OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Emanuele Clarizio

Emanuele Clarizio (18 May 1911 – 16 April 2001) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1939 to 1970, serving with the title of archbishop as the principal papal representative in Pakistan, the Dominican Republic, and Canada. From 1970 to 1986 he headed the Vatican department for the care of migrants.

## Biography

Emanuele Clarizio was born on 18 May 1911 in Milan. Studied at the Minor and Major Pontifical Seminaries of Rome, at the Lateran University. He earned degrees in Canon Law, Theology and Philosophy. He was ordained a priest in Rome on 7 December 1933.
To prepare for a diplomatic career he entered the Pontifical Ecclesiastical Academy in 1938. His early assignments included stints in the Secretariat of State from 1939 to 1947, and then abroad in the papal representations to the United States from 1947 to 1949, Australia, New Zealand and Oceania from 1949 to 1954, and France from 1954 to 1958.
His first senior diplomatic posting was on 10 July 1958 as the first Apostolic Internuncio to Pakistan.
On 14 October 1961, Pope John XXIII appointed him titular archbishop of Claudiopolis in Isauria and Apostolic Nuncio to the Dominican Republic. He received his episcopal consecration on 29 October 1962. There he tried to ease political tensions by calling for–or negotiating–the release of political prisoners. In 1965 he organized a ceasefire between the government and rebel forces. His campaign against government-sanctioned violence—a reversal of the Church's longtime support for authoritarian rule in the country—drew charges he supported Communists.
On 11 June 1967, Pope Paul VI named him Apostolic Delegate to Canada. His title changed to Apostolic Pro-Nuncio on 16 October 1969 and his titular see changed to Antium.
On 30 April 1970, Pope Paul appointed him Vice President of the Pontifical Commission for the Pastoral Care of Migrants and Itinerant People. until replaced on 18 September 1986 by Giovanni Cheli.
He also held the position of President of the Peregrinatio ad Petri Sedem, the Vatican agency that supports pilgrims to Rome, from 17 November 1982
He died on 16 April 2001.
# Gamtoos River

Gamtoos River or Gamptoos River is a river in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. It is formed by the confluence of the Kouga River and the Groot River and is approximately 645 kilometres (401 mi) long with a catchment area of 34,635 square kilometres (13,373 sq mi).

## Course

The Gamtoos river system is formed by the Groot, the Kouga and the Baviaanskloof rivers. The latter is a tributary of the Kouga.
Although the rainfall in the catchment area is low, it supports a commercial irrigated agriculture in the lower catchment in which oranges, tobacco, citrus fruit and vegetables are grown. There is an estuary where the Gamtoos river enters the Indian Ocean. It is located between Jeffreys Bay and Port Elizabeth and the Gamtoos River Mouth Nature Reserve is in the area. The towns of Hankey, the oldest town situated in the Gamtoos river valley, and Patensie are situated in the lower catchment. Further inland are the towns of Steytlerville, Joubertina, Uniondale, Willowmore and Murraysburg.
Tributaries include the Loerie River, Klein River, Hol River, besides the Groot and the Kouga that form the Gamtoos.

## History

Saartjie Baartman - the "Hottentot Venus" - was born around 1789 in the vicinity of the Gamtoos river.
In 1877 during a severe drought in the region, the Gamtoos River dried up completely. During the floods of October 1867, according to John Croumbie Brown, the level of water in some parts of the river rose by up to 21 m (70 ft).
Two bridges cross the Gamtoos close to its mouth in the Kouga. The original 180-metre (600 ft) bridge on the R102 was opened in 1895 in order to replace the ferry that had been in use up to that time. A modern concrete bridge was built during the construction of the N2 in the early 1970s.

## Dams in the basin

Presently this river is part of the Fish to Tsitsikama Water Management Area.
* Kouga Dam in the Kouga River

## Ecology

In 1995 specimens of the Cape galaxias (Galaxias zebratus), a South African fish species endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, were found in the Krom River and subsequently they were also found in the Gamtoos River system. Until then it had been thought that its distribution was restricted to the area between the Keurbooms and the Olifants River. Although in South Africa this relatively delicate fish is only classified as near threatened, in Australia species of the same genus were driven to extinction by competing salmonids and other introduced species of fish.
# Elizabeth Putnam Gordon

Elizabeth Putnam Gordon (November 25, 1851 – November 30, 1933) was an American temperance advocate, author, and editor. She held positions of authority with the Massachusetts, National, and World's Woman's Christian Temperance Union (W.C.T.U.) organizations. Gordon was the author of Women torch-bearers; the story of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1924), a story-history of the W.C.T.U.'s fifty years of activity. It was the first time the entire history of the organization, records, documents and other data were gathered into one volume.

