OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Normannognathus

Normannognathus is a genus of pterosaur from the Kimmeridgian-age Upper Jurassic Argiles d'Octeville Formation of France. Initially, Normannognathus was classified to the family Germanodactylidae, sister taxon to Germanodactylus, however, many recent analysis have recovered Normannognathus in different phylogenetic positions, and depending on different authors, Normannognathus is either found as a basal member of the Dsungaripteroidea, as an indeterminate monofenestratan, or as the sister taxon of Cycnorhamphus within the family Gallodactylidae.

## Discovery and naming

In 1993, Jean-Jacques Lepage on the Normandy coast at the Cap de la Hève, near Ecqueville, Octeville-sur-Mer, Seine-Maritime, Normandy, found a ten centimetres long fossil of a pterosaur in a marine claystone layer.
In 1998, Eric Buffetaut et al. named a separate genus for it. The type species is Normannognathus wellnhoferi. The genus name is derived from Normannia, the Medieval Latin name for Normandy, and Greek gnathos, "jaw". The specific name honors Peter Wellnhofer. The genus is based on holotype Musée Géologique Cantonal de Lausanne 59'583, the left front portion of a skull and the associated, but not articulated to it, lower jaws.

## Description

The snout is low and pointed, and curves upward. Only the part in front of the nostrils has remained. On the back top of this part a very tall bony crest is present. It abruptly juts out from the premaxillae, formed like a crested wave, having a concave leading margin. After its rounded tip it gradually curves downwards again towards the skull top; its further shape is unknown because at this point the fossil ends. The crest is flat, running down the midline of the upper jaw and shows a fibrous texture that could be indicative of some covering, such as a horn sheath.
The teeth are robust, and not very elongated. They continue to be present until the very tip of the jaws. The tooth count is five per premaxilla; the number is at least nine for the maxilla, and at least fourteen per dentary: no reliable estimates can be given of the last two totals because the back of the head has been lost.

## Classification

The describers assigned Normannognathus to the Germanodactylidae because it was most similar to Germanodactylus, with the exception that it resembles Dsungaripterus in having an abrupt beginning to a crest larger than that in Germanodactylus and possessing an upward pointing snout. David Unwin in 2006 considered it a basal member of the Dsungaripteroidea. In 2015 however, Witton et al. concluded that it is an indeterminate monofenestratan, noting that it shares some characters with ctenochasmatoids, yet shares other characters with non-pterodactyloid monofenestratans. In 2018 however, Longrich et al. found Normannognathus to be the sister taxon of Cycnorhamphus within the family Gallodactylidae, which in turn was within the Ctenochasmatoidea. Their cladogram is shown below.
# Villa Verdi

Villa Verdi is the estate house that composer Giuseppe Verdi ordered built in 1848 on farmland he had owned for four years and where he lived from that year until the end of his life. It is in the village of Sant'Agata 3.5 km north of the town of Busseto, which itself lies 4.5 km west-north-west of the tiny village of Le Roncole, where Verdi was born. The two villages and the town are today part of the comune of Villanova sull'Arda in the Province of Piacenza.

## History

Verdi bought the farmland in 1844 before commissioning the house, which his parents occupied starting in 1848 and which was completed, after various stops and starts, in 1880. After the death of Verdi's mother his father moved into town, i.e. Busseto. Verdi and Giuseppina Strepponi, the opera singer with whom he lived prior to their 1859 marriage, moved into the Villa in 1851.
There had been a farmhouse on the property when Verdi bought it, and the composer's building work began as extended wings onto it. But the project grew such that the original home was replaced: the two wings had terraces to the front, and there were greenhouses added and a chapel and garages for coaches in the rear. Strepponi and Verdi greatly expanded the garden around the house and planted many trees, some exotic in origin and a few still alive.
Apart from his visits to European cities, sometimes wintering in Genoa, and part of the winters of 1862 and 1863 in Russia for the premiere of La forza del destino, most of Verdi's life was lived at the Villa. After Strepponi's death in 1897, Verdi spent less time there. He personally oversaw the management of the estate and ran a profitable farming business.

