OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mandelstam variables

In theoretical physics, the Mandelstam variables are numerical quantities that encode the energy, momentum, and angles of particles in a scattering process in a Lorentz-invariant fashion. They are used for scattering processes of two particles to two particles. The Mandelstam variables were first introduced by physicist Stanley Mandelstam in 1958.
If the Minkowski metric is chosen to be $\mathrm {diag} (1,-1,-1,-1)$, the Mandelstam variables $s,t,u$ are then defined by
   * $s=(p_{1}+p_{2})^{2}c^{2}=(p_{3}+p_{4})^{2}c^{2}$
   * $t=(p_{1}-p_{3})^{2}c^{2}=(p_{4}-p_{2})^{2}c^{2}$
   * $u=(p_{1}-p_{4})^{2}c^{2}=(p_{3}-p_{2})^{2}c^{2}$,
where p$_1$ and p$_2$ are the four-momenta of the incoming particles and p$_3$ and p$_4$ are the four-momenta of the outgoing particles.
$s$ is also known as the square of the center-of-mass energy (invariant mass) and $t$ as the square of the four-momentum transfer.

## Feynman diagrams

The letters s,t,u are also used in the terms s-channel (timelike channel), t-channel, and u-channel (both spacelike channels). These channels represent different Feynman diagrams or different possible scattering events where the interaction involves the exchange of an intermediate particle whose squared four-momentum equals s,t,u, respectively.
       s-channel t-channel u-channel
For example, the s-channel corresponds to the particles 1,2 joining into an intermediate particle that eventually splits into 3,4: the s-channel is the only way that resonances and new unstable particles may be discovered provided their lifetimes are long enough that they are directly detectable. The t-channel represents the process in which the particle 1 emits the intermediate particle and becomes the final particle 3, while the particle 2 absorbs the intermediate particle and becomes 4. The u-channel is the t-channel with the role of the particles 3,4 interchanged.
When evaluating a Feynman amplitude one often finds scalar products of the external four momenta. One can use the Mandelstam variables to simplify these:
$p_{1}\cdot p_{2}={\frac {s/c^{2}-m_{1}^{2}-m_{2}^{2}}{2}}$
$p_{1}\cdot p_{3}={\frac {m_{1}^{2}+m_{3}^{2}-t/c^{2}}{2}}$
$p_{1}\cdot p_{4}={\frac {m_{1}^{2}+m_{4}^{2}-u/c^{2}}{2}}$
Where $m_{i}$ is the mass of the particle with corresponding momentum $p_{i}$.

## Sum

Note that
    $(s+t+u)/c^{4}=m_{1}^{2}+m_{2}^{2}+m_{3}^{2}+m_{4}^{2}$
where m$_i$ is the mass of particle i.

## Relativistic limit

In the relativistic limit, the momentum (speed) is large, so using the relativistic energy-momentum equation, the energy becomes essentially the momentum norm (e.g. $E^{2}=\mathbf {p} \cdot \mathbf {p} +{m_{0}}^{2}$ becomes $E^{2}\approx \mathbf {p} \cdot \mathbf {p}$ ). The rest mass can also be neglected.
So for example,
       $s/c^{2}=(p_{1}+p_{2})^{2}=p_{1}^{2}+p_{2}^{2}+2p_{1}\cdot p_{2}\approx 2p_{1}\cdot p_{2}$
because $p_{1}^{2}=m_{1}^{2}$ and $p_{2}^{2}=m_{2}^{2}$.
Thus,
       $s/c^{2}\approx$ $2p_{1}\cdot p_{2}\approx$ $2p_{3}\cdot p_{4}$ $t/c^{2}\approx$ $-2p_{1}\cdot p_{3}\approx$ $-2p_{2}\cdot p_{4}$ $u/c^{2}\approx$ $-2p_{1}\cdot p_{4}\approx$ $-2p_{3}\cdot p_{2}$
# Legault

