OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chung To

Chung To (Chinese: 杜聰; born 1966 or 1967) is a Chinese AIDS activist. He founded the Chi Heng Foundation (CHF) in 1998, which primarily serves AIDS orphans in Hong Kong and mainland China.

## Early life and education

Chung To was born in British Hong Kong . His family was originally from northern China（ Hebei province ), with his grandfather working in the railroad industry. They fled to Hong Kong in 1937 under threat of Japanese invasion.
As a child, his family moved to the United States, in hopes of giving To and his sister, Wing, a good education. As a result, he has dual American and Hong Kong citizenship. In the 1980s, To came out to his friends as gay. He received his bachelor's degree in engineering from Columbia University, and a master's degree in East Asian studies from Harvard University in 1991.
After graduating, To worked as an investment banker for a decade, first working on Wall Street for Lehman Brothers and then in Hong Kong for firm UBS beginning in 1995.

## Activism

To first became involved in AIDS activism in the 1980s, when he participated in the AIDS walk and campus events at Columbia. He then became introduced to tongzhi and AIDS activism in Hong Kong after beginning work there in 1995. In 1997, he decided to use his business skills to further activist work.
To co-founded the Chi Heng Foundation (CHF; Chi Heng meaning "wisdom in action") in 1998, and had devoted himself fully to the foundation by 2001. In 2002, after meeting some AIDS orphans, he shifted the foundation's focus to serve AIDS orphans in China, through programs offering "tuition and school aid...psychosocial support, art therapy, summer camps, and vocational training". In 2005, CHF's Henan office was briefly shut down by local officials. To has publicly focused on child welfare and diplomatic language to avoid being targeted for his role as an AIDS activist.
In 2006, To was invited to speak at the Central Chinese Communist Party School in Beijing, one of only a few NGO leaders to do so.
By 2011, CHF had expanded to have branches in Beijing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai, and the provinces of Anhui and Henan. In 2015, CHF received the China Charity Award from the Ministry of Civil Affairs.

## Recognition

To was awarded the 2007 Ramon Magsaysay Award for Emergent Leadership (shared with Chen Guangcheng). In 2010, BNP Paribas presented him with an award for individual philanthropy.
# Church of St Aldhelm and St Eadburgha, Broadway

The Church of St Aldhelm and St Eadburgha in Broadway, Somerset, England dates from the 13th century, and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building.
The dedication is unusual. St Aldhelm (c. 639-25 May 709), was Abbot of Malmesbury Abbey, Bishop of Sherborne, Latin poet and Anglo-Saxon literature scholar, was born before the middle of the 7th century.
According to the Historic England website, the other dedication is to St. Eadburh of Winchester, granddaughter of King Alfred. Most other churches dedicated to her are in the vicinity of Pershore Abbey, Worcestershire, where some of her remains were transferred after her death: a cult grew up around her veneration. The second dedication to St Eadburgha may be relatively modern: A Topographical Dictionary of England (1848) lists it as being dedicated to St. Aldelme (sic) only.
Old English and Medieval spellings are found in various forms, and St. Eadburgha is probably not to be confused with Edburga of Bicester, an English saint from the 7th century and a daughter of King Penda of Mercia. There are thought to be only two churches dedicated to her, in Bicester and Stratton Audley, both in Oxfordshire.
The church's isolated position away from the village is thought to be because of an outbreak of the plague.
The churchyard cross is also from the 13th century.
The church also still houses the original wooden bier used at funerals over a century ago.
# Chợ Mới district, An Giang province

Chợ Mới is a rural district (huyện) of An Giang province in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Chợ Mới is the district with the largest population in An Giang province. As of 2019, the district had a population of 307,981. The district covers 355 km². The district's capital lies at Chợ Mới.
In addition to the district capital Chợ Mới, there are two other urban subdivisions, Mỹ Luông Town and Hội An Town. The rural communes are: Kiến An, Kiến Thành, Mỹ Hội Đông, Nhơn Mỹ, Long Giang, Long Điền A, Long Điền B, Tân Mỹ, Mỹ Hiệp, Bình Phước Xuân, Long Kiến, An Thạch Trung, Hòa Bình and Hoà An. The district is heavily criss-crossed by waterways in the delta, causing the district to consist of small islands. Hòa Hảo, Cao Đài, Protestantism and Roman Catholicism are the main religions.
# Chợ Mới district, Bắc Kạn

Chợ Mới is a rural district of Bắc Kạn province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 37,665. The district covers an area of 606 km$^2$. The district capital lies at Chợ Mới.

