OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Emanuel Lewenstein

Emanuel Albert Lewenstein (5 December 1870 – 10 June 1930) was a Dutch-Jewish art collector.

## Early life

Emanuel Albert Lewenstein was born in Amsterdam on 5 December 1870, the son of German-Jewish Adolph Lewenstein and Dutch-Jewish Lea Joachimsthal from Amsterdam. His parents founded the Sewingmachinetrade A. Lewenstein (Dutch: Naaimachinehandel v/h A. Lewenstein) in Amsterdam in 1868 and designed the famous sewingmachine Lewenstein. Their daughters Rosa and Betty Lewenstein ensured that the company grew into one of the largest supply companies for the clothing industry in the Netherlands. Rosa (Amsterdam, April 4, 1872) was murdered in Auschwitz, but Betty (Amsterdam, Jan 25, 1880) survived the shoa. Art collector Emanuel Albert Lewenstein was their older brother.

## Kandinsky's Das Bunte Leben

Lewenstein bought Wassily Kandinsky's oil painting Das Bunte Leben (The Colourful Life) immediately after it was created in 1907. After his death, his widow Hedwig loaned it to Amsterdam's Stedelijk Museum for safekeeping.
On 3 March 2017, three of his heirs filed suit in New York City against Bayerische Landesbank who believe they now own it, in respect of the painting, now valued at $80 million.
The lawsuit claims that the painting was effectively taken and sold without permission, "The painting was taken from its legitimate owners in 1940 in violation of international law during the period of the Nazi occupation in the Netherlands in furtherance of the Nazi campaign of Jewish genocide".
Das Bunte Leben is on show at the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus, in Munich, Germany.
In July 2023 the Advisory Commission recommended restituting the Kandinsky to the Lewenstein heirs.

## Personal life

On 11 March 1901 in Bonn, Germany, Lewenstein married Hedwig Weyermann (11 Oct 1875 Bonn, Germany - 20 May 1937, Amsterdam), the daughter of Gottschalk Weyermann and Mina Oppenheimer.
They had two children:
* Robert Gotschalk Lewenstein (30 Oct 1905, Amsterdam - 1975 Blue Creek, Ohio, US), who married Henriëtte Ruth Opprower
* Wilhelmina Helena Lewenstein, who married José Augusto Da Silva
# Ellen Lewin

Ellen Lewin is an American author, anthropologist, and academic. Lewin, a lesbian, focuses her work on areas of motherhood, sexuality, and reproduction. Lewin is a professor of anthropology at the University of Iowa. She is a recipient of the Ruth Benedict Prize.

## Biography

Ellen Lewin received her A.B. (Bachelors of Arts) in 1967 for linguistics from the College of the University of Chicago. She went on to obtain her AM (Masters of Arts) in Anthropology in 1968 and later her Ph.D. in Anthropology in 1975 at Stanford University. She concluded her studies at Stanford University with one of her earlier works, Mothers and Children: Latin American Immigrants in San Francisco.
Lewin conducted research on Latin American women in San Francisco for her dissertation. She also completed another study comparing aspects of motherhood among lesbians and heterosexual single women. Her research has focused on gender, sexuality, identity, reproduction, medical anthropology and lesbian/gay anthropology.

## Awards

Lewin is four times a recipient of the Ruth Benedict Prize: for two monographs, Lesbian Mothers: Accounts of Gender in American Culture (1992) and Gay Fatherhood: Narratives of Family and Citizenship in America (2010) and two edited volumes, Out in Public: Reinventing Lesbian/Gay Anthropology in a Globalizing World (co-edited with William L. Leap) (2009) and Out in Theory: The Emergence of Lesbian and Gay Anthropology (co-edited with William L. Leap) (2004).

