OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tongue-tie (tack)

A tongue-tie is a piece of equipment used by equestrians to prevent a horse from getting its tongue over the bit, which would make the animal very difficult to control. It is usually a strip of cloth or rubber, passed through the mouth and tied below the chin.
Tongue ties are illegal in competitive events such as most horse show disciplines, but very common in other sports, such as horse racing. The device is controversial in some circles where its use considered abusive. However, due to the life or death safety and control issues inherent in certain extreme equestrian sports, such as horse racing, it is considered by its proponents as a necessary tool for some animals. Sometimes it is viewed as necessary to prevent the horse's tongue from moving, either to move the bit out of position, rendering it ineffective, or to keep the tongue from obstructing the airway if the horse puts its tongue over the bit. The horse's inability to "accept" the bit, whether it be that it was broken in abruptly, or due to assorted riders' heavy-handedness, is often given as another reason for use of a tongue tie. Some equine behaviorists argue that the need of a tongue tie is indication of a deeper underlying issue, and that the tongue tie itself is a mere crutch that does not solve the problem.
Research has shown that the tongue-tie does not restrict the animal's breathing. However, research has also shown that the tongue-tie does not provide a respiratory benefit in healthy animals (as some trainers believe it prevents the horse's tongue from coming up, and therefore allows for free air intake). Other studies have shown that it does help prevent dorsal displacement of the soft palate, but success rate is low.
# The Adventures of Maddog Williams in the Dungeons of Duridian

The Adventures of Maddog Williams in the Dungeons of Duridian is a 1992 video game developed by Game Crafters. The game is a cross between a text adventure and a role-playing game in which the player assumes the role of Maddog Williams, a shopkeeper and inventor from the seaside town of Marinor.
Maddog Williams was released on Amiga, Atari ST and DOS and a sequel was planned for release titled Escape from Cylindria. Currently the game is freely available for download from the developers' website.

## Gameplay

Players control the eponymous Maddog Williams and must guide him through eight quests. The quest begins in Maddog's home; the player is able to explore before gradually finding clues on how to progress further due to the relatively non-linear nature of the game compared to other adventures. The game's environments house objects to manipulate and non-player characters to converse with for information, as well as enemies who can be vanquished through combat.
# Xylodryadella

Xylodryadella is a monotypic moth genus in the family Xyloryctidae described by Thomas Bainbrigge Fletcher in 1940. Its only species, Xylodryadella cryeranthes, was described by Edward Meyrick in 1925 and is found in New Guinea.
The wingspan is about 31 mm. The forewings are rather light brown, with some scattered, blackish scales, the veins partially marked with black streaks and the costa slenderly blackish from the base to beyond the middle, with four irregular projections or thickenings, beneath this irregular whitish suffusion extended as a costal patch to three-fourths and then beneath the costa to near the apex. Some black suffusion is found on the bases of veins 10 and 11 and there are three small blackish spots on the costa towards the apex. The hindwings are light fuscous.
# DG Flugzeugbau

DG Flugzeugbau GmbH is a manufacturer of sailplanes and other composite parts based in Bruchsal near Karlsruhe, Germany.

## History

The business was founded in 1973 by Gerhard Glaser and Wilhelm Dirks as Glaser-Dirks Flugzeugbau GmbH.
In 2018 the company received an order to build "a large number" of the Volocopter 2X design under contract to Volocopter.

## Aircraft
### No longer in production

The Glaser-Dirks company produced the following gliders:
* DG-100 (Standard Class)
* DG-200 (15 metre Class)
* DG-300 (Standard Class)
* DG-400 (Self-launching motor glider)
* DG-500 (Two seater)
* DG-600 (15 metre and 18 meter Class)
* DG-808C (15 metre and 18 metre)
* LS10 (15 metre and 18 metre Class)

### Current gliders in production

DG Flugzeugbau currently produces:
* DG-1001 (Two seater)
* Rolladen-Schneider LS8c-neo, (Standard Class with optional wing-tips to increase the span to 18 metres.)
# Ectenessa ocellata

