# Noble gas (data page)

This page provides supplementary data about the noble gases, which were excluded from the main article to conserve space and preserve focus. Oganesson mostly not included due to the amount of research known about it.

## Physical properties
### Solid

| Physical property | Helium | Neon | Argon | Krypton | Xenon | Radon |
| Density, solid at triple point (g/dm³) | – | 1444 | 1623 | 2826 | 3540 | – |
| Crystal structure | hcp | fcc | fcc | fcc | fcc | fcc |

### Liquid

| Physical property | Helium | Neon | Argon | Krypton | Xenon | Radon |
| Density, liquid at boiling point and 1 atm (g/dm³) | 125.0 | 1207 | 1393.9 | 2415 | 3057 | 4400 |
| Density, liquid at triple point (g/dm³) | – | 1247 | 1415 | 2451 | 3084 | – |
| Thermal conductivity, liquid at boiling point (mW m$^{−1}$ K$^{−1}$) | 31.4 | 129.7 | 121.3 | 88.3 | 73.2 | – |
| Dielectric constant (liquid) | 1.057 | 1.191 | 1.325 | 1.664 | 1.880 | — |

### Gas

| Physical property | Helium | Neon | Argon | Krypton | Xenon | Radon |
| Density, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (g/dm³) | 0.1786 | 0.9002 | 1.7818 | 3.708 | 5.851 | 9.97 |
| Thermal conductivity at 0 °C (J s$^{−1}$ m$^{−1}$ K$^{−1}$) | 0.1418 | 0.0461 | 0.0169 | 0.00874 | 0.00506 | 0.0036 |
| Mean free path at STP (nm) | 192.66 | 135.36 | 68.33 | 52.34 | 37.88 | – |
| Solubility in water at 20 °C (cm$^3$/kg) | 8.61 | 10.5 | 33.6 | 59.4 | 108.1 | 230 |
| Magnetic susceptibility (cgs units per mole) | −0.0000019 | −0.0000072 | −0.0000194 | −0.000028 | −0.000043 | – |
| Heat capacity, C$_p$, gas at 1 atm (J mol$^{−1}$ K$^{−1}$) | 20.78 | 20.79 | 20.85 | 20.95 | 21.01 | 21 |
| Sonic velocity at 0 °C and 1 atm (m/s) | 973 | 433 | 307.8 | 213 | 168 | – |
| Thermal conductivity, gas at 0 °C and 1 atm (mW m$^{−1}$ K$^{−1}$) | 141.84 | 46.07 | 16.94 | 8.74 | 5.06 | 3.6 |
| Molar refraction (D line, cm$^3$) | 0.521 | 1.004 | 4.203 | 6.397 | 10.435 | – |
| Dielectric constant (gas) | 1.0000684 | 1.00013 | 1.000516 | – | – | – |
| van der Waals constant a (L$^2$bar/mol$^2$) | 0.03412 | 0.2107 | 1.345 | 2.318 | 4.194 | – |
| van der Waals constant b (L/mol) | 0.02370 | 0.01709 | 0.03219 | 0.03978 | 0.05105 | – |

### Phase changes and critical properties

| Physical property | Helium | Neon | Argon | Krypton | Xenon | Radon |
| Boiling point (°C) | −268.8 | −245.9 | −185.8 | −151.7 | −106.6 | −61.7 |
| Boiling point (K) | 4.15 | 27.15 | 87.15 | 121.2 | 165.2 | 211.3 |
| Melting point (°C) | −272 | −248.5 | −189.6 | −157.4 | −111.5 | −71.0 |
| Melting point (K) | 1.15 | 24.65 | 83.55 | 115.75 | 161.65 | 202.15 |
| Critical temperature (K) | 5.25 | 44.5 | 150.85 | 209.35 | 289.74 | 378.15 |
| Critical pressure (atm) | 2.26 | 26.9 | 48.3 | 54.3 | 57.64 | 62 |
| Critical density (g/mL) | 0.0693 | 0.484 | 0.536 | 0.908 | 1.100 | – |
| Triple point temperature (K) | 2.19 | 24.562 | 83.80 | 115.76 | 161.37 | 202 |
| Triple point pressure (kPa) | 5.1 | 43.37 | 68.90 | 73.15 | 81.66 | 70 |

## Atomic properties

| Atomic property | Helium | Neon | Argon | Krypton | Xenon | Radon | Oganesson |
| Atomic number | 2 | 10 | 18 | 36 | 54 | 86 | 118 |
| Standard atomic weight | 4.002602(2) | 20.1797(6) | 39.948(1) | 83.80(1) | 131.29(2) | (222) | (294) |
| Number of natural isotopes | 2 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 4 | 0 |
| Outer shell electron configuration | 1s$^2$ | 2s$^2$2p$^6$ | 3s$^2$3p$^6$ | 4s$^2$4p$^6$ | 5s$^2$5p$^6$ | 6s$^2$6p$^6$ | 7s$^2$7p$^6$ |
| Atomic radius (pm) | 31 | 38 | 71 | 88 | 108 | 120 | 138 |
| Ionization energy (kJ/mol) | 2372 | 2080 | 1520 | 1351 | 1170 | 1037 | 839 |
| Static polarizability (Å$^3$) | 0.204 | 0.392 | 1.63 | 2.465 | 4.01 | – | – |
| Average Valence Electron Energy (AVEE) | 4.16 | 4.79 | 3.24 | 2.97 | 2.58 | 2.60 | – |

