OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jagdstaffel 33

Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 33 was a "hunting group" (i.e., fighter squadron) of the Luftstreitkräfte, the air arm of the Imperial German Army during World War I. As one of the original German fighter squadrons, the unit would score a minimum of 46 verified aerial victories (the squadron's records being grossly incomplete from August 1918 onwards).
In turn, their casualties for the war would amount to six pilots killed in action, seven wounded in action, and one killed in a noncombat crash.

## History

Royal Prussian Jagdstaffel 33 was formed on 14 December 1916 at the FEA 3 training facility at Gotha, Germany. It did not get into action until March 1917, but its first aerial victory followed shortly thereafter, on 24 April 1917. As part of the changing German tactics based on concentration of air power, the squadron was incorporated into Jagdgruppe II along with Jasta 7, Jasta 29, and Jasta 35 in August 1917; the new fighter wing was commanded by Otto Schmidt. Not quite a year later, in August 1918, Jasta 33 shifted to membership in Jagdgruppe 7, joining Jasta 28, Jasta 57 and Jasta 58 under the command of Emil Thuy. Jasta 33 then served past war's end, disbanding in December 1918.

## Commanding officers (Staffelführer)

* Heinrich Lorenz: 4 March 1917 – 15 June 1917 (WIA)
* Johann Hesselink: 18 June 1917 – 14 July 1917;
* Heinrich Lorenz: 14 July 1917 – 24 June 1918;
* Carl-August von Schoenebeck: 11 July 1918 – 11 November 1918.

## Aerodromes

Jasta 33 was based at the following aerodromes:
* Gotha, Germany
* Bühl, Saarburg
* Villers-au-Tertre, France: 22 April 1917 – unknown date
* Guise, France
* Bavinchove, France
* Wynghene
* Sierenz-Muhlhausen, Germany
* Burscheid, Germany
* Bühl: February 1918 – unknown date
* Roucourt
* Ascq, France
* Lomme-Lille, France: April 1918 – unknown date
* Halluin, France
* Ennemain, France
* Neuflize, France: Early July 1918 – August 1918
* Cantin, France: August 1918 – unknown date
* Beuvry, France
* Chièvres, Belgium
* Champles, Belgium: 4 November 1918 – unknown date

## Notable members

Carl-August von Schoenebeck, winner of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern and Iron Cross, was the most prominent of the aces who served with Jasta 33, as he rose to the rank of Major General during World War II. Emil Schäpe, another Iron Cross winner, also served with the unit. Robert Heibert was awarded the enlisted man's equivalent of the Pour le Merite, the Military Merit Cross, as well as the Iron Cross.
Other aces serving with the squadron were Heinrich Lorenz and Kurt Jacob.

## Aircraft

Jasta 33 operated the following aircraft:
* The Fokker Dr.I triplane entered service in August 1917.
* The Fokker D.VII was introduced to combat duty beginning in March or April 1918.

## Operations

The Jasta was tasked to the Armee-Abteilung A Front in March 1917. It moved to support of 4th Armee on 22 April 1917. After its incorporation into JG II, it bounced around using several different airfields during the latter part of 1917 and the beginning of 1918. By August 1918, after their shift into JG 7, they supported 17th Armee. They seem to have continued in this role through war's end.
# Raggedy Man (disambiguation)

Raggedy Man may refer to:
* Raggedy Man, a 1981 American drama film starring Eric Roberts and Sissy Spacek
* Raggedy Man, a name for The Doctor starting in The Eleventh Hour (Doctor Who)
* The Raggedy Man, an 1890 children's book by James Whitcomb Riley
* The Raggedy Man, a nickname given to the zombie leader in Cell by Stephen King.
# Janine Chanteur

Janine Chanteur (died on 5 June 2015) was a French philosopher. She was a professor emeritus of moral and political philosophy at the Paris-Sorbonne University.

## Biography

Chanteur was made an associate professor of philosopher in 1978 when she was awarded her doctorate. She later became a professor of moral and political philosophy at the University of Paris-Sorbonne (Paris IV). In 1989, she was elected to the position of Secretary General of the International Institute of Political Philosophy. Between 1985 and 1997, she oversaw 29 theses.
She married the medical professor, Jean Chanteur, with whom she has five children.
She was a member of the Academy of Education and the Social Studies (AES). She died on June 5, 2015.

