OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HIV/AIDS in Sudan

Sudan is bordered by seven countries in which HIV/AIDS is highly prevalent, therefore Sudan is susceptible to an increase in HIV/AIDS prevalence. In 1986, the first case of HIV and AIDS in Sudan was reported. Sudan's HIV epidemiological situation is currently classified as a low epidemic, as of July 2011.

## Transmission

The main mode of transmission worldwide is through heterosexual contact, which is no different in Sudan. In Sudan, heterosexual transmission accounted for 97% of HIV positive cases.

## Prevalence

As of January 5, 2011, the adult (15–49) prevalence in Sudan was found to be 0.4%, an estimated 260,000 were living with HIV and there were 12,000 HIV related annual deaths. A population based study was conducted in 2002 which estimated the sero-prevalence to be 1.6%. According to recent studies, the HIV and AIDS prevalence in Sudan among blood donors has increased from 0.15% in 1993 to 1.4% in 2000. Sudan is considered to be a country with an intermediate HIV and AIDS prevalence by the World Health Organization (WHO).
HIV/AIDS estimates as of 2014:
| HIV prevalence | 53,000 [41,000–69,000] |
| Ages 15–49 prevalence rates | 0.2% [0.2–0.3%] |
| Ages 15 and above living with HIV | 49,000 [38,000–63,000] |
| Women aged 15 and above living with HIV | 23,000 [18,000–29,000] |
| Ages 0–14 living with HIV | 4,300 [3,600–5,200] |
| AIDS related deaths | 2,900 [2,200–4,200] |

## Treatment, care and support

HIV/AIDS related-services have been introduced in all the states of Sudan. Free services have been provided across the country, which have significantly improved the life of people living with HIV.

## Government policy

As recently as 1998, the Sudanese government denied that HIV/AIDS posed any significant health threat to its citizenry. Only in 2004 did the government reverse its policy and officially begin planning to address the problem. As of 2007, both Northern and Southern governments were developing policies to curb future cases and to treat those already infected. The minister of health in the North noted problems with the use of condoms as a preventive measure, and religious leaders were reluctant to discuss prevention methods beyond abstinence and monogamous marriage. Not surprisingly, citizens' knowledge about HIV/AIDS is limited.
# Kermia brunnea

Kermia brunnea is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 5 mm.
(Original description) The fusiformly elongate shell is ornamented with transverse granular ribs, and fine longitudinal raised striae. The whorls are slightly convex. The aperture is elongate-oval. The siphonal canal is short. The colour of the shell is dark brown.

## Distribution

This marine shell occurs off Hawaii.
# NewStore

NewStore, Inc. provides Omnichannel-as-a-Service for enterprise retail brands worldwide. Its mobile-first, modular cloud platform includes point of sale (POS), order management (OMS), inventory, store fulfillment, clienteling, and native consumer app solutions.
The company was founded in 2015 by Stephan Schambach, who also founded Intershop Communications and Demandware, which was acquired by Salesforce in 2016 for US$2.8 billion. It is headquartered in Boston, USA with offices in Berlin, Germany and Utrecht, Netherlands. It received a Series A investment of US$38M in September 2015 and Series B investment of US$50M in July 2017. Additionally, the company raised US$45M in Series B-1 financing in July 2021, a strategic investment to accelerate company growth.

## Funding

| Funding Round | Amount | Led By |
| Series B-1 | $45M | N/A |
| Strategic | $20M | Salesforce Ventures |
| Series B | $50M | Activant Capital |
| Series A | $38.4M | General Catalyst |

## History

Founded in 2015 by Stephan Schambach, NewStore, Inc. has established itself as a leader in Omnichannel-as-a-Service (OaaS) for global retail brands. The company's mobile-first, modular cloud platform empowers retailers with a comprehensive suite of solutions including point of sale (POS), order management (OMS), inventory management, store fulfillment, clienteling, and native consumer apps. In April 2024, NewStore appointed Mike DeSimone as CEO with Stephan Schambach transitioning to Chairman of the Board. Notably, in January 2024, NewStore released its 10th annual Omnichannel Leadership Report, assessing the omnichannel capabilities of nearly 700 retailers across 10 countries and highlighting the significant opportunity for improvement in omnichannel adoption.
# Spring Canyon, Utah

