OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shoulder belt (military)

In military uniforms, a shoulder belt is a wide belt worn usually over the shoulder and across the body. With nearly all line infantry, skirmishers, light infantry, grenadiers and guard regiments, two shoulder belts were worn - one carrying the cartridge box, and another for the bayonet, a sword ("sword belt" was also the term in this case), or other military equipment.
A shoulder belt was worn in various configurations, depending on army and rank. For example, an officer may have only worn one shoulder belt as appropriate for only having a pistol. A light horseman may have also worn one shoulder belt, for their cartridge pouch.
Initially shoulder belts had buckles. In the second half of the 18th century the British army replaced buckles with shoulder belt plates. The latter ones were solid metal plates fixed with two studs to one end of the belt and used a hook to pass through one of several holes by the other end. This arrangement allowed for quick readjustment and a more neat appearance. Officers used to wear fancy gold and silver plates with elaborate engravings. Soldiers wore brass plates, usually with numerical or other design indicative of their regiment.

## Cross belt

A cross belt is two connected straps worn across the body to distribute the weight of loads, carried at the hip, across the shoulders and trunk. It is similar to two shoulder belts joined with a single buckle at the center of the chest. The cross belt was predominantly used from the 1700s (American Revolutionary War) to the 1840s – they were not part of a soldier's equipment in the American Civil War and Anglo-Zulu War/First Boer War.
For most line infantry, skirmishers, light infantry, grenadiers and guard regiments during much of Europe's Age of Gunpowder, either a cross belt or two shoulder belts were worn. One configuration for the belts would be the cartridge box on the right hip and sword scabbard on the left. Such equipment would be attached to the belt at its lowest point, where it rests on the hip. Officers almost never carried muskets or rifles, so they typically wore only one shoulder belt, such as for the pistol cartridge box or for a sabre scabbard. As officers were often aristocratic and used many independent symbols for their family, rank, and command, their uniforms and gear organisation could be highly variable.
For British infantry, the cross belt had a metal belt plate with the regiment of the soldier inscribed on it.

## Pouch belt

From the early 1800s light cavalry officers in the British Army adopted the practice of wearing single belts across the chest and back, holding a pouch on the right hip. The pouch was subsequently moved to the back and the leather belt was decorated with gold or silver braiding varying according to regimental practice. Officers of Rifle regiments also wore pouch-belts holding the unit distinctions and honours, which in other infantry appeared on flags.
These ornamental pouch-belts continued to be worn as part of the officers' full dress of hussars, the Royal Engineers, and Rifles until 1939, and survive in the modern units descended from these regiments.
# Pyrophorus punctatissimus

Pyrophorus punctatissimus is a species of click beetle (family Elateridae).

## Description

Pyrophorus punctatissimus can reach a length of about 30 millimetres (1.2 in). The basic coloration is dark brown. The antennae are serrate. The pronotum shows a long backward-pointing tooth.
These beetles are bioluminescent by means of two light organs at the posterior corners of the prothorax, and a broad area on the dorsal region of the abdomen, hidden by the wings and seen when flying. Their bioluminescence is similar to that of another group of beetles, the fireflies, although click beetles do not flash, but remain constantly glowing. Also the larvae and the pupae have light organs.

## Distribution

This species can be found in Bolivia, Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Cuba.
# MAN NL262

MAN NL262 (A27) is a low-floor single-decker bus made by MAN from 1992 to 1998. Although predominantly produced for Hong Kong in right-hand drive operated by Citybus, some were made in left-hand drive for the mainland European market, it was still built within the similar MAN NL202. It was succeeded by the MAN Lion's City.

