OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Phason

In physics, a phason is a form of collective excitation found in aperiodic crystal structures. Phasons are a type of quasiparticle: an emergent phenomenon of many-particle systems. The phason can also be seen as a degree of freedom unique to quasicrystals. Similar to phonons, phasons are quasiparticles associated with atomic motion. However, whereas phonons are related to the translation of atoms, phasons are associated with atomic rearrangement. As a result of this rearrangement, or modulation, the waves that describe the position of atoms in the crystal change phase -- hence the term "phason". In the language of the superspace picture commonly employed in the description of aperiodic crystals in which the aperiodic function is obtained via projection from a higher dimensional periodic function, the 'phason' displacement can be seen as displacement of the (higher-dimensional) lattice points in the perpendicular space.
Phasons can travel faster than the speed of sound within quasicrystalline materials, giving these materials a higher thermal conductivity than materials in which the transfer of heat is carried out only by phonons. Different phasonic modes can change the material properties of a quasicrystal.
In the superspace representation, aperiodic crystals can be obtained from a periodic crystal of higher dimension by projection to a lower dimensional space– this is commonly referred to as the cut-and-project method. While phonons change the position of atoms relative to the crystal structure in space, phasons change the position of atoms relative to the quasicrystal structure and the cut-through superspace that defines it. Therefore, phonon modes are excitations of the "in-plane" real (also called parallel, direct, or external) space, whereas phasons are excitations of the perpendicular (also called internal or virtual) space.
Phasons may be described in terms of hydrodynamic theory: when going from a homogenous fluid to a quasicrystal, hydrodamic theory predicts six new modes arising from the translational symmetry breaking in the parallel and perpendicular spaces. Three of these modes (corresponding to the parallel space) are acoustic phonon modes, while the remaining three are diffusive phason modes. In incommensurately-modulated crystals, phasons may be constructed from a coherent superposition of phonons of the unmodulated parent structure, though this is not possible for quasicrystals. Hydrodynamic analysis of quasicrystals predicts that, while the strain relaxation of phonons is relatively rapid, relaxation of phason strain is diffusive and is much slower. Therefore, metastable quasicrystals grown by rapid quenching from the melt exhibit built-in phason strain associated with shifts and anisotropic broadenings of X-ray and electron diffraction peaks.
# Maria del Pilar Hurtado

María del Pilar Hurtado was the chief of Colombia's Administrative Department of Security under President Álvaro Uribe. After her political asylum in Panama was revoked, she turned herself in to Colombian authorities and was sentenced to 14 years in prison for illegal wiretapping and abusing public office.
# Fort Misery, Arizona

Fort Misery is a ghost town situated in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. It has an estimated elevation of 4,354 feet (1,327 m) above sea level.
# Jakob Franck

Jakob Franck (18 February 1811 - 17 September 1884) was a German philologist and teacher who contributed more than 300 biographical entries to the German General Biographical Dictionary ("Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie").

## Life

Jacob Franck was born in Wachenheim an der Haardt (today Wachenheim an der Weinstraße) in the wine growing district across the river, east of Mannheim. His father was a wine producer. Franck attended a Latin (classics focused) school in nearby Dürkheim before moving on to the prestigious Grammar School in Zweibrücken. He then studied Theology at Erlangen and Utrecht.
After this he supported himself for a lengthy period as a home tutor at Waldfischbach, also working as an assistant to the priest in a nearby village. However, he found the region over-supplied with theologians and accordingly, having been a good student during his school days, was able to switch his focus to Philology, and in 1837 obtained a junior teaching post at the newly established Latin school at Annweiler, a short distance to the south of his home region. Following a series of promotions he had become, by 1845, the school's subrector (deputy head teacher).
During the 1848 Revolution Franck was politically active. Sources refer to his burning patriotism: nevertheless, he avoided coming into direct conflict with the law, and was accordingly spared from any involvement with the courts during the reactionary government backlash that followed.
He became a specialist in German studies and contributed to the collection of popular sayings being gathered by his friend Friedrich Wilhelm Wander [de]. The Free German Cultural Foundatiohn granted him the title of "Master" in recognition of his deep knowledge of German literature. In 1872 Franck was appointed to the governing board of the Latin school in Landau, prior to a period of expansion at the school which became a full Gymnasium (secondary school) in 1874. The appointment was a royal one, and represented implicit official recognition of his exceptional scholarly abilities. In 1874 he was appointed subrector (deputy head teacher) at the Latin school in Edenkoben, a position he held till his retirement in 1877.
Jakob Franck contributed more than 300 biographical articles to the German General Biographical Dictionary ("Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie"). He was a part of the social circle that also included the historian Wilhelm Wattenbach and the scholar Karl Bartsch. He himself received an honorary doctorate from Heidelberg University. He worked for the news-sheet "Palatinate Museum" ("Pfälzisches Museum") and also wrote for the literary news-sheet Serapeum.
# Panihati Mahavidyalaya

