OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dispersion (geology)

Dispersion is a process that occurs in soils that are particularly vulnerable to erosion by water. In soil layers where clays are saturated with sodium ions ("sodic soils"), soil can break down very easily into fine particles and wash away. This can lead to a variety of soil and water quality problems, including:
* large soil losses by gully erosion and tunnel erosion
* Soil structural degradation, clogging and sealing where dispersed particles settle
* Suspended soil causing turbidity in water and transporting nutrients off the land.

## Identifying dispersive soils

Dispersive soils are more common in older landscapes where leaching and illuviation processes have had more time to work. A source of sodium is also required. Possible sources can include weathering from soil parent materials or wind-blown salt deposition. Sodium ions are highly mobile in the soil solution and so they accumulate in the lower parts of the landscape.
The dispersive portion of a soil profile is generally confined to the subsoil, where soil-forming processes concentrate clay minerals and sodium. This means that dispersive soils may not be identified until they are disturbed in a way that exposes the subsoil to running water.
When observed in situ, dispersive soil textures may feel 'soapy', and in many cases the physical structure of subsoil layers will be prismatic or columnar. A simplified version of the Emerson soil dispersion test can be completed in the field on a 20-minute to two-hour timescale.
Laboratory tests used to diagnose a soil as dispersive focus on the cation exchange capacity of a soil sample and its cation breakdown. Soil cations are dominated by Ca$^{2+}$, Mg$^{2+}$, K$^+$, and Na$^+$, as well as H$^+$ in acidic soils. The exchangeable sodium percentage ( "ESP", (sodium / (total cations)) * 100 ) is a key indicator derived from these measurements. Where ESP exceeds 5%, dispersive behaviour becomes possible, and is highly likely where ESP exceeds 15%.

## Managing dispersive soils

The best management approach to these soils is simply to avoid their disturbance. Maintaining vegetation cover of the soil is also important to minimize soil dispersion. In agricultural systems, this may mean making an effort to prevent surface soil loss and/or damage, as the surface soil and ground cover form a protective barrier. Landscape-scale management of excess salt is also important, as secondary salinisation can induce dispersive behaviour in soil.
In places where disturbance has occurred, amelioration with gypsum can be helpful. Other options include:
* Re-covering disturbed subsoil and re-vegetating the land
* Diverting concentrated surface water flows away from the eroded area.
# TT172

Mentiywy in hieroglyphs :
Era: New Kingdom (1550–1069 BC) :
The Theban Tomb TT172 is located in El-Khokha, part of the Theban Necropolis, on the west bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor.
TT172 was the burial place of the ancient Egyptian named Mentiywy (also written as Montu-iywy), who was a royal butler and a child of the kap (nursery). Mentiywy lived during the reigns of Tuthmosis III and Amenhotep II during the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. His mother was named Hepu.

## Tomb

The tomb consists of a hall and a passage which are both decorated and inscribed. The hall contains offering scenes and an autobiographical text. In the text Mentiywy describes how he served under Tuthmosis III. He started out his career as a servant in the royal apartments, and later accompanied the king on his campaign. The text makes clear that he followed the king to the middle east and crossed the Euphrates. Mentiywy states that he never strayed from the king's side on the battlefield. When Amenhotep II followed his father on the throne, Mentiywy stayed on at the royal palace and served as a royal butler.
# Scabroschema scabricolle

Scabroschema scabricolle is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Scabroschema. It was described by Fauvel in 1906.
# Thereva

Thereva is a genus of flies from the family Therevidae commonly known as stiletto flies.

