OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# St Michael's Church, Llantarnam

The Parish Church of St Michael's & All Angels is a Grade II* listed parish church in Llantarnam, near Cwmbran, Torfaen, Wales.

## History

The church was built in the early 12th century on the site of an earlier building, possibly the ancient chapel of St Aaron that was known to have existed as a private chapel for the nearby Llantarnam Abbey. The church was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary & Mary Magdalene, on her feast day, 22 July 1179. The church was also referred to the Monastery of Deuma throughout much of its history. In the 15th century significant alterations were made to the church and major reconstruction commenced, with the eastern wing renovated. Larger windows were installed at this time to provide more light to the aisles. A north chapel, believed to have been built using Italian marble altar reredos from Llantarnam Abbey, was erected, and was later referred to in 1535 as the "chapel of St Michael near the monastery". The tower is of the Tudor architectural style, built of two stages in local stone, and the chancel arcade and stone arches in the early Renaissance shape appear to have been added in the early 16th century.
In the 16th century, the poet Sawnder Sion, also known as the "Lion of Llantarnam", of Llantarnam Abbey was buried beneath the choir in the church, witnessed by Dafydd Benwyn, another poet and friend of Sion who wrote a poem mentioning the bed "In the choir of St Michael". During the "Popish Plot", on Sunday 17 November 1678, John Arnold of Monmouthshire captured Father David Lewis, also known as Charles Baker, at St Michael's Church where he was preaching; he was later executed. The register of the church dates to 1727, when it is recorded that the church was a vicarage and "net yearly value £108, with 21 acres of glebe, in the gift of the Bishop of Llandaff".
The church was renovated in 1869–70 by the architect E. A. Lansdowne. A 6-acre cemetery was added in 1892, costing £3,100. In 1921, the church was again renovated, this time with significant changes to the walls by removing the plasterwork. A number of fine mediaeval murals were uncovered during the renovation, amongst them Elijah in the wilderness, John the Baptist and a depiction of a mediaeval priest.
# St Michael's Church, Llanvihangel Crucorney

St Michael's Church stands in the centre of the village of Llanvihangel Crucorney, Monmouthshire, Wales. It was designated as a Grade II listed building in 1956 for its historic importance and surviving medieval features.

## History

The Book of Llandaff suggests the church was founded before the close of the tenth century. The church is said to have been built as the successor to the small chapel of St Michael, which formerly stood at the peak of the Skirrid, a short distance to the south of Llanvihangel Crucorney.
In 1542, King Henry VIII granted the tithes of Llanvihangel Crucorney and several neighbouring parishes to the establishment and maintenance of a grammar school for boys at Abergavenny.

## Architecture

The nave of the church is of Norman origin, though it has since seen many alterations. The base of the tower and the chancel were probably added in the 13th or 14th centuries, and it is likely the tower was extended to its current height and the south porch was built in the 16th century.
In 1835 the nave had fallen into disrepair. Instead of being repaired the nave walls were largely pulled down and rebuilt. With them the original oak roof was destroyed and replaced by an extemporaneous roof. The present windows were inserted later that century, between 1887 and 1897.
In 1974 history repeated itself as the nave roof was again failing so it was pulled down. This time the church could only afford to partially rebuild the roof so much of the nave remained exposed to the elements until the 2000s when a new roof was built with the help of the Heritage Lottery Fund.
# St Cuthbert (disambiguation)

St Cuthbert may refer to:

## English saints

* St Cuthbert (634–687)
* Cuthbert of Canterbury (d. 760)
* Cuthbert Mayne (1544–1577)
St Cuthbert or St Cuthbert's may also refer to

## Places

* Saint-Cuthbert, Quebec, a municipality in Canada
* St Cuthbert Out, a civil parish in Somerset, England
* St Cuthbert Without, a civil parish in Cumbria, England
* St. Cuthbert's Mission, an indigenous village in Guyana

## Educational institutions

* St Cuthbert's Catholic High School, St Helens, England
* St Cuthbert's College (disambiguation)
* St Cuthbert's High School, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
* St Cuthbert's RC High School, Rochdale, England
* St Cuthbert's Roman Catholic Primary School, Stockton on Tees, England
* St Cuthbert's Society, a college of the University of Durham, England

