OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zinc toxicity

Zinc toxicity is a medical condition involving an overdose on, or toxic overexposure to, zinc. Such toxicity levels have been seen to occur at ingestion of greater than 50 mg of zinc. Excessive absorption of zinc can suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to bacteria, plants, invertebrates, and even vertebrate fish. Zinc is an essential trace metal with very low toxicity in humans.

## Signs and symptoms

Following an oral intake of extremely high doses of zinc (where 300 mg Zn/d – 20 times the US RDA – is a "low intake" overdose), nausea, vomiting, pain, cramps, and diarrhea may occur. There is evidence of induced copper deficiency, alterations of blood lipoprotein levels, increased levels of LDL, and decreased levels of HDL at long-term intakes of 100 mg Zn/d. The USDA RDA is 15 mg Zn/d. There is also a condition called the "zinc shakes", "zinc chills", or metal fume fever that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed zinc oxide formed during the welding of galvanized materials.

## High levels of intake by humans

Zinc has been used therapeutically at a dose of 150 mg/day for months, or in some cases for years, and in one case at a dose of up to 2000 mg/day zinc for months. A decrease in copper levels and hematological changes have been reported; however, those changes were completely reversed with the cessation of zinc intake.
Zinc has been popularly used as zinc gluconate or zinc acetate lozenges for treating the common cold, and therefore the safety of usage at about 100 mg/day level is a relevant question.
Unlike iron, the elimination of zinc is concentration-dependent.

## Cross-reaction toxicity

Supplemental zinc can prevent iron absorption, leading to iron deficiency. Zinc and iron should be taken at different times of the day.

## Diagnosis

Zinc concentrations are typically quantified using instrumental methods such as atomic absorption, emission, or mass spectroscopies; X-ray fluorescence; electro-analytical techniques (e.g., stripping voltammetry); or neutron activation analysis. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) is used for zinc determinations in blood and tissue samples (NIOSH Method 8005) and in urine (NIOSH Method 8310). Detection limits in blood and tissue are 1 μg/100 g and 0.2 μg/g, respectively, with recoveries of 100% (NIOSH 1994). Sample preparation involves acid digestion using concentrated acids. Detection of zinc in urine samples requires extraction of the metals with a polydithiocarbamate resin prior to digestion and analysis (NIOSH 1984). Detection limits in urine are 0.1 μg/sample.

## Treatment

Treatment of zinc toxicity consists of eliminating exposure to zinc. However, no antidotes are available.
# Rhynchostegium serrulatum

Rhynchotegium serrulatum is a species of moss in the Brachytheciaceae family. It is mainly distributed throughout the Americas.
Rhynchotegium serrulatum is known to be able to use artificial light to grow in places which are otherwise devoid of natural light, such as Niagara Cave.
# Sunshine of My Soul

Sunshine of My Soul is an album by pianist Jaki Byard recorded in 1967 and released on the Prestige label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Allmusic awarded the album 4 stars with its review by Alex Henderson stating "the restless pianist was continuing to experiment and take chances, which is exactly what he does on Sunshine of My Soul". The All About Jazz website stated "Exemplifying one of jazz’s oddballs, this remains one of Byard’s most interesting and accomplished musical puzzles".

## Track listing

All compositions by Jaki Byard except as indicated
* "Sunshine" - 9:33
* "Cast Away" - 4:09
* "Chandra" - 8:06
* "St. Louis Blues" (W. C. Handy) - 6:03
* "Diane's Melody" - 6:58
* "Trendsition Zildjian" - 10:58

## Personnel

* Jaki Byard - piano, guitar
* David Izenzon - bass
* Elvin Jones - drums
# Tephritis kovalevi

Tephritis kovalevi is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Tephritis of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Kazakhstan.
# Rissopsetia islandica

Rissopsetia islandica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the following locations:
* European waters (ERMS scope)
# Rissone

Rissone is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Giuditta Rissone (1895–1977), Italian film actress
* Checco Rissone (1909–1985), Italian actor
* Francesco Rissone (1900–1987), Italian American mobster
# River Arrow

The River Arrow may mean:
* The River Arrow, Wales (includes the Herefordshire, England, portion of the river)
* The River Arrow, Worcestershire (includes the Warwickshire portion of the river)
* River Arrow Nature Reserve, in Alcester, Warwickshire, England
# Rio Negrinho

Rio Negrinho is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil that appears in the soap of the same name.

