OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Official Development Assistance (Japan)

The Official Development Assistance (政府開発援助, Seifukaihatsuenjo) is an arm of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). The goal of the office is to help developing nations with supplies, civil engineering and other assistance. The ODA was started in 1954 after Japan signed the Colombo Plan, which pledges to provide aid to nations who need it. As of 2003, the ODA has provided over $221 billion USD to 185 nations and regions. The main institution that is managing Japanese ODA is Japan International Cooperation Agency.

## History

In February 2015, the decision was made to establish the Development Cooperation Charter as a means of taking a "proactive" approach to promoting peace and stability. Its approval allows Tokyo to grant monetary aid to foreign militaries for non-military operations. The DCC prioritizes Southeast Asia in granting aid.
The wording of the DCC is a bit ambiguous because it can be used to justify the financing of non-combat equipment like radar, aircraft and ISR equipment.

## Countries
### China

Japan's Official Development Assistance to China began in 1979 after the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China signed in 1978. From 1979 to 2013, Japan has provided 24 billion USD in loan aid and 7,796 million dollar in grant aid including US$6,577 million in technical cooperation, a total of US$32 billion. Even in 2013, Japan still provided US$296 million loan and US$30 million grant.
# St Osburg's Church, Coventry

St Osburg's Church also known as the Church of the Most Holy Sacrament and St Osburg is a Roman Catholic Parish church in Coventry, West Midlands. It was built from 1843 to 1845 and was designed by Charles Hansom. It is situated in the city centre on the junction between Holyhead Road and the Coventry Ring Road. It was founded by the Benedictines from Downside Abbey and is a Grade II listed building.

## Construction

In 1841, a monk of Downside Abbey, William Ullathorne OSB, came to Coventry from Australia, where he was Vicar General. When he arrived in Coventry, there was a small chapel, dedicated to St Lawrence and St Mary, on the site of the present church. He set about planning for the construction of the church and got Charles Hansom to design it. Construction started in 1843 and was finished two years later. On 9 September 1845, the church was consecrated by the Vicar Apostolic of the Midland District, Nicholas Wiseman. On 21 June 1846, Ullathorne became Vicar Apostolic of the Western District and the ceremony was held in the church, in attendance was John Henry Newman.

## World War II

On 14 November 1940, parts of the city was bombed during an air raid. The church's roof, chancel, east side masonry and all the windows and furnishings were destroyed. Until 1944, the church was in partial ruins. That year the chancel ruins were separated from the nave allowing services to temporarily resume.
In the 1950s, all of the stained glass windows were replaced. They were bought from Earley and Company. Cardinal Bernard Griffin re-opened the Church when all the restoration had finished.

## Parish

The Benedictines from Downside served the parish until 1992, when it was handed over to the Archdiocese of Birmingham. In 2008, the Apostles of Jesus were invited by the archdiocese to serve the church and the nearby parishes. Priests from the Apostles of Jesus also administer St Elizabeth's Church and Saints Mary and Benedict's Church in the city.
Saints Mary and Benedict's Church was also founded by the English Benedictine Congregation. Its foundation stone was laid on 9 February 1893 and it was opened on 21 November 1893. It was opened by Cardinal Herbert Vaughan.
St Elizabeth's Church was designed by Harrison & Cox. It opened in 1912, and reconsecrated in 1962.
There are two Sunday Masses held in St Osburg's Church: Saturday 5:30pm and Sunday 11.30am. Saints Mary and Benedict's Church has its Sunday Masses at 9.30am and 11.30am and St Elizabeth's Church has its Sunday Masses at 9am and 11:15am.
* St Mary and St Benedict Church, Coventry
* St Elizabeth's Church, Coventry
# Dead cat

Dead cat can refer to:
* Dead cat bounce, a stock market phenomenon
** Dead cat stock, a stock that exhibits such a phenomenon
* Dead Cat Bounce, a comedy band
* Dead cat strategy, a diversionary tactic in debate or news management
* Dead cat windscreen or dead kitten windscreen, a type of microphone windscreen
# GRS Riflestocks

GRS Riflestocks is a Norwegian manufacturer of firearm stocks known for their ergonomically shaped rifle stocks. The headquarter and production facilities lie in Hornindal in Nordfjord, Norway.
The company originally manufactured furniture since the 1980s, and established itself as a rifle stock manufacturer in 2011 during the financial crisis. In 2015, GRS Riflestocks was awarded as the company of the year by Innovation Norway.