Ectenessa ocellata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Gounelle in 1909.
# The Love Bunglers

The Love Bunglers is a graphic novel by American cartoonist Jaime Hernandez, published in 2014. The story focuses on the character Maggie, the protagonist of Hernandez's Locas stories, and two men with whom she has been involved with in the past, Ray Dominguez and Reno Banks.
# Thomas Coyne (cricketer)

Thomas Coyne (12 October 1873 – 8 April 1955) was an Australian cricketer. He played four first-class matches for Western Australia between 1905/06 and 1908/09.
# Elite Model Look International 2016

Elite Model Look International 2016 was held on November 23, 2016, in Lisbon, Portugal. The winners of the title was Jana Tvrdiková from Czech Republic and Davidson Obennebo from Nigeria.

## Placements

| Posiciones | Modelo |
| Elite Model Look International 2016 | Czech Republic - Jana Tvrdinová Nigeria - Davidson Obennebo |
| Top 10 (Girls) | Belgium - Cosima Lagae  Denmark - Lucca Kjaergaard  United States - Lizzie Swanson  France - Marie Konc  Netherlands - Joyce Bergevoet  Portugal - Zara Bicha  Russia - Katya Bybina  Sweden - Freja Nygren  Ukraine - Alina Dementieva |
| Top 5 (Boys) | Belgium - Julien Breuskin  Denmark - Anders Baerentzen  France - Etienne Robert  Sweden - Jesper Wedberg |
# Johannes Münster

Johannes Münster (died 1544) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Auxiliary Bishop of Mainz (1511–1537).

## Biography

On 9 July 1511, Johannes Münster was appointed during the papacy of Pope Julius II as Auxiliary Bishop of Mainz and Titular Bishop of Venecompensis. He served as Auxiliary Bishop of Mainz until his resignation on 3 November 1537, and he died on 25 June 1544. While bishop, he was the principal co-consecrator of Nikolaus Schigmers, Titular Bishop of Daulia and Auxiliary Bishop of Speyer (1529), and of Philipp von Flersheim, Bishop of Speyer (1530).
# Idaho Vandals basketball

Idaho Vandals basketball may refer to either of the basketball teams that represent the University of Idaho:
* Idaho Vandals men's basketball
* Idaho Vandals women's basketball
# Xəlilli, Nakhchivan

Xəlilli (also, Khalilli and Khalilly) is a village and municipality in the Babek District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located in the left side of the Ordubad-Nakhchivan highway, 16 km in the north from the district center, on the right bank of the Nakhchivanchay River, on the plain. Its population is busy with grain-growing, vegetable-growing, poultry and animal husbandry. There are secondary school, library, club and a medical center in the village. It has a population of 630.

## Etymology

The name of the village is related with the name of the Xəlillilər tribe. The Xəlillilər (khalilliler) which was part of the Kayı tribe of Turkic origin, was moved from the Western Turkestan in the thirteenth century, some of them lived in the Shirvan region.
# Koçarboğazı, Kale

Koçarboğazı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kale, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 145 (2022).
# DGZ

DGZ may refer to:
* Die Goldenen Zitronen, a German music band
* Demigodz, an American Hip Hop group formed by Rapper Apathy
* "dgz", the Daga language ISO 639-3 code
# Shai Oster

Shai Oster is an American journalist who is the Asia bureau chief for The Information, a technology news site. He formerly worked at The Wall Street Journal and Bloomberg Businessweek.

## Early life and education

Oster was born in Jerusalem. He received his B.A. in history from Columbia University in 1994 and a master's degree in Journalism from the Columbia School of Journalism in 1998.

## Career

He has won several awards in more than a decade as a journalist in China, Europe, and the U.S., writing about a broad range of economic, business and social issues. Before joining The Wall Street Journal's China Bureau, Oster covered OPEC for Dow Jones Newswires in London. He previously served as Beijing bureau chief for Asiaweek magazine and as Beijing correspondent for the Bureau of National Affairs and the San Francisco Chronicle.
Shai was the recipient of the George Polk Award for environmental reporting and Asia Society's Osborn Elliott Award in 2008. In April 2007, he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting as part of the bureau’s "sharply edged reports on the adverse impact of China's booming capitalism on conditions ranging from inequality to pollution."

