OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Pludds

The Pludds is a hamlet in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, England (grid reference SO617161). Lydbrook and Joys Green are to the west, Ruardean is to the north, and Ruardean Woodside is to the east. The Pludds has a village hall.

## History

The name of the hamlet derives from the Middle English word "pludde" or "plodde", meaning a pool or puddle. The area was known as The Pludds by 1787 when a few houses are reported. One of the oldest surviving houses, Pludds Court, dates from the late 18th or early 19th century. Occasional building continued at the Pludds after 1840 and a beerhouse called the Royal Oak had opened by 1891. In the late 19th and early 20th century there was a coal shaft known as "Pluds" just southwest of the hamlet, which formed part of the Lydbrook Colliery.
The hamlet had shops, a beerhouse, a choral society, and a cricket club, but these had all been closed or been disbanded by 1990. The village hall, built in 1975, continues in use.
# The Northern Scot

The Northern Scot is a weekly newspaper published in Moray, Scotland.
# Nilesat 102

Nilesat 102 is an Egyptian owned geosynchronous communications satellite that was launched by an Ariane 44LP rocket from Kourou, French Guiana on August 17, 2000, at 23:16 UTC by the European Space Agency. It was manufactured by the European company Matra Marconi Space (Astrium), and started official broadcasting on 12 September 2000 with an expected lifetime of 15 years. The spacecraft weighed 1,827 kg at launch.

## Manufacture

It was manufactured by the European company Matra Marconi Space (Astrium). At launch, the spacecraft weighed 1,827 kg (fully fuelled). The receiver dish diameter is 50 cm to 75 cm. The transponder output power is 100 W and 12 Ku-band transponders with a bandwidth of 33 MHz. The maximum power consumption is 3.06 kW. The satellite utilizes a three axis stabilization system. The satellite is powered by two deployable solar arrays, with the power being stored on batteries.

## Launch

Nilesat 102 was launched by an Ariane 44LP rocket from Kourou, French Guiana on August 17, 2000, at 23:16 UTC by the European Space Agency.

## Mission
### Operations

Nilesat 102 is operated by the Egyptian satellite Co. Nilesat, which was established in 1996 with the purpose of operating Egyptian satellites and their associated mission control center and ground stations. The two control centers are located in Cairo and Alexandria.
The two satellites carried more than 150 TV channels, adding 50 more channels than when only Nilesat 101 was operational. Additional services provided include data transmission, turbo internet, and multicasting operations.

## End of Mission

NileSat 102 was retired in June 2018 and moved to a graveyard orbit.
# Nilesh Bhatt

Nilesh Bhatt (born March 17, 1971) is the Chief Executive Officer and chairman of Pilipili Entertainment Company Limited based in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. He is widely regarded as the most influential film executive in the East African film and movie industry, he is responsible for guiding the overall activities of the second largest film company in East Africa.

## Personal life

Mr. Nilesh is married and has 2 children, a son named Kush Bhatt and a daughter Paridhi Bhatt. He lives with the family in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

## Early life

A graduate of Bhavan's College, Mumbai University, Mr. Nilesh joined African Pride Textile Mills Ltd, a family business in 1997 as the Chief Executive officer. Under Mr. Nilesh's leadership, APTML became the industry's most successful textile company in East Africa, leading the industry in market share for 8 consecutive years. During that time, he oversaw APTML's rapid evolution from a junior company into a full-fledged textile company.

## Pilipili Entertainment

In 2006, Mr. Nilesh, along with his childhood friend Mr. Sameer Srivastava founded Pilipili Entertainment, which became among the most successful film companies in East and Central Africa. While leading Pilipili Entertainment, Mr. Nilesh energized the company by attracting and recruiting many of the Film Industry's most talented executives. With the acquisition of world-class equipment, Mr. Nilesh was directly involved with the restructuring and integration process to create East Africa's largest film company. Under his leadership, he has produced TV commercials, hundreds of movies and organized numerous big events.
Throughout his career, Mr. Nilesh has worked in many different capacities with some of the most popular and influential Africa's and Bollywood's Artists, Actors, Producers, and Directors of the past four decades, including Steven Kanumba, Mzee Chillo, Jackline Wolper, Jacob Steven and Rose Ndauka. Recently in the year 2019 his company Pilipili Entertainment Company Launched an entertainment pay tv channel "Mambo Tv - Swahili". The channel has been successful since then and is on the DTH and DTT platforms of Startimes and Zuku.Pilipili Entertainment also launched his music arm Pilipili Music Mania which manages the new aspiring and also well-known singers. Richi Mavoko is one of them.Just recently on June 14, 2021 launched a second entertainment channel "Mambo Moto" in Swahili language for the audiences of East Africa.
# Nilesh Cabral

Nilesh Cabral (born 10 July 1972) is an Indian politician and a former cabinet minister in the Government of Goa headed by Manohar Parrikar. He is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party and represents the Curchorem constituency in the Goa Legislative Assembly. Cabral had held the portfolios of Power, Non-Conventional Energy, Law & Judiciary as well as Legislative Affairs.

