OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Willem Spiekman

Willem Geert Spiekman (7 September 1899 – 3 November 1975) was a Dutch trade union leader.
Born in Rotterdam, his father, Hendrik, was prominent in the local labour movement. He worked in a number of office jobs before moving to Amsterdam in 1921, where he worked in the editorial section of Het Volk. He then became the assistant to Roel Stenhuis, leader of the Dutch Confederation of Trade Unions and general secretary of the International Federation of Factory Workers. Spiekman devoted much of his time to the international, acting as an organiser, interpreter and minute-taker. However, declining membership of the federation led Stenhuis to make him redundant in 1923.
Spiekman briefly worked as an insurance inspector, but at the end of the year was recruited as assistant to Gerrit Smit, general secretary of the International Federation of Commercial, Clerical, Professional and Technical Employees (FIET). During this period, he joined the Independent Socialist Party, and this led the Dutch trade union movement to oppose him succeeding as general secretary of FIET on Smit's death, in 1934. However, Spiekman's profile among other members led to him defeating Cor Jacobsen for the position.
During the 1930s, the international trade union movement was increasingly disrupted by the rise of fascism. Spiekman travelled around Europe, maintain links with current and banned affiliates of FIET, although he was unable to enter Germany after 1938, when the Gestapo made plans to arrest him. By the time of the German occupation of the Netherlands, in 1940, Spiekman had transferred the federation's assets to the United Kingdom. He destroyed its archive, and went into hiding.
Spiekman hid in Ermelo, and then in Nunspeet, teaching modern languages and selling lottery tickets. His cover was so good that, after 1942, it was widely believed that he had died. On liberation, he immediately began reorganising the federation, attending the council of the International Federation of Trade Unions in London, and organising its first post-war conference in Malmo in 1946. At the conference, some delegates complained that Spiekman had invited representatives of German trade unions, even though they had been opponents of the Nazis.
Spiekman argued that the international trade secretariats should have autonomy within the new World Federation of Trade Unions, and when this seemed unobtainable, he affiliated FIET to the new International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. After Friedrich Hillegeist was elected as president of FIET, the two struggled to work together, leading Spiekman to stand down in 1958. He instead moved to work for the International Institute of Social History, and wrote his autobiography.
# Hayes, Virginia

Hayes is an unincorporated community in Gloucester County, Virginia, United States. Hayes is located along U.S. Route 17 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north-northwest of Gloucester Point. Hayes has a post office with ZIP code 23072.
Hayes features many shopping centers, such as the York River Crossing shopping center, Hayes Plaza shopping center, and Hayes Stores shopping center, making it one of the two large commerce centers of Gloucester County with the other being Gloucester Courthouse.
The Shelly Archeological District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.
There are many who believe Hayes, Virginia is named after the Hayes family. Lt. Hugh Hayes served in the Polk’s Regiment during the American Revolution. The Library of Congress article is titled, "Gloucester. One of the first chapters of the Commonwealth of Virginia."
# Félix Kir

Canon Félix Kir (22 January 1876 - 26 April 1968) was a French Catholic priest, resistance fighter and politician.

## Life

He was born at Alise-Sainte-Reine on the Côte-d'Or. He entered a small seminary at Plombières-lès-Dijon in 1891 and was ordained in 1901. He then worked as a parish priest.
During the occupation of France during World War II, he took an active part in the French Resistance, helping with the escape of 5,000 prisoners of war from a camp at Longvic. He was arrested and condemned to death, but he was released because of his status. He continued organising operations and was seriously wounded, but escaped interrogation by the Gestapo.
In 1945, he was made a knight of the Légion d'honneur and was elected to the position of mayor of Dijon and to the French National Assembly. He remained the mayor of Dijon up to his death in 1968.

