OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Louis Friedsell

Louis Friedsell (born 1863 or 1865 - 1923) was a conductor and composer for the Yiddish theatre.
Friedsell was born in 1863 or 1865 in Yekaterinoslav in the Russian Empire
He wrote the music for about 150 plays and operettas (partly by himself, partly with other music writers). A large number of his songs were written for historical operettas and comedies. As a conductor he made at least eleven recordings for the United Hebrew Disc and Cylinder Company.
He died June 25, 1923, in New York City.

## Works

* Goldene Madina<ref>https://levysheetmusic.mse.jhu.edu/collection/146/102~/ref>
# Lublewo

Lublewo may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Lublewo Gdańskie
* Lublewo Lęborskie
# Saumur (wine)

Saumur (French pronunciation: ) is a French wine region located in the Loire Valley. The region is noted for sparkling wines produced by the traditional method, and for red wines made primarily from Cabernet Franc. The main variety in the white wines is Chenin blanc.
The annual Grandes Tablées du Saumur-Champigny is a popular annual event held in early August with over 1 km of tables set up in Saumur so people can sample the local foods and wine.

## Appellations

The following AOCs may be used for Saumur wines:
* Saumur - white, red or rosé
* Saumur-Champigny - red
* Coteaux de Saumur - sweet white
* Saumur mousseux - sparkling
* Cabernet de Saumur - for the rosé wines produced before 2015 (Saumur Rosé for 2016 and after)
# Nobesuthu Mbadu

Nobesuthu Gertrude Mbadu (26 April 1945 – 31 August 2021) was a South African mbaqanga singer, and a singer in the acclaimed group the Mahotella Queens.

## Early life

Mbadu was born in Durban, South Africa and was raised by her father Ferguson Mbadu and her grandmother, Selinah Mbadu. She was a singer in both her school and church choirs, and was a member of the acclaimed Amangeyami group. She was spotted by EMI 'black music' talent scout Max Gcaba, who recruited her to EMI where she made several recordings under the name 'Gcaba Sisters'. Rupert Bopape, the black music talent scout for Gallo Record Company (and producer of Gallo's black music unit Mavuthela Music Company) managed to persuade her to move to his stable in 1965. She agreed and was subsequently recruited into his new female group, the Mahotella Queens alongside fellow group members Hilda Tloubatla, Mildred Mangxola, Juliet Mazamisa and Ethel Mngomezulu. The five Queens were then paired with a mbaqanga instrumental team, the Makgona Tsohle Band and the gruff, "groaning" vocals of Simon "Mahlathini" Nkabinde, and the whole band received instant fame.
In 1971, several original Mahotella Queens, including Mbadu, left to pursue other directions in the music business, and so an entirely new line-up of Queens was formed. Mbadu joined rival group Izintombi Zesi Manje Manje, along with Queens lead singer Hilda Tloubatla.

## International fame

In 1983, the five original Queens (Tloubatla, Mbadu, Mangxola, Mazamisa and Mngomezulu) were reunited with Mahlathini and the Makgona Tsohle Band. Their comeback release, Amaqhawe Omgqashiyo, was a hit in South Africa. Due to the success of Paul Simon's Graceland 1986 album and tour (in which he collaborated with Ladysmith Black Mambazo, Stimela and others), South African music was in demand.
After the deaths of Mahlathini and several members of the Makgona Tsohle Band, the three Queens (who were all grandmothers and are over sixty years old) remained at the helm today and Mbadu continued to be a part of the Mahotella Queens.

## Death

Mbadu died in hospital in Vosloorus, Ekurhuleni due to kidney failure on 31 August 2021, aged 76.
# Lr-diode

A LR-Diode circuit exhibits non-linear behavior and demonstrates chaotic behavior. By adjusting the amplitude of the driving frequency one can see period doubling, and eventually chaos.
# Sax Pax for a Sax

Sax Pax for a Sax is a collaboration album between the London Saxophonic and the blind musician, composer, and performer Moondog. The album was recorded in 1994 and released on November 28, 1997. The album marks Moondog's re-emergence into the American jazz market.

## Critical reception

The album was well received by the public and peaked at number 22 on the Billboard Albums. Entertainment Weekly magazine said the album was a "hypnotic blend of jazz and classical music," and gave it a B.
The music critic David D. Duncan says that the album "sounds like a nostalgic big band on laughing gas."
Another music critic Ian Koss said that the "music on Sax Pax for a Sax is bold assertive-even at its most demure the saxophone can't help its brassy nature-powerful without losing grace." He also explains "Increasingly larger groups of saxophones interplay in melodies that weave through kettledrum pillars in a way that is equal parts Philip Glass and Paul McCartney."
A review by John Murph for "JazzTimes" said "A stargazing composer, Moondog's penchant for crafting accessible, yet utterly otherworldly melodies bridges European classical forms with American jazz sensibilities."