## Climate

Climate data for Rio Negrinho, elevation 792 m (2,598 ft), (1976–2005) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.5 (97.7) | 33.2 (91.8) | 31.6 (88.9) | 30.4 (86.7) | 29.6 (85.3) | 27.0 (80.6) | 27.7 (81.9) | 31.5 (88.7) | 33.0 (91.4) | 33.0 (91.4) | 34.2 (93.6) | 37.2 (99.0) | 37.2 (99.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) | 26.8 (80.2) | 25.1 (77.2) | 23.4 (74.1) | 20.4 (68.7) | 18.7 (65.7) | 18.5 (65.3) | 20.3 (68.5) | 20.1 (68.2) | 22.3 (72.1) | 24.3 (75.7) | 26.7 (80.1) | 22.8 (73.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.6 (69.1) | 19.3 (66.7) | 17.2 (63.0) | 14.2 (57.6) | 12.5 (54.5) | 12.5 (54.5) | 13.6 (56.5) | 14.9 (58.8) | 17.1 (62.8) | 18.7 (65.7) | 20.1 (68.2) | 16.8 (62.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.9 (62.4) | 17.3 (63.1) | 16.2 (61.2) | 13.8 (56.8) | 10.8 (51.4) | 9.0 (48.2) | 8.1 (46.6) | 8.6 (47.5) | 10.9 (51.6) | 13.4 (56.1) | 14.5 (58.1) | 16.1 (61.0) | 13.0 (55.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) | 10.8 (51.4) | 5.2 (41.4) | 1.8 (35.2) | −2.4 (27.7) | −3.2 (26.2) | −5.0 (23.0) | −6.0 (21.2) | 1.4 (34.5) | 4.6 (40.3) | 6.4 (43.5) | 7.4 (45.3) | −6.0 (21.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 223.0 (8.78) | 196.0 (7.72) | 145.0 (5.71) | 91.0 (3.58) | 106.0 (4.17) | 127.0 (5.00) | 103.0 (4.06) | 101.0 (3.98) | 181.0 (7.13) | 179.0 (7.05) | 144.0 (5.67) | 175.0 (6.89) | 1,771 (69.74) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84 | 85 | 86 | 84 | 85 | 85 | 83 | 82 | 84 | 84 | 81 | 80 | 84 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 154 | 120 | 132 | 133 | 127 | 121 | 139 | 143 | 108 | 118 | 165 | 173 | 1,633 |
| Source 1: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) ||||||||||||||
| Source 2: Climatempo (precipitation) ||||||||||||||
# Rip It Up (Razorlight song)

"Rip It Up" is a song by English indie rock band Razorlight, included as the sixth track on their 2004 debut album, Up All Night. It was also released as their second single in November 2003 and peaked at number 42 on the UK Singles Chart. A year later, on 29 November 2004, "Rip It Up" was re-released as the final single from the initial release of Up All Night and peaked at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart.

## Charts

| Chart (2003) | Peak position |
| UK Singles Chart | 42 |
| Chart (2004) | Peak position |
| UK Singles Chart $^1$ | 20 |
$^1$ Re-release
# Riverside Township, Nebraska

Riverside Township, Nebraska may refer to the following places:
* Riverside Township, Burt County, Nebraska
* Riverside Township, Gage County, Nebraska

## See also

* Riverside Township (disambiguation)
* Riverdale Township, Buffalo County, Nebraska
# Riseborough

Riseborough is an English surname and placename.

