OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# T. A. Ramalingam

Tiruppur Angappa Ramalingam Chettiar (18 May 1881 – 1952) was an Indian lawyer, politician, member of parliament and businessman from the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

## Early life

Ramalingam was born to Tiruppur Angappa Chettiar and his wife Meenakshi Ammal at Tiruppur on 18 May 1881. Angappa Chettiar was a cotton merchant and banker. At a very early age, Ramalingam was sent to Coimbatore for schooling. He passed his matriculation with distinction and enrolled at Presidency College, Madras from where he graduated in law in 1904. Soon after his graduation, Ramalingam began to practice at the Madras High Court and served as the president of the Bar Council of Madras.

## Politics

Ramalingam developed a keen interest in politics during his term as the president of the bar council. He served first as the Vice-President and then, the President of the district board of Coimbatore from 1913 onwards. He also served as the vice-chairman and Chairman of the Coimbatore municipality. In 1921, he became a member of the Madras Legislative Council. In 1946, Ramalingam was elected a member of the Constituent Assembly of India from Coimbatore. He participated in the debates on federalism and language policy. In 1951, he was elected unopposed to the Lok Sabha from Coimbatore.

## Co-operative movement

Ramalingam Chettiar was one of the pioneers of the co-operative movement in Madras Presidency and was associated with the movement since 1911. He started the Tamil Nadu Cooperative Federation and published a monthly called Kooturavu. He established the Ramalingam Co-operative Training Institute in Coimbatore. He was instrumental in the formation of the Central Co-operative Bank, Urban Bank, Land Development Bank, co-operative milk union and co-operative printing press in Coimbatore.

## Legacy

Ramalingam died in 1952. The co-operative institute he established is still functioning at Coimbatore. After his death, his heirs established the T.A. Ramalingam Chettiar Trust in his memory. The trust runs a Higher Secondary School named after him. The trust also sponsors a number of scholarships and endowments in various educational institutions in Coimbatore.
# Nias hill myna

The Nias hill myna or Nias myna (Gracula robusta) is a member of the starling family. It is an endemic resident of Nias and other nearby islands off western Sumatra. Clements lumps this species with the common hill myna.

## Description

This large, stocky and superficially crow-like myna is the largest of the hill mynas and may be the largest living species in the starling family. It ranges from 30 to 36 cm (12 to 14 in) in total length. Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 20 to 21.3 cm (7.9 to 8.4 in), the tail is 9.9 to 10.8 cm (3.9 to 4.3 in), the bill is 3.1 to 3.4 cm (1.2 to 1.3 in) and the tarsus is 4.4 to 5 cm (1.7 to 2.0 in). Body weight in the species has been reported as up to 400 g (14 oz). The Nias hill myna has mainly purple-glossed black plumage. It has bright orange-yellow patches of naked skin and large fleshy yellow wattles on the side of its head and nape. There are large white wing patches, which are obvious in flight. The massive bill is mainly red and the strong legs are bright yellow.

## Behaviour

This myna is arboreal and is found mainly in flocks in hill forests. Like most starlings, the Nias hill myna is fairly omnivorous, eating fruit, nectar and insects.
This bird is famous for its talking abilities and fetches a high price. It is under pressure from trapping for the illegal pet trade and from habitat destruction, since most indigenous forest has been destroyed. In a bird survey of Nias Island in 1990, Dymond failed to find any Nias hill mynas in a 17-day stay.
In 2015, Czech zoologists discovered several wild individuals, which were thought to be extinct in the wild for the past several years.
# Marc Camoletti (architect)

Marc Camoletti (12 August 1857 - 13 December 1940) was a Swiss architect.
Camoletti was born in Cartigny. He designed the Museum of art and history in Geneva. He died in Geneva, aged 83.
# Monsoon (disambiguation)

A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months.
Monsoon may also refer to:

## Business

* Monsoon (speakers), a brand of loudspeakers
* Monsoon Accessorize, a British clothing retailer
* Monsoon Books, a publishing firm

