OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Los muertos

Los muertos may refer to:
* Los muertos (film), a 2004 Argentine drama film
* Los Muertos (Fear the Walking Dead), an episode of the television series Fear the Walking Dead
# Ernst Herzfeld

Ernst Emil Herzfeld (23 July 1879 – 20 January 1948) was a German archaeologist and Iranologist.

## Life

Herzfeld was born in Celle, Province of Hanover. He studied architecture in Munich and Berlin, while also taking classes in Assyriology, ancient history and art history.
From 1903 to 1905 he was assistant to Walter Andrae in the acclaimed excavations of Assur, and later traveled widely in Iraq and Iran at the beginning of the twentieth century. He surveyed and documented many historical sites in Turkey, Syria, Persia (later Iran) and most importantly in Iraq (e.g. Baghdad, Ctesiphon). At Samarra he carried out the first excavations of an Islamic period site in 1911–13. After military service during World War I he was appointed full professor of "Landes- und Altertumskunde des Orients" (approximately: Studies of the Ancient and modern Near East) in Berlin in 1920. This was the first professorship for Near/Middle Eastern archaeology in the world. From 1923 to 1925 he started explorations in Persia and described many of the country's most important ruins for the first time. In 1925 he moved to Tehran and stayed there most of the time until 1934. He was instrumental in creating a Persian law of antiquities and excavated in the Achaemenid capitals Pasargadae and Persepolis.
He left Iran at the end of 1934 for a year in London but never returned. In 1935 he was forced to leave his position in Germany because of his Jewish descent and became a faculty member of Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study from 1936 to 1944. He died in Basel, Switzerland in 1948.

## Archives

The bulk of the Ernst Herzfeld Papers are housed in the archives of the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, DC. The material, some 30,000 documents include his field notebooks, photographs, drawings and object inventories from his excavations at Samarra, Persepolis, Pasargadae and elsewhere in Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Syria. The archives are open by appointment Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays, from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m. Other Herzfeld research materials, notes, photographs and drawings are at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in the Departments of Islamic Art and Ancient Near Eastern art.

## Literary works

* Iranische Felsreliefs, 1910
* Archäologische Reise im Euphrat- und Tigris-Gebiet, 4 Vols., 1911–1920 (together with Friedrich Sarre)
* Paikuli, 2 Vols., 1924
* Die Ausgrabungen von Samarra, 5 Vols., 1923–1930
* Archäeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran (Berlin: Reimer, 1929–30)
* Archaeological History of Iran, Schweich Lectures for 1934 (London: Milford, 1934)
* Altpersische Inschriften, 1938
* Iran in the ancient East, 1940
* Zoroaster and his World, 2 Vols., 1947
# James Nichols

James Nichols may refer to:
* James D. Nichols (1928–2003), American jockey
* James Nichols, convicted for the 2007 murder of Cha Vang in Wisconsin
* James P. Nichols, recording industry producer and engineer
* James Nichols (printer) (1785–1861), English printer and theological writer
* James Edward Nichols (1902–1972), Welsh geneticist
* James Douglas Nichols (1954–2017), American farmer, brother of Terry Nichols, convicted Oklahoma City Bombing accomplice
* James W. Nichols (born 1946), American farmer and politician
# Substantive law

Substantive law is the set of laws that governs how members of a society are to behave. It is contrasted with procedural law, which is the set of procedures for making, administering, and enforcing substantive law. Substantive law defines rights and responsibilities in civil law, and crimes and punishments in criminal law, substantive equality or substantive due process. It may be codified in statutes or exist through precedent in common law. Substantive laws, which govern outcomes, are contrasted with procedural laws, which govern procedure.
Henry Sumner Maine said of early law, "So great is the ascendency of the Law of Actions in the infancy of Courts of Justice, that substantive law has at first the look of being gradually secreted in the interstices of procedure; and the early lawyer can only see the law through the envelope of its technical forms."
# Spondylus versicolor

Spondylus versicolor, the golden thorny oyster, is a species of bivalve mollusc. It can be found in tropical waters in the Indo-West Pacific area. It is a benthic organism with a depth range of 0–25 m.
Right and left valve of the same specimen:
* Right valve
* Left valve
# Elegant crescentchest

The elegant crescentchest (Melanopareia elegans) is a species of bird in the family Melanopareiidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The crescentchests (genus Melanopareia) were previously included in family Rhinocryptidae, the tapaculos. A 2010 publication confirmed earlier work and created their present genus. The elegant crescentchest and the Marañón crescentchest (Melanopareia maranonica) might form a superspecies. Two subspecies of elegant crescentchest are recognized, the nominate Melanopareia elegans elegans and M. e. paucalensis.