## Operations
### Hong Kong

Citybus was the only operator to acquire new NL262s in Hong Kong. In all, 80 NL262s in total were ordered as 1501–1580. In 2000, some of them had gone to New Lantao Bus and DBTSL. All buses were scrapped in 2015 and replaced by Youngman JNP6105R and BYD K9R buses.
As such, a spiritual successor is MAN NLxx3F in the millennium.
# USS Makin Island

Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Makin Island, named for Makin Island, target of the U.S. Marine Raiders' raid early in World War II.
* The first USS Makin Island (CVE-93), was a Casablanca-class escort carrier, launched in 1944 and stricken in 1946.
* The second USS Makin Island (LHD-8), is a Wasp-class amphibious assault ship. She was launched on 15 Sep 2006 and was commissioned in October 2009.
# Henry Underwood

Henry Underwood may refer to:
* Henry Underwood (politician) (1863–1945), Australian politician
* Henry Underwood (architect, born 1787) (1787–1868), English architect in Cheltenham and Bath
* Henry Jones Underwood (1804–1852), English architect in Oxford
# Kenyon Ziehl

Kenyon Garth Baines Ziehl (born 11 January 1963, in Rusape) is a Zimbabwean former rugby union player and cricketer.

## Cricket career

Ziehl played two first-class matches for Manicaland. Although he never played at international level with Zimbabwe, he played for Zimbabwe A.

## Rugby union career

Ziehl also played rugby union for Zimbabwe, being part of the 1987 Rugby World Cup squad, although he did not play any of the three pool stage matches in the tournament.

## After career

Since 2009, Zhiel is a franchise administrator for Mid West Rhinos. As of 2015, he was appointed national selection convenor by Zimbabwe Cricket, replacing Givemore Makoni.
In February 2020, he was named in Zimbabwe's squad for the Over-50s Cricket World Cup in South Africa. However, the tournament was cancelled during the third round of matches due to the coronavirus pandemic.
# The White Sands International Film Festival

The White Sands International Film Festival (WSIFF) started in Alamogordo, New Mexico, as a week long event in March 2008 to showcases narrative and documentary films. The festival was created to support the work of Hispanic and New Mexican Filmmakers. The festival moved to Las Cruces, New Mexico, in 2009.
The festival originated in Alamogordo, New Mexico and moved to Las Cruces, New Mexico in 2009.
The White Sands International Film Festival was established by former Alamogordo Film Liaison Joan Griggs, Otero County Economic Development Director Ed Carr and Kathleen Curtis. The inaugural event including guests such as casting director Donn Finn, filmmaker David Gibbons and writer Sam Smiley.
"The White Sands International Film Festival" has taken place in late August or early September each year since relocating to Las Cruces. Among many recognized films by regional and international filmmakers, the festival has hosted many celebrities over the years such as Val Kilmer, Lou Diamond Phillips, Jeffery Tambor, Mark Medoff, Chris McDonald and Linda Hamilton. In 2013, a "48-Hour Film Frenzy" was added to the event to challenge filmmakers to write, cast, shoot and edit a short film in under 48 hours. The 2014 "White Sands International Film Festival" was scheduled for September 3–7, 2014.
In 2015 the organizers of the festival decided to discontinue the festival citing there was not enough of an audience for it to continue. However, an offshoot of that festival, taking place in nearby Las Cruces, New Mexico and sponsored by the New Mexico State University College of Arts and Sciences is scheduled for March 2016 and featuring celebrities such as local screenwriter and Academy Award winner Mark Medoff, as well as Danny Trejo and Alvaro Rodriguez.
# École supérieure de chimie organique et minérale

École Supérieure de Chimie Organique et Minérale (ESCOM) is a French grande école located in Compiègne, France. It is a private school founded in 1957.
Students graduate with a master's degree in chemical engineering, with emphasis on the study of organic and inorganic chemistry. Work experience in the field, materialized by internships within corporate or research environments, is required from students throughout their curriculum..
In September 1991, ESCOM relocated from Paris to Cergy-Pontoise and in September 2008, it moved again to Compiègne.
# Texas Stagecoach

Texas Stagecoach is a 1940 American Western film directed by Joseph H. Lewis and written by Fred Myton. The film stars Charles Starrett, Iris Meredith, Bob Nolan, Dick Curtis, Kenneth MacDonald and Pat Brady. The film was released on May 23, 1940, by Columbia Pictures.