## Administrative divisions

The district is divided into one township, Chợ Mới (the district capital) and communes:
* Quảng Chu
* Yên Đĩnh
* Như Cố
* Bình Văn
* Yên Hân
* Yên Cư
* Thanh Bình
* Nông Hạ
* Nông Thịnh
* Cao Kỳ
* Tân Sơn
* Hòa Mục
* Thanh Vận
* Thanh Mai
* Mai Lạp
# Chà Cang

Chà Cang is a commune (xã) and village of the Nậm Pồ District of Điện Biên Province, northwestern Vietnam.
* This article about a location in Điện Biên province, Vietnam is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# City News & Novelty, Inc. v. City of Waukesha

City News & Novelty, Inc. v. Waukesha, 531 U.S. 278 (2001), was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 2001. The case concerned the denial of a business license for an adult store which sold sexually explicit materials. The Court eventually dismissed the case as the store had withdrawn their application to renew their license.

## Background

In Freeman v. Maryland the United States Supreme Court announced procedural requirements necessary to guard against unconstitutional prior restraint. Under this regime, the state of Wisconsin set up an administrative review process for reconsidering denials of licenses for adult stores. City News & Novelty, Inc., requested a renewal to operate their business in the city of Waukesha. Their application was denied.
Wisconsin state courts upheld the denial and the store appealed to the Supreme Court, arguing that they were not afforded proper judicial review of their matter before lower courts. The Supreme Court accepted the case to resolve a split amongst state and federal courts over how swift judicial review in these matters must be.
Jeff Scott Olson, the attorney for the store, called the Supreme Court appeal important. According to Olson, "prompt judicial review" is important because municipal decisions on license matters can sometimes happen for a "distaste" of the particular business.

## Opinion of the Court

Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote the decision for a unanimous court, dismissing the case. The basis for the dismissal was that City News had withdrawn its renewal application entirely. This meant that there was no "cognizable interest in the outcome" of the case. While expressing a desire to resolve the important question in this case regarding judicial review of state censorship, there was no way for the matter to survive when there was no live controversy.
# Citizens for a Free Kuwait

Citizens for a Free Kuwait (CFK) was an astroturf operation established by the Kuwaiti government to persuade the American public to look favourably at US military action in the Persian Gulf (the subsequent Operation Desert Storm). Its principal payment was to public relations firm Hill & Knowlton, who was associated with the false testimony to the US Congress given by Nayirah al-Ṣabaḥ.

## Congressional Human Rights Caucus

In October 1990 Nayirah, a teenage girl, testified before the Congressional Human Rights Caucus, that she had seen Iraqi soldiers remove hundreds of Kuwaiti babies from incubators and leave them to die on hospital floors. The chairmen of the congressional group explained that the witness's identity would be kept secret to protect her family in occupied Kuwait. President George H. W. Bush cited the incubator story six times in speeches and seven senators cited the story as a reason for voting to give the Bush administration authorization for the Gulf War. The atrocities of the Iraqis in Kuwait were compared to that of the Nazis.

## Investigations

After the Liberation of Kuwait campaign, an ABC News reporter interviewed hospital doctors who stayed in Kuwait throughout the Iraqi occupation and indicated that the story was almost certainly false. Subsequent investigation showed that unknown to most members of the Caucus, the 15-year-old Kuwait girl was the daughter of the Kuwaiti ambassador to the United States, Saud bin Nasir Al-Sabah. As one reporter observed, such knowledge might have led to demands of proof of Nayirah's whereabouts when she said she witnessed the atrocities and calls for corroboration of the story.
The congressmen co-chairing the committee, who knew the true identity of the teen-age witness, had close relationships with Hill and Knowlton, the public relations firm hired by Citizens for a Free Kuwait, the group financed by Kuwait which lobbied for Congress for U.S. military intervention. A vice president of Hill and Knowlton helped organize the congressional hearings. The same Hill & Knowlton vice president had previously defended the human rights record of Turkey, which had been criticized for jailing people without due process and torturing and killing them. He also lobbied for Hill & Knowlton on behalf of Indonesia, which has, since 1975, killed more than 100,000 people in East Timor.
A video of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait was the second most used PR video release in 1990, with 61 million viewers. It was produced by Hill & Knowlton for Citizens for a Free Kuwait.

