OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Reversed epsilon

The term Reversed epsilon (U+025C ɜ LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E) has multiple uses and may refer to one of the following articles:
* In phonetics, it is used to indicate an Open-mid central unrounded vowel
* In EU law, it is used to affirm safety standards compliance on some products. See CE mark#Reversed epsilon
# Eden (1826 ship)

Eden was a 513-ton merchant ship built by Fletcher, Son & Fearnall at Union Dock upon the Thames River, England in 1826. The ship was built for Colvile Wedderburn & Co. and named after the family of Andrew Colvile's second wife, the influential Eden family.
Eden initially sailed between England and the sugar plantations of the West Indies for Colvile Wedderburn & Co. From 1836, after changing ownership to Joseph Somes, she made several voyages transporting convicts from England to Australia. After a second change of ownership to John Luscombe in 1846, Eden transported settlers to South Australia and New Zealand.

## Career

Under the command of Alexander Mollison and surgeon Gilbert King, she left Portsmouth, England on 31 August 1836, with 280 male convicts. She arrived in Hobart Town on 22 December 1836 and had three deaths en route. Eden departed Hobart Town on 7 January 1837, arriving on 14 January 1837 with 22 prisoners from Cape of Good Hope. She left Port Jackson on 2 February 1837 bound for Batavia.
On her second convict voyage under the command of Henry Naylor and surgeon George Freeman, she left Sheerness, England on 10 July 1840, with 270 male convicts. She arrived in Sydney on 18 November and had one death en route. Eden departed Port Jackson in February 1841, bound for Batavia.

## Citations

* ↑ "Ship Intelligence". The Australian (Sydney), Tuesday 17 January 1837, p.2. 17 January 1837. Retrieved 19 August 2015.
# Ectomyelois muriscis

Ectomyelois muriscis is a species of snout moth. It was originally described by Harrison Gray Dyar Jr. in 1914 and is found in Central America, northern South America, and the West Indian Archipelago.
The larvae of this species feed inside the pods of Theobroma cacao, Theobroma simiarum and other fruits.
# Eddie Palmer

Eddie Palmer may refer to:
* Eddie Palmer (baseball) (1893–1983), third baseman in Major League Baseball
* Eddie Palmer (boxer), African American boxer
# Edmond Lapierre

Edmond Anthony Lapierre (25 January 1866 – 20 June 1960) was a Liberal party member of the House of Commons of Canada. He was born in Montreal and became a sales representative.
Lapierre attended St. Mary's Academy in Montreal. He worked with Greenshields in that city for 18 years. Moving to northern Ontario, he became a member of Sudbury's Board of Trade and was a director of the Mattawa Fur Company, and served on various associations.
He was first elected to Parliament at the Nipissing riding in the 1921 general election after an unsuccessful campaign as a Laurier Liberal there in the 1917 election. Lapierre was re-elected in 1925 over Conservative candidate John Ferguson, and in 1926 over Conservative candidate and former Sudbury mayor Alfred Laberge. He left federal politics at the end of his term in the 16th Canadian Parliament and did not seek another term in the 1930 election. He was subsequently a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario for the provincial Liberals from 1934 to 1937.
# Edgars Siksna

Edgars Siksna (born January 15, 1993) is a Latvian professional ice hockey defenceman. He is currently playing for Humo Tashkent in the Pro Hokei Ligasy.

## Playing career

Siksna started his professional career playing for Liepājas Metalurgs. In August 2013 Dinamo Rīga announced they had signed a contract with Siksna. He played his first KHL game on September 22, 2013 against Vityaz.

### International

He participated at the 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships as a member of the Latvia men's national junior ice hockey team.
# Edgars Zalāns

Edgars Zalāns (born 3 September 1967) is a Latvian politician and architect. He was Minister of Regional Development and Local Governments of Latvia from 8 November 2007 to 17 March 2010.

## Biography

Zalāns graduated from Riga Technical University in 1992, obtaining a diploma of architecture followed by a post-graduate certificate in Planning from the University of Queensland in 1994. From 1992 until 1994 he was a key architect in the Kuldīga district. For several years he worked as the district council and Kuldīga City Hall. During the period from 2001 until 2007 he was a member of the Kuldīga City Council. In 2007 Edgars Zalāns became the Minister of Regional Development, a post he held until 2010.
# Edward Franklin Buchner

Edward Franklin Buchner (1868–1929) was an American academic and scholar in education studies.

