OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fenchel's Law

Fenchel's Law is a regularity in population ecology regarding how exponential population growth is related to the body size of the organism. It was first described by the Danish marine ecologist Tom Fenchel. It contends that species with larger body sizes tend to have lower rates of population growth. More exactly, it states that the maximum rate of reproduction decreases with body size at a power of a quarter of the body mass
Fenchel's law may be expressed as an allometric equation:
    $r={aW^{-0.25}}$,
where r is the intrinsic rate of natural population growth, a is a constant that has 3 different values (one for unicellular organisms, one for poikilotherms and one for homeotherms), and W is the average body mass of the organism. This means that if a species A has a body mass 10 times that of species B, then the maximum population growth rate of A will be one-half that of species B.

## Sources

* ↑ Fenchel, Tom (1974) Intrinsic rate of natural increase: the relationship with body size. Oecologia 14: 317-326.
* ↑ Ginzburg, L.R. & Colyvan, M. (2004) Ecological Orbits: how planets move and populations grow. Oxford University Press, New York ISBN 0-19-516816-X Google Books
# Aquiloeurycea cephalica

Aquiloeurycea cephalica is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to central Mexico. It is a species complex.
Aquiloeurycea cephalica are found in pine, pine-oak, fir, and cloud forests, and in the upper extent of lowland forest. They are commonly encountered beneath rocks, logs and other debris on the ground. The species tolerates some habitat change and occurs in forest edges, rural gardens, and small patches of forest in urban areas. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# List of ship decommissionings in 1943

The list of ship decommissionings in 1943 includes a chronological list of all ships decommissioned in 1943.
| | Operator | Ship | Class and type | Fate | Other notes |
| 19 July | United States Navy | Baffins | Bogue-class escort carrier | Lend-Lease transfer to United Kingdom | Renamed HMS Ameer |
| 31 July | United States Navy | Glacier | Bogue-class escort carrier | Lend-Lease transfer to United Kingdom | Renamed HMS Atheling |
| 6 August | United States Navy | Pybus | Bogue-class escort carrier | Lend-Lease transfer to United Kingdom | Renamed HMS Emperor |
| 12 August | United States Navy | Bolinas | Bogue-class escort carrier | Lend-Lease transfer to United Kingdom | Renamed HMS Begum |
| September | Royal Navy | Newmarket | Wickes-class destroyer | | Reduced to care and maintenance status |
| 6 November | Royal Navy | Archer | Long Island-class escort carrier | reduced to care and maintenance | Transferred to Ministry of War Transport in 1945 and renamed Empire Lagan |

## Citations

* ↑ Silverstone, p. 22
# Archaraeoncus

Archaraeoncus is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by A. V. Tanasevitch in 1987.

## Species

As of May 2019 it contains four species found in Europe and Asia:
* Archaraeoncus alticola Tanasevitch, 2008 – Iran
* Archaraeoncus hebraeus Tanasevitch, 2011 – Israel
* Archaraeoncus prospiciens (Thorell, 1875) (type) – Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia (Urals), Azerbaijan, China
* Archaraeoncus sibiricus Eskov, 1988 – Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East)
# List of presidents of the I Chamber of the Landtag of Saxony

The President of the I Chamber of the Landtag of Saxony was the presiding officer of the upper chamber of that legislature.
| Name | Period |
| Ernst Gustav von Gersdorf | 1833–1843 |
| Albert von Carlowitz | 1845–1846 |
| Friedrich von Friesen | 1847 |
| Friedrich Ernst von Schönfels | 1848 |
| Hermann Joseph | 1849 |
| Robert Georgi | 1849–1850 |
| Friedrich Ernst von Schönfels | 1850–1862 |
| Friedrich von Frisen | 1863–1870 |
| Ludwig Freiherr von Zehmen | 1871–1890 |
| Richard von Könneritz | 1891–1906 |
| Friedrich Vitzthum von Eckstädt | 1907–1918 |
# List of presidents of the II Chamber of the Landtag of Saxony