## Response from Hill & Knowlton

In a letter of rebuttal, the president and CEO of Hill & Knowlton, Thomas E. Eidson, wrote that the firm had not at any time collaborated with anyone to produce knowingly deceptive testimony, that Nayirah was inside Kuwait at the time in question and had volunteered to work under an assumed name at the Al-Adan Hospital, and that the United States embassy confirmed that she was in Kuwait at the time. He also cited testimony to the United Nations by the head of the Kuwaiti Red Crescent citing firsthand involvement in burying newborn babies taken from their incubators by soldiers.
# Cistus populifolius

Cistus populifolius is a shrubby species of flowering plant in the family Cistaceae.

## Phylogeny

Cistus populifolius belongs to the white and whitish pink flowered clade of Cistus species.
Species-level cladogram of Cistus species. :
| Halimium spp.     Halimium spp.  PPC     Cistus crispus       Cistus heterophyllus     Cistus albidus   Cistus creticus     Cistus asper   Cistus chinamadensis   Cistus horrens   Cistus ocreatus   Cistus osbeckiifolius   Cistus palmensis   Cistus symphytifolius   WWPC       Cistus clusii   Cistus munbyi     Cistus inflatus   Cistus ladanifer   Cistus laurifolius   Cistus libanotis   Cistus monspeliensis   Cistus parviflorus   Cistus populifolius   Cistus pouzolzii   Cistus salviifolius   Cistus sintenisii | Purple Pink Clade  White Whitish Pink Clade |
Species-level cladogram of Cistus species, based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequences. :
# Humberto Aranda

Humberto Aranda (born 14 March 1966) is a Costa Rican former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2008, challenging for the WBC light middleweight title in 1999. As an amateur, he competed in the men's welterweight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
# Liu Zhongde (translator)

Liu Zhongde (Chinese: 刘重德; 1914–2008) was a Chinese translator and professor of English language and Western literature.

## Early life

He was born in rural Hua County, Henan province, China. In 1934, he enrolled in Peking University, majoring in English Language and Western Literature. After graduation, he taught at the First Provincial High School at Kunming, Yunnan (1938-1940), National Central University at Chongqing and at Nanking (1944-1946), National Kaifeng University (1946~1947), National Hengshan Normal College (1947-1949), Hunan University (1949-1958), and Hunan Normal University (1958-1988).

## World War II

From 1940 to 1944, during World War II, Liu served in China's central government as chief director of Chongqing Warehouse, the biggest distribution system of U.S. aid supplies in China. He served as senior inspector of Sino-Myanmar Highway Project and director-general of Organization Division, Central Organization Department of KMT (the Chinese Nationalist Party).
During his tenure as the chief director of Chongqing Warehouse, the warehouse suffered a bombardment by Japanese Air Forces. While working as a senior inspector in the Sino-Myanmar Highway Project, Liu contracted malaria. Presumed dead, the medic wrapped his body in a sheet of rush mat and left him in the wilderness. A low-ranking crew member found and tended to him for three days until he regained consciousness.
While working in the Kuomintang's Central Organization Department, whenever conducting inspection in military units, he wore the uniform of a Major-General of the National Army. He needed a close working relationship with the administrative staff of the United States or the United Kingdom in each specific program.

## Post-war

When the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) overthrew the Nationalist government in 1949, the CPC security division identified him as a "suspect of American-and-Chiang Kai-shek spy".
In the Cultural Revolution he was detained in a labor camp by the Public Order Division (POD) under the Revolutionary Committee of Hunan Normal College (now Hunan Normal University) for a year from 1967 to 1968 and then exiled to Pingjiang Farm, the college's labor camp in Pingjiang county, Hunan.
In the early 1970s Liu was recalled from the farm by the government of Hunan province and positioned as the chief translator training supervisor in Yueyang Fertilizer Plant Construction Headquarters at Yueyang, Hunan province to support the expert teams from the United States, Germany and Japan.
Liu was successful in academic research as a well-known professor. His books Study on "as" and Study on Shakespeare were collected by the British Library in the 1970s, and Ten Lectures on Translation was chosen as the textbook for graduates by Peking University and Tsinghua University since the late 1990s.
# Megachile fabricator

Megachile fabricator is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Smith in 1868.
# Ryusei Sagusa

Ryusei Sagusa (三枝龍生 Sagusa Ryusei) is a Yoshinkan aikido master. He spent many years as an uchi-deshi of Yoshinkan founder Gozo Shioda.

## Publications

* 体は何でも知っている (ちくま文庫) 2010.
# Ctenjapyx boneti

Ctenjapyx boneti is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae. It is found in Central America.
# Troy Mellanson

Troy Mellanson (born 22 December 1981) is an Antiguan and Barbudan footballer, who last played for Old Road in the Antigua and Barbuda Premier Division.

