent back to the West to gather reinforcements for the Latin Empire in Greece. Following Nivelon's death, Haymard of Provins was elected as bishop of Soissons.
# Niven's constant

In number theory, Niven's constant, named after Ivan Niven, is the largest exponent appearing in the prime factorization of any natural number n "on average". More precisely, if we define H(1) = 1 and H(n) = the largest exponent appearing in the unique prime factorization of a natural number n > 1, then Niven's constant is given by
    $\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{j=1}^{n}H(j)=1+\sum _{k=2}^{\infty }\left(1-{\frac {1}{\zeta (k)}}\right)=1.705211\dots$
where ζ is the Riemann zeta function.
In the same paper Niven also proved that
    $\sum _{j=1}^{n}h(j)=n+c{\sqrt {n}}+o({\sqrt {n}})$
where h(1) = 1, h(n) = the smallest exponent appearing in the unique prime factorization of each natural number n > 1, o is little o notation, and the constant c is given by
    $c={\frac {\zeta ({\frac {3}{2}})}{\zeta (3)}},$
and consequently that
    $\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{j=1}^{n}h(j)=1.$
# Velvet, Washington

Velvet is an unincorporated community in Stevens County, in the U.S. state of Washington. It is located on Washington State Route 25 just south of the Canadian border.

## History

A post office called Velvet was established in 1912 and closed in 1920. The community took its name from nearby Velvet Mine. Velvet was located on the Great Northern Railway.
# Venusia sikkimensis

Venusia sikkimensis is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by William Warren in 1893. It can be found in Bhutan, Nepal, India and China.
# Nolfophidion

Nolfophidion is an extinct genus of prehistoric ray-finned fish.
# Vermentino nero

Vermentino nero is a red Italian wine grape variety that is predominantly grown in province of Massa-Carrara in Tuscany. After World War II, the vine was almost lost to extinction until Podere Scurtarola, a producer from Massa, began replanting old vineyards with the grape. By 2000, there were 199 hectares (492 acres) of Vermentino nero growing in Italy with the grape authorized for production in the Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC) wines of Candia dei Colli Apuani and Colline Lucchesi.
The grape was long believed to a dark-berried color mutation of Vermentino though some ampelographers believe that the grape may have Spanish origins and be related to Monastrell or the Aragonese grape Parraleta used in the wines of Somontano. As of 2012, DNA profiling on the grape variety has not been able to confirm or deny either theory.

## History

The exact origins of Vermentino nero is not yet known. There are some ampelographers who believe that the grape is a color mutation of the widely planted white Vermentino grape (known as Pigato in neighboring Liguria and Favorita in Piedmont) and maybe native to the Massa-Carrara region in Tuscany. Other ampelographers believe that the grape may have Spanish origins and could be a relative of Monastrell and Parraleta. So far DNA analysis has not been able to produce evidence to support or cast doubt on either theory.
Like many Italian varieties, plantings of Vermentino nero sharply declined during the early 20th century as the conflicts of the era took its toll on viticulture throughout the country. By the end of World War II, Vermentino nero was on the verge of extinction until a Massa wine producer, Podere Scurtarola, began cultivating old vineyards with the variety (much the same way that the estate helped revive Barsaglina). Historically a blending variety, Scurtarola released the first varietal Vermentino nero in 1989.

## Viticulture

Vermentino nero is a mid to late ripening grape variety. The vine is very susceptible to the viticultural hazards of botrytis bunch rot and powdery mildew.

## Wine regions

In 2000, there were 199 ha (492 acres) of Vermentino nero planted in Italy, nearly all of it in the provinces of Massa-Carrara and Lucca in Tuscany. The grape is an authorized variety in the DOC wines of Candia dei Colli Apuani in Massa-Carrara, Colline Lucchesi in Lucca and Colli di Luni in Liguria.

## Styles

According to Master of Wine Jancis Robinson, Vermentino nero tends to produce full bodied wines with dark fruit aromas and spicy notes.

