OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gao Guiying

Gao Guiying (Chinese: 高桂英) (died 1647) was a female Chinese rebellion leader and military commander of the short-lived Shun dynasty. She was the empress of the Shun founding emperor Li Zicheng.

## Life

From the beginning of the 17th century, the Ming dynasty of China was decaying during a large number of rebellions, the greatest one being the rebellion of Li Zicheng, who gathered a very large army of followers around him and became more successful every year.
It is said that Li met Gao while hiding in the house of her father, and when he left, she went with him and took an active part in the rebellion, following him side by side at the head of his army, sharing his command. While Li was the commander of the male troops, Gao educated, trained and lead the female troops of rebels.
The rebellion was so successful that the armies of Li and Gao effectively controlled large parts of China and ruled them as independent entities. This caused the Ming dynasty to fall to pieces, as it was at the same time attacked by the Qing dynasty.
In 1644, Li Zicheng captured Beijing, deposed the Ming dynasty and declared himself the emperor of a new dynasty, Shun. Accordingly, Gao became the empress and took control over the city as his regent, but soon after, the Qing dynasty took Beijing and extended its rule into China proper. Li was killed in 1645.
Gao now saw the Qing as her new enemies, and switched her allegiance to her former enemies: the remnants of the Ming ruling family had formed a new court in the southern China and ruled as the Southern Ming dynasty, and Gao, making herself known as the greatest enemy of the Qing dynasty, was called there to serve and continue the fight against the foreign intruders. She was styled "Lady of the first degree" in her own right, her position as military commander was secured and she was declared protector of the new Ming dynasty. Gao led the fight against the Qing dynasty until her death in 1647.
Gao Guiying is undoubtedly one of the most unusual and interesting characters in Chinese history, especially considering the time she lived; there have been a large number of women in her position earlier on in Chinese history, but in the 12th century, women's position in China diminished severely, and the only other women of her time to have a similar position were Shen Yunying and Qin Liangyu.
# Chionelasmus

Chionelasmus is a genus of symmetrical sessile barnacles in the family Chionelasmatidae. There are at least two described species in Chionelasmus.

## Species

These species belong to the genus Chionelasmus:
* Chionelasmus crosnieri Buckeridge, 1998
* Chionelasmus darwini (Pilsbry, 1907)
# Ruth Silver

Dame Ruth Muldoon Silver (born January 1945, North Lanarkshire) is a British academic administrator and promoter of education policy. She was Principal of Lewisham College for 17 years until 2009, and was chair of the Working Men's College governing board from 2002-05. In 2010, she became the chair of the Learning and Skills Improvement Service (LSIS), a public body for Further Education and skills development. Most recently she was president of the Further Education Trust for Leadership (FETL).

## Early life

Siver was born in January 1945; her mother a midwife, her father an engineer. She studied psychology and literature at Glasgow and the Southampton universities, through a National Union of Mineworkers' scholarship.

## Career

Silver served as an adviser to the Select Committee in the House of Commons and a member of the Skills Commission. She sat on the Edge Foundation (ADHD), which aims to raise the status of vocational learning; the Horse's Mouth, an online peer-mentoring enterprise; and the Trinity Laban Conservatoire.
Silver was appointed Chief Assessor for the Centre of Excellence in Leadership's Principals Qualifying Programme. Her employment has included child guidance, teaching and inspection, and in-service at the Department for Education and Skills, developing national education policy on personal development in young people. In 2010, she was appointed to chair the National Taskforce on the Future of the Careers Profession.
Silver was a founding trustee of the Edge Foundation, which aims to raising the status of vocational learning, and was the first chief assessor for the Qualifying Programme for Principals. She was a visiting professor on educational developments at London South Bank University.
She was a member of Prime Minister Gordon Brown's UK Women and Work Commission. In 2014, she worked with Glasgow's colleges in the post-merger realignment of their curricula. In 2015-16, she chaired the Scottish Government's Commission on Widening Access to Universities.

