OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Instrument rating

Instrument rating refers to the qualifications that a pilot must have in order to fly under instrument flight rules (IFR). It requires specific training and instruction beyond what is required for a private pilot certificate or commercial pilot certificate, including rules and procedures specific to instrument flying, additional instruction in meteorology, and more intensive training in flight solely by reference to instruments.

## Training and testing

Testing consists of a written exam and a practical test (also known as a check ride in the US, or a flight test in other countries). The check ride is divided into an oral component (certain countries only) to verify that the applicant understands the theory of instrument flying and an actual flight to ensure the pilot possesses the practical skills required for safe IFR flight.
For most private pilots, the most significant value of flying under IFR is the ability to fly in instrument meteorological conditions (such as inside clouds or days with poor visibility). Additionally, all flights operating in Class A airspace must be conducted under IFR. In the United States, an instrument rating is required when operating under special visual flight rules (SVFR) at night.

## Requirements

Requirements for an instrument rating in the United States are listed in section 61.65 of the Federal Aviation Regulation are:
* 50 hours of Pilot in Command cross country
* 40 hours of simulated or actual instrument time
* 15 hours of flight instruction towards instrument rating
The Canadian license VFR-Over-the-Top (VFR OTT) allows private as well as commercial pilots to cross IMC areas when start and end of the trip is performed under VFR conditions.
In the UK, private pilots can attend a less intensive training to the Instrument Rating (Restricted) rating, restricted to the national airspace. This does not confer the privileges of a full Instrument Rating, but allows flight in IMC outside class A airspace, and flight on a SVFR clearance with in-flight visibility below 10 km (but more than 3 km).
An instrument rating test can be taken in either single or multi engine aircraft, with the qualification awarded being known as an SEIR or MEIR respectively. A pilot may be qualified to fly multi engine aircraft, but only hold a SEIR - in which case he/she would only be allowed to fly SE aircraft in IMC. To upgrade to a MEIR, further training and another check ride would be required. An MEIR holder is automatically granted SEIR privileges.
In addition, under EASA, an instrument rating is issued as either single pilot (SP) or multi pilot (MP) and must be re-validated separately every 12 months. Typically, a pilot will get their first SP MEIR on a light piston twin, then when they move to an airline, they will get an MP MEIR as part of their type rating training. If they do not re-validate their SP MEIR, they could find themselves in the position of being allowed to fly IFR in a jet but not a piston.
# Bersteland

Bersteland is a municipality in the district of Dahme-Spreewald in Brandenburg in Germany.

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1875 | 1,256 | — |
| 1890 | 1,357 | +0.52% |
| 1910 | 1,259 | −0.37% |
| 1925 | 1,111 | −0.83% |
| 1933 | 1,104 | −0.08% |
| 1939 | 1,101 | −0.05% |
| 1946 | 1,471 | +4.23% |
| 1950 | 1,198 | −5.00% |
| 1964 | 982 | −1.41% |
| 1971 | 936 | −0.68% |
| 1981 | 891 | −0.49% |
| 1985 | 889 | −0.06% |
| 1989 | 894 | +0.14% |
| 1990 | 870 | −2.68% |
| 1991 | 850 | −2.30% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1992 | 839 | −1.29% |
| 1993 | 837 | −0.24% |
| 1994 | 831 | −0.72% |
| 1995 | 834 | +0.36% |
| 1996 | 886 | +6.24% |
| 1997 | 903 | +1.92% |
| 1998 | 919 | +1.77% |
| 1999 | 929 | +1.09% |
| 2000 | 929 | +0.00% |
| 2001 | 930 | +0.11% |
| 2002 | 911 | −2.04% |
| 2003 | 937 | +2.85% |
| 2004 | 937 | +0.00% |
| 2005 | 934 | −0.32% |
| 2006 | 937 | +0.32% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 2007 | 923 | −1.49% |
| 2008 | 930 | +0.76% |
| 2009 | 916 | −1.51% |
| 2010 | 925 | +0.98% |
| 2011 | 915 | −1.08% |
| 2012 | 907 | −0.87% |
| 2013 | 902 | −0.55% |
| 2014 | 895 | −0.78% |
| 2015 | 896 | +0.11% |
| 2016 | 901 | +0.56% |
| 2017 | 880 | −2.33% |
| 2018 | 894 | +1.59% |
| 2019 | 902 | +0.89% |
| 2020 | 889 | −1.44% |
# Greenwood Township, Pennsylvania