## Track listing

* Dog Trot
* Paris
* Bird's Lament
* Sandalwood
* Tout Suite No. 1 in F Major 1 Mov.
* Tout Suite No. 1 in F Major 2 Mov.
* Tout Suite No. 1 in F Major 3 Mov.
* D for Danny
* New Amsterdam
* Sea Horse
* Fiesta
* Novette No. 1 in D Flat Major 1 Mov.
* Novette No. 1 in D Flat Major 2 Mov.
* Novette No. 1 in D Flat Major 3 Mov.
* Single Foot
* Mother's Whistler
* Present for the Prez.
* Shakespeare City
* Golden Fleece
* Hymn to Peace
* EEC Lied

## Personnel

The album features Moondog on the bass drum, Tim Redpath and Bradley Grant on the soprano sax, Rob Buckland, Bradley Grant and Simon Haram on the alto sax, Rob Buckland, Gareth Brady, and Andy Scott on the tenor sax, Jon Rebbeck and Chris Caldwell on the baritone sax, and Will Gregory on the bass sax. There are nine total saxophonists on this album and some songs will feature anywhere from just four of them to all nine. There are also other instruments and musicians featured such as Danny Thompson on the contra bass, Liam Noble on the piano, and Paul Clarvis on the snare drum.
# Sathonay-Camp

Sathonay-Camp (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Lyon Metropolis (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region), eastern France. The commune was created in 1908, when the former commune Sathonay was split into the communes of Sathonay-Camp and Sathonay-Village. With a population of 6,497 in 2019, it serves as the south terminal of the LGV Sud-Est.
# Scarborough Sixth Form College

Scarborough Sixth Form College is located on the outskirts of Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England.

## Background

The Sixth form college offers a variety of study courses to around 1,000 mostly 16- to 19-year-olds. Courses range from level 2 (GCSE) to level 3 (Advanced Level and BTEC). A 2001 Ofsted inspection described the college as "a particularly successful college", being rated 23rd in a list of the United Kingdom's most successful colleges in that year.
An Ofsted inspection from 2016 said the college was a "good college" and it "displays elements that are outstanding".
Students take AS or A2 (A-Level) qualifications, as well as BTECs and GCSEs.
In 2012 the college opened a new study space called "The Hub"; it was opened by former students, Howard Wilson and Toby Jepson.
The £3 million refit of the college, including the library facility, was fully completed in November 2012.

## Notable former students

* Eliza Carthy, folk musician
* John Fendley, television presenter & former producer of Soccer AM
* Clive Holland, presenter of BBC One's Cowboy Trap
* Toby Jepson, singer and songwriter
* Melanie Leng, isotope geoscientist
* Mikey North, actor in Coronation Street
* Timothy Sheader, artistic director at Regent's Park Open Air Theatre
* Little Angels, hard rock band of the late 1980s to mid-1990s
* Howard Wilson, professor of plasma physics
* Gavin Williamson, Conservative MP former Secretary of State for Defence, and former Secretary of State for Education
# Saxion

The saxion is the scalar superpartner of the axion, and part of a chiral superfield. The axion represents the CP violating theory of the Standard Model. The axion and saxion are examples of the scalar boson class of particles with a very small mass, and a charge of 0.
* This particle physics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Scharllette Allen Moses

Scharllette Alexandra Allen Moses (born September 18, 1991) is a Nicaraguan beauty pageant titleholder from Bluefields who became the first woman of Afro-Nicaraguan background to win the title of Miss Nicaragua and represent her country in the 2010 Miss Universe pageant.

## Miss Nicaragua

Allen, who stands 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) tall, competed as one of 12 finalists in her country's national beauty pageant, Miss Nicaragua, held in Managua on February 27, 2011, where she obtained the Best Face award and became the first black woman to ever win the national crown, gaining the right to represent Nicaragua in Miss Universe 2010.
Allen was also on the list of those named Personalities of the Year in her home country, announced in the national and local media on December 31, 2010.

