OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gwilliam v West Hertfordshire Hospital NHS

Gwilliam v West Hertfordshire Hospital NHS [2002] EWCA Civ 1041; [2003] Q.B. 443 is an English tort law case concerning occupiers' liability under the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957. It also raises the question of whether the duty of care should encompass a duty to enquire into the insurance status of contractors for dangerous activities.

## Facts

Ethel Gwilliam, age 63, went to an NHS organised fun fair, at Mount Vernon Hospital in Northwood, Middlesex, where there was a "splat wall". Waller LJ in his account of the facts described it as follows. "The aim of the apparatus was to allow the participant to bounce from a trampoline and adhere by means of Velcro material to a wall." In other words, you get dressed in a velcro costume, bounce on the trampoline and then go "splat" onto the wall. Unfortunately, Ms Gwilliam was injured, because the splat wall had been set up negligently. The hospital had got the splat wall through an independent contractor called "Club Entertainment" by looking them up in the phone book. It turned out that the contractor's public liability insurance had expired just a few days before the event.
Ms Gwilliam had settled a claim against the contractor for £5000 compensation for her injuries. This figure reflected the fact that the contractor was probably not in a position to pay much more. She then sued the NHS trust for the difference between that sum and the full compensation that she could have got, on the basis that they did not provide a safe environment for her as a visitor, and that they failed properly to enquire into the contractor's insurance status.

## Judgment

Lord Woolf MR and Waller LJ both held that under s.2(2) of the Occupiers' Liability Act 1957, the Hospital did owe a duty of care to the claimant (Sedley LJ dissenting as to whether a duty was owed). The question was whether the hospital had discharged this duty, (s2(4)(b) of the '57 Act could not be directly applied on the facts), and it was held that this included establishing that the independent contractor was competent for the context of a fair in the hospital grounds. The nature of the event demanded that the insurance be checked as part of exercising that duty and Mr Wynne for the hospital had indeed asked whether there was insurance at the time of booking (which there was), but unbeknown to the hospital, this insurance lapsed a few days before the fair and it was held that it would have been "an unreasonable requirement" for Mr Wynne to have insisted on checking the policy document. As such, the hospital had discharged its duty and the appeal was dismissed.

## Dissent

Sedley LJ concurred in the result of the case (that the Trust was liable) but dissented on the obiter statements concerning insurance. He said that if there was a duty of care, it would be a logical and factual leap to include inquiry into insurance into the duty of care. That would not be fair, just and reasonable.
# Frederik Christian Kaas

Frederik Christian Kaas may refer to:
* Frederik Christian Kaas (1725–1803), Danish naval officer
* Frederik Christian Kaas (1727–1804), Danish naval officer
# Frederik Christian Kielsen

Frederik Christian Kielsen (7 February 1774 Copenhagen – 18 January 1850 Frederiksberg) was a Danish schoolmaster noted for editing and publishing a series of copiously illustrated books on natural history – Icones amphibiorum, Icones avium, Icones piscium, Icones vermium, Icones mammalium, and Icones insectorum.
Frederik Christian was the son of Olufsen Kielsen, an organist at the Garrison Church in Copenhagen, and Valentine Margerithe Dresler. He was at a school in Elsinore until 1790 when he began studying surgery, then changed his focus to natural history. He started teaching at the Metropolitan School in 1806. In 1819 he settled in Vordingborg, where he lectured at the Latin School. In 1833 he moved back to Copenhagen, where he lived until his death.
Kielsen married Louise Charlotte Amalie Jacobsen in 1808.
During his career Kielsen translated several German children's books dealing with nature, and wrote his own natural history textbooks. This science was still new in school curricula and its teaching was problematic. His translation of the German Natural History of 1797 by Karl Philipp Funke was widely used in schools. He wrote a comprehensive textbook on systematics and the Guide for Beginners (1807), which remained in use by schools for an entire generation.
# Gérard Laumon

Gérard Laumon (French:; born 1952) is a French mathematician working in number theory and the Langlands program.

## Education

Laumon studied at the École Normale Supérieure and Paris-Sud 11 University, Orsay.

## Work

In 1987, Vladimir Drinfeld and Laumon formulated the geometric Langlands conjecture for general linear groups $GL(n,K)$ over a function field $K$.$^{:46}$
In 2008, Laumon and Ngô Bảo Châu proved the fundamental lemma for unitary groups, a component in the Langlands program in number theory.