## Honours

In 2006, she was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in recognition for her services to Further Education, having previously been appointed CBE in the 1998 New Year Honours.
# Jõeküla, Viljandi County

Jõeküla is a village in Viljandi Parish, Viljandi County in Estonia.
# Responsibilities and Other Poems

Responsibilities and Other Poems is a work written by William Butler Yeats.

## Publication history

Responsibilities and a Play was printed and published by Yeats's sister, Elizabeth Corbet Yeats, at the Cuala Press in 1914. 400 copies were published.
The work contained thirty one poems and a new version of the play The Hour Glass, which was originally written in collaboration with Lady Gregory, but now presented in a new version.
Responsibilities and Other Poems was published by Macmillan in 1916. This trade edition contained one new poem “The Well and the Tree,” which was subsequently removed from the sequence to become part of the play, At the Hawk’s Well. This work also included some poems from the Green Helmet and Other Poems (1910) and the 1913 poems from Poems Written in Discouragement.

## Literary significance

Beginning in 1895 with Poems and in 1899 with The Wind among the Reeds, Yeats published poems typically with a dreamlike atmosphere and replete with reference to Irish folklore and legends. The Green Helmet (1910) contained little of the Celtic influence of his earlier poems. The other world had all but disappeared with his publication of Responsibilities and a Play.
The Responsibilities poems signify a transition turning point for Yeats from the dreamworld of the Celtic Twilight to the harsh realities of the modern day. He sums it up in "September 1913", written about the worker's strike in Dublin: "Romantic Ireland's dead and gone." Those realities included the attacks on Maude Gonne and himself by George Moore; the Hugh Lane controversy; the workers’ strike of 1913 and his support of the working man and James Connolly; Parnell; and the fuss over The Playboy of the Western World. The poems are political and personal. Responsibilities begins with Yeats’ obscure and anonymous epigraph attributed to “an old play”: “In dreams begins responsibility.” His next epigraph is from Confucius and refers to the Prince of Chang, the founder of the Second Dynasty, perhaps signifying a new dynasty for Yeats himself. These are announcements of a new direction for Yeats. His introductory matter continues with a poems referring to the Butler family, a veiled response to the criticisms of George Moore. The collection ends with a poem referring to with George Moore as a post passing dogs defile.
# Cruel and unusual

Cruel and unusual is commonly used to describe certain controversial forms of physical punishment, for which see:

## Other uses

* Cruel and Unusual (novel), a novel by Patricia Cornwell
* Cruel and Unusual (comics), a 1999 comic book series
* Cruel and Unusual: Bush/Cheney's New World Order, a book by Mark Crispin Miller
* Cruel and Unusual (2006 film), a 2006 documentary film
* Cruel and Unusual (2014 film), a 2014 thriller film
* Cruel and Unusual Films, an American film production company
* Watchtower (2001 film), a 2001 Canadian thriller film also released under the title Cruel and Unusual
# Haubas

A god worshiped in pre-Islamic southern Arabia, particularly Sheba. Haubas's advice was often sought via consultation with oracles.
# Palaeovaranidae

Palaeovaranidae, formerly known as Necrosauridae, is an extinct clade of anguimorph lizards known from the Paleogene of Europe. They have sometimes been recovered as members of Varanoidea. It contains three genera.

## Genera

* Eosaniwa Haubold, 1977 Geiseltal, Germany, Eocene
* Palaeovaranus Zittel, 1887 (Formerly Necrosaurus) Messel Pit, Germany, Quercy Phosphorites Formation, France, Eocene
* Paranecrosaurus Smith & Habersetzer, 2021 (Formerly "Saniwa" feisti) Messel Pit, Germany, Eocene
# International Indian Ocean Expedition

The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) was a large-scale multinational hydrographic survey of the Indian Ocean which took place from September 1, 1959, to December 31, 1965, Jawaharlal Nehru then PM of India inaugurated International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) in 1959 with collaboration with foreign universities. It worked to describe and understand the basic features of the Indian Ocean.
It is renamed as The National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) on 1st January 1966 as one of 38 constituent laboratories of the CSIR.
N.K. Panikkar, Padma Shri, was appointed as director of this institute, a position he held until his retirement in May 1973. It involved over 45 research vessels from 14 countries. It was sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Oceanographic Research, and later by the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission.
Vast amounts of data on oceanic organisms were collected. For example, specimens of Polychaetes (marine worms) were collected from the coasts of the Indian Ocean.
# Chris Howden