Greenwood Township is the name of some places in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, a U.S. state:
* Greenwood Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
* Greenwood Township, Columbia County, Pennsylvania
* Greenwood Township, Crawford County, Pennsylvania
* Greenwood Township, Juniata County, Pennsylvania
* Greenwood Township, Perry County, Pennsylvania
# North Cockerington

North Cockerington is a small village and civil parish in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 3 miles (5 km) north-east from Louth. North Cockerington was formerly known as Cockerington St Mary, distinguishing it from Cockerington St Leonard, now South Cockerington. In 1670 Sir Jarvis Scrope founded six tenements for poor people of North and South Cockerington.
The village has no shops or public houses. The former post office in Meadow Lane, once called Ashdene, is now Pump Cottage. The village school is North Cockerington Church of England Primary School. The school serves the villages of North and South Cockerington, Alvingham, Yarburgh as well as Louth itself.
Village population has fluctuated between 150 and 200 since 1801 and currently remains at just below 200, with an equal distribution of males and females.
The Greenwich Prime Zero meridian line passes through the village.

## St Mary's Church

St Mary's Church is a redundant Anglican church in the village of Alvingham, adjacent to North Cockerington. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.
# Jean Roemer

Jean Roemer (born in England about 1815; died in Lenox, Massachusetts, 31 August 1892) was a Dutch soldier and a United States professor of French language and literature at the City College of New York.

## Biography

He was taken in infancy to Hanover, and afterward to Holland. His early education was conducted under the guardianship of William I, king of the Netherlands, and Frederica Louisa, Princess of Orange, and wife of Charles George Augustus, heir-apparent of the crown of Brunswick. He was destined for the army, and served on the Dutch side throughout the Belgian Revolution, a war of secession between Holland and Belgium. At the close of the war he visited the great military establishments of France, Prussia, and Austria, and completed his studies in Lombardy under the guidance and auspices of Field-Marshal Count Radetzky.
Subsequently he resided in Naples, where a close intimacy with the Prince of Syracuse, ex-viceroy of Sicily, and some articles that were attributed to him, caused much comment. They gave umbrage to King Ferdinand II, whose distrust of the liberal tendencies of his brother lent to this friendship a political significance. It became the subject of diplomatic correspondence, and led to the Roemer's recall from Italy early in 1845.
Some time after the death of William I, whose successor on the throne appears to have been influenced by a different spirit from that of his father concerning Roemer, the pretensions of the latter began to take a definite form, setting forth claims to titles and estates, the right to which was denied him on special grounds, which ever since have been maintained against him. Strong efforts made in his behalf did not avail, and even at the congress of German sovereigns, held in Frankfurt in 1863, a well-supported attempt at compromise and conciliation remained without result.
From 1846 he resided in the United States. In 1848 he accepted the post of professor of the French language and literature in the New York Free Academy, and in 1869 he was appointed vice-president of the College of the City of New York, which place he occupied while he lived.

## Works

In addition to articles and pamphlets on agriculture, education, and linguistics, he published:
* Dictionary of English-French Idioms (New York, 1853)
* Polyglot Readers (5 vols., 1858)
* Cavalry: its History, Management, and Uses in War (1863)
* Cours de lecture et de traduction (3 vols., 1884)
* Principles of General Grammar (1884)
* Origins of the English People and of the English Language (1888)
# Eravur

Eravur is a town in the Batticaloa District of Eastern Province, Sri Lanka, it is located about 15 km (9.3 mi) north-west of Batticaloa. It is governed by the Eravur Urban Council.
* This Eastern Province, Sri Lanka location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Troude

Troude is a French surname originating in Normandy. It may refer to
* Amable Troude (1762–1824), a counter admiral
** Amable-Emmanuel Troude (1803–1885), his son, colonel and lexicographer
** Onésime-Joachim Troude (1807–1886), his son, frigate captain and writer
* Laurent Troude (1968–2018), a journalist
# The Football Factory

The Football Factory is the title of the following works:
* The Football Factory (film)
* The Football Factory (novel)
# Bettendorf Transit

Bettendorf Transit is the operator of public transportation in Scott County, Iowa. Bus service began in the city in 1974, with the municipality contracted with Moline for the creation of one intercity line. In 1980, fixed route service began, and today four local and one intercity routes are provided, using 6 standard and two smaller buses. Standard fares are 60 cents; while all buses are wheelchair accessible, paratransit is not a function of this agency, but instead is a function of River Bend Transit.

