OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rete testis

The rete testis (/ˈriːti ˈtɛstɪs/ REE-tee TES-tis; pl.: retia testes) is an anastomosing network of delicate tubules located in the hilum of the testicle (mediastinum testis) that carries sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the efferent ducts. It is the homologue of the rete ovarii in females. Its function is to provide a site for fluid reabsorption.

## Structure

The rete testis is the network of interconnecting tubules where the straight seminiferous tubules (the terminal part of the seminiferous tubules) empty. It is located within a highly vascular connective tissue in the mediastinum testis. The epithelial cells form a single layer that lines the inner surface of the tubules. These cells are cuboidal, with microvilli and a single cilium on their surface.

### Development

In the development of the urinary and reproductive organs, the testis is developed in much the same way as the ovary, originating from mesothelium as well as mesonephros. Like the ovary, in its earliest stages it consists of a central mass covered by a surface epithelium. In the central mass, a series of cords appear. These cords run together toward the future hilum and form a network that ultimately becomes the rete testis.

## Function

It appears the function of the rete testis is to mix the sperm as they leave the seminiferous tubules. Sperm leave the seminiferous tubules in the dilute secretions of Sertoli cells. The rete testis does modify the luminal fluids with a limited amount of secretion and reabsorption, but their primary function is to mix and transport the sperm into the efferent ductules, where the major function is reabsorption of about 95% of the fluid, which increases the sperm concentration prior to entering the epididymis.

## Clinical significance

Rete tubular ectasia is a disorder of the rete testis characterized by multiple benign cysts.

## Etymology

English uses the Neo-Latin name for the structure, which simply means "network of the testis".

## Additional images

* Vertical section of the testis, to show the arrangement of the ducts.
* Micrograph of the rete testis involved by seminoma. H&E stain.
* Tubular ectasia of the rete testis
# Retiboletus vinaceipes

Retiboletus vinaceipes is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in the Dominican Republic, it was described as new to science in 2007.
# Reuben Township, Harlan County, Nebraska

Reuben Township is one of sixteen townships in Harlan County, Nebraska, United States. The population was 61 at the 2000 census. A 2006 estimate placed the township's population at 56.
# Rhagovelia magdalena

Rhagovelia magdalena is a species of aquatic bug first found in Vereda La Vega, Río Magdalena, Oporapa, Huila, Colombia.
# Rhagovelia espriella

Rhagovelia espriella is a species of aquatic bug first found in La Espriella, Tumaco, Nariño, Colombia.
# Surjit

Surjit is an Indian given name and may refer to:
* Surjit Bindrakhia, Indian singer and musician of Bhangra music
* Surjit Paatar, Indian poet
* Surjit Singh Randhawa, former captain of the Indian field hockey team
** Surjit Hockey Stadium, Jalandhar, Punja, India
** Surjit Hockey Society
** Surjit Memorial Hockey Tournament, hockey tournament in India
* Surjit Singh Barnala, Indian politician, former Chief Minister of Punjab
* Surjit Kaur Barnala, Sikh politician from Punjab, India
* Surjit Singh Sethi, Indian playwright, novelist, short story writer, lyricist, filmmaker and theatre personality
* Surjit Singh Sandhawalia, judge and former governor of Punjab, India
* Surjit Khan, British-Indian record producer, musician and singer-songwriter
* Surjit Singh Rakhra, Indian politician, and Minister for Rural Development and Panchayat in the Punjab Government.
* Harkishan Singh Surjeet, Indian politician, leader of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)
# WRDO

WRDO (96.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a classic hits format. It is licensed to Fitzgerald, Georgia, United States. The station is currently owned by Broadcast South, LLC and features programming from the Tom Kent Radio Network distributed through United Stations Radio Networks.
The station is managed by Micky Helms, a well-known radio personality and resident of Fitzgerald, Georgia.
Along with programming from the Tom Kent Radio Network, WRDO hosts many different shows and programs from Ben Hill County and surrounding areas including high school football, church services, and community/commerce services.
# Lotte Toberentz

