OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chalvignac Group

The Chalvignac Group is an international industrial company. Its headquarters are in Jarnac-Champagne, Charente-Maritime, France. It is a global specialist in distillation processes. This group proposed agricultural and wine-growing trailers, stainless steel and fiber tanks, and offers retail winery equipment. Created in the early 20th century, the main company Chalvignac became the center of the Nov-Tech group in 1984, later renamed as the Chalvignac Group.

## Business units
### Boilermaking
#### Distillation

Chalvignac's core business is manufacturing distillation pots. This apparatus is necessary for cognac distillation. It is operated by Chalvignac Prulho Distillation. Its flagship product is the traditional “Charentais” pot still, which enables it to distil not only cognac, but also calvados, Armagnac, rum, tequila, whiskey, and other brandies. It also provides distillation columns to obtain mainly Armagnac and single-distilled alcohols in continuous production. Chalvignac also designs and produces high-technology equipment to set and supervise the distillation process, including gas/steam supply setting, distillate casting (heads, "brouillis" or hearts, and tails), and temperature regulation.
Its clients include cognac brands as Hennessy, Martell and Courvoisier.

### Tanks

Distillation tanks are offered through three subsidiaries. Some tanks are manufactured for wine and spirit companies, notably Moët & Chandon, but also for industrial groups producing food and non-food liquids.
Stainless steel wine-growing and stocking tanks are manufactured by Chalvignac at Jarnac-Champagne workshop.
Wine-growing and stocking tanks in composite materials are built by the Sodipia subsidiary, located at St-Médard de Mussidan, Dordogne.
Stainless tanks for other purposes, such as foodstuffs (chocolate) and non-food goods (cosmetics) are manufactured by the Dabrigeon subsidiary, located at Pérignac, Charente-Maritime.

### Trailers

The Chalvignac Group manufactures trailers, having acquired Simonneau C.C.M., located at Sainte-Même, Charente-Maritime (agricultural trailers and wine-press holders) and Maitre, located in Rongères, Allier (agricultural trailers, trays, and manure spreaders).

### Shops

Mostly aimed at professionals, Chalvignac Equipements, founded in 1991, offers wine-growing tools, wine-stocking tanks, and pumps.
Chalvignac-Prulho stills for small, boutique, and experimental distilling of liquor products are distributed in South Africa through Distillique. They also provide training on Chalvignac-Prulho stills and general distilling.
# Chamber of Horrors

Chamber of Horrors may refer to:
* Chamber of Horrors (1929 film), a 1929 British silent film directed by Walter Summers
* The Door with Seven Locks (1940 film), a 1940 black-and-white British film, released in the United States as Chamber of Horrors
* Chamber of Horrors (1966 film), a 1966 horror film directed by Hy Averback
* Chamber of Horrors (Madame Tussauds), famous for its waxworks of executed criminals and notorious persons
* Chamber of Horrors (FDA) (Ruth deForest Lamb)
# Chamechaude

Chamechaude (French pronunciation:) is the highest summit in the Chartreuse Massif in the Isère department in eastern France. It is the fourth most prominent mountain in metropolitan France.

## Ascent

The ascent is a hike, but there are also several climbing routes on the east face.
* Chamechaude (left)
* Seen from Plateau Sornin
* Seen from the summit Charmant Som
* Seen from Émeindras
# Chamundeshwari Studios

Chamundeshware Studio is a major motion picture film studio located in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It was established in the year 1969 by Coimbatore based movie moghul S. M. Sriramulu Naidu along with his nephew Kuppuswamy Naidu.
# Chandar railway station

Chandar Railway Station (station code: CNR) is a small railway station in South Goa district, Goa. It serves Chandar village. The station consists of one platform. The platform is not well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation.

## Major trains

* Vasco da Gama–Kulem Passenger
# Chandiya (film)

Chandiya is a 1965 Sri Lankan action movie directed by Titus Thotawatte. In the country, it was the first of its genre to not borrow from Indian cinema.

## Plot

Troubled youth encounters the pressures of city life and villainous characters.