## Description

The elegant crescentchest is 14.5 cm (5.7 in) long. Males weigh 16.0 to 20.2 g (0.56 to 0.71 oz) and females 15.5 to 19.0 g (0.55 to 0.67 oz) Males of both subspecies have a black crown, nape, and mask and a creamy supercilium. The back and rump are olive-brown. Its throat is white or pale buff that is darker around the margins and a black "bib" is below it. The upper chest is dark chestnut fading to tawny on the flanks and belly. The nominate female is similar, but the crown is sooty and there is no dark chestnut on the chest. The female M. e. paucalensis is like the nominate except that its crown is the same olive-brown as the back.

## Distribution and habitat

The elegant crescentchest is found discontinuously along the coast of Ecuador from Manabí Province south into Peru as far south as the Department of La Libertad. The nominate is in Ecuador and M. e. paucalensis is in Peru, and birds in far southern Ecuador might be intergrades between the two subspecies. Its principal habitat is scrub and undergrowth in semi-arid woodland; it can also be found in more humid disturbed areas. In Ecuador it ranges from near sea level usually to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) and locally to 2,400 m (7,900 ft). It Peru it reaches only as high as 1,700 m (5,600 ft).

## Behavior
### Feeding

The elegant crescentchest's diet has not been reported. It forages alone by hopping through dense cover on and near the ground.

### Breeding

Almost nothing is known about the elegant crescentchest's breeding phenology. Three nests have been described. They were constructed of dry strips of cactus and weeds, were enclosed with a side entrance, and hidden on the ground.

### Vocalization

The elegant crescentchest's song is "a series of..."chuck" notes" . Its scold call is "a dry penetrating churr" .

## Status

The IUCN has assessed the elegant crescentchest as being of Least Concern. Though it has a somewhat restricted range, it occurs in several protected areas and tolerates habitat disturbance.
# List of ships named Blucher

Several vessels have been named Blucher for Field Marshal Prince Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher, who had helped defeat Napoleon at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813.
* Little Catherine (1801 ship) was launched in 1801 at Bermuda and entered British registry in 1809. At that time she traded between Liverpool and Africa. In 1813 she became a temporary packet sailing for the Post Office Packet Service from Falmouth, Cornwall. In 1813 the French Navy captured her and abandoned her after taking off her crew. The Royal Navy recovered her three days later. In 1814 an American privateer captured her but the Royal Navy recaptured her within two weeks. The Government Post Office purchased her to return her to use as a Falmouth packet but renamed her Blucher. The government sold Blucher in 1823. New owners returned her to the name Little Catherine and she continued to sail widely until she was last listed in 1845, having been sold to a Chinese owner. Her crew mutinied and wrecked her in October 1847.
* Blucher was a vessel of American origin and of 102 tons (bm) that in 1814 sailed from London to Malta. In 1816 she sailed from Malta for the Ionian Islands during a thunderstorm and was never heard from again.
* Blucher (1814 ship) was launched at Boston in 1809 under another name. The British captured her around 1814 and new owners renamed her. She traded with India and South East Asia under a license from the British East India Company until she wrecked in 1818.
* Blucher (1814 Sunderland ship) was launched in 1814 at Sunderland. She mostly sailed across the Atlantic to South and North America though she may have made a voyage to Calcutta under a license from the British East India Company (EIC). She was wrecked in 1824.
* Blücher was a Barbarossa-class ocean liner built in 1902 and scrapped in 1929.

