OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# COSMOSOMAS

COSMOSOMAS is a circular scanning astronomical microwave experiment to investigate the Cosmic Microwave Background anisotropy and diffuse emission from the Galaxy on angular scales from 1 to 5 degrees. It was designed and built by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC) in Tenerife, Spain, in 1998. Its name comes from "COSMOlogical Structures On Medium Angular Scales" referring to CMB fluctuations. This experiment grew out experience of the previous Tenerife Experiment with the need to go to smaller angular scales with greater sensitivity.
The experiment consists of two instruments, COSMO15 (three channels at 12.7, 14.7 and 16.3 GHz) and COSMO11 (two hands of linear polarization at 10.9 GHz). Both instruments are based on a circular scanning sky strategy, consisting of a 60 rpm spinning flat mirror directing the sky radiation into an off-axis paraboloidal antenna, whose size is 1.8-m in the COSMO15 and 2.4-m in the COSMO11. These antennas focus the radiation on to cryogenically cooled HEMT-based receivers, both at an operating temperature of 20K (-253 C) and in the frequency range of 10–12 GHz for COSMO11, and 12–18 GHz for COSMO15. In the COSMO15 instrument, the signal is split by a set of three filters, allowing simultaneous observations at 13, 15 and 17 GHz. Thus, four 1-degree resolution sky maps complete in right ascension and covering 20 degrees in declination are obtained every day at these frequencies.
The most important result to come from this experiment is the cleanest detection of "spinning dust" in the Perseus molecular cloud. These are very small dust grains which can spin thousands of million times a second. If they have an asymmetrical electrical charge they can radiate like a lot of tiny dipole antennas. This cloud is very bright at infra-red wavelengths due to thermal emission from the large dust grains, but very little emission would be expected at microwave wavelengths by this type of dust. Instead there is a broad bump of signal centered on 22 GHz, a factor of 50 above the expected level of signal.
# CWSF

CWSF may refer to:
* Central Washington State Fair, a state fair held in Yakima, Washington
* Canada-Wide Science Fair, a Canadian science fair
* Coal-water slurry fuel, a type of coal-based fuel
# CSSE

CSSE can refer to:
* The Canadian Society of Safety Engineering
* Center for Systems Science and Engineering at Johns Hopkins University
* Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment (Nasdaq: CSSE), former American mass media company
* Computer Science and Software Engineering, a designation used at some universities for the department of the same name
* The Consortium for Selective Schools in Essex
# CZZ

CZZ can refer to:
* Celanese AG, a former German spinoff of American chemical company Celanese, by Frankfurt Stock Exchange code
* Cosan, a Brazilian producer of bioethanol, sugar, and energy, by former New York Stock Exchange code
# CNNA HL-8

The CNNA HL-8 was a civil transport/utility aircraft developed in Brazil in 1943.

## Development

The HL-8 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with enclosed flight deck and passenger/cargo cabin. It had three engines of 97 kW (130 hp) each, driving fixed-pitch two-blade propellers. One engine was mounted on the leading edge of each wing and the third engine was mounted in the fuselage nose ahead of the cockpit. The landing gear was fixed and was of tailwheel configuration.
The engines were horizontally opposed four-cylinder air-cooled piston engines.
The design was robust, designed to operate from unprepared surfaces. Its payload was over one ton.

## History

Only one HL-8 was constructed. The prototype made its first flight in December 1943, and was flight-tested for a year. The decision was made to not put the design into production.
# CXI

CXI can refer to:
* Cassidy International Airport, an airport at Banana, Kiribati in Oceania
* 111 (number), a number, in Roman numerals
   * 111 (year), a year in the 2nd century, in Roman numerals
   * 111 (disambiguation), several topics
* Corendon Airlines Europe, an airline based in Malta
* Currency Exchange International, an American currency exchange company, by stock ticker
# Caburgua-Huelemolle

Caburgua-Huelemolle consists of four groups of cinder cones, namely they are Volcanes de Caburgua, Volcán Huelemolle, Volcán Redondo and Pichares. Volcanes de Caburgua is a group formed by six pyroclastic cones located at the southern tip of the Caburgua Lake, which is a lava-dammed lake created by volcanic activity from the just mentioned cones. Volcán Huelemolle is a group of three cinder cones lying between the rivers Liucura and Trancura.
# Cal Purdin

