OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scottish Dunface

The Scottish Dunface, Old Scottish Short-wool, Scottish Whiteface or Scottish Tanface was a type of sheep from Scotland. It was one of the Northern European short-tailed sheep group, and it was probably similar to the sheep kept throughout the British Isles in the Iron Age. By the mid-nineteenth century it had mostly been displaced by the Scottish Blackface and it became extinct on the mainland of Scotland in the late nineteenth century. However, several local types of Dunface survived on islands around Scotland, giving rise to or contributing to existing breeds including the Shetland, North Ronaldsay, Hebridean and Boreray.

## Characteristics

The Scottish Dunface was a short-tailed sheep with short, fine wool. Its face was often brownish, and its fleece could be various colours: white, black, brown or dun. In most varieties the ewes were polled and the males horned, but in Hebridean populations all animals were horned, often having two or even more pairs.

## History

The sheep kept throughout the British Isles up to the Iron Age were small, variable in colour and short-tailed. From Roman times onwards these were progressively displaced in Britain, first by white-faced sheep with longer tails, and later by long-tailed, black-faced, horned sheep.
The short-tailed Iron Age sheep survived in the Scottish Highlands and Islands as the Dunface, and by the latter part of the 18th century this was still the only type of sheep found in that area. However, over the following century the Dunface continued to be displaced by long-tailed sheep: the Scottish Blackface and the Cheviot. The last flock of Dunface sheep on the mainland of Scotland is believed to have died out near Inverness about 1880. After this the descendants of the Dunface survived only on remote islands (St Kilda, Shetland and Orkney) and as ornamental animals in parks.
Dunface sheep gave rise to or contributed to several modern breeds:
* The Dunface sheep kept as domestic livestock in the St Kilda archipelago were mixed to some extent with Scottish Blackface sheep in the late 19th century, and survive as the Boreray (the other sheep of St Kilda is the feral Soay, which is a survivor of an even earlier short-tailed type of sheep and is not derived from the Dunface).
* Multi-horned Dunface sheep elsewhere in the Hebrides survived longest on the island of North Uist, and these were probably the basis of the breed which became known as the "St Kilda" sheep, now generally called the Hebridean sheep. By the early 20th century this was extinct in the Hebrides, but it survived in parks in England and mainland Scotland.
* The North Ronaldsay, a remnant of the Dunface sheep of Orkney.
* The Shetland sheep.
* The Castlemilk Moorit, another ornamental type derived partly from Shetland sheep.
The Dunface was similar in origin and appearance to several other short-tailed sheep of the British Isles. These include the Manx Loaghtan of the Isle of Man, and the extinct Kerry Mountain and Cladagh of western Ireland.

## Husbandry

Dunface sheep were kept in small flocks, tended during the day by a boy or girl, then housed at night. Fine fleeces were valued.
# Schrankia tamsi

Schrankia tamsi is a species of moth of the family Erebidae first described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1977. It is found on Samoa in the South Pacific Ocean.
# German submarine U-1107

German submarine U-1107 was a Type VIIC/41 U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II. She was laid down on 20 August 1943 by Nordseewerke, Emden as yard number 229, launched on 30 June 1944 and commissioned on 8 August 1944 under Oberleutnant zur See Fritz Parduhn.

## Design

Like all Type VIIC/41 U-boats, U-1107 had a displacement of 759 tonnes (747 long tons) when at the surface and 860 tonnes (850 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.23 m (220 ft 7 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 supercharged six-cylinder four-stroke diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) and two SSW GU 343/38-8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. The boat was capable of operating at a depth of 250 metres (820 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-1107 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes or 26 TMA or TMB Naval mines, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 and two 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. Its complement was between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The boat's career began with training at 8th U-boat Flotilla on 8 August 1944, followed by active service on 16 February 1945 as part of the 11th Flotilla for the remainder of her service. In one patrol she sank two merchant ships, for a total of 15,209 gross register tons (GRT).

