OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ΔP

ΔP (Delta P) is a mathematical term symbolizing a change (Δ) in pressure (P).

## Uses

* Young–Laplace equation

### Darcy–Weisbach equation

Given that the head loss h$_f$ expresses the pressure loss Δp as the height of a column of fluid,
    $\Delta p=\rho \cdot g\cdot h_{f}$
where ρ is the density of the fluid. The Darcy–Weisbach equation can also be written in terms of pressure loss:
    $\Delta p=f\cdot {\frac {L}{D}}\cdot {\frac {\rho V^{2}}{2}}$

### Lung compliance

In general, compliance is defined by the change in volume (ΔV) versus the associated change in pressure (ΔP), or ΔV/ΔP:
    $Compliance={\frac {\Delta V}{\Delta P}}$
During mechanical ventilation, compliance is influenced by three main physiologic factors:
* Lung compliance
* Chest wall compliance
* Airway resistance
Lung compliance is influenced by a variety of primary abnormalities of lung parenchyma, both chronic and acute. Airway resistance is typically increased by bronchospasm and airway secretions. Chest wall compliance can be decreased by fixed abnormalities (e.g. kyphoscoliosis, morbid obesity) or more variable problems driven by patient agitation while intubated.
Calculating compliance on minute volume (V$_E$: ΔV is always defined by tidal volume (V$_T$), but ΔP is different for the measurement of dynamic vs. static compliance.

#### Dynamic compliance (C$_{dyn}$)

    $C_{dyn}={\frac {V_{T}}{\mathrm {PIP-PEEP} }}$
where PIP = peak inspiratory pressure (the maximum pressure during inspiration), and PEEP = positive end expiratory pressure. Alterations in airway resistance, lung compliance and chest wall compliance influence C$_{dyn}$.

#### Static compliance (C$_{stat}$)

    $C_{stat}={\frac {V_{T}}{P_{plat}-PEEP}}$
where P$_{plat}$ = plateau pressure. P$_{plat}$ is measured at the end of inhalation and prior to exhalation using an inspiratory hold maneuver. During this maneuver, airflow is transiently (~0.5 sec) discontinued, which eliminates the effects of airway resistance. P$_{plat}$ is never > PIP and is typically < 3-5 cmH$_2$O lower than PIP when airway resistance is normal.
# Liana Hayrapetyan

Liana Hayrapetyan (born 14 July 1975) is a professional football player and manager in Armenia and coach who currently manages a Football team in Football Federation of Armenia on position of head coach of Armenian women's team U-19.

## Playing career

Championship Participation as a Football player
1987 – USSR Unofficial Football Championship
1990 – “Leather Ball”. Dnepropetrovsk
1991 – “Leather Ball”. Zaporozhye, Minsk
1992 – RA Friendly Tournament
1992 – RA First Championship. “Kilikia” Team. First Place
1992 – International Championship. Austria
1999 – RA Second Championship. First Place
2000 – Tournament futsal (Moscow)
2001 – Tournament futsal (Poltava)
2001 – Champions league (Germany) College Club
2003 – World Cup Preliminarily round (National Team)
# The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease is a peer-reviewed medical journal on psychopathology. It was established in 1874 as the Chicago Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. "Chicago" was dropped from the title beginning in 1876. Articles cover theory, etiology, therapy, and social impact of illness, and research methods.

## Editors-in-chief

The following people have been editors-in-chief of this journal:
* 1874–1881: James Stewart Jewell
* 1882–1885: W. J. Morton
* 1886–1887: Bernard Sachs
* 1888–1889: C. H. Brown
* 1889–1890: G. M. Hammond
* 1890–1901: C. H. Brown
* 1902–1944: Smith Ely Jelliffe
* 1945–1957: N. D. C. Lewis
* 1958–1959: J. E. Finesinger
* 1961–1967: L. S. Kubie
* 1967–2010: E.B. Brody
* 2010–present: John A. Talbott
# Melgund Castle

Melgund Castle, lying around two kilometres (1.2 mi) due east of Aberlemno in Angus, Scotland, is a 16th-century L-plan castle which has been partially restored as a private residence. It was designated as a scheduled monument in 1971.

