OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pic d'Ivohibe Reserve

Pic d'Ivohibe Reserve is a wildlife reserve of Madagascar. It was created in 1964.

## Geography

Ivohibe is in the southern part of the Andringitra Massif, in the region of the Ihorombe. The reserve covers 3 453 ha.
It is situated near the village of Ivohibe, about 110 km from Ihosy by secondary roads.
The rainy season starts on October and lasts until March.

## Species

List of lemur species found in Pic d'Ivohibe Reserve :
| Viewing time | Species |
| Daytime | Ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) Southern lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur meridionalis) Red-fronted lemur (Eulemur rufifrons) Red-bellied lemur (Eulemur rubriventer) |
| Nighttime | Brown mouse lemur (Microcebus rufus) Greater dwarf lemur (Cheirogaleus major) Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) |
# John Beard

John Beard may refer to:
* John Beard (artist) (born 1943), Welsh artist and painter
* John Beard (colonial administrator) (died 1685), Chief Agent and Governor of Bengal
* John Beard (embryologist) (1858–1924), Scottish embryologist and anatomist
* John Beard (news anchor) (born 1948), American newscaster and Arrested Development actor
** John Beard (Arrested Development), the character he plays
* John Beard (politician) (1797–1876), American politician
* John Beard (tenor) (c. 1716–1791), English singer of Handel's operas and oratorios
* John Beard (trade unionist) (1871–1950), British trade unionist and politician
* John F. Beard (1822–1891), Wisconsin legislator
* John Relly Beard (1800–1876), Unitarian minister
* John Stanley Beard (1916–2011), British-born Australian forester and ecologist
* John Stanley Coombe Beard (1890–1970), English architect
* John W. Beard (born 1951), Iowan politician
* John William Beard (1920–2006), member of the California legislature
# Howard Reid (filmmaker)

Howard Reid (born 1951) is a British documentary film maker and anthropologist.
He has a PhD from Cambridge University and has made films for the BBC and Channel 4 relating to ancient civilizations and ancient religions.
# Georges Bontemps

Georges Bontemps was a director of an eminent French glass manufacturer in the 19th century, moved to England to work and is accredited with the re-invention of a technique for making ruby-coloured glass that was first used by the Venetians in the 16th century. He was a jury member at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the Exposition Universelle (1867) in Paris.

## Early career

Georges Bontemps was a director of a French glass manufacturer based at Choisy-le-Roi until 1848. In 1830, he acted as an agent to the Englishman Robert Lucas Chance, assisting in the recruitment of French and Belgian glass workers to work for him – an illegal act that could have resulted in both men being imprisoned. Chance was looking for ways to improve the production of flat glass at his newly formed factory in Smethwick, Birmingham.
In 1848, when the Second French Revolution forced Georges Bontemps to flee to England, he found employment at Chance Brothers, due to his longtime friendship with Chance.

## Later career

Bontemps was employed at Chance Brothers as Superintendent of the Coloured & Ornamental departments from 1848 until 1854. During this time, he helped advise on the optics that Chance's fledgling operation was trying to develop for use in lighthouses. He was also instrumental in producing a flint and crown glass disc, measuring 29-inches (74 cm) in diameter, which ironically, was purchased by the French government to be used in a telescope. He is attributed with the re-invention of a technique used to make ruby-red glass that was first produced by Venetian glassworkers in the 16th century.
Bontemps reported on the glass displays at the Great Exhibition of 1851 and was a jury member at the 1862 International Exhibition in London and the Exposition Universelle (1867) in Paris.

## Friends and associates

Despite being a great friend of Antoine Claudet (Antoine-François-Jean Claudet), the eminent Victorian photographer and inventor, only one photograph is known to exist of Georges Bontemps and this was not taken by Claudet.

## Books by Bontemps

Guide du Verrier, traite historique et pratique de la Fabrication des Verres, Cristaux, Vitraux
Paris Librairie du Dictionnaire des Arts et Manufactures: 1868
# Japanese blacktail triplefin

The Japanese blacktail triplefin (Springerichthys bapturus) is a species of triplefin blenny in the genus Springerichthys. It was described by David Starr Jordan and John Otterbein Snyder in 1902. This species is found in the western Pacific Ocean from southern Japan to Taiwan. It feeds on algae and the adults occur in rock pools and just below the low water mark.
# Jakobus ("James"), Count of Lichtenberg

James of Lichtenburg (sometimes known as James the bearded) (25 May 1416 – 5 January 1480) was a nobleman from Lichtenberg in the northern part of Alsace. He served as overlord of Strasbourg and was the last in the male line of the House of Lichtenberg.
He took an interest in astronomy.
James of Lichtenberg owes much of his prominence in the surviving records to his unconventional lifestyle and his long running amorous liaison with Barbara von Ottenheim.