## Synonyms

The only synonym recognized by the Vitis International Variety Catalogue (VIVC) for Vermentino nero is Vermentina nera.
# Venera (disambiguation)

Venera (Cyrillic: Венера) was a series of Soviet probes to Venus.
Venera may also refer to:
* Santa Venera, town in Malta
* Venera Terra, region on Pluto named for the Venera program

## People

* Saint Venera (born ?), Christian martyr
* Venera Chernyshova (born 1954), former Soviet biathlete
* Venera Getova (born 1980), Bulgarian discus thrower
* Venera Lumani (born 1991), Albanian singer from Macedonia
* Venera Zaripova (born 1966), former Soviet rhythmic gymnast
* Vénera Kastrati (born 1975), Albanian-Italian artist
# Njega

Njega is a Kikuyu dialect word which means “Good” in English. However, there is a place called Njega's which was named after a traditional Chief by the name “Njega Wa Gioko” who was born early in 1865 and died in 1948 aged 83 it is believed that he was the most polygamist king to have ever been known by the Kikuyu tribe after marrying seventy-two wives. Some of his grandsons and great grandsons still dominate the place which cannot be geographically determined.
Njega Boys Secondary School together with Njega Primary School, are public education facilities in Kanyeki-ini ward, Kirinyaga Central in Kirinyaga County, situated approximately 2 km from Kagio-Kutus road. The grave of where the remains of the late king “Njega Wa Gioko" is believed to have been buried, is still well enshrined in the compound of Njega Secondary School. It is believed that the entire of Kirinyaga County piece of land belonged to Njega Wa Gioko and his old form of amassed wealth of livestock grazed on the Mwea Plateau. It is not yet well known why the Chief collaborated with the newly arrived white man.
This is the raw information as gathered by the facts and narrations from the local residents.
# Verticordia auriculata

Verticordia auriculata is a flowering plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a small, multi-branched shrub with small leaves and spikes of pink to magenta-coloured flowers in late spring to early summer and it is widespread in the wheatbelt.

## Description

Verticordia auriculata is a highly branched shrub with a single stem at the base and which grows to a height of 20–60 cm (8–20 in) and a width of 20–90 cm (8–40 in). Its leaves are broadly elliptic in shape, 1.5–2 mm (0.06–0.08 in) long, dished and have short hairs along their edges.
The flowers are scented and arranged in spike-like groups near the ends of the branches, each flower on a stalk 1.5–2.0 mm (0.06–0.08 in) long. The floral cup is top-shaped, 2.0–2.5 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long, and has 5 ribs and a pitted surface. The sepals are pale pink to magenta, 4 mm (0.2 in) long, with 4 or 5 feather-like lobes and prominent, silvery appendages. The petals are egg-shaped, pink to magenta, 5 mm (0.2 in) long, slightly rough to touch and have a thread-like fringe. The style is about 5 mm (0.2 in) long, S-shaped and has hairs about 0.5 mm (0.02 in) long. Flowering time is from October to January.

## Taxonomy and naming

Verticordia auriculata was first formally described by Alex George in 1991 and the description was published in Nuytsia from specimens collected near Perenjori. The specific epithet (auriculata) is derived from a Latin word meaning "having ear-like appendages" referring to the appendages on the sepals.
George placed this species in subgenus Eperephes, section Verticordella along with V. pennigera, V. halophila, V. blepharophylla, V. lindleyi, V. carinata, V. drummondii, V. wonganensis,V. paludosa, V. luteola, V. attenuata, V. tumida, V. mitodes, V. centipeda, V. bifimbriata, V. pholidophylla, V. spicata and V. hughanii.

## Distribution and habitat

This verticordia grows in sand, often over other substrates, often in association with other verticordias, in heath or shrubland. It is widespread in areas between Mullewa, Yalgoo, Moonijin and Mukinbudin in the Avon Wheatbelt, Geraldton Sandplains and Yalgoo biogeographic regions.

## Conservation

Verticordia auriculata is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.

## Use in horticulture

In cultivation V. auriculata is usually a compact shrub with scented flowers, making it an attractive garden plant, but it has proven difficult to establish. It seems to prefer sand with some gravel added but will not tolerate phosphorus-containing fertiliser. Further experiments need to be undertaken to establish its requirements for horticulture. It has been propagated from seed and from cuttings but fungal diseases can cause problems for young plants.
# Verena Hoehne

Verena Hoehne (14 January 1945 in Lausanne – 25 January 2012 in Zürich) was a Swiss journalist and author.

