OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# General and Allied Workers' Union

The General and Allied Workers' Union (GAWU) was a general union in South Africa.

## Background

The union originated as the Transvaal section of the Black Allied Workers' Union.$^{:344}$ In 1980, Rita Ndzanga and Mary Ntsike led a split which became GAWU. It formed as a non-racial union.$^{:344}$ Its members were made up of people from the brush and copper industries, mining house office workers, cleaners, scooter drivers, and petrol and transport workers.$^{:344}$ Numerous local South African Congress of Trade Unions activists also joined, including Samson Ndou, Ephraim Shabangu, Samuel Pholoto and Sydney Mufamadi.
By 1985, the union had 19,076 members. That year, it was a founding affiliate of the Congress of South African Trade Unions. In 1987, it merged with the Health and Allied Workers' Union and the South African Allied Workers' Union, to form the National Education, Health and Allied Workers' Union.
# Claudius Schraudolph the Younger

Claudius Schraudolph the Younger (4 February 1843 - 4 January 1902) was a German painter and illustrator. He produced full-scale paintings, woodcut illustrations and decorative paintings. He is known as "the Younger" to distinguish him from his uncle Claudius, also a painter.

## Life

Born in Munich, he studied not only under his father Johann Schraudolph but also under Hermann Anschütz and Johann Georg Hiltensperger. He was a student assistant to the painters of Speyer Cathedral and initially specialised in religious paintings before switching to genre painting in 1866. He also served in the Austro-Prussian War and Franco-Prussian War as an army Oberleutnant.
He was director of the Royal Art School in Stuttgart from June 1883 to 1894. He died in the St. Michael district of Eppan, South Tyrol, Italy in 1902.

## Selected works

* Girl at the Piano
* The Easter Walk from Goethe's Faust
* Quartet on a Venetian Terrace
* Dolce far niente

## Bibliography (in German)

* Margit Ksoll-Marcon (1995). "Schraudolph, Claudius d. J.". In Bautz, Traugott (ed.). Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL) (in German). Vol. 9. Herzberg: Bautz. col. 916. ISBN 3-88309-058-1.
* Hyacinth Holland (1891), "Schraudolph, Johann v.", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 32, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 453–461 (featured in the article on his father and teacher Johann Schraudolph)
* Hyacinth Holland (1908), "Schraudolph, Claudius", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 54, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 179–181 (featured in the article on his uncle Claudius Schraudolph the Elder)
* 'Claudius Schraudolph der Jüngere.' In: Hans Vollmer (ed.): Allgemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart. Begründet von Ulrich Thieme und Felix Becker. Band 30: Scheffel–Siemerding. E. A. Seemann, Leipzig 1936, p. 278.
* Münchner Maler im 19. Jahrhundert. Vol. 4, 1983, p. 102.
# Walter Aronsson

Walter Eric Aronson (March 28, 1917, Norrtälje – March 11, 2010) was a Swedish bobsledder who competed in the 1950s and in the 1960s. He won a bronze medal in the four-man event (tied with West Germany) at the 1953 FIBT World Championships in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.
At the 1956 Winter Olympics he finished 13th in the four-man event. He also competed in the two-man event but was not able to finish.
Eight years later he finished eleventh in the four-man event at the 1964 Winter Olympics.
# Stordalen Mire

Stordalen Mire (elevation 351 m) is a mire which lies in the subarctic region in northernmost Sweden. It is 10 km east of the town of Abisko close to Lake Torneträsk. It is a 25 ha palsa mire, which is common in the discontinuous permafrost zone. The mire has two major topographical features: elevated palsas and depressions. The palsas are dry, ombrotrophic plateaus (or hummocks) with permafrost cores that raise the peat surface above its surroundings that is the wet minerotrophic depressions, largely permafrost free and water saturated. The small-scale topography is often very patchy in its structure, creating an environment where localities nearby each other have distinct differences in moisture, permafrost and nutrient status, which creates differences in vegetation types. Of these subhabitats the vegetation in the dry parts consists mainly of mosses, lichens and dwarf shrubs, whereas the wet parts are dominated by sphagnum or tall graminoids. A peat layer up to 3 m deep covers most of the area and is an indication of a net carbon accumulation over the past 5000 years. In the areas underlying by permafrost the active layer reaches a thickness of about 60 cm in the late summer. The mire experiences thermokarst erosion, with the ongoing permafrost thawing that leads to degradation and collapse of the palsa structure, converting it into the wetter surface types. To the east the mire is bordered by the shallow Lake Villasjön (max depth 1.3 m) whereas it is in general largely surrounded by mountain birch forest.
In 2018 Nature journal published a study which used metagenomics and genome binning to assemble 1,529 metagenome-assembled genomes from 214 samples from a permafrost thaw gradient from Stordalen mire.
# Greg Boulton

