OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nude mouse

A nude mouse is a laboratory mouse from a strain with a genetic mutation that causes a deteriorated or absent thymus, resulting in an inhibited immune system due to a greatly reduced number of T cells. The phenotype (main outward appearance) of the mouse is a lack of body hair, which gives it the "nude" nickname. The nude mouse is valuable to research because it can receive many different types of tissue and tumor grafts, as it mounts no rejection response. These xenografts are commonly used in research to test new methods of imaging and treating tumors. The genetic basis of the nude mouse mutation is a disruption of the FOXN1 gene.

## Nomenclature

The nomenclature for the nude mouse has changed several times since their discovery. Originally they were described as nu and this was updated to Hfh11nu when the mutated gene was identified as a mutation in the HNF-3/forkhead homolog 11 gene. Then in 2000, the gene responsible for the mutation was identified as a member of the Fox gene family and the nomenclature was updated to Foxn1nu.

## History and significance

Nude mice were first discovered in 1962 by Dr. Norman R. Grist at Ruchill Hospital's Brownlee virology laboratory in Glasgow. Because they lack a thymus, nude mice cannot generate mature T lymphocytes. Therefore they are unable to mount many types of adaptive immune responses, including:
* antibody formation that requires CD4+ helper T cells
* cell-mediated immune responses, which require CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cells
* delayed-type hypersensitivity responses (require CD4+ T cells)
* killing of virus-infected or malignant cells (requires CD8+ cytotoxic T cells)
* graft rejection (requires both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells)
Because of the above features, nude mice have served in the laboratory to gain insights into the immune system, leukemia, solid tumors, AIDS and other forms of immune deficiency as well as leprosy. Moreover, the absence of functioning T cells prevents nude mice from rejecting not only allografts (grafts of tissue from other mice) but also xenografts (grafts of tissue from another species).
Most strains of nude mice are slightly "leaky" and do have a few T cells, especially as they age. In addition, knockout mice with more complete defects in the immune system have been constructed (e.g. RAG1 and RAG2 knockout mice). For these reasons, nude mice are less popular in research today.

## Genetics

Nude mice have a spontaneous deletion in the FOXN1 gene. (Humans with mutations in FOXN1 also are athymic and immune deficient.) Mice with a targeted deletion in the FOXN1 ("knockout" mice) also show the "nude" phenotype. Since nude females have underdeveloped mammary glands and are unable to effectively nurse their young, nude males are bred with heterozygous females.

## Life span

The life span of nude mice is normally 6 months to a year. In controlled, germ free environments and with antibiotic treatments found in many laboratories that routinely use nude mice, they can live almost as long as normal mice (18 months to two years).
# Nuomei language

Nuomei (Chinese: 糯美; autonym: lo33 mɛ21) is a Southern Loloish language of Yunnan, China. Nuomei is spoken in Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County, and Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County.

## Names

According to Yunnan (1955), the Nuomei 糯美 (lo³³mɛ²¹) of Xinping County are referred to by the Han Chinese as Suobi 梭比 (which has derogatory meanings), and prefer to be referred to as Nuomei 糯美. The Nuomei refer to the neighboring Nuobi 糯比 as Big Nuobi 大糯比.

## Distribution

Dai (2009) reports that ethnic Hani in Yangjie Township 羊街乡, Yuanjiang County belong to the Nuomei 糯美 and Nuobi 糯比 subgroups, who number 9,000 people and 6,000 people respectively in the township. The Nuomei live mostly in Gedie 戈垤, Dangduo 党舵, and Bamu 坝木 administrative villages, while the Nuobi reside mostly in Langzhi 朗支, Yangjie 羊街, and Diexia 垤霞 villages.
# OK cells

OK cells (short for opossum kidney cells) are a marsupial cell line used in medical research to model proximal tubule epithelial cells of the kidney.

## Characteristics

The cell line was derived from the kidney of an adult female North American opossum (Didelphis virginiana). Like porcine LLC-PK1 cells, this cell line has the limitation of lacking several enzymes specific to the proximal tubule. Nonetheless, OK cells have been used extensively to study functional interactions between the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) and the sodium-hydrogen exchange regulatory factor 1 (NHERF1).

## Use in research

OK cells were originally cultured as a source of X chromosomes for studies on X inactivation. They have also served as models for the study of renal dopaminergic physiology, owing to their capacity to produce and degrade dopamine. OK cells are sold under the catalog number CRL-1840 by ATCC.
# Nylon 12

Nylon 12 is a nylon polymer with the formula [(CH$_2$)$_{11}$C(O)NH]$_n$. It is made from ω-aminolauric acid or laurolactam monomers that each have 12 carbons, hence the name ‘Nylon 12’. It is one of several nylon polymers.

