OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reliable byte stream

A reliable byte stream is a common service paradigm in computer networking; it refers to a byte stream in which the bytes which emerge from the communication channel at the recipient are exactly the same, and in exactly the same order, as they were when the sender inserted them into the channel.
The classic example of a reliable byte stream communication protocol is the Transmission Control Protocol, one of the major building blocks of the Internet.
A reliable byte stream is not the only reliable service paradigm which computer network communication protocols provide, however; other protocols (e.g. SCTP) provide a reliable message stream, i.e. the data is divided up into distinct units, which are provided to the consumer of the data as discrete objects.

## Mechanism

Communication protocols that implement reliable byte streams, generally over some unreliable lower level, use a number of mechanisms to provide that reliability. Automatic repeat request (ARQ) protocols have an important role for achieving reliability.
All data items are identified with a sequence number, which is used both to make sure that the data are delivered to the entity at the other end in the correct order, and to check for lost data items. The receiver sends back acknowledgements for data items that have been successfully received; a timer at the sender will cause a timeout if an acknowledgement is not received within a reasonable round trip time, and the (presumably lost) data will then be re-transmitted. To check that no data items are damaged, a checksum is used; one is computed at the sender for each block of data before it is sent and checked at the receiver. Erroneous or missing data are reported to the sender, in order that it may retransmit the same. Any duplicated data items are discarded.

## Head-of-line blocking

Head-of-line blocking can occur in reliable byte streams: if packets are reordered or lost and need to be retransmitted (and thus arrive out-of-order), data from sequentially later parts of the stream may be received before sequentially earlier parts of the stream; however, the later data cannot typically be used until the earlier data has been received, incurring network latency. If multiple independent higher-level messages are encapsulated and multiplexed onto a single reliable byte stream, then head-of-line blocking can cause processing of a fully-received message that was sent later to wait for delivery of a message that was sent earlier. This affects, for example, HTTP/2, which frames multiple request–response pairs onto a single stream; HTTP/3, which has an application-layer framing design and uses datagram rather than stream transport, avoids this problem. The latency degradation from head-of-line blocking depends on the underlying packet loss rate and round-trip time, with higher losses producing worse latency. Without changing the stream abstraction, reducing packet loss can reduce the harm from head-of-line blocking; an alternative is to implement the reliable byte stream using forward error correction to send redundant data so that a certain amount of loss can be tolerated without incurring retransmissions.
# Lekhubu Island

Lekhubu Island is a rock outcrop in Botswana. It is located in the Southern campus of the large natural topographic depression within the Makgadikgadi region of Botswana called the Sua Pan, which is the largest pan in Botswana. It is a two billion year old granite rock island, crescent shaped and is about one kilometre long, its slopes are littered with fossil beaches of rounded pebbles, an indication of the prehistoric lake's former water levels. Lukhubu is referred to as an island because it is surrounded by a sea of white salt.

## History

Lekhubu is a rock outcrop which was covered with water of the tremendous Lake Makgadikgadi, which is one of the largest lakes in Africa.Lekhubu means the rock outcrop. Kubu is a Setswana name that refers to the hippopotamus.
About 10,000 years ago, the Lake Makgadikgadi dried up and only Lekhubu Island remained with a lot of salt in it. All this was caused by the climatic changes that took place many years ago. Initiation used to take place there and people were marked musing the stones called the cairns that made sure that people got initiated.

## Location

Lekhubu is located in the Southern campus of the large natural topographic depression within the Makgadikgadi region of Botswana called the Sua pan, which is the largest pan in Botswana. Lekhubu site is off the track in between the Gweta village, Nata and Letlhakane, therefore people who visit the site are encouraged to be in touch with the villagers to get more information on how to get there or visit the Mmatshumo village and the veterinary gates. Mmatshumo is just 42km away from Lekhubu and roughly 100km away from Gweta village.
# Master and Man (1934 film)

Master and Man is a 1934 British comedy film directed by John Harlow.

## Plot

Two tramps come to the rescue of a lady by saving her house from arsonists.

