OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Early Ceramic Period (Kansas)

The Early Ceramic period (1 BCE to 1,000 CE) marked the end of the Archaic period for this part of the world. You can assume that, by the name, the ceramic period marks the beginning of the creation of ceramics and while this is true, it was the beginning of even more technology. The end of the Archaic period saw the spread of the cultivation of local plants and the Ceramic period saw agricultural expansion. Alterations in weaponry began and the ways in which people hunted started to change. Emphasis on ceremonial burials and a new way to bury and celebrate the dead comes about.

## Social

Toward the beginning of the Ceramic Period, camps were scattered around the land near water sources but as population increased and tensions started to rise, more families came closer to create sedentary villages around or near springs, ponds, and streams. One of the groups of people known to have migrated toward Kansas was the Hopewell people. The Hopewell people seem to have migrated along the Missouri river and are believed to be a main influence on the many changes of the Early Ceramic period in the Great Plains.

## Hopewell People

The Hopewell people got their name from a landowner named Mordecai Hopewell who had mounds on his property excavated in the 1800s. The mounds constructed by the Hopewell people were strictly ceremonial or used for burials. Some burials were suggestive of a hierarchically structured society because of the goods they contained. Their settlements of rectangular houses were most prominent in Northeastern America. They had a long-distance trade network that extended down to the Gulf of Mexico and through to the Rocky Mountains obtaining goods such as copper, mica, shells, and obsidian that they used to make tools and weapons. The Hopewell people gathered wild plants but also raised crops such as sunflowers, goosefoot, and squash.

## Transformation

As stated above, the most notable change going into the Ceramic Period was the boom in creation of ceramic vessels. The creation of pottery is very widespread. The styles of these ceramic pieces show resemblance to what was created by the Hopewell people, showing influence due to trade and the migration of these people towards Kansas. Pottery was used for cooking and storage and some of it was decorated. More notable was cord marked pottery that was another influence from people further east. Another technological transformation during this time was the shift from the atlatl to the bow and arrow as the projectile points are being made smaller. Further examples of Hopewell influence is the use of ceremonial burial mounds and the cultivation of the same crops listed above , sunflowers, marshelder, and goosefoot though Kansas' most staple crops became corn and beans.
# Titanium perchlorate

Titanium perchlorate is a molecular compound of titanium and perchlorate groups with formula Ti(ClO$_4$)$_4$. Anhydrous titanium perchlorate decomposes explosively at 130 °C and melts at 85 °C with a slight decomposition. It sublimes in a vacuum as low as 70 °C. Being a molecular with four perchlorate ligands, it is an unusual example of a transition metal perchlorate complex.

## Properties

    packing of Ti(ClO$_4$)$_4$ molecules in the crystal.
In Ti(ClO$_4$)$_4$, the four perchlorate groups binds as bidentate ligands. Thus the Ti center is bound to eight oxygen atoms. So the molecule could also be called tetrakis(perchlorato-O,O')titanium(IV).
In the solid form it forms monoclinic crystals, with unit cell parameters a=12.451 b=7.814 c=12.826 Å α=108.13. Unit cell volume is 1186 Å$^3$ at -100 °C. There are four molecules per unit cell.
It reacts with petrolatum, nitromethane, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, and over 25° with carbon tetrachloride.
Titanyl perchlorate form solvates with water, dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane, pyridine-N-oxide, and quinoline-N-oxide.
Thermolysis of titanium perchlorate gives TiO$_2$, ClO$_2$ and dioxygen O$_2$ The titanyl species TiO(ClO$_4$)$_2$ is an intermediate in this decomposition.
    Ti(ClO$_4$)$_4$ → TiO$_2$ + 4ClO$_2$ + 3O$_2$ ΔH = +6 kcal/mol (25 kJ/mol).

## Formation

Titanium perchlorate can be formed by reacting titanium tetrachloride with perchloric acid enriched in dichlorine heptoxide. Another way uses titanium tetrachloride with dichlorine hexoxide. This forms a complex with Cl$_2$O$_6$ which when warmed to 55° in a vacuum, sublimes and can crystallise the pure anhydrous product from the vapour.

