OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Springfield Cubs

The Springfield Cubs, based in Springfield, Massachusetts, were a minor league baseball franchise that served as a farm team of the Chicago Cubs of Major League Baseball from 1948 to 1953. The team was a member of the Class B New England League in 1948 and 1949, and the Triple-A International League from 1950 to 1953. The team played its home games at Pynchon Park.

## History

Although the Springfield franchise of the New England League (NEL) had mediocre won-loss records in 1948 and 1949, the team finished second in attendance in 1948 and led the NEL in its final season of operation (1949), drawing over 102,000 fans. The 1949 team advanced to the league championship series, falling in seven games to the Portland Pilots.
After the NEL folded in the autumn of 1949, Springfield received a franchise in the International League (IL) when the Newark Bears transferred there for 1950. However, the Bears' parent team, the New York Yankees, did not follow, and Springfield retained its affiliation with the Chicago Cubs. It became Chicago's second Triple-A team, along with the Los Angeles Angels, the Cubs' longtime franchise in the Pacific Coast League. Springfield's first Triple-A manager was Stan Hack.
The Triple-A Springfield franchise drew over 200,000 fans in its maiden season, and just missed the playoffs, finishing fifth in the eight-team IL. Future major league third baseman Randy Jackson won IL rookie of the year honors.$^{:438}$ However, the success of that first season could not be duplicated, on or off the field. The Cubs did not have enough depth to field two strong Triple-A clubs, and the 1951 to 1953 Springfield Cubs placed last in the IL each season, and last or next to last in attendance. The franchise folded and was replaced by the Havana Sugar Kings in the 1954 IL lineup.

## Records by season

| Year | League | Class | Record | Finish | Manager | Postseason (games) | Attendance | Ref. |
| 1948 | New England League | B | 52–74 (.413) | 6th of 8 | Robert Peterson | did not qualify | 95,406 | $^{:419}$ |
| 1949 | New England League | B | 57–64 (.471) | 4th of 8 | Robert Peterson | defeated Pawtucket Slaters (2–0) lost to Portland Pilots (3–4) | 102,387 | $^{:429}$ |
| 1950 | International League | AAA | 74–78 (.487) | 5th of 8 | Stan Hack | did not qualify | 201,217 | $^{:438}$ |
| 1951 | International League | AAA | 63–90 (.412) | 8th of 8 | Bill Kelly | did not qualify | 105,052 | $^{:448}$ |
| 1952 | International League | AAA | 65–88 (.425) | 8th of 8 | Bill Kelly | did not qualify | 107,675 | $^{:459}$ |
| 1953 | International League | AAA | 51–102 (.333) | 8th of 8 | Bruce Edwards / Jack Sheehan | did not qualify | 85,281 | $^{:467}$ |
# Buster Howes

Major General Francis Hedley Roberton "Buster" Howes, CB, OBE (born 22 March 1960) is a former Royal Marines officer who served as Commandant General Royal Marines from February 2010 to December 2011.

## Early life

Howes was educated at Christ's Hospital, a private school in Horsham, West Sussex. He studied chemistry at the University of York, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree. He completed a Master of Arts degree in strategic studies at the University of London.

## Military career

Howes was commissioned into the Royal Marines in 1982. He became a troop commander in 42 Commando and had his first posting to Northern Ireland. After training as a Mountain Leader, he transferred to 45 Commando. He served in the Gulf War while on secondment to the United States Marine Corps. He served as a planner in the Rapid Reaction Force Operations Staff of United Nations Protection Force during the Bosnian War in 1995.
Howes led 42 Commando during the 2003 invasion of Iraq, for which he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire. He became Chief Joint Coordination and Effects in Headquarters ISAF in Afghanistan in 2007, and Director of Naval Staff later that year. He went on to be commander of 3 Commando Brigade in April 2008, Head of Overseas Operations in the Ministry of Defence in 2009 and Commandant General Royal Marines in February 2010. He was Head of the British Defence Staff – US and Defence Attaché in Washington, D.C. from 2011 to 2015, and was appointed an Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 2013 Birthday Honours.