Gregory Colin Boulton AM BA is a former Australian rules football administrator with the Port Adelaide Football Club.
Greg Boulton was president of Port Adelaide Football Club from 1992 to 2008. He played an integral part in completing Bruce Weber's goal of transitioning Port Adelaide from an SANFL club to an AFL club. He oversaw the period during which Port Adelaide won five SANFL premierships and one AFL premiership.
Boulton was awarded a Centenary Medal on 1 January 2001 "For service to the community through the Australian Football League in South Australia'. In the 2010 Australia Day Honours Boulton was appointed Member of the Order of Australia (AM) "For service to Australian Rules football administration, to the community of South Australia, and to business".
# Geoff Apps

Geoffrey Cleland Apps (born London, England, 1949 and died Chirnside, Scotland, 2024) was an English pioneer of all-terrain bicycles.

## Beginnings

Geoff Apps' family moved near the Chiltern Hills north-west of London, where he cycled in the woods. He took up motorcycle observed trials riding but was unhappy with the noise and disturbance.
He began modifying conventional bicycles for off-road use in 1965. By 1979 he had designed and created a lightweight bicycle for the wet mud of south-east England that used 650Bx54 Nokia Hakkapeliitta snow tyres from Finland. Apps set up Cleland Cycles Ltd to manufacture copies of his Aventura design in 1982 and these were sold under Apps' Cleland Cycles brand until 1984. They were designed for touring, in which reliability and comfort were more important than speed and racing. Companies in Britain produced their own versions, notably English Cycles and Highpath Engineering.
The Range-Rider had a number of interesting features. The frame was built with Reynolds 531 butted tubing throughout including the extra diagonal brace from the top of the seat tube to the bottom of the head tube. The extra wide bottom bracket featured needle roller bearings and flat thrust bearings rather than traditional ball-bearing cup design. Double chainrings and outer guard ring with 5 rear sprockets gave a wide range with a low ratio 20.6” gear which with the tungsten carbide studded Hakka tyres allowed riders to climb extreme gradients. In October 1981 a Range-Rider was ridden up Snowdon, the highest mountain in Wales. A bash plate and mud guard protected the chainrings. Hub brakes were fitted to overcome any effects of mud and water on rim brakes. Mudguards were modified to have the brackets on the outside to reduce mud buildup. Spoke holes in the rims were drilled out to accept heavy-duty spoke 12-gauge spokes. With tyre pressures lowered the ride off-road was extraordinary with grip and traction levels better than many riders could exploit. On the road, with the Hakkas pumped up hard, the ride was noisy but wonderful on ice. With less extreme tyres it felt quicker and gave a confidence-inspiring ride with the stiff light frame.

## American links

Apps read about the Ritchey-built MountainBikes mountain bike in the February 1980 BMX Plus and contacted Gary Fisher and Charlie Kelly at the MountainBikes Company in Fairfax, California. Apps told them about the off-road bicycles he had built and of large diameter 650Bx54 and 700Cx47 Nokia Hakkapeliitta snow tyres that were made in Finland. In December 2006, Fisher said of Apps’s 1980 contact: "We got some tires from Geoff Apps really early on and we said ‘Holy Toledo!’" But poor supply meant the fledgling MTB industry stuck with the smaller wheels.
Apps lived in Scotland where he continued to ride and develop bicycles until his death. He cofounded and contributed to, Making Tracks before moving to Scotland to work on New Cyclist. He was an illustrator and draughtsman, his work appearing in publications including Bicycle Design.
# Sarojini

Sarojini is a feminine given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Sarojini Charles, Sri Lankan Tamil civil servant
* Sarojini Naidu (1879–1949), President of the Indian National Conference
* Sarojini Pillay (21st century), Fijian academic
* Sarojini Sahoo (born 1956), Indian feminist writer
* Sarojini Yogeswaran (died 1998), Sri Lankan politician
# Generalized Pochhammer symbol