## Club career

Mellanson grew up in St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda, and played for both Empire FC and Future Stars F.C. in the Antigua and Barbuda Premier Division, prior to moving to the United States to attend college. He was named a 2005 NAIA All American while at Indiana Wesleyan University and played for the University of South Carolina Upstate and Greensboro College.
He later returned to Antigua and played for Old Road.

## International career

Mellanson is a full international for the Antiguan national team, and featured in two of its qualifying games for the 2010 World Cup against Cuba on 17 June 2008, and 22 June 2008.
# Salmon Cove

Salmon Cove is a town in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. The town had a population of 764 in the Canada 2021 Census, up from 695 in 2016.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Salmon Cove had a population of 764 living in 340 of its 393 total private dwellings, a change of 12.4% from its 2016 population of 680. With a land area of 4.21 km$^2$ (1.63 sq mi), it had a population density of 181.5/km$^2$ (470.0/sq mi) in 2021.
# Claire Martin

Claire or Clare Martin may refer to:
* Claire Martin (gymnast) (born 1998), French artistic gymnast
* Clare Martin (ice hockey) (1922–1980), Canadian NHL player
* Claire Martin (meteorologist), British-Canadian meteorologist, broadcaster, and environmentalist
* Claire Martin (singer) (born 1967), English jazz singer
* Claire Martin (writer) (1914–2014), Canadian author
# Classic Elton John

Classic Elton John is a compilation of Elton John tracks released by PolyGram Special Markets in 1994. It was available as a CD or cassette only from McDonald's as a promotion to raise money for the Ronald McDonald House Charities.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Bernie Taupin; all music is composed by Elton John
# Megachile excavata

Megachile excavata is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1937.
# Cruachan

Cruachan may refer to:

## Ireland

* Cruachan, Ireland, the ancient capital of the kingdom of Connachta in Ireland
* Croaghaun, a mountain on Achill island, County Mayo (Irish name: Cruachán)
* Cruachan (band), an Irish Celtic metal band

## Scotland

* Ben Cruachan, a Scottish mountain
** Cruachan Dam A hydropower station at Ben Cruachan
* Cruachan, the name of a Shetland pony as mascot of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders (now of the Royal Regiment of Scotland)
* Cruachan! is the battle cry for Highland clans Campbell and MacIntyre
# List of Central Hockey League seasons

This is a list of seasons of the Central Hockey League since its inception.
| No. | Season | No. of teams | Reg. season games | Top record | Champion |
| 1 | 1992–93 | 6 | 60 | Oklahoma City Blazers (39–18–3) | Tulsa Oilers |
| 2 | 1993–94 | 6 | 64 | Wichita Thunder (40–18–6) | Wichita Thunder |
| 3 | 1994–95 | 7 | 66 | Wichita Thunder (44–18–4) | Wichita Thunder |
| 4 | 1995–96 | 6 | 64 | Oklahoma City Blazers (47–13–4) | Oklahoma City Blazers |
| 5 | 1996–97 | 10 | 66 | Oklahoma City Blazers (48–12–6) | Fort Worth Fire |
| 6 | 1997–98 | 10 | 70 | Columbus Cottonmouths (51–13–6) | Columbus Cottonmouths |
| 7 | 1998–99 | 11 | 70 | Oklahoma City Blazers (49–19–2) | Huntsville Channel Cats |
| 8 | 1999–00 | 11 | 70 | Fayetteville Force (45–22–3) | Indianapolis Ice |
| 9 | 2000–01 | 12 | 70 | Oklahoma City Blazers (48–19–3) | Oklahoma City Blazers |
| 10 | 2001–02 | 16 | 64 | Odessa Jackalopes (47–11–6) | Memphis RiverKings |
| 11 | 2002–03 | 16 | 64 | Austin Ice Bats (46–14–4) | Memphis RiverKings |
| 12 | 2003–04 | 17 | 64 | Laredo Bucks (48–8–8) | Laredo Bucks |
| 13 | 2004–05 | 17 | 60 | Colorado Eagles (43–10–7) | Colorado Eagles |
| 14 | 2005–06 | 15 | 64 | Colorado Eagles (44–14–6) | Laredo Bucks |
| 15 | 2006–07 | 17 | 64 | Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs (44–14–6) | Colorado Eagles |
| 16 | 2007–08 | 17 | 64 | Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs (44–14–6) | Arizona Sundogs |
| 17 | 2008–09 | 16 | 64 | Colorado Eagles (45–15–4) | Texas Brahmas |
| 18 | 2009–10 | 15 | 64 | Odessa Jackalopes (48–11–5) | Rapid City Rush |
| 19 | 2010–11 | 18 | 66 | Allen Americans (47–16–3) | Bossier-Shreveport Mudbugs |
| 20 | 2011–12 | 14 | 66 | Wichita Thunder (44–19–3) | Fort Wayne Komets |
| 21 | 2012–13 | 10 | 66 | Allen Americans (39–18–9) | Allen Americans |
| 22 | 2013–14 | 10 | 66 | Missouri Mavericks (44–20–2) | Allen Americans |
# Ed Halicki (American football)

