OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spectral geometry

Spectral geometry is a field in mathematics which concerns relationships between geometric structures of manifolds and spectra of canonically defined differential operators. The case of the Laplace–Beltrami operator on a closed Riemannian manifold has been most intensively studied, although other Laplace operators in differential geometry have also been examined. The field concerns itself with two kinds of questions: direct problems and inverse problems.
Inverse problems seek to identify features of the geometry from information about the eigenvalues of the Laplacian. One of the earliest results of this kind was due to Hermann Weyl who used David Hilbert's theory of integral equation in 1911 to show that the volume of a bounded domain in Euclidean space can be determined from the asymptotic behavior of the eigenvalues for the Dirichlet boundary value problem of the Laplace operator. This question is usually expressed as "Can one hear the shape of a drum?", the popular phrase due to Mark Kac. A refinement of Weyl's asymptotic formula obtained by Pleijel and Minakshisundaram produces a series of local spectral invariants involving covariant differentiations of the curvature tensor, which can be used to establish spectral rigidity for a special class of manifolds. However as the example given by John Milnor tells us, the information of eigenvalues is not enough to determine the isometry class of a manifold (see isospectral). A general and systematic method due to Toshikazu Sunada gave rise to a plethora of such examples which clarifies the phenomenon of isospectral manifolds.
Direct problems attempt to infer the behavior of the eigenvalues of a Riemannian manifold from knowledge of the geometry. The solutions to direct problems are typified by the Cheeger inequality which gives a relation between the first positive eigenvalue and an isoperimetric constant (the Cheeger constant). Many versions of the inequality have been established since Cheeger's work (by R. Brooks and P. Buser for instance).
# Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine

The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine is a quarterly peer-reviewed open-access medical journal. It was established in October, 1928 and is the oldest medical student publication still being published. Since 2015, each issue covers a particular topic in biology, medicine, or public health, including experimental and clinical research. The journal's editorial board is composed of Yale University graduate, medical, and professional students. It is published on PubMed Central and is financially supported by the Yale Office of Medical Education.

## History

The journal was established in 1928 by Milton C. Winternitz, dean of the Yale School of Medicine from 1920 to 1935. During his tenure, Winternitz instituted what became known as "The Yale System of Medical Education", which eliminated required course exams and comparative grades, allowed for flexibility of course requirements in students' schedules, and encouraged students to carry out original thesis research and writing. The journal originally served as an outlet to publish students' thesis research and as a tool for students to practice scientific writing and learn how to publish as scientists and researchers.
All published articles dating back to 1928 are available on PubMed Central.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus.

## Colloquium series

The journal sponsors a series of quarterly seminars to run in parallel with each issue, featuring a Yale faculty member whose research expertise aligns with the topic featured in the issue. The colloquia are free and open to the public.

## Podcast series

The journal also creates a series of podcasts with discussions with editors, authors, and Yale faculty researchers and clinicians.
# Shatter (song)

"Shatter" is a song by the British rock band Feeder. "Shatter" was first released as B-side to "Tumble and Fall" and as a bonus to the Japanese edition of Pushing the Senses; it has since been included on the band's compilation album The Singles.
Released on 10 October 2005, the single was backed by "Tender" from the fifth studio album Pushing the Senses, the combination reaching number 11 in the UK Singles Chart, and number one in the Independent Singles Chart; their third number one of the year on that chart. On the physical singles chart, which excludes downloads (at the time downloads didn’t make much of an impact in comparison to later years), the single made No.8, making it their fourth top 10 single on that chart and second top 10 of the year.

## Music video

The video for "Tender" is a band performance video, and first appeared on the "Depot sessions" section of the Pushing the Senses DVD bonus disc.
"Shatter" uses clips from the movie Night Watch and recreated film sets the band are seen performing and acting in. Frontman Grant Nicholas revealed that the long tube he carried, was lit up by wires going up his arm from a battery pack, then up to a light in the tube.

