OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Toomre's stability criterion

In astrophysics, Toomre's stability criterion (also known as the Safronov–Toomre criterion) is a relationship between parameters of a differentially rotating, gaseous accretion disc which can be used to determine approximately whether the system is stable. In the case of a stationary gas, the Jeans stability criterion can be used to compare the strength of gravity with that of thermal pressure. In the case of a differentially rotating disk, the shear force can provide an additional stabilizing force.
The Toomre criterion for a disk to be stable can be expressed as,
| ${\frac {c_{s}\kappa }{\pi G\Sigma }}>1,$ | (1) |
where $c_{s}$ is the speed of sound (and measure of the thermal pressure), $\kappa$ is the epicyclic frequency, G is Newton's gravitational constant, and $\Sigma$ is the surface density of the disk.
The Toomre Q parameter is often defined as the left-hand side of Eq.1,
| $Q_{\mathrm {gas} }\equiv {\frac {c_{s}\kappa }{\pi G\Sigma }}.$ | (2) |
The stability criterion can then simply be stated as, $Q>1$ for a disk to be stable against collapse.
The previous discussion was for a gaseous disk, but a similar analysis can be applied to a disk of stars (for example, the disk of a galaxy), yielding a kinematic Q parameter,
| $Q_{\mathrm {star} }\equiv {\frac {\sigma _{R}\kappa }{3.36G\Sigma }},$ | (3) |
where $\sigma _{R}$ is the radial velocity dispersion, and $\kappa$ is the local epicyclic frequency.

## Background

Many astrophysical objects result from the gravitational collapse of gaseous objects (for example, star formation occurs when molecular clouds collapse under gravity), and thus the stability of gaseous systems is of great interest. In general, a physical system is 'stable' if: 1) It is in equilibrium (there is a balance of forces such that the system is static), and 2) small deviations from equilibrium will tend to damp out, so that the system tends to return to equilibrium.
The most basic gravitational stability analysis is the Jeans criteria, which addresses the balance between self-gravity and thermal pressure in a gas. In terms of the two above stability conditions, the system is stable if: i) thermal pressure balances the force of gravity, and ii) if the system is compressed slightly, the outward pressure force must become stronger than the inward gravitational force - to return the system to equilibrium. In the Jeans case, the stability criterion is size dependent, resulting in the concept of a Jeans length and Jeans mass.
The Toomre analysis, first studied by Viktor Safronov in the 1960s, considers not only gravity and pressure, but also shear forces from differential rotation. Conceptually, if a fluid is differentially rotating (such as in the keplerian motion of an astrophysical disk), gravity not only has to overcome the internal pressure of the gas, but also needs to halt the relative motion between two parcels of fluid, allowing them to collapse together.
The analysis was expanded upon by Alar Toomre in 1964, and presented in a more general and comprehensive framework.
# Rosita Londner

Rosita Londner (born Raisla; August 17, 1923 - August 8, 2014) was an Argentine actress and singer, with a popular career in Jewish theater and Jewish music. Londner, and her stage partner and husband Henri Gerro, were nicknamed "the wandering stars of vaudeville and the Jewish music hall."

## Early years

Born in Warsaw, Poland on August 17, 1923, Londner arrived in Argentina when she was a few months old. Growing up, Londner's home was full of Jewish culture and Jewish music. Her mother, Sore Rojl, sang in a choir led by Maestro Kipnis. Her father, Nojem Londner, studied Piano and Violin with his brothers and sisters. Londner had 1 sister named Ofelia.
When Londner was 4 years old, her father Nojem died in a work accident.
Londner began to sing at an early age and later received singing lessons from the Argentine maestro, Alberto Mario Zecca.

## Personal life

Londner married her stage partner, Henri Gerro, in 1953. They had a daughter, Alicia, and a son, Moshe.
After Gerro's death on October 17, 1980, Londner stopped performing. However, this was temporary as Londner stated that Gerro told her in a dream to continue performing.
Londner died on August 8, 2014, in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

## Music career

In 1947, Rosita Londner was hired at the Miter Theater, where she performed alongside other artists from the Jewish community such as Ben-Zion Witler, Dina Halperin, Mijl Mijalesco, Shifra Lerer, Dzigan y Schumajer, Jennie Lowitz, and Meier Zelniker.
In 1951 Henri Gerro arrived in Buenos Aires and met Londner, whereupon he became Londner's stage partner. The two ended up marrying in 1953. The artist couple toured around the world, performing in London, Paris, South Africa, Scandinavia, Israel, North America, Central America, and South America, with their vast repertoire of songs, duets and Jewish humor.
Theatrical critics of the time referred to the Gerro-Londner couple as "the wandering stars of vaudeville and the Jewish music hall," adding: "Their performances before the public not only cause deep artistic enjoyment, but also exciting Jewish experience, both in those who long for the past and in those who seek a national identity.

