OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kurt Gruber (aviator)

Kurt Gruber (1896 – 4 April 1918) was an Austro-Hungarian flying ace during the First World War who held the rank of Offiziersstellvertreter. He was credited with eleven aerial victories, 5 shared with other pilots.

## Early life

Kurt Gruber was born in 1896 in Linz, Austria. Gruber was a technical student studying engineering in Saxe-Altenburg, Germany when World War I began.

## Entry into military service

He began service in the Austro-Hungarian army at the outbreak of war in 1914. He volunteered to transfer to aviation. He was accepted for pilot's training because of his engineering background. By August 1915 he was assigned to Flik 1 on the Russian Front under Hauptmann Otto Jindra. Gruber became the pilot of choice for the observers of the group. In September he was promoted to Zugsführer (lance sergeant). In January 1916 he received his first Silver Bravery Award.

## Aerial service

Gruber scored his first aerial victories on 14 April, 2 May, and 6 June 1916, with Godwin Brumowski manning the observer's guns in the Albatros B.I on the 2nd. The 6 June victory was the first by a lone Austro-Hungarian aviator; flying without a gunner, he used his front machine gun to force a Morane-Saulnier Parasol to land.
On 1 June Gruber was promoted well ahead of cycle to Feldwebel (sergeant). Ten weeks later he was promoted to Stabsfeldwebel (sergeant major). In December 1916 Gruber was assigned a five-month test pilot stint at the Army Air Service Arsenal. In mid-May 1917 he was assigned to Austria-Hungary's first true fighter squadron, Flik 41J. On 21 May 1917 he spun in from low altitude, destroying his Hansa-Brandenburg D.I and suffering injuries that kept him non-operational until September. He scored his fourth victory on 29 September. He became both an ace and a balloon buster on 3 October 1917 when he destroyed an Italian observation balloon. This late in the war, he was still flying an Albatros D.III without interrupter gear; the airplane's machine gun was angled to the left to fire past the end of the propeller arc.
Gruber was transferred to Flik 60J on 23 December 1917, under Frank Linke-Crawford. The squadron was equipped, with the Phönix D.I. Between 10 January and 4 April 1918, Gruber scored six more victories. Gruber was shot down and killed on 4 April 1918 in combat with Sopwith Camels of No 66 Squadron, moments after his final claim.
Gruber was recommended by his commanding officers for commissioning as an officer, but the Austro-Hungarian military did not believe in battlefield promotions. Kurt Gruber died as a senior sergeant. He was posthumously awarded the Gold Bravery Medal for the fourth time, becoming one of only two quadruple recipients of the decoration (Julius Arigi). He was buried with honors at Feltre, Italy.

## Endnotes

* 1 2 3 4 5 Chant p76–78
* 1 2 Franks, Guest & Alegi (1997), p. 181
* 1 2 3 4 'O'Connor, 1994 pp. 67–68.
* 1 2 The Aerodrome website http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/austrhun/gruber.php Retrieved 5 April 2010
# Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale

The Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale (KADS) is a psychological self-rating scale developed by Dalhousie University professor of psychiatry Stan Kutcher, to assess the level of depression in adolescents.

## Background

Because its primary function is to qualify the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments, it is structured so as to be sensitive to changes in depression severity over time. This makes the rating scale well suited to both research and clinical applications.
While there are some variations, the 11-item version of the KADS is the most commonly used and most thoroughly verified for efficacy in monitoring outcomes in adolescents who are receiving treatment for major depressive disorder. Its items are worded using standard and colloquial terminology, and responses are scored on a simple 4 choice scale.

## Scoring

There are ten questions about depression symptom frequency that the patient rates on a straight 4 point scale according to the following choices: "hardly ever," "much of the time," "most of the time," "all the time," and one question relating to the severity of suicidal ideation.
Scores on the test range from 0 to 33. Unlike some rating scales, there is no threshold for sub-clinical presentation, or ranges for mild, moderate, and severe symptoms. Higher scores simply indicate more severe current depression symptoms.
# Kyū Sazanka

Kyū Sazanka (山茶花 究, Sazanka Kyū, born April 1, 1914 – March 4, 1971) was a Japanese actor.

## Career

Sazanka debuted as a singer in Asakusa in 1932 and was active on the vaudeville circuit as a member of the Akireta Bōizu (Boys). He made his film debut in 1946.

