OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Squash in England

Squash is a popular sport in England. There is a long history of the sport in the country with many highly ranked English players, both in men's and women's squash.

## History of squash in England

England is where squash was invented. Students at Harrow School in London created it in 1830 when they discovered the potential that a small, punctured rubber ball had for yielding a game where a variety of shots were possible. Originally played in alleys and courtyards, the first purpose-built squash court was erected in Oxford in 1883.

## Professional competitions

Many professional squash competitions take place in England each year.

### PSA World Tour

The PSA World Tour calendar includes many professional tournaments held in England every year. The most prestigious of these are the British Open Squash Championships (PSA150) and the Canary Wharf Squash Classic (PSA70).

### Premier Squash League

The Premier Squash League runs every year from October to April. Teams consist of four men and one woman. There are two geographical divions (North and South, formerly known as A and B) and towards the end of the season the top two clubs from each division progress to the semi-finals.

## Top players

English squash players have been known to dominate the world rankings.

### World number ones

England has produced several world number ones:
* Men:
** Lee Beachill
** Nick Matthew
** James Willstrop
* Women:
** Lisa Opie
** Cassie Jackman
** Laura Massaro

### Highest ranked players

In April 2018, the highest ranked English squash players were:
* Men:
** Nick Matthew (12)
** James Willstrop (14)
** Daryl Selby (19)
** Declan James (25)
** Tom Richards (33)
* Women:
** Laura Massaro (7)
** Sarah-Jane Perry (8)
** Alison Waters (10)
** Victoria Lust (15)
** Emily Whitlock (19)

## National teams

England has national men's and women's teams that represent the country in international competitions.

## Commonwealth Games

England players compete in the squash events of the Commonwealth Games, which are held every four years. At the 2018 games, English players James Willstrop and Sarah-Jane Perry won gold in the men's singles event and silver in the women's singles event respectively.

## Governance

Squash in England is governed by England Squash.

## Amateur level

At amateur level, each county in England has its own league with several divisions, where clubs affiliated to the county enter one or more teams. In 2010, Sport England statistics showed that 500,000 people regularly played squash in England, with 900 affiliated clubs and 4,500 squash courts across the country. The National Schools Championships was established in 1972 and has about 100 schools participating.
# Tumansky M-88

The Tumansky M-88 was an air-cooled radial engine for aircraft developed in the Soviet Union shortly before World War II.

## Design and development

The M-88 was designed to address the shortcomings of the Tumansky M-87. The improvements incorporated in the M-88 were a strengthened crankcase, crankshaft, connecting rods, waffle ribbing at the piston bottom and a two speed geared centrifugal supercharger. The M-88 retained the same bore/stroke and displacement as the M-87 while increasing power to 1,000-1,150 hp. Design work began in 1937 and by 1939 the first prototypes were being flight tested in the Polikarpov I-180 fighter prototypes. At first the M-88 was not a success, but the designers persisted and the M-88 was made into a reliable and widely produced engine. There were a number of different variants with the most numerous being the M-88B, of which 10,585 were produced at Zaporozhye and Omsk. The M-88B solved most of the mechanical failures associated with the M-87 and early M-88's by including oil injectors in the crankshaft, improved cooling and strengthened drive components. 16,087 M-88's were produced. In hindsight, the Tumansky family of engines developed from the Gnome-Rhône 9K and Gnome-Rhône 14K were far less successful than the Shvetsov family of engines developed from the Wright R-1820.

## Applications

* Ilyushin Il-4
* Kharkiv KhAI-5
* Polikarpov I-180
* Sukhoi Su-2

## Specifications (Tumansky M-88B)
### General characteristics

* Type: 14-cylinder twin-row air-cooled radial engine
* Bore: 146 mm (5.75 in)
* Stroke: 165 mm (6.50 in)
* Displacement: 38.72 L (2,363 cu in)
* Dry weight: 684 kg (1,508 lb)

### Components

* Supercharger: Two-speed, geared centrifugal
* Cooling system: air-cooled

### Performance

* Power output: 1,100hp
* Compression ratio: 6.1:1
# Garsaultia

Garsaultia is a genus of mites in the family Acaridae.

