OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Meaning (psychology)

Meaning is an epistemological concept used in multiple disciplines, such as psychology, philosophy, linguistics, semiotics, and sociology, with its definition depending upon the field of study by which it is being used.
These multidisciplinary uses of the term are not independent and can more or less overlap; each construction of the term meaning can correspond with related constructions in other fields. The logical positivists, for example, associated meaning with scientific verification.

## Behaviorism

n of idea. Like an idea, a meaning is said to be expressed or communicated by an utterance. A meaning explains the occurrence of a particular word in the sense that if there had been a different meaning to be expressed, a different word would probably have appeared. Meaning has certain advantages over ideas because they have the possibility to be located outside the skin, and thus, according to Skinner, meanings can be observed directly.

## Cognitive psychology

Jerome Bruner, one of the founding fathers of cognitive psychology, wrote:
   Very early on,...emphasis began shifting from 'meaning' to 'information', from the construction of meaning to the processing of information. These are profoundly different matters. The key factor in the shift was the introduction of computation as the ruling metaphor and of computability as a necessary criterion of a good theoretical model. Information is indifferent with respect to meaning...

## German critical psychology

German critical psychology provides a metatheoretical framework for research on both psychological and computational tasks. One important part of this is the logical-historical development of the meaning category. It is shown that meaning is nothing absolute but subjective. Meaning is neither a property of things nor only present as an imagination of cognition. Thus, meanings cannot be "defined" or "assigned" as commonly thought. Meanings arise from societal production of use-value."
A similar understanding developed in cultural studies of science: "Cultural studies thereby articulate dynamic, expressive conceptions of meaning, knowledge, and power, which contrast sharply with the standard approaches to these phenomena within philosophy and social theory. On such accounts, meaning is not a property of utterances or actions; the term `meaning' instead articulates the ways in which such performances inferentially draw upon and transform the field of prior performances in which they are situated."
# Jim Mackonochie

Jim Mackonochie (died 23 April 2013) was a British Royal Navy officer who became a leading figure in the development of combat flight simulation video games.
He founded the game publisher Mirrorsoft in 1982. At The Fighter Collection and Eagle Dynamics, he was instrumental in the development of Falcon (1984 and later), Su-27 Flanker (1995), Lock On: Modern Air Combat (2003), Digital Combat Simulator (2008) and other games.
# Jim Russell (journalist)

James B. Russell (January 30, 1946 – September 13, 2022) was an American journalist, producer, and executive who created national programs for all three public radio networks: National Public Radio, Public Radio International and American Public Media, as well as for PBS.
Russell worked for more than thirty years in commercial radio, print, public radio, and television. Programs he helped create include Marketplace, Weekend America, and public TV's Newton's Apple, NightTimes, Electronicle and America After Vietnam. He also helped develop NPR's Morning Edition and All Things Considered, and PRI's The World.
Russell was a 1973–1974 NEH Journalism Fellow at the University of Michigan.

## Personal life

As a result of having a US Foreign Service employee as a parent, grew up in Pakistan, Greece and Italy until age 16, which he credited with giving him "the ability to look at the world and my own country through others’ eyes.”
Russell began working for commercial radio stations in the Washington, D.C. market as a college student, including one of the earliest stations dedicated entirely to news; there, he delivered live coverage of major events including the Poor People's March on Washington, a protest against the Vietnam War in front of the Pentagon, and the 1968 Washington, D.C., riots following the assassination of Martin Luther King.
In his final years, Russell was the president of his consulting company, Jim Russell Productions—The Program Doctor.
He died on September 13, 2022, after suffering a fall and spending several days in the intensive care unit followed by hospice.
# Mecyclothorax dannieae

Mecyclothorax dannieae is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Perrault in 1978.
# Mecyclothorax curtus

Mecyclothorax curtus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Sloane in 1895.
# Mecyclothorax cymindicus

Mecyclothorax cymindicus is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Sharp in 1903.
# Mecyclothorax cuccodoroi

Mecyclothorax cuccodoroi is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Psydrinae. It was described by Baehr in 2002.
# Jetstream (roller coaster)