Legault is a surname of French-Canadian origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* Carl Legault (1923–83), Canadian politician
* Claude Legault (born 1963), Canadian actor
* Diane Legault (born 1956), Canadian politician
* Émile Legault (born 2000), Canadian soccer player
* François Legault (born 1957), Canadian politician and 32nd premier of Quebec
* Hugues Legault (born 1974), Canadian freestyle swimmer
* Josée Legault (born 1966), Canadian journalist
* Karine Legault (born 1978), Canadian freestyle swimmer
* Kyle Legault (born 1985), Canadian speedway rider
* Lance LeGault (1937–2012), American actor
* Léonard Legault (1935–2017), Canadian diplomat
* Paul Legault (born 1985), Canadian-American poet
* Suzanne Legault, former Information Commissioner of Canada
* Théodore Legault (1886–1935), Canadian politician
* Thierry Legault (born 1962), French astrophotographer
# Trichoxys melanotelus

Trichoxys melanotelus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by White in 1855.
# St John the Evangelist, Penge

Saint John the Evangelist is the Church of England parish church of Penge (now in the London Borough of Bromley), in the Diocese of Rochester, Greater London. At the time of its erection, Penge was in Surrey and had been an exclave of Battersea. It is located on Penge High Street, and was erected 1847 to designs of architects Edwin Nash & J. N. Round. Later in 1861, Nash alone added the gabled aisles, and in 1866 the transepts. The Pevsner Buildings of England series guides describe it as "Rock-faced ragstone. West tower and stone broach spire. Geometrical tracery, treated in Nash's quirky way. The best thing inside is the open timber roofs, those in the transepts especially evocative, eight beams from all four directions meeting in mid air. It has been Grade II listed since 1990.
The early funding of the church came from John Dudin Brown who was a Thames wharfinger. The organist and choir master from 1872 to 1903 was the composer Arthur Carnall (1852–1904).
# Morning Sun, Ohio

Morning Sun is an unincorporated community in southeastern Israel Township, Preble County, Ohio, United States. It is located approximately 3.5 miles (5.6 km) south of Fairhaven at the intersection of State Routes 177 and 732 with Morning Sun Road, just north of Hueston Woods State Park. The community is part of the Dayton Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Morning Sun was platted in 1833. According to tradition, a sunrise which occurred at the time the first settlers were thinking of a suitable name caused this name to be selected. A post office was established at Morning Sun in 1836, and remained in operation until 1948.

## Notable persons

* Richard Elihu Sloan, the last Governor of Arizona Territory, was born in Morning Sun in 1857.
* Rolla Ramsey, an Indiana University Physics Professor and radio electronics pioneer, was born in Morning Sun in 1872.
# Live Exposure

Live Exposure is a video by Little River Band, filmed at a live concert at The Summit in Houston, Texas on 7 October 1981.
Live Exposure was first released on VHS in 1981, on Laserdisc in 1982 and subsequently released on DVD in 2008

## Track listing

* "It's A Long Way There" – Goble (from the album Little River Band)
* "Man On Your Mind" – Shorrock/Tolhurst (Time Exposure)
* "Mistress Of Mine" – Goble (First Under the Wire)
* "Happy Anniversary" – Birtles/Briggs (Diamantina Cocktail)
* "Don't Let The Needle Win" – Briggs (Time Exposure)
* "Reminiscing" – Goble (Sleeper Catcher)
* "Ballerina" – Birtles/Goble (Time Exposure)
* "Cool Change" – Shorrock (First Under the Wire)
* "The Night Owls" – Goble (Time Exposure)
* "Help Is on Its Way" – Shorrock (Diamantina Cocktail)
* "Lonesome Loser" – Briggs ([First Under the Wire)
* "It's Not A Wonder" – Goble (First Under the Wire)
* "Lady" – Goble (Sleeper Catcher)
* "Just Say That You Love Me" – Goble (Time Exposure)

## Personnel
### Little River Band

* Glenn Shorrock – lead vocal
* Graeham Goble – harmony vocals, acoustic and electric guitars
* Beeb Birtles – lead and harmony vocals, acoustic and electric guitars
* Derek Pellicci – drums
* Wayne Nelson – bass, lead and harmony vocals
* Stephen Housden – lead guitar
* Mal Logan – keyboards

## Charts

| Chart (2009/10) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 23 |

## Reviews

* Fulvue Drive-in
# Ingerid Gjøstein Resi

Ingerid Gjøstein Resi (15 July 1901 – 6 August 1955) was a Norwegian philologist, women's rights leader and politician for the Liberal Party. She served as president of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights from 1952 until her death in 1955.

