OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Volition (psychology)

Volition, also known as will or conation, is the cognitive process by which an individual decides on and commits to a particular course of action. It is defined as purposive striving and is one of the primary human psychological functions. Others include affect (feeling or emotion), motivation (goals and expectations), and cognition (thinking). Volitional processes can be applied consciously or they can be automatized as habits over time.
Most modern conceptions of volition address it as a process of conscious action control which becomes automatized (e.g. see Heckhausen and Kuhl; Gollwitzer; Boekaerts and Corno).

## Overview

Many researchers treat volition and willpower as scientific and colloquial terms (respectively) for the same process. When a person makes up their mind to do a thing, that state is termed 'immanent volition'. When we put forth any particular act of choice, that act is called an emanant, executive, or imperative volition. When an immanent or settled state of choice controls or governs a series of actions, that state is termed predominant volition. Subordinate volitions are particular acts of choice which carry into effect the object sought for by the governing or predominant volition.
According to Gary Kielhofner's "Model of Human Occupation", volition is one of the three sub-systems that act on human behavior. Within this model, volition refers to a person's values, interests and self-efficacy (personal causation) about personal performance. Kurt Lewin argues that motivation and volition are one and the same, in distinction to the nineteenth century psychologist Narziß Ach. Ach proposed that there is a certain threshold of desire that distinguishes motivation from volition: when desire lies below this threshold, it is motivation, and when it crosses over, it becomes volition. In the book A Bias for Action, Heinrich Bruch and Sumantra Ghoshal also differentiate volition (willpower) from motivation. Using this model, they propose assessing individuals' differing levels of commitment with regard to tasks by measuring it on a scale of intent from motivation(an emotion) to volition (a decision). Discussions of impulse control (e.g., Kuhl and Heckhausen) and education (e.g., Corno), also make the motivation-volition distinction. Corno's model ties volition to the processes of self-regulated learning.
# Katun

Katun mainly refers to a form of autonomous medieval community in the Balkans, generally made up of semi-nomadic herders (see Katun (community)). The term has been preserved in some local place names:
* Katun (Vranje), a village in Vranje Municipality, Serbia
* Katun (Aleksinac), a village in Aleksinac Municipality, Serbia
* Gornji Katun, a village in Varvarin Municipality, Serbia
* Donji Katun, a village in Varvarin Municipality, Serbia
* Katun, Pljevlja, a village in Pljevlja Municipality, Montenegro
* Katun nahiya [sh], a small province (nahiya) during the Ottoman rule in Montenegro
* Katun, Poreč, a village in Poreč Municipality, Croatia

## Other places

* Katúň, a village in eastern Slovakia
* Katun (river), a tributary of the Ob in Siberia, Russia
* Katun Nature Reserve, a Russian nature reserve in the Altai Mountains, Russia
* Katun, Iran, a village in Kurdistan Province, Iran

## Other uses

* Katun (album), a 2007 album by the Mexican death metal band Hacavitz
* K'atun, a period of time spanning 20 tuns or 7,200 days in the pre-Columbian Maya calendar
* Katun (roller coaster), a roller coaster at the Mirabilandia Amusement Park near Ravenna, Italy
# Scott Act

Scott Act may refer to:
* Scott Act (1863), which guaranteed the right to separate schools in what became Ontario, Canada, named for Richard William Scott
* Scott Act (1878), the Canada Temperance Act in the Dominion of Canada, also named for Richard William Scott
* Scott Act (1888), an American law prohibiting immigration of virtually all Chinese by rescinding certificates of reentry for Chinese who were then abroad
# Boxalls Bay

Boxalls Bay is a small bay located on the western side of the Forestier Peninsula, facing Norfolk Bay. It lies south of Tinpot Island and North of Eaglehawk Neck.
# We've Got a Big Mess on Our Hands

"We've Got a Big Mess on Our Hands" is the first single by The Academy Is... from their 2007 album Santi. The song impacted radio on March 13, 2007.