## Visits to the Villa Verdi

Today, the Villa is owned by four siblings who are descendants of Verdi's younger cousin, Maria Filomena Verdi, whom Verdi and his wife brought up as a daughter. This is the Carrara-Verdi family, and they live year-round in parts of the Villa.
Starting in 2010, Angiolo Carrara Verdi has been managing Villa Verdi which is also partly used as a museum. Visitors are allowed to view five rooms located on the ground floor of the south wing which were occupied by the composer and his wife. Other upstairs rooms were used by servants and guests.
The rooms include Strepponi's own room with its original canopy bed, where she died in November 1897; the dressing room dominated today by the Fritz piano which Verdi used from the time of Rigoletto in 1851 to Aida in 1871; Verdi's bedroom where he slept and worked; plus the study off the bedroom, where Verdi generally kept his accounts, now contains piano scores and much memorabilia relating to Verdi's life. The final room, the Grand Hotel et de Milan room, contains the furniture from Room 157 of the Hotel de Milan which is located close to La Scala and where Verdi died on 27 January 1901. The room also contains the shirt which Verdi was wearing at his death, plus a deathmask. Visitors are also able to see Verdi's coaches and tour the park containing over 100 varieties of tree and the ice house.
# Norbert Thiede

Norbert Thiede is an East German former Olympic discus thrower. He represented his country in the men's discus throw at the 1976 Summer Olympics. His distance was a 61.14 in the qualifiers, and a 64.30 in the finals.
# Vidrike

Vidrike is a village in Otepää Parish, Valga County in Estonia.
# Vincenzo Gallina

Vincenzo Gallina (1795, Ravenna - 1842, Aleppo), was an Italian Carbonari, a liberal lawyer or merchant. After the Carbonari revolution in 1821 he was exiled and went to Greece with Lord Byron and Count Pietro Gamba, with whom he took part in the local war of independence of 1821. He collaborated with Alexandros Mavrokordatos and Theodoros Negris in drafting of the first Greek constitution, called the Provisional Constitution of Greece, which was approved on 1 January 1822 by the First National Assembly of Epidaurus of which he was a representative. This Constitution was inspired by the Constitution drawn up during the First French Republic. He later traveled to Egypt and finally to Syria, where he died in the capital Aleppo at the age of 47.
# Villavere

Villavere is a village in Viru-Nigula Parish, Lääne-Viru County in northern Estonia. It is located about 3 km (2 mi) southeast of the town of Kunda. Villavere has a population of 18 (as of 20 February 2012).
# Villaverde de Íscar

Villaverde de Íscar is a municipality located in the province of Segovia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 687 inhabitants.
# North Fall

North Fall is a Danish lo fi indie rock project founded by singer/songwriter and producer Anders Belling. It consists of Belling and a group of collaborators all based in Copenhagen, Denmark.
In 2014 North Fall released their debut album 'Outside It's Growing Light" to a 5/6 review in Denmark's biggest music magazine GAFFA.
# North Falls

North Falls is a waterfall located in the Silver Falls State Park at the east end of the city of Salem, in Marion County, in the U.S. state of Oregon. It is located in a privileged area on the west foothills where Mount Hood National Forest meets with the Middle Santiam Wilderness. Several prominent waterfalls are located in the Park along Trail of Ten Falls: South Falls, Drake Falls, Lower South Falls, and Winter Falls—among others.

## Location

North Falls is created along the course of North Fork of Silver Creek and it sits on the east section of Silver Falls State Park Trail of Ten Falls, along North Falls Trail, approximately a quarter mile of Upper North Falls. It received its name because it is the primary waterfall along North Silver Creek.

## Description

North Falls is the third tallest along the Trail of Ten Falls and the only one in the park that can be viewed from highway 214. The falls drops in a straight plunge down approximately 136 feet (41 m) channeled through a narrow crack in the basaltic bedrock to a steeply slanted protrusion of basalt which causes splashing of the cascade into the pool.