### Cast

* Gamini Fonseka as Chuttey
* Anula Karunathilaka as Sumana
* H. D. Kulatunga as Kalu Mahathaya
* Christy Leonard Perera as Kavi Kola Karaya
* Karl Gunasena as Karl Vyman
* D. R. Nanayakkara as Piloris
* Robin Fernando
* Sonia Disa
* B. S. Perera
* Anthony C. Perera as Andaya
* Joe Abeywickrama as Peda
* Hugo Fernando as Appuhamy
* Dommie Jayawardena
* Thilakasiri Fernando as Seeya
* Mohideen Baig
* N. R. Dias
* Douglas Wickremasinghe
* Dharmadasa Kuruppu

## Songs

* "Manga Hingana Kotath" – Mohideen Baig, Christy Leonard Perera, J. A. Milton Perera and C. T. Fernando
* "Sakala Sirin Piri" – Christy Leonard Perera
* "Mangalam Jaya Mangalam" – Mohideen Baig
* "Unath Dahi Marunath Dahi" – Mohideen Baig, J. A. Milton Perera, Wellu and chorus
* "Atha Gamak" – Latha Walpola
# Chandler, South Australia

Chandler (or Chandler Siding), in the far north-west corner of the state of South Australia, is a rail siding on the Adelaide-Darwin rail corridor. It is about 56 kilometres (35 mi) north of the town of Marla near the junction of the Stuart Highway and the entry to the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Aboriginal lands (APY Lands).
It was named in 1872 by the state government after an operator on the Overland Telegraph Line who lived nearby.
It was one of nine sidings to which names were assigned in 1978 in connection with the Tarcoola to Alice Springs railway, which was completed in 1980. Although the experiential tourism train, The Ghan, passes once a week on its journey between Adelaide and Darwin, the train is not accessible at Chandler.
# Chamaita sundanympha

Chamaita sundanympha is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found on Borneo and Java. The habitat consists of lowland forests.
The length of the forewings is about 7 mm for males and 7–8 mm for females.
# Chapleau 61A

Chapleau 61A is a First Nations reserve close to Chapleau, Ontario. It is one of the reserves of the Chapleau Ojibway First Nation.
# Channel Glacier

Channel Glacier (64°47′S 63°19′W﻿ / ﻿64.783°S 63.317°W﻿ / -64.783; -63.317) is a through glacier, 1.5 nautical miles (3 km), extending in an east-west direction across Wiencke Island, between Nipple Peak and Wall Range, in the Palmer Archipelago. It was discovered by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition under Gerlache 1897–99. The name appears on a chart based on a 1927 survey by DI personnel on the Discovery.
# Char char

Char char is one of the Aanaas in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. It is part of the West Hararghe Zone. It was separated from Guba Koricha Aanaa.

## Demographics

The 2007 national census reported a total population for this woreda of 81,646, of whom 42,030 were men and 39,616 were women; 6,491 or 7.95% of its population were urban dwellers. The majority of the inhabitants (72.12%) said they were Muslim, 15.58% of the population practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity and 2.9% were Catholics.
# Chandrakant Limaye

Pandit Chandrakant Limaye (चंद्रकांत लिमये) (born 19 August 1950) is a Hindustani Classical Singer from India, and the successor disciple of the well known vocalist Late Dr.Vasantrao Deshpande.
Chandrakant Limaye is also famous for his participation in Marathi Musical Plays.
* Katyar Kaljat Ghusali of Natyasampada, Bombay. This became an extremely popular play where, after Pt Vasantrao Deshpande, Limaye used to play the lead role.
* Vardanof Sharayu Theatre.
* Sant Gora Kumbhar of Vaishali Theatre and Natya Sampada.
* Sangeet Saubhadra of Rang Sharada.
* To Mi Nawhech of Natya Sampada.
* Sangeet Sanshayakallol of Sahakari Manoranjan.He played the lead role and his character was named as Ashwin Sheth in the play which was earlier played by chhote Gandharva
* Pat Gele Ga Kathewadi of Natya Sampada.
* Makhamali He Swapna Maze of Ranjan Kala Mandir.
Limaye used to perform the lead role in a Marathi musical play Katyar Kaljat Ghusli written by Purushottam Darvhekar since April 1997. The same role was earlier performed by his Guru Late Pt. Vasantrao Deshpande.
In 2003, Maharashtra Kala Niketan honoured Chandrakant Limaye by giving the Maharashtra Vaibhav award for performing in the lead role in Katyar Kaljat Ghusali produced by Natyasampada Mumbai, that belongs to Prabhakar Panshikar.
Vasantrao Deshpande Sangeet Sabha, a charitable trust was founded by Chandrakant Limaye in August 2000. On behalf of Vasantrao Deshpande Sangeet Sabha, he started several theme-based programmes such as Hori Ke Rang, Shrutirang Varsha ke, Natyarang Sangeetache, Haweli Sangeet, and Gharanon Ki Khasiyatein.
# Charingia Gaon