## Cast

* Wallace Lupino ... Wally
* Barry Lupino ... Barry
* Gus McNaughton ... Blackmailer
* Faith Bennett ... Lady Sinden
* Syd Crossley ... Coffee Stall Keeper
* Hal Gordon ... Gamekeeper
* Harry Terry ... Tiny
* George Humphries ... Slim
# The Reason

The Reason may refer to:
* The Reason (Hoobastank album)
** "The Reason" (Hoobastank song)
* "The Reason" (Celine Dion song)
* The Reason (Beanie Sigel album)
* The Reason (Diamond Rio album)
* The Reason (Lemar album)
* The Reason (X Ambassadors EP)
* The Reason (band)
* "The Reason", a song by the Blizzards, from Domino Effect (album)
* "The Reason", a song by Lower Than Atlantis from Lower Than Atlantis (album)
* "The Reason", a song by Skrillex on Leaving (EP) (2013)
# Martin Krause

Martin Krause (17 June 1853 – 2 August 1918) was a German concert pianist, piano teacher, music critic, and writer.

## Career

Krause was born in Lobstädt, Saxony as the youngest son of the choirmaster and church schoolmaster Johann Carl Friedrich Krause in Lobstädt. He initially attended the teacher training college in Borna, then at the Leipzig Conservatory with Ernst Ferdinand Wenzel [ca] and Carl Reinecke. He performed on the concert platform in 1878–80 but stopped because of a nervous breakdown.
In 1882, he became a pupil of Franz Liszt and studied his technique; he was later among Liszt's most prominent promoters. Krause later established himself as a piano teacher and writer on music in Leipzig, where he was one of the founders of the Franz-Liszt-Verein association. From 1900, he also taught in Dresden. From 1901, Krause worked as a professor at the Royal Academy of Music in Munich, and from at least 1896 to 1911 at the Stern Conservatory in Berlin. His notable pupils there include Claudio Arrau, Edwin Fischer and Rosita Renard.
In addition to his work nurturing the Liszt tradition, Krause was also known for his interpretations of Beethoven's music.
A victim of the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic, he died in Plattling in 1918.

## Works

* Wagner-Kalender 1908 aus Anlass des 25. Todestages Richard Wagners (Wagner-Almanac 1908 on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the death of Richard Wagner), edited by Søren Kruse, Danmark, 1961.

## Pupils

* Claudio Arrau (1903–1991) – Krause on Arrau: "Dieses Kind soll mein Meisterstück werden." ("This child is meant to become my masterpiece.")
* Edwin Fischer (1886–1960)
* Lisy Fischer (1900–1999)
* Eva Limiñana (1895–1953)
* Manuel Ponce (1882–1948)
* Harry Puddicombe (1870–1953)
* Rosita Renard (1894–1949)
* Grete von Zieritz (1899–2001)
# Steven Angelides

Steven Angelides is a historian, author and academic at La Trobe University. He also serves as honorary senior research fellow at Macquarie University. He is the author of A History of Bisexuality (2001) and The Fear of Child Sexuality (2019).

## Career

Angelides published A History of Bisexuality in 2001. The book studies the ways that bisexuality has been represented throughout the modern period of Western civilization, particularly through the lenses of psychoanalysis and queer theory.
In 2019, he published The Fear of Child Sexuality: Young People, Sex, and Agency under the University of Chicago Press. The book uses case studies of sex scandals in the United States and Australia to examine how they shaped the concept of "innocence" and other common tropes associated with childhood.
Some of Angelides' works have been published by Nordic scientific journal Lambda Nordica.

## Reception

University of California researcher Jonathan Alexander and University of Puerto Rico academic Serena Anderlini-D'Onofrio wrote in their review of The History of Bisexuality that the book "offers a much-needed historical and theoretical intervention in our thinking about the history of what the modern era knows as sexuality".
University of Iowa professor Ellen Lewin said that Angelides' book on bisexuality "tells us a lot about the anxieties and uncertainties that afflict sexuality researchers, but relatively little about bisexuality itself".
University of London professor Joanna Bourke said in her book review that Fear of Child Sexuality was "particularly enlightening" due to its focus on the "dramatic shifts in the responses of adults to child sexuality over the 20th and 21st centuries". She also said that it was unfortunate how Angelides would recurrently use the term "child" in an ambiguous manner throughout the book, often to refer to White, middle-class male adolescents.