## People

* Andrea Riseborough

## Places

* Riseborough, an area of Pickering, North Yorkshire
* Thornton Riseborough, a township in the parish of Normanby in North Yorkshire
* Riseborough Hall, a mansion in the parish of Normanby in North Yorkshire
# Riópar

Riópar is a municipality in Albacete, Castile-La Mancha, Spain. It has a population of 1,498.
# Rizky

Rizky may refer to:
* Suci Rizky Andini (born 1993), Indonesian badminton player
* Rizky Darmawan (born 1994), Indonesian professional footballer
* Rizky Febian (born 1998), Indonesian singer, songwriter, actor and TV presenter
* Rizky Dwi Febrianto (born 1997), Indonesian professional footballer
* Rizky Ramdani Lestaluhu (born 1991), Indonesian professional footballer
* Rizky Yusuf Nasution (born 1997), Indonesian professional footballer
* Rizky Pellu (born 1992), Indonesian professional footballer
* Rizky Pora (born 1989), Indonesian professional footballer
* Rizky Eka Pratama (born 1999), Indonesian professional footballer
* Rizky Ramadhana (born 1992), Indonesian professional footballer
* Rizky Ridho (born 2001), Indonesian professional footballer
* Defri Rizky (born 1988), Indonesian professional footballer
* Ega Rizky (born 1992), Indonesian professional footballer
# Roane, Virginia

Roane is an unincorporated community in King and Queen County, Virginia, United States.
# Robert Dell (socialist)

Robert Edward Dell (1865–1940) was a British journalist and socialist activist.
Dell matriculated at University College, Oxford in 1884. He joined the Fabian Society in 1889, and served on its executive from 1890. He lectured widely for the society, particularly in Lancashire, but left London in 1893 to become the editor of the Surrey Mirror.
Dell joined the Catholic church in 1897, and thereafter became a prominent modernist and anti-fascist writer within the church. He continued to work as an editor, moving to the Review of the Week in 1900, then The Connoisseur in 1902. However, in 1906 he moved to Paris, becoming an art dealer, and remaining there through World War I.
In 1918, Dell became the Paris correspondent for the Manchester Guardian, but he was expelled from the country, and moved to Geneva. He continued to work as a foreign correspondent for British newspapers, spending time in Berlin, back in Paris, and then again in Geneva. In 1939, he moved to New York, and died there the following year.
# Robert Delort

Robert Delort (born 21 September 1932) is a French professeur agrégé trained at the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in the early 1950s, historian and medievalist specialised in the history of the Republic of Venice, economic history and environmental history. He is particularly interested in the history of relationships between man and animals, as part of the “zoohistory”.

## Career

Delort was educated at ENS since 1953, where he prepared the Aggregation of History (Agrégation d’histoire) and later he defended his dissertation on medieval history at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences. He was a member of École française de Rome from 1960 to 1962. He presented his thèse d'état at Sorbonne in 1975 and completed his degree in Sciences at Paris Diderot University.
He became a professor at the lyceum of Douai and assistant professor at Sorbonne (1963–1968). He was a lecturer and professor at the Paris 8 University and École normale supérieure, then an ordinary professor at University of Geneva.
As part of his research and teaching, he has spent long periods in Berlin (Berlin Institute for Advanced Study, 1983–1984), Montreal (1987), London (1993–1994) and has given seminars or courses, in particular at Bielefeld University, in Rome, in Berlin and also in Moscow (Moscow State University, 2003).
From 1983 to 1987, he was section president of the National Commission of the CNRS. He organised the millennium colloquiums of France (1987) then directed the scientific programme “Histoire de l’Environnement” (1987–1991) for the Programme interdisciplinaire de recherches sur l'environnement [fr].

