OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dunderave Castle

Dunderave Castle is an L-plan castle built in the 16th century as the Scottish seat of the MacNaughton clan.

## Description

The castle lies on a small promontory on the northern shores of Loch Fyne, around 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north-east of Inveraray, Argyll. The castle is in use as a residence. The present castle was built after their previous castle was destroyed following a Plague infection. The old castle, and remnants of McNaughton crannógs, can still be seen on the lochan known as the Dubh Loch at the head of Glen Shira.
The name Dunderave is of Gaelic origin. Since the MacNachtans were designated 'of Dunderave' from as early as 1473, the place-name appears to have moved with the clan from the Dubh Loch. It has been suggested that the name derives either from Dun-an-Rudha, meaning 'The Knoll on the Promontory', or else from Dun-da-Ramh, 'The Castle of Two Oars'. The latter is taken to imply that there was a ferry near the site of the castle.
Alexander Campbell of Cawdor visited Dunderave in September 1591.
The castle was restored and remodelled in 1911 by Sir Robert Lorimer relandscaping the gardens at the same time.
The property is currently under private ownership.
# Glass Wave

Glass Wave is an American rock band founded by Stanford University professors Dan Edelstein and Robert Pogue Harrison. Originally formed as a teaching aid for a humanities class, Glass Wave's lyrics are inspired by the classics. Alongside Edelstein and Harrison are vocalist Christy Wampole, bass player Thomas Harrison, drummer Colin Camarillo, and Jay Kadis, who plays guitar and percussion. Their self-titled debut album was released in 2010.
# Logic learning machine

Logic learning machine (LLM) is a machine learning method based on the generation of intelligible rules. LLM is an efficient implementation of the Switching Neural Network (SNN) paradigm, developed by Marco Muselli, Senior Researcher at the Italian National Research Council CNR-IEIIT in Genoa.
LLM has been employed in many different sectors, including the field of medicine (orthopedic patient classification, DNA micro-array analysis and Clinical Decision Support Systems), financial services and supply chain management.

## History

The Switching Neural Network approach was developed in the 1990s to overcome the drawbacks of the most commonly used machine learning methods. In particular, black box methods, such as multilayer perceptron and support vector machine, had good accuracy but could not provide deep insight into the studied phenomenon. On the other hand, decision trees were able to describe the phenomenon but often lacked accuracy. Switching Neural Networks made use of Boolean algebra to build sets of intelligible rules able to obtain very good performance. In 2014, an efficient version of Switching Neural Network was developed and implemented in the Rulex suite with the name Logic Learning Machine. Also, an LLM version devoted to regression problems was developed.

## General

Like other machine learning methods, LLM uses data to build a model able to perform a good forecast about future behaviors. LLM starts from a table including a target variable (output) and some inputs and generates a set of rules that return the output value $y$ corresponding to a given configuration of inputs. A rule is written in the form:
    if premise then consequence
where consequence contains the output value whereas premise includes one or more conditions on the inputs. According to the input type, conditions can have different forms:
* for categorical variables the input value must be in a given subset: $x_{1}\in \{A,B,C,...\}$.
* for ordered variables the condition is written as an inequality or an interval: $x_{2}\leq \alpha$ or $\beta \leq x_{3}\leq \gamma$
A possible rule is therefore in the form
    if $x_{1}\in \{A,B,C,...\}$ AND $x_{2}\leq \alpha$ AND $\beta \leq x_{3}\leq \gamma$ then $y={\bar {y}}$

## Types

According to the output type, different versions of the Logic Learning Machine have been developed:
* Logic Learning Machine for classification, when the output is a categorical variable, which can assume values in a finite set
* Logic Learning Machine for regression, when the output is an integer or real number.
# Welcome to Woody Creek