## Notable works

* Lesbian Mothers: Accounts of Gender in American Culture (Cornell University Press, 1993)
* Recognizing Ourselves: Lesbian and Gay Ceremonies of Commitment (Columbia University Press, 1998)
* Editor of Inventing Lesbian Cultures in America (Beacon Press, 1996) and Feminist Anthropology: A Reader (Blackwell, 2006)
* Co-editor of Out in the Field: Reflections of Lesbian and Gay Anthropologists (University of Illinois Press, 1996), Out in Theory: The Emergence of Lesbian and Gay Anthropology (University of Illinois Press, 2002), and Reinventing Lesbian/Gay Anthropology in a Globalizing World with William Leap.
* Lewin, Ellen (2018). Filled with the Spirit: Sexuality, Gender, and Radical Inclusivity in a Black Pentecostal Church Coalition. University of Chicago Press.
# Ellen Lewis

Ellen Lewis is an American casting director. Her credits include The Queen's Gambit, The Devil Wears Prada, A League of Their Own, Forrest Gump and Martin Scorsese's New York Stories, Goodfellas, Casino, The Departed, The Wolf of Wall Street and The Irishman.

## Early life and career

A native of Chicago, Illinois, Lewis is the youngest of three children born to Audrey and Norman Lewis. After graduating from the Francis W. Parker School, she briefly attended the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and Columbia University.
Lewis began her casting career working as an assistant for Juliet Taylor. She helped to cast films including Hannah and Her Sisters and Working Girl before she began working independently in 1989. She has worked extensively with Scorsese since then; her second solo casting credit was for Goodfellas. A three-time Emmy Award winner (for her work on Boardwalk Empire: Season 1, Angels in America and The Queen's Gambit) and seven-time nominee, she has won three Casting Society of America Artios Awards. She received its Hoyt Bowers Award in 2015, which honors a casting professional who has elevated the profession.
# Emerson College (disambiguation)

Emerson College is a private college in Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Emerson College may also refer to:
* Emerson College (UK) in East Sussex, England
* Emerson Institute in Mobile, Alabama, US
# End of Chapter

End of Chapter is a 1957 detective novel by Cecil Day-Lewis, written under the pen name of Nicholas Blake. It is the twelfth in a series of novels featuring the private detective Nigel Strangeways.

## Synopsis

Strangeways is called in by the reputable publishing house Wenham and Geraldine to investigate a matter concerning a retired general, Richard Thoresby, whose wartime memoirs include controversial criticism of public figures. Thoresby had agreed to cut the pertinent sections, but they were mysteriously re-inserted during the publication process, exposing the publishers to action for libel. Suspects for tampering with the manuscript include partners Arthur Geraldine, Elizabeth Wenham, and Basil Rye; recently-sacked production manager Herbert Bates; and Stephen Protheroe, long-time editor for the firm but once a highly-regarded poet. Also on the premises is Millicent Miles, a popular author of romance novels making use of an office to write up her memoirs. Miles' son Cyprian Gleed, whose own literary ambitions have been frustrated, is a frequent visitor.
Interviews with the potential suspects and review of the evidence leave Strangeways in doubt that the case can be solved. In a sudden twist, however, Miles is murdered in her office, with evidence suggesting that the killer altered the text of the autobiographical manuscript on her desk. As the investigation proceeds it becomes evident that Miles was having an affair with Basil Rye. Strangeways, collaborating with Scotland Yard Inspector becomes convinced that the book tampering and the killing are linked, driven by events stretching back to the 1920s. The denouement takes place at Waterloo Station.
# Emily Stone (mathematician)

Emily Foster Stone is an American mathematician whose research includes work in fluid dynamics and dynamical systems. She is a professor of mathematics at the University of Montana, where she chairs the Department of Mathematical Sciences. She is also chair of the Activity Group on Dynamical Systems of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

## Education

Stone majored in physics at the University of California, Santa Cruz, graduating in 1984. She completed her Ph.D. in theoretical and applied mechanics at Cornell University in 1989; her dissertation, A Study of Low-Dimensional Models for the Wall Region of a Turbulent Boundary Layer, was supervised by Philip Holmes.

## Career

Stone taught at Arizona State University from 1992 to 1993, and at Utah State University from 1993 to 2004, before joining the University of Montana faculty in 2004.

## Service

Stone was elected as chair of the Activity Group on Dynamical Systems (SIAG-DS) of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) in 2020. She was elected Vice Chair of the same SIAG in 2022.