## Naval vessels

* SMS Blücher (1877) was a Bismarck-class corvette built for the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy). In 1907 she suffered a boiler explosion that badly damaged the ship and killed thirty men. Deemed too old to warrant repairing, Blücher was instead sold to a Dutch company that used her as a coal storage hulk; her ultimate fate is unknown.
* SMS Blücher – German armored cruiser lost at the Battle of Dogger Bank (1915)
* The German cruiser Blücher was a Admiral Hipper-class heavy cruiser of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine. Norwegian coastal defences in the Oslofjord sank her on 9 April 1940 during the German invasion of Norway.
# Nick Cooper (rower)

Nicholas P Cooper (born 1942) is a retired rower who competed for Great Britain.

## Rowing career

Cooper represented Great Britain at five World Championships during the 1960s and, in 1967, won the British Sculling championships - The Wingfield Sculls. He won three events at Henley Royal Regatta.
In 1966, Cooper along with Leander rowing partner Arnold Cooke reached the final of the Double Sculls Challenge Cup at the Henley Royal Regatta. Later that year he won the Open Prize at the Reading Scullers Head.
# Scott Saunders Space Adventure

The Scott Saunders Space Adventure series are a series of young adult science-fiction novels written by amateur astronomer Patrick Moore.
As its title indicates the series depicts the adventures and trials of young astronaut Scott Saunders. The series consist of six books published from 1977 to 1980.

## Titles

* Spy in Space (August 1977)
* Planet of Fear (August 1977)
* The Moon Raiders (July 1978)
* Killer Comet (September 1978)
* The Terror Star (May 1979)
* Secret of the Black Hole (November 1980)
# Raise Hell

Raise Hell is a Swedish thrash metal band from Stockholm, Sweden. The group changed names several times in their early history; their first demo, 1997's Nailed, was released under the name In Cold Blood, a name they abandoned for Raise Hell after signing with Nuclear Blast—which they did while still in their teens. After the album's release the group toured Europe with Dismember, Children of Bodom, and others. Their second album, Not Dead Yet, was released in 1999 and produced by Anders Fridén (of In Flames), and was followed by a tour with Destruction. After further touring and appearances at the Wacken Open Air festival, the group returned to the studio in 2002 for Wicked Is My Game. Guitarist Jonas von Wowern (Nilsson) did the vocals for the first three albums. In 2002 Jimmy Fjällendahl joined the band as vocalist, so Jonas could focus on playing guitar. The group signed with Black Lodge Records in 2004; City of the Damned followed in 2006, and another tour of Europe with Necrophobic and Origin Blood followed later that year.

## Members
### Current

* Jonas von Wowern - guitar, vocals
* Jimmy Fjällendahl - vocals (2002–present)
* Joakim Kulo - guitar
* Niklas Sjöström - bass
* Dennis Ekdahl - drums

### Former

* Torsten Wickberg - guitar

## Discography

* Nailed (demo, 1997)
* Holy Target (Nuclear Blast, 1998)
* Not Dead Yet (Nuclear Blast, 2000)
* Wicked Is My Game (Nuclear Blast, 2002)
* City of the Damned (Black Lodge/Sound Pollution, 2006)
* Written in Blood (Black Lodge, 2015)
# FabricLive.63

FabricLive.63 is a 2012 DJ mix album by Digital Soundboy Soundsystem. The album was released as part of the FabricLive Mix Series.
# James Nicholson (American businessman)

James Michael Nicholson (born 1966) is an American fraudster and was the head of the investment firm Westgate Capital Management. The headquarters of Westgate Capital was located in Pearl River, New York. Nicholson was arrested on February 25, 2009, by the FBI and charged by the SEC for allegedly "defraud[ing] hundreds of investors of millions of dollars". Nicholson was indicted by the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York, on April 23, 2009, and was sentenced to 40 years in prison after pleading guilty to defrauding investors in the Ponzi scheme. Nicholson is serving his sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) Otisville, a medium security facility for male offenders located on the outskirts of Otisville, New York. His projected release date is April 7, 2043, when he will be 76 years old.
# Substantive title

A substantive title, in the United Kingdom, is a title of nobility which is owned in its own right, as opposed to titles shared among cadets, borne as a courtesy title by a peer's relatives, or acquired through marriage.