## Related

In the salt dicaesium hexaperchloratotitanate, Cs$_2$Ti(ClO$_4$)$_6$ the perchlorate groups are monodentate, connected by one oxygen to titanium.
Titanium perchlorate can also form complexes with other ligands bound to the titanium atom including binol, and gluconic acid.
A polymeric oxychlorperchlorato compound of titanium, Ti$_6$O$_4$Cl$_x$(ClO$_4$)$_{16−x}$, is made from excess TiCl$_4$ and dichlorine hexoxide. This has a varying composition, and ranges from light to dark yellow.
# ICNB

Abbreviation ICNB may refer to:
* Institute for Nature Conservation and Biodiversity, a Portuguese government agency
* International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria, a scientific classification
* Intercostal nerve block, a medical procedure
# William R. Cotton

William R. Cotton is an American cloud physicist and mesoscale meteorology educator. He is a professor emeritus in the Department of Atmospheric Science at the Colorado State University (CSU).

## Background

Cotton earned a B.A. in mathematics at University at Albany, The State University of New York (SUNY) in 1964, a M.S. in meteorology at SUNY in 1966, and a Ph.D. in meteorology at Pennsylvania State University (PSU) in 1970. He was appointed to the academic faculty at the CSU Department of Atmospheric Science in 1974. He assumed the position of an assistant professor in the department where he is now a tenured professor. He has been actively involved in observation and computer simulation of cumulus clouds and thunderstorms as well as other intermediate-scale cloud systems. His current interests are largely in the area of observation and modeling of larger clusters of thunderstorms that occur preferentially at night over the central United States, the simulation of severe thunderstorms including tornadoes and the application of the RAMS cloud-resolving atmospheric model to forecasting agriculture and aviation impact variables. He has held positions at the Experimental Meteorological Laboratory (ERL), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the United States Department of Commerce, and served as the head of the Numerical Simulation Group from 1970 to 1974. In 2010 Cotton became professor emeritus.

## Mesoscale modeling

Working with students who provided coding expertise as well as original scientific insights (including Chaing Chen, Piotr J. Flatau, Michael D. Moran, Jerome Schmidt, Craig J. Tremback, Gregory Tripoli) he developed one of the first comprehensive mesoscale weather forecast models in the U.S. – the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). This modelling system was subsequently merged with a smaller subset of the code based on the mesoscale model developed independently by Roger A. Pielke for his Ph.D. research related to sea breeze studies and subsequently with his students at the Colorado State University. RAMS has been used as a basis for other weather forecasting systems.
Cotton indicated skepticism of the level of anthropogenic global warming, stating that it is an open question if human produced changes in climate are large enough to be detected from the noise of the natural variability of the climate system.

## Publications

Professor Cotton has published more than 120 papers in peer-reviewed journals, seven chapters in books, co-authored three books, and authored one book. Well known include:
* Cotton, W.R. and R.A. Anthes, 1992: Storm and Cloud Dynamics (International Geophysics Series), Academic Press, San Diego, New York (2nd Edition, 2011)
* Cotton, W.R. and R.A. Pielke, 1995: Human impacts on weather and climate, Cambridge University Press, New York (2nd Edition, 2007)
* Pielke, R.A, W.R. Cotton and others, 1992: A comprehensive meteorological modeling system—RAMS, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 49, 69-91
# Khobi (river)

The Khobi (Georgian: ხობი) or Khobistskali (ხობისწყალი) is a river in Georgia. It flows into the Black Sea through the Colchis Lowland. Khobi town and Chkhorotsqu town are both situated on the banks of the Khobi river. It is used for irrigation in some areas. It is 150 km (93 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 1,340 km$^2$ (520 sq mi).
The source of water is mainly rain. The mean flow rate (30 km from the mouth) is 44.2 m$^3$/s, maximum 333m$^3$/s. The main tributary of the Khobi is the Chanistskali.
During the Great Patriotic War there was a temporary base of the Black Sea Fleet.
In 2000-2005 an oil depot for tankers was built in the village of Kulevi, near the mouth of the Khobi.
# Creative Book Publishers International

Creative Book Publishers International is one of two special imprints of the international Marketing and Publicity Specialist Communication Projects International, the other imprint being Global Book Publishers.
The imprints were created in 2006 by the Beverly Hills-based parent consultancy which saw a need for both traditional and non-traditional book marketing. Both imprints focus primarily on non-fiction with exceptions made for unique and special fiction projects that can benefit from the company's unique marketing and promotional talents. Principals of the company have held major marketing executive titles at several leading entertainment groups, including Warner Bros. and 20th Century Fox.