The Jetstream was a roller coaster located at Riverview Park in Chicago. It was built in 1964 and demolished only three years later in 1967 when the park abruptly went under. The Jetstream, which was built to replace the park's aging Greyhound roller coaster, was not yet paid off when demolished. The ride was shorter than its predecessor, the Greyhound. The ride was not as profitable as some of its more wild cousins, such as The Bobs, and The Comet.
Jetstream was designed by coaster designer John C. Allen and built by Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters.
The ride was rumored to have been reassembled at a park in Rockford, Illinois after the sudden closure of Riverview, but for whatever reason, the deal fell through. The trains, for a short time, were used on Thunder Road at Carowinds, but have since been destroyed.
# IN-9

IN-9, IN 9, or IN9 may refer to:
* Indiana's 9th congressional district
* Indiana State Road 9
# Jhilmil Residential Area

Jhilmil Residential Area is a residential housing project developed in Keraniganj Upazila by Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (Capital Development Authority) as a suburb of Dhaka.

## History

The project was founded in 1997, adjacent to Dhaka-Mawa Highway in Keraniganj. It has a total of 1,635 plots for housing and Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha plans to build 12 thousand apartments. The proposed Mass Rapid Transit will have a station for line 1 in the project. The project has been included in a future ring road around Dhaka. The project is comparatively smaller than other housing projects of Rajuk.
# Jimmy Kuzmanovski

Jimmy Kuzmanovski is a Canadian former soccer player who had stints in the USL A-League, and the Canadian Professional Soccer League.

## Playing career

Kuzmanovski began his professional in 2000 with the Oshawa Flames of the Canadian Professional Soccer League. In his debut season he finished as the club's top goalscorer, and was nominated and awarded the CPSL Rookie of the Year award. In 2002, he signed with the Mississauga Olympians, and he made his debut for the club on May 24, 2002 in a match against York Region Shooters. Midway through the season he was loaned out to the Toronto Lynx of the USL A-League. He made his debut for Toronto on June 9, 2002 against Charleston Battery, coming on as a substitute for former Olympian player Elvis Thomas. He later returned to Mississauga, and helped reach the postseason by finishing second in the Western Conference. He appeared in the Wild card match against North York Astros, but unfortunately were defeated by a score of 3-0.
# Medial rhombic triacontahedron

Medial rhombic triacontahedron :
| Type | Star polyhedron |
| Face | |
| Elements | F = 30, E = 60 V = 24 (χ = −6) |
| Symmetry group | I$_h$, [5,3], *532 |
| Index references | DU$_{36}$ |
| dual polyhedron | Dodecadodecahedron |
In geometry, the medial rhombic triacontahedron (or midly rhombic triacontahedron) is a nonconvex isohedral polyhedron. It is a stellation of the rhombic triacontahedron, and can also be called small stellated triacontahedron. Its dual is the dodecadodecahedron.
Its 24 vertices are all on the 12 axes with 5-fold symmetry (i.e. each corresponds to one of the 12 vertices of the icosahedron). This means that on each axis there is an inner and an outer vertex. The ratio of outer to inner vertex radius is $\varphi \approx 1.618$, the golden ratio.
It has 30 intersecting rhombic faces, which correspond to the faces of the convex rhombic triacontahedron. The diagonals in the rhombs of the convex solid have a ratio of 1 to $\varphi$. The medial solid can be generated from the convex one by stretching the shorter diagonal from length 1 to $\varphi ^{3}\approx 4.236$. So the ratio of rhomb diagonals in the medial solid is 1 to $\varphi ^{2}\approx 2.618$.
This solid is to the compound of small stellated dodecahedron and great dodecahedron what the convex one is to the compound of dodecahedron and icosahedron: The crossing edges in the dual compound are the diagonals of the rhombs. The faces have two angles of $\arccos({\frac {1}{3}}{\sqrt {5}})\approx 41.810\,314\,895\,78^{\circ }$, and two of $\arccos(-{\frac {1}{3}}{\sqrt {5}})\approx 138.189\,685\,104\,22^{\circ }$. Its dihedral angles equal $\arccos(-{\frac {1}{2}})=120^{\circ }$. Part of each rhomb lies inside the solid, hence is invisible in solid models.
| Convex and medial rhombic triacontahedron (both shown with pyritohedral symmetry) and on the right the dual compound of Kepler–Poinsot solids | Orthographic projections from 2-, 3- and 5-fold symmetry axes |

