OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Saltfjellet

Saltfjellet is a mountain area in Nordland county, Norway that separates the two regions of Helgeland and Salten. It is also a cultural border between the Southern and Central parts of Sápmi.

## Geography and environment

The Saltfjell is one of the largest mountain ranges in Norway, and is also where the Arctic Circle cuts through the country. This range is part of seven municipalities: The northern part is part of the municipalities of Saltdal, Bodø, Beiarn and Gildeskål, the western part is in the municipalities of Meløy and Rødøy while the southern part is in Rana Municipality.
The highest mountain is Ølfjellet at 1,751 metres (5,745 ft) above sea level. The mountains stretch from the coast to the Swedish border. The glacier Svartisen is actually two glaciers, separated by the Glomdalen valley with the Glomåga river. Western Svartisen is the second largest glacier on the Norwegian mainland, and is part of the Saltfjellet-Svartisen National Park. There are many other glaciers as well. A total of 2,587 square kilometres (999 sq mi) of the area is protected. Several long valleys radiate from the mountains, such as the Dunderland Valley and Blakkådalen going south from the mountains, and Saltdalen and the Beiar Valley going northwards. The eastern part of the range forms a plateau with some gently sloping mountains, and this is where the road and railway crosses over Saltfjell. Both road and railway take advantage of the Dunderland Valley and the Saltdal valley to make the distance on the alpine tundra, which often sees snowstorms in winter, as short as possible. The western part is more alpine and steep, and this is where the engabreen glacier tongue of Western Svartisen almost reaches down to the fjord.

## Transport

There are two main transport routes over the mountains: the European Route E6 highway and the Nordland Line. The E6 highway was opened in 1937 and was asphalted in 1972. Until 1968 the road was closed in the winter. The railway line was built over the mountain during World War II and opened in 1947.

## Name

The mountain range is named after the Salten district, named after Saltfjorden (the Salt fjord). The last element is the finite form of fjell which means "mountain".
* Storglomvatnet (lake), with melting water from the Svartisen glacier
* Melfjorden in Rødøy in the distance; Saltfjell goes all the way to the coast, and has proven to be a barrier for flora and fauna, including Norway spruce and the Viper.
* Freight train on the Saltfjellet
* Driving the E6 road from the south, the ascent starts near Krokstrand in the Dunderland Valley.
* E6 road on Saltfjell, May 2011.
# Mamu

Mamu may refer to:

## Places

* Mamu, Iran (disambiguation), several villages in Iran
* Mamu, Queensland, a locality in Australia
* Mamu (river), a river in Romania
* Mamu, a village in Mădulari, Romania
* Mamu gas field, a gas field in Romania
* Mamu, Kra Buri, a tambon in Kra Buri District, Thailand

## Other uses

* Mamu people, an Indigenous Australian people
* Mamu language, a dialect of Dyirbal
* Mamu (deity), a Mesopotamian deity of dreams
* Mamu (Nintendo) or Wart, a fictional character
* Sandro Mamukelashvili or Mamu (born 1999), American-born Georgian basketball player
* Macaca mulatta, also known as Rhesus monkey, sometimes abbreviated Mamu or MAMU in biological research
* Miguel Urrutia Art Museum, Museo de Arte Miguel Urrutia (MAMU for its acronym in Spanish)
* Mamu, a Finnish racial slur for immigrants of Middle Eastern and North African descent

## People with the surname

* Petro Mamu (born 1984), Eritrean athlete
# John Doubleday (sculptor)

John Doubleday (born 9 October 1947) is a British sculptor and painter. His work includes statues of political leaders such as Nelson Mandela and Golda Meir as well as cultural icons such as The Beatles, Sherlock Holmes and Laurel and Hardy.
Doubleday was born in 1947 in Langford, near Maldon, Essex and studied sculpture at Goldsmiths College. In 2014, he unveiled a statue of Herbert George Columbine which is the United Kingdom's only statue of a named army private.
# Michael Stevenson (educator)

H. Michael Stevenson is President Emeritus and Vice-Chancellor of Simon Fraser University. He retired on August 31, 2010, and was succeeded by Andrew Petter on September 1, 2010. Stevenson's appointment as President of Simon Fraser University spanned a decade, the longest term of any president in the history of the university.

