OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sarcosine

Sarcosine, also known as N-methylglycine, or monomethylglycine, is a amino acid with the formula CH$_3$N(H)CH$_2$CO$_2$H. It exists at neutral pH as the zwitterion CH$_3$N$^+$(H)$_2$CH$_2$CO$_2$$^−$, which can be obtained as a white, water-soluble powder. Like some amino acids, sarcosine converts to a cation at low pH and an anion at high pH, with the respective formulas CH$_3$N$^+$(H)$_2$CH$_2$CO$_2$H and CH$_3$N(H)CH$_2$CO$_2$$^−$. Sarcosine is a close relative of glycine, with a secondary amine in place of the primary amine.
Sarcosine is ubiquitous in biological materials. It is used in manufacturing biodegradable surfactants and toothpastes as well as in other applications. It is also a reagent in organic synthesis.
Sarcosine is sweet to the taste.

## Biochemistry

Sarcosine is an intermediate and byproduct in glycine synthesis and degradation. Sarcosine is metabolized to glycine by the enzyme sarcosine dehydrogenase, while glycine-N-methyl transferase generates sarcosine from glycine. Sarcosine is an amino acid derivative that is naturally found in muscles and other body tissues. In the laboratory, it may be synthesized from chloroacetic acid and methylamine. Sarcosine is an intermediate in the metabolism of choline to glycine.
Sarcosine, like the related compounds dimethylglycine (DMG) and trimethylglycine (betaine, TMG), is formed via the metabolism of nutrients such as choline and methionine, which both contain methyl groups used in a wide range of biochemical reactions. Sarcosine is rapidly degraded to glycine, which, in addition to its importance as a constituent of protein, plays a significant role in various physiological processes as a prime metabolic source of components of living cells such as glutathione, creatine, purines and serine. The concentration of sarcosine in blood serum of normal human subjects is 1.4 ± 0.6 micromolar.

## Industrial synthesis

Sarcosine can be produced industrially via the Strecker amino acid synthesis.

## Surfactants

A variety of surfactants are produced from sarcosine, for instance sodium lauroyl sarcosinate.

## Schizophrenia

Early evidence suggests sarcosine is an effective and well-tolerated adjuvant to many antipsychotics except clozapine for the treatment of schizophrenia, showing significant reductions in both positive and negative symptoms.

## Prostate cancer

Sarcosine has also been debated as a biomarker for prostate cancer cells. More recent research has suggested that sarcosine plays an active role in the progression of prostate cancer, as addition of sarcosine to prostate epithelial cells caused the emergence of a new invasive phenotype.

## History

Sarcosine was first isolated and named by the German chemist Justus von Liebig in 1847.
Jacob Volhard first synthesized it in 1862 while working in the lab of Hermann Kolbe. Prior to the synthesis of sarcosine, it had long been known to be a hydrolysis product of creatine, a compound found in meat extract. Under this assumption, by preparing the compound with methylamine and monochloroacetic acid, Volhard proved that sarcosine was N-methylglycine.
# Sargis Tmogveli

Sargis Tmogveli (Georgian: სარგის თმოგველი) or Sargis of Tmogvi was a 12th-13th century Georgian statesman and writer active during the reign of Queen Tamar (c. 1184-1213). Sargis, son of Varam, belonged to the Tmogveli branch of the powerful Mkhargrdzeli family and owned estates in Tmogvi.
Tmogveli rendered the old Iranian love story Vīs and Rāmīn (written by Fakhruddin As'ad Gurgani) into Georgian prose; this Georgian version of the Persian original became known as Visramiani.

## Biography

During a revolt of Queen Tamar's disgraced husband, George the Rus', around 1191, Sargis was one of the few nobles who remained loyal to the queen. For this he was kindly rewarded; he was given Tmogvi to secure frontier borders in Javakheti. In 1195 he participated in the Battle of Shamkor. In the 1200s, Shalva and Sargis Tmogveli, commanded the Georgian troops during the victorious campaign against Kars. In 1203 he fought in a campaign in the country of Dvin.
# Saqqaq Heliport

Saqqaq Heliport (ICAO: BGSQ) is a heliport in Saqqaq, a village on the Nuussuaq Peninsula in the Avannaata municipality in western Greenland. The heliport is considered a helistop, and is served by Air Greenland as part of a government contract.

