# Haplogroup O-M117

Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 or Haplogroup O2a2b1a1-M117 (also defined by the phylogenetically equivalent mutation Page23/F8/F42) is a subclade of O2a2b1-M134 (and also a subclade of haplogroup O2-M122) that occurs frequently in China and in neighboring countries like Bhutan, Nepal, and Korea, also found among Sino-Tibetan language speaking people.
O2-M117 has been detected in samples of Tamang (38/45 = 84.4%), Tibetans (45/156 = 28.8% or 13/35 = 37.1%), Tharus (57/171 = 33.3%), Han Taiwanese (40/183 = 21.9%), Newars (14/66 = 21.2%), the general population of Kathmandu, Nepal (13/77 = 16.9%), Han Chinese (5/34 = 14.7% Chengdu, 5/35 = 14.3% Harbin, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 3/30 = 10.0% Lanzhou, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili), Tungusic peoples from the PRC (7/45 = 15.6% Hezhe, 4/26 = 15.4% Evenki, 5/35 = 14.3% Manchu, 2/41 = 4.9% Xibe, 1/31 = 3.2% Oroqen), and Uyghurs (2/39 = 5.1% Yili, 1/31 = 3.2% Ürümqi) (Xue et al. 2006, Gayden et al. 2007, and Fornarino et al. 2009).
Like O-M7, O-M117 has been found with greatly varying frequency in many samples of Hmong-Mien-speaking peoples, such as Mienic peoples (7/20 = 35.0% Mountain Straggler Mien, 9/28 = 32.1% Blue Kimmun, 6/19 = 31.6% Flower Head Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Top Board Mien, 3/11 = 27.3% Thin Board Mien, 11/47 = 23.4% Western Mien, 6/33 = 18.2% Northern Mien, 5/31 = 16.1% Lowland Yao, 5/35 = 14.3% Yao from Liannan, Guangdong, 5/37 = 13.5% Zaomin, 5/41 = 12.2% Lowland Kimmun, 3/41 = 7.3% Native Mien, 2/31 = 6.5% Southern Mien, 2/32 = 6.3% Mountain Kimmun, but 0/35 Yao from Bama, Guangxi), She (6/34 = 17.6% She, 4/56 = 7.1% Northern She), and Hmongic peoples (9/100 = 9.0% Miao from Hunan, 4/51 = 7.8% Hmong Daw from northern Laos, 3/49 = 6.1% Miao from Yunnan, 1/49 = 2.0% Miao from Guizhou, but 0/36 Bunu from Guangxi) (Cai et al. 2011 and Xue et al. 2006).
In Meghalaya, a predominantly tribal state of Northeast India, O-M133 has been found in 19.7% (14/71) of a sample of the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Garos, but in only 6.2% (22/353, ranging from 0/32 Bhoi to 6/44 = 13.6% Pnar) of a pool of eight samples of the neighboring Khasian-speaking tribes (Reddy et al. 2007).

## Origin

The earliest attested genealogical split within haplogroup O-M117, that between O-M133 and O-M117(xM133), is estimated to have occurred approximately 12,600 [95% CI 11,300 <-> 14,000] ybp. However, members of O-M117(xM133) are quite rare among extant humans. O-M117(xM133) has been observed in 2.2% (1/46) of the CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing, China) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project. In commercial testing, O-MF1380 or O-CTS4960, which belongs to O-M117(xM133), has been found in China (Beijing, Henan, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Chongqing, Guangdong), Singapore, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, and Japan. O-M117(xM133) also has been found in 1.5% (2/133) of a sample collected in Daejeon, South Korea and in 1.0% (6/573) of a sample collected in Seoul, South Korea. According to 23mofang, members of O-M117(xM133) comprise a subclade called O-CTS4960 (TMRCA 8,570 ybp), which is relatively concentrated in central, eastern, and northeastern areas of China and currently accounts for approximately 0.51% of the total population of males in China.
The most recent common ancestor of all extant members of the O-M133 subclade, which predominates among extant members of O-M117, is estimated to have lived in a significantly less ancient era: 7,600 [95% CI 6,400 <-> 8,900] ybp according to YFull, 7,455 [95% CI 6,514 <-> 8,500] years ago according to Karmin et al. 2015, or 7,500 or 6,400 years ago (depending on which estimate of the mutation rate is used) according to Poznik et al. 2016.