## Cast

* Charles Starrett as Larry Kinkaid
* Iris Meredith as Jean Harper
* Bob Nolan as Bob Harper
* Dick Curtis as Shoshone Larsen
* Kenneth MacDonald as John Appleby
* Pat Brady as Pat
* Edward LeSaint as Jim Kinkaid
* George Becinita as Opache
* Don Beddoe as Tug Wilson
* Harry Cording as Clancy
# Pyrophosphatase

Pyrophosphatases, also known as diphosphatases, are acid anhydride hydrolases that act upon diphosphate bonds.
Examples include:
* Inorganic pyrophosphatase, which acts upon the free pyrophosphate ion
* Tobacco acid pyrophosphatase, which catalyses the hydrolysis of a phosphoric ester
* Various organic pyrophosphatases, which act upon organic molecules with the pyrophosphate group (but excluding triphosphatases that act on the final bond):
** Thiamine pyrophosphatase
# Rocky Bay Beach

Rocky Bay Beach is a gazetted beach located behind Shek O Beach in Shek O, Southern District, Hong Kong. The beach is managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of the Hong Kong Government. The beach did not get its grading and it is currently not open for swimming as no lifeguard facilities are available.

## History

In 1988, due to the discharge of sewage from the Shek O Village and squatter areas in the hinterland into the beach area, the beach had to be closed for swimming.
On 16 October 2012, a 56-year-old man fell into the sea and had drowned near the beach while he was drinking alcohol. He was rescued by two police officers of the Marine Region and he was rushed by a speedboat to the Marine Regional Headquarters in Sai Wan Ho. He was then taken by an ambulance to Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital where he was pronounced dead.

## Usage

The beach is currently not open for swimming due to the lack of facilities and lifeguard services available at the beach. It also offers views of Tung Lung Chau.
# US SIF

US SIF: The Sustainable Investment Forum is a US-based membership association located in Washington, DC. Its mission is to promote sustainable investing across all asset classes.

## Education

The US SIF Foundation's Center for Sustainable Investment Education provides education, research and thought leadership on sustainable investment to investors, investment advisors, consultants and analysts.

## Public policy

The US SIF Public Policy Program supports an agenda that advances sustainable investment to the national legislative and executive branches of government. Through US SIF, the sustainable investment industry brings a distinct voice and set of priorities to legislative and regulatory initiatives. Establishing standards for reporting and ESG analysis will likely need regulatory changes.
In an effort to counter pushback against ESG investing by Republican policy makers in 2022, US SIF published a detailed response to those attacks.

## Events

US SIF has organized an annual conference since 2011. Conferences are focused on a broad range of environmental, social and governance issues, centered on substantive sessions and networking opportunities.
# Herbert Haum

Herbert Haum (born 30 November 1925 in Birkhausen; died 25 December 2010 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German tourism executive. He's known as a founding father of German tourism and the founder of health and wellness trips.

## Biography

Herbert Haum, the son of a glassblower from Birklingen, studied business administration in Munich and after his graduation, he began his career at Unilever in Hamburg. In 1964, he became an executive for Neckermann Reisen, which is known today as Thomas Cook and which became a pioneer for cheap vacation flights under his leadership. He was dismissed by Peter Neckermann, son of the company's founder, Josef Neckermann, in 1968. In 1970, Haum contributed significantly to the founding of travel business ITS Reisen for Kaufhof AG, and finally, in 1975, he founded his own travel business, the FIT Reisen Gesellschaft für gesundes Reisen mbh (engl. FIT Travel Company for Healthy Travel), with which he laid the foundation for health and wellness trips. Due to some difficult health complications, Herbert Haum had to withdraw from company leadership in 2005, and died in Frankfurt am Main towards the end of 2010
The company remained under family ownership until 2009.
# The White Roses of Ravensberg

The White Roses of Ravensberg (German: Die weißen Rosen von Ravensberg) may refer to:
* The White Roses of Ravensberg (novel), an 1896 novel by Eufemia von Adlersfeld-Ballestrem
* The White Roses of Ravensberg (1919 film), a silent film adaptation directed by Nils Olaf Chrisander
* The White Roses of Ravensberg (1929 film), a silent film adaptation directed by Rudolf Meinert
# List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in South East Sutherland

