OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vale Formoso e Aldeia do Souto

Vale Formoso e Aldeia do Souto is a civil parish in the municipality of Covilhã, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Vale Formoso and Aldeia do Souto. The population in 2011 was 814, in an area of 18.90 km$^2$.
# V Corps Observation Group

The V Corps Observation Group was an Air Service, United States Army unit that fought on the Western Front during World War I as part of the Air Service, First United States Army. It was demobilized in France on 15 February 1919. There is no modern United States Air Force unit that shares its lineage and history.

## Mission

The mission of the group was primarily to keep the friendly command informed of the general situation within the enemy lines by means of visual and photographic reconnaissances. It was called upon to effect, whenever necessary, the adjustment of U.S. Army artillery fire. In addition, it was expected that the group would serve to complete the schooling of pilots and observers and render them more competent to undertake intensive operations elsewhere on a larger and more complete scale.

## History

Created on 1 August 1918, it was organized at Luxeuil-les-Bains Aerodrome, France with the 99th and 104th Aero Squadrons on 7 August. At the time of organization, the 99th was conducting a liaison school with infantry units at which place the 104th Squadron reported, but due to a lack of equipment and officer personnel, no combat operations took place.
On 7 September the group moved to Souilly Aerodrome in preparation for the St. Mihiel Offensive. At Souilly, the 88th Aero Squadron was assigned on 15 September. Again moved to Foucaucourt Aerodrome on 20 September in preparation for the Meuse-Argonne offensive. In addition, the 1st Air Park was assigned to the Group for repair work and transportation support.
During the period 20 October – 1 November, the weather conditions were very poor. Observation patrols over the enemy lines were very difficult due to the poor visibility, and direct observation yielded very little useful information. Clearing weather on 2 November, extensive observation flights weer made of enemy positions, artillery locations, and enemy defensive organization in general.

### Lineage

* Organized in France as: V Corps Observation Group, 7 August 1918
    Demobilized in France on 15 February 1919

### Assignments

* First Army Air Service, 1 September 1918 – 15 February 1919

### Components

* 88th Aero Squadron (Corps Observation), 12–17 September 1918 (Attached)
* 99th Aero Squadron (Corps Observation), 7 August 1918 – 15 February 1919
* 104th Aero Squadron (Corps Observation), 4 August 1918 - 19 December 1918
* Escadrilles BR 219 & BR 229 Escadrille, Aéronautique Militaire (Attached)

### Stations

* Luxeuil-les-Bains Aerodrome, France, 7 August 1918
* Souilly Aerodrome, France, 7 September 1918
* Foucaucourt Aerodrome, France, 20 September 1918
* Parois Airdrome, France, 4–15 February 1919
# Valkenswaard War Cemetery

Valkenswaard war cemetery is a Second World War military war grave cemetery, located in the village of Valkenswaard, 12 km (7.5 mi) south of Eindhoven in The Netherlands. It contains British soldiers killed during the Allied push into the Netherlands during the autumn and winter of 1944.
216 identified British service personnel are interred in the cemetery and a further four are unidentified.

## History

The Commonwealth soldiers interred in the cemetery fell in battles in Valkenswaard and the surrounding region (such as at Best, Eersel and Bergeijk). The soldiers were killed between 14 September 1944 and 29 November 1944 with the exception on one soldier who died on 21 January 1945. The majority of the soldiers come from the Irish Guards and Devonshire Regiment.
A temporary field burial site at Valkenswaard was set up at the beginning of October 1944 by No. 55 Graves Registration Unit. The earliest casualty interred in the cemetery dates from 14 September 1944. The liberation of Valkenswaard on the 17 September 1944 is where the majority of the soldiers fell in battle.
In early May 1945 the first mention of a permanent British war cemetery on the site is recorded. Additional fallen soldiers from northern Belgium and southern Holland were removed from their field burial sites and re-interred at Valkenswaard by the graves concentration unit of the British Army. The local community initially took care of the graves until the cemetery was officially passed to the then Imperial War Graves Commission on 15 June 1946. The Cross of Sacrifice was erected in 1949 and the replacement of headstones was begun.
Commemoration ceremonies occur twice a year in the cemetery. On the anniversary of the liberation of Valkenswaard on 17 September and on May 4, the Dutch national day of remembrance.

