# Oliver Parks

Oliver L. "Lafe" Parks (June 10, 1899 - February 28, 1985) was an early aviator most known for his pioneering work in the fields of pilot training and aviation, including playing a major role in US military pilot training in World War II. His aviation activities also included aircraft manufacturing and sales, airport ownership and operation and airline ownership and operation. In 1946–1950, Parks played a prominent role in the US airline industry. Through his airline, Parks Air Lines, he controlling a portfolio of route authorities viewed as potentially making his company one of the most significant carriers of its kind. But due to an unacceptable delay in starting operations, those rights were revoked by the same regulators that bestowed them. Parks managed to start operations on a single route shortly before losing the rights. Parks Air Lines was then sold to Ozark Air Lines in exchange for stock in Ozark. Since Ozark, at the time, had no airline operations, Parks Air Lines essentially became Ozark, just with a new name and management.

## Career
### Pilot training

Parks' career started as a Chevrolet salesman at the Gravois Motor corporation in St. Louis. He learned to fly in 1926. Combining his sales and piloting skills, Parks flew a Standard J with the Gravois Motor logo painted on the fuselage and wings.
A friend of Charles Lindbergh, Parks founded the Parks Air College at Lambert Field, St Louis, in 1927 and quickly established higher standards for the amount and quality of training that student pilots were required to complete to earn their commercial pilot's certification.
Parks engaged in some aircraft manufacturing through Parks Air College (see below). The College (including manufacturing) was rolled into Detroit Aircraft Corporation and Parks later bought back the training operation.
In the late 1930s, with war brewing again in Europe, Parks convinced the United States Army Air Corps that the training program at his college could adequately prepare military pilots for combat missions. In October 1938, General Hap Arnold asked three top aviation school representatives (Oliver Parks, C. C. Moseley of the Curtiss-Wright Technical Institute, and Theopholis Lee of the Boeing School of Aeronautics) to establish an unfunded startup of Civilian Pilot Training Program schools at their own risk; all three agreed. In the event of war, Arnold intended to extend Air Force training capacity by relying on civilian schools for primary (i.e. the most basic) training. In 1939, Parks was brought to Alabama to set up a Civilian Pilot Training Program for the University of Alabama at Van de Graaff Field. In 1940, he leased all of Curtiss-Steinberg Airport (now St. Louis Downtown Airport) in Cahokia, Illinois, which was renamed Curtiss-Parks Airport, for his school. By the end of World War II, more than 37,000 cadets (more than 10% of the Air Corps cadets who entered primary training and "fully one-sixth of all U.S. Army pilots of the era") had received their primary flight instruction at a Parks school.
In 1946, having concluded that future aviation leaders would need a broader, more academic education and also out of gratitude for the aid given him by Jesuit priests after a 1927 crash, Parks gave the college named after him to Saint Louis University, a Jesuit institution located across the Mississippi River from Parks's Cahokia, Illinois campus. Parks Air College became the Parks College of Engineering, Aviation and Technology of Saint Louis University.

### Aircraft manufacturing and sales

In conjunction with Parks Air College, around 1929 Parks engaged in aircraft manufacturing, known for the Parks P-1 and Parks P-2, though this was never a very large business. These operations were folded into those of Detroit Aircraft Corporation. After bankruptcy, the heavier-than-air aircraft manufacturing activities of Detroit Aircraft Corporation were consolidated into Lockheed Aircraft.
In 1944, Parks conducted a nationwide survey to see what features the potential pool of 70,000 new post-war pilots would want in a personal aircraft. When the wartime training program was phased out that year, he went to work for the Engineering and Research Corporation (ERCO). He came up with the novel idea to sell the ERCO Ercoupe monoplane in department stores, signing up Marshall Field & Company in June 1945, followed by Macy's, Bamberger's and other stores in the Midwest. He himself became the Midwest distributor for eight states. Initial sales were encouraging, but the postwar light-aircraft boom did not last, and the Ercoupe was not a commercial success.

### Airports

After the war, Parks restructured his network of training schools into a company called Parks Aircraft Sales and Service (PASS), which operated fixed base operators and airports. In 1946, PASS bought the Curtis-Steinberg Airport in Cahokia for $400,000 and renamed it Parks Metropolitan Airport. The airport was a significant financial burden. In 1950, Parks said it had lost $70,000 in each of the prior three years and if the City of St. Louis was not willing to purchase it (as a reliever airport), he would need to subdivide it. In 1950 Parks resigned as president of PASS. He disposed of his stock thereafter, to stay in compliance with the CAB to avoid conflicts of interest with his shareholdings in Ozark Air Lines (see below). The largest remaining shareholder was St. Louis University. PASS tried to sell the airport to St. Louis as a reliever airport, given the facility's proximity to the city.
In 1959, with the airport experiencing financial difficulties, the facility closed and developers started to create a residential community on the property. However, only about 200 of the 2500 homes in the "St Louis Gardens" subdivision were built. The need for a secondary airport to take pressure off the overcrowded Lambert Field resulted in the property being purchased by the Bi-State Development Agency in 1965 and converted back into an airport. Parks returned as airport manager for two years at annual salary of $1.

### Airline

In 1944, Parks founded Parks Air Transport (PAT), through which he applied to the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB: the federal agency that at the time had tight control over almost all US air transport) for certification as a feeder or local service airline. In 1946 and 1947, the CAB awarded PAT the largest route network of any such applicant in significant part based on Parks's reputation. The routes were characterized as potentially the "richest" such feeder network. But Parks repeatedly delayed starting operation, saying he was unable to raise financing. In June 1949 the CAB started proceedings to potentially revoke the certification of the airline, by then renamed Parks Air Lines. In June 1950, shortly before the CAB gave its final ruling, PAL started service on a route from Parks Metropolitan Airport to Chicago, via St Louis and three central Illinois cities. The CAB revoked PAL's certification, and a federal appeals court declined to stop the CAB from enforcing the order pending a full appeal. In September Parks agreed to merge PAL into Ozark Air Lines, which at the time had no airline operation, but which had been awarded most of the PAL rights as a replacement carrier by the CAB. PAL's operation therefore became that of Ozark.

## Tributes and Memorials

* Oliver Parks Middle School is a school in the Cahokia Unit School District #187.