## Later career

In June 2020, Howes was appointed Chief Executive of the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo after having served as a non-executive director of the organisation since 2015.
# Las Cabras, Chile

Las Cabras is a Chilean commune and city in Cachapoal Province, O'Higgins Region. This commune is known for agriculture and handcrafts. The commune's name comes from the many goats (cabras, in Spanish) that used to be in the mountains.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Las Cabras spans an area of 749.2 km$^2$ (289 sq mi) and has 20,242 inhabitants (10,621 men and 9,621 women). Of these, 7,548 (37.3%) lived in urban areas and 12,694 (62.7%) in rural areas. The population grew by 14.1% (2,504 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses.

## Administration

As a commune, Las Cabras is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council, headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years.
Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Las Cabras is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Alejandra Sepúlveda (PRI) and Javier Macaya (UDI) as part of the 34th electoral district, together with San Fernando, Chimbarongo, San Vicente, Peumo and Pichidegua. The commune is represented in the Senate by Andrés Chadwick Piñera (UDI) and Juan Pablo Letelier Morel (PS) as part of the 9th senatorial constituency (O'Higgins Region).

## Localities

* El Durazno
# Lasionycta mutilata

Lasionycta mutilata is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from Oregon and Yellowstone National Park, Montana and Wyoming, northward to the Alaskan Panhandle and the Rocky Mountains of Alberta. It is absent from the Queen Charlotte Islands.
It is found in the high transition zone and subalpine conifer forests and is nocturnal.
Adults are on wing from late June through August.
# Laser machine control

Laser machine control is an electronic system for automatic operation of land scrapers or excavators. Advanced systems with GPS replaced these laser-based systems in some countries, but it is still used in some countries like India.

## System Components

There are different types of systems patented by different inventors or companies. But the generalised system has four essential parts: rotating laser transmitter, laser receiver, control unit, solenoid valves.

### Rotating laser transmitter

The laser transmitter emits a narrow laser beam which rotates horizontally. this creates a Horizontal reference plane of laser beam. The beam can be spread horizontally but should be sharp and narrow in vertical plane. The transmitter may use infrared or red laser but for safety measure all manufacturers limits the power to 5 milliwatts. The transmitter uses semiconductor laser diodes as laser source which is powered by batteries.
The transmitter corrects its position to get perfect horizontal plane with acceleration sensor/ gyro sensors / bubble based level sensor and a microprocessor based servo mechanism.

### Laser receiver

The laser receiver detects the height of laser plane with an array of photo diodes, generally a series of photo diodes in 9" strip with a gap between diodes equal to the width of the beam. the receiver reads the height with the sensors and convert to a usable analog or digital signal and sends to the machine control unit. Modern systems use CAN protocol for the output signals where old systems use a 4/5/6 channel analog current signal.

### Control unit

The control unit is the processing unit which decides how to react with the incoming signals get a desired land level. It adjusts the height of the scraper by activating or deactivating the electro-hydraulic actuators (solenoid valves). Generally these are ON OFF type solenoid valves but some modern systems use proportional valves . On the dash board of control unit there are some keys and indicators are provided as user interface through which user can monitor the operation or manually operate the machine when needed.

### Solenoid valves

Solenoid valves are act like an interface between the electrical systems and the hydraulic system, these can be on-off type or proportional depending on the control unit.
# Last Will (film)

Last Will is a 2011 mystery drama film starring Tatum O'Neal and Tom Berenger. It was shot in Kansas City, Missouri on a modest budget.

## Plot

A woman named Hayden is framed for the murder of her wealthy husband Frank. With all the evidence stacked against her, Detective Sloan arrests her and Hayden finds herself in the fight of her life as she tries to uncover the truth. Set against the backdrop of a wealthy Midwestern city, Last Will tells a story of deception, corruption and misguided family loyalties.

## Cast

* Tatum O'Neal as Hayden Emery
* Tom Berenger as Frank Emery
* Patrick Muldoon as Joseph Emery
* Peter Coyote as Judge Garner
* Shawn Huff as Laurie Faber
* William Shockley as Michael Palmer
* Jeffery Dean as Virgil Emery
* James Brolin as Det. Sloan
* Moon Zappa as Belinda DeNovi

## Reception

Horrorphilia said "If you are looking for a twisted thriller with some top-notch actors, do yourself a favor and look for ‘Last Will’. The ending twist was good and maybe if you pay close attention, it won't sneak up on you. Although what happened after the big reveal...I bet you don't see it coming! 4 Out of 5!"
# Las Heras

