OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reed's law

Reed's law is the assertion of David P. Reed that the utility of large networks, particularly social networks, can scale exponentially with the size of the network.
The reason for this is that the number of possible sub-groups of network participants is 2$^N$ − N − 1, where N is the number of participants. This grows much more rapidly than either
* the number of participants, N, or
* the number of possible pair connections, N(N − 1)/2 (which follows Metcalfe's law).
so that even if the utility of groups available to be joined is very small on a per-group basis, eventually the network effect of potential group membership can dominate the overall economics of the system.

## Derivation

Given a set A of N people, it has 2$^N$ possible subsets. This is not difficult to see, since we can form each possible subset by simply choosing for each element of A one of two possibilities: whether to include that element, or not.
However, this includes the (one) empty set, and N singletons, which are not properly subgroups. So 2$^N$ − N − 1 subsets remain, which is exponential, like 2$^N$.

## Quote

From David P. Reed's, "The Law of the Pack" (Harvard Business Review, February 2001, pp 23–4):
    "[E]ven Metcalfe's law understates the value created by a group-forming network [GFN] as it grows. Let's say you have a GFN with n members. If you add up all the potential two-person groups, three-person groups, and so on that those members could form, the number of possible groups equals 2$^n$. So the value of a GFN increases exponentially, in proportion to 2$^n$. I call that Reed's Law. And its implications are profound."

## Business implications

Reed's Law is often mentioned when explaining competitive dynamics of internet platforms. As the law states that a network becomes more valuable when people can easily form subgroups to collaborate, while this value increases exponentially with the number of connections, business platform that reaches a sufficient number of members can generate network effects that dominate the overall economics of the system.

## Criticism

Other analysts of network value functions, including Andrew Odlyzko, have argued that both Reed's Law and Metcalfe's Law overstate network value because they fail to account for the restrictive impact of human cognitive limits on network formation. According to this argument, the research around Dunbar's number implies a limit on the number of inbound and outbound connections a human in a group-forming network can manage, so that the actual maximum-value structure is much sparser than the set-of-subsets measured by Reed's law or the complete graph measured by Metcalfe's law.
# Lloyd McGuire

Lloyd McGuire (born 2 September 1947) is an English actor in film and television.

## Education

Born in Birmingham, Warwickshire, McGuire attended Bournville Grammar-Technical School for Boys. He began work as a Commercial Apprentice at the Austin Motor Company in Birmingham in 1964 and toyed with developing a career as a footballer (even playing in King Norton's League and for Alvechurch second team). He became disillusioned with both football and life at "the Austin" and, after watching a Michael Caine film, declared he was going to be an actor. He was encouraged by his apprentice supervisor and gained entry to drama school.
While training to be a British Leyland salesman, McGuire made the move to become an actor. Introduced to the Alvechurch Amateur Dramatic Society, he did some work at Crescent Theatre before being trained at the Birmingham College of Speech and Drama.

## Career

His most popular role was that of Bob in the Channel 4 TV series Teachers but he has also appeared in many TV programmes over the last few decades such as Coronation Street, Juliet Bravo, Midsomer Murders and so on. He has often played policemen, including the role of Sgt. Calder on the second series of Prime Suspect, recurring appearances as DS Bernie Duckworth in Juliet Bravo, and multiple characters in The Bill. Other TV show appearances include Bergerac, Boon, Birds of a Feather, Casualty, Doctors, Heartbeat, Holby City, Inspector Morse, Jonathan Creek, Lovejoy and Agatha Christie's Poirot.
In 2010, he played the Master of Ceremonies in Chris Shepherd's award winning film Bad Night for the Blues.
In 2013, he appeared as Valco boss Martin Shell in the third series of Sky One's Trollied.
On stage, McGuire appeared and performed in Scotland and at the Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham before joining the Royal Shakespeare Company with appearances at Aldwych Theatre and Stratford-upon-Avon, as well as Richard II in New York.
# Lists of human genes

Lists of human genes are as follows:

