OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mar Ukba ben Judah

Mar Ukba ben Judah, also known as Mar Ukban IV (Hebrew: מר עוקבא בן יהודה; early tenth century) was the Babylonian Exilarch from 890 until his banishment in 917 AD. He was briefly reinstated again in the year 918, however the following year he was disposed and succeeded by his contentious cousin, David ben Zakkai.

## Biography

Born in the mid-ninth century in Baghdad, Iraq, his father Judah ben David was Exilarch from 840-857, and a fifth-generation descendant of Bostanai. Following his uncle, Zakkai ben Ahunai's death in 890, he succeeded Zakkai as Exilarch, rather than Zakkai's son David, who was deemed too controversial for the position. Mar Ukba's early years as Exilarch were relatively calm, however, following the appointment of Kohen Tzedek Kahana ben Joseph as Pumbedita Goan in 917, a violent controversy broke out between him and Mar Ukba, over the question of the income of the academy from the region of Khorasan. This ultimately resulted in a boycott by Kohen Tzedek's wealthy and influential friend, Joseph ben Phinehas, who convinced Abbasid Caliph Al-Muqtadir to depose Mar Ukba, which he did in 917. Soon afterward, Mar Ukba moved to Kermanshah in the spring of 917. However, after the young Caliph moved to his summer palace in Safran, Mar Ukba devised a scheme to win the royal favour by meeting Al-Muqtadir's secretary daily in his gardens and greeting him with the recitation of beautiful verses of poetry. These pleased the Caliphs secretary so much that he wrote them down and showed them to his master, who in his turn was so delighted that he sent for Mar Ukba. When the Caliph saw Mar Ukba, he asked him to express any wish. To this, Mar Ukba requested to be reinstated as Exilarch. The Caliph granted this wish, and soon after, Mar Ukba returned to Baghdad, where he was reinstated as Exilarch in 918. However, only a few months after his reinstatement, Kohen Ẓedeḳ and his friends once again succeeded in securing his deposition and banishment from the country. Following this, Mar Ukba moved to Kairouan, Tunisia, where he was received with great esteem as a member of the House of David. In the Kairouan Synagogue, a throne was built or him near the Torah ark, and he was always the third to read the weekly parashah. His immediate descendants are unknown, however, they probably immigrated to Francia. According to Jewish tradition, Yitskhak Eizik Meisels (b. 1425), the progenitor of the Meisels family was a 10th generation descendant of Mar Ukba.
# Tenerife meridian

The Tenerife meridian was the prime meridian of choice for Dutch cartographers and navigators from the 1640s until the beginning of the 19th century. It lies at 16° 38′ 22″ W of the current international prime meridian, the IERS Reference Meridian through Greenwich.

## Cartographers in the Low Countries

Cartographers like Mercator, Hondius and Blaeu played a significant role in the development of cartography around the turn of the seventeenth century. They were also among the first (in Europe) to deviate from the use of the Ferro meridian, which was based on the works of the Greek astronomer and geographer Ptolemy (c. AD 90 – c. 168). Mercator used prime meridians through Fuerteventura, the Azores and Boa Vista. Other mapmakers put their reference meridians through different places in the Canaries, the Azores, or the Cape Verde. Near the end of his career Mercator came under the influence of the idea that there could be a nature-given reference line where no difference would be observed between geographic and magnetic poles. His lead was followed by cartographers like Abraham Ortelius and Jodocus Hondius. Both inconclusive observations and new scientific theory, in particular that of Henry Gellibrand, put an end to this theory in the first half of the seventeenth century.

## Tenerife

Determination of longitude at sea was not possible without a considerable margin of error until the mid 18th century. One of the methods that was used instead was dead reckoning, from the last point of land sighted. Lizard Point in Cornwall was a famous starting point for this, as was the 3,718 metre Teide volcano of Tenerife. From the early 1640s some Dutch cartographers were using Tenerife as a prime meridian in maps, with a significant increase in use after 1662. Joan Blaeu started using it in 1663, Frederik de Wit in 1670, and German mapmakers Weigel and Homann in the 1720s/1730s. After 1675 Tenerife was the predominant meridian on Dutch maps and in 1787 the Amsterdam Admiralty issued a formal statement of support to the meridian.

