# Cultural history of the United States

This article is part of a series on the :
History of the United States :
Timeline and periodsPrehistoric and Pre-Columbian Erauntil 1607Colonial Era 1607–17651776–1789    American Revolution 1765–1783    Confederation period 1783–17881789–1815    Federalist Era 1788–1801    Jeffersonian Era1801–18171815–1849    Era of Good Feelings 1817–1825    Jacksonian Era1825–18491849–1865    Civil War Era 1849–18651865–1917    Reconstruction Era 1865–1877    Gilded Age 1877–1896    Progressive Era 1896–19171917–1945    World War I 1917–1918    Roaring Twenties 1918–1929    Great Depression 1929–1941    World War II 1941–19451945–1964    Post-World War II Era 1945–1964    Civil Rights Era 1954–19681964–1980    Civil Rights Era 1954–1968    Vietnam War 1964–19751980–1991    Reagan Era 1981–19911991–2008    Post-Cold War Era 1991–20082008–present    Modern Era2008–present :
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This article covers the cultural history of the United States since its founding in the late 18th century. The region has had patterns of original settlement by different peoples, and later settler colonial states and societal setups. Various immigrant groups have been at play in the formation of the nation's culture. While different ethnic groups may display their own insular cultural aspects, throughout time a broad American culture has developed that encompasses the entire country. Developments in the culture of the United States in modern history have often been followed by similar changes in the rest of the world (American cultural imperialism).
This includes knowledge, customs, and arts of Americans, as well as events in the social, cultural, and political spheres.

## Before European colonization

The Americas before European colonization were home to a variety of societies, economies, and cultures.
The Columbian exchange was a series of biological and cultural transfers between Europe, Africa, and Asia, on the one hand, and North and South America, on the other. Among these were concepts of liberty, private property, and labor.

## Justice system

Prior to the early 19th century, people were infrequently jailed. Jails were considered too expensive and could not competently secure a criminal for a lengthy period. Those convicted were either flogged, placed in stocks for a time, or hanged. In 1829, an attempt was made to reform (induce repentance in) convicts by incarcerating them in a penitentiary. Strict silence was enforced. This model was widely copied and persisted for nearly a century. Authorities conceded failure when those incarcerated often went insane through lack of social contact.

## American Individualism

Individualism in the United States has its beginnings dating back as far as the Revolutionary period. The ideas of the Enlightenment influenced many of the Founding Fathers when it came to philosophy on government and its relationship with individual rights. The founding documents of the United States, particularly the Bill or Rights, sought to protect individual rights and promote free expression of its citizens.
As the United States expanded westward, individualism became synonymous with the frontier character. Coined by President Herbert Hoover as "rugged individualism in 1928, many Americans developed a strong oppositional stance to the government in their lives. The brand of western individualism was defined by self-reliance as a result of living in remote areas. Today, attitudes of individualism are still prevalent in many areas that made up the western frontier. This is especially the case when it comes to counties with lower population densities.