## Personal life

Nilesh Cabral was born on 10 July 1972. An engineer, Cabral earned a Diploma in Mining and Mine Surveying from the Government Polytechnic, Panaji in 1992.
By profession, Cabral is a transport contractor as well as barge owner. He owns several trucks and earth moving machines. He is the Chairman of the Goa Chess Association since June 2017.

## Career

Cabral was once a close confidante of Shyam Satardekar and also worked for the latter's victory in the 2007 Goa Legislative Assembly election. But later, differences arose between Satardekar and Cabral. Cabral first contested the 2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election from Curchorem as a candidate of the Bharatiya Janata Party, defeating Shyam Satardekar of the Indian National Congress. In 2012, Cabral was seen as an "outsider" as he did not belong to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh cadre. After his victory in the 2012 Goa Legislative Assembly election, Nilesh Cabral was appointed the Chairman of the Goa Tourism Development Corporation. He served in this position from 24 April 2012 to 9 January 2017.
He successfully contested the 2017 Goa Legislative Assembly election and was elected from the Curchorem constituency as a Bharatiya Janata Party candidate. He was once again appointed the Chairman of the Goa Tourism Development Corporation in April 2017 and held the post till 7 November 2018.
Since 24 September 2018, Cabral is the Cabinet Minister of Power, Non-Conventional Energy, Law & Judiciary as well as Legislative Affairs in the Government of Goa.
In 2020, Cabral said that he was ready to debate with his Delhi counterpart over the electricity models in their respective jurisdictions, and not with an official of the Delhi Jal Board. Raghav Chadha traveled from Delhi to Goa to debate; however, later on, the debate took place between Valmiki Naik and Nilesh Cabral In 2022, Cabral won the assembly election on BJP ticket from Curchorem constituency.
Nilesh Cabral has resigned from the Pramod Sawant-led state cabinet 19 November 2023.
# Nipponentomon

Nipponentomon is a genus of proturans in the family Acerentomidae.

## Species

* Nipponentomon andrei (Ewing, 1940)
* Nipponentomon aureitarsum Ewing, 1940
* Nipponentomon bidentatum Nakamura, 2004
* Nipponentomon bifidum Rusek, 1974
* Nipponentomon californicum Hilton, 1929
* Nipponentomon heterothrici Yin & Xie, 1993
* Nipponentomon kamui Imadaté, 1965
* Nipponentomon kevani Rusek, 1974
* Nipponentomon khabarovskense Nakamura, 2004
* Nipponentomon macleani Nosek, 1977
* Nipponentomon nippon (Yosii, 1938)
* Nipponentomon uenoi Imadaté & Yosii, 1959
# Ninad Shah

Ninad Shah (born 7 January 1997) is a Hong Kong cricketer. He made his first-class cricket debut against Ireland in the 2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup on 30 August 2016.
His brother Kinchit Shah also plays cricket for the Hong Kong national team.
# Peter Fingesten

Peter Fingesten (March 20, 1916 in Berlin, Germany – September 10, 1987) was a German-born American graphic artist, sculptor, and founding chairman of the Art Department at Pace University.

## Biography

Peter Fingesten, son of Michel Fingesten (1884-1943) an artist, was hired by Pace University in the 1950s to bring a liberal arts sector to what was then only a business school. Fingesten was a scholar in symbolism, exhibited his works of art in the style of surrealism, and lectured on a number of topics pertaining to art. His talent as an artist and excellence as a revered teacher propelled him to becoming a fully tenured professor. His trademark curved pipe, that he always carried with him, made him an easily recognized New York iconoclast. He continued to show his work in New York art galleries but was most involved in propelling Pace University in the City of New York to prominence. In gratitude, the Pace University founded The Peter Fingestin Gallery in his honor, and this gallery has and continues to hold frequent showing of noted artists.
Fingesten married Carole Cacace, a student of his many art and architecture classes. They were always recognized by their distinguished style of dress, each of them with the same custom-made clothing, and the "knicker and barret" outfits. Theirs was a romance of 'first order' that so many of their friends admired.
# Peter James (set decorator)

Peter James (14 April 1924 – 17 November 1997) was an English set decorator. He was nominated for two Academy Awards in the category Best Art Direction.