## Other

* St Cuthbert Gospel, a 7th-century gospel pocket book
* Saint Cuthbert (Dungeons & Dragons), a deity in the Dungeons and Dragons game
* St Cuthbert's Cave, Northumberland, England
* St. Cuthbert's Co-operative Society, Scotland
* St Cuthbert's Swallet, a cave in Somerset, England
# St. Stanislaus Parish, Fall River

St. Stanislaus Parish is a Roman Catholic parish designated for Polish immigrants in Fall River, Massachusetts, United States.
Founded in 1898, it is one of the Polish-American Roman Catholic parishes in New England in the Diocese of Fall River. It also has a vibrant community, annual Polish festival, and a school. The students are educated not only in their faith and regular studies, but also Polish culture and language.
The Church is in the South End Neighborhood in Fall River, known for its historic Slavic communities, an example being the Ukrainian Catholic Church, St. John the Baptist, down the street, and the famed restaurant, Pattie's Pierogi's close by. The community is steeped in tradition, and Polish or not, the parishioners, as well as the students in the school, are instilled with strong Polish ethnic and national pride.
# Stane Street (disambiguation)

Stane Street was a Roman road, running from London Bridge to Chichester in West Sussex.
Stane Street may also refer to:
# St Mary Bothaw

St Mary Bothaw (or Saint Mary Boatehaw by the Erber) was a parish church in the Walbrook ward of the City of London. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666 and not rebuilt. However, some of its materials were used in the rebuilding of St Swithin, London Stone, with which parish it was merged.

## Location

The church stood in the Walbrook ward, in a narrow lane just to the south of Candlewick Street (now Cannon Street).

## History

St Mary Bothaw was described by Stow as a "proper church". The dedication is generally derived from "boat-haw", meaning "boat house". The church was in existence by 1279, when William de Hamkynton was recorded as becoming rector following the death of Adam Lambyn. It was one of the 13 "peculiars" within the City under the patronage of the dean and chapter of Canterbury Cathedral.
Robert Chichele, Lord Mayor of London, in 1422, was buried in the church.
According to some sources, St Mary's also contained the tomb of Henry Fitz-Ailwin de Londonestone, the first Lord Mayor of London, and his coat-of-arms was in a stained-glass window there. John Stow, however, said that he was buried at the priory of the Holy Trinity in Aldgate.

## Destruction

Along with the majority of parish churches in the city, St Mary Bothaw was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666. A Rebuilding Act was passed in 1670 and a committee set up under Sir Christopher Wren to decide which would be rebuilt; St Mary Bothaw was not amongst them. Instead the parish was united to that of St Swithin, London Stone, and some of the materials from St Mary's were used to rebuild that church. The site was retained as a churchyard until the Cannon Street Railway Station was built over it in the nineteenth century.
# St Sampson, Cornwall

St Sampson is a civil parish in mid-Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The population at the 2011 census was 260.
Formally known as the parish of Golant (Golant is a small village on the west bank of the Fowey river) the parish is bounded on the north by Lanlivery, on the east by the river Fowey which separates it from St Winnow, St Veep and Lanteglos-by-Fowey, on the south by Fowey, and on the west by Tywardreath.
The small church has a holy well by the south porch and is dedicated to St Sampson, by whose name the parish is usually known. The church was probably all built at the same time and was dedicated in 1509. There is a low western tower. Features of interest include bench ends made into a pulpit and a sculpture of the head of Christ (perhaps Italian).
Penquite House near Golant was designed by George Wightwick. It has two storeys and five bays.
# Stagnogley

A stagnogley soil is a type of non-alluvial, non-calcareous soil that is typically loamy or clayey soil with a dense, impervious, subsurface horizon. Stagnogley soils are related to the pseudogleys and are classified as gleyic soils. The name "stagnogley" comes from the soil's gley dynamics. This hygroscopic soil is nutrient-poor, often highly acidic, and poorly aerated, making it unsuitable for farming due to poor crop growth. With a shallow topsoil layer and a moderately stony subsoil, stagnogley soil is mainly used for woodland, supporting tree species that thrive well in these conditions, such as the English Oak.

## Formation

This type of soil, whose topsoil becomes bleached due to continual waterlogging, is often formed on sand-rich material over dense, sandy-loamy to silty-clayey subsoil—also called Sandkerf in German—in cool, moist climatic zones. As a result of frequent waterlogging throughout the seasons at low temperatures, minerals like iron and magnesium are released and deposited in the sandy topsoil to the sides. Where the soil is saturated all-year round, it turns into bog stagnogley and, eventually, into bog. Examples, known as missen occur in the Black Forest in Germany.