Welcome to Woody Creek is the 2004 album from The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Alex Henderson of AllMusic concludes his review with, "Welcome to Woody Creek isn't as essential as the Dirt Band's best '60s and '70s recordings; nonetheless, it's a solid, respectable outing that will please die-hard fans of the veteran country-rockers."
No Depression Magazine reviews the album and says, "For Welcome To Woody Creek, which comes on the heels the third Circle disc, the five-man band got back to basics, cutting the album themselves (except for a cameo by steel guitarist Dan Dugmore). The result is a blend of country, bluegrass, folk and rock that is a microcosm of the band’s 40-year history."
Billboard Magazine writes, "The classic Nitty Gritty Dirt Band lineup convened at Jimmy Ibbotson's Unami studio in Woody Creek, Colo., to record the bulk of the veteran act's latest effort. The result is vintage Dirt."
Gus Walker begins his review of the album for True West Magazine by writing, "For almost 40 years the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band has served up a comforting roux of Country, Folk and Rock music to soothe the listener’s soul."
Country Standard Time's Dan MacIntosh begins his review with, "The Woody Creek referred to in this album's title is the Colorado hometown of Nitty Gritty Dirt Band co-leader Jimmy Ibbotson, which is also where the music was recorded. Such an idyllic setting may well have inspired the warmth and friendliness of this bluegrass-tinged album."

## Personnel

* Jeff Hanna – vocals, acoustic, electric, 12-string, baritone and slide guitar
* Jimmy Ibbotson – vocals, acoustic guitar, mandolin, mandolo, bass and accordion
* Bob Carpenter – vocals, acoustic and electric pianos, hammond organ, bass and accordion
* Jimmie Fadden – harmonica and drums
* John McEuen – banjo, acoustic guitar, mandolin, and fiddle
Special guest musician
* Dan Dugmore – steel guitar on "Any Love But Our Love"
# Fernando Maturana

Fernando Maturana Barahona was the 13th Mayor of the commune of Pichilemu, office which he held between November 1930 and October 1932, under Presidents Carlos Ibáñez del Campo and Juan Esteban Montero Rodríguez.

## Political career

Maturana was appointed mayor of Pichilemu by decree of President Carlos Ibáñez del Campo on 27 November 1930. Along with him, Pedro Pulgar Gómez and Basiliano Leyton Pavez were appointed as vocales. Maturana's term lasted until 16 October 1932.
# USS Alligator

USS Alligator may refer to the following ships operated by the United States Navy:
* USS Alligator (1809) was a schooner built in 1809 as Gunboat No. 166 and named Alligator in 1812
* USS Alligator (1813) was a sloop purchased in 1813. The British captured her on 14 December 1814 during the Battle of Lake Borgne.
* USS Alligator (1820) was a schooner, launched in 1820, and scuttled in 1822
* USS Alligator (1862) was a non-commissioned submarine launched in 1862 and sank in April 1863.
# VDA

VDA may refer to:

## Science and technology

* VDA-FS, CAD data exchange format
* Vascular disrupting agent, a class of pharmaceutical drugs
* Video Distribution Amplifier

## Organizations

* Verband der Automobilindustrie, a special interest group representing the German automobile industry
** VDA 6.1, one of their quality management system standards
* Verein für Deutsche Kulturbeziehungen im Ausland, a German cultural organisation

## Other

* Ovda Airport, Eilat, Israel, by IATA code
* Villa Dolores Airport, serving Villa Dolores, Córdoba, Argentina
* Voluntary disclosure agreement, a program in United States taxation
* Viewer discretion advised, in the context of television content rating systems
# Clemens Timpler

Clemens Timpler (1563 – 28 February 1624) was a German philosopher, physicist and theologian.
Along with Jakob Degen (1511–1587), he is considered an important Protestant metaphysician, establishing the Protestant Reformed Neuscholastik.

## Life

Timpler was born in Stolpen. In 1600 he joined Bartholomew Keckermann studying philosophy at Leipzig. In April 1595, he became professor of physics at Gymnasium Arnoldinum, a high school in Steinfurt. He taught there until his death.
His unconventional approach to metaphysics is based on an all-thinkable (omne quod est intelligibile) and leads him in his physics to the idea of an experimental vacuum (1605); this puts him at the forefront of the development of the vacuum theory and its practicability in the history of ideas, before Evangelista Torricelli (1644) and Otto von Guericke. It is also worth noting that, in his childhood, Clemens was subject to an assault known as a curb stomp. The assault left him with minor facial injuries, however, it is unknown of the effects on his mental health.