## Miss Universe 2010

As the official representative of her country to the 2010 Miss Universe pageant broadcast live from Las Vegas, Nevada on August 23, Allen participated as one of the 83 delegates who vied for the crown of eventual winner, Ximena Navarrete of Mexico.
# Saul Green

Saul Green is the former deputy mayor of Detroit, Michigan. He was appointed the position by former mayor, Ken Cockrel, Jr. and was retained as deputy mayor by the next mayor, Dave Bing. Green is an attorney who oversaw both the Detroit Police and Law Department.
A Detroit native and 1965 graduate of Mackenzie High School, Green later graduated from the University of Michigan as well as from its law school. He served as US Attorney for the Eastern District of Michigan (1994–2001). Green served as an attorney for the Detroit firm of Miller, Canfield, Paddock & Stone.
# Saul Gorn

Saul Gorn (10 November 1912 – 22 February 1992) was an American pioneer in computer and information science who was a member of the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania for more than 30 years.
Gorn was hired by the Moore School as an associate professor in 1955. He worked on the early ENIAC and EDVAC computers.
In 1958, Gorn was the chair of a committee created by the Association for Computing Machinery to investigate the social responsibility of computer scientists. He served on the committee with Melvin A. Shader, Arvid Jacobson, and Edmund Berkeley, who had petitioned for its creation.
The concept of a Gorn address comes from a paper by him, and the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) presented him its Distinguished Service Award for 1974.
The Saul Gorn Memorial Lecture series has been established at the University of Pennsylvania in his memory.
# Schinia rufipenna

Schinia rufipenna is a moth of the family Noctuidae. Only a few populations are known, mainly in Florida, but there is also one record for Louisiana.
Adults are on wing in November.
The larvae feed on the flowers and developing seeds of Pityopsis graminifolia.
# Schaer House

The Schaer House is a historic house at 1862 Arch Street in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is an asymmetrical two story brick house in the Tudor Revival style, designed by Thompson and Harding and built in 1923. Its main roof extends from side to side, with a hip at one end and a gable at the other. On the right side of the front facade, the roof descends to the first floor, with a large half-timbered cross gable section projecting. It also has an irregular window arrangement, with bands of three casement windows in the front cross gable, and on the first floor left side, with two sash windows in the center and the main entrance on the right.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.
# Schild's ladder

In the theory of general relativity, and differential geometry more generally, Schild's ladder is a first-order method for approximating parallel transport of a vector along a curve using only affinely parametrized geodesics. The method is named for Alfred Schild, who introduced the method during lectures at Princeton University.

## Construction

The idea is to identify a tangent vector x at a point $A_{0}$ with a geodesic segment of unit length $A_{0}X_{0}$, and to construct an approximate parallelogram with approximately parallel sides $A_{0}X_{0}$ and $A_{1}X_{1}$ as an approximation of the Levi-Civita parallelogramoid; the new segment $A_{1}X_{1}$ thus corresponds to an approximately parallel translated tangent vector at $A_{1}.$
| A curve in M with a "vector" X$_0$ at A$_0$, identified here as a geodesic segment. | Select A$_1$ on the original curve. The point P$_1$ is the midpoint of the geodesic segment X$_0$A$_1$. | The point X$_1$ is obtained by following the geodesic A$_0$P$_1$ for twice its parameter length. |
Formally, consider a curve γ through a point A$_0$ in a Riemannian manifold M, and let x be a tangent vector at A$_0$. Then x can be identified with a geodesic segment A$_0$X$_0$ via the exponential map. This geodesic σ satisfies
    $\sigma (0)=A_{0}\,$
    $\sigma '(0)=x.\,$
The steps of the Schild's ladder construction are:
* Let X$_0$ = σ(1), so the geodesic segment $A_{0}X_{0}$ has unit length.
* Now let A$_1$ be a point on γ close to A$_0$, and construct the geodesic X$_0$A$_1$.
* Let P$_1$ be the midpoint of X$_0$A$_1$ in the sense that the segments X$_0$P$_1$ and P$_1$A$_1$ take an equal affine parameter to traverse.
* Construct the geodesic A$_0$P$_1$, and extend it to a point X$_1$ so that the parameter length of A$_0$X$_1$ is double that of A$_0$P$_1$.
* Finally construct the geodesic A$_1$X$_1$. The tangent to this geodesic x$_1$ is then the parallel transport of X$_0$ to A$_1$, at least to first order.