## Film career

One of her last jobs was her film debut in the movie Lost Embrace (Spanish: El Abrazo Partido) directed by Daniel Burman, where she played the role of Ariel's grandmother.

## Theater career

* Concert with the institutional choir Max Nordau at the Opera Theater of the City of La Plata (2001)
* Yiddish with songs and humor - Tzi Zinguen un Tzi Zugn (1997)
* The Rabbi's Daughter - Dem rebns tojter (1997)
* The Jewish Gauchos (1995)

## Discography

* Yiddish Lidele
* Far Dem Seidn Un Dem Einikl
* Lacht Fun Der Welt
* Henri Gerro and Rosita Londner
* Davidl Klezmer
* Chusn-Kaly Mazltov
* Aza Mazl

## Acknowledgments

On November 26, 2003, the Department of Culture of the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina organized a recognition of the actress and singer Rosita Londner for her transcendental career in Jewish theater, song and music.
# Xianzi

Xianzi (Chinese: 獻子; lit. 'Viscount Xian') is a common posthumous name of Eastern Zhou feudal lords. It may refer to:
* Fan Xianzi
* Han Xianzi
* Wei Xianzi
* Zhao Xianzi
* Zhonghang Xianzi

## Other uses

* Xianzi (monk)
* Zhang Xianzi, Chinese singer
* Xianzi (activist), Zhou Xiaoxuan, participant in China's #MeToo movement
* Xianzi (musical instrument)
# Mary Lou (actress)

Mary Lou Kolbenschlag (born March 15, 1992) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Mary Ferry on the Nickelodeon television series Unfabulous, also starring Emma Roberts.

## Personal life

Mary Lou was born in Burbank, California, and attended Burbank High School, also attended by Blake Lively of Gossip Girl fame.
Mary Lou is a featured artist at charity events with her live country-western show. Since taking a four-year hiatus from acting in 2010, she attends Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, where she is studying Art History as a member of the Class of 2014. Here she is a member of The Triangle Club, the oldest touring collegiate original musical comedy organization in the nation. She also sings soprano with the "Princeton Roaring 20".
Mary Lou received awards at CARE from 2005 - 2006. This is a red carpet event intended to honor child actors for their positive contributions to society and to the entertainment industry.
She is the cousin of actress Danneel Ackles.

## Career

Mary Lou's show business career started at age six when she entertained as a member of Singing Solo (a children's singing group located in La Mesa, CA) at a local street fair with a rendition of The Good Ship Lollipop. After this performance, she chose acting as her career. Over the next few years, Lou went on to sing at over two dozen venues throughout Southern California, Texas and Tennessee, winning multiple local, state, regional, national and world championship titles.
Mary Lou has guest starred on Phil of the Future, as a math-nerd named Alex, as well as Glee, 3 lbs and What Should You Do?. She also appeared in made for TV movies including Future Girls: Adventures in Marine Biology and Bad Mother's Handbook. She continues to audition daily for feature films, television and voiceover.
In 2004, Mary Lou landed her most prominent role till that point, on Unfabulous as a nerd named Mary Ferry. Sue Rose, executive producer of the show claims that Mary Ferry was only originally intended for one episode but was 'so funny and likable' she appears in thirty altogether. In 2008, the cast of Unfabulous were nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Young Ensemble Performance in a TV Series.
She is a featured player on The Glass Cannon Network, a podcast network of tabletop role-playing games, where she plays Ragga Beardaughter on their show Blood of the Wild.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Character | Notes |
| 2010 | Jesus Awakens The Little Girl | Gertrude | (short) |
| 2009 | Glee | 1970's Glee Club Singer/Dancer | "Pilot" |
| 2008 | The Bad Mother's Handbook | Teenage Nam | TV movie |
| 2008 | Being Bailey | Rachel | Unaired TV Pilot |
| 2006 | 3 lbs | Charlotte Hansen/Charlotte McDermott | "Unaired Pilot" "Lost For Words" |
| 2006 | Future Girls: Adventures in Marine Biology | Lisa | TV movie |
| 2005 | Phil of the Future | Alex | "Good Phil Hunting" |
| 2004-2007 | Unfabulous | Mary Ferry | 30 episodes |
| 2003 | What Should You Do? | Katie Oren | "Hooked On A Post" |
# Laura Navarro

Laura Navarro (born 13 December 1974) is a Spanish professional golfer and former member of the Ladies European Tour. She won the 1992 Espirito Santo Trophy.

