OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Joseph Fletcher (historian)

Joseph F. Fletcher, Jr., usually referred to as Joseph Fletcher (1934–1984), was an American historian of China and Central Asia and a professor in the East Asian Languages and Civilizations Department of Harvard University. His main areas of research included interaction between the Islamic and Chinese worlds, Manchu and Mongol studies.

## Biography

Fletcher graduated from Harvard University in 1957. He received his PhD from Harvard's Department of Far Eastern Languages in 1965, and became an assistant professor within the department a year later. In 1972, he was appointed professor of Chinese and Central Asian History.
Fletcher died on June 14, 1984, at the age of 49. He died from complications due to cancer.

## Personal life

Fletcher was the son of Joseph Fletcher, an ethicist. Fletcher had two children.
His son is Edward Fletcher, who played Sixth Officer James Paul Moody in Titanic (1997 film).

## Notable works

Joseph Fletcher contributed several chapters ("Ch'ing Inner Asia, c. 1800", and others) to vol. 10 of The Cambridge History of China:
* Fletcher, Joseph F. (1978), "Ch'ing Inner Asia", in Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (eds.), The Cambridge history of China, Volume 10, Part 1, Cambridge University Press, pp. 35–106, ISBN 0-521-21447-5
Joseph Fletcher's posthumously published work, The Naqshbandiyya in Northwest China (Variorum, 1995), remains one of the main English-languages sources on the introduction of Sufism into China, and is extensively cited by practically all books in English on Islam in China published since then.
# Giovanni Battista Lercari (1507–1592)

Giovanni Battista Lercari (Genoa, 1507 – Genoa, 1592) was the 64th Doge of the Republic of Genoa.

## Biography

Giovanni Battista Lercari was elected on 7 October 1563 the new doge of the Republic of Genoa, the nineteenth since the biennial reform and the sixty-fourth in republican history. His Dogate was dominated by a new internal contrast between the "old" and "new" nobility that fractured after the clashes that took place in Corsica, after the death of the admiral Andrea Doria and above all from the new international scenarios. Giovanni Battista Lercari died in 1592 in the Genoese capital leaving as his only heir his daughter Pellina.
# Hruška

Hruška (feminine Hrušková) is a Czech and Slovak occupational surname, which means a grower or seller of pears, from hruška ("pear"). The name may refer to:
* Aleš Hruška (born 1985), Czech footballer
* David Hruška (born 1977), Czech ice hockey player
* Franz Hruska (1888–1977), German politician
* Jan Hruška (born 1975), Czech cyclist
* Karel Hruška (1891–1966), Czech actor and singer
* Květa Hrušková, Czech table tennis player
* Laura Chapman Hruska (1935–2010), American writer and publisher
* Luboš Hruška (born 1987), Czech footballer
* Martin Hruška (born 1981), Czech footballer
* Matúš Hruška (born 1994), Slovak footballer
* Milan Hruška (born 1985), Slovak ice hockey player
* Nina Hrušková-Bělská, Czech chess player
* Petr Hruška (poet) (born 1964), Czech writer
* Rachelle Hruska (born 1983), American businesswoman
* Radim Hruška (born 1984), Czech ice hockey player
* Roman Hruska (1904–1999), American politician
* Rudolf Hruska (1915–1995), Austrian automobile designer
* Sharon Brown-Hruska (born 1959), American finance analyst
* Vladimír Hruška (born 1957), Czech football player and manager
* Zdeněk Hruška (born 1954), Czech footballer
# King George Hall, Kolar Gold Fields

12°57′22.4″N 78°16′26.2″E﻿ / ﻿12.956222°N 78.273944°E﻿ / 12.956222; 78.273944 King George Hall is the town hall of the city of Kolar Gold Fields in India. It is situated in the centre of Robertsonpet and was built in honour of the then emperor of India, King George. It is built in the Victorian style with a lawn and garden in front of it.
# John Martin (goalkeeper)

John Galloway King Martin (born 27 October 1958) is a Scottish former footballer who played as a goalkeeper for Airdrieonians for nineteen years and later spent one season with Cowdenbeath, achieving promotion in the 2000–01 season.
Martin played in both the 1992 and 1995 Scottish Cup Finals for Airdrieonians and was the Kilnockie goalkeeper in the 2002 film A Shot at Glory. Martin often swung on the crossbar during games at the behest of supporters.
Opposition fans would often taunt him with chants of "scab" due to his reported strike breaking exploits during the miner's strike of 1983–84.