## Synthesis

Nylon 12 can be produced through two routes. The first being polycondensation of ω-aminolauric acid, a bifunctional monomer with one amine and one carboxylic acid group.
n H$_2$N(CH$_2$)$_{11}$CO$_2$H → [(CH$_2$)$_{11}$CONH]$_n$ + n H$_2$O
The second route is ring-opening polymerization of laurolactam at 260-300˚C. Ring opening can be carried out by cationic or anionic initiators, although cationic initiators have not been used commercially due to the product being less stable and oxidized relatively quickly in comparison to those produced by activated anionic polymerization (monomer casting). Ring-opening polymerization is the preferred route for commercial production.
    n [(CH$_2$)$_{11}$CONH] → [(CH$_2$)$_{11}$CONH]$_n$

## Properties

Nylon 12 exhibits properties between short chain aliphatic nylons (e.g., nylon 6 and nylon 66) and polyolefins. At 178-180 °C, the melting point of nylon 12 is the lowest among the important polyamides. Its mechanical properties, such as hardness, tensile strength, and resistance to abrasion, are similar to those of nylon 6 and nylon 66. Low water absorption and density, 1.01 g/mL, result from its relatively long hydrocarbon chain length, which also confers it dimensional stability and an almost paraffin-like structure. Nylon 12 is also chemical resistant and insensitive to stress cracking.

## Applications

Nylon 12 has a broad range of applications as polyamide additives. Nylon 12 is mainly used for films for packing material in the food industry and sterilized films and bags for use in the pharmaceutical and medical fields. When added to polyethylene films, it improves water vapor permeability and aroma impermeability.
It is also prepared as sheets and sintered powder for coating metals. In the electronics field, it is used for covering cables and insulating material, while in the automobile industry it is used to prepare oil and gasoline resistant tubes. In the cosmetic and personal care industries, it is used as bulking and opacifying agents in the face and body powders, and skin creams. Nylon 12 has also found uses in the textile industry and for producing sporting and leisure goods among other applications.

## Manufacturers

Significant suppliers of nylon 12 include EMS-Chemie, the Marl Chemical Park operated by Evonik, Arkema and South Korea's SH Energy & Chemical Co.
# Nyingtig Yabshi

Nyingtig Yabshi (Tibetan: སྙིང་ཐིག་ཡ་བཞི་, Wylie: Snying-thig Ya-bzhi) is a collection of scriptures in the Dzogchen tradition of Buddhism.
Vimalamitra united the two aspects of Innermost Unexcelled Section — the explanatory lineage with scriptures and the hearing lineage without scriptures — and concealed them to be revealed as the Nyingtig teachings Vima Nyingtig, and also as the Secret Heart Essence of Vimalamitra (bi ma'i gsang ba snying thig). Longchenpa clarified them in his 51 sections of Lama Yangtig. Padmakara concealed his teachings on the Innermost Unexcelled Cycle to be revealed in the future as Khandro Nyingtig, the Heart Essence of the Dakinis. Longchenpa also clarified these teachings in his Khandro Yangtig. These four exceptional sets of Dzogchen instructions are, together with Longchenpa's additional teachings Zabmo Yangtig, contained in his collection, Nyingtig Yabshi.
Followers are required to consume amrita daily.
# Oblivion (Utopia album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Oblivion is an album by the rock group Utopia, released in January 1984.
The album represents a turning point for the band, stepping away from the stripped-down sound of their 1982 self-titled album in favor of a fuller, more mainstream contemporary pop sound. This direction was continued on POV, the band's final album released the following year. This shift in sound is most noticeable due to an increased use of electronic drums and triggers by John "Willie" Wilcox. In addition, synthesizers and sequencers, common ingredients of Utopia's music dating back to their debut release, feature more heavily than usual across the album's runtime.
Released by US-based independent label Passport Records in early 1984, the album generated moderate sales, peaking at #74 on the Billboard 200 in March 1984.
Three songs were released as singles: "Crybaby" b/w "Winston Smith Takes It on the Jaw", which peaked at #30 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock chart in February 1984, becoming their biggest hit on that chart; "Love With a Thinker" b/w "Welcome to My Revolution" (released only in the UK); and "Maybe I Could Change" b/w "Love With a Thinker" (released only in Australia). The latter two failed to chart.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Utopia

