OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kreis Karthaus

The Karthaus district was a Prussian district that existed from 1818 to 1920. It was located in the part of West Prussia that fell to Poland after World War I through the Treaty of Versailles in 1920, as part of the Polish Corridor. The capital of the district was Karthaus. From 1939 to 1945, the district was re-established as part of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia in occupied Poland. Today the territory of the district lies in the Polish Pomeranian Voivodeship.

## History

With the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the territory of the future Karthaus district became part of the Kingdom of Prussia, and it was initially divided between the Dirschau and Stargard districts in the province of West Prussia. On April 30, 1815, the area was made part of Regierungsbezirk Danzig. As part of a comprehensive district reform, parts of the old Dirschau and Stargard districts were separated to form the new Carthaus district on April 1, 1818. The spelling of the name of the town and the district was changed to Karthaus, over the course of the 19th century. From December 3, 1829, to April 1, 1878, West Prussia and East Prussia were united to form the Province of Prussia, which had belonged to the German Empire since 1871.
Due to the provisions of the Versailles Treaty, the Karthaus district had to be ceded by the German Reich on January 10, 1920. Most of the district fell to Poland and continued to exist as Powiat Kartuski in the new Pomeranian Voivodeship. Several communities in the east of the district fell to the Free City of Danzig and were assigned to the Danziger Höhe district. On November 30, 1920, there was an exchange of territory between Poland and Germany. The localities Żukówko and Mühlchen, which had belonged to the Karthaus district in Poland, were transferred to the Bütow district in the Prussian Province of Pomerania, while the localities Pommersch Prondzonka, Althütte bei Buchwalde and Schellews were transferred from the Bütow district to Poland.

## Demographics

Ethnolinguistic structure of the district :
| Year | 1831 | 1837 | 1852 | 1855 | 1858 | 1861 | 1890 | 1892 | 1900 | 1905 | 1910 |
| % of Poles / Kashubians | 85% | 84% | 77% | 76% | 76% | 77% | 68% | 76% | 69% | 70% | 72% |
| % of Germans / Others | 15% | 16% | 23% | 24% | 24% | 23% | 32% | 24% | 31% | 30% | 28% |
| Total population of the district | 29,144 | 31,406 | 42,371 | 45,042 | 47,622 | 51,348 | 59,348 | 59,855 | 62,990 | 66,612 | 69,891 |
# Lyndon School

Lyndon School may refer to:
# Sambre–Oise Canal

The Canal de la Sambre à l'Oise (French pronunciation:) is a canal in northern France. It forms a connection between the canalised river Sambre (Meuse basin) at Landrecies and the Oise (Seine basin) at La Fère. The canal is 71 kilometres (44 mi) long, and has 38 locks. The junction made at La Fère is with a branch of the Canal de Saint-Quentin, while the Canal latéral à l'Oise is joined 10.5 km further downstream at Chauny. It was used by the standard Freycinet-gauge péniches, 38.50 metres (126.3 ft) long, and 5.05 metres (16.6 ft) in beam, carrying up to 250 tonnes. The canal, also a popular waterway for boats heading south from the Netherlands and Belgium to the central French waterways, had to be closed in 2006 when two aqueducts were found to be in danger of failing. Funding has been put in place by the owner, Voies Navigables de France, and the local authorities, with support from the State. The canal was reopened in July 2021.

## World War I battle

The Sambre–Oise Canal saw one of the last Allied victories of World War I before the Armistice with Germany which came into effect at 11.00 am on 11 November 1918.
The forcing of the Sambre–Oise Canal took place on 4 November 1918. Participating in the operation were the 2nd Battalion Royal Sussex, as well as the 2nd Manchesters, to which the poet Wilfred Owen belonged. The Lancashire Fusiliers also took part in the battle. The British forces were to cross some fields surrounded by high hedges, then cross the canal at a point where there was a lockhouse. The Germans had this area defended with machine guns and rifle teams.
As the 2nd Battalion advanced on the canal, the Royal Engineers placed small footbridges across the lock. Some Royal Sussex Regiment men actually climbed up onto the lock gates, one of them firing his Lewis gun from the hip as he went. Eventually the British managed to take the lockhouse and pushed on to their final objective near the Étreux road.
Wilfred Owen, officer and poet, was killed as he crossed the Sambre–Oise Canal at the head of a raiding party: Owen's death occurred only a week before the war ended.
# Kusić

