OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Personal equation

The term personal equation, in 19th- and early 20th-century science, referred to the idea that different observers have different reaction times, which can introduce bias when it comes to measurements and observations.

## Astronomy

The term originated in astronomy, when it was discovered that numerous observers making simultaneous observations would record slightly different values (for example, in recording the exact time at which a star crossed the wires of a reticule in a telescope), some of which were of a significant enough difference to afford for problems in larger calculations. The existence of the effect was first discovered when, in 1796, the Astronomer Royal Neville Maskelyne dismissed his assistant Kinnebrooke because he could not better the error of his observations relative to Maskelyne's own values. The problem was forgotten and only analysed two decades later by Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel at Königsberg Observatory in Prussia. Setting up an experiment to compare the values, Bessel and an assistant measured the times at which several stars crossed the wires of a reticule in different nights. Compared to his assistant, Bessel found himself to be ahead by more than a second.
In response to this realization, astronomers became increasingly suspicious of the results of other astronomers and their own assistants and began systematic programs to attempt to find ways to remove or lessen the effects. These included attempts at the automation of observations (appealing to the presumed objectivity of machines), training observers to try to avoid certain known errors (such as those caused by lack of sleep), developing machines that could allow multiple observers to make observations at the same time, the taking of redundant data and using techniques such as the method of least squares to derive possible values from them, and trying to quantify the biases of individual workers so that they could be subtracted from the data. It became a major topic in experimental psychology as well, and was a major motivation for developing methods to deal with error in astronomy.

## James and Jung

William James helped move the concept of the personal equation from astronomy to social science, arguing that theoretical preconceptions and personal knowledge could lead investigators to wild interpretations based largely on their own personal equations.
Carl Jung took up the idea in his book Psychological Types, arguing that in psychology "one sees what one can best see oneself". He continued to wrestle in later writings with the problems of psychological solipsism and infinite regress this potentially posed, and considered every therapist should have at least a good working knowledge of his or her own personal equation.
# Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago

The Hospital Metropolitano de Santiago (HOMS) is the largest hospital in the Dominican Republic and one of the most modern hospitals in Latin America and the Caribbean, with 300 doctor's offices, 400 beds, 16 operating rooms, a hotel, and other specialized units.
HOMS not only takes care of the Dominicans’ health but also allows foreigners to have the opportunity to receive high quality health care at low prices in what is called "health tourism". HOMS has an investment of more than $80.0 million US dollars. HOMS will be looking to be accredited by the Join Commission of International Hospital Accreditation.

## History

HOMS construction began at the end of the year 1999. The initial promoters of HOMS were: Dr. Rafael Sánchez Español, a very well recognized medical doctor in Santiago; Dr. José Hazim Frappier, former Senator of San Pedro de Macorís who is currently Chancellor of Universidad Central del Este in San Pedro de Macorís, Dominican Republic; Sonia Dillon, Ph.D, a graduate from University of Pittsburgh, Eduardo Estrella, Civil Engineer who created the hospital's Structural design and Ernesto Moquete, Electric Engineer who created the electrical wiring and panels for the hospital.
Julio Rivera created the Architectural design. Both, Estrella and Rivera are part of the firm ECOPE which was in charge of the HOMS construction at that time. The construction of HOMS was paralyzed for three years due to the country suffering economic difficulties during the PRD government headed by Hipólito Mejía. The new PLD government, headed by Leonel Fernández, injected fresh money into this project in 2005. The Dominican government along with several very well known entrepreneurs from the city of Santiago are the major shareholders of this project. These entrepreneurs are: Félix García, Manuel Estrella, Fernando Capellán, Carlos Sully Fondeur, Angel Rosario Viñas, and José Clase, among others. Individually, they are owners of Dominican newspapers, TV stations, Industrial Free Zones and several other businesses.
Dr. Sonia Dillon did the feasibility study for HOMS on August 6, 1999. She is actually a Professor in Health Services Administration at Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine (LECOM). Dr. Dillon is also directing the LECOM-PUCMM exchange international program. LECOM is the nation's largest medical school in the United States with more than 1400 students and has three campuses, two located in Pennsylvania and the other one in Bradenton, Florida.
# King of the Camargue (1922 film)

King of the Camargue (French: Le roi de Camargue) is a 1922 French silent drama film directed by André Hugon and starring Charles de Rochefort, Elmire Vautier and Claude Mérelle. It is based on a novel of the same title by Jean Aicard, later remade as the 1935 sound film King of the Camargue.

