OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ladylands Platform railway station

Ladylands Platform railway station co-served the village of Kippen, Stirling, Scotland, from 1861 to 1934 on the Forth and Clyde Junction Railway.

## History

The station was opened as Ladylands Siding in June 1861 by the Forth and Clyde Junction Railway, although there is evidence of it being used earlier on 25 June 1858 for Balgair Fair. As well as being a passenger station, it was also a farm siding, hence its original name. The siding was to the north. To the north side of the line was a railway crossing. The station's name was changed to Ladylands Platform on 11 July 1927. It closed on 1 October 1934.
# Smokehouse

A smokehouse (North American) or smokery (British) is a building where meat or fish is cured with smoke. The finished product might be stored in the building, sometimes for a year or more. Even when smoke is not used, such a building—typically a subsidiary building—is sometimes referred to as a "smokehouse". When smoke is not used, the term meathouse or meat house is common.

## History

Traditional smokehouses served both as meat smokers and to store the meats, often for groups and communities of people. Food preservation occurred by salt curing and extended cold smoking for two weeks or longer. Smokehouses were always secured to prevent animals and thieves from accessing the food. The meat is hung to keep it from the reach of vermin.
Prior to the widespread availability of mains electricity and freezers, meat was preserved by heavy salting. Hogs were slaughtered after the onset of cold weather, and hams and other pork products were salted and hung up or placed on a shelf to last into the following summer. Whether the meat should be smoked as well as salted is personal preference, frequently backed up with strong local or family custom.

## Design and use

Traditionally, a smokehouse is a small enclosed outbuilding often with a vent, a single entrance, no windows, and frequently has a gabled or pyramid-style roof. Communal and commercial smokehouses are larger than those that served a single residence or estate. The use of slightly warmed, dry air from a very slow hardwood fire will ensure the proper drying of meats.
As a preserved ham represents a big financial investment, smokehouses in the Carolinas and Virginia can frequently be identified by their framing, so closely spaced as to prevent forcible entry and theft. The lower interior walls of both meat houses and smoke houses are characterized by the extreme furring of the wood, caused by the salt.
The upper areas of smokehouses are blackened with smoke. A meat house has a solid wood floor, a smokehouse will have a brick pit in the center of the dirt floor, or sometimes a broken/cast-off cast iron pot, for the fire. Jefferson's smokehouse at Monticello is an integral part of the brick outbuildings. It has a conventional brick fireplace built into an exterior wall – its flue discharges into the smokehouse.
* Smokehouses
* An industrial smokehouse in Poland.
* A smoke house at Boone Hall Plantation.
* Fjordling Smokehouse. This smokehouse can be found at Dunstable Farm, Salisbury. The outbuilding shown is typical of this Wiltshire valley.
* Smokehouse, North Carolina, Piedmont Region
* Reconstruction of medieval smokehouse at the fishing village of Walraversijde, c. 1465
# Osbertia

Osbertia is a genus of Mesoamerican flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

## Species

* Osbertia bartlettii (S.F.Blake) G.L.Nesom - Nuevo León, Tamaulipas
* Osbertia chihuahuana B.L.Turner & S.D.Sundb. - Chihuahua
* Osbertia heleniastrum (Greene) Greene - State of México
* Osbertia stolonifera (DC.) Greene - Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guatemala
# Parlan

Parlan (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.
# Patrick Parrish

Patrick Parrish is an officer in the United States Army.

## Military career
### Case of William J. Kreutzer Jr

Colonel Parrish presided over the case of Sergeant William J. Kreutzer Jr. Kreutzer had been convicted of murder for a 1995 shooting.

### Case of Alberto Martinez

Colonel Parrish presided over the case of Staff Sergeant Alberto Martinez, a GI who was accused of murdering two officers with a grenade.

### Guantanamo assignment

On May 29, 2008 Colonel Peter Brownback, the Presiding Officer over Omar Khadr's Guantanamo military commission was removed, and Parrish was appointed to take his place. Brownback's replacement was described as "surprising".
Lieutenant Commander William Keubler, one of Khadr's Defense attorneys, speculated that Brownback's unexpected replacement was due to his insistence that the Prosecution complete the process of discovery, before he set a trial date.
On Thursday September 4, 2008 Parrish barred the 2nd in command at the Office of Military Commissions, Brigadier General Thomas W. Hartmann, from participating in Khadr's Tribunal because of his "undue command influence". Khadr's Tribunal is the third that Hartmann has been barred from participating in.