## Selected filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Director |
| 1955 | Meoto zenzai | Kyōichi | Shirō Toyoda |
| 1955 | Takekurabe | Tatsugorō | Heinosuke Gosho |
| 1956 | Mahiru no ankoku | Shiraki | Tadashi Imai |
| 1956 | Koi Sugata Kitsune Goten | Fujimaru | Nobuo Nakagawa |
| 1957 | An Osaka Story | | Kōzaburō Yoshimura |
| 1957 | Oshidori kenkagasa | | Ryō Hagiwara |
| 1958 | Giants and Toys | Ryûzô Higashi | Yasuzo Masumura |
| 1958 | Yūrakuchō de Aimashō | Saburō Maeda | Koji Shima |
| 1959 | The Human Condition | Chang | Masaki Kobayashi |
| 1959 | Odd Obsession | Curio dealer | Kon Ichikawa |
| 1960 | When a Woman Ascends the Stairs | Bar owner | Mikio Naruse |
| 1960 | Cruel Story of Youth | | Nagisa Oshima |
| 1960 | The Bad Sleep Well | Kaneko | Akira Kurosawa |
| 1961 | Yojimbo | Ushitora | Akira Kurosawa |
| 1961 | Akumyō | Yoshioka | Tokuzō Tanaka |
| 1961 | Zoku Akumyō | Yoshioka | Tokuzō Tanaka |
| 1961 | The End of Summer | Yamaguchi | Yasujirō Ozu |
| 1962 | Chūshingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki | Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu | Hiroshi Inagaki |
| 1963 | High and Low | Creditor | Akira Kurosawa |
| 1964 | Pale Flower | Boss Imai | Masahiro Shinoda |
| 1965 | The Hoodlum Soldier | | Yasuzo Masumura |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Network | Notes |
| 1965 | Taikōki | Hachisuka Masakatsu | NHK | Taiga drama |
# Kəbirli

Kəbirli or Kebirli or Kyabirli may refer to:
* Kəbirli, Aghjabadi, Azerbaijan
* Kəbirli, Beylagan, Azerbaijan
* Kəbirli, Tartar, Azerbaijan
# L. dubia

L. dubia may refer to:
* Leucorrhinia dubia, the white-faced darter, a small dragonfly species
* Levenhookia dubia, the hairy stylewort, a plant species
* Lindernia dubia, the yellowseed false pimpernel or moist bank pimpernel, a flowering plant species
# LFM

LFM may refer to:
* Liber feudorum maior, a medieval Catalan cartulary
* Linear feet per minute in gas flow measurement
* La Familia Michoacana, former Mexican drug cartel
* Linear frequency modulation, a radar waveform also known as a Chirp
* Language Freedom Movement, a 1960s political organisation concerned with the status of the Irish language

## French schools

* Lycée Franco-Mexicain, Mexico City
* Lycée Français de Madrid, Spain
* Lycée Français de Mascate, Muscat, Oman
* Lycée Français de Medellin, Colombia
* Lycée Français Montaigne or Lycée Montaigne de N'Djamena, Chad
* Lycée français de Moscou
# LCF II

The LCF II is a single seat Club Class glider, designed and built in the 1970s by German glider club members and intended to be suitable for training, competition and in particular aerobatics. Only one was completed.

## Design and development

Design of the LCF II began in 1971, at the beginning of a decade that saw increasing interest in aerobatic glider flight. The intention was to produce a general purpose club glider, capable of being used as a trainer or in standard gliding competitions but also able to take the stresses involved in aerobatics. The manoeuvrability required for the latter requires the ability to fly slowly and to rotate rapidly, calling for relatively short spans. The LCF II has a span of 13 m (42 ft 8 in).
The straight tapered, square tipped wings of the LCF II are mounted at shoulder height and built around a single wooden spar. The ribs are formed from polyvinyl chloride rigid foam and the wings plywood covered. The wing mounts Schempp-Hirth type airbrakes, which extend from the upper surfaces.
The fuselage of the LCF II is built around a steel tube structure, covered by glassfibre in front and fabric covered aft, producing a tapering hexagonal cross section from the leading edge rearwards. A long, single piece canopy extends back almost to the leading edge, where it blends smoothly into the upper fuselage line. At the rear the tailplane is attached to the top of the fuselage; the vertical surfaces are straight tapered and square tipped. All rear surfaces are foam filled and ply covered. The LFC II has a fixed monowheel undercarriage, partly recessed into the fuselage, and a tailwheel.
It took five air club members about 4,000 hours to build the LCF II, which made its first flight on 22 March 1975.