Calvin O'Neale Purdin (February 22, 1921 – December 29, 1982) was an American football halfback.
Purdin was born in Jefferson, Oklahoma, in 1921 and attended Augusta High School in Augusta, Kansas. He played college football at Tulsa. He also competed in track and field for Tulsa.
He was selected by the Chicago Cardinals in the 25th round (233rd overall pick) of the 1943 NFL draft. He played for the Cardinals during the 1943 season, appearing in four games.
In 1946, Purdin played in the All-America Football Conference (AAFC) for the Miami Seahawks and Brooklyn Dodgers. He appeared in nine games, four of them as a starter.
In two seasons of professional football, he tallied 143 receiving yards and 32 rushing yards.
He died in 1982 in Augusta, Kansas.
# Fries Melkschaap

The Fries Melkschaap is a Dutch and German breed of dairy sheep. It originates in the Frisia region, which includes parts of both northern Holland and north-western Germany. It has many names: the German stock is known as the Ostfriesisches Milchschaf, or in English as the East Friesian, the East Friesland Milch or the German Milksheep, while the Dutch equivalent is known as the Friesian Milk or Friesian Milksheep, or less often as the Friesian or West Friesian.$^{:810}$ Under suitable management conditions, it is among the highest-yielding of dairy sheep breeds.

## History

The breed originates in the Frisia region of north-western Germany and northern Holland.$^{:810}$

## Characteristics

The Friesian sheep breeds are a heathland type sheep, the land environment in much of Frisia. The group includes related dairy breeds taking their names from, and probably largely originating in, West Friesland and Zeeland. Historically, the sheep were kept in small numbers by households for household milk. They do poorly in large, dense flocks.
In physical appearance, East Friesians have pink noses and their heads and legs are clear of wool. Their heads are naturally polled. They generally have pale hooves. The most distinctive feature of an East Friesian is its tail, which is described as a "rat-tail" because it is thin and free of wool. Elsewhere on their bodies they have white wool which is about 35-37 microns, with a staple length of 120–160 mm and their fleece ranges from 4–5 kg (8.8–11.0 lb). There also exists a dark brown variation of East Friesian.

## Use

The East Friesian produces roughly 300-600 litres of milk, over a 200- to 300-day lactation. There are reports of individual animals with milk yield reaching 900 litres, counting the milk suckled by the lambs, as well as milking by machine. To provide a high milk yield, the ewe must receive a high-quality diet.
Another attraction of the breed is a relatively high average number of lambs born per ewe.
East Friesians are used as either a purebred milking breed or as a crossing breed for other milking sheep. They can raise the average number of lambs born, as well as milk production, when crossed with other milk sheep breeds. They are not a very hardy or adaptable breed, but their cross-breeds can be. Crossing them with the Awassi breed has been a notable success in Mediterranean or semiarid environments. East Friesians crossed with the Lacaune breed have been a success in the Wisconsin environment. East Friesians were not introduced into North America until the 1990s, but since then, on account of their high milk yield, they have rapidly become the breed of choice among commercial sheep milk producers, although generally not in purebred form.
# Listed buildings in Litherland