## History

The land was initially held by the Cramonds, but by 1525 was in the hands of Patrick Annand, whose daughter Janet passed it to her husband James Bethune, son of John Bethune, 6th of Balfour, and elder brother of Cardinal David Bethune. James had no children with Janet and, when he died in 1542, the estate was sold to David, who made it one of the many homes for his mistress Marion Ogilvy and their growing family. He started improving the castle. In 1543 he bought timber for the building works from William Mayne, a merchant in St Andrews, and had it shipped to Arbroath. After his assassination in 1546, Melgund passed to his eldest son, David Bethune, who may have made further improvements. It much later passed by marriage to the Earls of Minto, who were granted the title Viscount Melgund, presently used by the heir to the earldom. It remained in the family until it was sold in 1990.
The castle was extensively investigated by archaeologists between 1990 and 1996 in preparation for its partial conversion into a residence. The work was completed in August 2002, mostly using local materials which included stone from a specially re-opened quarry nearby. The domestic range to the east of the keep has been retained in its ruined state and the primary exterior difference is the new roof to the keep. The restoration by Benjamin Tindall Architects has been called, "Perhaps the best Tower House project of the last 20 years" by the Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland.

## Description

The castle was built "in imitation of a 15th century keep with 16th century additions", although it may have incorporated earlier structures. It comprised a four-storey keep with an attic and a stair tower that appears to have been raised to act as a watchtower. Its two-storey domestic range on the east had a round tower at the north-east corner. One lintel has a carved shield with the initials D.B.
# TiLite

TiLite is a company that produces custom ultralight manual wheelchairs made from titanium, aluminum, and carbon fiber materials. The company is known for creating personalized wheelchairs through a process called TiFit, which involves tailoring each wheelchair to the exact specifications of its user.

## History

Today, TiLite designs and manufactures wheelchairs, but it originally got its start manufacturing high performance bicycle frames as Ti Sport Tech (TST). In 1988 TST was incorporated by David Lippes and soon after started producing rigid manual wheelchair frames from titanium. Tilite's dual tube frame design found in some of their chairs was based on the triangular design of most bicycle frames.
One of its earliest models being the "CrossSport." Over time, the company has expanded its range of offerings to include titanium and aluminum wheelchairs.
As a division of TiSport, LLC, TiLite's headquarters are located in Pasco, Washington. In 2014, the company was acquired by Permobil, a Swedish company that makes power wheelchairs and seating systems.

## Technology

TiLite uses Titanium for the frames of several lines of its wheelchairs. Titanium has unique properties, but because Titanium is difficult to refine it is a more costly material. TiLite makes wheelchairs in both Titanium and Aluminum. While the company's Titanium chairs are slightly lighter in weight and more durable, their Aluminum wheelchairs are more economical and sufficient for most users. The design and manufacturing process uses parametric modelling, computer aided design, and finite element analysis technologies to make decisions about the design and materials used.
# Ralja (Smederevo)

Ralja is a village in the municipality of Smederevo, Serbia. According to the 2022 census, the village has a population of 1,322 people.
# Macrosaccus

Macrosaccus is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae.

## Etymology

The generic name is derived from the ancient Greek μακρο- (meaning long) and σάκκος (meaning bag) in reference to the elongate saccus in the male genitalia.

