OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Supersonic fracture

Supersonic fractures are fractures where the fracture propagation velocity is higher than the speed of sound in the material. This phenomenon was first discovered by scientists from the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research in Stuttgart (Markus J. Buehler and Huajian Gao) and IBM Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California (Farid F. Abraham).
The issues of intersonic and supersonic fracture become the frontier of dynamic fracture mechanics. The work of Burridge initiated the exploration for intersonic crack growth (when the crack tip velocity V is between the shear in wave speed C^8 and the longitudinal wave speed C^1.
Supersonic fracture was a phenomenon totally unexplained by the classical theories of fracture. Molecular dynamics simulations by the group around Abraham and Gao have shown the existence of intersonic mode I and supersonic mode II cracks. This motivated a continuum mechanics analysis of supersonic mode III cracks by Yang. Recent progress in the theoretical understanding of hyperelasticity in dynamic fracture has shown that supersonic crack propagation can only be understood by introducing a new length scale, called χ; which governs the process of energy transport near a crack tip. The crack dynamics is completely dominated by material properties inside a zone surrounding the crack tip with characteristic size equal to χ. When the material inside this characteristic zone is stiffened due to hyperelastic properties, cracks propagate faster than the longitudinal wave speed. The research group of Gao has used this concept to simulate the Broberg problem of crack propagation inside a stiff strip embedded in a soft elastic matrix. These simulations confirmed the existence of an energy characteristic length. This study also had implications for dynamic crack propagation in composite materials. If the characteristic size of the composite microstructure is larger than the energy characteristic length, χ; models that homogenize the materials into an effective continuum would be in significant error. The challenge arises of designing experiments and interpretative simulations to verify the energy characteristic length. Confirmation of the concept must be sought in the comparison of experiments on supersonic cracks and the predictions of the simulations and analysis. While much excitement rightly centres on the relatively new activity related to intersonic cracking, an old but interesting possibility remains to be incorporated in the modern work: for an interface between elastically dissimilar materials, crack propagation that is subsonic but exceeds the Rayleigh wave speed has been predicted for at least some combinations of the elastic properties of the two materials.
# Jilintai I Dam

The Jilintai I Dam is a concrete-face rock-fill embankment dam on the Kash River, 29 km (18 mi) east of Nilka in Xinjiang, China. The dam was constructed between 2001 and 2005 for several purposes but mainly hydroelectric power generation. It supports a 460 MW power station. The Jilintai I is the first of 10 dam projects on the Kash. Construction of Jilintai II, directly downstream, began in May 2008 and the 50 MW power station was commissioned in October 2010. The project, including the diversion dam, was completed in April 2011.
# Perugadu

Perugadu is a village in the
Aranthangirevenue block of Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India.
# Kogler

Kogler or Kögler is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alfred Kogler, Austrian luger
* Armin Kogler (born 1959), Austrian ski jumper
* Ignaz Kögler (1680–1746), German Jesuit missionary in China
* Kaspar Kögler (1838-1923), German painter, illustrator and writer
* Stefan Kögler, Austrian luger
* Walter Kogler (born 1967), Austrian footballer and manager
# Kajita Hanko

Kajita Hanko (梶田半古, July 23, 1870–April 23, 1917) was a Japanese painter.

## Biography

Kajita's birth name was Jojirō Kajita. He was born the son of a metal engraver in Shitaya, Tokyo on July 23, 1870. He studied under Nabeta Gyokuei [ja] and Ohara Koson. He participated in forming several arts organizations, and was best known for creating illustrations for magazines and newspapers.
He married the writer Kitada Usurai in 1898. They had a child, Hiroe, the next year. Kitada died of intestinal tuberculosis soon afterward, in 1900. Kajita died on April 23, 1917, of tuberculosis.
Kajita's students include Kokei Kobayashi, Seison Maeda, and Togyū Okumura, among others.

## Collections

* British Museum
* Metropolitan Museum of Art
* Minneapolis Institute of Art
# Saint-Aignan, Loir-et-Cher

Saint-Aignan (French pronunciation:), also unofficially Saint-Aignan-sur-Cher (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Aignan on Cher) is a commune and town in the Loir-et-Cher department in the administrative region of Centre-Val de Loire, France.

