OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ralph Borghard

Ralph Borghard (born 17 April 1944) is a German former figure skater who represented East Germany for most of his career. He is the 1963 Blue Swords champion and a three-time East German national champion (1963, 1964, and 1966). His best result at an ISU Championship, sixth, came at the 1966 European Championships.

## Personal life

Ralph Borghard was born 17 April 1944 in Rostock. He became a dentist in Berlin.

## Career

Ralph Borghard represented East Germany and SC Dynamo Berlin for most of his career, coached by Inge Wischnewski. In 1962, he won the East German national silver medal and was given his first major international assignment, the 1962 European Championships. He finished 15th at the event in Geneva. The following season, he became the national champion and improved to 11th at Europeans.
In the 1963–64 season, Borghard won Blue Swords and his second national title. He qualified to represent the United Team of Germany at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck and finished 11th.
In the 1965–66 season, Borghard won his third national title and finished sixth at the 1966 European Championships in Bratislava. His next assignment was the World Championships in Davos, Switzerland in late February 1966. After concluding the competition in 14th place, he decided not to return to East Germany and defected to West Germany.
In April 1966, it was reported that Borghard and a West German single skater, Uschi Keszler, had considered teaming up to compete in pairs. The two practiced some lifts together but her parents rejected the idea. Borghard returned to single skating and won the 1967 West German national silver medal before retiring from competition.

## Results

International :
| Event | 1961–62 | 1962–63 | 1963–64 | 1965–66 | 1966–67 |
| Winter Olympics | | | 11th | | |
| World Champ. | | | | 14th | |
| European Champ. | 15th | 11th | | 6th | |
| Blue Swords | | | 1st | | |
| National |||||||
| West German | | | | | 2nd |
| East German | 2nd | 1st | 1st | 1st | |
# SS postcode area

The SS postcode area, also known as the Southend-on-Sea postcode area, is a group of seventeen postcode districts in England, within eleven post towns. These cover south-east Essex, including Southend-on-Sea, Basildon, Benfleet, Canvey Island, Hockley, Leigh-on-Sea, Rayleigh, Rochford, Stanford-le-Hope, Westcliff-on-Sea and Wickford.

## Coverage

The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:
| Postcode district | Post town | Coverage | Local authority area(s) |
| SS0 | WESTCLIFF-ON-SEA | Westcliff-on-Sea, Chalkwell | Southend-on-Sea |
| SS1 | WESTCLIFF-ON-SEA | PO Boxes | non-geographic |
| SS1 | SOUTHEND-ON-SEA | Southend-on-Sea, Thorpe Bay | Southend-on-Sea |
| SS2 | SOUTHEND-ON-SEA | Southend-on-Sea, Prittlewell, Southchurch, Southend Airport | Southend-on-Sea, Rochford |
| SS3 | SOUTHEND-ON-SEA | Shoeburyness, Great Wakering, Little Wakering, Barling, Foulness Island | Rochford, Southend-on-Sea |
| SS4 | ROCHFORD | Rochford, Ashingdon, Canewdon, Stambridge, Paglesham | Rochford |
| SS5 | HOCKLEY | Hockley, Hullbridge, Hawkwell | Rochford |
| SS6 | RAYLEIGH | Rayleigh | Rochford, Castle Point |
| SS7 | BENFLEET | Hadleigh, South Benfleet, Thundersley | Castle Point, Basildon |
| SS8 | CANVEY ISLAND | Canvey Island | Castle Point |
| SS9 | LEIGH-ON-SEA | Leigh-on-Sea, Eastwood | Southend-on-Sea, Rochford |
| SS11 | WICKFORD | Wickford (north and east), Shotgate, Runwell, Battlesbridge, Rawreth | Basildon, Chelmsford, Rochford |
| SS12 | WICKFORD | Wickford (south and west), North Benfleet | Basildon |
| SS13 | BASILDON | Pitsea | Basildon |
| SS14 | BASILDON | Basildon | Basildon |
| SS15 | BASILDON | Laindon | Basildon |
| SS16 | BASILDON | Langdon Hills, Vange | Basildon, Thurrock |
| SS17 | STANFORD-LE-HOPE | Stanford-le-Hope, Corringham, Horndon-on-the-Hill, Fobbing | Thurrock, Basildon |
| SS22 | SOUTHEND-ON-SEA | International Masters Publishers | non-geographic |
| SS99 | SOUTHEND-ON-SEA | HM Revenue and Customs (VAT), First Data | non-geographic |
# Red Crane, Portland

