OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Todd B. Hawley

Todd B. Hawley (April 13, 1961 – July 11, 1995) was one of the four founders of the International Space University (ISU) and a lifelong advocate of human space exploration. He was born on April 13, 1961, the day after the first flight of Yuri Gagarin.

## Career

Todd Hawley attended George Washington University, where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree in Russian Studies and Economics and his Master of Arts degree in Space Policy.
While an undergraduate, Hawley started the local chapter of Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS). In 1982, along with Peter Diamandis and Robert D. Richards, he co-founded SEDS-USA as a national group, later serving as the Chairman from 1983 - 1985. The three would go on to found the Space Generation Foundation, with Hawley as its first executive director.
Mr. Hawley conducted extensive research on solar power satellites. He received the 1989 Space Industrialization Fellowship Award, the 1988 Aviation Week and Space Technology Laurel, the 1993 Space Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award, and the 1995 K. E. Tsiolkovsky Medal.

## International Space University

   A founder of the International Space University (ISU), Todd Hawley served as the university's first chief executive officer and as a faculty member in the Space Humanities Department. He successfully managed ISU from a start-up organization to a global enterprise. ... He received the 1989 Space Industrialization Fellowship Award, the 1988 Aviation Week and Space Technology Laurel, the 1993 Space Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award, and the 1995 K. E. Tsiolkovsky Medal.

## Personal life

In 1990, Hawley came out publicly as a gay man, and spoke out against homophobia, stating that human bigotry was perhaps the one thing that could stand in the way of the work ISU was striving to accomplish.

## Death

Hawley died on 11 July 1995 from complications from AIDS. He is survived by his life partner, Yuri Hospodar, his family of origin, and his many colleagues and friends in the space communities.
In a "Founders' Flight" dedicated to the "pioneers of the new era of space", Todd Hawley's ashes were shot into space along with the ashes of Gene Roddenberry, Timothy Leary and 21 other founding thinkers and supporters of space exploration.

## Tributes

The International Space University (ISU) alumni Todd Hawley Award is named in his honour, as is the Todd B. Hawley Award for Student Leadership at Students for the Exploration and Development of Space (SEDS), and the ISU Todd B. Hawley Variable Gravity Research Facility.
# The Universal Gallant

The Universal Gallant, or The Different Husbands is a 1735 comedy play by the British writer Henry Fielding.
The original Drury Lane cast included James Quin as Mondish, William Mills as Gaylove, Theophilus Cibber as Captain Spark, Benjamin Griffin as Sir Simon Raffler, John Harper as Colonel Raffler and Mary Heron as Mrs Raffler.
Fielding dedicated the work to Charles Spencer, 3rd Duke of Marlborough. It was not a success and met a hostile reception its opening night, and lasted for only three performances.
# Phoenix Arising

Phoenix Arising is a composition for bassoon and piano by Graham Waterhouse, who wrote it in 2008 in memory of his father, the bassoonist and musicologist William Waterhouse. It premiered in London in 2009, and was published by Accolade the same year.

## History

Waterhouse composed Phoenix Arising in 2008 in memory of his father, the bassoonist William Waterhouse, who was the bassoonist of the Melos Ensemble and a notable scholar. Subtitled Tribute to William Waterhouse, it was commissioned by the Park Lane Group in London, and first performed on 9 January 2009 in the Purcell Room of the Southbank Centre by the bassoonist Rosemary Burton and the pianist Christopher White. The players performed it again in a concert "In memoriam William Waterhouse" at the Berlin Musical Instrument Museum on 24 April 2009, arranged by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Oboe und Fagott. The program featured also works which William Waterhouse had published, other compositions dedicated to him such as the Trio for fagottino, bassoon and contrabassoon, Op. 97 (1992) by Victor Bruns and Gordon Jacob's Suite for bassoon and string quartet, and Karlheinz Stockhausen's In Freundschaft.
Phoenix Arising was published by Accolade in 2009. The work is part of the repertory for bassoonists, and has been used in university training and played in recitals.

