OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Norman Housley

Norman Housley is a professor emeritus of History at the University of Leicester.
Educated at the University of Cambridge, Housley was a research student of Jonathan Riley-Smith. He was research fellow in history at Girton College in 1979 and came to the University of Leicester in 1983. He retired after a long and distinguished career in 2016.
Housley is an authority on the history of the crusading movement and has written several books on the subject. His books encompass largely the period 1200–1580, but more recently the scope of Housley's work has focused on the 15th and early 16th centuries.

## Recent publications
### Books

* N. J. Housley, Fighting for the Cross. Crusading to the Holy Land (Yale University Press, 2008)
* N. J. Housley, (editor), Knighthoods of Christ:Essays on the History of the Crusades and the Knights Templar, Presented to Malcolm Barber (Ashgate, 2007).
* N. J. Housley, Contesting the Crusades (Blackwell, 2006).
* N. J. Housley, (editor), Crusading in the Fifteenth Century: Message and Impact (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004).
* N. J. Housley, (co-editor with Marcus Bull), The Experience of Crusading, 1, Western Approaches (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
* N. J. Housley, Religious Warfare in Europe, 1400–1536 (Oxford University Press, 2002).
* N. J. Housley, Crusading and Warfare in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, Variorum Collected Studies Series (Ashgate Publishing Ltd, 2001).
* Norman Housley, (editor and translator), Documents on the Later Crusades, 1274-1580, Documents in History Series (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1996).
* Norman Housley, The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
* N. J. Housley, The Italian Crusades: The Papal-Angevin Alliance and the Crusades Against Christian Lay Powers, 1254-1343 (Oxford University Press, 1982).

### Articles and chapters

* Norman Housley, 'Indulgences for Crusading, 1417-1517', in Promissory Notes on the Treasury of Merit: Indulgences in late medieval Europe (Leiden: Brill, 2006), 277-308.
* N.J Housley, 'Perceptions of crusading in the mid-fourteenth century: the evidence of three texts', Viator 36 (2005), 415–33
* N.J Housley, 'One man and his wars: the depiction of warfare by Marshal Boucicaut’s biographer', Journal of Medieval History 29 (2003), 27–40
* N.J Housley, 'Explaining defeat: Andrew of Regensburg and the Hussite crusades', in Dei gesta per Francos: Études sur les croisades dédiées à Jean Richard, ed. M. Balard, B. Z. Kedar and J. Riley-Smith, (Aldershot, 2001), 87–95
* N.J Housley, 'Holy Land or holy lands? Jerusalem and the Catholic West in the late Middle Ages and Renaissance', in The Holy Land, Holy Lands, and Christian History, ed. R.N. Swanson (Woodbridge, 2000), 228–49
* N.J Housley, 'Pro deo et patria mori: sanctified patriotism in Europe, 1400–1600', in War and Competition between States, ed. P. Contamine (Oxford, 2000), 221–48
* Norman Housley, 'The Eschatological Imperative: Messianism and Holy War in Europe", in Toward the Millennium: Messianic Expectations from the Bible to Waco (Leiden: Brill, 1998), 123-50.
# Monolinuron

Monolinuron is a pesticide, more specifically a selective systemic herbicide and an algaecide. As an herbicide, it is used to control broad-leaved weeds and annual grasses in vegetable crops such as leeks, potatoes, and dwarf French beans. Monolinuron affects the photosynthesis in weeds. Following uptake of monolinuron through roots and leaves of weeds, monolinuron causes early symptoms of yellowing and die-back of the leaves, eventually resulting in weed death. In fishkeeping, it is used to control blanket weed and hair algae.
As a herbicide, it is used in a range of food and non-food crops, e.g. beans and other vegetables, onions, fruits, cereals, potatoes, vines and ornamental plants. It was introduced to use in circa 1965. It is an inhibitor of photosystem II of photosynthesis. It is a derivative of urea and related to paraquat. It is available under various trade names including Monamex, Gramonol, and Aresin.
It is soluble in water (0.735 g/L), and very soluble in organic solvents (200 g/L in acetone, methanol, and toluene, 3.9 g/L in hexane). Its volatility is low and its leachability is high. It is moderately persistent and moderately mobile in soil, stable in water, and fast degraded in water sediments (DT50 of 22 days). It has low toxicity for mammals (LD$_{50}$ oral for a rat is 2100 mg/kg).
# Agrep