## Music video

The music video directed by Alan Ferguson focuses on William Beckett, beginning with a second more violent and unpleasant version of him leaving his apartment. The real William Beckett then follows, as his alter ego causes havoc. The final scene shows Beckett rushing onstage as the band is playing, and continually pummels his doppelganger. It then cuts to a show that there is no audience and no one is on stage except Beckett, implying that he hallucinated the entire incident, or that it was all a dream. The video directly crosses with Fall Out Boy's video single "Thnks fr th Mmrs", showing William Beckett on the phone with Pete Wentz; however, Wentz is having his makeup done at the time by one of the video's chimpanzees. "We've Got a Big Mess on Our Hands" has also been briefly featured on the second episode of the comedy series Aliens in America on The CW and also on Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County.

## Track listing

* "We've Got a Big Mess on Our Hands" – 3:26
# Gelert (disambiguation)

Gelert, also spelled Gellert or Killhart, was a 13th-century dog of Welsh fable
Gelert may also refer to:
* Gelert (company), a company selling outdoor equipment
* Elżbieta Gelert (born 1955), Polish politician
* Otto Gelert (1862–1899), Danish botanist and pharmacist
* Saint Gelert (7th century), probable founder of Beddgelert and Llangeler, in Wales
* Gelert's Farm Works, British railway operating center
* Gelert's Farm halt, British railway platform
* Gelert, a type of pet in Neopets
# Vitaliy Haiduk

Vitaliy Haiduk is a Ukrainian businessman and politician. One of the founders of the corporation Industrial Union of Donbas. PhD. From 10 October 2006 to 12 May 2007 Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine. One of the richest Ukrainians, his estimated net worth is $2.7 billion.

## Biography

Haiduk was born in the village Khlibodarivka, Volnovakha Raion, Donetsk Oblast. He is married and has a son and a daughter.
Education: Donetsk Polytechnic Institute (1980), engineer-economist, "Economics and Organization of the engineering industry", PhD thesis "Organizational — economic mechanism of leasing" (National Academy of Sciences Institute of Industrial Economics, 2001).
From 1980 — engineer, Donetsk Polytechnic Institute.
1981–1988 — Senior Economist, Head of Economics and Labour, Deputy Director of Economics, Donetsk Regional Center "AvtoVAZtehobsluhovuvannya".
1988–1994 — Director, Zuyevskaya electromechanical plant.
November 1994 — Deputy Chairman of Donetsk Regional Council.
November 1995 — July 1996 — Deputy Chairman of issues of industry, transport and communication, June — September 1997 — 1st Deputy Chairman of Donetsk Regional State Administration. In May 1997, the governor of the region was Viktor Yanukovych.
In January 2000 — April 2001 — Haiduk is 1st Deputy Minister, Ministry of Fuel and Energy of Ukraine.
2001 — 1st Deputy Head of the Central Office, the Party of Regions.
22 November 2001 — 26 November 2002 — Minister of Fuel and Energy of Ukraine.
26 November 2002 — 5 December 2003 — Deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine.
May 2004 — December 2006 — Chairman of the Supervisory Board of JSC "Dnieper Metallurgical Works named after Dzerzhinsky", President, Consortium "Industrial Group" (Kyiv).
He was a member of the Political Executive Committee of the Party of Regions.

## Proceedings and awards

Akademik of National Academy of Economic Sciences of Ukraine. "Honored Power Engineer CIS". Signs of "Miner's Glory" III, II Class. Diploma of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine (2004). Order of Merit (2005). A civil servant rank 1 (January 2007).
Co-author of the book "Problems and prospects of development of leasing in Ukraine" (2000).
# Kamala Nagar

Kamala Nagar may refer to these places in India named after Kamala Nehru:
* Kamala Nagar, Bangalore
* Kamala Nagar, Hyderabad
* Kamla Nagar, New Delhi
* Kamla Nagar, Agra
# Xinghuolu station

Xinghuolu station (Chinese: 星火路站; pinyin: Xīnghuǒlù Zhàn), is a station of Line 3 of the Nanjing Metro. It started operations on 1 April 2015.
# Curubis erratica

Curubis erratica is a species of spider of the genus Curubis. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.
# Kaushut

Kaushut is a village in the Ahal Province of Turkmenistan. It is about 25 kilometres (16 mi) west of Kaka, the district capital.

