OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Furlo Pass

The Furlo Pass (Italian: Gola del Furlo or Passo del Furlo) is a gorge on the ancient Roman road Via Flaminia in the Marche region of central Italy, where it passes near the Candigliano river, a tributary of the Metauro.
The gorge was formed between the Pietralata (889 m) and Paganuccio (976 m) mountains by the river Candigliano, which whooshed in full spate through the district until it was dammed in 1922. Since 2001 it has been included in a State Natural Reserve of the same name. It is often marketed to tourists in the region as the "Grand Canyon of Italy."
The Roman emperor Vespasian had a tunnel built here to facilitate passage on the Via Flaminia at the narrowest point of the gorge (hence the name, from the Latina forulum, meaning "small hole"). Next to it is a similar but smaller tunnel dating from Etruscan times. The tunnel has a length of 38.30 meters and a height of 5.95 meters. During the Gothic Wars (6th century), the Ostrogoth King Totila had the pass fortified, but his troops were ousted by the Roman general Belisarius. The Lombards conquered the pass between 570 and 578, and destroyed the fortifications.
In the following centuries Via Flaminia was nearly abandoned. In 1502 Lucrezia Borgia used it on a journey to Ferrara and in 1506 Julius II took the road on his way to Bologna. In the beginning of the 18th century the transit remained difficult and dangerous, and only in 1776 was the tunnel and the road re-opened. Between May 23 and June 12, 1849, soldiers of the Roman Republic, commanded by Colonel L. Pianciani, fought a skirmish in the pass with the Austrian army.
During the Second World War, the Gorge experienced moments of tension, but it was not the scene of fierce clashes. The seventies saw increasing destruction of the natural beauty of the surrounding landscape, as well as the deterioration of the road, due to the intense activity in quarries located within the Gorge.
In the 1930s, a profile of Benito Mussolini was sculpted on the slopes of Mount Pietralata by a local branch of the Guardia Forestale (State Forestry Corps), which was destroyed by partisans during World War II. In the 1980s, traffic in the Furlo tunnel was bypassed by the construction of two highway tunnels.
# Hacıahmetler, Düzce

Hacıahmetler is a village in the Düzce District of Düzce Province in Turkey. Its population is 363 (2022).
# Hal Padmore

Hal Dacosta S. Padmore (12 November 1927 in Barbados – February 1995 in Essex, England) was a Canadian cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler. He played three first-class matches for Canada between 1951 and 1954, taking 14 wickets at an average of 22.28.
# GCAT

Glycine C-acetyltransferase is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GCAT gene.

## Function

The degradation of L-threonine to glycine consists of a two-step biochemical pathway involving the enzymes L-threonine dehydrogenase and 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate coenzyme A ligase. L-Threonine is first converted into 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate by L-threonine dehydrogenase. This gene encodes the second enzyme in this pathway, which then catalyzes the reaction between 2-amino-3-ketobutyrate and coenzyme A to form glycine and acetyl-CoA. The encoded enzyme is considered a class II pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 14.
# GCA

GCA may refer to:

## Education
### Cayman Islands

* Grace Christian Academy (Cayman Islands)

### India

* Government College, Ajmer, Rajasthan
* Government College of Architecture in Lucknow
* Guwahati College of Architecture, in Assam

### United Kingdom

* Greig City Academy, in London
* GCA Network Ltd, in London

### United States

* Gahanna Christian Academy, in Columbus, Ohio
* Garland Christian Academy, in Garland, Texas
* Georgia-Cumberland Academy, in Calhoun, Georgia
* Georgia Cyber Academy, in Atlanta, Georgia
* Global Communications Academy, in Hartford, Connecticut
* Granville Christian Academy, in Granville, Ohio
* Greenbrier Christian Academy, in Chesapeake, Virginia

## Science and mathematics

* GCA (gene)
* Generalized Clifford algebra
* Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, a scientific journal
* Giant-cell arteritis
* GCA, a codon for the amino acid alanine