Litherland is an area to the north of Liverpool in Sefton, Merseyside, England. It contains five buildings that are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated listed buildings, all of which are listed at Grade II. This grade is the lowest of the three gradings given to listed buildings and is applied to "buildings of national importance and special interest". The area is almost completely residential, and the listed buildings consist of two churches, a Methodist mission, a former Sunday school, and a farmhouse.
Download coordinates as:
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* GPX (all coordinates)
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* GPX (secondary coordinates)
| Name and location | Photograph | Date | Notes |
| Edge Farmhouse 53°29′28″N 2°59′48″W﻿ / ﻿53.49101°N 2.99672°W﻿ / 53.49101; -2.99672﻿ (Edge Farmhouse) | — | Early to mid 19th century | A brick house on a stone base with a slate roof in two storeys with a four-bay front. The second bay projects forward and is gabled. In the third bay is a trellised porch, and the windows are sashes. |
| St Philip's Church 53°28′16″N 2°59′40″W﻿ / ﻿53.47101°N 2.99435°W﻿ / 53.47101; -2.99435﻿ (St Philip's Church) | | 1861–63 | The church was designed by H. Gee, and is in stone with a slate roof. It consists of a nave with a west porch, transepts, a short chancel with a south vestry and a northwest steeple. The steeple has a three-stage tower with clock faces on two sides, a cornice with gargoyles, and a splayed spire. Inside the church are hammerbeam roofs. |
| St Andrew's Church 53°27′40″N 2°59′40″W﻿ / ﻿53.46102°N 2.99449°W﻿ / 53.46102; -2.99449﻿ (St Andrew's Church) | | 1904 | The church, designed by Willink and Thicknesse in free Perpendicular style, is built in red brick with dressings in yellow terracotta and pantile roofs. It consists of a nave with a clerestory, a west narthex, north and south low passage aisles, a north apsidal baptistry, and a chancel with a north vestry and a south organ chamber. On the roof of the nave is a slate-covered timber flèche. |
| Linacre Methodist Mission 53°27′49″N 2°59′51″W﻿ / ﻿53.46348°N 2.99751°W﻿ / 53.46348; -2.99751﻿ (Methodist Mission) | | 1904 | The Mission was designed by William James Morley, and is built in red brick and yellow terracotta with a slate roof. The building is in two storeys. The entrance front has three bays, the central bay is in terracotta, it is flanked by octagonal turrets, and contains a pair of round-headed entrances with a three-light window above. On the right side there are six gabled bays and, at the rear, is the Children's Hall, dated 1908. |
| Former Methodist Sunday School 53°27′47″N 2°59′50″W﻿ / ﻿53.46315°N 2.99716°W﻿ / 53.46315; -2.99716﻿ (Sunday School) | | 1914 | Originally a Sunday School, later used as a factory, it was designed by W. J. Morley, and is built in red brick and yellow terracotta. The building is in three storeys and has fronts of nine and five bays. The central three bays on Hartwell Street are in terracotta. They contain the entrances and, in the top storey, is a Venetian window. |
# Eiðis Bóltfelag

Eiðis Bóltfelag (also known as EB) is a Faroese sports club based in Eiði. Its football section merged with Streymur Hvalvik in 1993 to form EB/Streymur.

## History
### Football

The club was founded on 24 February 1913, making it the oldest football club on Eysturoy The idea of a local football club was well received. Within the first few days, membership had risen to 40+ people.
In the first 30 years of existence, Eiðis Bóltfelag was only active in football. In the early years, from 1913 to 1916 time was spent on building the pitch. In 1916 EB played its first game. A 9-a-side game organized together with men from Fuglafjørður.
On the February 16 of that year, the club held its first general meeting. Oliver Øster was elected as the club's first chairman. Hans Jacob Joensen was given the role of treasurer. Other board members included, Dr. Effersøe, Johan Henrik Hansen, Olaf Ellingsgaard and Anton Ellingsgaard. In the early years, games were arranged together with players from Leirvík, Fuglafjørður and Gøta. In 1939 the Faroese sports association ÍSF was founded, and in 1942, a football league system was introduced. Eiðis Bóltfelag was quick to join. The club was given a license to play in the second tier. The club never managed to play in the best division. Yo-yoing between the second and third tier for many years.
In 1993 EB merged with neighbouring football club Streymur and became EB/Streymur. EB/Streymur has since become a household name in the top division Betrideildin.

### Handball

As the second world war intensified and many local men went to sea, football slowly lost popularity in favour of handball. In 1945 the local teacher Andreas Thomsen began teaching local youths to play handball.
In 1947 EB participated in the women's handball league for the first time, and they won gold in both first and second division. This is still the only national championship won by an adult team from EB.
Handball was popular in Eiði during the 1950s and 1960s but slowly died away in the 1970s and early 1980s. In 2003 the village got a new sportshall and EB handball was revived and is rapidly growing in popularity.

## Honours

Football
* 3. deild (male): Winners 1985
* Under 16 boys: Champions 1992 Cup winners 1974, 1977
* Under 14 girls: Champions 1993
* Under 10 girls: Champions 1998
Handball
* 1. deild (female): Champions 1947
* 2. deild (female): Winners 1947, 1948, 1949, 1973, 1974
* 2. deild (male): Winners 1969, 1976
# Votive office

A votive office was a Roman Catholic practice to celebrate particular feasts that are not in the Catholic liturgical calendar.
Votive offices became so common from 1883 that there were only around three weeks in which they could not be used.
These were abolished by Pope Pius X in 1911 by the Apostolic Constitution Divino Afflatu.
# Wiktoria Chołuj

Wiktoria Chołuj (born 14 February 2000) is a Polish freestyle wrestler competing in the 72 kg division. She competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics, losing in the second round to Amit Elor of the United States (8-0).

