OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Space Hop

Space Hop is an educational board game about astronomy published by Teaching Concepts in 1973.

## Description

Space Hop is a board game for 2–4 players that is designed to teach the players about the Solar System.

### Components

The game has the following components:
* board (map of the Solar System)
* three decks of cards: mission, hop and SNC
* clue decoder wheel
* two six-sided dice

### Set-up

Each player rolls the dice and starts their token on the space port corresponding to their roll. Each player draws a mission card which gives a clue as to the player's destination.

### Gameplay

The active player draws a hop card. If the active player is sure about their destination, they can spend their turn moving towards it. If the player is not sure, they can use the decoder wheel to decode the name of their destination, but doing so will use up their entire turn.

### Movement

The player can choose to navigate towards their destination by using their accumulated hop cards to hop from portal to portal. Or they can roll the dice and move the indicated number of spaces, avoiding asteroids, comets, and other space ships. Once close to their destination, the player must roll the exact number needed in order to land.

### Getting credit

Once at the destination, the player draws an SNC card (or two cards if their mission card had a star). These cards award the player with credits. The player then draws a new mission card, and play continues.

### Victory conditions

The first player to amass 25 credits wins the game.

## Publication history

Space Hop was designed by Helmut Wimmer, a resident artist at New York's Hayden Planetarium at the time of the game's publication. It was published by Teaching Concepts in 1973.

## Reception

In December 1973, Ellen Stock of New York Magazine recommended Space Hop and the other four games produced by Teaching Concepts as good educational Christmas gifts.
In 1977, Pamela Riley and Patricia Powers named Space Hop as a potentially positive influence on non-sex-biased career options for 4th grade students.
In the same year, Paul Hounshell and Ira Trollinger called Space Hop "An interesting and well-designed game for junior and senior high school students. It is fun for students to play and, in the process, they will learn many facts about the nature of the universe and space travel." They concluded "One class period is required to play the game but there should be time allotted to discuss various aspects of the universe and travel within it."
In 1987, Ellen Lederman chose Space Hop for inclusion in her book Educational Toys and Games: A Practical Guide to Selection and Utilization, noting that the game "Increases knowledge about the planets."
In a retrospective review almost 50 years after the game's publication, Scott Brady did think the game might have some educational merit but questioned its game value. He noted that the game was designed by a specialist in the field, not a game designer, saying "As with most other educational games, there is no revolutionary game play to be found." Brady thought the real value in buying a used copy would be to frame the attractive game board.
# Oued Harbil

Oued Harbil is a town and commune in Médéa Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census, it has a population of 4,768.

## About

Oued Harbil is in Medea, Algeria and is home to the Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania, the Monastere de Tibhirine, and the Tombeau of the Chretienne.
# Ugo (TV series)

Ugo is an Italian television sitcom, created by Menotti and starring Marco Columbro and Barbara D'Urso.
# Panjer recursion

The Panjer recursion is an algorithm to compute the probability distribution approximation of a compound random variable $S=\sum _{i=1}^{N}X_{i}\,$ where both $N\,$ and $X_{i}\,$ are random variables and of special types. In more general cases the distribution of S is a compound distribution. The recursion for the special cases considered was introduced in a paper by Harry Panjer (Distinguished Emeritus Professor, University of Waterloo). It is heavily used in actuarial science (see also systemic risk).

## Preliminaries

We are interested in the compound random variable $S=\sum _{i=1}^{N}X_{i}\,$ where $N\,$ and $X_{i}\,$ fulfill the following preconditions.

### Claim size distribution

We assume the $X_{i}\,$ to be i.i.d. and independent of $N\,$. Furthermore the $X_{i}\,$ have to be distributed on a lattice $h\mathbb {N} _{0}\,$ with latticewidth $h>0\,$.
    $f_{k}=P[X_{i}=hk].\,$
In actuarial practice, $X_{i}\,$ is obtained by discretisation of the claim density function (upper, lower...).

