OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Harald Ludvig Westergaard

Harald Ludvig Westergaard (April 19, 1853 in Copenhagen – December 13, 1936 in Copenhagen) was a Danish statistician and economist known for his work in demography and the history of statistics.
Harald Westergaard was born in Copenhagen and apart from a period studying in England and Germany in 1877-78 he lived there all his life. His subject at the University of Copenhagen was mathematics but he became interested in economics and, while he was in England, he seems to have met William Stanley Jevons. In the preface to the second edition (1879) of the Theory of Political Economy Jevons refers to Westergaard's mathematical suggestions. However, after this spectacular debut Westergaard seems not to have contributed further to mathematical economics.
In 1880-1882, Westergaard worked for the Danish Insurance Office and he developed an interest in demography. His international reputation was made by the publication of Die Lehre von der Mortalität und Morbilität (1881). This work won him a gold medal from the University and led to his appointment as a lecturer in 1883. In 1886, he became a Professor at the early age of 33. He retired in 1924.
Westergaard's late work Contributions to the History of Statistics (1932) described the history of vital and economic statistics up to the end of the nineteenth century. Statistical theory, whether of the Laplace or Pearson variety, is discussed but given a subordinate place. In the Introduction, Westergaard remarks, "For a long while ... the calculus of probabilities had less influence on statistics than might have been expected, the authors confining themselves to abstract theories which had little or nothing to do with reality."
Westergaard was well-known and respected internationally. The obituary in the Journal of the Royal Statistical Society of London, begins, "By [his] death Europe has lost her senior statistician" and ends, "This is not the place to write at length about his personal charm, marked by simplicity, helpfulness and friendliness; but it was this as much as his intellectual eminence that gave him a unique place in the society of economists and statisticians."

## Books by Harald Westergaard

* Die Lehre von der Mortalität und Morbilität: Anthropologisch-statistische Untersuchungen. 1881
* Grundzüge der Theorie der Statistik. 1890
* Economic Development in Denmark before and during the World War. 1922
* Contributions to the History of Statistics, 1932, reprinted 1969 New York: Kelley
# Spread My Wings

"Spread My Wings" is the title of a number-one R&B single by Troop. As the second single taken from the album Attitude, the song spent two weeks at number one on the U.S. R&B chart.
# Hans Düby

Hans Düby (30 January 1906 – 31 March 1978) was a Swiss trade unionist and politician.
Born in Schüpfen, Düby was the son of Emil, who later became the leader of the Swiss Railwaymen's Association. Düby studied music in Bern at the Conservatoire, but then in 1925 undertook an apprenticeship with the Swiss Federal Railways. On completing the apprenticeship, he was taken on permanently as an administrative officer.
In 1937, Düby joined the Swiss Railwaymen's Association (SEV), and in 1941 he became a branch secretary. From 1943, he began working full-time for the union as editor of its journal, Eisenbahner. In 1954, he was elected as the SEV's general secretary, the leading role in the union. In 1960, his title was changed to president, but he remained the union's leader. He also became a vice-president of the Swiss Federation of Trade Unions, and served on the executive of the International Transport Workers' Federation (ITF). In 1965, he was elected as president of the ITF.
Düby was also active in the Socialist Party of Switzerland. He was elected to Bern City Council in 1945, and to the Grand Council of Bern the following year. In 1955, he was instead elected to the Swiss Federal Assembly, again representing Bern.
Düby was elected to the Swiss Federal Railways' Board of Directors in 1963. He retired from his trade union posts in 1971, then stood down from the Federal Assembly in 1975. He died three years later.
# Hardly Hurts at All

"Hardly Hurts at All" is a 2003 single by Maria Arredondo from Maria Arredondo. This single is part from the second CD's version. Hardly Hurts at All peaked at number 5 in Norway.

## Track listing

Norwegian CD Single
* "Hardly Hurts At All" - 03:30
* "On and On" - 04:33

## Charts

| Chart (2003) | Peak position |
| Norway (VG-lista) | 5 |
# Harburn railway station

Harburn railway station was situated on the Caledonian Railway line between Carstairs railway station and Edinburgh.
It was closed in 1966 by the Beeching Axe.
# Vujadin Radovanović

Vujadin "Vuja" Radovanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Вујадин Радовановић, born January 12, 1962, in Mladenovac) is a Serbian comic-book and graphic novel creator.