## Legacy

A local drink, then locally known as blanc-cassis, consists of white burgundy wine, traditionally Aligoté, mixed with crème de cassis, a sweet, blackcurrant-flavoured liqueur. Kir habitually served this local drink to delegations, and so the drink itself is now known internationally as a Kir. Alternately, some contend that German soldiers confiscated most of the region's red wine, so Kir converted a local brew of red wine and crème de cassis into a combination of white wine and crème de cassis, thus creating the drink.
An artificial lake built to the west of Dijon was named Lac Kir in his honour. (47°19′40″N 4°59′56″E﻿ / ﻿47.32778°N 4.99889°E﻿ / 47.32778; 4.99889)
# Van Tricht

Van Tricht is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aert van Tricht, Dutch sculptor
* Käte van Tricht (1909–1996), German musician
* Wannes Van Tricht (born 1993), Belgian footballer
# Ernest Charles Wong

Ernest Charles Wong (Chinese: 王澤流; died in 2004) was a Hong Kong entrepreneur and public figure active in the 1950s and 60s.
He worked for the Shriro as a manager of the watch department and co-founded the Federation of Hong Kong Watch Trades and Industries and later became its chairman in 1955. He was also director and later chairman of the Tung Wah Group of Hospitals in 1959. Under his spell, he oversaw the reconstruction of the Kwong Wah Hospital, in which his was responsible for fundraising. He had also been vice president of the Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong.
In 1959, he was nominated by the Hong Kong Civic Association to run for the Urban Council election. He served for one term and stepped down in 1963.
He was married and had two sons. The younger son of his married to second daughter of Kan Yuet-hing, brother of Sir Kan Yuet-keung.
# Russell Marcus

Russell Marcus is a philosopher specializing in philosophy of mathematics and the pedagogy of philosophy. He is Chair of Philosophy at Hamilton College and president of the American Association of Philosophy Teachers.

## Education and career

Prior to his work in philosophy, Marcus taught mathematics and other subjects at high schools in New York City and Costa Rica. He received his bachelor of arts in philosophy at Swarthmore College in 1988. He received his doctorate from the Graduate Center of the City University of New York in 2007, where he wrote his dissertation "Numbers without Science". While at graduate school, he taught philosophy and mathematics at Queens College, Hofstra University and the College of Staten Island. He began teaching at Hamilton College in 2007, later setting up the Hamilton College Summer Program in Philosophy. He gained tenure in 2016 and was appointed Chair of Philosophy in 2020. In 2020, he won the American Philosophical Association's Prize for Excellence in Philosophy Teaching which "recognizes a philosophy teacher who has had a profound impact on the student learning of philosophy in undergraduate and/or pre-college settings", being cited as an "important scholar of teaching and learning in philosophy" for his summer program and "inventive team-based pedagogies and exemplary scaffolded assignments".

## Books

* Marcus, Russell (2015). Autonomy Platonism and the Indispensability Argument. Lanham: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-7313-8.
* Marcus, Russell; McEvoy, Mark, eds. (2016). An Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Mathematics: A Reader. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4725-2534-5.
* Marcus, Russell (2017). Introduction to Formal Logic with Philosophical Applications. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-938648-2.
# William FitzAlan, 2nd Lord of Oswestry and Clun

William FitzAlan was a Norman nobleman who lived in Oswestry and Clun near Shrewsbury, along the medieval Welsh Marches. William was the son of William FitzAlan, controlling the castles of Clun and Oswestry and later became the High Sheriff of Shropshire. Many people today will often confuse William with his father, as their death dates are similar by 5 years. Because of this, it is important to know that this William was married to Mary Erington, the daughter of Thomas. William's father William (d. 1210) married the daughter of Hugh de Lacy, whose name is never mentioned in any documents. When William came to inherit his lands in 1210, King John demanded a fee of 10,000 marks; unable to pay, William was unable to inherit. He only outlived his father by a few years, dying around Easter 1215. The estates were eventually reclaimed by his younger brother John Fitzalan.
# Gaohu

The gaohu (高胡; pinyin: gāohú, pronounced; Cantonese: gou1 wu4; also called yuehu 粤胡) is a Chinese bowed string instrument developed from the erhu in the 1920s by the musician and composer Lü Wencheng (1898–1981) and used in Cantonese music and Cantonese opera. It belongs to the huqin family of instruments, together with the zhonghu, erhu, banhu, jinghu, and sihu; its name means "high-pitched huqin". It is the leading instrument of Cantonese music and opera ensembles. Well known pieces for the gaohu include Bu Bu Gao (步步高, Higher Step By Step) and Ping Hu Qiu Yue (平湖秋月, Autumn Moon on Calm Lake).

