# Teso language

Teso (natively Ateso) is an Eastern Nilotic language spoken by the Teso people of Uganda and Kenya and some speakers are in South Sudan. It is part of the Teso–Turkana language cluster.
According to the 2012 Uganda population and housing census, over 11.57 million people in Uganda (66.7 percent of the total Uganda population) spoke Ateso. Also, an estimated 279,000 people in Kenya speak the language. Its ISO 639-3 code is TEO.
Ateso is spoken in the Teso sub-region. Ateso is also known as Bakedi, Bakidi, Elgumi, Etossio, Ikumama, Iteso, Teso or Wamia. It is closely related to Turkana and Karamojong.

## Alphabet

There are 22 letters in the Ateso alphabet F,H,Q,V,H,X and Z are not used and ŋ and NY are added. F,H,Q,V,H,X,Z only appear in loan words. The pronunciation guides that follow are for practice only; the correct sounds can only be learned by practice from a teacher or an audio media.
There are five vowels in Ateso A, E, I, O, U. These five letters, however, represent more than five sounds, for the letters E, I, O and U have two values each; a "close" value and an "open" value.
Close vowels are pronounced approximately as follows:
    E [e] as in beg (French é): aipet----- to kick
    I [i] as in seat: aidip----- to hit
    O [o] as in Scottish pronunciation of bone (French eau): aimor----- to insult, to abuse
    U [u] as in fool: aikut----- to scratch the earth, to scoop something
Open vowels are pronounced approximately as follows:
    E [ɛ] as in beg (French è): aipet ----- to lay out
    I [ɪ] as in sit: ailid----- to fasten
    O [ɔ] as in gone (or in glory when long): aimor----- to share
    U [ʊ] as in full: aikut -----to blow
    A [a] is pronounced as in art (never short as in ram)
    abal 'to say'
Note that whether the root vowel is "closed" or "open" affects the conjugation of the verb.
Where the vowels AI or OI stand together, they represent sounds approximating the "i" in bite [ai̯] and "oy" [oi̯] in annoy respectively. In other vowel combinations, both vowels must be given their full values. The "au" in kau -----(behind) is pronounced [ka.u] not [kau̯].
All words ending in a consonant possess a semi-mute or "shadow" vowel after the final consonant, which is not pronounced when the word stands in isolation, but which is pronounced when the word is followed by another word beginning with a consonant:
e.g. The Ateso translation of "the women go to the house" is written:
    elosete aŋor togo ----- the women are going to the house
but is pronounced: elosete aŋoro Togo
If the word following is normally written as one with the preceding word, the "shadow" vowel is not only pronounced but written:
    e.g. elosete aŋoroke togo ----- his women are going to the house
Other examples are given in (vii) below.
There are sixteen consonants and one semi-vowel in Ateso, pronounced approximately as follows:
    B [b] as in bat: bobo -----again
    C [tʃ] as in chat (never as in cat): elacet ----- key
    D [d] as in dog: edou ----- rain
    G [ɡ] as in get (never as in geology): agasia rubbish/trash
    J [dʒ] as in jam: aijar life
    K [k] as in king: ekek door
    L [l] as in let: alalau width
    M [m] as in mat: mam ----- no
    N [n] as in nut: ainu ------ to hug
    ŋ$^{**}$ [ŋ] as in hanger (never as in finger): iŋai ----- who
    NY [ɲ] as in Spanish Señorita: anya ----- grass (plural)
    P [p] as in put: papa ----- father
    R [r] as in rat (should be well rolled): erute ----- gate
    S [s] as in service : aisab ----- to tell lies
    T [t] as in toss: toto ----- mother
    y [j] as in yellow: yoga ----- hello
Semi vowel:
    W [w] as in win: awasia ----- the end, aiwosa ----- to prosecute
(vi) In words of foreign origin introduced into Teso the missing sound F is replaced by P and the missing sound V by B or P. Z is replaced by S.
    Thus mesa -----table (Kiswahili) becomes e-mesa
    oku-fuga -----to rule (Luganda) becomes ai-puga
It is an invariable rule that two consonants can never stand together in the same word. Both in speech and in writing. When word construction brings two consonants together, either one of the consonants must be dropped or the "shadow" vowel mentioned in sub-paragraph (iv) above must be inserted between the consonants.
E.g. (Omission of one consonant)
    Nen-pe-nen 'just there' is written and pronounced nepenen.
(Insertion of "shadow" vowel)
    ŋon-tuŋa-nan 'every man' is written and pronounced: ŋonituŋanan
    Elacet-kon 'your key' is written and pronounced elacetekon
$^{**}$Due to the introduction of typesetting & word processing machines, ŋ is now almost entirely written NG. It is only in old literature that ŋ still appears. The fact that in some works the two letters NG are found together in place of ŋ is no exception to the above rules. These two letters are merely an alternative representation of the sound ŋ, in the same way as the letters NY represent one sound. The semi-vowel W, however, can and frequently does follow a consonant:
    aswam work
    ekwam air
The Teso language board's alphabet uses NG in place of ŋ, and also uses ɛ, ɨ, ɔ, and ʉ, as well as the modifier letters ⟨ᵃ, ᵉ, ᵋ, ⁱ, ᶤ, ᵒ, ᵓ, ᵘ, ᶶ⟩.