## Early life

Edward Franklin Buchner was born on September 3, 1868, in Paxton, Illinois. He attended Leander Clark College and graduated from Yale University, where he received a PhD in 1893.

## Career

Buchner was Professor of Education at the University of Alabama from 1903 to 1908. He became Professor of Education at Johns Hopkins University in 1908. He wrote research in education studies. In 1925, he helped create the master of education and doctor of education degrees at Johns Hopkins.
He wrote A Study of Kant's Psychology in 1893 and translated Immanuel Kant's 1803 Lecture-Notes on Pedagogy and published them in 1908.
Buchner served as the fourth president of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology in 1911.

## Personal life

Buchner married Hannah Louise Cable in 1898. They had two sons, Edward F. Buchner, Jr. and Mallory Buchner, and two daughters, Elizabeth Sanford Buchner and Margaret Louise Buchner.

## Death

He died of heart disease on August 22, 1929, in Munich, Germany.
# Edward Frankland Armstrong

Edward Frankland Armstrong FRS (5 September 1878 – 14 December 1945) was an English organic chemist who researched carbohydrates, catalysis, and industrial applications.
Armstrong was the eldest son of chemistry professor H. E. Armstrong and Frances Louisa (1843/4–1935), daughter of pharmacist Thomas Howard Lavers and was born in Lewisham, London. He was named after his father's favourite teacher Edward Frankland. Armstrong became interested in chemistry at an early age thanks to his father and studied organic chemistry in Kiel under L. Claisen in 1898. He spent two years in Berlin under J. van't Hoff and after obtaining a PhD in 1901, he became an assistant of Emil Fischer in Berlin taking an interest the chemistry of carbohydrates. He returned to England and in 1905 received a DSc for work on carbohydrates. He worked as a chemist to the biscuit manufacturing company Huntley and Palmer, Reading while also pursuing research on glycosides with his father and Frederick Keeble. In 1914 he worked with the soap and chemical company Joseph Crosfield & Sons, working on problems of catalysis and was involved in supplying chemicals needed during the war including acetic acid and acetone. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1920. He became a director at the British Dyestuffs Corporation in 1925 which was acquired by Imperial Chemical Industries. From 1928 he served as a consultant chemist for many industries. He presided over the Association of British Chemical Manufacturers in 1935. He advised the government on air-raid measures during World War II. Charles Stanley Gibson and
Armstrong married Ethel Mary Turpin of Woolwich in 1907 and they had three sons and a daughter. His second son Kenneth Frankland (1909–1935) also became a chemist but died young, killed in an avalanche while skiing. Armstrong died from complications following an appendicitis surgery. He was considered a poor speaker but wrote several books The Simple Carbohydrates and Glucosides (1910), Chemistry in the Twentieth Century (1924), The Sea as a Storehouse (1944), Raw Materials from the Sea (1945), and coauthored The Glycosides (1931).
# Revista de Libros

Revista de Libros (Review of Books) is a Spanish-language bi-monthly literary review magazine. The magazine was a print publication from 1996 to 2011. It was restarted as an online-only magazine in 2013. In 2016 the print edition was also started.

## History and profile

Revista de Libros was established in 1996. It was edited by Álvaro Delgado-Gal. The magazine was funded by the Fundación Caja Madrid until 2011.
It provided its readers with the intellectual reviews both in print, electronic and electronic facsimile edition. In 2011 Fundación Caja Madrid stopped financing the magazine due to economic problems. Then, Revista de Libros ceased publication. In 2013 the magazine was started as an online-only monthly publication and Álvaro Delgado-Gal continues to edit the magazine. In 2016 the magazine launched its print edition, which was made possible through the financial assistance of Colegio Libre de Eméritos. The print edition appears bi-monthly.