Charingia Gaon is a census town located in the Jorhat district, in the northeastern state of Assam, India.
# Chariot, Alaska

Chariot is a former research site on the coast of the Chukchi Sea in the western part of North Slope Borough in the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located close to the mouth of Ogotoruk Creek in the Ogotoruk Valley, 10 km ESE of Cape Thompson, Arctic Slope. Maximum elevation is 20 meters.
The place was named around 1962 after Project Chariot by personnel of the project. The name likely refers to a headquarters building on the site.
# Charadra deridens

Charadra deridens (laugher or marbled tuffet moth) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Manitoba in Canada, through most of the United States except the south-western states.
The wingspan is 38–48 mm. Adults are on wing from May to August in the north. They have an extended season in Florida.
The larvae feed on the leaves of beech. Other recorded hosts include birch, elm, maple and oak.
# Charadra patafex

Charadra patafex is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is known only from Guerrero Mill in the State of Hidalgo in Mexico, where it was found at 9000 feet elevation.
It is possibly associated with dry oak woodlands at higher elevations.
# Charles Gaylord House

The Charles Gaylord House, located in Corvallis, Oregon, is a house that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
# Charles C. Wine

Charles C. Wine (May 17, 1901 – February 9, 1974) was an Arkansas lawyer who served as Arkansas Public Service Commissioner from 1945 to 1950, and as a justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court for several months in 1948.
He was born near Carthage, Missouri, but he grew up in Texarkana. He got a degree from the University of Arkansas. He received a law degree from the Cumberland School of Law before beginning his career as a judge in Texarkana in 1936.
He was also the Arkansas Public Service Commissioner from 1945 to 1950. In August 1948, Wine was appointed to a seat on the state supreme court vacated by the death of Justice Edgar L. McHaney, to serve until a new justice was elected in the November 1948 election. Wine sought election to the court in 1950, but lost in the primary to Sam Dunn Robinson.
Wine died in a hospital in Bentonville, Arkansas, at the age of 72.
# Charles Byron Wilson

Charles Byron Wilson (August 31, 1929 – February 24, 2018) was an American neurosurgeon.

## Education

When Wilson's college football career was cut short due to an ankle injury, he studied medicine, finishing first in his class in 1954. He served a rotating internship and a year in pathology at Charity Hospital, where he was drawn to the studies of neuropathology, neurology and neuroanatomy, and decided to become a neurosurgeon.

## Career

Wilson joined the faculty of Louisiana State University Medical School, where he was assistant professor of neurosurgery from 1961 to 1963.
Moving to Lexington, he founded the Division of Neurosurgery at the University of Kentucky. There he became interested in malignant gliomas and created specialized laboratory and research programs.
He was named professor and chairman of the Division of Neurosurgery at the University of California, San Francisco in 1968. According to Dr. Susan Chang, director of UCSF's neuro-oncology division, “[Wilson] was a visionary in how he built a multidisciplinary approach to studying brain cancer, linking basic science and clinical research together. He was able to set up an infrastructure to test new therapies on tumors and spare patients the side effects of treatments.”
In 1985 Wilson became Tong-Po Kan Professor of Neurosurgery.
He was profiled by Malcolm Gladwell for The New Yorker in 1999, where Gladwell argued that Wilson was an example of “physical genius,” and compared him to such figures as Wayne Gretsky, Yo-Yo Ma and Tony Gwynn.
Wilson performed over 2,000 transsphenoidal surgeries.
After his death, a New York Times articled described him as “a pioneering and virtuosic San Francisco neurosurgeon who used operating rooms like stages, sometimes performing as many as eight surgeries a day, all while building a leading brain tumor research center.”