## By chromosome

Human chromosomes, each of which contains an incomplete list of genes located on that chromosome, are as follows:
* Chromosome 1
* Chromosome 2
* Chromosome 3
* Chromosome 4
* Chromosome 5
* Chromosome 6
* Chromosome 7
* Chromosome 8
* Chromosome 9
* Chromosome 10
* Chromosome 11
* Chromosome 12
* Chromosome 13
* Chromosome 14
* Chromosome 15
* Chromosome 16
* Chromosome 17
* Chromosome 18
* Chromosome 19
* Chromosome 20
* Chromosome 21
* Chromosome 22
* X Chromosome
* Y Chromosome

## Protein-coding genes

The lists below constitute a complete list of all known human protein-coding genes:

## Transcription factors

1639 genes which encode proteins that are known or expected to function as human transcription factors:
* List of human transcription factors
# Liu Shih-hsun

Liu Shih-hsun (Chinese: 刘式训; pinyin: Liú Shìxùn; 1868–1929), was a Shanghainese diplomat of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China who served as his country's representative to several countries, including France and Peru.

## Biography

In 1879, he was sent by his parents to study at the Shanghai Cantonese Dialect Centre, where he majored in French and also studied classics, history and arithmetic. In 1890, after Liu graduated, he was selected to be sent to the Tongwen Guan in Peking for further studies.
In 1892, he went to Europe with Xue Fucheng, the minister of envoys to the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Belgium, and served as a translator at the legation in France.
# Slagelse Stadium

Slagelse Stadium (Danish: Slagelse Stadion; currently known as Harboe Arena Slagelse for sponsorship reasons) is a sports center located in Slagelse, Denmark, which, among other things, is used for athletics and the running of football matches on the associated stadium, including home games for Slagelse B&I. Formerly, its elite project FC Vestsjælland also used the stadium as its home ground.
The sports complex was built in 1927 by Slagelse Municipality, among others, as a result of the complete merging of Slagelse Boldklub and Slagelse Idræts-Forening to Slagelse B&I i 1919. The stadium has a capacity of 10,000, of which 3,300 are seating. The stadium record of 9,023 spectators dates back to the early 1970s, when it hosted with a division match in Danish top tier between Slagelse B&I and Holbæk B&I.

## Rebuilding

In 2012, the stadium was rebuilt to include heating in the field, new lighting, new stands, among other improvements.
# Reese, Germany

Reese is a hamlet (Bauernschaft) in the Nienburg District (Kreise) of Lower Saxony in northwestern Germany, between Steyerberg and the town of Liebenau on the River Aue. It is part of the Liebenau municipality.

## History

There is an old Saxon cemetery in Reese dating from before 800 A.D., with graves perhaps as early at the First Century, with over 1,000 burials. It was excavated beginning in 1953 by the Lower Saxony State Museum in Hannover (Niedersächsisches Landesmuseum Hannover).
During World War II there was a prisoner of war camp for Soviet soldiers at Reese. Infirm POWs who could no longer work in the forced labor camps of Lower Saxony (Stalag X-C) were taken to the Reese camp where large numbers died of disease and malnutrition and were buried in mass graves nearby.
# Lithgow Osborne

Lithgow Osborne (1892 - 1980) was an American career diplomat. Lithgow Osborne was the third son of Thomas Mott Osborne. He was the United States ambassador to Norway from 1944 to 1946.

## Career

When Lithgow Osborne was in the middle of his senior year at Harvard University in 1914, Joseph C. Grew snapped him up for an assignment in the United States Embassy in Berlin as a private secretary to Ambassador James W. Gerard. Lithgow Osborne was plunged into the diplomatic and social life of World War I wartime Germany.
Osborne was transferred to the American Legation in Havana before President Wilson broke U.S. relations with Germany. Because of his familiarity with European affairs he was soon returned to the Continent as Secretary of the American Legation in Copenhagen.
After the first World War Osborne returned to Washington, D.C. where he worked within the State Department for a few years.
In 1922 he became the vice-president and editorial writer of the Auburn Citizen-Advertiser. In 1932 Osborne was back in government when Governor Herbert H. Lehman appointed him Commissioner of Conservation. After another ten years he departed Albany for Washington and a desk in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS).