## Notable titles

As a natural spinoff of its many connections with the entertainment world, Creative Book Publishers International has published a variety of titles by people such as the writer, producer and director Stephen Verona (The Making of The Lords of Flatbush), the sports broadcaster Tony Verna (Instant Replay: the Day That Changed Sports Forever), the movie producer Ed Feldman (Tell Me How You Love the Picture) and the publicist Leonard Morpurgo (Of Kings and Queens and Movie Stars).
Also related are titles about entertainment world celebrities such as Glenn Miller (The Glenn Miller Conspiracy: The Never-Before-Told True Story of his Live and Death by Lt. Col. Hunton Downs, US Army, Ret.), as well as books about the movies themselves (The Making Of A Classic, Margaret Mitchell and Gone With The Wind by Sally Tippett Rains.)
# New Brunswick Route 616

Route 616 is a 13.1-kilometre (8.1 mi) long mostly north–south secondary highway in the eastern portion of New Brunswick, Canada.
The route starts at Route 104 between Morehouse Corner and Zealand where it travels mostly northeast past Zealand. It crosses over the Mactaquac Basin before passing Tripp Settlement. The road travels through Keswick Ridge and past Mactaquac Heights before ending at Route 105 in McKeens Corner on the north bank of the Saint John River close to the Mactaquac Dam.
# Jack Parshall

Jack Parshall was an American pilot and air crash investigator who became lead investigator for the Civil Aeronautics Board. Investigations that he led include the bombing of United Air Lines Flight 629 in 1955 and the 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision. His report on the Grand Canyon collision resulted in major changes to air traffic control in the United States.
# East Coast Comicon

The East Coast Comicon is an annual comic book fan convention that takes place in New Jersey. It began in 2011 as the Asbury Park Comicon, and took place in Asbury Park, New Jersey. Due to its expansion and the need for a larger venue, it was renamed the East Coast Comicon in 2015, and moved to the Meadowlands Exposition Center in Secaucus, New Jersey.

## History

The Asbury Park Comicon was founded by Cliff Galbraith of Crucial Entertainment, LLC. The show was conceived when Galbraith attended and observed crowds of people looking through cardboard boxes filled with albums. Galbraith relates, "I said, 'Who else looks through white boxes?' And a light bulb went off." Comparing his convention to the enormous crowds of the much larger New York Comic Con, which takes place in nearby Manhattan, Galbraith comments, "What we offer is a much more civilized, intimate setting. You can really spend time with the artist. You’re not hustled along." Galbraith wanted to create a convention that emphasized comics over the film and television promotions around which many of the conventions they had attended had become centered. The first show took place on May 2, 2012, at the Asbury Lanes live music and bowling venue in Asbury Park, New Jersey. The event featured guests Evan Dorkin, Sarah Dyer, Stephanie Buscema, Jamal Igle, and Steve Mannion.
The second Asbury Park Comicon took place on September 29, 2012, at the Asbury Lanes in Asbury Park. The event featured artists Evan Dorkin, Sarah Dyer, Dean Haspiel, and Reilly Brown.
The third Asbury Park Comicon took place on March 30, 2013, at Asbury Park Convention Hall in Asbury Park. The event featured Al Jaffee, Michael E. Uslan, Herb Trimpe, Jamal Igle, Allen Bellman, Don McGregor, Jay Lynch, Rudy Nebres, John Holmstrom, Evan Dorkin, and Bob Camp. The third Asbury Park Comicon was attended by approximately 3,800 comic book fans.
The fourth Asbury Park Comicon took place over the weekend of April 12 and 13, 2014, at the Berkeley Oceanfront Hotel in Asbury Park, New Jersey. Guests included Jim Steranko, Chris Claremont, Ann Nocenti, J.H. Williams III, Cliff Chiang, Denis Kitchen, Mark Schultz, Box Brown, Andrew Aydin, Don McGregor, Jay Lynch, and Jamal Igle.
By 2015, Galbraith realized that the Asbury Park location created too many limitations to the convention's expansion. The Meadowlands Exposition Center in Harmon Meadow Plaza in Secaucus, New Jersey would allow the organizers to increase the number of featured exhibitors to 300, provide a more convenient location to northern New Jersey and New York City, and free parking. Guests included Neal Adams, Arthur Adams, Jim Steranko, Simon Bisley, Larry Hama, John Holmstrom, Bob Camp, Ann Nocenti, Whilce Portacio, Steve Rude, Don McGregor, and Rich Buckler. Among the panel discussions was one devoted to artist Wally Wood. It was the last comics convention to feature Herb Trimpe before his death on Monday, April 13, 2015.
The 2020 convention was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
# Tinani language