## Biography

Elizabeth (nickname, "Bessie") Putnam Gordon was born in Boston, Massachusetts, November 25, 1851. She was the third daughter of James M. Gordon, who was for eleven years treasurer of the American Board of Foreign Missions, for twenty years cashier of the Columbia National Bank, and an honorary members of the white ribbon army. Three of his daughters were prominent in the councils of that society: Anna Adams Gordon, Alice Gordon Gulick, and Bessie. She was reared in the most conservative manner in a Congregational church.
Gordon attended Mount Holyoke College in 1872 but did not graduate.
Bessie was for seven years corresponding secretary of the Massachusetts W.C.T.U., and also served as one of its speakers and organizers. She served as Evangelist for the National W.C.T.U., and superintendent of School Methods for the World's W.C.T.U. She was the author of Women torch-bearers; the story of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1924), a story-history of the W.C.T.U.'s fifty years of activity. It was the first time the entire history of the organization, records, documents and other data were gathered into one volume.
Gordon published a biography of her sister, Alice Gordon Gulick (1917), which included a poem dedicated to Gulick by Katharine Lee Bates. Gordon was also the author of The Story of the Life and Work of Cordelia A. Greene, M.D. (1925).
Elizabeth Putnam Gordon died at Castile Sanitarium, Castile, New York, November 30, 1933.

## Selected works
### Books

* Alice Gordon Gulick (1917)
* Women torch-bearers; the story of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (1924) (Text)
* The Story of the Life and Work of Cordelia A. Greene, M.D. (1925)

### Articles

* "Municipal Election in Boston" (1889)
* "Frances Willards' Widening Way" (1917) (Text)
# Galan Erilich

Galan Erilich was a king of the Picts from 510 to 522.
The Pictish Chronicle king lists have him reign for fifteen years between Drest Gurthinmoch (Drest II) and the joint rule of Drest son of Uudrost (Drest III) and Drest son of Girom (Drest IV).
# Elwendia persica

Elwendia persica is a plant species in the family Apiaceae. It is related to cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and sometimes called black cumin, blackseed, or black caraway, and has a smoky, earthy taste. It is often confused with Nigella sativa (which is also called black cumin, black caraway, or black seed), by which it is often substituted in cooking.
Dried E. persica fruits are used as a culinary spice in northern India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, and Iran. It is practically unknown outside these areas.

## Etymology

Local names for that spice are kala zeera (काला ज़ीरा black cumin) or shahi zeera (शाहि ज़ीरा; imperial cumin) in Hindi, as syah zirah (سیاہ زیرہ; black cumin), kaala zirah (کالا زیرہ; black cumin), and zirah kuhi (زيره كوهی; mountain/wild cumin) in Urdu, zireh kuhi (زيره كوهی; wild cumin) in Persian, and siyoh dona (сиёх дона; black seed) in Tajiki, and in Malayalam sahajīrakaṁ (സഹജീരകം).
The commonly used Hindi term shahi zeera may be a distortion of syahi (black in Persian) zeera. However, in the Hindustani language, the term syahi also means "inky black". In Bengali, kalo zeera also means black cumin, but refers to Nigella, not E. persica. Nigella is widely used as a spice in Bengali food.

## Uses

The plant bears slender, elongate, ribbed fruits which are harvested once the plant has become very dry. Not more than 5 to 8 g can be plucked from each plant, contributing to their high price.
The seeds are most valued as a garnish to high value, very special Indian dishes; they should not be ground, as their flavour would be reduced.