## Sport

* Geelong Cricket Association, in Australia
* Goa Cricket Association, in India
* Gujarat Cricket Association, in India

## Other uses

* Garden Centers of America, an American trade organization
* GCA Airlines, a Colombia airline
* GCA Games Convention Asia, a video game and interactive technology convention
* GCA Savvian, an American investment bank
* Giant cell arteritis, a disorder
* Global Center on Adaptation, an international organization aiming to accelerate climate change adaptation solutions
* Goodreads Choice Awards, book awards
* Gothenburg City Airport, in Sweden
* Grand Canyon Association, an American fundraising organization
* Grand Central Airport (United States), a former airport in Glendale, California, United States
* Grand China Air, a Chinese airline
* The Great Canadian Appathon, a Canadian game design and development competition
* Great Commission Association, an association of evangelical Christian churches
* Greek Cypriot Administration of Southern Cyprus, a name used for the internationally recognized Republic of Cyprus by Turkey since they do not recognize it
* The Greeting Card Association, a British trade organization
* Ground-controlled approach
* Groceries Code Adjudicator, in the United Kingdom
* Gun Control Act of 1968, a U.S. federal law
* Gun Control Australia, an Australian lobbying group
* Greater Central Asia, a region of Eurasia
# Futahashira Shrine

Futahashira Shrine (二柱神社, Futahashira jinja) is a Shinto shrine located in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. The main kami enshrined here are Izanagi and Izanami.
# Futai, Jilin

Futai (Chinese: 富太; pinyin: Fùtài) is a town under the administration of Panshi, Jilin, China. As of 2023, it administers Fuxing Residential Community (富兴社区) and the following fourteen villages:
* Futai Village
* Jiefang Village (解放村)
* Zhonghe Village (中和村)
* Liuyang Village (柳杨村)
* Sijia Village (司家村)
* Dongxin Village (东新村)
* Sihe Village (四合村)
* Sandaogang Village (三道岗村)
* Nanyang Village (南阳村)
* Changgang Village (长岗村)
* Nanchanggang Village (南长岗村)
* Huangguajia Village (黄瓜架村)
* Xujia Village (徐家村)
* Xiushui Village (岫水村)
# G. Avery Lee

George Avery Lee Sr. (1916 – 2008 December 23 in Lake Charles, Louisiana) was a Southern Baptist and from 2001 onward, an American Baptist preacher.
A graduate of Hardin-Simmons University (baccalaureate degree, 1958) and Yale Divinity School (Master of Divinity), he served ministries in Baton Rouge, Louisiana and Hattiesburg, Mississippi, but for most of his ministerial career, he was associated with New Orleans' Saint Charles Avenue Baptist Church. He was known for supporting the expansion of civil rights and his active involvement in the New Orleans Federation of Churches. Lee was married twice, his first wife, Ann Rader Lee, dying in 1973; his second wife, Gladys Salassi Lee, died in 2002. He had three children: sons George Avery Lee Jr. and Gregory Lee and daughter Jeni-Su Lee Lacoste. Lee Sr. wrote 16 books in addition to numerous articles, Bible lessons, and devotionals. He retired from the ministry in 2005 at age 89.
When Newt Gingrich was attending graduate school at Tulane University of Louisiana in New Orleans, he attended St. Charles Avenue Baptist Church, and was baptized by immersion by G. Avery Lee. Later, after Gingrich began his political career, Lee joked that some had suggested he "didn't hold him under long enough."
# Gabriel Welter

Franz Gabriel Welter (16 May 1890 – 2 August 1954) was a German archaeologist.

