OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Karl Friedrich von Liel

Karl Friedrich von Liel (10 May 1799 – 7 March 1863) was a Bavarian Major General and War Minister under Maximilian II of Bavaria from 1 March 1863 until his death.
Von Liel was born in Koblenz. In 1839 he was advanced to the rank of a Hauptmann, and invented a fortress gun carriage, which was named after him. In 1844 he became Major, and in 1848 Oberstleutnant. He took part in the federal execution in Baden and was head of the army organization department of the Frankfurt Parliament. Between his deployments as military representative of Bavaria at the German Confederation from 1850 to 1851 and from 1854 to 1863, he was advanced to Oberst in 1852. Shortly after he became war minister, he died in Badenweiler.

## References and notes

* ↑ In German personal names, von is a preposition which approximately means 'of' or 'from' and usually denotes some sort of nobility. While von (always lower case) is part of the family name or territorial designation, not a first or middle name, if the noble is referred to by his last name, use Schiller, Clausewitz or Goethe, not von Schiller, etc.
* ↑ Liel, Karl Friedrich von, House of the Bavarian history (HdBG).
Government offices :
| Preceded byBernhard von Heß (acting) | Ministers of War (Bavaria) 1863 | Succeeded byHugo Ritter von Bosch (acting) |
* This biographical article relating to government is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Forestry in Chile

Forestry is one of the main economic sectors of Chile, representing 14% of the value of the country's total exports. This places the forestry sector in Chile as the second largest export sector behind copper mining. From 1970 to 2005 planted forest surface in Chile grew from 300,000 ha to more than 2.07 million ha. In 2019 Chile had slightly more than 2,3 million ha of forest plantations of which 1,3 million ha were Pinus radiata and 0,9 million ha were of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens. In 2006 70% of Chile's forestry production went to export, and the industry employed more than 150,000 workers. By 2020 people employed in the sector were down to 112,200.
The wave of forest plantations that begun in the 1970s was initially a response to severe soil erosion that affected much of the country. There was a broad support for plantations when these were first implemented but by the 1980s a conservationist critique had grown exposing the adverse effects of plantations on certain plant and animal species, on biodiversity and on water resources. In many cases the establishment of plantations meant not reforestation but the replacement of existing forests with plantations.
The growth of the forestry sector since the 1980s is the consequence of growth of the export-oriented economy in Chile. Critics argue it has created an enclave economy. In the area of Cañete and Tirúa forestry companies have been accused of contributing to the displacement of indigenous Mapuche communities. In the last decades the communities of Temucuicui have had a conflict, at times physically violent, with the forestry company Forestal Mininco, leading to the detention and imprisonment of community members in the prisons of Angol and Cañete.
# Rhodopina assamana

Rhodopina assamana is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1966.
# NGC 5750

NGC 5750 is a barred spiral galaxy with an active galactic nucleus in the constellation Virgo. It was discovered on April 11, 1787 by the astronomer William Herschel. It is a member of the NGC 5746 Group of galaxies, itself one of the Virgo III Groups strung out to the east of the Virgo Supercluster of galaxies.
# Prihodi

Prihodi (pronounced, in older sources also Perhode) is a settlement in the Municipality of Jesenice in the Upper Carniola region of Slovenia.
# Harry Bates (footballer)

Harry J. Bates (July 1890 – after 1912) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Birmingham.
Bates was born in Sutton Coldfield, Warwickshire. An outside right who never turned professional, he played football for Ravensmoor and for Coventry City before joining Birmingham in 1912. He made his debut in the Second Division on 27 January 1912, in a 2–0 home win against Stockport County, and played once more that season and once in 1912–13, but failed to impress, and moved on to Walsall in the 1913 close season. Bates died in Birmingham.
# Gmina Żytno

Gmina Żytno is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Radomsko County, Łódź Voivodeship, in central Poland. Its seat is the village of Żytno, which lies approximately 20 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of Radomsko and 96 km (60 mi) south of the regional capital Łódź.
The gmina covers an area of 197.54 square kilometres (76.3 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 5,716.

## Villages

Gmina Żytno contains the villages and settlements of Barycz, Borzykowa, Borzykówka, Brzeziny, Budzów, Bugaj, Ciężkowiczki, Czarny Las, Czech, Czechowiec, Ewina, Ferdynandów, Folwark, Fryszerka, Grodzisko, Ignaców, Jacków, Jatno, Kąty, Kępa, Kolonia Czechowiec, Kozie Pole, Łazów, Magdalenki, Mała Wieś, Maluszyn, Mosty, Nurek, Pągów, Pierzaki, Pławidła, Polichno, Pukarzów, Rędziny, Rędziny-Kolonia, Rogaczówek, Sady, Sekursko, Silnica, Silniczka, Sowin, Sudzin, Sudzinek, Turznia, Wymysłów, Załawie and Żytno.