### Three Gorges Dam reporting

He is known for his reporting on the Three Gorges Dam. Oster reported details regarding environmental problems with the dam and impacts on Chinese citizens living within affected areas along the banks of the Yangzee River including 1.4 million people forced to leave their homes by the government. Specifically, he noted that the Chinese government intended to displace a further 4 million people, a claim that sparked controversy, others claiming the resettlement plan was only tangentially related to the dam.

## Personal life

He lives in Hong Kong, China with his wife, Alisha Alexander. Oster speaks Hebrew, French, Mandarin Chinese and English.

## Awards

Oster has won numerous awards in the US, Europe and Asia for reporting across a broad spectrum of topics from Saudi Arabia's economic and energy issues to inequality and the elite in China. These are some of his more prominent honors.
* 2000 Phillips Foundation Journalism Fellow
* 2004 Dow Jones Newswires Award for Journalistic Excellence
* 2005 Business Journalist of the Year, UK
* 2005 OnLine Journalist of the Year, UK
* 2007 Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting
* 2007 George Polk Award for Environmental Reporting
* 2007 SOPA Awards for Excellence in Feature Writing
* 2008 Osborn Elliott Award for Excellence in Journalism, from The Asia Society
* 2008 The Scoop Award from SOPA
* 2008 Excellence in Public Service Award from SOPA
* 2008 12th Annual Human Rights Press Award
* 2009 SOPA Awards Excellence in Business Reporting
* 2011 Overseas Press Club of America Malcolm Forbes Award
* 2013 George Polk Award for Foreign Reporting
* 2013 Overseas Press Club of America Award for Investigative Reporting
* 2013 Osborn Elliott Award for Excellence in Journalism, from The Asia Society
# Ectenessa nitida

Ectenessa nitida is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1885.
# The Love Bug (song)

"The Love Bug", stylised as "the Love Bug", is a song recorded by Japanese hip-hop duo M-Flo for their third studio album, Astromantic (2004). It was written, arranged, and produced by Verbal and Taku Takahashi who compose the duo and features South Korean singer BoA as the accompanying vocalist. It was released on March 17, 2004, and was distributed by Rhythm Zone in two physical formats: a standard CD single and a limited edition vinyl. In its bass line, the song samples "Give Me Your Love" (1981) by American jazz vocalist Sylvia Striplin. Following its release, "The Love Bug" peaked at number eight on the Oricon Singles Chart and sold over 56,000 copies.

## Overview

"The Love Bug" was released by Avex Group record label Rhythm Zone on March 17, 2004, as the third lead single for M-Flo's third studio album Astromantic (2004). It consists of one of the many songs released as a collaboration with various singers as part of the group's "M-Flo Loves" series, which commenced the year prior following the departure of vocalist Lisa from M-Flo. The standard single contains the remix "The Love Bug (Big Bug NYC Remix)" as well as a cover by reggae band Bagdad Cafe the Trench Town. Musically, "The Love Bug" is a R&B and hip hop number that is composed in the key of C-sharp major with a tempo of 117 beats per minute. In 2014, the track was remixed by Yasutaka Nakata of electronic band Capsule for M-Flo's 2014 remix album EDM-Flo.

## Live performances

M-Flo and BoA performed "The Love Bug" at the 2004 Mnet Km Music Video Festival in Seoul on December 4, where the group won the award for Best Asian Hip Hop Artist. On July 21, 2007, BoA made a surprise appearance at the final show of M-Flo's Cosmicolor Tour at the Yokohama Arena, where she performed "The Love Bug" on stage with Verbal.

