OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Liquid metal ion source

A liquid metal ion source (LMIS) is an ion source which uses metal that is heated to the liquid state and used to form an electrospray to form ions. An electrospray Taylor cone is formed by the application of a strong electric field and ions are produced by field evaporation at the sharp tip of the cone, which has a high electric field. Ions from a LMIS are used in ion implantation and in focused ion beam instruments. Typically gallium is preferred for its low melting point, low vapor pressure, its relatively unreactive nature, and because the gallium ion is sufficiently heavy for ion milling.

## Development

The LMIS technique originated in the development of colloid thruster spacecraft propulsion systems. Research beginning in the early 1960s showed that liquid metal can generate large numbers of ions. By the early 1970s, these results spawned the development of LMIS ion microprobes. Initially, in the development of this technique, the liquid metal was supplied by a capillary tube. This method can be difficult to control at low emission currents. The technique of "blunt-needle" LMIS was discovered by accident in the early 1970s. For this method a thin-film of liquid metal is allowed to flow to the apex of a sharp needle.

## Focused ion beam

Most focused ion beam instruments use a liquid-metal ion sources (LMIS) often with gallium. In a gallium LMIS, gallium metal is placed in contact with a tungsten needle and heated gallium wets the tungsten and flows to the tip of the needle where the opposing forces of surface tension and electric field produce the cusp shaped Taylor cone. The tip radius of this cone is ~2 nm. The electric field at this small tip is typically greater than 1 x 10$^8$ V/cm and causes ionization and field emission of the gallium atoms. The ions are then accelerated to an energy of 1–50 keV and focused onto the sample with electrostatic lenses. LMIS produces a high current density ion beam with a small energy spread and can deliver tens of nanoamperes of current to a sample with a spot size of a few nanometers.
# List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée liqueurs and spirits

The following is a list of French liqueurs and spirits that are entitled to use the designation Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) on their label.
The majority are brandies and eaux-de-vie forming part of the Cognac and Armagnac appellations. Additional appellations cover apple-based cider, pommeau and Calvados, and the rums of Martinique.
See also List of Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée wines.
| AOC | Drink | Region |
| Armagnac | brandy | Armagnac |
| Armagnac-Tenarèze | brandy | Armagnac |
| Bas-Armagnac | brandy | Armagnac |
| Blanche Armagnac | brandy | Armagnac |
| Bois Ordinaire | brandy | Cognac |
| Bons Bois | brandy | Cognac |
| Borderies | brandy | Cognac |
| Calvados | apple brandy | Normandy |
| Calvados Pays d'Auge | apple brandy | Normandy |
| Calvados Domfrontais | apple brandy | Normandy |
| Cognac | brandy | Cognac |
| Cornouaille | cider | Brittany |
| Esprit de Cognac | brandy | Cognac |
| Fine Champagne | brandy | Cognac |
| Fins Bois | brandy | Cognac |
| Grande Champagne | brandy | Cognac |
| Haut-Armagnac | brandy | Armagnac |
| Kirsch de Fougerolle | kirsch | Franche-Comté |
| Martinique | rum | Martinique |
| Pays d'Auge | cider | Normandy |
| Petite Champagne | brandy | Cognac |
| Pineau des Charentes | apéritif | Charente |
| Pommeau de Bretagne | pommeau | Brittany |
| Pommeau de Normandie | pommeau | Normandy |
# Salem Channel

The Salem Channel is a channel in the Salem Sound that stretches from Winter Island in the city of Salem to Misery Shoal in the city limits of Beverly.
42°32′38.4″N 70°50′27.2″W﻿ / ﻿42.544000°N 70.840889°W﻿ / 42.544000; -70.840889
* This Essex County, Massachusetts geography–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Saloma (disambiguation)

Saloma was the stage name of Singaporean-Malaysian singer and film actress Salmah binti Ismail (1935–1983).
Saloma may also refer to:
* Saloma Link, pedestrian footbridge in Kuala Lumpur named after the actress
* Caesar Saloma (born 1960), Filipino physicist and former dean
* Saloma, Kentucky, United States, an unincorporated community
* Saloma, a style of music of Panama
# Sallinen

Sallinen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Tyko Sallinen (1879–1955), Finnish expressionist painter
* Aulis Sallinen (born 1935), Finnish contemporary classical music composer
* Raili Sallinen (born 1938), Finnish ski orienteering competitor
* Kari Sallinen (born 1959), Finnish orienteering competitor
* Tomi Sallinen (born 1989), Finnish professional ice hockey center
* Jere Sallinen (born 1990), Finnish professional ice hockey winger
* Oskari Sallinen (born 2001), Finnish professional football midfielder
* Hanna-Riikka Sallinen (born 1973), Finnish multi–sport high performance female athlete, played women's ice hockey, bandy, and rinkball
# Saliya Ahangama

Franklyn Saliya Ahangama (born 14 September 1959) is a Sri Lankan Australian cricket coach, commentator and former cricketer who played in 3 Tests and one ODI in 1985.