## Neighbouring gminas

Gmina Żytno is bordered by the gminas of Dąbrowa Zielona, Gidle, Kluczewsko, Kobiele Wielkie, Koniecpol, Wielgomłyny and Włoszczowa.
# I Teoremi

I Teoremi were an Italian progressive rock band.

## Origin

I Teoremi born in Rome, from the ashes of complex beat Cuori di pietra e I figli di... in the late 1960s, the band includes original, Gabriele Calano guitars and vocals), Aldo Bellanova (bass, flute and vocals) Claudio Mastracci (drums, percussion and vocals) and a keyboardist. Their repertoire, with the subsequent addition of Titus Gallen (vocals and harmonica), from another group beat Roman Empire, the Diapason, and the takeover of Stefano Sabatini (former member of Free Love, with some recordings for Vedette) on keyboards (now jazz pianist) aimed straight for the progressive rock with a distinctive vocal style inspired by the propensity for Vanilla Fudge. A few years after having made known to roman or not, they recorded their first 7" in 1971 for the Polaris, with a dream on the A side, the idea of Marcello Esposito (a songwriter friend of the band), but signed by Bruno Pallesi for text and Vanni Moretto and Mario Battaini for music, while the B-side of a unique cover, probably, Jethro Tull, Tutte le cose ("With you there to help me"), where the flute of Ian Anderson is replaced by harmonica.
Fall left the band and he was replaced temporarily Walter Sabatini on guitar, only to be replaced permanently by Mario Schiliro, the band, then, will affect a 33 rpm with the final formation in 1972 with Vincenzo Massetti (previously active as a solo artist under the pseudonym Lord Enzo, with assets including a stake in the Festival of unknown Ariccia in 1968) on vocals, hard rock album with influences. After attending the Cantaestate in the same year, Theorems melt.
Aldo Bellanova then entered into Samadhi, Vincenzo Massetti left Italy to Thailand, where he still works as a singer, Mastracci became the drummer for many artists, including Lostprophets and Sergio Caputo, and Schilirò has become one of the most famous Italian guitarist, played with many artists including Antonello Venditti, Claudio Baglioni, Luca Barbarossa, Patti Pravo, Riccardo Cocciante, Marco Ferradini, Goran Kuzminac, Mario Castelnuovo, also becoming a session man at the Italian RCA and then guitarist of Sugar (and playing among others with Eric Clapton, Brian May, Paul Young and Steve Winwood). Their album has been reissued over the years in both vinyl and CD in 1993, in 1999 and 2011.

## Personnel

* Tito Gallo: voice (until 1971)
* Vincenzo Massetti: voice (in 1972)
* Mario Schilirò: guitar
* Aldo Bellanova: bass
* Claudio Mastracci: drums

## Discography

* 1972: I Teoremi (Polaris, POL/BP 711)
# Jangalbari Fort

Jangalbari Fort is a fort situated in Jangalbari village under Karimganj Upazila of Kishoreganj District.

## History

After the battle of Egarasindhur, 16th century ruler Isa Khan took over the Janglabari Fort from Laksman Singh Hajra. After Musa Khan became loyal to Mughal foce, the descendants of Isa Khan transferred their families from Sonargaon to Jangalbari Fort.
# Green Castle, Portknockie

Green Castle is a naturally defended rocky outcrop in the village of Portknockie in Moray, Scotland, that was occupied successively by small promontory forts of the Iron Age and Pictish periods.
The site forms a rocky headland 70 metres (230 ft) long and 15 metres (49 ft) wide, surrounded by steep cliffs rising 20 metres (66 ft) high above the sea. The site was extensively excavated between 1976 and 1982.
During the Iron Age a single palisade was built to protect the headland at its landward side. Traces of the slot created by these timbers, together with an Iron Age sherd and pits have been excavated. This occupation period produced evidence of metalworking, including fragments of moulds, furnaces, hammerstones and whetstones. Ard marks over the upper surfaces of Iron Age archaeological layers suggest that the site was then used for agriculture before being reused for defensive purposes during the Pictish period.
A new timber palisade backfilled by beach cobbles marked a first phase of Pictish activity on the site. The fort was then extensively rebuilt in the 7th and 8th centuries – possibly in response to the start of Norse raids on the northern Pictish Kingdom of Fortriu – with a more sophisticated structure of timber-laced stone ramparts protecting a central stone hall. These defences were later destroyed by fire, possibly the result of a Viking siege.
During the 19th century the site was used for fish drying and most of the area was covered by low stone platforms.
# Reudigni