## Accomplishments and awards

Wilson received the Outstanding Clinical Instructor and Outstanding Clinical Professor awards at Kentucky. He was the Wilder Penfield Lecturer, the Herbert Olivecrona Lecturer, and the R. Eustace Semmes Lecturer, among others. He published over 500 articles and book chapters and served on several editorial boards, including that of The Journal of Neurosurgery, which he chaired from 1981 to 1983.

## Miscellany

Wilson was a pianist, and enjoyed running marathons.
He co-founded the Global AIDS Interfaith Alliance, which provides healthcare programs in African countries affected by AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria.
He raised money and determined policy for Clinic by the Bay, which offers free medical services to uninsured people in the San Francisco area.
Wilson is survived by his fifth wife, Frances Petrocelli; his daughter, Rebecca Cohn; his son, Byron; a stepdaughter, Kathryn Petrocelli; four grandchildren, and two step-grandchildren.
# Charles Franklin Dunbar

Charles Franklin Dunbar (July 28, 1830– January 29, 1900) was an American economist. He held the first Chair of Political Economy at the Harvard University in 1871.

## Biography

Charles Franklin Dunbar was born in Abington, Massachusetts on July 28, 1830. He graduated from Harvard University in 1851. From 1885 to 1898 he served as a trustee and later as president of the Board of Trustees of Phillips Exeter Academy.
Upon the founding of the Quarterly Journal of Economics in 1886, he was appointed editor.
He married Julia Ruggles Copeland on November 30, 1853. She died on November 29, 1899.
Charles Franklin Dunbar died at his home in Cambridge on January 29, 1900.
Dunbar Hall, a dormitory on that school's campus, was named after him in 1901, as was its replacement after it was destroyed by fire in 1907.

## Works

* Economic Essays. New York: Macmillan. 1904.
* The Theory And History Of Banking (3 ed.). New York & London: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1917 [1891].
* Laws of the United States Relating to Currency, Finance and Banking, from 1789 to 1891. 1891.
# Hallwang Clinic

The Hallwang Clinic is a private oncology clinic based in Dornstetten, Germany, founded in 2014. It is known for selling unproven and ineffective therapies alongside more conventional cancer treatments.

## Therapies

In addition to conventional therapies, the clinic offers a large variety of unproven and pseudoscientific treatments including homeopathy, orthomolecular medicine and ozone therapy.
Most of these are not available on the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS). The clinic is accused of exaggerating the likely effectiveness of the treatments it sells.

## History

The Waldeck Klinik KG focused on rehabilitation and closed in 2009. In 2009, Dr. Ursula Jacob opened Privatklinik Dr. Ursula Jacob GmbH, focussing on holistic cancer treatments, including alternative cancer therapies such as ozone therapy and hyperthermia therapy. Ursula left the center in 2013 and relocated to Munich where she runs a prevention clinic. Privatklinik Dr. Ursula Jacob GmbH changed its name in 2014 to the Hallwang Clinic.
Starting in 2014, the current Hallwang Clinic opened at the same location, as a specialized private oncology clinic, led by board-certified medical oncologists. The clinic claims that the medical team consists of medical oncologists, hematologists and internal medicine specialists. As of 2019, the largest shareholder was Albert Schmierer, who owns a chain of pharmacies specialising in homeopathy.
The clinic become known when British actress Kate Winslet and American actors and film producers Leonardo DiCaprio and Dwayne Johnson supported funding appeals for patients. The English actress Leah Bracknell has been mentioned as a patient of the Hallwang Clinic.

## Controversies

The Hallwang Clinic remains controversial. The clinic is particularly criticized for the combination of guideline-approved and complementary cancer therapies, such as hyperthermia and ozone therapy. The Hallwang Clinic is said to be the most high-profile clinic in the European private cancer industry, centred in Germany, which attracts patients from the US, the UK, Australia and the Middle East. The clinic describes itself as a pioneer in the field of personalised and precision-based oncology, though it does not publish data on patient outcomes or survival rates.
The costs at the clinic are high. More than half the £8 million raised by cancer crowdfunding in the United Kingdom was for trips to the Hallwang Clinic. One father reported being charged £600 per night for overnight stays, in addition to the charges for his son, and that two paracetamol tablets were charged at 12 euros.
In 2019, crowdfunding site GoFundMe banned fundraisers for treatments at Hallwang.
American oncologist David Gorski wrote about a case where the clinic estimated a treatment at $120,000 with 80% deposit that had to be paid privately, as the clinic does not work with insurance companies. Gorski also criticized the policy that patients are asked to not talk to the press and that the clinic "routinely couples unproven treatments with business practices that exploit the seriously ill".
# E. nigricans