## Works

* Angelides, Steven. A History of Bisexuality. University of Chicago Press, 2001. pp. 296.
* Angelides, Steven. The Fear of Child Sexuality: Young People, Sex, and Agency. University of Chicago Press, 2019. pp. 234.
# Yoko Utsumi

Yoko Utsumi is a Japanese musical artist. Her solo music is a blend of punk, rock and ska influences, with some blues and jazz thrown in. During her long career, she has also played Japanese traditional music.
Utsumi has been a member of a few important Japanese underground bands, including Mescaline Drive, Soul Flower Union and Soul Flower Mononoke Summit. Although she left Soul Flower Union in 1998, she still occasionally appears on the band's albums and live shows. She is also still a member of Soul Flower Mononoke Summit, an acoustic offspring of Soul Flower Union which plays traditional Asian music with protest lyrics.
She has one self-titled album released in the United States on the Asian Man Records label, in 2005. She also performs with a band called YOKOLOCO, which includes Soul Flower Union keyboardist Shinya Okuno and former Thee Michelle Gun Elephant drummer Kazuyuki Kuhara.
# Reid index

The Reid Index is a mathematical relationship that exists in a human bronchus section observed under the microscope. It is defined as ratio between the thickness of the submucosal mucus secreting glands and the thickness between the epithelium and cartilage that covers the bronchi. The Reid index is not of diagnostic use in vivo since it requires a dissection of the airway tube, but it has value in post mortem evaluations and for research.
The Reid Index was developed in the late 1950s from the work of Dr. Lynne McArthur Reid, M.D. who first described the relationship between hypertrophic bronchial mucous glands and the resultant narrowing of the airways seen in chronic bronchitis. In 1967, Dr. Reid became the first woman to achieve the rank of professor of experimental pathology in England and later became the first dean of the Cardiothoracic Institute at London University.

## Calculation

    $\ RI={\frac {gland}{wall}}$
where:
    RI is the Reid Index
    wall is the thickness of the airway wall between the epithelium and the cartilage's perichondrium
    gland is the thickness of the mucus-producing gland at the location of inspection.

## Interpretation

A normal Reid Index should be smaller than 0.4, the thickness of the wall is always more than double the thickness of the glands it contains. Chronic smoking causes submucosal gland hypertrophy and hyperplasia, leading to a Reid Index of >0.5 indicating chronic bronchitis.
# Loha Pahalwan

Loha Pahalwan is a 2018 Indian Bhojpuri-language action drama film directed by Iqbal Baksh and produced by Sanjay A Nishad and Ramesh Vyas with co-produced by Sushil Singh under banner of "Lakshmi Ganpathy Films" and "Nishad Productions". The film features Pawan Singh and Payas Pandit in the lead role while Sushil Singh, Prakash Jais, Dev Singh, Pushpak Chawla, Deepak Sinha, Santosh Pahalwan, Dhama Verma, Shraddha Naval, Heera Yadav also play pivotal roles. Seema Singh and Glori Mohanta make a special appearance in songs.

## Cast

* Pawan Singh as Loha Singh
* Payas Pandit as Suman
* Sushil Singh as Pahalwan
* Prakash Jais as 97-98
* Dev Singh as Vikky (Pahalwan's Elder Son)
* Pushpak Chawla as Munna (Pahalwan's Younger Son)
* Deepak Sinha as Constable Rampal
* Dhama Verma as Constable
* Santosh Pahalwan as Jageshwar (Pahalwan's henchman)
* Shraddha Naval as Loha's Mother
* Jafar Khan as Loha's Father
* Heera Yadav as A Villan
* Glori Mohanta as Special appearance in song "Nanado Mal De Na"
* Seema Singh as Special appearance in song "Aai Maai Haradi"

## Production

Filming for this film was done in Film City, Tulsi Vihar (Madh), Subham Banglow and Chandiwali in Mumbai. The film was got U/A certificate by Censor Board of India without any cut.
The cinematography has been done by K Venkat Mahesh while choreography is by Rikki Gupta and Ram Devan. Art direction done by Manish Shirke. It was edited by Kunal Prabhu while action direction by Heera Yadav. VFX done by "Fiction Animation Studio". Editing and post-production done by "Ganraj Associates".

## Release

The film's theatrically release scheduled on 14 September 2018; but due to some issue, film was released on 21 September 2018 on all theatres of Bihar, Jharkhand, Mumbai and Gujarat and received a massive opening and has been running housefull in theatres. On 2 October 2018, film released in the all theatre of Uttar Pradesh and Delhi.