## Composition

The work is in one movement of several sections. The composer thought of his father, "of his phenomenal energy, his restless intellectual curiosity, as well as his deep conviction in the broad expressive possibilities of 'his' instrument". The composition reflects the lyrical and virtuoso qualities of the bassoon. It features elements characteristic for William Waterhouse's playing, such as arpeggios of fourths, his "long, visceral, low 'B-flats'", and his warm-up of "32nds from top to bottom". In a section marked cantabile, the bassoon "aspires to a voice-like role", in memory of William Waterhouse's "ideal for wind players to strive for".
# Oliba

Oliba may refer to:
* Oliba I of Carcassonne (died 837)
* Oliba Cabreta (c. 920 – 990)
* Abbot Oliba (c. 971 – 1046)
# LVSD

LVSD may refer to:
* Left Ventricular end-systolic Dimension; see Ventricle (heart)#Dimensions
* Left ventricular systolic dysfunction; see Heart failure#Systolic dysfunction
* Ligonier Valley School District in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania
# Majenica, Indiana

Majenica is an unincorporated community in Lancaster Township, Huntington County, Indiana, United States.

## History

Majenica was the name of an Indian chief.
# Zurg

Zurg may refer to:
* Zurg, a fictional robotic antagonist in Toy Story 2
* Zurg language, an extinct Berber language of Libya
# List of mergers in Saga Prefecture

Here is a list of mergers in Saga Prefecture, Japan since the Heisei era.

## Mergers from April 1, 1999 to Present

* On January 1, 2005 - the towns of Ariake and Fukudomi (both from Kishima District) were merged into the expanded town of Shiroishi.
* On January 1, 2005 - the old city of Karatsu absorbed the towns of Chinzei, Hamatama, Hizen, Kyūragi, Ōchi and Yobuko. and the village of Kitahata (all from Higashimatsuura District) to create the new and expanded city of Karatsu. (Merger Information Page)
* On March 1, 2005 - the former town of Ogi absorbed the towns of Ashikari, Mikatsuki and Ushizu (all from Ogi District) to create the city of Ogi. Ogi District was dissolved as a result of this merger.
* On March 1, 2005 - the towns of Kitashigeyasu, Mine and Nakabaru (all from Miyaki District) were merged to create the town of Miyaki.
* On October 1, 2005 - the old city of Saga absorbed the towns of Fuji, Morodomi and Yamato (all from Saga District) and the village of Mitsuse (from Kanzaki District) to create the new and expanded city of Saga.
* On January 1, 2006 - the former town of Ureshino absorbed the town of Shiota (both from Fujitsu District) to create the city of Ureshino.
* On January 1, 2006 - the village of Nanayama (from Higashimatsuura District) was merged into the expanded city of Karatsu.
* On March 1, 2006 - the old city of Takeo absorbed the towns of Kitagata and Yamauchi (both from Kishima District) to create the new and expanded city of Takeo.
* On March 1, 2006 - the town of Nishiarita (from Nishimatsuura District) was merged into the expanded town of Arita.
* On March 1, 2006 - the towns of Mitagawa, and the village of Higashisefuri (both from Kanzaki District) were merged to create the town of Yoshinogari.
* On March 20, 2006 - the former town of Kanzaki absorbed the town of Chiyoda, and the village of Sefuri (all from Kanzaki District) to create the city of Kanzaki. With this merger, there are no more villages left in Saga Prefecture.
* On October 1, 2007 - the towns of Higashiyoka, Kawasoe, and Kubota (all from Saga District) were all merged into the expanded city of Saga. Saga District was dissolved as a result of this merger.
# Robert Conny