## Fictional characters

* Monsoon (comics), a mutant in the Marvel Comics universe
* Edina Monsoon, from the British television series Absolutely Fabulous
* Saffron Monsoon, from the British television series Absolutely Fabulous
* Monsoon, an antagonist from Metal Gear Rising: Revengeance

## Film

* Monsoon (1943 film), a reissue title for Isle of Forgotten Sins
* Monsoon (1952 film), an American film
* Monsoon (2014 film), a Canadian documentary about the monsoon season in India
* Monsoon (2015 film), an Indian film
* Monsoon (2019 film), a British film

## Music

* Monsoon (band), a 1980s UK world/pop trio
* Monsoon (Little River Band album), 1988
* Monsoon (Caroline's Spine album)
* Monsoon (Preston School of Industry album)
* "Monsoon", a song by ...And You Will Know Us by the Trail of Dead from their 2002 album Source Tags & Codes
* "Monsoon", a song by Enon from their 2003 album Hocus Pocus
* "Monsoon", a song by Jack Johnson from his 2008 album Sleep Through the Static
* "Monsoon", a song by Robbie Williams from his 2002 album Escapology
* "Monsoon", the English-language version of the German hit song "Durch den Monsun" by Tokio Hotel from their 2007 album Scream

## People

* Gorilla Monsoon (1937-1999), American professional wrestler
* Jinkx Monsoon, drag queen and winner of RuPaul's Drag Race season 5

## Other uses

* Monsoon (novel), by Wilbur Smith
* Apollo Monsoon, a Hungarian ultralight trike aircraft
* Monsoon Group, a German U-boat force during World War II
* Monsoon (photographs), a series of photographs taken by Brian Brake in India in 1960
* Mil Mi-35 (Monsoon), a Russian attack helicopter
* Monsoon, a combat robot in BattleBots season 8 and season 9
# Marilyn Zschau

Marilyn Zschau (born February. 9, 1944) is an American operatic soprano.
Born in Chicago, Zschau attended Juilliard School of Music in New York from 1961 to 1965. She first appeared in the role of Marietta in Die tote Stadt at the Vienna Volksoper in 1967. In 1971 she appeared in the role of the Composer in Ariadne auf Naxos at the Vienna State Opera. She debuted in the role of Minnie at the New York City Opera in La fanciulla del West in 1978. At the same venue she later appeared as Odabella in Verdi's Attila, and as Maddalena in Andrea Chénier. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut as Musetta in La bohème on February 4, 1985. At La Scala in Milan she appeared as the Dyer's Wife in Die Frau ohne Schatten in 1986. After that she appeared in many major opera houses worldwide.
In 1993 she performed Richard Strauss's Elektra at the BBC Proms with the BBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Andrew Davis. In 1995 she appeared at the Seattle Opera as Brünnhilde in Richard Wagner's Ring cycle. In 1996 she again performed as Elektra in Buenos Aires. Throughout her career she performed many prominent roles such as Aida, Tosca, Desdemona, Salome, Marschallin.
# Pentax DA 40mm lens
## DA 40mm f/2.8 Limited

The smc Pentax-DA 40mm f/2.8 Limited is a pancake lens for the Pentax K-mount. At only 0.6 inches (15 mm) long, it was the smallest lens made by Pentax until the 40mm XS lens was introduced. The lens has a 35mm equivalent focal length of 60mm; it is part of the Limited series of high-performance compact lenses. In August 2013 it was re-released with improved lens coatings and rounded aperture blades as HD Pentax-DA 40mm f/2.8 Limited.

## DA 40mm f/2.8 XS

The SMC Pentax-DA 40mm f/2.8 XS is an even thinner version of the SMC DA 40mm lens, at 9.1 millimetres (0.36 in) thick, released by Pentax on February 2, 2012. It features an aesthetic design by Marc Newson to match the Pentax K-01. It is currently one of the thinnest autofocus pancake lenses ever made.
* DA 40mm f2.8 XS mounted on Pentax K-01
# Saspamco, Texas

