OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Growth attenuation

Growth attenuation is an elective medical treatment which involves administering estrogen to cause closure of the epiphyses of the bones (Epiphyseal plates), resulting in a reduced adult height. Since the 1960s this treatment has been performed primarily on children growing toward an adult height considered unacceptably excessive by their parents and doctors. The cultural consensus of what is considered an excessive height justifying treatment has differed in Europe and North America and has risen over the last 4 decades.
Most of the children treated have been girls, with larger numbers treated in Europe than in North America. The height considered unacceptable by parents and doctors has become substantially taller over the last few decades. Very few boys have ever been treated for excessive tallness in North America, but this also has been done more often in Europe. Growth attenuation treatment has caused some controversy with news of the Ashley Treatment administered to a developmentally disabled girl. This has been criticised as denying the human rights of disabled people.
# Guillaume d'Ercuis

Guillaume d'Ercuis (1265 – 1314/15) was the almoner to King Philip III of France and the tutor of his son, King Philip IV. He was a royal notary, and, as one of the King's men, a canon of the cathedrals of Laon, Noyon, Senlis, Mello, Marchais and of Reims, archdeacon of Laon and of Thiérache. He derived his name from his small seigneurie of Ercuis (Old French Arcuys or Erquez; Latin Arquetum) in the Beauvaisis between Neuilly-en-Thelle and Cires-lès-Mello, about 55 km from Paris. At Ercuis he erected a chapel dedicated to Virgin Mary, served by the monks of the Abbey of St Genevieve, Paris.
His parents were Guillaume d’Ercuis (1240-1302) and Helisende. His brother was called Jean; he was a servant to Philip IV.
Guillaume d'Ercuis kept a journal, his livre de raison noting his expenses for the purchase of domains, of furnishings and books. Some annotations relate to his personal life and to court life.
His descendant, H. Coustant d'Yanville, published a Notice sur Guillaume d'Ercuis, précepteur de Philippe le Bel (Beauvais 1864).
# Guioa semiglauca

Guioa semiglauca, known as the guioa or wild quince, is a rainforest tree of eastern Australia It grows from Kioloa (35° S) near Batemans Bay in southern New South Wales to Eungella National Park (20° S) in tropical Queensland. It grows in many different types of rainforest, particularly common in regenerating areas and on sand in littoral rainforest.

## Description

Guioa semiglauca grows to around 25 m tall and 43 cm in diameter, but it may flower and fruit when only 6 m tall. The outer bark is smooth and the trunk is fluted. It is similar to coachwood, however it is more fluted and irregular.
The veiny leaflets are pinnate and measure up to 10 cm long. The midrib extends beyond the leaf to form a tiny tip. They are green above and whitish (glaucous) below. The yellow/green flowers form around September to November. The fruiting capsule matures from January to May. The seeds are oval covered by a thin layer of fleshy aril. Fruit eaten by a large variety of birds, including the Australian king parrot.

## Uses

Indigenous Australians used the saponin in the bark as a fish poison.

## Gallery

* Stand of trees on the Illawarra Escarpment south west of Kiama
* Fluted trunk
* Underside of leaves
* Female flowers
* Male flowers
* Fruit
# Guiomar Madalena de Sá e Vilhena

Guiomar Madalena de Sá e Vilhena (1705-1789), was a Portuguese businessperson.
She inherited a major shipping company in Madeira from her father and childless brother in 1766 and became an important member of the history of the island, dominating in financial affairs for decades.
# Guglielmo Janni

Guglielmo Janni (1892–1958) was an Italian painter belonging to the modern movement of the Scuola romana (Roman School).