The Reudigni were one of the Nerthus-worshipping Germanic tribes mentioned by Tacitus in Germania. Schütte suggests that the name should be read Rendingi or Randingi and then the name would be the same as the Rondings of Widsith. They have otherwise been lost to history, but they may have lived in Denmark prior to the arrival of the Daner recorded by Jordanes. Schütte suggests that their name lives on in the names Randers and Randers Fjord, Denmark.
   (Original Latin) "Reudigni deinde et Aviones et Anglii et Varini et Eudoses et Suardones et Nuithones fluminibus aut silvis muniuntur. Nec quicquam notabile in singulis, nisi quod in commune Nerthum, id est Terram matrem, colunt eamque intervenire rebus hominum, invehi populis arbitrantur. ..." --Tacitus, Germania, 40.
   (English translation) "There follow in order the Reudignians, and Aviones, and Angles, and Varinians, and Eudoses, and Suardones and Nuithones; all defended by rivers or forests. Nor in one of these nations does aught remarkable occur, only that they universally join in the worship of Herthum (Nerthus); that is to say, the Mother Earth."--Tacitus, Germania, 40, translated 1877 by Church and Brodribb.
# Ketsby

Ketsby is a hamlet in the civil parish of South Ormsby in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 5 miles (8.0 km) west from the town of Alford. The population of the hamlet is included in the civil parish of Brinkhill.
Ketsby is listed in the Domesday account with 18 households, a meadow of 60 acres (0.24 km$^2$) and a mill.
An early medieval cresset lamp, with a maltese cross carved on the base, was found at Ketsby and is now in Lincoln City and County Museum.
Ketsby water mill and mill house are built in yellow brick, date from 1864, and are Grade II listed buildings. The mill is no longer in operation.
The Greenwich Prime Zero meridian line passes through the hamlet.
# Prioria joveri

Prioria joveri is a species of plant in the family Fabaceae. It is native to Angola, Cameroon, and Gabon, where its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
It is a large tree, with resinous bark. The leaves are pinnate, with 4–5 alternately-arranged leaflets 8 cm long and 2.5 cm broad. The flowers are small, with four (rarely five) white sepals 2 mm long and no petals; they are produced in panicles. The pod superficially resembles a maple samara with a single seed at one end, with the rest of the pod modified into a wing.
# John Tobin

John Tobin may refer to:

## People

* Sir John Tobin (1763–1851), Liverpool merchant
* John Tobin (dramatist) (1770–1804), author of The Honey Moon
* John F. Tobin (1880–1954), American football player and coach
* Jack Tobin (1892–1969), right fielder in Major League Baseball
* Jackie Tobin (1921–1982), third baseman and second baseman in Major League Baseball
* John M. Tobin, Wall Street broker in part representing Cornelius Vanderbilt (see Hiram Bond)
* John Tobin (Nova Scotia politician) (1810–1869), politician in Nova Scotia
* John M. Tobin (politician) (1885–1956), politician in Newfoundland
* John Michael Tobin (1841–1898), American Civil War officer and Medal of Honor recipient
* John Tobin (rugby league) (born 1959), rugby league footballer
* John Tobin (boxer) (born 1963), Grenadian Olympic boxer
* John Tobin (Gaelic footballer) (born 1952), Irish Gaelic football manager and former player
* John M. Tobin Jr. (born 1969), former Boston city councilor
* Jackie Tobin (John Patrick Tobin, 1921–1982), American baseball player
* Tip Tobin (John Martin Tobin, 1906–1983), American baseball player

## Ship

* John Tobin (1809 ship)
# Harry Bass (cricketer)

Henry John Bass (14 October 1852 – 24 January 1904) was an English cricket groundsman who played three first-class cricket matches between 1871 and 1875. Bass played for Kent County Cricket Club and was groundsman at the club's St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury for 25 years.
Bass was born in Canterbury in 1852, the son of a wood merchant, and lived all of his life in the city. He played twice for Kent in 1871 and appeared in one match in 1875 but scored only 11 runs in his six innings. He held the post of groundsman until his sudden death from a heart attack in January 1904 at the age of 51.
# Jindong

Jindong may refer to:

## China

* Jindong District, Jinhua, Zhejiang
* Jindong, Maoming, in Xinyi, Guangdong
* Jindong Subdistrict, Jinping District, Shantou, Guangdong
* Jindong Township, Chongqing
* Jindong Township, Gansu, in Liangdang County, Gansu
* Jindong Township, Sichuan, in Guangyuan, Sichuan

## South Korea

* Jindong-myeon, Paju, Gyeonggi
* Jindong-myeon, Changwon, South Gyeongsang
* Jindong Formation, geological formation in South Gyeongsang

## Others

* Jindong, Western Australia, near Busselton
* Jindong Movie Theater, Jinsha Township, Kinmen County, Taiwan
# Mount Vision (New York)

Mount Vision is a mountain in Central New York region of New York by Cooperstown. Mount Vision was named by Judge Cooper. Mount Vision is where Cooper's father first glimpsed Otsego Lake in 1785. Otsego Lake is located north-northwest of Mount Vision.
# Green Catalogue of Supernova Remnants

The Green Catalogue of Supernova Remnants lists supernova remnants (SNR) within the Milky Way Galaxy. The catalogue was created in 1984 by Dave Green of Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge. The latest update is the May 2014 version, which lists 294 SNRs.
# Reudelsterz

Reudelsterz is a municipality in the district of Mayen-Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate, western Germany.
# Khalmer-Yu (disambiguation)

Khalmer-Yu is a ghost town in Komi Republic, Russia.
Khalmer-Yu, Khalmer'yu, or Khalmeryu may also refer to:
* Khalmer'yu River, Komi [ru]
* Khalmer'yu River, Khanty-Mansi [ru]
* Khalmer'yu River, Nenets [ru]
# Inkosi mine

The Inkosi mine is a large open pit mine located in the north-western part of South Africa in North West. Inkosi represents one of the largest platinum reserves in South Africa having estimated reserves of 9.4 million oz of platinum. The mine produces around 300,000 oz of platinum/year.
# Glyptaesopus proctorae

Glyptaesopus proctorae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Borsoniidae.

## Description

The shell grows to a length of 9 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs from the Florida Keys to the Bahamas; in the Gulf of Mexico.
This species was originally only known as a fossil from the Pliocene of Florida.
# Lucretius (crater)

Lucretius is an impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It is located to the southeast of the huge walled plain Hertzsprung, within the outer skirt of ejecta that surrounds that impact feature. To the southwest of Lucretius lies Fridman.
This crater is a relatively fresh impact, as the formation is well-defined and the rim and interior remain nearly unscathed from impact erosion. The rim has an outward bulge along the western side, so that it is slightly wider in longitude than latitude. The inner walls display some terrace structures, and the interior floor is somewhat uneven in places.
To the northwest of Lucretius is a chain of craters called the Catena Lucretius. These extend for a distance of 271 km across the southern floor of Hertzsprung, and include a number of craters ranging up to 15–20 km in diameter.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Lucretius.
| Lucretius | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| C | 3.7° S | 114.4° W | 20 km |
| U | 7.7° S | 123.6° W | 24 km |
# Melara

Melara is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rovigo in the Italian region Veneto, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) southwest of Venice and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of Rovigo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,927 and an area of 17.6 square kilometres (6.8 sq mi).
The municipality of Melara contains the frazione (subdivision) Santo Stefano.
Melara borders the following municipalities: Bergantino, Borgofranco sul Po, Cerea, Ostiglia.

## Demography

Below is a graph showing the decennial change in population of Melara from 1871 to 2001.
# Karl Kvaran

Karl Kvaran (November 17, 1924 – August 9, 1989) was an Icelandic painter and draughtsman. He is considered one of the principal exponents of the geometric abstractionist school of painting in Iceland in the early sixties.

## Education

Kvaran studied at the Iceland Academy of the Arts in Reykjavík (1943–45) and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen. He also studied under Peter Rostrup Bøyesen.

## Life

He was born in Borðeyri in western Iceland and died in Reykjavík.