## Reception

The single peaked at number 11, and became Feeder's 10th Top 20 single, falling short of the top 10 and would have been the band's 4th top 10 single. However, in Scotland it reached number 9 giving the band their 4th top 10 single in that country and second of the year. In Wales, the single underperformed reaching number 32, which was seen as a failure especially being their homeland.
The video for "Shatter", reached number one on the UK 3 download chart and also reached the summit of the UK Independent Singles Chart.
"Shatter" charted at number 57 on the top 100 UK airplay chart. "Tender" reached number 55 but did not pick up as much audience figures overall, due to not being given very much radio play, as "Shatter" was the main track to promote the release.
The song was a live regular between 2005–2009, with it later making a return to setlists in 2017 due to fan votes on their Facebook page (also with an acoustic intro as opposed to a hi-hat effect used in the past).

## Media usage

The two tracks on the single are played during the end credits of the UK and international releases of the Russian dark fantasy film Night Watch, though on the American release, both songs are replaced by "Fearless" by The Bravery and an instrumental piece. "Shatter" was originally a part of the Gran Turismo 4 Original Soundtrack.

## Track listing

CD single
* "Shatter" (new version)
* "Tender" (radio version)
* "Everybody Hurts"
* "Tender" (enhanced video)
DVD single
* "Shatter" (video)
* "Making of Shatter – behind the scenes"
* "Tender – We The Undersigned – 'The Shatter Vote'"
* "Everybody Hurts – Your War Is Not With Me" (War Child video) .
7-inch single
* "Shatter" (original version)
* "Tender" (radio version)

## Charts

| Chart (2005) | Peak position |
| Scotland (OCC) | 9 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 11 |
| UK Indie (OCC) | 1 |
# Shatter

Shatter or shattering may refer to:

## Entertainment
### Books

* Shatter (novel), a 2008 novel by Australian author Michael Robotham
* Shatter Me, a 2011 young adult dystopian thriller by Tahereh Mafi
* The Shattering (novel), a book in the Guardians of Ga'Hoole fantasy book series
* The Shattering: America in the 1960s, a 2021 book by historian Kevin Boyle

### Films

* Shatter (film), a 1974 film shot on location in Hong Kong
* Shatter Dead, a 1994 independent zombie film directed by Scooter McCrae

### Music

* Shatter (EP), a 2010 recording by Swiss black metal band Triptykon
* "Shatter" (song), a 2005 song by the British rock band Feeder
* "Shatter", a song from the 1997 album Blurring the Edges by Meredith Brooks
* Shatter Me (album), a 2014 studio album by American violinist and solo artist Lindsey Stirling
** Shatter Me (song), a song from that album

### Other

* Shatter (comics), a Marvel Comics fictional mutant character
* Shatter (digital comic), published by First Comics during 1985–1988
* Shatter (video game), a 2009 video game by Sidhe Interactive

## People

* Alan Shatter (born 1951), Irish politician
* Susan Louise Shatter (1943–2011), American landscape painter

## Other uses

* Shatter (cannabis), a concentrate made from cannabis
* Shatter attack, in computing, a technique used against Microsoft Windows operating systems
* Shatter belt, another term for a geological fault
* Shatter belt (geopolitics), a concept in geopolitics pertaining to regions that are deeply internally divided
* Shatter Cave, a cave in the Mendip Hills, in Somerset, England
* Shattering (agriculture), an undesirable trait in crop plants that makes harvesting difficult
* Shattering (machine learning), a concept in mathematics, especially Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory
# Sheikh Sadi Khan

Sheikh Sadi Khan (born 1950) is a Bangladeshi composer and music director. He won Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director for the film Ghani (2006) and Best Music Composer for Bhalobaslei Ghor Bandha Jay Na (2010). He won Ekushey Padak in 2018 by the Government of Bangladesh.

## Early life and career

Khan began his career under the guardianship of his father Ustad Ayet Ali Khan. He took lessons as a violinist from his elder brother Ustad Bahadur Khan.
Khan joined Pakistan Radio in 1965. He started as a Behala player. When the Liberation War of Bangladesh broke out in 1971, he migrated to Kolkata and worked for Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendra. In the early 1970s, he worked as an assistant to the composer Khandaker Nurul Alam. He continued playing the violin in films as well as composing music for Bangladesh Betar. He was the music director of the film Ekhoni Somoy (1980), directed by Abdullah Al Mamun.
As of 2014, Khan is serving as the Chief Music Producer of Bangladesh Betar.