## Decline

Also in 1787, the first Dutch translation of the Nautical Almanac was published. This almanac was one of the things that had spread the fame of the Greenwich meridian. By the turn of the 19th century Greenwich was becoming the meridian of choice for most of the maritime world, with the possible exception of the French and their Paris meridian. In 1826, the Dutch navy switched to Greenwich by royal decree. Without the backing of the Dutch, the meridian of Tenerife was hardly used anymore.

## Sources

* A.R.T. Jonkers, Parallel meridians: Diffusion and change in early modern oceanic reckoning, in Noord-Zuid in Oostindisch perspectief, The Hague, 2005.
* Forstner, G., Längenfehler und Ausgangsmeridiane in alten Landkarten und Positionstabelle (dissertation), Munich, 2004. Mainly p. 21-29. On the web here.
# Maximalliant Katjimune

Maximalliant Tjekupe Katjimune (born 11 February 1998) is a Namibian politician who serves as Member of Parliament from the Popular Democratic Movement.

## Education

Katjimune attended Namibia Primary School (NEPS) in Katutura, Windhoek from 2005 to 2011. He then attended Jan Mohr Secondary School from 2012 to 2016, before enrolling at the University of Namibia where he did a Bachelor of Arts in Political Studies and Sociology.

## Career

Katjimune joined student politics at Jan Mohr Secondary School when he was recruited into the Namibia National Students Organisation (NANSO). In 2015, he set up the first ever NANSO branch at Jan Mohr Secondary School, at a time when the school was dominated by a history of apartheid and anti-activism. He was elected the Branch Chairperson in 2015. In 2016, he was elected to the NANSO Khomas Regional Executive Committee (KREC) as the Regional Secretary for Political and Internal Affairs.
During his years at the University of Namibia, he served as the Faculty Representative for the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, the Spokesperson of the SRC as well as the SRC Speaker of Parliament. He joined mainstream politics in 2018 when he joined the PDMYL and was subsequently appointed as the National Spokesperson of the PDMYL. In September 2019, he was nominated as part of Hon. McHenry Venaani's 5 candidates to form part of the PDM's list to the National Assembly at the age of 21, thus becoming one of the youngest candidates ever to be nominated to a party list for the National Assembly. He was initially placed number 22 on the PDM list, and the PDM only attained 16 seats hence he was initially not sworn in as a member of the National Assembly on 20 March 2020. He then worked as a Researcher and Speechwriter for the PDM Parliamentary Caucus from June 2020 to May 2022, whereafter he was sworn in as a Member of the National Assembly on 6 June 2022 at the age of 24 following a Supreme Court judgment regarding the PDM list.
# Prasophyllum alpinum

Prasophyllum alpinum, commonly known as the alpine leek orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to Tasmania. It was formerly described as occurring in mainland Australia but has smaller flowers than the species occurring there. It has a single, tube-shaped leaf and up to fourteen green to greenish-brown flowers and grows in subalpine areas.

## Description

Prasophyllum alpinum is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with an underground tuber and a single tube-shaped leaf, 80–200 mm (3–8 in) long and 2–5 mm (0.08–0.2 in) wide. The leaf has a white base and its free part is 80–120 mm (3–5 in) long. Between five and fourteen flowers are arranged along a flowering spike 30–100 mm (1–4 in) long. The flowers are green to greenish-brown, 5–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) long and sometimes some of them do not open. As with others in the genus, the flowers are inverted so that the labellum is above the column rather than below it. The dorsal sepal is egg-shaped, 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and about 2 mm (0.08 in) wide. The lateral sepals are joined along their sides and the petals are linear to egg-shaped, about 4 mm (0.2 in) long and 1 mm (0.04 in) wide. The labellum is egg-shaped to broad lance-shaped, 3–4 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long, about 2 mm (0.08 in) long and white or greenish. Flowering occurs from December to January.

## Taxonomy and naming

Prasophyllum alpinum was first formally described in 1810 by Robert Brown and the description was published in Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. The specific epithet (alpinum) is a Latin word meaning "of high mountains".
Prasophyllum colensoi from New Zealand and P. tadgellianum and P. sphacelatum from mainland Australia were formerly included with P. alpinum.