## Distribution
### China

Haplogroup O-M117 or O-M133 has been found often in samples of Han Chinese from various parts of China: 10/34 = 29.4% O-M133 Hakka in Taiwan, 57/258 = 22.1% O-M133 miscellaneous Han volunteers in Taiwan, 4/19 = 21.1% Fujian (CHS), 12/60 = 20.0% O-M133 Minnan in Taiwan, 29/167 = 17.4% East China, 21/129 = 16.3% North China, 7/46 = 15.2% Beijing (CHB), 5/34 = 14.7% Chengdu, 5/35 = 14.3% Harbin, 9/65 = 13.8% South China, 7/55 = 12.7% O-M133 Fujian, 4/35 = 11.4% Meixian, 75/689 = 10.9% Pudong, 3/30 = 10.0% Lanzhou, 50/530 = 9.4% Chongming Island, 2/32 = 6.3% Yili, 1/37 = 2.7% Hunan (CHS).
Members of haplogroup O-M117 also have been found among various ethnic minorities in China, such as Tibetans (13/35 = 37.1%, 45/156 = 28.8%), Dai (13/52 = 25.0% CDX, or Chinese Dai in Xishuangbanna), She people (6/34 = 17.6%), Koreans (4/25 = 16.0% Koreans in the PRC), Hezhe (7/45 = 15.6%), Evenks (4/26 = 15.4%), Manchu (5/35 = 14.3%), Yao in Liannan, Guangdong (5/35 = 14.3%), Mongols (5/45 = 11.1% Inner Mongolian), Qiang (3/33 = 9.1%), Daurs (3/39 = 7.7% Daur), Hani (2/34 = 5.9%), Xibe (2/41 = 4.9%), Uyghurs (3/70 = 4.3%), Oroqen (1/31 = 3.2%), Buyi (1/35 = 2.9%), and Hui (1/35 = 2.9%).
Yan et al. (2014) have estimated that 16% of the present Han Chinese should be patrilineal descendants of a certain ancestor belonging to haplogroup O-M117 who has initiated a star-like population expansion dated to the Late Neolithic (5,400 [95% CI 4,100 <-> 6,700] years before present), which the authors have dubbed "Oα."
According to 23mofang, haplogroup O-M117 (TMRCA 13,750 years) accounts for about 16.27% of the total male population of China, with most members of O-M117 belonging to its O-F8 subclade (TMRCA 7,280 years), this latter subclade accounting for the Y-DNA of about 15.71% of all present-day Chinese males.

### India

In a study of the DNA of Adivasi populations in the state of Meghalaya, Reddy et al. (2007) found O-M133 in 19.7% (14/71) Garo, 13.6% (6/44) Pnar, 11.1% (2/18) Nongtrai, 8.3% (5/60) Lyngngam, 6.9% (2/29) War-Khasi, 6.3% (4/64) Maram, 5.3% (1/19) War-Jaintia, 2.3% (2/87) Khynriam, and 0% (0/32) Bhoi. The Garo natively speak the Garo language, whereas all the other studied populations natively speak Khasic languages.
In another study that included populations in Meghalaya, Kumar et al. (2007) found O-M133 in 9.8% (9/92) Khasi and 9.1% (3/33) Garo.
A study of populations of northern West Bengal and Sikkim published in 2011 found O-M117 in 57.7% (15/26) Rabha, 47.4% (9/19) Mech, 43.1% (22/51) Rajbanshi, 41.7% (15/36) Dhimal, and 7.4% (4/54) Bengali from the northern panhandle of West Bengal and in 9.1% (1/11) of a sample of Lachungpa from Sikkim. O-M117 was not found in this study's samples of Kol (0/62), Santhal (0/51), Kharia (0/34), or Oraon (0/31) from the northern panhandle of West Bengal.