## Career

Navarro was born in Madrid and had a successful amateur career around Europe. She won the 1991 Austrian Ladies Amateur and the 1992 Portuguese Ladies Amateur. In 1991, she was runner-up at the Spanish Ladies Amateur and the French International Lady Juniors Amateur Championship, losing to Sandrine Mendiburu. In 1992, she was runner-up at the French Ladies Amateur, beaten in the final by to compatriot Estefania Knuth.
She won the 1992 Espirito Santo Trophy in Vancouver, Canada together with Macarena Campomanes and Estefania Knuth, and won the team gold together with Marina Arruti and Knuth at the 1993 Mediterranean Games in France.
Navarro turned professional in November 1993 and joined the Ladies European Tour. Her best finishes was runner-up at the 1996 Women's Welsh Open and the 1997 Ladies Irish Open. She finished 10th on the 1996 LET Order of Merit.
After retiring from tour, she was a club pro at Campo de Golf El Saler in València between 2000 and 2011.

## Amateur wins

* 1991 Austrian Ladies Amateur
* 1992 Portuguese Ladies Amateur
* 1993 Biarritz Cup

## Professional wins (1)

* 2000 Campeonato Comunidad Valenciana

## Team appearances

Amateur
* European Girls' Team Championship (representing Spain): 1991 (winners)
* European Lady Junior's Team Championship (representing Spain): 1992 (winners)
* European Ladies' Team Championship (representing Spain): 1993
* Vagliano Trophy (representing the Continent of Europe): 1991, 1993
* Espirito Santo Trophy: (representing Spain): 1992 (winners)
# Rayee

The Rayeen are a Muslim community found in Pakistan and India and Trai region of Nepal. They are also known Al-Raiee.
# Millerhill Marshalling Yard

Millerhill Marshalling Yard is a traction maintenance depot located in Millerhill, Scotland. The depot is situated on the Edinburgh and Hawick Railway and was near Millerhill station until it closed.
The depot code is MH.

## History

The depot used to have an allocation of First ScotRail Class 150 Sprinters until they were leased to other companies.

## Present

As of 2016, the depot's allocation consists of Class 37 and Class 66 locomotives and ScotRail Class 156 Sprinters and Class 158 Express Sprinters.
A £30 million stabling facility for Class 385 opened in 2018. In 2019 the Millerhill Recycling and Energy Recovery Centre opened on the former down yard.
# Tonic Chabalala

Tonic Chabalala (born 25 April 1979 in Giyani) is a South African football (soccer) defender formerly for Orlando Pirates in the Premier Soccer League.
He captained the Orlando Pirates side which reached the semi-finals of the 2006 CAF Champions League.
He is the cousin of fellow footballer Justice Chabalala.
# Rosita Liao Gonzales

Rosita Liao Gonzales (April 18, 1929 - August 11, 1994) was a Panamanian educator and folklorist. Born in La Pintada, Panama, she was noted for her research regarding the culture of Coclé Province. For her efforts as an educator, she was awarded the Order of Manuel José Hurtado.
# Salem Fork, North Carolina

Salem Fork is an unincorporated community in central Surry County, North Carolina, United States. The community is centered on the junction of Zephyr Road (SR 1001) and Interstate 77. Prominent landmarks in the community include Salem Fork Baptist Church and Salem Fork Church of Christ (Disciples of Christ). A growing commercial area is developing in the center of the community, including hotels and planned shops. This is due to the increased traffic volume from the interstate to the nearby Shelton Vineyards attraction and the expansion of some municipal services from the nearby town of Dobson.
36°23′38″N 80°47′13″W﻿ / ﻿36.394°N 80.787°W﻿ / 36.394; -80.787
* This article about a location in Surry County, North Carolina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# Laugh When You Can

Laugh When You Can is a 1798 comedy play by the British writer Frederick Reynolds. It premiered at the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden in London on 8 December 1798. The original cast included William Thomas Lewis as Gossamer, Joseph Shepherd Munden as Bonus, Joseph George Holman as Mortimer, John Fawcett as Sambo, John Whitfield as Delville, Edward Townsend as Costly, James Thompson as Farmer Blackbrook, Samuel Simmons as Waiter, Mary Ann Pope as Mrs. Mortimer, Maria Gibbs as Dorothy and Isabella Mattocks as Mrs Gloomly. The Irish premiere was at the Crow Street Theatre in Dublin on Dublin on 17 April 1799.
# Liu Deyou

Liu Deyou (Chinese: 刘德有; born January 1937) is a Chinese politician and translator.