## Selected publications

* With Philippe Braunstein [fr], Venise : Portrait historique d’une cité, Éditions du Seuil, 1971
* Life in the Middle Ages, Edita Lausanne, distributed by Universe Books, 1973
* Le commerce des fourrures en Occident a la fin du Moyan Age . 2 vols., Bibliotheque de l'Ecole francaise de Rome 1978
* Le Moyen Âge : Histoire illustrée de la vie quotidienne, Éditions du Seuil, 1983
* Les croisades, Éditions du Seuil, 1988
* Charlemagne, MA Éditions, 1989
* Les Éléphants, piliers du monde, collection « Découvertes Gallimard » (nº 93), série Histoire. Éditions Gallimard, 1990
** The Life and Lore of the Elephant, “Abrams Discoveries” series. Harry N. Abrams, 1992 (U.S. edition)
** The Life and Lore of the Elephant, ‘New Horizons’ series, Thames & Hudson, 1992 (UK edition)
* Les animaux ont une histoire, Contemporary French Fiction, 1993
* L’Histoire de l’environnement européen, Presses Universitaires de France, 2001
# Robert Irvine (disambiguation)

Robert Irvine is a celebrity chef.
Robert Irvine may also refer to:
* Bobby Irvine (footballer, born 1900) (1900–1979), Irish football (soccer) forward
* Bobby Irvine (footballer, born 1942), Irish football (soccer) goalkeeper
* Bulldog Irvine (1853–1897), Scottish rugby player
* Robert Irvine (rugby league), New Zealand rugby league footballer of the 1910s
* Robert Irvine (soccer) (born 1974), Canadian soccer player
# Robert Hargreave Brodrick

Robert Hargreave Brodrick (3 July 1860 – 19 September 1934) was an architect from England who spent most of his life in Australia as City Architect for Sydney.
He was born in Macclesfield, Cheshire, the son of Robert Brodrick, a silk manufacturer. His apprenticeship was served at the practice of James Fraser, of Leeds.
He was initially in partnership with W. Lewis, trading as Lewis and Brodrick of Thirsk and Ripon, but this partnership was dissolved in 1877.
He undertook a number of commissions in England, until aged 22 he moved to Australia. In 1883 he got a job as a draftsman in the City Architect's Department of Sydney Municipal Council. Within 12 years he was City Architect.
He married Emily Jane Maher on 20 May 1896 at All Saints' Church, Petersham. They had five children, four daughters and a son.

## List of works

* Holy Innocents Church, Copt Hewick and Sunday school 1876
* St Michael and All Angels' Church, Littlethorpe 1878
* St John's Almshouses, Ripon 1878
* Congregational School and Ministers House, Ripon 1881
# Robert Hermansen

Robert Hermansen (born 1939 in Botne) is a Norwegian businessperson.
He is a former chief executive of Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani. He has been chairman of Troms Kraft since 2008. He has also chaired the board of the Regional Development Fund.
In 2011, B. Thorsen of Økokrim reported that Hermansen had confessed to formal charges of corruption. At his trial, he confessed to formal charges of corruption on 23 September 2011. He was sentenced to 2 years in prison, by Nord-Troms District Court on 3 October 2011.
His brother is Tormod Hermansen.
# Robert Hirschfeld

Robert Hirschfeld (June 8, 1942 – December 4, 2009) was an American actor and author. He was best known for playing Officer Leo Schnitz on Hill Street Blues from 1981 to 1985. He also appeared in the films Cradle Will Rock (1999) and Escape from Alcatraz (1979).
Hirschfeld died in Dobbs Ferry, New York, at the age of 67.
# Robert Mascall

Robert Mascall (or Maschal) (died 22 December 1416) was a medieval Carmelite friar who served as the Bishop of Hereford from 1404 to 1416.
Mascall was born at Ludlow, Shropshire, where at an early age he became a Carmelite friar. He was educated at the University of Oxford, gaining a distinction in philosophy and theology. Probably in 1400, King Henry IV appointed Mascall his confessor.
Mascall was appointed the Bishop of the Diocese of Hereford by papal provision on 2 July and consecrated on 6 July 1404. He received possession of the temporalities of the See of Hereford on 25 September 1404.
Mascall died in office on 22 December 1416.