Spring Canyon, also called Storrs, is a ghost town in Carbon County, Utah, United States. In 1912, Jesse Knight purchased 1,600 acres of coal land and began developing a mine and a company town. Knight named the town Storrs, after the mine superintendent. The name of the town was changed to Spring Canyon in 1924. 1,000 tons of coal per day were mined from 1924 to 1943, and during World War II, coal production peaked at 2,000 tons of coal per day. By 1946, the need for coal diminished, and people began to leave. By 1969, Spring Canyon was abandoned.

## History

Prior to the establishment of Spring Canyon, residents in Helper mined coal from a small opening on the side of the mountain. In 1895, Teancum Pratt constructed a wagon road in order to make coal transportation easier. In 1912, Jesse Knight purchased 1,600 acres of land west of Helper, organized the Spring Canyon Coal Company, and constructed sixty homes. Knight also constructed a railroad in 1913 to the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad line in Helper. Knight named the new town Storrs, after the mine superintendent George Storrs. Because Knight was a Mormon, he banned saloons and gambling houses from being constructed in the town. In 1914, a schoolhouse and a church were constructed for the townspeople, who were mostly members of the LDS Church. By the end of 1914, 1,000 tons of coal per day were being shipped.
By 1924, Storrs had 1,000 residents, a hotel, a heated swimming pool, and well-built houses, offices, and stores. At this time, George Storrs was charged with mail fraud, and the town's name was officially changed to Spring Canyon. From 1924 to 1943, 1,000 tons of coal per day were mined, and in 1940, the Spring Canyon mine was ranked as the fourth largest coal producer in Utah. During World War II, 2,000 tons of coal per day were being mined. By 1946, the Spring Canyon mine had transported and mined eleven million tons of coal, and by 1948, the Spring Canyon Coal Company was also operating the mines in Standardville and Royal. However, the need for coal began to diminish, and by 1954, only a small group of miners remained in Spring Canyon. The mine closed in 1969 due to low production and increasingly high costs. Only three families were living in Spring Canyon in 1969, and by the end of the year, Spring Canyon was abandoned. When the mine first closed in 1969 and the town's residents relocated, few buildings were removed. The Spring Canyon Hotel, most of the homes, and the mine offices were left. However, in 1975, every building in Spring Canyon's business district was demolished. The railroad trestle and the ruins of the residential section of town are the only remnants of the former coal mining town.
# Spined micrathena

Micrathena gracilis is a spider in the family Araneidae (orb-weavers), commonly known as the spined micrathena or castleback orbweaver. This spider spins a moderately large (can be about 20 cm long in diameter) and very tightly coiled web. The spiders themselves are small and can be found to be anywhere from 4.2 mm to 10.8 mm long. Its venom is harmless to humans. M. gracilis is unique in appearance due to its large spiky abdomen and black and white bodies. Certain spiders of this species can also display a yellow color on the sides of their bodies. These spiders can be seen most active during the end of the summer and beginning of fall. M. gracilis is diurnal and are rarely ever seen active at night.

## Physical characteristics

Females are 8–10 mm long. They exhibit a bulbous abdomen with spines. Males exhibit a fair amount of sexual dimorphism. They tend to be a fraction of the size of the females. Also, they have fewer spines, a flatter abdomen, and a slightly lighter tone. Although males can produce silk, they mostly use it in the mating ritual.
* The central portion of a web
* View from underneath
* Female lateral view
* Juvenile male anterior

## Webs

When constructing webs, the inner orbs of their webs are changed every night; however, they may keep the outer layer of the web the same for multiple days.