## Species

* T. albohirta Kröber, 1912
* T. albopilosa Kröber, 1912
* T. albovittata Strobl, 1909
* T. apicalis Wiedemann, 1821
* T. aurata Loew, 1854
* T. aurofasciata Kröber, 1912
* T. bakeri Cole, 1923
* T. bicinctella Costa, 1883
* T. binotata Loew, 1847
* T. biroi Kröber, 1913
* T. brevicornis Loew, 1847
* T. brunnea Cole, 1923
* T. callosa Kröber, 1912
* T. canescens Kröber, 1912
* T. cincta Meigen, 1829
* T. cingulata Kröber, 1912
* T. cinifera Meigen, 1830
* T. circumscripta Loew, 1847
* T. comata Loew, 1869
* T. concavifrons Kröber, 1914
* T. confusa Kröber, 1913
* T. diversa Coquillett, 1894
* T. duplicis Coquillett, 1893
* T. eggeri Lyneborg & Spitzer, 1974
* T. egressa Coquillett, 1894
* T. flavescens Loew, 1847
* T. flavicauda Coquillett, 1904
* T. flavicincta Loew, 1869
* T. flavipilosa Cole, 1923
* T. flavohirta Kröber, 1914
* T. foxi Cole, 1923
* T. frontalis Say, 1824
* T. frontosa Kröber, 1912
* T. fucata Loew, 1872
* T. fucatoides Bromley, 1937
* T. fulva (Meigen, 1804)
* T. fuscinervis Zetterstedt, 1838
* T. glaucescens Kröber, 1912
* T. gomerae Baez, 1982
* T. graeca Kröber, 1912
* T. grancanariensis Baez, 1982
* T. grisea Kröber, 1913
* T. handlirschi Kröber, 1912
* T. hilarimorpha Kröber, 1912
* T. hirticeps Loew, 1874
* T. hispanica Strobl, 1909
* T. hyalina Kröber, 1913
* T. inornata Verrall, 1909
* T. insularis Becker, 1922
* T. johnsoni Coquillett, 1893
* T. lanata Zetterstedt, 1838
* T. laufferi Strobl, 1909
* T. macdunnoughi Cole, 1925
* T. macedonica Kröber, 1912
* T. maculipennis Kröber, 1912
* T. marginula Meigen, 1820
* T. microcephala Loew, 1847
* T. nebulosa Kröber, 1912
* T. neglecta Kröber, 1912
* T. neomexicana Cole, 1923
* T. nigrifrons Kröber, 1913
* T. nigripilosa Cole, 1923
* T. nitida Macquart, 1934
* T. niveipennis Kröber, 1914
* T. nobilitata (Fabricius, 1775)
* T. obtecta Loew, 1847
* T. occulta Becker, 1908
* T. oculata Egger, 1859
* T. opaca Kröber, 1913
* T. pallipes Loew, 1869
* T. plebeja (Linnaeus, 1758)
* T. praecox Egger, 1859
* T. pseudoculata Cole, 1923
* T. punctipennis Wiedemann, 1821
* T. rossica Becker, 1922
* T. rufiventris Kröber, 1912
* T. rustica Loew, 1840
* T. sobrina Kröber, 1912
* T. spiloptera Wiedemann, 1824
* T. spinulosa Loew, 1847
* T. strigata (Fabricius, 1794)
* T. strigipes Loew, 1869
* T. subnitida Kröber, 1913
* T. teydea Frey, 1937
* T. tomentosa Kröber, 1913
* T. tristis Loew, 1847
* T. tuberculata Loew, 1847
* T. unica (Harris, 1780)
* T. unicolor Kröber, 1913
* T. ustulata Kröber, 1912
* T. utahensis Hardy, 938
* T. valida Loew, 1847
# Cohen's Luck

Cohen's Luck is a 1915 American silent comedy film directed by John H. Collins and starring William Wadsworth, Lillian Devere and Viola Dana.