## Related hyperbolic tiling

It is topologically equivalent to a quotient space of the hyperbolic order-5 square tiling, by distorting the rhombi into squares. As such, it is topologically a regular polyhedron of index two:
| Graph of the m. r. t. embedded in Bring's curve | order-5 square tiling |
Note that the order-5 square tiling is dual to the order-4 pentagonal tiling, and a quotient space of the order-4 pentagonal tiling is topologically equivalent to the dual of the medial rhombic triacontahedron, the dodecadodecahedron.
# Medial rectus muscle

The medial rectus muscle is a muscle in the orbit near the eye. It is one of the extraocular muscles. It originates from the common tendinous ring, and inserts into the anteromedial surface of the eye. It is supplied by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (III). It rotates the eye medially (adduction).

## Structure

The medial rectus muscle shares an origin with several other extrinsic eye muscles, the common tendinous ring. It inserts into the anteromedial surface of the eye. This insertion has a width of around 11 mm.

### Nerve supply

The medial rectus muscle is supplied by the inferior division of the oculomotor nerve (III). A branch of it enters the muscle around two fifths along its length. It usually divides into 2 smaller branches, occasionally 3. These further subdivide, becoming smaller down the length of the muscle until they become imperceptible to standard staining around 17 mm from the insertion of the muscle.

### Relations

The insertion of the medial rectus muscle is around 7.5 mm from the insertion of the superior rectus muscle, and around 6 mm from the inferior rectus muscle. It is shorter but stronger than the other orbital recti muscles. It rarely changes position significantly when it contracts, unlike the other extraocular muscles.

## Function

The medial rectus muscle rotates the eye medially (adduction). It works using a pulley system as it curves around the anterior surface of the eye.

## Clinical significance
### Strabismus

Strabismus (lazy eye) may be caused by a medial rectus muscle that is located too high in the orbit of the skull.
Esotropia (convergent strabismus) may also be caused by sixth nerve palsy, which causes weakness or paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle. Sometimes, botulinum toxin may be injected into the medial rectus muscle. Whilst this reduces the ability to abduct and adduct the eye for tracking, it corrects the esotropia and so generally improves vision.

### Compression

The medial rectus muscle lies directly adjacent to the orbit of the skull. This leaves it vulnerable to being compressed (incarcerated) during skull fractures, which can prevent movement of the eye. This usually resolves when skull fractures are fixed.

### Surgical damage

The medial rectus muscle may be damaged during eye surgery or skull surgery, such as functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The damage can be minor, such as bruising, or severe, such as cutting through the muscle partially or completely, and nerve injury.

## Additional images

* Eye movement of medial rectus muscle, superior view.
* Horizontal section of the eyeball.
* Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure.
* Vestibulo-ocular reflex
* Medial rectus muscle
* Medial rectus muscle
* Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.
* Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.
* Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.
* Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.
* Extrinsic eye muscle. Nerves of orbita. Deep dissection.
# Medleromyia

Medleromyia is a genus of crane fly in the family Limoniidae.

## Distribution

Nigeria.

## Species

* M. destituta Alexander, 1976
* M. nigeriana Alexander, 1974
# Medog mole

The Medog mole (Alpiscaptulus medogensis) is a species of mammal in the family Talpidae. It is the only member of the genus Alpiscaptulus. It is endemic to Tibet, where it is only found in the vicinity of Namcha Barwa in Medog County.