## Family

James of Lichtenberg was born in 1416, the son of Ludwig/Louis IV of Lichtenberg by his marriage to Anna of Baden (1399-1421). Anna was the eldest recorded daughter of Bernard I, of Baden-Baden.
In 1429 James married the Princess Walpurgis (Walburga) of Saarwerden. She was a daughter of Prince Frederick IV of Moers. She died in 1450 or 1459. The marriage was childless.
Subsequently he lived with Barbara von Ottenheim, whom he allowed to run his household. There was normally no fixed dividing line between private household duties and public landowner duties at this time, and Barbara therefore exercised significant power of government over the Lichtenberger lands. James and Barbara had two children together, but these both died young. The relationship between James and Barbara greatly damaged his relationship with his family, and particularly with his younger brother, Louis V of Lichtenberg and, later, Louis' heirs and successors to the family lands. These included two of Louis's sons-in-law, Philipp I, Count of Hanau-Lichtenberg who married Louis' daughter Anna and Simnon IV, Wecker who married Louis' younger daughter Elisabeth.

## Elevation

In 1458 The Emperor appointed James a councillor to the Imperial Court and raised him to the nobility, with the rank of a Count.
# Matthias Döring

Matthias Döring (in the 1390s – 24 July 1469) was a German Franciscan historian and theologian. He was born and died at Kyritz, Brandenburg.

## Life

He joined the Friars Minor in his native place, studied at the University of Oxford, was graduated (1424) at Erfurt as doctor of theology, and for some years taught theology and Biblical exegesis. In 1427 he was elected provincial of his order for Saxony.
In the disputes between the Conventuals and Observantines he took an active part. In 1443 at Bern the Conventuals elected him minister-general. This position he held for six years, receiving approbation from the General Council of Basle. In this council he had been prominent since 1432 as a reformer, and an adherent of the supremacy of a general council over the pope.
He was sent by it to Denmark, to win over the king and the people, and assisted in the deposition (1439) of Pope Eugene IV and the election of the antipope Felix V. Excommunicated by the Archbishop of Magdeburg he appealed to Rome. In 1461 he resigned his office and spent the last years of his life in literary work at the convent of Kyritz.

## Works

Döring was said to be the author of the Confutation primatus Papae, written (1443) anonymously and without title. Name and title were added when the article was edited in 1550 by Matthias Flacius Illyricus. It is in part an extract from the Defensor pacis of Marsilius of Padua (printed in Goldast, Monarchia, I, 557 sqq.).
Other works attributed to Döring are Defensorium postillae Nicolai Lyrani, against the Spanish bishop, Paul of Burgos, since 1481 frequently printed with the Postillae; Liber perplexorum Ecclesiae (lost); continuation (1420 to 1464) of the Chronicle of Dietrich Engelhus. He also wrote on the Donation of Constantine and (1444) on the relics of the Precious Blood of Wilsnack.

## Links

* This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Matthias Döring". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
# Goldener Saal

The Goldener Saal (Golden Hall) is a ceremonial room in the 3rd floor of Augsburg Town Hall, which is famous for its ceiling paintings, murals, and golden wall decoration. It was finished in 1643 and is one of the most important cultural monuments of the late Renaissance.
The room was built after plans by Elias Holl. In 1944, the Town Hall and the Goldener Saal were destroyed by an air raid and were reconstructed in 1996.
# Pico de Malpaso

Pico de Malpaso (English: "difficult step peak") is the highest point on the island of El Hierro in the Canary Islands, Spain.

## Geography

The summit rises at the centre of the island on the border between Frontera and El Pinar de El Hierro municipalities (Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife). On the mountain's top, at an elevation of 1,501.762 m above sea level, is located a trig point.
From the mountain one can see the island of La Palma and others islands of Canary archipelago.

## Geology

The island of El Hierro is the youngest of the archipelago and is around 3 million years old. Its present shape is derived from the erosion on its volcanic cone.