### Fate

Sources agree that U-1107 was sunk on 30 April 1945 in the Bay of Biscay west of Brest, but differ as to the exact location of the sinking and the immediate cause: according to one source, U-1107 was sunk at position 48°12′N 05°42′W﻿ / ﻿48.200°N 5.700°W﻿ / 48.200; -5.700 by a homing torpedo from a US Navy Liberator of VP-103 with all hands lost, whereas another source reports U-1107 being sunk at position 48°00′N 06°30′W﻿ / ﻿48.000°N 6.500°W﻿ / 48.000; -6.500 by one or more out of 24 bombs dropped by USN Catalina 'R' of VPB-63, flown by Lt. F.G. Lake, on a MAD Rover patrol with 37 submarine crew killed and an unknown number surviving.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage (GRT) | Fate |
| 18 April 1945 | Cyrus H. McCormick | United States | 7,181 | Sunk |
| 18 April 1945 | Empire Gold | United Kingdom | 8,028 | Sunk |
# Gerry Shaw

Gerry Shaw (1943 – March 18, 1995) was a Canadian football player who played for the Calgary Stampeders. He won the Grey Cup with them in 1971. Shaw played college football at Washington State University. He was added to the Stampeders' Wall of Fame in 2012. He died on March 18, 1995.
# Scotinotylus montanus

Scotinotylus montanus is a species of sheet weaver found in the United States. It was described by Millidge in 1981.
# German submarine U-31 (S181)

U-31 (S181) is a Type 212A submarine of the German Navy, and the lead ship of her class.
U-31 was built by TKMS, with construction taking place at the shipyards of Thyssen Nordseewerke of Emden and Howaldtswerke at Kiel. Launched on 20 March 2002, U-31 was commissioned alongside her sister ship U-32 by German Minister of Defence Peter Struck in Eckernförde on 19 October 2005. U-31 is propelled by one diesel engine and an electric motor driven by nine fuel cells, making the submarine virtually undetectable.
Korvettenkapitän Bert Petzold is the submarine's commanding officer.

## History

U-31 was built in two sections, the stern and propulsion by Nordseewerke, Emden and the bow at Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, Kiel. The boats of the Type 212A class cost around 500 million euros to build. Equipped with fuel cell technology and stealth skin, they are almost undetectable, and are able to remain submerged for up to three weeks. The fuel cells are virtually emission free, with the exception of distilled water, resulting in less noise, heat and exhaust fumes.
U-31 and U-32 were commissioned in a joint ceremony at Eckernförde on 19 October 2005 by Defence Minister Peter Struck, in the presence of the Inspector of the Navy Vice- Admiral Wolfgang E. Nolting. They and their sister ships are stationed in Eckernförde and form part of the 1st Ubootgeschwader (1st Submarine Squadron) in Einsatzflottille 1.
# Scouting and Guiding in Vanuatu

The Scout and Guide movement in Vanuatu is served by two organisations
* Vanuatu Girl Guides Association, member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts
* Vanuatu branch of The Scout Association
# Schrebera trichoclada

Schrebera trichoclada, the wing-leaved wooden pear, is a plant in the family Oleaceae.

## Description

Schrebera trichoclada grows as a shrub or bushy tree up to 10 metres (30 ft) tall. The fruit is pear-shaped, up to 6 cm (2 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

Schrebera trichoclada is native to an area of southern tropical Africa from the Democratic Republic of the Congo southeast to Mozambique. Its habitat is deciduous woodland.
# Scybalistodes rivuloides

Scybalistodes rivuloides is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Mexico.
# Scybalistodes violetalis

Scybalistodes violetalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in Mexico.
# Scybalistodes fortis

Scybalistodes fortis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona.
# Sciurohypnum

