OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Transaldolase

Transaldolase is an enzyme (EC 2.2.1.2) of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway. In humans, transaldolase is encoded by the TALDO1 gene.
The following chemical reaction is catalyzed by transaldolase:
    sedoheptulose 7-phosphate + glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate $\rightleftharpoons$ erythrose 4-phosphate + fructose 6-phosphate

## Clinical significance

The pentose phosphate pathway has two metabolic functions: (1) generation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced NADPH), for reductive biosynthesis, and (2) formation of ribose, which is an essential component of ATP, DNA, and RNA. Transaldolase links the pentose phosphate pathway to glycolysis. In patients with deficiency of transaldolase, there's an accumulation of erythritol (from erythrose 4-phosphate), D-arabitol, and ribitol.
The deletion in 3 base pairs in the TALDO1 gene results in the absence of serine at position 171 of the transaldolase protein, which is part of a highly conserved region, suggesting that the mutation causes the transaldolase deficiency that is found in erythrocytes and lymphoblasts. The deletion of this amino acid can lead to liver cirrhosis and hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver) during early infancy. Transaldolase is also a target of autoimmunity in patients with multiple sclerosis.

## Structure

Transaldolase is a single domain composed of 337 amino acids. The core structure is an α/β barrel, similar to other class I aldolases, made up of eight parallel β-sheets and seven α-helices. There are also seven additional α-helices that are not part of the barrel. Hydrophobic amino acids are located between the β-sheets in the barrel and the surrounding α-helices to contribute to packing, such as the area containing Leu-168, Phe-170, Phe-189, Gly-311, and Phe-315. In the crystal, human transaldolase forms a dimer, with the two subunits connected by 18 residues in each subunit. See mechanism to the left for details.
The active site, located in the center of the barrel, contains three key residues: lysine-142, glutamate-106, and aspartate-27. The lysine holds the sugar in place while the glutamate and aspartate act as proton donors and acceptors.

## Mechanism of catalysis

The residue of lysine-142 in the active site of transaldolase forms a Schiff base with the keto group in sedoheptulose-7-phosphate after deprotonation by another active site residue, glutamate-106. The reaction mechanism is similar to the reverse reaction catalyzed by aldolase: The bond joining carbons 3 and 4 is broken, leaving dihydroxyacetone joined to the enzyme via a Schiff base. This cleavage reaction generates the unusual aldose sugar erythrose-4-phosphate. Then transaldolase catalyzes the condensation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate with the Schiff base of dihydroxyacetone, yielding enzyme-bound fructose 6-phosphate. Hydrolysis of the Schiff base liberates free fructose 6-phosphate, one of the products of the pentose phosphate pathway.
* Reaction scheme for the conversion of sedoheptulose-7-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate.
* The pentose phosphate pathway adapted from (Verhoeven, 2001)
# Travelling Somewhere

Travelling Somewhere is a live album by South African pianist and composer Chris McGregor's big band Brotherhood of Breath. It was recorded on January 19, 1973, at Lila Eule, a jazz club in Bremen, Germany, and was released by Cuneiform Records in 2001. The recording took place eight days before the concert heard on Live at Willisau (Ogun, 1974).

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Tom Hull – on the Web | A− |
In a review for AllMusic, François Couture called the album "a welcome addition to the group's very short discography," and noted that the "modern big band was in top shape... Each musician is a creative force by himself. Together they played an overwhelming maelstrom of free jazz."
Andrey Henkin of All About Jazz wrote: "This album is a must-have for fans of the Brotherhood of Breath; for those who appreciate the progressive big band of Carla Bley or Keith Tippett's Centipede; and for anyone who wishes to explore non-American jazz... a great addition to the unfortunately little available by this historic ensemble."
Writing for JazzTimes, Bill Shoemaker commented: "Travelling Somewhere is an important addition to the rich legacy of the South African exiles. Theirs is a story that should be known by heart by all those claiming a scholarly interest in jazz, as it exemplifies the pain and grace that give voice to the music. For those who don’t know their story, take this disc to the shed."
The BBC's Bill Tilland remarked: "there's an exuberant energy and density to these 1973 performances... which at times reaches an almost ecstatic intensity. It's almost as if the Sun Ra Arkestra had been reconstituted in a parallel African reality... the band's performance here is not just an important historical document, but even thirty-some years after the fact, a representation of some of the most vital and life-affirming big band jazz ever played by anyone, anywhere."