## Distribution and habitat

Micrathena gracilis is native to North and Central America. These spiders tend to wander and rarely ever remain in the same web site for more than week. On average, they spend about 6–7 days on each web site. They are neotropical forest spiders and can be found more easily in hardwood forests that contain Oak and Hickory trees. They tend to like moisture; they are more easily found in woodland forests that are near a lagoon, pond, or other small bodies of water. One study mentioned that these spiders were found in an area that tends to flood during their mating season. M. gracilis may also coexist within and along the edges of colonies of Metepeira incrassata, also known as the colonial orb-weaving spider. They prey on the skimming bluet and are in turn eaten by white-eyed vireos.

## Life cycle

Micrathena gracilis hatches in the spring, the image of an adult. After the summer's growth, the female lays eggs in a sac. These remain relatively dormant through the winter months. The general life span is one year in length.
# Gârla Mare

Gârla Mare is a commune located in Mehedinți County, Oltenia, Romania. It is composed of a single village, Gârla Mare. It also included the village of Vrata until 2004, when it was split off to form Vrata Commune.

## Geography

* Climate: Located in the southwest of Romania, it features a temperate-continental climate with Mediterranean influences.
* Relief: Specific to the Dolj and Mehedinți County, the commune's relief consists mainly of plains.

## Economy

During the Communist era, this commune was an important cultural and economic centre. It was directly connected to the Danube trade routes through its port. Efficient use of the relief and local resources allowed for the development of farms and crops that would then be redistributed among neighboring towns. After the fall of communism in 1989, a great deal of resources have been lost as a consequence of poor maintenance and depreciation.

## Natives

* Florin Costin Șoavă (born 1978), footballer
# Manduca caribbeus

Manduca caribbeus is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Haiti and the Dominican Republic.
The wingspan is 80–85 mm. Adults have been recorded from May to June.
# Habibur Rahman Kandhalvi

Allama Ḥabīburraḥmān Ṣiddīqī Kāndhalvī (1924-1991) was an Islamic scholar and author from Pakistan.

## Early life and career

He was born in December 1924, Mohalla Delhi Darwaza, Delhi, India in the home of Mufti Ishfaq ur Rehman Kandhalvi. He memorized the Qur'an at the age of 9 years. During his education in Madrasa Siddiquia he used to visit Naziria Library and read many books about the Islamic history especially the Sirat-un-Nabi from Maulana Shibli Nomani which had lasting impression on him. After completing his religious education, he came to Sialkot, Punjab in 1944-1945 and soon thereafter moved to Gujranwala where he started delivering his regular Dars-e-Quran. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, all of his family moved to Pakistan and he started working in Bahawalpur and later in Tando Jam, Sindh. He started doing translation of various Islamic literature. After his marriage in 1960, he moved to Karachi and initially started working for the famous religious book publishing firm, Taj Company.
He died on 18 April 1991.
# Kermia bulbosa

Kermia bulbosa is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.

## Description

The length reaches 2.8 mm, the diameter 1.1 mm.

## Distribution

Fossils of this extinct species were found in Early Miocene strata of the Kerala Basin in South West India
# Grapes (surname)

Grapes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Sidney Grapes (1887–1958), English comedian
* Steve Grapes (born 1953), English footballer
# Melaleuca marginata

Melaleuca marginata is a shrub in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is distinguished by its prickly leaves and its flowers occurring in long sections of the branches. From 1922 to 2011 was known as Melaleuca coronicarpa.

## Description

Melaleuca marginata is a prickly shrub, growing to a height of about 2 m (7 ft). The leaves are arranged alternately along the stem, more or less oval in shape, 5–14.6 mm (0.2–0.6 in) long and 1–6.6 mm (0.04–0.3 in) wide, crescent-shaped in cross section and tapering to a pointed, sharp end.
The white flowers are in clusters of up to 25 flowers along the sides of the branches, each cluster up to 30 mm (1 in) in diameter. The style is 7–11 mm (0.3–0.4 in) long. The petals are 2.1–3.5 mm (0.08–0.1 in) long and fall off as the flower ages. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower, each bundle containing between 10 and 22 stamens. Flowering occurs mainly in early spring and is followed by fruit which are woody capsules, with the sepals remaining as five teeth on each cup-shaped fruit.