## Education

Born in South Africa, Stevenson completed his undergraduate education in history and politics at the University of the Witwatersrand, followed by graduate work in the United States with a PhD from Northwestern University. He was awarded the top graduate student fellowship, a national Bobbs-Merrill Prize for graduate studies in political science and was later awarded a post-doctoral Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship for teaching and research in Nigeria.

## Career

Before his appointment as President of Simon Fraser University, he served as Dean of the Faculty of Arts, and as Vice-President Academic and Provost at York University. He has served as Chair of the British Columbia Council for International Education, and Chair of the Council of Western Canadian University Presidents. Additionally, he served on the Board of the Mathematics of Information Technology and Complex Systems (MITACS), as Chair of the University Presidents’ Council of British Columbia, Chair of the Standing Committee on Educational Issues and Funding of the Association of Colleges and Universities of Canada, as a Director on the Vancouver Board of Trade, the BC Business Council, Genome BC and EBound Canada.
He serves on the Boards of the Vancouver Opera, the British Columbia Achievement Foundation, the PuSh International Festival for the Performing Arts and the Advisory Council of the Vancouver Indian Summer Festival.
# Prahlad Gunjal

Prahlad Gunjal is an Indian politician from Rajasthan and former Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly for Kota North, elected in 2013.
He joined Indian National Congress on 21st March 2024.
# George Kingston (carburetor)

George Kingston (March 22, 1863 – February 21, 1946) was the inventor of the Kingston carburetor in 1902, in Kokomo, Indiana.

## Biography

Kingston was born in Michigan. He married Alina Vincent in Ovid, Michigan, and had one son, Ralph, born December 25, 1905. The Kingstons bought the Seiberling Mansion in Kokomo in 1914, which was later the location of Indiana University Kokomo, and is now the home of the Howard County Museum and Howard County Historical Society.
He came to Kokomo, Howard County, Indiana in 1901 and first worked for the Ford and Donnelly Foundry, (which had made the first aluminum casting in 1895). Along with Charles T. Byrne, he founded Byrne, Kingston & Company, which manufactured carburetors, automotive accessories, appliances and other instruments.$^1$ The Company later became known as Kingston Products, and also manufactured such things as Roller Skates, Radios and toys sold under the Kokomo Toys brand. The toys became particularly popular in the 1920s and 1930s with fire engines, trucks and various toy cars. Kingston was sold in 1967 to the Scott & Fetzer Company, now The Scott Fetzer Company, which itself is now a part of Berkshire Hathaway.
Kokomo Electric Company was established to manufacture spark coils and spark plugs for automobiles, and other ignition and electrical related goods. Kingston, Byrne, James F. Ryan and others were shareholders in this company.$^2$
The Kokomo Brass Company, a plumber-fitting company, also listed Mr. Kingston as an instrumental member.$^3$
# Monoceros (disambiguation)

Monoceros is a constellation on the celestial equator.
Monoceros may also refer to:
* Monoceros (legendary creature), a legendary unicorn-like creature
* Monoceros (album), 1978 album by Evan Parker
* Monoceros, a junior synonym for the sea snail genus Chorus
* Monodon monoceros, the binomial name for narwhals
# Higuchi Station

Higuchi Station can refer to two different train stations in Japan:
* Higuchi Station (Saitama) (樋口駅), on the Chichibu Main Line located in Nagatoro, Saitama, Japan
* Higuchi Station (Ibaraki) (ひぐち駅), on the Mooka Line located in Chikusei, Ibaraki, Japan
# Futuro–Maxxis Pro Cycling

Futuro–Maxxis Pro Cycling is a professional road bicycle racing team which participates in elite races. The team registered with the UCI for the 2019 season.