Chris Howden is a Canadian radio producer and broadcaster, who was named co-host of As It Happens, the flagship news interview program on CBC Radio One, in December 2019. He is a longtime producer and head writer for the program, who was sometimes heard on the air as a fill-in announcer when prior co-host Jeff Douglas was absent. He has also been host of the CBC Radio documentary series Living Out Loud.
Originally from Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Howden has also performed on stage with Gord Rand in the comedy duo Trophy Wives.
# Franklin Township, Decatur County, Iowa

Franklin Township is a township in Decatur County, Iowa, United States. As of the 2000 census, its population was 370.

## Geography

Franklin Township covers an area of 36.19 square miles (93.74 square kilometers); of this, 0.03 square miles (0.07 square kilometers) or 0.07 percent is water.

### Cities and towns

* Weldon

### Adjacent townships

* Green Bay Township, Clarke County (north)
* Franklin Township, Clarke County (northeast)
* Garden Grove Township (east)
* High Point Township (southeast)
* Center Township (south)
* Decatur Township (southwest)
* Long Creek Township (west)
* Knox Township, Clarke County (northwest)

### Cemeteries

The township contains two cemeteries: Johnson and Kline.

### Major highways

* U.S. Route 69
# Numbered Days

Numbered Days may refer to:
* "Numbered Days", a song by Killswitch Engage from Alive or Just Breathing, 2002
* "Numbered Days", a song by Eels from Shootenanny!, 2003
* Días contados, a 1994 Spanish film titled Numbered Days in English-speaking markets
# Renée Friedman

Renée Friedman is an American Egyptologist, primarily known for her work at Nekhen (Hierakonpolis).

## Life

Friedman received her BA from the University of California at Berkeley, where her thesis was on the predynastic Egyptian cemetery at Naga ed Der. She earned her PhD in 1994 for work on predynastic ceramics.
In 1996, along with Barbara Adams, she began working as co-director of the American Hierakonpolis Expedition, which had been on a 4-year hiatus following the death of the former director Walter Fairservis.

## Works

* 1989 Fish and Fishing in Ancient Egypt. Aris and Phillips, Warminster, England. [with D.J. Brewer] American University in Cairo. 1990. 109pp. 1
* 1992 The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to Michael Allen Hoffman. Oxbow Press, Oxford. [edited with Barbara Adams] 354pp.
* 1998 Egypt. British Museum Press. [with Vivian Davies] 224pp. Issued in USA as Egypt Uncovered.
* 2002 Egypt and Nubia. Gifts of the Desert. 328pp. British Museum Press. Editor.
# Stamp hinge

In philately, stamp hinges, or mounts, are small, folded, transparent, rectangular pieces of paper coated with a mild gum. They are used by stamp collectors to affix postage stamps onto the pages of a stamp album.

## Use

The short end is moistened and affixed to the stamp, the long end is likewise affixed to the page. The hinge keeps the stamp on the page while still allowing it to be lifted to examine the back, for instance to see the watermark or expert marks.

## Abbreviation

Collectors categorise their stamps as follows:
* MUH/MNH – Mint Unhinged/Never Hinged
* H – Hinged
* LH – Lightly Hinged
* HH – Heavily Hinged
* HR – Hinge Remnant (portion of the hinge could not be removed and remains on the stamp)

## Risks

The best stamp hinges are designed to be "peelable", meaning that the stamp may be removed from the page, and the hinge from the stamp, without damage to either. Not all makes of hinge have this property, and the backs of many stamps have "hinge remnants", where the hinge has torn away rather than releasing the stamp. This is especially common for mint stamps, where the stamp's own gum adheres tightly to the hinge. Some old stamps may have multiple hinge remnants layered on top of each other. Conversely, careless removal of a hinge may take away a layer of the stamp's paper, resulting in a type of stamp thin known as a hinge thin. The thinner paper will be noticeable when the stamp is held up to the light and is considered a serious fault in a stamp.
Even with the use of peelable hinges and care to minimize the moisture used, the hinge will leave a visible disturbance in the gum of an unused stamp. While this was formerly a matter of indifference, since about the middle of the 20th century many collectors have come to prefer "unhinged stamps" showing no trace of hinging.
Collectors preferring unhinged stamps typically use pocket-like or sleeve-like hingeless mounts, often for higher-value or unused stamps.

