OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tim Burns (Michigan politician)

Timothy J. Burns (born 1973) is a former Democratic Oakland County Commissioner for the 19th District, which covers parts of Clawson and Troy.

## Biography

Burns is a graduate of Bradley University and the University of Detroit Law School. He is married to his wife, Barbra, and resides in Clawson, where he has been very involved in his community. He is the President of the Troy Community Coalition for the Prevention of Alcohol & Drug Abuse, and also is a member of the Board of Directors for the Clawson Chamber of Commerce and the Clawson Community Credit Union. Burns is also a member of the Troy Jaycees and the Vice President of the Clawson-Troy Optimist Club.

## County Commissioner

In 2006, Burns was elected to the County Commission, defeating Republican former Troy Mayor Matt Pryor. This was considered an upset victory, as this is traditionally a Republican seat. Burns, however, benefited from a large ground campaign and the endorsement of former Troy Mayor Jeanne Stine, a Republican.
In the County Commission, Burns's principal issues include preventing urban sprawl, limiting government bureaucracy, and providing county services without raising taxes.
In 2008, Burns was unopposed and won the Democratic primary, and defeated Republican opponent Mike Bosnic, president of the Clawson School Board, for reelection on November 4, 2008.
In 2010 Burns lost his seat on the Oakland County Commission to Republican Mike Bosnic.
# Thomas de Ringstead

Thomas de Ringstead (died 1366) was an English Dominican who became Bishop of Bangor.

## Life

Ringstead was educated at Cambridge, where he also taught theology. He became a Dominican, studied in France and Italy, and was appointed penitentiary to Pope Innocent VI, who, on 21 August 1357, provided him to the see of Bangor. He died in the Dominican monastery at Shrewsbury on 8 January 1366.
# Per Eriksson (professor)

Per Filip Billy Eriksson (born 1949 in Sölvesborg, Sweden) is a Swedish scientist and professor in signal processing. He served as rector of Lund University from 2009 to 2014, as rector of Blekinge Institute of Technology from 1989 to 2000 and director-general at Vinnova from 2001 to 2008. His membership in the Baptist Hyllie Park Church was once the subject of a heated controversy regarding his appointment as rector of Lund University.
# Kolari (disambiguation)

Kolari is a town in Finland. Kolari may also refer to:
* Kolari, Pajala [sv], a small village in Sweden, very near the Finnish Kolari
* Kolari (island), an island in Leningrad Oblast, Russia
* Kolari (Smederevo), a village in Serbia
* Kolari, Kičevo, a village in North Macedonia
* Kolari, Agra, a village in Uttar Pradesh, India
* Kolari, Kerala, a village in Kerala State, India
* Kolari (caste), an Indian caste
# Macrotona securiformis

Macrotona securiformis, the Inland Macrotona, is a species of short-horned grasshopper in the family Acrididae, first described by in 1921 by Bror Yngve Sjöstedt, as Eumacrotona securiformis. It is found in Australia.
# Richard Laqueur

Richard Laqueur (27 March 1881 – 25 November 1959) was a German historian and philologist born in Strassburg.
He studied classical literature and history at the Universities of Bonn and Strassburg, and in 1904 received his doctorate of philosophy. In 1912 he was made a full professor at Strassburg, and during the same year was appointed professor at the University of Giessen. From 1914 to 1918 he performed military duties during World War I, and in 1919 returned to Giessen, where he remained until 1930. Laqueur was rector at the university in 1922/23.
In 1930 he became a professor at the University of Tübingen, and two years later a professor at the University of Halle. Because he was Jewish, Laqueur was removed from his position at Halle in 1936, and in 1939 emigrated to the United States. After World War II, he returned to Germany, but was denied his former status at Halle due to bureaucratic obstacles. In 1952 he moved to Hamburg, where he was later granted an honorary professorship.
Laqueur was a specialist of ancient Greek and Roman history, and was particularly interested in the economic history of their civilizations. He conducted extensive research of the ancient historians Polybius and Flavius Josephus, and made literary contributions to the Pauly-Wissowa- Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft.