Panihati Mahavidyalaya, established in 1976, is a general degree college in Sodepur, West Bengal, India, near Kolkata. It offers undergraduate courses in arts, commerce and Sciences. It is affiliated to West Bengal State University.

## Departments
### Science

* Chemistry (honours & general)
* Physics (honours & general)
* Mathematics (honours & general)
* Zoology (honours & general)
* Computer science (honours & general)
* Botany (general)

### Arts and commerce

* Bengali (honours & general)
* Education (honours & general)
* English (honours & general)
* History (honours & general)
* Geography (honours & general)
* Political science (honours & general)
* Philosophy (honours & general)
* Sanskrit (honours & general)
* Economics (general)
* Journalism and mass communication (General)
* Sociology (general)
* Psychology (general)
* Commerce (honours & general)

## Accreditation

Panihati Mahavidyalaya is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC). It is affiliated to West Bengal State University.
# Neocrepidodera springeri

Neocrepidodera springeri is a species of flea beetle from Chrysomelidae family that can be found in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Yugoslavia.
# Media in Dodge City, Kansas

Dodge City, Kansas is a center of media in southwestern Kansas. The following is a list of media outlets based in the city.

## Print
### Newspapers

* The Dodge City Daily Globe, daily
* The Southwest Kansas Register, weekly, published by the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dodge City

### Magazines

* High Plains Journal, weekly

## Radio

The following radio stations are licensed to and/or broadcast from Dodge City:

### AM

| Frequency | Callsign | Format | City of License | Notes |
| 1370 | KGNO | Talk | Dodge City, Kansas | - |
| 1550 | KDCC | Variety | Dodge City, Kansas | DCCC college radio |

### FM

| Frequency | Callsign | Format | City of License | Notes |
| 89.9 | KAIG | Christian Contemporary | Dodge City, Kansas | Air1 |
| 91.9 | KONQ | Variety | Dodge City, Kansas | DCCC college radio |
| 92.9 | KMML | Regional Mexican | Cimarron, Kansas | Broadcasts from Dodge City |
| 93.9 | KZRD | Rock | Dodge City, Kansas | - |
| 95.5 | KAHE | Oldies | Dodge City, Kansas | - |
| 96.3 | KERP | Country | Ingalls, Kansas | Broadcasts from Dodge City |
| 102.1 | KODC-LP | Religious | Dodge City, Kansas | - |