## Re-gumming

Since the time that unhinged stamps became popular, considerable numbers of old stamps with intact gum have appeared on the market, raising suspicion that many of these have been regummed.
# Painter's Cave

Painter's Cave is a cave in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar.
It is located close to Royal Naval Hospital. It is a narrow cave, approximately 5–6 meters long. It has an entrance about 3 meters high. The cave has old graffiti from 1877 when it was discovered. It has two floors loosely connected and various rock formations.
# List of motor gliders

A motor glider is an aircraft which sustains flight principally through soaring flight but also has a small engine for takeoff and emergencies. For a list of unpowered gliders see Glider types. For an exhaustive list of all Glider types see List of gliders.
| Type | Country | Date | Class | Seats | Span | A/R | L/D | Climb | VMax | Empty | Maximum | Built |
| Lange Antares | Germany | 2003 | R | 1 | 23.0 m (75.5 ft) | 38.3 | 60:1 | 4 m/s (7.8 kn) | 280 km/h (150 kn; 170 mph) | 510 kg (1,120 lb) | 850 kg (1,870 lb) | 50+ |
| Schleicher ASW 22 BE | Germany | 1986 | R | 1 | 26.6 m (87.3 ft) | 42.3 | 62:1 | | 275 km/h (148 kn; 171 mph) | 510 kg (1,120 lb) | 750 kg (1,650 lb) | |
| Binder EB28 | Germany | 1986 | R | 2 | 28.0 m (91.9 ft) | 46.7 | 65:1 | 2.5 m/s (4.9 kn) | 275 km/h (148 kn; 171 mph) | 570 kg (1,260 lb) | 850 kg (1,870 lb) | |
| Binder EB29 | Germany | 2009 | RE | 2 | 29.3 m (96.1 ft) | 51 | 68:1 | 2.5 m/s (4.9 kn) | 280 km/h (150 kn; 170 mph) | 570 kg (1,260 lb) | 850 kg (1,870 lb) | |
| Scheibe Falke | Germany | 1963 | F (Rotax) | 2 | 18.2 m (59.7 ft) | 13.8 | 24:1 | 4.0 m/s (7.8 kn) | 190 km/h (100 kn; 120 mph) | 435 kg (959 lb) | 650 kg (1,430 lb) | 1200+ |
# Gao Guangbin

Gao Guangbin (Chinese: 高广滨; born May 1963) is a Chinese politician, the current Chinese Communist Party Deputy Committee Secretary of Jilin province. He was part of the Communist Youth League in his early career.

## Life and career

Gao was born in Harbin. He studied optical instrument engineering at Changchun Optical College (later Changchun University of Science and Technology). He began working for the provincial school of the Communist Youth League in Jilin province, then became Secretary (i.e. leader) of the provincial Youth League organization in 1997. He then served as deputy party chief, vice mayor, acting mayor, and finally mayor of Songyuan, before being elevated to party chief of Tonghua in April 2004. In May 2007, at age 43, Gao was named a member of the Jilin provincial Party Standing Committee and party chief of the provincial capital Changchun. He served in the position for some eight years, before being transferred to become Executive Vice Governor of Jilin province, taking on the vacancy left by Ma Junqing. In March 2017, he was named deputy party secretary of Jilin province.
Gao was a delegate to the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. He is an alternate member of the 18th and 19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party.
# Choices Markets

Choices Markets is a grocer based in British Columbia, Canada, that is focused on natural, specialty and organic food.