## Selected works

* Quaestiones epigraphicae et papyrologicae selectae, 1904.
* Kritische Untersuchungen zum zweiten Makkabäerbuch, 1904 – Critical investigations on the Second Book of Maccabees.
* Polybius, 1912 – On Polybius.
* Der jüdische Historiker Flavius Josephus; ein biographischer Versuch auf neuer quellenkritischer Grundlage, 1920 – The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus.
* Epigraphische Untersuchungen zu den griechischen Volksbeschlüssen, 1927.
* Eusebius als Historiker seiner Zeit, 1929 – Eusebius as a historian of his time.
* Probleme der Spätantike, (with Herbert Koch and Wilhelm Weber, 1930) – Problems of Late Antiquity.
# Education in Póvoa de Varzim

Póvoa de Varzim has public, denominational and independent schools in the city and rural areas. Public education in the municipality is provided by five school districts (from kindergartens to 9th grade): Flávio Gonçalves, Cego do Maio, Aver-o-Mar, Campo Aberto, and Rates. These school districts arrange the schools of different locales of the municipality and are headed by EB 2/3 schools that give the name to the respective districts. In terms of independent schools the most distinguished are the Grande Colégio da Póvoa de Varzim and Campo Verde School of Agriculture.
Secondary education in Póvoa de Varzim was introduced in 1882 to respond to the needs of a community that prospered due to fishery and tourist industries. Thus the Municipal Institute with key skills in Portuguese, French, Latin, Geometry, History, and Complementary Primary Instruction was created. The Municipal Institute became the genesis of the National Lyceum created in 1904, now the Eça de Queirós Secondary School, that maintains its humanist outlook.
In 1892, the formation of the trade association led to the immediate creation of mercantile and commercial accounting classes that would be genesis of the Rocha Peixoto Commercial School (created in 1924), which in 1940 was renamed Industrial and Commercial School, and is now Rocha Peixoto Secondary School, a school that still promises to turn out skilled professionals.
The Porto Polytechnic runs, jointly in Póvoa de Varzim and Vila do Conde, the Superior School of Industrial Studies and Management (ESEIG), which once was based in two campuses (one in each city), but it was united in a single new school, on the border between the two cities.
The illiteracy level in Póvoa de Varzim was reduced between 1991 and 2001 from 7 to 5.9 percent. A little more than one quarter of the population now has intermediate or superior level qualifications.
# Oklahoma Lake

Oklahoma Lake is located in north east Oklahoma City in the Canadian river valley and borders the North Canadian River by Westminster Road. The surface area is around 60 ares (65,000 sq ft) with a 0.5 ares (540 sq ft) island and the shoreline is primarily sand. The lake is fed from ground water and the water is usually calm because of the low elevation. The primary fish species are crappie, bass, and channel catfish. Oklahoma Lake activities include swimming, camping, picnics, fishing, and jet-ski sports.
# OVW Hardcore Championship

The OVW Hardcore Championship was a short-lived hardcore wrestling title in World Wrestling Entertainment's former developmental territory, Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW). The title was created in 2000 and was deactivated in 2001. Rather than being physically represented by a conventional championship belt, the OVW Hardcore Championship was represented by a trash can.

## Title history

Key :
| No. | Overall reign number |
| Reign | Reign number for the specific champion |
| Days | Number of days held |
| No. | Champion | Championship change | Championship change | Championship change | Reign statistics | Reign statistics | Notes | Ref. |
| No. | Champion | Date | Event | Location | Reign | Days | Notes | Ref. |
| 1 | Trailer Park Trash | June 23, 2000 | Rockin' Rumble 2000 | Louisville, KY | 1 | 116 | Trash defeated Flash Flanagan to become the inaugural champion.. | |
| 2 | Mr. Black | October 17, 2000 | Night of the Demon 2000 | Louisville, KY | 1 | 120 | | |
| 3 | Randy Orton | February 14, 2001 | N/A | Jeffersonville, IN | 1 | 38 | | |
| 4 | Flash Flanagan | March 24, 2001 | N/A | Jeffersonville, IN | 1 | 42 | | |
| 5 | Randy Orton | May 5, 2001 | OVW TV Tapings | Jeffersonville, IN | 2 | 7 | | |
| — | Deactivated | May 12, 2001 | — | — | — | — | | |

## List of combined reigns

| Rank | Wrestler | No. of reigns | Combined days |
| 1 | Mr. Black | 1 | 120 |
| 2 | Trailer Park Trash | 1 | 116 |
| 3 | Randy Orton | 2 | 45 |
| 4 | Flash Flanagan | 1 | 42 |
# Persistence (discontinuity)

Persistence determines the possibilities of relative movement along a discontinuity in a soil or rock mass in geotechnical engineering. Discontinuities are usually differentiated in persistent, non-persistent, and abutting discontinuities (figure).