Sciurohypnum, or Sciuro-hypnum, is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Brachytheciaceae.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Sciurohypnum:
* Sciurohypnum brotheri (Paris) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum curtum (Lindb.) Ignatov
* Sciurohypnum dovrense (Limpr.) Draper & Hedenäs
* Sciurohypnum filirepens (Dusén) Ochyra & Żarnowiec
* Sciurohypnum flotowianum (Sendtn.) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum fuegianum (Broth.) Ochyra & Żarnowiec
* Sciurohypnum glaciale (Schimp.) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum latifolium (Kindb.) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum majusculum (M.E.Newton) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum oedipodium (Mitt.) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum ornellanum (Molendo) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum plumosum (Hedw.) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum populeum (Hedw.) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum printzii (Kaal.) Ochyra & Stebel
* Sciurohypnum reflexum (Starke) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum starkei (Brid.) Ignatov & Huttunen
* Sciurohypnum tromsoeense (Kaurin & Arnell) Draper & Hedenäs
* Sciurohypnum uematsui (Broth.) Ochyra & Żarnowiec
* Sciurohypnum uncinifolium (Broth. & Paris) Ochyra & Żarnowiec
# Gertrude Wildam

Gertrude 'Trude' Wildam was a female Austrian international table tennis player.
She six World Table Tennis Championships medals; she won a bronze at the 1926 World Table Tennis Championships with Eduard Freudenheim, three years later at the 1929 World Table Tennis Championships she won another bronze in the mixed doubles with Alfred Liebster and two silver medals in the women's singles and doubles with Fanchette Flamm.
The final two bronze medals were won at the 1930 World Table Tennis Championships in the women's singles and doubles with Helly Reitzer.
# Scouts on Stamps Society International

The Scouts on Stamps Society International, or SOSSI was created as a response to stamp collectors who want to specialize in the field of Scouting in their collections in particular.
Since the advent of Scouting in 1907, Scouts have been depicted on the postage stamps of almost every nation during different times of their political development.
Individual nations have organizations for Scout philatelists as well.
# Scytasis

Scytasis is a genus of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae, containing the following species:
* Scytasis nitida Pascoe, 1867
* Scytasis sericea Gardner, 1930
# German submarine U-609

German submarine U-609 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II. She was laid down on 7 April 1941 by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 585, launched on 23 December 1941 and commissioned on 12 February 1942 under Oberleutnant zur See Klaus Rudloff.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-609 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-609 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The boat's career began with training at 5th U-boat Flotilla on 12 February 1942, followed by active service on 1 August 1942 as part of the 6th U-boat Flotilla for the remainder of her service. In four patrols she sank two merchant ships, for a total of 10,288 gross register tons (GRT).

### Wolfpacks

U-609 took part in six wolfpacks, namely:
* Vorwärts (25 August – 1 September 1942)
* Panther (13 – 16 October 1942)
* Draufgänger (6 – 11 December 1942)
* Raufbold (11 – 18 December 1942)
* Landsknecht (19 – 28 January 1943)
* Pfeil (1 – 7 February 1943)

### Fate

U-609 was sunk on 6 February 1943 in the North Atlantic in position 54°56′N 28°11′W﻿ / ﻿54.933°N 28.183°W﻿ / 54.933; -28.183, by depth charges from the Free French corvette FFNF Lobelia. All hands were lost.

### Previously recorded fate

U-609 was sunk on 7 February 1943 in the North Atlantic in position 55°17′N 26°38′W﻿ / ﻿55.283°N 26.633°W﻿ / 55.283; -26.633, by depth charges from the Free French corvette FFNF Lobelia. All hands were lost.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage (GRT) | Fate |
| 31 August 1942 | Capira | Panama | 5,625 | Sunk |
| 31 August 1942 | Bronxville | Norway | 4,663 | Sunk |
# Germaria angustata

Germaria angustata is a species of tachinid flies in the genus Germaria of the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

United Kingdom, Denmark, Netherlands, Germany, Hungary, Russia, Mongolia, China.
# Germaria ruficeps

Germaria ruficeps is a species of tachinid flies in the genus Germaria of the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

Belgium, United Kingdom, France, Denmark, Sweden, Hungary, Russia, Mongolia, Israel.
# Germar

Germar is a German-language masculine given name and surname:

## Given name

* Germar Rudolf (born 1964), German chemist and Holocaust denier

## Family name

* Ernst Friedrich Germar (1786–1853), German professor, director of the Mineralogical Museum at Halle, and an entomologist
* Manfred Germar (born 1935), West German athlete
* Germar (noble house) is a Thuringian noble family from Görmar, Mühlhausen
# Giacomo Benevelli

Giacomo Benevelli (1925 in Reggio Emilia, North of Italy – July 13, 2011 in Pavia, Italy) was an Italian and French sculptor. He was brought up in France. He lived and studied in Nice, Paris, Rome, Aix-en-Provence, Munich. He mainly lived and worked for over forty years in Milan.

## Biography

He was the nephew of Anselmo Govi, a painter from Reggio Emilia, who painted the fresco of the dome of the Ariosto Theatre. Benevelli was a member of the Tiberina Academy, an ancient and prestigious institution founded in 1813 with the aim to promote Italian arts and letters; Antonio Canova and Marino Marini belonged to the same institution. Benevelli was awarded the Gold Medal of Merit in the Fine Arts by the Italian Government Presidency for his contributions to the arts.
Since 1957 Benevelli exhibited in Italy and worldwide. His first US exhibition was in 1963 at the Felix Landau Gallery in Los Angeles. In 1964 he was invited to the 42nd Venice International Art Biennale with a group of sculptures. In 1966 he was appointed as Head of Sculpture at the Accademia di Brera in Milan. Between the late 1960s and the early 1970s he created a series of lamp-sculpture, the most famous is the Roto lamp (1970s) and Arabesque (late 1960s). In 2009 he started a collaboration with the worldwide design and furniture brand Natuzzi in the newly created Natuzzi Open Art, a space dedicated to the collaboration between art and design. Benevelli created a new line of art-objects which first premiered at the Cologne Trade Fair (imm Cologne Furniture and Design fair), Salone del Mobile (Milan International Design Fair) and at the AD Home Show in New York (2010).
In 1993 he realized a bronze sculpture called "Teleios", which can be seen in Piazzale Loreto in Milan.
In 2000 the city of Mantua organized a major exhibition of his works in the museum of the historical Casa del Mantegna. A book was published by Edizioni Casa del Mantegna on this occasion.
In 2001, he exhibited his works in the historical Palazzo Isimbardi during an exhibition organized by the city of Milan.
During the 2006 Winter Olympic Games in Torino he was invited to take part at the Italian Sculpture Exhibition at the Palazzina di Stupinigi.
He realised a number of sacred art works for contemporary and ancient churches, and his works are preserved in numerous public and private collections in Italy and worldwide including at the Royal Museum of Fine Arts in Antwerp and at The British Museum in London.
# Scouts (Baden-Powell Scouts' Association)

As with Scouts in The Scout Association, the Scout section of the BPSA is the direct descendant of the original Scout Patrols which formed in the United Kingdom in 1908. The section is open to both boys and girls between the ages of 10–15 years, and are now formed into local Scout Troops.
Scout Troops form part of a Scout Group. The Scout section follows on from the Wolf Cub Pack (8-10 year olds) and Scouts move onto the Senior Scout section at the age of 15.
A general Scouting programme is adopted by Scout Troops, but it is possible for specialist troops to be formed. Sea Scouts and Air Scouts are example of specialist programme troops.

## Organisation

The Scout Troop forms the core section of most Scout Groups. The Troop is the longest running section within the organisation, although it was originally termed the Scout Patrol when the movement started in 1907.
Most Groups will have one Troop, while some others may, rarely, be able to support two more, depending on the numbers of Scouts and adult leaders within the Group.
Scout Troops have an adult leadership team consisting of a warranted Scout Master and one or two Assistant Scout Masters. They can also be supported by adult helpers and Senior or Rover Scout Instructors.
The Scouts within the Troop are divided into Patrols, ideally of 6-8 members, with a Patrol Leader and an Assistant Patrol Leader. The Patrol Leader is appointed by the adult leaders, with the Assistant Patrol Leader being chosen by the Patrol Leader. Some Troops may also hold a position for a Senior Patrol Leader.
Within the Troop, the Patrol Leaders hold a regular council and are able to plan and run activities and deal with matters of discipline under the guidance of the Scout Master.