## After cricket

He would have played more tests, having a bowling average of 19, but retired due to constant injury. He then became a commentator. Saliya is now a cricket coach at the Melbourne Sports Stadium and Eastern Indoor Sports Centre. He is married and has two daughters.
# Saliña, Curaçao

Saliña is a residential area in southeast Curaçao located in the eastern part of the capital, Willemstad. The word Saliña in Papiamentu means salt lake. Most of the lake has been poldered for housing developments. The neighborhood started as the plantation Saliña Abou in 1726.
Saliña is one of the primary shopping and office districts on the island with many retail stores, restaurants, cafes, banks and a mall. Its main road heads towards the east into the Caracasbaaiweg, which runs to the Caracas Bay and the Jan Thiel Beach with several major resorts.
# Philippa de Beauchamp

Philippa de Stafford, Countess of Stafford (before 1344 – 6 April 1386), was a late medieval English noblewoman and the daughter of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick, KG, and Katherine Mortimer. Her maternal grandfather was the powerful Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March.

## Marriage and issue

On or before 1 March 1350, she married Hugh de Stafford, 2nd Earl of Stafford, son of Ralph de Stafford, 1st Earl of Stafford, and Margaret de Audley, suo jure 2nd Baroness Audley.
Together Hugh and Philippa had at least seven children:
* Margaret Stafford (c. 1364 – 9 June 1396). Married Ralph Neville, 1st Earl of Westmorland as his first wife and had issue.
* Sir Ralph Stafford (c. 1367 – July 1385). Killed by King Richard II's half-brother, John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter in a feud during an expedition against the Scots in July 1385.
* Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford (c. 1368 – 4 July 1392). Inherited the earldom from his father at the age of 18. Married Anne Plantagenet, daughter of Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester and Eleanor de Bohun. No issue, the marriage was reportedly never consummated.
* William Stafford, 4th Earl of Stafford (21 September 1375 – 6 April 1395). Inherited the earldom from his brother at the age of 14. He was a ward of Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester. He died at 19.
* Katherine Stafford (c. 1376 – 8 April 1419). Married Michael de la Pole, 2nd Earl of Suffolk and had issue.
* Edmund Stafford, 5th Earl of Stafford (2 March 1377 – 22 July 1403). Inherited the earldom from his brother at the age of 17. Married Anne of Gloucester, widow of his elder brother Thomas. Edmund and Anne were the parents of Humphrey Stafford, 1st Duke of Buckingham.
* Joan Stafford (1378 – 1 October 1442). Married Thomas Holland, 1st Duke of Surrey and 3rd Earl of Kent. No issue.

## Death

The Countess Philippa died in spring 1386, and it was probably this combined with the death of their eldest son that pushed her husband to undertake a series of pilgrimages. She was buried at Stone Priory, Staffordshire. The Earl died in October of the same year in Rhodes, having not yet reached his destination of Jerusalem.

## Ancestors

Ancestors of Philippa de Beauchamp :
# List of Canadian gliders

This is a list of gliders/sailplanes of the world, (this reference lists all gliders with references, where available) Note: Any aircraft can glide for a short time, but gliders are designed to glide for longer.

## Canadian miscellaneous constructors

* Birdman Project 102 Windsoar – Birdman Enterprises
* Brochocki BKB-1
* Czerwiński Sparrow – close copy of the W.W.S.1 Salamandra – de Havilland Aircraft Canada
* Czerwiński Robin – modified Sparrow – de Havilland Aircraft Canada
* Czerwinski-Shenstone UTG-1 Loudon – Étudiants de L'Université de Toronto
* Marsden Gemini – Marsden, David
* NRC tailless glider – National Research Council / Geoffrey Hill
* Czerwiński-Shenstone Harbinger – Shenstone, Beverley S. & Czerwinski, Waclaw
* Viking 104 – Tingskou, Paul – built by Peterson, Oscar "Pete"
# Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine

Tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (abbreviated TPMA or TPA) is an organic compound with the formula (C$_5$H$_4$NCH$_2$)$_3$N. It is a tertiary amine with three picolyl substituents. It is a white solid that is soluble in polar organic solvents. It is a ligand in coordination chemistry.
The ligand is prepared by the alkylation of 2-picolylamine by picolyl chloride:
    2 C$_5$H$_4$NCH$_2$Cl + C$_5$H$_4$NCH$_2$NH$_2$ → (C$_5$H$_4$NCH$_2$)$_3$N + 2 HCl
TPMA is a tripodal ligand, often used to simulate the coordination environment within some proteins. It is also used as a copper ligand in ATRP.