## Construction and design

The gaohu is similar in construction to the erhu but has a slightly smaller soundbox, commonly circular, and is tuned a fourth higher, to G4 and D5. Whereas most huqin are placed on top of the left thigh, the traditional gaohu is played with the soundbox held in between the knees. It has a brighter and lighter tone as compared to the erhu. It has two strings and its soundbox is covered on the front (playing) end with snakeskin (from a python). Since the soundbox is so small, the overall sound of the "gaohu" is quiet
Although originally a regional instrument used only in Cantonese music, the gaohu (in different forms and played placed on the leg, as the erhu) is used in the modern large Chinese orchestra, as part of the string family, along with the erhu, zhonghu, banhu, cello, and double bass.

## Notable players

Notable gaohu players include:
* Lü Wencheng (吕文成, pinyin: Lǚ Wénchéng) (1898–1981) in Chinese
* Liu Tianyi (刘天一) (1910–1990) in Chinese
* Gan Shangshi (甘尚时) (1931– )
* Yu Qiwei (余其伟) (1953– ) in English in Chinese
# Turbonilla fijianorum

Turbonilla fijianorum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
# Futura Trentino

Futura Trentino is a left-wing political party active in Trentino.

## History

Futura was founded in 2018 by the journalist Paolo Ghezzi as Futura 2018. The list took part in the 2018 provincial elections of Trento, in the centre-left coalition in support of Giorgio Tonini; it won 6.9% of the votes and two seats.
In 2019, the assembly of the party's members elected Piergiorgio Cattani as the new president of Futura, in place of the resigning Ghezzi. Later, in 2020, Ghezzi also left his seat in the Provincial Council of Trento.
In 2021, following the death of Cattani, the municipal councilor of Trento Nicola Serra was appointed as the new president of the party.

## Leadership

* President: Paolo Ghezzi (2018-2019); Piergiorgio Cattani (2019–2021); Nicola Serra (2021–present)
# Cauchy (disambiguation)

Cauchy primarily refers to Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857), French mathematician.
Many mathematical concepts have been named after him. See: List of things named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy
Cauchy may also refer to:

## People

* Daniel Cauchy (1930–2020), French actor and producer
* Louis François Cauchy (1760–1848), French government official and the father of the mathematician
* Cauchy Muamba (born 1987), Congolese Canadian football player

## Places

* Cauchy (crater), a small lunar impact crater
* Cauchy-à-la-Tour, a commune in Hauts-de-France, France
* Estrée-Cauchy, a commune in Hauts-de-France, France
* Sauchy-Cauchy, a commune in Hauts-de-France, France
# Vallone

Vallone is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles J. Vallone (1901–1967), Italian American judge
* Eleonora Vallone (born 1955), Italian actress and model
* John Vallone (1953–2004), American production designer and art director
* Paul Vallone (1967–2024), American politician
* Peppino Vallone (born 1949), Italian politician
* Peter Vallone Jr. (born 1961), American lawyer and politician
* Peter Vallone Sr. (born 1934), American politician
* Raf Vallone (1916–2002), Italian footballer and actor
* Roberto Vallone (1915–2001), Italian racing driver
# Eric Dillon, 19th Viscount Dillon

Brigadier Eric FitzGerald Dillon, 19th Viscount Dillon, CMG, DSO (1881–1946) was an Irish peer and British Army officer who served in World War I.
He was educated at Rugby School and won the DSO, Legion of Honour, CMG, Croix de Guerre, Belgian Croix de Guerre and Order of Leopold of Belgian. He was a member of the Travellers' Club and lived at 5 Embankment Gardens Chelsea, London SW3. He and his wife, Nora Juanita Muriel (née Beckett), had two children. Their son, Michael Eric Dillon, succeeded his father as the 20th Viscount Dillon. Their daughter, Pamela Dillon, married William Onslow, 6th Earl of Onslow.
# Russo–Dye theorem

In mathematics, the Russo–Dye theorem is a result in the field of functional analysis. It states that in a unital C*-algebra, the closure of the convex hull of the unitary elements is the closed unit ball.$^{:44}$ The theorem was published by B. Russo and H. A. Dye in 1966.