## History

The company was started in 1983 as a furniture factory under the name Grodås Møbler AS by Anne-Lise and Oddvin Haugen. In the beginning the furniture was manufactured in their own house, but in 1985 the production was moved to their own factory premises. During the 1990s, much of the manufacturing was automated using CNC-machines. During the 2000s, their two sons Håvard and Oscar Haugen took over the company. During the 2008 financial crisis, the company struggled. It was decided the company should start manufacturing rifle stocks to gain access to a new market. In 2011, GRS launched their first rifle stocks. As of 2020, the company has over 20 employees, and is represented by distributors in over 45 countries.

## Rifle stock models

In 2011, GRS launched its first ergonomic laminate stock. Different laminate stock models includes Hunter, Sporter, Hybrid, Varmint and Decima, which have some minor differences in regards to length and shape. All laminate stocks have an adjustable cheekrest and length of pull which GRS calls "speed lock". GRS laminate stocks have been offered with inlets for many different firearm models, as well as in blanks for other models which require inletting by a gunsmith. Inletted stocks have for instance been provided for the Tikka T3 model.
In 2014, the Bolthorn aluminium chassis was launched. It was delivered with options for the SIG Sauer 200 STR/SSG 3000, Remington 700 (Short Action and Long Action), Howa 1500 (Short Action and Long Action), and Tikka T3. Bolthorn uses the same speed lock system as the laminate models. Additionally, the Bolthorn stock has an adjustable pistol grip and uses AICS-magazines.
In 2016, the Bifrost composite stock was launched. The stock is reinforced with glass fiber, and features the speed lock system.
In 2018, the Berserk composite stock was launched. It uses a different composite and a new type of stock adjustment called SpeedLock 2.
In 2019, the Ragnarok and Warg stocks were launched. Ragnarok is a chassis for Blaser R8 and Blaser R93, while Warg is a hybrid stock which fits several other bolt action models. Both stocks feature M-LOK compatible handguards.
# Del Bonita, Alberta

Del Bonita is a hamlet in southern Alberta, Canada within Cardston County. It is located approximately 49 km (30 mi) south of Magrath at the junction of Highway 62 and Highway 501. Due to its location near the Canada–United States border, it serves as a port of entry into the U.S. state of Montana at the nearby Del Bonita Border Crossing which is located 3 km (1.9 mi) to the south. Del Bonita is a name derived from Spanish meaning "of the pretty".
Del Bonita lies at an elevation of 1,305 m (4,281 ft), on Shanks Creek, which flows into Shanks Lake and further east into the Milk River.
Del Bonita/Whetstone International Airport (FAA LID: H28, TC LID: CEQ4) is located 2 nautical miles (4 km; 2 mi) south of the settlement, on the Canada–United States border.

## Demographics

The population of Del Bonita according to the 2008 municipal census conducted by Cardston County is 6.

## Attractions

Various buildings and artifacts from the Whiskey Gap ghost town have been moved to Del Bonita, including the Whiskey Gap Oil Shed and the Huey Gum Restaurant, Pool Hall and Rooms.

## Notable people

* Earl W. Bascom (1906-1995), cowboy, rodeo champion, "father of modern rodeo", inventor, Hollywood actor, cowboy artist and sculptor, worked in Del Bonita in the mid 1920s for the Orgill Ranch and trailed horses to British Columbia for rancher Lamonde "Nick" Carter.
# John Lea (epidemiologist)

John Lea (born 27 January 1782, died 3 June 1862, Cincinnati, Ohio) was a lay epidemiologist most noted today for his contribution to understanding the water-borne nature of cholera.