## Related ligands

* dipicolylamine, an intermediate in the synthesis of TPMA.
* 2-picolylamine, a bidentate ligand, also known as aminomethylpyridine.
# Nicolás Brizuela

Nicolás Brizuela (23 December 1949 – 28 March 2020) was an Argentinian musician and guitarist.

## Biography

A native of La Rioja, Brizuela moved to Buenos Aires at the age of 17. A self-taught guitarist, he learned music with his brothers before arriving in the Argentinian capital. He studied classical guitar, and Rodolfo Mederos described him as "a sensitive musician and an expert in the secrets of musical language". He collaborated with singers Horacio Guarany and Rubén Juárez until 1975.
Brizuela collaborated with singer Mercedes Sosa on her 1977 album "Mercedes Sosa interpreta a Atahualpa Yupanqui". Due to a military dictatorship at the time, Sosa and Brizuela were arrested during a concert in La Plata in 1978. The two were extradited to France the following year, and spent a year and a half in Paris. They continued to perform across Europe, and sold out in 10 performances at the Théâtre de la Ville in Paris. Brizuela returned to Argentina in 1980 and worked as a studio musician.
In 1983, Brizuela and Sosa resumed their collaboration. They toured in various concert halls across the globe, including Carnegie Hall, Royal Festival Hall, Madison Square Garden, Lincoln Center, Olympia, Théâtre de la Ville, Gasteig, and others. In the 1990s, the two toured Europe alongside Joan Baez and Konstantin Wecker. In 2004, Brizuela and Sosa performed at the Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires with Martha Argerich. In total, the duo of Sosa and Brizuela recorded 27 albums and an acoustic DVD.
In 2001, Brizuela recorded Tangos in duet with Rodolfo Mederos. The album was well-received, with newspaper La Nacíon explaining: "It is rarely given to us to drown in the secrets of the melody and harmony of a tango or a milonga thanks to the phased filled with emotions. Mederos and Brizuela give us this unique opportunity. In its folds is housed the magic of the glorious tango of Buenos Aires". In 2005, Mederos and Brizuela recorded a follow-up album, titled Tango 12. In 2009, Brizuela recorded a tribute to Bill Evans, which became part of the album Nos volveremos a ver. In 2011, he recorded an album with Dino Saluzzi. Brizuela made several stays in France between 2012 and 2017 and played in many performances at places like Abbaye de Boschaud in Périgord.
Nicolás Brizuela died on 28 March 2020 at the age of 70.
# Robert Nisbet (minister)

Robert Nisbet FRSE (7 January 1814 – 22 November 1874) was a Scottish minister of the Church of Scotland and religious author.

## Life

He was born on 7 January 1814 in Auchterarder, the son of Margaret Sime, and her husband Christopher Nisbet. He was educated locally then studied divinity at the University of St Andrews and the University of Edinburgh. He was licensed to preach in 1836 and began as assistant minister in Lanark.
In 1842 he took on the prestigious role of minister of West St Giles' in Edinburgh.
In 1853 he was awarded an honorary doctorate (DD) from the University of St Andrews.
In 1863 he was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Thomas Stevenson.
He died at his home, 56 Great King Street in Edinburgh's Second New Town on 22 November 1874. He is buried in Dean Cemetery in the west of the city, and his grave lies under the trees at the west end of the north-west section.

## Family

In 1848 he married Eliza Tawse (1818-1883) daughter of John Tawse of Stobshiel (1787-1861), an advocate living in Edinburgh. Their daughter Christian Nisbet married James Paisley son of Rev Robert Paisley DD of St Ninians in Leith, and their sons were Christopher Charles Nisbet WS (who inherited the Stobshiel estate), John Tawse Nisbet MD (1856–1909) and Robert James Nisbet (1859-1939).
He married 18 July 1848, Eliza (died 26 June 1883), daughter of John Tawse of Stobshiel, advocate, and had issue —
* Eliza Margaret, born 5 August 1849, died 18 May 1860
* Christopher Charles, of Stobshiel, Writer to the Signet, born 31 August 1851
* Jessie Anne, born 5 January 1853
* Christian, born 23 May 1854 (married James Paisley, son of Robert Paisley, D.D., St Ninians)
* John Tawse, M.D., born 12 March 1856, died 13 February 1909
* Robert, born 29 October 1857, died 22 July 1858
* Robert James, born 11 June 1859.