The president of the II Chamber of the Landtag of Saxony was the presiding officer of the lower chamber of that legislature.
| Name | Period |
| August Friedrich Wilhelm von Leyßer | 1833–1834 |
| Carl Friedrich Reiche-Eisenstuck | 1836–1837 |
| Karl Heinrich Haase | 1839–1843 |
| Karl Braun | 1845–1847 |
| Franz Xaver Rewitzer | 1848 |
| Adolph Ernst Hensel | 1849 |
| Emil Cuno | 1849–1850 |
| Karl Heinrich Haase | 1850–1858 |
| Ludwig Haberkorn | 1859–1870 |
| Wilhelm Schaffrath | 1871–1874 |
| Ludwig Haberkorn | 1875–1890 |
| Gustav Ackermann | 1891–1898 |
| Paul Mehnert | 1899–1908 |
| Paul Vogel | 1909–1918 |
# List of presidents of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics

The president of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics is the highest officer of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS), and, together with the president-elect and past president, sets the directions for IMS during his or her term of office.

## Duties

According to the IMS Handbook for Officers, Editors, Council Members and Committee Chairs (2003), the president makes appointments to IMS committee vacancies, represents the Society to other organizations such as the Committee of Presidents of Statistical Societies (COPSS) and the Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences (CBMS). In addition, the president is an ex officio member of the corporation of the National Institute for Statistical Sciences (NISS), and is responsible for appointing another member of the corporation and a member of the NISS Board of Trustees.

## List of presidents
### 20th century

* 1936 Henry L. Rietz
* 1937 Walter A. Shewhart
* 1938 Burton H. Camp
* 1939 Paul R. Rider
* 1940 Samuel S. Wilks
* 1941 Harold Hotelling
* 1942-43 Cecil C. Craig
* 1944 Walter A. Shewhart
* 1945 W. Edwards Deming
* 1946 William Gemmell Cochran
* 1947 William Feller
* 1948 Abraham Wald
* 1949 Jerzy Neyman
* 1950 Joseph Leo Doob
* 1951 Paul S. Dwyer
* 1952 Meyer Abraham Girshick
* 1953 Morris H. Hansen
* 1954 Edwin G. Olds
* 1955 Henry Scheffé
* 1956 David Blackwell
* 1957 Alexander Mood
* 1958 Leonard Jimmie Savage
* 1959 Jacob Wolfowitz
* 1960 John Tukey
* 1961 Erich L. Lehmann
* 1962 Albert H. Bowker
* 1963 Theodore W. Anderson
* 1964 Z. W. Birnbaum
* 1965 Herbert Solomon
* 1966 Herbert Robbins
* 1967 Ted Harris
* 1968 Herman Chernoff
* 1969 Wassily Hoeffding
* 1970 Jack Kiefer
* 1971 William Kruskal
* 1972 Raj Chandra Bose
* 1973 Lucien Le Cam
* 1974 R. R. Bahadur
* 1975 Frederick Mosteller
* 1976 Donald L. Burkholder
* 1977 C. R. Rao
* 1978 Elizabeth Scott
* 1979 Samuel Karlin
* 1980 George E. P. Box
* 1981 Peter J. Bickel
* 1982 Mark Kac
* 1983 Patrick Billingsley
* 1984 Ingram Olkin
* 1985 Oscar Kempthorne
* 1986 Paul Meier
* 1987 Ronald Pyke
* 1988 Bradley Efron
* 1989 Ramanathan Gnanadesikan
* 1990 Shanti S. Gupta
* 1991 David O. Siegmund
* 1992 Willem van Zwet
* 1993 Larry Brown
* 1994 Stephen Stigler
* 1995 David R. Brillinger
* 1996 James O. Berger
* 1997 Nancy Reid
* 1998 Persi Diaconis
* 1999 Stephen Fienberg

