OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Halifax Road

The Halifax Road or Grand Communication Route was used by the British as an overland communication link between the British colonies of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower Canada (Quebec), and Upper Canada (Ontario) in the winter months when the St. Lawrence River was frozen.
It was used as a mail route as well as a military avenue for British soldiers. It was first used in the transportation of soldiers during the War of 1812 when the 104th New Brunswick Regiment marched from Fredericton, New Brunswick, to Kingston in Upper Canada. The road was a large contributor to the so-called "Aroostook War" as the United States claimed a portion of it was in U.S. territory. This road would become the key to the settlement of the Webster–Ashburton treaty of 1842.
This route was also used during the Canadian Rebellions and the Trent Affair to transport British soldiers to inland destinations in the winter months.
The Ontario section from Kingston, Ontario to the Ontario–Quebec border was likely the current route of Highway 2 (Ontario).
# Halifax Resolves

The Halifax Resolves was a name later given to the resolution adopted by the North Carolina Provincial Congress on April 12, 1776. The adoption of the resolution was the first official action in the American Colonies calling for independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The Halifax Resolves helped pave the way for the presentation to Congress of the United States Declaration of Independence less than three months later.

## Background

The creation and ratification of the resolves was the result of a strong movement in the colonies advocating separation from Great Britain. These separatists, or "American Whigs" (later, "Patriots"), sought to mobilize public support for a much discussed and all encompassing declaration of independence. The primary impediment to an outright declaration of independence from Great Britain was that none of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress were authorized by their home governments to take any action that would lead to such a declaration. Advocates of independence therefore sought to revise the instructions to each congressional delegation and remove any restrictions regarding a declaration of independence.

## History

The resolution of April 12, 1776, became known as the Halifax Resolves because the Fourth Provincial Congress of North Carolina adopted them while meeting in the town of Halifax, North Carolina. The 83 delegates present unanimously adopted the resolves, which encouraged delegates to the Continental Congress from all the colonies to finally push for independence. The adoption of the Halifax Resolves was the first official action in the colonies calling for independence from Great Britain.

## Drive to independence

The Halifax Resolves only empowered North Carolina's three delegates to the Second Continental Congress (Joseph Hewes, William Hooper, and John Penn) to join with those from other colonies to declare independence from Great Britain's rule.
With the passage of the resolves, North Carolina became the first colony to explicitly permit their delegates to vote in favor of independence. The Halifax Resolves, however, stopped short of instructing North Carolina's delegates to introduce a resolution of independence to Congress, a step which was taken by Virginia in June with the adoption of the Lee Resolution The Second Continental Congress issued the United States Declaration of Independence the following month, in July.

## Legacy

Every year, on April 12, the Halifax Historic District, a historic site operated by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources, celebrates Halifax Day. Interpreters in period costumes provide guided tours of historic buildings, demonstrate historic crafts and teach about colonial activities. Occasionally, reenactors portray revolutionary-era soldiers and demonstrate the use of historic weapons during the Halifax Day events.
# Halifax Rules

The Halifax Rules were ice hockey rules published in 1943 by a Nova Scotia newspaper reporter named James Power, who was known colloquially as 'The Dean of Canadian Sports Reporters.' Power recorded the rules as related to him by Byron Weston who had become the president of the Dartmouth Amateur Athletic Association and who had played in the Halifax-Dartmouth area as early as the 1860s with teams from the area including native Mi'kmaq players. The rules are purported to have been used in the Halifax-Dartmouth area prior to hockey being played in Montreal (starting in 1875), however no contemporary sources confirm this.

## The rules

* The game was played with a block of wood for a puck.
* The puck was not allowed to leave the ice.
* The stones marking the place to score goals were placed on the ice at opposite angles to those at present.
* There was to be no slashing.
* There was to be no lifting the stick above the shoulder.
* When a goal was scored, ends were changed.
* Players had to keep 'on side' of his stick.
* The forward pass was permitted.
* Players played the entire game.
* There was a no-replacement rule for penalized players.
* The game had two thirty-minute periods with a ten-minute break.
* The goalkeeper had to stand for the entire game.
* Goals were decided by the goal umpires, who stood at the goalmouth and rang a handbell.
# Hangony

Hangony is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county, Hungary.
# Hanishi