## Cast

* Elmire Vautier as Lisette
* Claude Mérelle as La Zingara
* Marie-Laure as L'aïeule
* Charles de Rochefort as Renaud, le roi de Camargue
* Jean Toulout as Rampal
# Eubranchus vittatus

Eubranchus vittatus is a species of sea slug or nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Eubranchidae.

## Description

(Original description) The colour of the slender body of the snail is pale buff speckled with fawn-colour. Its head is rather large and truncated in front. The dorsal tentaculaare slightly conical, wrinkled, fawn-coloured, with pale tips. The oral tentacula are rather shorter than the dorsal ones and of the same colour. The branchiae are somewhat clavate, long, with obtuse terminations, very pale fawn-coloured, with three darker bands of the same colour. They are set in six or seven distant rows down the sides, largest in front, four to seven in each row.

## Distribution

This species was described from deep water, off Cullercoats, England. It has been reported from the Atlantic coasts of Europe from Norway south to Galicia, Spain.
# Jamie Shelton

Jamie Shelton (born 1988) is a British actor, who plays Robbie Lawson in the show Emmerdale on ITV soap opera from 2012 to 2014.
# J. Walter Duncan

J. Walter Duncan Jr. (November 26, 1916 – February 21, 2009) was an American businessman. He was born in Illinois, but moved to Oklahoma in 1949. He worked in the oil and gas industry. He held a 90 percent interest in the New Jersey Generals for only one season before he and co-owner Chuck Fairbanks sold the United States Football League (USFL) franchise to Donald Trump on September 22, 1983.
# Evan Ellingson

Evan Ellingson (July 1, 1988 – November 5, 2023) was an American actor.
Ellingson made his acting debut in 2001 with roles in the TV movie Living in Fear and General Hospital. From 2007 to 2010, he played the role of Kyle Harmon in CSI: Miami. He played the role of Jesse Fitzgerald in the 2009 film My Sister's Keeper.

## Personal life and death

Evan Ellingson was born July 1, 1988, and grew up in La Verne, California with three brothers.
Ellingson is reported to have started abusing drugs at age 19, following the death of his older brother from a heroin overdose. He sought treatment for drug addiction in 2021.
Ellingson died from a suspected fentanyl overdose in Fontana, California, on November 5, 2023. He was 35. According to Ellingson's father, he was residing in a sober–living home at the time of his death. The San Bernardino County Sheriff's Department later announced that Ellingson's death resulted from an accidental fentanyl overdose.

## Filmography

Ellingson's roles :
| Year | Title | Role |
| 2001 | Living in Fear | Young Chuck |
| 2001 | General Hospital | Young Luke Spencer |
| 2001 | The Gristle | Alden Boy |
| 2001–02 | Titus | Young Christopher |
| 2000–02 | Mad TV | Church Camp Boy Cody Gifford |
| 2002 | That Was Then | |
| 2002 | Time Changer | Roger |
| 2003 | Rules of the Game | Adam |
| 2004–05 | Complete Savages | Kyle Savage |
| 2005 | Bones | David Cook |
| 2005 | Confession | Benjamin Givens |
| 2006 | Bondage | Mark Edwards |
| 2006 | Letters from Iwo Jima | Kid Marine |
| 2007 | 24 | Josh Bauer |
| 2007 | State of Mind | David Carson |
| 2007 | Walk the Talk | Roy Naybor |
| 2009 | My Sister's Keeper | Jesse Fitzgerald |
| 2007–10 | CSI: Miami | Kyle Harmon |
# Jean-Pierre Mahé

Jean-Pierre Mahé (French pronunciation:, born 21 March 1944, Paris) is a French orientalist, philologist and historian of Caucasus, and a specialist of Armenian studies.
# Güttersbach

Güttersbach may refer to:
* Güttersbach (Crumbach), a river of Hesse, Germany, tributary of the Crumbach
* Güttersbach (Mossautal), a constituent community of Mossautal, Hesse, Germany
# Glinka World Soil Prize