### Japan

A study published in the year 2000 found O-M117 in 4.3% (1/23) of a sample representing Japan. In a study published by Chinese researchers in the year 2006, O-M117 was found with high frequency (8/47 = 17.0%) in a sample of Japanese that should be from Kagawa Prefecture according to the geographical coordinates (134.0°E, 34.2°N) that have been provided (Xue et al. 2006). However, in a study published by Japanese researchers in the year 2007, the same haplogroup was found with much lower frequency (11/263 = 4.2%) in a larger sample of Japanese from various regions of Japan (Nonaka et al. 2007). (More precisely, Nonaka et al. have found O-M117 in 1/12 = 8.3% of a sample from Shizuoka, 4/52 = 7.7% of a sample from Tokyo, 2/44 = 4.5% of a sample from Chiba, 1/2 of a sample from Gifu, 1/2 of a sample from Yamanashi, 1/3 of a sample from Hiroshima, and 1/6 of a sample from Aichi.) O-M117 has been found in 8.8% (5/57) of the JPT (Japanese in Tokyo, Japan) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project.

### Korea

Between 11% and 15% of males in samples collected in South Korea have been found to belong to haplogroup O-M117 or O-M133 (20/133 = 15.0% Koreans in Daejeon, 70/573 = 12.2% Koreans in Seoul, 5/43 = 11.6% Koreans in South Korea, 33/300 = 11.0% O-M133 Koreans).

### Mongolia

Haplogroup O-M117 has been found in about 5% of samples of Mongols in Mongolia: 4/20 = 20.0% NE Mongolia, 1/18 = 5.6% central Mongolia, 3/65 = 4.6% Outer Mongolian, 1/23 = 4.3% SE Mongolia, 3/97 = 3.1% NW Mongolia.

### Nepal

Haplogroup O-M117 has been found in 84.4% (38/45) of a sample of Tamang, 33.3% of sample of Tharu of Chitwan and Morang, 21.2% (14/66) of a sample of Newar, and 16.9% (13/77) of a sample of the general population of Kathmandu.

### Laos

In a study published in 2011, haplogroup O-M117 has been found in 7.8% (4/51) of a sample of Hmong Daw in Laos and in 5.1% (37/728) of a set of ethnic minorities who speak various Austroasiatic languages: 32.1% (9/28) Bit, 16.2% (6/37) Kataang, 14.0% (7/50) Mal, 13.7% (7/51) Khmu, 6.9% (2/29) Xinhmul, 3.3% (1/30) Alak, 2.94% (1/34) Inh, 2.86% (1/35) Talieng, 2.0% (1/50) Laven, 2.0% (1/50) Oy, 2.0% (1/50) So, 0% (0/28) Bo, 0% (0/32) Brau, 0% (0/32) Jeh, 0% (0/35) Lamet, 0% (0/35) Ngeq, 0% (0/38) Aheu, 0% (0/39) Suy, and 0% (0/45) Katu.
Kutanan et al. 2019 found O-F8/F42, which is currently considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M133, in 25.0% (5/20) of a sample of Laotians from Luang Prabang and 5.0% (1/20) of a sample of Laotians from Vientiane.

### Thailand

In a study published in 2014, haplogroup O-M133 has been found in 13.3% (10/75) of a sample of the general population of Bangkok and in 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Akka from Chiang Mai.
Brunelli et al. (2017) have found O-M117 in 35.0% (7/20) of Shan, 22.4% (46/205) of Khon Mueang, 22.2% (4/18) of Mon, 20.0% (5/25) of Western Lawa, 17.6% (16/91) of Tai Lue, 16.7% (4/24) of Tai Khuen, 13.6% (9/66) of Tai Yuan, and 11.5% (3/26) of Tai Yong in Northern Thailand and in 31.6% (6/19) of Tai Yuan in Central Thailand. However, in the same study, haplogroup O-M117 was not observed in a sample of 25 Eastern Lawa in Northern Thailand.
Kutanan et al. (2019) have found O-F8/F42 (equivalent to O-M133) in 14.75% (131/888) of a pool of samples from Thailand, including 50.0% (9/18) Palaung in Northern Thailand, 38.9% (7/18) Shan in Northern Thailand, 33.3% (20/60) Khon Mueang in Northern Thailand, 31.0% (13/42) Karen in Northern Thailand, 28.6% (6/21) Nyahkur in Northeast Thailand, 23.5% (4/17) Kaleun, 17.1% (22/129) Thai (Siamese), 16.7% (5/30) Tai Lue in Northern Thailand, 16.7% (3/18) Nyaw in Northeast Thailand, 16.7% (3/18) Blang in Northern Thailand, 15.4% (4/26) Tai Yuan, 14.3% (15/105) Mon, 14.3% (5/35) Phuan, 11.8% (2/17) Soa, 11.8% (2/17) Tai Khün, 9.4% (3/32) Western Lawa, 8.3% (3/36) Black Tai, 6.5% (4/62) Lao Isan, and 5.6% (1/18) Khmu.