## Gallery

* A pinch of the slender fruits juxtaposed with a one cent coin for scale
* Close-up of slender seed-like fruits (mericarps)
# Ganesh Temple

Ganesh Temple may refer to many Hindu temples dedicated to the god Ganesha (or Ganesh):
* Ganesha Temple, Idagunji
* Garh Ganesh Temple, in Jaipur
* Hindu Temple Society of North America, in New York City, built around a Ganesh Temple
* Khajrana Ganesh Temple, in Indore
* Morgaon Ganesha Temple
# Relief Act of 1821

The Relief Act of 1821, passed February, 16, 1821, was a United States federal law to provide additional financial relief for the purchasers of Public Lands, prior to the effective date of the Land Act of 1820. The 1820 law had ended public land purchases on credit installments, but also lowered both the size and cost requirements of new purchases. This led to discrepancies between current buyers and the earlier buyers, who had had to purchase more land and at a higher price. The Relief Act permitted the earlier buyers to return land back to the government that they could not pay for, and granted them a credit towards their debt for the returned land. Additionally, Congress extended credit to the buyer for eight more years. With the Panic of 1819 in full effect, the shortage of currency made it impossible for many farmers to make the necessary loan payments. The government hoped that with the time extension, the economy would improve.
Prior to 1820, with land forfeitures being both a loss of revenue to federal coffers, and a total loss of the purchasers' efforts, Congress had passed 12 similar relief acts, which alleviated the burden on debtors from the requirements of the installment system. These acts generally extended the time of payment for settlers whose lands were scheduled for forfeiture within that year. The Relief Act of 1821 continued this principle but included additional provisions in response to the new policies set by the 1820 land act. The relief act also gave settlers a 37.5% discount off the original price of the land if they paid the whole amount in full. The act intended to lower the price of land purchased before 1820, to reduce an owner's existing debt to a level compatible with that of the new system, and to limit the number of forfeitures. These relief measures, though well intended, proved misguided. Settlers needed more than just time to pay off their debts, and the number of forfeitures did not diminish.
# Entre-Vignes

Entre-Vignes (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Hérault department in the Occitanie region in southern France. It was established on 1 January 2019 by merger of the former communes of Saint-Christol (the seat) and Vérargues.
# Andrea Barozzi

Andrea Barozzi (fl. 1252–1278) was a Venetian nobleman. He served as official and military commander for the Venetian Republic.

## Life

Andrea was the firstborn son of Iacopo Barozzi, a Venetian official who was duke of Candia c. 1244. Beginning with Karl Hopf in the 19th century, several modern historians held that Andrea's father had seized the Aegean islands of Santorini and Therasia following the Fourth Crusade, meaning that Andrea was the second lord of the island following his father's death c. 1245, but this has been refuted in the later 1960s, when it was shown that Barozzi rule over Santorini can be documented only from the early 14th century on.
In 1252, the Venetian authorities ceded Andrea Barozzi two knightly fiefs in the Venetian colony of Crete. In 1258–59 he held the high office of Bailo of Negroponte. At that time, he negotiated a treaty to end the War of the Euboeote Succession, between the Triarchs of Negroponte, who had been backed by Venice, and William II of Villehardouin, the Prince of Achaea. Shortly before, when military operations were favorable to Villehardouin, Barozzi tried to change the course of the war, in an overwhelming victory in a battle near Chalcis and trying in vain to besiege Oreoi. Barozzi also renewed the 1256 treaty with the Triarchs in terms advantageous to Venice.
In 1264, he was placed in command of a fleet of c. 50 ships to prevent the Genoese from raiding the annual trade convoy to the Levant. He was tricked, however, by the Genoese commander, Simone Grillo: Grillo spread rumours that he intended to head due east to the Levant, whereas in reality he took up station at Malta. When Barozzi took the bait and moved east to pursue Grillo with his much larger fleet, the latter was free to attack the Venetian convoy off Saseno, and capture it almost in its entirety; only the giant merchant ship Roccafortis escaped. In the meantime, Barozzi was pressing on eastwards, searching in vain for Grillo's fleet. Arriving before Tyre on 2 September, he encountered a Genoese merchantman carrying 11,000 bezants worth of silk, the Oliva, in the harbour. With the Genoese fleet nowhere in sight, Barozzi resolved to seize the ship, despite the warnings of the city's lord, Philip of Montfort, a Genoese ally, that he would confiscate double the amount in Venetian properties if they did so. Barozzi did not hesitate long: he not only captured the Oliva, but also began a siege of Tyre itself, in the hopes of depriving Genoa of access to this, the second-most important port city of the Levant. The Venetians had to interrupt the siege after a few days, however, when news of the events at Saseno reached them. Instead, Barozzi hurried to Acre to escort the previous year's returning convoy back to Venice.
Andrea Barozzi is attested for the last time in 1278, and likely died soon after.
# Mac Makarchuk

Mitro "Mac" Makarchuk (November 1, 1929 – July 24, 2021) was a Canadian politician and journalist. He was an Ontario New Democratic Party Member of Provincial Parliament for Brantford from 1967 to 1971 and again from 1975 to 1981.