## Honours

Airdrieonians
* Scottish Challenge Cup: 1994–95
# Hajipur Nagar Parishad

Hajipur Nagar Parishad is the municipal organisation of Hajipur, India. Hajipur Nagar Parishad is the chief nodal agency for the administration of Hajipur.

## History

Hajipur Nagar Parishad is oldest organisation in Hajipur city to overlook municipal work. Founded in 1869 as per District Gazette of Muzaffarpur.

## Current structure

It covers the entire Hajipur city in 45 wards. Currently the chairman (mayor) is Sangeeta Kumari the deputy chairman is Kanchan Kumari, the executive officer is Pankaj Kumar, .
# Shepherd Neolithic

Shepherd Neolithic is a name given by archaeologists to a style (or industry) of small flint tools from the Hermel plains in the north Beqaa Valley, Lebanon.
The Shepherd Neolithic industry has been insufficiently studied and was provisionally named based on a limited typology collected by Jesuit archaeologist "Père" Henri Fleisch. Lorraine Copeland and Peter J. Wescombe suggested it was possibly "of quite late date".

## Characteristics

Shepherd Neolithic material can be found dispersed over a wide area of the north Beqaa Valley in low concentrations. M. Billaux and Henri Fleisch suggested that the flints were of a higher quality than the brittle flint in the nearby conglomerates indicating origin from elsewhere. Three groups of flint could be determined; light brown, red-brown and that varied but was usually grey-chocolate that was distinguished with a radiant "desert shine". Characteristics of the industry include smallness in size, commonly between 2.5 cm and 4 cm and frequently being quite thick, unlike geometric microliths. The small number of tools within the assemblage is another distinguishable characteristic, including short denticulated or notched blades, end scrapers, transverse racloirs on thin flakes and borers with strong points. They also display a lack of recognizable typology although Levallois technique was occasionally observed to have been used. They also show signs of having been heavily worked with cores being re-used and turned into scrapers. Fleisch suggested the industry was Epipaleolithic as it is evidently not Paleolithic, Mesolithic or even Pottery Neolithic. He further suggested that the industry could have been used by nomadic shepherds.
The relationship and dividing line between the related Heavy Neolithic zone of the south Beqaa Valley could also not be clearly defined but was suggested to be in the area around Douris and Qalaat Tannour. Not enough exploration had been carried out to conclude whether the bands of Neolithic surface sites continues south into the areas around Zahle and Rayak.

## Sites

The type sites of the Shepherd Neolithic are at Qaa and Maqne I, with other sites with Shepherd Neolithic finds include Douris, Hermel II, Hermel III, Kamouh el Hermel, Qalaat Tannour, Wadi Boura I and possibly at Rayak North, Riha Station and Serain.
# Governance failure

A governance failure refers to any failures of governance or ineffectiveness of governance processes.

## General

Jessop argues for conceiving governance as a provider of flexibility for decision-making structures opposed to rigid state bureaucracy or market laws. From this approach failures would equate to failures of the governance structure. According to him new constellations of governance may compensate for state failure.
Peters and Pierre state that it is the continuous task of government to adapt to growing complexity.
Dixon and Dogan write that constructive governance discourses are creative opportunities for people with disparate governance perspectives to find solutions to threatening governance failure.