The following is a list of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in the South East Sutherland Area of Search. For North West Sutherland see List of SSSIs in North West Sutherland. For SSSIs elsewhere in Scotland, see List of SSSIs by Area of Search.
* Alladale Pinewood
* Amat Woods
* Badanloch Bogs
* Ballinreach Coastal Gorges
* Beinn Dearg
* Ben Griams
* Ben Klibreck
* Ben More Assynt
* Carrol Rock
* Cnoc an Alaskie
* Coir' an Eoin
* Creag na Croiche
* Dornoch Firth
* Dunrobin Coast
* Garbh Allt
* Grudie Peatlands
* Helmsdale Coast
* Inverbrora
* Knockfin Heights
* Kyle of Sutherland Marshes
* Lairg and Strathbrora Lochs
* Ledmore Wood
* Loch Awe and Loch Ailsh
* Loch Fleet
* Lon A'Chuil
* Loth Gorge
* Migdale Rock
* Mound Alderwoods
* Oykel Gorge
* Rhidorroch Woods
* Skinsdale Peatlands
* Spinningdale Bog
* Strath an Loin
* Strath Carnaig and Strath Fleet Moors
* Strath Duchally
* Strathfleet
* Torboll Woods
# Lead time bias

Lead time bias happens when survival time appears longer because diagnosis was done earlier (for instance, by screening), irrespective of whether the patient lived longer. Lead time is the duration of time between the detection of a disease (by screening or based on new experimental criteria) and its usual clinical presentation and diagnosis (based on traditional criteria). For example, it is the time between early detection by screening and the time when diagnosis would have been made clinically (without screening). It is an important factor when evaluating the effectiveness of a specific test.

## Relationship between screening and survival

The goal of screening is earlier detection (to diagnose a disease earlier than it would be without screening). Therefore, if screening works, it needs to advance in time to the moment of diagnosis. In other words, screening needs to introduce a lead time. However, the lead time itself biases survival statistics: people with diseases detected by screening appear to have a longer survival (the time the person has lived after diagnosis) only because screening starts the clock sooner.
Consider, for instance, a disease where there is no screening that is diagnosed by symptoms when patients are 60 years old and kills them when they are 65 years old. These patients lived 5 years after the diagnosis. Now, consider that with screening, the disease is detected when the patients are 55 years old, but they still die when they are 65. They did not live any longer because of earlier detection, but they survived 10 years after the diagnosis (only because the disease was diagnosed 5 years earlier). Therefore, earlier detection alone is not enough to achieve longer survival.
Lead time bias affects the interpretation of the five-year survival rate, effectively making it appear that people survive longer with cancer even in cases where the course of cancer is the same as in those who were diagnosed later.
Another example is when early diagnosis by screening may not prolong the life of someone but just determine the propensity of the person to a disease or medical condition, such as by DNA testing. No additional life span has been gained, and the patient may even be subject to added anxiety as the patient must live for longer with knowledge of the disease. For example, the genetic disorder Huntington's disease is diagnosed when symptoms appear at around 50, and the person dies at around 65. The typical patient, therefore, lives about 15 years after diagnosis. A genetic test at birth makes it possible to diagnose this disorder earlier. If this newborn baby dies at around 65, the person will have "survived" 65 years after diagnosis, without having actually lived any longer than those diagnosed without DNA detection.
# Shreddies Underwear

Shreddies Ltd. manufactures flatulence-filtering garments, produced in Leicestershire, England. British designer Paul J. O'Leary worked with researchers and lingerie designers from De Montfort University to launch the design in 2009. O'Leary is also the founder and Director of deVOL Kitchens and Floors of Stone.
The company name comes from a colloquial term for underwear that originated in the British Armed forces (see RAF slang).
The garments feature an activated carbon back panel that absorbs flatulence odours. Originally invented as healthcare underwear for people with conditions such as IBS, Crohn’s disease and food intolerances, the garments are now available in department stores around the UK and are marketed at everyone.
Shreddies Ltd. has developed the collection to include flatulence filtering underwear, pyjamas and jeans for both men and women, as well as incontinence underwear for all ages.

## Technology

Shreddies Ltd. garments feature an activated carbon back panel, which absorbs and neutralises odours. The panel is reactivated when the garment is washed. Research by De Montfort University found that the fabric “removes sulphide and ethyl mercaptan so effectively it can filter odours 200 times the strength of the average flatus emission”.

## Awards

In 2009 Shreddies underwear received a “Look Good Feel Good” award from the Association for Continence Advice.
# Thad Vreeland Jr.