Hanishi (怕尼芝), read variously as Haneji and Haniji, was a local ruler of Okinawa Island, who was given the title of King of Sanhoku. Very little is known about him. He first appeared in Chinese diplomatic records in 1383 and his last contact was of 1390. After that, Min appeared in the diplomatic arena in 1395.
His real name is unknown. The name Hanishi appears to be a corrupt form of Haneji (羽地), a settlement in northern Okinawa (part of modern-day Nago City). The name suggests some connection to the settlement, but it is not confirmed by contemporary sources.
His appearance in diplomacy followed Satto's contact with a Chinese envoy from the newly established Ming dynasty in 1372. Satto was given the title of King of Chūzan. In 1382, another Chinese envoy visited Okinawa and returned to China in the next year. According to an article of 1383 in the Chinese Veritable Records of the Ming, the envoy learned that there were three "kings" who were at war with each other. Accordingly, the Ming emperor issued an edict to the King of Sannan and the King of Sanhoku to end the conflict. In response, Hanishi, King of Sanhoku, sent a tributary mission to China for the first time in 1383.
Five tributary missions were sent under Hanishi's name. Historians question whether he really took the initiative in these missions. While the kings of Chūzan and Sannan were given ocean-going vessels by the Ming emperor, the King of Sanhoku had no such record. Historian Dana Masayuki notes that the tributary missions under the name of the King of Sanhoku arrived at China nearly simultaneously with those under the name of the King of Chūzan, suggesting that the two groups coordinated with each other. Just like the kings of Chūzan and Sannan, the King of Sanhoku sent horses and sulfur to China. Sulfur was only mined on Iōtorishima, located further north of Okinawa Island. The reason why all the three kings, who were supposedly at war, had access to sulfur remains a mystery.
Okinawans later identified the King of Sanhoku as the Aji (local ruler) of Nakijin but had no information on how many rulers had assumed the title. The name of Hanishi itself was not transmitted among the Okinawan society and was later borrowed from Chinese records.
# Gamma number

In mathematics a gamma number may be:
* A value of the gamma function
* An additively indecomposable ordinal
* An ordinal Γ$_α$ that is a fixed point of the Veblen hierarchy
# Hanna-Renate Laurien

Hanna-Renate Laurien (15 April 1928 – 12 March 2010) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).

## Biography

Laurien was born in Danzig (then Free City of Danzig, present-day Gdańsk, Poland). She was baptized Lutheran and converted to Catholicism in the age of 24. Laurien studied Germanistics, Philosophy, English and Slavic studies at the Free University of Berlin and started to work as a teacher in North Rhine-Westphalia.
In 1966 she joined the CDU in Cologne and in 1971 was appointed state secretary in Helmut Kohl's state cabinet of Rhineland-Palatinate, assigned to Culture Minister Bernhard Vogel, who became a close friend. From 1975 she also was an elected member of the Landtag of Rhineland-Palatinate. When Vogel became Minister-President in 1976, Laurien succeeded him as Minister for Education and Cultural Affairs.
In 1981, she became Senator of Education in the West Berlin Senate under Governing Mayor Richard von Weizsäcker, where her firm appearance earned her the nickname Hanna Granata ("Hanna the Grenade"). When Weizsäcker was elected President of Germany in 1984, Laurien ran within the CDU against Eberhard Diepgen for the candidacy as succeeding Governing Mayor, but only came off second best. She nevertheless maintained her office as Senator and from 1986 to 1989 also served as Vice Mayor. With Diepgen, Laurien had to resign from her office upon the 1989 Berlin state election.
In 1991 she was elected the first female presiding officer by the members of the Berlin Parliament (Abgeordnetenhaus), also the first after the Reunification of Germany. During her time in office, she committed herself against rising xenophobia and for the protection of human dignity from racist and Neo-Nazi attacks. She retired from office in 1995 and also left the national board of the CDU one year later.
From 1967 until 2000, Laurien, a consecrated virgin, served in the main committee member of the Central Committee of German Catholics. She also was a member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic and of the parish of Mater Dolorosa (Berlin-Lankwitz). She died in Berlin. The pontifical requiem for was celebrated by Georg Cardinal Sterzinsky on 29 March 2010.