## Distribution and habitat

The alpine leek orchid is common in grassland and herbfields in moist areas above 650 m (2,000 ft) south of Cradle Mountain.
# Suphisellus obesus

Suphisellus obesus is a species of burrowing water beetle in the subfamily Noterinae. It was described by Régimbart in 1903 and is found in Argentina and Uruguay.
# Lavičné

Lavičné is a municipality and village in Svitavy District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Lavičné lies approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) south of Svitavy, 66 km (41 mi) south-east of Pardubice, and 154 km (96 mi) east of Prague.
# Soused

Soused may refer to:
* An informal term for being under the influence of alcohol intoxication
* Soused (album), by Sunn O))) in collaboration with Scott Walker
# Patriarch Callistus of Constantinople

Patriarch Callistus of Constantinople may refer to:
* Callistus I of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 1350–1354 and 1355–1363
* Callistus II of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 1397
# Maxim Magnus

Maxim Magnus is a Belgian model and activist.

## Career

Magnus began modeling while studying fashion communications in London.
She has since walked for many of some of the world's most major brands, including Miu Miu, Gucci, and Schiaparelli.

## Personal life

Magnus is transgender, having first discovered her identity at the age of 14. She has been repeatedly outspoken about her experience as a trans woman.
As of 2019, she is dating fellow model Finn Buchanan, and is based in London.
# Maximar-100

The Maximar-100 is a radiation therapy device that was made by General Electric to deliver superficial x-rays.
The Maximar-100's x-ray source is the GE SRT-1, an x-ray tube specifically designed for use in the Maximar-100. This is a fixed-anode, reflection-type x-ray tube, whose name is composed of three parts: "SR" meaning self-rectified, "T" meaning therapeutic, and "1" indicating a 1-mm diameter nominal focal spot size. Its beryllium window produces a beam with very low inherent filtration but it is subject to beam non-uniformity due to heel effect.
The generator produces a voltage that is continuously adjustable between 30 and 100 kVp and a continuously adjustable current between 0 and 5 mA. An analog indicator and rheostat is provided allowing for feedback, so adjustments can be made to compensate for drift during treatment.
The unit uses a set of interchangeable aluminum filters of 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mm thickness which filter the beam's spectrum, but also substantially effects its intensity. Collimation is achieved using two sets of open ended circular applicators. The first are cylindrical and provide fields of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, and 5 cm diameter at a 15 cm source-to-skin distance. The second are conical and provide fields of 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm diameter at a 30 cm source-to-skin distance.
The unit was first manufactured in 1953 and proved durable. It was rated for a 50% duty cycle, i.e. 4 hours of operation at full power, 100 kVp and 5 mA, in any 8 hour period. As of 2022, at least one unit had been in clinical service continually since 1953. Where this unit has been replaced by newer technology, it remains a clinical touchstone and basis for comparison.
# List of ambassadors of Russia to the Czech Republic

The Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Russian Federation to the Czech Republic is the official representative of the President and the Government of the Russian Federation to the President and the Government of the Czech Republic.
The ambassador and his staff work at large in the Embassy of Russia in Prague. There are consulates general in Brno and Karlovy Vary, and an honorary consul based in Ostrava. The post of Russian Ambassador to the Czech Republic is currently held by Aleksandr Zmeyevsky [ru], incumbent since 19 February 2016.

## History of diplomatic relations

Diplomatic exchanges between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia began with the formal establishment of relations on 5 June 1922. Relations were maintained throughout the twentieth century, with a brief break after the German occupation of Czechoslovakia in 1939, until the reestablishment of relations in 1941. With the repudiation of communism, the country officially became the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic in 1990. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, a new ambassador, Aleksandr Lebedev [ru], was appointed as representative of the Russian Federation. He continued as ambassador until the dissolution of Czechoslovakia and its separation into the states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Lebedev continued to as representative to the Czech Republic until 1996, while a new ambassador, Sergey Yastrzhembsky, was appointed Russian ambassador to Slovakia in June 1993.

## Representatives of the Russian Federation to the Czech Republic (1993 – present)

| Name | Title | Appointment | Termination |
| Aleksandr Lebedev [ru] | Ambassador | 1 January 1993 | 4 November 1996 |
| Nikolai Ryabov [ru] | Ambassador | 12 November 1996 | 9 September 2000 |
| Igor Savolsky [ru] | Ambassador | 27 November 2000 | 11 March 2004 |
| Aleksy Fedotov [ru] | Ambassador | 11 March 2004 | 30 August 2010 |
| Sergey Kislyov [ru] | Ambassador | 30 August 2010 | 19 February 2016 |
| Aleksandr Zmeyevsky [ru] | Ambassador | 19 February 2016 | |
# Sovetsky

Sovetsky (masculine), Sovetskaya (feminine), Sovetskoye (neuter), or Sovetskiye (plural) is something named after the Soviet Union.