## Environment

Malpaso slopes host woods and heaths with relevant samples of Canary Islands juniper (Juniperus cedrus), some of them said to be more than one thousand years old. The most important animal from a conservationist point of view is El Hierro giant lizard (in Spanish lagarto Salmor), an endangered species of reptile.
# John Blackburn (minister)

John Blackburn (1792–1855) was an English Congregationalist minister, for many years at Claremont Chapel, London. He was a prominent, conservative leader of the Congregational movement.

## Life

He was born to a religious family in the Minories, London. His father John Blackburn (died 1834) made scales, and belonged to a livery company.
In early life Blackburn entered the Baptist College, Stepney, but then switched to Hoxton Academy. He worked for the Irish Evangelical Society, in Sligo. He then became pastor at Finchingfield, from 1815.
In 1822, Blackburn became minister at the Claremont Chapel, Pentonville Road, London. His congregation included Thomas Wilson, who had had the chapel built, and Hugh Owen.
Blackburn was Secretary of the Congregational Union of England and Wales, 1834–1847, and of the Christian Instruction Society. He supported the Church of Ireland; and was an opponent of the British Anti-State Church Association formed in the 1840s, writing against it in the Congregational Magazine, which he edited from 1818 to 1845. The Wyclyffe Society (or Wiclyffe) he founded in the 1840s, a text publication society for the works of John Wyclif, did not get further than one volume, edited by Robert Vaughan; and was later disparaged by Harold Herbert Williams. The Wyclif Society (1882–1925) printed all Wyclif's works.
Blackburn married the second daughter of Robert Smith of Beslyns, Great Bardfield.
In 1848, Blackburn was made an inspector of the Congregational chapels in Wales, with Henry Richard. In 1849, he was in Maidstone Gaol, as a debtor.
On 16 June 1855, John Blackburn died. He was buried in Abney Park.

## Works

* Reflections on the Moral and Spiritual Claims of the Metropolis (1827)
* The True Character and Probable Results of American Revivals (1830)
* The Stability of the Church of God, Independent of Political Changes (1833)
* The Salvation of Britain Introductory to the Conversion of the World (1835)
* The Evils of Improper Books (1838)
* The Prophecy of Daniel Regarding the Four Great Dynasties (1838)
* The Social Evils of Christendom are Not Sanctioned by the Bible (1839)
* National Warnings: A Sermon, Preached on Behalf of the Distressed Manufacturers (1842)
* The Three Conferences Held by the Opponents of the Maynooth College Endowment Bill in London and Dublin (1845)
* The Mountain-Monarchies Dissolved at the Presence of the Lord. A Lecture on the Recent Revolutions in Europe (1849)
* Nineveh, Its Rise and Ruin; as Illustrated by Ancient Scriptures and Modern Discoveries (1852)
In "Remarks on Ecclesiastical Architecture as applied to Nonconformist Chapels", published in The Congregational Year Book (1847), Blackburn was a proponent of the Gothic style, typically shunned at the time by nonconformists. He wrote the introduction to the Wycliffe Society's publication of the works of David Clarkson. He wrote an introduction and appendix to an edition (1838) of John M. Mason's The Claims of Episcopacy Refuted, replying to Bishop John Henry Hobart.
# Grey Croft stone circle

Grey Croft stone circle is a restored stone circle near Seascale in Cumbria, England (grid reference NY03340238). It is situated near the site of the former nuclear-power stations at Sellafield.

## Description

Grey Croft stone circle is a circle of 12 stones situated south of the Sellafield nuclear site. The circle is about 600 metres from the sea. Only 10 of the original 12 stones are currently standing. There is a small outlying stone 21 metres to the north.

## History

The stones in the circle were toppled over and buried in 1820 by a tenant farmer, with the exception of one stone. In 1949 the site was excavated and nine of the stones were located, and replaced as accurately as possible.
The excavations uncovered an oval stone cairn situated in the circle centre. Trenching under the cairn revealed charcoal traces, calcined bones, a broken early Bronze Age jet or lignite ring, and flint flakes and scraper. A Great Langdale Late-Neolithic stone-axe was found near to the eastern stone of the circle.
# Kathleen M. DeWalt

Kathleen Musante DeWalt is an American academic who served as director of the Center for Latin American Studies – University of Pittsburgh (CLAS) and a Professor of Anthropology. She became Assistant Professor in the University of Kentucky Department of Behavioural Science in 1978, receiving her PhD from the University of Connecticut in 1979. She was promoted to Associate Professor at Kentucky in 1984, and full Professor in 1992.
In September 1993, she moved to the University of Pittsburgh, serving as Chair of the Department of Anthropology from 1995 to 1996 and Associate Dean from 1996 to 1999. In 2001, she became director of CLAS.
DeWalt's research interests include food security and reproductive health in South America. in 2014, she was awarded the Sheth Distinguished Faculty Award.
# Jalan Langgar (Kedah)

Jalan Langgar, Federal Route 256, is a federal road in Kedah, Malaysia. The Kilometre Zero of the Federal Route 256 is located at Langgar west junctions.