## Career

In 2023, she competed in the women's 68 kg event at the 2023 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia, and in the U23 championships won the silver medal, behind American gold medal winner Amit Elor.
In 2024, she won one of the bronze medals in the women's freestyle 72 kg event at the European Wrestling Championships held in Bucharest, Romania. She competed at the 2024 European Wrestling Olympic Qualification Tournament in Baku, Azerbaijan and she earned a quota place for Poland for the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris, France.
She competed in the 2024 Paris Olympics, losing in the second round to Amit Elor of the United States (8-0).

## Achievements

| Year | Tournament | Location | Result | Event |
| 2024 | European Championships | Bucharest, Romania | 3rd | Freestyle 72 kg |
# Upper Mercer flint

Upper Mercer flint or Upper Mercer chert is a type of flint, or a pure form of chert, found in Coshocton, Hocking, and Perry counties of Ohio. Made of forms of silica and quartz, the hard and brittle stone was used by prehistoric people to make tools and weapons. To create stone tools, flint was heated to make chipping away at the stone easier, and then the flint was chipped to form razor-sharp edges. Resulting tools included spearheads, scrapers, knives, and arrows.
Ohio flint is found between layers of Cambridge Limestone and Brassfield Limestone. It was deposited during the Paleozoic Era in the seas that covered what is now Ohio. Other deposits can be found in soil moved by glaciers, in glacial till or as erratics.
The Welling site, an Upper Mercer flint quarry, is located on the eastern boundary of the town of Nellie in the Walhonding River Valley. It is 14 miles from the terminal moraine in the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau. The hills on either side of the valley are composed of bedrock of the Upper Mercer and Pottsville series.
The use of Upper Mercer flint by prehistoric people was first reported in 1945. The quality of the material used to make tools was important in the ability of prehistory and Native American people to thrive and they would travel hundreds of miles to quarry flint to create or replace tools. Tools made from Upper Mercer flint during the Paleo-Indian period were found in what is now Michigan and West Virginia. Tools made from Upper Mercer flint during the Archaic period has been found over multiple states including eastern Indiana, southern Michigan, southern Ontario, western Pennsylvania, and Ohio. It was used most extensively in north-central Ohio.
Early European settlers used to grind grain and used for flintlock guns, fire starters, and buhrstones. The state's official gemstone, it is used now for jewelry. Other quarries used by prehistoric people to gather flint in the state include Flint Ridge, a six mile deposit of Pennsylvanian-age Vanport flint that spanned western Muskingum and eastern Licking Counties, and Zaleski flint in Vinton and Jackson Counties.
# Songzhan

46°13′34.8″N 125°37′15″E﻿ / ﻿46.226333°N 125.62083°E﻿ / 46.226333; 125.62083
Songzhan is the town of Zhaodong, Suihua, Heilongjiang, China. It is located at the northwest of Zhaodong, away from Zhaodong city 30 km, and away from Harbin 90 km, away from Daqing 60 km. The area of Songzhan is 281 km$^2$. The town has eight administrate villages, 64 natural villages, and it has inhabitants 42,000. It has inhabitants 22,000 at the town city.

## Name

The name of Songzhan is meaning Song Railway Station. It is the shortest name of railway station in China, only the station with the one-character name. When the station built up, the command of construction team is with the last name of Song(宋), so called it Song station. After that, near the station it became a town, so it named Songzhan(lit. Song station).

## History

At Manchukuo, here existed the village. In 1945, it was the 7th Area of Zhaodong county. At spring of 1948, the 7th Area named Songzhan Area. In September 1951, it became Songzhan Town, under the 7th Area. In March 1956, the town be administrated directly by county. In September 1958, Xuanhua(宣化), Ruiguang(瑞光) were reconstructed with Songzhan and became Songzhan people's commune. In 1961, Xuanhua was restored. In March 1984, Songzhan restore the town.

## Economy

Songzhan is the commodity center of the north of Zhaodong, about four towns and five fields (Shangjia, Xuanhua, Anmin, Qinglong, Shiyan, Dongfeng, Sifangshan, Xianshe). It has a dairy industry that has been developed hundred years. The GDP of 2012 is 2.689 billion yuan, among this has 0.87 billion yuan comes from dairy industry.