## Track listing

* "MRA" (Dudu Pukwana) – 12:15
* "Restless" (Chris McGregor) – 9:48
* "Ismite is Might" (Chris McGregor) – 3:59
* "Kongi's Theme" (Wole Soyinka) – 6:44
* "Wood Fire" (Chris McGregor) – 13:42
* "The Bride" (Dudu Pukwana) – 6:26
* "Travelling Somewhere" (Chris McGregor) – 7:21
* "Think of Something" (Mike Osborne) – 9:55
* "Do It" (Chris McGregor) – 9:19

## Personnel

* Chris McGregor – piano
* Dudu Pukwana – alto saxophone
* Mike Osborne – alto saxophone
* Evan Parker – tenor saxophone
* Gary Windo – tenor saxophone
* Mongezi Feza – trumpet
* Harry Beckett – trumpet
* Marc Charig – trumpet
* Nick Evans – trombone
* Malcolm Griffiths – trombone
* Harry Miller – bass
* Louis Moholo – drums
# Trentino La Barba

Trentino La Barba (12 August 1915 – 5 October 1943) was an Italian soldier and Resistance fighter during World War II.

## Biography

He was born into a family of farmers, and in civilian life he was a ropemaker; in April 1938 he was called up for military service and assigned to the 14th Infantry Regiment "Pinerolo", and later (from July 1939) to the 9th Machine Gunner Battalion, with which he was sent to Albania. In March 1940 he was transferred to the 21st Machine Gunner Battalion of the 226th Infantry Regiment, 53rd Infantry Division "Arezzo", participating in the Greco-Italian War from October 1940 to April 1941, when he was repatriated due to an illness. After recovering, he resumed service in September 1942 at the regimental depot in Molfetta, near Bari. There he and his unit were captured by German troops after Italy signed the armistice of Cassibile on September 8, 1943, but during the voyage towards captivity in Germany he was able to escape and return to his hometown of Lanciano, Abruzzo.
There he joined the Italian resistance movement, and was among the founders and organizers of the "Gran Sasso" resistance group. At the beginning of October 1943, he and some comrades raided the local Carabinieri, MVSN and Guardia di Finanza barracks, where they stole weapons with which La Barba's group attacked and dispersed a German column near Pozzo Bagnaro on October 4. After another attack on a military column, he was captured and tortured without success in the attempt to force him to reveal the names and whereabouts of the other partisans from his group. In order to intimidate the population, he was taken to Lanciano, where he was tied to a tree in one of the town's main streets and given an ultimatum to reveal the names of the leaders of the local resistance group. After his refusal, German soldiers cut out his eyes in front of the assembled townspeople and then shot him dead, after which they hanged his body from the tree. A few hours later, an uprising against the German occupiers broke out in Lanciano, in which forty-seven German soldiers and eleven partisans were killed; a further twelve civilians were subsequently killed by the Germans in reprisal. La Barba was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor.
# Traditional games of Tibet

Tibet has many traditional games with origins dating up to 5,000 years ago.

## Traditional games
### Rock carrying

There are various rock-lifting competitions in Tibet which center around participants who carry and maneuver rocks that are 150 kilograms (330 lb) or more.

## Board games
### Gyiren

Gyiren is a popular Tibetan variation of snooker which originated in India.

### Sho

Sho ( Tibetan : ཤོ ) is a traditional race game in Tibet, still common today.

### Ming mang

| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |
| 8 | | | | | | | | | 8 |
| 7 | | | | | | | | | 7 |
| 6 | | | | | | | | | 6 |
| 5 | | | | | | | | | 5 |
| 4 | | | | | | | | | 4 |
| 3 | | | | | | | | | 3 |
| 2 | | | | | | | | | 2 |
| 1 | | | | | | | | | 1 |
| | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | |

## Animal events
### Polo

Polo has been played in Tibet since at least the early eight century.
# Traditional games of the Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic has some traditional games.

## Traditional games
### El juego del pañuelo

El juego del pañuelo is a game similar to steal the bacon.

### Hoyito

Hoyito is a mancala game.

### Plaquita

Plaquita is a game with similarities to street cricket.

### Vitilla

Vitilla is a type of street baseball in which a plastic water bottle cap and a broomstick replace the baseball and bat respectively.
# Orčeva Luka

Orčeva Luka is a village in the municipality of Velika Kladuša, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 587.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 459 | 78.2% |
| Croats | 9 | 0.5% |
| other/undeclared | 119 | 20.3% |
| Total | 587 | 100% |
# Oslo Astrological Clock

The Oslo Astrological Clock is located at Karl Johans gate 3 in Oslo, the capital city of Norway. The astrological clock was donated by Christian Ringnes and features artwork designed by artists Elena Engelsen and Per Ung. Ringnes explained during his unveiling speech, "we aim to actively contribute in making Oslo a beautiful and pleasant city."