## Persistent discontinuity

A persistent discontinuity is a continuous plane in a soil or rock mass. Shear displacement takes place if the shear stress along the discontinuity plane exceeds the shear strength of the discontinuity plane.

## Non-persistent discontinuity

A non-persistent discontinuity ends in intact soil or rock. Before movement of the material on both sides of a non-persistent discontinuity is possible, the discontinuity has to extend and break through intact material. As intact material has virtually always far higher shear strength than the discontinuity, a non-persistent discontinuity will have larger shear strength than a persistent discontinuity.

## Abutting discontinuity

An abutting discontinuity abuts against another discontinuity. Abutting discontinuities might continue at the other side of the intersecting discontinuity, however, with a displacement to give so-called ‘stepped planes’. Shear displacement along the discontinuity can take place if the shear strength along the discontinuity plane is exceeded, and the blocks of material against which the discontinuity abuts can move or break.

## Anisotropic persistence

A discontinuity might be persistent in dip direction but be not persistent perpendicular to the dip direction or vice versa.
# Kocourekia

Kocourekia is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
# Macrotorus

Macrotorus is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Monimiaceae. The only species is Macrotorus utriculatus.
Its native range is Southeastern Brazil.
# Zenith Flash-matic

The Zenith Flash-Matic was the first wireless remote control, invented by Eugene Polley in 1955. It had only one button that was used to power on and off, channel up, channel down, and mute. The Flash-matic's phototechnology was a significant innovation in television and allowed for wireless signal transfer previously exclusive to radio.

## Design and production

Earlier remotes could turn sets on/off and change channels, but were connected to the TV with a cable. The Flash-matic came in response to consumer complaints about the inconvenience of these cables running from the transmitter to the TV monitor. Earlier remotes served as the central control system for transmitting complex signals to the receiving monitor. The Flash-matic instead placed the complexity in the receiver as opposed to the transmitter. It used a directional beam of light to control a television outfitted with four photo cells in the corners of the screen. The light signal would activate one of the four control functions, which turned the picture and sound on or off, and turned the channel tuner dial clockwise or counter-clockwise. The bottom receptors received the signal to mute and power on/off, and the upper cells received signals to channel up/down. In order for the light beam to be received by the monitor, the remote control had to be directed towards one of the four photocells. The system responded to full-spectrum light so it could be activated or interfered with by other light sources including indoor light bulbs and the sun. Despite these defects, the Flash-matic remained in high demand. In September 1955, Zenith apologized for its inability to meet the consumer demand. The Flash-matic was soon replaced by better control systems. The "Zenith Space Command" remote control went into production in 1956 with aims to improve upon the Flash-matic's design.

## Advertisement Campaign

The Flash-matic was marketed as an interactive technology and tuning device for the television. Muting was the first control feature to be included on a remote control but unavailable on the monitor. The advertising campaign for the Flash-matic remote control emphasized its ability to "shut off annoying commercials while the picture remains on the screen." The mute button was explicitly designed for the purpose of tuning out the commercials. As a result of this new feature as well as the Flash-matic's pistol shape, the Flash-matic's ad campaigns invited viewers to "shoot" the annoying commercials or announcers that they were tired of listening to, while leaving the image present so that the viewer would know when to turn the sound back on.
# Oklahoma Library Association

The Oklahoma Library Association (OLA) is a non-profit organization that promotes libraries and library services and provides professional development for library personnel in the state of Oklahoma. OLA is a chapter of both the American Library Association and the Mountain Plains Library Association. OLA hosts workshops throughout the year and holds an Annual Conference. OLA is the official sponsor of the Sequoyah Book Award, the third oldest U.S. state children's choice award.