The Glinka World Soil Prize is an annual prize awarded since 2016 to researchers for their direct contributions to preserving the environment, food security, and poverty alleviation. The winner receives a USD 15000 check and a Glinka gold-plated medal.
The prize is named in honour of the Russian soil scientist Konstantin Glinka (1867-1927). It is awarded by the Global Soil Partnership of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
| Year | Name | Nationality |
| 2016 | Instituto Geografico Augustin Codazzi | Columbia |
| 2017 | Argentine No Till Farmers Association | Argentina |
| 2018 | Rattan Lal | USA |
| 2019 | Xu Minggang | China |
# Peter Harzem

Peter Harzem (January 5, 1930 – May 26, 2008) was a Turkish-American psychologist who specialised in the field of behavior analysis.

## Life

Peter Harzem was born in Istanbul, Turkey, on January 5, 1930. His parents were Sukru and Saime Harzem. He initially worked as a newspaper reporter.
After the war he moved to London to complete his education. He was awarded a BSc Psychology from the University of London. He was strongly influenced by Harry Hurwitz who had established an operant laboratory at Birkbeck College. Harzem conducted a student project in this laboratory.
He then moved to the University College of North Wales which later became Bangor University where he completed his PhD and obtained a faculty position.
He moved to the United States in 1978 where he became Hudson Professor of Psychology at Auburn University, Alabama.
He died on May 26, 2008.

## Work

Harzem established a reputation for his work on behaviour analysis. At Bangor University, he published an influential volume (Harzem & Miles, 1978). He was also concerned with the role of language. In his later years he became interested in what he termed the discrediting of John B. Watson (Harzem, 1993; 2001). Following on from Hurwitz, Harzen had a continuing interest in the nature of science (Harzem, 2007).

## Positions

* Associate editor, Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior.

## Publications

* Harzem P. (2007). A brief history of knowledge: Science and non-science in the understanding of human nature. In: Ribes-Inesta E, Burgos J.E, editors. Knowledge, cognition, and behavior: Proceedings of the ninth Biannual Symposium on the Science of Behavior. Guadalajara, Mexico: Universidad de Guadalajara. pp. 11–30.
* Harzen, P.E. (2004). Behaviorism for new psychology: What was wrong with behaviorism and what is wrong with it now. Behavior and Philosophy, 32, 5–12.
* Harzen, P.E. (2001). The Intellectual Dismissal of John B. Watson: Notes on a Dark Cloud in the History of the Psychological Sciences. Behavioral Development Bulletin, 10(1), 15–16.
* Harzem, P. (1993). The discrediting of John Broadus Watson. Mexican Journal of Behavior Analysis, 19, 39–66.
* Zeiler M.D, Harzem P. (Eds.) (1983). Biological factors in learning. New York: Wiley.
* Harzem, P.E. (Ed.)(1981). Predictability, Correlation, and Contiguity New York: Wiley
* Zeiler M.D, Harzem P. (Eds.) (1979). Reinforcement and the organization of behavior. New York: Wiley.
* Harzem, P.E., & Miles, T.R. (1978) Conceptual Issues In Operant Psychology. Chichester: Wiley.
# Joe Segal

Joe Segal (January 1925 – 31 May 2022) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist.
Segal was born at Vegreville, Alberta, moving to Edmonton as a child. He left school at an early age, beginning his business career by going door to door painting garages with army surplus paint after his father's death. After serving in the Second World War, he settled in Vancouver, establishing first an army surplus store and then a clothing store which evolved into the Fields department store chain with more than 100 locations across Western Canada. After Fields acquired a majority stake in Zellers department stores in 1976, followed by a reverse takeover, Segal became a major shareholder in the Hudson's Bay Company when the historic department store purchased Zellers. Segal was a regular at the luxury Four Seasons Hotel Vancouver where he had a table for lunch for over 30 years. He was a major real estate investor, and later a developer with Kingswood Capital Corporation.
Well known for his philanthropy, Segal received the Order of British Columbia in 1992 and then the Order of Canada in 1993. He was a board member of Simon Fraser University and served as chancellor from 1993 to 1999. In 2005, SFU's Segal Graduate School of Business at the Vancouver campus was named after him honouring his contributions to the university. The name of the Joseph & Rosalie Segal & Family Health Centre addictions and mental health treatment facility at Vancouver General Hospital honours their donations to the building of the centre.
He was survived by his wife of 74 years, Rosalie, four children, 11 grandchildren and several great-grandchildren.
# Estadio El Toralín

Estadio Municipal de Fútbol El Toralín is a football stadium in Ponferrada, Spain. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of SD Ponferradina. The stadium holds 8,400 and was built in 2000.