## Operational history

In 1975 the LCF II won first prize at the annual meeting of the Oskar-Ursinus-Vereinigung, the equivalent of the Experimental Aircraft Association. Plans were put in place for Scheibe Flugzeugbau to build the LCF II, but no orders were forthcoming and no Scheibe aircraft were constructed. It was intended that the LCF II should also be built by amateurs but it seems that, in the end, the prototype was only example of its type. This aircraft, registered D-6466, remained on the German civil register in 2010, listed as a Scheibe LCF II.
A second glider was built by Klaus Roth which was finished in 2012. German call sign is D-1622. Serial number: 002

## Specifications

Data from Gliders and Sailplanes of the World
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 6.35 m (20 ft 10 in)
* Wingspan: 13.00 m (42 ft 8 in)
* Height: 0.90 m (2 ft 11 in)
* Wing area: 10.00 m$^2$ (107.6 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 16.9
* Airfoil: S 01
* Empty weight: 190 kg (419 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 300 kg (661 lb)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 280 km/h (174 mph, 151 kn)
* g limits: +7.0/-4.4
* Maximum glide ratio: 30:1 best, at 85 km/h; 46 kn (53 mph)
* Rate of sink: 0.70 m/s (138 ft/min) minimum at 68 km/h; 37 kn (42.5 mph)
# Kyger Creek Power Plant

Kyger Creek Power Plant is a 1.08-gigawatt, 1,086 (MW) coal-fired power station located south of Cheshire, Ohio in Gallia County, Ohio. It is operated by the Ohio Valley Electric Corporation (OVEC).

## History

The Kyger Creek was launched into service in 1955. The plant with its five units supplied electricity for the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant in Piketon, Ohio along with its sister plant, Clifty Creek Power Plant in Madison, Indiana. The plant supplied electricity Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant and sold any excess to the markets. In 2003, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) terminated the contract, making Kyger Creek to rely solely on the markets. The Kyger Creek is located 1.6 miles (2.6 km) downstream along the Ohio River from a much larger, newer coal-fired Gavin Power Plant. In July 2019, the State of Ohio signed into law a bill mandating FirstEnergy customers to subsidize Kyger Creek and Clifty Creek. American Electric Power (AEP), Duke Energy, and Dayton Power & Light (DP&L) customers already subsidize these plants based on power usage. However, the bill for FirstEnergy customers to subsidize Kyger Creek was a part of a public corruption scheme revealed by the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) in July 2020.

## Environmental mitigation

When Kyger Creek was first constructed, three 538 feet (164 m) smokestacks were constructed to disperse emissions; mitigating the nearby area from soot and foul gases. With amendments added to the Clean Air Act in 1970, regulators pressed Kyger Creek in modernizing their outdated smokestacks. A 1,001 feet (305 m) smokestack, one of the tallest chimneys in the world was built in the mid-1970s. Pollution control systems were installed at Kyger Creek in 2001 to reduce nitrogen oxide (NO$_x$) emissions by 80%. The implementation of two jet bubbling reactor flue-gas desulfurization (FGD) systems in 2011 reduced 98% of sulfur dioxide (SO $_2$) emissions at Kyger Creek.
# LC1

LC1 or LC-1 may refer to:
* Launch Complex 1 (disambiguation)
** Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Launch Complex 1, an American rocket launch site
** Xichang Launch Complex 1, part of the Xichang Satellite Launch Center
** Gagarin's Start, a Russian Space launch site
* SpaceX Landing Complex 1, Space Coast, Florida, USA
* N&W LC-1, an electric railway locomotive
* Lancia LC1, a sport car
* LC1 (classification), a Paralympic cycling classification
# La Plaine, Geneva

La Plaine is a village in Switzerland forming part of the commune of Dardagny in the canton of Geneva. On the right bank of the Rhône, it is the site of a perfume factory belonging to the Firmenich group.

## Transport

* La Plaine is the terminus station of Swiss Federal Railways' Rhône Express Regional service which runs twice hourly to Geneva. It is part of the Geneva public transport Unireso fare network.
* La Plaine is also served by the X and T bus lines

## Gallery

* Firmenich plant
* Fountain with Manon by Otto Bindschedler
* La Plaine railway station, looking SW
* La Plaine, aerial view
# La Luz del Oeste

La Luz del Oeste is a planned community on the West Side of Albuquerque, New Mexico, which is notable for its architecture and urban planning as an example of the New towns movement of the mid-20th century. The development consists of 96 townhouses along with shared community spaces and 40 acres (16 ha) of land which was left undeveloped as a viewshed toward the Rio Grande bosque and Sandia Mountains. It was designed by architect Antoine Predock in his first major commission and built between 1967 and 1974. The property was added to the New Mexico State Register of Cultural Properties in 1977 and the National Register of Historic Places in 2023.
The residential units of La Luz are arranged in terraced rows facing east toward the river. Vehicle and pedestrian routes are kept separate with a series of loop roads providing access to garages and parking areas at the rear of the units, while pedestrian access is from the front via landscaped paths and courtyards. The architecture of the development combined modernism with influences from the environmental movement and traditional Pueblo architecture in its organization of public and private spaces, use of efficient materials such as adobe, and conservation of the surrounding landscape.
# Laccophilus ellipticus

Laccophilus ellipticus, is a species of predaceous diving beetle widespread in India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.
# Laccophilus ceylonicus

Laccophilus ceylonicus, is a species of predaceous diving beetle found in India and Sri Lanka.