## Other formulations and generalizations

Results similar to the Russo–Dye theorem hold in more general contexts. For example, in a unital *-Banach algebra, the closed unit ball is contained in the closed convex hull of the unitary elements.$^{:73}$
A more precise result is true for the C*-algebra of all bounded linear operators on a Hilbert space: If T is such an operator and ||T|| < 1 − 2/n for some integer n > 2, then T is the mean of n unitary operators.$^{:98}$

## Applications

This example is due to Russo & Dye, Corollary 1: If U(A) denotes the unitary elements of a C*-algebra A, then the norm of a linear mapping f from A to a normed linear space B is
    $\sup _{U\in U(A)}||f(U)||.$
In other words, the norm of an operator can be calculated using only the unitary elements of the algebra.
# Topological Boolean algebra

Topological Boolean algebra may refer to:
* In abstract algebra and mathematical logic, topological Boolean algebra is one of the many names that have been used for an interior algebra in the literature.
* In the work of the mathematician R.S. Pierce, a topological Boolean algebra is a Boolean algebra equipped with both a closure operator and a derivative operator generalizing T$_1$ topological spaces and may be considered to be a special case of interior algebras rather than synonymous with them.
* In topological algebra — the study of topological spaces with algebraic structure, a topological Boolean algebra is a Boolean algebra endowed with a topological structure in which the operations of complement, join, and meet are continuous functions.
# William Fitch (British Army officer)

Lieutenant-Colonel William Fitch (died 1795) was a British Army officer, who was killed fighting the Jamaican Maroons during the Second Maroon War.

## Military career

Fitch was commissioned into the 65th Regiment of Foot on 28 November 1775. He was promoted, in the same regiment, to lieutenant on 2 January 1779 and to captain on 7 December 1779.
Fitch was then promoted to major in the 51st Regiment of Foot on 30 November 1791, and then transferred to the 55th Regiment of Foot on 25 April 1792, before being appointed Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the 83rd Regiment of Foot on 28 September 1793.

## Death

Fitch embarked for the West Indies in May 1795 and was deployed to Jamaica where he was killed in action later that year during the Second Maroon War.
Newly arrived in Jamaica, Fitch ignored the advice of his experienced Maroon trackers, and led his forces into an ambush by the Maroons of Cudjoe's Town, which resulted in the deaths of Fitch, many members of the white militia, and a number of Accompong warriors.
# Hayes St Leger, 3rd Viscount Doneraile

Hayes St Leger, 3rd Viscount Doneraile (9 May 1786 – 27 March 1854) was an Anglo-Irish peer.
Doneraile was the son of Hayes St Leger, 2nd Viscount Doneraile and Charlotte Bernard. He served as an officer in the South Cork Militia, eventually attaining the rank of colonel. On 8 November 1819, he inherited his father's viscountcy and was elected as an Irish representative peer to the House of Lords in 1830. He married Lady Charlotte Esther Bernard, daughter of Francis Bernard, 1st Earl of Bandon and Lady Catherine Henrietta Boyle, on 14 June 1816.
# Turbonilla finlayi

Turbonilla finlayi is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.
# G. cristatus

G. cristatus may refer to:
* Germanodactylus cristatus
* Gobius cristatus
# Cauchy (crater)

Cauchy is a small lunar impact crater on the eastern Mare Tranquillitatis. It was named after French mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy. It is circular and symmetric, with a small interior floor at the midpoint of the sloping inner walls. Due to the high albedo of this bowl-shaped formation, it is particularly prominent at full Moon.
Cauchy lies between the Rupes Cauchy and the Rimae Cauchy, as described below.
South of Rupes Cauchy are two lunar domes designated Omega (ω) Cauchy and Tau (τ) Cauchy. They lie to the south and southwest of Cauchy respectively. Each lunar dome has a small depression at its crest, which is likely to be a volcanic vent rather than an impact crater. The vent at the top of Omega Cauchy is called Donna.