## Airlines and destinations

| Airlines | Destinations |
| Air Greenland (settlement flights) | Seasonal: Ilulissat |
Air Greenland operates government contract flights to villages in the Disko Bay region. These mostly cargo flights are not featured in the timetable, although they can be pre-booked. Departure times for these flights as specified during booking are by definition approximate, with the settlement service optimized on the fly depending on local demand for a given day. Settlement flights in the Disko Bay and Aasiaat Archipelago regions are unique in that they are operated only during winter and spring. During summer and autumn, communication between settlements is by sea only, serviced by Diskoline.
# Billy Lucas

William Henry Lucas (15 January 1918 – 1998) was a Welsh international footballer in the late 1940s and 1950s. During his career, Lucas made over 400 appearances in The Football League during spells with Swindon Town, Swansea Town and Newport County and attained seven caps for Wales as well as eight wartime caps. After his retirement from playing, he went on to manage two of his former clubs, Newport County and Swansea Town.

## Playing career
### Club

A wing half, he began his career with Wolverhampton Wanderers but left the club without making an appearance. Lucas instead joined Swindon Town where he established himself in the first team. His spell with the club was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II and, after just over one season with club following the return of The Football League in 1946, Swansea Town manager Billy McCandless paid a then club record fee of £11,000 to bring him to Vetch Field. In his first season, he captained the side to the Division Three South title and in following years also won two Welsh Cup's. In December 1953 he joined Newport County as player-manager and made 93 appearances for Newport scoring 6 goals.
During the war he was a guest-player for Lovell's Athletic, the works team for Lovell's sweet factory in Newport, Monmouthshire, Wales.

### International

Lucas' first participation for Wales came in a wartime international match against England at Ninian Park on 9 May 1942, scoring the only goal of the game in a 1–0 victory. He went on to play in a further seven wartime matches for Wales before winning his first full cap on 23 October 1948 in a 3–1 defeat to Scotland in the 1949 British Home Championship. He gained a total of seven caps for Wales, his final appearance coming on 15 November 1950 in a 4–2 defeat to England.

## Managerial career

Following his retirement from playing, Lucas became full-time manager of Newport County until 1961 when he resigned due to a lack of support and what he perceived as a general apathy surrounding the club. He returned to the club a year later following the sacking of Bobby Evans after they finished bottom of the Third Division and spent another five years in charge before taking over at Swansea Town. Lucas later took charge of Newport for a third and final spell in 1970, working without wages for the first six months due to financial problems at the club, which lasted until 1974.

### Managerial statistics

| Team | Country | From | To | Record | Record | Record | Record | Record |
| Team | Country | From | To | G | W | D | L | Win % |
| Swansea Town | Wales | February 1967 | March 1969 | 96 | 33 | 24 | 39 | 34.38 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 96 | 33 | 24 | 39 | 34.38 |

## Outside football

In 1951, following his move back to South Wales to join Swansea Town, Lucas took over the Black Horse Inn, in Newport, with his wife Edith.

## Honours
### Swansea City

* Football League Third Division South Winner: 1
       1948–49
* Welsh Cup Winner: 1
       1950
# Tauweru

Tauweru, alternatively Taueru, and previously known as Wardell, or Wardelltown is a locality in the Wairarapa region of New Zealand's North Island. It is named after and located on the middle reaches of the Tauweru River, which drains into the Ruamahanga River near Gladstone and Te Whiti, and the name is a Māori-language word meaning "hanging in clusters".
Tauweru is situated east of the Wairarapa's largest town, Masterton, and is located on the main road between Masterton and Castlepoint. The nearest railway is the Wairarapa Line in Masterton. In June 1942, Tauweru was the epicentre of one of the most destructive earthquakes since European settlement of the Wairarapa in the mid-19th century.

## Demographics

Tauweru is part of the Whareama statistical area.
# Siege of Missolonghi

The siege of Missolonghi may refer to one of three different sieges of the town of Missolonghi during the Greek War of Independence:
* The First Siege of Missolonghi (1822)
* The Second Siege of Missolonghi (1823)
* The Third Siege of Missolonghi (1825–26), leading to the fall of the town. This is the most famous of the three, and typically an unqualified reference to the "Siege of Missolonghi" will be about it
# E. nivea

E. nivea may refer to:
* Eatonella nivea, a plant species
* Eremophila nivea, the silky eremophila, a shrub species native to Western Australia
# Elise Brandes

Elise Brandes (née Rustad, 1873–1918) was a Danish sculptor who specialized in busts. She was the wife of the Danish politician and writer, Edvard Brandes.