## Biography

Son of a renowned Roman family – his father Giuseppe was a lawyer and his mother Teresa Belli was the niece of famous Italian poet Giuseppe Gioachino Belli – Janni was to be strongly influenced by his inherited literary background. He graduated at law in 1914 and, just after World War I, he attended an Art Nouveau decorative course at the Academy of Fine Arts in Rome, while studying philosophy and literature on his own.
In 1921, he exhibited at the 1st Biennale of Rome and around 1924 he was called to decorate the Headquarters of the Banca d'Italia, where he painted a mural on the history of Italian coinage. Between 1926 and 1927 he collaborated successively with the Ministry of the Interior and Ministry of Justice, with the Istituto Nazionale delle Assicurazioni and with Montecatini Terme. During this period (1923–1928), his main themes involved religious motifs and he exhibited his work at the II Biennale of Rome; at the Franciscan Art Contest of Milan; at the Art Show of the National Artists Association of Florence. Janni also became a lifelong friend of painter Alberto Ziveri.
In 1928, Janni painted a fresco in the votive chapel of St. Bartholomew ("Monument to the Fallen") at Busseto (Parma), with influences from Piero della Francesca. He was congratulated by art critic Roberto Longhi, who praised Janni's literary style of painting – an appropriate evaluation, as the artist's figurative work had acquired a "vocation to myth" that will be reflected in all his subsequent work: he will convey it through a tormented and sensual contemplation of the virile form, often concealed by an ambiguous and mundane veil: his "Endymion" of 1931 confirms this fully.
Giuseppe Ungaretti presented in a relevant catalogue, Janni's first personal exhibition at the Galleria della Cometa, in Rome in 1936, where many important paintings were displayed, among which: Figura d'aprile, Giovani atleti, Lo specchio, Figura di Balletto. Highly acclaimed by public and art critics, he organised again at the same Gallery a second personal exhibition and, in 1936, he attended the Biennale di Venezia and displayed three paintings at the Modern Italian Art Expo of Budapest.
After a visit to the Universal Exposition of Paris with Alberto Ziveri in 1937, Janni suffered an existential crisis and abandoned painting completely. He then decided to dedicate the rest of his life to studying, editing and cataloguing his grandfather Belli's unpublished writings, stored in the family library. Janni died while doing this labouring work, which included a monumental biographical opus on Belli's life and poetry, in ten volumes.
# Gulborg Nygaard

Gulborg Nygaard (18 April 1902 – 17 April 1991) was a Norwegian politician for the Liberal Party.
She served as a deputy representative to the Norwegian Parliament from Vest-Agder during the term of 1954–1957.
# Gunzwil

Gunzwil was a municipality within the district of Sursee, in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 it merged with the municipality of Beromünster, becoming a village inside the new municipality of Beromünster.

## History

Gunzwil was first mentioned in 1036 as Gunczwilare, though the only existing document that mentions this is a 14th Century copy. In 1173 it was mentioned as in Gunzewile.

## Geography

Gunzwil has an area of 23.2 km$^2$ (9.0 sq mi). Of this area, 78.5% was used for agricultural purposes, while 15% was forested. Of the rest of the land, 6.3% was settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.1%) was non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
The municipality was located between the Suren- and Seetal valleys. It consisted of the village of Gunzwil and numerous hamlets. Since 1 January 2009 it has been part of Beromünster. The merged municipality has an area of 29.35 km$^2$ (11.33 sq mi) and a population of 4,588 of which 10.1% are foreign.

## Demographics

Gunzwil had a population (as of 2007) of 1,875, of which 5.6% were foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years, the population has decreased at a rate of -1.5%. Most of the population (as of 2000) spoke German (94.9%), with Albanian second most common (2.2%), and Italian third (0.5%).
In the 2007 election, the most popular party was the CVP, which received 41.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (30.4%), the FDP (16.5%) and the Green Party (5.5%).
The age distribution of the population (as of 2000) was: children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 30% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 59%, and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 11%. The entire Swiss population is generally well educated. In Gunzwil, about 71.3% of the population (between the ages of 25 and 64) had completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either University or a Fachhochschule).
As of 2005, there were 339 people employed in the primary economic sector, and about 112 businesses involved in this sector. 169 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 26 businesses in this sector. 228 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 42 businesses in this sector. Gunzwil had an unemployment rate of 0.86%.
The historical population is given in the following table:
| year | population |
| 1456 | c. 335 |
| around 1695 | c. 894 |
| 1798 | 1,181 |
| 1816 | 1,619 |
| 1850 | 1,806 |
| 1900 | 1,439 |
| 1950 | 1,583 |
| 2000 | 1,857 |
# Guoli

Guoli may refer to these towns in China:
* Guoli, Zoucheng (郭里), in Zoucheng, Shandong
* Guoli, Huantai County (果里), in Huantai County, Shandong
# Guoliang Tunnel

The Guoliang Tunnel (Chinese: 郭亮洞) is carved along the side of and through a mountain in China. The tunnel links the village of Guoliang to the outside through the Taihang Mountains which are situated in Huixian, Xinxiang, Henan Province of China.

