OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rachel Reynolds

Rachel Selina Reynolds (née Pinkerton, 19 December 1838 – 21 August 1928) was a New Zealand social worker and community leader.

## Early life

Reynolds was born in South Australia, Australia in 1838, the eldest of six children of William and Eleanor Pinkerton. She grew up in the Australian outback, acquiring skills such as rounding up wild cattle. Life was rough and dangerous, however, and in 1855 the family moved to New Zealand. They established a sheep farm in Tapanui, in the southern province of Otago, and lived in Dunedin.

## Adult life

At the age of 17, in 1856, Reynolds married local merchant and politician William Reynolds. Shortly after, the couple went to England to recruit more settlers for Otago. On their return, they purchased a large hillside house in Dunedin, Montecillo and lived there for the next 40 years, raising a family of nine children, four daughters and three sons.
Reynolds was active in a wide range of social justice causes. In the 1860s she was one of a group of Dunedin residents who lobbied for the establishment of a girls' secondary school, resulting in the opening of Otago Girls' High School in 1871. She was also active in encouraging the University of Otago to admit women students, a goal which was also realised in 1871.
Reynolds also worked on projects providing welfare to poor and needy people. In the 1870s Reynolds worked with Presbyterian minister Rutherford Waddell to provide food, clothes and other welfare services to poor women and children in Dunedin. She also set up a clothing club and ran sewing lessons so that mothers could learn to make affordable clothes for their families.
Reynolds devoted a large amount of time to addressing the needs of children, leading to the opening of New Zealand's first free kindergarten in 1889. She later became the president of the Dunedin Free Kindergarten Association, and oversaw the establishment of a further seven kindergartens in the city.
In the 1880s and early 1890s, Reynolds was active in the women's suffrage movement and in 1892 became vice-president of an independent women's franchise league formed in Dunedin that year.
Reynolds' husband died in 1899, after which Reynolds travelled to England and Europe and wrote her memoirs, published in 1929 as Pioneering in Australia and New Zealand.
Reynolds died in Dunedin in 1928.
# Radiation exposure (disambiguation)

Radiation exposure may refer to:
* Exposure (radiation), caused by ionizing photons, namely X-rays and gamma rays; or ionizing particles, usually alpha particles, neutrons, protons, or electrons
* Humans being subjected to an ionizing radiation hazard, either by irradiation or contamination
* In modern radiology, and in scientific papers from the early 20th century, radiation exposure may refer to kerma (physics)
* Exposure (photography), photographic film exposure to ionizing radiation
* Any material being subjected to even everyday levels of any type of radiation, such as heat or light
* Radiation Exposure Compensation Act, a federal statute of the United States providing for the monetary compensation of people who contracted cancer and a number of other specified diseases as a direct result of their exposure to radiation under certain circumstances
* Radiation Exposure Monitoring, a system for monitoring exposure
# Radunice

Radunice is a village in the municipality of Žepče, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 312.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Croats | 309 | 99.0% |
| Serbs | 2 | 0.6% |
| other/undeclared | 1 | 0.3% |
| Total | 312 | 100% |
# Radunnewela

Radunnewela is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Raifatus, East Nusa Tenggara

Raifatus is a village in Raihat district, Belu Regency in East Nusa Tenggara Province. Its population is 760.$^{:1439}$

## Climate

Raifatus has a borderline subtropical highland climate (Cwb) and tropical savanna climate (Aw). The coldest month averages 17.9 °C, only 0.1 short of the threshold for tropical climates. It has moderate to little rainfall from May to October and heavy to very heavy rainfall from November to April.
Climate data for Raifatus :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.3 (73.9) | 23.4 (74.1) | 24.0 (75.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.1 (73.6) | 22.0 (71.6) | 21.7 (71.1) | 22.5 (72.5) | 23.9 (75.0) | 25.3 (77.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 24.2 (75.6) | 23.5 (74.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 20.4 (68.7) | 20.4 (68.7) | 20.5 (68.9) | 20.3 (68.5) | 19.5 (67.1) | 18.5 (65.3) | 17.9 (64.2) | 18.3 (64.9) | 19.4 (66.9) | 20.7 (69.3) | 21.0 (69.8) | 20.9 (69.6) | 19.8 (67.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 17.6 (63.7) | 17.4 (63.3) | 17.1 (62.8) | 16.7 (62.1) | 16.0 (60.8) | 15.1 (59.2) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.9 (58.8) | 16.1 (61.0) | 17.1 (62.8) | 17.6 (63.7) | 16.2 (61.1) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 326 (12.8) | 325 (12.8) | 240 (9.4) | 196 (7.7) | 104 (4.1) | 57 (2.2) | 49 (1.9) | 21 (0.8) | 18 (0.7) | 73 (2.9) | 213 (8.4) | 363 (14.3) | 1,985 (78) |
| Source: Climate-Data.org ||||||||||||||
# Radiation Budget Instrument