## Publications

* The Songs of the Temple Pilgrims (London, 1863)
* Studies on the Epistle of Paul to Philemon (Edinburgh, 1876, posthumous)
* Youthful Builders Instructed, sermon preached before the Governors of George Heriot's Hospital
* Sermon (preached under the auspices of the S.P.C.K.).
# Manuel Joseph

Manuel Joseph (22 May 1965 – October 2021) was a French writer.

## Works

* Heroes are heroes are (1994)
* Edenadale (1994)
* La Gueule de l'emploi (1999)
* Ça m'a même pas fait mal (2001)
* Amilka aime Pessoa (2002)
* De la sculpture considérée comme une tauromachie (2003)
* Le Bleu du ciel dans la peau (2009)
* La Sécurité des personnes et des biens (2010)
* La Tête au carré (2010)
* Exhibiting Poetry Today: Manuel Joseph, catalogue de l’exposition de Thomas Hirschhorn (2010)
* Les Baisetioles (2020)
# Theophilus Dillingham

Theophilus Dillingham (1613–1678) was an English churchman and academic, Master of Clare Hall, Cambridge and Archdeacon of Bedford.

## Life

The son of Thomas Dillingham, and nephew of Francis Dillingham, he was born at Over Dean, Bedfordshire. He was admitted a pensioner of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, 13 September 1629, and graduated B.A. in 1633, M.A. in 1637. He was elected a fellow of Sidney Sussex College in 1638, and subsequently took the degree of D.D.
In 1654 he was chosen Master of Clare Hall, and he was three time vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge, in 1655, 1656, and part of 1661. At the Restoration he was ejected from the mastership, and Thomas Paske, one of his predecessors, was readmitted, but as Dillingham had married a daughter of Paske (Elizabeth), the latter resigned in favour of his son-in-law, who was re-elected by the fellows in 1661. On 29 January 1662 Dillingham became prebendary of Ulskelf in York Cathedral on Paske's resignation of the position, and on 3 September 1667 he was installed as archdeacon of Bedford. He also held the rectory of Offord Cluny, Huntingdonshire. He died at Cambridge on 22 November 1678, and was buried in St. Edward's Church.
# Semiotus ligneus

Semiotus ligneus is a species of click beetle from Central and South America.
It grows to a total length of 15–44 millimetres (0.6–1.7 in), and is 3.7–4.2 times as long as it is wide. The larvae are 27 mm (1.1 in) long. It closely resembles seed sheaths, which provides it with effective camouflage.
S. ligneus is the most frequently collected species in the genus Semiotus. Its closest relative is Semiotus serraticornis.
# Zhang Wo

Zhang Wo (or Zhang Wu, Chinese: 張渥), courtesy name as Shuhou, sobriquet as Zhenqisheng and Jianghaike, is a famed Chinese painter who was active during the Yuan Dynasty. Both his birth and death dates are unknown.
Zhang was born in Hangzhou in the Zhejiang province. His style name was 'Zhong Chun' and his sobriquet was 'Mi Gong'. Zhang's painting followed the fluent and pure style of Li Gonglin. Zhang specialized in painting human figures.
# Robert Smith (basketball)

Robert Leroy Smith (born March 10, 1955) is an American former professional basketball player and coach.

## College career

A 5'11" tall point guard, Smith played college basketball at UNLV, where as a member of the fabled "Hardway Eight", that was coached by the legendary Jerry Tarkanian, and that took UNLV to its first NCAA Final Four, in 1977. His jersey was honored by UNLV in 2022.

## Professional career

Smith was selected by the Denver Nuggets, in the third round of the 1977 NBA draft, with the 65th overall draft pick. Smith played for seven NBA teams, in as many seasons from, 1977 to 1984. On November 17, 1978, while he was playing with the Denver Nuggets, Smith scored a career-high 19 points, in a game against the Boston Celtics.
In October 1979, Smith was traded by the Denver Nuggets to the Utah Jazz. In November 1979, he was signed as a free agent by the New Jersey Nets.

## Coaching career

After he finished his pro club basketball playing career, Smith worked as a basketball coach at the AAU level. He coached at the Bill and Lilly Heinrich YMCA in Las Vegas, Nevada, along with his fellow UNLV teammate and lifelong friend, "Sudden" Sam Smith.

