OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Wilhelm Baum (surgeon)

Wilhelm Baum (10 September 1799 – 6 September 1883) was a German surgeon born in Elbing.
He studied medicine in Königsberg, Göttingen and Berlin, receiving his doctorate in 1822. At the University of Göttingen, he was influenced by Konrad Martin Langenbeck (1776–1855), Karl Gustav Himly (1772–1837) and Friedrich Benjamin Osiander (1759–1822). After graduation, he spent a year as a surgical assistant to Karl Ferdinand von Graefe (1787–1850) in Berlin, followed by several years of study in Austria, Italy, France and the British Isles (London, Edinburgh, Dublin). In Paris he attended lectures and clinics by Guillaume Dupuytren (1777–1835), Dominique Jean Larrey (1766–1842) and Jean Cruveilhier (1791–1874). During his years of travel, he pursued artistic interests in addition to furthering his studies in medicine.
In 1827 he returned to Berlin as a general practitioner, occasionally assisting his close friend Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach (1792–1847) with surgical operations. Afterwards he relocated to Danzig as chief surgeon at the municipal hospital. In Danzig he greatly distinguished himself during the cholera epidemic of 1831. In 1841 he undertook a research trip to Paris, where he studied lithotripsy with Jean Civiale (1792–1867) and Jean-Jacques-Joseph Leroy d'Etiolles (1798–1860), afterwards becoming a professor of surgery at the University of Greifswald (1842). Later in his career he was appointed professor of surgery at the University of Göttingen. Baum was an important influence to the career of Theodor Billroth (1829–1894).
Although considered a good teacher, he was not known for his writings. He was one of the first surgeons in Germany to perform tracheotomies for treatment of croup (1848 at Greifswald, five cases). He is also credited for providing an early mention of human pulmonary aspergillosis.

## Publications

* De urethræ virilis fissuris congenitis speciatim vero de epispadia, 1822 (dissertation)
Books about Wilhelm Baum
* Zum Andenken an Wilhelm Baum. Ein Nekrolog by Edmund Rose (1836–1914).
* "Wilhelm Baum 1799-1883" by Georg B Gruber.
# Wilhelm von Opel

Wilhelm von Opel (15 May 1871 – 2 May 1948), known as Wilhelm Opel before being ennobled in 1917, was one of the founders of the German automobile manufacturer Opel. He introduced the assembly line to the German automobile industry.
His father, Adam Opel, had founded the family firm as a manufacturer of sewing machines, and later diversified into bicycle manufacturing. Wilhelm studied engineering at Technische Hochschule Darmstadt and received his doctorate in 1912 from the university. After Adam's death in 1895, control of the company passed to his wife and five sons. In 1898, Wilhelm and his brother Fritz brought Opel into the automobile industry with the purchase of the small Lutzmann automobile factory at Dessau.
In 1917, Wilhelm and his brother Heinrich Opel were raised to the nobility of the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Their brother Carl was raised to the same rank the following year. Wilhelm had one son and one daughter, Fritz von Opel and Eleonore von Opel.
In 1933, Opel joined the Nazi Party and soon became an active supporter of it, making financial contributions to the SS and being awarded the title of Patron.
In January 1947, he was found guilty by a denazification court and had to pay a large fine. He died the following year.
Opel is the grandfather of Rikky von Opel and Gunter Sachs.
# Wilhelm von Ramming

Wilhelm Freiherr von Ramming von Riedkirchen (30 June 1815 - 1 July 1876) was an Austrian Feldzeugmeister who commanded an army corps during the Austro-Prussian War.

## Biography

After attending the Wiener Neustadt Military Academy, Wilhelm Ramming was appointed in October 1834 as a lieutenant in the Cuirassier Regiment No. 7, with whom he served for the next five years. On 30 November 1839, he became a lieutenant in the staff of the General Quartermaster. He was promoted to captain on 20 June 1845. During the First Italian War of Independence he served under FML Haynau and participated in the attack on Brescia and the siege of Fort Malghera, as well as in the battles against the insurgents at Pieve di Cadore. On 4 June 1849, he was appointed lieutenant colonel.
During the Hungarian Revolution Ramming took part in the battles at Szered, Raab, Komorn and Szegedin as General Staff of the FZM Haynau. For his services as chief of staff of the army during the summer campaign in Hungary, he was promoted to colonel and awarded the Knight's Cross of the Order of Maria Theresa.
Ramming was ennobled as a baron in 1851. After the peace he remained chief of the general staff of the 3rd Army in Hungary. On 17 May 1854 he was promoted to major general. After he had been chief of the general staff of various army corps for several years, he received a brigade within III. Army Corps and was promoted to Feldmarshall-Leutnant on 28 June 1859.
With his brigade, he took part in the Second Italian War of Independence, where he served in the Battle of Magenta. Thereafer he was assigned to the chief of staff, Heinrich von Heß, as chief of the operations office. After the Peace of Villafranca in 1859, Ramming received the post of Feldmarshall-Leutnant in charge of the operative business in the General Quartermaster's Staff.
In 1864 Ramming was given command of the VI. Army Corps, which he also commanded in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866. Defeated by Steinmetz's V Corps at Náchod on 27 June, Ramming's corps formed the reserve at Skalitz and Sadowa. After the war he served as commanding general in Prague, Sibiu and Brno. In 1868 Ramming was promoted to Feldzeugmeister.
In 1873 he was appointed a lifelong member of the House of Lords.
Wilhelm von Ramming died in Karlsbad on 1 July 1876.
# Palani Panchamirtham