### 21st century

* 2000 Morris Eaton
* 2001 Bernard Silverman
* 2002 Iain M. Johnstone
* 2003 S. R. S. Varadhan
* 2004 Terry Speed
* 2005 Louis Chen Hsiao Yun
* 2006 Thomas G. Kurtz
* 2007 Jim Pitman
* 2008 Jianqing Fan
* 2009 Nanny Wermuth
* 2010 J. Michael Steele
* 2011 Peter Gavin Hall
* 2012 Ruth J. Williams
* 2013 Hans-Rudolf Künsch
* 2014 Bin Yu
* 2015 Erwin Bolthausen
* 2016 Richard Davis
* 2017 Jon A. Wellner
* 2018 Alison Etheridge
* 2019 Xiao-Li Meng
* 2020 Susan Murphy
* 2021 Regina Liu
* 2022 Krzysztof Burdzy
* 2023 Peter Bühlmann
* 2024 Michael Kosorok
# List of presidents of the House of Representatives of Morocco

The President of the House of Representatives of Morocco is the presiding officer of that body. From the creation of the House of Councillors in 1997, the House of Representatives is the lower house of the Parliament of Morocco.

## List

| Name | Portrait | Took office | Left office | Political party |
| 1 | Mehdi Benbarka | 1956 | 1959 | Istiqlal Party |
| 2 | Abdelkrim al-Khatib | 1963 | 1965 | Popular Movement |
| 3 | Abdelhadi Boutaleb | 1970 | 1971 | Independent |
| 4 | Mehdi Benbouchta | 1971 | 1972 | Istiqlal Party |
| 5 | Edday Oueld Sidi Baba | 1977 | 1983 | National Rally of Independents |
| 6 | Ahmed Osman | 1984 | 1992 | National Rally of Independents |
| 7 | Jalal Essaid | 1992 | 1997 | Constitutional Union |
| 8 | Abdelwahed Radi | 3 March 1997 | 9 April 2007 | Socialist Union of Popular Forces |
| 9 | Mustapha Mansouri | 9 April 2007 | 9 April 2010 | National Rally of Independents |
| (8) | Abdelwahed Radi | 9 April 2010 | 19 December 2011 | Socialist Union of Popular Forces |
| 10 | Karim Ghellab | 19 December 2011 | 2014 | Istiqlal Party |
| 11 | Rachid Talbi Alami | 2014 | 2017 | National Rally of Independents |
| 12 | Habib El Malki | 16 January 2017 | 2021 | Socialist Union of Popular Forces |
| 13 | Rachid Talbi Alami | 9 October 2021 | Incumbent | National Rally of Independents |
# Sif Mons

Sif Mons is an active shield volcano located in Eistla Regio on Venus. It has a diameter of 500 kilometers (310 mi) and a height of 2.2 kilometers (1.4 mi). The volcano is one of the few identified active extraterrestrial volcanoes, having last erupted between 1990 and 1992. It is named after the Norse goddess Sif; the name Sif Mons was officially adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1982.

## Geology and characteristics

Sif Mons is a broad shield volcano with an approximate radius of ~1,000 km and a measured peak elevation of ~2.2 km. Sif Mons's slopes are very shallow, with a maximum slope on its southwestern flank of just 0.2° and a minimum slope on its northern flank of less than 0.04°. Sif Mons's peak is occupied by an unusually shallow or infilled circular summit caldera roughly 50 km in diameter. The caldera appears bright on radar imagery, with distinct lava flows radiating down the eastern flank. Small radar-dark regions under 50 km in diameter lie near the summit; the dark appearance in radar imagery may be due to smooth lava flows or smooth material not covered by other flows. The dark regions have irregular edges, indicating that they may be pyroclastic flow deposits. As the radar-dark regions follow Sif Mons's topography, planetary scientists Bruce A. Campbell and Donald B. Campbell interpreted the features as smooth lava flows.
Additional subsidiary flows have been identified on Sif Mons's volcanic edifice, likely originating from independent eruptions from multiple vents. Other subsidiary features include an uplifted region ~1.7 km high to the southeast of Sif Mons and a volcanic cone 5–8 km in diameter to the north. The uplifted region is circular in profile, likely being a central vent for additional lava flows or a ring of small domes. The northern volcanic cone, meanwhile, is the source for a single major flow that extends down the flanks of Sif Mons for ~200 kilometers before continuing into southern Sedna Planitia.