In mathematics, the generalized Pochhammer symbol of parameter $\alpha >0$ and partition $\kappa =(\kappa _{1},\kappa _{2},\ldots ,\kappa _{m})$ generalizes the classical Pochhammer symbol, named after Leo August Pochhammer, and is defined as
    $(a)_{\kappa }^{(\alpha )}=\prod _{i=1}^{m}\prod _{j=1}^{\kappa _{i}}\left(a-{\frac {i-1}{\alpha }}+j-1\right).$
It is used in multivariate analysis.
# Georg Prenner

Georg Prenner (aka. Brenner or Pyrenaeus, born Laibach, present-day Ljubljana; died St Pölten, 4 February 1590) was active as a composer in Prague during the 1560s, when 39 of his motets were printed in various anthologies. A few additional works survive in manuscripts, and a modern edition appeared as Monumenta artis musicae Sloveniae, xxiv, Ljubljana, 1994.
He is first documented in 1554 as a copyist in the Prague Kapelle of the Archduke Maximillian, later Emperor Maximilian II. On 20 August 1572 Prenner was appointed abbot of the monastery of St Dorothea, Vienna (site of the present Dorotheum), and in 1578 he moved to the Herzogenburg Priory near St Pölten.

## Sources

* Dunning, Albert (2001). "Prenner, Georg". In Sadie, Stanley; Tyrrell, John (eds.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (2nd ed.). London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-239-5. ‎
# Geoff Cox

Geoff Cox (born 13 March 1951) is an Australian musician and media personality. He is often referred to as "Coxy".
Cox is most notable for having played drums with Brian Cadd, and with the bands Cycle, The Bootleg Family Band and Avalanche. He also filled in as drummer with the Little River Band while Derek Pellicci recovered from burns following a barbecue accident. He later became a light entertainment presenter on the Seven Network. In the 2000s, he hosted the travel program Coxy's Big Break.
Cox has been an Australia Day Ambassador. He has supported other charitable causes, including the Cabrini Institute and Zoos Victoria.
In 2008, Cox survived bowel cancer.
One of his earliest TV performances was on Countdown, in a short documentary which led viewers through the process of making Australian Crawl's music single, "Beautiful People".
# Geoff Crain

Geoffrey MacKay Crain (December 15, 1930 – October 25, 1998) was a Canadian football player who played for the Ottawa Rough Riders and Winnipeg Blue Bombers. Born in New York, Crain and his parents moved back to Canada when he was two years old. He played football previously at McGill University before his pro career.
# Sarıkoç, Nizip

Sarıkoç is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Nizip, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 192 in 2022.
# Sargassum siliquastrum

Sargassum siliquastrum is a brown alga species in the genus Sargassum.
Sargachromanols are bio-active isolates of S. siliquastrum. It has anti-inflammatory effect.
# Saskatchewan Highway 953

Highway 953 is a provincial highway in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It runs from Highway 952 to Highway 2. It is about 32 kilometres (20 mi) long.
Highway 953 passes through the communities of Emma Lake, Sunnyside Beach, Clearsand Beach, Neis Beach, McPhail Cove, and Anglin Lake. Highway 953 also provides access to the lakes of Emma, Christopher, Blanche, and Anglin as well as the Anglin Lake Recreation Site section of Great Blue Heron Provincial Park.
# Sargon I