## Early life

Makarchuk was born in Saskatchewan in 1929. In 1959, as a first year student at the University of Toronto, Makarchuk offered to underwrite a Canadian intercollegiate hockey championship between the University of Toronto Varsity Blues men's ice hockey team and University of Saskatchewan Huskies as there was no national playoff between eastern and western Canadian regional hockey champions. The University of Saskatchewan accepted the offer but it was rejected by the University of Toronto. A national university hockey championship, the University Cup was ultimately established in 1963. He then moved to Ontario and worked as a journalist for the Brantford Expositor.

## Politics

He was the New Democratic Party of Canada's candidate in the 1965 federal election in the riding of Brantford but was defeated, coming in third place. He was nominated to be the provincial party's candidate in the 1967 provincial election and sought a leave of absence from the Expositor but was refused and then fired.
He was elected to the provincial riding of Brantford to the Ontario legislature in 1967. He served a term before being defeated in 1971 by Progressive Conservative Dick Beckett. He was then elected to Brantford city council as an alderman in 1972.
He returned to the legislature in the 1975, this time defeating Beckett. He was re-elected in the 1977 provincial election. He lost his seat in 1981 to PC candidate Phil Gillies.
Makarchuk returned to Brantford City Council by winning a seat in the 1982 municipal election, serving for a three-year term as councillor for ward 4 before retiring from politics in 1985.
# MV Princess Victoria (1939)

MV Princess Victoria was the first British stern-loading cross-channel car ferry. Two months after entering service, it was requisitioned by the Admiralty and converted to a Minelayer. It was sunk by a mine on 19 May 1940.

## Construction

The ship was built as a purpose built car and passenger ferry by William Denny & Bros of Dumbarton, Scotland for the London Midland and Scottish Railway. She is understood to have been the first stern loading cross-channel car ferry with a capacity variously quoted at between 24/64/80 cars and with two 20 feet (6.1 m) turntables to assist loading and unloading. Passengers and livestock could be loaded via sidedoors.
The ship and special berthing facilities at Larne and Stranraer cost nearly £200,000.

## Service

The ship way allocated to the Stranraer - Larne route and entered service on 8 July 1939.
In September 1939, after just two months service, Princess Victoria was requisitioned and converted to an auxiliary minelayer. She was commissioned as HMS Princess Victoria and given the pennant number M03. She had a capacity of 244 mines. During her short service she laid 2756 mines.

## Fate

After laying a minefield off the Dutch coast she struck a mine on the voyage home at the entrance to the Humber Estuary on 19 May 1940 and sank with 36 crew lost and 85 rescued.

## Successor

Following the Second World War it was replaced by a near identical ship of the same name built in 1946 which was to sink in the North Channel east of Belfast with 135 fatalities, during the North Sea flood of 1953.
# Zhang Shaoling

Zhang Shaoling (born 4 November 1984) is a Macanese weightlifter. She represents Macau at international competitions.
She is the first weightlifter from Macau to win a medal at the World Weightlifting Championships.

## Career

Zhang competed at the 2009 Asian Weightlifting Championships in the women's 69 kg category. She placed first and won the gold medal. She also participated in the 2009 World Weightlifting Championships in the women's 69 kg category, winning a bronze medal and the first medal for Macau ever. She also participated at the 2009 East Asian Games winning at the same category.

