OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nepal at the 2002 Winter Olympics

Nepal sent a delegation to compete at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States from 8–24 February 2002. This was Nepal's first time participating in a Winter Olympic Games. The delegation consisted of a single cross-country skier, Jay Khadka. In the men's sprint he finished in 70th place, and in the men's 2 × 10 kilometre pursuit he finished in 79th place, and did not advance to the finals of either event.

## Background

The Nepal Olympic Committee was recognized by the International Olympic Committee on 31 December 1962. Nepal first participated in Olympic competition at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. The nation did not take part in the next Summer Olympics, but have participated in every Summer Olympic Games since the 1972 edition. Despite this, these Salt Lake City Games were their first appearance in the Winter Olympic Games, and they have never won an Olympic medal as of 2018. The 2002 Winter Olympics were held from 8–24 February 2002; a total of 2,399 athletes took part representing 77 National Olympic Committees. The only athlete sent by Nepal to the Salt Lake Olympics was Jay Khadka, competing in cross-country skiing. He was selected as the flag bearer for the opening ceremony.

## Cross-country skiing

Jay Khadka was 29 years old at the time of the Salt Lake City Olympics. The Nepalese native was adopted into a British family as a young man. On 14 February, he participated in the men's 2 × 10 kilometre pursuit, which consisted of 10 kilometres of classical style racing, followed by a separate 10 kilometres of freestyle pursuit. Khadka finished the classical portion in 44 minutes and 20.3 seconds, putting him in 79th place out of 80 finishers, in a race where only the top 60 qualified to advance, and he was eliminated; the slowest qualifying time was 29 minutes and 4.6 seconds. The gold medal was shared by Frode Estil and Thomas Alsgaard of Norway, while bronze was won by Per Elofsson of Sweden. Five days later, in the men's sprint, Khadka finished the qualification round in 4 minutes and 48.42 seconds, which put him in 70th and last place, but only the top 16 were allowed to advance. The slowest qualifying time was 2 minutes and 53.87 seconds. The gold medal was won by Tor Arne Hetland of Norway, the silver was taken by Peter Schlickenrieder of Germany, and the bronze was won by Cristian Zorzi of Italy.
Sprint
| Athlete | Qualifying round | Qualifying round | Quarter finals | Quarter finals | Semi finals | Semi finals | Finals | Finals |
| Athlete | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Final rank |
| Jay Khadka | 4:48.42 | 70 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
Pursuit
| Athlete | 10 km C | 10 km C | 10 km F pursuit | 10 km F pursuit |
| Athlete | Time | Rank | Time | Final rank |
| Jay Khadka | 44:20.3 | 79 | did not advance | did not advance |
# Peltandreae

Peltandreae is a tribe of plants in the arum family.

## Distribution

The distribution is disjunct. Peltandra is native to Eastern North America and the Caribbean (Canada, USA, Cuba) and Typhonodorum is native to Africa (the Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Tanzania).

## Taxonomy
### Taxonomic history

The tribe was first described in 1876 by the German botanist Heinrich Gustav Adolf Engler (Engl.). Engler placed Typhonodorum in a separate tribe Typhonodoreae. However, it is now included in Peltandreae.

### Genera

Peltandreae consists of the following two genera:
* Peltandra Raf.
* Typhonodorum Schott

## Phylogeny

It is closely related to the European tribes Ambrosineae and Arisareae. These three tribes shared a common ancestor about 82.7 million years ago. 60 Million years old Peltandreae fossils have been found in Europe, North America, and Central Asia. Therefore, the group has existed for at least 60 Million years, as the evidence of the fossil record suggests, but the analysis of the molecular clock suggests this group is about 82.7 million years old.
The precise relationships are displayed in the following cladogram:
# Australian Rules of Racing

The Australian Rules of Racing are the rules approved by the Australian Racing Board to ensure that thoroughbred horse racing in all States and Territories of Australia is conducted according to the same general practices, conditions and integrity. The Principal Racing Authority in each State or Territory also have a set of Local Rules which apply to all horse racing held in their jurisdiction.

## Rules

The following is a list of the topics covered by the Australian Rules of Racing. The complete Australian Rules of Racing, as of 1 August 2012 is available as an 85 page PDF file
# Michl

Michl is a surname and male given name.