## Biography

Liu was born in Dalian, Liaoning under Japanese rule, in January 1937. In the winter of 1952, Liu was transferred to Beijing from Dalian and worked in People's China magazine. He began his translation career during that time.
From the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, he often served as an interpreter when Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yi, Wang Zhen and Guo Moruo met with foreign guests or held talks. In 1956, he served as simultaneous interpreter at the 8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He also visited Japan with delegations led by Guo Moruo, Wang Zhen and Ba Jin, respectively.
In 1964, as a reporter of Guangming Daily, he became one of the first Chinese journalists stationed in Japan. From September 1964 to June 1974, he was the first reporter of Guangming Daily in Tokyo, Japan. From June 1972 to June 1978, he was the chief journalist of the Tokyo Branch of Xinhua News Agency. In 1986, he was promoted to vice-minister of the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China.
Later, he served as president of the Chinese-Japanese Society and president of the Chinese Cultural Fellowship.
On November 19, 2018, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award in Translation, one of the most prestigious translation prizes in China.

## Works

* 风雨几星霜：战后中日关系亲历记 [Storms and Storms: Experiences of Sino-Japanese Relations after World War II] (in Chinese). Beijing: Joint Publishing. 2018. ISBN 9787108062802.
* 我为领袖当翻译：亲历中日高层往来 [I Translate for Leaders: Experience High-level Exchanges Between China and Japan] (in Chinese). Liaoning: Liaoning People's Publishing House. 2012.
* 难忘的岁月 [Unforgettable Years] (in Japanese). Beijing: Zhenghai Media Press. 2007. ISBN 9787508511504.

## Awards

* 23 June 2000 2nd Class, Order of the Rising Sun
* 2003 International Exchange Meritorious Person Award
# Sokoura I, Mangodara Department, Comoé

Sokoura is a village in the Mangodara Department of Comoé Province in south-western Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 1,220. There is another village called Sokoura in Mangodara Department; the two are distinguished in government documentation by Roman numerals after their names.
# Tommaso d'Aquino (bishop of Vico Equense)

Tommaso d'Aquino, C.R. (10 September 1657 – 15 October 1732) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Vico Equense (1700–1732).

## Biography

Tommaso d'Aquino was born in Caramanico Terme, Italy on 10 September 1657 and ordained a priest in the Congregation of Clerics Regular of the Divine Providence. On 21 June 1700, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XII as Bishop of Vico Equense. On 24 June 1700, he was consecrated bishop by Pier Matteo Petrucci, Cardinal-Priest of San Marcello, with Gerolamo Ventimiglia, Bishop of Lipari, and Domenico Belisario de Bellis, Bishop of Molfetta, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Vico Equense until his death on 15 October 1732.
# Uday Prakash (actor)

Uday Prakash was an Indian actor who starred in Tamil and Telugu films. He was a football player (team captain) at Sacred Heart College, Tirupattur.

## Career

Uday Prakash became famous as he acted in a very important role in Telugu blockbuster Karthavyam starring Vijayashanti. The film also gave him the much boost in Tamil as well, when it was dubbed as Vyjayanthi IPS. Soon he was cast as one of the 3 brothers of Khushbu in Chinna Thambi which also became a blockbuster.

## Death

Uday Prakash had the habit of drinking which made his downfall as he lost many opportunities. He had left Chennai due to mounting debts with no work. He was later spotted living in a hut as a hermit along with an old lady who fed him. With the media writing about him the Nadigar Sangham took the responsibility to rehabilitate him. Actor Sarath Kumar gave him an opportunity again in his film Diwan. Uday Prakash told the media that he had kicked the habit of drinking and was looking forward to his new life, but he went back to his old ways. Later he was admitted to the hospital for liver problem. Director P. Vasu' s brother had arranged the money for the treatment. But Uday Prakash left the hospital and reached Nadigar Sangham in a drunken state and collapsed and later died. Napoleon and P Vasu made arrangements for the actor's body to be sent to his birthplace, Ooty.

