OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mononchoides composticola

Mononchoides is a quite common genus in the phylum of the Nematoda and by far the most diverse genus of the family of the Diplogasteridae. It has been described to live in various terrestrial habitats and is often associated with compost, dung, mud, other decaying materials and different kinds of beetles. Some have even been described from fresh water and marine habitats. In 2011, a new species has been described by Steel et al. This species was isolated from compost during the composting process and was named Mononchoides composticola.

## Habitat
### Composting process

Mononchoides composticola became dominantly present in the studied compost heap. The composting process is typically subdivided into 3 different phases based on the temperature profile:
* the thermophilic phase (45 °C - 75 °C)
* the cooling phase (45 °C environmental temperature)
* the maturation phase (≈ environmental temperature)
It is during the last two phases that Mononchoides composticola would become dominant in the compost heap.

### Feeding habits

Mononchoides composticola has several preferences to what it consumes for food. It has the ability to actively move towards bacterial food resources such as Achromobacter species. It is also able to prey on other (compost)nematodes and demonstrates a higher predation rate on the relatively small and slow moving nematodes in the genus Rhabditella than on the larger though more motile Poikilolaimus species. This means that M. composticola has a dual feeding behavior and can alternate between bacterial and nematode prey.

## Characteristics
### Morphometric data

All the measurements are expressed in μm.

### Diagnosis

Mononchoides composticola is characterised by a combination of the following morphological features:
* a denticulate ridge in addition to the dorsal claw-like tooth
* a small tooth-like swelling at the stegostom base
* ca 26 longitudinal ridges on the female body
* a uterine sac associated with two dumb-bell-shaped pouches
* spicules that are relatively small (30-38 μm)
* a simple gubernaculum less than half the spicule length long
* the genital subventral papillae (v6) consisting of three very small papillae
* an especially long filiform tail

## Phylogenetic analysis

Mononchoides composticola is part of a clade that contains Mononchoides striatus, Tylopharynx foetida and Aduncospiculum halicti (grey box). The image below shows more detailed information about the phylogenetic tree of M. composticola
# Mononchoides fortidens

Mononchoides fortidens, of the order Diplogasterida, is a free-living predacious nematode that feeds on both nematodes and bacteria . The predatory behavior of this nematode presents the opportunity to use it as a bio-control agent against other plant parasitic nematodes. It has been shown to have a preference for the second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita.

## Distribution and morphology

M. fortidens may be found in decomposing organic manure. Morphological features include lips with setose papillae, large amphid apertures, and a mobile claw-like tooth. The female is diovarial and amphidelphic, while the male is without bursa and has nine pairs of genital papillae. The tails of both the male and female are filiform

## Predatory behavior

M. fortidens prefers small, slow moving prey. Once they’ve pierced the cuticle, they feed by cutting and sucking or swallowing their prey whole. They have also been shown to aggregate and feed from prey in groups. This positive aggregation response may be in part due to prey secretions/attractions that M. fortidens senses. Other factors affecting attraction include prey number, temperature, starvation, and distance between predator and prey. Bilgrami and Jairajpuri found that attraction to prey improved when prey number increased and when M. fortidens was starved for 12 days. Predation of Meloidogyne incognita by M. fortidens plateaued at temperatures between 30 and 35°C

## Bio-control applications

The use of predatory nematodes as a biological control agent for plant-parasitic nematodes was suggested by Cobb. M. fortidens is a reasonable choice for bio-control due to its short life cycle and easy culturability. M. fortidens was used in experiments investigating their potential as a bio-control for the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria in tomato. Khan and Kim found that the final population of M. arenaria decreased exponentially with increasing application densities of M. fortidens. When pots were treated with M. fortidens 7 days prior to planting, plant growth increased while root galling and final populations of M. arenaria decreased significantly
# Giuseppe Jarmorini

Giuseppe Jarmorini (1730 - 1816) was an Italian painter, mainly of decorative painting, during the Neoclassical period.

## Biography

He was active in his native Bologna. He trained under Pietro Scandellari. He was a member of Accademia Clementina.
# Glyphidops

Glyphidops is a genus of cactus flies in the family Neriidae.