## Surname

Notable people with this surname include:
* Andreas Michl (born 1980), Austrian football player
* František Michl (1901–1977), Czech graphic artist
* Josef Michl (born 1939), Czechoslovak-American chemist
* József Michl (born 1960), Hungarian politician
* Petr Michl (born 1970), Czech cross-country skier

## Given name

Notable people with this given name include:
* Michl Ebner (born 1952), Italian politician
* Michl Lang (1899–1979), German stage and film actor
# 2013 If Stockholm Open – Doubles

Marcelo Melo and Bruno Soares were the defending champions, but Soares chose to compete in Vienna instead. Melo was scheduled to play alongside Ivan Dodig, but withdrew due to an abdominal injury. Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi and Jean-Julien Rojer won the title, defeating Jonas Björkman and Robert Lindstedt in the final, 6–2, 6–2.

## Seeds

* Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi / Jean-Julien Rojer (champions)
* Ivan Dodig / Marcelo Melo (withdrew)
* David Marrero / Fernando Verdasco (semifinal, withdrew)
* Santiago González / Scott Lipsky (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | A-u-H Qureshi J-J Rojer | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | JS Cabal R Farah | 6$^3$ | 4 | | 1 | A-u-H Qureshi J-J Rojer | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Becker I Sijsling | 6 | 3 | [8] | | J Brunström J Nieminen | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Brunström J Nieminen | 2 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | 1 | A-u-H Qureshi J-J Rojer | w/o | | | | | |
| 3 | D Marrero F Verdasco | 1 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | 3 | D Marrero F Verdasco | | | | | | |
| | J Chardy G Dimitrov | 6 | 2 | [3] | 3 | D Marrero F Verdasco | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Kowalczyk I Zelenay | 4 | 6$^4$ | | | G Kretschmer A Satschko | 3 | 6$^1$ | | | | | | | | | |
| | G Kretschmer A Satschko | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | A-u-H Qureshi J-J Rojer | 6 | 6 |
| | D Meffert P Oswald | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | | WC | J Björkman R Lindstedt | 2 | 2 |
| | E Butorac R Klaasen | 6 | 6 | | | E Butorac R Klaasen | 7 | 4 | [6] | | | | | | | | |
| | N Monroe S Stadler | 5 | 6 | [7] | 4 | S González S Lipsky | 5 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | S González S Lipsky | 7 | 2 | [10] | | | | | | 4 | S González S Lipsky | 4 | 4 | | | | |
| WC | J Björkman R Lindstedt | 6 | 5 | [10] | | | | | | WC | J Björkman R Lindstedt | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| WC | I Arvidsson A Siljeström | 3 | 7 | [3] | WC | J Björkman R Lindstedt | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | E Gulbis D Tursunov | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | E Gulbis D Tursunov | 6 | 1 | [8] | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | P Rosenholm M Sekulic | 1 | 6$^3$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Marshalliana bivittata

Marshalliana bivittata is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Zimbabwe. There are also records from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Eritrea, Kenya and Uganda, but these need confirmation.
# Untitled (Gordin)

Untitled is a 1969 bronze sculpture by artist Sidney Gordin, installed outside San Francisco's Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall, in the U.S. state of California.

## Description and history

The abstract sculpture, installed at the corner of Van Ness Avenue and Hayes, outside Louise M. Davies Symphony Hall, measures 8 ft. 5 in. x 5 ft. 8 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. It rests on a concrete base measuring approximately 16.5 in. x 11 ft. x 11 ft. The sculpture's plaque reads: "SIDNEY GORDIN / AMERICAN born Russia, 1918 / UNTITLED / 1969 / bronze / San Francisco Art Commission".
Untitled has been on extended loan to the Hall since 1981, and was previously on loan to the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. The artwork was surveyed by the Smithsonian Institution's "Save Outdoor Sculpture!" program in 1993.
# William Gooderham Sr.

William Gooderham Sr. (August 29, 1790 – August 20, 1881) was a British-born Canadian distiller, businessman, and banker. He was a founder of the Gooderham and Worts distillery.

## Life and career

Born in Scole, Norfolk, England, the son of James and Sarah Gooderham, he immigrated to York, Upper Canada (now Toronto) in 1832 to invest and partner in a wind-powered flour mill with his brother-in-law, James Worts. Briefly operating as Worts and Gooderham until Worts' death in 1834, Gooderham continued to operate the mill as the William Gooderham Company.
In 1837, he added a distillery to make efficient use of surplus and second-grade grain. Having taken Worts' son, James Gooderham Worts, under his guidance since Worts' death, they became partners in 1845 and renamed the company as Gooderham and Worts.
Expanding their business, they introduced gas for illumination, expanded the use of steam power in the plants and built their own wharf to ship their consignments. By the 1860s, they owned schooners on the Great Lakes. During the 1860s and 1870s, Gooderham was a community and business leader in the Toronto industrial landscape and in transportation and financial services, as well as on the stock exchange, and in the council and the board of arbitration of the Toronto Board of Trade.
In the summer of 1842, he participated with Bishop John Strachan in the founding meeting of Little Trinity Anglican Church, where he later was a warden for 30 years. A marble memorial for Gooderham is mounted on the west wall inside the church.
In 1864, he was appointed president of the Bank of Toronto.