## Biography

Welter was born in Metz. While still in his early teens, he performed archaeological investigations in the Alsace. He studied under Franz Winter at the University of Strasbourg and at Leipzig University with Franz Studniczka. Later on, he was associated with the German Archaeological Institute, and conducted archaeological excavations on the islands of Aegina and Naxos. On Aegina, he is remembered for his work at Kolonna and at the Temple of Aphaea. Additionally, he performed archaeological studies in Palestine, publishing Stand der Ausgrabungen in Sichem (1932) as a result. He died in Athens, aged 64.

## Published works

* Aus der Karlsruher Vasensammlung, 1922 – On the Karlsruhe collection of vases.
* Stand der Ausgrabungen in Sichem, 1932 – About the excavations at Shechem.
* Aigina, 1938 – Aegina.
* Troizen und Kalaureia, 1941 – Troizen and Kalaureia.
* Chalkis, 1955 – Chalkis.
# Gaanderen

Gaanderen is a village in the Dutch province of Gelderland. It is located in the municipality of Doetinchem. The number of inhabitants is around 5,575 (2020).
It was first mentioned around 1200 as de Gernere, and means "tapering land on a sandy ridge".
Gaanderen was home to 482 people in 1840. The St Martinus Church dates from 1913 and is a replacement of a 1854 church. The tower of the old church remained.

## Transportation

* Railway Station: Gaanderen
* Rijksweg Doetinchem - Terborg

## Gallery

* Hoofdstraat 62, church
* Rekhemseweg 175
* Kerkstraat 45
* Bloemenweg 1
* Station Gaanderen
# Hallesche Beiträge zur Orientwissenschaft

Hallesche Beiträge zur Orientwissenschaft is an academic journal of oriental studies published by the Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg. The editors are Markus Mode and Jürgen Tubach. It was founded in 1979 by Burchard Brentjes, Manfred Fleischhammer, and Peter Nagel, who were the joint editors in its early years. It is published on an irregular schedule.
# GEM (gene)

GTP-binding protein GEM is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GEM gene.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the RAD/GEM family of GTP-binding proteins. It is associated with the inner face of the plasma membrane and could play a role as a regulatory protein in receptor-mediated signal transduction. Alternative splicing occurs at this locus and two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been identified.
# Gabriola regularia

Gabriola regularia is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Gabriola regularia is 6785.
# Halophytum

Halophytum ameghinoi is a species of herbaceous plant endemic to Patagonia. It is the only species in the genus Halophytum. It is a succulent annual plant, with simple, fleshy, alternate leaves. The plants are monoecious, with solitary female flowers and inflorescences of male flowers on the same plant .
Halophytum has sometimes been placed in its own family, Halophytaceae. For instance, the 2009 APG III system and the 2003 APG II system recognise the family and assign it to the order Caryophyllales in the clade core eudicots, although the 1998 APG system did not recognise such a family, placing its members in the family Chenopodiaceae instead.
# Hadi Sharify

Hadi Sharify (born 19 December 1977) is a Saudi Arabian football defender who plays for Al Hazm Club in Saudi Arabia.

## Club career

Sharifi was in Al-Nasr's squad for the 2000 FIFA Club World Championship.

## International career

Sharify made one appearance with the senior Saudi Arabia national football team during the 2006 FIFA World Cup qualifying rounds.
# Hamilton Advertiser

The Hamilton Advertiser is a Scottish tabloid newspaper that covers the area and the suburbs of Hamilton, a large burgh in South Lanarkshire. It is the longest-running newspaper in the town and is owned by Scottish & Universal Newspapers Limited, a division of Reach plc. It was printed weekly at the town's Press Buildings in Campbell Street before moving to Brandon Street in 2017. In November 2019, production of the paper was moved to Central Quay in Glasgow, Reach plc's Scottish HQ.
# Hamilton Academical W.F.C.

Hamilton Academical Women Football Club is a women's football club affiliated with Hamilton Academical. The team currently competes in the Scottish Women's Premier League 1, the top division of women's football in Scotland, and plays its home games at New Douglas Park.