## Pronunciation

The correct pronunciation of these letters when formed into words can only be learned by practice. As a general rule, all syllables should be given equal stress, though the stem or root syllable often carries slightly more stress than other syllables. Stress does not, however, affect the length of the vowel stressed or its pitch or tone. It is equally important to note that syllable pitch plays a vital part in correct pronunciation and that many words, which are spelled identically, have a different meanings according to syllable pitch.
For example:
    __ ↗ __ élípì ----- I am praying
    ___ ___ ‿ elìpǐ ----- I was praying
    ___ ___ ↗ elipí ----- he/she was praying

## Phonology
### Consonants

| | Labial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
| Plosive | p   b | t   d | | c   ɟ | k   ɡ |
| Fricative | | s | ʃ | | |
| Nasal | m | n | | ɲ | ŋ |
| Lateral | | l | | | |
| Trill | | r | | | |
| Approximant | w | | | j | |

### Vowels

| | +ATR | +ATR | +ATR | -ATR | -ATR | -ATR |
| | Front | Central | Back | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i | | u | ɪ | | ʊ |
| Mid | e | [ɐ] | o | ɛ | | ɔ |
| Open | | a | | | a | |
* Vowels are phonetically represented with ATR as [i̘, e̘, o̘, u̘, a̘], [ɐ̘] and RTR as [ɪ̙, ɛ̙, ɔ̙, ʊ̙, a̙].
* [ɐ̘] is heard as an allophone of /a/ with advanced tongue root.
Voiceless vowel sounds are present, strictly occurring in word-final position before a pause, at the end of sentences or when standing alone.
| | +ATR | +ATR | +ATR | -ATR | -ATR | -ATR |
| | Front | Central | Back | Front | Central | Back |
| Close | i̥ | | u̥ | ɪ̥ | | ʊ̥ |
| Mid | e̥ | [ɐ̥] | o̥ | ɛ̥ | | ɔ̥ |
| Open | | ḁ | | | ḁ | |