## Personnel

* Todd Rundgren - vocals, guitar, saxophone
* Kasim Sulton - vocals, bass guitar
* Roger Powell - vocals, keyboards
* John "Willie" Wilcox - vocals, drums

## Charts

| Chart (1984) | Peak position |
| US Billboard Pop Albums | 74 |
# ONSC

ONSC may refer to:
* Old North State Council, a local council of the Boy Scouts of America serveinb the western Piedmont Triad region of North Carolina
* Ontario Superior Court of Justice
# October 1856 Sydney Hamlets colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Sydney Hamlets on 10 October 1856 because Stuart Donaldson was appointed Colonial Treasurer in the Parker ministry. Under the constitution, ministers were required to resign to recontest their seats in a by-election when appointed. Of the other ministers, Henry Parker narrowly won the by election for Parramatta. John Darvall comfortably won the by-election for Cumberland North Riding, and William Manning comfortably won the by-election for Cumberland South Riding. Only John Hay (Murrumbidgee) was re-elected unopposed.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| 6 June 1856 | Stuart Donaldson appointed Colonial Treasurer. |
| 3 October 1856 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 13 October 1856 | Nominations |
| 16 October 1856 | Polling day |
| 20 October 1856 | Return of writ |

## Result

October 1856 Sydney Hamlets by-election 10 October :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| John Campbell (elected) | John Campbell (elected) | 870 | 55.7 |
| Stuart Donaldson (defeated) | Stuart Donaldson (defeated) | 691 | 44.3 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,561 | 100.0 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | 0 | 0.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 1,561 | 51.6 |

## Aftermath

Stuart Donaldson re-gained a seat in the parliament at the November 1856 by-election for Cumberland South Riding,
# October 1865 West Sydney colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of West Sydney on 18 October 1865 because of the resignation of John Robertson due to financial difficulties.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| 10 October 1865 | John Robertson resigned. |
| 11 October 1865 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 18 October 1865 | Nominations |
| 20 October 1865 | Polling day |
| 24 October 1865 | Return of writ |

## Result

1865 West Sydney by-election Wednesday 18 October :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| John Robertson (elected) | John Robertson (elected) | unopposed | |
# O'Fallons, Nebraska

O'Fallons is an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, Nebraska, United States.

## History

O'Fallons was named from the O'Fallons Bluff nearby.
# Oculocornia

Oculocornia is a monotypic genus of Asian dwarf spiders containing the single species, Oculocornia orientalis. It was first described by T. I. Oliger in 1985, and has only been found in Russia.
# Odostomia sitkaensis

Odostomia sitkaensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
Abbott (1974) considers this species a synonym of Odostomia tenuisculpta Carpenter, 1864

## Description

The elongate-conic shell is very regular in outline, yellowish white, shining. Its length measures 4 mm. The whorls of the protoconch are almost completely immersed in the first of the succeeding volution. The whorls of the teleoconch are moderately rounded, rather high between the sutures, slightly shouldered at the summits. They are marked by many fine lines of growth and numerous tine wavy spiral striations. The latter are more regularly developed and distributed than the lines of growth. The periphery of the body whorl marks the greatest diameter of the shell. The base of the shell, though rather long, falls off rather abruptly at the periphery, then tapers gradually to the anterior end of the columella. It is marked like the spaces between the sutures. The oval aperture is large. The posterior angle is acute. The outer lip is decidedly curved, almost patulous, thin. The columella is long, slender, gently curved, and somewhat reflected, provided with a moderately strong, oblique fold near its insertion. The parietal wall lacks a callus.

## Distribution

The type specimen of this marine species was found off Sitka, Alaska.

## Habitat

This species is found in the following habitats:
* Brackish
* Marine
# Odostomia skidegatensis

Odostomia skidegatensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
# O'Ree

O'Ree is a surname.
People with this surname include:
* Matt O'Ree (born 1972) U.S. musician, member of Bon Jovi
* Willie O'Ree (born 1935) Canadian ice hockey player, first black African player to play in the NHL
# Oberteuringen

Oberteuringen is a town in the district of Bodensee in Baden-Württemberg, south-west Germany.
It lies some 8 km north of the Bodensee (Lake Constance) and 4 km east of Mount Gehrenberg. Nearby towns are Markdorf (6 km), Friedrichshafen (7 km), Tettnang (11 km), and Ravensburg (12 km).
The Oberteuringen council district includes the villages of Bibruck, Bitzenhofen, Hefigkofen, Neuhaus, Rammetshofen, Remette, Unterteuringen, and Vittenhaag.