## Species

* Garsaultia testudo Oudemans, 1916
# Valoniopsis

Valoniopsis is a genus of green algae in the family Valoniaceae.
# Uilliam Ó Fearghail

Uilliam Ó Fearghail (William O’Ferral; died 1516) was a Roman Catholic prelate: he served as Bishop of Ardagh (1480–1516).

## Biography

Uilliam Ó Fearghail was ordained a priest in the Order of Cistercians. On 4 Aug 1480, Uilliam Ó Fearghail was appointed by Pope Sixtus IV as Bishop of Ardagh. He was consecrated bishop on 11 August 1482. He served as Bishop of Ardagh until his death in 1516. While bishop, he served as principal co-consecrator of Michael Hildebrand, Archbishop of Riga (1484).
# Sarana, Bazèga

Sarana is a village in the Doulougou Department of Bazèga Province in central Burkina Faso. The village has a population of 587.
# Rhein-Kreis Neuss

Neuss is a Kreis (district) in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Nearby are the urban districts Mönchengladbach, Krefeld, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Cologne, the districts Rhein-Erft-Kreis, Düren, Heinsberg and the district Viersen.

## History

In 1816 the districts Grevenbroich and Neuss were created when the whole area became part of Prussia. The city of Neuss left the district in 1913 to become an urban district. In 1929 the two districts were merged into the new district Grevenbroich-Neuss, which was renamed to Grevenbroich in 1946. In 1975 the urban district of Neuss lost its independent status and was merged into the Grevenbroich district, which was renamed to Kreis Neuss to represent the new administrative seat. On May 26, 2003, it changed its name, and is now officially called Rhein-Kreis Neuss.

## Geography

The main rivers of the district is the Rhine which forms most of the north-eastern border of the district, as well as the Erft. In the southern part of the district are big open pit Lignite (brown coal) mines.

## Coat of arms

The coat of arms was continued from the district Grevenbroich. The lion in the right side comes from the city of Jülich. The black cross in the left comes from the Cologne coat of arms. Both the bishops of Cologne as well as the dukes of Jülich owned land of the Neuss district.

## Towns and municipalities

| Towns | Towns | Municipalities |
| Neuss Grevenbroich Dormagen | Meerbusch Kaarst Korschenbroich | Jüchen Rommerskirchen |
# Tschugguel

Tschugguel is an Austrian surname originally from South Tyrol. Notable people with the surname include:
* Peter von Tramin (Peter Tschugguel), Austrian writer
* Alexander Tschugguel, Austrian Catholic activist
# Squash in Australia

Squash is a popular sport in Australia. There is a long tradition of the sport in the country, which boasts 7 former world number one players. As of 2018 there are many highly ranked Australian players, both in men's and women's squash.

## History of squash in Australia

The first Squash courts in Australia were established in 1913 at the Melbourne Club in Victoria. Players such as Geoff Hunt, Heather McKay and Sarah Fitz-Gerald are regarded as Australian squash legends.

## Professional competitions

Many professional squash competitions take place in Australia each year. For example, the 2017 PSA World Tour included:
* the Sandgate Open in Brisbane
* the Elanora Open in Sydney
* the NT Open in Darwin
* the Golden Open in Kalgoorlie
* the Tasmanian Open in Devonport
* the South Australian Open in Adelaide
* the Victorian Open in Melbourne
* the Bendigo International Squash Open in Bendigo
* the City of Greater Shepparton International in Shepparton
* the Bega Open in Bega
* the North Coast Open in Coffs Harbour
* the New South Wales Open in Thornleigh
* the Queensland Open in the Gold Coast
* the Cairns Squash International in Cairns
* the Australian Open in Darwin

## Top players
### World number ones

Australia has produced several world number ones:
* Men:
** Geoff Hunt
** Chris Dittmar
** David Palmer
* Women:
** Vicki Cardwell
** Michelle Martin
** Sarah Fitz-Gerald
** Rachael Grinham

### Highest ranked players

As of April 2018, the highest ranked Australian squash players were:
* Men:
** Ryan Cuskelly (15)
** Cameron Pilley (20)
** Rex Hedrick (65)
** Joshua Larkin (69)
** Rhys Dowling (98)
* Women:
** Donna Urquhart (16)
** Rachael Grinham (26)
** Christine Nunn (55)
** Sarah Cardwell (56)
** Tamika Saxby (57)

## National teams

Australia has national men's and women's teams, that represent the country in international competitions.