## Taxonomy and naming

Melaleuca coronicarpa was described in 1922 by Desmond Herbert however, a specimen formally described in 1845 by Otto Wilhelm Sonder as Astroloma marginatum was recognised in 2011 as the same species as the one named by Herbert. The type specimen described by Herbert was also found to be within the range of Melaleuca coronicarpa. Since the Sonder description had priority, it was renamed by Michael Hislop, Brendan Lepschi and Lyndley Craven. The name for this species is therefore now Melaleuca marginata. The specific epithet (marginata) is a Latin word meaning "border" or "margin" and refers to the distinctive leaf margin.

## Distribution and habitat

Melaleuca marginata occurs from the Chapman Valley district south to the Ongerup district and east toward the Koorda and Grass Patch districts in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions. It grows in sand including lateritic sand, loam and clay, on sandy ridges, eroded laterite and undulating plains.

## Conservation

Melaleuca marginata is listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife.
# St. Joseph Parish, Central Falls

St. Joseph Parish is designated for Polish immigrants in Central Falls, Rhode Island, United States.

## History

Founded in 1905, it is one of the Polish-American Roman Catholic parishes in New England in the Diocese of Providence. The current building was designed in 1915 by Providence architect John F. O'Malley in the Gothic Revival style.
# Shot hole disease

Shot hole disease (also called Coryneum blight) is a serious fungal disease that creates BB-sized holes in leaves, rough areas on fruit, and concentric lesions on branches. The pathogen that causes shot hole disease is Wilsonomyces carpophilus.

## Hosts and symptoms

The fungal pathogen Wilsonomyces carpophilus affects members of the Prunus genera. Almond, apricot, nectarine, peach, plum and cherry trees can be affected. Both edible and ornamental varieties are vulnerable to infection. Almost all over-ground parts of the plants are affected including the fruits, buds and the stems, but the damage is most noticeable on the leaves. The symptoms begin with small (1/10-1/4”) reddish or purplish-brown spots with light green or yellow ring around them. As the disease progresses the damaged areas become slightly larger and then dry up and fall away, leaving BB-sized holes behind. As the fungus spreads, more leaf tissue is damaged until the leaf falls. Significant infections can reduce the amount of photosynthesis that can occur, weakening the plant, and decreasing fruit production. The infection on the fruits in turn begins as small purple spots that develop into gray to white lesions. Gummosis may occur (both on the fruits and the stems as well). These lesions leave toughened spots on the skin, and in some cases the fruit may be lost. Infected buds may appear darker than normal. Branches may develop concentric lesions when infected. These lesions may girdle a twig and kill it.

## Disease cycle

W. carpophilus overwinters in infected buds and in twig cankers. Asexual spores (conidia) are dispersed in spring when moisture levels increase or as a result of overhead watering. Spores are pigmented and remain viable, in a dormant state, for months. Infection can occur any time moisture is present for at least 24 hours, as long as temperatures are above 36 °F (2 °C). At higher temperatures, infection occurs more quickly. W. carpophilus infection takes only 6 hours at 77 °F (25 °C).

## Management

W. carpophilus can remain viable for several months and spores are often airborne. Since the fungi thrive in wet conditions, overhead watering should be avoided. Remove and dispose of any infected buds, leaves, fruit and twigs. In fall, fixed copper or Bordeaux mixture can be applied.

## Importance

Shot hole disease is a major concern of the stone fruit industry. It is estimated that 80% of the California almond crop may be infested with shot hole disease, resulting in a potential yield loss of 50-75%. In the 1930s, it was found that applications of Bordeaux mixture reduces shot hole disease on peaches from 80% to 9%.
# Kevin O'Connor

Kevin O'Connor may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* Kevin O'Connor (actor, born 1938) (1938–1991), American actor
* Kevin J. O'Connor (actor) (born 1963), American actor
* Kevin O'Connor (TV personality) (born 1968), host of This Old House
* Kevin O'Connor, fictional character on the American TV soap opera General Hospital
* Kevin O'Connor (musician), musician of the band Talkdemonic
* Kevin O'Connor (Reality TV), Amazing Race contestant

