OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Otto Egon Lowenstein

Otto Egon Lowenstein FRSE (1906–1999) was a German-born zoologist. He did extensive studies on the labyrinth of the ears of fish.

## Life

He was born in Munich on 24 October 1906, to a Jewish family. He studied Sciences at the University of Munich. He was taught Zoology by Karl von Frisch. He continued to postgraduate level gaining a PhD in 1932.
In 1933 he left Germany and went to Britain. He began as a research student at the University of Birmingham, gaining a second PhD in 1937. In that year he took a post as Assistant Lecturer in Zoology at Exeter University. In 1938 he went to Glasgow University as a Lecturer under Prof Edward Hindle. In 1952 he was given a professorship at the University of Birmingham.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1947. His proposers were Maurice Yonge, Charles Wynford Parsons, John Walton and George Wyburn. In 1955 he was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London.
He retired in 1974. He died on 31 January 1999.

## Family

In 1937, he married Elsa Ritter. He secondly married Gunilla Dohlman (d.1981). He finally (aged 80) married Maureen McKernan in 1986.
# Eureka Street

Eureka Street may refer to:
* Eureka Street (magazine), an Australian magazine concerned with public affairs, arts, and theology
* Eureka Street (novel), a 1996 novel by Robert McLiam Wilson
* Eureka Street (TV series), a 1999 adaptation of the novel
# Manda (Tanzanian ward)

Manda is an administrative ward in Ludewa District in the Njombe Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 4,443 people in the ward, from 4,304 in 2012.
Manda is a small town along Lake Nyasa (Nyasa means Lake), in Ludewa District. The small town of Manda was known as Wiedhafen during the time of German East Africa. Germans promoted commerce and economic growth. Lake Nyasa in Tanzania also known as Lake Malawi in Malawi, and Lago Niassa in Mozambique is one of the truly wonderful places in the world.
The lake itself is the 5th largest in the world by volume, the second largest in Tanzania and Africa, and has been in existence for millions of years (estimates range from about 8mya). In just one lake it contains over a thousand species of fishes. Lake Nyasa is between 560 and 580 kilometres (350 and 360 miles) long, and about 75 kilometres (47 miles) wide at its widest point. The lake is 706 m (2,316 ft) at its deepest point, located in a major depression in the north-central part. The largest river flowing into it is the Ruhuhu River in Manda, and there is an outlet at its southern end, the Shire River, a tributary that flows into the very large Zambezi River in Mozambique.
The majority of the species are in the family cichlinae, popular with aquarists, but there are also lungfish, elephant-noses, mastacemblid eels and catfish. They are often very colourful and have interesting behaviours - making for fascinating fish-watching. The great diversity in the lake means that most species have unique adaptations and occupy specialised ecological roles in the lake. Some scrape algae from the rocks, some filter sand, some eat snails, some live in empty snail shells, some eat plants, some eat fish, some eat scales, some mimic dead fish to allow them to catch unwary prey. Most are maternal mouth breeders, which mean that the females carry the eggs and young (!) around in their mouths. All of this in a lake that offers warm, clear water, with white sands and clean hot rocks to sunbathe on. It is surrounded by vast plains and the impressive Livingstone Mountains. Manda has experience a ton of historical legacies, ranging from being the host of naval battle between the British and the German.
# Ferrée River

Ferrée River (or rivière Ferrée (in French)) may refer to:
* Ferrée River (lac des Eaux Mortes), in Lac-des-Eaux-Mortes, La Mitis Regional County Municipality, Bas-Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
* Ferrée River (Montmorency River tributary), in Boischatel, La Côte-de-Beaupré Regional County Municipality, Capitale-Nationale, Quebec, Canada
* Ferrée River (Anticosti Island), on Anticosti Island in Minganie Regional County Municipality, Côte-Nord, Quebec, Canada (see List of rivers of Quebec#Anticosti Island)
* Ferrée River (Ferré Lake), a tributary of the Rimouski River in Rimouski-Neigette, Bas-Saint-Laurent, Quebec, Canada
* Ferrée River (L'Islet), in Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies, L'Islet Regional County Municipality, Chaudière-Appalaches, Quebec, Canada
* Ferrée River (Micosas River tributary), in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, Quebec, Canada (see List of rivers of Quebec#Tributaries of Lac Saint-Jean)
* Ferrée Rivière (Sainte-Marguerite River tributary), in Quebec, Canada (see List of rivers of Quebec#North-shore Sainte-Marguerite River and tributaries eastward)
* Ferrée River (Sapins River tributary), in Sainte-Françoise, Quebec, Canada (see List of rivers of Quebec#Watershed of Trois-Pistoles River and Eastern tributaries)
# Ulrike's Brain