## Commonwealth Games

Australian players compete in the squash events of the Commonwealth Games, which are held every 4 years. Most recently, in the 2018 games, Australian players Zac Alexander and David Palmer won gold in the men's doubles event, Donna Urquhart and Cameron Pilley won gold in the mixed doubles event, and Donna Urquhart and Donna Urquhart won bronze in the women's doubles event.

## Governance

Squash in Australia is governed by Squash Australia.
# Hosmer Lake

Hosmer Lake is a natural body of water in the central Cascade Range in the U.S. state of Oregon. Nearly 5,000 feet (1,500 m) above sea level, the lake is part of a volcanic landscape about 20 miles (32 km) west-southwest of Bend along the Cascade Lakes Scenic Byway. In 1962, the United States Board on Geographic Names changed the name from Mud Lake to Hosmer Lake in honor of Paul Hosmer, a naturalist from Bend.
Hosmer Lake is about 5 miles (8 km) west of Mount Bachelor in Deschutes National Forest. Nearby lakes include Elk, Sparks, Blow, Doris, Lava, and Little Lava.
Encroaching vegetation is gradually turning Hosmer Lake into a marsh. The lake bottom consists of mud and peat, and mosses and aquatic plants restrict the open water. Water lilies and bullrushes are prevalent.

## Recreation

Formerly populated by trash fish, including carp, the lake was treated with rotenone in 1957 and restocked with Atlantic salmon. The landlocked salmon experiment proved successful, and in the 21st century the lake has been called "one of the richest lakes in the Deschutes National Forest". The lake supports populations of "very large" brook trout as well as "deep-bodied" salmon. Only fly-fishing with barbless flies is permitted on Hosmer Lake, and salmon must be released if caught. Boats with electric motors may slowly ply the lake, which is also open to canoes and other non-motorized craft.
Mallard Marsh Campground and South Campground, managed by the United States Forest Service, are near the southwest end of the lake. Between them, they have about three dozen campsites, a paved boat ramp, and access to hiking and horse-riding trails. Snow may block access to the lake through the winter months and sometimes as late as June.
# Varanus insulanicus

The Groote Eylandt monitor (Varanus insulanicus) is a medium-sized species of monitor lizard in the family Varanidae. The species is native to Northern Australia. It belongs to the subgenus Odatria.
# MMP19

Matrix metalloproteinase-19 (MMP-19) also known as matrix metalloproteinase RASI is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MMP19 gene.

## Function

Proteins of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family are involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix in normal physiological processes, such as embryonic development, reproduction, and tissue remodeling, as well as in disease processes, such as arthritis and metastasis. Most MMP's are secreted as inactive proproteins which are activated when cleaved by extracellular proteinases. This protein is expressed in human epidermis and endothelial cells and it has a role in cellular proliferation, migration, angiogenesis and adhesion. Multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been identified for this gene.
# Uilliam Mág Tighearnán

William Mág Tighearnán (anglicised William McKiernan) was chief of the McKiernan Clan of Tullyhunco, County Cavan from 1499 until his death in 1512.

## Chieftainship

On the death of the previous chief, John Mág Tighearnán in 1499, William took the chieftaincy and resided in the castle of Croaghan of the Cups (Irish- Cruachan O'Cúbhrán), now in the townland of Coolnashinny, besides the modern town of Killeshandra.

## Death

William died in 1512.
The Annals of the Four Masters for 1512 state-
Mac Tiernan of Teallach-Dunchadha (William) died.
# Saran division

Saran division is an administrative geographical unit of Bihar state of India. Chhapra is the administrative headquarters of the division. Currently (2005), the division consists of Saran district, also called Chhapra District, Siwan district, Gopalganj district.This is the only division in Bihar, in which all the districts share a boundary with another state; Uttar Pradesh.
Hathwa Raj was a zamindari in the Saran Division of Bihar belonging to Bhumihars which encompassed 1,365 villages, was inhabited by more than 391,000 people, and produced an annual rental of almost a million rupees.
# Rouge (Fredericks Goldman Jones album)

Rouge is a 1993 album recorded by the trio Fredericks Goldman Jones. It was their second studio album and was recorded at the studios Guillaume Tell, ICP and la Blaque, located in France and Belgium. The album was released on 29 November 1993 and was not as successful as the singers' first studio album, but still spawned three singles which achieved some success in France : "Rouge" (#14), "Juste après" (#32) and "Fermer les yeux" (#33).