## Places

* Sovetsky District (disambiguation), several districts in the countries of the former Soviet Union
* Sovetsky Okrug (disambiguation), various divisions in Russia
* Sovetsky Urban Settlement (or Sovetskoye Urban Settlement), several municipal urban settlements in Russia
* Sovetsky, Russia (Sovetskaya, Sovetskoye), several inhabited localities in Russia
* Sovetsky, Baku (Sovetskaya), historical inhabited locality in Baku's Yasamal district
* Sovietskyi (Sovetsky), an urban-type settlement in Crimea
* Sovietske (Sovetskoye), an urban-type settlement in Crimea
* Sovetskiy, Kyrgyzstan, an urban-type settlement in Kyrgyzstan
* Sovetsky Airport, an airport in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia
* Sovietsky Hotel, a hotel located in Moscow
* Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station), the Soviet Antarctic research station
** Sovetskaya (lake), a lake in the Antarctic, under the station
* Sovetskaya Mountain, a mountain on Wrangel Island
* Sovetskoye, Altai Krai, a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Sovetsky District of Altai Krai
* Sovetskoye, Jalal-Abad, a village in Jalal-Abad Region, Kyrgyzstan
* Sovetskoye, Kemin, a village in Kemin District, Kyrgyzstan
* Savieckaja Square, the Soviet name for the central square of Hrodna, Belarus

## Other

* Sovetskaya metro station, a metro station of the Samara Metro, Samara, Russia
* Sovetskoye Shampanskoye, a generic brand of sparkling wine
# Leki (singer)

Leki (born 28 January 1978) is an R&B and pop singer. She is known for many hits, including "Breakin' Out", "Spread My Wings", "Over the Rainbow", and "Love Me Another Day". She is also a TV presenter on VTM.
Leki started at the age of twelve laying down vocals for Technotronic. At the time, her older sister Ya Kid K was the lead singer of Technotronic, whose songs include the global hit "Pump Up the Jam".
In October 2009 she released her fourth studio album, "Leki & The Sweet Mints" (Universal Music).
Leki is also sensitive to humanitarian projects in Africa where she is the godmother of a young farmers development activity in Uganda. Lately Leki decided to accomplish one of her father's dreams: the building of a hospital in his natal village of Malambu in Congo. Via Nanda, the non-profit-making organization she has founded, and under the name "Bouwen aan leven" ("building life") several initiatives - such as the single "Peculiar Places" - have been taken since 2010 to help raise funds, hoping that the hospital will be operational towards the end of 2013. On 14 May 2012 she released "Get Over", the first single from her 2012 album The Journey.

## Discography
### Albums

* 2004 Breakin Out
* 2005 Warrior Girl
* 2008 Multiplicity
* 2009 Leki & The Sweet Mints
* 2012 The Journey

### Singles

| Release | Title | Album |
| 2004 | "Breakin Out" | Breakin Out |
| 2004 | "Crazy" | Breakin Out |
| 2004 | "Latin Lover" | Breakin Out |
| 2005 | "Warrior Girl" | Warrior Girl |
| 2005 | "Spread My Wings" | Warrior Girl |
| 2005 | "Trouble" | Warrior Girl |
| 2006 | "Sitting in My Car" | Warrior Girl |
| 2008 | "Over the Rainbow" | Multiplicity |
| 2008 | "Baby" feat. Nile Rodgers | Multiplicity |
| 2009 | "Love Me Another Day" | Leki & The Sweet Mints |
| 2009 | "Elvis" | Leki & The Sweet Mints |
| 2009 | "Obsessive" | Leki & The Sweet Mints |
| 2010 | "Peculiar Places" | Leki & The Sweet Mints |
| 2012 | "Get Over" | The Journey |

## Appears on

| Release | Artist | Title | Album |
| 2001 | Paul Michiels | Daydream | Forever Young |
| 2003 | Brahim | How you like it | Music is my life |
| 2005 | De Kieppensoep All stars | Kieppensoep voor iedereen | Kieppensoep voor iedereen |
| 2005 | Raw Jazz | Throw'm up | Throw'm up |
| 2006 | Ali Tcheelab | One Love | One love |
| 2006 | Branded X | Let me drive you | Let me drive you |
| 2006 | Alien Bitesize | www.Hitthemoneyandrun.com | Alien Bitesize |
| 2007 | Felix Da Housecat | Tweak! | Virgo Blaktro and The Movie Disco |
| 2008 | Akro | Coupe le verbe en deux | Akro au crunk |
| 2009 | Monkey Driven | 2015 Theme song | 2015 Theme song |