## Cast

* William Wadsworth as Abe Cohen
* Lillian Devere as Cohen's Wife
* Viola Dana as Minnie Cohen
* Harry Scherr as Abe Cohen Jr.
* Duncan McRae as Sam Blumenthal
* Johnnie Walker as David Moss
* Jessie Stevens as Mrs. Kitty McGee
* Edward Lawrence as Timothy Murphy
* Frank A. Lyons as Steve O'Rourke
* Henry Leone as Laskey
# Judge Payne

Judge Payne may refer to:
* Harry Vearle Payne (1908–1983), judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Mexico
* James H. Payne (born 1941), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern, Northern, and Western Districts of Oklahoma
* John Barton Payne (1855–1935), judge on the Superior Court of Cook County, Illinois
* Robert E. Payne (born 1941), judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia
* Roy S. Payne (fl. 1970s–2020s), magistrate judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas
# Tawatinâ Bridge

vteEdmonton LRT :
Legend :
Key :
The Tawatinâ Bridge (/dəˈwɑːtɪnaʊ/ də-WAH-tin-now) is an extradosed LRT bridge crossing the North Saskatchewan River in Edmonton, Alberta. Below the concrete box girder spans is a suspended eight-metre-wide shared-use path, which was opened to the public on December 12, 2021. It is part of Edmonton Transit Service's Valley Line extension, which opened on November 4, 2023. The Tawatinâ Bridge consists of two railway tracks (one northbound towards Downtown Edmonton, one southbound towards Mill Woods).
Tawatinâ means "valley" in Cree. The bridge features about 550 pieces of art by Métis artist David Garneau, Indigenous artists, and Regina artist Madhu Kumar with other non-indigenous artists. These are fixed to the underside of the box girder and visible from the multi-user pathway.
# Dediapada Assembly constituency

Dediapada is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Narmada district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Tribes.

## List of segments

This assembly seat represents the following segments,
* Dediapada Taluka
* Sagbara Taluka

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Member | Party |
| 1995 | Motilal Puniyabhi Vasava, | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2002 | Maheshbhai Chhotubhai Vasava | Janata Dal |
| 2007 | Amarsinh Vasava | Indian National Congress |
| 2012 | Motilal Puniyabhi Vasava | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2017 | Maheshbhai Chhotubhai Vasava | Bharatiya Tribal Party |
| 2022 | Chaitarbhai Damjibhai Vasava | Aam Aadmi Party |

## Election results
### 2022

Gujarat Assembly election, 2022:Dediapada Assembly constituency :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | AAP | Chaitarbhai Damjibhai Vasava | 1,03,433 | 55.87 |
| | BJP | Hiteshkumar Devjibhai Vasava | 63,151 | 34.11 |
| | INC | Jermaben Suklal Vasava | 12,587 | 6.8 |
| | NOTA | None of the above | 2,974 | 1.61 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 40,282 | 21.76 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,82,162 | 83.1 |
| | gain from | gain from | Swing | |

### 2017

Gujarat Assembly Election, 2017: Dediapada :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | BTP | Maheshbhai Chhotubhai Vasava | 83,026 | 50.22 | New |
| | BJP | Motilal Puniyabhi Vasava | 61,275 | 37.06 | 0.01 |
| | NCP | Rajendrasinh Deshmukh | 6,721 | 4.07 | New |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 21,751 | 13.16 | 11.48 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,65,333 | 85.42 | 3.77 |
| | BTP gain from BJP | BTP gain from BJP | Swing | | |

### 2012

Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | BJP | Motilal Puniyabhi Vasava | 56,471 | 37.05 | 23.69 |
| | INC | Amarsinh Vasava | 53,916 | 35.37 | 0.05 |
| | JD(U) | Maheshbhai Chhotubhai Vasava | 20,109 | 13.19 | 6.41 |
| | IND | Sureshbhai Vasava | 10,212 | 6.70 | New |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 2,555 | 1.68 | 14.14 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,52,442 | 89.19 | −−− |
| | BJP gain from INC | BJP gain from INC | Swing | | |