## Album information

The collector edition of Rouge has a box in aluminium, whose front cover is entirely carved, and some elements of which are painted red. The Alexandrov Ensemble participated in this recording, on the song "Rouge".
The album debuted at number one on 5 December 1993 and stayed there for seven consecutive weeks. It was ranked for 17 weeks in the top ten and for 42 weeks in the top 50. In 1995, it earned a Diamond disc for over 1,000,000 copies sold.
The album was briefly ranked at #41 in Switzerland.

## Track listing

All tracks written and composed by Jean-Jacques Goldman.
* "Serre-moi" — 2:18
* "On n'a pas changé" — 5:55
* "Que disent les chansons du monde ?" — 4:54
* "Il part" — 5:00
* "Juste après" — 4:39
* "Rouge" — 6:12
* "Des vôtres" — 5:44
* "Frères" — 5:12
* "Des vies" — 4:19
* "Ne lui dis pas" — 4:47
* "Elle avait 17 ans" — 5:07
* "Fermer les yeux" — 6:41

## Personnel

* Tom Lord Aldge – mixing
* Erick Benzi – arranger, keyboards, producer
* Alex Firla, Boris Beziat – assistant engineers
* Carole Fredericks – vocal
* Claude Gassian – photo
* Jean-Luc Seigneur – engraving
* Jean-Jacques Goldman – guitar, vocal, art direction, musical direction, lyrics
* Michael Jones – guitar, vocal, guitar arrangements
* Pino Palladino, Guy Delacroix – bass
* Andy Scott – producer, engineer
* Patrice Tison – guitar
* Chris Whitten – drums

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| France (SNEP) | 3× Platinum | 900,000$^*$ |
| Switzerland (IFPI Switzerland) | Gold | 25,000$^^$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Tschuggen (Wengen)

The Tschuggen is a mountain of the Bernese Alps, overlooking Wengen in the Bernese Oberland. It has an elevation of 2,521 metres above sea level and it is the highest summit of the group lying north of the Kleine Scheidegg.
# Gargush

The gargush (Hebrew: קרקוש) is a traditional Yemenite Jewish headdress, resembling a hood that is thought to have originated in the Sanaʿite community. It's worn as a traditional headpiece among Israeli Jews in the modern era.

## History

Yemenite Jews have throughout the ages preserved ancient Jewish modesty traditions through their clothing. The gargush has been the primary headdress worn by Yemenite Jewish women for many generations. In Sana'a and the surrounding area, the gargush distinguished Jewish women from Muslim women. Jewish women of all ages would wear the gargush; however, the design and material used would vary depending on marital status, locality, and occasion.

## Significance

The gargush was made to comply with the biblical mandate on married women covering their hair. It acts as a hood-like headpiece which extends onto the shoulders, and is closed under the chin by a button. The wearer's marital status was often signified by the jewelry and ornaments attached to the gargush. The materials used varied from black cotton and velvet (gadifah) to golden-threaded brocade (mizahhar).
The most decorated gargush among Jewish women in Sana'a was the gargush mizahhar mirassaf (the full golden hood), which was adorned with gilt silver filigree (made by Yemenite Jewish silversmiths) and gilt coins hanging on the exterior. It was usually part of a woman's dowry from her father. On the Sabbath and Jewish holidays, women would wear a variant known as gargush gadifah, which is made of black velvet, with silver decorations around the hood border.
Traditionally, in Yemenite Jewish culture, at the age of seven, a girl would wear her first gargush, typically a basic one with nominal silver decorations. Around the age of 12, she would receive a fancier costume and gargush. Bridal gargushes are viewed as elaborate headpieces, completely covered up by gold-patterned brocade laced with golden ornaments. After getting married, a woman was required to wear a gargush when outside or whenever visitors were present.
Outside of signifying modesty, gargushes were seen as sexual signals. Wearing fancy make-up while wearing a gargush was seen as showing sexual desire to her husband. In public, a woman would be viewed as promiscuous if her gargush was worn loose.
# Horsfieldia longiflora

Horsfieldia longiflora is a threatened species of plant in the family Myristicaceae. It is endemic to Vietnam. The species appears to be restricted to submontane evergreen forest.
# Varanus hooijeri

Varanus hooijeri is an extinct species of medium-sized monitor lizard found in Liang Bua on Flores and possibly also Sumba, dating to the Late Pleistocene and Holocene.