Las Heras usually refers to General Juan Gregorio de las Heras, a military leader in the South American Wars of Independence. There are several places in Argentina named after him:
* Las Heras, Mendoza, a town
* Las Heras Department, whose chief town is Las Heras, Mendoza
* General Las Heras, Buenos Aires, a town
* General Las Heras Partido, whose chief town is General Las Heras
* Las Heras (Buenos Aires Underground), a railway station
* Las Heras, Santa Cruz
# Laurence I. Barrett

Laurence Irwin Barrett (born September 6, 1935) is an American journalist and author associated with Time, for whom he worked from 1965 until his retirement in 1993.

## Background and personal life

Barrett graduated from New York University (1956) and the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism (1957). He married Martha Patterson in 1988, his previous marriage having ended in divorce. His first marriage of 25 years was to Paulette Singer Barrett.

## Career

Barrett joined the New York Herald-Tribune in 1957 and covered New York City Hall issues for the paper from 1959 to 1962 before becoming its Washington correspondent. He published The Mayor of New York, a novel, in 1965.
Barrett joined Time in 1965, and, after being a senior editor for six years, returned to reporting in early 1975 as head of its New York office. He was Time's White House correspondent from 1981 to 1985, and then its national political correspondent, before becoming deputy Washington bureau chief. He returned to the position of national political correspondent in mid-1991. Barrett retired from Time in 1993.
In 1983 Barrett published Gambling with History: Reagan in the White House, based on "unusual access to internal deliberations" for a period of two years. Revelations included Richard Darman's successful attempt to stall the invocation of Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution when President Reagan was receiving treatment following the 1981 assassination attempt on him. The book also revealed what became known as "Debategate" - the theft of papers by the Reagan campaign from the Carter campaign during the 1980 presidential election.

## Retirement

After his retirement in 1993, Barrett became vice president of a Washington public relations firm, and a member of the Advisory Board of the Washington Center for Politics & Journalism.

## Books

* The Mayor of New York, Doubleday, 1965
* Gambling with History: Reagan in the White House, Doubleday, 1983
# Laurence Iannaccone

Laurence Robert Iannaccone (/ˌjɑːnəˈkoʊni/ YAH-nə-KOH-nee; born May 24, 1954) is a Professor of Economics at Chapman University, Argyros School of Business and Economics, Orange County, California. Before moving to Chapman in 2009 he was a Koch Professor of Economics at George Mason University. He has established "Religion, Economics, and Culture", an interdisciplinary "Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture" (ASREC), and a new "Consortium for the Economic Study of Religion" (CESR). He is currently working on two books on the economics of religion. He is considered one of the pioneers of the field, and one of its most staunch advocates.
Iannaccone's education includes an MS in mathematics and a 1984 PhD in economics from the University of Chicago.
# Lawrence Grassi

Andrea Lorenzo Grassi (20 December 1890 – 5 February 1980) was an Italian miner known as Lawrence Grassi. He moved to Canada in 1912, taking on work with the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), before settling down in Canmore, Alberta, in 1916. There he worked as a miner, until he retired. Grassi became well known for his passion for the mountains, building hiking trails around Canmore and Lake O'Hara, Yoho National Park. Several plaques have been emplaced at these trails to recognize Grassi for this work.
Numerous places bear his name, such as Mount Lawrence Grassi, Grassi Knob, Grassi Lakes, and Lawrence Grassi Middle School.
# Le Ber

Le Ber is a Canadian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Claude Le Ber (1931–2016), French racing cyclist
* Jacques Le Ber (c. 1633–1706), Canadian soldier
* Jeanne Le Ber (1662–1714), famous Canadian recluse
* Pierre Le Ber (1669–1707), Canadian painter
# Layer 2 MPLS VPN

A Layer 2 MPLS VPN is a term in computer networking. It is a method that Internet service providers use to segregate their network for their customers, to allow them to transmit data over an IP network. This is often sold as a service to businesses.
Layer 2 VPNs are a type of Virtual Private Network (VPN) that uses MPLS labels to transport data. The communication occurs between routers that are known as Provider Edge routers (PE routers), as they sit on the edge of the provider's network, next to the customer's network.
Internet providers who have an existing Layer 2 network (such as ATM or Frame Relay) may choose to use these VPNs instead of the other common MPLS VPN, Layer 3. There is no one IETF standard for Layer 2 MPLS VPNs. Instead, two methodologies may be used. Both methods use a standard MPLS header to encapsulate data. However, they differ in their signaling protocols.