## Track listing
### CD single

* "The Love Bug" — 4:01
* "The Love Bug (Big Bug NYC Remix)" — 3:40
* "The Love Bug (covered by Bagdad Cafe the Trench Town)" — 5:03

### Vinyl tracklist

* "The Love Bug" — 4:01
* "The Love Bug (Big Bug NYC Remix)" — 3:40
* "The Love Bug (covered by Bagdad Cafe the Trench Town)" — 5:03
* "The Love Bug (Instrumental)" — 4:01

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak position |
| Japanese Singles Chart (Oricon) | 8 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format(s) | Label(s) |
| Japan | March 17, 2004 | CD single, digital download | Rhythm Zone |
| Japan | March 17, 2004 | 12-inch vinyl | Labsoul Records |
# Joe Rígoli

Jorge Rígoli (Jorge Alberto Rípoli; 5 November 1936 – 27 January 2015) was an Argentine comedian and actor. He was known for starring in the popular Argentine animated series Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez. Rígoli was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Rígoli died in Mar del Plata, Argentina from heart failure after being in a medically induced coma after having high blood pressure. He was 78 years old.
# Xiquexique tuberculatus

Xiquexique tuberculatus is a plant species in the genus Xiquexique from the cactus family. It is commonly called "Caxacubri".

## Description

Xiquexique tuberculatus grows like a tree with an often clearly pronounced trunk and reaches a height 2 metres (6.6 ft) to 6 metres (20 ft). Abundantly branching near the shoot tips, it is spreading and up to 6 meters wide. The heavily woody, upright to crooked, olive-green shoots have a diameter of 3 to 6 centimeters and are overgrown when young. There are 4 to 6 ribs with conspicuous oblique transverse furrows. The furrows between the ribs are arched. The stinging, somewhat brittle, protruding thorns are light brown at first and later turn gray. Of the 3 to 5, 3 to 4.2 centimeters long central spines, the lowest is usually the longest and often bent downwards. The 10 to 12 radiating, downward curved radial spines are 4 to 10 millimeters long. The flowering part of the shoots is not pronounced. Flowering areoles are located near the shoot tip.
The flowers are 6 to 6.7 centimeters long and have a diameter of up to 3 centimeters. The spherical fruits reach a diameter of up to 4 centimeters, tear open at the side and contain magenta-colored flesh.

## Distribution

The distribution area of Xiquexique tuberculatus extends from the northwest to the northeast of the Brazilian state of Bahia and extends into the state of Pernambuco.
In the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the species is listed as "Least Concern (LC)".

## Taxonomy

The first description as Pilocereus tuberculatus was published in 1933 by Erich Werdermann. Pâmela Lavor and Alice Calvente placed the species in the genus Xiquexique in 2020. Other nomenclatural synonyms are Pilosocereus tuberculatus (Werderm.) Byles & G. D. Rowley (1957) and Pseudopilocereus tuberculatus (Werderm.) Buxb. (1968).
The specific epithet tuberculatus comes from Latin, means 'humped' and refers to the humped ribs of the shoots.
# Kreis Kulm

The district of Kulm was a Prussian district in the Marienwerder administrative region, which existed from 1772 to 1920. The district capital was Kulm. Today the territory of the district lies in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland.

## History

The area of the Kulm district became part of Prussia after the First Partition of Poland in 1772. The district covered most of the historic region of Chełmno Land. On 30 April 1815 the area became part of the new Marienwerder administrative region of the province of West Prussia. As part of a comprehensive district reform, the old Kulm district was significantly reduced in size on 1 April 1818. The southern parts of the Kulm district formed part of the new district of Thorn and the northern parts formed the new district of Graudenz. The district of Kulm now included the towns of Kulm and Briesen.
From 3 December 1829 to 1 April 1878 West Prussia and East Prussia were united to form the Province of Prussia, which had belonged to the German Empire since 1871. Due to the steady increase in population in the 19th century, several districts in West Prussia proved too large. On 1 October 1887, the district of Kulm gave up part of its territory to the new district of Briesen. Due to the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, the district area had to be ceded to Poland on 10 January 1920.