## Career

In the early part of his career (1942–52) he worked in a French-influenced post-Cubist style. The sculpted, "hammered" surface texture of his strongly composed paintings was created using regular, abrupt brush strokes.
Kvaran was influenced by the abstract art of Svavar Guðnason and Þorvaldur Skúlason, an innovative development of the 1940s. Iceland experienced a period of prosperity in the post-war era and for the first time painters and writers began to form groups and movements. Kvaran and Kristján Davíðsson were important figures in the development of the geometric abstractionist school.
At the beginning of the 1950s Kvaran abandoned figurative art for geometrical abstraction, using pure, uniform color to create two-dimensional geometric forms. Kvaran was one of a number of Icelandic artists who contributed to a flourishing geometric abstraction movement during the 1950s.
Between 1958 and 1970 the structure of his large gouache paintings and pen-and-ink drawings became more relaxed, with straight lines replaced by a more rhythmic interplay of curved and circular shapes.
After 1970 Kvaran began painting much larger works in oil. Static formal shapes were replaced by more fluid constructions in intense shades of red, yellow, and blue, accompanied by areas of black and whites. This style is said to have reached the climax of its development around 1979. His work was characterized by thriftiness of style alongside increasingly complex dimensional interplay.
Kvaran is considered one of the main links between French-derived abstract painting and Minimalism. His daring use of intense color matched with graphic skills marks him as a bridge between abstraction and Pop Art.
Along with Benedikt Gunnarsson, Bragi Ásgeirsson, Eiríkur Smith, Gerður Helgadóttir, Gudmunda Andrésdóttir, Gudmundur Benediktsson, Hafsteinn Austmann, Hjörleifur Sigurdsson, Hördur Ágústsson, Jóhannes Jóhannesson, Jón Benediktsson, Kjartan Gudjónsson, Nína Tryggvadóttir, Svavar Gudnason, Sverrir Haraldsson, Valtyr Pétursson and Thorvaldur Skúlason. Kvaran's work was featured in a 1998 exhibition at the National Gallery of Iceland in Reykjavík, "The Dream of Pure Form, Geometric Art of the 1950s". His work also featured in the 1998 National Gallery of Iceland exhibition "Icelandic 20th Century Art".
The National Gallery of Iceland showed a retrospective of Kvaran's work in November 2010. A number of Kvaran's works and a picture of the artist are displayed at the Frost and Fire Guesthouse website .
The Icelandic musician and composer Haflidi Hallgrímsson has composed a violin tribute to Kvaran, a close friend, "Offerto (In Memoriam Karl Kvaran)".
# Formosa Quartet

The Formosa Quartet is an American string quartet. The quartet won the First Prize and the Amadeus Prize at the Wigmore Hall International String Quartet Competition in 2006, and is committed to championing the indigenous music of under-represented cultures, and to stretching the boundaries of string quartet expression.
The Quartet premiered Taiwanese-American composer Shih-Hui Chen's Returning Souls: Four Pieces on Three Formosan Amis Legends in 2014, and the Quartet's recording of its first commission from Ms. Chen, Fantasia on the Theme of Plum Blossom, was released on the New World Records label in 2013.
From 2014 to 2016 season, Formosa Quartet enjoyed a two-year residency with Art of Élan, a San Diego arts-presenting organization. As ensemble-in-residence, Formosa worked with UCSD professor of composition Lei Liang to create a new piece based on the indigenous music of Taiwan. The culmination of the two-year project was the premiere performance of the commission, Song Recollections, and Formosa's 2019 critically acclaimed record album, From Hungary To Taiwan.

## Discography

* Formosa Quartet. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert, Claude Debussy, Hugo Wolf (EMI Classics)
# Rhopalomyia clarkei

Rhopalomyia clarkei is a species of gall midges, insects in the family Cecidomyiidae. The larvae induce galls on two hosts: Solidago altissima and Solidago rugosa and are found in north-eastern and north central North America.

## Galls and Biology

The galls are small, conical, and single-chambered, and typically occur on the lower side of leaves but sometimes on the upper side of leaves and on stems. Each gall contains a single white larva and is attached to either a major or minor vein when on leaves. On Solidago rugosa, the galls are 2.5–6 mm (0.10–0.24 in) long and .7–1.2 mm (0.03–0.05 in) wide at the widest part, tapering toward the apex, green to yellowish green, and covered by short, whitish hairs. Young galls may sometimes have a tuft of hair at their base, almost as long as the gall itself.
The adult female is 2 mm long with a dull red abdomen and 17 antennal segments.
# Mérantaise

The Mérantaise is a small river in southern Île-de-France (France), left tributary of the Yvette, which is a tributary of the Orge. It is 14.3 km (8.9 mi) long. Its source is in Voisins-le-Bretonneux, near Versailles, in the Yvelines department.

## Geography

The Yvette crosses the following départements and towns:
* Yvelines department : Voisins-le-Bretonneux, Magny-les-Hameaux,
* Essonne department : Saint-Aubin, Villiers-le-Bâcle, Gif-sur-Yvette