Saspamco is an unincorporated community in Wilson County, Texas, United States. It is situated approximately 11 miles northwest of Floresville. According to the Handbook of Texas, the community had an estimated population of 443 in 2000.
Saspamco was named after the San Antonio Sewer Pipe Manufacturing Company which began operations around 1901 using the red clay of the area to manufacture tile products.
Saspamco is part of the San Antonio Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

A post office was opened in 1901, as well as a loading switch with the San Antonio and Aransas Pass Railway. By 1915, the town boasted a population of 125 people as well as two churches, one Catholic and one Baptist. The town enjoyed its heyday in the 1930s, when the Saspamco plant by the same name could produce 120 tons of sewer pipe a day.
In 1917, the State of Texas' special legislature granted funds for the now-defunct Saspamco Independent School District to purchase lands in Bexar County to expand its school system.
By the 1960s, most of the businesses in Saspamco closed, although the pipe company continued operations for a number of years thereafter. Clay pipe was on the decline, as steel pipe and eventually PVC pipe greatly reduced the demand for the heavy and less reliable clay pipe manufactured in the town.
In the mid-1980s, Tyson Foods opened a large poultry hatchery nearby, though this was only open for about 10 years before the facility was relocated elsewhere.
For a number of years, from the late 1960s until the early 1980s, the quarry left from the brick manufacturing plant was used as a landfill by a private owner who used to charge nominal fees for garbage companies to dump their waste there. In the 1980s, the former TNRCC (now called the TCEQ) closed the facility as a landfill because of a lack of a landfill permit, and not having adequate drainage facilities. During this era, the area saw an explosion of both the rodent and the rattlesnake populations. Since then, these populations have returned to normal levels.

## Geography

Soil composition primarily sandy loam as cited by the United States Department of Agriculture in its Soil Conservation Service.

## Economy

The economy is largely agricultural based. This area is known for its peanut farming as well as grazing land for cattle.

## Sister cities

* China Grove, Texas
* Nameless, Texas
* Oatmeal, Texas
# Michael H. Birnbaum

Michael H. Birnbaum is a professor of Psychology and Director of the Decision Research Center at California State University, Fullerton. He has researched widely in psychology but his major focus has been on individual and social judgment and decision making, and the modelling of behavior. Birnbaum has been president of the Society for Mathematical Psychology, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making, and the Society for Computers in Psychology.

## Selected publications

* Birnbaum, M. H. (1998). Measurement, judgment, and decision making. San Diego: Academic Press.
* Birnbaum, M. H. (2000). Psychological experiments on the internet. San Diego, Calif: Academic Press.
* Birnbaum, M. H. (2001). Introduction to behavioral research on the Internet. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.
# Jean Le Fèvre (astronomer)

Jean Le Fèvre (9 April 1652 – 1706, Paris) was a French astronomer and physicist. He was editor of the Connaissance des Temps and was elected to the French Academy of Sciences based on this work.
# Sékou Kourouma

Sékou Kourouma (1956 – 18 April 2020) was a Guinean politician, political aide and advisor to Guinean President Alpha Condé. He held the position of chief of staff to Condé, a high-ranking post officially known as the Secretary General of the Government, until his death from COVID-19. Kourouma, who was also a former Minister of Public Works, was a relative of Condé.
Kourouma died from complications of COVID-19 at age 65 on Saturday 18 April 2020 at Donka Hospital in Conakry. Guinea's Minister of Health, Colonel Remy Lamah, confirmed Kourouma's death that evening, while the Office of the President issued statements and tweets the next day. Kourouma's death was the latest in a string of high-profile deaths of officials during the COVID-19 pandemic in Guinea. In addition to Kourouma, the head of Guinea's electoral commission, Amadou Salif Kebe, died of COVID-19 on 17 April 2020, just 24 hours earlier. Victor Traoré, the director of Guinea's Interpol bureau, also died from COVID-19 in April.
Kourouma was also the second Chief of Staff to a West African president to die from COVID-19 in April 2020. Abba Kyari, the Chief of Staff to the President of Nigeria Muhammadu Buhari, died from COVID-19 on 17 April 2020, the day before Kourouma's death.
# Marc Capdevila

Marc Capdevila Pons (born 12 May 1974) is a former breaststroke swimmer from Spain.
He was born in Vic, Catalonia, and competed for his native country at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia. There he finished in 15th position in the 100m Breaststroke.
# Montesquieu-Volvestre

Montesquieu-Volvestre is a commune in the Haute-Garonne department of southwestern France.