## Biography

He obtained his degree at the Faculty of Architecture in Belgrade. He debuted in Yugoslav comics industry in 1984, as member of "Bauhaus 7" art group, together with Zoran Tucić, Rade Tovladijac and Saša Živković.
Radovanović is known best for his comics "Čuvari zaboravljenog vremena" (writer: Miroslav Marić), "Džo XX" (writer: Marko Fančović), "Projekat Uskrsnuće" (writer: Marko Fančović) "Shine on you crazy diamond“ (writer: Ljuan Koka), "Slomljeni svemir" (writer: Darko Macan), "Pandora Box" (writer: Alcante) and "Candide ou l'optimisme, de Voltaire" (writers: Michel Dufranne alias Miroslav Dragan & Gorian Delpâture).
He worked for publishers in Serbia (Dečje novine, Happy Metal, Lavirint, Darkwood), France (Dupuis, Delcourt) and Germany (Gespenster Geschichten). He lives in Mladenovac.
# Caladenia orientalis

Caladenia orientalis, commonly known as the eastern spider orchid, is a species of orchid endemic to Victoria. It is a ground orchid with a single hairy leaf and one or two creamy-white to yellowish-green flowers and which only grows near the Mornington Peninsula.

## Description

Caladenia orientalis is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb with a small, spherical, underground tuber and a single leaf, 100–150 mm (4–6 in) long and 10–15 mm (0.4–0.6 in) wide. One or two creamy-white to yellowish-green flowers 70–100 mm (3–4 in) are borne on a stalk 100–200 mm (4–8 in) tall. The sepals and petals taper to thin brown to black tips. The dorsal sepal is erect, 90–120 mm (4–5 in) long, about 3 mm (0.1 in) wide and the lateral sepals are 90–120 mm (4–5 in) long, 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide and spread away from each other. The petals are 70–100 mm (3–4 in) long and 2–3 mm (0.08–0.1 in) wide and curve downwards with drooping tips. The labellum is 18–22 mm (0.7–0.9 in) long, 8–12 mm (0.3–0.5 in) wide, cream-coloured with many red teeth up to 2 mm (0.08 in) long on the sides and the tip curled under. There are four or six rows of reddish, foot-shaped calli, 2 mm (0.08 in) long, along the mid-line of the labellum and decreasing in length towards its tip. Flowering occurs from September to October, but flowering generally follows summer bushfires. This species is difficult to distinguish from Caladenia patersonii and C. fragrantissima and sometimes forms hybrids with C. tessellata.

## Taxonomy and naming

This orchid was first formally described in 2001 by Stephen Hopper and Andrew Phillip Brown and the description was published in the Indigenous Flora and Fauna Association Miscellaneous Paper 1. In 2004, Stephen Hopper and Andrew Phillip Brown raised the species to Caladenia orientalis and published the change in Australian Systematic Botany. The specific epithet (orientalis) is a Latin word meaning "of the east".

## Distribution and habitat

Although its former distribution was wider, in 2010 surveys revealed the eastern spider orchid to only occur between Port Campbell and Yarram in the South East Coastal Plain biogeographic region where it grows in coastal heath and woodland with a heathy understorey.

## Conservation

Caladenia orientalis is classified as "endangered" under the Victorian Government Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988 and the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The main threats to the species include land clearing, trampling and inappropriate fire regimes. Experiments in Wilsons Promontory National Park have shown that fencing significantly reduces the incidence of grazing of this species.
# Saline Township, Madison County, Illinois

Saline Township is located in Madison County, Illinois, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 6,321 and it contained 2,486 housing units. Saline Township covers the northern part of Highland, most of Grantfork, and the Madison County portion of Pierron. The government offices are in Woodcrest Drive in Highland.

## History

Saline Township was named from the salinity of a salt well.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 35.66 square miles (92.4 km$^2$), of which 34.39 square miles (89.1 km$^2$) (or 96.44%) is land and 1.27 square miles (3.3 km$^2$) (or 3.56%) is water.
# Procession in St. Mark's Square

The Procession in St. Mark's Square (Italian: Processione in piazza San Marco) is a tempera-on-canvas painting by Italian Renaissance artist Gentile Bellini, dating from c. 1496. It is housed in the Gallerie dell'Accademia in Venice.