Lotte Toberentz, born Maria Charlotte Toberentz (27 May 1900 – date of death unknown) was the head overseer of the Uckermark concentration camp for girls, a subcamp of Ravensbrück concentration camp, in its early years. From December 1944 to April 1945 she was Lagerführerin (camp leader) of the Ravensbrück concentration camp.
She was tried in the Third Ravensbrück Trials at Hamburg in 1948 for her role as Camp Leader at Uckermark. She was acquitted of all crimes due to a lack of evidence. However, the indictment included only crimes against Allied nationals and German non-conformist girls and young women prisoners. It is clear that she was not tried for crimes in Ravensbrück. Freed after the trial, Toberentz became an official in the German police force.
There is evidence of SS Wardress complicity in the crimes of the Camp Administration. "In late 1944, SS women in Ravensbrueck set up next to the crematorium a provisional gas chamber. Here the SS from late Jan[uary] to April 1945 gassed 5 to 6,000 detainees."
Also, the US Holocaust Museum shows that "in late March 1945, the SS transported about 5,600 female prisoners from Ravensbrück to the Mauthausen and Bergen-Belsen concentration camps. In April 1945, the SS guards forced about 20,000 female prisoners, as well as most of the remaining male prisoners, on a brutal and forced evacuation on foot toward northern Mecklenberg."
# Scarsdale Golf Club

Scarsdale Golf Club is a private golf club located in Hartsdale, New York.

## History

The club contains the Scarsdale Golf Course, founded in 1898, which was designed by famed golf course architect A. W. Tillinghast. Additionally, the club grounds encompass six har-tru tennis courts, an Olympic-size pool, a small pool, four platform tennis courts, a clubhouse, six bowling lanes, and many other structures along the property. Jack Dowling was serving as the club's head professional in 1918.
The clubhouse, built in 1921, was renovated in 2004. When the club was formed on May 31, 1898, the goal was to attract more people (and golfers) to the Scarsdale area and to provide additional recreational activities for families that resided nearby.

### Red Cross 4-ball match

Scarsdale club professional Jack Dowling, who was paired with Tom McNamara in a match held on 15 September 1918 at Scarsdale Golf Club, defeated Chick Evans (national amateur and open champion), and Bobby Jones, in a Red Cross four-ball match on the links of the Scarsdale Golf Club by the score of 1 up. The proceeds from the match were donated to the Red Cross for its war-time efforts during World War I. Dowling took full advantage in winning the match since the event was contested on his home course.

## Scorecard

| Tee | Rating/Slope | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | Out | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | In | Total |
| Blue | 71.5/139 | 345 | 175 | 370 | 400 | 165 | 545 | 430 | 465 | 325 | 3220 | 475 | 160 | 350 | 290 | 455 | 130 | 375 | 365 | 530 | 3130 | 6350 |
| White | 70.3/135 | 350 | 165 | 350 | 375 | 140 | 510 | 380 | 450 | 310 | 3010 | 455 | 150 | 340 | 290 | 450 | 120 | 370 | 355 | 505 | 3035 | 6045 |
| Par | Par | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 35 | 5 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 36 | 71 |
# James Peile (administrator)

Sir James Braithwaite Peile (27 April 1833 – 25 April 1906) was a British administrator during the British Raj, who served as the acting Governor of Bombay in March 1885.

## Life

Born in Liverpool, Peile was educated at Repton School, where his father, Thomas Braithwaite Peile, was headmaster, and then went up to Oriel College, Oxford. He was appointed to the Bombay civil service in 1855. He held a number of positions over the following thirty years, including municipal commissioner of Bombay, political agent in Kathiawar, and vice-chancellor of Bombay University. He was offered, but declined, the position of commissioner of Sind. After a career mostly spent in Bombay, he retired in 1887 and was appointed to the Council of India, a position he held for a further fifteen years.
Politically, he supported increased devolution of powers to the Indian provinces and a limited increase in Indian participation in the civil service.
His son, James Peile, became a clergyman, later Archdeacon of Warwick and Archdeacon of Worcester. His first cousin was the philologist John Peile.
# Highway 99 (Golan Heights and Israel)

Highway 99 is an east-west highway in the Finger of the Galilee in far northeast of Israel and the Golan Heights. It begins in the west at HaMetzodot junction in Kiryat Shmona, and it ends in the east at the Druze city of Mas'ade. After it reaches the Banias tributary, the road follows the path of Sa'ar River. Highway 99 is 24 km long.