## History

The site was surveyed between 1946 and 1967. It was one of the largest settlements in the Hellenistic era.
To the west of the village, lies a citadel of irregular plan. Known in Turkmen as Khusrau Kala, this is dated to post-Parthian times and probably served as the summer residence of Khosrow I. Besides the citadel, are the ruins of a walled settlement.

## Transport

There is an eponymous halt-station.
# Scott Adams (disambiguation)

Scott Adams (born 1957) is the American creator of the Dilbert comic strip.
Scott Adams is also the name of:
* Scott Adams (game designer) (born 1952), American game designer
* Scott Adams (skier) (born 1971), Australian Paralympic skier
* Peggy Scott-Adams (1948–2023), American R&B and soul singer
* Scott Adams (American football) (1966–2013), American football player
# How Many Times (Family Brown song)

"How Many Times" is a song recorded by Canadian country music group Family Brown. It was released in 1990 as the second single from their album Life and Times 1982-1989. It peaked at number 3 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in April 1990.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1990) | Peak position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 3 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1990) | Position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 59 |
# Hrvatska poštanska banka

Hrvatska poštanska banka d.d. or HPB is the largest Croatian-owned bank in the country and ranks 5th in Croatia in terms of total assets, worth around EUR 7.046.053 thousands.
The bank was founded in October 1991 by Hrvatska pošta, the Croatian national postal service, which was the bank's majority shareholder until 2001. Since 2001, the Government of Croatia is the majority owner of the bank, via stakes acquired by the state-owned fund Hrvatski fond za privatizaciju and the national pension fund Hrvatski zavod za mirovinsko osiguranje. HPB is listed on the Zagreb Stock Exchange.
In November 2019, the International Banker awarded Hrvatska poštanska banka as the best commercial bank of the year in Croatia. In March 2020, HPB decided to retain 2019 net profit, accepting a resolution of the Croatia's central bank.
Hrvatska poštanska banka has been designated in 2020 as a Significant Institution under the criteria of European Banking Supervision, and as a consequence is directly supervised by the European Central Bank.
In September 2021, the supervisory board of HPB appointed Marko Badurina as President of the HPB Management Board, and Anto Mihaljević and Ivan Soldo as Members of the management board. The CNB Council approved the propositions.
In March 2022, the EU unit of Sberbank went into insolvency (due to the EU sanctions in reaction to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Single Resolution Board decided to transfer all shares of the Sberbank's Croatian subsidiary to HPB. On the 2nd of March, HPB officially bought the local unit of Sberbank for 71 million kuna (€9.4 million euro).

## Ownership structure

| | Number of shares | Percentage |
| Republic of Croatia | 909,035 | 44.8989% |
| Croatian Post | 241,610 | 11.9336% |
| Croatian Deposit Insurance Agency | 181,918 | 8.9803% |
| Croatian Pension Insurance Institute | 177,311 | 8.7577% |
| PBZ CO mandatory pension fund - cat. B | 121,522 | 6.0022% |
| HPB own treasury shares | 49 | 0.0024% |
| Others | 393,280 | 19.4248% |
# How to Launch Your Own Board Game

How to Launch Your Own Board Game is a book published in 1989 by Longbridge Enterprises.

## Contents

How to Launch Your Own Board Game is a book in which a do-it-yourself approach is presented for board game publication.

## Reception

Brian Walker reviewed How to Launch Your Own Board Game for Games International magazine, and gave it a rating of 1 out of 10 (a turkey), and stated that the given price "for 13 pages does not seem much of a bargain by any standards, especially when you consider the information provided is unlikely to result in even such a modest investment being recouped. Even if there is need for a book on this subject, this is not it."
# Karahe Wala

Karahe Wala is a small village in Moga district of Punjab state of India.
Karahe Wala is a village in Kot-ise-khan tehsil in the Moga District of Punjab State, India. It is located 33 km north of district headquarters Moga and 185 km from the state capital Chandigarh. Moga, Zira, and Makhu are the nearby cities.

## Geography

Karahe Wala is on the border of the Moga and Firozepur district. Firozepur District Zira is toward the west.