## Career

Beginning in 1921, Gjøstein Resi worked as a stenographer at the Parliament of Norway. She passed the examen artium, a university entrance exam, in 1929. She then attended the Royal Frederick University and obtained a cand.philol. degree in 1931.
She was a member of Oppegård municipal council and its executive committee, representing the Liberal Party, from 1952. She was the chairwoman of the Oslo branch of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights before she was elected as the organisation's president in 1952. She died in a plane crash in the Soviet Union in 1955 along with the rest of the women's delegation.

## Personal life

Gjøstein Resi was born on 15 July 1901 in Stavanger, Norway, the youngest of five children. She was the daughter of the politician and journalist Stavanger Johan Gjøstein and the women's rights pioneer Anna Gjøstein.
She was married to parish priest Oscar Resi and had two children. Their son, Kjell Gjøstein Resi, was born on 7 November 1937. He became a successful journalist in Norway, working as a foreign correspondent for NRK during the Vietnam War and later in the Middle East. Their daughter, Heid Gjøstein Resi, was an archeologist and professor at the University of Oslo.
# Legazpi, Gipuzkoa

Legazpi is a city in the Gipuzkoa province of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country, northern Spain.
Legazpi is a town of about 9,000 inhabitants located on top of the Urola valley, in Gipuzkoa. Surrounded by mountains, and at the foot of the Aizkorri mountain range, its predominant economic activity is industrial (manufacturing, metal processing, plastics).
The rich industrial tradition of Legazpi goes back to the High Middle Ages, when transformation of iron ore was achieved by means of the haizeolak ("ironworks moved by wind"). During the 14th century, wind energy came to be replaced by water in the metal processing with the foundation of several "ironworks propelled by water" (ur 'water' and ola originally 'shack', are the two lexical components of "Urola", a river crossing Legazpi). This industrial tradition had its continuity in modern times, and Legazpi became one of the most important metallurgic centres in the industrialised modern Basque Country.
One of the 14th century ironworks (called Mirandaola) has remained in place to date like nowhere else in the Basque Country. It is the heart of a thematic park with an educational and touristy vocation, where traditions and ways of living from the past are shown.

## Notable people

* Irene Paredes (born 1991), footballer for Barcelona and the Spain national team
* Pilar Zabala Aguirre (born 1951), researcher, writer, and professor
# Trifolium monanthum

Trifolium monanthum is a species of clover known by the common name mountain carpet clover.
It is native to eastern California and western Nevada in the Sierra Nevada, and in Southern California in the eastern Transverse Ranges, and the San Jacinto Mountains. It occurs at elevations above 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) in coniferous forests, woodlands, and meadows.

## Description

Trifolium monanthum is a small perennial herb forming small clumps of hairless or slightly hairy herbage. The leaves are made up of oval leaflets up to 1.2 centimeters in length.
The inflorescence is reduced with only a few flowers, or a single flower. The flower corolla measures up to 1.2 centimeters long and is white, sometimes with lavender speckles. The bloom period is April to June.
# Russell Prize

The Russell Prize (Russell Prize for Humour Writing) is an Australian literary prize awarded every second year by the State Library of New South Wales to a humorous book. It was established in 2014 through a donation by Peter Wentworth Russell, "a farmer, businessman and passionate reader". A shortlist of six books is selected and publicly announced before the prize, which comes with a cash award of $10,000.
In 2021 a second category, Humour Writing for Young People, was introduced for a work aimed at the 5–12 age group. Both winners were announced in June 2021.