agrep (approximate grep) is an open-source approximate string matching program, developed by Udi Manber and Sun Wu between 1988 and 1991, for use with the Unix operating system. It was later ported to OS/2, DOS, and Windows.
It selects the best-suited algorithm for the current query from a variety of the known fastest (built-in) string searching algorithms, including Manber and Wu's bitap algorithm based on Levenshtein distances.
agrep is also the search engine in the indexer program GLIMPSE. agrep is under a free ISC License.

## Alternative implementations

A more recent agrep is the command-line tool provided with the TRE regular expression library. TRE agrep is more powerful than Wu-Manber agrep since it allows weights and total costs to be assigned separately to individual groups in the pattern. It can also handle Unicode. Unlike Wu-Manber agrep, TRE agrep is licensed under a 2-clause BSD-like license.
FREJ (Fuzzy Regular Expressions for Java) open-source library provides command-line interface which could be used in the way similar to agrep. Unlike agrep or TRE it could be used for constructing complex substitutions for matched text. However its syntax and matching abilities differs significantly from ones of ordinary regular expressions.
# 1955 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team

The 1955 Middle Tennessee Blue Raiders football team represented the Middle Tennessee State College—now known as Middle Tennessee State University—as a member of the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) during the 1955 college football season. Led by ninth-year head coach Charles M. Murphy, the Blue Raiders compiled a record an overall record of 7–2–1 with a mark of 4–1 in conference play, placing second in the OVC. The team's captains were G. Haley and S. Corban.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 16 | Morris Harvey* | Horace Jones FieldMurfreesboro, TN | W 14–7 | |
| September 23 | at Eastern Kentucky | Richmond, KY | W 21–14 | |
| October 1 | Western Kentucky | Horace Jones FieldMurfreesboro, TN | W 25–13 | |
| October 8 | at Austin Peay* | Clarksville Municipal StadiumClarksville, TN | T 14–14 | |
| October 16 | Morehead State | Morehead, KY | W 21–0 | |
| October 22 | at Vanderbilt* | Dudley FieldNashville, TN | L 0–46 | 17,500 |
| October 29 | Florence State* | Horace Jones FieldMurfreesboro, TN | W 25–21 | |
| November 5 | at Murray State | Cutchin StadiumMurray, KY | W 33–28 | 5,000 |
| November 12 | East Tennessee State* | Horace Jones FieldMurfreesboro, TN | W 20–7 | |
| November 24 | Tennessee Tech | Horace Jones FieldMurfreesboro, TN | L 14–55 | 10,000 |
| *Non-conference game ||||||

## After the season
### NFL draft

The following Blue Raiders were selected in the National Football League draft following the season.
| Round | Pick | Player | Position | NFL club |
| 16 | 185 | Billy Hix | Tackle | Philadelphia Eagles |
| 30 | 354 | Terry Sweeney | Back | Baltimore Colts |
# Yabong language

Yabong is a Madang language spoken in Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.
# Schwarcz

Schwarcz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Joseph A. Schwarcz, Canadian chemist and writer
* June Schwarcz (1918–2015), American artist
* Mordechai Schwarcz (1914–1938), Czech-born Jewish police officer in Mandatory Palestine
* Steven L. Schwarcz, American lawyer
* Vera Schwarcz (born 1947), American sinologist
# Palfuria panner

Palfuria panner is a spider species of the family Zodariidae.

## Distribution

P. panner occurs in Namibia.
# Palfuria harpago

Palfuria harpago is a spider species of the family Zodariidae.

## Etymology

The species name harpago means harpoon in Latin. It refers to the shape of the dorsal tibial apophysis as seen from the dorsolateral side.