## Demographics

As per 2011 Census of India, total population of Karahe Wala was 949 persons. Total number of households in village was 180 as per 2011 census. There were total of 501 male persons and 448 females and a total number of 87 children of 6 years or below in this village.

## Climate

Agricultural fields of Punjab in Monsoon Karahe Wala's climate is characterised by extreme hot and extreme cold conditions. Annual temperatures in Punjab range from 1 to 46 °C (34 to 115 °F) but can reach 49 °C (120 °F) in summer and 0 °C (32 °F) in winter. The northeast area lying near the foothills of the Himalayas receives heavy rainfall, whereas the area lying further south and west receives less rainfall and experiences higher temperatures. Average annual rainfall ranges 460 millimetres (18 inches) in the plains.
Karahe Wala has three seasons: summer (April to June), when temperatures typically rise as high as 38 °C (100 °F); monsoon season (July to September), when the majority of rainfall occurs; and winter (December to February), when temperatures typically fall as low as 0 °C (32 °F).

## Transportation

Main articles: Punjab Roadways and PEPSU Road Transport Corporation
Public transportation in the village is provided by buses. The main bus stand is 500 m away on the national highway.

## Economy

Karahe Wala is one of the most fertile regions in Punjab. The region is ideal for wheat growing. Rice, maize, fruits and vegetables are also grown.

## Politics

S. Ajaypal Singh Sandhu is the current sarpanch of village Karahe Wala.

## Religion

Sikhism is the predominant faith in village, followed by more than 90% of the populace. There are one. gurudwara situated in the village.

## Language

The Punjabi language, written in the Gurmukhi script, is the official language of the village. Punjabi is the ninth most spoken language in the world and fourth most spoken language in Asia.

## Education

There are two primary and secondary schools in the village. There are also a number of private school around the village.

## Culture

The culture of village has many elements including music such as bhangra, an extensive religious and non-religious dance tradition, a long history of poetry in the Punjabi language, and harvest festivals such as Lohri, Basant, Vaisakhi and Teeyan, all of which are celebrated in addition to the religious festivals of India.

## Cuisine

One of the main features of village cuisine is its diverse range of dishes. Some food items are eaten on a daily basis while some delicacies are cooked only on special occasions.
# Hsiao-Wen Chen

Hsiao-Wen Chen (Chinese: 陳曉雯) is a Taiwanese-American astronomer who uses a combination of absorption spectroscopy and emission-line mapping to study diffuse baryonic "normal matter" in the intergalactic medium and galactic halos, and the connections between this matter and the matter in star-forming regions of galaxies. The circumgalactic medium resides in the interface between star-forming regions and intergalactic space contains the majority of baryonic mass as well as the critical record of gas circulation in and out of galaxies. Chen, a professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Chicago, has been leading efforts to decipher how the growth and evolution of galaxies over cosmic time are connected and/or regulated by the physical properties of the circumgalactic gas.

## Education and career

Chen studied physics at National Taiwan University, earning a bachelor's degree in 1992 and a master's in 1994. She completed a Ph.D. in astronomy at Stony Brook University in 1999.
After postdoctoral research at the Carnegie Observatories from 1999 to 2002, and as a Hubble Fellow at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology from 2002 to 2005, Chen became an assistant professor of astronomy at the University of Chicago in 2005. She was promoted to associate professor in 2012 and full professor in 2017. She has also been affiliated with the university's Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics since 2007.
She was her university's representative to the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy from 2006 to 2017, vice-president of the intergalactic medium commission of the International Astronomical Union from 2015 to 2021, and chair of the Hubble Space Telescope Users Committee for 2016–2017. She is the principal investigator of two large Hubble Space Telescope General Observer's programs, the Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) and the Circumgalactic Observations of Nuv-shifted Transitions Across Cosmic Time (CONTACT) project. Chen is serving on the Executive Committee of NASA Cosmic Origins Program Analysis Group. She is a member of NASA Astrophysics Advisory Committee. She is a principal organizer of the NASA COPAG DGCE seminar series.