### Claim number distribution

The number of claims N is a random variable, which is said to have a "claim number distribution", and which can take values 0, 1, 2, .... etc.. For the "Panjer recursion", the probability distribution of N has to be a member of the Panjer class, otherwise known as the (a,b,0) class of distributions. This class consists of all counting random variables which fulfill the following relation:
    $P[N=k]=p_{k}=\left(a+{\frac {b}{k}}\right)\cdot p_{k-1},~~k\geq 1.\,$
for some $a$ and $b$ which fulfill $a+b\geq 0\,$. The initial value $p_{0}\,$ is determined such that $\sum _{k=0}^{\infty }p_{k}=1.\,$
The Panjer recursion makes use of this iterative relationship to specify a recursive way of constructing the probability distribution of S. In the following $W_{N}(x)\,$ denotes the probability generating function of N: for this see the table in (a,b,0) class of distributions.
In the case of claim number is known, please note the De Pril algorithm. This algorithm is suitable to compute the sum distribution of $n$ discrete random variables.

## Recursion

The algorithm now gives a recursion to compute the $g_{k}=P[S=hk]\,$.
The starting value is $g_{0}=W_{N}(f_{0})\,$ with the special cases
    $g_{0}=p_{0}\cdot \exp(f_{0}b)\quad {\text{ if }}\quad a=0,\,$
and
    $g_{0}={\frac {p_{0}}{(1-f_{0}a)^{1+b/a}}}\quad {\text{ for }}\quad a\neq 0,\,$
and proceed with
    $g_{k}={\frac {1}{1-f_{0}a}}\sum _{j=1}^{k}\left(a+{\frac {b\cdot j}{k}}\right)\cdot f_{j}\cdot g_{k-j}.\,$

## Example

The following example shows the approximated density of $\scriptstyle S\,=\,\sum _{i=1}^{N}X_{i}$ where $\scriptstyle N\,\sim \,{\text{NegBin}}(3.5,0.3)\,$ and $\scriptstyle X\,\sim \,{\text{Frechet}}(1.7,1)$ with lattice width h = 0.04. (See Fréchet distribution.)
As observed, an issue may arise at the initialization of the recursion. Guégan and Hassani (2009) have proposed a solution to deal with that issue .
# Luigi Quaini

Luigi Quaini (1643–1717) was an Italian painter of the Baroque period.

## Biography

He was born in Ravenna, and first learned the art of architectural perspective painting from his father, Francesco Quaini, a pupil of Agostino Mitelli. After some training with his father, he became a pupil of Guercino, then of Carlo Cignani (his cousin). There he met a fellow pupil, Marcantonio Franceschini. He became the brother-in-law of the latter, and closely collaborated with him in works at Bologna, Modena, Piacenza, Genoa and Rome. Franceschini supplied the figures and Quaini, the landscapes and architecture. He was named a professor of the Accademia Clementina in Bologna. He traveled to France and England, where he met Charles Le Brun and the engraver Edelinck.
In Rome, he helped compose some of the designs for mosaics in the dome of St. Peter's Basilica. Quaini also completed several altarpieces, including a Visitation for the church of San Giuseppe at Bologna, a Pietà for the church in La Carità, and a San Nicolò visited by the Virgin for the church of San Niccolò.
# Longnose puffer

The longnose puffer (Sphoeroides lobatus) is a species in the family Tetraodontidae, or pufferfishes. It occurs in shallow coastal waters of the Eastern Pacific from California to Chile, including the Galapagos Islands.
# Roces, Gijón

Roces is a neighbourhood of the municipality of Gijón / Xixón, in Asturias, Spain. Its population was 2,858 in 1994 and due to the municipal rezoning, it grew to 7,526 in 2012.
Previously to be integrated in Gijón, Roces was one of the historical parishes of the city.

## Neighbourhoods and places
### La Fana

* El Puentín
# Ray Alden

Ray Alden (July 2, 1942 – September 19, 2009) was active in the Old Time Music community for nearly 40 years. He had taught at The Tennessee Banjo Institute, Augusta Folk Heritage Institute, Banjo Camp North, appeared in concerts, workshops, and on recordings. He was best known for his pioneering work recording traditional and second generation Appalachian banjo and fiddle players and styles, for which he received many awards, including a Grammy nomination. They include "Tommy And Fred - North Carolina Master Fiddle-Banjo Duets", "MountAiry USA", "The Young Fogies", and "The American Fogies". His publications include "Advanced Speaker Systems", "Music From Round Peak" and numerous articles and photographs.
Ray Alden was the founder of and frequent contributor to The Field Recorder's Collective.
Earlier in life Ray worked as a counselor at Trywoodie Camp in Hyde Park, New York. He also taught mathematics at Stuyvesant High School in New York City for 25 years.
# Frederico S. Finan