## Awards

* Honorary degree of the University of Münster
* Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, 1981
# Galium cometerhizon

Galium cometerhizon is a species of plants in the Rubiaceae. It is native to the Pyrenees of Spain and France, and the Island of Corsica in the Mediterranean.
Galium cometerhizon is a low-growing, mat-forming herb with succulent leaves and white flowers.
# Galium divaricatum

Galium divaricatum is a species of flowering plant in the coffee family known by the common name Lamarck's bedstraw.

## Distribution

The plant is native to the Mediterranean Basin and the Black Sea region, from Portugal and Morocco to Turkey and Crimea; as well as the Macaronesia archipelago of the eastern Atlantic Ocean, on the Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira.
It has naturalized in Belgium, Switzerland, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii and scattered locations in the mainland United States.

## Description

Galium divaricatum is a small annual herb with thin spreading stems up to 30 centimeters long. The small, pointed leaves are arranged in whorls of up to eight about the stem.
It bears white flowers. The fruit is a hairless nutlet.
# Galium concinnum

Galium concinnum, known as the shining bedstraw, is a herbaceous perennial plant species in the Rubiaceae family. It is native to the Midwestern United States and central Canada, especially the Great Lakes Region and the Valleys of the Ohio, lower Missouri, and upper Mississippi Rivers. It is commonly found in deciduous forests and forest edges. It grows low to the ground in natural habitats. Although it is not an invasive species, it can be very weedy. It is typically not cultivated.

## Description

Galium concinnum is a herbaceous perennial plant that trails low to the ground and has a delicate appearance. The plant is short, ranging from 15 to 63 cm in height.The stems are thin and fragile, have nearly microscopic (0.05–0.1mm) hairs, and typically branch once at a node. The leaves are small, long, and slender typically 2-3mm wide and ~1–2 cm long. The leaves appear in groups of 6 as whorls surrounding each stem node. At some branching nodes there are only 4 leaves to a node. The inflorescences are compound cyme, branching 2–3 times. Flowers are usually at the terminal ends of the inflorescence branches and are small (2-3mm wide), white, and have 4 petals. The fruits are smooth, round, small (1-5-2.3mm) and come in pairs.

## Habitat

Galium concinnum is native to the Midwestern United States and the Canadian province of Ontario. It is found in a wide range of habitats including mesic soils near lakes, rivers, and woodland edges. It can also be found in deciduous upland forests, bluffs, and even sandy or rocky woodlands.

## Etymology

Galium means milk; it is Dioscorides’ name. Concinnum means 'well proportioned' or 'symmetrical'.

## History

There are not many short-term trends connected to Gallium concinnum because there have not been enough populations researched to have good findings. There are three historical locations where it can be found, but one of these locations has been destroyed completely. There are also some long-term trends. For example, it has been common to New York for four decades, but there is little information on its condition, size, and threats.

## Uses

Galium concinnum (shinning bedstraw) was mostly used for stuffing beds. It was also a treatment for skin conditions. It was ground up into a powder to help inflammation and speed up the healing process of skin wounds. It also helps urinary tract problems. It does this by helping clean out the urinary tract.
# Ham Hill, Wiltshire

Ham Hill is a hill and area of chalk downland in Wiltshire, England, on the steep banks running alongside the road from the village of Ham to Buttermere, close to the Berkshire border. A biological Site of Special Scientific Interest, notified in 1971, covers 1.5 hectares of the site; this designation is due to the site's species-rich plant and insect communities, which include some rare species. Notable among these is the musk orchid (Herminium monorchis), which has been confirmed at only one other site in Wiltshire.
The site is managed as a nature reserve by Wiltshire Wildlife Trust. It is managed by grazing with sheep to prevent scrub encroachment and takeover by rank vegetation, which would otherwise crowd out the scarce plant species.