## Soundtrack

The soundtrack for "Loha Pahalwan" was composed by Chhote Baba with lyrics penned by Azad Singh, Manoj Matlabi, Sujit Singh Chandrawanshi and Munna Dubey. The soundtrack included large number of songs at 6. It was produced under the "Worldwide Records Bhojpuri" label, who also bought his satellite rights. Full album recorded by Pawan Singh, Indu Sonali, Alka Jha, Priyanka Singh and Mamta Rawat.

## Marketing

The trailer was this film was released on 12 March 2018 on the official YouTube channel of "Worldwide Records Bhojpuri" which crossed over 6 million views on YouTube.
The film online stream at Online video platform site YouTube on 23 November 2019 on same sub-handle of trailer released and it got 10 million views on YouTube till now.
# Treaty of Artlenburg (1161)

The Treaty of Artlenburg was agreed between Duke Henry (the Lion) of Saxony and the people of Gotland in 1161. Thanks to its position in the Baltic Sea, Gotland was a very profitable emporium in the 12th and 13th centuries. The Treaty of Artlenburg allowed the Gotlanders special trade privileges in Henry's domains, in return for liberties for Henry's own subjects within Gotland.

## The treaty

The main issues in the treaty detailed how the Gotlanders were to receive full redress (a form of compensation) for injury or damage to any of their goods in all the towns and cities under Henry's authority. The Gotlanders were also to receive other privileges within Henry's domains, including exception from customs and wergild. These benefits may indicate that the people of Gotland had a strong bargaining position, likely due to how influential they were as a trading and seafaring nation.
Though little is known regarding the specific cause behind the treaty, the text mentions acts of violence, referred to as evils (or Mala in the original document). This language is similar to that used in other treaties, often used to describe issues that were believed to be unchristian. The text also indicates that a similar arrangement existed between the Gotlanders and Henry's grandfather, Lothar III.
The treaty's prologue reads:
   Henry, by divine benevolent grace, duke of the Bavarians and the Saxons. All present and future faithful of Christ should learn, in their wisdom, how out of love for peace and respect for the Christian religion, but especially out of contemplation of eternal retribution, we have resolved the discord that has long been bad between the Germans and the Gotlanders, stirred up by the spirit of evil, and re-established the ancient unity and concord. And also how we resolved the many evils, namely the hatred, enmities, and murders that arose from the discord of the two peoples, with the helping grace of the Holy Spirit in an eternal stability of peace, and afterwards kindly accepted the Gotlanders into the grace of our reconciliation. We therefore confirm the same decisions of law and peace, once granted to the Gotlanders by the most serene emperor of the Romans Lord Lothar of blessed memory, our grandfather, and we deliver to the Gotlanders in all our reverence for his deeds with the same piety and the tradition of each right … [Translation by Jenny Benham].
The treaty ends with Henry wishing that the Gotlanders will visit his lands frequently, especially the port of Lübeck, which Henry had recently seized from the Duke of Holstein in 1158 and which would go on to become one of the most important towns in the Hanseatic League.
# Master and Man (play)

Master and Man was a play by the British playwright George R. Sims first performed in 1890. The play lasted for less than two weeks on Broadway.

## Adaptations

The play was adapted into film three times, as a 1915 silent film directed by Percy Nash, a 1929 silent film directed by George A. Cooper and a 1934 film directed by John Harlow.
# Marshfield Fair

The Marshfield Fair is a traditional, American country fair that has taken place at the end of August every year since 1867. The fair is located on the 62-acre (250,000 m$^2$) Marshfield Fairgrounds in Marshfield, Massachusetts, approximately 30 miles (48 km) south of Boston in Massachusetts' South Shore region.
The fair features amusement rides, a midway, typical fair food and extensive farm and agriculture exhibits. It is one of the few remaining fairs that still support 4-H shows and competitions. On three days, there are blues music festivals with local and national talent.
Regular special events each year include the demolition derby and tractor pulls.
The 139th Marshfield Fair took place from August 18 to August 27, 2006. Attendance was estimated at 180,000 visitors.
The 144th Marshfield Fair was supposed to take place from August 19 to August 28, 2011, but was forced to close early because of the threat of Hurricane Irene. Weather has played an important factor in the amount of business the fair gets throughout the years.
The 153rd was deferred to August 2021 as the COVID-19 pandemic was to blame for 2020's cancellation. There was also no fair in 1917–18 & 1942–45.
# Sonia Parag

Sonia Savitri Parag (born 1983) is a Guyanese politician. She is the current Guyanese Minister of Local Government and Regional Development in President Irfaan Ali's Cabinet. Parag was originally sworn in as the Minister of Public Service on August 5, 2020.