Ulrike's Brain is a 2017 German-Canadian drama film directed by Bruce LaBruce. It was screened in the Forum section at the 67th Berlin International Film Festival.
The film, described by LaBruce in advance interviews as a sequel of sorts to his early film The Raspberry Reich, stars Susanne Sachsse as Julia Feifer, an academic who possesses and can communicate with the brain of German Red Army Faction radical Ulrike Meinhof. She is seeking to transplant the brain into a new body so that she can resurrect Meinhof and revive her goal of socialist and feminist revolution, but her plans are complicated when her archrival Detlev Schlesinger, an extreme right-wing ideologue, arrives with identical plans for the surviving brain of German neo-Nazi leader Michael Kühnen.
The film, a spoof of the 1960s B-movie subgenre of mad scientists preserving human brains, is thematically linked with LaBruce's feature film The Misandrists, which premiered at Berlin's Panorama program in the same week. Although both films were made in Germany, Ulrike's Brain received some production funding from the Canada Council for the Arts while The Misandrists did not.
# Mary ever virgin

Mary ever virgin may refer to:
* Perpetual virginity of Mary
* Mary (mother of Jesus)
# Manda (beetle)

Manda is a genus of spiny-legged rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae. There are at least two described species in Manda.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Manda:
* Manda mandibularis (Gyllenhal, 1827)$^g$
* Manda nearctica Moore, 1964$^{icgb}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Paris Métro Line 14 (1937–1976)

Paris Métro Line 14 (planned as Line C; French: Ligne 14 du métro de Paris) was a line of the Paris Métro that existed from 1937 to 1976.

## History

Designed as Line C of the Nord-Sud Company—Line A being today's Line 12 and Line B being today's Line 13—before it went bankrupt in 1930, the project was taken over by the other company operating the Paris Métro: the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (CMP), which would become the Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP) in 1949.
The CMP subsequently started building Line 14 in 1933. In 1976, the line was incorporated into Line 13 with the opening of the extension between Invalides and Champs-Élysées–Clemenceau under the Seine, as Nord-Sud's original plan included a merger of Line B and Line C. The number 14 was reused for a new line that entered service in 1998 between Madeleine and Bibliothèque François Mitterrand.

## Chronology

* 21 January 1937: Line 14 was inaugurated between Bienvenüe and Porte de Vanves.
* 27 July 1937: The line was extended northbound from Bienvenüe to Duroc. The section between Invalides and Duroc which used to be served by Line 10 was transferred to Line 14.
* 9 November 1976: Line 14 was incorporated into Line 13, which became a complete north–south line.

## Renamed station

* 6 October 1942: Bienvenüe was renamed as Montparnasse – Bienvenüe (today on Line 13).
# ZamPost