## Team roster

| | Rider | Date of birth |
| Michael Bettany (AUS) | Michael Bettany (AUS) | (1985-11-26) 26 November 1985 (age 38) |
| Carter Bettles (AUS) | Carter Bettles (AUS) | (1998-09-02) 2 September 1998 (age 26) |
| Daniel Busbridge (NZL) | Daniel Busbridge (NZL) | (1995-07-10) 10 July 1995 (age 29) |
| Thomas Coates (AUS) | Thomas Coates (AUS) | (1992-07-22) 22 July 1992 (age 32) |
| Sam Cook (NZL) | Sam Cook (NZL) | (2000-12-23) 23 December 2000 (age 23) |
| Cameron Layton (AUS) | Cameron Layton (AUS) | (1991-09-19) 19 September 1991 (age 33) |
| Nick Miller (NZL) | Nick Miller (NZL) | (1991-10-24) 24 October 1991 (age 32) |
| | Rider | Date of birth |
| Dylan Newbery (AUS) | Dylan Newbery (AUS) | (1994-03-10) 10 March 1994 (age 30) |
| Thomas Robinson (AUS) | Thomas Robinson (AUS) | (1989-11-30) 30 November 1989 (age 34) |
| Rhys Robotham (AUS) | Rhys Robotham (AUS) | (2000-12-30) 30 December 2000 (age 23) |
| Travis James Parkley-Simpson (AUS) | Travis James Parkley-Simpson (AUS) | (1991-04-20) 20 April 1991 (age 33) |
| Lachlan Sinclair (AUS) | Lachlan Sinclair (AUS) | (2000-08-24) 24 August 2000 (age 24) |
| Christopher Williams (AUS) | Christopher Williams (AUS) | (1981-11-10) 10 November 1981 (age 42) |
# Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle

Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France.

## Heraldry

| Arms of Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle | The arms of Raillencourt-Sainte-Olle are blazoned : Gules, 3 fesses Or, a bordure argent. |
# Mamangkhe

Mamangkhe is a village development committee in the Himalayas of Taplejung District in the Province No. 1 of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 1,135 people living in 240 individual households. There were 519 males and 616 females at the time of census.
# Michael Stevens (producer)

Michael Ashton Stevens (November 21, 1966 – October 15, 2015) was an American producer, writer and director who won seven Emmy Awards.
Starting in 2002, he was the writer and producer of the annual Kennedy Center Honors. His productions of the TV special of the Honors event secured the show an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Variety, Music Or Comedy Special in five consecutive years – 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011 – winning the award in the latter three years.
His other work included writing and/or producing and/or directing many live events and TV productions including multiple productions of the annual Christmas in Washington TV special, several presentations of the AFI's The American Film Institute Salutes… specials and HBO's inaugural celebration in 2009 for President Barack Obama.

## Personal life and education

Stevens was born in Washington, D.C., into an entertainment industry family. His paternal grandfather was film director George Stevens. His father George Stevens Jr. is a producer who created the American Film Institute. Other family members include actors Alice Howell and Yvonne Howell and the theatre critic, Ashton Stevens. Stevens died on October 20, 2015, of stomach cancer in Los Angeles.
Steven was educated at the Landon School in Washington, D.C., graduating in 1985 and subsequently at Duke University receiving a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature and Political Science in 1989. Stevens lived in Los Angeles with his producer wife Alexandra known professionally as Ali Gifford and their two children.

## Dramatic film productions

In addition to his work on live events, concerts and awards shows for television, Stevens has been involved in several dramatic films as director and producer. These include the feature films Sin starring Gary Oldman and Ving Rhames and Bad City Blues featuring Dennis Hopper, Michael Massee and Michael McGrady and the television adaptation of the Broadway play, Thurgood starring Laurence Fishburne, which he directed and produced for HBO.

## Music productions

An integral element of Stevens' work on the Kennedy Centers Honors shows since 2003 has been producing segments saluting musician honorees such as Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, the Who and Paul McCartney that feature performances by musicians including Sting, Eddie Vedder, Jennifer Hudson, Dave Grohl, Norah Jones and James Taylor. Steven's production work for the annual Christmas in Washington TV specials since 1993 has featured a large number of prominent musicians.
In 2010, Stevens conceived and produced the Bettye LaVette album The British Rock Songbook that was nominated for a Grammy Award for Outstanding Contemporary Blues album in 2011.
# He Mengfu

He Mengfu (simplified Chinese: 贺孟斧; traditional Chinese: 賀孟斧; pinyin: Hè Mèngfǔ; 1911 – 10 May 1945) was a Chinese film and theatre director from Wujin, Jiangsu. A 1931 graduate of the Peking University drama department, he was associated with Shanghai-based Lianhua Film Company during the 1930s, as well as many theatre organizations and institutions, including the Nanjing National Theatre Academy.
He died on 10 May 1945 in Chongqing.
# Monocerotesa virgata