### Parrish's Guantanamo hitch, under the Obama administration

President Barack Obama issued executive orders following his inauguration. He ordered the Guantanamo commissions to be suspended, while his own team could assess whether they should be preserved, modified, or closed. James Pohl, another Presiding Officer, took the position that the President didn't have the authority to order him to suspend the commissions. But Parrish complied.
A dispute arose between Khadr's lead Defense Counsel, William Keubler, and Peter Masciola, the new Chief Defense Counsel.
He told Keubler he was fired, because he was not obeying orders. He locked him out of his office, and stopped his access to Khadr, and to the case file. Keubler said the dispute arose because Masciola wanted to continue to play a role in modified commissions, moved to the continental United States, while Keubler wanted to see the charges against Khadr dropped, and see him repatriated to a kind of parole—rehabilitation program in Canada.
Parrish ruled that the rules of the Guantanamo commission system did not give Masciola the authority to fire Keubler.
He ruled that only a Presiding Officer could order a defense counsel's replacement. In late May Parrish scheduled a hearing for June 1, 2009—even though Obama's suspension was still in effect, to consider the issue of whether Keubler should be allowed to continue to represent Khadr.
# Patrick R. Hugg

Patrick R. Hugg is an American legal scholar and professor. He joined the Loyola University in 1986, after practising in labor and employment discrimination law in New Orleans, Louisiana. He holds the John J. McAulay Distinguished Professorship.

## Biography

Hugg received his A.B. in 1970 from Spring Hill College; his J.D. in 1978 from the University of Louisville; and his LL.M. in 1981 from Tulane University. He teaches a variety of subjects of law, including Appellate Advocacy, International Trade law, Comparative law, and European Union law. Hugg is the director of the Loyola International Programs, as well as the Vienna Summer Legal Studies Program, which he started in 1994. He served as a guest professor at the University of Vienna Law school in 1995 and at Yeditepe law faculty in Istanbul in 2004. Hugg has addressed audiences on various subjects, encompassing judicial opinion writing and appellate advocacy. His speaking engagements have included the National Judicial College and numerous national conferences.

## Publications

* "Judicial Style: An Exemplar," 33 Loy. L. Rev. 865-894 (1987).
* "Core Legal Abilities Must Be Taught," 94 Case & Com. 8-12 (Jan.-Feb. 1989).
* "Federalism's Full Circle: Relief for Education Discrimination," 35 Loy. L. Rev. 13-110 (1989).
* "Federal Judges Seek Improved Writing," 7 Fifth Cir. Rep. 633-639 (1990).
* "Professional Legal Writing; Declaring Your Independence," 11 J. Nat'l Ass'n Admin. L. Judges 114-144 (1991).
* "A Hybrid Theory for Education Reform," with Louis Miron, 36 Loy. L. Rev. 937-980 (1991).
* Book Review. The Justice from Beacon Hill: The Life and Times of Oliver Wendell Holmes, by Baker, 38 Loy. L. Rev. 557-573 (1992).
* "Professional Writing Methodology," 14 J. Nat'l Ass'n Admin. L. Judges 165-251 (1994).
* "Comparative Models for Legal Education in the United States: Improved Admissions Standards and Professional Training Centers," 30 Val. U. L. Rev. 51-98 (1995).
* "Transnational Convergence: European Union and American Federalism," 32 Cornell Int'l L.J. 43-108 (1998).
* The Republic of Turkey in Europe: Reconsidering the Luxembourg Exclusion," 23 Fordham Int'l L.J. 606-706 (2000).
* A Guide to European Union Commercial Practice, Oxford University Press, (2003).
# Patrick Kuru

Patrick Kuru is a Cook Island former professional rugby league footballer who played as a second-row forward in the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s. He played at representative level for the Cook Islands, and at club level for the Bay of Plenty Stags and the Altona Roosters.

## Playing career

Kuru played for the Bay of Plenty Stags in the 1996 Lion Red Cup, scoring two tries in the semi-final defeat by Waikato.
As of 2010, Kuru plays for the Altona Roosters in the Victorian Rugby League competition. Kuru captained the squad to the 2010 title. He was chosen in an Australian Affiliated national side in 2005, representing Victoria.

