OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Al Attar Tower

Al Attar Tower can refer to a number of properties developed by the Al Attar Group including:
* Al Attar Business Tower, a Dubai office tower
* Khalid Al Attar Tower 2, a Dubai mixed-use skyscraper
* Gevora Hotel, a Dubai skyscraper hotel previously known as Ahmed Abdul Rahim Al Attar Tower
# Storm glass

The storm glass or chemical weather glass was an instrument claimed to help predict weather. It consists of a special liquid placed inside a sealed transparent glass. The state of crystallization within the liquid was believed to be related to the weather. The inventor is unknown but the device became popular in the 1860s after being promoted by Royal Navy Admiral Robert FitzRoy who claimed that
   if fixed, undisturbed, in free air, not exposed to radiation, fire, or sun, but in the ordinary light of a well-ventilated room or outer air, the chemical mixture in a so-called storm-glass varies in character with the direction of the wind, not its force, specially (though it may so vary in appearance only) from another cause, electrical tension.
The compositions of the liquid in a storm glass varies but usually contains "camphor, nitrate of potassium and sal-ammoniac, dissolved by alcohol, with water and some air." These devices are now known to have little value in weather prediction, and tend to change visually based on the surrounding temperature, however they do not react to pressure changes and continue to be a curiosity.

## Description

The liquid within the glass is a mixture of several ingredients, most commonly distilled water, ethanol, potassium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and camphor. This specific mixture was promoted by Admiral Robert FitzRoy although similar devices existed even two decades earlier with variants in Italy, France and Germany.
FitzRoy carefully documented his claims on how the storm glass would predict the weather:
* If the liquid in the glass is clear, the weather will be bright and clear.
* If the liquid is cloudy, the weather will be cloudy as well, perhaps with precipitation.
* If there are small dots in the liquid, humid or foggy weather can be expected.
* A cloudy glass with small stars indicates thunderstorms.
* If the liquid contains small stars on sunny winter days, then snow is coming.
* If there are large flakes throughout the liquid, it will be overcast in temperate seasons or snowy in the winter.
* If there are crystals at the bottom, this indicates frost.
* If there are threads near the top, it will be windy.
A version of the device was available in the 18th century in France and the inventor is unknown. In 1859, violent storms struck the British Isles. In response, the British Crown distributed storm glasses, then known as "FitzRoy's storm barometers," to many small fishing communities around the British Isles for consultation by ships in port before setting sail.

## Accuracy

In 1863, Charles Tomlinson published an analysis in The Philosophical Magazine concluding that, while attractive, "I think it may fairly be concluded from these experiments and observations that the storm-glass acts as a crude kind of thermoscope, inferior, for most of the purposes of observation, to the thermometer." In 2008 an article in the Journal of Crystal Growth similarly concluded that temperature change is the sole cause of crystal growth in storm glasses.
# Valeriana graciliflora

Valeriana graciliflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Caprifoliaceae. It is an annual native to Algeria, the Balearic Islands, mainland Greece and Crete, mainland Italy and Sicily, Libya, and Tunisia. It has been introduced to Corsica, France, Mauritius, and Sardinia.

## Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Fedia graciliflora​. Encyclopedia of Life.
# Steinitz's theorem (field theory)

In field theory, Steinitz's theorem states that a finite extension of fields $L/K$ is simple if and only if there are only finitely many intermediate fields between $K$ and $L$.

## Proof

Suppose first that $L/K$ is simple, that is to say $L=K(\alpha )$ for some $\alpha \in L$. Let $M$ be any intermediate field between $L$ and $K$, and let $g$ be the minimal polynomial of $\alpha$ over $M$. Let $M'$ be the field extension of $K$ generated by all the coefficients of $g$. Then $M'\subseteq M$ by definition of the minimal polynomial, but the degree of $L$ over $M'$ is (like that of $L$ over $M$) simply the degree of $g$. Therefore, by multiplicativity of degree, $[M:M']=1$ and hence $M=M'$.
But if $f$ is the minimal polynomial of $\alpha$ over $K$, then $g|f$, and since there are only finitely many divisors of $f$, the first direction follows.
Conversely, if the number of intermediate fields between $L$ and $K$ is finite, we distinguish two cases:
* If $K$ is finite, then so is $L$, and any primitive root of $L$ will generate the field extension.
* If $K$ is infinite, then each intermediate field between $K$ and $L$ is a proper $K$-subspace of $L$, and their union can't be all of $L$. Thus any element outside this union will generate $L$.