## Orthography

The spelling used in most of the first published Ateso books is in accordance with the official orthography agreed upon by the Ateso Orthography Committee in 1947. It was then accepted as a general principle that all words should be written in full even though normally contracted in speech. It should be particularly noted that a short -a or -e at the end of a word is dropped in speech when the word is followed by a word beginning with a vowel.
    e.g. ekitabo loka etelepat ----- the book of the boy
    is pronounced ekitabo lok' etelepat.
Recently, it is evident that the spoken language is continuing to move away from the written language especially in most parts of Uganda. This means that some aspects of orthography may well need revision soon.
While the Iteso of Tororo district in Uganda and Teso district in Kenya retain the letter k in the spoken language, the Iteso in most other areas of Uganda tend to omit it in most of the words.
    E.g.
    Ateso in Teso, Kenya & Tororo, UgandaAteso in Amuria district, UgandaEnglish meaning Akilip lok'asubanailip loasubanto pray to the creator akinyam emkati/atapainyam atapto eat bread akimat akileaimat akileto drink milk akitabu lokalaunaneitabo loalaunana holy book Akote inyamat/inyamenaimo ainyamatto look for food

## Basic lexicon

Hello – yoga How are you? – Ijai biai (singular), Ijaasi biai (plural) Fine, and you? – Ejokuna, arai ijo? Fine – ejokuna What is your name? – Ingai bo ekon'kiror? My name is ... – Eka'kiror ... Name --- Ekiror Nice to see you. --- Eyalama ewanyun (also: Eyalama aanyun) See you again --- Awanyunos bobo Book – Eitabo Because – Naarai
The first sentence in the bible can be translated as Ageunet, abu Edeke Kosub akwap keda akuj ("In the beginning God made the earth and the heavens" lit. "the down and the up").

## Gender and noun prefix

As with many other languages, Ateso words have grammatical gender. For grammatical purposes all nouns in Ateso are divided into three classes or genders:(a) masculine, (b) feminine and (c) neuter.

### Noun prefix

Every noun in Ateso has a prefix which varies according to the gender of the noun or according to whether the noun is singular or plural. Nouns (in the singular) starting with "E" or "O" are usually masculine. Those starting with "A" are feminine while those that start with "I" are neuter. See table below for details.
| | masculine | feminine | neuter |
| singular | e,o | a | i |
| plural | i,o | a | i |
| e.g. | etelepatboy→ itelepaiboysetelepat → itelepaiboy boys | apesegirl→ apesurgirlsapese → apesurgirl girls | ikokuchild→ idwechildrenikoku → idwechild children |
The only exception to the above rule are certain nouns denoting relationships and directions. e.g. toto ----- mother; papa ----- father; mamai ----- uncle; inac ----- sister ; ija ----- aunt
    kide ----- east; too ----- west; ŋalakimak (or agolitomei) ----- south; nyakoi ----- north
It should, however, be noted that the noun prefix is always dropped when the noun comes after the following pronouns or adjectives and their feminine, neuter or plural forms:
| pronoun or adjective | examples |
| ece, ace, ice – other, another; ngol (m) or ngin (f,n) – every edio (m), adio (f), idio (n) – any, some ediope (m), adiope (f) – one | ecetunganan – another man; aceberu – another woman; icetunganan -another person; icetunga -other people etunganan – a man; ngolitunganan (or nginitunganan) -every man; aberu – a woman; nginiberu – every woman ediotunganan -any man; adiopese -any girl; idiokoku – any child adiopeberu – one woman; ediope kiliokit bon -only one man |
The following is a general classification of most nouns.

### Masculine nouns

The masculine nouns are:
(i) Names of male beings:
e.g. ekingok – dog
    ekoroi ----- he-goat
    emong ----- bull
    etelepat/esapat ----- boy
    Ekue ----—fox
    Ekokor ----—cock
(ii) Names of most trees and fruit
e.g. eloa* – mvule tree (* now generally referred to as emapule )
    enimu ----— lemon
    etaget ----— banana
    emucuuga ----— an orange
(iii) Names of insects: e.g. esirut – mosquito
    emukuny ----— black ant
    ekonyelet ----— beetle
    ecwarenit ----— bed-bug
    eidepit ----—flea
(iv) Names of non-indigenous liquids:
e.g. ecaai ----— tea
    akaawa** ----— coffee (** derived from the Arabic word qahwa)
    ebia ----— beer
    ebino** ----— wine (** ewain is also accepted )