## Representative career

Kuru made his début for the Cook Islands at the 1997 World Nines tournament.
He was then picked in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup squad.
Kuru later represented the Cook Islands in test series against New Zealand Māori in 2003 and Fiji in 2004.
# Patrick Maxwell Stewart

Patrick Maxwell Stewart (1795–1846) was a London merchant and Whig MP for Lancaster (1831–1837) and Renfrewshire (1841–1846).
# Patritumab

Patritumab (INN) is a human monoclonal antibody designed for the treatment of cancer. It acts as an immunomodulator.

## Clinical trials

It is in a phase 2 clinical trial for squamous cell cancer of the head and neck.
It is to be included in a new arm of the I-SPY 2 breast cancer trial.
# Patrick Sarsfields GAA

Patrick Sarsfields Gaelic Athletic Association is a Gaelic football, hurling, camogie and ladies' Gaelic football club based in West Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland.

## History

Patrick Sarsfields were founded on 6 October 1906 and were named after the Jacobite leader Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan (c. 1660 – 1693).
In hurling, they have only won the county championship once, in 1974. That year they reached the final of the Ulster Senior Club Hurling Championship, losing to Ballycran.
The Gaelic football team have been county champions four times, most recently in 1985.
The club attracted media attention in 2016 after two Syrian refugee children, Ahmed and Renad Soda, were stars of their underage teams.

## Honours
### Gaelic football

* Antrim Senior Football Championship (4): 1913, 1941, 1967, 1985
* Antrim Senior Football League (8): 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1962, 1969, 1974, 1985
* Antrim Intermediate Football Championship (1): 1995
* Antrim Intermediate Football League (2): 1935, 1936
* Antrim Junior Football Championship (5): 1940, 2017
* Beringer Cup (2): 1955, 2006
* Antrim Minor Football Championship (2): 1963, 1985

### Hurling

* Antrim Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1974
* Antrim Senior Hurling League (3): 1930s
* Antrim Intermediate Hurling Championship (2): 1972, 2017
* Antrim Minor Hurling Championship (2): 1930, 1932
* South Antrim Hurling League (4): 1949, 1956, 1958, 2021
* South Antrim Junior Hurling Championship (4): 1941, 1944, 1953, 1984
# Past Life (film)

Past Life (Hebrew: החטאים) is a 2016 Israeli drama film written and directed by Avi Nesher and starring Nelly Tagar and Joy Rieger. It is based on Baruch Milch's memoir Can Heaven Be Void? The film is the first of Nesher's planned trilogy.

## Plot

Two Israeli sisters, one a classical music composer and singer, and the other a budding journalist, try to find out what their father did during World War II in Poland, after a Polish woman runs up to one of them in a Berlin concert venue and calls her the daughter of a murderer.

## Cast

* Nelly Tagar as Nana Milch-Kotler
* Joy Rieger [he] as Sephi Milch
* Doron Tavory [he] as Baruch Milch
* Evgenia Dodina as Lusia Milch
* Tom Avni as Jeremy Kotler
* Rafael Stachowiak [de] as Thomas Zielinski
* Katarzyna Gniewkowska [pl] as Agnieszka Zielinska

## Reception

The film has a 79% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com awarded Past Life three stars. Joseph Friar of The Victoria Advocate also gave Past Life three stars. Peter Goldberg of Slant Magazine gave Past Life two and a half stars out of four. Bruce Demara of the Toronto Star awarded the film three stars out of four. Gayle MacDonald of The Globe and Mail gave the film two stars out of four. Barbara VanDenburgh of The Arizona Republic awarded it two and a half stars out of five. Mark Jenkins of The Washington Post gave it two stars out of four.
Diane Carlson of KDHX praised the performances of Tagar and Rieger writing that they "present their characters' contrasting personalities beautifully, sparring like real sisters." Hannah Brown of The Jerusalem Post also praised Tagar and Rieger: "All the actors do extraordinary work, but the standouts are Rieger and Tagar in the lead roles." Ben Kenigsberg of The New York Times wrote a positive review, describing the film as "a page-turner that transforms into a clarion call: always compelling, but slightly stifled by noble intentions." Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times wrote a positive review: "Uneven but ultimately effective, convincing in mood and emotion despite its melodramatic plotting, Avi Nesher's Past Life is straight-ahead filmmaking heightened by a connection to a pervasive Israeli reality not often found on film." Susan G. Cole of Now gave it a positive review and wrote "this is first-rate filmmaking, and the cast, especially Tagar, prickly yet tender, is very good." Allan Hunter of Screen Daily gave the film a positive review and wrote "The initial set-up of Past Life feels clunky, but once we are back in Israel and the sisters reluctantly confront their dour, domineering father Baruch it settles into a more confident, convincing phase." Alissa Simon of Variety also gave it a positive review, calling it "profoundly moving".
# Paul Kerswill

Paul Kerswill, FBA, is a sociolinguist. Since 2012, he has been professor in the department of language and linguistic science at the University of York. After completing his undergraduate degree and doctorate at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, he was a research assistant from 1985 to 1986 at the University of Cambridge, before working as a lecturer at the University of Reading until his appointment in 2004 as a professor at Lancaster University.