## Junctions & Interchanges (West to East)

| District | Location | km | mi | Name | Destinations |
| Northern | Kiryat Shmona | 0 | 0.0 | צומת המצודות (HaMetzudot Junction) | Highway 90 |
| Northern | HaGoshrim | 4 | 2.5 | מחלף הגושרים (HaGoshrim Interchange) | Entrance to HaGoshrim |
| Northern | Hurshat Tal | 5 | 3.1 | צומת חורשת טל (Hurshat Tal Junction) | Route 918 |
| Northern | Snir | 11 | 6.8 | צומת שיאון (Si'on Junction) | Route 999 |
| Northern | Banias | 14 | 8.7 | צומת בניאס (Banias Junction) | Petroleum Road |
| Northern | Sa'ar | 17 | 11 | צומת סער (Sa'ar Junction) | Route 989 |
| Northern | Mas'ade | 24 | 15 | צומת מסעדה (Mas'ade Junction) | Highway 98 |
| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi |||||||

## Places of interest near Highway 99

* Hurshat Tal (חורשת טל)
* Tel Dan (שמורת תל דן)
* Nahal Snir (שמורת נחל שניר)
* Beit Osishkin Museum (מוזיאון בית אוסישקין)
* Banias (בניאס) archaeological site
* Waterfalls of Sa'ar River (נחל סער)
* Resisim Waterfall (מפל רסיסים)
* Odem Forest (יער אודם)
* Birkat Ram (ברכת רם)উঠে 7
# Hooker Field

Hooker Field is a stadium in Martinsville, Virginia. It is primarily used for baseball and is the home of the Martinsville Mustangs of the Coastal Plain League and the Patrick & Henry Community College Patriots. The ballpark has a capacity of 3,200 people. It opened in 1988 and was the home field of the Appalachian League Martinsville Phillies from 1988 through 1998 and the Martinsville Astros from 1999 to 2003.
# Simojovel

Simojovel is a municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas in southern Mexico.
As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 40,297, up from 31,615 as of 2005. It covers an area of 446.99 km$^2$.
The municipality had 145 localities, the largest of which (with 2010 populations in parentheses) were: Simojovel de Allende (10,762), the municipal seat classified as urban, and Pueblo Nuevo Sitala (2,437), La Pimienta (1,755), El Jardín (1,626), La Ceiba (1,275), Las Maravillas (1,204), and Constitución (1,103), classified as rural.

## Economy

Until 1990, the majority of the population worked on the harvest of coffee, but today mining and the Chiapan amber trade are the most important economic activities.
It is also known for its gastronomic traditions inherited from their ancient Mayan ancestors, and for cooking 'zats', a tree worm that grows in 'caulote' trees typical of the region (known there as 'tapaculo'), as well as the 'yervamora', a seasonal vegetable, a chili variety 'simojovel' native to the town region, and the 'suy' prepared food.
Native inhabitants of Simojovel do not allow tourists or foreign visitors interviews, as a measure to protect their patrimony and non-ethical profit.
# Scholls, Oregon

Scholls, Oregon is an unincorporated community in Washington County, Oregon, United States. It is located along the southern shore of the Tualatin River, near the intersection of Oregon Routes 210 and 219. Scholls is located approximately seven miles north of Newberg, seven miles west of Tigard and eight miles south of Hillsboro. The area around Scholls is primarily agricultural.

## History

According to Oregon Geographic Names, the community was named after local pioneer Peter Scholl, who took up a donation land claim in 1847. Scholls was once the site of an important ferry (Scholls Ferry) crossing the Tualatin River between Scholls and nearby Kinton. While the ferry has long since been replaced with a bridge, OR 210 is still known locally as Scholls Ferry Road.
Peter Scholl was a relative of Daniel Boone, probably related through Boone's grandson Alphonso Boone, an Oregon pioneer who built Boones Ferry. A general store has operated in the community since the 1890s, and was purchased by the Petrich family in 1964. The original Petrichs General Store burned down in 1994.
"Scholls Ferry" post office was established in 1871, and the name changed to "Scholls" in 1895. Scholls' ZIP Code is 97123.