## Biography

Lea's description of an outbreak of cholera in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1849, presaged some of the techniques used later by John Snow in his famous investigation of the 1854 outbreak of cholera in London, England, including a detailed map of the residences of those struck with cholera in relation to their water supply. John Lea's proposed etiological mechanism, more closely aligned with the popular Miasma theory of his day, does not match our current understanding of the microbial nature of cholera; however, his recommended approach to limiting the spread of cholera (using rain water or boiled water) would have been an effective preventive.
# Rubus particeps

Rubus particeps is rare North American species of brambles in the rose family. It has been found only in the State of Connecticut in the northeastern United States, and the Province of Nova Scotia in eastern Canada.
The genetics of Rubus is extremely complex, so that it is difficult to decide on which groups should be recognized as species. There are many rare species with limited ranges such as this. Further study is suggested to clarify the taxonomy.
# Faddis

Faddis is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charles I. Faddis (1890–1972), American politician
* Jon Faddis (born 1953), American jazz trumpet player, conductor, composer, and educator
# Katarzynów

Katarzynów may refer to the following places:
* Katarzynów, Łódź East County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Katarzynów, Radomsko County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Katarzynów, Zgierz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Katarzynów, Grójec County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Katarzynów, Kozienice County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Katarzynów, Lipsko County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
# St Osmund's Church, Osmington

St Osmund's Church is a Church of England parish church in Osmington, Dorset, England. It is a Grade II* listed building.

## History

Much of the church dates to a rebuild in the mid-19th century, but there are a number of earlier features. The chancel arch has been dated to c. 1200, the nave's north arcade to c. 1300 and the west tower to the 15th century. In 1796, the east end of the chancel was altered and its roof re-covered.
By the mid 19th-century, the church was found to be in poor structural condition, particularly as one of its side walls was "considerably out of the perpendicular", and the roof's timbers were in a state of decay. The decision was made to demolish and rebuild most of the church, with the exception of the tower. It was also decided to enlarge the church with the addition of a south aisle as congregation numbers had exceeded the church's capacity.
The rebuilding and extension plans were drawn up by the architect Benjamin Ferrey, with seated capacity increased from 140 to 331. Owing to the parish's small size and limited wealth, an appeal was launched to raise the necessary funds for the work. By mid-February 1845, over £450 had been raised by donations, including a grant of £120 from the Salisbury Diocesan Church Building Association.
Tenders were sought for the works by 26 April 1845 and the contract was subsequently given to Messrs Cornick and Sons of Bridport, whose tender was "considerably lower" than the others. During the work, which was carried out in 1845–46, services were temporarily held in the parish's schoolroom.
Today, the church continues to serve the parish of Osmington with Poxwell. It forms part of the Ridgeway circuit, a group of seven churches within the region of Weymouth.

## Architecture

St Osmund's is built of local stone, with slate roofs and window dressings in Ham Hill stone. It is made up of the nave, north and south aisles, chancel, west tower and south porch. The north aisle was rebuilt during the 1845–46 work; new windows were added but old stonework was used for the walls. The new south aisle was designed to match the north aisle. The two-stage embattled tower is surmounted by a turret and has a clock on its east side. It has three storeys internally and contains four bells: one inscribed 'Angelus Gabriel' and dating to the late 14th century, one inscribed 'Ave Maria' and dating to the 15th century, and two by John Wallis, dated 1593.
Internal fittings include a restored font which has been dated to c. 1200. The stone pulpit was erected in memory of the district's HM Inspector of Schools, Rev. W. F. Tregarthen, in 1884, and the brass lectern was added at the same time in memory of the vicar Rev. Sir James Erasmus Philipps. The rood screen dates to 1897.
The lychgate at the entrance of the churchyard dates to 1895. It was erected in the memory of the vicar Rev. J. T. Vaudrey and was dedicated by the Archdeacon of Dorset, Rev. Francis Sowter, on 13 November 1895. The churchyard contains two Grade II listed features: the table tomb of Robert Godsall, dated 1678, and an unidentified headstone from the 18th century.
# Padarthi

Padarthi is a village in Prakasam District of Andhra Pradesh, India. According to the 2011 census it has a population of 4226 living in 8439 households.
# GRS

GRS may refer to:

## Politics
### Malaysia

* Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS), a political coalition based in Sabah, Malaysia
* Gagasan Rakyat Sabah (also known as PGRS), a political party based in Sabah, Malaysia and also a main component party of Gabungan Rakyat Sabah (GRS) coalition.

