# List of banana and plantain diseases

This article is a list of diseases of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.).

## Bacterial diseases

Bacterial diseases :
| Bacterial wilt | Pseudomonas solanacearum (race 1) |
| Blood disease | Ralstonia syzigii subsp. celebensis |
| Bugtok | Ralstonia solanacearum (race 2) |
| Finger tip rot (gumming) | Burkholderia cenocepacia (syn. Pseudomonas cenocepacia) Pseudomonas spp. |
| Moko | Ralstonia solanacearum (race 2) |
| Rhizome rot | Erwinia carotovora (syn. Pectobacterium carotovorum) Erwinia chrysanthemi (syn. Dickeya dadantii) |
| Javanese vascular wilt | Pseudomonas spp. |
| Xanthomonas wilt (BXW), Banana bacterial wilt, enset wilt | Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum |

## Fungal diseases

Fungal diseases :
| Anthracnose | Colletotrichum musae |
| Armillaria corn rot | Armillaria mellea Armillaria tabescens |
| Black cross | Phyllachora musicola |
| Black leaf streak (BLS) or Black Sigatoka | Mycosphaerella fijiensis Paracercospora fijiensis syn. Pseudocercospora fijiensis [anamorph] |
| Black root rot | Rosellinia bunodes |
| Brown blotch | Pestalotiopsis leprogena |
| Brown spot | Cercospora hayi |
| Ceratocystis fruit rot | Ceratocystis paradoxa Chalara paradoxa [anamorph] |
| Cigar-end | Verticillium theobromae Trachysphaera fructigena |
| Cladosporium speckle | Cladosporium musae |
| Corm dry rot | Junghuhnia vincta |
| Cordana leaf spot | Cordana johnstonii Cordana musae |
| Crown rot | Fusarium pallidoroseum Colletotrichum musae Verticillium theobromae Fusarium spp. Acremonium spp. |
| Cylindrocladium root rot | Cylindrocladium spp. |
| Damping-off | Deightoniella torulosa |
| Deightoniella fruit speckle, leaf spot and tip rot | Deightoniella torulosa |
| Diamond spot | Cercospora hayi Fusarium spp. |
| Dwarf Cavendish tip rot | Nattrassia mangiferae = Hendersonula toruloidea |
| Eyespot | Drechslera gigantea |
| Fruit freckle (freckle) | Guignardia musae Phyllosticta musarum [anamorph] |
| Fruit rot | Botryosphaeria ribis |
| Fungal root-rot | Fusarium solani Nectria haematococca [teleomorph] Fusarium oxysporum Rhizoctonia spp. |
| Fungal scald | Colletotrichum musae |
| Leaf rust | Uredo musae Uromyces musae |
| Leaf speckle | Acrodontium simplex |
| Leaf spot | Curvularia eragrostidis |
| Leaf spot | Drechslera musae-sapientum |
| Leaf spot | Leptosphaeria musarum |
| Leaf spot | Pestalotiopsis disseminata |
| Main stalk rot | Ceratocystis paradoxa |
| Malayan leaf spot | Haplobasidion musae |
| Marasmiellus rot | Marasmiellus inoderma Marasmius semiustus |
| Panama disease (Fusarium wilt) | Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense Races 1, 2 and 4 - inc.Tropical Race 4 (TR4) and Subtropical Race 4 |
| Peduncle rot | Lasiodiplodia theobromae Fusarium pallidoroseum Fusarium oxysporum Verticillium theobromae |
| Pestalotiopsis leaf spot | Pestalotiopsis palmarum |
| Phaeoseptoria leaf spot | Phaeoseptoria musae |
| Pitting | Pyricularia grisea |
| Pseudostem heart rot | Fusarium moniliforme Gibberella fujikuroi [teleomorph] |
| Root & rhizome rot | Cylindrocarpon musae |
| Sclerotinia fruit rot | Sclerotinia sclerotiorum |
| Septoria leaf spot | Mycosphaerella eumusae [sexual stage] Septoria eumusae [anamorph] A new species even more aggressive than Black Sigatoka and spreading in Asia and the Indian Ocean. |
| Sheath rot | Nectria foliicola Mycosphaerella musicola Pseudocercospora musae [anamorph] |
| Sooty mold | Limacinula tenuis |
| Speckle | Mycosphaerella musae |
| Squirter (black end disease) | Nigrospora sphaerica |
| Stem-end rot | Colletotrichum musae |
| Trachysphaera finger rot | Trachysphaera fructigena |
| Tropical speckle | Ramichloridium musae = Veronaea musae = Periconiella musae |
| Verticillium tip rot | Verticillium theobromae |
| Yellow Sigatoka | Mycosphaerella musicola |

## Viral diseases

Viral diseases :
| Disease | Viruses |
| Bract mosaic | Banana bract mosaic virus Abaca bract mosaic virus |
| Bunchy top | Banana bunchy top virus Abaca bunchy top virus |
| Mosaic | Cucumber mosaic virus Abaca mosaic virus |
| Streak | Banana streak virus |
| Banana mild mosaic | Banana mild mosaic virus |
| Banana virus X | Banana virus X |

## Nematodes, parasitic

Nematodes, parasitic :
| Nematode root rot (burrowing nematode) | Radopholus similis |
| Root-knot | Meloidogyne arenaria Meloidogyne incognita Meloidogyne javanica |
| Root-lesion | Pratylenchus coffeae Pratylenchus goodeyi Pratylenchus brachyurus Pratylenchus reniformia |
| Spiral nematode root damage | Helicotylenchus multicinctus Helicotylenchus dihystera |

## Miscellaneous diseases and disorders

Miscellaneous diseases and disorders :
| Alligator skin | Light abrasions on fruit peel caused by leaves or bracts |
| Blue disease | Magnesium deficiency |
| Choke | Low winter temperatures |
| Dwarfism | Genetic mutation |
| Elephantiasis | Unknown cause |
| Fruit chimera | Genetic mutation |
| Fused fingers | Genetic defect |
| Giantism | Genetic mutation |
| Heart leaf unfurling disorder | Unknown cause |
| High mat | Unknown cause |
| Leaf edge chlorosis | Unknown cause |
| Maturity bronzing | Unknown cause |
| Rayadilla | Zinc deficiency |
| Rosetting | Nitrogen deficiency |
| Roxana | Unknown cause |
| Spike leaf | Low winter temperatures |
| Split peel | Rapid filling of pulp of fruit |
| Taiwan marginal scorch | Unknown cause |
| "Segmented Banana" | Chilling injury to fruit One of the less common plantain diseases is exostentialis clittellus referred to by most plantain and banana farmers as "segmented banana". This is a result of the peel forming tiny inter-fruit membranes which cause the banana to appear as though it has been sliced before it is peeled. This is generally a result of freezing the fruit, and occurs most commonly in fruit that is sold in large stores or supermarkets. |
| Yellow mat | Unknown cause |
| Yellow pulp | Delay in fruit filling, drought, excessive shading, magnesium deficiency, poor nutrition |
| Yellows | Lack of water |
| Neer Vazhai | Unknown etiology |
| Kottai Vazhai or seediness in Parthenocarpic Poovan banana | Unknown etiology, probably due to BSV infection |