## Awards

He was awarded the Silver Medal of the CNRS in 1987, the E. Dechelle prize of the French Academy of the Sciences in 1992, and the Clay Research Award in 2004. Laumon and Ngô received the Clay Research Award for the proof of the fundamental lemma for unitary groups, a component in the Langlands program in number theory, in 2004.
In 2012, he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.
# Güvenç

Güvenç may refer to:

## People with the given name

* Güvenç Kurtar (born 1950), Turkish football manager
* Guwanç Nurmuhammedow (born 1976), judoka from Turkmenistan

## People with the surname

* Bahar Güvenç (born 1997), Turkish footballer
* Celalettin Güvenç (born 1959), Turkish politician
* Cenk Güvenç (born 1991), Turkish footballer
* Emrullah Güvenç (born 1987), Turkish footballer
* Gizem Güvenç (born 2002), Turkish female swimmer
* Günay Güvenç (born 1991), Turkish footballer
* Serdal Güvenç (born 1984), Turkish footballer
* Sıtkı Güvenç (1961–2023), Turkish politician
* Tuğba Güvenç (born 1994), Turkish middle-distance runner
* Ziya Burhanettin Güvenç, professor of Physics at Çankaya University, Turkey

## Places

* Güvenç, Karaisalı, a village in Karaisalı district of Adana Province, Turkey
* Güvenç, Kazan, a village in Kazan district of Ankara Province, Turkey
# Frederick Augustus Wetherall

General Sir Frederick Augustus Wetherall GCH (1754 – 18 December 1842) was a British Army officer, of Castle Bear House, Ealing.
He entered the Army in 1775 as an ensign in the 17th Regiment of Foot and fought in North America at the Siege of Boston and the subsequent evacuation to Halifax in 1776. He was afterwards involved at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, Brandywine and others, before joining HMS Alfred as captain of Marines and fighting at the Battle of St Vincent. In 1781 he was in Guernsey but in 1783 transferred to the 11th Regiment of Foot and spent 6 years in Gibraltar. In 1790 he was back in the Americas as an aide to the Duke of Kent in Quebec and the West Indies, where he took part in the capture of Martinique. In 1795 he was captured at sea by the French and spent 9 months as a prisoner-of-war.
Back in North America he raised a regiment in Nova Scotia of which he was made Colonel in 1803. In 1806 he was posted as a Brigadier to the Cape of Good Hope, from where he was next sent to India. He was again captured en route to Calcutta and spent two months in captivity before being exchanged. Safely in Calcutta as the second-in-command he took part in the conquest of Java in 1811, during which campaign he was assisted by his son George Wetherall. He returned to England in 1815 and in 1837 was promoted General and made Colonel of the 62nd Regiment of Foot. In 1840 he transferred as Colonel to the 17th (Leicestershire) Regiment.
In 1817 he had married, at St. Margaret's, Westminster, Mrs Broad, widow of Major Broad and second daughter of William Mair Esq. of Kensington, Middlesex.
# Freziera subintegrifolia

Freziera subintegrifolia is a species of plant in the Pentaphylacaceae family. It is endemic to Bolivia.
# Freetricity

Freetricity is a company that provides residential solar power systems under the feed-in tariffs in the United Kingdom. It was started by Ben Way and Paul Williams who met on The Secret Millionaire.

## Overview

It is reported that the company has access to between $50 million and $700 million in funding for the UK market. They are registered under the Renewable Energy Assurance Ltd's Renewable Energy Consumer Code (REAL).

## Expansion

In 2012, the company entered the biomass heating system and heat pump market under the Renewable Heat Incentive scheme.
They opposed the government Feed-in Tariff (FIT) cuts, in 2011.
# HBH

HBH may refer to:
* Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof, a railway station in Germany
* H. B. Hollins (1854–1938), American financier
* Hebei Airlines
* Hemoglobin H
* Holdfast Bay Handicap, an Australian road running competition
* Team Halfords Bikehut, a British cycling team

## Also see

* HbH
# HDF Explorer

HDF Explorer is a data visualization program that reads the HDF, HDF5 and netCDF data file formats. It runs in the Microsoft Windows operating systems. HDF Explorer was developed by Space Research Software, LLC, headquartered in Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.
# French Intellectual Property Code

The French Intellectual Property Code (IPC; French: Code de la propriété intellectuelle), is a corpus of law relating to intellectual and industrial property. It was formalised by Law No 92-597 of 1 July 1992, replacing earlier laws relating to industrial property and artistic and literary property.
The code is frequently modified: two major modifications are known as the DADVSI law and the HADOPI law.
# Fridrich Kuczynski