## Television

Dodge City is in the Wichita-Hutchinson, Kansas television market. The following television stations are licensed to and/or broadcast from Dodge City:
| Display Channel | Network | Callsign | City of License | Notes |
| 6.1 | CBS | KBSD-DT | Ensign, Kansas | Broadcasts from Dodge City; Satellite station of KWCH-DT, Wichita, Kansas |
| 6.2 | - | KBSD-DT | Ensign, Kansas | Local weather |
| 21.1 | PBS (SD) | KDCK | Dodge City, Kansas | Satellite station of KOOD, Bunker Hill, Kansas; 21.3 and 21.4 off-air 6:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. |
| 21.2 | PBS (HD) | KDCK | Dodge City, Kansas | Satellite station of KOOD, Bunker Hill, Kansas; 21.3 and 21.4 off-air 6:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. |
| 21.3 | Create | KDCK | Dodge City, Kansas | Satellite station of KOOD, Bunker Hill, Kansas; 21.3 and 21.4 off-air 6:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. |
| 21.4 | World | KDCK | Dodge City, Kansas | Satellite station of KOOD, Bunker Hill, Kansas; 21.3 and 21.4 off-air 6:00 p.m. to 12:00 a.m. |
| 23.1 | Retro TV | KDDC-LD | Dodge City, Kansas | Translator of KDGL-LD, Sublette, Kansas |
| 23.2 | Tuff TV | KDDC-LD | Dodge City, Kansas | Translator of KDGL-LD, Sublette, Kansas |
| 23.3 | AMGTV | KDDC-LD | Dodge City, Kansas | Translator of KDGL-LD, Sublette, Kansas |
| 23.4 | Launch TV | KDDC-LD | Dodge City, Kansas | Translator of KDGL-LD, Sublette, Kansas |
| 23.5 | TheWalk TV | KDDC-LD | Dodge City, Kansas | Translator of KDGL-LD, Sublette, Kansas |
| 23.6 | PBJ | KDDC-LD | Dodge City, Kansas | Translator of KDGL-LD, Sublette, Kansas |
| 29.1 | FOX | KSAS-LP | Dodge City, Kansas | Translator of KSAS-TV, Wichita, Kansas |
| 29.2 | Antenna TV | KSAS-LP | Dodge City, Kansas | Translator of KSAS-TV, Wichita, Kansas |
# Paul Harriss

Andrew Paul Harriss (11 August 1954 – 1 October 2022) was an Australian politician. He was a Liberal Party member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly from March 2014 to February 2016, representing the electorate of Franklin.
Harriss was an independent member of the Tasmanian Legislative Council from 1996 to 2014, amassing a lengthy conservative voting record. He resigned from the Legislative Council in 2014, a short time before the conclusion of his Legislative Council term, in order to contest the House of Assembly election as a Liberal. He had previously lost a race as a Liberal candidate at the 1996 Tasmanian election. After the Liberals won the 2014 election, he was appointed Minister for Resources. In that role, he generated criticism for his combative stance against environmentalists.
On 17 February 2016, Harriss announced that he was resigning from the Hodgman ministry and from the parliament, effective the next day. Kingborough Council councillor Nic Street was elected in a countback to fill the vacancy on 1 March 2016.
Harriss died on 1 October 2022.
# Gold Fever

Gold Fever may refer to:
* Gold fever, or gold rush, a heightened migration to an area by people seeking fortune in gold mining
* Gold Fever (American TV series), a documentary television series airing on The Outdoor Channel
* Gold Fever (British TV series), a BBC documentary
* Gold Fever (film), a 1952 American Western film
# Phil O'Shea

Phil O'Shea is an English screenwriter, director and producer. He has written and directed films starring Jude Law and Billie Piper.

## Filmography

* The Crane, director and writer
* Vampire Diary, co-director and writer
* Spirit Trap, writer
* Dream Team (TV series), writer
* Wycliffe (TV series), writer
* Stig of the Dump (BBC TV Series - BAFTA award), writer: script polish
* Yellowthread Street, writer
* Chuggington, writer
* Oscar Charlie, writer
# Jakob Friedrich Heusinger

Jakob Friedrich Heusinger (11 April 1719 in Useborn in der Wetterau – 27 September 1778 in Wolfenbüttel) was a German classical philologist.
He studied philology and theology at the University of Jena, receiving his magister degree in 1748. Afterwards, he served as conrector (from 1750) and rector (from 1759) at the gymnasium in Wolfenbüttel. As a classical scholar he edited works by Cicero, Cornelius Nepos, Plutarch, et al.

## Selected works

* "Codicis M.S. qui Aiacem et Electram Sophoclis continet, brevem descriptionem, et in easdem tragoedias observationum specimen", 1745; respondent Friedrich Liebe.
* "De Quatuor Evangeliorum Codice Graeco quem antiqua manu in membrana scriptum Guelferbytana bibliotheca servat", 1752 (Referring to the Codex Guelferbytanus containing the four canonical Gospels).
* "Programma de Nepote Cornelio bene merendi aliquot subsidia Bibliothecae Guelpherbytanae indicans", 1759.
* "Fragmenta Cornelii Nepotis Guelpherbytana a censoria Lipsiensis critici virgula vindicate", 1760.
* "Fl. Mallii Theodori De metris liber", 1766 (edition of Flavius Mallius Theodorus' treatise on metres).
* "M. Tullii Ciceronis De officiis libri tres", 1783; with Johann Michael Heusinger, Konrad Heusinger (edition of Cicero's "De Officiis", book III.
# Xiechi Lake