## Descendants

His son George Gooderham (1830–1905) was a businessman and philanthropist, his grandson George Horace Gooderham was a businessman and politician, and another grandson, Albert Gooderham, was a financier and philanthropist. His descendants' significance was not limited to Canada – his great-grandson, Dean Gooderham Acheson, born and raised in Connecticut, would serve as the U.S. Secretary of State. Eldest son William George Gooderham (1853-1935) was also a businessman and operating Mineral Springs Limited (later York Springs Bottling and Okeefe Springs) in Hoggs Hollow near his 1907 home on Yonge Street. He was also the president of the Bank of Toronto until his death.
In 1870, his son Charles Horace Gooderham (1844–1904) built a residence in Meadowvale (now part of Mississauga) – a Georgian Revival manor at 929 Old Derry Road. It was sold in 1884 and is now the Rotherglen School's Meadowvale Elementary Campus, a private Montessori school.
Charles Horace Gooderham also built a Queen Anne Revival mansion in Toronto at 592 Sherbourne Street in 1883, which became the Selby Hotel in 1912. The historic building was moved a short distance on its site in 2015 in order to incorporate it into a new apartment complex called The Selby.
# Pineocytoma

Pineocytoma, is a rare, benign, slowly growing tumor of the pineal gland. The pineal gland is a small endocrine gland close to the center of the brain that secretes melatonin into the bloodstream. Pineocytomas can cause pressure and fluid build-up in the brain. They are more common in adults. Symptoms include vision problems, nausea, vomiting, memory problems, and headaches.

## Signs and symptoms

Because of their massive growth, pineocytoma symptoms are related to increased intracranial pressure. Some common symptoms of pineocytomas include Parinaud syndrome, headaches, dizziness, papilledema, tremors, ataxia, impaired vision, ambulation, ptosis, nausea, and vomiting.

## Causes

The true cause of pineocytomas is unknown. No genetic mutations have been linked to pineocytomas however, there have been some associations with certain chromosomal abnormalities. There are no known risk factors for pineocytomas.

## Diagnosis

Pineocytomas typically present on a CT scan as round and well-delineated masses with a diameter under 3cm. Pineocytomas are homogeneous, hypodense, and sometimes have central or peripheral calcification. On an MRI a pineocytoma often appears isointense or hypointense in T1-weighted scans. However, they usually appear hyperintense on T2-weighted scans. The diagnosis of a pineocytoma is confirmed by a brain biopsy.

## Management

The main treatment options for pineocytomas are gross total resection, subtotal resection, and radiation.
# Aproaerema brevihamata

Aproaerema brevihamata is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Hou-Hun Li in 1993. It is found in China.
# Pennsylvania Senate, District 23

Pennsylvania State Senate District 23 includes all of Bradford County, Lycoming County, Sullivan County, Tioga County, and Union County. It is currently represented by Republican Gene Yaw.

## Senators

| Representative | Party | Years | Note |
| Zehnder H. Confair | Republican | 1969 – 1972 | Redistricted from the 24th district following the 1967-68 session. |
| Henry G. Hager III | Republican | 1973 – 1984 | Republican leader of the senate from 1977 to 1980. President pro tempore from 1981 to 1984 |
| Roger A. Madigan | Republican | 1985 – 2008 | Pennsylvania State Representative for the 110th district from 1977 to 1984 |
| Gene Yaw | Republican | 2009 – present | |
# Microlenecamptus signatus

Microlenecamptus signatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1914, originally under the genus Cylindrepomus. It is known from Laos and Myanmar.
# 2013 Tallahassee Tennis Challenger