## Location

The burial ground was an open field close to a forest between the villages of Valkenswaard and Westerhoven.
# Valle Bonito

Valle Bonito is a corregimiento in Ngäbe-Buglé Comarca in the Republic of Panama.
# Van Erp

Van Erp is a Dutch toponymic surname meaning "from/of Erp". People with this name include:
* Bas van Erp (1979–2016), Dutch wheelchair tennis player
* Dirk van Erp (1860–1933), Dutch-born American artisan, coppersmith and metalsmith
* Henrica van Erp (c.1480–1548), Dutch abbess and historian
* Maran van Erp (born 1990), Dutch football defender
* Pepijn van Erp (born 1972), Dutch mathematician and skeptical activist
* Theodoor van Erp [nl] (1874–1958), Dutch army engineer and conservation architect of Borobudur
* Willem Frederik van Erp Taalman Kip [id; nl] (1824–1905), Dutch Navy officer; Minister of Defence from 1874 to 1885
# Valea Vițeilor

The Valea Vițeilor is a left tributary of the river Barcău in Romania. It discharges into the Barcău in Sălard.
# Valvata lewisi

Valvata lewisi, common name the fringed valvata, is a species of small freshwater snail with a gill and an operculum, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Valvatidae, the valve snails.

## Distribution

This species lives in North America.
# Value conversion

Value conversion is the act of converting one type of value or financial instrument into another type of negotiable value. In the securities profession the definition of conversion value is very narrowly defined as the positive difference between the market price of a convertible security and the price at which it is convertible. The larger topic of :Value conversion" is relevant to the managing of intangible assets or intellectual capital. It refers to the act of transforming financial to non-financial value or an intangible asset into a financial asset. Intangible asset management has largely focused on valuation of intangible assets like trying to assign a financial value to an asset such as reputation. The theme of value conversion also runs through social exchange theory and more classical views of exchange value.
# Vatica endertii

Vatica endertii is a tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae, native to Borneo. It is named for the Dutch botanist F. H. Endert.

## Description

Vatica endertii grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall, with a trunk diameter of up to 60 cm (24 in). Its chartaceous leaves are obovate or oblong and measure up to 14 cm (6 in) long. The fruits measure up to 8 cm (3 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

Vatica endertii is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp forest, at elevations to 1,100 m (3,600 ft).

## Conservation

Vatica endertii has been assessed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is threatened by logging for its timber, which is used for furniture and buildings. The species' habitat is threatened by conversion of land for agriculture. The species does not occur in protected areas.
# Vatica flavovirens

Vatica flavovirens is a species of plant in the family Dipterocarpaceae. It is a tree endemic to Sulawesi in Indonesia. It is a critically endangered species threatened by habitat loss.
# Vattetot-sous-Beaumont

Vattetot-sous-Beaumont is a commune in the Seine-Maritime department in the Normandy region in northern France.

## Geography

A farming village in the Pays de Caux, situated some 20 miles (32 km) northeast of Le Havre, on the D52 road.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Vattetot-sous-Beaumont | The arms of the commune of Vattetot-sous-Beaumont are blazoned : Per pale ermine and gules, a 3-peaked mount (NOT issuant from base), and in chief on an inescutcheon argent, a cross vert. |

## Places of interest

* The church of Notre-Dame, dating from the thirteenth century.
* The thirteenth-century Bailleul manorhouse.
# Varinurme

Varinurme is a village in Lüganuse Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia. It is located between Sonda, the centre of the parish, and the town of Kiviõli.
Tallinn–Tapa–Narva goes through the village.
On 29 November 2010 part of the land that belonged to the village on the western side was separated to establish a new official village Vana-Sonda.
# Valeriano Gómez

Tomás Valeriano Gómez Sánchez (born 15 December 1957) is a Spanish socialist politician and economist. From 21 October 2010 to 22 December 2011 was the Minister of Labor and Immigration in the ninth legislature under the presidency of José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero.

## Political career

Bachelor of Economics and Business Administration, he specializes in Labor Economics from the Complutense University of Madrid. Member of the General Union of Workers (UGT) and the Spanish Socialist Worker's Party (PSOE), worked as an economist in the Technical Cabinet of the Confederal Executive Committee of UGT. He has been an executive advisor in the Ministry of Labor and Social Security from 1988 to 1994 and State Secretary of Employment from 2004 to 2006. He was advisor to the Economic and Social Council of Spain.
The day of the general strike of 2010, was present at the head of the demonstration in Madrid against the labor reform.