## Species

There are six species currently recognized:
* Macrosaccus coursetiae Eiseman & Davis, 2017
* Macrosaccus gliricidius Davis, 2011
* Macrosaccus morrisella (Fitch, 1859)
* Macrosaccus neomexicanus Davis, 2011
* Macrosaccus robiniella (Clemens, 1859)
* Macrosaccus uhlerella (Fitch, 1859)
# Kira O'Reilly

Kira O'Reilly is a performance artist based in the UK. She graduated from Cardiff School of Art in 1998, and has participated in a number of performance art festivals throughout the UK and Europe, including at the Bonington Gallery, Nottingham Trent University 1998, the National Review of Live Art, in Glasgow (1998, 2001, 2003), at Arnolfini in Bristol, at Home in London and at several European festivals including Break 21 Festival, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2002 and ANTI - Contemporary Art Festival 2003, Kuopio, Finland. She performed in China at the Dadao performance art festival, Beijing, organised by Shu Yang 2006.
Between 2003 and 2004, O'Reilly undertook a residency with SymbioticA, a bio-art project based in the department of Human Anatomy, University of Western Australia. She has received several major commissions and in 2001 was invited to produce work for Span2 international performance art residency in London. Her work often involves the cutting of her skin, and recent pieces have also involved animals, including leeches and pigs. She was the focus of a major controversy in the British press, angering British animal rights activists by performing a durational piece with a dead pig, at the Newlyn Art Gallery in Penzance, southwest England. As a response, O'Reilly then undertook a durational performance, "Falling Asleep With a Pig" (2009), in which the artist lived with a live pig called Delia for some days in a specially constructed sty. The work was commissioned for the show 'Interspecies' by The Arts Catalyst, and was shown at Cornerhouse Manchester and the A Foundation, London.
Between 2016–18 Kira O’Reilly was a Lecturer, Ecology and Contemporary Performance at Theatre Academy of the University of the Arts Helsinki, where she led a new MA pilot in Ecology and Contemporary Performance.
In 2017 the Live Art Development Agency published the first major survey publication of O'Reilly titled Kira O'Reilly Untitled (Bodies). The publication includes interviews, archive material and O'Reilly's own writings.
In 2020 O'Reilly became International Randall Chair in sculpture at Alfred University, New York.

## Selected works

* inthewrongplaceness (2005–2009)
* Falling Asleep with a Pig (2009)
* Unitled (for you beloved) (2008)
* Untitled (Syncope) (2007)
* Stair Falling (2009) In this performance O'Reilly stages a 'fall' down a flight of stairs in the nude.
# Silver age of alpinism

The silver age of alpinism is the name given in the United Kingdom to the era in mountaineering that began after Edward Whymper and party's ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 and ended with W. W. Graham and party's ascent of the Dent du Géant in 1882.
Whilst the golden age of alpinism (1854–1865) was characterised by the first ascents of many of the greatest Alpine peaks, the subsequent silver age may be seen as consisting of the first ascents of the many worthwhile peaks left unclimbed, although these peaks were – and remained – largely unknown to the wider public in Britain.
Once these peaks had been climbed, many ambitious alpinists turned their attention to more distant and often loftier ranges, such as the Caucasus, the Andes, the Rockies and, latterly, the Himalayas.
Prominent alpinists and guides of the period include Christian Almer, Melchior Anderegg, Hermann von Barth, Alexander Burgener, W. A. B. Coolidge, Henri Cordier, Clinton Thomas Dent, James Eccles, D. W. Freshfield, Pierre Gaspard, Paul Grohmann, Paul Güssfeldt, Michael Innerkofler, John Oakley Maund, Thomas Middlemore, A. W. Moore, Albert F. Mummery, Julius Payer and William Penhall.