## Species

* Glyphidops bullatus (Enderlein, 1922)
* Glyphidops carrerai Aczél, 1961
* Glyphidops coracinus Sepúlveda, Wolff & Carvalho, 2014
* Glyphidops durus (Cresson, 1926)
* Glyphidops etele Aczél, 1961
* Glyphidops filosus (Fabricius, 1805)
* Glyphidops flavifrons (Bigot, 1886)
* Glyphidops limbatus Enderlein, 1922
* Glyphidops obscurus Hennig, 1937
* Glyphidops pluricellatus (Schiner, 1868)
* Glyphidops rustelatus Sepúlveda, Wolff & Carvalho, 2014
* Glyphidops steyskali Sepúlveda, Wolff & Carvalho, 2014
* Glyphidops xanthopus (Schiner, 1868)
# Microcosm (hypermedia system)

Microcosm was a hypermedia system, originally developed in 1988 by the Department of Electronics and Computer Science at the University of Southampton, with a small team of researchers in the Computer Science group: Wendy Hall, Andrew Fountain, Hugh Davis and Ian Heath. The system pre-dates the web and builds on early hypermedia systems, such as Ted Nelson's Project Xanadu and work of Douglas Engelbart. And like Intermedia or Hyper-G, which were other hypermedia systems created around the same time, Microcosm stores links between documents in a separate database.
# Carboneras Fault

The Carboneras Fault or Carboneras Fault Zone is major sinistral (left-lateral) strike-slip fault in the Province of Almería, southern Spain. It has a NE–SW trend and forms part of the Eastern Betic Shear Zone. It extends for about 50 km onshore, but is interpreted to continue offshore into the Alboran Sea for at least a further 90 km. It is thought to be seismically active and movement on the offshore part of this fault may have been responsible for the 1522 Almería earthquake.
# Eupithecia sellia

Eupithecia sellia is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Mexico.
# Liposcelis ornata

Liposcelis ornata is a species of booklouse in the family Liposcelididae. It is found in Central America, North America, and South America.
# Osojnik, Semič

Osojnik (pronounced) is a settlement north of Semič in southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Name

Osojnik was attested in written sources in 1477 as Ossoynigk and Ossenigkh (and in 1674 as Ossoinigkh). The name is derived from the Slovene common noun osoje 'shady side' via the derived adjective osojen 'shady', referring to its geographical location.

## History

During the feudal era, Osojnik belonged to the Dominion of Gradac, although the vineyards were controlled by the Dominion of Krupa. The freeholder Janez Konda served as a judicial officer in Osojnik from 1727 to 1738. On 4 July 1943, Italian troops burned nearly the entire village while withdrawing before a Partisan attack at Hom Hill.

## Notable people

Notable people that were born or lived in Osojnik include:
* Martin Konda (1872–1922), American editor and publisher
# Osojnik, Železniki

Osojnik (pronounced) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Železniki in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
# Traditional gospel music

Traditional gospel music is older forms of gospel music.
* Traditional black gospel, which originated among African-Americans in the early 20th century
* Gospel blues, whose popularity peaked in the 1940s and 1950s
* Southern gospel, also known as "white gospel"
* Bluegrass gospel, religious songs out of the bluegrass folk music traditions
# Oslo Analyzer

The Oslo Analyzer (1938 – 1954) was a mechanical analog differential analyzer, a type of computer, built in Norway from 1938 to 1942. It was the largest computer of its kind in the world when completed.
The differential analyzer was based on the same principles as the pioneer machine developed by Vannevar Bush at MIT. It was designed and built by Svein Rosseland in cooperation with chief engineer Lie (1909-1983) of the Norwegian commercial instrument manufacturer Gundersen & Løken. The machine was installed at the first floor of the Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics at the University of Oslo. The building as well as the machine was financed in large parts by grants from The Rockefeller Foundation.
Rosseland visited MIT for several months in 1933, and studied Bush's work. Rosseland's design was a substantial development from Bush's machine, and much more compact. The machine had twelve integrators (compared to six of the original MIT machine) and could calculate differential equations of the twelfth order, or two simultaneous equations of the sixth order. When it was finished, the Oslo Analyzer was the most powerful of its kind in the world.
Upon the German occupation of Norway on April 9, 1940, Rosseland realized that the machine might become a desirable research tool in the German war effort. So Rosseland personally removed all precision fabricated integration wheels and buried the wheels in sealed packages in the garden behind the institute.
The machine contributed to a number of scientific projects, both domestic and international. When it was dismantled, sections of it were put on display at the Norwegian Museum of Science and Technology.
# Trepat

Trepat is a red Catalan wine grape variety that is grown primarily in the Conca de Barberà and Costers del Segre Denominación de Origen (DO)s of Catalonia. Ampelographers believe that the grape is likely indigenous to Northeastern Iberian Peninsula. Today there are approximately 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres) of the variety, used mostly for light rosé.