## Policy failure

Governance failure may also refer to what can also be described as policy failures − the effectiveness, efficiency, and resilience of specific policies. A frequently mentioned example of a policy failure is the War on Drugs. Policy failure can be due to misuse of or inefficient investment in science.
# Joseph Flores

Joseph Flores may refer to:
* Joseph Flores (Maltese politician) (1907–1974), judge and member of the legislative assembly
* Joseph Flores (Guamanian politician) (1900–1981), Governor of Guam
# Giuseppe Chiaramonte

Giuseppe Carlo Chiaramonte (born February 19, 1976) is an American former professional baseball catcher.
Chiaramonte attended Soquel High School in Soquel, California and Fresno State University, where he played for the Fresno State Bulldogs baseball team in the Western Athletic Conference (WAC) in National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) Division I. At Fresno State, Chiaramonte was named a First Team NCAA Division I All-American, named Fresno State male Athlete of the Year, and WAC All-Star catcher in 1997. In 1996, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Cotuit Kettleers of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star.
Chiaramonte was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the fifth round (148th overall) of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft. He participated in the 1999 All-Star Futures Game at Fenway Park and during his tenure with the Giants played for the following minor league teams: San Jose Giants (A), Shreveport Captains/Swamp Dragons (AA), and the Fresno Grizzlies (AAA). Chiaramonte retired at age 26.
# Keily

Keily is an English surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Arthur Keily (1921–2016), British marathon runner
* Dan Keily (1892–1967), Australian Australian rules football player
* Jack Keily (1898–1966), Australian Australian rules football player
* John Keily (1854–1928), Irish Catholic prelate
# Cyclammina

Cyclammina is a genus of foraminifers in the family Cyclamminidae. Most species are extinct, but there are a few that are extant.
C. elegans was a species from the Cretaceous of Trinidad and from New Zealand.
# Lilingis

Lilingis (died 492) was a governor of Isauria under the reign of the emperor Zeno.

## Biography

Lilingis was the half-brother of the influential Isaurian general Illus. In 484, he was given command of an army by Zeno and charged with putting down a revolt against the emperor by Illus. He was ostensibly successful in this, becoming governor of Isauria shortly thereafter.
Upon the death of Zeno in 491, Lilingis and his fellow Isaurians revolted against the new emperor Anastasius, inciting the Isaurian War. He was killed when the Isaurian rebels were routed by the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Cotyaeum in 492.
# Cycling at the 2004 Summer Paralympics – Men's individual pursuit (B1–3)

The Men's individual pursuit tandem B1-3 track cycling event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics was competed on 18 & 19 September. It was won by Kieran Modra and his sighted pilot Robert Crowe, representing Australia.

## Qualifying

18 Sept. 2004, 14:00
* Qualified for next round
| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Kieran Modra (AUS) Robert Crowe (AUS) | 4:21.45 | WR |
| 2 | Jan Mulder (NED) Pascal Schoots (NED) | 4:32.05 | |
| 3 | Ian Sharpe (GBR) Paul Hunter (GBR) | 4:33.68 | |
| 4 | Christian Venge (ESP) David Llaurado (ESP) | 4:33.73 | |
| 5 | Ignacio Soler (ESP) Miguel Angel Clemente (ESP) | 4:36.38 | |
| 6 | Stephane Cote (CAN) Pierreolivier Boily (CAN) | 4:38.04 | |
| 7 | Francisco Gonzalez (ESP) Juan Suarez (ESP) | 4:38.95 | |
| 8 | Murray Solem (CAN) Brian Cowie (CAN) | 4:39.35 | |
| 9 | Mattis Eriksen (NOR) Terje Tho (NOR) | 4:39.76 | |
| 10 | Aliaksandr Danilik (BLR) Vasili Shaptsiaboi (BLR) | 4:43.25 | |
| 11 | Emanuele Bersini (ITA) Fabrizio Di Somma (ITA) | 4:43.45 | |
| 12 | Raphael Ioset (SUI) Beat Howald (SUI) | 4:46.13 | |
| 13 | Alexandre Bizet (FRA) Olivier Donval (FRA) | 4:49.42 | |
| 14 | Jason Bryn (USA) Glenn Bunselmeyer (USA) | 4:50.30 | |
| 15 | Hideki Tanzawa (JPN) Tatsuyuki Oshiro (JPN) | 4:57.42 | |
| 16 | Shigeo Yoshihara (JPN) Takuya Oki (JPN) | 5:06.20 | |
| 17 | Mark Kehoe (IRL) Ian Mahon (IRL) | 5:15.37 | |
| 18 | Christos Kalimeris (GRE) Symeon Triommatis (GRE) | 5:29.86 | |
| | Matthew King (USA) Eric Degolier (USA) | DNS | |