## Extent

Stagnogley soils occur in perhumid climates and also on steep slopes. They are found, for example, in the central European Central Upland ranges of the Black Forest, Ore Mountains and Eifel in waterlogged places, as well as on the Midvale Ridge in the UK. Due to the discharge of heavy metals, they occur with oxigleys.
# Stagnosol

A Stagnosol in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is soil with strong mottling of the soil profile due to redox processes caused by stagnating surface water.
Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching. The topsoil can also be completely bleached (albic horizon). A common name in many national classification systems for most Stagnosols is pseudogley. In the USDA soil taxonomy, many of them belong to the Aqualfs, Aquults, Aquents, Aquepts and Aquolls.
They are developed in a wide variety of unconsolidated materials like glacial till, and loamy aeolian, alluvial and colluvial deposits and physically weathered siltstone. Stagnosols occur on flat to gently sloping land in cool temperate to subtropical regions with humid to perhumid climate conditions.
The agricultural suitability of Stagnosols is limited because of their oxygen deficiency resulting from stagnating water above a dense subsoil. Therefore, they have to be drained. However, in contrast to Gleysols, drainage with channels or pipes is in many cases insufficient. It is necessary to have a higher porosity in the subsoil in order to improve the hydraulic conductivity. This may be achieved by deep loosening or deep ploughing. Drained Stagnosols can be fertile soils owing to their moderate degree of leaching.
Stagnosols cover 150–200 million ha worldwide. For the greater part in humid to perhumid temperate regions of West and Central Europe, North America, southeast Australia and Argentina. Here Stagnosols are associated with Luvisols as well as silty to clayey Cambisols and Umbrisols. They also occur in humid to perhumid subtropical regions, where they are associated with Acrisols and Planosols. with a light-coloured, coarse-textured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation and abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay than the surface horizon. In the US Soil Classification of 1938 used the name Planosols, whereas its successor, the USDA soil taxonomy, includes most Planosols in the Great Groups Albaqualfs, Albaquults and Argialbolls.
# Stanley Jayasinghe

Stanley Jayasinghe (born January 19, 1931, in Badulla) is a former Sri Lankan cricketer who played for Ceylon prior to the country being renamed Sri Lanka, and prior to them receiving either Test of ODI status. He was a right-handed batsman and part-time offbreak bowler. In his first-class cricket career which began in 1949/50 he also played cricket in England for Leicestershire. In 1965 he publicly refused to play against the white-only South Africans who were touring England, after his own experiences of racism playing against the South Africans in 1960. He retired in 1968/69.
In September 2018, he was one of 49 former Sri Lankan cricketers felicitated by Sri Lanka Cricket, to honour them for their services before Sri Lanka became a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC).

## Early life

Stanley who was educated at Nalanda College, Colombo captained Nalanda College first XI cricket team in 1951. Some of Stanley's notable classmates at Nalanda College were Karunaratne Abeysekera, Dr Harischandra Wijayatunga, Dr Hudson Silva, Hon. Dr Dharmasena Attygalle, Dr Henry Jayasena, Hon. Rupa Karunathilake, Bernie Wijesekera.
Former All Ceylon and Nondescripts Cricket Club cricketer Carl Obeysekera and Ashley de Silva who were also from Nalanda College played for Ceylon at the same time.
Stanley was adjudged the Times of Ceylon Sportsman of the Year in 1951.

## Cricket administrator

Stanley Jayasinghe also has been one time a member of the National Selection Committee and Manager of Sri Lanka cricket team. Stanley was a hugely sought-after coach in Sri Lanka from the late 1970's. His coaching style, coupled with a caring, fatherly treatment towards his students, made him one of the most successful coaches in the country during the 70's and 80's. He later was appointed the Manager of the Sri Lankan cricket team and developed it to very high standards, laying the discipline and attitude in the players he managed, who later led the Sri Lankan team to its one and only ODI World Cup in 1996.

