# Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans

Textual variants in the Epistle to the Romans are the subject of the study called textual criticism of the New Testament. Textual variants in manuscripts arise when a copyist makes deliberate or inadvertent alterations to a text that is being reproduced. An abbreviated list of textual variants in this particular book is given in this article below.
Most of the variations are not significant and some common alterations include the deletion, rearrangement, repetition, or replacement of one or more words when the copyist's eye returns to a similar word in the wrong location of the original text. If their eye skips to an earlier word, they may create a repetition (error of dittography). If their eye skips to a later word, they may create an omission. They may resort to performing a rearranging of words to retain the overall meaning without compromising the context. In other instances, the copyist may add text from memory from a similar or parallel text in another location. Otherwise, they may also replace some text of the original with an alternative reading. Spellings occasionally change. Synonyms may be substituted. A pronoun may be changed into a proper noun (such as "he said" becoming "Jesus said"). John Mill's 1707 Greek New Testament was estimated to contain some 30,000 variants in its accompanying textual apparatus which was based on "nearly 100 [Greek] manuscripts." Peter J. Gurry puts the number of non-spelling variants among New Testament manuscripts around 500,000, though he acknowledges his estimate is higher than all previous ones.

## Legend

A guide to the sigla (symbols and abbreviations) most frequently used in the body of this article.

### General sigla

    # beginning with 0: uncial
    # not beginning with 0: minuscule
    $^*$ superscript: original reading
    $^c$ superscript: scribal correction
    $^{ms}$ superscript: individual manuscript
    $^{mss}$ superscript: multiple manuscripts
    $^{pt}$ superscript: partial attestation
    $^{vid}$ superscript: uncertain reading
    arab: Arabic versions
    arm: Armenian versions
    𝔐 or Byz: Byzantine text-type
    cop: Coptic versions
       sa: Sahidic version
       bo: Boharic version
    eth: Ethiopic versions
    ƒ: Greek manuscripts family
    geo: Georgian versions
    goth: Gothic versions
    it: Italic/Vetus Latina
    lat: most Italic and Vulgate
    latt: all Italic and Vulgate
    𝔓: papyrus
    𝑙: individually numbered lectionary
    Lect: most or all numbered lectionaries
    parenthesized: approximate reading
    rell: all other extant manuscripts
    slav: Slavic versions
    syr: Syriac versions
    vg: Latin Vulgate
    ς: Textus Receptus

### Uncial sigla

    א‎: Codex Sinaiticus (01)
    A: Codex Alexandrinus (02)
    B: Codex Vaticanus (03)
    C: Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus (04)
    D$^{ea}$: Codex Bezae (05)
    D$^p$: Codex Claromontanus (06)
    K$^e$: Codex Cyprius (017)
    K$^{ap}$: Codex Mosquensis I (018)
    L$^e$: Codex Regius (New Testament) (019)
    L$^{ap}$: Codex Angelicus (020)
    P$^{apr}$: Codex Porphyrianus (025)
    S: Codex Vaticanus 354 (028)
    V: Codex Mosquensis II (031)
    W: Codex Washingtonianus (032)
    Z: Codex Dublinensis (035)
    Γ: Codex Tischendorfianus IV (036)
    Δ: Codex Sangallensis 48 (037)
    Θ: Codex Koridethi (038)
    Ξ: Codex Zacynthius (040)
    Π: Codex Petropolitanus (New Testament) (041)
    Φ: Codex Beratinus (043)
    Ψ: Codex Athous Lavrensis (044)
    Ω: Codex Athous Dionysiou (045)
    ff$^1$: Codex Corbeiensis I
    ff$^2$: Codex Corbeiensis II
    g$^1$: Codex Sangermanensis I
    k: Codex Bobiensis

### Critical editions

    T8th: Tischendorf's 8th Edition of Editio Octava Critica Maior
    WH: Westcott and Hort (1881)
    NA: Novum Testamentum Graece (Nestle–Aland)
    UBS: United Bible Societies
    ECM: Editio Critica Maior