Tinani (Tinan) is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and in western Tibet.
Tinani is spoken in the lower Chandra, Tinan, and Rangloi valleys of Lahaul and Spiti district in Himachal Pradesh (Ethnologue). Gondhla is main village.
# ICN

ICN may refer to:

## Organizations

* ICN Pharmaceuticals or ICN Radiochemicals, now Valeant Pharmaceuticals, a Canadian multinational
* ICN Radio, an Italian-language radio in New York City
* Information Communications Network LLC, a company in Mongolia
* Inside Climate News, American news organization
* International Competition Network a regulators association
* International Council of Nurses, a federation of national nursing associations
* Iowa Communications Network, an Iowa state agency

### Educational institutes

* ICN Graduate Business School, a French graduate business school in Nancy
* UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, a group of physicians and scientists at University College London

## Computing and communication technology

* iCN GPS, a range of GPS navigation products from Navman
* Illinois Century Network, an operation by the Illinois Department of Central Management Services
* Information-centric networking
* Integrated Computing Network, maintained by the Los Alamos National Laboratory

## History

* Imperial Chinese Navy, a navy of China from 1875 until the end of Qing Empire in 1912

## Shipyards

* Itaguaí Construções Navais, a Brazilian state-owned shipyard also known as ICN

## Science and medicine

* Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn, in medicine
* Intensive care nursery, alternative name for Neonatal intensive care unit
* International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, in botany
* Iodine cyanide, a pseudohalogen with formula ICN or CNI

## Transportation

* ICN (SBB-CFF-FFS), a Swiss intercity tilting passenger train
* Incheon International Airport, near Seoul, South Korea (by IATA airport code)
* InterCity Nagibni, or RegioSwinger, a Croatian tilting diesel passenger train

## Other

* Indigenous Corporation Number, as registered by the Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations in Australia
* International Communications Network, former name of now-defunct National Broadcasting Network (Trinidad and Tobago)
# William Waldegrave (physician)

William Waldegrave (fl. 1689) was an English physician.

## Biography

Waldegrave was probably the second son of Philip Waldegrave of Borley in Essex (a cadet of the family of Waldegrave of Chewton), by his second wife, Margaret, daughter of John Eve of Easton in Essex, and, if so, was born in 1618. He received the degree of doctor of medicine of Padua on 12 March 1659, and was admitted an honorary fellow of the College of Physicians, London, in December 1664. He was created a fellow of the college, by the charter of James II of England, in 1686, but does not appear to have been admitted as such at the comitia majora extraordinaria of 12 April 1687, which was specially convened for the reception of the charter and the admission of those who were thereby constituted fellows.
On 1 July 1689 he was returned to the House of Lords by the college as a ‘papist.’ He was physician to the queen of James II, and, as Bishop Burnet tells us, was hastily summoned, along with Sir Charles Scarburgh, to her majesty in 1688, shortly before the birth of the Prince of Wales (the ‘Old Pretender’), when she was in danger of miscarrying. In 1691 £434 10 shillings was owing to him from the estate of Henry, first baron Waldegrave (Hist. MSS. Comm. 13th Rep. App. v. 446). He is there styled Sir William, but his name does not appear in Townsend's ‘Catalogue of Knights.’ He is believed to have died a bachelor.
# Kfar Qouq

Kfar Qouq (and variations of spelling) is a village in Lebanon, situated in the Rashaya District and south of the Beqaa Governorate. It is located in an intermontane basin near Mount Hermon near the Syrian border, approximately halfway between Jezzine and Damascus.
The population of the hillside village is predominantly Druze.