## Russell Prize for Humour Writing

| Year | Author | Title | Publisher | Shortlist |
| 2015 | Bernard Cohen | The Antibiography of Robert F. Menzies | Fourth Estate | Helen Razer and Bernard Keane, A Short History of Stupid; Jo Case, Boomer & Me, A Memoir of Motherhood, and Asperger's; Sami Shah, I, Migrant; Mark Lamprell, The Full Ridiculous; and Annabel Crabb, The Wife Drought |
| 2017 | Steve Toltz | Quicksand | Simon & Schuster | Ross Fitzgerald and Ian McFadyen, Going Out Backwards: A Grafton Everest Adventure; David Hunt, True Girt: The Unauthorised History of Australia — Volume 2; Darrell Pitt, A Toaster on Mars; Ben Pobjie, Error Australis; and Rosie Waterland, The Anti-Cool Girl |
| 2019 | David Cohen | The Hunter and Other Stories of Men | Transit Lounge | Trent Dalton, Boy Swallows Universe (Fourth Estate); Tony Martin, Deadly Kerfuffle (Affirm); Ryan O'Neill, The Drover’s Wives (Brio); Helen Razer, The Helen 100 (Allen & Unwin); and Tracy Sorensen, The Lucky Galah (Picador). |
| 2021 | Nakkiah Lui | Black is the New White | Allen & Unwin | Rawah Arja, The F Team (Giramondo); Chris Flynn, Mammoth (UQP); Dennis Glover, Factory 19 (Black Inc.); Nina Kenwood, It Sounded Better in My Head (Text); Jackie Ryan, Burger Force Vol. 4: Punishment (Parentheses Press). |
| 2023 | Martin McKenzie-Murray | The Speechwriter | Scribe | Georgie Carroll, Off the Charts (Pan Macmillan); Kaz Cooke, You’re Doing it Wrong (PRH); Patrick Lenton, Sexy Tales of Paleontology Subbed In); Gretel Killeen, My Daughter’s Wedding Hachette); Steve Toltz, Here Goes Nothing (PRH) |

## Humour Writing for Young People

| Year | Author | Title | Publisher | Shortlist |
| 2021 | Philip Bunting | Wombat | Scholastic | Mike Barry, Action Tank – Book 2 (Mike Barry Was Here); Maggie Hutchings, illustrated by Felicita Sala, Your Birthday was the BEST! (Affirm); S. C. Manchild, illustrated by Sam Caldwell, Sneaky Shadows (Berbay); Jaclyn Moriarty, The Stolen Prince of Cloudburst (Allen & Unwin); Bob Graham, The Underhills: A Tooth Fairy Story (Walker Books). |
| 2023 | Lian Tanner | Rita's Revenge | Allen & Unwin | Damian Callinan, illustrated by Adele K. Thomas, Weird School (PRH); Tanya Hennessy, illustrated by Leigh Hedstrom, Drum Roll Please, It’s Stevie Louise (Allen & Unwin); Maggie Hutchings, illus by Felicita Sala, Your School is the BEST! (Affirm Press); Sofie Laguna, illustrated by Marc McBride, The House on Pleasant Street (Allen & Unwin); Matt Stanton, Funny Kid Catastrophe (ABC Books) |
# Rororthosia

Rororthosia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
# Morona River

The Morona River is a tributary to the Marañón River in Peru and Ecuador, and flows parallel to the Pastaza River and immediately to the west of it, and is the last stream of any importance on the northern side of the Amazon before reaching the Pongo de Manseriche.
It is formed from a multitude of water-courses which descend the slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes south of the gigantic volcano of Sangay; but it soon reaches the plain, which commences where it receives its Cusulima branch. The Morona is navigable for small craft for about 300 miles above its mouth, but it is extremely tortuous. Canoes may ascend many of its branches, especially the Cusuhma and the Miazal, the latter almost to the base of Sangay. The Morona has been the scene of many rude explorations, with the hope of finding it serviceable as a commercial route between the inter-Andean tableland of Ecuador and the Amazon river.
In 2016, a large oil spill from Petroperú's pipeline contaminated the Morona and Chiriaco rivers.
# Liu Ping-hua

Liu Ping-hua (Chinese: 劉炳華; born 6 October 1955) is a Taiwanese politician who served on the Legislative Yuan from 1993 to 1996, as a member of the Kuomintang representing Taipei County. His elder brother Liu Ping-wei has also served on the Legislative Yuan.
# Medrano (Buenos Aires Underground)

Medrano is a station on Line B of the Buenos Aires Underground. The station was opened on 17 October 1930 as part of the inaugural section of the line between Federico Lacroze and Callao.