Palani Panchamirtham is a type of panchamrita, an Indian sweet, and Prasadam of the Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple in Palani in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It was declared as a Geographical indication in 2019-20 and was the first temple prasadam to be accorded the status.

## Description

Panchamirtham is an Indian sweet made up of five traditional ingredients. Palani Panchamirtham is made up of five ingredients namely banana, ghee, honey, jaggery and cardamom. In addition, other ingredients like date fruits, Kismis raisins and sugar candies are added. A special cultivar of plantain called the Virupakshi Hill Banana, grown in the Palani Hills in the Western Ghats is used. The fruits are known for its unique flavor and sweetness. The hill banana breed contains less moisture content properties which make the panchamirtham in conditions suitable for consumption over a long period, without refrigeration. Sirumalai Hill Banana which is also grown in Kongu region has similar properties and also used in occasion of shortage of Viruppachi breed. Khandsari sugar from Kangeyam region is used in the preparation. Similar recipe is used in various local temple prasadams in Kongu Nadu region.
The Panchamirtham is a abhiseka prasadam at the Dhandayuthapani Swamy Temple in Palani. The temple sells about 20,000 to 30,000 jars a day on average and more than 1 lakh jars per day on special occasions.
# William Allot

William Allot was a Catholic student of the University of Cambridge. He retired to Leuven on the accession of Elizabeth (1558), was ordained priest there, but soon returned to England. He was highly esteemed by Mary, Queen of Scots, whom he frequently visited in her prison, suffered imprisonment for his faith, and was banished.
Allot was from Lincolnshire.
At Mary's request he was made a canon of St. Quentin in Picardy (France). He died about 1590, and left a work entitled Thesaurus Bibliorum, omnem utriusque vitae antidotum secundum utriusque Instrumenti veritatem et historiam succincte complectens, with which is printed an Index rerum memorabilium in epistolis et evangeliis per anni circulum (Antwerp, 1577).
# William Allsworth

William Allsworth (21 April 1811–10 January 1864) was an English painter. He exhibited at the Royal Academy. He is known for his 1844 painting The Emigrants which depicts a Scottish family preparing to emigrate to New Zealand. The painting is in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.
In 2016 artist Paul Stephenson painted reflections onto two portraits by Allsworth for an exhibition called Forced Collaboration.
# William Catlyn

William Catlyn (1628–1709) was a Hull architect who worked in the local Artisan Mannerist style, also known as the Humber Brick style. His work, which was greatly influenced by Dutch architecture of the period, survives mainly in Hull and Lincolnshire.

## Architectural work
### Wilberforce House, Hull (attributed to Catlyn)

A merchants house, backing onto the river. Its nine-bay rusticated brick front has pilasters to the first floor, stone corinthian capitals and a three-storey porch, with indented pilasters decorated with lozenge-and diamond shaped stone ‘‘jewels’’.

### Crowle House, Hull.

Dated 1664 and the remaining parts are similar to Wilberforce House.

### The Charterhouse, Hull

Catlyn built the Master’s House and Chapel in 1673.

### Hull Guildhall

‘‘Beautified’’ by Catlyn in 1681-2. Destroyed during World War II

### Hull Market Cross

Built 1682 and destroyed during World War II

### Brigg Grammar School, Wrawby Street, Brigg, Lincolnshire 1674

Sir John Nelthorpe commissioned this school from William Catlyn and the contract for building the school was drawn up on 4 July 1674 and it was completed in 1678. A tall, single storeyed front of seven bays and stone quoins. The centre emphasised by Ionic pilasters and stone capitals. The entrance door has a moulded stone round-headed architrave with a small keystone with a cherub's head. Brick pilasters with a plinth and Roman Ionic capitals in stone. Central achievement of arms in stone frame above an inscription commemorating foundation by Sir John Nelthorpe. Modern brick modillion pediment above.