## Major Results

| Year | Venue | Weight | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Snatch (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Clean & Jerk (kg) | Total | Rank |
| Year | Venue | Weight | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | 1 | 2 | 3 | Rank | Total | Rank |
| World Championships |||||||||||||
| 2009 | Goyang, South Korea | 69 kg | 105 | 110 | 112 | | 133 | 136 | 140 | | 248 | |
| 2010 | Antalya, Turkey | 69 kg | 106 | 109 | 109 | 4 | 130 | 136 | 137 | 4 | 243 | 4 |
| 2011 | Paris, France | 75 kg | 65 | 70 | 75 | 24 | 80 | 85 | 90 | 23 | 165 | 23 |
| Asian Championships |||||||||||||
| 2009 | Taldykorgan, Kazakhstan | 69 kg | 107 | — | — | | 134 | — | — | | 241 | |
| 2011 | Tongling, China | 69 kg | 100 | 102 | 105 | | 123 | 130 | — | | 228 | |
# Hüttenhohl

The Hüttenhohl is a mountain pass in the Haardt mountains in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate on the boundary of the parishes of Maikammer and Neustadt an der Weinstraße. Here, at 476.9 m above sea level (NHN), the Kalmithöhenstraße (Landesstraße 515) branches off the Totenkopfstraße (L 514). By the fork there is a sign on a tree with the height recorded as "479 mtr".
The term "pass" here does not refer to the roads that meet here because they continue to climb from the Sankt Martin valley towards the Totenkopf and Kalmit, but to the saddle between the Sankt Martin valley and the Finstertal valley.

## Location

The Hüttenhohl lies within the Palatinate Forest-North Vosges Biosphere Reserve and the Palatinate Forest Nature Park. It forms the saddle between the Kalmit (672.6 m) to the east, and its subpeak, the Hüttenberg (620.1 m) to the southeast and the Rotsohlberg (607.1 m) to the west and the Schafkopf (616.8 m) to the southwest. The pass enables a crossing from the Sankt Martin valley to the south to the Finstertal valley to the north.
# McAdams Park

McAdams Park, formerly McKinley Park, is a city park, baseball field, and swimming pool built in 1901 and located at 1329 E. 13th Street in Wichita, Kansas, United States.

## History

The park was originally 12 acres (4.9 ha) and was named McKinley Park when it opened in 1901. Later parcels were added in 1941, 1946, and 1980.
In 1966, the City of Wichita renamed McKinley Park to McAdams Park in honor of the late Emerson McAdams. McAdams, a former city policeman, served 27 years as director of McKinley Park. He died October 20, 1965, aged 52. Facilities at the park were enhanced in 1968 in conjunction with construction of the canal route. Land and Water Conservation Funds, provided by the Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism and the National Park Service, have been used to develop this park.
The city's first artificial turf baseball diamond was constructed in 2016, and a new restroom and concession stand was constructed in 2017. In 2020, the McAdams Pool was renamed the McAfee Pool, named after Charles F. McAfee the Black architect who built the park pool in 1969.

## Jackie Robinson statue

In 2021, a bronze statue of Jackie Robinson was erected by League 42, a youth baseball program. In January 2024, the statue, made of 95% copper, was cut down at the ankles with the cleats remaining. Parts of the statue were found days later in a local park and it was determined the artwork was meant to melted down for the value of its metal. An arrest followed three weeks later and it was further determined that the theft was not based on a hate crime act. The original mold of the work will be used to recast a new statue, planned to be completed by summer 2024.
# McAdams, Mississippi

McAdams is an unincorporated community in Attala County, Mississippi, United States. McAdams is located on Mississippi Highway 12 and is approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) east of Sallis and approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Kosciusko.
McAdams is located on a branch of the former Illinois Central Railroad. At one point, McAdams was home to a general store, cotton gin, and saw mill. A post office began operation under the name McAdams in 1891.

## Notable resident

* Billy Ray Bates, professional basketball player.
# Mayumba National Park

Mayumba National Park (French: Parc national de Mayumba) is a national park in southwestern Gabon. It is a thin tongue of beach, dunes, savanna, and rain-forest in the extreme south of the country, between Mayumba and the Congo border. Mayumba National Park shelters 60 km of the most important leatherback turtle nesting beaches on Earth and is home to unique coastal vegetation and a variety of terrestrial animals, including forest elephants, buffaloes, leopards, gorillas, chimpanzees, antelopes, crocodiles, hippos, and several species of monkeys. It also stretches for 15 km out to sea, protecting important marine habitats for dolphins, sharks, and migrating humpback whales. It is Gabon's only primarily marine park.
# McCatty

McCatty is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Grace McCatty (born 1989), English footballer
* Odain McCatty (born 1996), Jamaican cricketer
* Steve McCatty (born 1954), American baseball player and coach