## History

In 2012, the highway was gazetted as Federal Route 256.

## Features

At most sections, the Federal Route 256 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum speed limit of up to 90 km/h.

## List of junctions

| Km | Junctions | To | Remarks |
| FT 256 0 | Langgar (West) | West FT 175 Alor Star FT 175 Kepala Batas North–South Expressway Northern Route AH2 North–South Expressway Northern Route Hat Yai (Thailand) Bukit Kayu Hitam Penang Kuala Lumpur East FT 175 Pokok Sena FT 175 Kuala Nerang (Padang Terap) | T-junctions |
| | Langgar Jalan Sungai Mati | North K365 Jalan Sungai Mati Sungai Mati Bukit Pinang Kepala Batas | T-junctions |
| | Langgar | Masjid Langgar Kedah Royal Mausoleum | |
| | Langgar | | |
| | Langgar Jalan Alor Pudak | South K133 Jalan Alor Pudak Alor Pudak Alor Punti | T-junctions |
| | Langgar | | |
| | Langgar (East) | West FT 175 Alor Star FT 175 Kepala Batas North–South Expressway Northern Route AH2 North–South Expressway Northern Route Hat Yai (Thailand) Bukit Kayu Hitam Penang Kuala Lumpur East FT 175 Pokok Sena FT 175 Kuala Nerang (Padang Terap) | T-junctions |
# Reginald Davies

Reginald or Reg Davies may refer to:
* Reg Davies (footballer, born 1929) (1929–2009), Welsh international football player
* Reg Davies (footballer, born 1933), English football player
* Reg Davies (politician) (born 1943), Australian politician
* Reginald Davies (footballer, born 1897) (1897–1977), English football player
* Reg Davies (Australian footballer) (1909–1987), Australian rules footballer
# IDCS J1426.5+3508

IDCS J1426.5+3508 (IDCS 1426 for short) is an extremely massive young galaxy cluster. It is the most massive galaxy cluster detected at such an early age.
This rare galaxy cluster, which is located 10 billion light travel distance years from Earth, has a mass of almost 500 trillion Suns. This object has important implications for understanding how these mega-structures formed and evolved early in the Universe. Astronomers have observed IDCS 1426 when the universe was less than a third of its current age.
First discovered by the Spitzer Space Telescope in 2012, IDCS 1426 was then observed using the Hubble Space Telescope and the Keck Observatory to determine its distance. About 90% of the mass of the cluster is in the form of dark matter, the substance that has been detected only through its gravitational pull on normal matter composed of atoms.
There is a region of bright X-ray emission near the middle of the cluster, but not exactly at the center. The location of this “core” of gas suggests that the cluster had a collision or interaction with another massive system of galaxies, perhaps within about the last 500 million years. This would cause the core to become offset. IDCS 1426 is being observed from when the Universe was only 3.8 billion years old. For an enormous structure to form rapidly, mergers with smaller clusters would likely play a role in a large cluster’s growth.
This core, while still extremely hot, contains cooler gas than its surroundings. This is the most distant galaxy cluster where such a “cool core” of gas has been observed. These cool cores are important in understanding how quickly hot gas cools off in clusters, influencing the rate of stars at which stars are born. This cooling rate can be slowed by outbursts from a supermassive black hole in the center of the cluster. Apart from the cool core, the hot gas in the cluster is remarkably symmetrical and smooth. This is another piece of evidence that IDCS 1426 formed very rapidly and quickly in the early Universe. Despite the high mass and rapid evolution of this cluster, its existence does not pose a threat to the standard model of cosmology.
# Ferré