Robert Conny (also Cony; 1645?–1713), was an English physician.
Conny was the son of John Conny, as well as a surgeon and twice mayor of Rochester. He was born in approximately 1645. He was a member of Magdalen College, Oxford, and earned his B.A. on 8 June 1676, M.A. on 3 May 1679, M.B. on 2 May 1682, and M.D. on 9 July 1685. When receiving his M.D., Conny 'denied and protested,' because the vice-chancellor allowed a bullard of New College to be presented his LL.B. before him.
In 1692, he was employed by the admiralty as physician to the sick and wounded in Deal. He married Frances, daughter of Richard Manley. He contributed a paper, in the form of a letter to Dr. Plot, 'On a Shower of Fishes,' to the 'Philosophical Transactions', and is said to have been a successful physician, and to have improved the practice of lithotomy. He died on 25 May 1713, at the age of 68, and was buried in Rochester Cathedral. His portrait is displayed in the Bodleian Picture Gallery and in the lodgings of the president of Magdalen College.
# Onata Aprile

Onata Aprile is an American actress, best known for playing the title role in the 2012 film What Maisie Knew, and a supporting role in the 2015 film About Scout.

## Early life and education

Aprile was born on April 24, 2005, in Mohnton, Pennsylvania, and at the age of two she moved to New York City.

## Career

Aprile started her career in 2010 by appearing in the TV series Law & Order: Special Victims Unit, and then starred in the films like Yellow and The History of Future Folk. In 2012, she played the titular role in the drama film What Maisie Knew, along with Julianne Moore and Alexander Skarsgård. Her performance was praised by critics.

## Personal life

Aprile's father David Statler has a Dragonfly Studio and Gallery in West Reading, Pennsylvania, while she lives in New York with her mother, artist and actress Valentine Aprile. Her paternal grandmother is Japanese.

## Filmography
### Film

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2011 | Choose | Hayley | Short film |
| 2011 | Twist | | Short film |
| 2012 | The History of Future Folk | Wren | |
| 2012 | What Maisie Knew | Maisie | |
| 2012 | Yellow | Linda | |
| 2013 | Big Girl | Hannah | Short film |
| 2014 | Almost Family | Lauren | |
| 2015 | About Scout | Tallulah 'Lulu' Havers | |
| 2020 | The Last Thing He Wanted | Cat McMahon | |

### Television

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2010 | Law & Order: Special Victims Unit | Lizzie Holbart | 1 episode |
| 2014 | Boardwalk Empire | Susan Thompson | 2 episodes |
| 2014 | Chicago P.D. | Amy | 1 episode |
| 2017 | Madam Secretary | Julie Harberts | 1 episode |
| 2018 | Instinct | Madison | 1 episode |
| 2018 | Manifest | Hallie Pyler | 1 episode |
| 2022 | New Amsterdam | Bizzie | 1 episode |
# Physopelta

Physopelta is a genus of bordered plant bugs in the family Largidae. There are about 30 described species in Physopelta, found in Asia and Oceania.