## Distribution

P. harpago is only known from Ovamboland, Namibia.
# William Garrett (Alabama politician)

William Garrett served as the seventh Secretary of State of Alabama from 1840 to 1852.
In addition to his tenure as Secretary of State, he served as assistant clerk to the Alabama House of Representatives from 1838 to 1840 and was elected to the Alabama House of Representatives in 1853.
He first got married in 1830 to Tabitha Taylor. She died in 1835. He married his second wife 1843 and had five children.
# Palestine at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships

Palestine is set to compete at the 2023 World Aquatics Championships in Fukuoka, Japan from 14 to 30 July.

## Swimming

Palestine entered 4 swimmers.

### Men

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Mahmoud Abu Gharbieh | 50 metre freestyle | 24.88 | 84 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Mahmoud Abu Gharbieh | 200 metre freestyle | 1:56.37 | 58 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Yazan Al-Bawwab | 100 metre freestyle | 52.01 | 72 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Yazan Al-Bawwab | 100 metre backstroke | 57.16 | 45 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |

### Women

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Marina Abu Shamaleh | 50 metre freestyle | 28.45 | 71 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Marina Abu Shamaleh | 50 metre breaststroke | 34.86 | 40 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Valerie Tarazi | 100 metre breaststroke | 1:13.95 | 49 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Valerie Tarazi | 200 metre breaststroke | 2:38.88 | 30 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Pamela Enyonu

Pamela Enyonu (born 1985) is a Ugandan artist born and raised in Uganda who won the Mukumbya Musoke Art Prize 2018. She was the first artist in residence for the Art Rights Truth research project. She uses collage, painting, photography and assemblage with a focus on the politics of identity, trauma and healing.

## Education and career history

She studied Art and Design from Kyambogo University. However, her art career started in 2017 with a 3 months residency at 32 degrees East, in Kampala. Pamela hosted her first exhibition in June 2017. In 2020, she had an artist's residency in Paris, France on the occasion of Africa. In 2022, Pamela concluded her residency at AKKA Project in Venice, Italy and also Zurich, Switzerland hosted by ProHelvetia.
# Palizada River

The Palizada River is a river in Mexico. It is a distributary of the Usumacinta River. It branches from the lower Usumacinta and flows northeastwards, emptying into a complex of lagoons (Viejo, Santa Gertrudis, and El Vapor) connected to Laguna de Términos, a coastal lagoon of the Gulf of Mexico.
The town of Palizada is on the river.
The Palizada provides about 75% of the freshwater inflow to the Laguna de Términos. The river's flow varies seasonally, generally highest during October and November, and declining from December to June. The river is an important source of nutrients for the adjacent wetlands and lagoons.
The Palizada flows through the Pantanos de Centla, a large permanently-flooded freshwater swamp forest. As it nears the Laguna de Términos, fresh and salt waters mix, supporting the extensive mangroves. The mangroves along the lower Palizada are the tallest and best developed in the region, with trees reaching up to 30 meters in height.
# Palmeria racemosa

Palmeria racemosa is a species of flowering plant in the family Monimiaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a woody vine with elliptic to oblong leaves and male and female flowers borne on separate plants, male flowers usually with thirty to forty stamens and female flowers with about ten carpels. The fruit is green, splitting to form a pinkish receptacle with 3 to 7 black or red drupes.

## Description

Palmeria racemosa is similar to Palmeria scandens, but has star-shaped hairs 0.3–1.1 mm (0.012–0.043 in) in diameter on the midrib, sometimes also on lateral veins – P. scandens has both simple and star-shaped hairs on the lower leaf surface.

## Taxonomy

This species was first formally described in 1855 by Edmond Tulasne who gave it the name Hedycarya racemosa in Annales des Sciences Naturelles. In 1868, Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle transferred the species to Palmeria as P. racemosa in Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. The specific epithet (racemosa) means "racemose".
Palmeria racemosa is listed as a synonym of Palmeria scandens in the Flora of Australia. However, P. racemosa was described nine years before P. scandens, so if the species are synonymous, the legitimate name for the species is P. racemosa.

## Distribution and habitat

Palmeria racemosa grows in rainforest and margins of rainforest between Kin Kin in south-east Queensland to Batemans Bay on the south coast of New South Wales.