## Textual variants

Romans 1:7
    ἐν Ῥώμῃ (in Rome) – א A B C D K P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739$^{txt}$ 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm Origen Ambst. Augustine
    ἐν ἀγάπῃ θεοῦ (in love of God) – Codex Boernerianus
    omitted by 1739$^{mg}$ 1908 Origen
Romans 1:8
    περι – א A B C D* K 33 81 1506 1739 1881
    υπερ – D$^c$ G Ψ Byz
Romans 1:15
    ἐν Ῥώμῃ – omitted by G$^a$
Romans 1:29
    πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – B 0172$^{vid}$ 1739 1881 Origen Basil
    πονηρια κακια πλεονεξια – א A cop$^{bomss}$
    κακια πονηρια πλεονεξια – C D$^{supp.c}$ 33 81 cop$^{sa,bo}$ eth
    κακια πορνεια πλεονεξια – D$^{supp.*}$ G (629 add πονηρια) it$^{d,e,g}$
    πορνεια πονηρια πλεονεξια κακια – L Ψ (88 add και after each word) 326 330 436 451 614 630 1241 1877 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect syr$^h$ arm
    πορνεια αδικια πλεονεξια κακια – 181
    πονηρια πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – 104 vg?
    και πορνεια πλεονεξια κακια – P
    πλεονεξια κακια – K
Romans 2:1
Romans 3:26
    Ἰησοῦ – א, A, B, C, K, P, 81, 88, 104, 181, 630, 1241, 1739, 1881, 1877, 1962, 2495, Byz, ℓ 598, ℓ 599, ℓ 603
    Ἰησοῦν – D, Ψ, 33, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1985, 2127, 2492
    Ἰησοῦν Χριστόν – 1984
    Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ – 629
    κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ – syr$^p$
    omit F, G, 336, it
Romans 4:1
Romans 5:1
Romans 6:11
    ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ – 𝔓$^{46}$, A, B, D, G, Ψ, 629, 630, 1739, it, vg
    ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – א, C, K, P, 33, 81, 88, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect
    ἐν Χριστῷ τῷ κυριῷ ἡμῶν – 104
    omit it$^r$
Romans 6:16
    εἰς θάνατον (for death) – omitted by D, 1739*, d, r, am, pesh, sa, arm$^{mss}$, Ambrosiaster
Romans 6:17
    καρδιας – majority of mss
    καθαρας – A
Romans 7
Romans 8:1
    Ιησου – א, B, D, G, 1739, 1881, it$^{d,g}$, cop$^{sa,bo}$, eth
    Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν – A, D$^b$, Ψ, 81, 629, 2127, vg
    Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα – א$^c$, D$^c$, K, P, 33, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, (436 omit μη), 456, 614, 630, 1241, 1877, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect
Romans 9:11
    κακον – 𝔓$^{46}$, D, F, G, Ψ, Byz
    φαυλον – א, B, C, 6, 81, 365, 630, 945, 1506, 1739, 1881, al
Romans 10:21
    καὶ ἀντιλέγοντα (and contrary) – omitted by F, G, g, Ambrosiaster, Hilary
Romans 11:1
    τὸν λαόν – א, A, Β, C, D, K, P, Ψ, 33, 81, 88, 181, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, it$^{ar,d,dem,e,z}$, vg, syr$^{p,h}$, cop$^{sa,bo}$, arm, Origen, Eusebius, Chryzostom, Augustine, Theodoret
    τὴν κληρονομίαν – 𝔓$^{46}$, G, it, goth, Ambrosiaster, Ambrose, Pelagius
Romans 12:9
    ἀποστυγοῦντες τὸ πονηρόν – F, G, lat, syr replaced into μισουντες το πονηρον
Romans 12:11
    κυριω – 𝔓$^{46}$ א Α Β D$^{b,c}$ P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz
    καιρω – D* F G 5
Romans 13:1
    υπο θεου – א Α Β D$^2$ Ψ Byz
    απο θεου – D* F G 629 945
Romans 13:9
    ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις, ουκ επιθυμησεις – 01 048 81 88 104 326 330 365 436 451 629 1506 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz$^{pt}$ ℓ 597 ℓ 598 ℓ 599 a b vg$^{cl}$ (syr$^h$) cop$^{bo}$
    ου ψευδομαρτυρησης, ουκ επιθυμησης – P
    ουκ επιθυμησεις – 𝔓$^{46}$ Α Β D F G L Ψ 6 33 181 614 630 1175 1241 1739 1877 1881 vgst syr$^p$ cop$^{sa}$
    ουκ επιθυμησεις, ου ψευδομαρτυρησεις – 2495
Romans 14:1
Romans 15:19
    πνευματος θεου – 𝔓$^{46}$ א D P Ψ 88 181 326 436 614 629 1241
    πνευματος αγιου – A D G 33 81 104 630 1739
    πνευματος θεου αγιου – 330 451
Romans 15:29
    Χριστου – 𝔓$^{46}$ א Α Β C D G P 81 629 630 1739 1881 ar d e f g x z vg$^{ww}$ cop arm
    του ευαγγελιου του Χριστου – א$^c$ Ψ 33 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 1241 1877 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect vg$^{cl}$ syr$^{p,h}$
    της διδαχης του Χριστου – eth$^{ro}$
Romans 15:31
    διακονια – 𝔓$^{46}$ א Α C D$^c$ P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect
    δωροφορια – B D G$^{gr}$
Romans 16:15
    Ιουλιαν, Νηρεα – א Α Β C$^2$ D P Ψ 33 81 88 104 181 326 330 436 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 1985 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr cop arm
    Βηρεα και Αουλιαν – 𝔓$^{46}$
    Ιουνιαν, Νηρεα – C G$^{gr}$
Romans 16:20
    ἡ χάρις τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ (Χριστου) μεθ' ὑμῶν (The grace of our Lord Jesus (Christ) with you) – mss of the Alexandrian, Caesarean, and Byzantine text-types
    omitted by D*$^{vid}$, F$^p$, G, d, f, g, m, bodl Ambrosiaster Pelagius$^{ms}$
Romans 16:24
    Verse omitted by Codex Sinaiticus A B C 5 81 263 623 1739 1838 1962 2127 it$^z$ vg$^{ww}$ cop$^{sa,bo}$ eth$^{ro}$ Origen$^{lat}$)
    Verse included by D G Ψ 88 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1877 1881 1984 1985 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg$^{cl}$ syr$^h$
    Verse included but following 16:27 P 33 104 256 436 1319 1837 syr$^p$ arm
Romans 16:25-27
    verses omitted by F, G, 629, d**?, g, goth?, Jerome$^{mss}$