## Politics and law

* Kevin J. O'Connor (attorney) (born 1967), American attorney
* Kevin O'Connor (Massachusetts politician), candidate for U.S. Senate from Massachusetts in 2020
* Kevin O'Connor (Minnesota politician), candidate for U.S. Senate from Minnesota in 2020

## Sports

* Kevin O'Connor (hurler) (1923–2004), Irish hurler
* Kevin O'Connor (cricketer) (born 1940), New Zealand cricketer
* Kevin O'Connor (basketball) (born c. 1947), general manager of the Utah Jazz
* Kevin O'Connor (footballer, born 1982), English-born Irish football player for Brentford
* Kevin O'Connor (footballer, born 1985), Irish football player for Bray Wanderers
* Kevin O'Connor (footballer, born 1995), Irish football player for Preston North End

## Others

* Kevin O'Connor (entrepreneur) (born 1961), American entrepreneur; co-founder of DoubleClick
* Kevin O'Connor (historian) (born 1967), American historian; professor at Gonzaga University
* Kevin O'Connor (physician), American osteopathic physician, U.S. Army colonel and physician to U.S. President Joe Biden
# Military Cemetery (Minsk)

Military Cemetery is a cemetery in Minsk, Belarus.

## History

The Military Cemetery was opened and consecrated in 1895 when a nearby older cemetery for military personnel was closed for further interments. In 1898, an Orthodox church was built in the cemetery – conceived as a monument to the soldiers who gave their lives in the Russo-Turkish war of 1877–1878. Inside the church there are plaques with the names of 118 Belarusians who perished recapturing the Bulgarian city of Pleven from the Turks.
in the interwar period the cemetery became the burial place of prominent statesmen, soldiers, scientists and people of creative professions.
Soviet authorities closed the church before World War II but during the German occupation services were resumed. After World War II the city authorities considered converting the church into a coffin workshop but the plans did not materialise and the church remained one of the few functioning places of worship in Soviet Minsk.

## Controversies

In 2018, improvements were announced by the city authorities and municipal workers began dismantling many fences and monuments, which were replaced by cheap concrete "headrests". Historians, restorers, and relatives of the buried argued that "the improvement is reminiscent of demolition," and called for the protection of the cemetery. The public initiative "Military Cemetery" was created, the participants of which improved the burials. After court proceedings brought by the descendants of the buried, the destruction of old graves stopped. However, the workers managed to "beautify" half of the cemetery and destroyed about 300 old tombstones.

## Notable interments

* Nadezhda Bantle (1851–1934), Belarusian physician
* Alexander Chervyakov (1892–1937), politician and revolutionary
* Kuźma Čorny (1900–1944), Belarusian poet, writer and dramatist
* Usievalad Ihnatoŭski (1881–1931), Belarusian politician, scholar and the first president of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
* Jazep Jucho (1921–2004), Belarusian lawyer, historian and writer, leading Belarusian authority on the laws of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
* Mikhas Klimkovich (1899–1954), Belarusian poet and librettist
* Yakub Kolas (1882–1956), Belarusian writer
* Yanka Kupala (1882–1942), Belarusian poet and writer
* Niescier Sakałoŭski (1902–1950), Belarusian composer
* Valancin Taǔlaj (1914–1947), Belarusian poet
* Paŭluk Trus (1904–1929), Belarusian poet
* Ruth Waller (1921–1946), member of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration Mission in post-war Belarus who died after saving drowning Belarusian children.
# Grammetal

Grammetal is a municipality in the Weimarer Land district, in Thuringia, Germany. It was created with effect from 31 December 2019 by the merger of the former municipalities of Bechstedtstraß, Daasdorf am Berge, Hopfgarten, Isseroda, Mönchenholzhausen, Niederzimmern, Nohra, Ottstedt am Berge and Troistedt, that had previously coöperated in the Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Grammetal. It takes its name from the river Gramme, that flows through the municipality.