OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy

Energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) is a technique used in transmission electron microscopy, in which only electrons of particular kinetic energies are used to form the image or diffraction pattern. The technique can be used to aid chemical analysis of the sample in conjunction with complementary techniques such as electron crystallography.

## Principle

If a very thin sample is illuminated with a beam of high-energy electrons, then a majority of the electrons will pass unhindered through the sample but some will interact with the sample, being scattered elastically or inelastically (phonon scattering, plasmon scattering or inner shell ionisation). Inelastic scattering results in both a loss of energy and a change in momentum, which in the case of inner shell ionisation is characteristic of the element in the sample.
If the electron beam emerging from the sample is passed through a magnetic prism, then the flight path of the electrons will vary depending on their energy. This technique is used to form spectra in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), but it is also possible to place an adjustable slit to allow only electrons with a certain range of energies through, and reform an image using these electrons on a detector.
The energy slit can be adjusted so as to only allow electrons which have not lost energy to pass through to form the image. This prevents inelastic scattering from contributing to the image, and hence produces an enhanced contrast image.
Adjusting the slit to only allow electrons which have lost a specific amount of energy can be used to obtain elementally sensitive images. As the ionisation signal is often significantly smaller than the background signal, it is normally necessary to obtain more than one image at varying energies to remove the background effect. The simplest method is known as the jump ratio technique, where an image recorded using electrons at the energy of the maximum of the absorption peak caused by a particular inner shell ionisation is divided by an image recorded just before the ionisation energy. It is often necessary to cross-correlate the images to compensate for relative drift of the sample between the two images.
Improved elemental maps can be obtained by taking a series of images, allowing quantitative analysis and improved accuracy of mapping where more than one element is involved. By taking a series of images, it is also possible to extract the EELS profile from particular features.
# Endon railway station

Endon railway station is a disused railway station in Staffordshire.
The Stoke–Leek line was opened by the North Staffordshire Railway (NSR) in 1867 and a station to serve the village of Endon was opened in November 1867. Endon marked the end of a single track section of the line from Milton Junction (where the line diverged from the Biddulph Valley line). The station had two platforms and quite extensive good facilities. Running from the station was a private siding that served the factory of Harrison & Son, this siding was unusual in that it crossed the nearby Caldon Canal by means of a swing bridge. Also due to the close location of the station to the canal was a limestone tippler for the transfer of limestone from railway wagons to canal boats. The tippler was authorised in 1904 but not built until 1918–1919 and only remained in use until the late 1920s when the decline in canal traffic led to its closure.
Passenger services over the line were withdrawn in 1956 and the station closed to passenger traffic although it continued to be used for excursion trains until 1963. Goods traffic continued until a later date, traffic to Harrison and Son Ltd lasting until 1961. The line through the closed station was singled in 1971 but the platform and some of the station buildings remain in existence. The line through the station continued in use until 1988 for freight services and since 1988 the line has officially been out of use but not closed.
On 13 January 2015 a tearoom known as the Station Kitchen opened in the Endon station building.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Stockton Brook Line disused, station closed | North Staffordshire Railway Stoke–Leek line | Wall Grange Line disused, station closed |
# Engsund

Engsund is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Filiph Engsund (born 1993) is a Swedish professional ice hockey player
* Lars Engsund (born 1968), Swedish politician
* Ludvig Engsund (born 1993), Swedish ice hockey goaltender
* Oscar Engsund (born 1993), Swedish ice hockey defenceman
# Enguerrand (bishop of Glasgow)

Enguerrand (also Ingram, died 1174) was a twelfth-century bishop of Glasgow. He had previously been Archdeacon of Teviotdale, and had served king Máel Coluim IV as Chancellor of Scotland between 1161 and 1164. He was elected Bishop of Glasgow on Sunday, 20 September 1164, and consecrated on 28 October at the hands of Pope Alexander III himself in Sens, France, where the Pope was then resident. He did not return to the diocese until 2 June 1165. Although he resigned the position of Royal Chancellor upon election to the bishopric, there is charter evidence that he once again became Chancellor in the reign of King William the Lion, probably in the year 1171. Notable actions of his episcopate included, probably on the request of his friend (and successor) Jocelin, then Abbot of Melrose, the opening of the tomb of the emerging saint Walthoef. He died on 2 February 1174.
# Eois insignata