## History

The painting was commissioned for the Grand Hall of the Scuola Grande di San Giovanni Evangelista, the seat of the eponymous brotherhood in Venice. The commission included a total of nine large canvasses, by prominent artists of the time such as Bellini, Perugino, Vittore Carpaccio, Giovanni Mansueti, Lazzaro Bastiani, and Benedetto Rusconi.
The subject of the paintings were to be the miracles of a fragment of the True Cross. The item had been donated to the brotherhood by Philippe de Mézières, chancellor of the Kingdom of Cyprus and Jerusalem in 1369 and soon became the object of veneration in the city.
The canvasses were all executed in 1496–1501.

## Description

The canvas shows an event that took place about 50 years earlier, on 25 April 1444: while the members of the Scuola were processing the fragment through the Piazza San Marco (the square of St. Mark's), Jacopo de' Salis, a tradesman from Brescia, knelt before the relic in prayer that his dying son might recover. When he returned home, he discovered that the boy was completely well again.
In the foreground, Gentile has painted the confraternity in its white robes, processing at the head of the parade, the large golden reliquary suspended between them, carried beneath a canopy held by four more Scuola members. Although the subject of the picture is ostensibly the miracle itself, the Brescian merchant is hardly visible in the crowd: he kneels in sumptuous red robes, immediately to the right of the last two canopy-bearers. Rather, the subject of the picture might be more accurately described as the procession, with an especial focus on the space of St. Mark's square and on St Mark's Basilica itself, with its Byzantine domes and glittering mosaics. Regardless of the focus on the foreground of the painting, and unlike many other Venetian linear perspective composition, it lacks a clearly defined focal center. One can notice that Church di San Marco not centered on the composition and this allows the eye of the viewer to venture around the painting to observe the many events going on in the painting.
# Gierach

Gierach is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gretchen Gierach, American epidemiologist and women's health researcher
* John Gierach (born 1946), American author and freelance writer
# Ursula Stenzel

Ursula Stenzel (born 22 September 1945 in Leopoldstadt, Vienna) is an Austrian politician who was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1996 to 2006. Until September 2015, she was a member of the Austrian People's Party. She is also a former member of the bureau of the European People's Party, and sat on the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs.
She is also chair of the delegation for relations with the Korean Peninsula, a member of the Subcommittee on Security and Defence, and a substitute for the Committee on Budgetary Control and the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs.
Stenzel has been Bezirksvorsteherin (district mayor) of Innere Stadt, Vienna's 1st district and old town, from 2005 until she stepped down in 2015. Her successor as district mayor is Markus Figl (ÖVP).

## Family

Stenzel was born in a Catholic family of Jewish descent. Her father was engineer of the North railway, Stenzels mother was the daughter of a hazzan and granddaughter of a rabbi, both from the synagogue in the Rotensterngasse in Leopoldstadt, the second municipal district of Vienna.

## Career

* Studied journalism, political science and modern history
* Journalist and presenter at ORF (1972–1999)
* Member of the European Parliament
* Delegation member, EU-Poland Joint Parliamentary Committee (1997–2002)
* Delegation Chair, EU-Czech Republic Joint Parliamentary Committee (2002–2004)
* Schuman Prize

## Controversies
### Protests against about fixed closing hours

Stenzel has been criticised by local and national artists for her conservative positions, most notably for her outspoken support of the introduction of a closing time in Vienna's 1'st district ("Innere Stadt"). In answer to Stenzels proposal, a number of Viennese club owners and deejays created a cover version of the Duck Sauce hit single "Barbra Streisand" which also included a satirical video titled Ursula stress ned (Ursula don't stress). The single became widely popular within days and the video quickly went viral on YouTube.

### Switch to Austrian Freedom Party

Shortly before the Viennese municipal election of 2015, the Viennese regional administration of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) decided that it would not endorse Stenzel as district mayor for another term. In reaction, Stenzel left the Christian democratic and conservative ÖVP to join the right-wing populist and national-conservative Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). However, as the ÖVP managed to keep her relative majority in the first district (despite losing 12,27% of their voters from the elections in 2010) and the FPÖ only coming in third, Stenzel had to step down as district mayor and was succeeded by Markus Figl from the ÖVP.
# Urrejola

Urrejola is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Antonia Urrejola (born 1968), Chilean lawyer
* Fernanda Urrejola (born 1981), Chilean actress
* José Francisco Urrejola (1881–2004), Chilean politician
# Urolite