Frederico S. Finan is an economist and professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
Finan is also a research associate with NBER and a research fellow at the IZA Institute of Labor Economics. In 2013, Finan was awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship.
Finan is a co-director of the Berkeley Center for Economics and Politics, and scientific director of the Initiative on Economic Development and Institutions at CEGA.
Finan has researched corruption, politics, and institutions in economic development.
# Osman Nuri Önügören

Osman Nuri Önügören (17 March 1934 – 3 July 2016) was a prominent Turkish businessman, born in the village of Adil-Musul (Koyunlu, Niğde) in Niğde. He completed his primary school education in Afyon where his father served at the state railway. He was unable to continue his education after primary school because of the prevailing famine at the time as well as other reasons.
Unable to further his education, Önügören plied his trade as a street vendor in Ankara during his childhood. From this humble beginning, he went on to establish his first formal business in Bursa, after which he settled in Gemlik. Later on Önügören moved to Fatih in 1957, where he established Emek Trade, a prominent carpets and furniture business. In 1971, he set up the Yatsan Bed factory. Later, in 1974, he founded the Birko Yarn factory in Niğde, together with partners. In print media, he founded Milsan Printing and Milsan A.Ş. together with partners. He served as the chairman of the widely circulated national dailies, the National Gazette (Millî Gazete) and the New Age (Yeni Devir) for many years.
Necmettin Erbakan formed the independence movement together with Önügören and others. Önügören would go on to become one of the founders of the National Salvation Party in 1972 together with 19 others. He served as a member of the management board until the party was closed by the junta, whereafter he joined the Welfare Party (RP), as a working cadre.
In the aftermath of the 1980 military coup, Önügören went on trial together with his leader, Erbakan.
Towards retirement, he resolved to commit his life to the aid of those in need, establishing the "Adil Efendi Education, Culture and Solidarity Foundation" (ADEV) in 1995. He remained active as founding president and led the foundation until his death. He was also President of the Hırka-i Şerif Foundation for many years and was a leading member of other foundations and associations such as İlim Yayma Society, Birlik Foundation, Hakyol Foundation, and Birko Koyunlu Foundation.
He left a lasting legacy in the Koyunlu, Niğde community, where he was born. He built the Fatih Mosque Complex in Koyunlu, Niğde which is a central feature of the Koyunlu, Niğde community. He died from a heart attack after the traditional iftar in the month of Ramadhan on 3 July 2016. His funeral was led by his close friend and veteran religious leader, Mehmet Emin Saraç and was attended by scores of ordinary folk whose lives he has had left a mark on as well as dignitaries across party political divides, with President Erdoğan amongst those carrying his body to its final resting place. Others present at the funeral included Istanbul Governor Vasip Şahin, Istanbul Mayor Kadir Topbaş, Speaker of the Grand National Assembly, İsmail Kahraman, and opposition leaders.
# Henie

Henie is the surname of:
* Sonja Henie (1912–1969), Norwegian Olympic and world champion figure skater and film star
* Marit Henie (1925–2012), Norwegian figure skater, cousin of Sonja Henie
* Wilhelm Henie (1872–1937), Norwegian track cycling world champion, speed skater and coach and manager of his daughter, Sonja Henie
# Scientific Australian

Scientific Australian was an Australian quarterly learned journal established in 1895 by Melbourne publisher Phillips, Ormonde & Co. The first issue appeared in September that year. It featured articles on to the arts and industries. It was published monthly from 1921 until it was disestablished in 1924. The last issue of Scientific Australian was published on 15 November 1924.
# Samuel Baldwin Ward

Samuel Baldwin Ward (June 8, 1842 - June 3, 1915) was a surgeon who operated in New York City and in Albany. He also published writings in the field of medicine, and was the Dean of Albany Medical College 1905–1914.

## Biography

Samuel Baldwin Ward was born in New York City on June 8, 1842. His parents were Lebbeus Baldwin Ward and Abby Dwight (Partridge) Ward. Ward's medical degree was from Georgetown University School of Medicine (1864); his undergraduate degree was from Columbia University.
He was a consulting surgeon of the Western Dispensary for Women and Children.
He married Cornelia Augusta Wheeler in 1871, and they had three children. Their daughter, Anna Wheeler Ward, married Henry M. Sage October 29, 1895. The Sages, who together had two daughters, divorced in 1908.
Samuel Baldwin Ward died at his home in Albany, New York on June 3, 1915.