## Wine regions

In Catalonia, Trepat is mainly found in the blended rosé wines of Conca de Barberà and Costers del Segre where it is often blended with other varieties. In Conca de Barberà these varieties are permitted to be Grenache, Pinot noir, Tempranillo and Cabernet Sauvignon while in Costers del Segre Trepat is blended with Carignan, Merlot, Mourvedre, Cabernet Sauvignon, Grenache and Tempranillo.

## Synonyms

Over the years Trepat has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Bonicaire, Embolicaire, Parrel, Trapat, Traput and Trepan.
# Trepassey railway branchline

The Trepassey railway branchline is a historic railway line that had been operated by the Newfoundland Railway in the Dominion of Newfoundland between 1913 and 1931. It connected the Newfoundland Railway's main line at St. Johns with the outport of Trepassey 145 km (90 mi) to the southwest.

## History

Construction of a railway to Trepassey and the southern Avalon Peninsula was championed by local politician Sir Michael Patrick Cashin, who represented Ferryland district from 1893 until 1923. Cashin turned the first sod at a ceremonial start of construction for the railway to Trepassey at Waterford Bridge in St.Johns Newfoundland on May 12, 1911.
The first passenger and freight trains began operating for common carrier service on the rail line in 1913, however, the tracks did not reach Trepassey until late 1917.
The rail line was abandoned by the Newfoundland Railway in 1931 and the rails were removed in stages from 1933 - 1942.
# Trepe Station

Trepe Station is a railway station serving the Vīpe Parish in the Latgale region of Latvia. It is located on the Riga–Daugavpils Railway. Only 3 trains per day stop here per direction, with an extra summer evening train to Riga on Sundays.
# Treaty of Madrid (1630)

The Treaty of Madrid of 1630 was a peace agreement through which Spain and England ended the Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630) that both countries had been engaged in since 1625. The treaty included the reestablishment of trade relations between the two countries.

## The treaty
### Delegations

After preliminary talks had been held since at least 1629 by informal agents (including Peter Paul Rubens and Balthazar Gerbier), and by the mediation of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy and the offices of Carlos Coloma, Spanish Ambassador in London, the final treaty was signed on 15 November 1630 in Madrid, in the presence of Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares, Íñigo Vélez de Guevara, 8th Count of Oñate and Pedro de Zúñiga y de la Cueva on behalf of King Philip IV of Spain and of Francis Cottington sent by King Charles I of England.

### Agreements

The main points agreed upon in the treaty were:
* Cessation of hostilities; all damages and offenses shall be forgotten; revocation of letters of marque granted during the war.
* Denial of aid and trade with the enemies of the opposing party; none of the signatories will form alliances to the detriment of the other party.
* Restoration of commercial relations according to the terms agreed in the Treaty of London of 1604.
* Spanish ships will have free entry into English ports, and reciprocally, the English ships can enter Spanish ports.
* The subjects of each of the signatory countries will receive the same treatment in the other country as the natives.
* England will interrupt its commercial relations with the Dutch Republic, still at war with Spain in Flanders.
* Merchandise from England, Scotland and Ireland will have free entry into Spain, upon payment of the applicable fees; the same treatment will be received by Spanish merchandise in the British Isles. Merchandise purchased by Englishmen in Spain and destined for third countries will have a surcharge of 30%.
* English citizens will not be harassed by the Spanish Inquisition for reasons of religion.
* Suppression of the right of Aubana.
* In the event of a new war between the two countries, citizens residing in foreign territory will have six months to leave the country, taking their property with them.
* Release of the prisoners taken by both parties during the course of the war, after payment of the expenses caused by their presence; galley slaves will be exempt from this payment.
* Intermediation of England before a hypothetical truce with the Dutch Republic.
* The commercial conditions agreed with Spain will be equally applicable in the Spanish Netherlands. The conditions of the treaty include the allies of both countries.

