OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Palfuria hirsuta

Palfuria hirsuta is a spider species of the family Zodariidae.

## Etymology

The epithet hirsuta (Latin for "hairy") refers to the hairy appearance.

## Distribution

P. hirsuta occurs in Zambia.
# Paladyn

Paladyn, Journal of Behavioral Robotics, is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering topics broadly related to neuronally and psychologically inspired robots and other behaving autonomous systems. It was established in 2010 and is published by Walter de Gruyter. The editor-in-chief is Gregor Schöner (Ruhr University Bochum).

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* EBSCO databases
* Inspec
* ProQuest databases
* Scopus
# Palaeacanthocephala

Palaeacanthocephala ("ancient thornheads") is a class within the phylum Acanthocephala. The adults of these parasitic platyzoans feed mainly on fish, aquatic birds and mammals. This order is characterized by the presence of lateral longitudinal lacunar canals and a double-walled proboscis receptacle. The nuclei of the hypodermis (outer layer of skin) are fragmented and the males have two to seven cement glands, unlike their relatives the Archiacanthocephala, which always have eight.
There are three orders in the class Palaeacanthocephala:
* Echinorhynchida Southwell and Macfie, 1925
* Heteramorphida Amin and Ha, 2008
* Polymorphida Petrochenko, 1956
# William Duff (dentist)

William John Duff (born January 1962) is a Scottish dentist from Kilbarchan in Renfrewshire who was jailed for three years (reduced on appeal to two years) for fraud and reckless endangerment in 2001.
Duff worked for a number of dental practices in West Central Scotland in the late 1980s and early 1990s. He was the recipient of a number of complaints (initially dismissed by authorities) about unnecessary dental work carried out on patients. It was later revealed in disciplinary and court proceedings that he also exposed his patients to infection from diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis C due to his deliberate failure to follow standard sterilisation and hygiene procedures.
The issues surrounding the case were initially raised in the UK Parliament by Maria Fyfe MP for the Maryhill Constituency in Glasgow in series of debates in the British House of Commons.
Duff was sentenced to three years imprisonment in February 2001 after pleading guilty to one charge of fraud, and one charge of reckless endangerment (15 Months for the first charge and 21 months for the second charge to run consecutively).
In June 2001 Duff appealed his sentence to the High Courts of the Justiciary in Scotland, although rejecting all the arguments put forward by his defense they agreed on a legal technicality that his sentence should be reduced to two years. The appellant judges did not disagree or dispute the findings of the original sentence..
In 2006 it was revealed that Duff was now working as a senior manager within the IT department of Inverclyde Council responsible for contract negotiation and implementation. He left this position suddenly in August 2007.
# William Collins (cricketer, born 1837)

William Collins (9 December 1837 – 12 January 1876) was an Australian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman who played for Tasmania. He was born and died in Launceston.
Collins made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1872–73 season, against Victoria. From the lower-middle order, he scored 2 runs in the first innings in which he batted, and 14 runs in the second.
# William Floyd (mathematician)

William J. Floyd is an American mathematician specializing in topology. He is currently a professor at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Floyd received a PhD in mathematics from Princeton University 1978 under the direction of William Thurston.

## Mathematical contributions

Most of Floyd's research is in the areas of geometric topology and geometric group theory.
Floyd and Allen Hatcher classified all the incompressible surfaces in punctured-torus bundles over the circle.
In a 1980 paper Floyd introduced a way to compactify a finitely generated group by adding to it a boundary which came to be called the Floyd boundary. Floyd also wrote a number of joint papers with James W. Cannon and Walter R. Parry exploring a combinatorial approach to the Cannon conjecture using finite subdivision rules. This represents one of the few plausible lines of attack of the conjecture.
# William Flynn

William, Bill or Billy Flynn may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Billy Flynn (Chicago) (fl. 1926), fictional lawyer from the musical Chicago
* Bill Flynn (1948–2007), South African film and theater actor and comedian
* Billy Flynn (musician) (born 1956), American Chicago blues guitarist
* Billy Flynn (actor) (born 1985), American actor

## Law and politics

* William J. Flynn (1867–1928), American director of the Bureau of Investigation
* William S. Flynn (1885–1966), American politician; Governor of Rhode Island
* Bill Flynn (Florida politician) (1917–1984), American politician in the Florida House of Representatives
* Bill Flynn (New Jersey politician) (born 1938), American politician in the New Jersey General Assembly
* Bill Flynn (Australian politician) (1951–2011), Queensland MP and leader of One Nation