## Route list

* 1 Red Bridge Line to Moline-Burlington Coat Factory-Scott Community College
* 2 Blue Burlington Coat Factory Devils Glen Rd.
* 3 Purple Northridge Shopping Center
# Lambda1 Fornacis

λ$^1$ Fornacis, Latinized as Lambda$^1$ Fornacis, is a red giant star in the southern constellation of Fornax. It is just visible to the naked eye as a dim, yellow-hued point of light with an apparent visual magnitude of 5.91. The star is located 383 light years from the Sun, based on stellar parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +10 km/s.
λ$^1$ Fornacis is a K-type giant star with a stellar classification of K0/1III, showing it has exhausted its core hydrogen and evolved away from the main sequence. It is currently on the horizontal branch, fusing helium in its core. The star has 2.3 times the mass of the Sun and 12 times its radius. It is radiating 66 times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,770 K. The abundance of elements with mass higher than helium is similar to the Sun.
# Greenwood Township, St. Clair County, Michigan

Greenwood Township is a civil township of St. Clair County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 1,490 at the 2020 Census.

## Communities

* East Greenwood was a rural postoffice in this township from 1874 until 1905.
* Fargo is an unincorporated community in the southeast part of the township, where Fargo Road crosses the Plum Creek at 43°06′11″N 82°39′33″W﻿ / ﻿43.10306°N 82.65917°W﻿ / 43.10306; -82.65917. Fargo was a station on the Port Huron and Northwestern Railway. It was named for the local sawmill and grist mill owners, A. Farr & Sons. A post office was in operation from March 1881 until March 1959. Fargo is an acceptable name for the Avoca ZIP code 48006.
* Greenwood Centre was a historical settlement near the center of the township. The township was organized in 1855 and a post office operated from October 1874 until November 1885. Greenwood is an acceptable name for the Avoca ZIP code 48006.

## History

Greenwood township was established in 1855.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 35.9 square miles (93 km$^2$), of which 35.8 square miles (93 km$^2$) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.26 km$^2$) (0.39%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,373 people, 470 households, and 384 families residing in the township. The population density was 38.4 inhabitants per square mile (14.8/km$^2$). There were 492 housing units at an average density of 13.8 per square mile (5.3/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 96.07% White, 0.95% African American, 0.51% Native American, 0.36% Asian, 0.51% from other races, and 1.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.31% of the population.
There were 470 households, out of which 40.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.8% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.1% were non-families. 14.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.91 and the average family size was 3.19.
In the township the population was spread out, with 29.5% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.5 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $52,604, and the median income for a family was $57,109. Males had a median income of $41,724 versus $26,667 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,050. About 0.5% of families and 1.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.
# Dead Rhythm Machine

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Alternative Press | |
| Drowned in Sound | 9/10 |
| Punknews.org | |
Dead Rhythm Machine is an album by American band The Letters Organize, released in 2005.

## Critical reception

AllMusic wrote: "Complete with urgent, angular riffs, pummeling drumwork, and a relentless, machine-like approach, this Atlanta-based band scorches through a baker's dozen songs that are sure to please fans of abrasive, intense punk." Drowned in Sound called the album "a fast-and-furious 31 minute lesson in quick-shot rock ‘n’ roll punk; a genuine fire-cracker of a record." Alternative Press called it "a certified screamo-garage masterpiece".

## Track listing

* "Dressed Up in Gatwick"
* "Matador"
* "These Words"
* "I Want I Want"
* "They Call It Rock N Roll (And Other Lies)"
* "Trouble Sleeping"
* "There's Room for One More"
* "Don't Move"
* "Perfection?"
* "Costume in the Corner"
* "A Song of Hope"
* "A Book for Dummies"
* "Operation Dead"
# The Ultimate Book of Hockey Trivia for Kids

The Ultimate Book of Hockey Trivia for Kids is a book by Eric Zweig published in 2015. Illustrated by Bill Dickson and Lorna Bennett, it is a compilation of three volumes published in previous years: Hockey Trivia for Kids (published in 2006), Hockey Trivia for Kids 2 (published in 2008), and Hockey Trivia for Kids 3 (published in 2011).
The book discusses North American ice hockey trivia starting from the beginning to the current day. It shares facts about National Hockey League teams and players, the Stanley Cup, and hockey games.