## History

The village was named after a fugitive rebel during the Han dynasty, who had fought an overwhelming imperial force to a standstill utilizing the extreme local terrain. Before the tunnel was constructed, access to the nearby village of Guoliang Village was restricted to a difficult path carved into the mountainside. The village is nestled in a valley surrounded by towering mountains cut off from outside civilization.
To ease the villagers' access to outside world, a group of villagers led by Shen Mingxin made plans in 1972 to carve a road into the side of the mountain. They sold their livestock to raise funds to buy tools and materials. Thirteen villagers began the project, with one dying during construction. Without access to power tools, they undertook construction mostly with hammers and chisels. At the most difficult stage, the tunnel progressed at a rate of one metre every three days. It is 1.2 kilometres (0.75 mi) long, 5 metres (16 ft) tall and 4 metres (13 ft) wide.
The tunnel opened to traffic on 1 May 1977. Its creation has turned the village into a tourist attraction. The area has also been used as a film location.
# Linda Diane Barnes

L. Diane Barnes obtained her Ph.D. in History at West Virginia University and is an associate professor at Youngstown State University. She is the editor-in-chief of the academic journal Ohio History. Barnes is married to Benjamin Barnes.
She is the author, editor or co-editor of several books:
* The Irish in Youngstown and the Greater Mahoning Valley, Arcadia, 2004. ISBN 0-7385-3218-5
* Artisan Workers in the Upper South : Petersburg, Virginia, 1820-1865, Louisiana State University Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8071-3313-2
* The Old South’s Modern Worlds : Slavery, Region, and Nation in the Age of Progress, with Brian Schoen and Frank Towers. Oxford University Press, 2011. ISBN 978-0-19-538401-7
* Frederick Douglass : Reformer and Statesman, Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-89111-0
* Frederick Douglass : a Life in Documents, University of Virginia Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-8139-3435-8
# Mount Jagged, South Australia

Mount Jagged is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located about 55 kilometres (34 miles) south of the state capital of Adelaide and about 16 kilometres (9.9 miles) north-west and 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) north respectively of the municipal seats of Goolwa and Victor Harbor.
The boundaries were created in August 1998 for the part in the District Council of Victor Harbor and then again in August 2000 for the part in the Alexandrina Council. Its name is derived from Mount Jagged, a hill located within its boundaries.
The Victor Harbor Road passes through the locality. Land use within Mount Jagged is limited to non-broadacre farming and horticulture due to its location within a zone for the protection of groundwater intended to supply the needs of the town of Mount Compass.
Mount Jagged is located within the federal division of Mayo, the state electoral district of Finniss and the local government areas of the Alexandrina Council and the City of Victor Harbor.
# Lord Marshall

Lord Marshall may refer to:
* Horace Brooks Marshall, 1st Baron Marshall of Chipstead (1865–1936), British publisher, newspaper distributor and Lord Mayor of London
* Frank Marshall, Baron Marshall of Leeds (1915–1990), leader of Leeds City Council
* Walter Marshall, Baron Marshall of Goring (1932–1996), British physicist and chairman of the Central Electricity Generating Board
* Colin Marshall, Baron Marshall of Knightsbridge (1933–2012), chairman and chief executive officer of British Airways
# Prunus buxifolia

Prunus buxifolia is a species of tree in the family Rosaceae. It is endemic to Colombia, where it is called chuwacá.

## Distribution and habitat

Prunus buxifolia is native to the montane forests of the eastern Colombian Andes, between 2,500 and 3,650 metres (8,200 and 11,980 feet) of elevation.
# Oldfield River

The Oldfield River is an ephemeral river in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia that rises 95 kilometres (59 mi) inland from the South Coast at the edge of the Yilgarn plateau. The river starts at 300 metres (984 ft) above sea level then flows in a south easterly direction crossing the South Coast Highway near Munglinup.
The river gently undulates through sandstone forming gentle valleys with many granite outcrops, the river then carves deeper valleys through the siltstone before entering the coastal plain. The river is then joined by its tributary, the Munglinup River, before flowing into the Oldfield estuary which discharges into the Southern Ocean. The only other tributary of the Oldfield River is Coujinup Creek.
The river is regarded as saline with high nutrient levels, moderate sedimentation, moderate fringing vegetation and has a low flood risk.

## The European Naming of the Oldfield River

Named as Oldfield river by the settler Michael Simon Dempster in a letter written in 1866, the river is thought to have been named after Augustus Frederick Oldfield a plant collector who was active around the south coast of Western Australia. The river was most likely named by Albert Young Hassell of Jerramungup who explored the area in 1861.
There appears to be some conjecture regarding the European naming of the Oldfield River. One theory is the river was named by the settler Michael Simon Dempster, in a letter written in 1866, after Augustus Frederick Oldfield, a plant collector who was active around the south coast of Western Australia. Another is the river was most likely named by Albert Young Hassell of Jerramungup who explored the area in 1861. However, in early 2022, a staff member at the National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL) catalogued a specimen of Hibbertia racemosa (Endl.) Gilg., collected on the Oldfield River, with a hand written annotation by Ferdinand von Mueller stating "This river was named by me. F.M.", no doubt after his colleague Augustus Frederick Oldfield.
# WOFE