## History

The stadium was officially inaugurated on 5 September 2000, in a friendly match between SD Ponferradina and RC Celta de Vigo which ended up in 0:2.

## International matches

The stadium hosted several Spain U-21 official fixtures, with victory for the Spaniards in all matches.
| Date | Local | Result | Away | Competition |
| 1 June 2001 | Spain | 5–1 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 2002 UEFA Euro U-21 qualification |
| 16 November 2007 | Spain | 3–0 | Poland | 2009 UEFA Euro U-21 qualification |
| 2 March 2010 | Spain | 3–1 | Liechtenstein | 2011 UEFA Euro U-21 qualification |
# Mortimer H. Appley

Mortimer Herbert Appley (November 21, 1921 – March 29, 2012) was an American psychologist and academic administrator.

## Career

He became the chair of the psychology department at Connecticut College for Women in 1952. He went on to hold leadership roles at several other universities over the next two decades, including York University, where he founded and chaired the psychology department. In 1974, he became the sixth president of Clark University, a position he held for ten years; he has been credited with leading Clark out of significant fiscal difficulties during his tenure. He then left Clark to join Harvard University in 1984, first as a visiting scholar and later as a visiting professor.
# Jye McNeil

Jye McNeil (born 1994) is an Australian jockey based in Victoria. His race victories include the 2020 Melbourne Cup.
McNeil began his career in 2011. As of mid-October 2021, he has ridden 789 winners, including four in Group One races.
McNeil's first Group One victory was on Kings Will Dream in the 2019 Turnbull Stakes. He won the 2020 Melbourne Cup on Twilight Payment after leading throughout the race.
He and his wife, fellow jockey Jessica Payne, have a son, born in 2020.

## Major wins

Australia
* Australian Cup - (1) - Homesman (2021)
* Melbourne Cup - (1) - Twilight Payment (2020)
* Toorak Handicap - (1) - I'm Thunderstruck (2021)
* Turnbull Stakes - (1) - Kings Will Dream (2019)
# Euxoa satiens

Euxoa satiens is a species of moth of the family Noctuidae. It is found from British Columbia, south to California.
The wingspan is about 34 mm.
# IBM 7040

The IBM 7040 was a historic but short-lived model of transistor computer built in the 1960s.

## History

It was announced by IBM in December 1961, but did not ship until April 1963.$^{:124,302}$ A later member of the IBM 700/7000 series of scientific computers, it was a scaled-down version of the IBM 7090. It was not fully compatible with the 7090. Some 7090 features, including index registers, character instructions and floating point, were extra-cost options. It also featured a different input/output architecture, based on the IBM 1414 data synchronizer, allowing more modern IBM peripherals to be used. A model designed to be compatible with the 7040 with more performance was announced as the 7044 at the same time.
Peter Fagg headed the development of the 7040 under executive Bob O. Evans.$^{:139}$ A number of IBM 7040 and 7044 computers were shipped, but it was eventually made obsolete by the IBM System/360 family, announced in 1964. The schedule delays caused by IBM's multiple incompatible architectures provided motivation for the unified System/360 family.
The 7040 proved popular for use at universities, due to its comparatively low price. For example, one was installed in May 1965 at Columbia University. One of the first in Canada was at the University of Waterloo, bought by professor J. Wesley Graham. A team of students was frustrated with the slow performance of the Fortran compiler. In the summer of 1965 they wrote the WATFOR compiler for their 7040, which became popular with many newly formed computer science departments.
IBM also offered the 7040 (or 7044) as an input-output processor attached to a 7090, in a configuration known as the 7090/7040 Direct Coupled System (DCS). Each computer was slightly modified to be able to interrupt the other.
IBM used similar numbers for a model of its eServer pSeries 690 RS/6000 architecture much later. The 7040-681, for example, was withdrawn in 2005.
# Glava, Sweden