## Ambassador

On September 21, 1944, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Osborne as Ambassador to Norway, a post he held until May, 1946. On December 20 the same year Osborne presented his credentials as ambassador to King Haakon VII of Norway (in exile during World War II) in London and served until April 20, 1946. After taking care of the relationship with Norwegian exiles in London during World War II, Osborne moved to Oslo after the liberation in May 1945. His main post war tasks were to re-establish the good relations between the United States and the lawful Government of Norway on Norwegian soil, to make the United States Embassy in Oslo work efficiently again as well as to unite the United States' aid to the rebuilding of Norway after the war.
For several years after his return from Oslo, Lithgow Osborne was chairman of the board of trustees for the American Scandinavian Foundation.
In 1954 he helped draft the original Declaration of Atlantic Unity, which was both a statement of purpose and an agency designed to bolster the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
# Little Slate River

The Little Slate River is a river of New Zealand's Tasman Region. As with its neighbour, the Slate River, it is a tributary of the Aorere River. The Little Slate meets the Aorere 15 kilometres southwest of Collingwood.
# Little Skootamatta Creek

Little Skootamatta Creek is a creek in the Moira River and Lake Ontario drainage basins in Hastings and Lennox and Addington Counties in Ontario, Canada. The river's name is thought to come from Ojibwa words meaning "burnt shoreline".

## Course

The creek begins at an unnamed lake about 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) northeast of the community of Kaladar in Addington Highlands, Lennox and Addington County at an elevation of 224 metres (735 ft). It flows southwest and flows under Ontario Highway 41, passing through several unnamed lakes and taking in several unnamed tributaries, including one from the right from Jacksons Lake. From that point, Ontario Highway 7 runs parallel to the creek. The creek continues southwest, is crossed by a Hydro One transmission line, and passes into Tweed, Hastings County. It reaches its mouth at the Skootamatta River, at an elevation of 179 metres (587 ft), about 7 kilometres (4 mi) east of the community of Actinolite. The Skootamatta River flows via the Moira River into the Bay of Quinte on Lake Ontario at the location of Belleville.
# Llangollen Advertiser

The Llangollen Advertiser, Denbighshire, Merionethshire and North Wales Journal was a weekly English-language newspaper that circulated in Denbighshire, Merionethshire, and North Wales. It was first published on 2 November 1860.
Welsh Newspapers Online has digitised 2,311 issues of the Llangollen Advertiser (1868–1919) from the newspaper holdings of the National Library of Wales.
# Slavujevce

Slavujevce is a village in the municipality of Leskovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 431 people.
# Reg Tubby

Reginald John Tubby (1924 – 14 October 2015) was an Australian politician who was a Liberal Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1975 to 1989, representing the seat of Greenough.
Tubby was born in Geraldton, Western Australia, to Constance Edith (née Jones) and John William Tubby. He was raised on his father's farm at Gutha, a locality 170 kilometres (110 mi) south-east of Geraldton. Tubby enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) in January 1943, and served in the Northern Territory during the war. After his discharge in 1946, he returned to Gutha, taking over an abandoned farm. Becoming prominent in agricultural circles, Tubby was elected to the Morawa Roads Board (later the Shire of Morawa) in 1953, and would serve on the council until 1976, including nine years as shire president.
Tubby entered parliament at the 1975 Greenough by-election, which had been caused by the resignation of Sir David Brand, a former premier. He was re-elected at the 1977, 1980, 1983, and 1986 state elections, and served as deputy chairman of committees in the Legislative Assembly from 1980 to 1983. In his final term in parliament, he was joined by his son, Fred Tubby, who had been elected to the seat of Dale at a 1988 by-election. Tubby left parliament at the 1989 state election, and retired to Perth. He died there in October 2015, aged 91.
# Reg Trott

Herbert Reginald Trott (2 January 1930 – 19 September 2015) was an international motorcycle speedway rider from England. He earned one international cap for the England national speedway team.