## Trail

The Silver Falls area contains multiple popular hiking trails. The North Falls trail is a 1/4 mile trail with a moderate elevation gain approximately 80 stairs that lead behind North Falls through a large cutout on the rock. It continues west and roughly follows North Creek through the Canyon Trail, passing several waterfalls, including Twin Falls, Middle North Falls, Drake Falls, and Lower North Falls. On the opposite direction from the North Falls trailhead is the short, flat trail to Upper North Falls.
The North Falls trail passes behind North Falls in massive undercut cliff that extends back from the falls for at least 100 feet. The ceiling of therecess runs anywhere from 20 to approximately as much as 75 feet above the trail as it passes behind the waterfall. The large size of the undercut rock allows the roar of the falls to be considerably amplified.
# Villaldemiro

Villaldemiro is a municipality located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 70 inhabitants.
# North Persia Force

The North Persia Force (Norper force) was a British military force that operated in Northern Persia from 1918 to 1920. Following the British abandonment of Baku on the night of 14 September 1918, Major General Lionel Dunsterville evacuated the forces under his command, known as the Dunsterforce, in the dead of night, arriving in Bandar-e Anzali the following day. Two days later he was relieved of command, that position being taken by Major General W. M. Thomson.

## Composition

The force was a large brigade which consisted of:
* 1st Battalion, Royal Irish Fusiliers
* 1st Battalion, 42nd Deoli Regiment
* 122nd Rajputana Infantry
* 1st Battalion, 2nd Gurkha Rifles
* Guides Cavalry
* A Battery (The Chestnut Troop) Royal Horse Artillery
* No. 30 Squadron RAF
* 15th Light Armoured Motor Battery
* 31st Indian Pack Battery
* 48th Divisional Signal Company
* 19th Company 3rd Sappers and Miners
* Reinforcements sent from Mesopotamia:
** 1st Battalion, Royal Berkshire Regiment
** 2nd Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment
** 2 platoons of the 1st Battalion, 67th Punjabis were based at Tabriz
The force was commanded by Brigadier General Hugh Bateman-Champain who was based at Kasvin.

## Citations

* ↑ Minez, Roland P. Minez (2018). At the Limit of Complexity: British Military Operations in North Persia and the Caucasus 1918. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Army University Press.
* ↑ Moberly 1987, pp. 480–481.

## General and cited references

* Moberly, F. J. (1987) [1929]. Operations in Persia 1914–1919. History of the Great War based on Official Documents by Direction of the Committee of Imperial Defence (Imperial War Museum facsimile of the confidential 1929 printing ed.). London: HMSO. ISBN 0-11-290453-X – via Qatar Digital Library.
# Northern Lightz

Northern Lightz was a Scottish adult humour underground comic that ran from 1999 to 2005. Consisting primarily of drug humour, the title featured underground cartoonists Dave Alexander, Pudsy, Jim Stewart, Jamie Grant John Miller and many others, and could be seen as a partial successor to Electric Soup. Later issues were under the editorship of Alan Grant. After 11 issues, the comic ceased publication in 2005, succeeded by Grants highstreet dope humour title Wasted in 2008.
# North Claines

North Claines is a civil parish in Wychavon district, Worcestershire, England, immediately north of the city of Worcester. It includes the settlements of Fernhill Heath, Bevere, Lower Town, and Hawford. It is bordered to the west and north west by the River Severn and the River Salwarpe, with the Droitwich Canal running parallel to the Salwarpe.
The parish was formed in 1885 when the southern part of the parish of Claines was incorporated into Worcester under the Worcester Incorporation Act.
At the 2021 census the parish had a population of 4,460. The area of the parish was stated as 6.480 square kilometres (2.502 sq mi).
The parish has a parish council, the lowest level of local government. It is part of Lovett and North Claines ward (which had a 2021 population of 7,647) for elections to Wychavon district council.
As of January 2022 there are 30 listed buildings in the parish: Bevere House and the Mill Hall at grade II* and 28 including bridges, houses and a canal lock, at grade II.
# Vintage TV (TV channel)

Vintage TV was a music television channel from the United Kingdom which launched on 1 September 2010 on Sky and Freesat.
The channel was available throughout the UK, and with limited availability in Ireland. Broadcast transmissions on satellite, cable and Freeview ceased during August 2018. Its name and programming were previously licensed to Vintage TV in Canada.
Head Gear Films, a leading Financier for Independent Film, TV & Games now owns all the assets related to Vintage TV.