## Publications

Chanteur has published numerous articles and books, including:
* Condamnés à mort ou condamnés à vivre? Autour de l'arrêt Perruche (Condemned to death or condemned to live? Perruche's Judgement), Factuel, 2002
    Commentary of Patrick Verspieren in the journal Études
* Comment l'esprit vint à l'homme ou l'aventure de la liberté (How the spirit came to humans or the adventure of freedom), L'Harmattan, 2001
* Du droit des bêtes à disposer d'elles-mêmes (The rights of Animals to self-determination), Seuil, 1999
* La paix, un défi contemporain (Peace, a contemporary challenge), L'Harmattan, 1995
* Les petits-enfants de Job : une enfance meurtrie (The grandchildren of Job: a wounded childhood), Seuil, 1990
* De la guerre à la paix (From War to Peace), PUF, 1989
    Commentary of Marie-Lucy Dumas published in 1989 in the journal Politique étrangère, year 1989, volume 54, issue 4, pages 808-809
    Daily CommentaryL'Humanité published on the 21 avril 2003
* Platon, le désir et la cité (Plato, the desire and the city), Sirey, collection "philosophie politique", 1980

## Awards and honours

She was honoured as a commander of the National order of Merit.
In 1990, Chanteur received the Prix Biguet from the Académie française; it is an annual award to recognise French literature; although it can be awarded for work in the fields of history, sociology, and philosophy. She received it for her work De la guerre à la paix (From war to peace).
In 1991, she was the prize laureate for believing writers for her work Les petits enfants de Job (The grandchildren of Job).
In 2002, Chanteur received the Gallet Prize from Académie des sciences morales et politiques for Condamnés à mort ou condamnés à vivre? Autour de l'arrêt Perruche (Condemned to death or condemned to live? Perruche's Judgement).
# Islets and skerries in the Faroes

Besides the 18 islands of the Faroes there are also several islets and skerries. The Faroe Islands consist of 18 islands with many small islets and skerries. islets are small and are geographical parts of the larger islands. Suðuroy consists of 263 islands, islets and skerries, which is the largest number. The islets are measured in square hectometers (hectares), the largest being comparable in size to the smallest island, Lítla Dímun.
Largest islets:
* Tindhólmur (65,0 sq hm), at Sørvágur Vágar
* Mykineshólmur (45,0 sq hm), at Mykines
* Trøllhøvdi (19,0 sq hm), at Skopun Sandoy
* Gáshólmur (10,0 sq hm), at Sørvágur Vágar
* Tjaldavíkshólmur (7,5 sq hm), at Øravík Suðuroy
* Sumbiarhólmur (7,0 sq hm), at Sumba Suðuroy
* Lopranshólmur (3,4 sq hm), at Lopra Suðuroy
* Kirkjubøhólmur (2,0 sq hm), at Kirkjubøur Streymoy
* Hovshólmur (1,7 sq hm), at Hov Suðuroy
* Hoyvíkshólmur (0,8 sq hm), at Hoyvík Streymoy
* Baglhólmur (0,8 sq hm), at Víkarbyrgi Suðuroy
* Grønhólmur, (0,4 sq hm), at Streymnes Streymoy
Besides these islets there are also numerous skerries around the Faroes. The most famous is probably Sumbiarsteinur (also known as Munkurin in the south of Suðuroy. Munkurin means the Monk, the name is referring to the fact that Sumbiarsteinur is lying to itself, while the other skerries are close together. This group of skerries are called Flesjarnar. Munkurin is the southernmost point of the Faroes at 61° 10' 30".85 N, 6° 40' 23".77 W. Flesjarnar can be seen from Sumba, Akraberg and from Eggjarnar and other high places in Suðuroy.
# Zender

Zender is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bill Zender (born 1955), American author, business executive, consultant and speaker
* Carlos Bazán Zender (1937–2019), Peruvian medical doctor and politician
* Gladys Zender (born 1939), Peruvian model and beauty queen
* Hans Zender (1936–2019), German conductor and composer
* Stuart Zender (born 1974), British bassist
# Encyclopedia Brunoniana

Encyclopedia Brunoniana is an American reference work by Martha Mitchell covering Brown University. Published in 1993 by the Brown University Library, the encyclopedia has 629 pages. A digital version can be read free of charge on the Internet. Mitchell was the university's longtime archivist and "unofficial historian" until she retired in 2003; she died in 2011.
Encyclopedia Brunoniana serves as a reference for the Brown community on the university's history. It includes articles on Brown's departments, publications, buildings, and people associated with the university.
# Engins