## Work

Kerswill has written several papers and done lectures, including a TED talk, on the subject of Multicultural London English, a sociolect spoken in London.

## Honours

In July 2017, Kerswill was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.

## Selected works

* (Co-edited with P. Auer and F. Hinskens) Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European languages (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005).
* (Co-edited with R. Wodak and B. Johnstone) The SAGE handbook of Sociolinguistics (London: SAGE Publications, 2010).
# Patterson Park (disambiguation)

Patterson Park is a public park in Baltimore, Maryland, in the United States.
Patterson Park may also refer to:
* Patterson Park (Fort Meade, Florida)
* Patterson Park (neighborhood), Baltimore, Maryland
* Patterson Park Avenue, a street in Baltimore
* Patterson State Park, a Pennsylvania state park
* Stuart Patterson Park, a park in Old North Dayton, Dayton, Ohio
# Paucerna River

The Paucerna River is a river of Bolivia.
# Paul Botten-Hansen

Paul Botten-Hansen (26 December 1824 – 7 July 1869) was a Norwegian librarian, book collector, magazine editor and literary critic.

## Biography

Botten-Hansen was born at Sel in Oppland, Norway. Born outside of wedlock to Hans Paulsen Nystuen and Ragnhild Jehansdatter Botten, he grew up with her mother's parents on their farm at Botten in Gudbrandsdalen. He moved to Lillehammer in 1839 at the age of 15 where he held office positions for the next eight years. In 1847 he moved to Christiania (now Oslo). He studied at the University of Christiania where he came into a circle of young yet unknown literary talents including Henrik Ibsen, Aasmund Olavson Vinje and Ivar Aasen. He was a lecturer in Valdres 1847-48 and taught at a private school in Christiania 1848–51. He was co-editor of the literary magazine Andhrimner together with Henrik Ibsen and Aasmund Vinje in 1851. His fairytale drama Huldrebryllupet first appeared in Andhrimner in 1851, and elements from this play are later treated by Henrik Ibsen in the 1867 play Peer Gynt.
He edited the weekly magazine Illustreret Nyhedsblad from 1851 to 1866. He became an assistant in the National Archives of Norway (Riksarkivet) in 1856. He was head of the University of Oslo Library in Christiania (now Oslo) from 1864.
In 1861, he was married to Johanne Evine Karine Elisabeth Sang (1833–1917). They were the parents of three children. Botten-Hansen died during 1869 at age 44 and was buried at Vestre gravlund in Oslo. His book collection of 14,000 volumes was the basis for the establishment of the Bergen Public Library in 1874.
# Paul Saunders

Paul Golden (Swish) Saunders (January 12, 1918 – August 8, 2003) was a highly decorated United States Navy submarine sailor who was twice awarded the Silver Star medal during World War II.

## Naval career

Saunders enlisted in the Navy in 1936 and served for 26 years before retiring as GMGC(SS) (Chief Gunners Mate Guns, Submarine Service) in 1962. Prior to submarines, Chief Saunders served on the light cruiser USS Raleigh (CL-7) and on destroyers McCook (DD-252) and Sampson (DD-394).
Saunders qualified in submarines aboard R-4 (SS-81) in 1940 and subsequently served in Barb (SS-220), Cusk (SS-348), Carbonero (SS-337), and Theodore Roosevelt (SSBN-600).
The only landing of US military forces on the island of Japan during hostilities included Saunders. The landing party destroyed a 16-car train on the coastal railway with an explosive charge, using a microswitch under the rails to trigger the explosion.
He was one of the most decorated enlisted men in the Submarine Service, distinguishing himself during World War II while serving on board the Barb. Saunders made all twelve of Barb’s war patrols, five in the Atlantic and seven in the Pacific and was chief of the boat (COB) for patrols #9–12. He was also COB for the submarines Cusk, Carbonero and Theodore Roosevelt.
He was featured in the book Thunder Below by his USS Barb skipper, Admiral Eugene B. Fluckey.