## Selected filmography

James was nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Art Direction:
* Young Winston (1972)
* The Man Who Would Be King (1975)
# Peter Hounam

Peter Metcalfe Hounam (born 1944) is a British journalist who has worked for Sunday Times, Daily Mirror, the London Evening Standard, and BBC Television, as well as having published several books. In 1996, Hounam founded Vision Paperbacks, of which he is the chairman.
# Peter Houseman House

Peter Houseman House is a historic home located at Westerleigh, Staten Island, New York. It consists of two sections, one built about 1730 and the second about 1760. The older section is a 1+1⁄2-story, stone wing built of fieldstone painted white. The newer section is a 1+1⁄2-story, large frame section with a gable roof.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
# Peter L. Strauss

Peter L. Strauss (born February 26, 1940) is an American lawyer, author and academic who is the Betts Professor of Law Emeritus at Columbia Law School.
Strauss taught courses in Administrative Law, Constitutional Law, Family Law, Legal Education, Legal Methods, and Legislation and the Regulatory State. He is the author of several legal textbooks and has served as an attorney with the U.S Government.

## Background

After graduating Harvard College (1961) and Yale Law School (1964), Strauss spent two years clerking for federal judges in Washington, D.C., and two years lecturing on criminal law at the national university of Ethiopia. Returning to the United States, he spent the next three years as an attorney in the Office of the Solicitor General, briefing and arguing cases before the United States Supreme Court. Strauss joined the faculty at Columbia Law School in 1971, and taught there until the fall of 2021. During 1975 to 1977, he became the first General Counsel of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

## Publications

Strauss's published works include Administrative Justice in the United States (1989, 2002 and 2016); Gellhorn's & Byse's Administrative Law: Cases and Comments (most recently, 2018, with Rakoff, Metzger, O'Connor and Barron); Legal Methods: Understanding and Using Cases and Statutes (2005, 2008, and 2014); Legislation, Understanding and Using Statutes (2006), Administrative Law Stories (2006) and numerous law review articles, generally focusing on issues of rule making, separation of powers (with particular attention to presidential authority), and statutory interpretation. He also edited the English translation of the traditional Ethiopian Codex, The Fetha Nagast = The Law of the Kings (1968), translated by Abba Paulos Tzadua, later made Cardinal of the Catholic Church.

## Recognitions

In 1987 the Section of Administrative Law and Regulatory Practice of the American Bar Association presented Strauss its third annual award for distinguished scholarship in administrative law for his essay “The Place of Agencies in Government: Separation of Powers and the Fourth Branch." In 1992 to 1993, he served as Chair of the Section. He has been reporter for rulemaking on its APA and European Union Administrative Law projects, and was a member of its E-Rulemaking task force. In 2008, the American Constitution Society awarded Strauss the first Richard Cudahy prize for his essay "Overseer or 'The Decider'? The President in Administrative Law." He is a member of the American Law Institute and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Senior Fellow of the Administrative Conference of the United States.
Strauss has visited at the European University Institute, Harvard and NYU, and lectured widely on American administrative law abroad, including programs in Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Mexico, Turkey, the UK, and Venezuela. During 2008 to 2009 he was Fernand Braudel Senior Fellow at the European Law Institute and Parsons fellow at the University of Sydney Law School.
# Peter Austin

Peter Austin may refer:
* Peter Austin (brewer) (1921–2014), British brewer
* Peter Austin (linguist), Australian linguist
# Petershagen-Eggersdorf

Petershagen-Eggersdorf is a municipality in the district Märkisch-Oderland, in Brandenburg, Germany.

## Geography

The municipality, situated 30 km (19 mi) east of Berlin centre, comprises the main settlements of Petershagen and Eggersdorf.