## Sources

* English version of the treaty.
* British History Online
* The role of Rubens in preparing the treaty
# Ossian (given name)

Ossian is an Anglicised form of the Irish Oisín and the Scottish Gaelic Oisein. The latter names are derived from a byname constructed from the element os ("stag"). Another Anglicised form of Oisín is Osian.
Ossian was one of several names popularised by the romantic works of James Macpherson (died 1796), composer of so-called Ossianic poetry. In consequence, it and other Ossianic names—such as Malvina, Minona, Orla, Oscar, and Selma—were enthusiastically adopted in Scandinavia in the nineteenth century. The specific adoption of Ossian in Denmark does not appear to have been a direct result of the works of Macpherson, however, but owes its popularity there as an import from Sweden. In this way Ossian is similar to the Ossianic names Oscar and Selma which were introduced into Denmark by Swedish immigrants.

## People with the name

* Ossian Berger (1849–1914), Swedish politician and lawyer
* Ossian Brown (born 1969), English musician and artist
* Ossian D'Ambrosio (born 1970), Italian modern Druid, musician and jeweler
* Ossian Donner (1866–1957), Finnish industrialist, engineer, senator and diplomat
* Ossian B. Hart (1821–1874), tenth Governor of Florida, lawyer and Florida Supreme Court justice
* Ossian Everett Mills (1856–1920), founder of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia fraternity
* Ossian Ray (1835–1892), American politician
* Ossian Cole Simonds (1855–1931), American landscape designer
* Ossian Skiöld (1889–1961), Swedish hammer thrower
* Ossian Smyth, Irish Green Party politician
* Ossian Sweet (1895–1960), African-American physician and one of the defendants in the Sweet Trials
* Ossian Wuorenheimo (1845–1917), Finnish politician and member of the Senate of Finland

## Fictional people with the name

* Ossian, narrator and purported author of a cycle of epic poems composed by the Scottish poet James Macpherson from 1760
* Oisín (also spelt Ossian in English), in Irish mythology the greatest poet of Ireland and a warrior

## Citations

* ↑ Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006) pp. 212, 407.
* ↑ Hanks; Hardcastle; Hodges (2006) pp. 212, 354.
* ↑ Vigsø (2001).
* ↑ Vigsø (2001).
* ↑ Fellows-Jensen (2006) pp. 134–136.
# Trechus

Trechus is a genus of ground beetle native to the Palearctic (including Europe) and the Near East. There are more than 1,000 described species in Trechus.
The name of the genus is derived from the Greek word trécho, meaning "I run".
See List of Trechus species for the species in the genus Trechus.
# Tribenoside

Tribenoside (Glyvenol) is a vasoprotective drug used to treat hemorrhoids. It has mild anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound healing properties. Tribenoside stimulates laminin α5 production and laminin-332 deposition to help repair the basement membrane during the wound healing process. It is a mixture of the α- and β-anomers.
Tribenoside has been shown to induce drug hypersensitivity syndrome in association with CMV reactivation.
# Ostium primum atrial septal defect

The ostium primum atrial septal defect is a defect in the atrial septum at the level of the tricuspid and mitral valves. This is sometimes known as an endocardial cushion defect because it often involves the endocardial cushion, which is the portion of the heart where the atrial septum meets the ventricular septum and the mitral valve meets the tricuspid valve.
Endocardial cushion defects are associated with abnormalities of the atrioventricular valves (the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve). These include the cleft mitral valve, and the single atrioventricular valve (a single large, deformed valve that flows into both the right ventricle and the left ventricle).
Endocardial cushion defects are the most common congenital heart defect that is associated with Down syndrome.