## Biography

Brandes was born on 24 July 1873 in Lysaker, Bærum Municipality, in south-eastern Norway. She was the daughter of the physician Carl G. W. Rustad (1839–1918) and his wife Marie M. Hauge. After attending the Royal Drawing and Art School in Kristiania, she moved to Denmark where she studied at the Art School for Women (Kunstskolen for Kvinder) in Copenhagen. From 1905 to 1906, she was a student of Stephan Sinding at the Royal Danish Academy.
After marrying Edvard Brandes in 1900, she became associated with the political and cultural elite, several of whom she depicted in her busts. One of her most notable creations is that of the writer Gustav Wied (1909) with his subtle smile and his devilish look. Others depict Edvard's elder brother, the scholar Georg Brandes (1907), the actor Johannes Poulsen (1909), the literary historian Vilhelm Andersen (c. 1913) and the Swedish artist Anders Zorn (1917). Other notable pieces include a marble relief of Johannes Poulsen's father, Emil Poulsen (1906), and a bronze statuette of the actress Grethe Hasselbach dancing (1912), both of which are in Copenhagen's Theatre Museum. Brandes worked with a variety of materials such as sandstone, marble and wood. In her later years, she was unable to work owing to poor health. She died on 3 November 1918 in Copenhagen.
The architect Louis Hygom designed the house at Skodsborgvej 242A for her in 1917.

## Exhibitions

Brandes exhibited frequently at Charlottenborg (1906–17) as well as at Aarhus (1909), Malmö and Kristiania (both 1914). She held a solo exhibition at Winkel & Magnussen's gallery in Copenhagen in 1913.
# Gmina Postomino

Gmina Postomino is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Sławno County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in northwestern Poland. Its seat is the village of Postomino, which lies approximately 15 kilometres (9 mi) north of Sławno and 184 km (114 mi) northeast of the regional capital Szczecin.
The gmina covers an area of 227.24 square kilometres (87.7 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 6,973.

## Villages

Gmina Postomino contains the villages and settlements of Bylica, Chełmno Słowieńskie, Chudaczewko, Chudaczewo, Czarna Buda, Dołek, Dzierżęcin, Górka, Górsko, Jarosławiec, Jezierzany, Kanin, Karsino, Kłośnik, Korlino, Królewice, Królewko, Królewo, Łącko, Łężek, Marszewo, Masłowice, Mazów, Mszane, Mszanka, Naćmierz, Nosalin, Nosalinek, Nowe Łącko, Pałówko, Pałowo, Pieńkówko, Pieńkowo, Pieszcz, Postomino, Przybudówka-Królewo, Radziszkowo, Ronino, Rusinowo, Staniewice, Tłuki, Tyń, Wicko Morskie, Wilkowice, Wszedzień, Wykroty and Złakowo.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Postomino is bordered by the gminas of Darłowo, Kobylnica, Sławno, Słupsk and Ustka.
# Silvério Paulo de Albuquerque

Silvério Paulo de Albuquerque, O.F.M. (March 11, 1917 – May 28, 2013) was a Brazilian bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.
Paulo de Albuquerque was born in Olinda, Brazil on March 11, 1917, and was ordained a priest on May 30, 1942, with the Roman Catholic order of Orders of Friar Minor. Paulo de Albuquerque was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Caetité on March 17, 1970, and ordained bishop on May 10, 1970. On January 18, 1973, he was appointed bishop of the Archdiocese of Feira de Santana and remained there until his retirement on February 22, 1995. He died on May 28, 2013.
# Mariano Dámaso Beraun District

Mariano Dámaso Beraun District is one of six districts of the province Leoncio Prado in Peru.
# Sir William Bruce, 9th Baronet

Sir William Cunningham Bruce, 9th Baronet DL (20 September 1825 – 29 May 1906) was a Scottish first-class cricketer.
The son of William Cunningham Bruce and Jane Catherine Clark, he was born in British India at Bombay in September 1825. Bruce served in the British Army with the 74th Highlanders, reaching the rank of captain. A keen cricketer, he made two appearances in first-class cricket for the Gentlemen of Kent against the Gentlemen of England at Canterbury in 1844 and 1846. He scored 23 runs in his two first-class matches, with a high score of 12. Bruce succeeded his uncle, Sir Michael Bruce, as the 9th Baronet of the Bruce baronets of Stenhouse upon his death in December 1862. He was a magistrate for Stirlingshire and served as a deputy lieutenant for the county. Bruce died in England at Windsor in May 1906. Upon his death, he was succeeded as the 10th Baronet by his son, Sir William Waller Bruce, one of three children he had with Charlotte Isabella O'Grady, who he married in 1850.
# Sique