Xiechi Lake (Chinese: 解池), also called Yuncheng yanchi (Yuncheng Salt Lake) is the largest natural lake in Shanxi in Northern China. It is a saline lake used for production of salt.
In the summertime intense light and heat cause the algae Dunaliella salina to produce carotenoids as a protection against free radicals, due in turn to high metabolism. This turns the salt pans brilliant shades of violet, scarlet, magenta, and emerald (see photo in reference).

## Historical significance

The most plausible explanation of the financial prominence of the province of Shanxi during the Ming and Qing dynasties states that its salt works at Xiechi Lake fostered mercantile activity that would ultimately need banks, these banks would become the piaohao. An imperial government salt monopoly persisted, with only a few minor interruptions, from the Han dynasty until the year 1370 during the second year of the Ming dynasty. In 1370 the army of the Ming began using its salt rights, known as yan yin, which were initially redeemable only at the Xiechi Lake, to pay for transporting provisions to Chinese soldiers stationed on the Great Wall. As the Shanxi merchants were handling this lucrative business from its very beginnings, they managed to get a piece of the Ming state's monopoly and the imperial government quite likely netted more revenues of the salt monopoly because of higher overall efficiency. This policy that benefited the Shanxi merchants remained in effect long enough for them to accumulate a substantial amount of wealth for themselves, ultimately leading to their dominant position in the Chinese financial market during the Qing dynasty.
# Negrilești, Galați

Negrilești is a commune in Galați County, Western Moldavia, Romania that lies close to Tecuci. It is composed of two villages, Negrilești and Slobozia Blăneasa. These were part of Munteni Commune until 2004, when they were split off.
# Hyundai BlueOn

The Hyundai BlueOn was a limited-production subcompact 5-door hatchback electric car produced by Hyundai Motor Company in 2009–2010. According to the manufacturer, the Blue-on all-electric range is 140 km (87 mi) and has a top speed of over 130 km/h (81 mph). Field testing with 30 units began in South Korea by late 2010 and sales in the domestic market were scheduled for late 2012.

## History

According to Hyundai Motor Company, the total investment to develop the BlueOn, its first production electric car, was around 40 billion won (US$34.3 million). The prototype, an electric version of i10, was first unveiled at the International Motor Show Germany 2009 in Frankfurt. The pre-production testing model was unveiled in Seoul in September 2010, when the first of 30 units were delivered to South Korean government agencies for field testing. The carmaker planned to build 2,500 units by the end of 2012, but sales were limited to the South Korean market.

## Main features

The BlueOn is equipped with a 16.4 kWh lithium polymer (Li–Poly) battery pack and charges in 6 hours with a 220 V power outlet and in 25 minutes to 80% with three-phase electric power (in a 380 V outlet). The maximum speed is 130 km/h (81 mph) and 0–100 km/h is achieved in 13.1 seconds. The BlueOn has a range of 140 km (87 mi) on a single charge.
The BlueOn is based on the Hyundai i10 and features an electric warning sound developed by Hyundai called the Virtual Engine Sound System (VESS). The warning system will be included in the BlueOn test fleet and it will provide synthetic audio feedback mimicking the sound of an internal combustion engine (ICE).
# Diana Dew

Diana Dew (June 25, 1943 – February 8, 2008) was an American fashion designer recognized in the 1960s for pioneering electronic textiles which incorporated electronic components into wearable clothing. She created clothing that was battery powered and able to light up by adjusting a control knob. Dew's clothes were the precursor to more modern electronic textiles which use LED technology.

## Early life

Diana Dew was born on June 25, 1943, in Memphis, Tennessee. From the age of four to fourteen, she worked as a fashion model and attended the Memphis Academy of Art (now Memphis College of Art). She spent a year at Bard College studying method acting, before moving to the University of Florida to study engineering. Dew temporarily created stage costumes for Memphis' Front Street Theater before moving to California and enrolling at the University of California, Berkeley.