## Life

Verena Hoehne studied Theatre studies in Marburg, Zurich, Munich and Vienna, where she earned a doctorate on "The Schauspielhaus Zurich 1945–1965".
From 1972 onwards, Verena Hoehne worked as a journalist for Schweizer Fernsehen, where she run her own cultural magazine called Scheinwerfer as well as several documentaries and news features on theater and other cultural topics. She also carried out interviews in the series "Begegnungen" (encounters) for the German-speaking regional TV station 3sat. In the 1980s and 1990s Verena Hoehne was a commentator for the news broadcast on Swiss national television as well as for live broadcasts of the ballet competition Prix de Lausanne and moderator at the cultural broadcast Café Philo of Sternstunde Philosophie. The guests of her interviews and documentaries included Max Frisch, Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Elias Canetti, Maria Becker, Ernst Schröder, Karl Paryla, Franz Hohler, Wolf Biermann and Emil Steinberger.
From 1990 through 2001 Verena Hoehne was in the governing board of Theater am Neumarkt in Zürich and a member of the Swiss Society for Theatre Culture. At the Schauspielhaus Zürich she moderated together with Urs Bircher a series on theatre history as well as matinées with Giorgio Strehler, Georg Tabori, Benno Besson and Werner Düggelin.
She was also an author of non-fiction books on theatre, a teacher at the Zurich University of the Arts and carried out several series of readings including on German author Erich Kästner. In her home town Baden, Switzerland she was involved as a moderator, actor and reader at local theatres Thik, Teatro Palino and cultural events at other venues such as the café Frau Meise.
Verena Hoehne died on 25 January 2012 in Zurich.

## Publications

* with Peter Zeindler: Zwei Theater unterwegs. Théâtre Populaire Romand und Theater für den Kanton Zürich, 1981.
* with Christian Jauslin: Dramatiker-Förderung / Aide aux auteurs dramatiques. 1986.
* with Christian Altorfer: Spektakel. Zürcher Theaterspektakel, Internationales Festival Freier Theatergruppen. Werd Verlag Zürich, 1989.
* with Urs Bircher and Martin Kreuzberg: Zürich, eine Theaterlandschaft. 1991.
# Vergeroux

Vergeroux (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Charente-Maritime department, southwestern France.
# Vernoux-en-Gâtine

Vernoux-en-Gâtine (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.
# Vernoux-sur-Boutonne

Vernoux-sur-Boutonne (French pronunciation:, literally Vernoux on Boutonne) is a commune in the Deux-Sèvres department in western France.

## Geography

The commune is traversed by the river Boutonne.
# Vernoy, Yonne

Vernoy (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Yonne department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in north-central France.
# Noorden

Noorden is a village in the Dutch province of South Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Nieuwkoop, and lies about 10 km north of Woerden.
In 2001, the town of Noorden had 975 inhabitants. The built-up area of the town was 0.18 km², and contained 337 residences. The statistical area "Noorden", which also can include the peripheral parts of the village, as well as the surrounding countryside, has a population of around 1590.
# Noorder-Koggenland

Noorder-Koggenland (Dutch pronunciation: ) is a former municipality in the Netherlands, in the province of North Holland. Abbekerk, located in the municipality of Noorder-Koggenland, received city rights in 1414.
The municipality merged into Medemblik in 2007.

## Population centres

The municipality of Noorder-Koggenland consisted of the following cities, towns, villages and/or districts: Abbekerk, Benningbroek, Hauwert, Lambertschaag, Midwoud, Oostwoud, Opperdoes, Sijbekarspel, Twisk.
# Via Lattea

The Via Lattea (italian for Milky Way) is a winter sports area in the Italian and French Alps, straddling the French-Italian border at Claviere/Montgenèvre. Located some 70 km (44 miles) west of Turin, it comprises the five Piedmontese resorts of Claviere (1760m), Sansicario (1700m), Sauze d'Oulx (1509m), Pragelato (1524m) and Sestriere (2035m) and additionally the French resort Montgenèvre (1860m). Altogether there are more than 400 km (250 miles) of skiable pistes, 120 of them with artificial snow, and 70 lifts. The lowest lift begins at 1370m in the service village of Cesana Torinese; the highest point is Mont Motta in the Sestriere ski area, at 2800m. Claviere and Montgenèvre are connected by skiing and ski lifts. The 2006 Winter Olympics had the alpine ski events in the Via Lattea , on Sestriere and Sansicario slopes and most other snow events and bobsleigh nearby. The 2030 Winter Olympics will have alpine ski events on the French side.