## Awards

* Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Director (2006)
* Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Music Composer (2010)
* BACHSAS Best Music Composer Award (3 times)
* Celebrating Life Lifetime Achievement Award (2014)
* Ekushey Padak (2018)

## Works
### Albums

* Sweet Dreams (2012)
# Shayne Campbell

Shayne Campbell (born November 18, 1972) is a former Canadian soccer player who played in Canadian National Soccer League, USL A-League, National Professional Soccer League, Major Indoor Soccer League, and the Canadian Professional Soccer League.

## Playing career

Campbell began his career in 1994 with St. Catharines Wolves of the Canadian National Soccer League. In 1995, he helped the club achieve a treble, winning the Umbro Cup by defeating the Scarborough Astros on a penalty shootout. In the playoff finals the Wolves defeated the Toronto Jets by a score of 2–1. In 1996, he signed with the Edmonton Drillers of the National Professional Soccer League. During his tenure with Edmonton he served with the club for four seasons and appeared in 154 matches and recorded 12 goals. Overall he had a successful time with Edmonton finishing runners-up three times in their division, and winning the Conference title in the 1998/1999 season. In 1998, he signed with Hampton Roads Mariners of the USL A-League. He finished third in the Atlantic Division, and qualified for the postseason.
Campbell returned to St. Catharines for the 1999 season, but failed to clinch a postseason by finishing sixth in the standings. In 2000, he signed with Philadelphia KiXX where he appeared in 43 matches, and scored four goals. In the 2001/2002 indoor season, he was transferred to the Cleveland Crunch where he appeared in 17 matches, and recorded two goals. In 2003, he signed with Mississauga Olympians of the Canadian Professional Soccer League. During his time with Mississauga he failed to clinch a playoff berth by finishing sixth in the Western Conference. After retiring from competitive soccer he was hired assistant coach under Randy Ragan for the Guelph Gryphons women's soccer team.
# Sheila Weinberg

Sheila Weinberg (1 October 1945 - 11 November 2004) was a South African anti-apartheid activist and politician.
Born in Johannesburg, she was the daughter of Eli and Violet Weinberg who were both members of the ANC and the South African Communist Party. She was involved in politics from a young age and, when her parents were in detention, she was looked after by Helen Joseph.

## Anti-apartheid activist

Weinberg was detained in Johannesburg Fort prison for the first time in 1964 under the 90-day Detention Act. As she was only 19 years old, she was then the youngest South African to be detained under the Act. She was held for 65 days, but released without charge. She was subsequently charged and served a jail term for painting an ANC slogan on a building. She served her sentence in Barberton Prison and was released in 1966.
During the 1970s she was a member of the Human Rights Committee, but by 1976 most of the committee's members had been banned or detained and activities had stopped. In 1976 she was placed under a banning order that limited her to Johannesburg and confined her to her home at night, on weekends and during holidays. In 1977 she was accused of breaking the banning order with Jeanette Curtis and was then convicted of 'attending a pre-arranged social gathering'. She was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, suspended for three years, and took this on appeal to the Supreme Court. The Court ruled in her favour and reduced the sentence, but upheld the conviction. In the 1980s she was a key member of the United Democratic Front in Johannesburg. She was also involved in the Transvaal branch of the Black Sash and the 5 Freedoms Forum.
She later testified at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission about the fire bombings and interference with vehicles that had taken place during this time against white activists such as herself.

## Political career

When the ANC was unbanned in 1991 she began working in its North East Johannesburg branch which was named after her father who had died in exile in Dar es Salaam in 1982. She belonged to The Coalition of Women for a Just Peace in Israel and Palestine and was involved in its vigils to protest violence in the Middle East in both Cape Town and Johannesburg in December 2001. She served as a member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature from 1994 to 2004 and represented the constituency of Westonaria. She retired from active politics after the general election in April 2004.

## Death

She died on 11 November 2004 at the Linksfield Clinic in Johannesburg after suffering from a brain aneurysm. She was survived by her only son Mark.
# Shire of Daylesford and Glenlyon

The Shire of Daylesford and Glenlyon was a local government area about 110 kilometres (68 mi) northwest of Melbourne, the state capital of Victoria, Australia. The shire covered an area of 609.3 square kilometres (235.3 sq mi), and existed from 1966 until 1995.