## Campo Azul

Campo Azul was a migrant camp located on a farm near Scholls (on the east side of Scholls Ferry Road, on the north bank of the Tualatin River). The camp, which was founded in the 1970s, was named for the color of the housing units which were on the 133-acre (0.54 km$^2$) farm. Historically farmworkers, and in some cases their children, lived on the farm and worked on surrounding area farms. For many decades, as many as 90 or so adults and children lived at the camp. According to The Oregonian, the camp had initially been considered as a location for the New Thought church Living Enrichment Center. Upon the death of Loraine Boggs, the ownership of the camp was in dispute. Only after various legal negotiations was ownership of the farm settled. The farm was sold in 2004, and by 2009 the new owners began operating a U-pick Pumpkin Patch and a livestock sheep operation. Today, the farm is also a rustic venue for private events and celebrations; and a place for community farming.
# Scirpus diffusus

Scirpus diffusus is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family known by the common name umbrella bulrush. It is endemic to California, where it can be found in several of the high mountain ranges from the Klamath Mountains to the Sierra Nevada. It grows in wetland habitat and other moist areas, such as mountain meadows. It is similar to Scirpus congdonii and was described from herbarium specimens once mislabeled as such. It is a perennial herb forming a clump of erect stems growing up to a meter tall, solitary stems sometimes occurring as well. The stems are three-angled and narrow at the middle. Sheathing leaves occur at the stem bases as well as higher up the stems. The inflorescence occurs at the end of the stem, with small additional ones growing from the uppermost leaf axial. The inflorescence consists of several clusters of many spikelets wrapped at the bases in a leaflike bract.
# Scirpus sylvaticus

Scirpus sylvaticus, the wood clubrush, is a species of flowering plant in the sedge family.
Scirpus sylvaticus can reach 1 m, and has triangular stems.
S. sylvaticus widespread in Eurasia, is very common in the European part of Russia and in Southern Siberia. It is most often a coastal species, occurring in wet habitat such as marshes in brackish and saltwater, along swamps, along the banks of water bodies, in marshy forests and in wet meadows. It is a perennial herb growing from a rhizome system with associated tubers.
This plant is an important food source for waterfowl. The seeds are food for birds and other animals, such as muskrats.
# School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University

The School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University and Hospital was founded in 1895 in the city of Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The School of Dental Sciences is part of Newcastle University and the Dental Hospital became part of the Royal Victoria Infirmary and Hospitals Trust in 1992.

## History

The Dental School and Hospital was founded by six dentists and opened on 22 April 1895 in order to provide dental treatment to the public. The Dental School and Hospital became affiliated with the College of Medicine in connection with Durham University from 1911 until 1937, after which it joined Armstrong College, to form King's College, Durham. In 1963 King's College became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. The university now uses the name "Newcastle University".
Sir Arthur Sutherland gave £50,000 to develop the dental school, which was named the Sutherland Dental School in his honour on 29 May 1948. The Sutherland Building was used by the dental school until 1978 and is now part of Northumbria University - built in 1887, designed by Edward Joseph Hansom and Archibald Matthias Dunn, it is a Grade II listed building.
Between its foundation and 1978 the school and hospital occupied a number of sites around Newcastle City Centre, including Nelson Street, Percy Street, Northumberland Road before moving into its current purpose built facilities on Richardson Road.

## Curriculum

The school has approximately 500 undergraduate and post-graduate students. Undergraduates studying Dentistry BDS (5 years) and Oral and Dental Health Sciences BSc (Hons) (3 years) form the largest body of students.

## Research

The majority of research undertaken in the School of Dental Sciences is organised by the Centre for Oral Health Research (COHR).

## Dental Society

The Dental Society is a student society for all dental students at Newcastle University. The society has its own bar named the Crown and Bridge, which is located within the dental school and hosts regular Friday evening events.
# Schreiteria colombiana

Schreiteria colombiana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Monne and Monne in 2006. It is known from Colombia.
# Schandel

Schandel is a small town in the region of Diekirch in Luxembourg. As of 2024, the town has a population of 232.
# Schirinzi

Schirinzi is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Enrico Schirinzi (born 1984), Italian footballer
* Tino Schirinzi (1934–1993), Italian actor and stage director
# Scimitar babbler

The scimitar babblers are birds in the genera Pomatorhinus and Jabouilleia of the large Old World babbler family of passerines. These are birds of tropical Asia, with the greatest number of species occurring in hills of the Himalayas.
Scimitar babblers are rangy, medium-sized, floppy-tailed land birds with soft fluffy plumage. They have strong legs and are quite terrestrial. This group is not strongly migratory, and most species have short rounded wings, and a weak flight.
Scimitar babblers have long, downward-curved bills, used to work through the leaf litter, which give the group its name. They are typically long tailed, dark brown above, and white or orange-brown below. Many have striking head patterns, with a broad black band through the eye, bordered with white above and below.
Most scimitar babblers are jungle species, difficult to observe in the dense vegetation they prefer, but like other babblers, these are noisy birds, and the characteristic bubbling calls are often the best indication that these birds are present.
As with other babbler species, they frequently occur in groups of up to a dozen, and the rain forest species like Indian scimitar babbler often occur in the mixed feeding flocks typical of tropical Asian jungle.
The genera are:
* Pomatorhinus - 15 species
* Jabouilleia - 2 species
# Scimitar syndrome