The Radiation Budget Instrument (RBI) is a scanning radiometer capable of measuring Earth's reflected sunlight and emitted thermal radiation. The project was cancelled on January 26, 2018; NASA cited technical, cost, and schedule issues and the impact of anticipated RBI cost growth on other programs.
RBI was scheduled to fly on the Joint Polar Satellite System 2 (JPSS-2) mission planned for launch in November 2021; the JPSS-3 mission planned for launch in 2026; and the JPSS-4 mission planned for launch in 2031. The one on JPSS-2 would have been the 14th in the series that started with the Earth radiation budget instruments launched in 1985, and would have extended the unique global climate measurements of the Earth's radiation budget provided by the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments since 1998.
# Rafael Espada

Dr. José Rafael Espada (born 14 January 1944 in Guatemala City) is a retired cardiothoracic surgeon and politician who served as Vice President of Guatemala from 2008 to 2012 under President Alvaro Colom. Espada unsuccessfully ran for president during the 2023 general election.

## Life and career

Espada is well known in the Houston cardiothoracic surgery community. He grew up in Guatemala. From an early age, he wanted to become a doctor. Espada received his doctorate at the Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (USAC) in Guatemala and performed his surgery internship residency training in general and thoracic surgery at Baylor College of Medicine. He also received subspecialty training from LeClub Mitrale, France, and other highly recognized international institutions. He was a resident of West University Place, Texas, United States, a city surrounded by Houston.
He was employed at the Methodist DeBakey Heart Center in Houston, Texas, and a professor of cardiothoracic surgery at the Baylor College of Medicine. Espada was known to travel from Houston to Guatemala on a monthly basis to treat underprivileged patients requiring special cardiothoracic procedures. As a cardiac surgeon, he was best known for performing Pulmonary Thromboembolectomies.
He has raised money for a charity hospital in Guatemala. He currently building a state-of-the-art facility specifically designed for cardiothoracic surgery. He performed an average of 10 charity surgeries out of the US every month.
He was also board-certified in General Surgery. While at Houston, he performed nearly 1000 cardiothoracic procedures a year and around 400 in Guatemala. Espada has received numerous awards and recognitions throughout the course of his medical career, including an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Francisco Marroquin in Guatemala, an Honorary Professor from Universidad La Salle in Mexico City, Governor's award from The Chest Foundation, Paul Harris Award from the International Rotary Society, among many others.
Since 1981, he has been related to the Brazilian Vascular Society and received many Brazilian doctors in Houston, Texas, who learned the best techniques on cardiovascular surgery with him. He was the main guest speaker for the Vascular Meeting of the Brazilian Society in Rio de Janeiro in June 1998. In 1992, Espada was honored with an honorary doctorate in science by Universidad Francisco Marroquín.
He recently resigned from Houston's Methodist Hospital/DeBakey Heart Institute and returned to his native Guatemala. There, he successfully ran for Vice President of Guatemala. On 14 January 2008, he took office alongside the President, Álvaro Colom.

## Affiliations

Dr. Espada is vice chairman of the board of directors of the Washington-based think-tank Global Financial Integrity.

## Sources

* http://www.pinnaclecare.com/finding/mab/physicians/phcphysicianbio.2005-07-28.9726418592/phcphysicianbio_view
* http://www.tmc.edu/tmcnews/05_15_01/page_05.html
# Rainout (radioactivity)

A rainout is the process of precipitation causing the removal of radioactive particles from the atmosphere onto the ground, creating nuclear fallout by rain. The rainclouds of the rainout are often formed by the particles of a nuclear explosion itself and because of this, the decontamination of rainout is more difficult than a "dry" fallout.
In atmospheric science, rainout also refers to the removal of soluble species—not necessarily radioactive—from the atmosphere by precipitation.