## Clock Structure

The clock is 346 centimetres (136 in) in diameter; with the clock face at 180 centimetres (71 in). Astrological signs are cast in bronze and are painted. The rings are made of copper and are also painted. The tiles in the dial are coated with 22-carat gold leaf and the total weight of the clock is approx. 1,000 kilograms (2,200 lb).

## Artwork

It was designed by artists Elena Engelsen and Per Ung, who spent over a year collaborating on the project. Engelsen created the exotic animal characters star, while Ung designed the human characters in the zodiac. This was the couple’s second joint artwork venture.

## Unveiling

The unveiling of the clock took place on October 20, 2010 at a ceremony hosted by Mayor Fabian Stang at Karl Johans gate 3 in central Oslo. He has been quoted as saying, “We are incredibly proud that Oslo now has an astrological clock, especially as it was designed by Elena Engelsen and Per Ung, two of Norway’s most renowned artists. The clock is clearly visible and will set a solid mark on the cityscape." As a representation of the 12 Zodiac signs, 12 of the foremost astrologers in Norway were among the invited guests at the ceremony.
# Osmarina

Osmarina is a monotypic moth genus in the family Depressariidae. Its only species, Osmarina argilla, is found in Chile. Both the genus and species were described by John Frederick Gates Clarke in 1978.
The wingspan is 17–19 mm. The forewings are clay colored overlaid with brown scales and with a fuscous dot at the basal third, in the cell and followed at the end of the cell by a pair of similarly colored spots. In the fold is a similar small spot. The costa is narrowly pale buff and between the outer pair of the discal spots and termen, is a pale clay-colored, irregular, transverse line. Along the termen is a narrow broken fuscous line. The hindwings are grayish.
# Treatment (song)

"Treatment" is a song by English musician Labrinth. Written by Labrinth, Carl Falk and Rami Yacoub, it was released as the fifth single from his debut album Electronic Earth on 9 September 2012. The album version of the song features vocals from Etta Bond.

## Background

Speaking about "Treatment" in an interview with Digital Spy, Labrinth has stated that "It's a record that, for me, everybody's been through that moment where love sends them a little bit crazy and I thought I needed to write about it".

## Music video

The music video was uploaded to Labrinth's VEVO account on YouTube on 8 August 2012. The video was shot in a black and white perspective and is set in Labrinth's dressing room, showing his emotions of how love sends him crazy.

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak position |
| Australia (ARIA) | 33 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 39 |
| Slovakia (Rádio Top 100) | 56 |
| UK Hip Hop/R&B (OCC) | 12 |
| UK Singles (Official Charts Company) | 55 |

## Release history

* Germany
September 7, 2012 (Digital download)
* UK
September 7, 2012 (Digital download)
# Trechus abdurakhmanovi

Trechus abdurakhmanovi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov in 1990.
# Trechosiella

Trechosiella is a genus in the beetle family Carabidae. There are about six described species in Trechosiella.

## Species

These six species belong to the genus Trechosiella:
* Trechosiella basilewskyi Jeannel, 1960 (Tanzania)
* Trechosiella endroedyyoungai Geginat, 2013 (South Africa)
* Trechosiella katicola Jeannel, 1964 (South Africa)
* Trechosiella laetula (Péringuey, 1898) (South Africa)
* Trechosiella oligophthalma Geginat, 2013
* Trechosiella scotti (Jeannel, 1937) (South Africa)
# Trechus abakumovi

Trechus abakumovi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Belousov & Kabak in 1996.
# Trichininae

Trichininae is a subfamily of hybotid flies.

## Genera

* Trichina Meigen, 1830
* Trichinomyia Tuomikoski, 1959
# Osnos

Osnos is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Evan Osnos (born 1976), American journalist and author
* Peter Osnos (born 1943), American journalist and publisher, father of Evan
* Vyacheslav Osnos (1935–2009), Russian chess player
# Osman Nuri Tekeli

Osman Nuri Tekeli (born 1893, Died 3 February 1976) was a Turkish bureaucrat, who served as the governor of several provinces.