Sargon I (also transcribed as Šarru-kīn I and Sharru-ken I) was the king (Išši’ak Aššur, "Steward of Assur") during the Old Assyrian period from c. 1920 BC to 1881 BC. On the Assyrian King List, Sargon appears as the son and successor of Ikunum, and the father and predecessor of Puzur-Ashur II.
The name “Sargon” means “the king is legitimate” in the Akkadian language. Sargon I might have been named after Sargon of Akkad, perhaps reflecting the extent to which Sargon I identified with the prestigious Dynasty of Akkad.
Sargon I is known for his work refortifying Assur. Very little is otherwise known about Sargon I. The following is a list of the 41 annually-elected limmu officials from the year of accession of Sargon I until the year of his death.
Dates are based on a date of 1833 BC for the solar eclipse recorded in the limmu of Puzur-Ishtar:
1920 BC Irišum son of Iddin-Aššur 1919 BC Aššur-malik son of Agatum 1918 BC Aššur-malik son of Enania 1917 BC Ibisua son of Suen-nada 1916 BC Bazia son of Bal-Tutu 1915 BC Puzur-Ištar son of Sabasia
1914 BC Pišaḫ-Ili son of Adin 1913 BC Asqudum son of Lapiqum 1912 BC Ili-pilaḫ son of Damqum
1911 BC Qulali 1910 BC Susaya 1909 BC Amaya the Weaponer 1908 BC Ipḫurum son of Ili-ellat 1907 BC Kudanum son of Laqipum 1906 BC Ili-bani son of Ikunum 1905 BC Šu-Kubum son of Susaya 1904 BC Quqidi son of Amur-Aššur 1903 BC Abia son of Nur-Suen 1902 BC Šu-Ištar son of Šukutum 1901 BC Bazia son of Šepa-lim 1900 BC Šu-Ištar son of Ikunum, the starlike (kakkabanum) 1899 BC Abia son of Šu-Dagan 1898 BC Salia son of Šabakuranum 1897 BC Ibni-Adad son of Baqqunum 1896 BC Aḫmarši son of Malkum-išar 1895 BC Sukkalia son of Minanum 1894 BC Iddin-Aššur son of Kubidi 1893 BC Šudaya son of Ennanum 1892 BC Al-ṭab son of Pilaḫ-Aššur 1891 BC Aššur-dammiq son of Abarsisum 1890 BC Puzur-Niraḫ son of Puzur-Suen 1889 BC Amur-Aššur son of Karria 1888 BC Buzuzu son of Ibbi-Suen 1887 BC Šu-Ḫubur son of Elali 1886 BC Ilšu-rabi son of Bazia 1885 BC Alaḫum son of Inaḫ-ili 1884 BC Ṭab-Aššur son of Suḫarum 1883 BC Elali son of Ikunum 1882 BC Iddin-abum son of Narbitum 1881 BC Adad-bani son of Iddin-Aššur 1880 BC Aššur-iddin son of Šuli
# George Barker (photographer)

George Barker (17 July 1844 – 27 November 1894) was a Canadian-American photographer best known for his photographs of Niagara Falls.

## Life

Barker was born in London, Canada West in 1844. He first studied landscape painting, switching to photography following a financial setback. He began his photography training with the Western-Canadian photographer James Egan. At the age of 18, he had opened his own studio in London.

## Photography career
### Niagara Falls

In July 1862, he made his first trip to Niagara Falls, New York, where he found a job working for Platt D. Babbitt. By the late 1860s, he had studios in both London and Niagara Falls, with the Niagara studio called Barker's Stereoscopic View Manufactory and Photograph Rooms, and had become known nationwide for his large-format (up to 18 in × 20 in (46 cm × 51 cm)) and stereographic prints of the falls. In 1866, he won a gold medal for landscape photography at the convention for the Photographers Association of America, held in Saint Louis.
Barker's Niagara studio was destroyed by fire on February 7, 1870, but his negatives survived.

### Florida

Barker was one of the earliest photographers to visit the state of Florida. At the time, photography in Florida was challenging, as much of the state remained undeveloped, which meant photographers needed to carry their bulky equipment through the state's wetlands and subtropical jungles, as well as deal with delicate film in hot and humid conditions. Barker spent nearly four years (on and off), from 1886 to 1890, documenting much of northern and central Florida.

### Disasters

In addition to his well-known landscape photographs, Barker traveled the United States, documenting natural disasters such as the Louisville Tornado of 1890 and the 1889 Johnstown flood.

## Death

When he died in 1894 of Bright's disease, he was described as "the eminent photographer of Niagara Falls".

## Collections

Upon his death, his works were acquired by Underwood & Underwood of Washington, D.C.
Additional works are included in the permanent collections of:
* the Library of Congress,
* The J Paul Getty Museum, and
* the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York,
* the National Galleries of Scotland,
* the Art Institute of Chicago,
* the Art Gallery of Ontario,
* the National Gallery of Art,
* the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, and
* the Smithsonian American Art Museum.

## Gallery

* Cave of the Winds
* Silver Springs, Florida
* Mule-drawn wagon in Stony Creek, Virginia
# Geneva Township, Ashtabula County, Ohio

Geneva Township is one of the twenty-seven townships of Ashtabula County, Ohio. The 2020 census found 10,080 people in the township.

## Geography

Located in the northwestern corner of the county along Lake Erie, it borders the following townships:
* Saybrook Township (east)
* Austinburg Township (southeast corner)
* Harpersfield Township (south)
* Madison Township, Lake County (west)
The Canadian province of Ontario lies across Lake Erie to the north.
Two municipalities are located in Geneva Township: most of the city of Geneva in the south, and the village of Geneva-on-the-Lake in the north, on the shoreline of Lake Erie.