### Worlaby Hospital, Worlaby, Lincolnshire

Built for John, Lord Bellasis, the Governor of Hull. The front is of five bays and two storeys, divided by giant Doric pilasters. Flat projecting surrounds and strange hoods to the doors and to the ground-floor windows. There is a large studded cornice. The building originally had Dutch gables. The Foundation was for four poor widows.

### Harrington Hall, Lincolnshire (attributed to Catlyn)

It has been suggested that alterations to the Hall, which were re-built from 1673, were by William Catlyn. The old porch was dressed up with an Artisan Mannerist facade of exceedingly elongated brick pilasters with Ionic capitals

### Walcot Old Hall, Alkborough, Lincolnshire. (attributed to Catlyn)

Built for a Hull merchant, Nicholas Denman.
# Palani taluk

10°27′N 77°31′E﻿ / ﻿10.45°N 77.52°E﻿ / 10.45; 77.52 Palani taluk is a taluk of Dindigul district of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. The headquarters of the taluk is the town of Palani.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, the taluk of Palani had a population of 290,924 with 145,091 males and 145,833 females. There were 1,005 women for every 1,000 men. The taluk had a literacy rate of 69.25%. Child population in the age group below 6 years were 12,358 males and 11,731 females.
# Palfuria gibbosa

Palfuria gibbosa is a spider species of the family Zodariidae.
The closest relatives of P. gibbosa are P. spirembolus and P. hirsuta.

## Distribution

P. gibbosa occurs in Mozambique.
# Palfuria helichrysorum

Palfuria helichrysorum is a spider species of the family Zodariidae.

## Etymology

The species name is derived from the rosette bearing Asteraceae Helichrysum, which serves as a retreat for night active spiders.

## Distribution

P. helichrysorum occurs in Malawi.
# Palfuria gladiator

Palfuria gladiator is a spider species of the family Zodariidae.

## Etymology

The epithet refers to the shape of the male carapace and the big tarsal claw on the male palp.

## Distribution

P. gladiator is only known from Namibia.
# Paladugu

Paladugu is a village in Guntur district of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It is located in Medikonduru mandal of Guntur revenue division.

## Geography

Paladugu is situated to the northwest of the mandal headquarters, Medikonduru, at 16°23′30″N 80°15′33″E﻿ / ﻿16.3916614°N 80.2590952°E﻿ / 16.3916614; 80.2590952. It is spread over an area of 1,254 ha (3,100 acres).

## Demographics

The village of Paladugu covers an area of about 1,250 hectares (3,100 acres) and has a population 3,640 inhabitants, with 1,846 males and 1,794 females living in 929 houses. Telugu is the official language, but Urdu is also spoken by large numbers of inhabitants.

## Governance

Paladugu gram panchayat is the local self-government of the village. It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member. The village forms a part of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region and is under the jurisdiction of APCRDA.

## Education

As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 3 Zilla Parishad/MPP schools.
# Palaea

Palaea may refer to:
* Pleiae, a town of ancient Laconia, Greece
* Philaea, a town of ancient Cilicia, Asia Minor, now in Turkey
* Palaia Fokaia, former community and a seaside town in East Attica, Greece
* Palaea Historica, a ninth-century Byzantine chronicle
# William Garrett Plantation

The William Garrett Plantation is a plantation complex with a plantation house located near the town of San Augustine in San Augustine County, Texas. The house was "Texas frontier architecture" with some elements of Greek Revival and is notable for its "grandiose" scale.
The National Register of Historic Places listed it in 1977.
Enslaved people built the house in 1861 with lumber from a Garrett sawmill and rock from a Garrett quarry. It faced the main road through the area, the El Camino Real-Kings Highway, and is now about .25 miles (0.40 km) away from the main road due to road realignment.
# William Duff (writer)

William Duff (1732–1815) was a Scottish Presbyterian minister and one of the first writers to analyse the nature of genius as a property of human psychology. His Essay on Original Genius is frequently cited as a landmark in the Western analysis of genius and creativity.

## Ministry and family

Duff was a Scottish minister and M.A., was licensed by the presbytery 25 June 1755, called 18 September, and ordained 8 October, when he was appointed to the parish of Glenbucket, Aberdeenshire. Thence he was transferred to Peterculter in the same county, 24 October 1766, being admitted 4 March 1767. He was nominated minister of Foveran, also in Aberdeenshire, in February 1774, and took up his home a year later. There he got a new church built in 1794, and died father of the synod, 23 February 1815, in the eighty-third year of his age, and sixtieth of his ministry.