## 1st round

19 Sept. 2004, 10:15
* Qualified for gold final
* Qualified for bronze final

### Heat 1

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Christian Venge (ESP) David Llaurado (ESP) | 4:32.96 | |
| 2 | Ignacio Soler (ESP) Miguel Angel Clemente (ESP) | 4:37.32 | |

### Heat 2

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Ian Sharpe (GBR) Paul Hunter (GBR) | 4:29.35 | |
| 2 | Stephane Cote (CAN) Pierreolivier Boily (CAN) | OVL | |

### Heat 3

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Jan Mulder (NED) Pascal Schoots (NED) | 4:27.98 | |
| 2 | Francisco Gonzalez (ESP) Juan Suarez (ESP) | OVL | |

### Heat 4

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Kieran Modra (AUS) Robert Crowe (AUS) | 4:26.92 | |
| 2 | Murray Solem (CAN) Brian Cowie (CAN) | OVL | |

## Final round

19 Sept. 2004, 12:00

### Gold

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| | Kieran Modra (AUS) Robert Crowe (AUS) | 4:23.87 | |
| | Jan Mulder (NED) Pascal Schoots (NED) | OVL | |

### Bronze

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| | Ian Sharpe (GBR) Paul Hunter (GBR) | 4:35.60 | |
| 4 | Christian Venge (ESP) David Llaurado (ESP) | 4:33.49 | |
# Cycling at the 2004 Summer Paralympics – Men's individual pursuit (CP 4)

The Men's individual pursuit CP Div 4 track cycling event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics was competed from 19 to 20 September. It was won by Christopher Scott, representing Australia.

## Qualifying

* Qualified for next round
19 Sept. 2004, 11:25
| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Christopher Scott (AUS) | 3:35.37 | PR |
| 2 | Peter Homann (AUS) | 3:43.32 | |
| 3 | Jiri Bouska (CZE) | 3:47.32 | |
| 4 | Lubos Jirka (CZE) | 3:53.71 | |
| 5 | Klaus Lungershausen (GER) | 3:55.55 | |
| 6 | Stephan Herholdt (RSA) | 3:56.17 | |
| 7 | Janos Plekker (RSA) | 3:58.45 | |
| 8 | Albert Michini (USA) | 4:04.06 | |
| 9 | Michael Kurz (AUT) | 4:11.17 | |
| 10 | Michel Alcaine (FRA) | 4:13.75 | |
| 11 | Petr Plihal (CZE) | 4:16.37 | |

## 1st round

* Qualified for gold final
* Qualified for bronze final

### Heat 1

20 Sept. 2004, 11:40
| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Lubos Jirka (CZE) | 3:53.36 | |
| 2 | Klaus Lungershausen (GER) | 3:55.60 | |

### Heat 2

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Jiri Bouska (CZE) | 3:43.61 | |
| 2 | Stephan Herholdt (RSA) | OVL | |

### Heat 3

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Peter Homann (AUS) | 3:40.65 | |
| 2 | Janos Plekker (RSA) | OVL | |

### Heat 4

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Christopher Scott (AUS) | 3:35.90 | |
| 2 | Albert Michini (USA) | OVL | |

## Final round

20 Sept. 2004, 14:35

### Gold

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| | Christopher Scott (AUS) | 3:32.96 | WR |
| | Peter Homann (AUS) | 3:41.44 | |

### Bronze

| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| | Jiri Bouska (CZE) | 3:46.62 | |
| 4 | Lubos Jirka (CZE) | 3:52.22 | |
# Limnephilus rhombicus

Limnephilus rhombicus is a species of northern caddisfly in the family Limnephilidae. It is found in Europe and northern Asia (excluding China).
ITIS taxonomic note:

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to the species Limnephilus rhombicus:
* Limnephilus rhombicus monolobatus Martynov, 1910
* Limnephilus rhombicus reseri Malicky, 1985
# Keita Sunama

Keita Sunama (砂間敬太, Sunama Keita, born 8 May 1995) is a Japanese swimmer. He won the bronze medal in the men's 200 metre backstroke at the 2018 Asian Games held in Jakarta, Indonesia.
In 2019, he represented Japan at the World Aquatics Championships held in Gwangju, South Korea. He competed in the men's 200 metre backstroke event.
He represented Japan at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan. He competed in the men's 200 metre backstroke event.
# Keita Suzuki

Keita Suzuki may refer to:
* Keita Suzuki (footballer, born 1981)
* Keita Suzuki (footballer, born 1997)
* Keita Suzuki (basketball)
# Cycle oil

Cycle oil is a light lubricating oil suited for use on bicycles and similar devices. It is a liquid residue produced in the petroleum industry when catalytic cracking is employed to convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions remaining from earlier stages of crude oil refining into more valuable lighter products.
Catalytic cracking produces petrol (gasoline), liquid petroleum gas (LPG), unsaturated olefin compounds, cracked gas oils, cycle oil, light gases and a solid coke residue. Cycle oil may be processed further to break it down into more useful products; in particular it may be mixed with heavier products and put through the refining process again (recycled).
# Linden Park (Queens)

Linden Park, officially known as Park of the Americas, is a 3.08-acre (1.25 ha) park located in the center of the Corona neighborhood of Queens, New York City. It has stood out as a green square block on maps since the village of West Flushing was first mapped out in 1853, long before the village became the suburb or urban neighborhood known as Corona.

## History

The residents of Corona, known as West Flushing before 1872, often held events such as summer band concerts in this park. In 1893, a school was built across the street from the park, which was later designated as P.S.16. The event that turned Corona from a suburb into an urban neighborhood was the construction of the Interborough Rapid Transit Company's Flushing Line (now the New York City Subway's 7 and <7>​ trains) to 103rd Street–Corona Plaza station on April 21, 1917. To commemorate this event, local dignitaries and residents held a celebration that night in Linden Park with a concert.
The park's popular landmark and namesake was the natural, spring-fed Linden Lake, which was originally a watering hole for the village livestock. As the population grew, ice-skating became a popular winter activity. By the beginning of the 20th century, it was seen as a public health hazard. In 1912, the lake was drained for cleaning, the fish and turtles temporarily moved to other parks. All mud and stones were removed; the lake bottom was paved in concrete, and a fountain was installed in the center of the lake. The restored lake was only two feet (0.6 m) deep, to prevent drowning from skating on thin ice. Also that year, a memorial was erected in honor of Hugo E. Kruse, a local resident who was killed in the explosion of the USS Maine (ACR-1) in Havana, Cuba, which triggered the Spanish–American War. In 1917, the onset of World War I overshadowed memories of the Spanish–American War, and today, only a plaque under the park's flagpole remains to commemorate the American fighters killed in that war, including Kruse.
The growing use of Linden Park resulted in the final draining of Linden Lake in 1947. It was replaced with a playground, baseball field, and basketball courts, changing the scene of a village picnic ground into a sports and recreational theme.
During the city's financial deficit in the 1970s, vandalism, a flooded baseball field, unsafe playground, and homeless encampments all plagued this historic park. Linden Park was restored in 1997, with a new playground and exercise equipment, a restored flagpole, and the planting of small shrubs. In 2004, the baseball field received artificial turf. That year, the city councilman for Corona, Hiram Monserrate, requested to rename Linden Park as Park of the Americas, in recognition of the neighborhood's diversity of Latin American immigrants.
# Cyclic (mathematics)

