OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Osmotic shock

Osmotic shock or osmotic stress is physiologic dysfunction caused by a sudden change in the solute concentration around a cell, which causes a rapid change in the movement of water across its cell membrane. Under hypertonic conditions - conditions of high concentrations of either salts, substrates or any solute in the supernatant - water is drawn out of the cells through osmosis. This also inhibits the transport of substrates and cofactors into the cell thus “shocking” the cell. Alternatively, under hypotonic conditions - when concentrations of solutes are low - water enters the cell in large amounts, causing it to swell and either burst or undergo apoptosis.
All organisms have mechanisms to respond to osmotic shock, with sensors and signal transduction networks providing information to the cell about the osmolarity of its surroundings; these signals activate responses to deal with extreme conditions. Cells that have a cell wall tend to be more resistant to osmotic shock because their cell wall enables them to maintain their shape. Although single-celled organisms are more vulnerable to osmotic shock, since they are directly exposed to their environment, cells in large animals such as mammals still suffer these stresses under some conditions. Current research also suggests that osmotic stress in cells and tissues may significantly contribute to many human diseases.
In eukaryotes, calcium acts as one of the primary regulators of osmotic stress. Intracellular calcium levels rise during hypo-osmotic and hyper-osmotic stresses.

## Recovery and tolerance mechanisms
### For hyper-osmotic stress

Calcium plays a large role in the recovery and tolerance for both hyper and hypo-osmotic stress situations. Under hyper-osmotic stress conditions, increased levels of intracellular calcium are exhibited. This may play a crucial role in the activation of second messenger pathways.
One example of a calcium activated second messenger molecule is MAP Kinase Hog-1. It is activated under hyper-osmotic stress conditions and is responsible for an increase in the production of glycerol within the cell succeeding osmotic stress. More specifically, it works by sending signals to the nucleus that activate genes responsible for glycerol production and uptake.

### For hypo-osmotic stress

Hypo-osmotic stress recovery is largely mediated by the influx and efflux of several ions and molecules. Cell recovery after hypo-osmotic stress has shown to be consistent with an influx of extracellular Calcium. This influx of calcium may alter the cell's permeability.
Additionally, in some organisms the efflux of amino acids associated with hypo-osmotic stress can be inhibited by phenothiazines.
Hypo-osmotic stress is correlated with extracellular ATP release. ATP is used to activate purinergic receptors. These receptors regulate sodium and potassium levels on either side of the cell membrane.
# Paraguay at the 1991 Pan American Games

The 11th Pan American Games were held in Havana, Cuba from 2 to 18 August 1991.
# Planet Eggz

Planet Eggz is the tenth studio album by King Creosote, released in 1999.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by King Creosote, except where noted
# Rogue Moon of Spinstorme

Rogue Moon of Spinstorme is a 1981 role-playing game adventure published by Judges Guild for Traveller.

## Plot summary

Rogue Moon of Spinstorme is an adventure set in the Spinstorm system in which the crew of the ship Hrunta seek the aliens who built the base that was discovered in the adventure Amycus Probe.

## Publication history

Rogue Moon of Spinstorme was written by Dave Sering and was published in 1981 by Judges Guild as a 32-page book. Rogue Moon of Spinstorme is a follow-up adventure to the previously published Amycus Probe.

## Reception

William A. Barton reviewed Rogue Moon of Spinstorme in The Space Gamer No. 48. Barton commented that "Overall, if you have Amycus Probe, you'll probably want to go with this one, too. As a stand-alone, Rogue Moon of Spinstorm is too much in the mold of past 'investigate alien installation' scenarios to be worth most refs' time and money."
Michael Stackpole reviewed Rogue Moon of Spinstorm in The Space Gamer No. 50. Stackpole commented that "Dave Sering does a fine job with the writing and general design. The mystery aspect of this adventure, however, is horrible. There are seven clues scattered around the two bases and battle raft presented for exploration. None of the clues are usable by the players. All clues have to be presented to the authorities for analysis."
# Rara (film)

Rara is a 2016 Chilean-Argentine coming-of-age comedy film directed by Pepa San Martín, written by Alicia Scherson, and starring Julia Lübbert and Mariana Loyola. It is the first feature film produced by Manufactura de Películas, based in Santiago, and co-produced by Le Tiro Cine, from Buenos Aires.
Rara won the Jury Prize at the Berlin Film Festival in 2016, and received an Horizontes Latinos Award at the 64th edition of the San Sebastian Film Festival in 2016.