## Awards

During his career, Saunders was awarded the following:
* Submarine Qualification pin
* Submarine Combat pin
* Silver Star with gold star in lieu of second award
* Bronze Star Medal with Combat V
* Letter of Commendation with Ribbon (later converted to the Navy Commendation Medal) with Combat V
* Presidential Unit Citation with three bronze stars in lieu of additional awards
* Navy Unit Commendation
* Navy Good Conduct Medal with silver service star
* American Defense Service Medal with "A" Device
* American Campaign Medal
* European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with one bronze service star
* Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with one silver and two bronze service stars
* World War II Victory Medal
* National Defense Service Medal
* Philippine Liberation Ribbon

## Post naval career

Post World War II found Saunders working in the development of the launching systems for KGW-1 Loon, which was an adaptation of the US Army's JB-2 Doodle Bug, Regulus, and Polaris missiles.
Saunders was a member of Submarine Veterans of World War II and also a member of United States Submarine Veterans, Inc., Nautilus Base.
# Paul Taylor (art critic)

Paul Taylor (Melbourne, 1957–7 September 1992) was an Australian art critic, curator, editor and publisher. In 1981, he founded Art & Text, the contemporary art journal considered to be responsible for generating and promoting postmodernist discourse in Australian art.

## Life

Taylor was born in 1957 in Melbourne, Australia. He completed a Bachelor of Arts (Hons.) at Monash University, Melbourne in 1979, studying under Patrick McCaughey (founder of the Visual Arts department at Monash University) with fellow students including Jenepher Duncan and Jan Minchin.
In 1981, Taylor founded the contemporary Australian art journal Art & Text. He curated the landmark exhibition 'Popism' in 1982 at the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, and, the following year, the smaller though equally significant 'Tall Poppies' at the University of Melbourne Gallery. In 1984, Taylor edited and published an anthology of criticism titled Anything Goes: Art in Australia 1970–1980. In the same year, Taylor invited Sydney theorist and critic Paul Foss to edit Art & Text when Taylor planned to move to New York. Taylor established himself there as an art journalist, writing for Vanity Fair, Interview, Parkett, Flash Art and The New York Times. In 1988, he curated the exhibition Impresario: Malcolm McLaren and the British New Wave for the New Museum of Contemporary Art in New York. In 1992, Taylor returned to Melbourne, where he died from AIDS-related lymphoma.
In 2012, Taylor was the subject of the symposium Impresario: Paul Taylor, Art & Text POPISM at Monash University. A book, based on the symposium, was published in 2013.

## Art & Text

Taylor's journal Art & Text presented a new vision for Australian art that was grounded in the translation, interpretation and application of French poststructuralist theory to contemporary art. In 1983, issue 11 included the first English translation of Jean Baudrillard’s essay "The Precession of Simulacra". Taylor maintained an enduring commitment to New Wave sub-culture and its subsequent theorisation by sociologists such as Dick Hebdige. Notably influential on Taylor's thinking was Hebdige's book 1979 book, Subculture: The Meaning of Style.
Under Taylor's editorship, Art & Text worked closely with contemporary artists to publish both their writings and their artworks in the form of artist pages. These artists included Imants Tillers, John Nixon, Maria Kozic, Peter Tyndall, Howard Arkley, David Chesworth, Philip Brophy, Juan Davila and Vivienne Shark LeWitt among others.
Following a symposium organised by Monash University's MUMA in September 2012, a plan to produce a book about Taylor was announced. In December 2013, Helen Hughes and Nicholas Croggon released Impresario: Paul Taylor, The Melbourne Years, 1981-1984.
Taylor bequeathed his papers to the National Gallery of Australia Research Library.
# Paul Smith (artist)

Paul Smith (September 21, 1921 – June 25, 2007) was an American typewriter artist.

## Biography

Smith was born in 1921 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He suffered from severe spastic cerebral palsy from an early age. The loss of fine motor control of his face and hands made it impossible for him to attend school—or even eat, clothe, or bathe himself—and also made it difficult for him to express himself.
Paul never married and had no children. In 1967 he entered the retirement facility Rose Haven in Roseburg Oregon.
# Paul Perry

Paul Perry may refer to:
* Paul Perry (author) (fl. 1980s–2020s), American writer
* Paul Perry (cinematographer) (1891–1963), American cinematographer
* Paul Perry (horse trainer) (born 1949), Australian racehorse trainer