The 2013 Tallahassee Tennis Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on hard courts. It was the 14th edition of the tournament, which was part of the 2013 ATP Challenger Tour. It occurred in Tallahassee, United States, between April 29 and May 5, 2013.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| USA | Michael Russell | 96 | 1 |
| USA | Ryan Harrison | 100 | 2 |
| USA | Wayne Odesnik | 117 | 3 |
| USA | Jack Sock | 120 | 4 |
| USA | Tim Smyczek | 123 | 5 |
| USA | Steve Johnson | 128 | 6 |
| USA | Denis Kudla | 143 | 7 |
| GER | Mischa Zverev | 146 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of April 22, 2013.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Reid Carleton
* Dominic Cotrone
* Salif Kanté
* Austin Krajicek
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Ilija Bozoljac
* Christian Harrison
* Greg Jones
* Michael Venus

## Doubles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| USA | Austin Krajicek | USA | Tennys Sandgren | 295 | 1 |
| USA | Alex Kuznetsov | GER | Mischa Zverev | 339 | 2 |
| COL | Nicolás Barrientos | UKR | Denys Molchanov | 412 | 3 |
| GBR | David Rice | GBR | Sean Thornley | 444 | 4 |
* $^1$ Rankings as of April 22, 2013.

### Other entrants

The following pairs received wildcards into the doubles main draw:
* Andrés Bucaro / Benjamin Lock
* Salif Kanté / Takura Happy

## Champions
### Singles

* Denis Kudla def. Cedrik-Marcel Stebe, 6–3, 6–3

### Doubles

* Austin Krajicek / Tennys Sandgren def. Greg Jones / Peter Polansky, 1–6, 6–2, [10–8]
# Marquess of Rockingham

Marquess of Rockingham, in the County of Northampton, was a title in the Peerage of Great Britain. It was created in 1746 for Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Earl of Malton. The Watson family descended from Lewis Watson, Member of Parliament for Lincoln. He was created a Baronet, of Rockingham Castle in the County of Northampton, in the Baronetage of England in 1621. In 1645 he was further honoured when he was raised to the Peerage of England as Baron Rockingham. The third Baron served as Lord-Lieutenant of Kent. In 1714 he was created Baron Throwley, Viscount Sondes and Earl of Rockingham in the Peerage of Great Britain. His eldest son Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes, predeceased him and he was succeeded by his grandson, the second Earl (the eldest son of Lord Sondes). The second Earl was Lord-Lieutenant of Kent before his early death in 1745. He was childless and was succeeded by his younger brother, Thomas. He had previously represented Canterbury in Parliament.
He was succeeded in the baronetcy and barony of Rockingham by his first cousin once removed, Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Earl of Malton, who became the sixth Baron. He was the son of the Honourable Thomas Watson-Wentworth, third son of the second Baron. He had adopted the additional surname Wentworth when he inherited the estate of his maternal uncle, William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford, in 1695. In 1728 he was raised to the Peerage of Great Britain as Baron Malton. In 1733 he was made Baron Harrowden, Baron Wath, Viscount Higham and Earl of Malton in the Peerage of Great Britain. In April 1746, two months after succeeding in the barony of Rockingham, he was created Marquess of Rockingham, in the County of Northampton, in the Peerage of Great Britain. He was succeeded by his second but only surviving son, the second Marquess. In September 1750, two months before succeeding his father, he was raised to the Peerage of Ireland in his own right as Baron Malton and Earl Malton. Lord Rockingham was a prominent Whig grandee and served as Prime Minister of Great Britain between 1765 and 1766 and again in 1782. When he died in 1782 all of his titles became extinct. His estates passed to his nephew, William Fitzwilliam, 4th Earl Fitzwilliam.
The family seats were Rockingham Castle, Northamptonshire, and Wentworth Woodhouse, near Rotherham, Yorkshire.

## Barons Rockingham (1645)

* Lewis Watson, 1st Baron Rockingham (1584–1653)
* Edward Watson, 2nd Baron Rockingham (1630–1689)
* Lewis Watson, 3rd Baron Rockingham (1655–1724) (created Earl of Rockingham in 1714)

## Earls of Rockingham (1714)

* Lewis Watson, 1st Earl of Rockingham (1655–1724)
** Edward Watson, Viscount Sondes (1686–1722)
* Lewis Watson, 2nd Earl of Rockingham (c. 1714–1745)
* Thomas Watson, 3rd Earl of Rockingham (1715–1746) (earldom extinct at his death)

## Barons Rockingham (1645; Reverted)

* Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Earl of Malton, 6th Baron Rockingham (1693–1750) (created Marquess of Rockingham in 1746)

## Marquesses of Rockingham (1746)

* Thomas Watson-Wentworth, 1st Marquess of Rockingham (1693–1750)
* Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham (1730–1782)
# Nicholas Barnewall