## Species

These species belong to the genus Physopelta:
* Physopelta albofasciata (De Geer, 1773) (southeast Asia, Oceania)
* Physopelta analis (Signoret, 1858) (Africa)
* Physopelta australis Blöte, 1933 (Australia)
* Physopelta biguttata Stål, 1870 (Philippines)
* Physopelta cincticollis Stål, 1863 (east and southeast Asia)
* Physopelta confusa Zamal & Chopra, 1990 (India)
* Physopelta dembickyi Stehlík 2013 (Thailand, Vietnam)
* Physopelta dentipes Stehlík 2013 (Africa)
* Physopelta finisterrae Stehlík & Kment, 2012 (Papua New Guinea)
* Physopelta flavofemoralis Stehlík 2013 (Island of Reunion)
* Physopelta gutta (Burmeister, 1834) (gutta bug) (east and southeast Asia, Indonesia)
* Physopelta indra Kirkaldy & Edwards, 1902 (Indomalaya)
* Physopelta kotheae Stehlik & Jindra, 2008 (Indonesia)
* Physopelta lisae Taeuber, 1927 (Philippines)
* Physopelta madecassa Villiers, 1951 (Comoros, Madagascar)
* Physopelta melanopyga Blöte, 1938 (Philippines)
* Physopelta melanoptera Distant, 1904 (Africa)
* Physopelta nigripes Stehlík 2013 (Philippines)
* Physopelta parviceps Blöte, 1931 (Japan, Taiwan)
* Physopelta parvula Stehlík 2013 (Vietnam)
* Physopelta quadriguttata Bergroth, 1894 (Indomalaya, east Asia)
* Physopelta redeii Stehlík 2013 (Thailand)
* Physopelta robusta Stål, 1863 (China, Indomalaya)
* Physopelta roseni Taeuber, 1927 (Philippines)
* Physopelta rufialata Cachan, 1952 (Madagascar)
* Physopelta sita (Kirby, 1891) (Sri Lanka)
* Physopelta slanbuschii (Fabricius, 1787) (Indomalaya, east Asia)
* Physopelta sulawesiensis Stehlík 2013 (Indonesia)
* Physopelta trimaculata Stehlík & Jindra, 2008 (India)
* Physopelta woodlarkiana (Montrouzier, 1855) (Papua New Guinea)
# Oliarus kalaupapae

Oliarus kalaupapae, the Moloka'i cave planthopper, is a species of Oliarus planthopper endemic to the island of Moloka'i, where it inhabits lava tubes.

## Description

Oliarus kalaupapae is among the least visibly cave-adapted of the Hawaiian cave planthoppers, and still retains wings and eyes (unlike Oliarus polyphemus and Oliarus priola on Hawai'i island and Maui, respectively). Adults are uniformly yellow colored and reach up to 5.6mm long, with females being slightly larger than males.

## Distribution and habitat

Olarius kalaupapae is only found on the island of Moloka'i, where it is to restricted to dark caves and crevices. It inhabits lava tubes formed by the long-extinct East Moloka'i volcano hundreds of thousands of years ago.
# Zuri (given name)

Zuri is a given name of Swahili origin meaning “beautiful.” It has been among the 1,000 most popular names for newborn girls in the United States since 2010 and among the top 300 names since 2018. Zuri was among the five most popular names for Black newborn girls in the American state of Virginia in 2022.

## Women

* Zuri Hall (born 1988), American entertainment reporter, television personality, actress and producer
* Zuri Tibby (born 1995), American model

## Men

* Zuri Lawrence (born 1970), American professional boxer

## In fiction

* Zuri, one of the nine default player characters in the game Minecraft
# Russeting

Russeting or russetting is an abnormality of fruit skin which manifests in russet-colored (brownish) patches that are rougher than healthy skin. It is a common feature in apples and pears. Russeting is typically an undesirable trait, which reduces the storage life of fruits and makes their appearance unattractive to consumers, although some cultivars, so-called russet apples, are appreciated for the feature.

## Causes

In apples and pears, russet results from micro-cracking of the cuticle, the outer epidermal layer of the fruit. The cuticle is a natural waterproof barrier composed of a polymerized cutin matrix embedded with waxes, which protects the fruit from outside stresses, and helps maintain post-harvest preservation. When the cuticle cracks, a corky suberized layer is formed on the fruit skin.
Apples are particularly susceptible to russet. Many naturally-occurring varieties exhibit the feature consistently, while other cultivars may develop russet due to environmental stresses. As a result, cuticular structure is impaired, leading to reduced strength of the peel, which impacts handling and post-harvest processing. Russeting and cuticular cracks may accelerate the development of flesh browning due to oxidation, as well as softening of internal tissue due to the loss of an external support.