## Name and history

Named for the city of Geneva, New York, it is the only Geneva Township statewide.
Geneva Township was organized in 1816.
Geneva Township was described in 1833 as having one store, one gristmill, and three saw mills.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees. Currently, the board is composed of chairman Tim Mills and members Dennis Brown and Bob Russell.
# Geneva Township, Illinois

Geneva Township is in Kane County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 26,552 and it contained 10,210 housing units.

## Geography

Unlike the prototypical Midwestern township, which is a six mile by six mile square, Geneva Township splits such a 6 miles (9.7 km) square with Batavia Township. According to the 2010 census, the township has an area of 16.37 square miles (42.4 km$^2$), of which 16.09 square miles (41.7 km$^2$) (or 98.29%) is land and 0.28 square miles (0.73 km$^2$) (or 1.71%) is water. It is divided by the Fox River.

## Cities, Towns, Villages

* Batavia (northern segment)
* Geneva (vast majority)
# George Alan Ingalls

George Alan Ingalls (March 9, 1946 – April 16, 1967) was a United States Army soldier and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration—the Medal of Honor—for his actions in the Vietnam War.

## Biography

Ingalls joined the Army from Los Angeles, California, in 1966, and by April 16, 1967, was serving as a specialist four in Company A, 2d Battalion, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). On that day, near Đức Phổ in the Republic of Vietnam, Ingalls smothered the blast of an enemy-thrown hand grenade with his body, sacrificing his life to protect those around him.
Ingalls, aged 21 at his death, was buried in Pierce Brothers Crestlawn Memorial Park, Riverside, California.

## Medal of Honor citation

Specialist Ingalls' official Medal of Honor citation reads:
   For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity in action at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. Sp4 Ingalls, a member of Company A, accompanied his squad on a night ambush mission. Shortly after the ambush was established, an enemy soldier entered the killing zone and was shot when he tried to evade capture. Other enemy soldiers were expected to enter the area, and the ambush was maintained in the same location. Two quiet hours passed without incident, then suddenly a hand grenade was thrown from the nearby dense undergrowth into the center of the squad's position. The grenade did not explode, but shortly thereafter a second grenade landed directly between Sp4 Ingalls and a nearby comrade. Although he could have jumped to a safe position, Sp4 Ingalls, in a spontaneous act of great courage, threw himself on the grenade and absorbed its full blast. The explosion mortally wounded Sp4 Ingalls, but his heroic action saved the lives of the remaining members of his squad. His gallantry and selfless devotion to his comrades are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon Sp4 Ingalls, his unit, and the U.S. Army.
# Georg Dertinger

Georg Dertinger (25 December 1902 – 21 January 1968) was a German politician.
He was born in Berlin into a middle-class Protestant family. Dertinger briefly studied law and economics. After his study he became a journalist and later editor for the Magdeburger Volkszeitung and the nationalistic newspaper Der Stahlhelm. He broke with the Stahlhelm because of its rigid right-wing philosophy. He sympathized with the German National People's Party, a right-wing nationalist party.
Dertinger later became a member of the political circle around Chancellor Franz von Papen. He accompanied Papen to Rome as a journalist, a representative for the Hamburger Nachrichten, for the signature of the Reichskonkordat between Nazi Germany and the Holy See, shortly after Adolf Hitler's rise to power.
In 1934 Dertinger returned to Berlin and became publisher of Dienst aus Deutschland, a news agency that provided news to foreign newspapers.
After World War II Dertinger co-founded the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. From 1946 to 1949 he was General Secretary of the East-German CDU and from 1949 to 1953 Vice-Chairman of the party. He supported the official line of co-operation with the Socialist Unity Party and opposed the more independent-minded party chairman Jakob Kaiser, whom he had deposed in December 1947.
Dertinger also joined the Cultural Association of the DDR (Kulturbund) and was a member of the Cultural Association's Presidential Council.
On 11 October 1949 he became East Germany's first Minister of Foreign Affairs in Otto Grotewohl's cabinet However, he tended to be only a figurehead to secure CDU participation in the SED-dominated National Front and most important decisions would be made by his eventual successor Anton Ackermann. In 1950 he signed the Oder-Neisse Treaty with Poland, that arranged the borderline between East Germany and the Polish People's Republic.
On 15 January 1953 Dertinger was arrested due to his allegedly harmful activities against East Germany and in 1954 he was tried on a show trial for espionage, found guilty and sentenced to hard labor (15 years). In 1964 he was given amnesty. The years before his death he worked for the Roman Catholic St. Benno publishing house.