## Citations

* 1 2 3 Pollard, Albert Frederick (1893). "Mascall, Robert". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 36. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
* 1 2 3 Barrow 2002, Bishops of Hereford, pp. 1–7.
* ↑ Eubel 1913, Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi, volume 1, p. 274.
* 1 2 3 Fryde et al. 1986, Handbook of British Chronology, p. 251.
# Robert Martins

Robert Martins (born in Penryn, Cornwall on 26 February 1822; died 1904) was a British draughts player who was World Checkers/Draughts Champion from 1859 to 1864. Although of English/Cornish origin, he spent much of his later life in Scotland. He was a noted rival of James Wyllie. Chambers's Journal physically described him as tall, pale-faced, and long-headed. While in personality they considered him courteous and cautious in expressing opinions on points of the game.
# Robert Pack

Robert Pack may refer to:
* Robert Pack (basketball) (born 1969), American basketball player
* Robert Pack (politician) (1786–1860), Newfoundland merchant, politician and justice
* Robert Pack (poet) (1929–2023), American poet and critic
* Robert Pack (cricketer) (born 1970), English cricketer
# Robert Pagan

Robert Pagan (November 16, 1750 – November 23, 1821) was a Scottish-born merchant, judge and political figure in New Brunswick. He represented Charlotte County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1786 to 1819.
He was born in Glasgow, the son of William Pagan and Margaret Maxwell. In 1768 or 1769, he went to Falmouth Neck, Massachusetts (now Portland, Maine), where he became involved in the timber trade and ship building. He married Miriam Pote. His brother Thomas joined him in 1775. In October 1775, his premises were destroyed by American forces who were reacting to rebel activity in the area. The two brothers departed to the West Indies. They returned in 1777, joining their brother William in New York City. Pagan was named in the Massachusetts Banishment Act of 1778. In 1780, Pagan settled at the mouth of the Penobscot River, believing that this would become a loyalist settlement, and established sawmills, stores and engaged in ship building. In 1783, learning that the border would be established further east, he relocated to Passamaquoddy Bay. He was named a justice of the peace for the area and was later named a judge of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for the county. The community there was named St. Andrews in 1786. Pagan was involved in the timber trade, operating mills, shipbuilding and the fish trade and was a wholesale and retail merchant. He assisted in research and surveys which helped establish the St. Croix River as the international boundary with Maine. Pagan helped found the Bank of New Brunswick in 1820. He died in St Andrews the following year at the age of 71.
# Robert Stamm

Robert Stamm (16 July 1900 – 4 November 1937) was a German politician, a Communist (KPD) member of the Reichstag from Bremen, and a victim of the Nazi régime.
Already by the age of 14, Robert Stamm had become involved with the Socialist Youth in the Bergisches Land. He became a toolmaker, and in 1917, during his training, he associated himself with the Spartacist League around Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg. In 1920 he took part in the struggle against the Kapp Putsch. In 1926, he became the editor of various Communist newspapers in the Rhine-Ruhr area.
From 1931 to 1933, Stamm led the KPD's Northwest District in Bremen. To avoid his looming arrest, he gave up his political activities for the time being and moved to Hanover in May 1933. The following year, he once again felt obliged to hurry to another city and he went to Berlin. In the end, though, none of his running helped. On 27 March 1935, Stamm was arrested by the Gestapo. At the Volksgerichtshof, he was found guilty of conspiracy to commit treason, and was sentenced to death. Stamm was beheaded on 4 November 1937 at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin.
The FDGB-Kulturhaus 'Robert Stamm' in Biberschlag, Thuringia, is named after him.
# Robin Hood's Larder

Robin Hood's Larder (also known as the Butcher's Oak, the Slaughter Tree and the Shambles Oak) was a veteran tree in Sherwood Forest that measured 24 feet (7.3 m) in circumference. The tree had long been hollow and is reputed to have been used by the legendary outlaw Robin Hood and others as a larder for poached meat. It was badly burnt by fire in the late 19th century and again in 1913. The tree fell in a gale in 1961 and no trace of it remains.