## Biological interest

The hillsides at this site have short, herb-rich grassland, and the flatter areas, taller vegetation. The main species in the plant communities here are upright brome (Bromus erectus), sheep's fescue (Festuca ovina), quaking-grass (Briza media), and downland herbs such as burnet-saxifrage (Pimpinella saxifraga), salad-burnet (Sanguisorba minor), common milkwort (Polygala vulgaris) and dwarf thistle (Cirsium acaule). Other plant species found include squinancywort (Asperula cynanchica).
A wide range of typical chalk downland specialists are found at Ham Hill including clustered bellflower (Campanula glomerata), autumn gentian (gentianella amarella), chalk milkwort (Polygala vulgaris), horseshoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa) and common rockrose (Helianthemum nummularium). Both clustered bellflower (Campanula glomerata and autumn gentian (gentianella amarella) are abundant.
This is one of only two confirmed sites in Wiltshire for musk orchid (Herminium monorchis). Seven other species of orchids are presented including frog orchid (Coeloglossum viride), burnt orchid (Orchis ustulata) and fragrant orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea).
Chalk-grassland bryophytes found here include the liverwort Leiocolea turbinata and the mosses Ctenidium molluscum, Dicranella varia, Weissia microstoma and Entodon concinnus.
A colony of the Duke of Burgundy butterflies (Hamearis lucina) is present and other butterfly species associated with chalk flora include green hairstreak (Callophrys rubi), dingy skipper (Erynnis tages), dark green fritillary (Argynnis aglaja) and chalkhill blue (Lysandra coridon).
The Roman snail (Helix pomatia), the largest snail species to be found in Britain, occurs here.
# Gao Xiang

Gao Xiang may refer to:
* Gao Xiang (Three Kingdoms) (fl. 217–240s), general of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period
* Gao Xiang (painter) (1688–1753), Qing dynasty painter
* Gao Xiang (footballer) (born 1989), Chinese footballer
* Xiang Gao, Chinese violinist
* Gao Xiang (historian) (born 1963), Chinese historian and politician
# Gail Gilmore

Gail Gilmore (née Gerber, October 4, 1937 – March 2, 2014) was a Canadian television and film actress. She was from Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. She was sometimes known as Gail Gibson.

## Dancing career

In 1952, at age 15, she became a member of Les Grands Ballets Canadiens. In November 1963, at the age of 26, she posed in a tight-fitting sweater for Playboy magazine as one of "The Girls from Canada". She taught ballet in the Berkshires from 1973–95. She later changed her surname to "Gilmore".

## Acting career

While in the midst of her dancing career, Gilmore began an acting career in 1964 when she played in four television series: Mr. Novak, My Three Sons, Perry Mason, and Wagon Train. On stage, she had the lead in the Ivar Theatre's production of Under the Yum Yum Tree in Hollywood.$^{:23}$ Between 1964 and 1965, Gilmore appeared in six movies leaving an indelible impression on fans of teenage drive-in movies. Gilmore co-starred with Elvis Presley twice, playing a vacationing coed in Girl Happy (1965) and a dancing gypsy in Harum Scarum (1965). She then frolicked on the seashores of sunny Southern California in The Girls on the Beach (1965) and Beach Ball (1965) before growing to gigantic proportions along with five other delinquent teenagers who terrorize Hainesville, California, in Village of the Giants (1965).
After finishing on the set of The Loved One (1965), Gilmore met writer Terry Southern. Subsequently the couple left Hollywood in 1966 and lived together in New York City and later Connecticut. She remained Southern's companion until his death in 1995.

## Writing and teaching

In 2009, she published her autobiography, "Trippin' with Terry Southern: What I Think I Remember", with co-author Tom Lisanti. Although the book is focused on the 30 years she spent with Terry Southern, details of her childhood and acting career are given. During Southern's decline and after his death, she remained on the East Coast and supported herself by teaching ballet. In 2010, the book was awarded the Independent Publisher Book Award Silver Medal. After her acting career ended, she taught ballet for 25 years.$^{:32}$

## Death

On March 2, 2014, Gilmore, a smoker, died in Sharon, Connecticut of complications arising from lung cancer, aged 76.
# Sundampatti

Sundampatti is a village in the Pudukkottai district in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located about 5 kilometers from Gandarvakottai.

## Economy

The primary occupation is agriculture. Once situated on fertile and arable land, regular precipitation has recently become rarer in the village and the surrounding area. Hence, local farmers have struggled to maintain agricultural productivity levels.

## Demographics

Sundampatti has a low literacy rate of 67.04%, below Tamil Nadu's average of 80.09%.
According to the 2011 India Census, Sundampatti's male literacy stands at 78.75%, while the female literacy rate is 56.05%, marking a significant gender divide. The sex ratio of Sundampatti Village is 1077 which is higher than Tamil Nadu's state average of 999.
Children between the ages of 0 and 6 number 373, making up 10.82% of the total. The child sex ratio for the Sundampatti is 1169, higher than Tamil Nadu's average of 943.78.