Eois insignata is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Venezuela and Honduras.
# Ensign (surname)

Ensign is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Datus Ensign (1783–1853), Methodist minister and evangelist
* Harry Ensign (1883–1943), American cinematographer
* John Ensign (born 1958), American politician
* Margaret Ruth Ensign (1919–2017), American taxonomist
* Margee Ensign (born 1954), American academic administrator
* Michael Ensign (born 1944), American actor
* Tod Ensign (died 2014), American lawyer
* William L. Ensign (1928–2010), American architect
# Ensign-Bickford Company

The Ensign-Bickford Aerospace & Defense Company (formerly The Ensign-Bickford Company) is a manufacturer of hardware and energetic systems for use in spacecraft, military, and industrial applications. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Ensign-Bickford Industries.

## History

The Ensign-Bickford Company (EBCo) was started in 1836 in Simsbury, Connecticut as a manufacturer of William Bickford's safety fuse for use in mining. Safety fuse was a great advance in mining technology over the practice of filling holes with black powder.
The next step in mining technology was detonating cord. Ensign-Bickford and other companies developed different versions of detonating cord. In 1937, Ensign-Bickford trademarked "Primacord", which became the functional generic name for detonating cord in North America. In May 2003, Ensign-Bickford sold the trademarks and processes to Dyno Nobel Inc of Australia (formerly of Norway).
In 1956, EBCo began providing research and development work for Frankford Arsenal and Sandia National Laboratories to develop linear shaped charge, a product critical to the early strategic missile and launch vehicle programs. In 1965, the Space Ordnance Division was formed, making contributions to early NASA programs such as Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo. In 1987, the Space Ordnance Division became Ensign-Bickford Aerospace Company, a wholly owned subsidiary of EBCo, later becoming The Ensign-Bickford Aerospace & Defense Company.

## Locations

In addition to its headquarters and manufacturing operations in Simsbury, Connecticut, EBAD has facilities in Graham, Kentucky, & Moorpark, California.

## Acquisitions

| Year | Company Acquired |
| 2008 | Shock Tube Systems |
| 2010 | SDI Defense and Aerospace |
| 2010 | NEA Electronics |
| 2017 | Honeybee Robotics |
| 2017 | TiNi Aerospace, Inc |
| 2018 | Avior Control Technologies, Inc |
# Threedegrees

threedegrees or 3° (frequently referred to as Three Degrees) was a communication and P2P application produced by Microsoft. It allowed the user to sign in using a .NET Passport and integrated into MSN Messenger. It sorted buddies into groups, and allowed initiating group chats in MSN Messenger, and sharing of pictures, listening to a shared playlist and sending animated winks.
threedegrees is now discontinued and certain features provided by the software have been partially integrated into MSN Messenger 7. threedegrees used to only run under Windows XP Service Packs 1 and 2, with a custom IPv6 stack installed.
threedegrees had a concept of being able to stream music between multiple users like a miniature radio station. However, despite other new features being included in MSN Messenger 7, this feature was never released due to large copyright issues that would be faced by Microsoft. MSN Messenger does, however, now enable other users to see what their buddy is listening to and is linked to a website providing this music if needed, a concept spurred by this idea.
The threedegrees product was conceived and produced by an internal startup at Microsoft called the Netgen team. The team was unique in that it was an internal startup inside of Microsoft, set away from the software giant's Redmond campus in separate offices in downtown Seattle and staffed mostly with college graduates tasked to create a product "for themselves". The team was chronicled in Newsweek on February 24, 2003 by writer Steven Levy in his article "Microsoft Gets A Clue From Its Kiddie Corps". While the threedegrees product never reached mass adoption, it represented one of Microsoft's early attempts to revitalize its MSN division through the creation of an incubator team outside of the company's main R&D structure.
# Epiphthora achnias

Epiphthora achnias is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1904. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales.
The wingspan is about 11 mm (0.43 in). The forewings are white, irrorated (sprinkled) with golden fuscous and with an oblique bar from the middle of the dorsum reaching half across the wing, and a golden-fuscous spot on the tornus. The hindwings are grey.
# Epiplema quadristrigata