Red Crane is a crane on the Isle of Portland, Dorset, England. It is located on the cliff edge at Portland's southerly point, the promontory Portland Bill. It is part of a disused stone loading quay, which is now a scheduled monument.

## History

The area of Portland Bill had been quarried during the 19th-century and continued until the early 20th-century. During its commercial years, the stone shipping quay was created as the Bill's prime quay to ship Portland stone off the island. A hand-operated wooden crane was originally erected there for this purpose.
After quarrying ceased in the area in the early 20th century, the quay's crane, which became known as Red Crane, was used to lower fisherman and their boats into the sea. The crane was later replaced by a steel crane, which remains in place today. It continues to be used by fishermen. A similar crane, also steel, is the Broad Ope Crane (also known as Bob's Crane), which is located further north along Portland's east coastline, near Cave Hole. Sandholes Crane, further north of Broad Ope, is a surviving wooden crane.
# Stockman

Stockman may refer to:
* Stockman (Australia), a person who looks after livestock on a station
* Stockman (surname), a surname
* Rancher, an owner of a North American livestock ranch operation
* Cowman (profession), owner or operator of a cattle business
* Dairy farmer, owner or manager of a dairy farm
* Stock contractor, in the United States, contractor who supplies livestock, especially for rodeo
* Shepherd, a person who looks after sheep in the fields
# Homoclinal ridge

A homoclinal ridge or strike ridge is a hill or ridge with a moderate, generally between 10° and 30°, sloping backslope. Its backslope is a dip slope, that conforms with the dip of a resistant stratum or strata, called caprock. On the other side of the other slope, which is its frontslope, of a homoclinal ridge is a steeper or even cliff-like frontslope (escarpment) that is formed by the outcrop of the caprock. The escarpment cuts through the dipping strata that comprises the homoclinal ridge.
Homoclinal ridges are the expression of regional outcrops of moderately dipping strata, typically sedimentary strata, that consist of alternating beds of hard, well-lithified strata, i.e. sandstone and limestone and weak or loosely cemented strata, i.e. shale, mudstone, and marl. The surface of hard, erosion-resistant rock strata forms the caprock of the backslope (dip-slope) of the homoclinal ridges from which erosion has preferentially stripped any weaker strata. The opposite slope, its frontslope, that forms the front of a homoclinal ridge consists of an escarpment that cuts across the bedding of the strata comprising it. Because of the moderately dipping nature of the strata that forms a homoclinal ridge, a significant shift in horizontal location will take place the landscape is lowered by erosion. Because the slope of a homoclinal ridge dips in the same direction as the sedimentary strata underlying it, the dip angle of this bedding (Ө) can be calculated by v/h= tan(Ө) where v is equal to the vertical distance and h is equal to the horizontal distance perpendicular to the strike of the beds.
Cuestas, homoclinal ridges, and hogbacks comprise a sequence of landforms that form a gradational continuum. These landform differ only on the steepness of their backslopes and relative differences in the inclination of their backslopes and frontslopes. These differences depends upon whether the dip of the strata from which they have been eroded are either nearly vertical, moderately dipping, or gently dipping. In general, homoclinal ridges, or strike ridges, are associated with strata that dip between 10° and 30°. The symmetrical ridges that characterize hogbacks develop where the strata dip very steeply at 40° or more. Because they are gradational in nature, the exact angle of the backslope used to define these landforms is arbitrary and can vary in the scientific literature.
# Lithopoma phoebium

Lithopoma phoebium, common name the longspine star shell, is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

## Distribution

This is a tropical Western Atlantic species.
Distribution of Lithopoma phoebium include: Aruba, Belize, Bonaire, Caribbean Sea, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Curaçao, Gulf of Mexico, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, San Andres, The United States, and Venezuela.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 76 mm (almost 3 inches).