## Overview

It is located in the Almagro barrio, at the intersection of Avenida Corrientes and Avenida Medrano, and named after the latter.
It is the nearest subway station to the National Technological University and the Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires.
# Mandy Davies

For the figure in the Profumo political scandal, see Mandy Rice-Davies.
Mandy Davies (born 29 September 1966) is a British former field hockey player who competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics.
# Ingerid Stenvold

Ingerid Stenvold (born 20 June 1977) is a Norwegian television presenter and former cross-country skier. Since 2010, she has been working as a newscaster for the main news program Dagsrevyen.

## Career

Stenvold grew up in Finnfjordbotn in Troms. In her youth, she took part in cross-country skiing races. In 1993, she was presented by the Norwegian television station Norsk rikskringkasting (NRK) in an eight-minute report as a future hope in cross-country skiing. At the Norwegian youth championship she won the gold medal in the individual in 1994 and in the relay in 1995. After a back injury in the 1998/99 season, she had to end her sports career.
In 2001, she finished her studies in journalism and began her career at the NRK in Tromsø. Four years later, she became a sports journalist and reported on the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. She then took over the moderation of the music magazine Lydverket for a year. In Autumn 2009, she became the presenter of the morning news Morgennytt of NRK. Since 2010, she has moderated the television broadcaster's main news Dagsrevyen. She was allowed to speak in her local dialect from Målselv Municipality. For the use of her dialect, she was awarded the Kringkasting Prize in 2007.

## Personal life

Stenvold is married and has two children.
# Lee Archer (footballer)

Lee Archer (born 6 November 1972) is an English former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.
Archer was born in Bristol, and began his career as a trainee at his home town club Bristol Rovers. He made 200 appearances for Rovers in all competitions. He was known as a quick left winger or left sided midfielder and was part of a Bristol Rovers side that lost out to Huddersfield at Wembley in the playoff final. Having to give up professional football due to knee injuries he then had a spell at Yeovil Town before moving on to Rushden & Diamonds. He then moved back for a second spell at Yeovil Town. He is now owner of Pro Fitness personal training.
After a long break from the game Lee made a surprise comeback at the age of 37 in August 2010 when he was tempted back by former Bristol Rovers teammate David Mehew to play for Gloucester City as cover for the injured Jake Harris. The Tigers were going through something of an injury crisis and manager Mehew called up his old friend in an effort to patch over some of the gaps in his squad. Although he hadn't played a competitive match at any level for over seven years he impressed on his Gloucester debut; a 5–0 win over Redditch United.
# Uruguay at the 2009 Summer Universiade

Uruguay sent a team of 22 athletes to compete in the 2009 Summer Universiade held in Belgrade, Serbia from July 1 to July 12, 2009.

## Football

Uruguay has qualified a men's team in the football competition.
Each nation must submit a squad of 20 players, with a minimum of two goalkeepers.
Group C
| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| South Korea | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
| Italy | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 6 |
| Uruguay | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
| Republic of Ireland | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 4 | -3 | 0 |
Classification 9-16 places
Classification 9-12 places
Final 11-12 places

## Swimming

| Athlete | Events | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Events | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Nicolás Francia | Men's 50 m freestyle | 24.58 | 46 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Nicolás Francia | Men's 100 m freestyle | 54.18 | 54 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Nicolás Francia | Men's 50 m backstroke | 27.93 | 44 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Nicolás Francia | Men's 100 m backstroke | 59.06 | 38 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Martín Melconian | Men's 50 m breaststroke | 28.59 | 20 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Martín Melconian | Men's 100 m breaststroke | 1:05.06 | 40 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Stagecoach Buckaroo

Stagecoach Buckaroo is a 1942 American Western film directed by Ray Taylor and written by Al Martin. The film stars Johnny Mack Brown, Fuzzy Knight, Nell O'Day, Anne Nagel, Herbert Rawlinson and Glenn Strange. The film was released on February 13, 1942, by Universal Pictures.