The Zambia Postal Services Corporation, also known as ZamPost, is a state-owned enterprise in Zambia. ZamPost is the designated operator of postal services in Zambia. The history of postal services in Zambia dates back to 1896 when the first post offices were established at Abercorn, Fort Jemeson (present-day Mbala, Chipata), and the Kalungwishi River, near Lake Mweru. However, these post offices did not enjoy international recognition until 1926, when the General Post Office, which was then a government department, was admitted to the general membership of the Universal Postal Union (UPU). In 1975 by an Act of Parliament, a statutory body was established to run both postal and telecommunications.
In 1986, the organization was incorporated into a Public limited liability company and became known as Posts and Telecommunications Corporation (PTC) whose shares were held by the holding company ZIMCO, on behalf of the government. This was the status until July 1, 1994. In July 1994 the Zambia Postal Services Corporation (Zampost) was created under the Postal Service Act No. 24 of 1994 after the dissolution of PTC which separated the postal division from the telecommunications division. In August 2009 the Postal Services Act No. 24 of 1994 was repealed and replaced with the revised Postal Services Act No. 22 of 2009 which defined Zampost's mandate as providing postal and courier services, financial services including the creation of Post Bank.
The line Ministry for Zampost is the Ministry of Transport and Communication. The Line Minister is the appointing authority for the board of directors in line with the revised Postal Services Act no.22 of 2009. The Board provides strategic oversight to management. The Board delegates the day-to-day running of the corporation to the Postmaster General.
The Postmaster General is the chief executive officer of the corporation and has a team of five senior management staff heading different directorates in the corporation. These are; Director Operations, Director Human Resources, Director Finance, Corporation Secretary/Legal Counsel, and Chief Internal Auditor. The Government of the Republic of Zambia has 100% equity holding in the corporation.
With 146 Post Offices spread across the country, Zampost currently owns four functional subsidiaries namely; the Post Bus Company Limited, ZamPost Freight and Forwarding, and Zampost Travel and Tours.
The subsidiaries have their boards that provide oversight to the management of the subsidiaries. Zampost has developed a well-diversified service (or “product”) portfolio comprising mail and courier services, local and international money transfers, and other financial services. The corporation also provides several third-party businesses on an agency basis using its country-wide network strength as a retailing channel.
In May 2022, at the inaugural EU-Zambia Economic Forum in held in Lusaka, the government of Zambia signed an MoU with ASSECO of Poland, Europe's sixth biggest software company, to set up a € 10.0 million joint venture company to digitise and improve the operations of ZamPost.
# Wolfsbane (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Wolfsbane was the 1994 third album from British heavy metal band Wolfsbane. Not long after the album's release, vocalist Blaze Bayley took over Bruce Dickinson's position as the lead vocalist for Iron Maiden. It would end up becoming Wolfsbane's final studio album before their 16-year breakup from 1994 to 2010.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Wolfsbane
* "Wings" (4.21)
* "Lifestyles of the Broke and Obscure" (3.47)
* "My Face" (3.26)
* "Money Talks" (4.25)
* "Seen How It's Done" (4.36)
* "Beautiful Lies" (3.36)
* "Protect and Survive" (3.24)
* "Black Machine" (3.13)
* "Violence" (3.41)
* "Die Again" (13.23 - includes "hidden" track "Say Goodbye")

### Limited Edition Bonus CD

A limited edition bonus CD, entitled Everything Else, was included with the initial release. All tracks were written by Wolfsbane except for track 3 written by Anti-Nowhere League, and track 6 written by Bruce Springsteen
* "Rope and Ride" (3.50)
* "Want Me" (3.39)
* "For You" (2.56)
* "End of the Century" (3.07)
* "Hollow Man" (3.32)
* "Born to Run" (4.12)

## Line up

* Blaze Bayley: Vocals
* Jason Edwards: Guitar
* Jeff Hately: Bass
* Steve Ellet: Drums

## Charts

| Chart (1994) | Peak position |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 91 |
# George Morris

George Morris may refer to:

## Entertainment

* George L. K. Morris (1905–1975), American abstract painter
* George Pope Morris (1802–1864), American poet and publisher
* George S. Morris (musician) (1876–1958), Scottish composer and singer of cornkisters
* George Taylor Morris (1947–2009), American disc jockey and radio personality
* George Redmond Morris, 4th Baron Killanin (born 1947), Irish film producer

## Politics

* George Morris (Irish politician) (1833–1912), MP for Galway Borough
* George Morris (Australian politician) (1892–1967), member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly
* George Morris (New Zealand politician) (1840–1903), New Zealand politician

## Sports

* George Morris (American football, born 1931) (1931–2007), American football center and linebacker
* George Morris (halfback) (1919–1999), NFL halfback
* George Morris (footballer) (1874–?), English footballer active in the 1890s/1900s
* George Morris (umpire) (born 1957), New Zealand cricket umpire
* George H. Morris (born 1938), American trainer and judge of horses
* George Lockwood Morris (1859–1947), ironfounder and Wales international rugby player

## Other

* George Morris (American writer) (1903-1997), American writer and labor editor
* G. Elliott Morris, American journalist
* George Franklin Morris (1866–1953), U.S. federal judge
* George Henry Morris (1872–1914), first commanding officer to lead an Irish Guards battalion into battle
* George Mortimer Morris (1871–1954), British Indian Army officer during the First World War
* George Q. Morris (1874–1962), American leader in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
* George Sylvester Morris (1840–1889), American educator and philosophical writer
# Ferdinand Joseph Fonseca