## Approximation

This is a discrete approximation of the continuous process of parallel transport. If the ambient space is flat, this is exactly parallel transport, and the steps define parallelograms, which agree with the Levi-Civita parallelogramoid.
In a curved space, the error is given by holonomy around the triangle $A_{1}A_{0}X_{0},$ which is equal to the integral of the curvature over the interior of the triangle, by the Ambrose-Singer theorem; this is a form of Green's theorem (integral around a curve related to integral over interior), and in the case of Levi-Civita connections on surfaces, of Gauss–Bonnet theorem.
# Schild Sports Association

The Sportbund Schild des Reichsbundes jüdischer Frontsoldaten (en: Sports Association Shield of the Reich Federation of Jewish Frontline Soldiers) was a Jewish sports association established in 1925 as the sports arm of the Reichsbund jüdischer Frontsoldaten (en: Reich Federation of Jewish Frontline Soldiers). The RjF was formed in 1919 as a patriotic association of Jewish war veterans to demonstrate Jewish loyalty to Germany and to challenge rising antisemitism. Throughout its existence the association was led by Dr. Leo Löwenstein, who had served as an army Captain. He was also the founder and chairman of the RjF from its inception until its dissolution.
Initially Schild was narrowly focused on gymnastics and martial arts including Judo and Jiu-Jitsu. After the rise of the Nazis, Jews faced increasing persecution and were driven from mainstream sports clubs and associations. As a result, new departments were formed within Schild after 1932 including athletics, water sports, skiing, fencing, and football. More broadly, new sports clubs emerged as part of the organization.
The activities of the RjF were outlawed by the Nazi regime in 1936, and in late 1938 it was dissolved.
Sportbund Schild Membership :
| Year | Membership | Clubs |
| 1933 | 7,000 | 90 |
| 1934 | 17,000 | 156 |
| 1935 | 20,000 | 182 |
| 1936 | 21,000 | 216 |
Schild Football Champions :
| Year | Club |
| 1934 | JSG 33 Berlin |
| 1935 | TSV Schild Frankfurt |
| 1936 | TSV Schild Frankfurt |
| 1937 | TSV Schild Stuttgart |
| 1938 | TSV Schild Bochum |
# Schinzel

Schinzel is a German language metonymic occupational surname for a weaver. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andrzej Schinzel (1937–2021), Polish mathematician
* Britta Schinzel (born 1943), German mathematician
* Dieter Schinzel (1942-2024), German politician
* Silvia Schinzel (born 1958), Austrian sprinter
* Władysław Schinzel (born 1943), Polish chess player
# Schinveld

Schinveld (Limburgish: Sjilvend) is a village in the Dutch province of Limburg. It is located in the municipality of Beekdaelen.

## History

The village was first mentioned in 1180 as "in uilla Schinneuelt". The etymology is unclear. Schinveld developed in the Late Middle Ages at the intersection of roads. In the early-20th century, it became a mining town.
The Catholic St Eligius church is a basilica like church in Gothic Revival style with a large tower which was built between 1889 and 1890. The tower from around 1500 was completed and enlarged in 1902. Huize Heijenhoven is an estate enclosed with a moat from the late-14th century which received its current shape around 1753. In the 19th century, it was converted into a farm. Between 1976 and 1985, it was restored and converted into a restaurant.
Schinveld was home to 828 people in 1840. In 1869, the border with Prussia was redrawn. It lost an area of 31 hectares, but gained 32 hectares. Both parts were uninhabited. In 1858, the remains of a Roman army camp were discovered.
Schinveld was a separate municipality until 1982, when it became a part of Onderbanken, and served as its capital. In 2019, it was merged into Beekdaelen.

## Gallery

* Watermill Onderste Molen
* Farm in Schinveld
* St Egilius Church
* School
# Schatten class operator

In mathematics, specifically functional analysis, a pth Schatten-class operator is a bounded linear operator on a Hilbert space with finite pth Schatten norm. The space of pth Schatten-class operators is a Banach space with respect to the Schatten norm.
Via polar decomposition, one can prove that the space of pth Schatten class operators is an ideal in B(H). Furthermore, the Schatten norm satisfies a type of Hölder inequality:
    $\|ST\|_{S_{1}}\leq \|S\|_{S_{p}}\|T\|_{S_{q}}\ {\mbox{if}}\ S\in S_{p},\ T\in S_{q}{\mbox{ and }}1/p+1/q=1.$
If we denote by $S_{\infty }$ the Banach space of compact operators on H with respect to the operator norm, the above Hölder-type inequality even holds for $p\in [1,\infty ]$. From this it follows that $\phi :S_{p}\rightarrow S_{q}'$, $T\mapsto \mathrm {tr} (T\cdot )$ is a well-defined contraction. (Here the prime denotes (topological) dual.)
Observe that the 2nd Schatten class is in fact the Hilbert space of Hilbert–Schmidt operators. Moreover, the 1st Schatten class is the space of trace class operators.
# Schizothyriaceae

The Schizothyriaceae are a family of fungi of uncertain ordinal placement in the class Dothideomycetes. It comprises 10 genera and around 70 species.