### 2007

Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | INC | Amarsinh Vasava | 50,105 | 35.42 | 18.08 |
| | JD(U) | Maheshbhai Chhotubhai Vasava | 27,726 | 19.6 | 11.61 |
| | IND | Motilal Puniyabhi Vasava | 27,050 | 19.12 | New |
| | BJP | Manjula Vasava | 18,898 | 13.36 | 13.2 |
| | IND | Pratapbhai Vasava | 9,691 | 6.85 | New |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 22,379 | 15.82 | 11.17 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,41,467 | --- | −−− |
| | INC gain from JD(U) | INC gain from JD(U) | Swing | | |

### 2002

Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | JD(U) | Maheshbhai Chhotubhai Vasava | 38,665 | 31.21 | New |
| | BJP | Shankarbhai Vasava | 32,902 | 26.56 | −−− |
| | INC | Amarsinh Vasava | 21,481 | 17.34 | −−− |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 5,763 | 4.65 | −−− |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,23,871 | 67.63 | −−− |
| | JD(U) gain from JD | JD(U) gain from JD | Swing | | |
# Ingerslevs Boulevard

Ingerslevs Boulevard is a street in Aarhus, Denmark. It is 500 meters long and runs west to east from Harald Jensen's Plads to Skt. Anna Gade. The street is situated in the Frederiksbjerg neighborhood where it is functionally the main street but parts of it also acts as a public green space owing to width and central lawn. Ingerslevs Boulevard is home to St. Luke's Church and two schools, N.J. Fjordgade's School and Frederiksbjerg School. It is a mostly residential area but the street itself hosts a farmer's markets twice a week. Ingerslevs Boulevard was developed in the early 20th century as a main component of Frederiksbjerg when the neighborhood was created based on a unified urban planning design.

## History

Ingerslevs Boulevard was named in 1899 and developed between 1899 and 1912. The boulevard is named for Hans Peter Ingerslev (1821-1896) who owned Marselisborg Manor until it was bought by Aarhus Municipality in 1896. The boulevard was a part of urban planning designs by city engineer Charles Ambt and architect Hack Kampmann who originally envisioned the boulevard extend all the way from St. Luke's Church square to Hans Broge's Street. The city council proved skeptical of the plans due to concerns over the amount of land needed. The eastern section of the boulevard was narrowed and instead became the present Odensegade. Ambt and Kampmann's original idea had been a wide boulevard flanked by prominent buildings on either side with a public, monumental building capping the street at the west end so Ingerslevs Boulevard would function as a point-de-vue. In 1912 Aarhus city council enacted changes to the original plans, extending Ingerslevs Boulevard to de Mezas Vej while the alignment of Horsensgade and Vejlegade along with the area by St. Luke's Church was determined.

## Architecture

The buildings at the east end of the boulevard, on the north side, consists of the new Frederiksbjerg School and between Kroghsgade and Lundingsgades one block of 4½ story picturesque buildings with bay windows and towers in the corners. On the south side are N.J. Fjordsgade School and Ingerslevs Boulevard School. Along the western end of the boulevard, on the south side, are 3 city blocks built between 1928 and 1930 which marked the end of revivalism in Aarhus. The north side is characterized by the Neoclassical St. Luke's Church and a Neo-baroque city block by Axel Høeg-Hansen.
The boulevard is defined by two rows of elm trees (ulmus hollandica from 1913) planted along the wide midsection.

## Gallery

* Western end
* St. Luke's Church
* Green area
* Market day
* Car park
* N.J. Fjordsgades School
# We Forgot to Break Up

We Forgot to Break Up may refer to:
* We Forgot to Break Up (2017 film), a short film directed by Chandler Levack
* We Forgot to Break Up (2024 film), a feature film directed by Karen Knox
# Hour record of France