Thad Vreeland Jr. (October 20, 1924 – August 9, 2010) was an American materials scientist. He was Professor of Materials Science at the California Institute of Technology.

## Career

Vreeland's career at Caltech began with his B.S., earned in 1949 and his Ph.D. in 1952. He served as Professor of Mechanical Engineering and then Professor of Materials Science from 1954 to 1991, and afterward Professor Emeritus.
Vreeland's work on the mechanics of plastic deformation in solids and especially on dislocation behavior during the 1950s and through 1960s and 1970s was widely cited. He collaborated with his colleagues at Caltech, including David Wood. He was active in the study of shock wave consolidation in powdered metals and developing methods for the measurement of strain in multilayer semiconductors using x-rays in the 1980s.

## Partial list of accomplishments

* Served as Corporal in the 89th Chemical Mortar Battalion in World War II
* Bachelors, Masters, and Doctoral degrees from Caltech, 1946-1952
* Wrote numerous journal articles in materials science
* Co-authored "The Analysis of Stress and Deformation" with George W. Housner.
# Quaid Software

Quaid Software, Ltd. was a software publisher based in Toronto, Ontario. The company's best known product was Copywrite which company president Robert McQuaid claimed was "for making legal backup copies of a protected program."
The company was the subject to a lawsuit claiming that the software was used for making illegal copies. The lawsuit was dismissed because Section 117 of the US Copyright Act specifically allows:
* the new copy is being made for archival (i.e., backup) purposes only;
* you are the legal owner of the copy; and
* any copy made for archival purposes is either destroyed, or transferred with the original copy, once the original copy is sold, given away, or otherwise transferred.
The Court concluded that, because of federal copyright law, its provisions (Louisiana License Act) were preempted (by the US Copyright Act) and Vault's license agreement was unenforceable.
# Herbert MacDonald

Herbert MacDonald or McDonald may refer to:
* Herbert Stone MacDonald (1842–1921), Ontario lawyer, judge and political figure
* Herbert S. MacDonald (1907–1998), justice of the Connecticut Supreme Court
* Herbert Macdonald (sportsman) (1902–1991), Jamaican footballer, tennis player, writer, sports administrator and promoter
* Herbert McDonald (cyclist) (1885–1962), Canadian cyclist
* Herb McDonald (1919–2002), Las Vegas promoter and publicist
# Kenny Dichter

Kenny Dichter (born January 16, 1968) is an American entrepreneur and founder of publicly-traded private aviation company, Wheels Up. He also co-founded Alphabet City Sports Records, Marquis Jet, and Tequila Avión.

## Career
### Alphabet City Sports Records

After graduating from the University of Wisconsin in 1990, Dichter founded Alphabet City Sports Records with friend Jesse Itzler. The label focused on creating and selling songs that were frequently heard in sports stadiums and arenas. The firm was eventually sold to SFX Entertainment in 1998 for $4.3 million in cash and stock.

### Marquis Jet

Dichter founded Marquis Jet in 2001, the first fractional card jet program. By 2007, the firm was turning over more than $700 million per year from its 3,500 customers. In November 2010, Dichter sold Marquis Jet to NetJets, a subsidiary of Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway.

### Tequila Avión

Tequila Avión, a brand of tequila, was founded by Dichter and Ken Austin. The brand was named the 'Best Tequila in the World' and 'Best White Spirit in the World' at the 2012 San Francisco World Spirits Competition. The company was acquired by Pernod Ricard for $100 million.

### Wheels Up

A few years after the sale of Marquis Jet, Dichter re-entered the private aviation industry by founding Wheels Up. Rather than a fractional card program, Wheels Up is a membership-based business that charges users per flight hour without spending requirements or time commitments. In July 2021, Wheels Up became the first private-aviation company to publicly trade on the New York Stock Exchange.
Dichter stepped down as CEO in May 2023 with a Securities and Exchange Commission Form 8-K showing that he will continue to receive his $950,000 annual salary for two years and that he will remain a director on the company board, among other pay and benefits on departure. Prior to an August 2023 $500 million funding round by Delta Air Lines for Wheels Up, Delta’s CEO Ed Bastian noted that “Kenny Dichter has done a masterful job over the last decade building a high-quality brand, great experience, a lot of new members.”