## Development

Vintage TV broadcast a selection of music-related programming including music videos and concerts from an array of popular music artists primarily dating from the 1940s to 1990s. About 40% of its programming was original, including entertainment series and more than 500 specially created music videos featuring archive footage from the BBC, ITN, and Getty Images. Following a public vote from a list of 50 possible tracks, the first music video played on the channel was The Beach Boys' 'Good Vibrations'.
In September 2010, Vintage TV replaced oMusic TV on Sky.
In April 2011, Vintage TV appointed 3Vision on a multi-year contract to help negotiate carriage deals for Vintage TV in Europe, the Middle East and Africa (EMEA), as well as assist in the channel's aim of serving as many markets as possible by the end of 2012.
In July 2011, Vintage TV won the Freesat Award for Best Themed Channel. In April 2012, Vintage TV was shortlisted for two Freesat awards, Best Niche TV Channel and Breakout Channel of the Year, by Freesat's panel of media industry judges.
In April 2013, Vintage TV launched on Virgin Media on channel number 343.
In June 2014, Vintage TV became available on Internet connected Freeview boxes on channel 242.
From 1 July 2016, Vintage TV was on Freeview channel 86. It moved to channel 82 on 3 August 2016.
On 14 October 2016, Vintage TV launched a localized version of the channel in Canada on Shaw Direct satellite and Shaw Cable.
On 17 May 2018, Vintage TV was removed from Freesat, with the channel blaming "carriage costs" for the removal. Vintage TV was then removed from Freeview on 2 August 2018. Lastly, the channel was removed on Virgin Media and Sky on 7 August 2018. The channel later claimed that following talks with Sky it had been "offered a new deal to return to the platform" but eventually on 17 October 2018, it was confirmed that the channel had gone into administration.
# Norwich Anglo-Saxon

52°37′47″N 1°17′52″E﻿ / ﻿52.629729°N 1.29776°E﻿ / 52.629729; 1.29776
The Norwich Anglo-Saxon is an ancient preserved skeleton of the age of around one thousand years, found in Norwich, England. It is a topic of study and interest in regard to the genetic composition of people of that region.
# North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests

The North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of southwestern India.

## Geography

The North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests lies in the northern portion of the Western Ghats (Sahyadri) range. It extends from southeastern Gujarat through Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Maharashtra, Goa, and Karnataka. It covers the eastern and western slopes of the range between 250 and 1000 meters elevation, and surrounds the North Western Ghats montane rain forests ecoregion, which lies above 1000 meters elevation. The ecoregion has an area of 48,200 square kilometers (18,600 sq mi). It is bounded on the west by the Malabar Coast moist forests ecoregion, which lies between the 250 meter elevation and the Arabian Sea. At its northern end, the ecoregion extends to the Narmada River, and borders the Khathiar-Gir dry deciduous forests to the northwest and the Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests to the northeast. The Wayanad forests at the southern end of the ecoregion mark the transition to the South Western Ghats moist deciduous forests further the south.
To the east, in the dry rain shadow of the Ghats, are the Deccan thorn scrub forests and the South Deccan Plateau dry deciduous forests ecoregions, which cover the Ghats' eastern foothills and the Deccan Plateau.

## Protected areas

A 2017 assessment found that 2,375 km$^2$, or 5%, of the ecoregion was in protected areas. Another 15% is forested but outside protected areas. A 1997 assessment identified thirteen protected areas in the ecoregion, with a combined area of approximately 2,200 km².
* Anshi National Park, Karnataka (280 km²; also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka (330 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* Bhimashankar Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra (30km², also extends into the Narmada Valley dry deciduous forests)
* Chandoli National Park, Maharashtra (100 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* Cotigao Wildlife Sanctuary, Goa (170km²)
* Karnala Bird Sanctuary, Maharashtra (50km²)
* Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra (90 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka (140 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* Shoolpaneshwar Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat (330 km²)
* Purna Wildlife Sanctuary, Gujarat (150 km²)
* Sharavati Valley Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka (220 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary, Karnataka (280 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
* Tansa Wildlife Sanctuary, Maharashtra (80 km², also extends into the North Western Ghats montane rain forests)
# Northern Constitution