Epiplema quadristrigata is a moth of the family Uraniidae first described by Francis Walker in 1866. It is found in Australia and Sri Lanka.
Its wingspan is about 2 cm. The wings are off white with brown bands and lines. Hindwing margins each with two tails.
# Epipleoneura lamina

Epipleoneura lamina is a species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae.
It can be in America: Guyana, Peru, and Venezuela.
# Episyrphus petilis

Episyrphus petilis is a species of hoverfly first recorded in mountain forest habitats of Mozambique, and in South Africa. It has a slender, mostly yellow body, with abdomen sides almost parallel. Males and females are very similar.
# Eois brunnea

Eois brunnea is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in south-eastern Peru.
# Erath Memorial Arch

The Erath Memorial Arch, in Stephenville, Texas, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2018.
It is not an arch, but rather is a two-part stone gate, built in 1936 as part of celebration of the Texas Centennial.
It is located at N. Erath Ave. & W. Washington St. in Stephenville.
It was designed by local architect C.V. Head and was carved by Dublin, Texas rock mason Arthur Maxwell.
# Eric Whitman

Eric Ioan Emlyn Whitman (31 July 1909 — 5 December 1990) was a Welsh cricketer and teacher.

## Early life

Whitman was born in Barry, Glamorgan.

## Cricket

Whitman, who had taken up cricket in university, played club cricket for Barry Cricket Club. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm medium-pace bowler who played two first-class games for Glamorgan during the 1932 season, appearing in the lower order in both games.

## Military service

Whitman served as a Pilot Officer in the Royal Air Force during World War II, leaving the service on 27 June 1945.

## Teaching career

Following the end of his cricketing career, Whitman became a school teacher. By 1951 he was teaching at Bournemouth School. In 1958 he became the first headmaster of Aldridge Grammar School where he remained until his retirement in 1974.

## Marriage

Whitman married Madge Trowell in East Glamorgan in 1936.

## Death

Whitman died in Norwich, Norfolk on 5 December 1990, aged 81.
# Ergalatax heptagonalis

Ergalatax heptagonalis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
# Eravu

Eravu is a village in Thrissur district in the state of Kerala, India. Eravu village comes under Armiboor Panchayat. St. Theresa's Ship Church is located in the village.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Eravu had a population of 6,188 with 2,980 males and 3,208 females.
# Erith and District Hospital

Erith and District Hospital is a health facility in Park Crescent, Erith, London, England. Its former X-Ray Department, which is located underground, is a Grade II listed building.

## History

The facility has its origins in a couple of cottages on Crayford Road which were converted for clinical use as the Erith, Crayford, Belvedere, and Abbey Wood Hospital in 1871. It moved to new facilities in Erith High Street in 1875 and to purpose-built premises in Park Crescent, which were officially opened by the Prince of Wales, in 1924. It was extended in 1933 and an underground hospital, operated as part of the Emergency Medical Service, was built in 1938 and was in use throughout the Second World War. It joined the National Health Service as Erith and District Hospital in 1948 and a new outpatient department was completed in 1954.
# Erlinsbach

Erlinsbach is the name of two municipalities in Switzerland:
* Erlinsbach, Aargau
* Erlinsbach, Solothurn
# Eric Hope

Eric Hope (17 January 1915 – 2 August 1999) was a British pianist.
Born in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, of Baltic descent, Hope was a pupil at Warwick School, 1931-34. He studied piano in London under Kathleen Arnold and was a conscientious objector during the Second World War. He was a specialist in the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, Franz Liszt and Claude Debussy. In 1973, Hope joined the staff of the Royal Academy of Music and was made an Honorary Member in 1978. He also taught at the London College of Music and was president of the University of Birmingham Music Society. He died in Nottingham in 1999.

## Publications

* Handbook of Piano Playing, Students' Music Library, Dobson Books Ltd, December 1955, ISBN 978-0234772720
* Aids to technique: Muscular development exercises for pianists and other instrumentalists, Edwin Ashdown, 1962
* Basic Piano Exercises, Edwin Ashdown, 1963
# Ernsta

Ernsta is a genus of spread-wing skippers in the butterfly family Hesperiidae. There are about 14 described species in Ernsta, found mainly in Africa. These species were formerly members of the genus Spialia.