## Current monarchies

* United Kingdom – Prince of Wales (must be conferred by monarch)
* United Kingdom – Duke of Cornwall (restricted to eldest son of monarch)
* United Kingdom – Duke of Rothesay (restricted to eldest son of monarch)

## Granted titles

The Almanach de Gotha treated titles used by dynasties of abolished monarchies: the head of the house bearing a traditional title of the dynasty in lieu of or after the given name.
* United Kingdom:
** Princess Royal; since 1987.
** Duke of Albany
** Duke of Cambridge; since 2011: on occasion of the recipient's wedding
** Duke of Clarence
** Duke of Edinburgh; since 2023: on occasion of the recipient's birthday
** Duke of Gloucester
** Duke of Kent
** Duke of Lancaster
** Duke of Sussex; since 2018: on occasion of the recipient's wedding
** Duke of York; since 1986: on occasion of the recipient's wedding
** Duke of Windsor; on occasion of the recipient's abdication
** Earl of Forfar; since 2019: on occasion of the recipient's 55th birthday
** Earl of Wessex; since 1999: on occasion of the recipient's wedding
In accordance with a tradition dating back to the reign of Napoleon I, titles in pretence were treated by the Almanach de Gotha as if still borne by members of reigning dynasties.
# Spondylus linguafelis

Spondylus linguafelis, the cat's tongue oyster, is a species of bivalve mollusc within the family Spondylidae. Its distribution covers parts of the Indian and Pacific Ocean near areas Australia, Hawaii, Guam, and the Philippines in reef environments at depths up to 25 meters. It can grow up to 91 millimeters in length.
# Pterotopteryx synaphodactyla

Pterotopteryx synaphodactyla is a moth of the family Alucitidae. It was described by Sergei Alphéraky in 1876. It is found in Russia.
# Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia

Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia may refer to:
* Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782)
* Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1756)
# Rajamäki

Rajamäki may refer to:

## Place

* Rajamäki (village), Finland

## Surname

* Antti Rajamäki (born 1952), Finnish sprinter
* Kari Rajamäki (born 1948), Finnish politician
* Marko Rajamäki (born 1968), Finnish football manager
* Susanna Rajamäki (born 1979), Finnish athlete
# Rajamäki (village)

Rajamäki (Finnish:; literally translated "border hill") is a village in the municipality of Nurmijärvi in southern Finland. Rajamäki is located 45 kilometres (28 mi) north of the capital Helsinki and has a population of around 7,500 inhabitants. Formerly, Rajamäki was the largest of Nurmijärvi's villages, until in the 1970s Klaukkala grew larger than Rajamäki. It is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from Rajamäki to the center of Nurmijärvi.
Rajamäki is best known for its alcohol distillery which was established in 1888 because of the fresh and pure water found in the area. The distillery was a part of the old Finnish alcohol monopoly Alko and is now part of the Altia corporation. Dilution and bottling of Koskenkorva Viina, distilled in the distillery in Koskenkorva, Ilmajoki, is done in Rajamäki. During World War II, the factory produced around 500,000 Molotov cocktails with the word "Rajamäki" inscribed on the bottle cap.
Rajamäki has an elementary school and a high school which is focused on the sport of floorball as many of Finland's top young players live in the area. Lähde, the business center for the grocery stores, restaurants, and other services opened in Rajamäki on Thursday October 11, 2018.
The Hanko–Hyvinkää railway passes through Rajamäki which tends to boost the businesses of the village.
# Rajan Bala

Rajan Bala (1945 or 1946 – 9 October 2009), who used a shortened form of his full name Natarajan Balasubramaniam, was a noted Indian columnist on cricket.
Best known as someone who toured with every Indian cricket team from 1968 to 2003, Rajan Bala was technically accomplished in cricket techniques even though he was a journalist. In 1997 Sachin Tendulkar, who was having some problems with his technique, approached him for advice.
Rajan was not afraid to back a player who he felt had potential. A graduate of the London School of Economics, he decided to trust his heart and involve himself in cricket. Rajan earned the respect of many all-time great cricketers including Tiger Pataudi. He also wrote many books on cricket, including biographies of Tendulkar and Bhagwat Chandrasekhar.
Rajan died in Bangalore on 9 October 2009 due to kidney failure. His last book, a memoir titled Days Well Spent, was released a month later. He was 63 years old, and was survived by his wife and two sons.