## Factors affecting rainout

A rainout could occur in the vicinity of ground zero or the contamination could be carried aloft before deposition depending on the current atmospheric conditions and how the explosion occurred. The explosion, or burst, can be air, surface, subsurface, or seawater. An air burst will produce less fallout than a comparable explosion near the ground due to less particulate being contaminated. Detonations at the surface will tend to produce more fallout material. In case of water surface bursts, the particles tend to be rather lighter and smaller, producing less local fallout but extending over a greater area. The particles contain mostly sea salts with some water; these can have a cloud seeding effect causing local rainout and areas of high local fallout. Fallout from a seawater burst is difficult to remove once it has soaked into porous surfaces because the fission products are present as metallic ions which become chemically bonded to many surfaces. For subsurface bursts, there is an additional phenomenon present called "base surge". The base surge is a cloud that rolls outward from the bottom of the subsiding column, which is caused by an excessive density of dust or water droplets in the air. This surge is made up of small solid particles, but it still behaves like a fluid. A soil earth medium favors base surge formation in an underground burst. Although the base surge typically contains only about 10% of the total bomb debris in a subsurface burst, it can create larger radiation doses than fallout near the detonation, because it arrives sooner than fallout, before much radioactive decay has occurred. For underwater bursts, the visible surge is, in effect, a cloud of liquid (usually water) droplets with the property of flowing almost as if it were a homogeneous fluid. After the water evaporates, an invisible base surge of small radioactive particles may persist.
Meteorogically, snow and rain will accelerate local fallout. Under special meteorological conditions, such as a local rain shower that originates above the radioactive cloud, limited areas of heavy contamination just downwind of a nuclear blast may be formed. Rain on an area contaminated by a surface burst changes the pattern of radioactive intensities by washing off higher elevations, buildings, equipment, and vegetation. This reduces intensities in some areas and possibly increases intensities in drainage systems; on low ground; and in flat, poorly drained areas.
# Rains (surname)

Rains is a surname, and it may refer to:
* Albert Rains (1902 – 1991), American politician from Alabama
* Ashleigh Rains, Canadian actress
* Claude Rains (1889 – 1967), American actor
* Dan Rains (born 1956), American football player
* Darby Lloyd Rains (born 1948), American adult-film actress
* Dominic Rains (born 1982), Iranian-American actor
* Ed Rains (born 1956), American basketball player
* Emory Rains (1800 – 1878), American lawyer, judge and politician from Texas
* Ethan Rains, Iranian-American actor
* Euclid Rains, American politician
* Fred Rains (1860 – 1945), British actor and film director
* Gabriel J. Rains (1803 – 1881), American soldier
* Gene Rains, American jazz musician
* George Rains
* Jack Rains (born 1937), American lawyer and politician from Texas
* James Edwards Rains (1833 – 1862), American lawyer and soldier
* James S. Rains (1817 – 1880), American soldier
* Lyle Rains, American video-game developer and businessman
* Michael Rains, American criminal defense attorney
* Omer Rains (born 1941), American politician, lawyer, author, eco-entrepreneur and humanist from California
* Rob Rains, American sports journalist
* Traver Rains (born 1977), American TV personality, fashion designer, and photographer
# Ragsdale (surname)

Ragsdale is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Blake Ragsdale Van Leer (1893–1956), president of Georgia Institute of Technology
* Corey Ragsdale (born 1982), American baseball coach
* Daniel Ragsdale, until 2017 - Deputy Director of the Immigration & Customs Enforcement (ICE)
* Danny Ragsdale (born 1977), American football player
* David Ragsdale, American rock violinist
* Eleanor Ragsdale (1926-1998), American educator, entrepreneur, and activist
* George Ragsdale (born 1951), American football player
* Graham Ragsdale, of the Canadian Forces was the commander of the Third Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry
* Isaac Newton Ragsdale (1859–1937), mayor of Atlanta, Georgia
* J. Willard Ragsdale (1872–1919), American politician
* Katherine Hancock Ragsdale, American episcopal priest
* Lincoln Ragsdale (1926-1995), American civil rights leader
* Richard Ragsdale (died 2004), American physician
* Ronald Sargison AKC, Dean of St George's Cathedral, Georgetown, Guyana
* Virginia Ragsdale (1870–1945) American teacher and mathematician
* William Ragsdale (born 1961), American actor
* William P. Ragsdale (1837–1877), American lawyer and translator
* William Ragsdale Cannon (1916–1997), American United Methodist bishop
# Rahmanullah Khan