WOFE or WofE may refer to:
* WOFE (FM), a radio station (98.9 FM) licensed to serve Byrdstown, Tennessee, United States
* WXRH, a radio station (580 AM) licensed to serve Rockwood, Tennessee, which held the call sign WOFE until 2008
* WIHG, a radio station (105.7 FM) licensed to serve Rockwood, Tennessee, which held the call sign WOFE-FM from 1990 to 2003
See also:
# Operation Tiger Hound

Operation Tiger Hound was a covert U.S. 2nd Air Division, later Seventh Air Force and U.S. Navy Task Force 77 aerial interdiction campaign conducted in southeastern Laos from 5 December 1965 till 11 November 1968, during the Vietnam War. The purpose of the operation was to interdict the flow of People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) supplies on the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the Truong Son Strategic Supply Route to the North Vietnamese) from the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), through southeastern Laos, and into the northern provinces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The missions were originally controlled by the 2d Air Division until that headquarters was superseded by the Seventh Air Force on 1 April 1966.
The geographic boundary of the operation was carved from the area of Laos already under bombardment under Operation Steel Tiger. This was done at the behest of the American commander in South Vietnam, General William C. Westmoreland, who saw the area of Laos that bordered the five northernmost provinces of South Vietnam as an extension of his area of operations. The U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff agreed. Unlike Operation Barrel Roll and Steel Tiger, however, the bombing in the new area would be conducted by aircraft of the Republic of Vietnam Air Force and by U.S. Air Force units based in South Vietnam (aircraft participating in Barrel Roll and Steel Tiger were generally based in Thailand).
By the end of 1968 and the absorption of Tiger Hound operations by Operation Commando Hunt, 103,148 tactical air sorties had been flown over Laos. These missions were supplemented by 1,718 B-52 Stratofortress sorties under Operation Arc Light. During the same time period, 132 U.S. aircraft or helicopters were shot down over Laos.
# One of Many

One of Many may refer to:
* One of Many (film), 1917
* One of Many (Kenny Wheeler album) 2011
* One of Many (Eric Lau album) 2013
# Tony Salmons

Thomas Anthony "Tony" Salmons (born January 1, 1957) is an American alternative comic book artist, film storyboard artist, and character designer.

## Biography

Born in Rolla, Missouri, Salmons grew up in Casa Grande, Arizona, with stops in New York City and San Francisco. Salmons now lives and works in Los Angeles and has two daughters.
Salmons illustrated the comic book mini-series The Strange Adventures of H.P. Lovecraft, from Image Comics, later collected in trade paperback.

## Works
### Television

* Batman: The Animated Series, Season 1, 1992, Warner Bros.
* Æon Flux, 1995, MTV.

### Books/Comics

* Amazing High Adventure #1, 1984, Marvel.
* Batman: Gotham Knights #4, 2000, DC.
* Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight #85, 1996, DC.
* Captain America: Red, White & Blue, hardcover, 2002, Marvel.
* Conan Saga #76, 1984, Marvel.
* 2000 AD, Crisis #40, 1990, Fleetway.
* Dakota North #1-5, 1986–87, Marvel.
* Dark Horse Presents #6-7, 9-10, 1986, Dark Horse.
* Doctor Strange #64, 1984, Marvel.
* Doomed #2, 2006, IDW.
* Dragon's Teeth #1, 1983, Clegg.
* First Six-Pack #2, First.
* The Foot Soldiers #2, 1997, Image.
* 411 #1, 2003, Marvel.
* Gangland #4, 1998, DC/Vertigo.
* G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero #69, 87-88, 91, 1988–89, Marvel.
* G.I. Joe Yearbook #4, 1988, Marvel.
* Heartthrobs #2, 1998, DC/Vertigo.
* Heroes Against Hunger #1, 1986, DC.
* Jon Sable Freelance #54-55, 1987–88, First.
* Justice #5, 1987, Marvel.
* The Mark #1, 1987, Dark Horse.
* Marvel Comics Presents #9, 1988, Marvel.
* Marvel Fanfare #17, 19, 27, 1984–86, Marvel.
* Marvel Vision #16, 28, 1997–98, Marvel.
* Nightmask #1, 1986, Marvel.
* Penthouse Comix #22-23, 1997, Penthouse.
* Penthouse Men's Adventure Comix #3, 1995, Penthouse.
* Peter Porker #8, 1986, Marvel.
* Savage Sword of Conan #107, 109, 113, 118, 165, 1984–85, 1989, Marvel.
* Savage Tales #3, 1985, Marvel.
* Star Wars #91, 1985, Marvel.
* Strange Adventures of HP Lovecraft #1-4, 2008–2009, Image.
* Taboo #9, 1995, Kitchen Sink.
* Timeslip Collection #1, 1998, Marvel.
* Vigilante: City Lights, Prairie Justice #1-4, 1995, DC/Vertigo.
* Web of Spider-Man Annual #1, 1985, Marvel.
# Oneida marmorata

