OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ermenegildo Gasperoni

Ermenegildo "Gildo" Gasperoni (4 August 1906 – 26 June 1994) was a Sammarinese politician. He served as the general secretary and, later, chairman of the Sammarinese Communist Party.

## Early life

Gasperoni was the son of an artisan from San Marino. In his youth, he left the country in 1924. He joined the French Communist Party in 1926. He was an activist of the Communist Party of Luxembourg between 1930 and 1936. He joined the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War, serving as political commissar of the Garibaldi Battalion in the Twelfth International Brigade. He later shifted to serve as the political commissar of the international centre for recruiting and training volunteers.

## Career

He returned to his homeland in 1940, beginning to work towards the foundation of the Sammarinese Communist Party. The Italian Communist Party had organized a local branch in San Marino in 1921, but the country did not have a communist party of its own. On 7 July 1941 the Sammarinese Communist Party was founded under Gasperoni's leadership. As of 1949, he was the Minister of Transport in the communist-socialist coalition government. Apart from his political labours, he also worked as an auto mechanic in Borgo Maggiore at this time.
Gasperoni represented the Sammarinese Communist Party at different international events, such as the 1969 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties in Moscow and the 1976 Conference of Communist and Workers Parties of Europe in Berlin. At both of these events Gasperoni voiced criticisms against the policies of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
In 1978, Gasperoni was elected to serve a six-month term as one of the two Captains Regent (i.e., co-heads of state of San Marino), along with the socialist Adriano Reffi. With Gasperoni San Marino had a communist head of state for the first time in two decades.
During a visit to the Soviet Union in January 1983, Gasperoni and the Sammarinese Communist Party general secretary Umberto Barulli were decorated with the Order of Friendship of Peoples at a ceremony in the Kremlin. As of the 1980s, Gasperoni had been named honorary chairman of the Sammarinese Communist Party.
# Jerome W. Conn

Jerome W. Conn (September 24, 1907 – June 11, 1994) was an American endocrinologist best known for his description of Conn syndrome or primary hyperaldosteronism.

## Biography

Conn was born in New York City and studied for three years at Rutgers University before he entered the University of Michigan Medical School at Ann Arbor in 1928. The Great Depression of 1929 made it hard for his family to support his education, but his sisters managed to pay for it with their salaries.
He graduated with honors in 1932 and started an internship in surgery before switching to internal medicine. Conn worked at the Division of Clinical Investigation where he worked under Louis H. Newburgh on the relationship between obesity and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Conn proved that normal carbohydrate tolerance could be reached in twenty of twenty-one subjects when they reached normal weight. He became fellow in 1935 and assistant professor in 1938.
From 1943 Conn took on the Division of Endocrinology and started an investigation concerning acclimatization of military personnel to warm climates like in the South Pacific. He discovered that the excretion of sodium in sweat, urine and saliva was curtailed in these circumstances.
At the Presidential address to the Society of Clinical Research Conn presented a thirty-four-year-old patient complaining of episodic weakness of the lower legs, almost to paralysis, with periodic muscle spasms and cramps in her hands for a total period of seven years. After extensive research he had found a condition he called primary hyperaldosteronism, later called Conn syndrome. There were elevated levels of aldosterone in her circulation, coming from a hormone producing adrenal adenoma.
Conn wrote a total of 284 articles and book chapters and was recognized as a tutor stimulating others in research. His clinic was leading for years after in research on hyperaldosteronism.
Conn was honored by being named L. H. Newburgh Distinguished University Professor in 1968. There were many other honors during his career; he was member of twelve national professional societies.
His retirement was in 1974. He died in Naples, Florida.
# Hembrey

Hembrey is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Randy Hembrey (born 1965), American auto racing executive
* Shea Hembrey (born 1974), American artist
# Catello Palmigiano

Catello Palmigiano (Castellamare di Stabia, just south of Naples, September 18, 1853 - After 1883) was an Italian painter, mainly of genre subjects, often in period costume.
He studied at the Institute of Fine Arts in Naples, but was a resident of Castellamare di Stabia. In 1883 at Rome, he exhibited Fantasia and Ricordi di Castellamare. He exhibited in other cities Neo-Pompeian subjects, including Il tempio di Venere a Pompei. He emigrated to Brazil.
# São Paulo Metro K stock

The São Paulo Metro K stock is a class of refurbished electric multiple units from C stock, originally built by Companhia Brasileira de Material Ferroviário, with fleet number from K01 to K25, complemented by L stock, with fleet number from L26 to L47.
K stock had tests in other line, but never operated out of Line 3-Red.