## Abundance

| Abundance | Helium | Neon | Argon | Krypton | Xenon | Radon | Oganesson |
| Solar System (for each atom of silicon) | 2343 | 2.148 | 0.1025 | 5.515 × 10$^{−5}$ | 5.391 × 10$^{−6}$ | – | – |
| Earth's atmosphere (volume fraction in ppm) | 5.20 | 18.20 | 9340.00 | 1.10 | 0.09 | (0.06–18) × 10$^{−19}$ | 0 |
| Igneous rock (mass fraction in ppm) | 3 × 10$^{−3}$ | 7 × 10$^{−5}$ | 4 × 10$^{−2}$ | – | – | 1.7 × 10$^{−10}$ | 0 |

## Economic data

| Gas | 2004 price (USD/m$^3$) |
| Helium (industrial grade) | 4.20–4.90 |
| Helium (laboratory grade) | 22.300–44.90 |
| Argon | 2.70–8.50 |
| Neon | 60–120 |
| Krypton | 400–500 |
| Xenon | 4000–5000 |
Radon is available only in very small quantities, and due to its short half-life, is generally produced by a radium-226 source in secular equilibrium. Oganesson is almost impossible to produce and with a very short half life, it is generally not readily available for purchase.

## References and notes

* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Shuen-Chen Hwang; Robert D. Lein; Daniel A. Morgan (2005). "Noble Gases". Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Wiley. pp. 343–383. doi:10.1002/0471238961.0701190508230114.a01. ISBN 978-0471238966.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Noble Gas". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
* ↑ Amey, R. L. (1964). "Dielectric Constants of Liquefied Noble Gases and Methane". Journal of Chemical Physics. 40 (1): 146–148. Bibcode:1964JChPh..40..146A. doi:10.1063/1.1724850.
* ↑ CRC handbook of chemistry and physics : a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data. Haynes, William M.,, Lide, David R., 1928-, Bruno, Thomas J. (2016-2017, 97th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida. 2016-06-22. ISBN 978-1-4987-5429-3. OCLC 957751024.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
* ↑ at 1.5–2.5 K
* ↑ Chase, C.E.; Maxwell, E.; Millett, W.E. (December 1961). "The dielectric constant of liquid helium". Physica. 27 (12): 1129–1145. Bibcode:1961Phy....27.1129C. doi:10.1016/0031-8914(61)90054-4.
* ↑ at 26.11 K
* ↑ "Dielectric Constant | The Elements Handbook at KnowledgeDoor". KnowledgeDoor. Retrieved 2019-12-17.
* ↑ at 140 K
* ↑ at 119.80K
* ↑ at 161K
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.
* 1 2 Generalic, Eni,"Radon," EniG. Periodic Table of the Elements. 27 May 2013. KTF-Split. (accessed 30 May 2013).
* ↑ Peter Häussinger; Reinhard Glatthaar; Wilhelm Rhode; Helmut Kick; Christian Benkmann; Josef Weber; Hans-Jörg Wunschel; Viktor Stenke; Edith Leicht; Hermann Stenger (2002). "Noble gases". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley. doi:10.1002/14356007.a17_485. ISBN 978-3527306732.
* 1 2 3 Lide, D. R. (Ed.) (1990). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (70th Edn.). Boca Raton (FL):CRC Press.
* ↑ <3 × 10$^6$ Hz at 140 °C
* ↑ 10$^6$ Hz at 0°C
* ↑ 10$^{15}$ Hz at 20°C
* 1 2 Lambda point for pure $^4$He from Yunus A. Cengel, Robert H. Turner. Fundamentals of thermal-fluid sciences. McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 78. ISBN 0-07-297675-6
* ↑ Lodders, Katharina (July 10, 2003). "Solar System Abundances and Condensation Temperatures of the Elements" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal. 591 (2): 1220–1247. Bibcode:2003ApJ...591.1220L. doi:10.1086/375492. S2CID 42498829. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 7, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2015.
* ↑ "The Atmosphere". National Weather Service. Retrieved 2008-06-01.
* ↑ Collé, R; Kishore, Raj (1997-06-11). "An update on the NIST radon-in-water standard generator: its performance efficacy and long-term stability". Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 391 (3): 511–528. Bibcode:1997NIMPA.391..511C. doi:10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00572-X.