## Habitat

The minimum recorded depth for this species is 0 m; maximum recorded depth is 91 m.
* basal view
* apertural view
* apical view
# Savalia lucifica

Savalia lucifica, commonly known as the luminescent parazoanthid, is a form of false black coral in the family Parazoanthidae. It is known from the Pacific Ocean where it lives at depths of around 700 m (2,297 ft) off the coast of California, but more recently (2011) has been discovered in the Mediterranean Sea at a depth of 270 m (886 ft). This zoanthid exhibits bioluminescence.

## Distribution

Savalia lucifica was first described by Cutress & Pequegnat in 1960. The type specimen was recovered from the seabed at a depth of 700 m (2,297 ft) in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California. In 2011 the same species was recovered from a depth of 270 m (886 ft) in the Mediterranean Sea by a robot submersible operated from the Italian oceanographic ship "Astrea". This vessel was undertaking exploration and research into the deepwater red coral populations of the Aegean Sea at the time.

## Ecology

Savalia lucifica emits light when stimulated, for example when stroked gently by a finger. In the Mediterranean Sea, this zoanthid uses the deepwater gorgonian Callogorgia verticillata as a substrate.
# Heriaeus

Heriaeus is a genus of crab spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1875.

## Species

As of November 2022 it contains thirty-seven species, found in Europe, Asia, and Africa:
* Heriaeus algericus Loerbroks, 1983 – Algeria
* Heriaeus allenjonesi van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – South Africa
* Heriaeus antoni van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – Senegal, Yemen
* Heriaeus buffoni (Audouin, 1826) – North Africa, Israel
* Heriaeus buffonopsis Loerbroks, 1983 – Central Asia
* Heriaeus capillatus Utochkin, 1985 – Kazakhstan
* Heriaeus chareshi (Sen & Sureshan, 2022) – India
* Heriaeus charitonovi Utochkin, 1985 – Central Asia
* Heriaeus concavus Tang & Li, 2010 – China
* Heriaeus convexus Tang & Li, 2010 – China
* Heriaeus copricola van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – South Africa
* Heriaeus crassispinus Lawrence, 1942 – Central, East, Southern Africa
* Heriaeus delticus Utochkin, 1985 – Russia (Europe)
* Heriaeus fedotovi Charitonov, 1946 – Central Asia
* Heriaeus foordi van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – South Africa
* Heriaeus graminicola (Doleschall, 1852) – Europe, Caucasus, Iran
* Heriaeus hirtus (Latreille, 1819) (type) – Europe, Turkey, Caucasus
* Heriaeus horridus Tyschchenko, 1965 – Russia (Europe to West Siberia), Central Asia
* Heriaeus latifrons Lessert, 1919 – Tanzania
* Heriaeus madagascar van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – Madagascar
* Heriaeus maurusius Loerbroks, 1983 – Morocco
* Heriaeus mellotteei Simon, 1886 – China, Korea, Japan
* Heriaeus muizenberg van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – South Africa
* Heriaeus numidicus Loerbroks, 1983 – Morocco, Algeria
* Heriaeus oblongus Simon, 1918 – Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia
* Heriaeus orientalis Simon, 1918 – Greece, Turkey, Ukraine
* Heriaeus peterwebbi van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – Namibia, South Africa
* Heriaeus pilosus Nosek, 1905 – Turkey
* Heriaeus setiger (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) – South-eastern Europe, Turkey, Middle East, Caucasus
* Heriaeus simoni Kulczyński, 1903 – Southwest Europe, Greece, Turkey
* Heriaeus sossusvlei van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – Namibia, South Africa
* Heriaeus spinipalpus Loerbroks, 1983 – Eastern Mediterranean, Caucasus, Iran, Turkmenistan
* Heriaeus transvaalicus Simon, 1895 – South Africa
* Heriaeus xanderi van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – Tanzania, South Africa
* Heriaeus xinjiangensis Liang, Zhu & Wang, 1991 – China
* Heriaeus zanii van Niekerk & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2013 – South Africa
* Heriaeus zhalosni Komnenov, 2017 – Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Greece
In synonymy:
* H. claveatus (Walckenaer, 1837) = Heriaeus hirtus (Latreille, 1819)
* H. fimbriatus Lawrence, 1942 = Heriaeus crassispinus Lawrence, 1942
* H. kumaonensis (Tikader, 1980) = Heriaeus horridus Tyschchenko, 1965
* H. propinquus Kulczyński, 1903 = Heriaeus simoni Kulczyński, 1903
* H. sareptanus Loerbroks, 1983 = Heriaeus horridus Tyschchenko, 1965
Nomina dubia
* H. difficilis Strand, 1906
* H. melanotrichus Simon, 1903
# Indian scops owl