## Geography

Saint-Aignan is located on the river Cher, and is around 35 km (about 21,75 mi) south of Blois.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 2,341 | — |
| 1821 | 2,845 | +0.70% |
| 1846 | 3,146 | +0.40% |
| 1872 | 3,393 | +0.29% |
| 1901 | 3,208 | −0.19% |
| 1926 | 2,768 | −0.59% |
| 1946 | 2,649 | −0.22% |
| 1962 | 3,029 | +0.84% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1968 | 3,445 | +2.17% |
| 1975 | 3,602 | +0.64% |
| 1982 | 3,600 | −0.01% |
| 1990 | 3,672 | +0.25% |
| 1999 | 3,542 | −0.40% |
| 2007 | 3,209 | −1.23% |
| 2012 | 2,993 | −1.38% |
| 2017 | 2,849 | −0.98% |
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :

## Features

Saint-Aignan is known for its quiet nature, its gastronomic products, its castle and church and also its history. In the commune is located the ZooParc de Beauval.
# Çavuşlar, Kızılcahamam

Çavuşlar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızılcahamam, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 61 (2022).
# The Guardian Project

The Guardian Project may refer to:
* The Guardian Project (comics), fictional superhero squad created by Stan Lee
* Guardian Project (software), open-source software development initiative
# St John the Evangelist, Ravenhead

St John the Evangelist, Ravenhead is a Church of England parish church which serves the parish of Ravenhead in St Helens, England. It is one of the over 200 parishes which together form the Anglican Diocese of Liverpool.

## Centres of worship

There is one Anglican church in the parish of Ravenhead. - the parish church of St John the Evangelist. Its mission church, Emmanuel, closed in 2016 when the building and land was sold. The Emmanuel building has now been demolished and the land is the subject of a building development.

## History

St John's Church was built and opened in 1869. Following the First World War, a Memorial Hall was built as an annexe to the church in 1924. The mission church, Emmanuel, opened in 1965 as St John's Mission, though previous buildings on the site were associated with the church as far back as the early 1900s as Sunday schools and a vicarage. The most recent building development was of the St John's Community Centre, which opened at the St John's site in 2004. St John's Church is a listed building.
The Emmanuel building and site were sold in 2016.

## Community centre

During the 1990s, a survey showed that there was significant demand in the area for improved community facilities. Throughout the following decade, the church raised finances to extend facilities at the main parish church to incorporate a new community centre. A sizeable sum of money was needed and raised through donations and grant making bodies. The St John's Centre opened in January 2004.

## Vicars of Ravenhead

Ravenhead has been served by eleven vicars since the opening of St John's Church in 1869. A further minister, Rev. John Angell Jones, was appointed for three months to oversee an interregnum between the death of Rev. H.S. Bolton and the arrival of Rev. J.R. Beresford.
* Rev. Richard Ravenscroft Moore (1869–1884)
* Rev. Harry Sandford Bolton (1884–1923)
* Rev. John Angell Jones (1923, interim)
* Rev. James Richard Beresford (1923–1936)
* Rev. George Goode (1936–1948)
* Rev. Ernest Henshaw (1940–1960)
* Rev. Malcolm Dorrance Whyte (1960–1967)
* Rev. Frank Allred (1967–1975)
* Rev. John Seth Parry (1976–1987)
* Rev. Edward Roy Doran (1988–2009)
* Rev. Terry McFadden (2012 - 2015)
* Rev. Dozie Moneme (2016 - 2020)
* Rev. Gareth Banton (2021 - )
# Los Canadienses (film)

Los Canadienses is a 1976 documentary about the Canadian volunteers who fought in the Spanish Civil War. It was directed by Albert Kish and produced by Tom Daly and Colin Low for the National Film Board of Canada. It won several awards, including the 1977 BAFTA Award for Best Documentary.

## Synopsis

The Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) was a conflict between Spain's Nationalists, a right-wing alliance led by General Francisco Franco’s military junta, and Republicans, a left- and -centre wing group opposing the Nationalist overthrow of the constitutionally-elected government. Forty thousand volunteers from around the world traveled to Spain to fight in the war. Of all nationalities, only France saw more volunteers take part than Canada—1,200 Canadians joined the struggle as the XV International Brigade of the Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion; over half were killed.
As it is illegal for civilian Canadians to participate in foreign wars, survivors were not recognized by military institutions, or in official Canadian histories. Kish sought to give them their due through this film which, though emotional and respectful, does not lapse into sentimentality.