## Conservation

This species is listed by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science as of "least concern".
# Palmeria scandens

Palmeria scandens, commonly known as anchor vine or pomegranate vine, is a species of flowering plant in the family Monimiaceae and is native to Queensland, New South Wales and New Guinea. It is a woody vine with elliptic to oblong leaves and male and female flowers borne on separate plants, male flowers usually with thirty to forty stamens and female flowers with about ten carpels. The fruit is green, splitting to form a pinkish receptacle with 3 to 7 black or red drupes.

## Description

Palmeria scandens is tall woody climber, its stems covered with star-shaped hairs. Its leaves are usually elliptic to oblong, 45–190 mm (1.8–7.5 in) long and 20–90 mm (0.79–3.54 in) wide on a petiole 5–12 mm (0.20–0.47 in) long. The edges of the leaves are sometimes notched and both surfaces have soft hairs, often densely so on the lower surface.
Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants and have 4 or 5 tepals. Male flowers are borne in clusters of 7 to 15, 30–55 mm (1.2–2.2 in) long, each flower 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) in diameter on a pedicel 4–8 mm (0.16–0.31 in) long, with usually 30 to 40 stamens about 1.5 mm (0.059 in) long. Female flowers are borne in clusters of 5 to 9, about 20 mm (0.79 in) long, each flower 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) in diameter on a pedicel 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long, and have about 10 carpels. Flowering occurs from May to September, and the fruit is green on the outside, before splitting to reveal a pinkish receptacle, with 3 to 7 black or red more or less spherical drupes.

## Taxonomy

Palmeria scandens was first formally described in 1864 by Ferdinand von Mueller in his Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae, from material collected by John Dallachy at Rockingham Bay. The specific epithet (scandens) is from Latin and means "climbing".

## Distribution

Anchor vine is widespread in rainforest from Batemans Bay in southeast New South Wales to the McIlwraith Range on Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, at altitudes from near sea level to 1,500 m (4,900 ft), and also occurs in New Guinea.

## Conservation

This species is listed by the Queensland Department of Environment and Science as of "least concern".
# William Brookes (New South Wales politician)

William Brookes was an Australian politician.
He migrated to Australia around 1854 and settled near Newcastle. Although he was referred to as "Dr Brookes", he was not practising medicine at this time. In 1869 he was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Northumberland, serving until his defeat in 1872.
# William Gerard, 2nd Baron Gerard

Colonel William Cansfield Gerard, 2nd Baron Gerard DSO (1 June 1851 – 30 July 1902) was a British Army officer and nobleman.

## Biography

Gerard was born in 1851, the elder son of Robert Gerard, 1st Baron Gerard, by his wife Harriet Clifton. His father succeeded an elder brother as baronet in 1854, and in 1876 was raised to the peerage as Baron Gerard. William was educated at Oscott College, and succeeded his father as baron in 1887.
He was commissioned a lieutenant in the 2nd Life Guards. From 1899 to 1900 he served in South Africa during the Second Boer War, where he was and extra Aide-de-camp to General Sir Redvers Buller in Natal. For his service he was mentioned in despatches, received the Queen's South Africa Medal with six clasps, and was appointed a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). He was lieutenant-colonel and Honorary Colonel of the Lancashire Hussars, a Yeomanry regiment.

## Family

Gerard married, in 1877, Mary Milner, daughter of Henry Beilby Milner, of West Retford, a descendant of the Milner baronets. Their son Frederic John Gerard succeeded as Baron Gerard.
# William Geraghty

Sir William Geraghty, KCB (1917 – 7 May 1977) was a British civil servant. Educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, he entered the civil service in 1939, joining the War Office. He served in the Army from 1940 to 1945, rising to the rank of major. Returning to the War Office after the war, he was eventually appointed Inspector of Establishments. He then served in the Cabinet Office, before promotion to deputy secretary. Service in the Ministry of Aviation and the Ministry of Technology followed, before he served as Controller of Personnel in the Procurement Executive of the Ministry of Defence. He was Second Permanent Secretary at the Ministry of Defence with responsibility for administration from 1975 to 1976.
# William Elphinstone (disambiguation)