## History

What became the Shire of Daylesford and Glenlyon had its origins in several different local authorities:
* The Borough of Daylesford was incorporated on 23 September 1859, with an area of 16.23 km$^2$ (6.27 sq mi), surrounding the town of Daylesford;
* The Shire of Glenlyon was incorporated on 24 February 1860 as the Glenlyon Road District, and was redesignated as Glenlyon Shire on 12 December 1865;
* The Shire of Mount Franklin was incorporated on 11 May 1860 as the Yandoit & Franklin Road District, and was redesignated as Mt Franklin Shire on 27 January 1871. After the passage of the Local Government Amendment Act 1914, it was found that Mount Franklin did not meet the criteria for a shire, as its rateable income was below £1,500 per annum, so it was absorbed by Glenlyon Shire on 1 October 1915.
On 3 May 1966, an Order in Council united the Borough of Daylesford with the Shire of Glenlyon, to create the new Shire of Daylesford and Glenlyon.
On 20 January 1995, the Shire of Daylesford and Glenlyon was abolished, and along with the Shire of Creswick and parts of the Shires of Kyneton and Talbot and Clunes, was merged into the newly created Shire of Hepburn.

## Wards

The Shire of Daylesford and Glenlyon was divided into four ridings on 31 May 1966, each of which elected three councillors:
* Daylesford Riding
* Glenlyon Riding
* Hepburn Riding
* Mount Franklin Riding

## Towns and localities

| West (Mount Franklin) Basalt Clydesdale Daylesford* Eganstown Franklinford Hepburn Hepburn Springs Leonards Hill Mount Franklin Musk Musk Vale Sailors Falls Shepherds Flat Yandoit | East (Glenlyon) Bullarto Coomoora Denver Drummond Glenlyon Jubilee Lake Little Hampton Lyonville Porcupine Ridge Springs Reserve Victoria Park Wheatsheaf |
* Council seat.

## Population

| Year | Population |
| 1954 | 5,489 |
| 1958 | 5,670* |
| 1961 | 4,645 |
| 1966 | 4,396 |
| 1971 | 4,105 |
| 1976 | 3,971 |
| 1981 | 4,300 |
| 1986 | 4,988 |
| 1991 | 5,679 |
* Estimate in 1958 Victorian Year Book.

## Gallery

* The Town Hall in Daylesford, built in 1867 for the Borough of Daylesford.
* The Shire Hall in Glenlyon, built in 1890 for the Shire of Glenlyon.
# Shinnakano Dam

Shinnakano Dam (Japanese: 新中野ダム（再）) is a gravity dam located in Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control and water supply. Its catchment area is 17.5 km$^2$. When full, the dam impounds about 18 ha of land and can store 3340 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction started in 1971 and was completed in 1984.
# Dorbek

Dorbek is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gert Dorbek (born 1985), Estonian basketball player
* Martin Dorbek (born 1991), Estonian basketball player
# Bratseth

Bratseth is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Rune Bratseth (born 1961), Norwegian footballer
* Ingar Bratseth-Kiplesund (born 1996), Norwegian long jumper and triple jumper
# Mary Stirling

Mary Stirling was an American labor unionist.
Stirling worked as a shoemaker in Philadelphia. In 1880, she joined a new Knights of Labor local, Garfield Assembly 1684, which she came to run with Mary Hanafin.
In 1883, Stirling was elected as one of eight District 1 delegates to the national Knights of Labor convention. The conventions had previously been all-male, but union leader Terence V. Powderly ruled that women should be admitted on an equal basis to men. Stirling was appointed as the Grand Venerable Sage of the convention, and received three votes for Grand Worthy Foreman, the second-in-command of the union.
In 1885, Stirling was elected as General Venerable Sage of the union's convention again. She was also appointed as secretary of a Knights of Labor committee to collect data on women and work. In 1886, she received seven votes in the election for chair of the co-operative board.
As of 1902, Stirling was still living in Philadelphia, where she was the forewoman of a department in a large shoe factory.
# The Power of Wealth