## Books

* Kiwis and Kangaroos, India, 1969 (1970)
* All the Beautiful Boys (1990)
* The Winning Hand: Biography of B. S. Chandrasekhar (1993)
* The Phenomenon: Sachin Tendulkar (1999)
* Glances at Perfection: The Story of Indian Cricket Technique (2002)
* The Covers Are Off: A Socio-Historical Study of Indian Cricket (2004)
* Days Well Spent: A Cricketing Odyssey (2009)
# List of ships named Buccaneer

A number of ships have been named Buccaneer, after corsairs and privateers.
* RFA Buccaneer, a steam stores carrier in service 1916–1921, built in 1890
* USS Buccaneer, an armed yacht which served in 1898
* MV Buccaneer (1925), an excursion boat at Chicago, formerly USCGC Dexter
* MV Buccaneer (1927), a Norwegian oil tanker in service 1937–1942
* HMT Buccaneer, an Admiralty Brigand-class fleet tug, launched in 1937
* HMAS Buccaneer, an Australian navy patrol boat, launched in 1968
* MV Buccaneer (1981), an Italian tug seized by pirates in 2009
# La Citadelle (film)

La Citadelle (in Arabic El Kalaa) is a 1988 Algerian film written and directed by Mohamed Chouikh. A tragi-comedy set against the background of sexual inequality, it traces the amorous adventures of the young Kaddour, whose arranged marriage is intended as a lesson taught to him by his elders. Starring Djilali Ain-Tedeles, it won the prize for Best Cinematography (Allel Yahyaoui) at the 11th FESPACO held at Ouagadougou in 1989.

## Technical details

* Director - Mohamed Chouikh
* Writer - Mohamed Chouikh
* Producer - Mohamed Tahar Harhoura
* Director of Photography - Allel Yahyaoui
* Running Time - 96 mins
* Country - Algeria
* Language - Arabic
* Release Date - 1988

## Cast

* Djilali Ain-Tedeles
* Khaled Barkat
* Fatima Belhadj
* Momo
# German submarine U-610

German submarine U-610 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for the Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II. She was laid down on 5 April 1941, launched on 24 December 1941 and commissioned on 19 February 1942. She sunk on 8 October 1943, having sunk 4 ships and damaging another. Her commander was Kapitänleutnant Walter Freiherr von Freyberg-Eisenberg-Allmendingen.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-610 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-610 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

U-610 was built by Blohm & Voss, Hamburg as yard number 586. She was ordered on 22 May 1940 and the keel was laid down on 5 April 1941. U-601 was launched on 24 December 1941.

### Wolfpacks

U-610 took part in nine wolfpacks, namely:
* Luchs (27 September – 6 October 1942)
* Panther (6 – 20 October 1942)
* Draufgänger (29 November – 11 December 1942)
* Ungestüm (11 – 13 December 1942)
* Raufbold (13 – 18 December 1942)
* Dränger (14 – 20 March 1943)
* Seeteufel (23 – 30 March 1943)
* Meise (11 – 27 April 1943)
* Rossbach (24 September – 8 October 1943)

### Fate

On 8 October 1943, while in the North Atlantic Ocean, the U-601 was sunk by a Canadian Sunderland aircraft by depth charges, killing all 51 men on board.

## Summary of raiding history

| Date | Ship Name | Nationality | Tonnage (GRT) | Fate |
| 29 September 1942 | Lifland | United Kingdom | 2,254 | Sunk |
| 19 October 1942 | Steel Navigator | United States | 5,718 | Sunk |
| 16 December 1942 | Bello | Norway | 6,125 | Sunk |
| 16 December 1942 | Regent Lion | United Kingdom | 9,551 | Damaged |
| 29 March 1943 | William Pierce Frye | United States | 7,176 | Sunk |