Fridrich Karl Kuczyński, another common spelling Fridrich Kuczyńsky (1914, Suczów - 1948 or 22 February 1949) – war criminal, national socialist, head of the department for Jews at the Special Plenipotentiary of Reichsfurer SS and Chief Police for Employment of Foreign Nationalities in the area of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie. Participant, among others, in the selection on 12 August 1942, on the pitch of the Hakoach sports club in Będzin ghetto, when people who were later deported to extermination camp were selected.
For crimes committed during the occupation against the Jewish nation, responsible for some 100,000 victims, he was sentenced in 1948 by the District Court in Sosnowiec to death penalty . The sentence was carried out by hanging.
Kuczynski was a member of the Organization Schmelt (Dienststelle Schmelt). The selections of Jews were carried out by officials from the Schmelt department, in particular by Friedrich Karl Kuczynski. "Schmelt's office was represented with its own quarters in the Auschwitz concentration camp."
He always wore civilian clothes.
# Friends and Lovers

Friends & Lovers may refer to:

## Film

* Friends and Lovers (1931 film), starring Adolphe Menjou and directed by Victor Schertzinger
* Friends & Lovers (1999 film), an American romantic-drama film starring Stephen Baldwin and Claudia Schiffer

## Music

* "Friends and Lovers" (Gloria Loring and Carl Anderson song), 1986
* "Friends and Lovers" (Bernard Butler song), 1999
* Friend & Lover, an American folk-singing duo composed of the husband-and-wife team, Jim and Cathy Post
* Friends and Lovers (album), a 1999 album by Bernard Butler
* Friends & Lovers (album), a 2014 album by Marsha Ambrosius

## Television

* Friends and Lovers (TV series) (also known as Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers), 1974–1975 TV series set in Boston starring Paul Sand
* "Friends & Lovers" (CSI), an episode of the American television series CSI
* "Friends and Lovers" (NCIS), an episode of the American television series NCIS
* "Friends and Lovers" (Three's Company episode), an episode of the American television series Three's Company
* "Friends and Lovers" (Melrose Place episode), an episode of the American television series Melrose Place
# Freeze! (EP)

Freeze! is the second extended play by South Korean girl group Momoland. It was released by Duble Kick Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M on August 22, 2017. For the extended play, Momoland worked with a variety of producers including Duble Sidekick, WiiKeed, Glory Face, Tenzo & Tasco, Yokan and Jake K. Freeze! consists of six tracks including the single "Freeze" and its instrumental, three other new tracks and the EDM version of the previously released single "Wonderful Love".
To promote the extended play, the group performed on several South Korean music show programs, such as M Countdown and Inkigayo. Commercially, the album peaked at number seventeen on South Korea's Gaon Album Chart.

## Background and release

Momoland released their single album Wonderful Love featuring the lead single of the same name in April 2017. The single featured new members Daisy and Taeha. Following the release of "Wonderful Love", it was announced on August 8, 2017 the release of the group's second extended play. Prior to the release, teasers featuring photos of Momoland from the extended play's photoshoot, a snippet of the extended play and clips from music video of "Freeze" were released online in August 2017.
The extended play was officially released on August 22, 2017 by Duble Kick Entertainment and distributed by Kakao M as the group's third extended play, with "Freeze" serving as the lead single.

## Commercial performance

In South Korea, the extended play debuted and peaked at number seventeen on the Gaon Album Chart for the week of August 27, 2017. It was the sixty-third best-selling album for the month August 2017 with 2,234 physical copies sold.

## Charts

Chart performance for Freeze! :
| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| South Korea (Gaon Album Chart) | 17 |

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from Melon.
* Momoland – vocals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
* 1Take – lyricist (2), composer (2)
* The Cannels – composer (5)
* Duble Sidekick – lyricist (1, 3, 5), composer (1, 4, 5, 6)
* Glory Face – composer (1, 4, 6), arrangement (1, 4, 6)
* Seong Hyeon Bae – lyricist (4)
* Jake K – composer (4), arrangement (4)
* Jinli – lyricist (1, 3, 4), composer (1, 4, 6)
* JQ – lyricist (4)
* Kim Su Jeong – lyricist (3)
* Long Candy – lyricist (5), composer (5)
* Myo – arrangement (5)
* Tenzo & Tasco – lyricist (2, 5), composer (2)
* WiiKeed – composer (1, 6), arrangement (1, 6)
* Yokan – composer (3), arrangement (3)

## Release history

Release dates and formats for Freeze! :
| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| South Korea | August 22, 2017 | CDdigital downloadstreaming | Dublekick EntertainmentKakao M |
| Various | August 22, 2017 | Digital downloadstreaming | Dublekick EntertainmentKakao M |
# H. D. Shourie

Hari Dev Shourie (1911–2005) was a well-known consumer activist in India. He was an IAS officer and served as an officer in many departments including Deputy Commissioner of Rohtak.