## Awards

* 1997: National Prize for the Promotion of Reading, from the Spanish Ministerio de Educación y Cultura
* 2001: Bartolomé March Critical Prize (Premio Bartolomé March a la Crítica)
* 2004: News Magazines Association Price (Asociación de Revistas de Información
* 2005: Álvaro Delgado-Gal was awarded the Premio a la Bibliodiversidad, from the Asociación de Editores de Madrid, for his magazine.
# Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana Química

The Revista de la Sociedad Venezolana Química (ISSN 0370-7474, CODEN RSVQAQ), is a Venezolanan scientific journal in chemistry. It was founded in 1944 by the Sociedad Venezolana Química (SVQ), Caracas. The latest published volume is 26 (2003).
* This article about a chemistry journal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See tips for writing articles about academic journals. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.
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# Edward Hoare

Edward Hoare may refer to:
* Edward Hoare (politician) (died 1765), Member of the Irish Parliament for Cork City, 1710–1713
* Sir Edward Hoare, 2nd Baronet (1745–1814), of the Hoare Baronets
* Edward Hoare (priest) (1802–1877), Irish Anglican priest
* Edward Hoare (cricketer) (1812–1894), English cricketer
* Edward Brodie Hoare (1841–1911), British Member of Parliament for Hampstead, 1888–1902
* Edward A. Hoare, chief engineer for the 1919 Quebec Bridge, the longest cantilever bridge span in the world
* Edward Hoare (RAF airman) (1890–1973), World War I flying ace
# Revolutionary tax

Revolutionary tax is a major form of funding for violent non-state actors such as guerrilla and terrorist organizations. Those outside the organization may consider it to be a euphemism for "protection money." Proponents of such groups maintain however that there is no difference between the revolutionary taxes "extorted" by given groups and corporate taxes raised by governments.
Revolutionary taxes are typically extorted from businesses, and they also "play a secondary role as one other means of intimidating the target population."

## Examples

The Irish Provisional IRA and Corsican FLNC have extorted revolutionary taxes as well as the following organizations:

### Argentina

The Argentinian neo-Nazi organisation Movimiento Nacionalista Tacuara (MNT) demanded a "revolutionary tax" from Jewish shops in Buenos Aires.

### Colombia

The revolutionary taxes of Colombian guerrilla movements have become more common in the 1980s and 1990s.

### Spain

The Basque nationalist organization ETA depended on revolutionary taxes. Small to medium-sized businesses were extorted between the amounts of 35,000 to 400,000 euros each, which comprised most of ETA's 10 million euro budget in 2001.

### Nepal

The Maoist guerillas of Nepal have also widely extorted revolutionary taxes.

### Philippines

In the Philippines some local and foreign companies pay revolutionary taxes to the Maoist New People's Army. According to the army, the tax is a major obstacle for the country's development while the New People's Army justified it as a tax to be paid upon entering territories controlled by the rebels being a belligerent force.
# Rhadiurgus variabilis

Rhadiurgus variabilis is a species of robber fly in the family Asilidae found in the Holarctic region.
# Edouard Nomo-Ongolo

Edouard Nomo-Ongolo is a Cameroonian political figure and diplomat who was appointed as Cameroon's Minister of Commerce and Industry in 1984. He previously worked as general manager of Chase Bank Cameroon, and he also served as a diplomat for Cameroon.
He remained in office during the August 1985 government changes, and was still in that office in 1988.
# Rheingau Hills

The Rheingau Mountains or Rheingau Hills form the westernmost section of the High Taunus and extend for 20 kilometres in a south-west to north-east direction between the Rhine valley near Lorch and Assmannshausen in the west and the Walluf valley near Schlangenbad in the east. The highest point is the 619-metre-high mountain of Kalte Herberge. The Rheinhöhenweg Trail on the right bank of the Rhine runs along the ridgeline of the mountains which are part of the main crest of the Taunus.

## Location and surroundings

The Rheingau Mountains are part of the Rheingau region and lie within the county of Rheingau-Taunus-Kreis. The centre of the Rheingau Mountains is formed by the ridge line from the Kalter Herberge to the 580p-metre-high Erbacher Kopf. There is no point in four kilometres that is lower than 560 metres. About one kilometre southeast of the Kalter Herberge, and thus in front of the ridge line, the Hallgarter Zange also reaches a height of 580 meters. Here is a highly visible observation tower, which has been accessible again since the opening of an adventure park in 2015. Due to its south-facing location, the Hallgarter Zange appears from the Rhine as the highest elevation and partially covers the Kalte Herberge.
To the south, the Rheingau Mountains drop steeply down to the vineyards of the Rheingau. To the north, it is adjoined by the wooded valleys of the Wisper valley, such as the Äpfelbachtal and the Ernstbach valley nestling in the unpopulated area of hinterland forest.
North of the summit ridge runs the Rheingau Gebück, the historical Rheingau Landwehr.
# Retraction index