## Personal life

Smith was born in Los Angeles, California. He suffered a stroke in 2019. He is still recovering.
# Robert Smith (equestrian)

Robert Smith (born 12 June 1961) is a British equestrian. He was born in Yorkshire, a son of Harvey Smith, and brother of Steven Smith, and lives in Shrewley, Warwickshire. He competed in show jumping at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, and placed fourth in the individual contest.
# Robert Stallman

Robert Stallman (1946–2019) was an American classical flutist, arranger, and music educator. He premiered several works by contemporary composers including Karel Husa, William Thomas McKinley, and Burr Van Nostrand, and was the first to record works by several others including John Harbison's Die Kuerze. In the 1990s, he recorded six albums of flute sonatas and concertos for the VAI label.
# Robert Smolańczuk

Robert Smolańczuk (born in Olecko, Poland) is a Polish theoretical physicist.
He received his doctorate from the Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies in 1996. He later visited Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) as a Fulbright Fellow between 1998 and 2000.
He predicted in late 1998 that a lead-and-krypton collision technique could produce the element oganesson, at that time considered impossible by most scientists involved in heavy-element research. This was experimentally attempted at LBNL in 1999 and appeared to have been successful, but an investigation determined that the data had been fabricated by Victor Ninov. It is now expected that this reaction is unlikely to succeed. Smolańczuk received the Nitchke Award in 2000 for developing a phenomenological model of synthesis of superheavy nuclei. He currently works at the National Centre for Nuclear Research in Otwock, Poland.
# Robynne Maii

Robynne Maii, along with her husband Chuck Bussler are the owners of Fête, which is a restaurant in Honolulu’s Chinatown. Maii is also the chef.

## Biography

Maii graduated from Iolani School, then attended Middlebury College, where she studied English and modern dance. She returned to Hawaii to attend the culinary program at Kapiʻolani Community College, turning down a job offer in the process. She worked for a pastry chef after graduating but left to get a master’s degree at New York University. While in New York, she worked for two years at Gourmet (magazine) before moving on to develop a culinary program at one of the community colleges in Brooklyn in the City University of New York system. Maii returned to Hawaii and opened Fête in 2016.

## Awards and honors

She is the 2022 winner of the James Beard Award for Best Chef in the Northwest and Pacific. She is the first woman of Hawaiian ancestry to win and the first Hawaiian since 2003.

## Publications

* The New American Mosaic Cookbook for Students , 2013
# Robyne Robinson

Robyne Robinson (born 1961 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American television journalist and entrepreneur. She ran as a candidate for Lieutenant Governor of Minnesota in 2010.

## Biography

Robyne L. Robinson was born in Chicago as the younger of two daughters born to schoolteachers. She attended local area schools, graduating from Morgan Park Academy in 1979.
Robyne began her professional career tracking news for WNDU-TV in South Bend, Indiana. Later, she served as Military Affairs reporter for WVEC-TV in the Hampton-Norfolk area of Virginia. The Texas Association of Broadcasters honored her while working at WFAA-TV in Dallas. At WFAA-TV she covered local politics, education and public affairs. While serving as the weekend anchor at WMAR-TV in Baltimore, she was awarded the Gannett-Paul Miller Fellowship for reporting Washington politics.
For 20 years she was a reporter and then news anchor/co-anchor for Fox affiliate KMSP in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn. and worked at KMSP-TV since 1990, when KMSP was independent Minnesota 9.
On May 11, 2010, Robinson announced that she would leave KMSP and broadcasting. Her last day was May 26, 2010. On May 27, 2010, it was announced that Robinson would serve as the running mate of Matt Entenza, a DFL candidate in the August 2010 Minnesota gubernatorial primary. She had not previously been a candidate for elective office.

## Awards and recognition

* Hubert H. Humphrey Public Policy Fellow at the University of Minnesota
* 2005 Upper Midwest Emmy for Best Anchor
* Edward R. Murrow Award
* St. Paul Companies' Pan-African Council Legacy Award
* Media Allies Award, Minnesota Council of Non-Profits
* Minneapolis NAACP Television Industry Award

## Lieutenant Governor Run

On May 24, 2010, Robinson said in an interview that she had been asked to serve as the running mate of Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party gubernatorial candidate Matt Entenza. Robinson said she had not made up her mind yet, but that she was seriously considering it, as "any time you are potentially called to public service you need to think heavily about it." On May 27, 2010, the Entenza campaign announced that Robinson had accepted the offer. Robinson and Fox 9 were criticized for allowing Robinson to remain on air despite the offer, and also for not mentioning the offer during their newscast.
Robinson is the second Fox 9 News anchor to seek statewide office. Former U.S. Senator Rod Grams worked as an anchor for the station before entering politics. The campaign ended on August 10, with Matt Entenza conceding as results started to come in.