## History

This theorem was found and proven in 1910 by Ernst Steinitz.
# Marta González

Marta González may refer to:
* Marta González (swimmer) (born 1995), Spanish swimmer
* Marta Terry González (1931–2018), Cuban librarian
* Marta González Vázquez (born 1965), Spanish historian and politician
# Muhlis Erkmen

Reşat Muhlis Erkmen (1891 in Bursa – 27 June 1985 in Istanbul) was a Turkish farmer and politician.

## Biography

He graduated from the Halkalı High School of Agriculture in Constantinople and specialized in animal breeding and dairy farming in Berlin, Germany. He played a pioneering role in the establishment of the Ankara School of Agriculture and the Atatürk Forest Farm and Zoo. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk personally gave him the surname "Erkmen".
In summer1985, he died in his house in Istanbul.
Muhlis Erkmen was the minister of agriculture between 5 March 1931 and 11 June 1937 (7th and 8th government of Turkey) during İsmet İnönü's governments and between 25 January and 9 July 1942 (11th and 12th government of Turkey) during Refik Saydam's governments.
# Major Lodge Victory

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Daily Vault | B+ |
| Entertainment Weekly | B |
| Melodic | |
| The Music Box | |
| Paste | (average) |
| Rolling Stone | |
| USA Today | |
Major Lodge Victory is the fourth studio album by the power pop band Gin Blossoms. It was the first album released by the band since their 1997–2002 breakup. It was released on August 8, 2006, on Hybrid Recordings, making it the Gin Blossoms' first new album in over 10 years.
Hybrid promoted the album's first single, "Learning the Hard Way", for months prior to the album's release. The song received heavy AAA airplay and peaked at 8 on the FMQB AAA Chart. The second single, "Long Time Gone", was also released to radio later that year.
Major Lodge Victory entered the Billboard 200 album chart at number 159 after selling 5,000 copies in just one week. According to a Reuters news article this was the first time that the Gin Blossoms had appeared on the Billboard 200 chart in 10 years, one month and two weeks. The Gin Blossoms had last appeared on the chart during the week of July 13, 1996, with their previous album, Congratulations… I'm Sorry.
The album's title, according to the lead singer Robin Wilson, refers to an in–band joke by a former band member, Doug Hopkins. While touring by van in the early 1990s, the band was discussing whether to continue driving, or to stop at a hotel. Hopkins wanted to stop and rest. After this discussion, the band's van lost control and spun wildly. "Major," Hopkins said, referring to the near accident after the vehicle came to rest. A large hotel sign was visible nearby. "Lodge," he then stated, referring to the hotel. "Victory," he then stated, as the band then decided the near accident was a sign to stop driving for the night.
Major Lodge Victory has sold over 35,000 copies to date according to Nielsen Soundscan.

## Track listing

* "Learning the Hard Way" (Jesse Valenzuela) – 4:09
* "Come On Hard" (Robin Wilson) – 4:10
* "Someday Soon" (Valenzuela) – 4:41
* "Heart Shaped Locket" (Valenzuela, Danny Wilde, Sue Sandberg) – 3:49
* "The End Of The World" (Wilson, Valenzuela) – 4:05
* "Long Time Gone" (Valenzuela, Wilson, Wilde, Sandberg) – 3:49
* "Super Girl" (Valenzuela) – 4:57
* "Let's Play Two" (Valenzuela, Sandberg) – 3:03
* "Curious Thing" (Valenzuela, Oliver Jones) – 4:12
* "Jet Black Sunrise" (Bill Leen) – 4:13
* "Fool For The Taking" (Valenzuela, Wilde, Sandberg) – 3:46
* "California Sun" (Valenzuela, Wilde, Sandberg) – 4:05