## Awards and nominations

| Year | Nominated work | Award | Result |
| 2004 | "Breakin'out" | Best Urban National TMF Awards | Won |
| 2004 | "Breakin'out" | Most Promising National Artist TMF Awards | Won |
| 2006 | "Trouble" | Best Urban National TMF Awards | Nominated |
| 2008 | "Baby with Nile Rodgers" | Best Urban National TMF Awards | Nominated |
| 2008 | "Multiplicity" | Best Live Performance La Nuit Du Hip Hop | Won |
| 2009 | "Elvis" | Best Urban National TMF Awards | Nominated |
# Leasure

Leasure is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Althea Leasure (1953–1987), American magazine publisher
* Daniel Leasure (1819–1886), American soldier and physician
* Jack Leasure (born 1986), American basketball player
* William Leasure (born 1946), American contract killer
# Suphisellus nigrinus

Suphisellus nigrinus is a species of burrowing water beetle in the subfamily Noterinae. It was described by Aubé in 1838 and is found in Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Trinidad, Uruguay and Venezuela.
# Lawrence Craigie

Laurence or Lawrence Craigie (c.1750–c.1833) was an 18th/19th century Scottish merchant and local politician who twice served as Lord Provost of Glasgow.

## Life

He was the eldest son of John Craigie of Kilgraston, son of Lawerence Craigie (a Baron of the Exchequer) and his wife (and cousin) Anne Craigie.
He trained as a lawyer and became an advocate in 1773. However he appears to have become a merchant rather than practice law. He is listed as a merchant in Glasgow trading from the Counting House on Miller Street with lodgings on St Enoch Square in the late 18th century.
In 1787 he is listed as a member of the West India Club and as Secretary of Glasgow Golf Club.
He was first made Lord Provost in 1798, in succession to James McDowall. After two years in office he lost to rival, John Hamilton but returned to office two years later in 1802.
On 2 March 1803 he laid the foundation of the new theatre on Queen Street in Glasgow along with the architect David Hamilton.
By 1810 he was living permanently at 8 St Enoch Square. In 1832 his address jumps to 21 St Enoch Square (but this may be due to renumbering).
After his role of Lord Provost he was Tory Collector of Taxes (Cess Tax) for the City of Glasgow.

## Family

He was married to Margaret Hall around 1790.
His eldest son appears at the visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822, alongside John Thomas Alston as the then Lord Provost, as Laurence Craigie Jr.
His other children included General Patrick Edmonstone Craigie.
His brothers were John Craigie and Robert Craigie, Lord Craigie a Lord of Session and Senator of the College of Justice from 1811. His nephews included Rear Admiral Robert Craigie RN.
# Lawrence Crawford (mathematician)

Lawrence Crawford (sometimes written Laurence Crawford) FRSE LLD (1867–1951) was a Scottish-born mathematician. He was a co-founder of the re-established Royal Society of South Africa in 1908 and served as its President from 1936 to 1941. He was an expert on the Lame function, Mathieu function and proved Klein's theorem.

## Life

He was born on 14 March 1867, the son of John Crawford of Glasgow. He was educated at the High School in Glasgow and then Glasgow University winning three separate bursaries due to his high skill level. He then won a place at King's College, Cambridge where he won the Glyn and Richards Prizes before graduating MA in 1890. He was then elected a Fellow of King's College where he then continued, doing research.
In 1893 he moved to Birmingham to lecture in Mathematics at Mason College. In 1899 he moved to Cape Colony being offered a professorship in Pure Mathematics at the South African College, and in 1918 moved to the newly created University of Cape Town where he remained until retiral in 1938.
In 1903 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were William Thomson, Lord Kelvin, Thomas Muir, George Chrystal and John Sturgeon Mackay. In 1939 the University of Witwatersrand gave him an honorary doctorate (LLD). In 1944 he became a City Councillor in Cape Town.
He died suddenly in Cape Town on 5 April 1951 following his return from a public meeting.

## Family

He married Annie M. Spilhaus in 1903. They had three sons and two daughters.

## Publications

* On the Use of the Hyperbolic Sine and Cosine (1895)
* The Tides (1897)
* The Trisection of a Given Angle (1898)
* Evaluation of a Determinant (1900)
* Edward Waring, eighteenth century Mathematician (1942)