## Gallery

* An Egremont Russet apple, almost completely covered in russeting
* Conference pear
# Emmen Bargeres railway station

Emmen Bargeres is a former railway station located in Emmen, Netherlands. It was open from 1 June 1975 until 3 April 2011 and was located on the Emmerlijn (Zwolle - Emmen). The station was operated by Nederlandse Spoorwegen. The station was replaced by Emmen Zuid railway station, at another location on the same line.
The station was elevated over a single track bridge over the N391 road.
# Robert Evans (racing driver)

Robert Evans (April 19, 1890 – c. 1971) was an American racing driver. He drove relief for Jack Tower during the 1911 Indianapolis 500, then made a Championship Car race start on the Santa Monica Road Race Course in 1912, finishing second. Evans then drove in the 1913 Indianapolis 500 which would be his final Indy car race.

## Motorsports career results
### Indianapolis 500 results

| Year | Car | Start | Qual | Rank | Finish | Laps | Led | Retired |
| 1913 | 5 | 4 | 82.010 | 12 | 13 | 158 | 2 | Clutch |
| Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | Totals | 158 | 2 | |
| Starts | 1 |
| Poles | 0 |
| Front Row | 0 |
| Wins | 0 |
| Top 5 | 0 |
| Top 10 | 0 |
| Retired | 1 |
# Onate Formation

The Onate Formation is a geologic formation that is exposed in most of the highlands of south-central New Mexico. It preserves fossils dating back to the middle Devonian period.

## Description

At the type section, the Onate Formation consists of about 85–95 feet (26–29 m) of orange yellow-weathering dolomitic siltstone with shales and sandstone. Elsewhere the thickness is more typically 15 to 32 ft (4.6 to 9.8 m). The base of the formation is a profound regional unconformity, so that the formation rest on either the Fusselman Formation or the Montoya Group. It is overlain by the Sly Gap Formation and thins to the north and south.
The formation is interpreted as having been deposited on a shallow shelf environment deepening to a euxenic basin to the south.

## Fossils

The formation contains the fossil brachiopod Spirifer acuminatu, as well as crinoids and bryozoans. The brachiopod assemblage includes 34 genera and 41 species. Conodonts are rare but a few tabulate corals, ichnofossils, and the receptaculid Sphaerospongia is present. The receptaculids provided a solid substrate for colonization by the rugose coral Tabulophyllum traversensis. The fossil assemblage gives an age of late Givetian. The formation is highly bioturbated.

## History of investigation

The beds assigned to the formation were previously correlated with the Canutillo Formation of west Texas. However, F.V. Stevenson questioned the correlation, and designated a new Onate Formation including the beds in 1945. In 1985, G.A. Cooper and J.T. Dutro, Jr., conducted the first thorough study of the fossil assemblage of the formation. The fossils were further characterized by James E. Souraf in 1987.
# Thestor vansoni

Thestor vansoni, the Van Son's skolly, is a butterfly of the family Lycaenidae. It is found in South Africa, where it is found in the Nama Karoo just below the peaks of the Gydoberg, the Skurweberg and the Cederberg in the Western Cape.
The wingspan is 24–29 mm for males and 27–34 mm for females. Adults are on wing from the September to November, with a peak in October. There is one generation per year.
# Physoplexis

Physoplexis comosa, the tufted horned rampion, is a species of flowering plant in the family Campanulaceae, native to alpine Europe. It is the only species in its genus, and was formerly included in Phyteuma. Molecular evidence closely links this species with Phyteuma nigrum.
It is an herbaceous perennial growing to 8 cm (3 in) tall by 10 cm (4 in) wide, with glossy toothed narrow oval leaves, and dense umbels of necked, pale mauve flowers with prominent purple tips (tufts) in summer. It is found in the Alps at elevations of 300–2,000 m (984–6,562 ft).
The specific epithet comosa means "tufted".
In cultivation it is suitable for the rockery or alpine garden, and has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.
# Oleshky Sands

Oleshky Sands is a semi-desert in Ukraine inland from the Black Sea. It consists of sand dunes or kuchuhury (locally), which are up to five meters high. Sparse vegetation can be located across the sands.