## First ascents in the silver age

* 1865 Aiguille du Chardonnet, Lauterbrunnen Breithorn, Cima Tosa, Dammastock, Grünhorn, Hochfeiler, Monte Cevedale, Monte Cristallo, Nesthorn, Tschingelhorn, Vertainspitze
* 1866 Dreiherrnspitze, Gross Litzner, Monte Zebrù, Piz Cengalo, Piz Platta, Piz Palü (1868?)
* 1867 Cima Piazzi, Civetta, Gletscherhorn, Hintere Schwärze, Olperer, Piz Badile, Pizzo Campo Tencia
* 1868 Bellavista, Ebnefluh, Grandes Jorasses, Hochgall
* 1869 Dreischusterspitze, Ellmauer Halt, Gspaltenhorn, Große Zinne, Großes Seehorn, Hochfrottspitze, Hohberghorn, Langkofel, Parseierspitze, Thurwieserspitze, Watzespitze
* 1870 Ailefroide, Cimon della Pala, Lenzspitze
* 1871 Aiguille du Plan, Dreitorspitze, Portjengrat, Trugberg, Waxenstein
* 1872 Glocknerwand, Trafoier Eiswand, Vezzana
* 1873 Aiguille de Rochefort, Hinterer Brunnenkogel, Le Râteau
* 1874 Aiguille de Triolet, Pflerscher Tribulaun, Rosengartenspitze, Zwölferkofel
* 1875 Roche de la Muzelle, Sass Maor
* 1876 Aiguille du Plat de la Selle, Les Droites, Mont Collon
* 1877 Aiguille Noire de Peuterey, La Meije, Pic Coolidge, Piz Scerscen
* 1878 Aiguilles d'Arves, Aiguille du Dru, Elferkofel, Les Bans, Mont Maudit, Sextener Rotwand
* 1879 Cima Ovest, Dürrenhorn, Monte Argentera, Petit Dru
* 1880 Aiguille des Grands Charmoz, Fußstein, Grohmannspitze, Olan
* 1881 Aiguille du Grépon, Dôme de Rochefort, Kleine Zinne, Totenkirchl
* 1882 Dent du Géant, Paternkofel
A number of high, major summits were reached at a still later date, including the Aiguille Blanche de Peuterey (1885). Many technically challenging peaks, especially in the Dolomites, defeated climbers into the 20th century, with Campanile Basso (1899), de:Campanile di Val Montanaia (1902), Torre Venezia (1909), Torre Trieste (1910) and Aiguille Dibona (Angelo Dibona - 1913) perhaps being the last big prizes.
# Liam Power

Liam Power (1934 – 5 July 1998) was an Irish Gaelic footballer. He played with club side Mitchelstown, divisional side Avondhu and was also a member of the Cork senior football team.

## Playing career

Power first played Gaelic football as a student at Mitchelstown CBS before joining the Blackthorns club side in the late 1940s. He progressed to adult level with Mitchelstown and won seven North Cork JFC titles in a ten-year period between 1951 and 1961, including two as team captain in 1956 and 1957. Power won a Cork JFC title in 1961. He also lined out with the Avondhu divisional team between 1955 and 1960
Power first played for Cork as goalkeeper with the junior team that beat Warwickshire in the 1955 All-Ireland junior final. This success earned an immediate call-up to the senior team and he was goalkeeping understudy to Pádraig Tyers for Cork's defeat by Galway in the 1956 All-Ireland final. Power became first-choice goalkeeper the following year and, after winning a second successive Munster SFC, suffered a second successive defeat in an All-Ireland final. His performances for Cork also earned inclusion on the Munster team in the Railway Cup.

## Death

Power died after suffering a heart attack while attending the 1998 Munster final on 5 July 1998.

## Honours
### Mitchelstown

* Cork Junior Football Championship: 1961
* North Cork Junior A Football Championship: 1951, 1955, 1956 (c), 1957 (c), 1958, 1960, 1961

### Cork

* Munster Senior Football Championship: 1956, 1957
* National Football League: 1955-56
* All-Ireland Junior Football Championship: 1955
* Munster Junior Football Championship: 1955
# The Job