Kusić (Serbian Cyrillic: Кусић) may have several meanings in Serbo-Croatian (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian) usage, either as toponym or last name, found among several South Slavic ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia (formerly Yugoslavia).
Kusić may also refer to:

## Places

* Kusić, Bela Crkva, a village near Bela Crkva, Serbia
* Kusići, Teslić, formerly a sub-village of the village Jezera, Teslić, Bosnia and Herzegovina

## People

* Filip Kusić (born 1996), Serbian-German footballer
* Grgo Kusić (1892–1918), Croat soldier in the Austro-Hungarian Army
* Larry Kusik, award-winning lyricist
* Zvonko Kusić (born 1946), Croatian physician, professor of oncology and nuclear medicine
# T-SPOT.TB

T-SPOT.TB is a type of ELISpot assay used for tuberculosis diagnosis, which belongs to the group of interferon gamma release assays. The test is manufactured by Oxford Immunotec in the UK. It is available in most European countries, the United States as well as various other countries. It was developed by researchers at the University of Oxford in England.

## Test overview

T-SPOT.TB counts the number of antimycobacterial effector T cells, white blood cells that produce interferon-gamma, in a sample of blood. This gives an overall measurement of the host immune response against mycobacteria, which can reveal the presence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Because this does not rely on production of a reliable antibody response or recoverable pathogen, the technique can be used to detect latent tuberculosis. This technique has the advantage that it is comparatively fast (results within 24 hours), and less influenced by previous BCG vaccination compared with the traditional testing method for latent tuberculosis, the tuberculin skin test. This is due to the fact that both tests use different antigens for stimulation. While the tuberculin skin test uses purified protein derivative, a heterogeneous mixture of more than two hundred different mycobacterial peptides, the T-SPOT.TB uses relatively Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigens (peptides called ESAT-6 and CFP-10). ESAT-6 and CFP-10 are expressed by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but are absent from all currently used BCG vaccines and most nontuberculous mycobacteria. Based on those test principles, it is thought that the T-SPOT.TB is more specific than the tuberculin skin test.

## Test performance

In one study in Germany, 70 out of 72 patients with confirmed TB infection were T-SPOT.TB positive, indicating a sensitivity of 97.2%. However, more recent data from a study in children with active TB disease in the UK suggest that the sensitivity of the T-SPOT.TB may in fact be worse than that of the tuberculin skin test (sensitivity reported as 66% and 82%, respectively). The performance of interferon-gamma release assays in children has also been questioned by other publications. A metaanalysis of studies in children with active tuberculosis published in 2011 suggests that the sensitivity of the T-SPOT.TB is very similar to that of the tuberculin skin test (pooled sensitivity reported as 84% and 80%, respectively).
# Covington (surname)

Covington (/ˈkʌvɪŋtən/) is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ann K. Covington, former chief justice of the Supreme Court of Missouri
* Arthur Covington (1913–2001), a Canadian physicist
* Bucky Covington (born 1977), singer and 8th-place finisher on the 5th season of American Idol
* Charles Covington, American jazz pianist
* Chet Covington (1910–1976), Major League Baseball pitcher
* Chris Covington (born 1996), American football player
* Christian Covington (born 1993), American football player
* Colby Covington (born 1988), American mixed martial artist
* Damien Covington (1972–2002), professional American football player
* Dennis Covington (born 1948), American writer
* Donald Covington (1928–2002), former Professor of Design in the Art Department of San Diego State University
* Fred Covington (1912–1995), English cricketer
* George Washington Covington (1838–1911), American politician
* Grover Covington (born 1956), Canadian Football League player
* Harold Covington (1953–2018), American neo-nazi and novelist
* Hayden C. Covington (1911–1978), legal counsel for the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
* Howard Covington British investment banker who was a founding shareholder and director of New Star Asset Management.
* James Harry Covington (1870–1942), American jurist and politician
* Jerry Covington, American maker of custom motorcycles
* Jesse Whitfield Covington (1889–1966), United States Navy sailor who received the Medal of Honor during World War I
* Joey Covington (1945–2013), American drummer, best known for his involvements with Hot Tuna and Jefferson Airplane
* Julie Covington (born 1947), English singer and actress
* Kirk Covington, American drummer best known for his work with the jazz fusion group Tribal Tech
* Leonard Covington (1768–1813), US congressman and US general in War of 1812; namesake of various US cities
* Lucy Covington (1910–1982), activist for Native American emancipation
* Martell Covington, American politician
* Matt Covington (born 1980), American speleologist
* Robert Covington (born 1990), NBA forward
* Scott Covington (born 1976), former college and professional American football quarterback
* Syms Covington (c. 1816–1861), assistant to Charles Darwin
* Trisha Covington, African-American R&B singer
* Tony Covington (born 1967), former American football player
* Virginia M. Hernandez Covington (born 1955), American lawyer and federal judge
* Warren Covington (1921–1999), American jazz trombonist
* Wes Covington (1932–2011), Major League Baseball outfielder
* Wickliffe Covington (1867–1938), American painter
* William Jacob Covington (1838–1910), first district court clerk of the Camp County, Texas
# Crested satinbird