## Types of Layer 2 MPLS VPNs
### BGP-based

The BGP-based type is based on the informational RFC 6624 by Kireeti Kompella from Juniper Networks. It uses the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) as the mechanism for PE routers to communicate with each other about their customer connections. Each router connects to a central cloud, using BGP. This means that when new customers are added (usually to new routers), the existing routers will communicate with each other, via BGP, and automatically add the new customers to the service.

### LDP-based

The second type is based on the Internet Standard RFC 8077 by Chandan Mishra from Cisco Systems. This method is also known as a Layer 2 circuit. It uses the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) to communicate between PE routers. In this case, every LDP-speaking router will exchange FECs (forwarding equivalence classes) and establish LSPs with every other LDP-speaking router on the network (or just the other PE router, in the case when LDP is tunnelled over RSVP-TE), which differs from the BGP-based methodology. The LDP-based style of layer 2 VPN defines new TLVs and parameters for LDP to aid in the signaling of the VPNs.

## Vendor implementations

* Alcatel-Lucent: LDP based
* Foundry Networks: LDP-based (NetIron XMR Series, NetIron MLX Series)
* Juniper Networks: BGP-based (MX/M/T/J-series)
* Juniper Networks: LDP-based (MX/M/T/J/E-series)
* Cisco Systems: LDP-based (IOS)
* Cisco Systems: LDP-based and BGP-based (IOS XR)
* Cisco Systems: LDP-Based [BGP-DISC]
* MRV communications : LDP-based
* Lucent Technologies (formerly Riverstone Networks): LDP-based
* Ericsson (formerly Redback Networks): LDP-based
* Huawei Technologies: LDP-based & BGP-based (NE/S-series)
* ZTE:LDP-based & BGP-based (ZXCTN6000/9000 series, ZXR10 series)
# Leaf expansion

Leaf expansion is a process by which plants make efficient use of the space around them by causing their leaves to enlarge, or wither. This process enables a plant to maximize its own biomass, whether it be due to increased surface area; which enables more sunlight to be absorbed by chloroplasts, driving the rate of photosynthesis upward, or it enables more stomata to be created on the leaf surface, allowing the plant to increase its carbon dioxide intake.

## Mechanism

Initially, sensory organs, such as chloroplasts, the cambium, and roots, detect an external stimuli, such as light. The stimulus triggers biochemical events downstream that result in the expansion of tissue in the leaf. There are two processes found by which this occurs: osmotic regulation, which has a temporary effect that causes leaves to increase size, or wall extensibility, which gradually changes the leaf over time and permanently enlarges it.

### Osmotic regulation

Red light hits leaves and depolarizes the plasma membrane of plant cells via photosensitive calcium and chloride ion channels. Chloride leaves the cells, while calcium enters. This depolarization causes an osmotic shift in ionic concentrations in the apoplast, which concurrently causes an increase in turgor pressure based on apoplastic solute potentials, forming an electrical gradient across the plasma membrane. The increase in turgor pressure causes the cells to expand, enabling the chloroplasts to shift to a different area, and the collective expansion of all the cells at once causes the leaf itself to become larger and more rigid. The movement of the chloroplasts enables light that was previously unobtainable to be reached and utilized.

### Wall extensibility

Blue light hits a plant's leaves and causes the downstream activation of proton pumps. In turn, this results in a decrease of the cell wall's pH. The decrease, in conjunction with membrane-bound proteins called expansins, increases the plasticity of the apoplastic membrane. This plasticity enables more cell area to be created during cell division, which expands the leaf as more standard-sized cells are added. The increase in overall organelles and cell area cause more stomates to form and more light to be utilized.