### Minister of Labor

On 20 October 2010, he was appointed Minister of Labor by Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, and took possession before the king Juan Carlos the same day.

### Deputy

He participated in the general elections of 20 November 2011 as number three of the PSOE list for Madrid, being elected deputy. After leaving the ministerial portfolio, he focused on his work as a deputy, serving as spokesperson for the Socialist Group in the Economy Committee of the Congress of Deputies, a position he left 1 January 2015 after discrepancies with Pedro Sánchez.

## Awards

* Gentleman of the Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III (2011).
# Vayres-sur-Essonne

Vayres-sur-Essonne (French pronunciation: , literally Vayres on Essonne) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France. Prior to 1 January 1968, Vayres-sur-Essonne was part of the Yvelines department.
Inhabitants of Vayres-sur-Essonne are known as Vayrois.
# Van de Weyer

Van de Weyer or Vandeweyer is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* André Vandeweyer (1909–1992), Belgian footballer and manager
* Robert Van De Weyer (born 1945), Belgian judoka
* Sylvain Van de Weyer (1802–1874), Belgian politician and diplomat
* William John Bates van de Weyer (1870–1946), British Army officer and botanist
# Veladyris

Veladyris is a genus of clearwing (ithomiine) butterflies, named by Fox in 1945. They are in the brush-footed butterfly family, Nymphalidae. It contains only one species, Veladyris pardalis, which is found in Ecuador and Peru.

## Subspecies

* V. p. pardalis (Ecuador)
* V. p. aurea Lamas, 1980 (Ecuador)
* V. p. christina Lamas, 1980 (Peru)
* V. p. cytharista (Hewitson, 1874) (Peru)
* V. p. totumbra (Kaye, 1919) (Peru)
There is one more undescribed subspecies from Peru.
# Venencia

The venencia is an implement used for pulling Sherry samples from the aging barrels in the cellars, consisting of a small cylindrical steel cup at the end of a long flexible shaft. It is dropped in to the barrels through the bunghole to break through the protective yeast called 'flor' that covers the aging wine. It is then poured into a glass from above head height. Those who use the venencia are called 'venenciadores'.

## History

Some form of venencia has been used since ancient times as noted in Greek mosaics. The modern implement is usually dated back to the 19th century or before wherein it was used to take out Sherry samples for merchants. This is how the name came to be as it is derived from the Spanish word, 'avenencia' or an agreement in that the venencia was a crucial part to forming an agreement on purchase price and quantity.
Older venencias originally had the shaft made from the whisker of a whale although this hasn't been the case for the last 60 years due to the decline in whale hunting and the fact that a shaft made of PVC has proven to be more durable. In other areas outside of Jerez, the venencia consists of a bamboo shaft cut to be a cup.
# Vernon School

Vernon School may refer to:
* Vernon School (Verona, California), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
* Vernon School (Vernon, Iowa)
* Vernon District Schoolhouse No. 4, Vernon, Vermont, NRHP-listed
* Vernon County Normal School, Viroqua, Wisconsin, listed on the National Register of Historic Places
* Vernon School (formerly Vernon Elementary School) - Portland, Oregon - Portland Public Schools
# Venturous

Venturous may refer to:
* HMS Venturous (D87), a British Royal Navy destroyer launched in 1917 which served during World War I and was sold in 1936 for scrapping
* USCGC Venturous (WMEC-625), a United States Coast Guard cutter commissioned in 1968
# Velankulam

Velankulam is a small town in Sri Lanka. It is located within Northern Province.
# Vernon Jonklaas

Vernon Jonklaas, QC (10 June 1906 – 19??) was a Ceylonese lawyer and politician. He served as an appointed member of the House of Representatives.
Born in Kandy, Jonklaas qualified as a Proctor and Notary Public from the Ceylon Law College and started his practice in Kandy. He later became an Advocate having completed the advocates course at the Ceylon Law College. He was later appointed a Queen's Counsel. He married May Theresa Clementi-Smith on 3 June 1929, they had one daughter.
He was appointed to the House of Representatives by the Governor-General in 1960 and again in 1965, serving until 1970.
# Vemac RD320R

The Vemac RD320R (Japanese: ヴィーマック・RD320R, Hepburn: Vuīmakku RD320R) is a race car produced by the Vemac Car Company that raced in the Japanese Super GT GT300 class. It raced between 2002 and 2011 and completed over 150 races in Japan alone.