## History

Founded in 1995 as Hamilton Athletic LFC and elected to the Scottish Women's Football League the same year, the club won promotion in each of its first three seasons to join the Scottish Women's Premier League in 2002. After a season as FC Hamilton in 2002–03, the club came under the auspices of professional men's club Hamilton Academical F.C. and adopted their current name. Hamilton finished second in SWPL2 in the 2020–2021 season and were promoted alongside champions Aberdeen to SWPL1.

## Stadium

The club, who previously played at the Castle Park ground of Blantyre Victoria, currently plays its home games at New Douglas Park.

## Players
### Current squad

    As of 23 August 2024
Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 1 | GK | SCO | India Marwaha |
| 2 | DF | SCO | Freya MacDonald (Vice-Captain) |
| 3 | DF | SCO | Megan Quinn (Captain) |
| 4 | DF | SCO | Hannah Coakley (Vice-Captain) |
| 5 | DF | SCO | Charmaine McGuire |
| 6 | MF | SCO | Kirstie McIntosh (Vice-Captain) |
| 7 | MF | SCO | Vivienne Strain |
| 8 | MF | SCO | Kirsten Love |
| 9 | FW | GER | Josi Giard |
| 10 | FW | SCO | Abby Skelton |
| 11 | FW | SCO | Sophie Townsley |
| 12 | FW | SCO | Melissa Reid |
| 13 | MF | SCO | Justine Strain |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| 14 | DF | SCO | Kiera Ritchie |
| 15 | FW | SCO | Eryn Brown |
| 16 | MF | SCO | Shelley Campbell |
| 17 | FW | SCO | Melissa Stoddart |
| 18 | MF | SCO | Lauren Kerr |
| 19 | MF | SCO | Lexi Swan |
| 20 | MF | SCO | Ellie Dyson |
| 21 | MF | SCO | Clair Docherty |
| 22 | DF | SCO | Abi Tobin |
| 24 | DF | SCO | Olivia McStay |
| 25 | GK | SCO | Erin Halliday |
| 26 | GK | SCO | Chloe Nicholson |

## Staff
### Coaching and medical staff

    As of 30 September 2024
* Manager: Robert Watson
* Coach: Deborah McLeod
* Goalkeeping coach: Roddie MacKenzie
* Analyst & Scout: Brandin Sharpe
* S&C coach: Luke Murray
* Physiotherapist: Amanda Weir
* Head of youth academy: Lynsey Hogg

## Honours

* Scottish Women's Premier League 2:
** Winners (1): 2016
** Runners Up (1): 2021
# GPR83

Probable G-protein coupled receptor 83 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPR83 gene.
# Hale Tharp

Hale Dixon Tharp was a miner during the California Gold Rush, and the first non-Native American settler to enter Giant Forest, in what is now Sequoia National Park.

## Gold Country

Tharp was born in Michigan in 1828. In 1851, a widow from Illinois, Chloe Ann Smith Swanson, hired Tharp to take her and her four sons to California in a covered wagon with two teams of oxen. They settled in Placerville, where Tharp married Swanson. Tharp then began mining in California's Gold Country.

## Sequoia

In the summer of 1856, Tharp went to Tulare County to establish a preemption homestead, with the intent to return later to ranch cattle. He built a shake and brush shack near the confluence of the Kaweah River and Horse Creek, east of Visalia and south of Three Rivers. He then returned to Placerville.
Two years later, Tharp, along with his brother-in-law John Swanson, returned to his homestead and built a log cabin and barn, Cattle Cabin. Tharp then sought cattle summer pasturage. Led by the local Yokuts Indians, Tharp "discovered" Crescent Meadow and Log Meadow near the Giant Forest. He claimed grazing rights there for several years.
Tharp's Log is a home Tharp built in a hollowed Giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron gigantuem) log at Log Meadow. It is restored and visited by tourists in Sequoia National Park today, and is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Hale Tharp, along with stepsons George and John Swanson, were the first non-Native American settlers known to ascend the granite dome Moro Rock.
# Hale Trotter

Hale Freeman Trotter (30 May 1931 – 17 January 2022) was a Canadian-American mathematician, known for the Lie–Trotter product formula, the Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm, and the Lang–Trotter conjecture. He was born in Kingston, Ontario. He died in Princeton, New Jersey on January 17, 2022.