## Awards

* 30th British Academy Film Awards, London: BAFTA Award for Best Documentary, 1977
* Chicago International Film Festival, Chicago: Silver Hugo Award, 1977
* Yorkton Film Festival, Yorkton, Saskatchewan: Golden Sheaf Award, Best Documentary, 1977
* Melbourne Film Festival, Melbourne: TV Award for Best Film Made for TV, 1977
* American Film and Video Festival, New York: Blue Ribbon, International History and Culture, 1977
* International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg, Mannheim: Special Mention from the Fédération internationale de la presse cinématographique, 1976
* International Filmfestival Mannheim-Heidelberg, Mannheim: Special Prize for the Best Film, 1976
# Jinyu Liu

Jinyu Liu (Chinese: 刘津瑜; born 1972) is the acting Betty Gage Holland Professor of Roman History at the Department of History of Emory University. She was a professor of classics at DePauw University, and was a distinguished guest professor at Shanghai Normal University. She is an expert in Roman history, social history, translation, the reception of Graeco-Roman classics in China, and Latin epigraphy.

## Early life and education

Liu was born and raised in China. She received her BA in 1993 and her MA in 1996 from Nanjing University where she studied Greek and Roman history, and Chinese literature and history. She received her PhD from Columbia University in 2004. Her thesis was entitled Occupation, Social Organization, and Public Service in the collegia centonariorum.

## Career

Liu began employment at DePauw University in 2004 as assistant professor. She moved to Emory University in 2023 as the acting Betty Gage Holland Professor of Roman History.
Liu holds a distinguished guest professorship at Shanghai Normal University (2014–). Liu was a keynote speaker at the 2020 annual meeting of the Association of Ancient Historians. She delivered the Clack Lecture at the 2020 annual meeting of the Classical Association of the Atlantic States.

## Books

* Collegia Centonariorum: the Guilds of Textile Dealers in the Roman West (Leiden: Brill, 2009), ISBN 9789004177741
* A Research Guide to the Study of Roman History (in Chinese) (Beijing: Peking University Press, 1st ed, 2014; 2nd ed, 2021) (review, in Chinese)
* New Frontiers of Research on Ovid in a Global Context (2 volumes), (Beijing: Peking University Press, 2021) ISBN 9787301321737 and ISBN 9787301322093
* (ed. with Thomas J. Sienkewicz) Ovid in China. Reception, Translation, and Comparison (Leiden: Brill, 2022) ISBN 9789004467279
# Persistent objector

In international law, a persistent objector is a sovereign state which has consistently and clearly objected to a norm of customary international law since the norm's emergence, and considers itself not bound to observe the norm. The concept is an example of the positivist doctrine that a state can only be bound by norms to which it has consented.
Objection to the emergence of a norm may come in the form of statements declaring a state's position on an existing right, or action in which a state exercises an existing right in the face of an emerging norm which would threaten that right. Statements made at the time of a rule's establishment, such as in a reservation to a treaty, offer the clearest expression of a state's objection, but objections might also be expressed during treaty negotiations and even in statements by domestic lawmakers accompanying purely municipal legislation.
Judicial support for the persistent objector rule is weak. The International Court of Justice has discussed the persistent objector rule in dicta in two cases: the Asylum case (Colombia v Peru, [1950] ICJ 6) and the Fisheries case (United Kingdom v Norway, [1951] ICJ 3). The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights rejected an attempted assertion of the persistent objector defence in Domingues v United States (2002) on the ground that the prohibition against the juvenile death penalty to which the United States objected was not merely customary international law but jus cogens, a norm from which no derogation was permitted. However, this could also be read as confirming that a persistent objector defence may successfully overcome a norm of international human rights law which has not attained the status of jus cogens.
Stronger support for the rule can be found in the writings of certain jurists. The American Law Institute was historically a major contributor to developing a "comprehensive theory" of persistent objection through its 1987 Third Restatement of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States, part of its Restatements of the Law series.
# Kallaste, Saaremaa Parish

Kallaste is a village in Saaremaa Parish, Saare County in western Estonia.
Before the administrative reform in 2017, the village was in Kihelkonna Parish.
# Saint Alexander