E. nigricans may refer to:
* Enchelycore nigricans, the mottled conger moray or mulatto conger, a moray eel species found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
* Endochironomus nigricans, a non-biting midge species in the genus Endochironomus found in Europe
* Enneapogon nigricans
* Epidendrum nigricans, Schltr., 1913, an orchid species in the genus Epidendrum
* Euxesta nigricans, a picture-winged fly species
* Euxoa nigricans, the garden dart, a moth species found throughout Europe
* Evarcha nigricans, Dalmas, 1920, a jumping spider species in the genus Evarcha found in Tunisia
# Clinical Neurophysiology (journal)

Clinical Neurophysiology is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 1949 as Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology and obtained its current title in 1999. The journal covers all aspects of neurophysiology, especially as relating to the pathophysiology underlying diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. It is the official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Brazilian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Czech Society of Clinical Neurophysiology, the Italian Clinical Neurophysiology Society, and the International Society of Intraoperative Neurophysiology.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* BIOSIS Previews
* Chemical Abstracts
* Current Contents/Clinical Medicine
* Current Contents/Life Sciences
* Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed
* Science Citation Index
* Embase
* Neuroscience Citation Index
* PASCAL
* Elsevier BIOBASE/Current Awareness in Biological Sciences
* Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 3.614.
# Souk Kriaa

Souk Kriaa (Arabic : سوق قريعة) or The New Souk that is also known as Souk El Msakkaf is one of the markets of the medina of Sfax.

## Localization

It is located outside of the northern medina's fences right in front of Bab Jebli. It is principally home to fabric shops, household machines and butchers.

## History

The souk was designed by the French architect Bernard Zehrfuss, it was opened in 1952. In 2000, it got classified as a national historical monument by the National Institute of Heritage.
The souk carries the last name of the contractor and the main builder Mohamed Kriaa.

## Architecture

Souk Kriaa is a covered space with an irregular pentagon shape, with four domed wings and a huge entrance that contains a huge dome. It surrounds Souk El Hout from all four sides.
After the World War II, due to the immense lack of building materials (like iron and cement etc.), Mohammed Kriaa preferred using local materials to build the souk. That's how it was built using the traditional way with local stones and lime. As for the roof, the domes and barrels were made using clay bricks, depending on huge arcs that are a little bit cracked.
All these details emphasize the view and the aesthetic integration of the souk in its environment, to the point that it is still considered as an extension to the medina of Sfax. This building is well integrated in its environment and it is a component that can not be ignored in the urban scene of the center of Sfax.
* Facade of Souk Kriaa
* Main dome of the souk
* Arches of the souk
* Main entrance of Souk Kriaa
# Roland Carl Backhouse

Roland Carl Backhouse (born 18 August 1948) is a British computer scientist and mathematician. As of 2020, he is Emeritus Professor of Computing Science at the University of Nottingham.

## Early life and education

Backhouse was born and raised in the Thorntree district of Middlesbrough, an industrial town in the north-east of England. In 1959, he won a place at the then all-male Acklam Hall Grammar School before going on to Churchill College, Cambridge, in 1966. His doctorate (Ph.D.) was completed under the supervision of Jim Cunningham at Imperial College London.

## Career

Backhouse's career has included Royal Aircraft Establishment (1969–1970), Heriot-Watt University (1973–1982), University of Essex (1982–1986). He was formerly Professor of Computer Science at the University of Groningen (1986–1990) and Eindhoven University of Technology (1990–1999) in the Netherlands, before his position at the University of Nottingham.
He was a member of the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) IFIP Working Group 2.1 on Algorithmic Languages and Calculi, which specified, maintains, and supports the programming languages ALGOL 60 and ALGOL 68.

## Personal life

Backhouse is married to Hilary, née Mitchell. They have three sons, Kevin, Andrew, and David.

## Academic interests

His research interests lie in the mathematics of program construction and algorithmic problem solving. Together with Jan L. A. van de Snepscheut (1953—1994), he began the biennial series of conferences on the Mathematics of Program Construction, the first of which was held in 1989.