### Demography

* Development of Population since 1875 within the Current Boundaries (Blue Line: Population; Dotted Line: Comparison to Population Development of Brandenburg state; Grey Background: Time of Nazi rule; Red Background: Time of Communist rule)
* Recent Population Development and Projections (Population Development before Census 2011 (blue line); Recent Population Development according to the Census in Germany in 2011 (blue bordered line); Official projections for 2005-2030 (yellow line); for 2017-2030 (scarlet line); for 2020-2030 (green line)
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1875 | 811 | — |
| 1890 | 809 | −0.02% |
| 1910 | 2,231 | +5.20% |
| 1925 | 4,252 | +4.39% |
| 1939 | 9,068 | +5.56% |
| 1950 | 9,131 | +0.06% |
| 1964 | 9,706 | +0.44% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1971 | 9,871 | +0.24% |
| 1981 | 9,319 | −0.57% |
| 1985 | 9,120 | −0.54% |
| 1990 | 8,442 | −1.53% |
| 1995 | 8,974 | +1.23% |
| 2000 | 11,614 | +5.29% |
| 2005 | 13,171 | +2.55% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 2010 | 13,875 | +1.05% |
| 2015 | 14,520 | +0.91% |
| 2016 | 14,719 | +1.37% |
| 2017 | 15,049 | +2.24% |
| 2018 | 15,184 | +0.90% |
| 2019 | 15,327 | +0.94% |
| 2020 | 15,460 | +0.87% |

## Transport

The village is well connected to Berlin by the S-Bahn line S5 at the station of Petershagen Nord. The stop is so named (P. North) due to the existence of "Petershagen Süd" (P. South), a railway station on a line, now closed, from Fredersdorf to Rüdersdorf.

## Twin towns

* Petershagen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany) - since 1990
# Petersbach

Petersbach is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
Peteresbach is within the Northern Vosges Regional Nature Park (French: Parc naturel régional des Vosges du Nord) that lies in the northern foothills of the Vosges Mountains.

## Industry/Economy

At the eastern end of the town is the headquarters and major plant for fr:Grands Chais de France, a major French wine and spirit maker and exporter. It produces over 1m bottles of wine annually.

## Culture

The local cultural ties to Germany are strong, including the use of a Rhenish Franconian dialect.
# Petershausen

Petershausen is a municipality in the district of Dachau in Bavaria in Germany.

## Geography

Petershausen is located in the valley of the Glonn with extensive floodplains. Much of the area outside of Petershausen is part of a nature preserve.

## History

The area around Petershausen has been inhabited for centuries by the Celts of the Vindelici tribe. There are burial mounds that date as far back as 1500 BC near Petershausen (Obermarbach).
The Romans and early Bavarians also inhabited the area.
During Roman occupation, a road from Salzburg to Augsburg passed through Petershausen. Part of this road would be used for oxen/cattle trading during the Middle Ages.
The place name 'Petershausen' was first mentioned in a church document 1116 AD, concerning the local church (St. Laurentius).
The 'Pertrichhof' in the center of the village was built around 1500 as a tavern and still exists today as a charming 'Wirtshaus'.
The town and church were greatly damaged during the Thirty Years War and by plague.
During the War of the Spanish Succession in 1704, the Austrians looted the church.
Since 1755 there was a school in Petershausen.
In 1867 the Munich - Ingolstadt railway line, on which the Petershausen station is located, was built.
The town symbol (coat of arms) of Petershausen is a fish and a plow.

## Development

Between 1988 and 2018 the parish grew from 4,481 to 6,551.
The mayor (Bürgermeister) has been Marcel Fath from the Free Voters Party since May 2014.
Today Petershausen is the northern end of S-Bahn line 2, but is also served by regional trains every hour to half an hour and is on the Munich railway line.
# Petros (surname)

Petros is the surname of:
* Abune Petros (1882–1936), Ethiopian bishop and martyr born Haile Maryam
* Amanal Petros (born 1995), German long-distance runner
* Beyene Petros (born 1950), Ethiopian biology professor and politician
* George Petros (born 1955), American art designer, author, editor, interviewer and illustrator
* Hanna Petros (1896–1958), Iraqi-Assyrian composer and scholar
* Tim Petros (1961–2020), Canadian football player
* Walatta Petros (1592–1642), Ethiopian saint
# Petites Îles River

The rivière des Petites Îles (Petites Îles River) is a tributary of the south shore of the Saguenay River flowing successively in the municipalities of Petit-Saguenay and Baie-Sainte-Catherine, in Regional County Municipality (MRC) of Le Fjord-du-Saguenay, in Quebec, Canada.
The upper part of this valley is served indirectly by Route 170 which connects Saint-Siméon to the village of Petit-Saguenay which passes over the north shore of the Noire River. Despite its mountainous terrain, the valley of the "Petites Îles River" has some secondary forest roads for forestry and recreational tourism purposes.
Forestry is the first economic activity in the sector; recreational tourism activities, second.
The surface of Petites Îles River is usually frozen from the beginning of December to the end of March, however, safe ice circulation is generally from mid-December to mid-March.