## Description

This elongate oval, medium-sized beetle has a typical body length is about 3.8 to 4.1 mm. Apical part of median lobe is narrow with a pointed tip. Sub-basal with testaceous band which is sinuous, narrow, and well separated from elytral base. Apical part of median lobe in lateral view with distinct bulge on dorsum.
# Lados

Lados is a commune in the Gironde department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Ladies English Open

The Ladies English Open was a women's professional golf tournament on the Ladies European Tour. It was first held between 1991 and 1996, when it was dominated by Laura Davies who won four of the five tournaments played. It was re-established in 2004 and held annually until 2008, during which time it was contested over three rounds, as opposed to four, and as such had one of the lowest prize funds on the tour.

## Winners

| Year | Venue | Winner | Country | Score | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up | Country |
| The Oxfordshire Ladies English Open ||||||||
| 2008 | The Oxfordshire | Rebecca Hudson | England | 206 (−10) | 1 stroke | Melissa Reid | England |
| Golf Punk Ladies English Open ||||||||
| 2007 | Chart Hills Golf Club | Becky Brewerton | Wales | 209 (−7) | 3 strokes | Linda Wessberg | Sweden |
| 2007 | Chart Hills Golf Club | Becky Brewerton | Wales | 209 (−7) | 3 strokes | Kirsty Taylor | England |
| 2007 | Chart Hills Golf Club | Becky Brewerton | Wales | 209 (−7) | 3 strokes | Karen Stupples | England |
| The BBC Radio Kent Ladies' English Open ||||||||
| 2006 | Chart Hills Golf Club | Cecilia Ekelundh | Sweden | 210 (−6) | 1 stroke | Martina Eberl | Germany |
| Ladies English Open ||||||||
| 2005 | Chart Hills Golf Club | Maria Hjorth | Sweden | 204 (−12) | 1 stroke | Minea Blomqvist | Finland |
| 2004 | Chart Hills Golf Club | Maria Hjorth | Sweden | 197 (−19) | 6 strokes | Joanne Mills | Australia |
| 1997–2003 | No tournament | No tournament | No tournament | No tournament | No tournament | No tournament | No tournament |
| Wilkinson Sword Ladies' English Open ||||||||
| 1996 | The Oxfordshire | Laura Davies | England | 273 (−15) | 4 strokes | Helen Alfredsson | Sweden |
| 1995 | The Oxfordshire | Laura Davies | England | 277 (−11) | 1 stroke | Karina Orum | Denmark |
| Waterford Dairies Ladies' English Open ||||||||
| 1994 | The Tytherington Club | Patricia Meunier-Lebouc | France | 288 (E) | 2 strokes | Marie-Laure de Lorenzi | France |
| 1994 | The Tytherington Club | Patricia Meunier-Lebouc | France | 288 (E) | 2 strokes | Corinne Dibnah | Australia |
| 1993 | The Tytherington Club | Laura Davies | England | 277 (−11) | 1 stroke | Marie-Laure de Lorenzi | France |
| Ladies English Open ||||||||
| 1992 | The Tytherington Club | Laura Davies | England | 281 (−11) | | | |
| 1991 | The Tytherington Club | Kitrina Douglas | England | 285 | Playoff | Evelyn Orley | Switzerland |
# Lai Sun Development

Lai Sun Development ("LSD") is a property developer in Hong Kong, public company listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange SEHK: 488 established in 1987 by the textiles magnate Lim Por-yen. His company, Lai Sun Garment, ("LSG") was founded in 1947, is also listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. Lai Sun Garment is the controlling shareholder in LSD.
The Company is headed by Peter Lam Kin Ngok, son of the founder, who also runs the Media Asia Entertainment Group.