## History

OLA was formed on May 16, 1907 by a small group of librarians from the University of Oklahoma and nearby normal schools as well as public libraries. The meeting was hosted by the now-defunct Carnegie Library in downtown Oklahoma City. These librarians were interested in forming a statewide library association to ensure the "statewide extension of tax-supported library service" and "to explore a more economical way of transporting...books."
OLA has sponsored the Read Y'all celebrity poster literacy campaign and the Mildred Laughlin Festival of Books. OLA used to publish a newsletter called Oklahoma Librarian, which ceased in 2018.

## Notable Members

* Ruth Brown
* Ruby Canton, daughter of lawman and former outlaw Frank M. Canton
* Milton J. Ferguson
* Edmon Low
* Allie Beth Martin
* Lotsee Patterson
* Pat Woodrum
# Thyene imperialis

Thyene imperialis is a jumping spider species in the genus Thyene.

## Distribution

The spider is widely distributed in Southern Europe, North and East Africa, across the Middle East to Central Asia, China, India and Indonesia. It has been observed in Iran and Turkmenistan.
* female from Thailand
* male from Greece
# Permosynoidea

Permosynoidea is a superfamily of Protocoleoptera that contains two known families. The type family is Permosynidae.
# Kolumba

The Kolumba (previously Diözesanmuseum, "Diocesan Museum") is an art museum in Cologne, Germany. It is located on the site of the former St. Kolumba church, and run by the Archdiocese of Cologne. It is one of the oldest museums in the city, alongside the Wallraf-Richartz Museum.

## History

The museum was founded by the Society for Christian Art in 1853, and taken over by the Archdiocese of Cologne in 1989.
Until 2007 it was located near Cologne Cathedral. Its new home, built from 2003 to 2007, was designed by Peter Zumthor and inaugurated by Joachim Meisner. The site was originally occupied by the romanesque Church of St. Kolumba, which was destroyed in World War II and replaced in 1950 by a Gottfried Böhm chapel nicknamed the "Madonna of the Ruins".
The new structure Peter Zumthor built for the museum now shares its site with the ruins of the Gothic church and the 1950s chapel, wrapping a perforated grey brick facade like a cloak around both, the museum and old church. The sixteen exhibition rooms possess varying qualities with regard to incoming daylight, size, proportion, and pathways. The work on the project yielded the following reduction: light gray brick walls (Kolumba stones) and clay plaster, flooring made of Jura limestone, terrazzo, and mortar, ceilings made of a poured mortar shell, window frames, doors, casings and fittings of steel, wall paneling and furniture of wood, textiles and leather, curtains of leather and silk.

## Collection

The collection includes paintings, drawings, prints, sculptures, decorative art and religious icons from Late Antiquity to the present. Apart from a few works on permanent display, the presentation features a regularly changing selection of the museum's holdings. The items are generally displayed without accompanying text, and in no particular chronological or stylistic order.
Highlights include:
* The Hermann Ida Cross, an 11th-century processional cross made of gilded bronze.
* A 12th-century ivory crucifix in romanesque Rhenish or Mosan style.
* A collection of rosaries.
* Stefan Lochner: Madonna with the Violet (pre-1450).
* Paul Thek: Shrine (1969).
* Jannis Kounellis: Tragedia civile (1975).
* A large collection of works by Leiko Ikemura.

## Awards

* 2008: Hanns-Schaefer Prize from the Cologne Home- and Landowners Association.
* 2008: Prize for Architecture in Germany from the German Architecture Museum in Frankfurt.
* 2008: Brick Award for contemporary European brick architecture from Wienerberger.
* 2008: Energy-Efficient Architecture in Germany Prize (third class) from the Wüstenrot Foundation.
* 2008: Praemium Imperiale (category: architecture) from the Japan Art Association, awarded to Zumthor.
* 2009: Museum Prize for Curators and Exhibition Hosts from the Kulturstiftung hbs.
* 2010: Cologne Architecture Prize from the Association of the Cologne Architecture Prize.
* 2011: Architecture Prize North Rhine-Westphalia from the Association of German Architects - Regional Association North Rhine-Westphalia (BDA-Landesverband NRW).
# Macropartisanship