Ferdinand Joseph Fonseca (December 2, 1925 – October 2, 2015) was a Roman Catholic bishop.
Ordained to the priesthood in 1954, Fonseca was named auxiliary bishop for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay, India in 1980 and retired in 2000.
# Ulrika of Sweden

Ulrika of Sweden may refer to:
* Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark or Ulrica Eleanor, Queen consort of Sweden 1680
* Ulrika Eleonora of Sweden or Ulrica Eleanor, Queen regnant of Sweden 1718
* Louisa Ulrika of Prussia or Louise Ulrica, Queen consort of Sweden 1751
# Javier Cambronero Arguedas

Javier Francisco Cambronero Arguedas is a Costa Rican educator and politician.

## Education

Cambronero holds a Bachelor's, Licentiate, and a Master's of science in educational administration. He worked for the Ministry of Education's western-region branch as the director of the Department of Pedagogical Counseling. Cambronero has also taught at the university level.

## PAC activities and political beliefs

Cambronero has been involved with the Citizens' Action Party since 2006. From 2007 to 2009, he served on the Training and Education Commission. In 2008, he was a member of the San Ramón party assembly. Cambronero was a candidate for the mayoral office of San Ramón in 2010.
As a member of PAC, Cabronero opposed the Central American Free Trade Agreement. In addition, he is against genetically modified crops, and against international concessions, such as the San José to San Ramón highway, which is a toll road operated by a Spanish company.

## Deputy

Cambronero announced his candidacy for deputy in 2013. Among his stated goals, he wanted a renegotiate the San José to San Ramón highway concession, create a development bank for young professionals, increase agricultural protections in San Ramón, and improve the quality of education. He also wanted to improve the country's economic stability.

## Personal life

Cambronero was born on 8 December 1964 to Mario Cambronero Carvajal and Edith Arguedas Madrigal. He has five siblings. He is married to Lilliam Fernández Ramírez and has four children. Cambronero is an active member of the San Ramón area Pastoral Familiar de la Iglesia Católica Romana.
# Ivica Raguž

Ivica Raguž (born 24 June 1968) is a Croatian former footballer who played primarily as a midfielder, where he had a notable run in the S.League.

## Playing career

Raguž played in the National Soccer League in 1991 with Toronto Croatia, where he received the league's MVP award. In 1992, he played with NK Zadar of the Croatian First Football League in 1992. In 1994, he went abroad to play in the American Professional Soccer League with the Toronto Rockets. He made his debut for Toronto on July 27, 1994 against Montreal Impact.
He later played in the newly formed S.League with the Singapore Armed Forces FC, where he formed an instrumental triumvirate with fellow Croatian imports Velimir Crljen, and Jure Ere. In his debut season he was named the Player of the Year. During his tenure with SAFFC he won a league title, Singapore Cup, and the Singapore FA Cup. In 1999, he returned to Croatia to play with NK Slaven Belupo. The following season he had another season in Singapore with Woodlands Wellington FC.
After a brief stint with Woodlands he returned to his former club Zadar for the 2001-02 season. In 2003, he returned to Toronto Croatia to play in the Canadian Professional Soccer League.
# Paramnesia

Paramnesia is memory-based delusion or confabulation, or an inability to distinguish between real and fantasy memories.
It may refer more specifically to:
* Déjà vu, the delusion that a current event has already been experienced before
* Reduplicative paramnesia, the delusion that a location exists in more than one place simultaneously
# Otedama

Otedama (お手玉) is a traditional Japanese children's game. Small bean bags are tossed and juggled in a game similar to jacks. Although it is generally a social game, Otedama can also be played alone. It is rarely competitive and often accompanied by singing. Otedama play is thought to be in decline.

## History

Otedama was transmitted to Japan from China in the Nara Period. It reached its peak of popularity in post-World War II Japan when other toys were unavailable. The bean bags, called ojami, were sewn together from strips of silk cloth and contained azuki beans. During war times, the beans were removed from the bags to feed children; as a result, there were almost no bean bags left in Japan. Otedama almost completely vanished from Japan because of this. In the early 1990s, a small group of people in Niihama created a club and annual convention to help restore otedama throughout Japan.