## Education

* Geneva Reformed Seminary, in Greenville, South Carolina
* Gifted Rating Scales, an educational assessment test
* Great River Charter Montessori School, in St. Paul, Minnesota

## Science

* Gamma-ray spectrometer
* Gamma Ray Spectrometer (2001 Mars Odyssey), an instrument on 2001 Mars Odyssey
* Genetic risk score
* Great Red Spot, a feature on Jupiter

## Military

* Global Response Staff, a security role in CIA's Directorate of Support branch
* Graves Registration Service, now Mortuary Affairs, a service of the United States Army

## Other uses

* General Railway Signal, a former American railway signaling company
* Gender-affirming surgery, also known as gender reassignment surgery
* The Gerry Ryan Show, an Irish radio show
* Global Resource Serialization, part of the IBM z/OS operating system
* Government Rubber-Styrene (GR-S) produced by the United States Synthetic Rubber Program during World War II
* Grand Rapids Symphony, in Michigan
* Grassroot Soccer, an international health organization
* Gresi language
* Grosseto Air Base, in Italy
* Guilford Rail System, now known as Pan Am Railways, an American railway holding company
* GRS Riflestocks, a Norwegian firearm stock manufacturer
* Gauche républicaine et socialiste, French political party
# List of highways numbered 878

Route 878, or Highway 878, may refer to:

## United States

* I-878
* SR 878
* SR 878
* NY 878
* PR-878
| Preceded by 877 | Lists of highways 878 | Succeeded by 879 |
# John Melvin Bryan Jr.

John Melvin Bryan Jr. (October 7, 1912 – January 8, 1992) was a Canadian politician and son of printer and politician John Melvin Bryan Sr. He served in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1956 to 1960, as a Social Credit member for the constituency of North Vancouver. He did not seek reelection in the 1960 provincial election.
# Chatel-Chéhéry

Chatel-Chéhéry (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Ardennes department and Grand Est region of north-eastern France.
# Frank Mantek

Frank Mantek (born 20 January 1959) is a German weightlifting coach and a retired weightlifter. He won a bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in the middle-heavyweight (under 90 kg) category, which also qualified as a bronze medal at world championships. In 1982 he won another combined bronze medal in the world/European championships.
He retired in 1983 and later admitted taking the performance-enhancing drug Oral Turinabol as part of the East German training system. According to the doping expert Werner Franke, with an annual dose of 7600 mg Mantek was the second most doped East German athlete. Since 1990 he is a head coach of the German Weightlifting Federation, raising such athletes as Matthias Steiner. He suffered a heart attack in 1995, which he attributed to his past doping practice.
# Reg Cooper

Reg Cooper (c. 1920s – 24 March 2009) was a British country music singer and songwriter.

## Early life

Cooper was born with cataracts and was raised in an orphanage. He later started a shop and then worked in a home for the blind, where he got inclined towards his passion of music.
Cooper was the father of the author, Sheila Hocken.

## Career

He played in folk clubs in Nottingham area for four decades after that he won a contract through dance label Cleveland City. One of his song was recorded by John Denver, Catch Another Butterfly in late 1960s. His other song was recorded by Hank Snow but Cooper said that he didn't receive any financial compensation for his work.
From 1969 to the early 1980s he hosted a country show on BBC Radio Nottingham
In 2000, at the age of 73 he signed a £300,000 recording contract with an independent label.
# Left Bloc

Left Bloc may refer to:
* Left Bloc (Portugal), a political party in Portugal
* Left Bloc (Croatia), a political alliance in Croatia
* Left Bloc (Hungary), a political alliance in the Second Hungarian Republic
* Left Bloc (Luxembourg), a former political alliance in Luxembourg (1908–1912)
* Left Bloc (Palestine), a political organisation in Mandatory Palestine
* Left Bloc (Russia), a political alliance in Russia
# Leroy Lewis

Leroy Lewis may refer to:
* Leroy Lewis (footballer) (1945-2001), Costa Rican footballer
* Leroy Lewis (cricketer) (born 1963), Dominican cricketer
# Harry Freedman (rabbi)

Harry Mordecai Freedman (17 October 1901 – 4 December 1982) was a rabbi, author, translator, and teacher. Among his more famous contributions are his translations done for several tractates of the Talmud, Midrash Rabbah, and Encyclopedia Talmudit.

## Biography

Freedman was born in Vitebsk, Russia in 1901. His family moved to England and he grew up in London. He studied at the Etz Chaim Yeshiva, received a BA from the University of London, semicha from Jews College, and a PHD from the university of London (in 1923, 1924, and 1930 respectively). He served in pulpit positions in England, Australia, and the United States, and served as a teacher at Yeshiva University.

## Family

Freedman was father in law to prominent Melbourne lawyer, Arnold Bloch.