In the United States, macropartisanship refers to the shifts in political party affiliation related to presidential popularity and political events such as wars or scandals. There is strong evidence to prove that presidential popularity and party identification move together. For example, in the 1980s, there was strong support for Republican President Ronald Reagan. Although the number of Republicans did not actually increase, the voters simply responded to the political world. Another example of this occurred in the 1960s with the election of the popular Democratic President John F. Kennedy.
Macropartisanship implies that people respond to the political world when making up their party identification. Older and more politically sophisticated people are less likely to take current events into account as their political views are more fossilized. Younger and/or weakly affiliated identifiers tend to be more affected by external events and influences.
Macropartisanship is one of several attempts by political scientists in recent years to explain the disconnect between individuals who seem to be relatively uninformed on political matters and public opinion, which seems to respond rationally to political figures and events.
The term macropartisanship was first used by American political scientists Michael MacKuen, Robert Erikson and James Stimson in 1989, to describe the overall balance between the Republican and Democratic Parties in the United States.
In the work of MacKuen and his colleagues, as well as in later work drawing on the concept, macropartisanship theory begins with the notion that short-term shifts in the party balance are systematic, rather than random (as in the "non-attitudes" explanation put forward by Converse in "The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics," 1964). These shifts can be the result of presidential popularity, subjective views of the economy, or political events such as wars or scandals, and are measured through the series of party identification questions used on a variety of surveys.
While this work has been widely cited, it has been controversial. The most serious criticisms of these findings come from a measurement theory perspective, and argue that much of the variation in party identification is due to measurement error, rather than any real change.
# Zenith Gallery

Zenith Gallery is a fine arts gallery in Washington, D.C.

## History

The gallery was established in 1978 by artist and former Washington, D.C. Art Commissioner Margery E. Goldberg. Since its beginning, the gallery has relocated several times and it is currently located at 1429 Iris Street NW, Washington D.C. Goldberg also programs art for the lobby at 1111 Pennsylvania Ave. NW.
The gallery is one of the oldest continuously operating galleries in the city and was honored in 2018 by the Council of the District of Columbia in a ceremony in celebration of the 40th anniversary of the gallery, and in "recognition for its contributions to the District of Columbia and the Greater Washington Metropolitan Area."

## Artists represented

Zenith Gallery has exhibited or represents both regional, national and international artists, including John Grazier, Sylvia Snowden, Robert Freeman, Anne Marchand, Bradley Stevens, Curtis Woody, Christopher Malone, Stephen Hansen, Alan Binstock, Beatriz Blanco, Renee duRocher, Joel D'Orazio, Joan Konkel, Donna McCullough, Davis Morton, Paula Stern, Erwin Timmers, Paul Martin Wolff, and others.

## Notable exhibitions

In a 1979 review of artist Sylvia Snowden, The Washington Post art critic highlighted that Snowden "sought specifically to express the agony of displacement, poverty and neglect which afflicts the people in her downtown Washington neighborhood." In a 1991 review of artist John Grazier, the same newspaper's art critic and observed that "there's a 'You Can't Go Home Again' quality to Grazier's many paintings of handsome clapboard houses, whose owners -- like the tenant of the open bird cage on a windowsill -- seem to have long ago flown the coop.
In 2004, Washington City Paper's photography critic highlighted the then novel use of Photoshop "cranked up to 11" in an exhibit by photographer David Glick.
In 2018, The Washington Post highlighted the exhibition "celebrating" the gallery's 40th anniversary. In 2022, immediately following the death of American actress Betty White, the gallery organized an impromptu exhibition in homage to White titled Betty White Unites!. The curator and gallery director noted that “This country is so, so, so divided, but I thought [the exhibit] would be something that unites people."
# Ron Gardin

Ron Gardin (born September 25, 1944) is a former NFL professional American football defensive back and kick returner. He played in Super Bowl V for the Baltimore Colts. He played college football at the University of Arizona.
After his professional football career ended, he worked as a Recreational Coordinator for the Marty Birdman Recreation Center in the Tucson Parks and Recreation Department. He is a past president of the NFL's Retired Players Association.

## Sources

* ↑ News Releases Arizona Super Bowl, March 13, 2007
* This biographical article relating to an American football defensive back born in the 1940s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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