The Power of Wealth is a 1900 play by W. J. Lincoln. It was based on the novel Vendetta by Marie Corelli.
It was produced by Alfred Dampier in 1900 in a production featuring Alfred Rolfe and Lily Dampier.
# Reichsausstellung Schaffendes Volk

The Reichsausstellung Schaffendes Volk (The Reich's Exhibition of a Productive People) of 1937 was held in today's North Park district of Düsseldorf, Germany, along one mile of the Rhine shoreline. It was opened on May 8, 1937 by Hermann Göring. Through October of the same year it attracted about six million visitors.

## Description

Originally planned as an exhibition of the Deutscher Werkbund it finally turned into a rival to the 1937 International Exposition of Modern Life in Paris. The exhibition was meant to showcase the domestic accomplishments of the National Socialists in new housing, art, and science and to prepare the German people for the upcoming four-year plan which aimed at German autarky in (natural) resources. The fair's director was Dr. Ernst Poensgen.
The exhibition was laid out in four main divisions:
* industry and economics
* land utilization and city planning
* material progress (with an emphasis on progress in synthetics/ersatz products)
* arts and culture.
Through the publicity efforts of its CEO, Max Keith, a functioning Coca-Cola GmbH bottling plant stood at the center of the fairgrounds, with a miniature train for children, and immediately adjacent to the Propaganda Office.

## Sources

* New York Times, April 26, 1937
* Mark Pendergrast (2000). For God, Country and Coca-Cola. Basic Books, pg. 220
* Stefanie Schäfers (2001). Vom Werkbund zum Vierjahresplan. Die Ausstellung 'Schaffendes Volk', Düsseldorf 1937. Droste 2001
* Düsseldorf municipal history site, with photos
# CSPE

CSPE can refer to:
* Centre for the Study of Perceptual Experience at the University of Glasgow
* California Society of Professional Engineers
* Civic, Social and Political Education, a compulsory subject in all secondary schools in the Republic of Ireland that focuses mainly on citizenship along with human rights, stewardship and interdependence.
* Chlorosulfonated polyethylene
# Douglas Douglas-Hamilton

Douglas Douglas-Hamilton may refer to:
* Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 8th Duke of Hamilton (1756 – 1799)
* Douglas Douglas-Hamilton, 14th Duke of Hamilton (1903 – 1973)
# Double Time

Double time is a musical metre, also known as half-time.
Double Time, Doubletime and variations may refer to:

## Entertainment

* Double-Time Records, a record label
* Double Time (TV drama), a British one-off comedy drama starring James Dreyfus
* Double Time (Béla Fleck album), 1984
* Double Time (Leon Redbone album), 1976
* "Double Time" (Only Murders in the Building), a 2021 episode of the TV series Only Murders in the Building
* Doubletime, a 2007 documentary film about rope skipping

## Other

* Double time, a rate of pay during overtime
* Doubletime (gene)
# Doñinos de Salamanca

Doñinos de Salamanca is a village and municipality in the province of Salamanca, western Spain, part of the autonomous community of Castile-Leon. It is located 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from the provincial capital city of Salamanca and has a population of 1,996 people.

## Geography

The municipality covers an area of 14 km$^2$ (5.4 sq mi). It lies 828 metres (2,717 ft) above sea level and the postal code is 37120.
# Doğrular, Posof

Doğrular is a neighbourhood of the town Posof, Posof District, Ardahan Province, Turkey. Its population is 65 (2021).
# Doğruca, Bandırma

Doğruca is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Bandırma, Balıkesir province in Turkey. Its population is 672 (2022).
# Douglas MacKenzie

Douglas Mackenzie (died 9 January 1890) was an Anglican bishop in the second half of the 19th century.
He was educated at St Albans School and Peterhouse, Cambridge. A noted mathematician, he served simultaneously as principal of St. Andrew's School, Bloemfontein, archdeacon of Harrismith and a canon of Bloemfontein Cathedral before his appointment as the second bishop of Zululand. He remained bishop of Zululand until his death from fever in January 1890. After his death a memorial to him was erected at St Peter's, Raunds.