## In nature

Different types of plants tend to grow at different rates. Those that grow slowly tend to prioritize having much smaller leaf areas in order to conserve energy, and will only expend them when an excess of light is close by. This is due to light being scarce, their slow growth preventing them from reaching the heights that fast-growing plants reach that provides them with plentiful amounts of light. As a contrast, the fast-growing plants have large leaves as a result of constantly being bathed in light. The differing leaf sizes allow both types of plants to coexist in nature while in different ecological niches, and explains why certain canopy layers tend to be highly uneven.
# Leaf driver

Leaf driver refers to a device driver that accesses logically or physically existent devices on an I/O bus, and implements the functions defined for the device, such as transferring data to or from the device or accessing device registers.
In some systems, for example Solaris, drivers are organized into a tree structure. A driver that provides services to other drivers below it in the tree is called, in Solaris terminology, a bus nexus driver. A tree node with no children, a leaf node, is called a leaf driver.
Leaf devices (those requiring leaf drivers) are typical peripheral devices such as disks, tapes, network adapters, Framebuffer, and so forth. Drivers for these devices export the traditional character and block driver interfaces for use by user processes to read and write data to storage or communication devices.
# Lažiště

Lažiště is a municipality and village in Prachatice District in the South Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Lažiště lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) north-west of Prachatice, 42 km (26 mi) west of České Budějovice, and 122 km (76 mi) south of Prague.
# Laʻakapu

* Hawaii portal
* History portal
Laʻakapu was an ancient Hawaiian noble lady and a High Chiefess of the Big Island (Hawaiʻi) as a wife of Kahoukapu, Aliʻi Nui of Hawaiʻi. She was the mother of the High Chief Kauholanuimahu, who succeeded his father.

## Biography

Lady Laʻakapu was born in ancient Hawaiʻi as a daughter of Huanuikeʻekeʻehilani and Keomahuʻilani (Ke-ō-mahuʻi-lani). Laʻakapu had two siblings. According to the famous historian Samuel Kamakau, Laʻakapu was a descendant of the nobleman Kila.

### Chiefess of Hawaiʻi

Laʻakapu married High Chief Kahoukapu of Hawaiʻi, who was the grandson of the famous Chief Kalaunuiohua. The son of Laʻakapu and Kahoukapu was the High Chief Kauholanuimahu, who became a ruler of his island after his father's death. Through him, Laʻakapu was an ancestress of many nobles and chiefs.
There is a famous legend about Laʻakapu and the birth of Kauholanuimahu. According to this old legend, she was unable to produce a child, so she asked the priest for the solution, and he told her that she need to catch a certain species of fish. Laʻakapu could not please the priest two times, and when she lost her patience, priest finally told her which kind of fish he wants. Priest performed a ritual, and he sacrificed the fish. This time, after Laʻakapu slept with Kahoukapu, she bore a son.

### Other marriages

Other consorts of Laʻakapu were Kanalukapu and Lanakukahahauula. Children of Laʻakapu by Kanalukapu:
* Hilo (son)
* Kapulaʻa (daughter)
Lanakukahahauula and Laʻakapu had a daughter, Lulanalomakukahahauula, who had three children.
It is not known when did Laʻakapu die.

## Sources

* ↑ Samuel Kamakau. Ka Nupepa Kuokoa. Kamakau mentioned Laʻakapu as the wife of Kahoukapu.
* ↑ Family of Laʻakapu and Kahoukapu's son
* ↑ Parents and siblings of the Lady Laakapu
* ↑ The Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine. 1932. Laʻakapu is mentioned as a wife of Kahoukapu.
* ↑ Reginald Yzendoorn (1927). History of the Catholic Mission in the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. "...he puts thirty generations before Kamehameha, and with Kanipahu and Kalapana to whom he assigns the 23d and 22d generations, but with Kahoukapu as well, whose wife Laakapu is said by him..."
* ↑ Bernice P. Bishop Museum Bulletin. Bishop Museum Press, 1932.
* ↑ Hawaiian word for a priest is kahuna. Kahunas were also considered to be wizards, a special class in ancient Hawaii.
* ↑ Mary Kawena Pukui. Hawaiian Genealogies.
* ↑ Abraham Fornander. An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origin and Migrations (Vol II): The Ancient History of the Hawaiian People. Trubner & Company, Ludgate Hill, London (1880) / Rutland, VT: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1969.
# Lebombo

Lebombo may refer to:
* Lebombo bone, an ancient tally stick
* Lebombo flat lizard
* Lebombo Mountains, Southern Africa
** Lebombo monocline, a geological feature of these mountains; see Explora Escarpment
* Androstachys johnsonii, also known as Lebombo ironwood
* Diocese of Lebombo