## Charts

Album - Billboard (North America)
| Year | Chart | Position |
| 2006 | The Billboard 200 | 159 |
| 2006 | Top Independent Albums | 10 |
# Potatoes & You

Potatoes & You is an acoustic live album by the Wildhearts frontman Ginger. It was recorded at TJ's in Newport, Wales, during an acoustic tour in 2005. The album was originally only available to buy at shows, but can now be downloaded at Ginger's official Bandcamp page.

## Track listing

* "Loveshit"
* "Show A Little Emotion"
* "Someone That Wont Let Me Go"
* "So Into You"
* "Weekend"
* "News Of The World / So Into You Reprise"
* "Some Rehearsed Improvisation"
* "One Love, One Life, One Girl"
* "Inside Out"
* "In Lilly's Garden" / "Someone That Wont Let Me Go"
* "Unlucky In Love" feat. guest vocalist Givvi Flynn
* "Just In Lust"
* "Bad Time To Be Having A Bad Time"
* "Only One Hell"
* "Looking For The One"
* "Shame On Me"
All songs written by Ginger unless noted otherwise.
# Michele Raffin

Michele Raffin is an American aviculturist, writer, and founder of Pandemonium Aviaries, a non-profit organization in Los Altos, California that is one of the largest exotic bird sanctuaries in the United States. Pandemonium Aviaries is now a leader in conservation breeding of exotic species for return to the wild. The focus of the organization is on birds from New Guinea. Among the important species that Pandemonium breeds and protects are the Crowned pigeons, the Nicobar pigeons, and the Green-naped pheasant pigeons.
Michele Raffin is a former venture capitalist in the Silicon Valley who obtained a degree in 1980s from Stanford Graduate School of Business, and founded Pandemonium in 1996. She has written three books, the most recent about her experiences with Pandemonium. The Birds of Pandemonium has received the following honors:
* Selected for the Barnes & Noble Discover Great New Writers Program
* Included in Amazon's Non-fiction Best Books of the Month (October 2014)
* IndieBound's Next Great Reads List (November 2014 )
* Entertainment Weekly's MUST List (October 2014)
* Reading Group Choices New & Emerging Writers List
* Audubon Sponsored Contest
* AARP recommended as Holiday Gift (November 2014)
* Mentioned in the National Book Critics Circle
* First on Kitsap Regional Library's list of "Books to Inspire"
Michele Raffin is an Olympic weightlifter. She won a gold medal in the 2011 masters Pan American Games, and broke 9 records.

## Books

* The Birds of Pandemonium (1st ed.). Algonquin Books/Workman Publishing Company. 2014. ISBN 978-1-61620-136-4. LCCN 2014023612.
* The Good Nanny Book: How to Find, Hire, and Keep the Perfect Nanny for Your Child. New York, N.Y.: Berkley Books. 1996. ISBN 0425151336.
* Love That Lasts: a Singles Guide to Finding a Great Mate. Freedom, CA: Crossing Press. 1993. ISBN 0895945894.
# Al Aspen

Alfred William Aspen (June 5, 1893 – November 6, 1959) was an American racing driver.

## Motorsports career results
### Indianapolis 500 results

| Year | Car | Start | Qual | Rank | Finish | Laps | Led | Retired |
| 1931 | 72 | 31 | 102.509 | 36 | 14 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| 1932 | 21 | 23 | 108.008 | 38 | 34 | 31 | 0 | Rod |
| Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | 231 | 0 | |
| Starts | 2 |
| Poles | 0 |
| Front Row | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Top 5 | 0 |
| Top 10 | 0 |
| Retired | 1 |

## Sources

* ↑ Brown, Allen. "Al Aspen". OldRacingCars.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
* ↑ "Al Aspen". www.champcarstats.com. Retrieved 2024-01-30.
# Storm hardening