Monocerotesa virgata is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Wileman in 1912. It can be found in Taiwan.
The wingspan is 20–24 mm.
# Higuchi dimension

In fractal geometry, the Higuchi dimension (or Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD)) is an approximate value for the box-counting dimension of the graph of a real-valued function or time series. This value is obtained via an algorithmic approximation so one also talks about the Higuchi method. It has many applications in science and engineering and has been applied to subjects like characterizing primary waves in seismograms, clinical neurophysiology and analyzing changes in the electroencephalogram in Alzheimer's disease.

## Formulation of the method

The original formulation of the method is due to T. Higuchi. Given a time series $X:\{1,\dots ,N\}\to \mathbb {R}$ consisting of $N$ data points and a parameter $k_{\mathrm {max} }\geq 2$ the Higuchi Fractal dimension (HFD) of $X$ is calculated in the following way: For each $k\in \{1,\dots ,k_{\mathrm {max} }}\$ and $m\in \{1,\dots ,k}\$ define the length $L_{m}(k)$ by
    $L_{m}(k)={\frac {N-1}{\lfloor {\frac {N-m}{k}}\rfloor k^{2}}}\sum _{i=1}^{\lfloor {\frac {N-m}{k}}\rfloor }|X_{N}(m+ik)-X_{N}(m+(i-1)k)|.$
The length $L(k)$ is defined by the average value of the $k$ lengths $L_{1}(k),\dots ,L_{k}(k)$,
    $L(k)={\frac {1}{k}}\sum _{m=1}^{k}L_{m}(k).$
The slope of the best-fitting linear function through the data points $\left\{\left(\log {\frac {1}{k}},\log L(k)\right)\right\}$ is defined to be the Higuchi fractal dimension of the time-series $X$.

## Application to functions

For a real-valued function $f:[0,1]\to \mathbb {R}$ one can partition the unit interval $[0,1]$ into $N$ equidistantly intervals $[t_{j},t_{j+1})$ and apply the Higuchi algorithm to the times series $X(j)=f(t_{j})$. This results into the Higuchi fractal dimension of the function $f$. It was shown that in this case the Higuchi method yields an approximation for the box-counting dimension of the graph of $f$ as it follows a geometrical approach (see Liehr & Massopust 2020).

## Robustness and stability

Applications to fractional Brownian functions and the Weierstrass function reveal that the Higuchi fractal dimension can be close to the box-dimension. On the other hand, the method can be unstable in the case where the data $X(1),\dots ,X(N)$ are periodic or if subsets of it lie on a horizontal line (see Liehr & Massopust 2020).
# Elbio

Elbio is a Spanish male given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Elbio Anaya (1889–1986), Argentinian general
* Elbio Rosselli, Uruguayan politician
* Elbio Álvarez (born 1994), Uruguayan football player
# Italian ship Pietro Micca

Pietro Micca was the name of at least three ships of the Italian Navy and may refer to:
* Italian cruiser Pietro Micca, a cruiser launched in 1876 and discarded in 1893.
* Italian submarine Pietro Micca (1917), a Micca-class submarine launched in 1917 and discarded in 1930.
* Italian submarine Pietro Micca (1935), a submarine launched in 1935 and sunk in 1943.
# Raillardella pringlei

Raillardella pringlei is an uncommon species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name showy raillardella.

## Description

Raillardella pringlei is a rhizomatous perennial herb growing in a clump of rosetted basal leaves. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped with smooth or faintly toothed edges, up to 15 centimeters long, and mostly hairless. Leaves also appear on the inflorescence in opposite pairs on a hairy-glandular stalk. The plant produces an inflorescence generally 25 centimeters to half a meter tall consisting of a solitary flower head or an array of up to three heads. The head is bell-shaped, sometimes widely so. It contains many orange to red-orange disc florets each about a centimeter long, and a fringe of several orange or reddish ray florets each up to 2 centimeters in length. The floral bract is densely covered with glandular hairs. The fruit is a long, narrow achene which may be 2 centimeters in length including its pappus of plumelike bristles.