## Demographics

Population development:
| Year | Inhabitants |
| 1990 | 3,671 |
| 2001 | 4,100 |
| 2011 | 4,432 |
| 2021 | 5,004 |
# Oberteich

Oberteich (German for Upper Pond) may refer to:
* German name for the Upper Pond (Kaliningrad), Russia
* German name of Stawnica, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland
* pond in Schönberg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
* pond near Stendorfer See, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany
# Ocote

Ocote is a common name for various species of pine trees in the genus Pinus that occur in the Spanish speaking Americas—Latin America.
They include:
* Pinus apulcensis
* Pinus ayacahuite
* Pinus cooperi
* Pinus devoniana
* Pinus durangensis
* Pinus gordoniana
* Pinus greggii
* Pinus hartwegii
* Pinus herrerae
* Pinus jaliscana
* Pinus leiophylla
* Pinus lumholtzii
* Pinus maximinoi
* Pinus montezumae
* Pinus oocarpa
* Pinus patula
* Pinus pringlei
* Pinus pseudostrobus
* Pinus rzedowskii
* Pinus tecunumanii
* Pinus teocote
# Odontocraspis

Odontocraspis is a monotypic moth genus in the family Lasiocampidae first described by Swinhoe in 1894. Its single species, Odontocraspis hasora, described by the same author in the same year, is found from the Khasi Hills of India to the Sunda Islands of Borneo.
# Oh Seung-myung

Oh Seung-myung (Korean: 오승명; January 18, 1946 – August 25, 2024) was a South Korean actor.
Oh made his debut as a stage actor in 1964. He died on August 25, 2024, at the age of 78.

## Selected filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role |
| 1987 | Pillar of Mist | Him |
| 1987 | Hello Lim Ggug Jeong | Pastor Choi |
| 1990 | The Woman Who Walks on Water | |
| 1991 | Passion Portrait | Professor Yu |
| 1991 | Seoul Evita | |
| 1991 | Fire and Blood | Fasting Director |
| 1991 | Lost Love | Yoon Hee Bu |
| 1994 | Sado Sade Impotence | |
| 2000 | Bichunmoo | Yeongil |
| 2002 | Public Enemy | Jo Myeong-cheol |
| 2003 | Sword in the Moon | Affinity |
| 2005 | Quiz King | Jin Man Bu |
# Office of Intelligence and Analysis

The Office of Intelligence and Analysis may refer to:
* DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis - an office of the United States Department of Homeland Security
* Office of Intelligence and Analysis (Treasury Department) - an office of the United States Department of the Treasury
# You Touched Me!

You Touched Me! is a 1945 American stage play by Tennessee Williams and Donald Windham based on a story by D.H. Lawrence.
The original production starred Edmund Gwenn and Montgomery Clift. It went for 109 performances.

## Reception

The New York Times wrote "this second of Mr. Williams's dramas to reach the local boards is not an improvement nor an advancement; in fact, it represents quite a step down. Another discussion of the groping for life, You Touched Me! is verbose and filled with lofty and long speeches; it needs editing as well as cohesion. Finally, it does not have the warm acting which glossed over the imperfections of "The Glass Menagerie," for the members of its cast play in several styles. It is, in short, a disappointment."

## Adaptations

The play was adapted for British television in 1956 and American television in 1954 and 1957.
# Ohnići

Ohnići (Italian: Ochinici) is a village in Vižinada-Visinada municipality in Istria County, Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 30. It was 31 in 2001.
# Olaria, Minas Gerais

Olaria is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil. As of 2020, the estimated population was 1,720.
# Okuma

Okuma or Ōkuma may refer to:

## Surname

* Ōkuma Shigenobu (大隈重信) (1838 – 1922) 8th and 17th Prime Minister of Japan, founder of Waseda University
* Enuka Okuma, Canadian actress of Nigerian descent

## Other uses

* Okuma Corporation, a manufacturer of CNC turning and milling machines
* Ōkuma, Fukushima (大熊町; -machi), a town located in Futaba District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan
* Ōkuma Station (逢隈駅), a JR East railway station located in Watari, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan
# Olavi Reimas

Olavi Reimas (born Unto Kalervo Eskola; 14 March 1914 − 9 June 1995) was a Finnish actor. He appeared in 19 films between 1938−1958. Most of them were directed by Valentin Vaala.