Engins (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.
# Gary Whitehead

Gary Joseph Whitehead (born March 23, 1965, in Pawtucket, Rhode Island) is an American poet and educator. He is the author of four books of poetry: Strange What Rises (Terrapin Books, 2019) A Glossary of Chickens (Princeton University Press, 2013) Measuring Cubits while the Thunder Claps (David Robert Books, 2008) and The Velocity of Dust (Salmon Poetry, 2004). His work has appeared in journals, magazines and newspapers and most notably in The New Yorker and Poetry.
His awards include a New York Foundation for the Arts Individual Artist Fellowship in Poetry, a Pearl Hogrefe Fellowship at Iowa State University, the Anne Halley Prize from The Massachusetts Review, and a Princeton University Distinguished Secondary School Teaching Award in 2003. In 2023, he was named Bergen County Teacher of the Year. He has held artist residencies at Blue Mountain Center, Mesa Refuge, Marble House Project, and the Heinrich Böll cottage in Ireland. In 2004, he was the recipient of the PEN Northwest Margery Davis Boyden Wilderness Writing Residency Award, and spent April though October, 2005 in a secluded cabin in the wilderness of southwestern Oregon.
Well known for his poetry, Whitehead is also a crossword constructor whose puzzles have appeared in The New York Sun, USA Today, the Los Angeles Times, and The New York Times. He teaches English and creative writing at the National Blue Ribbon School of Tenafly High School in Tenafly, New Jersey.
# Gary White

Gary White may refer to:
* Gary White (athlete) (born 1985), English athlete
* Gary White (baseball) (born 1967), Australian baseball player
* Gary White (engineer), 2011 Time 100 selection
* Gary White (footballer) (born 1974), English football coach and former player
* Gary White (politician), member of the Kansas House of Representatives
* Gary D. White, American football coach
# Gastromyzon megalepis

Gastromyzon megalepis is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Gastromyzon.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Roberts, Tyson R. (1982). "The Bornean Gastromyzontine Fish Genera Gastromyzon and Glaniopsis (Cypriniformes, Homalopteridae), with Descriptions of New Species". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 42 (20): 510–511.
* Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Gastromyzon megalepis". FishBase.
* This Cypriniformes-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Gardinerpiscis

Gardinerpiscis is an extinct genus of prehistoric actinopterygian fish that lived during the Kungurian age of the early Permian epoch in what is now Kazakhstan. It was originally named "Gardineria" by Kazantseva-Selezneva (1981). Because this genus name was already given to an extant scleractinian coral (Gardineria Vaughan, 1907), the new name Gardinerpiscis was erected for the Permian fish. The genus includes a single species (monotypy): Gardinerpiscis akkolkensis.
Gardinerpiscis is named after British palaeontologist and zoologist Brian G. Gardiner (1932 - 2021). The word part piscis is Latin for fish.
# Gardineria

Gardineria may refer to:
* Gardineria (coral), a genus of corals in the family Gardineriidae
* Gardineria, a fossil genus of fishes in the family Karaunguriidae, synonym of Gardinerpiscis
* Gardineria, a genus of crustaceans in the family Pseudoziidae, synonym of Euryozius
# Gardiners Bay

Gardiners Bay is a small arm of the Atlantic Ocean, approximately 10 mi (16 km) long and 8 mi (13 km) wide in the U.S. state of New York between the two flukelike peninsulas at the eastern end of Long Island. It is bounded on its eastern end, where it connects to Block Island Sound, by Gardiners Island and Promised Land.
Adjoining harbors include Three Mile Harbor, Clearwater beach, Acabonack Harbor, and Lazy Point's Napeague harbor. Native fish include; Striped Bass, Bluefish, Fluke, Yellowtail, flounder, blackfish, weakfish, Porgy, sea Robbin, and sea skate. The area is fed by the nearby estuaries of Three mile Harbor, Acabonack Creek, and Napeague, which produce ideal environments for shellfish and crustaceans. Blue claw crab, oysters, and hard shell clams, scallops, and conch are abundant throughout these areas.
It is bounded on the western end by Shelter Island. It connects by two channels at the north and south end of Shelter Island to Great Peconic Bay. During the American Revolutionary War and the War of 1812, the bay was controlled by the British, who used Gardiners Island to store provisions. The British fleet assembled in Cherry Harbor in the bay before sailing to Chesapeake Bay to attack Washington, D.C. and burn the United States Capitol.
Gardiners Bay is part of the Peconic Estuary and received the designation as an Estuary of National Significance from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 1993.