### Current volcanic activity

On 27 May 2024, a paper was published reporting evidence of ongoing volcanic activity at Sif Mons. Using synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) data collected during the Magellan spacecraft mission, the authors identified changes in radar backscatter on the flank of Sif Mons and across a western regions of Niobe Planitia. These changes, which took place between 1990 and 1992, are likely due to lava flows that erupted within the aforementioned timeframe. Alternative causes for the observed changes were ruled out; variations from different viewing angles were accounted for in the analysis, and the observed changes were inconsistent with dune fields observed elsewhere on Venus. The lava flows on Sif Mons occupy its western flank, flowing downslope and covering older flows. The lava flows are estimated to be roughly 30 km$^2$ in area, comparable in size to flows erupted from the Kīlauea volcano in Hawaii during a 3-month eruption in 2018.
# List of rivers of the Dominican Republic

This is a list of rivers in the Dominican Republic, arranged in clockwise order around the island starting in the northwest corner, with respective tributaries indented under each larger stream's name.
* Dajabón River (Massacre River)
* Yaque del Norte River
** Mao River
* Yuna River
** Camú River
* Guamira River
** Maimón River
* Yuma River
* Chavón River
* Soco River
* Iguamo River (Higuamo River)
* Ozama River
** Isabela River
** Yabacao River
* Haina River
* Rivière Soliette
* Ocoa River
* Nizao River
* Yaque del Sur River
** Limón River
** San Juan River
* Rivière Soliette
* Pedernales River
* Artibonite River
** Macasía River
** Libón River
** Bao river
* Baní River
# Sierra de Cubitas Municipal Museum

Sierra de Cubitas Municipal Museum is a museum located in Sierra de Cubitas, Cuba. It was established on 20 December 1982.
The museum holds collections on history and weaponry.
# Arbanitis helensmithae

Arbanitis helensmithae is a species of armoured trap-door spider in the family Idiopidae, and is endemic to New South Wales.
It was first described by Wishart and Rowell in 2008 as Misgolas helensmithae, but was transferred to the genus, Arbanitis, by Michael Rix and others in 2017.
# Sidi M'Hamed Chelh

Sidi M'Hamed Chelh is a small town and rural commune in Sidi Kacem Province of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 7382 people living in 1122 households.
# List of reflected light sources

This is a list of reflected sources of light examples in contrast to the List of light sources. The list is oriented towards visible light reflection.

## Celestial and atmospheric light

* Moonlight – Light that reaches Earth from the Moon
* Planetshine – Illumination by reflected sunlight from a planet
** Earthshine – Light reflected from the EarthPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
* Zodiacal light – Faint solar glow caused by interplanetary dust at sunset and sunrise
* Gegenschein – Optical effect of interplanetary dust reflections
* Reflection nebula – Clouds of interstellar dust which reflect the light of nearby stars
* Rainbow – Meteorological phenomenon
* Fog bow – Type of rainbow formed by fog droplets
# Archie Stewart

Archie Stewart, nicknamed "Tank", was an American Negro league pitcher in the 1920s.
Stewart played for the St. Louis Stars in 1923. In 26 recorded games on the mound, he posted a 5–6 record with a 5.16 ERA over 118.2 innings.
# List of prisons in Inner Mongolia