## Works

* Progress in Surgery:
* "Hun, Edward Reynolds" in American Medical Biographies
# List of botanic gardens in Trinidad and Tobago

Botanic gardens in Trinidad and Tobago have collections consisting entirely of Trinidad and Tobago native and endemic species; most have a collection that include plants from around the world. There are botanical gardens and arboreta in all states and territories of Trinidad and Tobago, most are administered by local governments, some are privately owned.
* Scarborough Botanic Gardens – Tobago
* Royal Botanic Gardens, Trinidad – Port of Spain, Trinidad
# Raymond Seeger

Raymond John Seeger (September 20, 1906 – February 14, 1992) was an American physicist.
He was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey and graduated from Rutgers University in 1926 with a B.A. in theoretical physics. He was awarded a doctorate in physics from Yale University in 1929. That year he became an associate professor at the private Presbyterian College in South Carolina. In 1930, he joined the George Washington University (GWU). From 1935, while remaining at GWU, he worked with Edward Teller in applied quantum mechanics. With the start of World War II, in 1942 he began working at the Bureau of Ordnance. He collaborated with John von Neumann and John G. Kirkwood to study shock-wave phenomena and fluid dynamics. He was awarded the Navy Distinguished Public Service Award. In 1943, Seeger served as president of the Philosophical Society of Washington, a scientific organization.
Following the war, he remained a lecturer at GWU until 1947. He then worked at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in White Oak, Maryland until 1952 as head of the Mechanics Division and head of the Aeroballistic Research Department. He lectured at Johns Hopkins University until 1948, then organized the Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mechanics Institute at the University of Maryland. From 1952 until 1970, he worked at the National Science Foundation where he became deputy assistant director, then retired as a senior staff research associate. He taught at the American University from 1954 until 1972. He continued to work as an author and invited speaker up until his death in Bethesda, Maryland of a heart ailment.
Dr. Seeger published more than 200 papers on topics in physics and mathematics, including quantum mechanics and fluid dynamics. He authored a series of historical articles on notable scientists. He was awarded honorary D.Sc. degrees from Kent State University and the University of Dubuque.
# Fried bake

Fried bake is a Caribbean dish. Many West Indian nations including Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica and Grenada eat this dish. The main ingredient in fried bake is flour. It can be served in a multitude of ways. This dish is usually served with salt fish and steamed vegetables.
# Spandau (disambiguation)

Spandau may refer to:

## Places

* Spandau, a district of Berlin, Germany
** Spandau (locality), a locality of Berlin in the Spandau district
** Berlin-Spandau – Charlottenburg North, an electoral district
* Spandau Prison
* Spandau arsenal, developing infantry weapons for Imperial Germany from 1850 to 1919

## Other meanings

* Spandau Ballet, a British 1980s pop group
* Spandau Citadel, a renaissance fortress in Berlin
* Berlin-Spandau station, a railway station in Berlin
* Maschinengewehr 08, also known as Spandau, a standard World War I German Army machine gun
* MG 34, a World War II German machine gun as referred to by the British
* MG 42, a World War II German machine gun as referred to by the British
# Ostiole

An ostiole is a small hole or opening through which algae or fungi release their mature spores.
The word is a diminutive of "ostium", "opening".
The term is also used in higher plants, for example to denote the opening of the involuted syconium (fig inflorescence) through which fig wasps enter to pollinate and breed. The species pharamacosycea have an arrangement interlocking pattern but there is an exception because of insipdia because it is partly cover the ostiole. On the adaxial side of the bracts is made out of cubic cells, that has a staining reactions and contain phenolic compounds.
Sometimes a stomatal aperture is called an "ostiole".
# Ramón de Zubiaurre

Ramón de Zubiaurre (1 September 1882 – 9 June 1969) was a Spanish artist. His work was part of the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics.
# Henry Burgess (priest)

Henry Burgess (1808 – 10 February 1886) was an English priest.