Edward Henry Halicki (December 23, 1905 – April 27, 1986) was an American football player. He played college football for Bucknell and professional football in the National Football League (NFL) for the Frankford Yellow Jackets (1929–1930) and Minneapolis Red Jackets (1930).

## Early years

Halicki was born in Kingston, Pennsylvania, in 1905. He graduated from Hanover Township High School in 1925. He was the captain of Hanover's football, basketball, and baseball teams.
He attended Bucknell University where he played on the football, baseball, and basketball teams from 1925 to 1928. On the football team, he was co-captain as a senior and played at the fullback position. Halicki also served as a place-kicker at Bucknell, successfully converting 18 of 19 extra point kicks as a senior in 1928.
He suffered a broken nose while playing football at Bucknell, and head coach Carl Snavely designed a stainless steel mask covered in leather for Halicki to wear to protect the nose. He became known as the "man with the iron mask."

## Professional football

Halicki played professional football in the NFL as a back for the Frankford Yellow Jackets during their 1929 and 1930 season. In a 17–0 victory over Clifton Heights during the 1929 season, he accounted for 10 of Frankford's 17 points on a field goal, a touchdown run, and an extra point.
He finished the 1930 season with the Minneapolis Red Jackets. He appeared in a total of 32 NFL games, 19 of them as a starter. He scored 74 points during his NFL career (10 touchdowns, one field goal, and 11 extra points). He also played professional baseball in the St. Louis Cardinals organization.

## Later years

After his football career ended, he lived in the Askam section of Hanover Township, Pennsylvania. He was a teacher at Hanover Township High School for nearly 40 years from 1932 to 1971. He was also Hanover's football coach for 20 years, compiling a record of 92-77-1. He also served in the United States Navy during World War II.
In 1983, he was inducted into the Bucknell University Athletic Hall of Fame based on his contributions as an athlete.
He died in 1986 at age 80 at St. Stanislaus Medical Center in Sheatown, Pennsylvania.
# Salafy (magazine)

Salafy magazine is an Indonesian Islamist publication whose target audience is students. It is published by Pondok Pesantren Ihya'As-Sunnah (Yogyakarta). Scholars have identified it is as one of the key publications that helped spread radical Islam throughout Indonesia. Jafar Umar Thalib, founder of Laskar Jihad, contributed to the first issue.
# Medial lemniscus

The medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon (for German anatomist Johann Christian Reil), is a large ascending bundle of heavily myelinated axons that decussate in the brainstem, specifically in the medulla oblongata. The medial lemniscus is formed by the crossings of the internal arcuate fibers. The internal arcuate fibers are composed of axons of the gracile nucleus and the cuneate nucleus. The cell bodies of the nuclei lie contralaterally.
The medial lemniscus is part of the somatosensory dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway, which ascends in the spinal cord to the thalamus. Lesions of the medial lemniscus cause an impairment of vibratory and touch-pressure sense.

## Etymology

Lemniscus means "ribbon", reflecting the elongated tract of the medial lemniscus.

## Anatomy
### Path

After neurons carrying somatosensory proprioceptive or fine touch information synapse at the gracile and cuneate nuclei, axons from second-order neurons decussate at the level of the medulla and travel up the brainstem as the medial lemniscus on the contralateral (opposite) side. It is part of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway, which transmits touch, vibration sense, as well as the pathway for proprioception.
The medial lemniscus carries axons from most of the body and terminates by synapsing with third-order neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. at the level of the mamillary bodies. Sensory axons transmitting information from the head and neck via the trigeminal nerve synapse at the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus.

#### Location through the brainstem

The cuneate and gracile nuclei reside at the closed (lower) medulla, so the medial lemniscus is not formed at this level. Fibres from these nuclei will pass to the contralateral side of the brainstem, as the internal arcuate fibres. In the midbrain, it is situated dorsal to the substantia nigra, and medial to either red nucleus.

## Additional images

* Horizontal section through the lower part of the pons. The medial lemniscus is labeled #17.
* Tractography showing medial lemniscus