Ferré is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

## In arts and entertainment

* Boulou Ferré (born 1951), French virtuoso jazz musician
* Géant Ferré ("Iron Giant"), ring name of French-American wrestler André Roussimoff (1946–1993)
* Gianfranco Ferré (1944–2007), Italian fashion designer
* Helen Aguirre Ferré (born 1957), American journalist
* Juan Francisco Ferré (born 1962), Spanish writer, critic and academic
* Léo Ferré (1916–1993), French-born Monégasque poet and composer
* Manuel García Ferré (1929–2013), Spanish-Argentine animation director and cartoonist
* Marc Ferré (born 1994), Andorran footballer
* Maties Palau Ferré (1921–2000), Spanish painter
* Norbert Ferré (born 1975), French magician and artist manager
* Rosario Ferré (1938–2016), Puerto Rican writer, poet and essayist

## In politics

* Jean-Baptiste Ferré (1767–1828), Canadian politician
* José Ferré (1903–1990), Puerto Rican industrialist and politician
* Don Luis Alberto Ferré Aguayo (1904–2003), Puerto Rican industrialist and politician
* Maurice Ferré (born 1935), former mayor of Miami
* Théophile Ferré (1846–1871), member of the Paris Commune

## In other fields

* Alberto Methol Ferré (1929–2009), Uruguayan thinker, writer, journalist, teacher, historian and theologian
* Antonio Luis Ferré, Puerto Rican businessman
* Frederick Ferré (1933–2013), American professor of philosophy
* Isolina Ferré (1914–2000), Puerto Rican Roman Catholic religious sister
* Jean Ferré (1929–2006), French art historian and journalist
# Pietà (Filippo Lippi, Milan)

The Pietà (The Dead Christ Mourned by Nicodemus and Two Angels) is a 1437–1439 tempera on panel painting by Filippo Lippi, now in the Museo Poldi Pezzoli in Milan.
It probably formed part of a small altarpiece for private devotion and draws on the low relief of the sculpture style of Donatello. It is theorised that the work was the painting Giorgio Vasari mentions as Lippi produced for Cosimo the Elder as a gift for Pope Eugene IV, who was then living in Florence.
# John Culbertson (economist)

John Mathew Culbertson (August 25, 1921 – December 9, 2001) was an American professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He was also an economist with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, as well as a consultant to the Subcommittee on International Finance of the House Banking and Currency Committee.
The earlier part of his distinguished career he specialized in the fields of economic development, money and banking, and macroeconomic stabilization policy. In the process he also published a number of textbooks.
During the late 1970s and the 1980s he became preoccupied with trade theory and policy. During that time he published several books outlining his critical analysis of Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage to which he granted little relevance in a global economy characterized by low-wage exporting countries and high capital mobility. His work on international trade can be seen today to be of particular interest in a world increasingly dominated by aggressive low-wage economies such as China, India, and Vietnam. He is one of the few professional economists to ever be against unbalanced free trade.
Culbertson's turn to heterodoxy led to his critical work being largely ignored rather than debunked by the orthodox mainstream. But he did have a few dedicated disciples, above all the renowned ecological economist and steady-state theorist Herman Daly, as well as the humanistic economist Mark A. Lutz.
"The era of free trade eventually led to large trade deficits with countries with comparatively productive factories to ours but with much lower wages, most notably Mexico and China. As in every other advanced economy, the share of US manufacturing employment had long been drifting down. But the number of US factor[y] jobs held pretty constant around 17 million — until around 2000, when, over the next decade, almost 6 million such jobs were lost. Economists who've studied the period now refer to it as 'the China Shock.'"
# George Stretton

George Stretton (1901–1955) was a British cinematographer.

## Selected filmography

* Song of the Plough (1933)
* She Was Only a Village Maiden (1933)
* Lest We Forget (1934)
* Colonel Blood (1934)
* Menace (1934)
* Maria Marten, or The Murder in the Red Barn (1935)
* Lieut. Daring R.N. (1935)
* Rolling Home (1935)
* Emil and the Detectives (1935)
* Honeymoon for Three (1935)
* Prison Breaker (1936)
* Jury's Evidence (1936)
* It's You I Want (1936)
* The Interrupted Honeymoon (1936)
* Big Fella (1937)
* The Live Wire (1937)
* Melody and Romance (1937)
* It's a Grand Old World (1937)
* Fine Feathers (1937)
* Calling All Stars (1937)
* Blondes for Danger (1938)
* Around the Town (1938)
* The Return of the Frog (1938)
* I've Got a Horse (1938)
* The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939)
* Under the Frozen Falls (1948)
* Poet's Pub (1949)
* Floodtide (1949)
* Prelude to Fame (1950)