## Reception

Dave Jenkinson, a Professor Emeritus of the Faculty of Education at the University of Manitoba, wrote in the Manitoba Library Association's Canadian Review of Materials that The Ultimate Book of Hockey Trivia for Kids is "a terrific purchase by hockey aficionados, whether child or adult". In its Best Books for Kids & Teens guide, Canadian Children's Book Centre said, "This giant collection of hockey trivia is full of all the fun and fascinating facts every ultimate hockey fan needs to know!"
Victoria Pennell wrote in the Society for Canadian Educational Resources' Resource Links that "[t]his book is sure to be a hit with all hockey fans, not just kids". Pennell further wrote, "There is no table of contents or index in this book, thus making it a little difficult if looking for specific information, however, most readers will enjoy it for the trivia aspect rather than as a reference tool".
# Tibet Bureau (Paris)

The Tibet Bureau in Paris, one of the offices of the official representation of the 14th Dalai Lama and of the Tibetan government in exile, is in charge of France, the Iberian Peninsula, the Maghreb and the Benelux countries (except Belgium). Founded in September 1992 it acts as an Embassy.

## Activities

The Bureau is responsible for the preparation of visits of the Dalai Lama and of officials of the government in exile to promote culture, religion and Tibetan language, to support the Tibetans living in Europe and Maghreb, and promote the cause of Tibet internationally.
Shortly after the founding of the Tibet Bureau in Paris in September 1992, François Mitterrand, then president of the French Republic, received the Dalai Lama in private at the Elysee on 16 November 1993.
Every year, the Tibet Bureau organizes the celebration of the birthday of the Dalai Lama.
Since 1996, the Tibet Bureau publishes Actualités Tibétaines, a quarterly magazine.
On 20 October 2003 the Dalai Lama was received at the Paris City Hall by Bertrand Delanoë, then mayor of Paris.

## List of representatives

* Dawa Thondup : September 1992 – 1997
* Kunzang Yuthok : February 1997 – 2001
* Tashi Phuntsok : September 2001 - November 2005
* Jampal Chosang : 27 February 2006 – 2009
* Tashi Wangdi : January 2009-17 December 2010
* Ngodup Dorjee : 17 December 2010 -2014
* Tseten Samdup Chhoekyapa : 1 October 2014-

## List of secretaries

In 1993, Wangpo Bashi joined the Tibet Bureau in Paris, and was appointed secretary of the Tibetan government in exile in 1995. He was replaced on 25 August 2011 by Tsering Dhondup.
# Eric Copeland

Eric Copeland (born 1978 in Brunswick, Maine, United States) is an American experimental musician based in New York City. He is a core member of Black Dice and forms half of the duo Terrestrial Tones with Animal Collective's Avey Tare. Copeland uses a variety of instruments and effects but largely focuses his work on vocal sounds, primitive sampling and looping techniques, and delay manipulation.
Copeland released his first solo effort, Hermaphrodite, in 2007 on the Paw Tracks label. His next LP, Alien in a Garbage Dump, released in August 2009, is composed of songs from his EPs Alien in a Garbage Dump and Al Anon. In 2009, Copeland self-released the CD-R Rgag EP.
He was chosen by Animal Collective to perform at the All Tomorrow's Parties festival that they curated in May 2011.
In 2012, he teamed up with Underwater Peoples Records to release his album, Limbo. His latest album, Dumb It Down, was released in September 2020 on Post Present Media.

## Discography

* Hermaphrodite (2007, Paw Tracks / PPM Records)
* Alien in a Garbage Dump EP (2008, Paw Tracks)
* Al Anon (Catsup Plate)
* Rgag CDR EP (2009, self-released)
* Alien in a Garbage Dump (2009, Paw Tracks)
* Alladin 7" (Fusetron)
* Doo Doo Run 7" (2010, PPM Records)
* Strange Days (2010, PPM Records)
* Puerto Rican 7" (PPM Records)
* Waco Taco Combo (2011, Escho)
* Whorehouse Blues 7" (2011, PPM Records)
* B.Y.O.B 7" collaboration with DJ Dog Dick (2012, EAC)
* Get Along 7" (2012, PPM Records)
* Bi 7" collaboration with Jimi Hey (2012, Mexican Summer)
* Limbo (2012, Underwater Peoples)
* Flushing Meats 7" (2012, Calico Corp)
* Masterbater 12" (2013, DFA)
* Joke in the Hole (2013, DFA)
* Ms Pretzel (2014, DFA)
* Logo My Ego (2014, L.I.E.S.)
* Jesus Freak (2015, L.I.E.S.)
* Black Bubblegum (2016, DFA)
* Brooklyn Banks (2016, Palmetto Arts)
* Courtesy, Professionalism, Respect (2016, L.I.E.S.)
* Goofballs (2017, DFA)
* Trogg Modal, Vol. 1 (2018, DFA)
* Trogg Modal Vol. 2 (2019, DFA)
* Dumb It Down (2020, PPM Records)
* Spiral Stairs (2022, Les Albums Claus)
# Ingatun-Lukman Gumuntul Istarul