## Notable people

* Stella Blandy (1836-1925), woman of letters, feminist
# Varifula fulvaria

Varifula fulvaria is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Valparaíso Region, Chile.
# Penstemon papillatus

Penstemon papillatus is a species of penstemon known by the common name Inyo beardtongue.
The plant is endemic to California, where it is known only from the eastern Sierra Nevada and slopes to the east. It grows in rocky woodland and forest habitat types.

## Description

Penstemon papillatus is a gray-green, hairy perennial herb growing up to about 40 centimeters tall, becoming woody toward the base. The paired leaves are roughly oval in shape and fused about the stem.
The glandular inflorescence bears purple-blue flowers up to 3 centimeters long. The mouth of the flower is mostly hairless except for the yellow-haired staminode.
# Satellite tracker

Satellite tracker or satellite tracking may refer to:
* GPS tracking unit, that uses satellite navigation
* Satellite watching, hobby of tracking artificial satellites
* Satellite tracking (animal migration), tracking of animal migration using satellites
* Satellite tracking station
* Geodetic satellite tracking
* Satellite orbit determination
# Michael H. Carty

Michael H. Carty (1860 – April 1, 1900) was an Irish-born lawyer and politician in Newfoundland. He served in the Newfoundland House of Assembly from 1882 to 1893 and from 1893 to 1900.
He was born and raised in County Sligo. Carty came to Newfoundland with his family in 1873. He was called to the bar in 1881 and opened his own law office, later practising in partnership with his brother George T. Carty. He was first elected to the assembly in 1882 to represent St. George's; he was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1893 but then was reelected in a by-election later that year. He was elected for Placentia and St. Mary's in 1897. He was named to the Executive Council as a minister without portfolio that same year. In 1898, he was named Queen's Counsel. Carty died in office in 1900.
The community of Cartyville took its name from him.
# Jeremiah (surname)

Jeremiah and Jeremias are surnames.
Those bearing the name include:
* Alfred Jeremias (1864–1935), German historian
* Andrea Jeremiah (born 1985), Indian singer and actress
* Chitra Jeremiah (born 1971), Nauruan diplomat
* Ciaran and Kevin Jeremiah, (born c. 1970), in the English band The Feeling
* Danny Jeremiah, Completed Prudential Ride London 46 2016
* David Jeremiah (born 1941), American pastor
* David E. Jeremiah (1934–2013), American admiral
* Eddie Jeremiah (1905–1967), Armenian-American hockey player
* Ian Jeremiah (born 1970), Welsh cyclist
* Jesse Jeremiah, Nauruan politician
* Joachim Jeremias (1900–1979), German theologian
* Jonathan Jeremiah, British singer-songwriter
* Squire Jeremiah, Nauruan politician
# New Zealand top 50 singles of 2001

This is a list of the top 50 singles of 2001 in New Zealand.
The New Zealand charts are based on a combination of sales and radio airplay. Anika Moa's hit "Youthful" was never released as a single in New Zealand and achieved its position based on radio airplay alone.