Storm hardening is the process whereby construction is used to create new infrastructure or retrofit existing infrastructure such that it is more capable of withstanding extreme weather events. It "involves physically changing infrastructure to make it less susceptible to damage from extreme wind, flooding, or flying debris. Hardening measures include adopting new technology, installing new equipment, constructing protective barriers, or changing communications/IT at the facility.
"Hardening usually requires significant investment by the energy company. Some projects take years to complete; for example, large earth-moving equipment may be brought in to build a new levee. Sometimes the sheer magnitude of assets involved (e.g., thousands of wooden distribution poles) requires years of concerted effort to upgrade."
# Valeriana macrosiphon

Valeriana macrosiphon, also commonly called long-spurred valerian, is a herb of the family Caprifoliaceae.
The erect annual herb typically grows to a height of 0.1 to 0.4 metres (0 to 1 ft). It blooms in spring and early summer producing pink-red-white flowers.
The species is native to Northern Africa and southwestern Europe but has become naturalised in many areas including the south west of Western Australia.
# Steinkamp

Steinkamp is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Fredric Steinkamp (1928–2002), American film editor
* Jennifer Steinkamp (born 1958), American installation artist
* William Steinkamp (born 1953), American film editor
* Tyler Steinkamp (born 1995), American internet personality
# Unity (Mrs. Green Apple EP)

Unity is the fourth extended play by Japanese rock band Mrs. Green Apple. It was released digitally on July 7, 2022, and physically on July 8, by EMI Records.

## Background and release

On July 8, 2020, with the fifth anniversary of Mrs. Green Apple's major label debut and the release of their compilation album 5, the band announced the "completion of phase one" and a hiatus. They also announced their independence from their agency and a new project "Project-MGA", in collaboration with Universal Music Group, which launched on February 4, 2021.
Vocalist Motoki Ohmori made his solo debut on February 24, 2021, with his debut EP French, and released a second EP Midnight on August 6. Mrs. Green Apple released a teaser video on July 8 announcing that "phase two" would begin in 2022. On December 30, the band announced the departure of drummer Ayaka Yamanaka and bassist Kiyokazu Takano from the group.
On March 14, 2022, Mrs. Green Apple released their new logo in a video that was broadcast outside Shibuya Station and at Shibuya Crossing. They released "New My Normal" as a limited edition single on March 18, with the music video premiering the same day. On the same day they announced that they would be releasing an extended play on July 8 holding a one-night arena performance. Concept photos and comments from the members were also released. The group released the title and jacket of the EP on May 12, and the track listing on May 20.
On March 28, "Dance Hall" was announced as the theme song for Fuji TV's information program Mezamashi 8. "Blue Ambience" was featured on Abema's reality show Today, I Fell in Love: First Rainbow Collection on the same day. On May 17, "Enen" was announced as the theme song for the video game Fire Force: Enbu no Shō, the band's second song for Fire Force after "Inferno" for the anime. "Dance Hall" was released as a single on May 24, and "Blue Ambience" was released as a single on June 13.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Motoki Ohmori.
# Symplocos fasciculata

Symplocos fasciculata is a tree in the family Symplocaceae, native to tropical Asia. The specific epithet fasciculata means 'bundled' and refers to the inflorescence.

## Description

Symplocos fasciculata grows up to 23 metres (80 ft) tall, occasionally to 35 m (115 ft), with a trunk diameter of up to 45 cm (18 in). The smooth bark may be brown or grey, occasionally green. The twigs are somewhat zig-zag. The papery leaves, of varying shapes, measure up to 16.5 cm (6 in) long. The inflorescences feature fascicles of bundled racemes bearing white flowers.

## Distribution and habitat

Symplocos fasciculata is native to the Nicobar Islands, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, the Philippines and Sulawesi. Its habitat is kerangas and mixed dipterocarp forests, at elevations to 1,700 m (5,600 ft).