## Partial filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Language |
| 1989 | Varusham Padhinaaru | | Tamil |
| 1990 | Kartavyam | | Telugu |
| 1990 | Pudhu Pudhu Ragangal | | Tamil |
| 1991 | Anbu Sangili | Viswanath | Tamil |
| 1991 | Chinna Thambi | | Tamil |
| 1991 | Idhaya Vaasal | | Tamil |
| 1991 | Kizhakku Karai | | Tamil |
| 1991 | Mannan | | Tamil |
| 1992 | Idhu Namma Bhoomi | | Tamil |
| 1992 | Samundi | | Tamil |
| 1992 | Peddarikam | | Telugu |
| 1993 | Uzhaippali | | Tamil |
| 1993 | Band Master | | Tamil |
| 1993 | Kattabomman | Rajappa | Tamil |
| 1993 | Kathirukka Neramillai | Ajith | Tamil |
| 1993 | Inspector Jhansi | Kiran | Telugu |
| 1993 | Chinna Jameen | | Tamil |
| 1993 | Prathap | | Tamil |
| 1993 | Rajadhi Raja Raja Kulothunga... | | Tamil |
| 1993 | Manavarali Pelli | | Telugu |
| 1994 | Sathyavan | Gopi | Tamil |
| 1994 | Veera | | Tamil |
| 1994 | Senthamizh Selvan | | Tamil |
| 1994 | Seeman | | Tamil |
| 1995 | Anbu Magan | | Tamil |
| 1995 | Mannukku Mariyadhai | | Tamil |
| 1996 | Mettukudi | | Tamil |
| 1996 | Mr. Romeo | | Tamil |
| 1996 | Vetri Vinayagar | | Tamil |
| 1997 | Arasiyal | Ramkumar | Tamil |
| 1997 | Periya Thambi | Thangarasu | Tamil |
| 1997 | Pudhayal | Madhu | Tamil |
| 1997 | Thadayam | Jeeva | Tamil |
| 1999 | Sivan | Uday | Tamil |
| 1999 | Ethirum Pudhirum | Police inspector | Tamil |
| 2003 | Diwan | Chandran | Tamil |
| 2003 | Kadhal Kirukkan | Kavidhangel | Tamil |
| 2004 | Jaisurya | | Tamil |
| 2004 | Super Da | | Tamil |
# Munsan Station

Munsan Station (Korean: 문산역) is a railway station on the Gyeongui–Jungang Line. It is notable for being the closest station on the Seoul Metropolitan Subway to the border with North Korea that is open for passenger service, only a few kilometers away.

## History

On March 18, 2007, a train from Munsan Station entered North Korea for the first time since 1951 under South Korean Unification Minister Lee Jae-joung. Members of the opposition Grand National Party criticized the event as a political stunt.

## Services

As a regular railway station it is an interim stop between Dorasan Station in the Demilitarised Zone and Seoul Station. The tourist train between Seoul and the DMZ Border is currently not in operation, due to concerns about the spread of the outbreak of African swine fever.
The Gyeongui–Jungang Line (Munsan–Imjingang) extension opened on March 28, 2020.

## Station layout

| L2 Platforms | Platform 6 | → DMZ Train toward Dorasan (Uncheon) → |
| Island platform, doors will open on the left, right ||
| L2 Platforms | Platform 5 | ← DMZ Train toward Seoul (Neunggok) |
| L2 Platforms | Platform 4 | → Gyeongui–Jungang Line Alighting Passengers Only → → Gyeongui–Jungang Line toward Imjingang (Uncheon) → |
| Island platform, doors will open on the left, right ||
| L2 Platforms | Platform 3 | → Gyeongui–Jungang Line Alighting Passengers Only → → Gyeongui–Jungang Line toward Imjingang (Uncheon) → |
| L2 Platforms | Platform 2 | ← Gyeongui–Jungang Line toward Jipyeong (Paju) |
| Island platform, doors will open on the left, right ||
| L2 Platforms | Platform 1 | ← Gyeongui–Jungang Line toward Jipyeong (Paju) |
| L1 Concourse | Lobby | Customer Service, Shops, Vending machines, ATMs |
| G | Street level | Exit |
# Takayuki Kiyooka

Takayuki Kiyooka (清岡 卓行, Kiyooka Takayuki, July 29, 1922 - June 3, 2006) was a Japanese poet and novelist. He was born in Dalian, China, while it was Japan's leased territory, spent his youth there, and is noted for his stories about the life in Dalian. He received the Akutagawa Prize in 1969, for his story, Dalian of Acasia Flowers.
He was married to Keiko Iwasaka.

## Major works

* Frozen Frames (氷った焔, Kōtta honō, 1959)
* Dalian of Acasia Flowers (1969)
* Sakharov's Fantasy (サハロフの幻想, Sakharov no genbō, 1969)