## Life

He was educated at a dissenting college at Stepney, where he studied Hebrew as well as the Classics. After ministering to a nonconformist congregation, he was ordained deacon in 1850 and priest in 1851 by Prince Lee, Bishop of Manchester. He took the degree of Legum Doctor (LLD) at Glasgow University in 1851 and a Doctor of Philosophy PhD at the University of Göttingen in the following year.
He held the perpetual curacy of Clifton Reynes, Buckinghamshire, from 1854 to 1861, when he was appointed by the Lord Chancellor to the vicarage of St Andrew, Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire, in recognition of his services to theological learning. He held it until his death on 10 February 1886.

## Works

His major works are:
* A translation from the Syriac language of the Metrical Hymns and Homilies of St Ephrem Syrus, with Philological Notes and Dissertations on the Syrian Metrical Church Literature, 2 vols. 1835.
* The Country Miscellany, 2 vols. 1836–7.
* Poems, 1850, dedicated to the Marchioness of Bute.
* Translation of the Festal Letters of St Athanasius, 1852, a work which, after being long lost in the original Greek, was recovered in an ancient Syriac version, and edited for the Oxford Library of the Fathers by Henry Griffin Williams.
* The Reformed Church of England in its Principles and their legitimate Development, 1869.
* Essays, Biblical and Ecclesiastical, relating chiefly to the Authority and Interpretation of the Holy Scriptures.
* The Art of Preaching and the Composition of Sermons, 1881.
He prepared the second edition of John Kitto's Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, and he was for some years editor of the Clerical Journal (1854–68) and the Journal of Sacred Literature.
# Lonnie P. Byarm

Lonnie Pfundander Byarm (November 6, 1889 – May 6, 1955) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at North Carolina A&T University from 1924 to 1929 and Johnson C. Smith University from 1931 to 1933, compiling a career college football 30–31–9.

## Head coaching record
### Football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| North Carolina A&T Aggies (Independent) (1924–1925) ||||||
| 1924 | North Carolina A&T | 4–1–4 | | |
| 1925 | North Carolina A&T | 4–3–3 | | |
| North Carolina A&T Aggies (Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1926–1929) ||||||
| 1926 | North Carolina A&T | 7–2 | 5–2 | 3rd |
| 1927 | North Carolina A&T | 8–0 | 6–0 | 1st |
| 1928 | North Carolina A&T | 3–4–2 | 3–3–1 | 4th |
| 1929 | North Carolina A&T | 2–6 | 2–4 | 6th |
| North Carolina A&T: | North Carolina A&T: | 28–16–9 | 16–9–1 | |
| Johnson C. Smith Golden Bulls (Colored Intercollegiate Athletic Association) (1931–1933) ||||||
| 1931 | Johnson C. Smith | 0–6 | 0–6 | 12th |
| 1932 | Johnson C. Smith | 1–4 | 0–4 | T–11th |
| 1933 | Johnson C. Smith | 1–5 | 1–5 | 9th |
| Johnson C. Smith: | Johnson C. Smith: | 2–15 | 1–15 | |
| Total: | Total: | 30–31–9 | | |
| National championship  Conference title  Conference division title or championship game berth ||||||
# Rocca Massima

Rocca Massima is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Latina in the Italian region Lazio, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of Rome and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) north of Latina, in the Monti Lepini area.
# Ražňany

Ražňany is a village and municipality in Sabinov District in the Prešov Region of north-eastern Slovakia, approximately 2 km southwest from the district town of Sabinov and 30 km from the border of Poland. The population of Ražňany is 1,546.

## History

In historical records, the village was first mentioned in 1248 as part of the manor of Šariš Castle, and was formed through the combination of the settlements of Nyar and Ardo around 1427. Other names by year include: Nyarsardo 1466, Narssany 1773, Ňaršany 1920. The present name of Ražňany was established in 1948.

## Geography

The municipality lies at an altitude of 350 metres and covers an area of 11.48 km². It has a population of about 1,546 people.

## Attractions

Since 1863, the famous "Narshan" cherries have been grown in the village in extensive cherry orchards. In communal park occurs several hundred - year trees . Also flying field fall under village cadaster which is nowadays operated by Aeroclub Sabinov. In summer season Aeroclub Sabinov is regularly organizating aerial day. Public are being informed about fly – by and emergency technik which are also temptations like exhibition of air acrobations and jump off of parachutists.

## People of consequence

Štefan Onderčo (19.8.1884 - 31.3.1937)
- rector, canoeist and politician