The Indian scops owl (Otus bakkamoena) is a species of owl native to South Asia.

## Taxonomy and etymology

This species formerly included the collared scops owl (Otus lettia). The species epithet is derived from "bakamuna", the Sinhalese name for the white barn owl (Tyto alba), and the brown fish owl (Ketupa zeylonensis).

## Description

The Indian scops owl is a small 23–25 cm (9.1–9.8 in) owl, although it is one of the largest of the scops owls. Like other scops owls, it has small head tufts, or ears. The upperparts are grey or brown, depending on the morph, with faint buff spotting. The underparts are buff with fine darker streaking. The facial disc is whitish or buff, and the eyes are orange or brown. There is a buff neckband. Sexes are similar. The flight is deeply undulating.
This species is very similar to the slightly larger partially migratory collared scops owl (Otus lettia) and the oriental scops owl (Otus sunia). They can be separated on call and eye colour.

## Distribution and habitat

The species occurs from eastern Arabia through the Indian Subcontinent, except the far north.

## Ecology

The Indian scops owl is nocturnal. Through its natural camouflage, it is very difficult to see in daytime, but may sometimes be located by the small birds that mob it while it is roosting in a tree. It feeds mainly on insects. The call is a soft single note ("whuk?"). It nests in tree holes, laying 3–5 eggs.
# Insular vole

The insular vole or St. Matthew Island vole (Microtus abbreviatus) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It occurs only on St. Matthew Island and the adjacent Hall Island, in Alaska. On these Bering Sea islands, insular voles live in damp lowland areas, on the lower slopes of mountains, and on rye grass-covered beaches. They are diurnal and eat plant matter. Birds and Arctic foxes (which are the only other mammals on the island) prey on the voles.
# Informe Semanal

Informe Semanal (lit. transl. Weekly Report) is a weekly Spanish television news magazine broadcast on La 1 of Televisión Española (TVE). Debuting on 31 March 1973, it is the second longest-running national television program in the history of television in Spain, just behind the daily newscast Telediario, on air since 15 September 1957.
Informe Semanal is produced by Televisión Española news services and besides on La 1, it is broadcast on 24 Horas news channel, on TVE Internacional and on RTVE Play. Previous editions are also available on the online platform on demand.
With 51 years on air, it is referred as the milestone television news magazine in Europe and it is Televisión Española's most awarded program.

## Format

The program's format is based on the American program 60 Minutes from CBS, that consists of four reports about themes as current affairs, economy, politics, society and culture. Each report lasts around 10–15 minutes.

## History

Informe Semanal started broadcast on 31 March 1973, then titled Semanal Informativo and hosted by José Antonio Silva and directed by Pedro Erquicia. Since then they have issued more than 6,000 reports.
In 1978 Erquicia left the direction of the program and was replaced by Jorge Martínez Reverte and for some time the format was changed and live interviews were featured.
In January 2021, the journalist Cristina Olea interviewed former US President Barack Obama for Informe Semanal.