### Vietnam

Haplogroup O-M133 has been found in 4/46 = 8.7% of the KHV (Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam) sample of the 1000 Genomes Project. Haplogroup O-M133 has been found in 1/24 = 4.17% of a sample of people in Hanoi, Vietnam. A study published in 2011 found haplogroup O-M117 in 1/15 = 6.67% Kinh and 1/12 = 8.33% Muong.
Macholdt et al. 2020 have found O-F8, which is currently considered to be phylogenetically equivalent to O-M1706 or O-M133, in 36.4% (12/33) of a sample of Hanhi from Mường Tè District, 22.2% (8/36) of a sample of Lachi from Hoàng Su Phì District, 14.9% (7/47) of a sample of Tay, 14.3% (3/21) of a sample of Phula from Xín Mần District, 12.9% (4/31) of a sample of Lahu from Mường Tè District, 8.3% (2/24) of a sample of Thai, 4.8% (2/42) of a sample of Kinh from Hanoi, 3.7% (1/27) of a sample of Giarai, 2.8% (1/36) of a sample of Pathen, and 2.7% (1/37) of a sample of Nung from Vietnam. All members of O-F8 among the Hanhi and Lahu of Mường Tè District belonged to the O-F2137 subclade. One Tay individual from Mường Khương District belonged to the O-F155 subclade and one Tay individual from Tràng Định District belonged to the O-F317 subclade. All other members of O-F8 belonged to the O-F8(xF155, F2137, F317) paragroup. Only one individual in this study (a Tay from Đức Trọng District) has been assigned to O-P164(xF8, F46, F4110) and therefore potentially might belong to O-M117(xF8/M133).

## Subclades

According to the ISOGG experiental tree, the subclades of O2ab1a1-M117 are shown below (Owen Lu et al. 2016):
* O2a2b1a1 (M117/Page23)
** O2a2b1a1a (M133)
*** O2a2b1a1a1 (F438)
**** O2a2b1a1a1a (Y17728)
***** O2a2b1a1a1a1 (F155)
***** O2a2b1a1a1a2 (F1754)
****** O2a2b1a1a1a2a (F2137)
***** O2a2b1a1a1a3 (Z25907)
***** O2a2b1a1a2 (FGC23469)
****** O2a2b1a1a2a (F310)
******* O2a2b1a1a2a1 (F402)
******** O2a2b1a1a2a1a (F1531)
*** O2a2b1a1a3 (CTS7634)
**** O2a2b1a1a3a (F317)
***** O2a2b1a1a3a1 (F3039)
**** O2a2b1a1a3b (CTS5488)
*** O2a2b1a1a4 (Z25853)
**** O2a2b1a1a4a (CTS5492)
***** O2a2b1a1a4a1 (CTS6987)
*** O2a2b1a1a5 (CTS10738/M1707)
**** O2a2b1a1a5a (CTS9678)
***** O2a2b1a1a5a1 (Z39663)
**** O2a2b1a1a5b (A9457)
*** O2a2b1a1a6 (CTS4658)
**** O2a2b1a1a6a (CTS5308)
**** O2a2b1a1a6b (Z25928)
***** O2a2b1a1a6b1 (SK1730)
****** O2a2b1a1a6b1a (Z26030)
****** O2a2b1a1a6b1b (Z26010)
***** O2a2b1a1a6b2 (A9462)
***** O2a2b1a1a6b3 (B456)
** O2a2b1a1b (CTS4960)