The crested satinbird (Cnemophilus macgregorii), formerly known as the crested bird-of-paradise, is a species of bird in the satinbird family Cnemophilidae. It is found in the mountains of Papua New Guinea.

## Taxonomy

The crested satinbird was formally described in 1890 by the English zoologist Charles Walter De Vis from a specimen that had been collected on Mount Knutsford near Mount Victoria in Papua New Guinea. He coined the binomial name Cnemophilus macgregorii. The specific epithet was chosen to honour the British colonial governor of New Guinea, William MacGregor.
The crested satinbird was formerly placed in the bird-of-paradise family Paradisaeidae with the English name "crested bird-of-paradise".
Two subspecies are recognised:
* C. m. sanguineus Iredale, 1948 – the "red satinbird" found in montane central west, central east New Guinea; sometimes treated as a full species.
* C. m. macgregorii De Vis, 1890 – the "yellow satinbird" found in montane south-eastern New Guinea.

## Description

The crested satinbird is around 24 cm (9.4 in) in overall length and weighs 79–125 g (2.8–4.4 oz). The male of the nominate subspecies has bright yellow upperparts with a small erectile crest of 4 to 6 sickle-shaped dark-buff feathers that are usually concealed. The lores and underparts are a brownish black. The female is plain olive brownish above and light brownish below. The adult male of subspecies sanguineus differs from the nominate in having red dorsal plumage. These birds make harsh rasping calls and a low hissing.

## Distribution and habitat

They are found in the mountains of eastern and southeastern New Guinea. The habitat is upper montane and subalpine forest where there is dense vegetation.

## Behaviour and ecology
### Food and feeding

The crested satinbird eats only fruits which are plucked and eaten whole without any manipulation using the feet.

### Breeding

The breeding season is from August to January. The nest is built by the female and is placed 2–4 m (6 ft 7 in – 13 ft 1 in) above the ground on a branch of a tree. The nest has a globular shape with an entrance hole at the side. The clutch is probably only a single egg which hatches after an incubation period of at least 19 days.
# Coyle v. Smith

Coyle v. Smith, 221 U.S. 559 (1911), was a Supreme Court of the United States case that held that the newly created state of Oklahoma was permitted to move its capital city from Guthrie to Oklahoma City, notwithstanding the Enabling Act provision that prohibited it from being moved from Guthrie until after 1913.

## Background

In 1907, Oklahoma was admitted as a U.S. state. The new state's capital was located in Guthrie. Section 497 of the Oklahoma Constitution stated that the terms of the U.S. Congress's enabling act of 1906—which allowed Oklahoma to create a state constitution and be admitted to the Union—were "accepted by ordinance irrevocable". Section 2 of the enabling act read:
   The capital of said state shall temporarily be at the city of Guthrie ... and shall not be changed therefrom previous to Anno Domini nineteen hundred and thirteen; but said capital shall, after said year, be located by the electors of said state at an election to be provided for by the legislature; ...
On December 29, 1910, the state of Oklahoma enacted a statute which removed the state capital from Guthrie to Oklahoma City. W.H. Coyle, owner of large property interests in Guthrie, sued the state of Oklahoma, arguing that the move was performed in violation of the state constitution's acceptance of the terms of Congress's enabling act.