Haji Rahmanullah khan (born; 1941 – 14 May 2015), was Pakistani politician from Swabi District who had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 1990 to 1993 and 1997 to 1999.
# Rajko Pavlovec

Rajko Pavlovec (15 January 1932 – 25 August 2013) was a Slovene professor of geology, specialist in paleontology, stratigraphy and regional geology.
In 1976, he won the Levstik Award for his book Kras (Karst) on the geology of the Karst.

## Selected published works

* Startigrafski razvoj starejšega terciarja v južnozahodni Sloveniji s posebnim ozirom na numulite in asiline (The Stratigraphic Development of the Early Tertiary in South Eastern Slovenia with Particular Regard to Nummulites and Asilinae), 1962
* Istrske numulitine s posebnim ozirom na filogenezo in paleoekologijo (Istrian Nummulites With Special Regard to Phylogenesis and Palaeoecology), 1969
* Kras (Karst), 1976
* Iz življenja kontinentov (From the Lives of Continents), 1977
# Rajgram

Rajgram is a village and Nagar panchayat in Murarai I CD block in Rampurhat subdivision of Birbhum district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Geography
### Location

Murarai, the CD block headquarters, is 9 km away from Rajgram. Suri, the district headquarters, is 103 km away.

### Gram panchayat

Villages in Rajgram gram panchayat are: Ambhua, Banarampur, Barua Gopalpur, Bhadrakali, Rajgram and Santoshpur.

### Overview

The northern portion of Rampurhat subdivision (shown in the map alongside) is part of the Nalhati Plains, a sub-micro physiographic region, and the southern portion is part of the Brahmani-Mayurakshi Basin, another sub-micro physiographic region occupying the area between the Brahmani in the north and the Mayurakshi in the south. There is an occasional intrusion of Rajmahal Hills, from adjoining Santhal Parganas, towards the north-western part of the subdivision. On the western side is Santhal Parganas and the border between West Bengal and Jharkhand can be seen in the map. Murshidabad district is on the eastern side. A small portion of the Padma River and the border with Bangladesh (thick line) can be seen in the north-eastern corner of the map.96.62% of the population of Rampurhat subdivision live the rural areas and 3.38% of the population live in the urban areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the area. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Rajgram had a total population of 8,378 of which 4,284 (51%) were males and 4,094 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,596. The total number of literates in Rajgram was 3,238 (47.74% of the population over 6 years).

## Transport

vteSahibganj loop :
Legend :
State Highway 7, running from Rajgram to Midnapore, originates from Rajgram. A road links Rajgram to Kanupur on National Highway 12.
Rajgram railway station is on the Sahibganj loop. It is the last station in West Bengal.

## Healthcare

Rajgram has a primary health centre with 20 beds.
# Raleigh Township

Raleigh Township may refer to the following townships:
* Raleigh Township, Ontario, Canada
* Raleigh Township, Saline County, Illinois, USA
* Raleigh Township, Wake County, North Carolina, USA
# Raimund Weisbach

Raimund Weisbach (16 September 1886 – 16 June 1970) was an officer of the Kaiserliche Marine, and a U-boat commander during the First World War. He was the torpedo officer on the German U-boat, the U-20, who saw to the preparation and firing of the torpedo that sank the RMS Lusitania on 7 May 1915. He went on to become a successful commander, sinking 36 ships before being captured when his submarine was sunk by the Royal Navy.

## Lusitania

Born in Breslau on 16 September 1886, Weisbach joined the Kaiserliche Marine. He was the watch officer aboard U-20 under Kapitänleutnant Walther Schwieger, when the Lusitania was torpedoed and sunk on 7 May 1915. Weisbach was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class.
Weisbach provided a concise account of his recollection of the sinking of the Lusitania which was published in The Irish Times in 1970 after his death. After the torpedo was fired, he was called to the periscope. He said the explosion which he saw was far more severe than could normally have been expected. He surmised then and still believed in 1966 (when being interviewed) that the liner must have been carrying a significant cargo of high explosives.