## Sports

* William Flynn (golfer) (1890–1944), American golf course architect
* William Flynn (American football) (died 1958), American football coach
* Bill Flynn (footballer) (1907–1991), Australian rules footballer
* William J. Flynn (athletic director) (died 1997), American college athletics administrator

## Others

* William Flynn (1926–2018), CEO, chairman, then chairman emeritus of Mutual of America
* William "Billy" Flynn, responsible for the murder of Gregory Smart, the husband of Pamela Smart
# Palmetto Middle School

Palmetto Middle School may refer to:
* Palmetto Middle School in Pinecrest, Florida
* Palmetto Middle School in Mullins, South Carolina
* Palmetto Middle School in Williamston, South Carolina
# Palmeria coriacea

Palmeria coriacea is a species of flowering plant in the family Monimiaceae and is endemic to places above 900 m (3,000 ft) between Mount Misery and the Tinaroo Range in Queensland.
The species was first formally described in 1936 by Cyril Tenison White in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland from specimens collected by Leonard John Brass on Thornton Peak at an altitude of 4,000 ft (1,200 m) in 1932. The specific epithet coriacea means "leathery".
Palmeria coriacea is listed as of "least concern" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.
# Paluzawa

Paluzawa is a village in Kalewa Township, Kale District, in the Sagaing Region of western Burma.
# William Elmham

Sir William Elmham (c. 1336-1403), of Westhorpe, Suffolk, and Fring, Norfolk, was an English Member of Parliament (MP).
He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Suffolk in 1393, 1394, and January 1397.
# William Este

William Este was an English priest in the 16th century.
Este was educated at the University of Oxford. A Benedictine, he held the living at St Mary Magdalen, Milk Street in the City of London; was a Canon of Windsor and Rector and Archdeacon of St Albans from 1550 until 1556.
# Panao District

Panao District is one of four districts of the province Pachitea in Peru.

## Geography

Some of the highest mountains of the district are listed below:
* Hatun Kasha
* K'uchu Hanka
* Marayniyuq
* Putaqa
* Qayqu
* Rikacha Tuna
* Rumi Chaka
* Saqra Mach'ay
* Suyruqucha
* Tinyaqucha
* Walmish
* Wamanripayuq
* Warmi Pukyu
* Waqurunchu

## Ethnic groups

The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (57.01%) learnt to speak in childhood, 42.69% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
# Palestinian question

Palestinian question may refer to:
* Palestinian nationalism, ongoing issue
* Ad Hoc Committee on the Palestinian Question, 1947
* Michel Chiha#The Palestinian Question, 1945
* Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question, 1988 essay collection by Edward Said
* The Persistence of the Palestinian Question, 2006 book by Joseph Massad
# William Brown Meloney

William Brown Meloney may refer to:
* William Brown Meloney (1878–1925), journalist, writer, executive secretary to the New York mayor and historian of shipping
* Marie Mattingly Meloney (1878–1943), journalist and socialite, who used Mrs. William B. Meloney as her professional and social name
* William Brown Meloney (1902–1971), journalist, novelist, short-story writer and theatrical producer
# William Browne (MP for Kerry)

William Browne (1 November 1791 – 4 August 1876) was an Irish politician in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
He was a younger son of Valentine Browne, 1st Earl of Kenmare.
He was Member of Parliament (MP) for Kerry from 1830 to 1831 and 1841 to 1847 and was appointed High Sheriff of Kerry for 1832.
He married Anne Frances, the daughter of Thomas Segrave of Dublin. They had no children.
# William Hey (surgeon)

William Hey (23 August 1736 – 23 March 1819) was an English surgeon, born in Pudsey, West Riding of Yorkshire, the son of Richard Hey and his wife Mary Simpson; John Hey and Richard Hey were his brothers. He was a surgeon at Leeds General Infirmary from its opening in a temporary building in 1776, and senior surgeon from 1773 to 1812.
He gave his name to Hey's amputation (a tarso-metatarsal amputation), Hey's internal derangement (dislocation of the semilunar cartilages of the knee joint), Hey's ligament (the semilunar lateral margin (falciform margin) of the fossa ovalis), and Hey's saw, used in skull surgery.
Hey served as mayor of Leeds in 1787–88 and 1802–03. In 1783 he was President of the Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society. He also founded the Leeds Club. In March 1775, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was one of the founding members of the Leeds Library, alongside his friend Joseph Priestley and other surgeons, clergymen, leading industrialists and businessmen.