## History

C stock was built from 1979 to 1986 by companies Mafersa and Cobrasma, in the factory of the last one, located in Sumaré, São Paulo.
Between 2011 and 2014, this rolling stock was refurbished by MTTrens consortium, composed by MPE Engenharia, Temoinsa and T'Trans, in Três Rios, becoming the K stock.
Currently, all of the trains operate on Line 3-Red, same line of the old C stock.

## Characteristics

The modernization of the São Paulo Metro trains brought many benefits, mostly regarding the energy consumption.
The fleet engines were changed, operating in alternating current and microprocessed control, against the old ones in direct current and Chopper system. In addition to facilitating their maintenance, it resulted in energy economy that, even with the addition of air-conditioning systems in the cars and driving cabins, the trains continued to consume the same amount of electricity, compared to the old fleet with conventional ventilation.
Besides that, the visual communication of the trains was updated, with the change of masks and painting, equipment added to better inform the passengers, such as electronic strip maps, LED panels and light bulbs over the doors alerting people with hearing loss about the closing doors, installation of new safety and supervision systems and updates to the signalling system.

## Controversies

In the beginning of its service, many reports were made claiming the existence of problems in the rolling stock, although they were denied by the metro company.
It is important to emphasize, however, that failures are common in recent delivered trains, which was the case with this stock during the moment it had more problems. Besides that, this fleet was the first that had its modernization concluded faster, being the first one to meet the deadline.
Finally, it was found that, during modernization, the stock bogies were not updated; later, the metro company replaced the old parts of all cars. Even so, the fleet is the second with the highest number of failures, with its MKBF index only being higher than the E stock, built in 1999.
# Charles Dauphin

Charles Claude Dauphin or Dofin, called in Italian Delfino (1615/1620 – 1677), a French painter of historical subjects and portraits, was the son of Olivier Dauphin.

## Biography

He was born in Nancy, Lorraine. By about 1640, he had joined in Paris the studio of Simon Vouet. There he works alongside F. Tortebat and M. Dorigny. In 1647, he married in Paris. When Vouet died in 1649, his studio dispersed. Dauphin went to Turin about the year 1652, and worked there for the Prince of Carignano. He was also employed in local churches. In the church of San Carlo is an altar-piece by him, described by Lanzi as a most ludicrous composition. He died in 1677 in Turin.
# Ringhoffer Inscription

The Ringhoffer Inscription is located near Tower Arch in Arches National Park. The inscription commemorates the claimed discovery of Tower Arch by Alex Ringhoffer, who was one of the principal advocates for national park designation in the Arches region. The panel is located at the base of the arch, measuring 57 inches (140 cm) by 42 inches (110 cm) and reads:
   Discovered BY MR. AND MRS. ALEX RINGHOFFER AND SONS 1922-3
The inscription is incised into the sandstone rock. The site includes Tower Arch and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 6, 1988.
# Ernst Marcus (philosopher)

Ernst Moses Marcus (3 September 3, 1856, Kamen – 30 October, 1928 Essen) was a German lawyer and philosopher. He developed a theory of aether based on Immanuel Kant's posthumous work Opus Postumum, however sharply disagreeing with Erich Adickes interpretation. He used this to mount a criticism of Albert Einstein's theory of relativity. He was a major influence on Salomo Friedlaender.
Ernst was the son of Robert Ruben Marcus and Berta Marcus.
Marcus studied law in Bonn and Berlin. Whilst working as an Assessor in 1889 he developed an interest in philosophy. In 1890 he was appointed as a judge in Essen. In 1893 he married Berta Auerbach with whom he had three children.
In 1899 he started regular meetings with Salomo Friedlaender who admired his theses and became a firm supporter of him. Friedlaender referred to him by epithet the "Krupp of logic".