## Selected publications

* Aubry, Nadine; Holmes, Philip; Lumley, John L.; Stone, Emily (July 1988), "The dynamics of coherent structures in the wall region of a turbulent boundary layer", Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 192: 115–173, Bibcode:1988JFM...192..115A, doi:10.1017/s0022112088001818, S2CID 122066384
* Stone, Emily; Holmes, Philip (June 1990), "Random perturbations of heteroclinic attractors", SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, 50 (3): 726–743, doi:10.1137/0150043
* Leary, G. P.; Stone, E. F.; Holley, D. C.; Kavanaugh, M. P. (March 2007), "The glutamate and chloride permeation pathways are colocalized in individual neuronal glutamate transporter subunits", Journal of Neuroscience, 27 (11): 2938–2942, doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4851-06.2007, PMC 6672579, PMID 17360916
# Elwyn Lynn

Elwyn (Jack) Lynn (6 November 1917 – 22 January 1997) was an Australian artist, author, art critic and curator.

## Career

Elwyn Lynn trained as a teacher, and was a schoolmaster in Sydney Secondary schools until 1968 (mainly English and history). Lynn was self-taught as an artist.
Lynn was Curator of the Power Gallery of Contemporary Art at Sydney University from 1969 to 1983. There he built up an international collection, which is now within the Sydney Museum of Contemporary Art.
Lynn was an art critic at The Australian for many years. He was author of several books, including one about the artist Sir Sidney Nolan.
Alongside his career as a painter, which started in the mid-1940s, Lynn was also an outspoken commentator on the visual arts. In the 1950s and 1960s he edited the Broadsheets of the Contemporary Art Society. He worked as a critic for a number of newspapers, including the Sunday Mirror (1963), The Bulletin (1966-1973), Nation (1969), The Australian (1964-1965) and The Weekend Australian. In 1971 he became Advisory Editor of Art International. For a short time he also edited Art and Australia.
Lynn was awarded Membership of the Order of Australia in 1975. He won the Wynne Prize at the Art Gallery of NSW in 1988. In 1989, he received an Honorary Doctor of Letters from the University of Sydney. In 1994 he received the Emeritus Award from the Australia Council.

## The Art

Elwyn Lynn's work was striking, with the use of unconventional painting media and expressive surfaces to construct metaphors for human suffering and endurance. Most of his work was essentially abstract, although a sense of the landscape is often evoked.
Emeritus Professor Peter Pinson noted:
    The later work of Lynn maintained his interest in damaged and shredding surfaces, and his frequent and adventurousness use of assemblage elements. These late works were also marked by an expressionist vehemence and a daring informality.

## Prizes

Elywn Lynn won the following prizes:
* 1988 Wynne Prize AGNSW
* 1987 University Of NSW Purchase Prize
* 1983 Trustees' Watercolour Prize AGNSW
* 1982 Awarded Atelier at Cite Internationale des Arts, Paris
* 1980 Trustees' Watercolour Prize AGNSW
* 1957 Won Blake Prize for Religious Art, Mosman Art Prize and Bathurst Prize

## Exhibitions

Elwyn Lynn participated in over 150 group exhibitions in Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom, Brazil, Indonesia, Poland and Germany. He had over 50 solo exhibitions in Sydney, Newcastle, Brisbane, Melbourne, Adelaide, Perth and Cologne (Germany).
He has collections in the following galleries:
* National Gallery of Australia
* Art Gallery of NSW
* Queensland Art Gallery
* Art Gallery of South Australia
* Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery
* Art Gallery of Western Australia
* Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery
* Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory
* Museum of Contemporary Art
* Australian War Memorial in Canberra
* Auckland Art Gallery New Zealand
* Federation University Art Collection
* Castlemaine Art Museum
# Elwyn Jones (solicitor)

Sir William Elwyn Edwards Jones (5 January 1904 – 4 July 1989) was a Welsh solicitor and Labour politician elected as Labour MP for Conway in 1950. He was narrowly defeated by the Conservative candidate Peter Thomas in 1951 and was unsuccessful in his attempt to regain the seat in 1955.
William Elwyn Edwards Jones was born in Caernarfon, the son of Rev Robert William Jones, a Methodist minister, and his wife, Elizabeth. He was educated at Bottle Secondary School and Ffestiniog Grammar School and the University College of North Wales, Bangor and the University of London.
He served as town clerk of Bangor from 1939 to 1969. He served as a member of the National Parks Commission from 1966 to 1968, and of the Countryside Commission for Wales from 1968 to 1971. He was knighted in 1978.