## Genera

* Amazonotheca Bat. & H.Maia (1959) – 2 spp.
* Hexagonella F.Stevens & Guba ex F.Stevens (1925) – 1 sp.
* Kerniomyces Toro (1939) – 1 sp.
* Lecideopsella Höhn. (1909) – 10 spp.
* Metathyriella Syd. (1927) – 3 spp.
* Mycerema Bat., J.L.Bezerra & Cavalc. (1963) – 1 sp.
* Myriangiella Zimm. (1902) – 5 spp.
* Plochmopeltis Theiss. (1914) – 5 spp.
* Schizothyrium Desm. (1849) – 40 spp.
* Spegazziniella Bat. & I.H.Lima (1959) – 14 spp.
* Sydowiellina Bat. & I.H.Lima 1959 - 15 spp.
* Vonarxella Bat., J.L.Bezerra & Peres (1965) – 1 sp.
# Schizotricha

Schizotricha is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the monotypic family Schizotrichidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.

## Species

Species:
* Schizotricha anderssoni Jäderholm, 1904
* Schizotricha auroraaustralis Peña Cantero & Fresneda Marzal, 2018
* Schizotricha catharina (Johnston)
# Scooterboy

A scooterboy (or scooter boy) is a member of one of several scooter-related subcultures of the 1960s and later decades, alongside rude boys, mods and skinheads. The term is sometimes used as a catch-all designation for any scootering enthusiast who does not fall into the latter three categories.

## Definitions

Michael Brake identifies the subculture differently, classifying it as a subgroup of the mods, alongside "art school mods", "mainstream mods", and "hard mods". Scooter boys, according to Brake, had "Italian motor scooters (a working-class sports car) covered in accessories and anoraks and wide jeans".
According to Colin Shattuck and Eric Peterson, a scooter boy is more specifically, "one who attends scooter rallies and accumulates event patches on a garment of some kind". The garment is conventionally a MA-1 bomber jacket(Scooter Jacket), but can be any of several other types of jacket, a mechanic's, a motorcyclist's, or even a parka. According to Kayleen Hazlehurst, the scooterboy with anorak, accessory-covered scooter and industrial work boots was a late-1960s/early-1970s halfway house between the mods and the skinheads.
Scooterboy Gaz Kishere suggests a less reductive view of this is that scooter boys emerged as a break away from a strongly 'new mod' conformity of the late 70's mod revival which saw a massive re-ignition of scooter riders and interest in traveling to scooter rallies. It enabled people to identify with more diverse groups such as punks, psychobillies or for those new to the scooter scene to keep their own original subculture identity. However the scooterboy 'birth' was also a reaction to the 'new mod' scene from those who adopted this as a passing interest or sought to no longer conform to the mainstreaming of the then scooter scene. It would be difficult to reduce scooterboys to patch wearing enthusiasts or as a subgroup of mods. As scooter boys continued to find the freedom to emerge, he or she was as likely to own a leather motorcycle jacket, a grinder, welder, black paint and have long hair. In reality, the antithesis of the Quadrophenia mod.
Music biographer Mick Middles observes that the flight-jacketed scooter boy with Dr. Martens shoes was a slightly different image, favoured by scooter boys in the late 1970s scooter revival. He describes the Lambretta boom period from 1968 to 1973 as featuring:
   [g]iant packs of scooter boys surg[ing] out every Sunday from the big Lancashire towns ... avoiding the faster, dirtier motorbiking 'greasers' and clashing with each other in Blackpool and Southport. Those were the days of Crombie coats and two-tone 'tonic' trousers, of brogues ... and Barathea blazers, of smartness, neatness, in clothes as in music.
He characterises the late 1970s revival, in contrast, as "something of an oddity", in which scooter owners were "more concerned with the machine — the mechanics, the practicalities — than the look.
# Scobina

Scobina is a genus of sawfly belonging to the Argidae family that is present in South America, Central America and Mexico.

## Species

The following species belong to the genus Scobina:
* Scobina bolivari (Konow, 1899) Konow, 1899
* Scobina inculta (Konow, 1906) Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828
* Scobina lepida (Klug)
* Scobina melanocephala (Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1823)
* Scobina notaticollis (Konow, 1899) Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828
* Scobina strophosa (Konow, 1906) Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau & Audinet-Serville, 1828
* Scobina styx Malaise, 1949
* Scobina terminalis
* Scobina thoracica
# Scobina bolivari

Scobina bolivari is a species of sawfly belonging to the Argidae family that is present in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and northern Argentina.