## Specifications

When it was introduced in 2002, it used a C32B V6 sourced from a Honda NSX tuned by Toda Racing; this engine would be bored and stroked to 3.4 L similar to the NSXs running in GT500 at the time. The RD320R uses a Hewland 6-speed manual transmission actuated through a shift lever.
More powerful versions intended for GT500 competition, the RD350R and RD408R, were developed in 2003 and 2004 respectively; these featured larger V8 engines for increased power. These cars competed without success in GT500 but were somewhat competitive in the GT300 fields they were ultimately relegated to.
At least one road car, known as the RD320, was built. It was given the registration plate of EX02 OME.

## Racing record

The RD320R was first introduced by R&D Sport in 2002 at the Fuji 500 km, the second round of the season, replacing one of their Porsche 911 GT3s. The RD320R dominated the season, achieving a pole position and winning its debut race and scoring three wins in total, although it lost the championship to the Toyota MR-S of Autobacs Racing Team Aguri due to various balance of performance adjustments. Other teams, notably Team Mach, Team LeyJun and Direxiv Motorsports, a small team with Formula One aspirations, would also compete with the RD320R. Team Mach's RD320R was notable in that it used an engine sourced from a Porsche 911 GT3 starting in 2009.
The last race for the RD320R was the Motegi GT race in 2011, with a sole RD320R driven by Team Mach; the team would replace their RD320R with a Ferrari 458 Italia GT3. After the Super GT rule changes in 2012 that prohibited low-volume production cars from entering races, the RD320R (and likewise all other Vemacs) is no longer able to race in the series. An ex-Avanzza Rosso car, chassis number SVCRD320R03H0005, was imported into the United States in 2018 and is currently being restored by a private collector.
# Vestjøkulen

Vestjøkulen is a glacier in Sørkapp Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It is a tributary glacier to Samarinbreen, and is located west of the mountain ridge Bredichinryggen (with Austjøkulen at the opposite/eastern side of the ridge).
# Vetri Padigal

Vetri Padigal (transl. Steps of success) is a 1991 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by Manobala. The film stars Ramki and Nirosha, with Srividya, R. Sarathkumar, V. K. Ramasamy, Jai Ganesh and Vinu Chakravarthy playing supporting roles. It was released on 15 March 1991.

## Plot

A robbery gang terrorized the state of Tamil Nadu. The police officer Mahesh (Ramki) is charged to dismantle the gang. Mahesh lives with his widowed blind sister Vidya (Srividya), and his niece Anu. The reporter Vimala (Nirosha) compels Mahesh for an interview, but he refuses. She later finds herself swooning over his investigative intellect. They later fall in love with each other. Guruji (R. Sarathkumar), the local gang-buster, then becomes discomposed with Mahesh for falling in love with Vimala, his ex-fiancé.
In the past, Mahesh was a happy-go-lucky and immature youth. Furthermore, Mahesh hated the police while his brother-in-law, a police officer, was in charge to catch the robbery gang. His brother-in-law was later killed in a bomb blast, and his sister became blind. To take revenge, Mahesh became a police officer. The rest of the story is about how Mahesh catches the robbery gang and its leader Guruji.

## Cast

* Ramki as Mahesh
* Nirosha as Vimala
* R. Sarathkumar as Guruji
* Srividya as Vidya
* V. K. Ramasamy as Vadivelu
* Jai Ganesh as Ganesh
* Vinu Chakravarthy as Karuppuswamy
* Janagaraj as Govind
* Thyagu as Kannayiram
* Kitty in a guest appearance
* Disco Shanti
* Idichapuli Selvaraj
* Ponnambalam
* Vasu
* Thalapathy Dinesh
* Baby Vichithra as Anu
* Master N. Venkatraman
* Ravishankar
* Ravindranath
* Kanniappan
* P.T.C. Pandiyan
* Sakthivel
* Vellai Subbaiah
* Varatharajan
* Chinni Shanmugam