This is a list of prisons within Inner Mongolia region of the People's Republic of China.
| Name | Enterprise name | City/County/District | Village/Town | Established | Notes |
| Bao'anzhao Prison | Bao'anzhao Farm (Inner Mongolia Bao'anzhao Agriculture and Labor Trading Co. Ltd.) | | | | Likely largest prison in province. In 1990 held total of 6,790 inmates, of which 140 were women and 169 were juveniles. |
| Chifeng Prison | Inner Mongolia Aut. Region Chifeng Brickyard; Inner Mongolia Aut. Region Wanjie Stone and TimberFactory; Chifeng Tibetan Handicrafts Econ. & Trade Co. Ltd.; Chifeng Machine Works | Songshan District, Chifeng | | 1951 | Sells overseas. On Dec. 23, 2004 held 1,030 inmates |
| Ejin Horo Prison | Aut. Region Lijiata Coal Mine | Ordos City | | | In Bulian Mining Area, over 1,000 inmates |
| Hohhot City No. 2 Prison | Inner Mongolia Hohhot Xinghua Brickyard | Yuquan District, Hohhot | Xiaoheihe, Xicaiyuan | 1980 | Formerly Inner Mongolia Erdaohe Reeducation Through Labor |
| Hohhot No. 1 Prison | Inner Mongolia Xinghua Machinery Plant; Xinghua Craft Products Factory; Xinghua Industrial Boiler Factory | | Xiaoheihe | | 3.2 km² |
| Hohhot No. 3 Prison | | Togtoh County, Hohhot | Fengyan | | Can house over 2,000 inmates |
| Hohhot No. 4 Prison | | Saihan District, Hohhot | Qiaobao | | For old, sick, weak, disabled inmates. |
| Inner Mongolia Autonomuous Region Women's Prison | Inner Mongolia Xinghua Clothing Factory | | | | |
| Inner Mongolia Provincial Juvenile Offender Detachment | | | | 1954 | |
| Jilantai Prison | Jilantai Prison Coal Mine | Alxa League | Gulaben | | |
| Kelaqin Prison | Keaaqin Banner Lustrous Stone Mine | Harqin Banner, Chifeng | Sishijiazi | | |
| Ordos City Prison | Ordos City Xinxing Brickyard and Silicon Calcium Factory | Ordos City | Tongchuan | 1983 | Originally located at Sanqingdi Labor Reform Company in Shulinzhao Town, Dalad Banner, Yikezhao League |
| Salaqi Prison | Saxian Farm | | Salaqi, Natai, Goumen | 1959 | |
| Tongliao City Prison | | | | 1984 | |
| Ulan Prison | Ulan Farm | Bao'anzhao, Jalaid Banner, Hinggan League | Yinde'er | | |
| Wutaqi Prison | Inner Mongolia Aut. Region Wutaqi Farm | Jalaid Banner, Hinggan League | | | |
| Xilin Hot Prison | Brickyard; Xilin Gol League Xilinhot Prison Coal Mine | Xilin Gol League | | | Area of 57 km² |

## Sources

* "Laogai Handbook 2007-2008" (PDF) (in Chinese and English). Washington, D.C.: Laogai Research Foundation. October 2008. pp. 255–270. ISBN 978-1-931550-25-3. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
# List of rivers of West Timor

List of rivers flowing in the western part of Timor island, which is in the territory of Indonesia. For the eastern part of Timor island, see East Timor.

## In alphabetical order

* Benanain River
* Mina River
* Noel Besi River
* Pono River
# Architectural Heritage Fund

The Architectural Heritage Fund (AHF) is a registered charity (No. 266780) founded in 1976 to promote the conservation and re-use of historic buildings across the United Kingdom. The AHF provides communities with advice, grants and loans to help them find enterprising and sustainable ways to revitalise the old buildings they love, particularly in economically disadvantaged areas. For over 40 years, it has been the leading social investor in creating new futures for historic buildings.

## Scope

To apply for an AHF grant, organisations must be a not-for-private-profit organisation or one of the lowest tiers of the local government.
The AHF provides loan finance to formally constituted incorporated charities, community businesses or social enterprises whose members have limited liability.
Buildings supported must be of historic or architectural importance – they may be listed, in a conservation area, or of special significance to the community.
As of 2020, the AHF had awarded loans with a total value of £125m to over 890 projects across the United Kingdom and disbursed more than 750 individual grants with a total value of over £10M.

## Legal status

The fund is incorporated as a company limited by guarantee without a share capital and registered at Companies House number 01150304.