## Range and Habitat

Raillardella pringlei is endemic to the southern Klamath Ranges of northern California, where it grows in moist forest habitat on serpentine soils.
# John McElroy

John McElroy may refer to:
* John McElroy (author) (1846–1929), American printer, newspaper publisher, soldier, journalist and author
* John McElroy (Canada), Royal Canadian Air Force pilot, veteran of World War II, Mahal (Israel) in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War
* John McElroy (Jesuit) (1782–1877), Jesuit priest
* John McElroy (producer), audiobook producer, see 1998 Grammy Awards
* John McElroy (blogger), Autoline Detroit blogger
# Haydarlar, Kastamonu

Haydarlar is a village in the Kastamonu District, Kastamonu Province, Turkey. Its population is 135 (2021).
# George Livingston Robinson

George Livingston Robinson (August 19, 1863 – July 18, 1958) was a noted author, biblical scholar, explorer, and lecturer.
He was born in West Hebron, New York to William Robinson and Mary (Archibald) Robinson. He earned his undergraduate and an advanced degree at Princeton University. He traveled to Europe and the Levant extensively. He met his wife, Jessie Harvey, and was married in Egypt. He received his doctorate in Ancient languages at Berlin University. He accepted instructor positions at Knox College, Toronto and the Syrian Protestant College in Beirut. While working as the Director of the School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem (1913–1914), he had an opportunity to explore many ancient sites in the Holy Land. He was credited with recognizing the religious significance of the High Place at Petra, an Iron Age sacrificial altar dating to biblical times. He was also one of a select few Western scholars to be granted permission by the Caliph to visit the Cave of Macpelah (where Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob are reputed to have been buried).
He spent the majority of his teaching career as a professor at McCormick Theological Seminary. He was fluent in Latin, German, Hebrew, Classic Greek, and Assyrian cuneiform. He composed and published the psalm "Reflections". His published books include The Sarcaphocus of Ancient Civilization (MacMillan, 1930), Leaders of Israel, The Book of Isaiah, The Twelve Minor Prophets, and The Autobiography of George L Robinson, A Short History of a Long Life in addition to hundreds of essays, monographs, and research publications.
He died in Saint Paul, Minnesota on July 18, 1958.
# Inquisitor sterrha

Inquisitor sterrha, commonly known as the formidable turrid, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Pseudomelatomidae.

## Description

The length of this species is 39 mm, its diameter13 mm.
The body whorl contains in one specimen fourteen ribs, in another specimen seventeen ribs.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Central Indo-West Pacific; the Gulf of Carpentaria, off Queensland, Australia; off the Philippines; southern Indonesia and southern Papua New Guinea.
# George R. Caron

Technical Sergeant George Robert Caron (October 31, 1919 – June 3, 1995) was the tail gunner, the only defender of the twelve crewmen, aboard the B-29 Enola Gay during the bombing of the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. Facing the rear of the B-29, his vantage point made him the first airborne person to witness the mushroom cloud over Hiroshima.
Caron was also the only photographer aboard, and took photographs as the mushroom cloud rose. Of the four 509th Composite Group aircraft assigned to the Hiroshima bombing, Caron's camera and two others captured the explosion on film. Immediately before the mission, the 509th's photography officer, Lieutenant Jerome Ossip, asked then Staff Sergeant Caron to carry a handheld Fairchild K-20 camera. After the mission, Ossip developed photos from all the aircraft, but found that the fixed cameras failed to record anything. Film from another handheld was mishandled in developing, making Caron's the only official still photographs of the explosion. 2nd Lt. Russell Gackenback, Navigator aboard then unnamed Necessary Evil, took two still photographs of the cloud about one minute after detonation using his personal AFGA 620 camera. A handheld 16 mm film camera on The Great Artiste captured the only known motion film of the explosion. Caron's photographs of the explosion were printed on millions of leaflets that were dropped over Japan the next day.
Caron graduated from Brooklyn Technical High School (Brooklyn, New York) in 1938.
In May 1995, he published the book Fire of a Thousand Suns, The George R. "Bob" Caron Story, Tail Gunner of the Enola Gay about his "eye-witness account of the momentous event when the world was catapulted into the Atomic Age, the introduction of atomic capability, the technical development of the B-29, and the events that put him into the tail gun turret of the Enola Gay."