## Biography

Hari Dev Shourie was born in Lahore in British India in 1911. He has also served in the Indian Civil Services. He served as Director General at the Indian Institute of Foreign Trade. He was also the Deputy Commissioner of Rohtak, Haryana.
He founded Common Cause in 1980, a New Delhi based NGO. He also edited the journal published by Common Cause on consumer rights, titled as "Common Cause", which he started even before Indian people were aware of the concept of Consumer rights. He fought a number of Public Interest Litigations, many of which resulted in Landmark Judgments by the Supreme Court of India. Common Cause (India) has helped lakhs of people in getting justice — for example getting their pensions etc.
The Government of India awarded him the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Vibhushan, the third and the second highest civilian awards. He was also named on People of the Year by the Limca Book of Records.

### Common Cause (NGO)

Common Cause has worked towards probity in public life and integrity of institutions and is dedicated to championing public causes. Common Cause has worked on issues like the 2G spectrum case, Indian coal allocation scam, Advance healthcare directive, appointment of Lokpal, banning of Professional Blood Donation, etc.

## Family

His son is Arun Shourie, former Minister for Communications, IT and Disinvestment and one of India's best known journalists. Another son is Deepak Shourie, managing director, Discovery Communications India. Nalini Singh, TV journalist-anchor and managing director, TV Live India Pvt Ltd.is his daughter.
# Friedberg–Hanau railway

The Friedberg–Hanau railway is a 32.2 km long double-track, electrified mainline in the German state of Hesse. It connects Friedberg and Hanau. The line has the timetable number of 633 and it is integrated in the Rhein-Main-Verkehrsverbund (Rhine Main Transport Association) as Regionalbahn service RB 49.

## History

The line was authorised under an act of the Prussian parliament of 11 June 1873 and opened by the Prussian state railways in two phases. The first section was opened from Hanau to Heldenbergen-Windecken (now Nidderau) on 1 December 1879. The second section opened from Heldenbergen-Windecken to Friedberg for freight on 15 September 1881 and for passenger traffic on 15 October 1881.

## Significance

The importance of the route lies in freight traffic. It forms part of a trunk route from the Ruhr region to Bavaria via the Ruhr–Sieg railway, the Dill Railway and the Main–Weser Railway from Giessen to Friedberg via and continuing from Hanau via the Main–Spessart Railway.
The line is used as a detour during operational failures that occasionally occur due to the high utilisation of the Main–Weser Railway between Frankfurt and Friedberg or during construction work.
In passenger transport, the line was formerly served by the Regionalbahn trains of the Hessische Landesbahn (HLB), using GTW 2/6 rolling stock. There were no passenger services from Saturday evening until Monday morning and on public holidays. Although the line is electrified, the only vehicles used for passenger transport are diesel multiple units.
Since December 2011, DB Regio Hessen has had the concession to operate services on the line with Bombardier Talent 2 electric multiple units. As the vehicles were not yet approved for operations the line continued to be served by GTW 2-6 operated by HLB. These were staffed by DB Regio Hessen. From June 2013, DB Regio Hessen has operated this service at 2-hour intervals (every hour at peak hour on weekdays) with Talent vehicles, now numbered as RB 49.
* A FLIRT passes through the former Erbstadt-Kaichen station
* Crossing of GTW 2/6 and trains on the Nidder Valley Railway in Nidderau
* GTW 2/6 coupled set towards Friedberg stops in Hanau Nord
* Freight train in Nidderau
# Figolla

Figolla is a Maltese pastry stuffed with a marzipan-like filling and served as an Easter sweet. These are often shaped like hearts, crosses, stars, fish, bunnies, any symbol which links to Christianity, particularly Catholicism, but in modern times these can be shaped into anything the person you give one to is passionate about.
The biscuit base is predominantly made of plain flour, butter/margarine, caster sugar, vanilla essence, eggs, lemon rind and water.
The marzipan-like filling is made of ground almonds, caster sugar, egg whites, and almond essence. Some may also add orange rind or more lemon.
Figolli are generally topped with sugar icing or melted chocolate with hundreds-and-thousands on top.
In Malta, these are baked during Holy Week in the Catholic denomination of Christianity, and given to children/close family or friends to be eaten on Easter Sunday. Some Maltese villages have a tradition where the Figolli are blessed by a priest in the Pjazza outside the church along with modern chocolate Easter Eggs.
Figolli (plural of figolla) are thought to have Ancient Sicilian roots as the word comes from the Sicilian word ‘figulina’ meaning figure. These were also baked for religious purposes and also for victory against invaders such as the Turks who were also made to be figures also in remembrance of those events. These figulina baked in Ancient Sicily, are not as popular in Sicily in modern times, but have stayed and evolved in Malta.
# Menus for Moderns