## Pop culture references

Gardiners Bay is mentioned in the song 'The Downeaster "Alexa"' by Billy Joel.
# Gaujan

Gaujan (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
# Gaujac, Gard

Gaujac (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
# Gaujac, Gers

Gaujac (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.
# Gas separation

Gas separation can refer to any of a number of techniques used to separate gases, either to give multiple products or to purify a single product.

## Swing adsorption techniques
### Pressure swing adsorption

Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) pressurizes and depressurizes a multicomponent gas around an adsorbent medium to selectively adsorb some components of a gas while leaving other components free-flowing.

### Vacuum swing adsorption

Vacuum swing adsorption (VSA) uses the same principle as PSA but swings between vacuum pressures and atmospheric pressure. PSA and VSA techniques may be combined and are called "vacuum pressure swing adsorption" (VPSA) in this case.

### Temperature swing adsorption

Temperature swing adsorption (TSA) is similar to other swing adsorption techniques but cycles the temperature of the adsorbent bed-gas system instead of the gas pressure to achieve separation.

## Cryogenic distillation

Cryogenic distillation is typically only used for very high volumes because of its nonlinear cost-scale relationship, which makes the process more economical at larger scales. Because of this it is typically only used for air separation.
# Gas rebate credit cards

Gas rebate credit cards or gas cashback cards became popular in the United States in the wake of the 2000s energy crisis and the rising price of gasoline.

## Benefits

The appeal of a gas rebate credit card is that cardholders obtain a sure percent of the sum they consume on gasoline each month in the form of a rebate check at the end of the year. It works similarly to a cashback discount recognition card with the exception that the gasoline discount is frequently applied each month, rather than each year, which makes the savings easier to view for most consumers. Companies provide an average of 3% APR on new gas rebate credit cards.

## Long-term contract offers

* In July 2009, Hyundai offered its customers a choice between $1.49 a gallon for a year or $1,000 in cash.
* In May 2008, Chrysler offered $2.99 per gallon for 3 years.

## Fraud and theft at the gas pumps

Concerns over fraud have led credit card companies to limit the amount of gasoline a consumer can take during pay at the pump transactions. One of the more famous cases of gas credit card usage was when television anchor Anne Pressly was attacked and then had her credit card used minutes later.

## Glitches at the gas pumps

Glitches can also compromise consumers such as the case in July 2009, where Josh Muszynski from New Hampshire, got charged $23 quadrillion dollars by Bank of America and Visa due to a credit card glitch.
# Goudeket

Goudeket is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Helena Elisabeth Goudeket (1910–1943), Dutch painter and illustrator
* Isidore Goudeket (1883–1943), Dutch gymnast and Holocaust victim
# Human Rights (Women in Armed Forces) Amendment Act 2007

The Human Rights (Women in Armed Forces) Amendment Act 2007 is an Act of Parliament passed in New Zealand in 2007. It removed an exemption from the Human Rights Act 1993 which barred women from serving in combat roles in the New Zealand Defence Force.

## Background

When New Zealand ratified the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 1985, it reserved the right not to apply the Convention insofar as it conflicted with existing policies prohibiting women from taking up combat roles in the military. The policy was reflected in the Human Rights Act 1993 with a clause exempting the armed forces from the prohibition against discrimination on the basis of gender in regards to combat roles. The policy against women serving in combat was formally rescinded by the NZDF in 2000, but the exemption remained on the statute books as a barrier to full ratification of the CEDAW.

## Introduction and passage

The Human Rights (Women in Armed Forces) Amendment Bill was first entered into the member's bill ballot by Labour MP Lynne Pillay on 4 May 2006. It was subsequently drawn on 24 August and introduced to the House. The bill passed its first reading unanimously on 6 September 2006 and was referred to the Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Committee.
On 15 December 2006 the Committee recommended it proceed with minor technical amendments. The bill was subsequently adopted by the government in March 2007 in order to ensure its passage before New Zealand's periodic report to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women later that year. It was passed through its later stages unanimously, and passed its third reading on 3 May 2007.
# Jim O'Dea

Jim O'Dea (born 2 February 1949) is a former Australian rules footballer who played 167 games with St Kilda in the VFL from 1967 until 1980. He played a season at Dandenong in the VFA.
O'Dea was a defender who usually played across half back. He is known for an infamous incident which took place at the Moorabbin Oval during Round 14 of the 1972 season when he felled Collingwood player John Greening behind play. Greening suffered horrendous injuries and was lucky not to die as a result, and O'Dea was lucky not to be suspended for more than just ten weeks.
After retiring from VFL football Jim coached St.Kilda Under 19’s and reserves teams and was a club board member in the early 2000’s.
# Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer

Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer (EXCEDE) is a proposed space telescope for NASA's Explorer program to observe circumstellar protoplanetary and debris discs and study planet formation around nearby (within 100 parsecs) stars of spectral classes M to B. Had it been selected for development, it was proposed to launch in 2019.
The spacecraft concept proposed to use a 70 centimeter diameter telescope-mounted coronagraph called PIAA (Phase Induced Amplitude Apodized Coronagraph) to suppress starlight in order to be able to detect fainter radiation of circumstellar dust. Characterizing constitution of such disks would provide clues for planetary formation (mostly in habitable zones), while already existing exoplanets can be detected through their interaction with dust disk. The project's Principal Investigator is Glenn Schneider.

## Science goals

The science goals of the concept mission are:
* Explore the amount of dust in habitable zones
* Determining if such a disk interferes with future planet finding missions (dust-scattered starlight causes noise in images of exoplanets)
* Determine composition of material delivered to planets: icy and organich-rich particles are important for life.
* Determine fraction of massive planets on large orbits
* Observe how protoplanetary disks make Solar System-like architectures
* Constrain giant planets' composition by measuring their reflectivity. EXCEDE would be the first to image (giant) exoplanets distances from their stars similar to ours (0.5-7 AU).
# James Ellsworth

James Ellsworth may refer to:
* James Ellsworth (industrialist) (1849–1925), American industrialist, founder of Ellsworth, Pennsylvania
* James Ellsworth (wrestler) (1984), ring name of American professional wrestler James Morris
* James Ellsworth, one of FBI agents who broke the Duquesne Spy Ring
# Hokubō, Okayama

Hokubō (北房町, Hokubō-chō) was a town located in Jōbō District, Okayama, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 6,158 and a density of 86.51 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 71.18 km$^2$.
On March 31, 2005, Hokubō, along with the towns of Katsuyama, Kuse, Ochiai and Yubara, and the villages of Chūka, Kawakami, Mikamo and Yatsuka (all from Maniwa District), was merged to create the city of Maniwa.
# Juan Bautista Ravanals

Juan Bautista Ravanals (1678-?) was a Spanish engraver. He was born at Valencia. He studied under Evaristo Muñoz. He engraved an equestrian portrait of King Philip V of Spain and a genealogical tree of the royal family; a portrait of Father Gregorio Ridaura, a print of San Rodrigo, a second portrait of Philip V., some plates for the first edition of a mathematical work by Tosca, the frontispiece for a book called Centro de la Fe Ortodoxa, which represents the apparition of Our Lady del Pilar to St. Francis[citation needed] and some of his disciples, and illustrations for another book of Devotion, in which St. Thomas Aquinas and other saints figure.
# Zhao Mao

Zhao Mao (赵瑁; died 1385), courtesy name Jun'li (君禮), a native of Yiyang, Henan, was a Chinese official who served as minister of rites during the reign of the Hongwu Emperor in the Ming dynasty. In March 1385, the censor Yu Min (余敏) reported Guo Huan (郭桓) for corruption; Zhao Mao was implicated and subsequently executed.
# Gasklockan

Gasklockan is a planned skyscraper, located in Norra Djurgårdsstaden district of Stockholm, Sweden. Originally scheduled to open in 2018–2019, the tower has been delayed indefinitely and its original height of 140 m (460 ft) has been revised to 110 m (360 ft) and 28 floors. The complex is designed by the Swiss architecture firm Herzog & de Meuron, commissioned by the Swedish developer Oscar Properties, and would contain approximately 320 residential units. Ground breaking was planned first quarter 2016.
In November 2019 the City of Stockholm announced that the agreement with Oscar Properties had been cancelled due to arrears with payment of the purchase price of the ground.
# Human Resources Development Convention, 1975

Human Resources Development Convention, 1975 is an International Labour Organization Convention.
It was established in 1975:
   Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to human resources development: vocational guidance and vocational training, ...

## Ratifications

As of 2022, the convention has been ratified by 68 states.
# Jim Tom Reynolds

Jim Tom Reynolds was a college football player. He was a running back for coach Herman Stegeman's Georgia Bulldogs football team. Reynolds was All-Southern in 1921, and scored the touchdown in the tie with Vanderbilt.
# Exoplectra schaefferi

Exoplectra schaefferi, or Schaeffer's lady beetle, is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

## Etymology

The name is a patronym for Charles Schaeffer who collected and described several coccinellids from the southwest US.