Sique may be:
* Hispanisized spelling of Siq'i, a mountain in Peru
* obsolete spelling of Sikh
# Marinda Li Wu

Marinda Li Wu is an American chemist, who has worked for more than 30 years in the chemical industry, primarily with Dow Chemical Company, in research and development and plastics marketing. She was involved in early research on the recycling of plastics and environmental sustainability. She has also worked as an entrepreneur, and founded the organization "Science is Fun!" to interest students in science. She holds 7 U.S. Patents.
Wu has been a long-time member of the American Chemical Society (ACS) and has worked with it at various levels, most importantly as its 2013 president. She is the eighth woman president and the first Asian American to serve as president of the society. The theme of her presidency was "Partners for Progress and Prosperity". In 2015, she was named a fellow of the American Chemical Society.

## Education

Marinda Li Wu received a B.S. in chemistry from Ohio State University in 1971, and a Ph.D. in inorganic chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1976. She chose to go to Illinois because she wanted to work with Professor Russell Drago. She was told on arrival that he did not work with female students, but she convinced him to accept her as his second woman graduate student.

## Work for STEM

She is known for her support of STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education through public outreach initiatives such as “Family Science Nights” connecting the California Section of ACS with school districts in the San Francisco Bay Area, and initiatives with libraries and restaurants. She founded the organization "Science is Fun!" to support science education. She serves on the advisory board for the non-profit "Catalyst for Success".
* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries
* Resources in your library
* Resources in other libraries
# Marie Simonsen

Marie Heiberg Simonsen (born 1 June 1962) is a Norwegian journalist who since 2003 has been political editor in Dagbladet. She has previously worked for Dagens Næringsliv and VG.

## Early life, education and career

Simonsen was born in Bodø and grew up on the west side of Oslo. Her father is the lawyer and Conservative politician Gustav Heiberg Simonsen.
She studied law, literature and political science at the University of Oslo 1983–1985. She started working as a journalist in Dagens Næringsliv in 1985 after having been recruited by Kåre Valebrokk. She headed the feature department for a while and was the paper's correspondent in London 1994–1997. She worked for VG 1997–2003 where she became head of the newspaper's commentary section. She has also held causeries in NRK radio. She participated in founding the Norwegian Foundation for Investigative Journalism (SKUP) in 1990.

## Views

Simonsen has described her general political positions as in accordance with the liberal tradition of Dagbladet. She does not have any fixed preference for a particular political party. She has named Gro Harlem Brundtland as a role model.
A feminist, she favours affirmative action for women and opposes cash-for-care benefits for the parents of toddlers which she believes hinders gender equality and integration of immigrant women and their children. Simonsen has expressed concern that women who are public figures are subject to more threats and harassment both online and in real life than men and that this causes women to stay away from public debate. Having experienced much internet harassment as well as real life threats, Simonsen has voiced concern that women in public life experience more and graver cyberbullying and threats than men, and that this may cause many women to stay out of public debate. She opposes the Norwegian monarchy and the Norwegian state church.
In 2007, Simonsen commented on the paramedics incident in Oslo 2007 and wrote that the paramedics that refused aid to Ali Farah would not have behaved in the same way if Farah had been the ethnic Norwegian Hydro CEO Eivind Reiten. She further wrote: "This week, we were forced to see what we didn't want to see. It was the ugly and unmerciful effect of racism". One of the paramedics sued Dagbladet for their coverage of the incident and in 2014, the Supreme Court of Norway ordered Dagbladet to pay Erik Schjenken, one of the two paramedics, 200,000 Norwegian kroner in compensation for false allegations of racism, based on the commentary of Simonsen and two other writers for the paper. Dagbladet and other media leaders and journalists have called the ruling a threat to free journalism.

## Books

* Marie Simonsen and Ingunn Yssen (2010): Bråk! Den store likestillingssvindelen. Aschehoug Forlag. ISBN 9788203291845
# Since When

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Since When is a 1998 album by Canadian rock band 54-40. It marks the band's return to the more acoustic folk rock sound of their 1980s albums. The album was the highest-charting album in the band's history, peaking at No. 19 on the RPM Canadian Albums Chart. Also, the album's lead single and title track, "Since When", is the highest-charting single in the band's history. The album features the song "Stormy", which had been written in the early 1990s.