## Publications

* Metaphysicae systema methodicum Steinfurt 1604
* Physicae Seu Philosophiae Naturalis Systema Methodicum, Hannover 1605
* Clementis Timpleri Technologia seu tractatus generalis de natura et differentiis artium liberalium; die gloria Dei als schlechthin letztes Ziel aller techne in Theorem 9.
* Exercitationum Philosophicarum Sectiones X : In Quibus Quaestiones Selectae Et Utiles, Praesertim Metaphysicae, ultra quadringentas, accurate & dilucide discutiuntur & enodantur Hannover: Antonius 1618
* Theoria Physica, De Sensu In Genere : Certis Thesibus comprehensa. Steinfurt: Caesar 1616
# Beech, Iowa

Beech is an unincorporated community in Warren County, Iowa, United States. It is located just north of the intersection of County Road S31 and Highway 92. It is 1 mile east of Sandyville and five miles west of Pleasantville, at 41.3745865N -93.3573103W.

## History

Founded in 1911 as a railroad town, Beech was originally known as New Sandyville, but the residents of nearby Sandyville objected to the name. The town was renamed Beech in honor of a railroad employee.
The population was 133 in 1940.

## Education

The Pleasantville Community School District operates local public schools.
# Cullen

Cullen may refer to:

## Places
### Canada

* Cullen, Saskatchewan, a former hamlet in Benson No. 35 Rural Municipality

### Ireland

* Cullen, County Cork, a village near Boherbue, County Cork
* Cullen, County Tipperary, a small village in County Tipperary

### Scotland

* Cullen, Moray, a village in Moray

### United States

* Cullen, Kentucky
* Cullen, Louisiana, a town in Webster Parish
* Cullen, New York, a hamlet in the town of Warren
* Cullen, Virginia
* Cullen, Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in Oconto County

## People

* Cullen (surname), an Irish surname (includes a list)
* Cullen Baker (1835–1869), American criminal
* Cullen Bunn (born 1971), American writer
* Cullen Finnerty (1982–2013), American football player
* Cullen Gillaspia (born 1995), American football player
* Cullen Hightower (1923–2008), American writer
* Cullen Jenkins (born 1981), American football player
* Cullen Jones (born 1984), American swimmer
* Cullen Landis (1896–1975), American actor and director
* Cullen Rogers (1921–1997), American football player
* Cullen Washington, Jr. (born 1972) American abstract painter

## Fictional entities

* Cullen Bohannon, the protagonist of the Hell on Wheels (TV series)
* Cullen Rutherford, a recurring character in the Dragon Age series
* Cullen family of vampires, in the Twilight series by Stephenie Meyer
* Cullen Virus, a fictional virus in "Berlin", an episode of The Blacklist
* Cullen Crisp drug dealer on Kindergarten Cop

## Other uses

* Cullen Center in Houston, Texas
* Cullen (plant), a genus of legumes native to the Old World
* Cullen College of Engineering, an academic college at the University of Houston
* Cullen number, a natural number of the form n · 2$^n$ + 1 (written C$_n$)
* Cullen skink, a thick Scottish soup
* Cullen Wines, a winery in Western Australia
# Wells, South Carolina

Wells is an unincorporated community in Orangeburg County, South Carolina, United States. Wells is located at the junction of U.S. Route 15 and U.S. Route 176, northwest of Holly Hill.
# Highly confident letter

The "highly confident letter" was a financing tool created by investment bankers at Drexel Burnham Lambert, dominated by Michael Milken, in the 1980s. Its objective was to enable corporate raiders to launch leveraged buyout (LBO) offers without the debt component of their financing package fully in place.
The letter was first crafted in 1983 for use in Carl Icahn's attempt to take ownership of Phillips 66. The conventional wisdom was that due to Icahn's reputation as a takeover artist combined with the junk bond's perception as below investment grade paper, no bank would want to commit the cash necessary to augment any bonds Drexel would raise. Leon Black, Drexel's lead investment banker on the deal, proposed that Drexel write a letter advising the banks that it was "highly confident" that it would be able to raise the required debt in time to fulfill Icahn's obligations. A large portion of the debt financing would be composed of junk bonds raised by Milken. In essence, Drexel, as principal underwriter of the debt, would not actually raise the money, but promised that it could.
The highly confident letter had no legal status. Nonetheless, Drexel, or more precisely, Milken, had a reputation for being able to make markets for any bonds it sold. Thus, its ability to raise the huge amounts of leverage that were required for LBOs was widely accepted as given in the markets during those days. Drexel's senior management saw this as a win-win situation for the firm. If it worked, it would be a valuable tool in future deals; if it didn't, Drexel wouldn't suffer any significant losses.
Icahn did not actually win control of Phillips, but made enough of a profit that the deal was considered an unqualified success for Drexel. The highly confident letter was used on several more occasions over the years; given Drexel's reputation, it was considered as good as cash for corporate raiders in the 1980s.
# Fernando Maurício