## Early life

Parag was born in Anna Regina around 1983 to Hukumchand and Edith Parag. She has eight siblings.
Like her father Hukumchand and sister Kamini, Parag is an attorney at law. After completing her LLB at the University of Guyana in 2005, Parag attended Hugh Wooding Law School and received her Legal Education Certificate in August 2007. She was called to the bar in Guyana in October 2007.
# Yellow Bay State Park

Yellow Bay State Park is a public recreation area occupying fifteen acres (6.1 ha) on the eastern shore of Flathead Lake twelve miles (19 km) south of Bigfork in Lake County, Montana. The state park offers boating, fishing, camping, swimming, and wildlife viewing.
# Reikou

Reikou (麗紅, reikō) is a cultivar of tangor. It is a citrus hybrid of a hybrid of Kiyomi and Encore (Kiyomi–Encore No. 5) and Murcott tangor.

## Description

The fruit can be easily peeled by hand. It has a sugar content of between 12% and 13%, with some fruits reaching 15%. The fruit weighs around 210 grams (7.4 oz), relatively large for a tangor, and is a reddish-orange colour. It fruits in late January. It does not produce pollen, so it must be pollinated by another species of citrus.
Its systematic name is Kankitsu Kuchinotsu 32 Gō (カンキツ口之津32号) after Kuchinotsu, Nagasaki where it was bred. It was hybridized in 1984, with its name registered in 2004 and the variety registered in 2005. The first fruits came on sale in 2007.
# Snack Time!

Snack Time! is a 2008 interactive fiction work by Renee Choba, which she co-authored with Hardy the Bulldog, who also features as the player character (PC). Snack Time! presents the interactor with the challenge of getting a snack while playing as Hardy the Bulldog. Hardy must complete a series of steps, each of the five steps worth ten points, making a score of 50 possible, in order to get the sandwich from the human owner. Taking place within just a few rooms of living space, the interactor must position themselves from a dog's perspective in order to successfully complete the game.

## Development

Choba is an interactive fiction writer who has completed other interactive fiction works as well, coming in the form of "Stink or Swim" (2009) and "History Repeating" (2005), during which she collaborated with Mark Choba.

## Reception

Reviewers explained "What makes the game so charming is the way Choba (the author) exploits the fact that Hardy (the dog-PC) has a set of concepts that doesn't quite match the human player's. For that purpose, a dozen words are worth a thousand perfect 3D-renderings."

### Awards and honors

In 2008, Choba and Hardy were awarded the Best Individual PC award at the XYZZY Awards Ceremony, and Snack Time! was named 6th best interactive fiction work at the 14th Annual Interactive Fiction Competition in 2008.
# Peach Air

Peach Air was a charter airline in the United Kingdom that operated for two years between 1997 and 1998.

## History

Peach Air was formed in 1996. It was part of Caledonian Airways, created to operate for the tour operator Goldcrest.
In 1999, Thomas Cook completed the acquisition of Carlson Leisure Group, who operated Caledonian Airways and Peach Air. This led to a complete rebrand by Thomas Cook of its growing tour operation.
In 2000, Thomas Cook rebranded their charter airline operations as JMC Air, part of a new universal customer-facing brand "JMC".
Flying Colours ordered 2 Airbus A330-200 aircraft to begin long haul operations; these aircraft arrived after the JMC rebrand.
JMC Air was rebranded as Thomas Cook Airlines in 2002.
Thomas Cook Airlines UK then announced a merger with fellow Manchester-founded airline MyTravel Airways. The parent companies had merged in June 2007, with the two airlines merging in November that year.

## Fleet

The carrier operated 2 Boeing 737-200 and 2 Lockheed L-1011 Tristar
# Məlikəhmədli

39°26′58″N 46°30′50″E﻿ / ﻿39.44944°N 46.51389°E﻿ / 39.44944; 46.51389
Məlikəhmədli (Malikahmadli) is a village in the Qubadli District of Azerbaijan.
# Tanypeza picticornis

Tanypeza picticornis is a species of fly in the family Tanypezidae.
# White Pond

White Pond is a lake in Putnam County, in the U.S. state of New York. The pond has a surface area of 150 acres (61 ha).
White Pond was named after the local White family.