## Chart
### Key

    ‡ – Single of New Zealand origin
| Number | Artist | Single |
| 1 | Craig David | "Walking Away" |
| 2 | Nelly Furtado | "Turn Off the Light" |
| 3 | Atomic Kitten | "Whole Again" |
| 4 | Lifehouse | "Hanging by a Moment" |
| 5 | Train | "Drops of Jupiter" |
| 6 | Uncle Kracker | "Follow Me" |
| 7 | LeAnn Rimes | "Can't Fight the Moonlight" |
| 8 | Nelly Furtado | "I'm like a Bird" |
| 9 | Che Fu | "Fade Away" |
| 10 | Gabrielle | "Out of Reach" |
| 11 | Matchbox 20 | "If You're Gone" |
| 12 | Huey Lewis and Gwyneth Paltrow | "Cruisin'" |
| 13 | Dido | "Here with Me" |
| 14 | Dido | "Thank You" |
| 15 | Emma Bunton | "What Took You So Long?" |
| 16 | Robbie Williams | "Eternity" |
| 17 | Blue | "All Rise" |
| 18 | Anika Moa | "Youthful" |
| 19 | Madonna | "Don't Tell me" |
| 20 | Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mýa and Pink | "Lady Marmalade" |
| 21 | Alicia Keys | "Fallin'" |
| 22 | Powderfinger | "My Happiness" |
| 23 | Blu Cantrell | "Hit 'Em Up Style (Oops!)" |
| 24 | Sugar Ray | "When It's Over" |
| 25 | S Club 7 | "Don't Stop Movin'" |
| 26 | Ronan Keating | "Lovin' Each Day" |
| 27 | Janet Jackson | "All For You" |
| 28 | Ricky Martin and Christina Aguilera | "Nobody Wants to Be Lonely" |
| 29 | Incubus | "Drive" |
| 30 | Usher | "U Remind Me" |
| 31 | Lenny Kravitz | "Again" |
| 32 | Eve feat. Gwen Stefani | "Let Me Blow Ya Mind" |
| 33 | The Supermen Lovers | "Starlight" |
| 34 | Shaggy | "Angel" |
| 35 | Robbie Williams | "Supreme" |
| 36 | Crazy Town | "Butterfly" |
| 37 | Jennifer Lopez | "Love Don't Cost a Thing" |
| 38 | K'lee | "Broken Wings" |
| 39 | Westlife | "Uptown Girl" |
| 40 | Atomic Kitten | "Eternal Flame" |
| 41 | Dream | "He Loves U Not" |
| 42 | Stellar | "All It Takes" |
| 43 | Westlife | "My Love" |
| 44 | Hear'Say | "Pure and Simple" |
| 45 | Kylie Minogue | "Can't Get You Out of My Head" |
| 46 | Fur Patrol | "Lydia" |
| 47 | Destiny's Child | "Survivor" |
| 48 | Travis (band) | "Sing" |
| 49 | Macy Gray feat. Erykah Badu | "Sweet Baby" |
| 50 | Staind | "It's Been Awhile" |
# Margarinotus taiwanus

Margarinotus taiwanus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is endemic to Taiwan.

## Distribution

The type series was collected from Tatachia in Nantou in central Taiwan. Additional specimens were obtained from Hsinpaiyang (=Xinbaiyang) in Hualien on the east coast of Taiwan.

## Description

The body is elongate-oval, convex, black, and shiny. The dorsal side is finely and rarely punctulate, although the elytra are sometimes more coarsely punctate. The legs are paler than the body, pitch-brown and a little expanded. It can be distinguished from all other members of the subgenus Grammostethus by the foretibia not being multidentate.
Total length is 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) and width is 3.2–3.6 mm (0.13–0.14 in).
# List of mayors of Mantua

The mayor of Mantua is an elected politician who, along with the Mantua's city council, is accountable for the strategic government of Mantua in Lombardy, Italy.
The current mayor is Mattia Palazzi (PD), who took office on 15 June 2015.

## Overview

According to the Italian Constitution, the mayor of Mantua is member of the city council.
The mayor is elected by the population of Mantua, who also elects the members of the city council, controlling the mayor's policy guidelines and is able to enforce his resignation by a motion of no confidence. The mayor is entitled to appoint and release the members of his government.
Since 1995 the mayor is elected directly by Mantua's electorate: in all mayoral elections in Italy in cities with a population higher than 15,000 the voters express a direct choice for the mayor or an indirect choice voting for the party of the candidate's coalition. If no candidate receives at least 50% of votes, the top two candidates go to a second round after two weeks. The election of the City Council is based on a direct choice for the candidate with a preference vote: the candidate with the majority of the preferences is elected. The number of the seats for each party is determined proportionally.