## Filmography

* Sysmäläinen (1938)
* Vihreä kulta (1939)
* Rikas tyttö (1939)
* Jumalan myrsky (1940)
* Morsian yllättää (1941)
* Antreas ja syntinen Jolanda (1941)
* Varaventtiili (1942)
* Neljä naista (1942)
* Tositarkoituksella (1943)
* Syntynyt terve tyttö (1943)
* Keinumorsian (1943)
* Suomisen Olli rakastuu (1944)
* Miesmalli (1944)
* Vain sinulle (1945)
* En ole kreivitär (1945)
* Synnin jäljet (1946)
* Maaret − tunturien tyttö (1947)
* Sinut minä tahdon (1949)
* Hyvää päivää Saarisen perhe (1958)
# Olav Roots

Olav Roots (26 February 1910 – 30 January 1974) was an Estonian conductor, pianist and composer.
Roots was born in Uderna. He studied at the Music School of Tartu from 1923 to 1928, studying piano with Artur Lemba and composition under Heino Eller with musicians such as Eduard Tubin, Eduard Oja, Alfred Karindi and Karl Leichter. He then studied at the Estonian Music Academy in Tallinn, where he subsequently taught piano and music theory until 1935. In addition, he completed his piano studies with Alfred Cortot in Paris.
Until 1937, Roots led the Symphony Orchestra of the Conservatory of Tallinn. In 1937, a scholarship enabled him to study with Felix Weingartner in Vienna and attend summer courses with Nikolai Malko in Salzburg. In 1939 he became chief conductor of the Estonian Radio Orchestra. In 1942 he studied with Clemens Krauss in Salzburg.
In 1944, Roots moved to Sigtuna in Sweden. He taught there at the Estonian School and directed the Stockholm Joint Youth Choir. In November 1952 he became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra of Colombia in Bogotá, Colombia, and taught at the Universidad Nacional de Colombia conservatory, also located in Bogotá, until his death in 1974, becoming its director. His Symphony dedicated to the Colombia Symphony Orchestra was first performed under his direction 10 November 1967, and he was made an Honorary citizen of Colombia the same year. The Eduard Tubin Museum of Alatskivi Castle today contains exhibits related to Roots and his fellow students of the Tartu music school. He died in Bogotá.
# Old lady

Old lady may refer to:

## Slang

* A woman at an old age
* Mother
* Girlfriend (American)
* Wife (American)

## Nicknames

* Bank of England, United Kingdom's central bank
* Hertha BSC, association football club based in Berlin, Germany
* Juventus FC, association football club based in Turin, Italy
* Anorthosis Famagusta FC, association football club based in Larnaca, Cyprus
* Old lady moth, the owlet moth Mormo maura

## Other uses

* The Old Lady, a 1932 Italian film
# Olga Plakhotnik

Olga Plakhotnik (sometimes Olha Plakhotnik) a Canada-based Ukrainian social philosopher, editor, writer, and academic focused on feminism and queer studies.
She is noted for her analysis of feminism at the Euromaidan protests and for her publication Radical "Femen" and new women's activism. Plakhotnik is a co-editor in chief of Feminist Critique: East European Journal of Feminist and Queer Studies.

## Career

Plakhotnik is a post-doctoral researcher at the University of Alberta where she focusses on feminism and queer studies. In 2012, she was awarded a Fulbright scholarship.
She is a co-editor in chief of Feminist Critique: East European Journal of Feminist and Queer Studies.

## Publications

* Postsovetskii feminizm: ukrainskii variant, Gendernye issledovaniia, 17(2008):193
* Olga Plakhotnik and Maria Mayerchyk, Ukrainian Feminism at the Crossroad of National, Postcolonial, and (Post)Soviet: Theorizing the Maidan Events 2013–2014,” Krytyka (November 2015)
* Olga Plakhotnik and Maria Mayerchyk, Radykalnyi Femen i novyi zhinochyi aktyvizm, (English: Radical "Femen" and new women's activism) Krytyka 11 (December 2010): 7–10
* Book chapter “Safety” Under the Question: Contesting Competences and Affects in a Feminist Classroom in Theories of Affect and Concepts in Generic Skills Education: Adventurous Encounters, edited by Edyta Just and Wera Grahn, Cambridge Scholars Publishing
* Chapter in Gender, Politics, and Society in Ukraine by: Frear, Matthew, Europe-Asia Studies, 09668136, Jan2014, Vol. 66, Issue 1

## Personal life

Plakhotnik lives in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
# Oldenborstel

Oldenborstel is a municipality in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
# Oleg Grachev

Oleg Grachev (born August 6, 1974) is a Russian former professional ice hockey goaltender. He is a two-time Russian Champion.

## Awards and honors

| Award | Year |
| Russian Superleague |||
| Winner (Ak Bars Kazan) | 1998 |
| Winner (Avangard Omsk) | 2004 |