## Theory of genius

Duff was primarily interested in establishing the cognitive traits that explained variance in people's accomplishments. He postulated three aspects: imagination, judgement and taste. He emphasised imagination as making the most important contribution to genius.

## Published works

Duff is author of:
* An Essay on Original Genius and its Various Modes of Exertion in Philosophy and the Fine Arts, particularly in Poetry (anon.), octavo, London, 1767, a work which exhibits considerable acquaintance with classical authors. A sequel is
* Critical Observations on the Writings of the most celebrated Original Geniuses in Poetry, octavo, London, 1770.
* The History of Rhedi, the Hermit of Mount Ararat. An Oriental Tale (anon.), duodecimo, London, 1773.
* Sermons on Several Occasions', 2 volumes duodecimo, Aberdeen, 1786.
* Letters on the Intellectual and Moral Character of Women, octavo, Aberdeen, 1807.
* The Last Address of a Clergyman in the Decline of Life, octavo, Aberdeen, 1814.
Duff also furnished an account of Foveran to Sir J. Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland.

## Family

On 4 September 1778, he married Ann Mitchell, by whom he had two sons and four daughters.
# William Duff Gibbon

Sir William Duff Gibbon (18 July 1837 – 19 March 1919) was a British Ceylonese tea planter and politician.

## Biography

William Duff Gibbon was born 18 July 1837 in Aberdeen, Scotland, the youngest of nine children to Rev. Charles Gibbon (1789–1871), the minister at Lonmay, and Ann née Duff (1787-1867). He received his education at Banff Academy and Aberdeen Grammar School from 1848-1851, before studying at Marischal College and then at the University of Aberdeen. In 1855, at the age of eighteen, he left Scotland to grow coffee in Ceylon under the tutelage of his brother-in-law, Robert Boyd Tytler, Tytler married Gibbon's older sister, Annie Grace (1830-1904). He commenced his planting career on the Madulkelle estate in the Kelebokka district. He then took over the management of the Oonoonagalla estate followed by the Madulkelle estate. In 1858 he took charge of the 323 ha (800 acres) Hoolankanda estate.
In 1863 Gibbon returned to Scotland, where on 15 September, he married Katherine Murray (1842–1916), the daughter of Andrew Murray, an advocate in Aberdeen. They had six children: James, a successful banker in Germany; John Murray (1875-1952), a Canadian author; Jessie Eyre Duff (1877-1955) who married Colonel Douglas Edward Cayley; and youngest son, William Duff (1880-1955), who served as Lieutenant Colonel in the Worcestershire Regiment, was severely wounded in the battle of Sari Bair and went on to serve as the headmaster of Campbell College.
Gibbon was elected to the Kandy Municipal Council for a number of years and was a fellow of the Royal Colonial Institute. In May 1907 he was appointed as an unofficial member of the Legislative Council of Ceylon, replacing Edward Rosling.
Gibbon was a tea-planter and was knighted in March 1912 for his 56 years developing the tea industry in Ceylon and for his services on the Legislative Council of Ceylon. He also served as the Chairman of the Planters' Association of Ceylon in 1878 and was the organisation's first life member.
He retired to England c.1911 and died on 19 March 1919 at Hathaway Cottage, Bournemouth, Hampshire at the age of 81. Gibbon was buried at the family plot in the Lonmay churchyard, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.
# William Duff (Newfoundland politician)

William Duff Sr. (July 22, 1842 – February 18, 1913) was a Scottish-born businessman and politician in Newfoundland. He represented Carbonear in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1889 to 1900.
He was born in Bothkennar, Stirlingshire and was educated in Falkirk. Duff came to Newfoundland as a clerk for a firm in Harbour Grace. In 1886, he went into business in partnership with Robert Balmer; after Balmer retired, Duff became sole owner. He married Mary Ann Thompson. In 1893, Duff was named governor for the savings bank. He died in Carbonear at the age of 70.
His son William later served in the Canadian House of Commons and in the Canadian Senate.
# Little Major

The Little Major is a bridge bidding system devised primarily by Terence Reese.