## Directors

* Pedro Erquicia (1973–1978)
* Rafael Martínez Dubán (1978–1981)
* Ramón Colom (1981–1987)
* Jorge Martínez Reverte (1988)
* Baltasar Magro (1988–1989)
* María Antonia Iglesias (1989–1990)
* Elena Martí (1990)
* Ana Ramírez Cañil (1990–1991)
* Fernando López Agudín (1991–1994)
* Manuel Sánchez Pereira (1994–1996)
* Baltasar Magro (1996–2004)
* Alicia Gómez Montano (2004–2012)
* Jenaro Castro (2012–2018)
* Óscar González Fernández (2018–2022)
* José Carlos Gallardo Corullón (2022–present)

## Hosts

* José Antonio Silva (1973–1975)
* Pedro Erquicia (1976–1978)
* Rosa María Mateo (1975–1980)
* Adela Cantalapiedra (1980–1981)
* Ramón Colom (1981–1983)
* Mari Carmen García Vela (1983–1996)
* Georgina Cisquella (1996)
* Baltasar Magro (1996–2000)
* Almudena Ariza (2000–2001)
* Letizia Ortiz (2001)
* Baltasar Magro (2001–2004)
* Pilar García Muñiz (2004)
* Alicia Gómez Montano (2004–2005)
* Beatriz Ariño (2005–2007)
* Beatriz Ariño, María Casado, Ana Blanco, Lorenzo Milá, David Cantero, Ana Pastor and Pepa Bueno (2007–2009)
* David Cantero (2009–2010)
* Ana Roldán (2010–2012)
* Olga Lambea (2012–2020)
* Marisa Rodríguez Palop (2020–2022)
* Álex Barreiro (2023)
* Ana Blanco (2023–2024)
# Intelligent Transportation Systems Institute

The Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) Institute is a national University Transportation Center headquartered at the University of Minnesota. The ITS Institute researches activities to enhance the safety and mobility of road-based and transit-based transportation, particularly in a northern climate and in rural environments. The ITS Institute focuses on human-centered technology, such as computing, sensing, communications, and control systems.

## History

The ITS Institute was established under section 6024 of the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act (ISTEA) of 1991. It is currently funded through the federal Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) transportation bill.

## Faculty and staff

Max Donath is the director of the institute. The multi-disciplinary faculty and research staff represent engineering, public affairs, computer science, and the law school.

## Research activities

The ITS Institute publishes many research reports each year. Some recent topics were distracted driving, teen drivers, bus rapid transit, and driver assistive technologies. The ITS Institute uses several labs and facilities to conduct research, including the Intelligent Vehicles Laboratory, the Minnesota Traffic Observatory, the Northland Advanced Transportation Systems Research Laboratories, and the HumanFIRST program. Research partners include the Research and Technology Innovation Administration (RITA), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), Minnesota Department of Transportation, and Minnesota Local Road Research Board.

## Education activities

The ITS Institute organizes the Advanced Transportation Technologies seminar series and co-sponsors an annual Transportation Career Expo, held at the University of Minnesota. It also offers programs, events, and Web-based tools for K-12 students.
# International Conference on Machine Learning

The International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML) is the leading international academic conference in machine learning. Along with NeurIPS and ICLR, it is one of the three primary conferences of high impact in machine learning and artificial intelligence research. It is supported by the International Machine Learning Society (IMLS). Precise dates vary year to year, but paper submissions are generally due at the end of January, and the conference is generally held the following July. The first ICML was held 1980 in Pittsburgh.