## Origin

The sands are thought to be formed during the most recent ice age by aeolian processes accumulating and forming cliffs of lower parts of nearby River Dnipro. It is speculated that the amount of vegetation was reduced by herds of sheep who were introduced there by Friedrich-Jacob Eduardovych Falz-Fein [de; ru; uk] who used the sands, formerly populated by weeds, as a pasture. In modern times the area has become the Oleshky Sands National Nature Park.

## Geography

The Oleshky Desert is located in Kherson Raion, Kherson Oblast, 30 km (~20 mi) east of Kherson. Before the Russian annexation of the Crimean Khanate at the end of the 18th century, the territory belonged to the nomad Nogai Hordes, particularly the Djambuilut Horde. No detailed historical information about the region has survived.
The closest populated settlement is seven kilometers away (~4.5 mi). In Soviet times the sands were used as an Air Force bombing range for pilots of the Warsaw Pact alliance. To this day there is a possibility of finding some unexploded ordnance.

## Environment

Due to its temperature and the amount of precipitation, the area is sometimes described as a semi-desert. Oleshky Sands are around 15 kilometres (9 mi) across and are surrounded by a dense afforestation, planted to prevent dunes moving. Due to its density, the forest often catches fire. Although a relatively small sandy steppe, the Oleshky Sands have sandstorms. They occur as the type of the sand is very fine and is easily picked up by a wind. The intensity of the sandstorms is rather weak. Beneath the sands, at a depth of around 35 metres (115 ft), there is an underground lake, which forms an essential part of the local environment.
# LC3 (classification)

LC3 is a para-cycling classification for riders with a handicap in one lower limb who will usually pedal with one leg only.

## Definition

In 2000, BBC Sport defined this classification as "LC3 - essentially for riders with a handicap in one lower limb who will usually pedal with one leg only," In 2008, BBC Sport defined this classification was "LC3: Riders with impairment in one lower limb who will usually pedal with one leg only" In 2008, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation defined this classification was "Locomotor Disabilities (LC): Cyclists with a physical disability compete in four classes — LC1, LC2, LC3, LC4 - based on functional ability, with separate events for men and women.". The Australian Paralympic Education Program defined this classification in 2012 as: "Riders with impairment in one lower limb who will usually pedal with one leg only"

## Classification history

Cycling first became a Paralympic sport at the 1988 Summer Paralympics. In September 2006, governance for para-cycling passed from the International Paralympic Committee's International Cycling Committee to UCI at a meeting in Switzerland. When this happened, the responsibility of classifying the sport also changed.
For the 2016 Summer Paralympics in Rio, the International Paralympic Committee had a zero classification at the Games policy. This policy was put into place in 2014, with the goal of avoiding last minute changes in classes that would negatively impact athlete training preparations. All competitors needed to be internationally classified with their classification status confirmed prior to the Games, with exceptions to this policy being dealt with on a case-by-case basis.

## Events

Events for this classification include the Individual Pursuit and the 1 km Time Trial.

## Historical world records

Below are some historical world records for this classification in the 200m men's Indoor track / Flying start.
| Time | Cyclist | Country | Classification | Date and location | Country location |
| 15"040 | Miguel Angel Perez | ESP | LC 3 Bicycle | 02.06.1994 GENT | BEL |
| 14"550 | Norbert Zettler | AUT | LC 3 Bicycle | 03.08.1995 AUGSBURG | GER |
| 13"332 | Matthew Plested | GBR | LC 3 Bicycle | 23.08.2003 NCC MANCHESTER | GBR |

## Competitors

LC3 competitors include Simon Richardson from Great Britain who has won multiple gold medals. Another competitor in this class includes Australia's Chris Scott.

## Becoming classified

Classification is handled by Union Cycliste Internationale.