## Sir Roger Casement

Not long after the sinking of Lusitania, Weisbach received his first independent command, the U-19, on 16 March 1916. On 20 April 1916, on the island of Heligoland, Roger Casement embarked as a passenger aboard U-19. Their destination was Ireland. He delivered Casement to Tralee Bay a few days later. Weisbach was an official guest of the Government of Ireland at the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the 1916 Rising in 1966. Weisbach came from his home in Hamburg to attend.

## Later career

Weisbach commanded U-19 until 10 August 1916. His next command was U-81, which he took over on 22 August 1916. During his time in command Weisbach's submarines sunk 36 ships for a total of 107,763 GRT, and damaged another two for a total of 3,481 GRT. U-81 was torpedoed and sunk by the British submarine HMS E54 on 1 May 1917. 24 members of the U-boat crew were killed, with Weisbach, his watch officer Otto Walter and five other Germans surviving to be rescued by the British. Weisbach and the surviving crew spent the rest of the war as prisoners in Britain.
Weisbach returned to Germany after the end of the war. He visited Cork and Dublin in 1966 for the Easter rising celebrations, and died in Hamburg on 16 June 1970.

## Sources

* The Irish Sword, The Journal of the Military History Society of Ireland, Vol. XVI (Summer 1986)(No.64) - John De Courcey Ireland article concerning Weisbach
* Obituary in The Irish Times, 28 July 1970, p. 10.
* Helgason, Guðmundur. "WWI U-boat commanders: Raimund Weisbach". German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net.
# Rajathi Kunchithapatham

Rajathi Kunchithapatham was an Indian politician and former Member of the Legislative Assembly. She was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Tirunelveli constituency in 1957 and 1962 elections. She was one of the two winners in 1957 election, the other winner was Somasundaram. She lost the 1971 election to P. Padmanabhan in the same constituency by 16, 952 votes.
# Ram Surat Rai

Ram Surat Kumar is an Indian politician. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party from Bihar. He was elected as a member of the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election from Aurai (Vidhan Sabha constituency).
# Ram Swaroop Prasad

Ram Swaroop Prasad was an Indian politician who served as a Member of the 9th and 14th Lok Sabha from Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency. He also won the 1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election from Ekangarsara Assembly constituencyi and 1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election and October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election from Islampur Assembly constituency.

## Personal life

He was born on 5 January 1939, in Nalanda district and married Sunaina Devi on 1 January 1951. In 2015, he died due to a heart attack at the age of 82.
# Rambadak

Rambadak is a village in Pirojpur District in the Barisal Division of southwestern Bangladesh.
# Rajiv Kumar

Rajiv Kumar may refer to:
* Jaani (songwriter) (born Rajiv Kumar, 1989), Indian songwriter and music composer
* Rajiv Kumar (civil servant) (born 1960), 25th Chief Election Commissioner of India
* Rajiv Kumar (economist) (born 1951), Indian economist
* Rajiv Kumar (cricketer) (born 1976), Indian cricketer
# Ram Lakhan Mahato

Ram Lakhan Mahato (27 July 1947 – 31 January 2020) was an Indian politician from Bihar belonging to Janata Dal (United). He was a member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly. He was a minister of the Government of Bihar too.

## Biography

Mahato was elected as a member of the Bihar Legislative Assembly from Dalsinghsarai in 1995 as a Janata Dal candidate. He was appointed Food and Supplies Minister of the Government of Bihar in 1996.
Mahato was elected from Dalsinghsarai in October 2005 as a Rashtriya Janata Dal candidate. He joined Janata Dal (United) in 2010.
Mahato died on 31 January 2020 at the age of 72.
# Rampur, Kamrup

Rampur is a town in Kamrup rural district, situated in south bank of river Brahmaputra in the state of Assam, India. It is surrounded by Chaygaon, Nagrijuli, Rani and Sualkuchi towns in west, north and east, respectively .

## Transport

The town is near National Highway 37, and is connected to nearby towns and cities with regular buses and other modes of transportation. The nearest Railway station is at Mirza and the nearest airport is at Guwahati.