## Origins

The concept for "the Little Major" was born late in 1962 while Reese was en route to a tournament in the Canary Islands with Boris Schapiro. First with Schapiro and then with Jeremy Flint, Reese created the bidding system as "an Awful Warning of what might happen if every country playing international championships were to arrive with its own wholly artificial system". That project was soon overtaken by events and the system "was found in itself to be extremely interesting".
Reese promulgated three general principles:
* Aggressive openings on all hands that are ill-equipped for competition. All such defenceless hands are opened 1♠ or higher.
* Early definition of range and type. Opening suit bids from 1♠ to 2♠ are precise as to range and pattern.
* Extension of bidding vocabulary through use of relay bids and two-way bids.
As the system evolved, it was awarded an 'A' licence by the English Bridge Union (EBU) which meant that it could be played in certain restricted events. It was first used in 1963 in international competition by Schapiro and Reese at the 23rd European Team Championships in Baden-Baden, Germany. That created a great deal of interest. Flint and Reese used the Little Major in the 1964/65 world team championship at Buenos Aires.

## Features

The meanings of opening bids are as follows:
    1♣ = four or more hearts, might include a longer minor. Might be three hearts with a long minor (or both minors with 16+ high card points (HCP). A 1♦ response is a relay.
    1♦ = four or more spades, might have a longer minor or a 17-19 notrump hand. Can be three spades with a long minor or both minors with 16+ HCP. A 1♥ response is a relay.
    1♥ = NT hand of 20+ points, an Acol two-bid or stronger, or a weakish balanced or semi-balanced hand of approximately 3 to 6 HCP.
    1♠ = 12-15 points, 5-4 or better in the minors.
    1NT = 14-16 balanced.
    2♣, 2♦ = 12-15 with a fair suit, unbalanced one suiter.
    2♥, 2♠ = five or more of the suit bid and four or more of a minor. 16 to 20 HCP
    2NT = Either a weak minor suit pre-empt or a strong distributional minor two-suiter.
    3♣, 3♦ = Strong, mainly minor-suit hand, 15-18, usually 6-4 or 7-3.
    3♥ up to 4♠ as in Acol.
The Little Major was described in Bridge Magazine on two occasions, the last in the August 1969 issue.

## Abandonment

The Little Major was abandoned entirely when its two-year EBU 'A' license was withdrawn "on the grounds that not enough players were playing the system". The entry for the Little Major in the 1971 edition of the Official Encyclopedia of Bridge had already noted that it was "now obsolete".
# Nicholas de Scossa

Nicholas John Noel de Scossa (born December 1957) is a Swiss-based financier. de Scossa is a former chief executive and chairman of Bristol Rugby Club.
In 2000 de Scossa was involved in debates about top clubs separating from the Rugby Football Union and forming a new Premier League. He was banned from buying international match tickets after forging a letter purporting to be from a Rugby Football Union official.
In 2016 he was involved in negotiations for British Home Stores.
# Microcalicium

Microcalicium is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the order Pertusariales. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Microcaliciaceae. These taxa were circumscribed by the Finnish lichenologist Edvard August Vainio in 1927, with Microcalicium disseminatum assigned as the type species.

## Description

Species of Microcalicium have a mazaediate ascomata (an irregularly spherical fruiting body in which ascus walls break down to leave a dry, loose, amorphous, powdery, often dark, mass of spores together with disintegrating asci and paraphyses). Their asci are ellipsoid in shape and non-amyloid.

## Species

As of May 2024, Species Fungorum accepts the following five species in the genus Microcalicium:
* Microcalicium ahlneri Tibell (1978)
* Microcalicium arenarium (Hampe ex A.Massal.) Tibell (1978)
* Microcalicium conversum Tibell (1978)
* Microcalicium disseminatum (Ach.) Vain. (1927)
* Microcalicium loraasii Holien & Frisch (2022)
# Velimir Stojnić

Velimir Stojnić (Serbian Cyrillic: Велимир Стојнић; born 29 October 1962) is a Bosnian professional football manager and former player.

## Managerial career

Stojnić took up the hot seat of Rudar Prijedor in March 2012 after Dragan Radović was sacked. He succeeded Zoran Marić as manager of Krupa in September 2020.

## Honours
### Player

Borac Banja Luka
* Yugoslav Cup: 1987–88
* Mitropa Cup: 1992
# Mary Seymour (disambiguation)

Mary Seymour was the daughter of Katherine Parr, queen dowager of England and Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley and uncle to Edward VI.
Mary Seymour may also refer to:
* Mary Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (gardener) (1630–1715), married name Mary Seymour
* Mary Seymour, Duchess of Somerset (1697–1768)
* Mary Seymour, Marchioness of Hertford (1846–1909)
* Mary Foot Seymour (1846–1893), American writer
* Mary Townsend Seymour (1873–1957), American politician
* Mary Alice Seymour (1837–1897), American musician, author, elocutionist, and critic
* Mary Seymour (died 1886), wife of Horatio Seymour and First Lady of New York