## Family

Hey married Alice Banks (c.1737–1820) in 1761. Two of their sons William Hey (1772–1844) and Richard Hey became surgeons and worked with their father. William Hey III (1796–1875) was appointed Surgeon to the Leeds Infirmary in 1830, and took over the family practice in 1844. He married the poet Rebecca Hey in 1821.

## Publications

* 'Observations on the Blood, 1779
* Practical Observations in Surgery, 1803
* Tracts and Essays, Moral and Theological, including a Defence of the Doctrines of the Divinity of Christ, and of the Atonement, 1822
# Palladius of Saintes

Palladius or more often in French Pallais was a 6th-century bishop of Saintes. According to Gregory of Tours, the family of Palladius was wealthy, and had produced several bishops and teachers throughout the 5th century in Gaul.
Palladius plotted against the Merovingian king Guntram, whose territory included Saintes, and sided with his rival Gundoald. He consecrated Faustianus as bishop of Dax in 584, at Gundoald's behest. He was chastised by Guntram, who shunned having mass with him, and both the clergy under him and the metropolitan bishop withdrew their support. At the Second Council of Mâcon in 585, the assembled bishops agreed to depose Faustianus, and fined Palladius and two other prelates an annual amount to support him. Two years later, Palladius plotted with Fredegund.
Palladius worked effectively toward building churches and obtaining relics for his diocese. He procured relics of Martin of Tours, built a church in his honor, and reported several healing miracles to have occurred within the first two or three months. Palladius also promoted saints' cults for Eutropius, the first bishop of Saintes, and for the Abbot Martinus who may have studied with Martin of Tours.
In 573, Palladius was a signatory to the canons of the Fourth Council of Paris, and hosted a council within his own diocese in 573. He is last mentioned in 595.
# William M. Cafaro

William M. Cafaro (May 23, 1913 – April 22, 1998) was an American pioneer in mall development who founded the Cafaro Company, one of the nation's largest commercial real estate developers.

## Early years

Cafaro was born in Youngstown, Ohio, to Anthony and Flora Diana Cafaro. He grew up in the Hazelton neighborhood of the city's east side and attended East High School. He later attended Hall's Business College.
As a youth, Cafaro worked as a pinsetter at a local bowling alley and maintained a paper route in the city's downtown. At the age of 17, he took a job at a local Republic Steel plant and rose to the position of shift foreman. Meanwhile, Cafaro and his brother, John, owned and operated a popular east side establishment known as the Ritz Bar & Supper Club, which drew top entertainers.

## Career

His real estate career began in the 1940s, when he began to buy and sell properties on Youngstown's north side. Cafaro used the proceeds from these sales to purchase a car dealership in Warren, Ohio. In the 1950s, he developed supermarkets in Barberton and Akron. His first major undertaking was the development of a large strip mall in Sharon, Pennsylvania. Over the next few decades, the Cafaro Company developed more than 70 commercial properties. These included shopping centers, open malls, and enclosed regional shopping malls.
In the late 1960s, Cafaro established the Eastwood Mall, in Niles, Ohio, one of the country's first "super regional" enclosed shopping centers. As his obituary notes, "That and other projects nationwide each exceeded 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m$^2$) of retail tenant space under one roof and were considerable engineering feats at the time".

## Civic activities and later years

Cafaro was closely associated with the development of Youngstown State University. In the 1960s, he lobbied Ohio state officials to designate YSU as a state university. In addition, he served for years on the board of the YSU Education Foundation, where he was instrumental in the establishment of Cafaro House, a residential honors facility for outstanding students.
Cafaro died at the offices of the Cafaro Company on April 22, 1998. Funeral services were held at Our Lady of Mount Carmel Church in Youngstown.