## Plot

Sara, a 13-year-old girl, faces challenges with school, boys, hiding a secret from her best friend, and her parents quarreling. She has no problems with her mother living with another woman, even if her father does not agree.

## Cast

* Julia Lübbert as Sara
* Emilia Ossandón as Catalina
* Mariana Loyola as Paula
* Agustina Muñoz as Lía
* Daniel Muñoz as Víctor
* Sigrid Alegría as Nicole
* Coca Guazzini as Icha
* Enrique Bustamante as school counselor
* Luz Croxatto as Eugenia
* Claudia Celedón as Ximena
* Micaela Cristi as Pancha
* Nicolás Vigneaux as Julián

## Awards

| Award | Category | Recipient | Result |
| Berlin International Film Festival | Generation Kplus International Jury Award | Pepa San Martín | Winner |
| Berlin International Film Festival | Best First Feature Award | Pepa San Martín | Nominated |
| Berlin International Film Festival | Silver Bear | Pepa San Martín | Nominated |
| San Sebastián International Film Festival | Horizontes Latinos Award | Pepa San Martín | Winner |
| San Sebastián International Film Festival | Sebastiane Latino Award | Pepa San Martín | Winner |
| Jerusalem Film Festival | FIPRESCI Prize | Pepa San Martín | Nominated |
| Seattle International Film Festival | New Directors | Pepa San Martín | Nominated |
| Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival | Best Feature | Pepa San Martín | Winner |
| Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival | Best Actress | Julia Lübbert | Winner |
| Caleuche Awards | Best Lead Actress | Julia Lübbert | Winner |
| Caleuche Awards | Best Supporting Actress | Mariana Loyola | Winner |
| Platino Awards | Best Fiction Debut | Rara | Nominated |
| Platino Awards | Film and Education in Values | Rara | Nominated |
| Pedro Sienna Awards | Best Fiction Feature | Rara | Winner |
| Pedro Sienna Awards | Best Director | Pepa San Martín | Nominated |
| Pedro Sienna Awards | Best Supporting Actress | Mariana Loyola | Winner |
# Mexican Federal Highway 187D

Federal Highway 187D is a toll highway connecting Las Choapas, Veracruz to Ocozocuautla, Chiapas. The road is operated by Caminos y Puentes Federales, which charges 195 pesos for the entire course of route.
While the road is officially Highway 187D, it is signed as Federal Highway 145D, reflecting the indirect connection that can be made from the highway's northern terminus to the federal highway that leads through southern and central Veracruz to Mexico City.

## Route description

Highway 187D begins at Highway 180 halfway between Las Choapas and Coatzacoalcos. In Veracruz, exits provide service to Las Choapas and Nuevo Sacrificio. 80 kilometres (50 mi) after passing the first toll plaza at Las Choapas, the road briefly enters the state of Tabasco, where it has one exit, at Malpasito, and a toll plaza. Highway 187D then crosses into Chiapas, with interchanges at Mexico Federal Highway 187 and a road to Raudales Malpaso, and it traverses the 1,208-metre (3,963 ft) Chiapas Bridge, which spans the Malpaso Dam.
After the bridge, Highway 187D proceeds southeast, with interchanges at Apic-Pac and Ocuilapa de Juárez, as well as one final toll plaza before it transitions into Highway 190 between Ocozocuautla and Tuxtla Gutiérrez.
# Søre Øyane

Søre Øyane is a village in the municipality of Bjørnafjorden in Vestland county, Norway. It is located on an archipelago in the Bjørnafjorden, off the western coast of the municipality, southeast of the larger island of Strøno. The archipelago consists of four major islands, Røtinga, Bruarøy, Sundøy, and Lepsøy, as well as several smaller islands and islets, many of which are uninhabited. Lepsøy, the northernmost island, is located adjacent to the mainland, which it is connected to by a short bridge. A longer bridge spans the strait between Lepsøy and Sundøy, which in turn is connected to Røtinga and a smaller island, Brattholmen, through Bruarøy.
The 1.02-square-kilometre (250-acre) village has a population (2019) of 1,053 and a population density of 1,032 inhabitants per square kilometre (2,670/sq mi).
# Leptostylus phrissominus

Leptostylus phrissominus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885.
# Megastachya

Megastachya is a genus of African plants in the grass family.