There are many terms in mathematics that begin with cyclic:
* Cyclic chain rule, for derivatives, used in thermodynamics
* Cyclic code, linear codes closed under cyclic permutations
* Cyclic convolution, a method of combining periodic functions
* Cycle decomposition (graph theory)
* Cycle decomposition (group theory)
* Cyclic extension, a field extension with cyclic Galois group
* Graph theory:
* Cyclic function, a periodic function
** Cycle graph, a connected, 2-regular graph
** Cycle graph (algebra), a diagram representing the cycles determined by taking powers of group elements
** Circulant graph, a graph with cyclic symmetry
** Cycle (graph theory), a nontrivial path in some graph from a node to itself
** Cyclic graph, a graph containing at least one graph cycle
* Cyclic group, a group generated by a single element
* Cyclic homology, an approximation of K-theory used in non-commutative differential geometry
* Cyclic module, a module generated by a single element
* Cyclic notation, a way of writing permutations
* Cyclic number, a number such that cyclic permutations of the digits are successive multiples of the number
* Cyclic order, a ternary relation defining a way to arrange a set of objects in a circle
* Cyclic permutation, a permutation with one nontrivial orbit
* Cyclic polygon, a polygon which can be given a circumscribed circle
* Cyclic shift, also known as circular shift
* Cyclic symmetry, n-fold rotational symmetry of 3-dimensional space
# Cyclopelta

Cyclopelta is a genus of Dinidorid bug found in Africa and Asia. There are 14 species in the genus with 8 found in Asia and 6 in Africa. Some species are known to form large aggregation on trees and can cause damage in a few trees of economic importance.
The genus Cyclopelta has a four-segmented antenna. Species in the genus have two to four pairs of conjunctival processes in their aedeagus, a feature shared with Coridius, Colpoproctus and Dinidor. In Cyclopelta the femora are spined along the surface and the females have hind tibiae that are opaque on the inner surface. The underside does not have a series of yellow spots as in Dinidor. Species within this genus include:
* C. robusta Lis & Lis, 2001
* C. bechynei Durai, 1987
* C. funebris (Fabricius, 1775)
* C. tristis (Stål, 1865)
* C. abdominalis Distant, 1920
* C. trimaculata Vollenhoven, 1868
* C. obscura (Lepeletier & Serville, 1828)
* C. parva Distant, 1900)
* C. rugosa Distant, 1921
* C. bruneiensis Lis, 1992
* C. gibbosa Kocorek, 2013
* C. ornata Stål, 1870
* C. siccifolia (Westwood, 1837)
* ?C. subhimalayensis Strickland, 1932 (type missing)
# Ling Long (mathematician)

Ling Long is a Chinese mathematician whose research concerns modular forms, elliptic surfaces, and dessins d'enfants, as well as number theory in general. She is a professor of mathematics at Louisiana State University.

## Early life and education

Long studied mathematics, computer science, and engineering at Tsinghua University, graduating in 1997. She went to Pennsylvania State University for her graduate studies; her dissertation, Modularity of Elliptic Surfaces, she worked on with Noriko Yui, visiting from Queen's University, in her time as a graduate student. She was supervised and influenced by Winnie Li.

## Career

After postdoctoral research at the Institute for Advanced Study, Long joined the faculty at Iowa State University in 2003. After a year at Cornell University in 2012–2013, she moved to Louisiana State.

## Recognition

Long was the 2012–2013 winner of the Ruth I. Michler Memorial Prize of the Association for Women in Mathematics. She was named to the 2023 class of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, "for contributions to hypergeometric arithmetic, noncongruence Modular Forms, and supercongruences".
She is included in a deck of playing cards featuring notable women mathematicians published by the Association for Women in Mathematics.
# Lina Olinda Pedraza Rodríguez

Lina Olinda Pedraza Rodríguez (born 1955) is a Cuban politician and was the Cuban Minister of Finances and Prices from 2009 to 2019. She was appointed after 2009 shake-up by Raúl Castro.

## Education and career

Pedraza has a bachelor's degree in economic control. She served in Villa Clara, in the banking sector and at the Ministry of Finance and Prices. She was minister of Audits and Control from 2001 to 2006, when she was promoted to member of the Secretariat and Head of the Economics Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba (CCPCC). She is also a deputy at the National Assembly of Popular Power.