## Discovery

It was described in 1958 by Leo Daniël Brongersma on the island of Flores in Indonesia. In 2021 two maxilla bones from each having four teeth from Liang Lawuala on Sumba, were assigned to V. cf. hooijeri, suggesting that it inhabited Sumba as well.

## Description

Varanus hooijeri is a medium-sized varanid, at around 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) long, around the size of a living Nile monitor. The teeth are blunt and wide (bunodont), unlike the sharp, curved teeth typically seen in other monitor lizards. This has been assessed as adapted for a frugivore diet supplemented by small mammals and insects.

## Paleoecology

Varanus hooijeri lived with another, much larger, monitor lizard, the living Komodo dragon. Due to its frugivore diet it would have niche partitioned with the larger animal, although it may have been prey for the latter.
It also lived with the dwarf proboscidean Stegodon florensis, the large stork Leptoptilos robustus, the cat-sized Flores giant rat and the dwarf hominid Homo floresiensis.

## Extinction

The youngest remains of the species date to the Holocene.
# Lê Văn Tám Park

Le Van Tam Park (Vietnamese: Công viên Lê Văn Tám), previously known as Mạc Đĩnh Chi Cemetery, is a park in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. It formerly was a large and prestigious French colonial cemetery in South Vietnam, located near the US Embassy, Saigon (now is Consulate General of the United States, Ho Chi Minh City). The cemetery had a wooded, bucolic setting, surrounded by a tall concrete wall, with a gated entrance on Hai Ba Trung Street. It originated as the burial ground for those killed during the 1859 battle for the Gia Dinh Citadel.
The cemetery was built by the French and had a European style confined within a quiet environment, giving it an air of simplicity, eeriness, and majesty. Small winding roads, lined with eucalyptus trees interspersed with straight roads, gave access to all corners of the cemetery. Eight-foot, bone white concrete walls enclosed it all around and gave it an air of isolation and solemnity in the middle of the noisy neighborhood. There were magnificent mausoleums, eight to ten feet high and six to eight feet wide, erected by bereaved families to commemorate their deceased. Others were simple tombstones, but no less impressive, with a block of stone marking the gallant deeds of the beloved person. It was by far the largest, cleanest and best-kept cemetery in Saigon.
Burial there was reserved for French governors and colonial officials, high-ranking Vietnamese politicians, generals, former war heroes, celebrities and prominent members of the South Vietnamese society. In 1955 it was named Mac Dinh Chi, after the renowned ancient Vietnamese scholar and diplomat Mạc Đĩnh Chi (1280–1350). South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu were interred there in unmarked graves following their assassinations. The famous French correspondent for Time and Newsweek magazines François Sully and the American missionary Grace Cadman were also buried there.
In the early 1980s, Vietnam's communist government declared the cemetery a corrupt reminder of the past. In 1983 the Ho Chi Minh City People's Committee passed a resolution to abolish the cemetery, and ordered all remains to be exhumed and removed. Family members were given two months to claim their loved ones. Then the mausoleums and tombstones were bulldozed to the ground to create a children's park and playground.
# UVW

UVW may refer to:
* The CIE 1964 color space, often abbreviated as UVW
* Unie van Waterschappen [nl], an umbrella organization for Dutch water boards
* United Vehicle Workers, a former trade union in Britain (1919 - 1922)
* United Voices of the World, an independent grassroots trade union in Britain
* Universitätsverlag Wagner [wikidata], an Austrian academic publisher
* UVW mapping, a mathematical technique for coordinate mapping
* University of Virginia's College at Wise, a public liberal arts college in Wise, Virginia
* Unloaded Vehicle Weight, the weight of a vehicle as manufactured at the factory
# Santana, Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico

Santana is a barrio in the municipality of Sabana Grande, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 7,291.

## History

Santana was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Santana barrio was 921.