## Training Scheme

The B-P Scouts follow a development of the original Training Scheme laid down by Baden-Powell:
* Tenderfoot
    Basic knowledge of Scouting, the Law and promise and Scouting skills.
* Second Class
    Before qualifying for the Second Class, a Scout is required to have completed three months service with the Scouts, leading to more detailed understanding of Scouting, and to have developed skills including basic First Aid, healthy living, backwoods skills, The Highway Code and completion of a 13km journey on foot.
* First Class
    This award includes having completed ten nights camping as a Scout, being proficient in First Aid, tracking and estimating, be able to use and maintain equipment, camp in a bivvy, prepare food with and without a camping stove, and have undertaken a 24-hour 25km journey.
* Scout Cord
    To qualify for The Scout Cord a Scout must complete the First Class Award, hold the Citizenship Badge and three proficiency badges from Backwoodsman, Camper, Camp Cook, Explorer, Pioneer, Tracker, Starman, Weatherman or Woodcraftsman.

### Proficiency Awards

The Scouts are also able to complete a range of proficiency awards. All Scouting activities are properly supervised by qualified instructors for that activity.
# Second (curling)

In curling, the second is the person who delivers the second pair of stones after the lead. On most teams, where the second does not act as skip or vice, the second will sweep for each of their teammates. Due to the free-guard-zone rule, which prevents guards from being removed from play by the leads, the second is usually a curler with a high degree of proficiency throwing takeouts, peels, and other power shots. Following the adoption of the five-rock rule in 2018, the role of the second has become more of a finesse role, as seconds often have to throw guards and other finesse shots.
# Giancarlo Pajetta

Giancarlo Pajetta (24 June 1911 – 13 September 1990) was an Italian communist politician.

## Biography

Pajetta was born in a working-class district of Turin to Carlo, a bank employee, and Elvira Berrini, an elementary school teacher. He attended Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio for his high school studies and joined the Communist Party of Italy during this time. In 1927 he was sentenced to two years of imprisonment for subversive propaganda, after having distributed anti-fascist leaflets to the workers at the Saroglia typographical workshops. In 1931, he went into exile in France. While in exile he travelled to Moscow several times as a representative of the Italian Communist Youth Federation to the Communist International. He took up the pseudonym Nullo, after 19th century Italian patriot Francesco Nullo.
In 1933, Pajetta returned to Italy in secret, but was arrested and sentenced to 21 years of imprisonment by the Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State. He was freed on 23 August 1943, after the fall of Fascism. He subsequently took part in the early phase of the partisan resistance with the Garibaldi Brigades, of which he was de facto deputy commander. In February 1944, together with Ferruccio Parri and Alfredo Pizzoni, he was part of the delegation of the National Liberation Committee (CLN) that sought recognition from the Allies as the legitimate government authority in occupied Italy. After this, he remained in the Allied-controlled South.
Pajetta was elected to the Constituent Assembly in 1946 and then was a deputy in the lower house of the Italian Parliament from 1948 until his death. He was also elected to the European Parliament in 1979 and 1984. From 1948 to 1985 he was a member of the National Secretariat of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), at first with responsibility for international relationships. He was briefly director of the party newspaper L'Unità, in 1947 and from 1969 to 1970, and of the Marxist periodical Rinascita, from 1964 to 1966.
In 1947, Pajetta took part in the armed occupation of the prefecture of Milan, in protest for the removal of prefect Ettore Troilo. Pajetta was one of the most respected Communist politicians after World War II. Following the death of secretary Enrico Berlinguer in 1984, Pajetta was considered too old to succeed him. He later opposed Achille Occhetto's project of transforming the PCI into a social-democratic party. Pajetta died suddenly in Rome in September 1990, before the dissolution of the PCI. His funeral ceremony was attended by 200,000 people.