## Species

These species belong to the genus Ernsta:
* Ernsta bifida (Higgins, 1924)
* Ernsta colotes (Druce, 1875) (Bushveld Sandman)
* Ernsta confusa (Higgins, 1924) (Confusing Sandman)
* Ernsta delagoae (Trimen, 1898) (Delagoa Sandman)
* Ernsta depauperata (Strand, 1911) (Wandering Sandman)
* Ernsta dromus (Plötz, 1884) (Forest Sandman)
* Ernsta mangana (Rebel, 1899) (Arabian Grizzled Skipper)
* Ernsta nanus (Trimen, 1889) (Dwarf Sandman)
* Ernsta paula (Higgins, 1924) (Mite Sandman)
* Ernsta ploetzi (Aurivillius, 1891) (Forest Grizzled Skipper)
* Ernsta sataspes (Trimen, 1864) (Boland Sandman)
* Ernsta secessus (Trimen, 1891) (Wolkberg Sandman)
* Ernsta wrefordi (Evans, 1951) (Wreford’s Grizzled Skipper)
* Ernsta zebra (Butler, 1888) (Zebra Grizzled Skipper)
# Eric McKay

Eric Bowness McKay (26 November 1899 – 20 February 1994) was a Co-operative Commonwealth Federation member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island and became a principal and teacher by career. He was also a school principal at Radville, Saskatchewan from 1925 to 1941.
He was first elected to Parliament at the Weyburn riding in the 1945 general election. After serving his only federal term, and after a change in electoral districts, the 20th Canadian Parliament, he was defeated in the 1949 federal election at Maple Creek riding by Irvin Studer of the Liberal party.
# Eric McLean

Eric McLean (25 September 1919 – 19 August 2002) was a Canadian pianist, music critic, and historian. From 1979 to 1988 he was the music critic for the Montreal Gazette in Canada, and retired as their critic emeritus. His overall career spanned 60 years.
In April 2003, McLean's personal papers were donated to the Marvin Duchow Music Library at McGill University. The Eric McLean Collection is a multimedia assemblage of texts, photographs, recorded interviews, musical scores, musicological monographs, and an LP record collection of over 7,000 items. The collection includes the concert diary inherited by McLean from Hugh Poynter Bell, former Montreal Star music and art critic. The diary shows Montreal concert life during the period of 1923–1949 and consists of his concert reviews which highlight the importance of Montreal, during the first half of the twentieth century, as a major North American musical centre.

## Works

"Hanslick had it better", World of Music, vol 14, No. 3, 1972
"Eric McLean remembers", Music McGill, spring 1992
# Ericeia sobria

Ericeia sobria is a moth in the family Erebidae. It is found in Kenya, South Africa (Eastern Cape), Gambia, Borneo, New Guinea and Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland and New South Wales.
The wingspan is about 50 millimetres (2.0 in). Adults are variable. The wings are patterned brown with a darker vague submarginal band.
# Ericek, Ilgaz

Ericek is a village in the Ilgaz District of Çankırı Province in Turkey. Its population is 54 (2021).
# Ernst Robert Fiechter

Ernst Robert Fiechter (28 October 1875, in Basel – 19 April 1948, in St. Gallen) was a Swiss architect and archaeologist. He is remembered for his research of ancient Greek temple and theatre architecture. He was a cousin to psychologist Carl Gustav Jung.
He studied architecture and archaeology in Munich, obtaining his doctorate in 1904 with a dissertation on the Temple of Aphaea in Aegina. In 1906 he received his habilitation, and in 1911 was named a professor of architectural history at the Technical University of Stuttgart.
From 1900 onward, he was engaged in educational travels to Egypt, Greece and Italy. As a professor at Stuttgart, he was involved in the restoration of many architectural structures of the local region. In connection with the 1919 opening of the Waldorf school and associated activity of theologian Friedrich Rittelmeyer, (the founder of Die Christengemeinschaft in 1922), Fiechter subsequently made the acquaintance of Rudolf Steiner, the founder of anthroposophy. Being inspired with Steiner's ideas, Fiechter became a lifelong devotee of anthroposophy.