## Cast

* Johnny Mack Brown as Steve Hardin
* Fuzzy Knight as Clem Clemmons
* Nell O'Day as Molly Denton
* Anne Nagel as Nina Kincaid
* Herbert Rawlinson as Bill Kincaid
* Glenn Strange as Breck Braddock
* Henry Hall as Joseph Denton
* Ernie Adams as Blinky
* Lloyd Ingraham as Ezra Simpson
* Frank Brownlee as Higgins
* Jack C. Smith as Sheriff
* Harry Tenbrook as Slatz
* Blackie Whiteford as Hogan
# Moses Ekpo

Moses Frank Ekpo listen (born in Akwa Ibom State) is a Nigerian politician and the former Deputy Governor of Akwa Ibom State. He was popularly known as "Uncle Mo".
# Live in London (R5 EP)

Live in London is the second EP by American pop rock band R5. The EP was released on May 29, 2014 by Hollywood only for digital download. The album is the recording of the series of videos released on VEVO.

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| United Kingdom | May 29, 2014 | Digital download | Hollywood |
# McBurnie

McBurnie is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Beryl McBurnie (1913–2000), Trinidadian dancer
* Oli McBurnie (born 1996), Scottish footballer
* Sophie McBurnie (born 1999), known as Piri, one half of Piri & Tommy
# Indian Nutcracker

Indian Nutcracker, also called Swapna Vijayam, is an adaptation of the 1892 ballet The Nutcracker into the South Indian classical dance form of Kuchipudi, with Telugu lyrics. It was first performed on 15 December 2007 at the Robert Ferst Center for the Arts at Georgia Tech, to raise funds for the Emory University Telugu Initiative.

## Production

It was produced, directed and choreographed by Sasikala Penumarthi, the founder and director of the Academy of Kuchipudi Dance, which was established in 1997 in Atlanta, Georgia as a non-profit organization. The lyrics were written by Indraganti Srikantha Sarma, from Hyderabad, India. Music for the performance was composed by Atlanta-based singer Subhashini Krishnamurthy, and the dance choreography was by Sasikala Penumarthi, student of Padmabhushan Guru Vempati Chinna Satyam of Kuchipudi Arts Academy, Chennai, India.
The costume design sought to fuse Indian and Western "aesthetic sensibilities".
The performance was presented with live orchestral support from Sujatha Rayburn (Female Vocal), Satish Menon (Male Vocal), Sastry Bhagavatula (Nattuvangam or Beat), Suresh Kodandaraman (Mridangam or Drum), V.K. Raman (Flute), Sandhya Srinath (Violin), Seshu Sarma (Veena), Subra Vishwanathan (Mridangam or Drum). More than 35 artists who have trained at the Academy of Kuchipudi Dance performed on stage. Stage direction was provided by Dr. P.V. Rao, Professor in Physics, Emory University and Ravi Penumarthi. The fundraising committee was led by Professor Joyce Flueckiger, incoming Director of the Program of South Asian Studies, Emory University.

## Synopsis

At a Christmas party hosted by her parents, Princess Swapna is given a nutcracker by the magician, Mayura. The toy actually holds Mayura's nephew, who will only be freed by "the love of a maiden". When Swapna falls asleep that night, Mayura transports her to a dream world. There, the nutcracker becomes the prince Sundara Rakumara, who battles the Mouse King Mushikasura. Sundara is killed in the battle, but Mayura resurrects him. The prince and Swapna travel to his kingdom, the Land of Spring and Everlasting Youth, where the residents greet them.
When Swapna awakes, she sees Sundara Rakumara has returned to his human form. Mayura blesses the couple.

## Reception

The 2007 performance played to a "packed" audience, with positive reviews from attendees.