## Track listing

* "In Your Image" – 3:52
* "Lost and Lazy" – 3:17
* "Since When" – 4:14
* "I Could Give You More" – 3:31
* "You Should Come Over" – 3:37
* "Runaway John" – 2:18
* "Pay for Living" – 3:17
* "Angel in My Bed" – 3:24
* "Playground" – 2:23
* "Greatest Mistake" – 3:26
* "Stormy" – 5:31
* "Last People on Earth" – 2:10
* "Extra Special Mystery Bonus Track" – 1:25
# Since When (song)

"Since When" is a song by Canadian rock band 54-40. The song is the first single and title track of the band's eighth studio album, Since When. The song is the highest-charting single in the band's history, peaking at No. 11 on the RPM singles chart in Canada. The song won the award for "Best Song" at the West Coast Music Awards, with the song's music video winning the award for "Best Video".

## Charts

| Chart (1998) | Peak position |
| Canadian RPM Singles Chart | 11 |
| Canadian RPM Alternative 30 | 2 |
# Marianne Koberwein

Anna Maria "Marianne" Charlotta Koberwein née Rutenskiöld (Stockholm, 15 December 1791 - Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, August 2, 1856) was a Swedish and later Russian Empire courtier. She is known for her affair with Nicholas I of Russia.
She was the daughter of the Swedish nobleman Gustavus Adolphus Rutenskiöld (1758-1802) and daughter of a operasinger, cavalry quartermaster, actress Ulrika Charlotta Stenborg (b. 1772). She served as a lady-in-waiting to the Swedish queen Frederica of Baden, who was married to Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden, and when Gustav IV Adolf was deposed in 1809, she continued her service to Frederica in Karlsruhe.
She was subsequently employed by Frederica's sister Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden), empress of Russia. At the Russian court, she became acquainted with, then heir presumptive and married, Nicholas I of Russia, with whom she had a daughter, Joséphine Youzia Koberwein (1825–1893): in parallel, she married in 1820's (Joseph) Vassiliévitch Koberwein (1789-1854), from whom she divorced soon after.
Joséphine Youzia Koberwein was born on May 12, 1825, in the Smolensk province. Officially, Yuziya is the daughter of Joseph Vasilyevich (Osip Ventseslavovich) Koberwein, an undercover police agent. On January 3, 1849, she married the painter Joseph Fricero in Marseille. Just like him, she was engaged in painting. They had four sons: Alexander (1850-1904), Nikolai (1853-1884), Michael (1858-1914) and Emmanuel (1861-1880), whose descendants still live in Nice. She died on February 23, 1893, in Nice. She was buried in the Fricero family grave in the Russian cemetery in Nice.
# Marita Ruoho

Marita Ruoho (born 13 August 1949) is a Finnish orienteering competitor and World champion. She won a gold medal at the 1978 World Orienteering Championships in Kongsberg with the Finnish relay team. She received a silver medal in 1981 (Thun).
# Mariano Grueiro

Mariano Grueiro (born 1975) is a Galego (Galician language) cultural activist, writer, photographer, filmmaker, artist.
He was born in 1975 in Narón, Galicia/Galiza, Spain, and grew up in the naval dockyard town of Ferrol in the 1980s, during a period of major crisis in the Galician shipbuilding industry.
As a photographer his main areas of work are landscapes and documentary. His earliest photographic work was "People in Compostela", a photographic essay about the Galician capital Santiago de Compostela (1996–1999). This was followed by a series on the Galician coast (1999) and subsequently on the December 2002 political demonstrations in Santiago de Caompostela. His SO2 project linked the Berlin Alexanderplatz communications tower and a depopulated village in rural Galicia.
He has been writing about Galician society since 1994 and in 2001, published a collection of essays under the title Wildliza.
His work as a filmmaker has been closely linked to his activities as a political campaigner on the environmental and political issues raised by the 2002 Prestige oil spill, a marine environmental disaster on a scale exceeding the Exxon Valdez incident. His most well-known film is Awaking of the Nightmare[sic] (1-12-2002. A manifestación: O espertar do sono), about the great Galician nationalist and environmentalist protest rally on 1 December 2002.
He campaigns for economic development and grassroots artistic activity in rural Galicia and in particular provision of comprehensive rural broadband access as an instrument of social cohesion. He publishes a gueblo (blog) in which he is strongly critical of the poverty and political and economic inequalities of rural Galicia and the harsh impact of economic migration. He is particularly critical of the persistence of caciquismo – the control exercised by powerful local figures over the political process in rural areas. He stood in the 2008 elections as candidate for the Partido Obreiro Socialista Internacionalista (POSI) to represent the province of Lugo – a province described as ridden with caciquismo – in the Spanish Senate. He is also a pioneer of podcasting in the Galego language.