## Demographics

The Kulm district had a mixed population of Germans and Poles. The proportion of the German population declined over the years in the course of the Ostflucht.
Population of the Kulm district :
| Year | Total | German | German | Polish / Bilingual / Other | Polish / Bilingual / Other |
| 1846 | 43,371 | 20,038 | 46.2% | 23,333 | 53.8% |
| 1900 | 48,014 | 21,917 | 45.6% | 26,097 | 54.4% |
| 1905 | 49,521 | 23,521 | 47.5% | 26,000 | 52.5% |
| 1910 | 50,069 | 23,345 | 46.6% | 26,724 | 53.4% |

## Municipalities

In 1910, the Kulm district comprised the town of Kulm and 77 rural communities.
Municipalities in Kreis Kulm :
| Adlig Neudorf Adlig Waldau Althausen Bienkowko Blandau Blotto Borken Borowno Brosowo Damerau Dembowitz Dolken Dombrowken Drzonowo Dübeln Eiselau Falkenstein Firlus Friedrichsbruch Gogolin Grenz Griebenau Groß Czyste Groß Kämpe Groß Lunau Hönsdorf | Jamerau Janowo Kaldus Kielp Klammer Klein Kämpe Klein Lunau Kokotzko Kollenken Kölln Königlich Groß Trzebcz Königlich Kiewo Königlich Waldau Kornatowo Kottenau Krajenczyn Kulm, town Kulmisch Dorposch Kulmisch Neudorf Kulmisch Roßgarten Lissewo Malankowo Mosgowin Neu Bolumin Neugut Neusaß | Niederausmaß Oberausmaß Osnowo Plangenau Pniewitten Podwitz Raffa Reinau Rosenau Ruda Scharnese Schemlau Schlonz Schöneich Schönsee Segertsdorf Steinwage Striesau Strutzfon Trebis Unislaw Villisaß Waltersdorf Wilhelmsau Wilhelmsbruch Zakrzewo |

## Notable People

Heinz Guderian, Kurt Schumacher and Hermann Löns were born in Kulm.
# D. spinosa

D. spinosa may refer to:
* Dalea spinosa, a tree species
* Deinopis spinosa, a net-casting spider species in the genus Deinopis
* Dennstaedtia spinosa, a fern species in the genus Dennstaedtia
* Desfontainia spinosa, a medicinal plant species
* Diaea spinosa, a crab spider species in the genus Diaea
* Didelta spinosa, a flowering plant species in the genus Didelta
* Diplolepis spinosa, a plant species in the genus Diplolepis
* Drypis spinosa, a moth food plant species
# Shaki de Boo-Tee

Shaki de Boo-Tee is Jean Knight's third studio album and her first in twelve years. All of the tracks were produced and arranged by her long-time friends and collaborators Isaac Bolden, Walter Moorehead and Carl Marshall, while three of them were written by Moorehead. Two of the songs on the album were co-written by Knight's son, E.C. Commedore, while two others are duets that Knight shares with Moorehead. Cover versions include Bill Withers' song "Who Is She (And What Is She to You)." The last two songs are bonus tracks and live versions of her biggest hits "Mr. Big Stuff" and "My Toot Toot."

## Track listing

* "Bus Stop" (Walter Moorehead) - 4:34
* "Bill" (Jimmy Lewis) - 5:44
* "Shaki de Boo-Tee" (Walter Moorehead) - 4:11
* "Rockin' Good Way" (duet with Walter Moorehead) (Clyde Ottis, Brook Benton, Luchi DeJesus) - 4:25
* "Too Good for My Own Good" (Walter Moorehead) - 4:26
* "Lover Please" (duet with Walter Moorehead) (Billy Swan) - 4:10
* "My Sweet Shu Shun" (Brian Splino) - 4:37
* "Who Is She (And What Is She to You)" (Bill Withers, Stan McKenny) - 5:58
* "Low Down Shuffle" (E.C. Commedore, Carl Marshall) - 4:31
* "Don't Break My Heart" (J. Washington, E.C. Commedore) - 3:29
* "Gonna Getcha Back" (Albert Savoy, J. Harris) - 5:10
* "That's What Love Will Make You Do" (Milton Campbell) - 4:25
* "Mr. Big Stuff" Live (Joseph Broussard, Carol Washington, Ralph Williams) - 5:49
* "My Toot Toot" Live (Sidney Simone) - 7:40