## Example projects

Some of the projects the AHF has supported include:
* Jubilee Pool, Penzance, Cornwall, England
* Riddel's Warehouse, Belfast, County Antrim, Northern Ireland
* Circus Eruption, Swansea, Wales
* Midsteeple Quarter, Dumfries, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
* 170-175 High Street West, Sunderland, Tyne and Wear, England
* The Woolstore, Caledon, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland
* Haverhub, Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire, Wales
* Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh, Scotland
List of all case studies:
* https://ahfund.org.uk/news/case-studies/
# Are You Ready (Aaliyah song)

"Are You Ready?" is an R&B song performed by singer Aaliyah. The song was written by Renee Neufville (of the R&B duo Zhané) and produced by DJ Kay Gee of Naughty by Nature for the soundtrack to the basketball film Sunset Park (1996). It was released as a promotional radio single for the soundtrack.
This song samples "Movin' In The Right Direction" as performed by Steve Parks.

## Composition

The song was described by Complex as being a "low-key summertime party groove" that makes use of a "wistful jazz fusion guitar sample" over hip hop drums.

## Chart performance

"Are You Ready?" received moderate airplay on some major market urban contemporary radio stations causing it to peak at #42 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay Chart. It was not eligible for the Billboard charts due to the song never being commercially released as a single.

## Critical reception

Brendan Frederick from Complex felt that the song was "The first sign that Aaliyah would survive the scandal" with R.Kelly and that it proved that Aaliyah "had a distinctive sound and an identity that was bigger than any one producer". According to Frederick Aaliyah taunts the critics who counted her out on the hook of the song by saying "You know I'm comin' back—tell me if you're ready."

## Charts

| Chart (1996) | Peak position |
| US R&B/Hip-Hop Airplay (Billboard) | 42 |
# Sidique Mansaray

Sidique Mansaray (born 23 July 1980) is a Sierra Leonean former footballer who played as a striker. He was a regular member of the Sierra Leone national team. in 2001, he scored the only goal as the Leone Stars defeated Nigeria 1-0 in a 2002 FIFA World Cup qualifying match in Freetown.

## Profile

Sidique Mansaray was born and raised in Sierra Leone's fourth largest city of Koidu Town, Kono District, to prominent Mandingo parents. He attended the Koidu Secondary School in Koidu Town. He started his professional football career with his hometown club, the Diamond Stars, in the Sierra Leone National Premier League in 1996 at a very young age and made his senior international debut for Sierra Leone in 1997.
# Silence Is Golden (song)

"Silence Is Golden" is a song initially recorded by the American rock band the Four Seasons. Written by Bob Crewe and Bob Gaudio, Philips Records released it in 1964 as the B-side of the U.S. number 1 single "Rag Doll", which was also written by Crewe and Gaudio. The Tremeloes' 1967 cover version reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart and number 11 on the US charts.

## The Tremeloes version

In 1967 British band The Tremeloes recorded their sound-alike version, using the same arrangement as the original. It reached the top position on the UK chart on 18 May 1967, where it stayed for three weeks. Band member Len "Chip" Hawkes remembered getting up in the middle of the night, going to London with the rest of the band, and walking down The Strand, on the night the song reached number one. Guitarist Rick Westwood sang lead vocal on "Silence Is Golden". In the U.S., Epic Records released the single, which reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and was one of the top 100 songs of 1967. The record sold one million copies globally, earning gold disc status.
The song was also covered in 1967 by The Plus Four, and by Swedish singer Jim Jidhed (in English) in 1989. The Tremeloes recorded an Italian version, "E in silenzio".

### Personnel

* Rick Westwood – falsetto vocals, lead guitar
* Alan Blakley – vocals, rhythm guitar (died 1996)
* Len Hawkes – vocals, bass guitar
* Dave Munden – vocals, drums (died 2020)
# Elisa (album)

Elisa is a compilation album by Italian singer Elisa released in 2002.

## Track listing

All lyrics written by Elisa except where noted; all music composed by Elisa except where noted.