Menus for Moderns is an Australian television series which aired 1960-1961. It was a cooking show featuring Doreen Andrews.
Produced by and aired on Sydney station ATN-7 (this was prior to the creation of the Seven Network), it was a daytime series. The series aired in a half-hour time-slot on Mondays. At one point the series aired at 2:00PM, competing in the time-slot against Woman's World on ABN-2 and Happy Go Lucky on TCN-9.
# Grabik, Croatia

Grabik is a village in Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 55.
# Hatim Ammor

Hatim Ammor (born August 29, 1981) is a Moroccan singer. He performed at the Expo 2020. Ammor was born in 1981 in Hay Mohammadi. His wife, Hind Tazi, was diagnosed with cancer on 2019. Ammor is a brand ambassador of Oppo.
# Lady Slipper Lake

Lady Slipper Lake is a lake in Lyon County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.
Lady Slipper Lake was named for state flower of Minnesota, the lady's slipper (Cypripedium reginae).
# Idiostyla

Idiostyla is a genus of moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It was discovered in 1921 by Edward Meyrick. Species include oculata and catharopis. Both were discovered in Fiji and neither has been catalogued since.
It should not be confused with several species of craneflies bearing the species name idiostyla.

## Species

* Idiostyla catharopis Meyrick, 1922
* Idiostyla oculata Meyrick, 1921
# Jean-Marc Mousson

Jean-Marc Samuel Isaac Mousson (17 February 1776 – 21 June 1861) was a Swiss politician and civil servant. He was the first Chancellor of Switzerland from 1803 to 1830.

## Biography

Mousson was born on 17 February 1776 in Morges. the descendant of Huguenot refugees from Le Mas-d'Azil in the French County of Foix who took up refuge on the Vaud side of Lake Geneva, in Morges following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. His father was a reformed pastor. Mousson studied law at the Academy in Lausanne. He continued his studies at the University of Tübingen, where his obtained his doctorate in 1796. After the French invasion of Switzerland and the establishment of the Helvetic Republic, he took in January 1798 the position of deputy of Bursins in provisional meeting of the "Lemanischen Republic" in part and was its secretary.
The Directorate of the Helvetic Republic appointed Mousson in June 1798 to the post of Secretary-General. In 1803, he was appointed private secretary to Landammann Louis d'Affry. That same year, at only 27 years of age, he was elected to the Diet Chancellor of the Confederation; he was the first and youngest in Switzerland to reach this high office. Mousson was instrumental in the construction of the Federal Chancellery, the oldest permanent federal agency in Switzerland. He remained in that position until his retirement in 1830, successively passing through the period of the Act of Mediation (1803), as well as the Restoration.
From September 1833 to January 1834, he was part of the arbitral tribunal that legally regulated the separation of the canton of Basel. He then retired to Zürich where he continued to participate in federal political debate. During his career, he was appointed honorary citizen of Zürich (1816) and Bern (1821). He was also awarded the Order of St. Stephen of Hungary (1815) by Francis I, Emperor of Austria and the Red Eagle of Prussia (1817) by Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia.
He spent the last 20 years of his life in Zürich, on "Zur Schonau", the property of his son Heinrich, overlooking the city.
His son Heinrich was State Secretary of the Confederation from 1830 to 1833. Heinrich married Régula Dorothea von Wyss, daughter of David von Wyss, mayor of Zürich. Heinrich would later serve as mayor of Zürich himself from 1840 to 1845, and subsequently as President of the Federal Diet.
In 2012, Mousson was honored in his hometown of Morges with a plaque bearing his name.
# Question 4

Question 4 may refer to:
* 2016 Maine Question 4, An Act to Raise the Minimum Wage
* 2016 Massachusetts Question 4, the Massachusetts Legalization, Regulation and Taxation of Marijuana Initiative
* 2022 Maryland Question 4, a legislatively-referred initiative to legalize marijuana in Maryland