## Gameplay

Otedama was a very popular among girls and knowledge of the game was passed down from grandmother to granddaughter. Specific game play varies widely from region to region. Most play with five bean bags although some variations have been seen. Players take turns throwing and catching the bean bags. Each successive round increases in difficulty with balancing tricks and even juggling.
Otedama has two basic forms: nagedama (投げ玉) and yosedama (よせ玉). Nagedama resembles western juggling with small bean bags. Yosedama is more akin to jacks but bean bags are used instead of jacks.
# Euphaedra luteolucens

Euphaedra luteolucens, the Gashaka-Gumpti Ceres forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria. The habitat consists of forests.
# Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann

Ferdinand Johann Wiedemann (30 March [O.S. 18 March] 1805 in Hapsal (now Haapsalu) – 29 December [O.S. 17 December] 1887 in Saint Petersburg) was an Governorate of Estonia linguist who researched Uralic languages, mostly Estonian. Wiedemann was also a botanist.
Wiedemann was of German-Swedish origin. In 1869 he published an Estonian-German dictionary (Ehstnisch-deutsches Wörterbuch), which was the richest dictionary of Estonian words for a long time.
# Iván Gutman

Iván Gutman (born in 1947) is a Serbian chemist and mathematician.

## Life and work

Gutman was born in Sombor, Yugoslavia in a Bunjevac family. In 1970 he graduated chemistry from the University of Belgrade where he worked a short time as an assistant at the chemistry department. From 1971 until 1976 he worked as research assistant and senior research assistant at Ruđer Bošković Institute in Zagreb, department of physical chemistry. In 1973 he received M.Sc. degree from the University of Zagreb, in the area of theoretical organic chemistry. In the same year he received a doctorate degree in chemistry from the University of Zagreb. His supervisor was Nenad Trinajstić. From 1977 he worked at the University of Kragujevac, eventually becoming a full research professor in 1982. In 1981 he received a doctorate degree in mathematics from the University of Belgrade. From 2012 he is a professor emeritus at the University of Kragujevac.
His research interests are theoretical organic chemistry, physical chemistry, mathematical chemistry, graph theory, spectral graph theory and discrete mathematics. Gutman is known for his work in chemical graph theory and topological descriptors. In mathematics he introduced the notion of graph energy, a concept originating from theoretical chemistry. With Chris Godsil he worked on the theory of the matching polynomial.
He is a full member of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1997. Other memberships include membership in the International Academy of Mathematical Chemistry, the Academy of Nonlinear Sciences (Moscow) and Academia Europaea. Gutman is a collaborator on the Lexicon of Danube Croats for Croatian Academic Society 'HAD' in Subotica.
# Unimodal thresholding

Unimodal thresholding is an algorithm for automatic image threshold selection in image processing. Most threshold selection algorithms assume that the intensity histogram is multi-modal; typically bimodal. However, some types of images are essentially unimodal since a much larger proportion of just one class of pixels (e.g. the background) is present in the image, and dominates the histogram. In such circumstances many of the standard threshold selection algorithms will fail. However, a few algorithms have been designed to specifically cope with such images.

## Methods

Some examples of unimodal image threshold selection algorithms are
* "T-point algorithm: the tail of the histogram is fitted by two line segments, and the threshold is selected at their intersection
* maximum deviation algorithm: a straight line is drawn from the histogram peak to the end of the tail, and the threshold is selected at the point of the histogram furthest from the straight line
* Rayleigh distribution model algorithm: the mode (peak) is assumed to correspond to noise. The user specifies an allowable proportion of noise from which the threshold is determined using the model

## Citations

* ↑ Coudray, Nicolas; Buessler, Urban (2010). "Robust threshold estimation for images with unimodal histograms" (PDF). Pattern Recognition Letters. 31 (9): 1010–1019. Bibcode:2010PaReL..31.1010C. doi:10.1016/j.patrec.2009.12.025.
* ↑ Rosin, Paul L. (2001). "Unimodal thresholding". Pattern Recognition. 34 (11): 2083–2096. Bibcode:2001PatRe..34.2083R. doi:10.1016/s0031-3203(00)00136-9.
* ↑ Voorhees, Harry; Poggio (1987). "Detecting textons and texture boundaries in natural images". IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision: 250–258.
# Horodov

Horodov is a Ukrainian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Oleksiy Horodov (born 1978), Ukrainian footballer
* Valeriy Horodov (born 1961), Ukrainian footballer and manager