## Early life and education

Tekeli was born in Isparta in 1893. He was the son of Ömer Faik and Sıdıka Tekeli.
Tekeli received his primary education in his hometown, Isparta. He then attended Vefa Lycee in Istanbul. He graduated from Mekteb-i Mülkiye-i Şahane (Mülkiye; now, Faculty of Political Science, Ankara University) in 1914.

## Career

Following his graduation Tekeli began to serve as district director of Ağırus-Atabey (Isparta) in 1914 until his military service. He served in the Ottoman army during World War I. Upon finishing his military service, he was appointed executive assistant at the directorate of security in 1918. In the same year, he became the head official of then-district Bayburt. Later, he was appointed head official of Pasinler. He served as the official head of Ödemiş in December 1922 and of Sürmene in 1923. He was appointed to other districts as head official such as Fethiye, Bozdağ, Keşan and Osmaniye until 1935 when he became civil inspector (Mülkiye Müfettişi in Turkish).
He was appointed governor of Erzincan Province in 1939. During his tenure, the province witnessed a huge natural disaster, the 1939 Erzincan earthquake. The earthquake with an intensity of 8.2 MS hit the province at 1:57 am (GMT 11:57 pm) on 27 December 1939. The death toll was around 32,962. Tekeli informed the government officials about the disaster as soon as possible. Then, the province began to receive medical, food and other related assistance.
Later, he served as the governor of various provinces including Denizli, Diyarbakır, Kahramanmaraş and Bilecik. His last governorship was in Afyonkarahisar from 1946 to 1948. He then was appointed head of the Inspection Directorate at the Ministry of Interior in Ankara, and his tenure lasted for five years until his retirement in 1952.

## Personal life

O. Nuri Tekeli was married and had three daughters, one of whom is Sevim Tekeli, Turkish historian of science.
# Osman Nuri Topbaş

Osman Nuri Topbaş (born 1942) is a Turkish Sufi master and author. He is the spiritual leader of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order based in Kadıköy, Istanbul.

## Biography

He was born in 1942 in Kadıköy, Istanbul. His father is master Musa Topbaş, and his mother is the daughter of H. Fahri Kığılı, Mrs. Fatma Feride. He lives in Istanbul.
He is married and father of four children. His books are published online for free in 43 languages.

## Work

Some of his books have been translated into English:
* Islam: Spirit and Form
* Contemplation In Islam
* Prophet Muhammad Mustafa the Elect 1
* Prophet Muhammad Mustafa the Elect 2
* A Peacefulhome Paradise On Earth
* From The Examplary Manners Of The Friends Of Allah 1
* Tears of the Heart
* The Last Breath
* Muhammad: The Prophet of Mercy
* Hajj Mabrur And Umrah
* Principles from the Lives of the Four Rightly-Guided Caliphs
* Civilisation Of Virtues 1-2
* The Story of the Reed
* Ikhlas, Taqwa, Sincerity And Piety
* The Society Of The Age Of Bliss
* Sufısm
* The Exemplar Beyond Compare Muhammad Mustafa
* The Secret in the Love for God
* Endowment, Charity And Service In Islam
* Such a Mercy He Was
# Tratna pri Grobelnem

Tratna pri Grobelnem (pronounced) is a settlement south of Grobelno in the Municipality of Šentjur, eastern Slovenia. The main railway line from Ljubljana to Maribor runs along the northern edge of the settlement. The settlement, and the entire municipality, are included in the Savinja Statistical Region, which is in the Slovenian portion of the historical Duchy of Styria.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Tratna to Tratna pri Grobelnem in 1953.
# Trattato di architettura

Trattato di architettura is a book on architectural theory by the Florentine Renaissance architect Filarete completed c. 1464.

## Writing Process and Dedications

Filarete's book was dedicated to Francesco Sforza, with Filarete naming the text "Libro Architecttonico." The book contains 25 parts (each of which Filarete termed a "libro"), with most of the parts being finished during his stays in Milan. After his last stay in Milan, he turned to Florence, and during his travel he wrote the final part of his book. A dedication was expected to be made to the Medici family, and later he added another dedicatory to Piero di Cosimo de' Medici.
According to research by Giorgio Vasari, the last two additions to "Libro Architecttonico" were finished in roughly 1464, and his contemporary scholars have determined this information to be correct. For the previous 24 books, Spencer proposed the years between 1461 and 1462 for the first 21 books, later for books 22-24 on drawings, and the last one book for Medici. While Grassi Liliana thought the books would be finished during 1460 and 1461, he also thought the revision would be later, potentially in 1464.