## Sub-divisions

Songzhan has eight villages:
* Villages: Tiexi(铁西), Xiaoguang(晓光), Gongrong(共荣), Leye(乐业), Ruiguang(瑞光), Hesheng(合胜), Wanfa(万发), Songzhan(宋站)
# Gaman (term)

Gaman (我慢) is a Japanese term of Zen Buddhist origin which means "enduring the seemingly unbearable with patience and dignity". The term is generally translated as "perseverance", "patience", or "tolerance". A related term, gamanzuyoi (我慢強い, gaman-tsuyoi), a compound with tsuyoi (strong), means "suffering the unbearable" or having a high capacity for a kind of stoic endurance.
Gaman is variously described as a "virtue", an "ethos", a "trait", etc. It means to do one's best in distressed times and to maintain self-control and discipline.
Gaman is a teaching of Zen Buddhism.

## Analysis

Gaman has been attributed to the Japanese-Americans and others held in the American internment camps during World War II and to those affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in northern Japan. In the internment camps, gaman was misperceived by the non-Japanese as introverted behavior or as a lack of assertiveness or initiative, rather than as a demonstration of strength in the face of difficulty or suffering. Gaman and the related term yase-gaman are, in Japanese society, closely related to complying with conformity and silent heroism, which seems to be hidden pride for compensation for sacrifice and being satisfied to pay reciprocal service in advance or to being seen themselves as victims by folks. Gaman toward authority, 'unquestioning obedience' or 'blind obedience' is supposed to be unfit to a healthy democracy.
The mentality of gaman seems to be derived from the strong conviction of Japanese way of fatalism, which was reinforced by Buddhism mujo, impermanence,nihilism, tradition of self destruction, the collective nature of its society, and the forced attitudes of resignation and submission under the Edo feudal period. Those world-views were depicted in The Tale of the Heike, the works of Yoshida Kenkou, Kamo no Chomei. The sequence of events of Japanese fatalism seems to be explained as dormant, ceaseless accumulation of self-righteousness, which is justified by accusing other's faults rarely explicitly, mainly in their thought, and sudden manifestation of aggression if suppression (gaman) fails.
After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the resilience, civility, lack of looting and ability of the Japanese to help one another was widely attributed to the gaman spirit. The 50 to 70 heroes who remained at the damaged and radiation-emitting Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant despite the severe danger demonstrated what was regarded as gaman as well.
Gaman is also used in psychoanalytic studies and to describe the attitudes of the Japanese. It is often taught to youth and is largely used by older Japanese generations. Showing gaman is seen as a sign of maturity and strength. Keeping private affairs, problems and complaints silent demonstrates strength and politeness as others have seemingly larger problems as well. If a person with gaman received help from someone else, they would be compliant, not ask for any additional help, and voice no concerns.
# Searsport

Searsport may refer to a location in the United States:
* Searsport, Maine, a town
* Searsport (CDP), Maine, census-designated place comprising the center of the town
# Votive column

A votive column (also votive pillar) is the combination of a column (pillar) and a votive image.
The presence of columns supporting votive sculptures in Ancient Greek temples is well attested since at least the Archaic period. The oldest known example of a Corinthian column is in the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae in Arcadia, c. 450–420 BC. It is not part of the order of the temple itself, which has a Doric colonnade surrounding the temple and an Ionic order within the cella enclosure. A single Corinthian column stands free, centered within the cella. It is often interpreted as a votive column.
In Imperial Rome, it was the practice to erect a statue of the Emperor atop a column. The last such a column was the Column of Phocas, erected in the Roman Forum and dedicated or rededicated in 608. The Christian adaptation is the Marian column, attested from at least the 10th century (in Clermont-Ferrand in France). The image of Our Lady of the Pillar in Zaragoza dates to the 15th century. Marian columns became popular especially in the Counter-Reformation, beginning with the column in Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome. The column itself was ancient, a leftover of the Basilica of Constantine, which had been destroyed by an earthquake in the 9th century. In 1614 it was transported to Piazza Santa Maria Maggiore and crowned with a bronze statue of the Virgin and Child. Within decades it served as a model for many columns in Italy and other European countries, such as the Mariensäule in Munich (1638).
# Vlado Trichkov

Vlado Trichkov is a village in Svoge Municipality, Sofia Province, western Bulgaria.