## Biography

Trott, born in Mitcham, began his British leagues career riding for Wimbledon Dons during the 1949 Speedway National League. Although in his novice season, he rode some significant meetings recording a 2.87 average. He went on to ride for seven seasons at Wimbledon, in which time he won three National Trophies (1950, 1951 and 1953) and two league titles (1954 and 1955).
In 1956, he signed for Norwich Stars and would stay with the club for nine years until the end of the 1964 season. During his time at Norwich he won another National Trophy in 1963.
When the British League was inaugurated in 1965, Trott joined West Ham and contributed to a league, Knockout Cup and London Cup treble winning season.
After missing the 1967 and 1968 seasons, he returned to speedway riding for Eastbourne Eagles for the 1969 British League Division Two season and averaged a solid 8.73. He remained at Eastbourne for four years and won the league title with them in 1971. He retired after the 1972 season and later became a speedway referee.
# Reid baronets

There have been five baronetcies created for persons with the surname Reid, one in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia and four in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. As of 2024 one creation is extant.
* Reid baronets of Barra (1703)
* Reid baronets of Ewell Grove (1823)
* Reid baronets of Ellon (1897)
* Reid baronets of Springburn and Kilmaurs (1922)
* Reid baronets of Rademon (1936): see Sir David Reid, 1st Baronet (1872–1939)
# Reiky de Valk

Reiky de Valk (5 March 2000 – 24 September 2023) was a Dutch actor. He is best known for his roles as Kes de Beus in the teen drama series Skam NL, Josh in the adventure series Hunter Street, and Thomas in the drama series Dertigers [nl].

## Biography

Reiky de Valk was born in Amsterdam on 5 March 2000. He was of Dutch, Vietnamese, and Somali descent; his paternal grandfather was from the Dhulbahante clan family in Somalia. He attended the Amsterdamse Jeugdtheaterschool before making his acting debut as Kes de Beus in the teen drama series Skam NL in 2018.
De Valk died by suicide at the age of 23 on 24 September 2023. A memorial, led by actress Nazmiye Oral, was held for him on 30 September in Amsterdam.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2021 | Voltooid Verleden Tijd | Florian | Short film |
| 2021 | De Overkammer | Archie | Short film |
| 2022 | #No_Filter | Tyler | |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2018–2019 | Skam NL | Kes de Beus | Main role (season 1), recurring role (season 2); 18 episodes |
| 2021 | Onze straat | Ilyas | 1 episode |
| 2021 | Hunter Street | Josh | 12 episodes |
| 2021 | Follow de SOA | Jacob | 8 episodes |
| 2022 | Modern Love Amsterdam | Jack | 1 episode |
| 2023 | Hockeyvaders [nl] | Yannick El Ghazi | 7 episodes |
| 2023 | Dertigers [nl] | Thomas | 18 episodes |

### Music videos

| Year | Title | Artist | Role | Ref. |
| 2022 | "De diepte" | S10 | Man | |
# Regent's American College London

Regent's American College London, (commonly abbreviated to "RACL"), is a part of Regent's University London, the campus of which was originally built in 1913 in the midst of Regent's Park in central London, UK. Until 2007 the college was known as British American College London. RACL was the official London campus of Webster University, St. Louis, USA but the arrangement ended in 2015. As of September 2015 RACL will offer its own Liberal Arts undergraduate programmes based on the U.S. curriculum.
The student body is primarily international, with large populations from the Middle East, USA, South Asia and Eastern Europe. The college offers a wide choice of majors in management, media, international relations, politics, psychology and the liberal arts. The college brings the Liberal Arts curriculum of American higher education to the UK.
Regent's American College London registers around 400 students a year, from 65 different countries. Students come from affiliated schools, study abroad programs, as well as full-time degree seeking students.
# Sledge (disambiguation)

A sledge, or sled, is a vehicle with runners for sliding.
Sledge may also refer to:

## Places

* Sledge, Mississippi, United States
* Sledge Island, Alaska, USA

## People

* Sledge (surname)

## Arts, entertainment, and media
### Fictional entities

* Sledge (Transformers), a fictional character
* Sledge, a fictional character

### Groups

* Sister Sledge, an American musical group from Philadelphia

## Other uses

* Sledgehammer, a large hammer
# Liuixalus calcarius

Liuixalus calcarius, the limestone small tree frog, is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to Vietnam, where it was found in Hai Phong Province. It lives in tropical primary forest habitats rich in karst rock.