## Rupes Cauchy

To the south of Cauchy is a 120-km fault in the surface named the Rupes Cauchy, which forms a series of cliffs or escarpments. This wall roughly parallels the Rima Cauchy to the north.
Rupes Cauchy was named Fossa Casalis in a 1974 map, but this was not approved by the IAU. The term Rupes was used in favor of Fossa for the names of lunar scarps.

## Rima Cauchy

To the north of Cauchy is the rille named Rima Cauchy, a 210-kilometer-long graben.
Rima Cauchy was named Fossa Cauchy in a 1974 map, but term Rima was used in favor of Fossa for the names of lunar rilles.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Cauchy.
| Cauchy | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| A | 12.1° N | 37.9° E | 8 km |
| B | 9.8° N | 35.8° E | 6 km |
| C | 8.2° N | 38.9° E | 4 km |
| D | 10.0° N | 40.3° E | 9 km |
| E | 8.9° N | 38.6° E | 4 km |
| F | 9.6° N | 36.8° E | 4 km |
| M | 7.6° N | 35.1° E | 5 km |
| U | 8.8° N | 42.3° E | 5 km |
| V | 9.0° N | 41.5° E | 5 km |
| W | 10.6° N | 41.6° E | 4 km |
Cauchy A is shown as Hussein on some lunar maps based on Apollo 15 photographs, but the name was not approved by the IAU, which officially designated the crater name in 2006.
# Valora Noland

Valora Noland (born Valor Baum; December 8, 1941 – March 27, 2022) was an American actress, notable for her 1960s movie and television work, and, in her later years, photographer and author.

## Biography

Noland was born in Seattle, as Valor Baum, on December 8, 1941, the day after Pearl Harbor. Her mother named her "Valor", inspired by a speech by Winston Churchill. Her family moved from Seattle to the countryside near Santa Cruz, California in 1943. Sometime around 1959 she decided to become an actress. After graduating from Santa Cruz High School, she was accepted by the Pasadena Playhouse and, while studying there for a year and a half, settled on "Valora Noland" for her stage name and moved to Hollywood.
Valora's first job was an improvised scene with three other actors for the film Five Finger Exercise, later cut before distribution. Still, it enabled her to buy her SAG card, and somewhat larger parts in TV shows followed. She had a small role in a 1961 episode of the TV western The Rifleman entitled "High Country".
She played Vinnie in The Donna Reed Show episode entitled "Everywhere That Mary Goes." Her first movie role was in Beach Party (1963), and the next year, 1964, she played a part in an independent production, Summer Children, made on Catalina Island. It was never officially released. This was followed by Muscle Beach Party and after that a film titled Sex and the College Girl, which took place on Puerto Rico. A third "island" film came in 1965 when she was chosen to play the unfaithful wife in The Passionate Strangers, a Philippine production.
Back in Hollywood, Valora joined the cast of The War Wagon for a minimal role and appeared in guest roles in television shows including The Man from U.N.C.L.E., The Virginian, Star Trek, and Mannix as Cindy Gier in "Live Blueberries". Season 1 episode 7.
Noland was also active as a photographer and, as Valora Tree, authored the books "Horse Stories", and Water Lily Ponds, a volume of poetry.
Noland died on March 27, 2022, at the age of 80 in Sebastopol, California.

## Characters

* Clare in The Rifleman episode, "The High Country" (1961)
* Vinnie in The Donna Reed Show episode, "Everywhere That Mary Goes" (1963)
* Vickie in Sex and the College Girl (1964)
* Duchess Vicky in The Man from U.N.C.L.E episode, "The Round Table Affair" (1966)
* Amanda Harley in The Virginian episode, "Girl on the Pinto" (1967)
* Daras in Star Trek episode, "Patterns of Force" (1968)

## Filmography

* Beach Party (1963) - Rhonda
* Muscle Beach Party (1964) - Animal
* Sex and the College Girl (1964) - Vickie
* Summer Children (1965) - Diana
* The Passionate Strangers (1966) - Margaret Courtney
* The War Wagon (1967) - Kate