## Overview

The chain has eleven stores: eight in Metro Vancouver, one in the Fraser Valley and one location in Kelowna. Choices Markets opened its 10th location, North Vancouver, in the second quarter of 2016. and eleventh in parksville. Choices was founded in December 1990 by brothers Wayne and Lloyd Lockhart. The original store is located in Kitsilano on West 16th avenue. The owners emphasize that the store caters to a range of diets, including gluten free, vegetarian and vegan. Lockhart cites this is a guiding principle for the chain: "It's all about providing choice."
The company has relied on various techniques aimed at increasing customer loyalty in order to compete with larger chains in the area, such as providing customers with the Choices preferred shopper card, which allows customers to receive discounts on specially labelled products and accumulate points when they shop, providing an in-house nutritionist to help advise customers and worked to build energy and "theatre" in stores through product demos, food festivals and farmer/shopper interaction.
The Canadian Federation of Independent Grocers inducted Choices Markets White Rock (in South Surrey, British Columbia) into their Hall of Fame in 2015. To be eligible for Hall of Fame induction, a store must win at least three Gold Awards or receive one Platinum Achievement Award and one Gold Award.
Choices Markets was sold to the Buy-Low Foods Group on December 3, 2017. The previous Choices ownership decided to retire and selected an owner they believed would retain what the Choices brand stands for while remaining locally owned and operated.
Choices Markets was selected as the Fairtrade Canada Retailer of the Year in February 2018. They have won this award 5 of the past 6 years.
# Russell Cunningham (producer)

Russell Cunningham is an Australian film and television producer and writer. He is the founder of RLC Motion Picture, a film production company.

## Career

Cunningham started his career in 1976 on the long running children’s TV show, The Wallace and Ladmo Show. He initially commenced working with Bill Thompson (Wallace), Vladimir Kwiatkowski (Ladmo) and Pat McMahon, after securing a free toy deal for 6 months for the Ladmo Bag. In 1978 he was promoted to associate producer where he was involved with marketing, on-air talent and scripting of the show.
From 1978 to 1979, Cunningham worked as a stand-up comedian performing at the Playboy Club, Barnum & Bailey Circus, as the Hamburgler and Ronald McDonald.
In 1980, Cunningham moved to Hollywood, there he was hired to market and promote motion picture films for major studios and production companies, most notably Annie, directed by the John Huston. Pink Floyd – The Wall, starring Bob Geldof and Bob Hoskins. Flashdance, produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and starring Jennifer Beals. High Road to China starring Tom Selleck and Risky Business, starring Tom Cruise. By 1984 he had contributed to promoting over 200 motion picture films.
Cunningham began his involvement with the Australian Film Industry in 1989, when he was hired by Hoyts Cinemas following a move to Australia. At Hoyts he was in charge of cinema operations and industrial relations changes to the Australian cinema business in New South Wales and Victoria.
In 1998, he founded his own production company, RLC Motion Picture Entertainment.
In 2001, Cunningham hosted the VIP's at a Lunch with George H. W. Bush at the Sydney, Wentworth Hotel. The luncheon was the only public function attended by President Bush Snr during his three-day visit to Australia.
In 2004 he was involved with the short film Lennie Cahill Shoots Through which won the 2004 AFI award for Best Short Fiction film. Also in that year, he began work on the Australian film, G'day La, to have been directed by Tom Jeffries. It was greenlit before falling over 48 hours after signature. In 2005, he signed Micky Dolenz to direct the film.
From 2005-2009 he managed the wrestler and actor Nathan Jones.
In 2005, he began development work on Dingo Dreaming, a film that was to be shot in the Western Australian Pilbara town of Roebourne. In 2008, it was resurrected, to have been shot in Wiluna, Western Australia and star Charles Matthau, boxing champion Joe Bugner, and former professional rugby league footballer and boxing champion Anthony Mundine.
In 2012, his feature film, Birth of a Warrior was released. He wrote and co-produced the film with Anthony Salamon. It starred Tonny White, a Wing Chung Kung Fu Master.
In 2016, he produced The Legend of Ben Hall. The film was about the last nine months of Bushranger Ben Hall’s life in and around Forbes and the New South Wales country side where Ben Hall lived during his law abiding days and his final years as a wanted man.