## Published works
### Translations

Freedman made several significant contributions as a translator.
* Eight volumes of the Babylonian Talmud as part of the Soncino English edition of the Talmud.
* Midrash Rabbah (10 volumes), with Maurice Simon.
* Several volumes of Menachem Mendel Kasher's Torah Sheleimah, called The Encyclopedia of Biblical Interpretation in English.
* Encyclopedia Talmudica, the English edition of Encyclopedia Talmudit.
* Israel Passover Haggadah, an English Translation of Kasher's הגדה ארצישראלית

### Books

* One Hundred Years: The Story of the Melbourne Hebrew Congregation 1841-1941 (1941)
* He wrote the commentary for the biblical books of Genesis, Joshua and Jeremiah for the Soncino Books of the Bible
* A commentary on the Pentateuch, published posthumously in 2001.
# Padarn Halt railway station

vteCarnarvonshire Railway :
Legend :
Padarn Halt was a passenger only railway station located in Llanberis, Gwynedd, Wales, on the western shore of Llyn Padarn. It opened on 21 November 1936 and closed on the outbreak of the Second World War. The line through the station remained in use for excursions until 1962 and for freight until 1964; it was lifted in 1965.
The LMSR closed the Llanberis branch to regular passenger services in 1930, though frequent Summer excursions continued to run. In 1934 the company reinstated a regular Saturdays only train specifically to serve Caernarfon market. In many parts of Britain "Market Trains" were an established part of local commerce and social life in a way which has passed into history. Llanberis station was not in the centre of Llanberis, so the company built the halt half a mile from the terminus specifically for this market traffic. The halt opened on 21 November 1936, from which time the market trains used the halt there instead of at Llanberis station. The halt consisted of an unlit single wooden platform on trestles, with a very small wooden waiting shelter at its southern end. It was accessed by a gravel footpath which continued over the tracks to the lakeside by a foot crossing.
The 1939 working timetable shows that some excursions made unadvertised stops at the halt.
The track bed from Llanberis through the site of the halt (at what is now the lakeside entrance to the industrial estate) as far as Cwm-y-Glo is now occupied by the improved A4086, which by-passes the centre of Llanberis. No trace of the station remains.
| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Cwm-y-Glo Line and station closed | | Carnarvonshire Railway Llanberis Branch | | Llanberis Line and station closed |
# GP-7

GP-7 or GP7 may refer to:

## Vehicular

* EMD GP7, a class of locomotives
* Ducati GP7, a model of the racing motorcycle Ducati Desmosedici
* Honda GP7, a model of the subcompact Honda Fit Shuttle

## Other uses

* (48616) 1995 GP7, a minor planet
* GP-7 gas mask
# List of highways numbered 874

The following highways are numbered 874:

## United States

* AR 874
* SR 874
* LA 874
* MD 874
* PR-874
* FM 874
| Preceded by 873 | Lists of highways 874 | Succeeded by 875 |
# Michael Higgins (priest)

Michael John Higgins OBE was an Anglican priest.
He was born on 31 December 1935, educated at Whitchurch Grammar School, Cardiff, the University of Birmingham and Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He was a lecturer in English Law at the University of Birmingham before preparing for ordination at Ridley Hall, Cambridge. He was a curate at Ormskirk Parish Church from 1965 to 1968 and then Selection Secretary for the Advisory Council for Church Ministry until 1974. He was Vicar of Frome and then Rector of Preston before his appointment as Dean of Ely in 1991, a post he held for 12 years.
# Charles Lewis (sculler)

Charles Lewis (died 1863) was an English rower who was twice winner of the Wingfield Sculls, the amateur sculling championship of the River Thames.
Lewis was an early member of Leander Club and competed unsuccessfully for the Wingfield sculls in the first race in 1830. He beat the champion James Bayford in the 1831 race. He was defeated by A. A. Julius in 1832, but won the championship back from him in 1833.
# Norwich Township, Michigan

Norwich Township may refer to the following places in the U.S. state of Michigan:
* Norwich Township, Missaukee County, Michigan
* Norwich Township, Newaygo County, Michigan
# Karsten Schmeling

Karsten Schmeling (born 13 January 1962 in Hennigsdorf, Brandenburg) is a German rower, who competed for the SG Dynamo Potsdam / Sportvereinigung (SV) Dynamo. In October 1986, he was awarded a Patriotic Order of Merit in gold (first class) for his sporting success.