Saint Alexander may refer to one of several saints including:
* Pope Alexander I (died 115), saint and pope
* See Epipodius and Alexander for Saint Alexander, martyred in Lyon, 178 AD
* Alexander of Rome (died c. 289), Christian martyr
* Alexander of Bergamo (died c. 303), patron saint of Bergamo; may have been a Roman soldier
* Alexander of Constantinople (born between 237 and 244–337), bishop of Byzantium and the bishop of Constantinople
* Alexander of Jerusalem (d. 251 AD), venerated as a Martyr and Saint by Eastern Orthodox Churches & Roman Catholic Church
* Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263), Grand Prince of Novgorod and Vladimir
* Alexander Sauli, the "Apostle of Corsica", (1535–1592), member of an illustrious Lombard family
* Alexander of Comana (died 251), bishop of Comana
* Pope Alexander I of Alexandria, Patriarch of Alexandria
* Alexander Svirsky (1448–1533), Eastern Orthodox saint, monk and hegumen of Russian Orthodox Church
* One of the seven sons of Felicitas of Rome (101–165)
* Sisinnius, Martyrius and Alexander (died 405), martyrs
* Saint Alexander, a companion of St. Victor of Marseilles (died 290)
* Alexander Schmorell (1917–1943), member of the White Rose
# Y. M. Nawaratna Banda

Yapa Mudiyanselage Nawaratna Banda is a Sri Lankan politician and a former member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka.
# The Guilty Feminist

The Guilty Feminist is a feminist comedy podcast hosted by Deborah Frances-White. Created by Frances-White and Sofie Hagen in 2015, the podcast features guests on a panel to discuss topics on and related to feminism, and is recorded in front of a live audience.

## Overview

The podcast was created by Deborah Frances-White and Sofie Hagen in December 2015. The idea for the podcast came from the pair having lunch together and often sharing their hypocrisies and double standards with each other. Hagen and Frances-White co-hosted the podcast until September 2016 when Hagen left. Since then a range of guests have co-hosted each episode. The podcast is recorded in front of a live audience and each episode lasts approximately 45 minutes.
Each episode begins with short stories starting with the words "I'm a feminist, but...", with the episode's hosts admitting to moments where they have done or thought something that an ideal feminist wouldn't. Episodes are based around a theme, and topics of discussion have included stereotypes, hair removal, periods, not having children, or purchase of cosmetics. The presenters set themselves weekly challenges, and at the end of each episode audience members are invited to ask the panel questions.
The show has featured guests such as Shappi Khorsandi, Gemma Arterton, Dawn O'Porter, and Aisling Bea. Frances-White aims to create diverse and inclusive panels of guests. In 2023, the house of The Guilty Feminist also launched Media Storm, a news podcast hosted by journalists Mathilda Mallinson and Helena Wadia, featuring underrepresented individuals who are rarely given a chance to voice their lived experience.

## Reception

The podcast was shortlisted for an Internet Award in the 2017 Chortle Awards and nominated for Best Podcast in the 2017 Audio & Radio Industry Awards. In The Guardian's 2017 list of best podcasts, Kathryn Bromwich listed The Guilty Feminist as one of her six favourite podcasts in the 'sex, life and relationships' category.
To date, the podcast has been downloaded over 100 million times.
# Stagecoach Cambridgeshire

Stagecoach Cambridgeshire was a bus company in England, which was part of the Stagecoach Group.
Its headquarters were in Cambridge, and it operated services under the following brand names:
* Stagecoach in Cambridge, the trading name of Cambus Ltd. (demerged from the Eastern Counties Omnibus Company in 1984)
* Stagecoach in Peterborough, the trading name of the Viscount Bus and Coach Company Ltd. (demerged as a subsidiary of Cambus Holdings Ltd. in 1989)
* Stagecoach in Huntingdonshire, the trading name of Stagecoach in The Fens Ltd. (originally part of the United Counties Omnibus Company operated by Stagecoach East from 1989 until the company acquired Cambus Holdings in 1995 and opted to divest the Huntingdon and District business to prevent the acquisition being referred to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission; the operations were reacquired by Stagecoach in 2008)
In 2010, these services were merged into Stagecoach East (formed in 1999, from Stagecoach in Northants and Stagecoach in Bedford); at the same time, Stagecoach in Northants was transferred to Stagecoach Midlands.

## Depots

* Cambridge
* Ely
* Huntingdon (Fenstanton)
* Peterborough
# Surendra florimel

Surendra florimel, the Eastern acacia blue a species of lycaenid or hairstreak butterfly found in South-East Asia.

## Range

Southern Burma, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Nias and Borneo.