## History
### 1997 financial crisis

Lai Sun Development, then already under the management of Peter Lam, paid HK$7 billion for Furama Hotel Enterprises in June 1997. Lai Sun acquired a 45.42 per cent stake for $3.13 billion, and made a general offer at $33.50 for each remaining shares at a total cost of $6.893 billion.
While the other Furama Group hotels became part of the hotels division, Lai Sun Hotels, LSD intended to combine the Furama plot with the Ritz Carlton plot, which it already owned, for redevelopment into a prime office block. Then the Asian financial crisis struck, plunging the entire group into distress and forced asset sales.
The company had geared itself up heavily in order to finance the acquisition at the top of the market. It had taken on $5 billion in bank loans and issued bonds worth more than $2 billion. Its value halved in the ensuing months, plunging the company into crisis. In 2000, the parent company commenced restructuring the group operations. In March 2000, LSD announced that a 65% stake in the Furama would be sold to a 50:50 joint venture between Pidemco, controlled by Temasek Holdings, and AIG for HK$1.88 billion. As part of the deal, Lai Sun would continue to operate the hotel until its redevelopment, at an annual rental of HK$145 million. The Furama closed in November, and was demolished in December 2001. Together with CapitaLand, and AIG, LSD formed Bayshore Development Group to develop AIG Tower, a 39-storey commercial office block with a gross floor area of 450,000 square foot (41,800 m²). AIG and CapitaLand each owned 35 per cent, and Lai Sun owns 30 per cent.
The asset sales to ungear the company continued - debt remained above HK$6 billion as at September 2002, when LSD sold its 32.75 per cent stake in Asia Television (ATV) to its chief executive, Chan Wing-kee, for HK$360 million

### Ritz Carlton plot

The plot was held by Diamond String, a 76.57% group-owned entity. In November 2007, it was announced that China Construction Bank ("CCB") would take a 40% stake in the company for a consideration of HK$1.37 billion, while LSD stake would fall to 60%. The project to redevelop the 14,900 sq ft (1,380 m$^2$) site as an office tower, due to complete in 2011, will be partly occupied by the CCB. The hotel formally closed its doors on 1 January 2008, and has become probably the largest billboard in Hong Kong.
# Lake Kohlmeier

Lake Kohlmeier is a large artificial pond in Owatonna, Minnesota. It was created in an abandoned gravel mine using the natural flooding of springwater. The lake is named after the former owner of the property and operator of the aggregate business once operated there. The lake once hosted the municipal beach and continues to be used for swimming, fishing, and boating.
# Lady Whirlwind

Lady Whirlwind a.k.a. Deep Thrust (Chinese: 鐵掌旋風腿) is a 1972 Hong Kong martial arts film written and directed by Huang Feng, starring Angela Mao.

## Plot

A young man Ling Shih-hua (Chang Yi) is severely beaten by Japanese mobsters and left for dead on the beach. He is nursed back to health by a pretty young girl, and he vows to take revenge on the criminals. Meanwhile, Miss Tien Li-Chun (Angela Mao) comes to town with a score to settle with Ling. Apparently, her sister was jilted by Ling and she killed herself, so Tien must avenge her by taking his life. Ling begs her to spare him until after he gets his revenge, to which she reluctantly agrees. When he gets mercilessly beaten by his enemies, Tien saves him as she cannot allow him to die by someone else's hand. As Tien waits for Ling Shih-hua to recover so she can beat him, he runs into an old man who teaches him the art of tai chi. This gives him the edge he needs, and he finally kills the leader of the gang. Angela jumps in to take her revenge, but Ling's girlfriend throws herself between them and begs for mercy. Tien spares his life.

## Cast

* Chang Yu - Ling Shi-hua
* Angela Mao – Miss Tien Li-Chun
* Pai Ying - Tung Ku
* Oh Kyung-Ah - Hsuang Hsuang
* Liu Ah-Na - Tiao Ta Niang
* Chin Yuet-Sang - Wen Tien
* Sammo Hung - Tiao Ta Niang's brother
* Kim Nam-il - Tang Sek Ping
* Yeung Wai - Thug
* Wong Fung - Casino dealer
* Law Kei - Thug
* Martin Chui Man-Kwai - Thug
* Cham Siu-Hung - Thug
* Bruce Leung Siu-Lung - Thug
* Wong Chi-Ming - Thug
* Ang Saan - Thug
* Jang Jeong-Kuk - Thug
* Wilson Tong - Thug
* Chui Hing-Chun - Thug
* Yeung Wah - Thug
* Tong Kam-Tong Thug

## Box office

The film grossed HK$401,794 ($71,222) in Hong Kong. Overseas in the United States and Europe, the film grossed millions of US dollars. This adds up to at least more than US$1,100,000 (equivalent to $8,000,000 in 2023) grossed in Hong Kong and Western territories.