### Feminine nouns

The feminine nouns are:
(i) Names of female beings:
e.g. akingok – bitch
    akinei ----— she-goat
    apese ----— girl
    Akokor ----—hen
(ii) Names of languages and countries:
e.g. Ateso ----— the Teso language
    Amusugun ----— the English language
    Alulatin ----— the Latin Language
    Amugana ----—The Ganda language (or Ganda women)
(iii) Names of indigenous liquids:
e.g. ajon ----—local cereal brew
    akipi ----— water
    akile ----— milk
    acece ----—soup
    akima ----—porridge (also akuma)
(iv) Abstract nouns:-
e.g. ajokus----—goodness (*also ajokis, ajokisu are used depending on the area)
    amina ----- love
    aojau ----—height
    alalau ----—width
    ajijim ----—tastiness
    apianis ----—tastelessness
    anyunyura ----—anger
(v) Verbs used as nouns:
    e.g. alosit ----- going
    abunere ----- coming
    aisiom ----- reading
    aisom ----- jumping

### Neuter nouns

The neuter nouns are:
(i) Names of neuter or generic objects:
e.g. ituŋanan ----- person (sex unknown)
    irotin ----- roads/ways
(ii) Names of diminutive objects: e.g. ikiŋok ----- puppy
    ipese ----- baby girl
    Imoru ----- pebble
    imiot ----- chick
    imukeru ----- baby

### Plural

(i) To form the plural the ending of the noun is changed. This change may consist of the omission of the last syllable, the addition of another syllable or syllables, or the alteration of the last syllable or syllables:
    Plural formation Example omission amukatshoe→ amukshoesamukat → amukshoe shoes atipetbead→ atipebeadsatipet → atipebead beads addition akanhand→ akaninhandsakan → akaninhand hands akwapcountry→ akwapincountriesakwap → akwapincountry countries alteration apesegirl→ apesurgirlsapese → apesurgirl girls ekekdoor→ ikekiadoorsekek → ikekiadoor doors
(ii) In the case of masculine nouns the noun prefix also changes as shown in the table on noun prefix above.
(iii) These changes in the endings of nouns are so irregular that it is not worth while trying to formulate rules for the formation of plurals.
(iv) Certain nouns, however, which are derived from verbs, form their plurals according to rules;
(a) Nouns denoting an agent of action (a person who does the action of the verb) form a singular ending in -an or -on and a plural ending in -ak or -ok:
    ekamejanhunter→ ikamejakhuntersekamejan → ikamejakhunter hunters ekecokonherdsman→ ikecokokherdsmenekecokon → ikecokokherdsman herdsmen ekadukona builder→ ikadukokbuildersekadukon → ikadukok{a builder} builders ekatubonjudge→ ikatubokjudgesekatubon → ikatubokjudge judges
(b) Nouns denoting something which does or, is done, form a singular ending in -et or -etait and a plural ending in -eta:
    elacetkey→ ilacetakeys(a thing which loosens) elacet → ilacetakey keys arapetaitcover→ arapetacoversarapetait → arapetacover covers
(v) Some nouns have no singular and exist only in the plural:
e.g. akipi—-water; ajony – local brew; asinge – sand; ajo – sleep; ileic – shame
Other nouns have no plural and exist only in the singular; e.g. ekuron – ashes; akoloŋ—sun; adam – brain; eduan – weeds
(vi) Abstract nouns and names of diseases, as in English, have no plural.
e.g. aiyalama -happiness; amin -love.
(vii) Some nouns form their plural from other roots:
    aberuwoman→ aŋorwomenaberu → aŋorwoman women ikokuchild→ iduwechildrenikoku → iduwechild children
(viii) Some nouns, in addition to the normal plural, form a generic plural by adding -sinei to the plural form:
    etuŋananman→ ituŋamen→ ituŋasineimankindetuŋanan → ituŋa → ituŋasineiman men mankind akwapcountry→ akwapincountries→ akwapisineithe world (n dropped for euphony)akwap → akwapin → akwapisineicountry countries {the world (n dropped for euphony)}

## Article

There is no definite or indefinite article in Teso. Aberu means "a woman" or "the woman" according to the context.