## Album credits

* Tracks 1, 3, and 5 produced and arranged by: Walter Moorehead and Carl Marshall
* Track 2 produced and arranged by: Carl Marshall and Isaac Bolden
* Tracks 4, 6, 7, 13, and 14 produced and arranged by: Isaac Bolden
* Tracks 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 produced by: E.C. Commedore
* Tracks 8 and 9 arranged by: Carl Marshall
* Track 10 arranged by: J. Washington and E.C. Commedore
* Tracks 11 and 12 arranged by: Wardell Quezerque
* Live recording by: Marc Hewitt
* Tracks 1, 2, 3, and 5 recorded and mixed at Sound Services; engineered by: Marc Hewitt
* Tracks 4 and 6 recorded at Sea-Saint Recording, mixed at Sound Services; engineered by: Marc Hewitt
* Track 7 recorded and mixed at Sea-Saint Recording; engineered by: Marc Hewitt
* Tracks 8, 10, and 11 recorded and mixed at Sound Suite Studios; engineered by: Louis Ludwig
* Track 9 recorded and mixed at Giftt Studios; engineered by: Carl Marshall
* Track 12 recorded at Sound Suite Studios; engineered by: Louis Ludwig
* Ms. Knight's vocals recorded at Giftt Studios; engineered by: Carl Marshall
* Art Direction & Design by: Francis P. Dreyer III
# Edmund Hollings

Edmund Hollings (1556? – 26 March 1612) was an English physician.

## Biography

Hollings was born in Yorkshire in or about 1556, matriculated at Queen's College, Oxford, in 1573, when he was aged 17, and was admitted B.A. on 7 February 1574–5 (Oxf. Univ. Reg., Oxf. Hist. Soc., II. ii. 56, iii. 49). Renouncing Protestantism, he withdrew to France, and was, 14 May 1579, received into the English College of Douay, then temporarily removed to Rheims. On 21 August of the same year he left the college to proceed on foot to Rome, in company with five other students, who were admitted into the English College there in the following October. Hollings, however, does not appear to have become a member of the college, though he certainly resided there for several years, and became an intimate friend of John Pitts the biographer. An English spy, in his report to the government, stated that Hollings was one of the pope's scholars in the college in 1581 (Records of the English Catholics, i. 358). From Rome he proceeded to Ingolstadt in Bavaria, when he was created M.D. and appointed professor of medicine. He was ‘highly venerated for his great knowledge, and the success he obtained in that faculty’ (Wood, Athenæ Oxon. ed. Bliss, ii. 114). He died at Ingolstadt on 26 March 1612.
His works, all of which were printed at Ingolstadt, are:
* ‘De Chylosi Disputatio,’ 1592, 8vo.
* ‘De Salubri Studiosorum Victu,’ 1602, 8vo.
* ‘Theses de Medicina.’
* ‘Poemata Varia,’ 8vo.
* ‘Orationes et Epistolæ,’ 8vo.
* ‘Medicamentorum Œconomia nova, seu Nova Medicamentorum in classes distribuendor. ratio,’ 1610 and 1615, 8vo.
* ‘Ad Epistolam quandam à Martino Rulando, Medico Cæsario, de Lapide Bezoar; et Fomite Luis Ungariæ,’ 1611, 8vo.
# Nick West

Nicholas or Nick West may refer to:

## Fictional characters

* Nick West, character in Doctors (2000 TV series)
* Nick West, character in 35 and Ticking

## Others

* Nicholas West (1461–1533), English bishop and diplomatist
* Nick West (soccer) (born 1997), American association football midfielder
* Kin Platt (1911–2003), American writer and artist who used Nick West as one of his pseudonyms
* Nick West (author) of The American series of The Three Investigators
* Nick West (rally driver), see List of World Rally Championship drivers