Urolite is a term composed of two Greek words, uro- meaning "urine" and lithos meaning "stone" and was first used to describe the fossil of a nonliquid urinary secretions produced by some groups of reptiles, in relation to coprolites. The first evidence of recorded liquid waste elimination attributed to a dinosaur was presented to the public in 2002, but no scientific paper had reported fossil evidence of liquid waste of tetrapods elimination to assume that dinosaurs urinated.
In 2004, a paper by paleontologist Marcelo Adorna Fernandes brought a study of trace fossils that had been preserved in three aeolian flagstones. These trace fossils show a pattern that could be formed by an abundant falling stream of fluid and that is different from the structures described before in other occurrences in the paleontological record. The aspect of these urolites is very similar to soil deformation caused by modern ostrich urination, and certain groups of dinosaurs could have a similar urinary physiology. These urolites are the first evidence of liquid waste attributed to dinosaurs.
# Usha Naidu

Usha Naidu is the spouse of Venkaiah Naidu. She served as the 13th Second lady of India.

## Personal life

She married Venkaiah Naidu in 14 April 1972 and has one son and daughter.
# Urophorus

Urophorus is a genus of sap-feeding beetles in the family Nitidulidae. There are at least two described species in Urophorus.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Urophorus:
* Urophorus humeralis (Fabricius, 1798) (pineapple beetle)
* Urophorus yakushenkoi Audisio & Kirejtshuk, 1989
# Urquiza (disambiguation)

Justo José de Urquiza was an Argentine general and politician.
Urquiza, a Basque surname, may also refer to:

## Places

* General Urquiza, a village and municipality in Misiones Province, Argentina
* Villa Urquiza, a neighborhood of Buenos Aires
* Villa Urquiza, Entre Ríos, a town in Entre Ríos Province, Argentina
* Parque Urquiza (Rosario), a public urban park in Rosario, Argentina

## Transport

* Ferrocarril General Urquiza, a commuter train line in northeast Argentina
* General Justo José de Urquiza Airport, Paraná, Entre Ríos Province, Argentina
* Rua General Urquiza, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

## Sports

* JJ Urquiza, a sports club sited in Loma Hermosa, Tres de Febrero, Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina
* UAI Urquiza, a sports club sited in Villa Lynch, General San Martín Partido, Greater Buenos Aires, Argentina

## People

* Manolo Urquiza (1920–1987), media personality in Cuba and Puerto Rico
* Nicolás Urquiza (born 1969), Argentine artist and designer

## Other

* 11711 Urquiza, main-belt asteroid
# Vadla Ramapuram

Vadla Ramapuram is a small village in the mandal of Atmakur, Kurnool district in Andhra Pradesh state of India.

## Etymology

"Vadla" in its name derives from the fact that it is famous for paddy in that region.
# Vadlamannadu Halt railway station

Vadlamannadu Halt railway station (station code:VMD), is railway station in Vadlamannadu of Krishna district. This railway station is administered under Vijayawada railway division of South Coast Railway Zone.
# Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company

Utility Trailer Manufacturing Company is an American semi-trailer truck dry van, flatbed, and refrigerated van trailer manufacturing company, with its headquarters in the City of Industry, Los Angeles County, California, and sales office in Alpharetta, Georgia and a Parts Distribution Center in Batavia, Ohio. The company also designs and manufactures dry freight vans, curtainsided trailers, and aerodynamic technologies. It is the largest manufacturer of refrigerated van trailers in the United States.
Utility was founded in 1914, by brothers H. C. Bennett and E. W. Bennett. Before founding Utility, the two brothers had previously owned a lumber business in Phoenix, Arizona. After selling off that company, the two purchased the assets of a wagon company in Los Angeles and incorporated a new company there. The name Utility was adopted after the company had pivoted toward the manufacturing of trailers for the burgeoning diesel truck market of the early 20th century; most of Utility's clientele were California's original utility companies, and the name stuck. Ownership of Utility has remained within the Bennett family since its founding. The company's operations remained localized within the western United States until the 1960s, when it began its gradual expansion east of the Rocky Mountains. By the mid-1990s, most of the company's business was in the East Coast as opposed to the west, although its base of operations remained in the City of Industry in Los Angeles County.
Utility has six trailer manufacturing facilities in North America. Utility's single temp and multi-temp refrigerated trailers are manufactured at the Clearfield, Utah, Atkins, Virginia, and Piedras Negras, Mexico plants. Utility's dry vans are manufactured at the Glade Spring, Virginia and Paragould, Arkansas plants. Utility also manufactures several flatbed models including an aluminum/steel combination flatbed, an all-steel flatbed, drop decks, and curtainsided trailers, all produced at the Enterprise, Alabama facility. The company's manufacturing plant in Clearfield, Utah, was opened up in 1993, occupying a 58 acres (230,000 m$^2$) plot of land. In 1994, they opened up the Atkins, Virginia, plant, occupying 55 acres (220,000 m$^2$) there. After the city of Clearfield denied them a permit to expand their operations beyond their plot of land in 1998, Utility opened up the Glade Spring, Virginia, facility in 1999.
The company also has an independent dealer network in over 100 locations in the United States, Canada, Mexico and South America. Authorized dealers offer trailer sales, aftermarket parts, and service.
# V. Mohan Reddy