## Fashion design

Dew returned to New York City, where she participated in the East Side folk music scene and dressed Joan Baez. She then moved to Boston and started the cloth brand Isis, but she could not attract young customers that could afford her high-end creations. Following the suggestion from a modeling agency, she became a designer for Puritan's Paraphernalia business in the late summer of 1966, and later created her own company, Experipuritaneous.
Her creations, which involved "pliable and removable plastic lamps" powered by rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, could stay lit for up to 5 hours. The pace of the strobe-like flash, which projected a psychedelic light display, was controlled through a potentiometer worn at the waist. Her clothing premiered in February 1967 at the Paraphernalia store in New York City.
The use of electricity in her designs was not without problems, as expressed by Brigid Berlin, "Diana Dew, the electric-dress designer for Paraphernalia, had those dresses where the tits would light up; or you could flash the crotch and that would go off. But they weren't fool-proof, and one night two girls went totally off in Max's! I mean, right off. They went BOOM! It's true."
Dew rose to prominence as a musician's costume designer. She designed clothes for the trippy band Blues Magoos that would light up as the music became louder on stage. One of these outfits is currently housed in a Smithsonian Institution time capsule, which will be opened in 2065 as an example of 1960s art.
Dew's work was featured in the seminal show "Body Covering" at the Museum of Contemporary Craft in New York City in 1968, which explored the link between technology and clothing.

## Later life, death, and legacy

After a brief tenure with Creamcheese, an all-female rock band that performed in Dew's designs, Dew devoted her time and energy to hydroponic sprout cultivation and raising her three boys. She was married twice. In February 2008, she died at home and was cremated. She was survived by her three sons.
Images of her fashion are included in the National Museum of American History archives. One of her dresses was featured on the American PBS television program, Antiques Roadshow (season 24, episode 12).
# Felix Chung

Felix Chung Kwok-pan (Chinese: 鍾國斌, born 4 November 1963) is a former member of the Legislative Council of Hong Kong for the Textiles and Garment constituency, representing the Liberal Party. He was the leader of the Liberal Party from 2016 to 2022 and the party chairman from 2014 to 2016.

## Early career

He was born in 1963 to a garment business family who owns the Chungweiming Knitting Factory Limited. He was educated in Scotland, graduating from Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen with a bachelor's degree of science in 1986 and Stirling University with a degree of Master of Business Administration in 1988. He returned to Hong Kong in 1987 when he was 24 and joined a local surveying firm and later helped his father with his garment business of manufacturing wool knitwear and cotton knitted wear in 1988.
He later became the chairman of the Hong Kong Apparel Society and challenged as an independent for the Textiles and Garment functional constituency against a long-time incumbent Sophie Leung of the Liberal Party in the 2008 Legislative Council election. Chung received 711 votes, as compared to Leung's 1,255 votes, who soon fell out with the Liberals and left with two other legislators to form the Economic Synergy.

## Legislative Councillor

He was invited by the Liberal Party honorary chairman James Tien to join the party in 2009. In the 2012 Legislative Council election, he challenged again in the same constituency against Henry Tan, CEO and president of Luen Thai Holdings, after Leung announced her retirement. He defeated Tan by 1,076 votes and took back the constituency for the Liberals. He became the vice-chairman after the election. When both James Tien and Selina Chow stepped down as party leader and chair, Chung was nominated to be the party vice-chairman on 1 December 2014.
He engaged in a debate with Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying over Leung's "appropriately proactive" economic policies on newspaper in 2015. He thought that Leung abandoning the "positive non-interventionism" for "appropriately proactive" policies was worrisome, in which the "visible hand" would "go beyond the line".
He retained his seat in the 2016 Legislative Council election by winning more than 75 percent of the votes. After the election, he succeeded the retiring Vincent Fang to become the leader of the Liberal Party.
He is also a member of the Advisory Committee on Textile & Clothing Industries, a director of the Chinese Manufacturers' Association of Hong Kong and a director of Hong Kong Brand Development Council. He was also a member of the 9th Guangdong Provincial Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in 1998. He has also been member of the Election Committee since 2006.
In the 2021 LegCo election, Chung became one of the two defeated incumbents after winning only 82 votes, half of votes received by his challenger Sunny Tan, thus ending his nine years of tenure. He stayed as the party leader until the next May, when he was succeeded by Tommy Cheung.