The retraction index is a measure of how likely an article published in a given academic journal will be retracted. It is calculated by multiplying the number of retracted articles in a journal during a given time period by 1,000, and then dividing the result by the total number of articles published in that journal during the same period. The term was coined in a 2011 editorial by Ferric Fang and Arturo Casadevall, the co-editors-in-chief of the journal Infection and Immunity. In their original editorial, Fang and Casadevall also showed a strong positive correlation between a journal's retraction index and its impact factor. Among the 17 journals they analyzed, the New England Journal of Medicine had the highest retraction index. The New England Journal of Medicine responded to the Feng and Casadevall editorial with a statement criticizing it for only considering papers with abstracts. The statement argued that because most articles published in each issue of the Journal do not have abstracts, the journal's retraction index appeared artificially high. They did not identify a mechanism for why this relationship might exist, but suggested that it might be because researchers are more willing to cut corners to get a paper published in a higher-impact journal.
# Retracted vowel

A retracted vowel is a vowel sound in which the body or root of the tongue is pulled backward and downward into the pharynx. The most retracted cardinal vowels are [ɑ ɒ], which are so far back that the epiglottis may press against the back pharyngeal wall, and [ʌ ɔ]. Raised or front vowels may be partially retracted, for example by an adjacent uvular consonant or by vowel harmony based on retracted tongue root. In both cases, /i y e ø a o u/, for example, may be retracted to [ɪ ʏ ɛ œ ɑ ɔ ʊ̙].
Retracted vowels and raised vowels constitute the traditional, but articulatorily inaccurate, category of back vowels.
# Rhizomyces

Rhizomyces is a genus of fungi in the family Laboulbeniaceae. The genus contain 10 species.
# Rheinaue station

Rheinaue is a Bonn Stadtbahn station served by lines 66 and 68 on the completely new Südbrücke. The station is the only one in the middle of a highway.
| Preceding station | Bonn Stadtbahn | Bonn Stadtbahn | Bonn Stadtbahn | Following station |
| Robert-Schuman-Platztowards Siegburg/Bonn | | Line 66 | | Ramersdorftowards Bad Honnef |
| Robert-Schuman-Platztowards Bornheim | | Line 68 | | RamersdorfTerminus |
* This German railway station-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Edward L. Clissold

Edward L. Clissold (died 1984) was a leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in both Hawaii and Japan.
Clissold was a resident of Hawaii by the early 1930s. From 1931 to 1932 he served as president of the Lions Club of Honolulu. From 1936 to 1938 Clissold served as president of the LDS Church's Hawaiian Temple.
Clissold was part of the United States military occupation forces in Japan after World War II. While there he ran an advertisement seeking out members of the LDS Church who had been baptized prior to the missionaries leaving the country in 1924. He was able to find some, including Fujiya Nara, and reestablish the church there. Prior to this, from 1943 to 1944, Clissold had been acting president of the LDS Church's Central Pacific Mission, a mission in Hawaii that was aimed at teaching primarily Japanese people. During this same time period Clissold served as president of the Hawaiian Temple, for a second time.
Clissold later served as president of the LDS Church's Hawaii Mission and the Japanese Mission from 1948 to 1949. He then served as president of the Oahu Stake when it included all of that island, starting in 1951. As president of the Oahu Stake he was closely involved with the development of the plan for the Polynesian Cultural Center (PCC). He also served as president of the PCC.
In 1955, Clissold was one of the incorporators of the Laie Community Association along with Woodruff J. Deem, Clinton Kanahele, V. Kehau Kawahigashi and George K. Kekauoha. Clissold was the first recipient of an honorary degree from the Church College of Hawaii (now Brigham Young University-Hawaii).
From 1963 to 1965, Clissold served as president of the Hawaiian Temple for a third time.
# Rhode Island Sound

Rhode Island Sound is a marine sound off the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island at the mouth of Narragansett Bay. It forms the eastern extension of Block Island Sound and opens out the Atlantic Ocean between Block Island and Martha's Vineyard.