## Overview

The books of Filarete were considered manuscripts for a time, split into two groups. The first group contains two sections, the first was dedicated to Francesco Sforza. The second section, dedicated to Piero di Cosimo de' Medici, is also known as "Codex Magliabechiano" and contains illustrations. The second group of content was written in Latin for Matthias Corvinus, and it was strongly influenced by the work of Vitruvius.
Filarete′s books have a narrative structure. In the books, he imagines that Francesco Sforza needs him to plan a new city, called Sforzinda. Filarete is in charge of this work and finds the "Golden Book," a mythical text about the fictional city of Plugiapolis written by an ancient king, Zogalia. The "Golden Book" gave him the idea for the new city. The central part of the Filarete′s books describe the city and the buildings inside of it. The city has the shape of an eight point star, circumscribed by a circle. The city includes three important public spaces: the palace, the market, and the cathedral. However, he did not give a concrete plan for a particular project.
Filarete's plan was not only retained on paper. The "Ospedale Maggiore" in Milan, known as "Ca′ Granda", was built by Duke Francesco Sforza in 1456, according to Filarete's plan. However only the southern part of the building was built directly according to his design, while the latter transformation of the building was still greatly influenced by his plan and philosophy.

## Modern Study

In 1890 von Oettingen published the first draft of the book, and latter added an introduction by Lazzarom and Munoz in 1908. In 1963, Tigler, published his dissertation and book "Die Architecturtheorie des Filarete." Further, an English translation and a critical edition in Italian were published in 1965.
# Trelease

Trealease is a surname. People with this name include:
* Allen W. Trelease (c. 1928/1929–2011), American historian, author, and professor
* George E. Trelease, namesake of the George E. Trelease Memorial Baseball Park in Springfield, Massachusetts
* Jim Trelease (born 1941), American educator and author
* Richard M. Trelease, Jr. (1921–2005), bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of the Rio Grande
* William Trelease (1857–1945), American botanist, entomologist, and explorer
# Trelew (disambiguation)

Trelew is a city in Chubut Province, Argentina.
Trelew may also refer to:
* Trelew massacre, a retaliatory Argentine government killing of 16 militants in 1972
* Trelew, Cornwall, a hamlet in Cornwall, United Kingdom
* Trelew (band), a band based in Montevideo, Uruguay
* Omega Tower Trelew
* Racing de Trelew
# Triguères

Triguères (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Loiret department in north-central France.

## Geography

The commune is traversed by the Ouanne River.

## History

Standing on the path from Orléans to Troyes - a major road from prehistoric times until the beginning of 19th century -, Triguères has provided many important prehistoric, Celtic and Roman remnants of its rich past.

### Mousterian settlements

In 1922 a large Mousterian site was discovered at La Garenne. The artefacts found there, date from the end of acheulean tradition (from 500,000 to 300,000 y.a.) to the end of mousterian (30,000 y.a.).

### Celtic times

A Celtic oppidum over 22 acres wide stood on the hill north of the river, surveilling the « chemin Perré » ("stone path") where flint stones were used according to the Celtic method, and not stone slabs as per the Roman method.

### Roman period

Triguères is a choice candidate for being the Vellaunodunum mentioned by Julius Caesar's in Commentarii de Bello Gallico. The remnants of a large Gallo-Roman town were found in the 1850-1860, notably an amphitheatre, a cemetery in 1857, a source sanctuary at the moulin du Chemin in 1858, Gallo-Roman villas at les Vallées and les Monts, a Gallo-Roman temple, an aqueduct and two public Roman baths.
Greater Triguères entirely disappeared in 451 when Attila passed through the valley, coming from Orléans which he failed to take (his first major drawback in his campaign) and on his way to a full defeat at the battle of the Catalaunian Plains. Triguères waited for six centuries to start its rebirth, and it never recovered its former splendour.

### Middle Ages

Saint Alpais of Cudot and his legend precede Triguères' rebuilding, along with the Christian expansion. Saint-Martin church dates back from the end of the 11th century.
The Chatelet house was built in 1550.
* Saint-Martin church seen from the south-east
* Reliquaries of Saint-Martin church in Triguères
# Otradnensky

Otradnensky (masculine), Otradnenskaya (feminine), or Otradnenskoye (neuter) may refer to:
* Otradnensky District, a district of Krasnodar Krai, Russia
* Otradnenskoye Urban Settlement, a municipal formation corresponding to Otrandenskoye Settlement Municipal Formation, an administrative division of Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia
* Otradnenskoye (rural locality), a rural locality (a selo) in Novosibirsk Oblast