## Biography

The son of historian Reginald George Trotter, Hale Trotter studied at Queen's University in Kingston with bachelor's degree in 1952 and master's degree in 1953. He received in 1956 his PhD from Princeton University under William Feller with thesis Convergence of semigroups of operators. Trotter was from 1956 to 1958 at Princeton University the Fine Instructor for mathematics and from 1958 to 1960 an assistant professor at Queen's University. He was from 1962 to 1963 a visiting associate professor, from 1963 to 1969 an associate professor, and from 1969 until his retirement a full professor at Princeton University. From 1962 to 1986 he was an associate director for Princeton University's data center.
Trotter's research dealt with, among other topics, probability theory, group theory computations, number theory, and knot theory. In 1963, he solved an open problem in knot theory by proving that there are non-invertible knots. At the time of his proof, all knots with up to 7 crossings were known to be invertible. Trotter described an infinite number of pretzel knots that are not invertible.

## Selected publications
### Articles

* Trotter, H. F. (1958). "A property of Brownian motion paths". Illinois Journal of Mathematics. 2 (3): 425–433. doi:10.1215/ijm/1255454547.
* Trotter, H. F. (1962). "Homology of group systems with applications to knot theory". Annals of Mathematics. 76 (3): 464–498. doi:10.2307/1970369.
* Goldfeld, Stephen M.; Quandt, Richard E.; Trotter, H. F. (1966). "Maximization by quadratic hill-climbing". Econometrica. 34 (3): 541–551. doi:10.2307/1909768.
* Trotter, H. F. (1969). "On the norms of units in quadratic fields". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 22 (1): 198–201. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1969-0244196-6.
* Trotter, H. F. (1973). "On S-equivalence of Seifert matrices". Inventiones mathematicae. 20 (3): 173–207. doi:10.1007/BF01394094.
* Lang, S.; Trotter, H. F. (1977). "Primitive points on elliptic curves". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. 83 (2): 289–292. doi:10.1090/S0002-9904-1977-14310-3.
* Trotter, H. F. (1984). "Eigenvalue distributions of large Hermitian matrices; Wigner's semi-circle law and a theorem of Kac, Murdock, and Szegö". Advances in Mathematics. 54 (1): 67–82. doi:10.1016/0001-8708(84)90037-9.

### Books

* Williamson, Richard E.; Crowell, Richard H.; Trotter, Hale F. (1972). Calculus of vector functions (Second ed.). Prentice-Hall.
* Lang, Serge; Trotter, Hale Freeman (1976). Frobenius distributions in GL$_2$-extensions: distribution of Frobenius automorphisms in GL$_2$-extensions of the rational numbers. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 504. Springer Verlag. doi:10.1007/BFb0082087.
* Williamson, Richard E.; Trotter, Hale F. (1995). Multivariable Mathematics. Prentice-Hall.
# Hale Township

Hale Township may refer to:
* Hale Township, Garland County, Arkansas, in Garland County, Arkansas
* Hale Township, Warren County, Illinois
* Hale Township, Jones County, Iowa
* Hale Township, McLeod County, Minnesota
* Hale Township, Hardin County, Ohio
# Hale Township, Hardin County, Ohio

Hale Township is one of the fifteen townships of Hardin County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 1,537.

## Geography

Located in the southeastern corner of the county, it borders the following townships:
* Dudley Township - north
* Bowling Green Township, Marion County - east
* Washington Township, Union County - southeast
* Bokescreek Township, Logan County - southwest
* Taylor Creek Township - west
* Buck Township - northwest
Two villages are located in Hale Township: Mount Victory in the center, and part of Ridgeway in the southeast along the border with Bokescreek Township.