## Works

* Kants Revolutionsprinzip (1902)
* Das Erkenntnisproblem (1905)
* Die Beweisfuehrung in der Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1914)
* Kants Weltgebaeude (1917)
* Das Problem der Excentrischen Empfindung und seine Losung (1918) Berlin: Verlag der Sturm
* Theorie einer natuerlichen Magie: Gegründet auf Kants Weltlehre (1924) Munich: Ernst Reinhardt.
* Kritik des Aufbaus der speziellen Relativitaetstheorie (1926)
* Die Zeit und Raumlehre Kants (1927)
His papers are held by the Leo Baeck Institute, New York.
# Stikine Plateau

The Stikine Plateau is a plateau in northern British Columbia, Canada. It lies between the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains on the west and southwest and the Cassiar Mountains along its northeast, and between the Skeena Mountains on its south and southeast and the Jennings and Nakina Rivers on the north.

## Sub-plateaus and mountain ranges

The plateau has a number of sub-plateaus:
* the Spatsizi Plateau is the southeasternmost and occupies the area between the Skeena Mountains and includes the headwaters of the Stikine River and the basin of the Spatsizi River.
* the Tanzilla Plateau lies north of the Stikine River and to the east of the Tuya River and includes the basin of the Tanzilla River and the headwaters of the Dease River around Dease Lake and the community of the same name. The upper portion of the Grand Canyon of the Stikine, a lava-walled gorge which is cut into the larger Stikine Plateau by that river, begins on the southern edge of this plateau downstream from the community of Telegraph Creek.
* the Klastline Plateau lies south of the Stikine River to the north of the Klappan Range of the Skeena Mountains and includes the headwaters of the Iskut River. The communities of Eddontenajon and Iskut are located on this plateau, which is traversed by BC Highway 37 from north to south.
* the Nahlin Plateau lies west of the Tuya River, north of the Tahltan River, southwest of the Sheslay River and southwest of the Nahlin River; both of the latter are in the basin of the Taku River, via the Inklin. It includes Heart Peaks and the Level Mountain Range, the latter of which is a cluster of bare volcanic peaks on the broad summit of Level Mountain.
* the Kawdy Plateau lies to the north of the Nahlin River, to the west of the Tuya River and includes the low but rugged Atsutla Range, which lies in the angle of the Jennings and Teslin Rivers.
* the Taku Plateau lies to the west of the Nahlin and Kawdy Plateaus and is located roughly in the angle of the Nakina and Inklin Rivers, though including areas on the far side of the lower sections of both rivers.
* the Tahltan Highland, which may also be considered to be a part of the Coast Mountains, is an intermediary area of relatively lower mountains between the Boundary Ranges and the Taku and Nahlin Plateaus, being bounded roughly by the Inklin and Tahltan Rivers on its northeast flank. It also includes a large area south of the Stikine, including the Mount Edziza massif and the Spectrum Range. Its southern limit is described by a pass between upper Mess Creek and the valley of the Iskut River to the south of the Spectrum Range, and it is bounded at its southeastern extremity by the Iskut, across which is the Klappan Range of the Skeena Mountains.
# Castle Durrow

Castle Durrow is an 18th-century country house in Durrow, County Laois, Ireland. The house was built in the pre-Palladian design and formal gardens that were popular in the 18th century.

## History

The house was built between 1712-1716 by Colonel William Flower (from 1733 Baron Castle Durrow) as a family home. In 1751 William's son Henry was created first Viscount Ashbrook, also in the Irish peerage, and the title is still extant, being held by his direct heir, Michael Flower, eleventh Viscount Ashbrook (b. 1935).
A large castellated tudor revival gate lodge was constructed for the house and grounds around 1835.
The Flower family retained ownership of the estate until 1922, when they were forced to sell up and ultimately moved to England. The Bank of Ireland then took ownership of the estate.
It was bought by a Mr. Maher of Freshford, County Kilkenny who was primarily interested in the estate's timber reserves. Eventually, the Irish Land Commission took over the arable portion of the property and the Forestry Department took over the woodland.
Over 650 acres of forest were cleared surrounding the house between 1922 and 1928 including old forests of oak and ash.
After standing empty for some years the house itself was bought by the parish of Durrow for £1,800 and transformed in 1929 into a school as St Fintan's College and Convent, and remained in use for that purpose until 1987.
The house was put up for sale in 1992.
In 1998, the house was purchased by Peter and Shelley Stokes and redeveloped as the Castle Durrow Country House Hotel.
# São Paulo Metro M stock

The São Paulo Metro M stock is a class of trains built by Bombardier between 2011 and 2014 to operate on Line 15-Silver, opened in 2014. This is the first monorail class of trains of the state of São Paulo.