Fernando Maurício (November 21, 1933, Mouraria, Lisbon, Portugal – July 15, 2003, Lisbon, Portugal) was a Portuguese singer and fadista.
At an early age he already showed great skill and needed special permission to sing as a professional at that age. He sang regularly for three years taking a break soon after and returning later to conclude his career.
He helped bringing fado to television in the late 1960s, receiving various awards, one of those given by the Portuguese president.
He died of a heart attack, aged 69, in hospital.
# VFS

The initialism VFS can mean:
* Valley Fault System, a dextral strike-slip fault in the Philippines.
* Vancouver Film School, a school in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
* Vancouver Film Studios, a film production centre in Vancouver, British Columbia
* Viafiers federalas svizras, the Romansh term for Swiss Federal Railways, the Swiss national railway.
* Versioning file system, a file system which provides for the concurrent existence of several versions of a file
* Vertical Flight Society, a United States based society for the advancement of vertical flight
* Vertical formation skydiving, is a subcategory of formation skydiving using high-speed body positions normally associated with freeflying
* Virtual file system, a file system acting as an abstraction layer on top of a more concrete file system
* Visa Facilitation Services, an organization in India for processing visa applications
* Nasdaq's symbol for VinFast
# Beech Bottom, Tennessee

Beech Bottom is an unincorporated community in Macon County, Tennessee, in the United States.

## History

The community was named for a grove of beech trees near the low-lying town site.
# John Mace (New Zealand Army officer)

Lieutenant General Sir John Airth Mace, KBE, CB (born 29 June 1932) is a retired senior commander of the New Zealand Army. He served as Chief of the General Staff, the professional head of the New Zealand Army, from 1984 to 1987, and then as Chief of Defence Staff from 1987 until his retirement in 1991.

## Military career

John Airth Mace was born in Ashburton, New Zealand, on 29 June 1932. He received his secondary school education at Ashburton High School and Nelson College. He entered the Royal Military College, Duntroon in Canberra, Australia, in 1950 as an officer cadet sponsored by the New Zealand government. He was attached to a National Service battalion for two weeks of training in his final year at the college and, on graduation, was commissioned into the Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment in December 1953.
Mace served with the New Zealand Special Air Service Squadron in the Malayan Emergency from 1955 to 1957, for which he was Mentioned in Despatches. He later commanded the Squadron from 1960 to 1962 and again in 1965, after he had graduated from the Staff College, Camberley in the United Kingdom. In 1966, he deployed to Borneo during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation as a company commander in the 1st Battalion, Royal New Zealand Infantry Regiment (1RNZIR). Mace subsequently led the battalion's V Company during its deployment to Vietnam in 1967. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1968 in recognition of his "distinguished service in Vietnam".
Mace was Director of Infantry and SAS from 1969 to 1970, commanding officer of 1RNZIR in Singapore from 1971 to 1973, was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in the 1974 New Year Honours, and attended the Australian Joint Services Staff College in Canberra, also in 1974. He served as Commander, New Zealand Force South East Asia in Singapore from 1979 to 1980, graduated from the Royal College of Defence Studies in London in 1981, and was appointed Deputy Chief of Defence Staff from 1981 to 1984.
Mace succeeded Major General Rob Williams as Chief of the General Staff (CGS), the professional head of the New Zealand Army, on 12 December 1984. He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath in the 1986 New Year Honours and, having served as CGS for three years, was selected as the next Chief of Defence Staff (CDS) in 1987. He handed over as CGS to Major General Don McIver on 30 November and, promoted lieutenant general, succeeded Air Marshal David Crooks as CDS. Mace retired from the New Zealand Army in 1991, having been appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in the 1990 Queen's Birthday Honours.
# Samruay Charonggool