The Job may refer to:
In film and television:
* The Job (2003 film), an action film starring Daryl Hannah
* The Job (2009 film), a dark comedy starring Patrick Flueger
* The Job, a 2005 short film featuring Marysia Kay
* The Job (2001 TV series), an American comedy-drama starring Denis Leary
* The Job (2013 TV series), a cancelled American reality competition show
* "The Job" (The Office), an episode of The Office (U.S.)
* "The Job" (The Amazing World of Gumball), an episode of The Amazing World of Gumball
* The Job (2018 film), a short film starring Kalki Koechlin & produced by Kushal Srivastava
In literature:
* The Job (novel), a 1917 novel by Sinclair Lewis
* The Job (police newspaper), the official newspaper of London's Metropolitan Police Service
* The Job: Interviews with William S. Burroughs, a 1969 book by Daniel Odier
* The Job, a 1998 novel by Douglas Kennedy
# Melanie Irons

Melanie Irons is an actress, psychology student, community worker and personal trainer from Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Irons came to prominence in 2013 in the aftermath of the Dunalley Fire as the creator of the Tassie Fires We Can Help Facebook page, for which she has received numerous awards. Since September 2013 she has co-starred in the award-winning indie web series Noirhouse. She is also a member of the council of Brand Tasmania, the state government agency that acts as custodian of the Tasmania brand. She is a 2015 Australia Day ambassador, won the Tasmania Non-Profit Sector of the 2013 Attorney General's Resilient Australia Award and was a 2014 Young Australian of the Year State Finalist.

## Tassie Fires We Can Help

On 4 January 2013, Irons created her Facebook page while babysitting a friend's child, wanting to help with the fire-fighting effort. The local ABC radio assisted her in spreading the word, and the page amassed 21,000 followers within 18 days. Her work with her Tassie Fires We Can Help page was credited as a major influence and help during the destruction of the town of Dunalley, Tasmania, organising aid, communicating with the community and acting as an alert system. Her page also prompted Tasmania Police to open their own social media accounts. She was the focus on an ABC Australian Story documentary Irons In The Fire.

## Acting

Irons has starred in the web series Noirhouse since September 2013. For her work in the series she has won an Australian WebStream Award for Best Female Performance and was nominated for Best Sexy Actress from the Rome Web Awards.
# Timlilt

Timlilt is a town and rural commune in Chichaoua Province of the Marrakech-Tensift-Al Haouz region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 7186 people living in 1153 households.
# Ramona Walther

Ramona Walther is an East German canoe sprinter who competed in the early 1980s. She won a gold medal in the K-4 500 m event at the 1983 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Tampere.
# Macrosaccus coursetiae

Macrosaccus coursetiae is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Arizona in the United States.
The larvae feed on Coursetia glandulosa. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
Larvae are parasitized by Chrysocharis walleyi, a parasitoid wasp in the family (Eulophidae).
# Kira Obolensky

Kira Obolensky is an American playwright and author based in Minneapolis. She was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1997 in the field of drama and performance art. She won a Bush Foundation artist's fellowship in 1999.

## Life

Obolensky was born in New York to a Russian father and an Australian mother. She has two younger sisters. Obolensky was raised in Texas and New Orleans. She completed a degree at Williams College.
Obolensky adapted Holocaust survivor Sabina Zimering's memoir into a play in 2010.
Obolensky lives in South Minneapolis and is married to sculptor Irve Dell.

## Selected works

* Susanka, Sarah; Obolensky, Kira (1998). The Not So Big House: A Blueprint for the Way We Really Live. Taunton Press. ISBN 1-56158-130-5.
* Obolensky, Kira (2001). Garage: Reinventing the Place We Park. Taunton Press. ISBN 978-1-56158-378-2.
* Obolensky, Kira (2002-09-10). Lobster Alice: A Comedy. Playscripts, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-62384-350-2.
* Corbett, Bill; Obolensky, Kira (2004). Hate Mail: A Comedy. Playscripts, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-62384-049-5.
* Obolensky, Kira (2005). Good House, Cheap House: Adventures in Creating an Extraordinary Home at an Ordinary Price. Taunton Press. ISBN 978-1-56158-752-0.
# Hippurites atheniensis