## Adverbs

Adverbs clarify the action of a verb.Interrogative adverbs usually follow the verb they qualify.
    e.g. Elosit nesi ai? where did he go?
But if the interrogative adverb is strengthened by the particle BO, the adverb must precede the verb
    e.g. aibo ejaas itelepai ? (Where are the boys?) =ejaas itelepai ai? , but all the other adverbs follow the verb.

### Adverbs of place

Ai/aibo= where? nen =there (not far off)
    e.g. aibo ejai eka'kalaamu? Where is my pencil?; Ejai nen = it's there.
Ngina = over there (at a distance)
    e.g. Aibo ejai toto? Where is mom; Ejai ngina = (she's) over there.
Lailo, laije =this way, that way.
    e.g. Kobia lailo, mam ilosi ngina =come this way, don't go there; Kobongo laije, mam ibuni lailo = Go back there, don't come this way.
Juwai/Juwayi = at the back of / that way/that side (usually behind something)
    e.g. Elosit papa juwai =Dad has gone to the other side / Dad has gone to the rear
Ajesan = down there.
    e.g. Aeka je ajesan =He's gone down there
Nelwana/ne alwanan =far off
    e.g. Alot onac ameja nelwana = (my) brother has gone hunting in a far place
Eyapye/eyapiei/eyapie = near
    e.g.Eyapie ne elosit ngesi = he/she has gone nearby (to a near place)
Toma =inside
    e.g. Ejai amunyu toma ocupa = the salt is inside the bottle;Eroko Yakobo ejai toma agoola ke = James is still inside his room
Kiding =in the middle/between
    e.g. Ejai eyapesi ka kiding na eiduka kede ekanisa = my office is between the shop and the church;Ibirokina ekitoi kiding na erot = the tree has fallen in the middle of the road
Kau = behind Ngaren (na) = in front (of)
    e.g. Ngaren na ataker = In front of the boat
Osiep = near/on the side of/beside
    e.g. Ikunyu ber ijo osiep ka = Please come near me (move closer)
Diye = very close
    e.g. Anu inyo ilosia ijo diye do abongun kede akan? = Why did you go nearby and return empty-handed?
teten = (to the) right
    e.g. Ibelokin teten = turn to the right
Kediany = left
    e.g. Ejaasi kesi kediany = They're on the left (hand side)
Kide = East Too = West Nyakoi = North Agolitomei / Ongalakimak = South

## Numerals

Ateso numerals are from ones place to hundredth place. Numerals upwards from one thousand are borrowed from other languages.
(i) Numbers from one to five are the basis of the whole numerical system in Ateso. Six (6) is literally translated as 5+1 (five and one), 7 as 5+2 (five and two), etc. In the same way 16 is 10+5+1, 17 is 10+5+2, 21 is 20+1, 26 is also 20+5+1, etc.
(ii) Numerals agree in gender with the noun they define: e.g. itelepai iuni three boys, ikekia iuni three doors, imeesan iuni three tables
    apesur auni three girls, aturo auni three flowers, iduwe iuni three children
(iii) Numerals always follow the noun. ediope (one) can however, precede, in which case the noun prefix is dropped.
e.g. edioperot (or erot ediope) one road/way; adiopeberu one woman;
    angor auni three women, irotin iuni three roads/ways
$^{††}$The word for zero, esupur, is no longer used in the spoken language. Instead enoot, a loanword derived from the English naught is generally used.