## Description

In the male, the wings above are deep shining purplish blue, with a black apical border on the forewing, and on the hindwing both the costal and inner margins are broadly black bordered. The female is plain brown, with diffuse darker borders. The underside is brown, with a darker brown band across the wing from apex to the middle of the dorsum.
* Male, underside, southern Thailand
* Female, upperside, southern Thailand
* Female, underside, southern Thailand
* Male Courvoisier Collection, Basel
# Jinyu

Jinyu may refer to:
* Jinyu, the Chinese name for Jin Chinese, a subdivision of spoken Chinese
* Jinyu (given name), a Chinese given name
* Jinyu station (Chongqing Rail Transit), a station on Line 3 (Chongqing Rail Transit)
* Jinyu station (Fuzhou Metro), a station on Line 2 (Fuzhou Metro)
* Jinyu Hutong station, a station on Line 8 (Beijing Subway)
# Persistent poverty county

A persistent poverty county is a classification for counties in the United States that have had a relatively high rate of poverty over a long period.
A 2009 U.S. federal law defined a persistent poverty county as one in which "20 percent or more of its population [has lived] in poverty over the past 30 years" according to the Census, which is done every 10 years. The Economic Research Service (ERS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture categorizes non-metropolitan counties by their dominant economic foundation and by characteristic policy type. Persistent poverty counties are defined as those where 20% or more of the county population in each of the last four decennial Censuses had poverty level household incomes.
In 2000, there were 386 such counties concentrated largely in the Delta South, Central Appalachia, Rio Grande Valley, the Northern Great Plains, and western Alaska. The average poverty rate in these counties was approximately 29% in 1989.
A 2020 GAO study identified 409 persistent poverty counties, as measured by the 1990 and 2000 censuses and the 2017 Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates. These counties are largely rural and predominantly located in the South.
Many of these counties are served by the Delta Regional Authority or Appalachian Regional Commission.
Note: This data does not include unincorporated territories of the United States.
# Kollet

Kollet may refer to:
* Kollet, Labé, a sub-prefecture in Guinea
* Kollet, Télimélé, a sub-prefecture in Guinea
# Kabalapur (Bharmyanatti)

Kabalapur (Bharmyanatti) is a village in Belgaum district in Karnataka, India.

## Hallur

* ↑ Village Directory Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, 2001 Census of India
15°57′N 74°38′E﻿ / ﻿15.950°N 74.633°E﻿ / 15.950; 74.633
* This article related to a location in Belgaum taluk, Belgaum district, Karnataka, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Saint Barts blind snake

The Saint Barts blind snake (Antillotyphlops annae) is a species of blind snake in the family Typhlopidae. The species is endemic to the Caribbean island of Saint Barthélemy, an overseas collectivity of France. The species was first described in 1999, and it is still not well known.

## Etymology

The specific name, annae, is in honor of Anne Breuil, who is the wife of the describer.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of A. annae is forest.

## Reproduction

A. annae is oviparous.
# The Guitar Show

The Guitar Show is a guitar exhibition held annually in Cranmore Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
The show typically invites multiple guitar brands to show their latest releases for the coming year, such as Fender, Gibson, Marshall, Orange, Blackstar, Laney, and Ibanez. The show also invites a number of artists. For example, the 2016 show featured Thin Lizzy and Black Star Riders guitarist Scott Gorham, who did a meet and greet on the Marshall Amplification stand.

## Competitions

The 2016 show offered a number of prizes and competitions. Among these was a competition to "Beat the Devil" in a guitar duel on the Ernie Ball Musicman stage.
# Stane Street (Colchester)

Stane Street is a 39 mi (63 km) Roman road that runs from Ermine Street at Braughing, Hertfordshire to Colchester in Essex.

## Route

Stane Street can be traced easily on an Ordnance Survey map as much of it has been incorporated into modern-day roads or still exists as paths, byways and tracks.
It joins the A120 just east of Standon. From here on, the route of Stane Street has been used as the A120 (pre-bypasses of various towns) all the way to Colchester, namely:
* Heading east through Little Hadham and into Bishop's Stortford, where the road goes missing across the river valley, replaced by the Anglo-Saxon crossing of the River Stort some 600 metres to the south of the Roman crossing.
* East across the M11 and along the (old A120) B1256 through Takeley and into Great Dunmow, where the new A120 bypasses the old A120, which itself bypasses the centre of town and Stane Street.
* East towards and through Rayne and Braintree, then Coggeshall, Marks Tey and finally arriving in Colchester.