## Taxonomy

Alongside the Gansu mole (Scapanulus oweni), another mole species in a monotypic genus that is also endemic to the mountains of China, it is one of only two species in the subfamily Scalopinae found outside of North America. Phylogenetic and fossil evidence indicates that the scalopine moles evolved in Eurasia and migrated to North America during the Neogene; however, the Gansu and Medog moles are not relict Eurasian scalopine moles, but are descendants of North American scalopine moles that migrated back to Eurasia; the hairy-tailed mole (Parascalops breweri) of North America is more closely related to them than it is to the other two North American scalopine genera.
Phylogenetic evidence supports the Gansu and Medog moles being the closest living relatives of one another and diverging the mid-late Miocene, about 11.59 million years ago. It is thought that the rapid uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and the subsequent climate change led to the divergence of the two genera. Their habitats may have served as refugia during periods of glaciation, allowing them to persist while most other Eurasian scalopines went extinct.

## Habitat

This species is known only from the slopes of Namcha Barwa, the highest peak of the eastern Himalayas and 27th tallest mountain on Earth, where two specimens have been collected from burrows at 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) and 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) asl. The individual at 2,400 m was found in a brushy habitat dominated by oak (Quercus) species with abundant grass cover. The individual at 3,700 m was found in a heath forest with mixed bamboo forests. Both these habitats belong to the Eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests ecoregion.
# Medogothrips

Medogothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.

## Species

* Medogothrips reticulatus
# Megachile fimbriventris

Megachile fimbriventris is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Friese in 1911.
# Megachile fidelis

Megachile fidelis, the faithful leafcutting bee, is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae.
This species is found in the western United States, where it ranges from Montana and South Dakota to New Mexico, west to California and north to Oregon, and often inhabits meadows and gardens. The bee is black, but covered by golden/yellow hair on its face, behind its eyes, on its thorax, below its wings (which are blackish) and on its legs. The pollen basket of the species is located under its abdomen. As often found with most bees, Megachile fidelis feeds on the nectar of flowers - particularly the nectar of composite flowers. The nests of M. fidelis are created in almost exactly the same fashion as, M. perihirta, the Western Leafcutting Bee. However, adult bees do not leave their brood cells until all the cells between their cell and the end of the tunnel have been vacated. As with the case of many bees, larva grow extremely rapidly when in their brood cells. It is often found that this species of bee leave their nests around spring.
The species was first described by Ezra Townsend Cresson in 1878.
# Megachile finschi

Megachile finschi is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Friese in 1911.
# Reincarnation (Exuma album)

Reincarnation is the fifth studio album by Bahamian folk musician Exuma, released in 1972 through Kama Sutra Records.

## Reception

A reviewer for Billboard wrote of the album: "Strong appeal here to both the pop and soul markets from the flashy Exuma. Originals such as 'Brown Girl' and 'Baby, Let Me In' are strong, as is his interpretation of Paul McCartney's 'Monkberry Moon Delight.'" Sidney Nelson of the Evening Post referred to the track "Obeah Man Come Back" as one that generates "tremendous excitement", and "Metastophaliese" as a "rather sinister incantation/hymn"; Nelson concluded that the album "allow[s] not a moment of boredom to set in".

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Exuma, except where noted

## Personnel

Adapted from the album's liner notes.
* Exuma – lead vocals, background vocals, guitar, cowbells, whistles, goat skin drums, ankle bells, "sacred sand", throat harp, "sand box", "walking road"
* Achmed Ben Mansel (Yogi Bagabby) – backing vocals, cowbells, percussion, "sand box", "walking road"
* Michael O'Neil (Ouimungie Pappa Legra) – C melody saxophone, tenor saxophone, flute, conga, African talking drum, goat skin drum, background vocals
* Baron Samedi – cowbells, background vocals, bass throat harp, "shadow ring"
* Kester Smith – drums (on "Brown Girl", "Monkberry Moon Delight", and "Exuma's Reincarnation"
* Kenny Aaronson – bass (except where indicated)
* Richie Wise – guitar (on "Monkberry Moon Delight")
* Paul Carpenter – piano (on "Monkberry Moon Delight" and "Pay Me What You Owe Me")
* Al Hicks – drums, background vocals
* Fernado Gumbs – bass (on "Pay Me What You Owe Me" and "Walking Home")
# The Pioneers (sculpture)