## Species

* Megastachya madagascariensis (Lam.) Chase – Madagascar
* Megastachya mucronata (Poir.) P.Beauv. – Madagascar, South Africa, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Central African Republic, Gabon, Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, Tanzania, etc.

## Formerly included

numerous species once regarded as part of Megastachya but now considered better suited to other genera: Catapodium Desmostachya Distichlis Enteropogon Eragrostis Glyceria Halopyrum Leptochloa Poa
# Lias

Lias may refer to:

## Geology

* Lias Group, a lithostratigraphic unit in western Europe
** Lias Formation, a geologic formation in France
** Lias (period), the 19th-century name for the Early Jurassic epoch, named after certain rocks of the era

## People

* Godfrey Lias, British author
* Mohd Shamsudin Lias (born 1953), Malaysian politician
* Lias Andersson (born 1998), Swedish hockey player

## Other uses

* Lias (journal), title of the Journal of Early Modern Intellectual Culture and its Sources
* Lias, Gers, a commune of the Gers département in France
* LIAS (gene), a gene that in humans encodes the protein lipoic acid synthetase
# Osvaldoginella

Osvaldoginella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cystiscidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Osvaldoginella include:
* Osvaldoginella acualina Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
* Osvaldoginella alejandrae Espinosa & Ortea, 2014
* Osvaldoginella cabera Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
* Osvaldoginella celisi Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
* Osvaldoginella columba Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
* Osvaldoginella fluctuata (McCleery & Wakefield, 2007)
* Osvaldoginella gomezi Espinosa & Ortea, 1997
* Osvaldoginella hoffi (Moolenbeek & Faber, 1991)
* Osvaldoginella jaguaella Espinosa & Ortea, 2018
* Osvaldoginella ornata (McCleery & Wakefield, 2007)
* Osvaldoginella phantasia (McCleery & Wakefield, 2007)
# Lambula plicata

Lambula plicata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is only known from the holotype, which was collected near Fakfak on New Guinea.
# Pixie (comics)

Pixie, in comics, may refer to:
* Pixie (X-Men), a Marvel Comics character associated with the X-Men and their family of titles
* Pixie (Morlock), a member of the Marvel Comics group of mutants known as the Morlocks
* Pixie (Eternal), a Marvel Comics character most prominently featured in the series, Marvel: The Lost Generation
* Pixy, a graphic novel by the Swedish cartoonist, Max Andersson
* Wasp (comics), was given the alias of "Pixie" in the alternate universe of Morgan Le Fay in Marvel Comics' Avengers vol. 3 #2-3
# Roderick MacKenzie

Roderick MacKenzie may refer to:
* Roddie MacKenzie (1901–?), Scottish footballer
* Roderick MacKenzie (British Army officer), British Army officer
* Roderick MacKenzie (politician) (1868–1957), Canadian politician
* Roderick Mackenzie, 4th Earl of Cromartie (1904–1989), Scottish soldier and peer
* Roderick Mackenzie of Terrebonne (c.1761 − 1844), Canadian fur trader, landowner and politician
# Raphipeza

Raphipeza is a genus of moths in the family Lasiocampidae. The genus was erected by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1880.

## Species

* Raphipeza echinata Saalmüller, 1879
* Raphipeza orientalis Viette, 1962
* Raphipeza perineti Viette, 1962
* Raphipeza pratti Viette, 1962
* Raphipeza turbata Butler, 1879
# Metro Rybchuk

Metro Carl Rybchuk (December 16, 1935 – October 15, 2021) owned a catering company and was a political figure in Saskatchewan. He was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly for the Province of Saskatchewan representing the constituency of Regina Victoria from 1982 to 1986 as a Progressive Conservative.
He was the son of Nick and Minny Rybchuk. In 1958, he married Eileen J. Klenk. Rybchuk defeated New Democrat MLA Henry Baker to become an MLA in the 1982 election and was defeated by Harry Van Mulligen in the 1986 election. He died on October 15, 2021, at the age of 85.
# Søre Ål IL