Hour record of France is the hour record, longest distance cycled in one hour on a bicycle from a stationary start, held by a French cyclist since 1893. Cyclists attempt this record alone on the track without other competitors present.
| Date | Cyclist | Distance (km) | Place |
| 1893-05-11 | Henri Desgrange | 35.325 | Paris |
| 1894-10-31 | Jean Dubois | 38.220 | Paris |
| 1905-08-24 | Lucien Petit-Breton | 41.110 | Paris |
| 1907-06-20 | Marcel Berthet | 41.520 | Paris |
| 1913-07-07 | Marcel Berthet | 42.741 | Paris |
| 1913-09-20 | Marcel Berthet | 43.775 | Paris |
| 1933-08-29 | Maurice Richard | 44.777 | Saint-Trond |
| 1936-10-14 | Maurice Richard | 45.375 | Milan |
| 1937-11-03 | Maurice Archambaud | 45.817 | Milan |
| 1956-06-29 | Jacques Anquetil | 46.159 | Milan |
| 1957-09-18 | Roger Rivière | 46.923 | Milan |
| 1958-09-29 | Roger Rivière | 47.346 | Milan |
| 2015-04-11 | François Lamiraud | 49.408 | Roubaix |
| 2015-09-20 | François Lamiraud | 50.844 | Aguascalientes |
# Scalicus

Scalicus is a genus of marine ray-finned fish belonging to the family Peristediidae, the armoured gurnards or armored searobins. These fishes are found in the Indo-Pacific region.

## Taxonomy

Scalicus was first described as a monotypic genus in 1923 by the American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan with the newly described Peristedion amiscus, designated as its type species. Within the family Peristediidae there are 2 clades, this genus is in the clade consisting of 5 genera, with the nominate genus Peristedion in the other clade. Jordan did not explain the genus name's etymology but it may be from skallo meaning "hoe", an allusion top the shovel shaped snout of the type species.

## Species

Scalicus currently has 8 recognised species within it:
* Scalicus amiscus D. S. Jordan & Starks, 1904
* Scalicus engyceros Günther, 1872
* Scalicus gilberti D. S. Jordan, 1921
* Scalicus hians C. H. Gilbert & Cramer, 1897
* Scalicus investigatoris Alcock, 1898
* Scalicus orientalis Fowler, 1938
* Scalicus paucibarbatus Kawai, 2019
* Scalicus quadratorostratus Fourmanoir & Rivaton, 1979
* Scalicus serrulatus Alcock, 1898
Some authorities recognise 6 valid species, treating S. amiscus as a junior synonym of S. hains and both S. gilberti and S, investigatoris as a junior synonyms of S. engyceros.

## Characteristics

Scalicus armoured gurnards have no teeth in the upper jaw, a smooth lateral margin of the head. The rear pairs of the lower lateral rows of scutes are not joined to each other, The lower jaw has barbels which are not branched, apart from the rearmost barbels on the lip and chin. The number of soft rays in the second dorsal fin and the anal fin both exceed 19. The smallest of these fishes is S. quadratorostratus which has a maximum published standard length of 14.9 cm (5.9 in) while the largest is S. engyceros which has a maximum published total length of 32 cm (13 in).

## Distribution and habitat

Scalicus armoured gurnards are demersal, deep water fishes which are found in the Indian Ocean from the eastern costa of Africa to Hawaii.
# Thomas Chippenham (fl. 1420–1431)

'Thomas Chippenham (fl. 1420–1431) of Hereford was an English politician.
He was Mayor of Hereford for 1420–21 and elected a member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Hereford in 1420, 1426, 1429 and 1431.
# Cohay, Mississippi

Cohay is an unincorporated community in Smith County, in the U.S. state of Mississippi.

## History

The community derives its name from alteration of the last two syllables of nearby Oakohay Creek. A post office called Cohay was established in 1915, and remained in operation until 1937.
# Jovan Nikolić (cartoonist)

Jovan Nikolić (Belgrade, 29 January 1962) is a Serbian cartoonist.
He studied at law school and had his first cartoons published in "The Student", "NON", "South Comics" and since 1985 only in "YU strip." Most his works were realized in collaboration with writer Vojislav Psončak under the pseudonyms Ano & Nep (Serbian Cyrillic Ано & Неп).
# Tegeticula altiplanella

Tegeticula altiplanella is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in the United States in the mountains and high plains of Colorado, southern Utah, northern Arizona and New Mexico. The habitat consists of high brush deserts, rock outcrops, volcanic tuff soils in open forests and high grassland.
The wingspan is 18–27.5 mm.
# Defence School of Marine Engineering

The Defence School of Marine Engineering is the marine engineering school for the Royal Navy in Gosport, Hampshire.