Scimitar syndrome, or congenital pulmonary venolobar syndrome, is a rare congenital heart defect characterized by anomalous venous return from the right lung (to the systemic venous drainage, rather than directly to the left atrium). This anomalous pulmonary venous return can be either partial (PAPVR) or total (TAPVR). The syndrome associated with PAPVR is more commonly known as Scimitar syndrome after the curvilinear pattern created on a chest radiograph by the pulmonary veins that drain to the inferior vena cava. This radiographic density often has the shape of a scimitar, a type of curved sword. The syndrome was first described by Catherine Neill in 1960.

## Presentation

The anomalous venous return forms a curved shadow on chest x-ray such that it resembles a scimitar. This is called the Scimitar Sign. Associated abnormalities include right lung hypoplasia with associated dextroposition of the heart, pulmonary artery hypoplasia and pulmonary sequestration. Incidence is around 1 per 100,000 births.

## Diagnosis

The diagnosis is made by transthoracic or transesophageal echocardiography and selective pulmonary angiography. More recently by CT angiography or MR Angiography.
Pulmonary angiography demonstrates anomalous arterial supply to right lower lobe.

## Treatment

Surgical correction should be considered in the presence of significant left to right shunting (Qp:Qs ≥ 2:1) and pulmonary hypertension. This involves creation of an inter-atrial baffle to redirect the pulmonary venous return into the left atrium. Alternatively, the anomalous vein can be re-implanted directly into the left atrium.

## History

Scimitar syndrome was first described by George Cooper and Raoul Chassinat in 1836 regarding a rare syndrome that has an abnormal pulmonary vein that drains into inferior vena cava below the diaphragm instead of draining into the left atrium.
# Scimitar-winged piha

The scimitar-winged piha (Lipaugus uropygialis) is a species of bird in the family Cotingidae. It is found in Bolivia and Peru.
Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Scimitar propeller

A scimitar propeller is a type of propeller that has curved blades with increasing sweep along the leading edge. Their name is derived from their visual similarity to the curved blades of scimitars. In the early 1900s, as established by the French aeronautical inventor Lucien Chauvière and his commercial success with his scimitar-shaped Integrale propeller design, they were made of laminated wood. The combination of light weight and efficient aerodynamics results in more power and reduced noise.
All propellers lose efficiency at high rotational speeds due to an effect known as wave drag, which occurs as an airfoil approaches supersonic speeds. This powerful form of drag reduces propeller efficiency at high rotational speed which, in turn, reduces power transmission from the aircraft's engine. In the case of a propeller, this effect can happen when the propeller turns fast enough that the tips of the blades approach the speed of sound, even if the plane itself is not moving forward. Wave drag also occurs at high linear aircraft speeds. According to the same principles that govern swept wings in high-speed aircraft, propeller blades can be swept back in order to mitigate wave drag, thus allowing them to remain efficient at higher rotational speeds. Since the inboard part of a propeller has a slower rotational velocity relative to the tip, the blade becomes progressively more swept from the propeller hub to the tip, giving rise to its characteristic shape.
In the 1940s, NACA started researching swept propellers for use in high-speed propeller-driven aircraft. Modern usage of scimitar propellers centers around turboprop and propfan engines. Since these forms of propulsion are capable of driving a propeller at transsonic or supersonic rotational speeds, as well as propelling aircraft to similarly high speeds, mitigation of wave drag is an important consideration in achieving high aerodynamic efficiency. Like modern straight-bladed propellers, scimitar propellers often make use of lightweight materials to further increase efficiency.
Propfan engines were intended to deliver significant improvements in fuel economy compared to contemporary turbofan engines, and in this they succeeded. In static and air tests on a modified DC-9, propfans reached a 30% improvement. This efficiency comes at a price, as one of the major problems with the propfan is noise, particularly in an era where aircraft are required to comply with increasingly strict EASA and FAA noise requirements for certification. Propfans often feature scimitar blades as they typically operate at high rotational speeds.