## Selected works

* Der Tempel der Aphaia auf Aegina, 1904.
* Die baugeschichtliche Entwicklung des antiken Theaters : Eine Studie, 1914.
* Zwiefalten, 1927.
* Das Theater in Oropos, 1930.
* Antike griechische Theaterbauten, 1930.
* Das Theater in Megalopolis, 1931.
* Die Theater von Oiniadai und Neupleuron, 1931.
* Das Theater in Eretria, 1937.
# Ernestine Hipper

Ernest Hipper is a German set decorator. She won an Academy Award in the category Best Production Design for the film All Quiet on the Western Front.

## Selected filmography

* All Quiet on the Western Front (2022; co-won with Christian M. Goldbeck)
# Ernie Gehr

Ernie Gehr (born 1941) is an American experimental filmmaker closely associated with the Structural film movement of the 1970s. A self-taught artist, Gehr was inspired to begin making films in the 1960s after chancing upon a screening of a Stan Brakhage film. Gehr's film Serene Velocity (1970) has been selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. Gehr served as faculty at the San Francisco Art Institute.
The New York Times described Gehr's work as "abstract, beautiful, mysterious, invigorating, utopian" saying he had "embraced [the] Modernist cry, shunning mainstream narrative to make films in which bubbling grain, streaks of color and pulses of light are the main attraction." His film Essex Street Quartet (2004) was included in the exhibition "The Long Run" at The Museum of Modern Art, New York, from November 11, 2017, to November 4, 2018.
His films are distributed by Canyon Cinema in San Francisco.

## Filmography

* Morning (1968)
* Wait (1968)
* Reverberation (1969)
* Transparency (1969)
* Field (1970)
* Serene Velocity (1970)
* Still (1969–1971)
* Shift (1972–1974)
* Eureka (1974)
* Table (1976)
* Untitled (1977)
* Mirage (1981)
* Untitled: Part One (1981)
* Signal - Germany on the Air (1982–1985)
* Side/Walk/Shuttle (1991)
* Rear Window (1986/1991)
* This Side of Paradise (1991)
* For Daniel (1997)
* Glider (2001)
* Precarious Garden (2004)
* The Morse Code Operator/The Monkey Wrench (2006)
* Before The Olympics (2006)
* Whispers (2008)
* New York Lantern (2008)
* Photographic Phantoms (2014)
* A Commuter's Life (What a Life!) (2015)
# Erro (river)

The Erro (in Piedmontese Er) is a 46-kilometre (29 mi) torrent of north-west Italy, a right tributary of the Bormida.

## Geography

The river rises in the Ligurian Province of Savona at an elevation 1,267 metres (4,157 ft) on Monte Ermetta, to the west of Monte Beigua. Having passed through the territory of Sassello, the river enters the Piedmontese Province of Alessandria at Ponte Erro (Malvicino). Its course takes it past Cartosio, Rivere, Castelletto d'Erro, Arzello, and Melazzo before joining the Bormida at Terzo, a little upstream from Acqui Terme at an elevation of 222 metres (728 ft).

## Sources

The initial version of this article was a translation from it:Erro (torrente), its counterpart in the Italian Wikipedia.
# Erruca hanga

Erruca hanga is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer in 1854. It is found in the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro.
# Esperance Stonehenge

33°47′16″S 122°01′47″E﻿ / ﻿33.7879°S 122.0296°E﻿ / -33.7879; 122.0296
Esperance Stonehenge is a full-sized replica of Stonehenge, in Esperance, Western Australia. It was built from 137 locally quarried stones of up to 50 tonnes (55 tons), and is aligned to the summer and winter solstices. It is designed to be a copy of the original, intact Stonehenge from c. 2000 BC, rather than the currently extant ruins.
The stone was originally quarried and shaped for a similar project in Margaret River in 2008, funded by a millionaire. That project fell through after 12 months, after the stone had already been cut. The Rotary Club of Esperance promoted the idea of building a Stonehenge replica locally, but the plan was controversial, received mixed reactions from the community, and there was no agreed-upon site.
Kim and Jillian Beale, who owned a hobby farm across from the quarry, decided to build the replica on their property with their own money in 2011, after receiving approval from the Shire of Esperance in 2010. It was designed by architect Michael Sorensen of Sorensen Architects, and used 1,200 cubic metres (42,000 cu ft) of Desert Brown granite supplied and installed by AustralAsian Granite. It is operated as a tourist attraction, charging $10 per adult as of 2017.