Oneida marmorata is a species of snout moth in the genus Oneida. It is found in Costa Rica.
# Tomáš Pajonk

Tomáš Pajonk (born 11 August 1981 in Havířov) is a Czech politician and businessman. He was the leader of the Party of Free Citizens.

## Biography

Pajonk was born in 1981. He studied at the University of Economics, Prague. He later started his own business, and in 2012 he joined Party of Free Citizens. He soon became the leader of the party's Zlín regional branch. He stood in the 2016 regional election and became a member of the Zlín regional assembly.
Pajonk ran for party's leadership in November 2017. He received over 50% of votes and defeated the incumbent leader Petr Mach.
# Opuntia mantaroensis

Opuntia mantaroensis, the Río Mantaro prickly pear, is a species of prickly pear cactus in the family Cactaceae. It was described by Alessandro Guiggi, an Italian botanist.

## Distribution and ecology

Opuntia mantaroensis primarily grows in the Mantaro Valley (Río Mantaro Valley), Huancavelica, Peru, where scattered individuals and localities have been identified. Its range is within the dry-tropical zone of Peru, where it grows in-between other species of prickly pear cactus.
Its habitat is usually temperate, with a rainy season from November to April, a winter season from May to July, and a dry season from August to October.
The Mantaro Valley's elevation is moderately high, being 3,150 m (10,334 feet) to 4,200 m (13,779 feet), making Opuntia mantaroensis a high elevation cactus species.

## Conservation and classification

No conservation status has been evaluated for Opuntia mantaroensis yet, but there could be one in the future.
Opuntia mantaroensis was originally assigned under the species Opuntia inaequilateralis, but was later assigned to its own species. Friedrich Ritter (German botanist) had mistakenly misidentified the two species, which resulted in its misclassification.
# Tony Gulotta

Anthony Gulotta (August 4, 1903 – March 2, 1981) was an American racing driver active in the 1920s and 1930s.

## Racing career

Gulotta competed in American Championship Car Racing and finished eighth in the 1927 National Championship driving a Miller, finishing third in the 1927 Indianapolis 500. After that season primarily focused on the Indianapolis 500. In the 1928 Indianapolis 500 Gulotta was leading less than 18 laps from the finish when his fuel line clogged forcing him to stop for repairs. He ultimately finished tenth. In all, he made thirteen starts in the Indy 500 with a best finish of third in 1927, his second start.

## Motorsports career results
### Indianapolis 500 results

| Year | Car | Start | Qual | Rank | Finish | Laps | Led | Retired |
| 1926 | 31 | 12 | 102.789 | 13 | 11 | 142 | 0 | Flagged |
| 1927 | 27 | 27 | 107.765 | 22 | 3 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| 1928 | 8 | 4 | 117.031 | 4 | 10 | 200 | 33 | Running |
| 1929 | 23 | 11 | 112.146 | 15 | 17 | 91 | 0 | Supercharger |
| 1930 | 9 | 20 | 100.033 | 18 | 20 | 79 | 0 | Valve |
| 1931 | 37 | 19 | 111.725 | 6 | 18 | 167 | 0 | Crash T4 |
| 1932 | 25 | 20 | 108.896 | 34 | 13 | 184 | 0 | Flagged |
| 1933 | 34 | 12 | 113.578 | 15 | 7 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| 1934 | 8 | 7 | 113.733 | 13 | 17 | 94 | 0 | Rod |
| 1935 | 44 | 6 | 115.459 | 11 | 21 | 102 | 0 | Magneto |
| 1937 | 38 | 7 | 118.788 | 16 | 8 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| 1938 | 17 | 4 | 122.499 | 6 | 17 | 130 | 0 | Rod |
| 1939 | 62 | 27 | 121.749 | 24 | 11 | 200 | 0 | Running |
| Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | 1989 | 33 | |
| Starts | 13 |
| Poles | 0 |
| Front Row | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Top 5 | 1 |
| Top 10 | 4 |
| Retired | 6 |