The Pioneers , also known as Pioneers , is a bronze sculpture in Central Park in Elmwood, Illinois. The sculpture is one of several works by Lorado Taft in Elmwood, his birthplace. Taft was a prominent Chicago-based sculptor with a national reputation for his monuments and fountains, including works designed for the 1893 Columbian Exposition. He donated The Pioneers to Elmwood under the condition that the city pay for its casting and mounting.
The sculpture, which is 10 feet (3.0 m) tall and weighs 3,500 pounds (1,600 kg), depicts a pioneer family. The family is looking westward, symbolizing the pioneers' westward expansion, and the figures reflect the Midwestern realism of Taft's earlier works rather than the Renaissance-inspired idealism of his later sculptures. The sculpture was dedicated on May 27, 1928, and a public ceremony was held for the occasion. The inscription below the statue reads:
The sculpture was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 4, 2001.
# Live at Stubb's (Ween album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Live at Stubb's is a live album by the American rock band Ween, released in 2003. It was recorded during two dates at Stubb's in Austin, Texas in July, 2000. There are three discs of material, including material from all seven studio albums the band had released at that point, three songs not officially released on a previous Ween album, and a Van Halen cover song. The third disc contains only the song "L.M.L.Y.P.", in both audio and video (MPEG) format.

## Track listing

All songs written by Ween, except "Hot for Teacher" by Eddie Van Halen, Alex Van Halen, David Lee Roth, and Michael Anthony.
# Khopala

Khopala is a village and a grampanchayat in Botad district in the state of Gujarat, India. Khopala is situated near Gadhada.

## Geography

Khopala has an average elevation of 104 metres (341 feet).khopala an estimated 200 dams and 10 is like a large lake, of which he is prevented from moving water. Khopala in famous caste patel (Gabani) Khopala is known as Gabani's surname. Gutkha is banned in Khopala.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Khopala had a population of 10,278. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Khopala has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 78%, and female literacy is 74%. In Khopala, 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Transport

Khopala is well connected by roads to the cities of Gujarat. Regular bus service and private vehicles are available from Ahmedabad and other big cities of Gujarat. No railway passes through the town. To reach Khopala by train, get out at Ujalwav or Dhola in Ahmedabad - Bhavnagar track. Connecting bus service and chhakda (tempo) to Khopala is available from both these stations.

## Industries

Khopala has many diamond-polishing factories in addition to regular agriculture businesses. However, due to uncertain monsoon and regular droughts, many young people have migrated to cities to seek employment. Many have migrated to Mumbai, Surat, Bhavnagar and Baroda and some of the diamond businessmen have even migrated to the USA.

## Places of interest

The Swaminarayan Temple in Khopala is regarded as one of the important places of pilgrimage for followers of the Swaminarayan faith, as Swaminarayan spent more than 27 years of his life in Gadhada and frequently travelled to this village. This place is considered one of the most holiest place by the followers of Swaminarayan. This village is also known for its state of the art check dams for harvesting rain water to improve the water level in the area. These efforts have produced the desired results.
# John Adams Middle School

John Adams Middle School may refer to any of several middle schools in the United States:
* John Adams Middle School, Los Angeles, California
* John Adams Middle School, Santa Monica, California
* John Adams Middle School, Mason City, Iowa; see Mason City High School
* John Q. Adams Middle School, Metarie, Louisiana
* John Adams Middle School, Edison, New Jersey
* John Adams Middle School, Albuquerque, New Mexico
* John Adams Middle School, Charleston, West Virginia
In Fiction:
# I Like (Jeremih song)

"I Like" (stylised as "i Like") is a song by American singer Jeremih and is produced by Mick Schultz. The song features rapper Ludacris. It is the lead single from his second album All About You. The song was released to iTunes on July 6, 2010, by Def Jam.

## Music video

The music video for the song was directed Ray Kay and was shot on location on a boat. It features Ludacris and a host of beautiful women and was released on September 1, 2010, on iTunes by Def Jam.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (2010) | Peak position |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) | 16 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 25 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2010) | Position |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 89 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Country | Date | Format | Label |
| United States | July 6, 2010 | Digital download | Island Def Jam |