## Accidents and incidents

* On 14 October 2016, a train left Oratório station with its doors open, due to an error in a programming made by Bombardier in the composition's computers.
* On 29 January 2019, two trains in tests collided at the not yet opened Jardim Planalto station. According to a Metropolitan Company report, the accident was caused by human error.
* In January 2020, screws fell from one of the line's track switches, making it operate with reduced speed for 5 days.
* On 27 February 2020, a tire of M20 train exploded, interrupting the whole line. After Bombardier and Metro technicians studied and repaired the equipments, the branch was partially reopened on 2 June and fully reopened on 18 June. According to the secretary of Metropolitan Transports, Alexandre Baldy, one of the possible causes were imperfections on the concrete tracks, which caused excessive vibrations, making the tire runflat mechanism touch the rubber inside the wheel, causing premature damage and subsequent severance.
* On 8 March 2023, trains M14 and M15 collided between stations Sapopemba and Jardim Planalto at 4:30 a.m. (GMT-3), during the preparation for the beginning of operation. As the line was not opened, the trains had no passengers on board, but there were train operators, one of them who was slightly injured. On the following day, during the removal of the collided trains, they crashed again, this time leaving no one harmed. Both were later moved to the yard, with no other incidents.
# Charles Alwis Hewavitharana

Charles Alwis Hewavitharana, FRCS, LRCP was a Ceylonese (Sinhalese) physician who played a significant role in Sri Lanka's Independence and Buddhist Revival movements. He was the brother of Anagarika Dharmapala.

## Early life

He was born in Colombo, Ceylon, to Don Carolis Hewavitharana and Mallika Dharmagoonewardena the daughter of Lansige Lansige Andiris Perera Dharmagunawardhana, a wealthy businessman. His other siblings were Don David Hewavitharana who later changed his name to Anagarika Dharmapala and became a prominent figure in the Buddhist revival movement in Ceylon and in India; Edmund Hewavitharana; Simon Alexander Hewavitharana and Dona Engeltina née Moonesinghe.

## Education

Charles Hewavitharana was educated at Colombo Academy and at the Ceylon Medical College. After graduating he joined the Ceylon Medical Service left for Britain for further studies gaining a LRCP (London) and FRCS. Although working as a physician he became an active independence activist working with his older brother leaving the Ceylon Medical Service.

## Independence activity

He was imprisoned in 1915 along with his brother Edmund Hewavitarne (who later died in prison), D. S. Senanayake, D. R. Wijewardena following the Muslim riots. Fearing an uprising the inexperienced British colonial Governor of Ceylon Sir Robert Chalmers declared Martial Law on 2 June 1915 and on the advice of Inspector General of Police Herbert Dowbiggin began a brutal suppression of the Sinhala Buddhist community by giving orders to the Police and the Army to shoot any one who they deemed a rioter without a trial, it is said that the numbers of Sinhalese killed this way were in the thousands. Many local leaders were imprisoned and Captain D.E.Henry Pedris, a military officer, was executed based on false charges of mutiny.

## Later years

Dr. Hewavitharana was a member of the University College Ceylon Council. The Dr. C.A. Hewavitharana Memorial Prizes for Physics & Sanskrit are annually awarded at the University of Colombo in his memory. The Dr. C.A. Hewavitharana Memorial Prize for Physics is also annually awarded by the Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya.
# Blapsilon purpureum

Blapsilon purpureum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Fauvel in 1906. It is known from New Caledonia.
# Michael Leader

Michael Leader (12 September 1938 – 22 August 2016) was an English actor known for his roles in the British television programmes, notably the soap opera EastEnders, and for a minor part in the 1977 film Star Wars.

## Life

Leader was born in Hackney, London, in 1938. He was the son of the jazz band leader Harry Leader.
Michael was married to a Dutch woman and became father of one daughter in 1975.
In his spare time, he liked to be around in the Leyton Orient F.C. Stadium, as he was a fan of the team.