William Elphinstone (1431–1514) was a Scottish bishop.
William Elphinstone may also refer to:
* Sir William Elphinstone, (died 1645), secretary to Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia
* William George Keith Elphinstone (1782–1842), British Army officer
* William Elphinstone, 15th Lord Elphinstone (1828–1893), Scottish peer
* William Fullerton Elphinstone (1740–1834) East India Company ship's captain and Director.
# Pan You

Pan You (Chinese: 潘佑; 938–973) was a politician of the Southern Tang who was arrested by Li Yu and killed by hanging. Pan You was born in Youzhou, now modern Beijing.
During the Southern Tang there were many officials that tried to use the Rites of Zhou to reform the law but failed. Pan You was familiar with classics and history, including the works of Laozi and Zhuangzi. He enjoyed writing and once wrote a thousand word letter to the Southern Han. He authored the 10-volume work "Xingyang Collection" (滎陽集), which is now lost.
Li Yu, ruler of the Southern Tang, lived a luxurious life. During his reign, Pan You went to court seven times and was severely criticized for his writing on politics. During the decline of the Southern Tang, Pan's writings provoked the anger of Li Yu. As a result, Li Yu sent people to arrest and kill Pan You, poisoned Lin Renzhao, and Pan You died by hanging.
In 978, Li Yu confessed to killing Pan You.
Pan You's life was documented in Book of Southern Tang by Ma Ling, the 1184 Book of Southern Tang by Lu You, the 1343 History of Song and Volume 4 of the Junzhai Chronicle (郡斋读书志).
Pan was ugly and got divorced.
# William Henry Calhoun

William Henry Calhoun (1815–1865) was an American silversmith in the Antebellum South. He was trained in Philadelphia and became a jeweler in Nashville, Tennessee, where he designed silverware in the 1830s-1860s. A Grand Master of the Odd Fellows, he was arrested by the Union Army for his Confederate support in 1863. His work can be seen at the Tennessee State Museum and the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts.

## Early life

Calhoun was born in 1815 in Pennsylvania. His paternal grandfather, Robert, emigrated from Ireland with family, and his father Hugh was born on their voyage to America in 1789. Calhoun was of Scotch-Irish descent; his family had been silversmiths for generations in Ireland. Calhoun moved to Nashville, Tennessee with his parents before 1812, and his father returned to Pennsylvania to serve in the War of 1812. After the war, the family moved to a farm in Ohio, where Calhoun's his younger brother, George Reid Calhoun, was born.
Calhoun was "trained as a silversmith in Philadelphia."

## Career

Calhoun returned to Nashville in 1835, where he managed his father's jewelry store at 16 Public Square. He sold Deringer pocket pistols. He designed cups for agricultural fairs like the one held by the Tennessee State Agricultural Society of Gallatin in 1855. He also designed cutlery like salt spoons, and tea sets including "pitchers, goblets, julep cups, ladles, flatware." Confederate General Robert H. Hatton owned silverware designed by Calhoun.
By 1860, Calhoun was worth "$84,300 in real property and $40,000 in personal property." During the American Civil War, Calhoun was a supporter of the Confederate States of America. In February 1863, he was arrested for his Confederate support on the order of Union Brigadier General Robert Byington Mitchell pending the release of Union prisoners.
Calhoun resumed his activity as a jeweler in 1865.

## Personal life, death and legacy

Calhoun married Mary Pickless; they had a daughter, Mary Ella Calhoun, who later married Robert Foote in 1888. Calhoun was the Grand Master of the Odd Fellows Grand Lodge of Tennessee in 1845.
Calhoun died in 1865. His wife died in 1891. His brother took over his store and acquired a farm on 21st Avenue; it later became Hillsboro Village. Calhoun's portrait, done by Washington Bogart Cooper, was given to the Odd Fellows' Grand Lodge in 1896. His daughter Mary bequeathed her estate to Vanderbilt University for the construction of Calhoun Hall in 1918. Even though the will was challenged in court by her heirs, the university won in 1924 and the building was completed in 1928.
Calhoun's cutlery is in the collections of the Tennessee State Museum as well as the Museum of Early Southern Decorative Arts. His work was auctioned by Christie's in 2008.
# Pananwala

Pananwala is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within central province