## Marriage

In 1936, Jones married, Dyddgu, the daughter of Reverend Dr Edward Tegla Davies. The couple had three children, one son and two daughters. They lived at 23 Glyngarth Court, Glyngarth, Menai Bridge.

## Death

Sir Elwyn Jones died at Anglesey, aged 85.
# Emplectonema

Emplectonema is a genus of worms belonging to the family Emplectonematidae.
The species of this genus are found in Europe, Southern Asia and Northern America.
Species:
* Emplectonema bocki Brunberg, 1957
* Emplectonema bonhourei (Joubin, 1904)
* Emplectonema buergeri Coe, 1901
* Emplectonema neesii Örsted, 1843
# Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum

The Enchiridion (full title: Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum; "A handbook of symbols, definitions and declarations on matters of faith and morals"), usually translated as The Sources of Catholic Dogma, is a compendium of texts on Catholic theology and morality. This compendium was first published in 1854, and has been updated many times in subsequent editions since. It is sometimes referred to as Denzinger, after its first editor, Heinrich Joseph Dominicus Denzinger.

## Name

The name Enchiridion (from Greek cheir, "hand") means "handbook". It was originally published as Enchiridion symbolorum et definitionum, quae de rebus fidei et morum a conciliis oecumenicis et summis pontificibus emanarunt. The work is today published as Enchiridion symbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum.
The Enchiridion is sometimes referred to as Denzinger, after its first editor, Heinrich Joseph Dominicus Denzinger. It is commonly abbreviated 'D', 'D.', or 'Dz'. It is also referred to as 'DS' in editions edited by Adolf Schönmetzer due to a revision in numbering ('DS' sometimes continues to be used as a general reference to even later editions), as 'DB' for editions edited by Clément Bannwart, and as 'DH' for editions edited by Peter Hünermann.

## Structure

The Enchiridion is chronologically ordered. It includes teachings of popes and ecumenical councils. The Enchiridion does not repeat all the full texts.
# Engl (surname)

Engl is a German language habitational surname for someone from Anglia. Notable people with the name include:
* Birgit Engl (born 1979), Austrian handball player
* Heinz Engl (1953), Austrian mathematician
* Josef Benedikt Engl (1867–1907), German caricaturist and illustrator
* Kurt Engl (born 1979), Austrian alpine skier
* Maximilian Engl (1997), German professional footballer
* Olga Engl (1871–1946), Austrian-German stage and motion picture actress
# Engl

Engl or Engl. may refer to:
* England, a country that is part of the United Kingdom
* English
* Engl (surname), a German surname
* Engl., taxonomic abbreviation for botanist Adolf Engler
# Endo agar

Endo agar (also called Endo's medium) is a microbiological growth medium with a faint pink colour. Originally developed for the isolation of Salmonella typhi, it is now used mostly as a coliform medium. Most gram-negative organisms grow well in this medium, while growth of gram-positive organisms is inhibited. Coliform organisms ferment the lactose in this medium, producing a green metallic sheen (i.e. Escherichia coli), whereas non-lactose-fermenting organisms produce clear, colourless colonies, i.e. Salmonella species.

## Typical composition

Endo agar typically contains (w/v):
* 1.0 % peptone
* 0.25 % dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K$_2$HPO$_4$)
* 1.0 % lactose
* 0.33 % anhydrous sodium sulfite (Na$_2$SO$_3$)
* 0.03 % fuchsine
* 1.25 % agar
# Emma Lovewell

Emma Lovewell is an American fitness instructor and book author. She is best known for being an instructor for Peloton, where she began teaching classes in 2017.

## Personal life

Lovewell was raised in Martha's Vineyard. Her parents are Mark Lovewell, a writer and photographer for the Vineyard Gazette, and Teresa Yuan, an artist and gardener from Taiwan.
Lovewell graduated from University of Massachusetts Amherst. She currently lives in New York. In 2023, she became engaged to Dave Clark.