## Geography

Geographically, Rhode Island Sound is the eastward extension of Block Island Sound. Northeast of Rhode Island Sound is Buzzards Bay. The Rhode Island Sound is approximately 2,500 km$^2$ (970 sq mi) and has a maximum depth of 60 metres (200 ft). Average wave heights range from one to three metres (3.3 to 9.8 ft). Circulation and current strength are mostly impacted by the surrounding geology and not by wind strength. This causes the sea floor habitats in the Rhode Island Sound to be constantly changing.

### Sedimentary processes

Studies conducted in 2006 by the Coastal Marine and Geology Program and the Long Island Sound Resource Center used digital terrain models to make topographical depictions of unknown glacial features and bedforms. Newfound glacial features include an ice-sculptured bedrock surface, residual stagnant-ice-contact deposits, a recessional moraine, and exposed glaciolacustrine sediments. Modern bedforms consist of fields of transverse sand waves, barchanoid waves, giant scour depressions, and pockmarks). Bedform asymmetry from multibeam bathymetric data indicate that net sediment transport is westward across the northern part of the study area near Fishers Island, and eastward across the southern part near Great Gull Island. Compared to the Block Island Sound, the Rhode Island Sound is more prone to stratification since water currents are less dynamic in this area.

## Flora and fauna
### Algal and kelp growth

Kelp population density is higher in the Rhode Island Sound compared to other temperate locations, particularly locations north of Rhode Island. However, even though annual kelp production is higher, the productivity of individual plants is lower due to lower biomass accumulation of fucoid algae. Studies conducted by Pilson, Asare, and Harlin between 1983 and 1985 illustrated that algal species such as Laminaria saccharina living in Rhode Island Sound waters have maximum nitrogen accumulation in their tissues, which directly correlates with maximum ambient inorganic nitrogen levels in tissues of other algal species as well. The cause of this is majorly impacted by large temporal fluctuations in the Rhode Island waters.

### Invasive species

In 2008, research conducted by the University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, shows that there is an increase in the abundance of a tunicate species, Didemnum. The species has been spotted in the Rhode Island Sound area since 2000, but has been rapidly increasing in numbers ever since. Two certain species of jellyfish are currently having a population explosion within these waters. Mnemiopsis leidyi, commonly known as sea walnut comb jellies, and the Lion's mane jellyfish (Cyanea capillata), are disrupting habitats with their invasive behavior in the Rhode Island Sound waters.
# Rhyopsocus bentonae

Rhyopsocus bentonae is a species of bird nest barklouse in the family Psoquillidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
# Edward Dorr Griffin

Edward Dorr Griffin (January 6, 1770 – November 8, 1837) was a Christian minister and an American educator who served as President of Williams College from 1821 to 1836 and served as the first pastor of Park Street Church from 1811 to 1815.

## Life and career

Griffin was born in East Haddam, Connecticut. His brother was the theological author George Griffin.
Griffin graduated from Yale College in 1790 as the school's first Phi Beta Kappa student. He was licensed in 1792 and began his ministry in New Salem, Massachusetts the next year. In 1795 he was ordained at the Congregational Church in New Hartford, Connecticut. He earned his Doctorate of Divinity from Union College in 1808 and became professor of rhetoric at Andover Theological Seminary the next year. In 1811 he officially became the first pastor of Park Street Church in Boston where he preached a prominent series of sermons opposing New Divinity.
When Griffin came to Williams College in 1821, it had two professors; one planned to move, and the other was gravely ill. Griffin raised funds and hired brothers Mark Hopkins and Albert Hopkins.
He resigned in 1836 for health reasons and died in Newark, New Jersey the next year. Griffin Hall at Williams College is named in his honor.

## Selected publications

A plea for Africa. A sermon preached October 26, 1817, in the First Presbyterian Church in the City of New-York, before the Synod ... Date: 1817 Location: United States—New York—New York City. Author: Griffin, Edward Dorr, 1770–1837. Physical description: 76 p. 22 cm.
* Lectures delivered in Park Street Church, Boston, on Sabbath Evening (Boston, 1813) (accessible on Google Books Oct. 14, 2009)
* Sixty Sermons on Practical Subjects (New York, 1844).(accessible on Google Books Oct. 14, 2009)
* William Buell Sprague, Ed. (1839). Sermons by the Late Edward Dorr Griffin, to which is Prefixed a Memoir of His Life. (2 vols.) New York: M.W. Dodd.accessible online https://archive.org/details/sermonsbylaterev01grif