## Honors

In 1970, the president of the Republic of Italy made Cafaro a Knight of the Order of the Italian Solidarity. In 1996, he received a lifetime achievement award from the National Italian American Foundation, in Washington, D. C.
# William Henry Benson

William Henry Benson (30 March 1803 – 27 January 1870) was a civil servant in British India and a pioneer malacologist. He made large collections of molluscs and described over 470 species, mainly from India, Sri Lanka, Burma and South Africa.
Benson studied at Haileybury College, Hertfordshire, which was then the training college for the East India Company's civil service. After graduating, he arrived in Calcutta on 30 October 1821 to begin a career that included positions as a District Collector and Officiating Judge in Meerut, Bareilly and other parts of northern India. During his stay in India he collected specimens of numerous land snails some of which he sent to Hugh Cuming in England.
On the return from a trip to Mauritius he brought a couple of living Achatina fulica which he gave to a friend in Calcutta in April 1847 who subsequently released them in a garden at Chowringhee. The species is today a pest in many parts of India.
His son-in-law Major Richard Sankey was executor of his estate. Benson's collection of shells was briefly in the possession of Sylvanus Hanley, who removed many of the detailed labels thus decreasing their scientific value. The collection was then purchased by Robert MacAndrew, who in turn bequeathed it to the University Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, in 1873.
# Pansy Helen Auld Chapman

Pansy Helen Auld Chapman MBE (24 November 1892 – 6 July 1973) was a New Zealand hospital matron and nursing administrator. She was born in Blacks Point, West Coast, New Zealand, on 24 November 1892.
In the 1948 New Year Honours, Chapman was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire.
# Pansy Potter

Pansy Potter is a British comic strip character from the magazine The Beano. She first appeared in Pansy Potter the Strong Man's Daughter issue 21 in 1938, and was first illustrated by Hugh McNeill.

## Character background

As The Beano was in its early stages of development, its creator R. D. Low published a newspaper advert in The Daily Telegraph asking for freelance artists to submit ideas for DC Thomson's new children's magazines. One was Manchester-born Hugh McNeill, who would illustrate Puffing Billy and Ping the Elastic Man. DC Thomson's collaborating process developed a comic strip about a strong girl named Bella under the title of "Biff Bang Bella", but would be changed shortly before the official strip was finalised.

## Synopsis

Pansy Potter is the daughter of a strong man, and she has dark, spiky hair and wears a short-sleeved, collared dress. Her stories were comedic with the punchlines being about the casual use of her superhuman strength shocking everyone around her.

## Publication history
### Original run (1938-1947)

Potter debuted in Pansy Potter the Strong Man's Daughter in issue 21. McNeill illustrated her stories until he had to abandon his career to draw maps in the Second World War. Hairy Dan's creator Basil Blackaller continued the series until sometime in 1944 and was succeeded by Sam Fair for three years. Fair's final story appeared in issue 325.

### In Wonderland era (1949-1955)

In 1949, Potter starred in a new funny strip that became a full-page spread on the back cover: Pansy Potter in Wonderland. In the strip, Potter accidentally walks into Wonderland through a wishing well and meets characters from nursery rhymes. The Beano celebrated its run by making it the first series on the back cover to be in colour. From issue 369, Pansy Potter in Wonderland had over 200 stories designed by James Clark. When Potter returned home, Clark continued creating her stories until the new Pansy Potter series ended in issue 652.

### Third Run (1958)

Charles Grigg and Gordon Bell alternated between the revival over 3 years later in its 42-strip 1958 run.

#### Sparky appearances

In the 1960s and 1970s Pansy Potter starred in her own comic strip in DC Thomson's Sparky magazine. There were two series between issues 2 to 24, and 80 to 567. She would also appear in four of Sparky's annuals.

### 1989–1993 Beano revival

Pansy Potter returned to The Beano in issue 2474 in 1989 this time drawn by Barry Glennard. This series continued until issue 2640 in 1993.

#### Funsize Funnies

Potter returned to The Beano in 2013 between issues 3666 and 3674 in the Funsize Funnies section, drawn by Nigel Parkinson. She returned for a second run later on, where she was drawn and written by Kev F. Sutherland. She cameos in Beano's 2013 and 2019 annuals, as well as in the magazine's 80th anniversary crossover.
# William Hay