## Family life

Stanley is married to Erika, a German and they are blessed with a daughter, Yvonne.
# Stanyhurst

Stanyhurst or Stanihurst is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* James Stanihurst (c. 1522–1571), Irish politician
* Richard Stanihurst (1547–1618), Irish alchemist, translator, poet and historian, son of James
* William Stanyhurst (1602–1663), Belgian Jesuit, son of Richard
# Stannane

Stannane /ˈstæneɪn/ or tin hydride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula SnH$_4$. It is a colourless gas and the tin analogue of methane. Stannane can be prepared by the reaction of SnCl$_4$ and Li[AlH$_4$].
    SnCl$_4$ + Li[AlH$_4$] → SnH$_4$ + LiCl + AlCl$_3$
Stannane decomposes slowly at room temperature to give metallic tin and hydrogen and ignites on contact with air.
Variants of stannane can be found as a highly toxic, gaseous, inorganic metal hydrides and group 14 hydrides.
# State Highway 44 (Kerala)

State Highway 44 (SH 44) is a State Highway in Kerala, India that starts in Pamba and ends in Neriyamangalam. The highway is 152 km long.
# State Highway 44 (New Zealand)

State Highway 44 (SH 44) is a New Zealand state highway. At 5.2 km it is one of the shortest highways on the network. Its entire length is within the New Plymouth city area.

## History

SH 44 was created in response to an increase in truck traffic between SH 3 and Port Taranaki and the resulting damage being caused to the preferred route (Breakwater Rd/St Aubyn St/Molesworth St). Initially Transit New Zealand was opposed to taking on the road as part of the highway network (making it responsible for the maintenance rather than the New Plymouth District Council) as for much of the route SH 45 is less than 200m away and runs in parallel. However, as SH 45 is a hillier route, uses the one-way network, and has a greater number of traffic lights insisting heavy vehicles use that route was not feasible and Transit eventually granted network status.

## Route

The highway leaves SH 3 at the corners where Leach (westbound one-way) and Courtenay (eastbound one-way) Streets intersect with Eliot Street (north-south) just north-east of the New Plymouth CBD. This is the same place where SH 45 also commences. It continues along Eliot St to Molesworth Street then west along this stretch of road, which in turn becomes St Aubyn Street then Breakwater Road. While it terminates at Port Taranaki both entrances to the port are part of SH 44. The first is via Bayly Road and Ocean View Parade while the other is at the end of Breakwater Road.
# State Highway 47 (New Zealand)

State Highway 47 (SH 47) is a New Zealand state highway in the central North Island. It provides a link from SH 4 at National Park to SH 41 at Tokaanu just west of Tūrangi.
For its entire length, SH 47 is a single carriageway road with one lane in each direction and at-grade intersections and property accesses. There are no significant towns on the route. The New Zealand Transport Agency classifies the section of SH 47 as an arterial route south of the SH 46 intersection and a primary collector route north of the SH 46 intersection.

## Route

SH 47 travels in a general northeast direction from National Park across the Tongariro volcanic plateau. 9 km from its starting point it reaches the junction of SH 48 which connects to Whakapapa Village and the ski area on the northern slopes of Mount Ruapehu. A further 14 km north-west is the junction with Lake Rotoaira Road (SH 46), an alternative route to SH 1 and the Desert Road. SH 47 continues for a further 25 km over the Te Ponanga Saddle until it reaches its terminus with SH 41. From here eastbound is a short distance to Tūrangi.

## Route Changes and Former Spurs

SH 47 used to have a spur road, SH 47A, which ran from Lake Rotoaira Road to SH 1 at Rangipo. In the 1980s this highway became part of SH 47 and the spur road revoked. A few years later SH 47 was rerouted back to its original route.
In 1997 the formerly designated section of SH 47A regained state highway status as a new designation of SH 46.

## Major junctions

| Territorial authority | Location | km | mi | Destinations | Notes |
| Ruapehu District | National Park | 0 | 0.0 | SH 4 south – Whanganui SH 4 north – Taumarunui, Hamilton | SH 47 begins |
| Ruapehu District | | 9 | 5.6 | SH 48 – Whakapapa Village | |
| Ruapehu District | | 26 | 16 | SH 46 – Rangipo | |
| Taupō District | Tokaanu | 46 | 29 | SH 41 west – Tokaanu, Taumarunui SH 41 east to SH 1 – Tūrangi, Taupō | SH 47 ends |
# Redfin robber

The redfin robber (Brycinus affinis) is a species of fish in the family Alestidae. It is endemic to Tanzania. Its natural habitats are rivers and freshwater lakes.
# Parajapyx

Parajapyx is a genus of diplurans in the family Parajapygidae.