Vadiyala Mohan Reddy is an Indian professor at UCSF Medical Center in the United States.
# Valencia circuit

Valencia circuit can refer to two motor racing venues:
* Circuit Ricardo Tormo, a permanent road course used for Moto GP, WTCC and F1 winter testing.
* Valencia Street Circuit, a street circuit around the city of Valencia, used for the European Grand Prix.
# VAMAS6 (gene)

Vitiligo-associated multiple autoimmune disease susceptibility 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAMAS6 gene.
# VAM (bicycling)

VAM is the abbreviation for the Italian term velocità ascensionale media, translated in English to mean "average ascent speed" or "mean ascent velocity", but usually referred to as VAM. It is also referred to by the English backronym "Vertical Ascent in Meters". The term, which was coined by Italian physician and cycling coach Michele Ferrari, is the speed of elevation gain, usually stated in units of metres per hour.

## Background

VAM is a parameter used in cycling as a measure of fitness and speed; it is useful for relatively objective comparisons of performances and estimating a rider's power output per kilogram of body mass, which is one of the most important qualities of a cyclist who competes in stage races and other mountainous events. Dr. Michele Ferrari also stated that VAM values exponentially rise up with every gradient increase. For example, a 1180 VAM of a 64 kg rider on a 5% gradient is equivalent to a VAM of 1400 m/h on a 10 % or a VAM of 1675 m/h on a 13% gradient. Ambient conditions (e.g. friction, air resistance) have less effect on steeper slopes (absorb less power) since speeds are lower on steeper slopes
The acronym VAM is not truly expanded in English, where many think the V stands in some way for vertical, and the M represents metres, for instance "Vertical Ascent Metres/Hour." Ferrari says,
   I called this parameter Average Ascent Speed (‘VAM’ in its Italian abbreviation from Velocità Ascensionale Media).
A direct translation of "velocità ascensionale media" is "mean (average) ascent velocity" leading to an expansion of the acronym in English as Velocity, Ascent, Mean.

## Definition

VAM is calculated the following way:
    VAM = (metres ascended × 60) / minutes it took to ascend
A standard unit term with the same meaning is Vm/h, vertical metres per hour; the two are used interchangeably.

## Relationship to relative power output

Relative power means power P per body mass m. Without friction and extra mass (the bicycle), the relative power would be VAM times acceleration of gravity g:
    ${\frac {P}{m}}=\mathrm {VAM} \cdot g$
With g = 9.81 m/s$^2$, this is equivalent to
    Relative power (watts/kg) = VAM (metres/hour) $\cdot {\frac {9.81}{3600}}\approx$ VAM (metres/hour) / 367
Including the power necessary for the extra mass and dissipated by friction leads to a lower number in the denominator. An empirical relationship is
    Relative power (watts/kg) = VAM (metres/hour) / (200 + 10 × % grade)

## Examples

Examples:
* 1800+ Vm/h: Chris Froome.
* 1650-1800 Vm/h: Top 10 / Tour de France GC or mountain stage winner.
* 1450-1650 Vm/h: Top 20 / Tour de France GC; top 20 on tough mountain stage.
* 1300-1450 Vm/h: Finishing Tour de France mountain stages in peloton
* 1100-1300 Vm/h: The Autobus Crew