Samruay Charonggool (born 3 July 1944) is a former Thai sprinter. She competed in the women's 400 metres at the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Glycoside hydrolase family 68

In molecular biology, glycoside hydrolase family 68 is a family of glycoside hydrolases.
Glycoside hydrolases EC 3.2.1. are a widespread group of enzymes that hydrolyse the glycosidic bond between two or more carbohydrates, or between a carbohydrate and a non-carbohydrate moiety. A classification system for glycoside hydrolases, based on sequence similarity, has led to the definition of >100 different families. This classification is available on the CAZy web site, and also discussed at CAZypedia, an online encyclopedia of carbohydrate active enzymes.
The glycosyl hydrolase 68 family (CAZY GH_68) includes several bacterial levansucrase enzymes, and invertase from Zymomonas. Levansucrase (EC 2.4.1.10), also known as beta-D-fructofuranosyl transferase, catalyses the conversion of sucrose and (2,6-beta-D-fructosyl)(N) to glucose and (2,6-beta-D-fructosyl)(N+1), where other sugars can also act as fructosyl acceptors. Invertase, or extracellular sucrase (EC 3.2.1.26), catalyses the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-fructofuranoside residues in beta-D-fructofuranosides.
# Suckers (book)

Suckers: How Alternative Medicine Makes Fools of Us All is a book about alternative medicine written by author and health journalist Rose Shapiro. It was published by Harvill Secker in 2008. It covers very similar ground to Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst's book Trick or Treatment?, but is written in a more journalistic and polemical style. It provides substantial detail regarding alternative treatments offered to cancer patients.
In the book, Shapiro stressed that homeopathy was not evidence-based medicine and said it should be removed from the National Health Service. Shapiro said that alternative medicine should be under “the same strictures as the pharmaceutical industry” and not be permitted to refer to treatments as 'food supplements'. She advised better enforcement of the Cancer Act, to protect patients from unscrupulous providers, and said the government should stop subsidizing universities that cover alternative medicine in their curriculum.

## Reception

Suckers was reviewed by several writers in 2008.
Writing for The Guardian in February, Steven Poole described Suckers as a "vigorous polemic" against alternative medicine with the key theme that its practices (such as homeopathy and ear candling) are "not just stupid but dangerous."
Damian Thompson reviewed Suckers for The Daily Telegraph and said that Shapiro “expertly describes the pathology of medical counter knowledge".
Natalie Haynes, writing in New Humanist, described the book as a "potted history of alternative medicine, as well as a thorough rebuttal of it, and her research is both fascinating and illuminating." Haynes said that Shapiro harbored the greatest anger for "snake-oil merchants who knowingly prey on the weak", in particular those with terminal cancer.
Boyd Tonkin, then the literary editor for The Independent, called the book a "ferocious assault" on proponents of alternative medicine that was a "bracing tonic" but he criticized the tone of the writing for its "sneery arrogance that (as with the Ayurvedic tradition) can only bother to caricature its few substantial foes."
In a joint review of Suckers and Trick or Treatment?, Olivia Laing said Suckers was a "troubling book" filled with horror stories of alternative practitioners where Shapiro "takes a delight in exposing alternative medicine's wackier tenets". Laing said the book's title "casts consumers as gullible and practitioners as vampiric in a way that many will find intensely irritating" while both books harbor "an acute awareness of the need for medicine to be evidence-based, a belief shared by the more sensible alternative practitioners."
Simon Singh, co-author of Trick or Treatment?, said that although he shared Shapiro's "general skepticism" and found the book an "interesting read" he noted two weaknesses. Singh said Shapiro takes a "very aggressive stance against alternative medicine" using a title that is designed to be hostile and second, that she "tends to focus on the truly wacky end of the alternative spectrum" and does not "devote enough space to more complex and subtle issues surrounding some of the more sensible forms of alternative medicine."