## Signs and symptoms

On ECG a left axis deviation is generally found in ostium primum ASD, but an RSR pattern (M pattern) in V1 is characteristic. Fixed splitting of the second heart sound (S2) occurs because of equal filling of the left and right atria during all phases of the respiratory cycle.
Patients with atrial Septal Defects may have atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardia, or atrial flutter, but these abnormal heart rhythms are not usually seen until the affected individual grows older. Features also seen on the ECG include right atrial enlargement and varying degrees of atrioventricular block. When a person is suspected of having an ASD based on the findings of an incomplete right bundle branch block with a rSr' or rSR', the frontal plane QRS should be examined. The frontal plane QRS is the most helpful clue to distinguish between an ostium secundum ASD and an ostium primum ASD. In primum defects left axis deviation is seen in most patients with an axis of > -30 degrees and very few patients have right axis deviation. In contrast ostium secundum defects have an axis between 0 degrees and 180 degrees with most cases to the right of 100 degrees.
In the ECG above, you can see an example of the rSR' pattern in V1 with a R' greater than S with T wave inversion which is commonly seen in volume overload right ventricular hypertrophy.

## Diagnosis
### Classification

A defect in the ostium primum is occasionally classified as an atrial septal defect, but it is more commonly classified as an atrioventricular septal defect.

## Treatment

Hemodynamically significant ASDs (flow ratio 1.5:1) are large enough to be closed surgically. The long term prognosis is excellent. Pulmonary hypertension with shunt reversal is a contraindication for surgery, however the pulmonary hypertension can frequently be treated with medicines. The hole can then be closed safely with a good long term prognosis.
# Treleaven

Treleaven is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dick Treleaven (born 1934), Canadian politician
* Freeman Ferrier Treleaven (1884–1952), Canadian lawyer and politician
* Ross Treleaven (1907–1994), Australian rules footballer
* Scott Treleaven, Canadian artist and filmmaker
# Trematidae

Trematidae is an extinct family in the brachiopod superfamily Discinoidea.
# Tremar Coombe

Tremar Coombe is a small hamlet situated in the former Caradon District north of Liskeard in Cornwall. "Tremar" ("Trevargh") means "Mark's farm" or "Horse farm" in Cornish. It is considered an "industrial settlement" in that it was largely constructed during the mid-nineteenth century to accommodate workers at nearby mines and quarries and their families. The prefix Tre in Cornish stands for farm or homestead, and the word coombe comes from old English cumb, a narrow valley or deep hollow.
# Trefnant railway station

Trefnant railway station served the village of Trefnant in North Wales.

## History

It opened in 1858 and closed for passengers in 1955 and freight in 1957. Works were commenced in 1864 to double the line between Trefnant and the railway's junction with the Mold and Denbigh line.
The station platform and the siding area was still visible until the Llys Teg housing association estate was built around 1990.
There was a railway bridge at the top of "Hafod" on the A541 in the village which is now demolished but is still visible as a hump in the road.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Llannerch | London and North Western Railway Vale of Clwyd Railway | Denbigh |
# Triatoma dominicana

Triatoma dominicana is an extinct species of assassin bug in the subfamily Triatominae, the kissing bugs known from early Miocene Burdigalian stage Dominican amber deposits on the island of Hispaniola.
The species is known from a single 5th instar female nymph exuvia found in Hymenaea protera amber from deposits in the Dominican Republic. The holotype, deposited in the Oregon State University as specimen number He-4-73, was mined from the La Toca Dominican amber mine. The specimen was first mentioned in a 1995 paper describing the extinct tick Ornithodorus antiquus. Though mostly complete the exuvia is missing the right foreleg, the left middle leg, a small section of antenna and the anteocular region. Triatoma dominicana is the first extinct Triatominae species to be described from the fossil record. Included in the amber specimen are two fecal pellets from the insect which contain preserved flagellates of the extinct Trypanosoma antiquus. This association is the oldest known example of the vector association between Triatoma and Trypanosoma. T. dominicana lived in an environment similar to modern moist tropical rain forests.
Though similar to the modern genera Triatoma, Panstrongylus, and Eratyrus several physical characters in the specimen are distinct to Triatoma, the size, at 19.5 millimetres (0.77 in) being smaller than Eratyrus nymphs, and the head and thorax being granulose. Modern Hispaniola does not have an endemic population of Triatominae species and only the human introduced T. rubrofasciata. Of the three endemic Triatominae species found in the Greater Antilles T. dominicana resembles some features of T. obscura found on Jamaica. Based on the contents of the amber specimen including three hematophagous insects, it is likely to have been formed in a tree cavity. Associated with the insects are several mammal hairs from an unidentified Chiropteran, the likely host for T. dominicana.