The Northern Constitution is a weekly newspaper in Coleraine, Northern Ireland. It was founded in 1875 under the title Coleraine Constitution and Northern Counties Advertiser, and was renamed to its current title in 1908.
It is notable for featuring a weekly column entitled Songs of the People, from 17 November 1923 until 9 December 1939, which had been sponsored by the paper's assistant editor at the time, Bob Bacon, who became its editor from 1927 until 1952.$^{:6,10}$ Bacon had seen the value of publishing a regular series on folk songs after witnessing the enthusiastic efforts of Sam Henry, who became the newspaper's Song Editor from the column's inception until 28 July 1928 and again—after a long illness—from 22 October 1932 until the end of the series, on 9 December 1939.$^{:xxx}$ During his tenure, Henry published just under 690 songs of high quality.$^{:xxviii}$
# Northern Coral Group

Northern Coral Group is a collective term for two islands of Inner Islands of the Seychelles, lying in the north of the island nation, between 92 and 102 kilometers north of the capital, Victoria, on Mahé Island.

## Islands

Two widely separated islands, with a distance of 53 km from one another, make up the Northern Coral Group. They are both sand cays, situated on the northeastern sides of pseudo-atolls:
* Bird in the west
* Denis in the east

## Population

Both islands are inhabited. The main settlement is St. Denis.
# Vitula lugubrella

Vitula lugubrella is a species of snout moth in the genus Vitula. It was described by Émile Louis Ragonot in 1887. It is found in North America, including California.
There are probably multiple generations per year.
The larvae live within the dried galls of Atrusca wasps which occur on gray oak (Quercus grisea).
# Radwa Mount

Radwa Mount is located in one of Yanbu's villages called Rakhou, which is in Al Medina area in the west of Saudi Arabia. This mountain is well known for its height, beauty and popularity. Radwa Mount consists of many mountains in one mount and it's one of Yanbu Al Nakhil Mountains. The mountain covers over 120 square kilometers and is over 27 kilometers long from the east to the west. Its highest mountain is 2282 meters high according to Places Names in Saudi Arabia' encyclopedia, page 57. Several mountains are over 868 meters tall.

## Wildlife

In Radwa mountain there are a lot of traditional bee cells that are inherited by young people from the parents and grandparents which still produce high quality honey from wild pure flowers. There are some kind of plants : wild mint, arar, shohat, alshath, albasham, palm and alkhazam. The birds that live in Radwa mountain include partridge, lunar, pigeon in addition to falcon and eagle. Also there are various wild animals like ibex, gazelle, leopard, wolf and lynx.

## History

Radwa Mountain has caught the attention of many writers and historians who passed through the city of Yanbu. It had a great influence on their writings and poetry by its glory and its bright red color. Aram asulamy, who was an expert on Arabian country topics and wrote the book "Tehama mountain names and mekkah and Madinah Mountains", wrote many poems about it. Radwa is the first mountains of Tehama. The destination is one day travel from Yanbu and 7 days from Madinah.
The famous historian Khaireddin Zarkali who passed the city of Yanbu in 1930, reached the mountain and said:" Radwa mountain on the left of Madinah. It appears to have branches like a bike planted with various heights on the top of the mountain.I stood there and meditated and it crossed my mind the poet's lines:" they irrigated me and said not to sing, if they had irrigated the Radwa racemes, it would have sung " What makes Radaw Mountain even more famous is using it in many old proverbs to describe heaviness. They say "something is heavier than Radwa" meaning "it is very heavy". Some of the most famous poets whom mentioned Radwa Mountain in their poems are: Hassan ibn Thabit, Al-Mutanabbi, and Abu Al-Alaa Al-Ma'arri.
# Nashiro

Nashiro (written: 名城) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Nobuo Nashiro (名城 信男, born 1981), Japanese boxer
* Yūji Nashiro (名城 裕司, born 1983), Japanese kickboxer
# Sweet, Soft & Lazy - The Very Best Of

Sweet, Soft N' Lazy - The Very Best Of is the first official best-of album by French-Belgian singer Viktor Lazlo.
This compilation album contained songs from her previous albums She (1985), Viktor Lazlo (1987), Hot & Soul (1989) and My Delicious Poisons (1991), as well her duet hit single Das erste Mal tat's noch weh with Stefan Waggershausen, which was a big hit in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.
The only new song on this album was The Dream Is In Our Hands, which was also released as a single.