## History

Kfar Qouq contains two Roman temple sites in the Western section of the town dating to around 111 BC and another less preserved temple near the church. Fragments such as columns and an inscribed block have been re-used in the village and surrounding area. The surrounding area also has many stone basins, tombs, caves, rock cut niches and other remnants from Greek and Roman times.
Dr. Edward Robinson, visited in the Summer of 1852 and noted a Greek inscription on a doorway, the public fountain and a large reservoir which he noted "exhibits traces of antiquity". The name of the village means "the pottery place" in Aramaic and has also been known as Kfar Quq Al-Debs in relation to molasses and grape production in the area. Kfar Qouq also been associated with King Qouq, a ruler in ancient times.
The local highway was targeted in the 2006 Lebanon War between Hezbollah and Israel.
# Senator Rummel

Senator Rummel may refer to:
* Jacob Rummel (1857–1928), Wisconsin State Senate
* Sandy Rummel (born 1942), Minnesota State Senate
# Double copy theory

Double copy theory is a theory in theoretical physics, specifically in quantum gravity, that hypothesizes a perturbative duality between gauge theory and gravity. The theory says that scattering amplitudes in non-Abelian gauge theories can be factorized such that replacement of the color factor by additional kinematic dependence factor, in a well-defined way, automatically leads to gravity scattering amplitudes. It was first written down by Zvi Bern, John Joseph Carrasco and Henrik Johansson in 2010 and was sometimes known as the BCJ duality after its creators or as "gravity = gauge × gauge".
The theory can be used to make calculations of gravity scattering amplitudes simpler by instead calculating the Yang–Mills amplitude and following the double copy prescription. This technique has been used, for example, to calculate the shape of gravitational waves emitted by two merging black hole. This was proven to work at tree level and at higher orders, including at fourth post-Minkowskian order. The theory has been applied to black holes.
# New Brunswick Route 575

Route 575 is a 15-kilometre (9.3 mi) long east–west secondary highway in the western portion of New Brunswick, Canada.
The route starts at Route 105 in Hartland near Lower Becaguimec Island. The road travels east through a mostly forested area through Pole Hill, where it crosses the South Branch Becaguimec Stream. It then ends at Route 104 in Cloverdale.
# Jackie Linehan

Jackie Linehan (28 October 1864 – 8 March 1944) was an Irish hurler who played for Cork Championship club Aghabullogue. He played for the Cork senior hurling team for one season, during which time he usually lined out as a full-forward.

## Playing career
### Aghabullogue

Linehan joined the Aghabullogue club when it was founded and quickly became one of the club's top scoring forwards. On 13 July 1890, he lined out when Aghabullogue defeated Aghada by 7-03 to 1-01 to win the Cork Championship.

### Cork

Linehan made his first appearance for the Cork hurling team on 29 September 1890. He lined out in the forwards as Cork defeated Kerry by 2-00 to 0-01 to win the Munster Championship. Linehan was again in the forward line on 16 November when Cork defeated Wexford by 1-06 to 2-02 in the All-Ireland final.

## Honours
### Aghabullogue

* Cork Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1890

### Cork

* All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1890
* Munster Senior Hurling Championship (1): 1890
# Echeveria lilacina

Echeveria lilacina, common name ghost echeveria or Mexican hens and chicks, is a species of succulent plants in the genus Echeveria belonging to the family Crassulaceae.

## Description

Echeveria lilacina can reach a height of about 15 cm. The leaves are silvery-grey, spoon shaped, fleshy and arranged in a symmetrical rosette of 12–25 cm of diameter. This species is slow growing and drought-tolerant. Flowers are pale pink or coral-colored. They emerge on small short arching racemes on the top of reddish stems of about 15 cm. Flowering period extends from later winter to early spring.

## Distribution

This species is native to Nuevo Leon, in northern Mexico.

## Habitat

Echeveria lilacina grows on rocky areas at quite high elevations.

## Cultivation

Echeveria lilacina is cultivated as an ornamental plant, for use in gardens, and as a potted plant.

## Etymology

The genus name Echeveria was given in honor of the 18th century Mexican botanist and painter Atanasio Echeverría y Godoy, famous for his paintings of plants, many of which were included in Flora Mexicana.
lilacina means 'lilac-colored'.
# Tinamotis

Tinamotis is a genus of birds in the tinamou family.

## Taxonomy

All tinamou are from the family Tinamidae, and in the larger scheme are also ratites. Unlike other ratites, tinamous can fly, although in general, they are not strong fliers. All ratites evolved from prehistoric flying birds, and tinamous are the closest living relative of these birds.

### Species

The species are:
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
| | Tinamotis pentlandii | puna tinamou, or Pentland's tinamou | the Andes of Peru, western Bolivia, northwestern Argentina, and Chile |
| | Tinamotis ingoufi | Patagonian tinamou, or Ingouf's tinamou | the savanna of southwestern Argentina and southern Chile |

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Tinamidae". aviansystematics.org. The Trust for Avian Systematics. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
* ↑ Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
* 1 2 Clements, J. (2007)