Søre Ål Idrettslag is a Norwegian skiing club from Søre Ål, Lillehammer, Norway.
The club was founded in 1944.
Cross-country skiers Brit Pettersen Tofte and Thea Krokan Murud represented the club, so did the Nordic combined skiers Odd Arne Engh and Mikko Kokslien as well as the ski jumper Robert Johansson.
# Leslie Harris (motorcyclist)

Leslie Harris (c.1910 –1961) was a motorcyclist in the 1950 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. He was from Hull.
Harris suffered a fractured skull during a race in Germany in 1950. He retired in 1952.
Harris was killed in a car accident in Scotland in 1961, aged 51.
# Melanie Janine Kanaka

Melanie Janine Kanaka, also known as Melanie Kanaka, is a Sri Lankan management accounting professional and business personality. She is the current Global President of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants and also serves as the current head of Finance and Administration at the World Bank in Sri Lanka and the Maldives. In June 2022, she was appointed as the President of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants.

## Biography

Kanaka was born to a Sri Lankan Malay father and Sinhalese Christian mother and hails from a middle class family.

## Career

Kanaka pursued her primary and secondary education at the Bishops’ College in Colombo. She obtained a first-class B. Com Hons degree from the University of Sri Jayawardenepura and an MBA in international finance and corporate strategy from Goizuetta Business School of Emory University, having received a Fulbright scholarship in order to pursue her higher studies at Emory.
Kanaka initially pursued a career in swimming, having competed at national swimming competitions. She also officiated as a staff member at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She later pursued a career in management accounting. She served on Sri Lanka Divisional Council for nine years and briefly served as the Divisional Vice President of CIMA Sri Lanka. She became a member of CIMA in 1992.
Kanaka was admitted to CIMA fellowship in 2000. She was invited to the CIMA Global Membership Board in 2009, becoming the first Sri Lankan, Asian, and non-British woman ever to be invited to the CIMA Global Membership Board. She was elected to the CIMA Council from the South Asian region in 2013 for a three-year term and served until 2016. During her first term, she served on the CIMA policy committees of Lifelong Learning, Member Services and Appointments in the UK.
In June 2017, she was invited by the CIMA Council to serve for a second three-year term with the institute from 2017 to 2020 as a co-opted member. In 2015, she was also elected to the CIMA’s Appointment Committee. She was elected as the Global Vice President of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants with a majority vote of around 88% of the CIMA’s global members, with voting held during the 101st Annual General Meeting on 3 June 2020. Kanaka was the first Sri Lankan, Asian and non-British woman to hold this position.
Kanaka has also worked in finance roles at Hayleys, MAS Holdings and DFCC Bank. She has also worked as the director of the Association of International Certified Professional Accountants. She was a member on the audit committee of the International Planned Parenthood Federation for a period of two years, and currently serves as its chairperson. On 22 June 2022, she was promoted from Vice President to President of CIMA and subsequently became the first Asian woman ever to be elected as the President of CIMA. She became the 89th President of the CIMA. She was also unanimously selected to serve as Co-Chair of Association of International Certified Professional Accountants.
# Lickskillet, Logan County, Kentucky

Lickskillet is an unincorporated community located in Logan County, Kentucky, United States.
# Osvaldo Álvarez Guerrero