## Uses

In Java, the bark and leaves of Symplocos fasciculata are used to make dyes, including for batik. In local medicine, a powdered form of the bark is used as a remedy for sore eyes.
# Tinissa insularia

Tinissa insularia is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in China (Yunnan), Malaysia, Borneo, Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Celebes and the Moluccas), the Philippines (Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Balabac, Tawi Tawi), New Guinea (Papua, Karkar Island, New Britain) and the Solomon Islands.
The wingspan is about 17 mm for males.
# Majestic 12 (disambiguation)

Majestic 12 is a purported secret committee commissioned by the U.S. government.
Majestic 12 may also refer to:
* The Majestic Twelve , 2024 album by American rock music band Heaven Below
* Majestic 12 (Deus Ex), a fictional organization from the video game Deus Ex
* The Majestic Twelve, a team of American superheroes from the Zatch Bell! anime (featured in season 1 ep. 49 & season 2 ep. 67)
* Super Space Invaders '91, an arcade video game also known as Majestic Twelve: The Space Invaders Part IV
* ""The Majestic"", A Parody of the conspiracy theory from the video game series Destroy All Humans!.
# Scopula grasuta

Scopula grasuta is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Mexico and Guatemala.
# Seiji Nemoto

Seiji Nemoto (根本 誠次, Nemoto Seiji, born 16 September 1961) is a Japanese former wrestler who competed in the 1984 Summer Olympics.
# Moisés Ferreira

Moisés Ferreira may refer to:
* Moisés Ferreira (politician) (born 1985), Portuguese politician
* Moisés Ferreira (footballer) (born 1990), Portuguese footballer
# Royal Military Canal Path

The Royal Military Canal Path is a long-distance path in England, mainly following the Royal Military Canal. Its end points are Seabrook, Kent (51°04′19″N 1°07′20″E﻿ / ﻿51.0720°N 1.1221°E﻿ / 51.0720; 1.1221﻿ (Royal Military Canal Path, Seabrook terminus)), and Pett Level, East Sussex (50°53′19″N 0°41′02″E﻿ / ﻿50.8887°N 0.6840°E﻿ / 50.8887; 0.6840﻿ (Royal Military Canal Path, Pett Level terminus)), and it runs for 27 miles (43 km). It is a canal-side path and fringes the northern edge of Romney Marsh. The canal is an early-19th-century defence against a possible invasion by Napoleon, and it is a Scheduled Ancient Monument and a SSSI. Links are made with the Saxon Shore Way at Appledore and West Hythe.
# Nitish Kumar ministry

Nitish Kumar ministry may refer to these cabinets headed by Indian politician Nitish Kumar as chief minister of Bihar:
* First Nitish Kumar ministry (2000)
* Second Nitish Kumar ministry (2005–2010)
* Third Nitish Kumar ministry (2010–2014)
* Fourth Nitish Kumar ministry (2014)
* Fifth Nitish Kumar ministry (2015)
* Sixth Nitish Kumar ministry (2015–2017)
* Seventh Nitish Kumar ministry (2017–2022)
* Eighth Nitish Kumar ministry (2022–2024)
* Ninth Nitish Kumar ministry (2024–)
# Steinitz exchange lemma

The Steinitz exchange lemma is a basic theorem in linear algebra used, for example, to show that any two bases for a finite-dimensional vector space have the same number of elements. The result is named after the German mathematician Ernst Steinitz. The result is often called the Steinitz–Mac Lane exchange lemma, also recognizing the generalization by Saunders Mac Lane of Steinitz's lemma to matroids.

## Statement

Let $U$ and $W$ be finite subsets of a vector space $V$. If $U$ is a set of linearly independent vectors, and $W$ spans $V$, then:
1. $|U|\leq |W|$;
2. There is a set $W'\subseteq W$ with $|W'|=|W|-|U|$ such that $U\cup W'$ spans $V$.