Glava is a village situated in Arvika Municipality, Värmland County, Sweden with 201 inhabitants in 2005.
# Perényi

Perényi may refer to:
* Béla Perényi, Hungarian chess player
* Eleanor Perenyi, American gardener and garden writer
* Péter Perényi, Comes of Temesvár
* Péter Perényi (1502–1548), Voivode of Transylvania
* Miklós Perényi, (born 5 January 1948), Hungarian cellist
* Zsigmond Perényi (disambiguation)
# Long Island, Falkland Islands

Long Island (French: Isle Brûlée, Spanish: Isla Larga) is the largest island in Berkeley Sound, Falkland Islands.
During the August 1833 events in nearby Port Louis, the surviving members of Louis Vernet's settlement, seeking refuge on the nearby Hog Island to escape the murderous gang of Antonio Rivero, regularly sent their boat to Long Island for food supplies to bring cattle, pigs, and geese.
There is one listed building on the island, the Old House.
# Kingston, Oregon

Kingston is an unincorporated community near Stayton, Oregon in Linn County, Oregon, United States. Kingston's post office opened in 1891 and closed in 1920.
# Estadio El Trébol

Estadio Manuel Felipe Carrera, also known as Estadio El Trébol, is a football stadium in Guatemala City, Guatemala. It serves as the training venue and home ground for Liga Nacional club Municipal (Los Rojos), one of the most traditional clubs in the country. The stadium has a capacity of 7,500.
A 2017 report by the National Football Federation of Guatemala found that the stadium was one of only four stadiums in Guatemala which met FIFA standards for security and infrastructure.
# Kari Alitalo

Kari Kustaa Alitalo (born 21 May 1952 in Kuopio) is a Finnish MD and a medical researcher. He is a foreign associated member of the National Academy of Sciences of the US. He became famous for his discoveries of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and the first growth factor capable of inducing lymphangiogenesis: vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C). In the years 1996–2007 he was Europe's second most cited author in the field of cell biology. Alitalo is currently serving as an Academy Professor for the Academy of Finland.
Alitalo received the Leopold Griffuel Prize in 2002 and the 2006 Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine. He also received the 2005 Eric Fernström Foundation's Nordic Prize and the 2009 In-Bev Baillet Latour Health Prize. In 2014, he received the Dr. A.H.Heineken Prize for Medicine.
# J. M. McLachlan

John McKean McLachlan (27 August 1873 – 29 December 1930) was a British socialist politician.
McLachlan was elected to Levenshulme District Council in the early-1900s. He first became prominent as a left-wing member of the Independent Labour Party (ILP); at its 1906 conference, he was the lead opponent of a motion against military service, holding that such training would assist with building a citizen's army.
During 1908, McLachlan supported Victor Grayson's independent "Right to Work" candidates for Manchester City Council, and also campaigned for Dan Irving of the Social Democratic Federation (SDF) at the 1908 Manchester North West by-election. McLachlan himself stood in Ardwick for the city council in Ardwick in 1909, and was elected. Despite this, it was a surprise when he was adopted as the official Labour Party candidate for Manchester South West at the January 1910 general election. He took only 16.6% of the vote, and was not elected.
McLachlan was elected to the National Administrative Council (NAC) of the ILP in 1909, along with other left-wingers, including Leonard Hall and Russell Smart. Concerned about the direction of the Labour Party under Ramsay MacDonald and the ILP's role in this, McLachlan compiled a document entitled Let us reform the Labour Party, but generally known as the Green Manifesto, with contributions from co-thinkers including Hall, C. T. Douthwaite and J. H. Belcher.
In 1911, the SDF formed the new British Socialist Party, hoping that dissidents on the left of the ILP would join. Although Douthwaite left to join the new party, McLachlan opted to remain in the ILP and work with G. H. Stuart on the NAC. They formed part of a broader left including George Lansbury and Keir Hardie, but the resignations of Lansbury and Hardie from the council in 1912 left them isolated.
By 1919, McLachlan was suffering with poor health, and resigned his seat on the council; R. C. Wallhead won the election to succeed him. His health did not improve, and he underwent a major operation in 1924, and it was noted in the Manchester Guardian that he received a blood transfusion during it.