Osvaldo Álvarez Guerrero (1940 – 27 July 2008) was an Argentine Radical Civic Union (UCR) politician. He served as Governor of Río Negro Province and as a National Deputy.
Born in Florida (a suburb of Buenos Aires, Álvarez Guerrero joined the Radical Civic Union of the People (UCRP, the more conservative faction led by Ricardo Balbín) in 1958 in his home town of Vicente López, a neighboring community. He became a lawyer and relocated to Viedma, in Río Negro Province, in 1964. UCR Governor Carlos Nielsen appointed him subsecretary of social affairs, serving in that post until the military coup of 28 June 1966 which toppled President Arturo Illia. That year he moved to San Carlos de Bariloche, where he practiced as a lawyer, taught philosophy and wrote for newspapers including La Nación and Diario Río Negro. He later wrote several books, particularly on political history.
Upon the return of democracy, Álvarez Guerrero helped relaunch the UCR in Río Negro and was a leading player in the national internal Radical movement of Raúl Alfonsín and Conrado Storani. In 1973 he became President of the provincial committee of the UCR and was elected to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies. Following the coup of 1976, he was arrested and 'disappeared' for 72 hours, being released following protests by his party, including former President Illia, although he lost his passport and the right to leave the country.
In October 1983, following the return of democracy, Álvarez Guerrero was elected governor of Río Negro with 63% of the vote. He was a staunch federalist and a prime mover behind attempts to move the Argentine federal capital to Viedma. He was returned to the Chamber of Deputies in 1987. Álvarez Guerrero was elected first vice-president of the National Committee of the UCR in 1989, and in 1991 he became President of the National Convention.
He became a vocal critic of the 1993 Olivos Pact between UCR leader Raúl Alfonsín and President Carlos Menem (of the opposition Justicialist Party), and opposed the subsequent 1994 reform of the Argentine Constitution, resigning in 1994 over the nomination of his successor as governor, Horacio Massaccesi, as UCR candidate for president. He took part in the launch of the center-left ARI, although he distanced himself when his fellow activists left the UCR.
# Lake Mohawk

Lake Mohawk or Mohawk Lake may refer to:
* Mohawk Lake (Waterford Township, Michigan), a lake
* Lake Mohawk (Mississippi), a reservoir
* Lake Mohawk (Ohio), a reservoir
* Lake Mohawk, New Jersey, a census-designated place
** Lake Mohawk (New Jersey), a private lake formed by a dam in the community
# Placidus

Placidus is Latin for "placid, gentle, quiet, still, calm, mild, peaceful" and can refer to:
* Placidus (martyr), 4th-century Sicilian martyr
* Lactantius Placidus (c. 350 – c. 400), writer
* Flavius Arcadius Placidus Magnus Felix (480–511), Consul of Rome
* Saint Placidus (6th century), follower of Benedict of Nursia
* Placidus de Titis (also de Titus, Latinization of Placido de Titi, 1603–1668), astrologer
* Placidus Böcken (1690–1752), German Benedictine canon lawyer, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Salzburg
* Placidus Braun (1756–1829), Bavarian Benedictine priest, historian and archivist
* Placidus Fixlmillner (1721–1791), Benedictine priest, first astronomer to compute the orbit of Uranus
* Placidus Nkalanga (1919–2015), Tanzanian Prelate of Roman Catholic Church
* Placidus a Spescha (1752–1833), Swiss monk and Alpine explorer
# Ray E. Davis

Raymond Elswood Davis (September 14, 1907 – August 26, 1972) was an American football player and coach of football and baseball. He was the head football and baseball coach at Louisiana Polytechnic Institute—now known as Louisiana Tech University—in 1939. Davis played college football at Howard College—now known as Samford University—in Homewood, Alabama. He played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) with the Portsmouth Spartans in 1932 and 1933. David returned to his alma mater, Howard, in 1934, where he served as line coach for the football team under head coaches Clyde Propst and Billy Bancroft.

## Head coaching record
### Football

| Year | Team | Overall |
| Louisiana Tech Bulldogs (Louisiana Intercollegiate Conference) (1939) ||||||
| 1939 | Louisiana Tech | 5–6 |
| Louisiana Tech: | Louisiana Tech: | 5–6 |
| Total: | Total: | 5–6 |
# Walter Jessop

Walter Jessop may refer to:
* Walter Jessop (cricketer)
* Walter Jessop (surgeon)
# T-number

T-number or T number may refer to:
* A numerical system for the glyphs within the Pre-Columbian Mayan script, see J. Eric S. Thompson.
* Dvorak technique, a system to subjectively estimate tropical cyclone intensity
* Viral capsid T-number, a system to describe the icosahedral surface quasi-symmetry pattern
* In music, the transposition of a tone row
* In number theory, a transcendental number having finite, but unbounded, transcendence measure.
* T-number (photography), a transmission aperture value in photography
# Lickóvadamos

Lickóvadamos is a village in Zala County, Hungary.