Hippurites atheniensis is an extinct species of fossil saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusk in the family Hippuritidae. These fossils occur in the Late Cretaceous deposits of Greece, Serbia, Dalmatia, Istria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Bulgaria and Italy.
# Silvio Gava

Silvio Gava (25 April 1901 in Vittorio Veneto – 23 December 1999 in Rome) was an Italian politician who was one of the founders of the Christian Democracy Party. He hailed from a family based in Naples. He was a lawyer by profession.
Gava became part of the Christian Democracy Party's national directorate in 1944. He was elected to the Italian Senate in 1948. He held several government posts for 13 times between 1948 and 1975, including minister of grace and justice, minister of treasury and minister of industry and commerce. From 1969 to 1974 Gava was the head of Christian Democracy Party's senatorial group.
Gava's son, Antonio Gava, was also a politician from the Christian Democracy Party and served in various ministerial posts. Silvio Gava was the author of several books, one of which is his memoirs published in 1999.
# Li Xinyi

Li Xinyi may refer to:
* Li Xinyi (singer) (born 1998), Chinese singer and songwriter
* Li Xinyi (tennis) (born 1962), Chinese tennis player
# Megachile woodfordi

Megachile woodfordi is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1911.
# Thuvaraiyam Pathi

Thuvaraiyam Pathi is described in Ayyavazhi mythology. The Akilattirattu Ammanai, the holy text of Ayyavazhi, tells about a sunken land at about 152 miles either south or south-east to Kanyakumari, with 16008 streets.
This land also matches the sunken land Kumarikkandam of ancient Tamil Nadu.
# Ramona Vogt

Ramona Lynn Vogt is a high-energy physicist at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

## Education

Vogt received her Ph.D. in 1989 from the State University of New York at Stony Brook with the thesis topic "Charmonium Interactions with Hadronic Matter".

## Career

Vogt completed postdoctoral fellowships at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and at the GSI in Darmstadt, Germany. She then worked as staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory before moving back to LLNL. Vogt was elected a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2010 and in 2012 served as chair of the APS Topical Group on Hadronic Physics.
Vogt is the author of “Ultrarelativistic Heavy Ion Collisions” (Elsevier, 2007), ISBN 978-0444521965. She is known for her contribution to the understanding of the dynamics of heavy quark and charmonium production in collisions with nuclei and providing guidance for using these probes in experimental investigations of hard dynamics in collisions with nuclei.

## Scientific contributions

Vogt has been an author or co-author on over 200 scientific publications, many of which have been highly cited by other researchers. These include:
* Vogt (1999). "J/ψ production and suppression". Physics Reports. 310 (4): 197–260. Bibcode:1999PhR...310..197V. doi:10.1016/S0370-1573(98)00074-X. Volume 310, Issue 4, Pages 197-260
* Vogt (2010). "Cold Nuclear Matter Effects on J/ψ and Υ Production at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC)" Phys. Rev. C 81, 044903.
* Vogt and Brodsky (1995). "Charmed hadron asymmetries in the intrinsic charm coalescence model" Nucl.Phys. B, 478, pp. 311–334
* Brambilla, Eidelman, Heltsley, Vogt, et al. (2011). "Heavy quarkonium: progress, puzzles, and opportunities" Eur.Phys.J. C71, 1534. DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1534-9
* CMS Collaboration (G. L. Bayatian et al.), 2006. CMS Physics : Technical Design Report Volume 1: Detector Performance and Software. CERN-LHCC-2006-001, CMS-TDR-8-1, available at https://cds.cern.ch/record/922757/files/lhcc-2006-001.pdf
* CMS Collaboration (G.L. Bayatian et al.), 2007. CMS technical design report, volume II: Physics performance. J.Phys. G34 (2007) no.6, 995-1579, DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/34/6/S01

## Honors and awards

* Fellow of the American Physical Society (2010)
* 2012 Chair of the APS Topical Group on Hadronic Physics