Nicholas Barnewall may refer to:
* Nicholas Barnewall (Irish judge) (died after 1465), Lord Chief Justice of Ireland
* Nicholas Barnewall, 1st Viscount Barnewall (1592–1663), Irish landowner and politician
* Nicholas Barnewall, 3rd Viscount Barnewall (1668–1725), Irish nobleman
* Nicholas Barnewall, 14th Baron Trimlestown (1726–1813), Irish landowner
# William Gooderham

William, Bill or Billy Gooderham may refer to members of the prominent Canadian Gooderham family, including
* William Gooderham Sr. (1790–1881), Canadian distiller, businessman, and banker
* William Gooderham Jr. (1824–1889), Canadian businessman and philanthropist, eldest son of William Sr.
* Bill Gooderham (1919–1979), Canadian Olympic sailor
* Billy Gooderham (born 1988), Canadian sailor in the 2011 ISAF Sailing World Championships, grandson of Bill Gooderham (1919–1979)
# Pipiza carbonaria

Pipiza carbonaria is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera.
# Aquarium heater

An aquarium heater is a device used in the fishkeeping hobby to warm the temperature of water in aquariums. Most tropical freshwater and marine aquariums are maintained at temperatures that range from 22 to 30 °C (72 to 86 °F). The types include glass immersion heaters and undergravel heating. There are also heating mats that may be placed under the aquarium.

## Glass immersion heaters

Most commonly, aquarium heaters are immersion style heaters, these heaters consist of a glass tube containing a heating element wound around a ceramic or glass insert. Some glass immersion heaters also contain sand, and most, but not all, are fully submersible. The glass tube also contains an adjustable thermostat which turns the heating element on to maintain the required temperature. This thermostat is often a bimetallic strip; because the strip contains two metals, the metals will expand at different rates when the temperature rises, causing the strip to bend. This strip carries the current, but breaks the current at the correct temperature. The setting of this bimetallic strip can be adjusted. More advanced thermostats may use microchip technology. A small light in the heater is often included to indicate operation.
In a small aquarium, one heater can be used; however, in a larger aquarium, two or more may be used. This has the added advantage of one heater being able to compensate in the event of one heater malfunctioning.

## Undergravel heating

Heating of the aquarium can also be achieved via a heating element in the form of a flexible heating cable that is buried beneath the aquarium substrate. Undergravel cable heating is popular in heavily planted aquariums.

## Undertank heating

Aquaria can also be heated by the use of heating mats which are placed beneath aquaria. Glass is, however, a poor conductor of heat and thus reduces the efficiency of this method of heating.
# Pediatric neurosurgery

Pediatric Neurosurgery is a subspecialty of neurosurgery; which includes surgical procedures that are related to the nervous system, brain and spinal cord; that treats children with operable neurological disorders.

## History

Boston Children's Hospital was the first hospital in the United States with a specialized neurosurgical service for children, established in 1929 by Harvey Cushing and Franc Ingraham.
As of 2009, there were fewer than 200 pediatric neurosurgeons in the United States. Approximately 80% of them were male. In the past 25 years, 391 doctors graduated from a pediatric neurosurgery program. Only 70% of them currently practice primarily pediatric rather than adult neurosurgery. Approximately 70% of them are in academic medicine.
# Austrolycopodium

Austrolycopodium is a genus of lycophytes in the family Lycopodiaceae. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), it is placed in the subfamily Lycopodioideae. Some sources do not recognize the genus, sinking it into Lycopodium. Austrolycopodium species are mostly native to the temperate southern hemisphere.

## Species

As of June 2024, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized the following species:
* Austrolycopodium aberdaricum (Chiov.) Holub
* Austrolycopodium alboffii (Rolleri) Holub
* Austrolycopodium confertum (Willd.) Holub
* Austrolycopodium erectum (Phil.) Holub
* Austrolycopodium fastigiatum (R.Br.) Holub
* Austrolycopodium magellanicum (P.Beauv.) Holub
* Austrolycopodium paniculatum (Desv. ex Poir.) Holub
# Microlenecamptus obsoletus

Microlenecamptus obsoletus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fairmaire in 1888, originally under the genus Olenecamptus. It is known from Taiwan and China.

## Subspecies

* Microlenecamptus obsoletus albatus (Matsushita, 1933)
* Microlenecamptus obsoletus obsoletus (Fairmaire, 1888)