## Holding

The Supreme Court held that preventing the state of Oklahoma the right to locate its own seat of government deprived it of powers which all other states of the Union enjoyed, and thus violated the traditional constitutional principle that all new states be admitted "on an equal footing with the original states". As a result, the provision of the enabling act which temporarily restricted Oklahoma's right to determine where its seat of government was no longer valid after Oklahoma was actually admitted. As stated by Justice Lurton:
   Has Oklahoma been admitted upon an equal footing with the original states? If she has, she, by virtue of her jurisdictional sovereignty as such a state, may determine for her own people the proper location of the local seat of government. She is not equal in power to them if she cannot.
Quoting Chief Justice Chase's opinions regarding the indestructibility of the Union and the principle of federalism contained in Texas v. White and Lane County v. Oregon, the opinion concludes:
   To this we may add that the constitutional equality of the States is essential to the harmonious operation of the scheme upon which the Republic was organized. When that equality disappears, we may remain a free people, but the Union will not be the Union of the Constitution.
# Crinipellis sarmentosa

Crinipellis sarmentosa is a species of fungus in the family Marasmiaceae. It is a plant pathogen.
# Cristián Undurraga

Cristián Undurraga (born October 13, 1954 in Santiago, Chile) is a Chilean architect.

## Early life

He graduated from Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile in 1977.

## Career

In 1978 he founded Undurraga Deves Studio. Among his foundational works is the ‘House on a Hill’.
In 2009 Undurraga was recognized as Honorary Fellow of the American Institute of Architects.
# Cristián Warnken

Cristián Warnken (born January 28, 1961) is a Chilean literature professor, columnist, interviewer, radio personality, podcaster, and television presenter. Similarly, he is the leader of Amarillos por Chile.
In 2020 he interviewed President Sebastián Piñera. Warnken has been dean of the Faculty of Education and Humanities of Universidad del Desarrollo. He was elected as a permanent member of the Academia Chilena de Ciencias Sociales, Políticas y Morales in 2022.
# Croses Criquet

The Croses EC-6 Criquet ("Locust") is a 1960s French two-seat homebuilt aircraft designed by Emilien Croses.

## Development

The EC-6 Criquet is a design for a homebuilt aircraft with a tailwheel landing gear, and tandem wing configuration similar to the Mignet Pou-du-Ciel family. It has two side-by-side seats. It first flew in 1965, and seven examples had flown by 1977, with more than 60 known to be under construction.
The EC-6 Criquet Léger (Mini Criquet) is an ultralight variant.
The LC-6 Criquet is an improved version developed by Gilbert Landray.
The LC-10 Criquet was developed by a Mr Millet of Société Co-Plasud who used fibreglass construction throughout the entire aircraft. It was used as a trainer by the Aéro-Club du Maconnais. While considerably more expensive to build than a conventional wooden Criquet, the fibreglass version was also 80 kg (180 lb) heavier.

## Operational history

As well as being used for local flying, the Criquet has been flown to both national and international light aircraft rallies. A French owned example visited the 1992 rally at RAF Wroughton airfield near Swindon, Wiltshire, England.

## Variants
### EC-6 Criquet

    (English:cricket) The original version designed by Emilien Croses.

### EC-6 Criquet Léger

    An ultralight version.

### LC-6 Criquet

    (LC - Landray-Coses) The EC-6 modified and improved by Gilbert Landray.

### LC-10 Criquet

    (LC - Laibie-Coses) An all fibre-glass version of the EC-6 built by M. Millet of Société Co-Plasud (president of the Aero-club de l'Aude). A second LC-10 was built by M. Barrière.

## Specifications (EC-6 no.01 Criquet)

Data from Jane's all the world's aircraft, 1975-76, Simpson (2001)
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 4.65 m (15 ft 3 in) * Forward wing span: 7.8 m (26 ft)
* Rear wing span: 7 m (23 ft)
* Wing area: 16 m$^2$ (170 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 6.5 (forward wing) ; 5.833 (rear wing)
* Airfoil: NACA 23012 modified
* Empty weight: 300 kg (661 lb)
* Gross weight: 550 kg (1,213 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 550 kg (1,213 lb)
* Fuel capacity: 60 L (16 US gal; 13 imp gal)
* Powerplant: 1 × Continental C90 4-cyl. air-cooled horizontally-opposed piston engine, 67 kW (90 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed SIPA propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 213 km/h (132 mph, 115 kn)
* Cruise speed: 160 km/h (99 mph, 86 kn) * Minimum flying speed: (will not stall) 40 km/h (25 mph; 22 kn)
* Range: 480 km (300 mi, 260 nmi)
* Time to altitude: 6 minutes 14 seconds to 2,000 m (6,600 ft)
# Crask

Crask is a small remote hamlet, situated on Farr Bay in the Scottish Highlands, on the shore of northern Sutherland in the Scottish council area of Highland.
The village of Bettyhill lies less than one mile (1.6 km) to the west along the A836 road. The village of Farr is situated immediately to the east. It is the fictional setting on the West coast of Scotland, used in John Buchan's novel 'John Macnab'.
# Cross tie