## Geography

The main hydrographic slopes near the Petites Îles River are:
* North side: Saguenay River;
* East side: St. Lawrence River;
* South side: Petit Saguenay River;
* West side: Petit Saguenay River, Cabanage River.
The Petites Îles River rises at the mouth of Lake Ovila-Lavoie. This source is located at:
* 5.9 km (3.7 mi) south-west of its mouth;
* 6.8 km (4.2 mi) east of a curve of Petit Saguenay River;
* 18.4 km (11.4 mi) west of the mouth of the Saguenay River;
* 10.5 km (6.5 mi) south-east of the village center of Petit-Saguenay.
From its source (Lake Ovila-Lavoie), the course of the Petites Îles River descends on 9.7 km (6.0 mi) according to the following segments:
* 0.6 km (0.37 mi) northerly to a river bend corresponding to the discharge (from the North) of a group of lakes including Pipiche, Coquille, Île and L'Orme;
* 2.8 km (1.7 mi) northeasterly, forming a curve to the south, and crossing rapids at the end of the segment;
to the dump (coming from the east) of Lac du Compte;
* 2.2 km (1.4 mi) northeasterly in a steep valley to the outlet of Lac des Couteaux;
* 4.1 km (2.5 mi) easterly in a valley through the Saguenay Fjord National Park to its mouth.
The mouth of the Petites Îles River flows into Anse aux Petites Îles on the south shore of the Saguenay River at the northwestern end of the Municipality of Baie-Sainte-Catherine. This confluence is located at:
* 26.3 km (16.3 mi) east of the village center of L'Anse-Saint-Jean;
* 18.2 km (11.3 mi) east of the confluence of the Petit Saguenay River with the Saguenay River;
* 15.6 km (9.7 mi) west of Tadoussac.

## Toponymy

The toponym "Rivière des Petites Îles" (Little Islands River) refers to the presence of two small islands located in the cove at the mouth of this stream. The name of the first, Coquart Island, evokes the memory of the Jesuit father Claude-Godefroy Coquart, born in 1706 in the French commune of Melun. "Anse aux Petites Îles" is bounded on the north by "Pointe aux Petites Îles".
The toponym "Rivière des Petites Îles" was formalized on December 5, 1968, at the Bank of Place Names of the Commission de toponymie du Québec.
# Petrogenetic grid

A petrogenetic grid is a geological phase diagram that connects the stability ranges or metastability ranges of metamorphic minerals or mineral assemblages to the conditions of metamorphism. Experimentally determined mineral or mineral-assemblage stability ranges are plotted as metamorphic reaction boundaries in a pressure–temperature cartesian coordinate system to produce a petrogenetic grid for a particular rock composition. The regions of overlap of the stability fields of minerals form equilibrium mineral assemblages used to determine the pressure–temperature conditions of metamorphism. This is particularly useful in geothermobarometry.
Figure 1 is an example of a complex petrogenetic grid for metamorphosed pelitic rocks. It shows most of the important reactions that govern the development of aluminous mineral assemblages from the prehnite-pumpellyite facies to the granulite facies, as well as the blueschist facies and eclogite facies at higher pressures and the contact hornfels facies at lower pressures. As the rock undergoes higher temperatures and pressures, it follows the classic Barrovian sequence from the chlorite zone to the biotite zone to the garnet zone to the staurolite zone.
For a metapelitic rock containing chlorite, kaolinite, and quartz the petrogenetic grid for metapelites (Figure 1) shows that such a rock can only form at relatively low pressures and temperatures. However, if it had carpholite instead of chlorite, then it would have formed at higher pressures, and if it had pyrophyllite instead of kaolinite, it would have formed at higher temperatures. This assumes the rock has a KFMASH (K$_2$O–FeO–MgO–Al$_2$O$_3$–SiO$_2$–H$_2$O) composition because that is what the experimental data was created with. If the composition of the rock differs from this, then the figure is less accurate.
Norman L. Bowen proposed the concept of petrogenetic grids in 1940. At the time, he envisioned geologists eventually determining every possible metamorphic reaction and assemblage in nature, but realized that the magnitude of undertaking the necessary experiments was a huge task that would not be finished for a very long time. As such, modern petrogenetic grids are only partially complete. Depending on the level of precision and characterization needed, a petrogenetic grid may be simple, or it may be an extremely large system consisting of a hundred or more reactions.
# Petrogenia

Petrogenia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Convolvulaceae. The only species is Petrogenia repens.
Its native range is Texas to Northeastern Mexico.