## Career

Leader had a number of minor parts and appeared as an extra in a range of television programmes.
His debut film appearance was a minor role as an imperial stormtrooper in the original Star Wars film (1977). Although only on-screen for a matter of seconds, Leader's appearance has attracted particular interest in Star Wars fan culture as he has claimed to be the stormtrooper who bangs his helmeted head on a door frame in a scene on board the Death Star. This was a blooper which was overlooked during editing and has remained part of the film ever since. A rival claim to the part of the "clumsy stormtrooper" has been made by fellow actor Laurie Goode, who has stated that it was he who bumped his head in the scene, not Leader.
Leader's most substantial role was a recurring part as Michael the milkman in the BBC soap opera EastEnders, a part he played since its first episode in 1985. The role was not a speaking part until the 1991 Christmas Eve episode when Frank Butcher (Mike Reid) invites him into the B&B for a drink. Michael says "It's a bit early", and then has a small amount of dialogue with Frank.
Leader also had minor appearances in the television programmes Doctor Who, Red Dwarf, and Keeping Up Appearances.
Leader died on 22 August 2016.

## Filmography
### As actor

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1977 | Star Wars | Stormtrooper | Film, Uncredited |
| 1980 | Blake's 7 | Rebel / Technician | 2 episodes, Uncredited |
| 1980–1983 | Doctor Who | Soldier / Mutant / Terileptil / Pangol Clone | "The Leisure Hive" (1980); "The Visitation" (1982); "The King's Demons" (1983); "Mawdryn Undead" (1983) Uncredited |
| 1985–2016 | EastEnders | Milkman / Michael | Uncredited 16 episodes, (final appearance) |
| 1991 | Keeping Up Appearances | Man near reception | Episode: "Golfing with the Major" |
| 1992 | Red Dwarf | Hooded Horde | Episode: "Terrorform", Uncredited |
| 2008 | Harry Hill's TV Burp | Slow Eastenders Extra | Television series |
# Erie Basin Marina

The Erie Basin Marina is a municipal inland harbor in Buffalo, New York. The marina is primarily for residential usage,$^{:353}$ containing a large array of boat docks, gardens, and a public observatory overlooking the city and waterfront. The marina's harbor discharges into the Niagara River and Lake Erie.
Erie Basin Marina sits immediately south of the Black Rock Canal and the north of Buffalo's Inner Harbor and Naval Park area, where it is joined by a promenade walkway.$^{:xiv}$ It is protected by a long breakwall constructed and maintained by the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The harbor was designed to resemble an American buffalo when viewed from overhead.

## History

Before the marina was constructed, it was the site of the Erie Basin, one of two connections from Buffalo's Outer Harbor to the Erie Canal in the 19th and early 20th-centuries. The excavation occurred between 1848 and 1852, then protected by a seawall of stones, wood and gravel. Its entrance was the site of Buffalo's first waterfront grain elevator constructed by Joseph Dart.$^{:135}$ Later on, railroad tracks for Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad were put in place in the same location, specifically for loading ships with coal ore.$^{:174}$
It was reported that in 1900, a steamer owned by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, Columbia, was stolen by two tugboats from the basin on a June night.
Constructed began in the 1950s and was completed by 1974, from slag of Bethlehem and Republic Steel. When viewed from above, Erie Basin Marina has the shape of a buffalo, an intentional design feature paying homage to the city's metonym.
In recent years, contamination and sewage has become an issue for the harbor. The Niagara Frontier Transportation Authority, which operates the marina, routinely clears logs and debris from the marina inlet.$^{:99}$ In addition, 10 million gallons of city sewage overflows in 2010 was cut down to four million in 2017 after infrastructure improvements were completed.
$1 million was spent in 2010 on the reconstruction of the marina seawall, an extension of the boardwalk, and a concrete pier besides the observation tower. In 2013, developer Carl Paladino planned to construct a 14-story apartment complex at the entrance to the site. A new restaurant, William K's, opened in 2015, joining The Hatch at the marina.
# Stiftes

Stiftes is a mountain of Hesse, Germany.
50°19′N 9°42′E﻿ / ﻿50.317°N 9.700°E﻿ / 50.317; 9.700
* This Hesse location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Caulastrocecis furfurella

Caulastrocecis furfurella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Austria, Italy, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan.
The wingspan is 13–16 mm.