## Location

The oak tree was located in Birklands, part of Sherwood Forest that was first mentioned in 1251 and in continual ownership by the crown for 600 years. It was situated approximately 3 miles (4.8 km) west of the village of Ollerton and 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the Major Oak. The site is currently in the ownership of the Forestry Commission and the Sherwood Forest Visitor Centre, run by Nottinghamshire County Council, is nearby.

## In legend

The tree's name derives from an association with the legendary figure of Robin Hood. It is reputed that Robin Hood used the hollow trunk of the tree as a temporary store for venison poached from the royal forest. The use of such trees for storing game was common in the times before refrigeration and regardless of the veracity of the Robin Hood legend it is likely that at some point the tree was used for this purpose by poachers. It is said that in earlier times hooks used for the hanging of meat could still be seen affixed to the inside of the tree; these had vanished by 1913. Because of this legend the tree has also been known as the Butcher's Oak, the Slaughter Tree and the Shambles Oak, the latter because it was the traditional name for an area of town where butchers and abattoirs were located.

## History

An 1874 guidebook to the region mentions the tree and states that it was used formerly by a thief named Hooton to hang the carcasses of stolen sheep. At this point, the hollow trunk was big enough to accommodate 12 people. The tree was later reinforced with iron bars and cables. Towards the end of the 19th century the tree was badly burned in a fire originating from a group of schoolgirls boiling a kettle within the hollow. It was again damaged by a fire set by picnickers in 1913. In the same year, it was mentioned in a book of Robert Murray Gilchrist who described the tree as "an old, old man who will be brave to the end". Gilchrist noted the foliage was scanty but the tree retained live upper branches until after 1938. In 1938, the trunk measured 24 feet (7.3 m) in circumference and the hollow accounted for approximately one quarter of this. Robin Hood's Larder fell by a gale in 1961 and no trace of it remains today.
# Rock-cut tombs of San Liberatore

Tombe rupestri di San Liberatore (Italian for Rock-cut tombs of Saint Liberator) is a burial place located in Serramonacesca, Province of Pescara (Abruzzo, Italy).

## History

There are no historical sources about the origin of the tomb complex. It is hypothesized that it was built by a small group of hermits who inhabited the area between the 8th and 9th century.
From the toponymy of the area, it is deduced that it must have been dedicated to Saint John, as the place is still called San Giuannelle (Little Saint John), presumably due to the presence of a youthful statue of the saint in one of the niches carved into the wall.

## Architecture

The road leading to the rock complex starts from the left side of the square of the Abbey of San Liberatore, facing the church's facade. The path descends easily until it reaches the Alento River bed, which can be crossed easily due to the low water flow. Then, a short climb leads to a 20-meter wall where the tombs are located.
On the wall, which features a narrow walkway, three tombs, a small niche, and a chapel can be identified. The tombs have the shape of a sarcophagus topped by an arch, reminiscent of Christian catacombs. Next is the niche, where a base of about 50 cm on each side can be seen, presumably used for the statue of Saint John. The chapel measures 1.70 x 5 x 2.50 meters. On the left side, there is a basin for collecting rainwater, possibly used as a holy water font.
# Robinson Correctional Center

The Robinson Correctional Institution is a minimum-security (2018) state prison for men located in Robinson, Crawford County, Illinois, owned and operated by the Illinois Department of Corrections.
The facility was first opened in 1991, and has a working capacity of 1223.