## Locations

* ICML 2026 Seoul, South Korea
* ICML 2025 Vancouver, Canada
* ICML 2024 Vienna, Austria
* ICML 2023 Honolulu, United States
* ICML 2022 Baltimore, United States
* ICML 2021 Vienna, Austria (virtual conference)
* ICML 2020 Vienna, Austria (virtual conference)
* ICML 2019 Los Angeles, United States
* ICML 2018 Stockholm, Sweden
* ICML 2017 Sydney, Australia
* ICML 2016 New York City, United States
* ICML 2015 Lille, France
* ICML 2014 Beijing, China
* ICML 2013 Atlanta, United States
* ICML 2012 Edinburgh, United Kingdom
* ICML 2011 Bellevue, United States
* ICML 2010 Haifa, Israel
* ICML 2009 Montréal, Canada
* ICML 2008 Helsinki, Finland
* ICML 2007 Corvallis, United States
* ICML 2006 Pittsburgh, United States
* ICML 2005 Bonn, Germany
* ICML 2004 Banff, Canada
* ICML 2003 Washington DC, United States
* ICML 2002 Sydney, Australia
* ICML 2001 Williamstown, United States
* ICML 2000 Stanford, United States
* ICML 1999 Bled, Slovenia
* ICML 1998 Madison, United States
* ICML 1997 Nashville, United States
* ICML 1996 Bari, Italy
* ICML 1995 Tahoe City, United States
* ICML 1994 New Brunswick, United States
* ICML 1993 Amherst, United States
* ICML 1992 Aberdeen, United Kingdom
* ICML 1991 Evanston, United States
* ICML 1990 Austin, United States
* ICML 1989 Ithaca, United States
* ICML 1988 Ann Arbor, United States
* ICML 1987 Irvine, United States
* ICML 1985 Skytop, United States
* ICML 1983 Monticello, United States
* ICML 1980 Pittsburgh, United States
# International Conference on Theory and Applications of Models of Computation

The International Conference on Theory and Applications of Models of Computation (TAMC) is an academic conference in the field of theoretical computer science. TAMC has been organized annually since 2004. Previous editors of the TAMC conference proceedings include Manindra Agrawal and Petr Kolman. The conference proceedings are published in the Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS) series by Springer.
# Institut d'études culturelles et internationales

The Institut d'études culturelles et internationales is the first institute, in France, entirely devoted to cultural activities and research on cultural and intercultural issues.
It has three colleges (History, Letters and Languages) and two research laboratories:
* The "Center for the Cultural History of Contemporary Societies";
* The Laboratory "Heritage and Cultural Dynamics".
It offers Bachelors and Masters programs in these fields. It is managed by the Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines University.
# International cricket in 1931

The 1931 International cricket season was from April 1931 to August 1931.

## Season overview

International tours :
| Start date | Home team | Away team | Results [Matches] | Results [Matches] | Results [Matches] | Results [Matches] |
| Start date | Home team | Away team | Test | ODI | FC | LA |
| 27 June 1931 | England | New Zealand | 1–0 [3] | — | — | — |
| 27 June 1931 | Ireland | Scotland | — | — | 1–0 [1] | — |
| 10 August 1931 | Netherlands | England | — | — | 1–2 [3] | — |
| 29 August 1931 | Belgium | Netherlands | — | — | 0–1 [1] | — |

## June
### New Zealand in England

Test series :
| No. | Date | Home captain | Away captain | Venue | Result |
| Test 209 | 27–30 June | Douglas Jardine | Tom Lowry | Lord's, London | Match drawn |
| Test 210 | 29–31 July | Douglas Jardine | Tom Lowry | Kennington Oval, London | England by an innings and 26 runs |
| Test 211 | 15–18 August | Douglas Jardine | Tom Lowry | Old Trafford Cricket Ground, Manchester | Match drawn |

### Scotland in Ireland

Three-day Match :
| No. | Date | Home captain | Away captain | Venue | Result |
| Match | 27–30 June | Thomas Dixon | John Kerr | College Park, Dublin | Ireland by 72 runs |

## August
### England in Netherlands

Two-day Match Series :
| No. | Date | Home captain | Away captain | Venue | Result |
| Match 1 | 10–11 August | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | The Hague | Free Foresters by 6 wickets |
| Match 2 | 12–13 August | G Hamburger | Not mentioned | Laren | Hamburger's XI by 4 wickets |
| Match 3 | 15–16 August | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Haarlem | Free Foresters by 8 wickets |

### Netherlands in Belgium

Two-day Match :
| No. | Date | Home captain | Away captain | Venue | Result |
| Match | 29–30 August | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Netherlands by an innings and 23 runs |