## Career

After college, Lovewell moved to New York City as a professional dancer and performed with such artists as Snoop Dogg, Björk, and the Rolling Stones. She also signed as a model with Wilhelmina Models and spent time working as a personal trainer and group fitness instructor at Soulcycle. She also spent a brief time working for her mother's gardening business when Yuan was diagnosed with cancer.
In 2012, she landed an acting gig for Peloton's kickstarter campaign. In 2017, she began working for Peloton full-time as a fitness instructor.
Lovewell has partnered with a number of brands. In 2021, Lovewell collaborated with Sene to create a line of custom jeans. In 2022, she partnered with Kite Hill Brands to work on a plant-based food campaign. In 2023, she worked with Unilever on a scalp-care brand. She is also a sponsored athlete for both Under Armour and Hydrant.
In 2023, she published a memoir titled "Live Learn Love Well: Lessons from a Life of Progress Not Perfection".
# Enhanced entity–relationship model

The enhanced entity–relationship (EER) model (or extended entity–relationship model) in computer science is a high-level or conceptual data model incorporating extensions to the original entity–relationship (ER) model, used in the design of databases.
It was developed to reflect more precisely the properties and constraints that are found in more complex databases, such as in engineering design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), telecommunications, complex software systems and geographic information systems (GIS).

## Mechanics

The EER model includes all of the concepts introduced by the ER model. Additionally it includes the concepts of a subclass and superclass (Is-a), along with the concepts of specialization and generalization. Furthermore, it introduces the concept of a union type or category, which represents a collection of objects that is the union of objects of different entity types. The EER model also includes EER diagrams that are conceptual models that accurately represent the requirements of complex databases.

### Subclass and superclass

Entity type Y is a subtype (subclass) of an entity type X if and only if every Y is necessarily an X. A subclass entity inherits all attributes and relationships of its superclass entity. This property is called the attribute and relationship inheritance. A subclass entity may have its specific attributes and relationships (together with all the attributes and relationships it inherits from the superclass). A common superclass example is a Vehicle superclass along with the subclasses of Car and Truck. There are a number of common attributes between a car and a truck, which would be part of the superclass, while the attributes specific to a car or a truck (such as max payload, truck type...) would make up two subclasses.

## Tools

* The MySQL Workbench offers creating, editing and exporting EER Models. Exporting to PNG and PDF allows easy sharing for presentations.
* Skipper allows users to create, import and export from object–relational mapping (ORM) schema definitions to editable EER models.
* SAP PowerDesigner is a complex tool for modelling and transforming different models.
# Energy Work

Energy Work: The Secret of Healing and Spiritual Development is a book by author Robert Bruce. He delineates his method of vibrational medicine that he refers to as "tactile imaging" that he introduced in his earlier Astral Dynamics and develops it based on ideas from Traditional Chinese medicine and Kriya Yoga.

## Editions

* Hampton Roads Publishing Company ISBN 1-57174-540-8 Edition: Paperback; July 1, 2007
# Enhanced heat transfer

Heat exchangers were initially developed to use plain (or smooth) heat transfer surfaces. An Enhanced heat transfer surface has a special surface geometry that provides a higher thermal performance, per unit base surface area than a plain surface.

## Objectives

This higher thermal performance, per unit base surface area A may be used to achieve one of the three objectives below:
* Size Reduction: If the heat exchange rate (Q) is held constant the heat exchanger length may be reduced. This will provide a smaller heat exchanger.
* Increased heat exchange rate: This may be exploited either of two ways:
** Reduced driving temperature difference (ΔTm): If Q and the total tube length (L) are held constant, the ΔTm may be reduced. This provides increased thermodynamic process efficiency, and yields a savings of operating costs.
** Increased Heat Exchange Rate: Keeping L constant, the increased UA/L will result in increased heat exchange rate for fixed fluid inlet temperatures.
This increase in heat transfer capacity per unit volume comes at the expense of an increase in pressure drop across the heat exchanger. This pressure drop may be significant, so the heat transfer enhancement is often limited by the pumping power available.

## Usage

The subject of “enhanced” heat transfer has become much more important to industry with progressing time. Use of relatively complex geometries were initially limited by manufacturing process. However, new manufacturing methods now allow manufacture of many complex surface geometries. Some enhanced surfaces (e.g., boiling and condensing tubes) are now in their 4th generation. Nearly all heat exchangers used in the air-conditioning and automotive industries are “enhanced” geometries. Further inroads are being seen in the electronic cooling, process and power industries.