## History

It is situated on the former RAF Gosport, which was transferred to the Navy in 1945.
A new Submarine Training Facility in Scotland, will see the nuclear engineering training move from the Gosport site from 2023.

### Visits

Anne, Princess Royal visited the site on Tuesday 18 February 1992. Katharine, Duchess of Kent visited on Wednesday 14 July 1993 at 10am.

## Structure
### Training

The site includes much nuclear engineering, taught in collaboration with the University of Surrey.
Its training is recognised by the Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology.
It is part of the Nuclear Technology Education Consortium NTEC, which was founded in 2003 and funded by the EPSRC and headquartered in Manchester. The University of Manchester has done the most nuclear engineering research in the UK.
It teaches people from other Commonwealth navies.
# The Garden of Truth

The Garden Of Truth: The Vision and Promise of Sufism, Islam's Mystical Tradition is a 2007 book by the Iranian philosopher Seyyed Hossein Nasr.
# Disillusion

Disillusion or Disillusioned may refer to:

## Film and TV

* Disillusion (La gerla di papà Martin), 1940 French film by Mario Bonnard with Ruggero Ruggeri, Germana Paolieri, Luisella Beghi
* Disillusion (Disillusione), 1912 Italian short film by Gustavo Serena
* Disillusioned, magic show with Matt Marcy
* "Disillusion" (Upstairs, Downstairs), a 1975 episode of Upstairs, Downstairs

## Literature

* Disillusioned: Five Families and the Unraveling of America's Suburbs

## Music

* Disillusion (band), a German progressive metal band
* Disillusion (album), a 1984 album by Japanese heavy metal band Loudness
* Disillusioned (Rex Ilusivii album)

### Songs

* "Disillusion" (ABBA song)
* "Disillusion" (Sachi Tainaka song)
* "Disillusion", second part of the song "Starship Trooper" by Yes
* "Disillusioned", song by A Perfect Circle 2017
* "Disillusioned", song by Oliver Nelson from Afro/American Sketches 1961
* "Disillusioned", song by New Zealand band Atlas Reasons for Voyaging 2007
* "Disillusioned", song by The Tams 1962
# Wayne Bullimore

Wayne Bullimore (born 12 September 1970 in Sutton-in-Ashfield, England) is an English former footballer who played midfield for seven clubs.

## Playing career

Bullimore started as a trainee at Manchester United but was released without playing a game. He signed on a free transfer for Barnsley where he made his professional start. He also signed for Stockport County, Scunthorpe United, Bradford City, Peterborough United and Scarborough. He also had a loan spell at Doncaster Rovers. He works for former club Barnsley in their Community Sports and Education Trust.

## Honours

Individual
* PFA Team of the Year: 1994–95 Third Division
# Hpaochan

Hpaochan is a village in Mongyaung Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
Nearby towns and villages include Nawia (3.7 nm), Panglang (8.4 nm), Manazup Sakan (10.1 nm), Seingneing (9.1 nm), Namkwi (13.4 nm) and Auche (2.7 nm).
# George Shaffer

George Adam Shaffer (June 20, 1910 – April 23, 1971) was a professional American football player for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He attended high school in Greensburg, Pennsylvania. He attended Washington & Jefferson College.
# Clément Kwete

Clément Kwete is a Congolese politician. He was the Minister of Portfolio of Democratic Republic of the Congo, under Ilunga government that ran from September 2019 to April 2021, as well as a member of parliament. He is a member of Union for Democracy and Social Progress.