William Hay may refer to:
* William Hay (died 1664) (1594–1664), English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1641 and 1660
* William Hay (architect) (1818–1888), Scottish architect
* William Hay (Australian politician) (1816–1908)
* William Hay (author) (1875–1945), Australian author and essayist
* William Hay (bishop) (1647–1707), Scottish bishop
* William Hay (Seaford MP) (1695–1755), British Member of Parliament for Seaford, 1734–1755
* William Hay (police commissioner) (1794–1855), Joint Commissioner of the London Metropolitan Police, 1850–1855
* William Hay, 10th Marquess of Tweeddale (1826–1911), British politician, Member of Parliament for Taunton and Haddington
* William Hay, 11th Marquess of Tweeddale (1884–1967), Scottish aristocrat, land owner and soldier
* Willie Hay, Baron Hay of Ballyore (born 1950), Northern Irish peer and former Member of the Northern Ireland Assembly
* William Hay, 1st Earl of Erroll (1423–1462), Scottish peer
* William Hay, 4th Earl of Kinnoull (died 1677), Scottish peer
* William Hay, 6th Earl of Kinnoull (died 1709), Scottish peer
* William Hay, 15th Earl of Kinnoull (1935–2013), peer, surveyor and farmer
* William Hay, 3rd Earl of Erroll (1449–1507), Scottish peer
* William Hay, 4th Earl of Erroll (1449–1513), Scottish peer and soldier
* William Hay, 5th Earl of Erroll (1495–1522), Scottish peer and statesman
* William Hay, 6th Earl of Erroll (1521–1541), Scottish peer
* William Hay, 10th Earl of Erroll (1590s–1636), Scottish nobleman
* William Hay, 17th Earl of Erroll (1772–1819), Scottish peer
* William Hay, 18th Earl of Erroll (1801–1846), Scottish peer
* William Hay, 19th Earl of Erroll (1823–1891), Scottish peer
* William Hay, 6th Lord Hay of Yester (died 1591), Scottish nobleman and courtier
* William Hay (English cricketer) (1849–1925), English cricketer
* William Arthur Hay (1873–1945), Australian clergyman and cricketer
* William Howard Hay (1866–1940), American doctor, author, lecturer and conceiver of the food combining diet
* William Perry Hay (1872–1947), American zoologist
* William Robert Hay (1761–1839), British barrister, cleric and magistrate
* Rupert Hay (William Rupert Hay, 1893–1962), British Indian Army officer and administrator in British India
* William Delisle Hay (1853–?), British author
* William H. Hay (1860–1946), United States Army officer
* William Walter Hay (1908–1998), American civil engineer and University of Illinois professor of railway engineering
* William W. Hay (1934–2022), geologist and paleoclimatologist with the University of Colorado
# Pancake Range

The Pancake Range is located in east-central Nevada in the United States. The range extends as an irregular sinuous line for approximately 90 miles (140 km) with a roughly north-south trend (N 10 E) in Nye and White Pine counties. The range reaches an elevation of 9,240 feet (2,820 m) at Portuguese Mountain. Neighboring ranges include the White Pine, Grant and Quinn Canyon ranges across Railroad Valley on the east-southeast; and Park and Hot Creek ranges across Big Sandy Springs and Hot Creek valleys on the west-northwest. The south end of Newark Valley lies at the extreme north end of the range. The Lunar Crater Volcanic Field lies at the southwestern end of the chain with the Reveille Range to the south.
Ely lies to the east and Eureka lies to the west of the north end of the Pancake Range. US route 50 between these two cities crosses the very north end of the range at Pancake Summit (elevation 6,521 feet (1,988 m)). Further south the community of Duckwater and the Duckwater Indian Reservation lies in the Duckwater Valley portion of Railroad Valley to the east of the range. The unpaved former Nevada route 20/379 crosses the range between Duckwater and Eureka at Red Rock Summit in the southwest corner of White Pine County. U.S. Route 6 crosses the Pancake Range at Sandy Summit north of Lunar Crater between Currant to the east and Warm Springs to the southwest of the range. Nevada route 375, the Extraterrestrial Highway, traverses the valley east from Warm Springs between the Pancake and Reveille ranges.
The Bureau of Land Management manages 99.9% of the 864 square mile (2,238 km$^2$) mountain area. Trees found in the range include: Utah Juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), Single-leaf Pinyon (Pinus monophylla), and Rocky Mountain Juniper (Juniperus scopulorum). Mammals found in the Pancake Range include: pronghorn, long-tailed pocket mouse, chisel-toothed kangaroo rat, and the little pocket mouse.
Pancake Range was so named on account of its relatively flat outline.
# Pancake Rock

Pancake Rock is an island in the Fox Islands group in the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska. It is approximately 2,000 feet (610 m) across and is located about 1.9 miles (3.1 km) off the west coast of Umnak Island.
The island is said to resemble a stack of pancakes, hence the name.
# Panta-Kpa District

Panta-Kpa District is one of twelve districts located in Bong County, Liberia. It has four third-level subdivisions: Wrunah, Panta, Waytua, and Wolota.
# Pappobolus hypargyreus

Pappobolus hypargyreus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry shrubland. It is threatened by habitat loss.