Ingatun-Lukman "Tong" Gumuntul Istarul (LKS-KAM) is a Filipino politician and current mayor of Tipo-Tipo in Basilan (2010–13).
# Lambert of Ardres

Lambert of Ardres (active 1194–1203) was a chronicler in the twelfth-century Kingdom of France, from on the frontiers of the County of Flanders.
By 1194, Lambert was the parish priest of Ardres. He was related to the Counts of Guînes, for whom he wrote a Historia comitum Ghisnensium, begun around 1196 and left unfinished in 1203. It is a mixture of history and folklore. It also contains a contemporary description of a donjon. A chapter of Georges Duby's The Knight, The Lady, and the Priest is dedicated to Lambert's Historia.
Lambert's Historia has been published in a number of editions:
* Godfrey de Ménilglaise (ed.), Chronique de Guines et d'Ardres par Lambert, curé d'Ardres (Paris, 1855).
* Johannes Heller (ed.), "Lamberti ardensis historia comitum Ghisnensium", in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, vol. 24 (1879), 550-642.
* Leah Shopkow (trans.), The History of the Counts of Guines and Lords of Ardres (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000)
# Sigara dorsalis

Sigara dorsalis is a species of water boatman in the family Corixidae in the order Hemiptera.
# Deathcamas

Deathcamas or death camas refers to several species of flowering plant in the tribe Melanthieae. The name alludes to the great similarity of appearance between these toxic plants, which were formerly classified together in the genus Zigadenus, and the edible camases (Camassia), with which they also often share habitat. Other common names for these plants include deadly zigadene, hog potato and mystery-grass.
* Anticlea elegans – Mountain deathcamas
* Anticlea mogollonensis – Mogollon deathcamas
* Anticlea vaginata – Sheathed deathcamas
* Anticlea virescens – Green deathcamas
* Anticlea volcanica – Lava deathcamas
* Stenanthium densum – Pinebarren deathcamas
* Toxicoscordion brevibracteatum – Desert deathcamas
* Toxicoscordion exaltatum – Giant deathcamas
* Toxicoscordion fontanum – Smallflower deathcamas
* Toxicoscordion fremontii – Fremont's deathcamas, star zigadene - (several varieties)
* Toxicoscordion micranthum – Smallflower deathcamas
* Toxicoscordion nuttallii – Nuttall's deathcamas
* Toxicoscordion paniculatum – Foothill deathcamas
* Toxicoscordion venenosum – Death camas, meadow deathcamas - (several varieties)
* Zigadenus glaberrimus, Sandbog deathcamas
# Emplectonematidae

Emplectonematidae is a family of worms belonging to the order Hoplonemertea.

## Genera

Genera:
* Atyponemertes Friedrich, 1938
* Atyponemertes Friedrich, 1938
* Crybelonemertes Sundberg & Gibson, 1995
* Cryptonemertes Gibson, 1986
* Emplectonema Stimpson, 1857
* Halimanemertes Gibson, 1990
* Ischyronemertes Gibson, 1990
* Nemertes Johnston, 1837
* Nemertopsella Wheeler, 1940
* Nemertopsis Bürger, 1895
* Poikilonemertes Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1942
* Sanjuannemertes Iwata, 2006
* Satellitenemertes Iwata, 2006
* Tetranemertes Tshernyshev, 1992
* Thermanemertes Rogers, Gibson & Tunnicliffe, 1996
# The Water (San Cisco album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
The Water is the third studio album by the Australian indie rock band San Cisco. It was released on 5 May 2017. The album peaked at number 17 on the ARIA Chart.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jordi Davieson, Josh Biondillo, Scarlett Stevens and Steven Schram.

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 17 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label | Catalogue |
| Australia | 5 May 2017 | CD LP digital download streaming | Island Records | SAN05 |
# Tibet Himalaya Mountaineering Guide School

The Tibet Himalaya Mountaineering Guide School (also known as Lhasa Himalaya Mountaineering Guide School and Tibet Mountaineering School, Chinese: 西藏登山学校) is a mountaineering school, located in Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China.

## History

The school was founded in 1999 by Nyima Tsering, a three-time Mount Everest climber. Graduates of this school have led more than 180 mountain climbers from around the world to the top of Everest.