## Proof

Suppose $U=\{u_{1},\dots ,u_{m}\}$ and $W=\{w_{1},\dots ,w_{n}\}$. We wish to show that $m\leq n$, and that after rearranging the $w_{j}$ if necessary, the set $\{u_{1},\dotsc ,u_{m},w_{m+1},\dotsc ,w_{n}\}$ spans $V$. We proceed by induction on $m$.
For the base case, suppose $m$ is zero. In this case, the claim holds because there are no vectors $u_{i}$, and the set $\{w_{1},\dotsc ,w_{n}\}$ spans $V$ by hypothesis.
For the inductive step, assume the proposition is true for $m-1$. By the inductive hypothesis we may reorder the $w_{i}$ so that $\{u_{1},\ldots ,u_{m-1},w_{m},\ldots ,w_{n}\}$ spans $V$. Since $u_{m}\in V$, there exist coefficients $\mu _{1},\ldots ,\mu _{n}$ such that
    $u_{m}=\sum _{i=1}^{m-1}\mu _{i}u_{i}+\sum _{j=m}^{n}\mu _{j}w_{j}$.
At least one of the $\mu _{j}$ must be non-zero, since otherwise this equality would contradict the linear independence of $\{u_{1},\ldots ,u_{m}\}$; it follows that $m\leq n$. By reordering $\mu _{m}w_{m},\ldots ,\mu _{n}w_{n}$ if necessary, we may assume that $\mu _{m}$ is nonzero. Therefore, we have
    $w_{m}={\frac {1}{\mu _{m}}}\left(u_{m}-\sum _{j=1}^{m-1}\mu _{j}u_{j}-\sum _{j=m+1}^{n}\mu _{j}w_{j}\right)$.
In other words, $w_{m}$ is in the span of $\{u_{1},\ldots ,u_{m},w_{m+1},\ldots ,w_{n}\}$. Since this span contains each of the vectors $u_{1},\ldots ,u_{m-1},w_{m},w_{m+1},\ldots ,w_{n}$, by the inductive hypothesis it contains $V$.

## Applications

The Steinitz exchange lemma is a basic result in computational mathematics, especially in linear algebra and in combinatorial algorithms.
# Synandra

Synandra is a monotypic genus of flowering plants in the mint family containing the single species Synandra hispidula, which is known by the common name Guyandotte beauty. It is native to the east-central United States where it ranges from southern Illinois to western North Carolina and Virginia.

## Description

This species has been reported to be an annual, biennial, or perennial herb, but studies show that it is a "strict biennial", at least in Kentucky and some populations in Ohio. It has oppositely arranged leaves with serrated edges. The large yellow and white or pinkish flowers bloom in April through June. The flowers are over 2 centimeters long and may reach 4 centimeters. Plants can have up to eight multiple branches on a single individual. Nutlets usually weight around 7 mg, with weights up to 13 mg. The nutlets store a high amount of endosperm.

## Habitat and ecology

This plant grows in shady, moist forest habitat, such as streambanks. It is commonly found with other mesic forest species such as the trees (Acer nigrum, Acer saccharum, Asimina triloba, and Tilia americana, and the wildflowers Jeffersonia diphylla, and Caulophyllum thalictroides.
This species appears to be sensitive to environmental changes, and it does not persist after the removal of the forest canopy or removal of the litter layer. This species is also browsed by deer, and mortality in post-grazed plants has been recorded. However, it is hypothesized that its hard nutlets may pass through the deer digestive tract such that deer play a role in dispersing this species. Flower stalks have been observed as fragile, lacking pith, and fall over during flowering and fruiting periods. This may also play a role in seed dispersal.

## Conservation

Though it is considered "secure" as a species, this plant has declined recently. It is now considered historic in North Carolina and it is listed as an endangered species in Illinois and critically imperiled in Alabama. It is more common in other states, such as Indiana. Its distribution in general is described as "scattered".
Threats to the species include habitat destruction and fragmentation, logging and other mechanisms that eliminate the shady canopy, overgrazing, trampling, recreational activity, and pollution. It is also threatened by introduced species of plants such as Lonicera japonica, Dioscorea oppositifolia and Microstegium vimineum.

## Etymology

The plant's common name comes from the Guyandotte River of West Virginia.