Cross tie can refer to:
* A kind of bow tie
* Cross tie (railroad)
* Cross tie (stable)
* Cross Tie (song, see Over the James)
# Crockerella

Crockerella is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Clathurellidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Crockerella include:
* Crockerella castianira (Dall, 1919)
* Crockerella conradiana (Gabb, 1869)
* Crockerella constricta (Gabb, 1865)
* Crockerella crystallina (Gabb, 1865)
* Crockerella cymodoce (Dall, 1919)
* Crockerella eriphyle (Dall, 1919)
* Crockerella evadne (Dall, 1919)
* Crockerella lowei (Dall, 1903)
* Crockerella philodice (Dall, 1919)
* Crockerella scotti McLean, 1996
* Crockerella toreumata (Dall, W.H., 1889)
* Crockerella tridesmia (Berry, 1941)

### Species brought into synonymy

* Crockerella hesione (Dall, 1919): synonym of Crockerella lowei (Dall, 1903)
* Crockerella pederseni Hertlein, L.G. & A.M. Strong, 1951: synonym of Pyrgocythara danae (Dall, 1919)
* Crockerella philodoce (Dall, 1919): synonym of Crockerella philodice (Dall, 1919)
# Crógacht

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AMG | |
| Metalrage | |
| About.com | |
Crógacht is the ninth studio album by the German melodic death metal band Suidakra. This album features a greater Celtic sound and theme than earlier works. In particular, it builds on the sound formed in the previous album, Caledonia, notably through the additional introduction of a sixteen-member choir as well as traditional instruments, such as the tin whistle, banjo, in addition to the bagpipe featured in both albums. Contrasting these new influences, Crógacht maintains the well-grounded melodic death sound that SuidAkrA began with in earlier albums.

## Release history and tour activity

Crógacht was recorded and mixed between 10 November 2008 and 30 November 2008 by Martin Buchwalter at Gernhart Recording Studio in Siegburg, Germany. The album was released on February 20, 2009, in Germany, and on 3 March 2009 in the United States. In early 2009, SuidAkrA supported its release on a North American tour.

## Concept and storyline

"Crógacht", the Irish word for bravery, is based in its entirety on the Irish folktale, Aided Óenfhir Aífe. It tells the story of the hero Cuchulainn’s journey to the Hebridean island of Skye, where he seeks to learn the arts of war from the Scythian warrior woman Scáthach. The decisions he then has to make set the events in motion that will lead up to his son Conlaoch’s tragic fate.

## Track listing

* "Slán" – 1:49
* "Conlaoch" – 5:18
* "Isle of Skye" – 6:00
* "Scáthach" – 5:09
* "Feats of War" – 2:47
* "Shattering Swords" – 4:15
* "Ár Nasc Fola" – 3:02
* "Gilded Oars" – 5:36
* "Baile's Strand" – 7:20

## Personnel

Suidakra:
* Arkadius Antonik – vocals, guitars, keyboards, banjo
* Marcus Riewaldt – bass
* Lars Wehner – drums, backing vocals
Session/guest musicians:
* Axel Römer - bagpipes, tin whistle
* Tina Stabel - vocals on Feats of War
* Miriam Hensel - additional guest vocals on Shattering Swords
* Sebastian Hintz - backing vocals
Other staff:
* Martin Buchwalter – mixing
* Kris Verwimp - lyrics, cover artwork, album concept
# Cteniza sauvagesi

Cteniza sauvagesi is a trapdoor spider first described in 1788 by Pietro Rossi. These spiders have only been found in the Mediterranean region, mainly on the large islands of Corsica and Sardinia on roadside banks and in the littoral zone. They are darkly colored with a shiny head and can reach 20 millimetres (0.79 in) in length.
Their trap-door burrows are lined with gossamer, more so than those of Nemesiidae. The trap's lid is cork-like and can be up to a centimeter in diameter. When the spider notices prey (probably by detecting vibration), it lunges out, to grab it before immediately retreating. The spider always stays inside its burrow with its hindlegs, in order not to lock itself out. The only time it leaves is to search for a mate. When the male finds a female's burrow, he will quaver on the lid with his legs until the female appears.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by Rossi in 1788 as Aranea sauvagii. In 1799, Latreille changed Rossi's spelling of the specific name to sauvagesi, and this spelling has been used since.