## Description

The skin of the dorsum is red-brown in color with an X-shaped mark on the shoulder. This frog has disks on its toes for climbing. The pupil of the eye is horizontal.

## Etymology

Scientists named this frog calcarius for the Latin language word for "limestone." The frog's habitat is rich in karst rock.

## Habitat

This frog has been observed between 15 and 45 meters above sea level on Cat Ba Island. The frog has been found near pools of water in the karst rock and in small, temporary lakes that dry up for part of the year.
Cat Ba Island is in Cat Ba National Park, and scientists believe the frog's range to be larger than this place alone.

## Reproduction

Scientists have heard the male frogs calling in April but know little else about this species' reproductive biology. They infer that it breeds through larval development, like its congeners.

## Threats

The IUCN classifies this frog as endangered. Scientists believe it to be forest-dependent, which would make it threatened by deforestation associated with agriculture and logging.
# Regina von Siebold

Regina Josepha von Siebold, née Henning (14 December 1771 – 28 February 1849), was a German physician and obstetrician, born in Geismar. She was the first woman in Germany to receive a university degree.
She is buried in Darmstadt.

## Early life

Siebold was raised by her prosperous uncle Regierungsrat Lorenz Henning, a city councilman of Heiligenstadt who had no children of his own. He left her everything when he died and provided that his friend Georg Heiland would be her guardian. Regina Josepha married Heiland, though he was 25 and she was just 15. They had four children during their six years together, and Georg died around 1793 when Joseph was just 21. She and her only two living children, Charlotte and Therese were now on their own.
When she became very ill, Regina Josepha was placed in the care of Dr. Damian Siebold. He was working as an assistant to Professor Richter, in whose home Regina had lived when she was a student. Damian and his father, Carl Casper von Siebold were part of an imperial noble family in Würzburg. Regina Josepha married Damian in 1795, and the couple lived first in Worms and then in Darmstadt where Damian practiced obstetrics. The couple had three more children together before Damian started showing signs of mental illness. Eventually, he would become too ill to practice.

## Career

At a time when obstetrics was strictly a male profession, Regina Josepha wanted to pursue a profession in Obstetrics. She assisted her husband in his practice and with the influence and help of her father-in-law and uncle, began attending graduate courses on gynecology at the University of Würzburg. Though she was only allowed to listen to lectures from behind a curtain, Regina Josepha completed the required gynecology courses at the University of Würzburg. With her husband, she completed her practical obstetrics training. She appealed to the Grand Duke Ludwig IV of Hesse-Darmstadt to be allowed to take the final exam. With permission, she performed exceptionally well on the 4-hour exam. On November 28, 1807 Regina Josepha was further granted government license to work both as a doctor of obstetrics and as a midwife. In 1815, she was awarded by Ferdinand von Ritgen an honorary doctorate of medicine in obstetrics from the University of Giessen. She was the first woman in Germany to receive a university degree.
Siebold managed a medical clinic assisted by her daughter Charlotte Heidenreich von Siebold, who also received a degree in obstetrics from the University of Giessen in 1817. In 1819, Charlotte attended the Duchess of Kent in the delivery of a baby daughter, Alexandrina Victoria, later known as Queen Victoria, of England.

## Legacy

A crater on Venus is named after Regina Josepha von Siebold.
# Regina v. Ring

Regina v. Ring, 17 Cox CC. 491, 66 L.T. (NS) 306 (1892), is a criminal case which held that if a pickpocket put his hand in a victim's pocket, but the pocket was empty, he was still guilty of attempted larceny, even though there was nothing to steal, so he was attempting an "impossible" crime.$^{:706}$
# Llywelyn ap Merfyn

Llywelyn ap Merfyn (died 942) was an early 10th-century King of Powys, son of Merfyn ap Rhodri, and grandson of Rhodri the Great.