## Name and history

Hale Township was established in 1835. It is the only Hale Township statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
# Halystina caledonica

Halystina caledonica is a species of extremely small deep water sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Seguenziidae.

## Description

The height of the shell varies between 3 mm and 6 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off New Caledonia.
# Hangal Assembly constituency

Hangal Assembly seat is one of the seats in Karnataka Legislative Assembly in India. It is part of Haveri Lok Sabha constituency in Haveri district. It consists of Hangal taluk.

## Members of Assembly
### Bombay State

| Year | Member | Party | Party |
| 1952 | Siddappa Chanabasappa Sindhur | | Indian National Congress |

### Mysore State

| Year | Member | Party |
| 1957 | Basangouda Rudragouda Patil | Independent politician |
| 1962 | Gururao Narasingarao Desai | Indian National Congress |
| 1967 | P. B. Rudragouda | Independent politician |
| 1972 | S. P. Chandrashekharappa | Indian National Congress |

### Karnataka State

| Year | Member | Party |
| 1978 | Manohar Tahsildar | Indian National Congress (Indira) |
| 1983 | C. M. Udasi | Independent politician |
| 1985 | C. M. Udasi | Janata Party |
| 1989 | Manohar Tahsildar | Indian National Congress |
| 1994 | C. M. Udasi | Janata Dal |
| 1999 | Manohar Tahsildar | Indian National Congress |
| 2004 | C. M. Udasi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2008 | C. M. Udasi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2013 | Manohar Tahasildar | Indian National Congress |
| 2018 | C. M. Udasi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2021 | Srinivas Mane | Indian National Congress |
| 2023 | Srinivas Mane | Indian National Congress |
* ↑ by-poll due to the death of C. M. Udasi

## Election results
### 2023

2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election: Hangal :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | INC | Srinivas Mane | 94,590 | 52.76 | +1.81 |
| | BJP | Shivaraj Sajjanar | 72,645 | 40.52 | −6.13 |
| | JD(S) | Manohar Hanumantappa Tahasildar | 8,834 | 4.93 | |
| | NOTA | None of the Above | 725 | 0.4 | +0.09 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 21,945 | 12.24 | +7.95 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 179,272 | 84.59 | +0.64 |
| | INC hold | INC hold | Swing | | |

### 2021 by-election

By-election, 2021: Hangal :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | INC | Srinivas Mane | 87,490 | 50.95 | +24.05 |
| | BJP | Shivaraj Sajjanar | 80,117 | 46.65 | +18.95 |
| | None of the Above | None of the Above | 529 | 0.31 | −0.13 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 7,373 | 4.29 | +4.32 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,71,737 | 83.95 | −0.43 |
| | INC gain from BJP | INC gain from BJP | Swing | | |

### 2018

2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election: Hangal :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | BJP | C. M. Udasi | 80,529 | 49.10 | +44.22 |
| | INC | Srinivas Mane | 74,015 | 45.13 | −0.80 |
| | Independent | Chandrappa Jalagar | 4,263 | 2.60 | |
| | None of the Above | None of the Above | 731 | 0.45 | |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 6,514 | 3.97 | +0.03 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,63,997 | 84.38 | +1.36 |
| | BJP gain from INC | BJP gain from INC | Swing | | |

### 2013

* Manohar H. Tahashildar (INC): 66,324 votes
* Udasi C. M (KJP): 60,638 votes

### 1967

* P. B. Rudragouda (IND): 18,742 votes
* S. S. Chanabasappa (INC): 16,781 votes
# Galinthias

Galinthias is an African genus of praying mantises (order Mantodea); it is the type genus for the new family Galinthiadidae.

## Species

* Galinthias amoena
* Galinthias meruensis
* Galinthias occidentalis
* Galinthias philbyi
* Galinthias rhomboidalis