## Soundtrack

The music was composed by Ilaiyaraaja.
| Song | Singer(s) | Lyrics | Duration |
| "Enadhu Thittangal" | S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki | Vaali | 4:47 |
| "Kanavu Palithadu" | S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam | Siva | 4:59 |
| "Oru Kaathu" | S. Janaki, Saibaba | Vaali | 4:33 |
| "Unnai Kaakkum" | Ilaiyaraaja | Vaali | 1:22 |
# Vent pecking

Vent pecking is an abnormal behaviour of birds performed primarily by commercial egg-laying hens. It is characterised by pecking damage to the cloaca, the surrounding skin and underlying tissue. Vent pecking frequently occurs immediately after an egg has been laid when the cloaca often remains partly everted exposing the mucosa, red from the physical trauma of oviposition or bleeding if the tissue is torn by her laying an egg. Vent pecking clearly causes pain and distress to the bird being pecked. Tearing of the skin increases susceptibility to disease and may lead to cannibalism, with possible evisceration of the pecked bird and ultimately, death.

## Prevalence and severity

Surveys [verification of survey specifications needed e.g. sampling size] have shown that 27% of farmers reported seeing damage to the vents of their hens and 36.9% of farmers reported vent pecking had occurred in their previous flock. Whilst farmers attributed 1.3% of mortalities as due to vent pecking the most common findings at autopsy were different types of cannibalism (65.51%), with vent cannibalism (38.57%) the most common. The type of housing system markedly affects the prevalence of vent pecking with 22.5% of hens affected in free-range systems, 10.0% in barn systems, 6.2% in conventional cages and 1.6% in furnished cages, with a similar rank for the severity of vent pecking injuries.

## Causation

The causes and development of vent pecking are multifarious.
Risk factors that have been identified as increasing vent pecking include dim lights placed in nest boxes to encourage hens to use the boxes, the diet being changed more than three times during the egg laying period, the use of bell drinkers, and the hens beginning to lay earlier than 20 weeks of age. Vent pecking is associated with indicators of stress, e.g. fluctuating asymmetry, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and tonic immobility duration. Vent pecking can be related to disease or immune challenge as it sometimes becomes prevalent in cases of Gumboro disease (infectious bursal disease) and is increased by challenges with the protein antigen, human serum albumin (HuSA). Housing design can influence vent pecking. Mortality caused by cannibalism was reduced when hens had sufficient room to perch all facing the feed trough, thus giving their perch-mates little opportunity to peck at the vent region and increased pecking activity and cannibalistic behaviour can occur due to inadequate height of the perches. Larger group sizes lead to increases in vent pecking suggesting that social learning plays a role.
# Vent DNA polymerase

Vent polymerase is a archean thermostable DNA polymerase used for the polymerase chain reaction. It was isolated from the thermophile Thermococcus litoralis.
# Venus of Galgenberg

The Venus of Galgenberg is a Venus figurine of the Aurignacian era, dated about 36,000 years ago. The sculpture, also known in German as the Fanny von Galgenberg, was discovered in 1988 close to Stratzing, Austria, not far from the site of the Venus of Willendorf. The two statuettes are normally displayed in the same cabinet at the Museum of Natural History in Vienna, to emphasise the special nature of these two "old ladies", as the curator affectionately calls them.
The figurine measures 7.2 centimetres (2.8 in) in height and weighs 10 g. It is sculpted from shiny green serpentine rock which is found in the immediate vicinity of where the figurine was unearthed.
Because the figurine exhibits a "dancing pose" it was given the nickname "Fanny" after Fanny Elssler, an Austrian ballerina of the 19th century.

## Literature

* Das neolithische Fundmaterial von St.Pölten/Galgenleithen. in: Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Wien 108.1978, 50ff. ISSN 0373-5656
* Zur altsteinzeitlichen Besiedlungsgeschichte des Galgenberges von Stratzing/Krems - Rehberg. in: Archäologie Österreichs. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Ur- und Frühgeschichte. Bd 18. Wien 4.1993,1,10 ff. ISSN 1018-1857
* Bednarik, Robert (1989) The Galgenberg figurine from Krems, Austria. Rock Art Research. 6. 118-25