## Governance

The [panchayat consists of Sundampatti, Maruneengi Oorani (Marungoorani), Kollampatti, Rasapatti, Melapatti, Pudupatti, and Peruchu Vanniyampatti. It is one of the villages of Musiri among 32 Vellalar villages [Musugunda Vellala). The voter roll is greater than 2,500. While most of the villages are based around Pattukkottai taluk, Sundampatti, Mattangal, Sivanthanpatti, and Keerathoor are in the Gandarvakkottai Taluk.
Until 2011, only residents of Sundampatti could be elected as panchayat president. In the local election in 2011, a person from Kollampatti became the first president of the Sundampatti Panchayat.

## Infrastructure

The village first received electricity in the early 1970s. It has a mobile phone tower, which connects to a landline network. The village is connected to neighboring towns with paved roads.
# Monte Cornacchia (Daunian Mountains)

Monte Cornacchia is a mountain of the Apennine Mountains located in the western internal sector of the province of Foggia. It is the highest peak in the Daunian Mountains and the Apulia region.

## Description

Cloaked in woods and pastures, Mount Cornacchia is located on the border between the municipalities of Biccari and Faeto. Along the northern slopes of the hill, the sources of the Vulgano [it] stream gush out with some hydrocarbon deposits as well as Lake Pescara, the only natural mountain lake in Apulia (located at 902 m, extending over 3 hectares and 6 m deep). The southern side opens into a wide valley, the Valmaggiore [it], crossed by the Celone [it] stream and populated by the only Franco-Provençal minority in Apulia.
From the top of the mountain, reachable via a carriage road, there is a vast landscape including the Gargano, the Tavoliere, the Irpinia, the Matese and the Maiella. A few meters from the summit, there is a refuge built in 1980 and then reactivated in 2012 after a fire devastated it in 2007. By virtue of its considerable ecological importance, the entire massif of Mount Cornacchia, together with the contiguous forest of Faeto, is a site of community interest.

## Sources

* 1 2 Peakbagger - Monte Cornacchia, Italy
* ↑ Maria Grazia Frisaldi (4 October 2011). "Monte Cornacchia, in cima al "Tetto della Puglia"". AmbienteAmbienti. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014.
* ↑ "Carta Natura Puglia" (PDF). Isprambiente. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
* ↑ "Il lago Pescara, il Monte Cornacchia e Bosco Cerasa". Daunia TuR. Archived from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
* ↑ "Appennino, riaperto il rifugio del Monte Cornacchia". Montagna. Archived from the original on 1 May 2018. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
* ↑ "PIANO DI GESTIONE del Sito di Importanza Comunitaria "MONTE CORNACCHIA - BOSCO FAETO" (IT9110003)" (PDF). Comunità montana dei Monti Dauni Meridionali.
# Fun Khana

Fun Khana is a Pakistani sitcom directed by Saqib Khan, produced by Momina Duraid, and written by Saqib Khan, Babar Jamal, and Mansoor Saeed. It was broadcast on Hum TV.

## Cast

* Hina Dilpazeer as Kausar (Head of the Ahmad family)
* Uroosa Siddiqui as Warda Ahmad
* Behroze Sabzwari as Qizalbash Ahmad
* Firdous Jamal as Rustam Ahmad
* Gohar Rasheed as Mustaqeem Ahmad
# Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad (vizier)

Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad ibn Rashid al-Din Fadlallah (died 1336) was a Persian bureaucrat under the Ilkhanate, who served as the vizier of the last Ilkhan, Abu Sa'id Bahadur Khan (r. 1316–1335) from 1327 to 1335. Ghiyath al-Din was the son of Rashid al-Din Hamadani (executed in 1318), the distinguished historian and vizier of the Ilkhans Ghazan Khan (r. 1295–1304) and Öljaitü (r. 1304–1316).
Ghiyath al-Din was notably a patron of arts. In the 1330's, various works were dedicated to him by prominent figures such as the poets Awhadi Maraghai, Khwaju Kermani, and Salman Savaji; scholars such as Adud al-Din al-Iji and historians such as Hamdallah Mustawfi and Shabankara'i.