## Republic of Italy (since 1946)
### City Council election (1946-1995)

From 1946 to 1995, the Mayor of Mantua was elected by the City Council.
| | Mayor | Term start | Term end | Party |
| 1 | Giuseppe Rea | 1946 | 1955 | PCI |
| 2 | Pietro Denicolai | 1955 | 1956 | PCI |
| 3 | Eugenio Dugoni | 1956 | 1960 | PSI |
| 4 | Luigi Grigato | 1960 | 1973 | PSI |
| 5 | Gianni Usvardi | 1973 | 1985 | PSI |
| 6 | Vladimiro Bertazzoni | 1985 | 1990 | PSI |
| 7 | Sergio Genovesi | 1990 | 1993 | PSI |
| 8 | Claudia Corradini | 1993 | 1995 | PRI |

### Direct election (since 1995)

Since 1995, under provisions of new local administration law, the Mayor of Mantua is chosen by direct election, originally every four then every five years.
| | Mayor | Term start | Term end | Party | Coalition | Election |
| 9 | Chiara Pinfari | 8 May 1995 | 15 September 1995 | PPI | PDS • PPI • AD • FdV | 1995 |
| Special Prefectural Commissioner tenure (15 September 1995 – 24 June 1996) ||||||||
| 10 | Gianfranco Burchiellaro | 24 June 1996 | 30 April 2000 | PDS DS | PDS • PPI | 1996 |
| 10 | Gianfranco Burchiellaro | 30 April 2000 | 19 April 2005 | PDS DS | DS • PdCI • FdV | 2000 |
| 11 | Fiorenza Brioni | 19 April 2005 | 13 April 2010 | DS PD | DS • DL • PdCI • FdV | 2005 |
| 12 | Nicola Sodano | 13 April 2010 | 15 June 2015 | PdL | PdL • LN | 2010 |
| 13 | Mattia Palazzi | 15 June 2015 | 23 September 2020 | PD | PD • SEL | 2015 |
| 13 | Mattia Palazzi | 23 September 2020 | Incumbent | PD | PD • SI • IV • EV | 2020 |

#### Notes

* ↑ Nominated by the Prefect after the Mayor was declared inelegible and the election void.
* ↑ Election originally scheduled for June 2020 then postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic.
# Montesquieu Airfield

Montesquieu Airfield was a World War II military airfield in Algeria, located in the mountains near M'Daourouch, about 112 km southeast of Constantine. Its precise location is undetermined. It was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers and was used by the United States Army Air Force Twelfth Air Force during the North African Campaign against the German Afrika Korps.
* 320th Bombardment Group, April-29 June 1943, B-26 Marauder
* 325th Fighter Group, 5 April-3 June 1943, P-40 Warhawk
When the Americans moved east to Tunisia in June 1943, the airfield was dismantled and abandoned. There are several possible locations of the field visible in aerial photography in the mountains just north of M'Daourouch, but its precise location can not be determined.
# Sydney Margaret Stent

Sydney Margaret Stent (11 October 1875 – 19 April 1942) was a South African botanist. Stent's main interest was grasses
# Penstemon parryi

Penstemon parryi, the Parry's penstemon, Parry's beardtongue or desert penstemon, is a wildflower native to the Sonoran Desert of Southern Arizona and northern Mexico. It is a perennial that blooms in March and April. In the wild, plants flower in their second year. In cultivation, flowering is often achieved in the first year if seed is planted in the autumn.
At the base of the plant are lanceolate bluish green leaves that grow in a rosette pattern. From the base emerge the flower stalks, which are 2 to 5 feet high and topped with numerous deep-throated flowers, usually pink but selected horticulturally for red color.
Parry's penstemon is a desert plant. It thrives in full sun to part shade. A native lowland desert species, Parry's penstemon can survive on average Sonoran Desert rainfall, but not prolonged drought. It attracts hummingbirds. That plus the unusual splash of pink to red it provides make it a favorite xeriscape flower.
Parry's penstemon was named for Charles C. Parry, who served as surgeon-naturalist on the Mexican Boundary Survey in the mid 19th century.
# Satendra Singh

Satendra Singh may refer to:
* Satendra Singh (doctor), medical doctor at the University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi
* Satendra Singh (politician), former Fijian politician