## Species

* Parajapyx adisi Pagés, 2000
* Parajapyx alienus Pagés, 1982
* Parajapyx bonetianus Silvestri, 1948
* Parajapyx botosaneanui Pagés, 1975
* Parajapyx calvinianus Silvestri, 1929
* Parajapyx condei Pagés, 1953
* Parajapyx dorianus Silvestri, 1929
* Parajapyx emeryanus Silvestri, 1928
* Parajapyx feaianus Silvestri, 1929
* Parajapyx genavensium Pagés, 1977
* Parajapyx gerlachi Pagés, 1967
* Parajapyx gestrianus Silvestri, 1929
* Parajapyx hauseri Pagés, 1998
* Parajapyx intermedius Silvestri, 1948
* Parajapyx isabellae (Grassi, 1886)
* Parajapyx kocheri Pagés, 1953
* Parajapyx normandi Pagés, 1952
* Parajapyx paucidentis Xie, Yang & Yin, 1990
* Parajapyx pauliani Pagés, 1959
* Parajapyx remyi Pagés, 1953
* Parajapyx strinatii Pagés, 1975
* Parajapyx swani Womersley, 1934
* Parajapyx tristanianus Silvestri, 1929
* Parajapyx unidentatus (Ewing, 1941)
# Modern China (journal)

Modern China is a peer-reviewed academic journal dedicated to China studies. Its current editor is Philip C. C. Huang (University of California). It has been in publication since 1975 and is currently published by SAGE Publications.

## Scope

Modern China is a source of scholarship in history and the social sciences on late-imperial, twentieth century and present-day China. The journal publishes periodic symposia on topics in Chinese studies, review articles on particular areas of scholarship and book reviews.

## Abstracting and indexing

Modern China is abstracted and indexed in, among other databases: SCOPUS, and the Social Sciences Citation Index. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2017 impact factor is 0.8, ranking it 28 out of 68 journals in the category ‘Area Studies’.
# Stenostomum jamaicense

Stenostomum jamaicense, synonym Antirhea jamaicensis, is a species of plant in the family Rubiaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica.
# Scopula subquadrata

Scopula subquadrata is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in the Neotropics, including Brazil, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and Honduras.
# Sino-Spanish University Alliance

The Sino-Spanish University Alliance (SSU) is a consortium of 16 leading universities in China and Spain. SSU was initiated by Beijing Institute of Technology and Technical University of Madrid and was formally founded on 14 June 2009 in Beijing. SSU aims to establish the communication and cooperation between universities in China and Spain, and to promote scientific collaboration, student exchange and talent development.

## Members
### China

* Beijing Institute of Technology
* Beijing Jiaotong University
* Beihang University
* Beijing University of Chemical Technology
* Beijing University of Technology
* Harbin Institute of Technology
* North China Electric Power University
* Northwestern Polytechnical University
* Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
* Nanjing University of Science and Technology
* University of Science and Technology Beijing

### Spain

* Technical University of Madrid
* Technical University of Valencia
* Polytechnic University of Catalonia
* University of Barcelona
* Autonomous University of Madrid
# Taeniopetalum

Taeniopetalum is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apiaceae.
Its native range is Eastern Central and Southeastern Europe to Turkey.
Species:
* Taeniopetalum arenarium (Waldst. & Kit.) V.N.Tikhom.
* Taeniopetalum obtusifolium (Sm.) Pimenov
# TNFAIP8L2

TNF alpha induced protein 8 like 2 (TNFAIP8L2), also known as TIPE2, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFAIP8L2 gene. It is preferentially expressed in human myeloid cell types and serves as an immune checkpoint regulator of inflammation and metabolism.

## Function

TNFAIP8L2 is a member of the TNFAIP8 (tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8, or TIPE) family that function as transfer proteins for the second messenger lipids PIP2 and PIP3. The other three family members are TNFAIP8, TNFAIP8L1 and TNFAIP8L3.

## Structure

The crystal structure of TIPE2 reveals that it contains a large, hydrophobic central cavity that is poised for cofactor binding.

## Clinical significance

TIPE2 acts as a negative regulator of the immune system. It is down-regulated in patients with infectious and autoimmune diseases and also acts as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancer. Its knockout leads to leukocytosis and systemic inflammatory disorders in mice.
# TNFC

TNFC may refer to:
* Team Northumbria F.C.
* The Natural Fibre Company
* Thurnby Nirvana F.C.
* Trans National Finance Company
* Thursday Night Fight Club