## Recognition

The American Astronomical Society named Chen to their 2022 class of AAS Fellows, "for fundamental work using quasar absorption-line observations to study the halo gas content of galaxies".
# Kangra railway station

Kangra railway station is a main railway station in Kangra district in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. The station lies on UNESCO World Heritage Site Kangra Valley Railway. It is located at an altitude of 674 metres (2,211 ft) above mean sea level. It was allotted the railway code of KGRA under the jurisdiction of Firozpur railway division. The 610 mm (2 ft)-wide narrow gauge was opened for traffic in 1929. In 1929 the line was regauged to 762 mm (2 ft 6 in)-wide narrow gauge.
# Howland, Virginia

Howland is an unincorporated community in Northumberland County, in the U.S. state of Virginia.
# Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary

Kanyakumari Wildlife Sanctuary is a 402.4 km$^2$ (155.4 sq mi) protected area in Kanyakumari district, Tamil Nadu, South India declared in February 2008. The area is a tiger habitat. Seven rivers originate in the forest including the Thamirabarani River and Pahrali River.

## Wildlife

The region is one of the most diverse wildlife forest location in India. Several new species of plants, amphibians and insects discovered here are found nowhere else, making it an endemic region. The area is a wildlife corridor with high biodiversity, and in addition to tigers, is home to the threatened species: Indian bison, elephant, Indian rock python, lion-tailed macaque, mouse deer, Nilgiri tahr and sambar deer.

## Habitation

There are a few tribal villages in the sanctuary and adjoining reserve forests.

## Threats

The Arasu Rubber Corporation had destroyed 12,000 acres of forest land to promote rubber estates. This triggered wide protests among the locals and environmentalists. The State government got a stay order and has continued turning forests into rubber plantations by leasing the land to third party contractors and landlords. Another incident was the uprooting of 20,000 forest trees in the guise of clearing the damage caused due to Cyclone Ockhi. This caused anthropogenic disturbance.
# Tajikistan at the 2004 Summer Paralympics

Tajikistan competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. The team included one athlete, but won no medals.

## Sports
### Powerlifting

| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank |
| Parviz Odinaev | 60kg | 147.5 | 9 |
# Kaplon

Kaplon may refer to:
* Kaplon (chieftain), a Hungarian tribal chieftain
* Kaplon (genus), a gens (clan) in the Kingdom of Hungary
# Tacobamba

Tacobamba is a small town in Bolivia.
Located near the city of Potosi, Tacobamba sits in the south of Bolivia.
The main event in Tacobamba are the carnivals which feature residents dressing up in brightly colored clothing and dancing to music.

## Weather

Tacobamba is located between the Bolivian Altiplano in the west and the Amazon lowlands in the east. The region has a typical daytime climate, in which the mean temperature differences between day and night are greater than the temperature differences between the seasons.
The annual average temperature of the region is 14 °C and fluctuates between 11 °C in June and 16 °C in November (see climate diagram). The annual precipitation is roughly 550 mm, with a pronounced dry season from April to August and monthly precipitation of more than 100 mm in January and February.
# Karitate Dam

Karitate Dam is a concrete gravity dam located in Saga Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control and water supply. The catchment area of the dam is 2.3 km$^2$. The dam impounds about 15 ha of land when full and can store 1330 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1982 and completed in 2001.
# Boy Lornsen

Boy Lornsen (7 August 1922 – 26 July 1995) was a German sculptor and author of children's literature, writing both in Standard German and in Platt.
Lornsen served as pilot and radio operator in the German Luftwaffe during World War II. After the war, he was educated as a sculptor at Hanover. He worked as a sculptor into the 1960s.
In 1967, he published his first children's book, about a boy who helps a robot with his homework, Robbi, Tobbi und das Fliewatüüt. The book was a success, and was adapted for television in 1972. Lornsen was a member of P.E.N. from 1981.
Lornsen's books were translated into numerous languages, including Greek, Japanese and Norwegian. In 1980, his Jakobus Nimmersatt was adapted by Japan's Nippon Animation studio into a TV special, Nodoka Mori no Dobutsu Daisakusen (The Great Plan of the Animals of Placid Forest), directed by Yoshio Kuroda; the special was released in English under two different titles, Back to the Forest and Peter of Placid Forest.
Paul the Octopus was named after one of his poems: Der Tintenfisch Paul Oktopus.