### Cardinal numbers

| Numeral | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| 1 | Idiope(t) | adiope(t) | yenisodit |
| 2 | iyarei | aarei | as in masculine |
| 3 | iuni | auni | " |
| 4 | ioŋon | aoŋon | " |
| 5 | ikany | akany | " |
| 6 | ikany-kape | akany-kape | " |
| 7 | ikany-kaare | akany-kaare | " |
| 8 | ikanykauni | akany-kauni | " |
| 9 | Eikanykaoŋon | akanyaaŋon | " |
| 10 | itomon | atomon | " |
| 11 | itomon-kanu-diope | atomon-kanu-diope | " |
| 12 | itomon'aare | atomon'aare | " |
| 13 | itomon'auni | atomon'auni | " |
| 14 | itomon'aaŋon | atomon'aaŋon | " |
| 15 | itomon'akany | atomon'aakany | " |
| 16 | itomon akany'kape | atomon akany'kape | " |
| 17 | itomon akany'kaare | atomon akany'kaare | " |
| 18 | itomon akanyauni | atomon akanyauni | " |
| 19 | itomon akany aoŋon | atomon akany aoŋon | " |
| 20 | akais aare | as in masculine | " |
| 21 | akais aarei kanudiope | " | " |
| 30 | akais auni | " | " |
| 40 | akais aangon | " | " |
| 50 | akais akany | " | " |
| 60 | akais akany kapei | " | " |
| 100 | akwatat (adiope) | " | " |
| 101 | akwatat kanu diope | " | " |
| 200 | akwat aarei | " | " |
| 500 | akwat akany | " | " |
| 1,000 | elukumit ediope | " | " |
| 10,000 | ilukumin itomon | " | " |
| 1,000,000 | emilionit ediope | " | " |
| 100,000,000 | imilionin akwatat | " | " |

### Ordinal numbers

Ordinal numbers are formed from cardinal numbers by prefixing the relative forms lok- (m), nak- (f), yenik-(n) as appropriate, to the masculine form of the numeral and by adding -et after the numeral. e.g. akany five, nakikanyet fifth (feminine singular)
    iuni three, lokiuniet third (masculine singular)
    iyarei two, yenikiyareit second (neuter singular)
| No. | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
| 1st | losodit | nasodit | yenisodit |
| 2nd | lokiareit | nakiyareit | yenikiyareit |
| 3rd | louniet | nauniet | yeniuniet |
| 4th | lowoŋonet | nawoŋonet | yeniwoŋonet |
| 5th | loikanyet | naikanyet | yenikanyet |
| 6th | loikanyet ape | naikanyet ape | yenikanyet ape |
| 7th | loikanyetaare | naikanyetaare | yenikanyetaare |
| 8th | loikanyetauni | naukanyetauni | yenikanyetauni |
| 9th | loikanyetaaŋonet | naikanyetaaŋonet | yenikanyetaaŋonet |
| 10th | loitomonet | naitomonet | yenitomonet |
| 11th | loitomonetadipe | naitomonet adiope | yenitomonetadiope |
| 50th | loakaisakany | nakaisakany | yenakaisakany |
| 100th | loakwatat | naakwatat | yenakwatat |
| last | lo agolon | nagolon | yenagolon |
‡ a majority of Iteso (especially those in the Ugandan districts of Soroti, Kumi, Amuria, Bukedea, Serere_District and Kaberamaido) do not pronounce some ks in speech.
Thus, nakikanyet is pronounced naikanyet, etc.

## Loanwords

Ateso has taken a number of loanwords, primarily from English and Swahili languages.
Words marked with an asterisk (*) indicates that the last letter in the Ateso word is silent.
| English | Ateso |
| Car | Emotoka |
| Television | Etelevision |
| Radio | Eredio |
| Fax Machine | Afakis Mashin |
| E-mail | E-emeilo * |
| Internet | E-intanet |
| Computer | Akompiuta |
| Telephone++ | Esimu * |
| Record Player | Arekod puleya |
| CD Player | Asidi puleya |
| DVD player | Adividi puleya |
| disc | Adisiki * |
++The Ateso word for a telephone that most Ateso speakers are familiar with is the word "Esimu" which comes from Luganda.