OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# E8 manifold

In low-dimensional topology, a branch of mathematics, the E$_8$ manifold is the unique compact, simply connected topological 4-manifold with intersection form the E$_8$ lattice.

## History

The $E_{8}$ manifold was discovered by Michael Freedman in 1982. Rokhlin's theorem shows that it has no smooth structure (as does Donaldson's theorem), and in fact, combined with the work of Andrew Casson on the Casson invariant, this shows that the $E_{8}$ manifold is not even triangulable as a simplicial complex.

## Construction

The manifold can be constructed by first plumbing together disc bundles of Euler number 2 over the sphere, according to the Dynkin diagram for $E_{8}$. This results in $P_{E_{8}}$, a 4-manifold whose boundary is homeomorphic to the Poincaré homology sphere. Freedman's theorem on fake 4-balls then says we can cap off this homology sphere with a fake 4-ball to obtain the $E_{8}$ manifold.
# Eduardo Cuervo

Eduardo Cuervo (born August 2, 1977, in Guadalajara, Jalisco) is a Mexican actor. He is best known for his participation in various telenovelas produced by Televisa, such as Abrázame muy fuerte, Amigas y Rivales, and Mujer de Madera.

## Career

In 2006, he started working in Telemundo produced serials such as Tierra de Pasiones, shot in Miami, FL, and in 2007 he was part of the young cast of Telemundo's upcoming Pecados Ajenos.
# Gentisate decarboxylase

The enzyme gentisate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.62) catalyzes the chemical reaction
    2,5-dihydroxybenzoate $\rightleftharpoons$ hydroquinone + CO$_2$
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate carboxy-lyase (hydroquinone-forming). Other names in common use include 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate decarboxylase, and gentisate carboxy-lyase. This enzyme participates in tyrosine metabolism.
# Psaltoda adonis

Psaltoda adonis, commonly known as the forest demon, is a species of cicada native to Queensland in eastern Australia. It was described by Howard Ashton in 1914.
# Metabelemnites

Metabelemnites is a genus of belemnite, an extinct group of cephalopods.
# Jyamdi Mandan

Jyamdi Mandan is a village development committee in Kabhrepalanchok District in Bagmati Province of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 4,467 and had 848 houses in it.
# Ianthe (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Ianthe (Ancient Greek: Ἰάνθη Ianthê) or Janthe was one of the 3,000 Oceanids, water-nymph daughters of the Titans Oceanus and his sister-spouse Tethys. Her name means "she who delights", or probably from ianthên (heat) or ianthos (violet).

## Mythology

Along with her sisters, Ianthe was one of the companions of Persephone when the daughter of Demeter was abducted by Hades.
# Henry of Navarre (disambiguation)

Henry of Navarre may refer to:
* Henry I of Navarre, reigned 1270–74
* Henry II of Navarre, reigned 1517–55
* Henry IV of France, also Henry III of Navarre, reigned 1572–1610
* Henry of Navarre (horse), a racehorse
# William E. Gleason

William E. Gleason (also spelled Gleeson; November 30, 1837 – June 13, 1893) was a justice of the Dakota Territorial Supreme Court from 1865 to 1866, appointed by Abraham Lincoln on February 16, 1865 to succeed Joseph Lanier Williams. Gleason resigned June 30, 1866, and was replaced by John W. Boyle.

## Early life, education, and career

Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Gleason was orphaned at the age of 12. He was employed for a time by the mercantile firm of James Hodges & Brother, owned by James Hodges, and was able to attend Loyola College, where he was "noted for his love of languages", receiving his undergraduate degree in 1856, and a Master of Arts in 1858. He then studied law under James L. Bartol, who was later Chief Justice of Maryland, and served as librarian of the Baltimore Law Library from 1856 to 1859. An ardent supporter of Abraham Lincoln, he made several well-received speeches in support of Lincoln's presidential campaign in 1860.

## Service in the Dakota Territory

In 1861, Lincoln appointed Gleason as the first United States Attorney for the Dakota Territory. He was under thirty years of age at the time of his appointment. During his service in this office, Gleason "did not unite with the government and some of the other federal officials in territorial political matters, but became the chief counselor and advisor of General Todd and his friends". In 1865, Gleason was appointed to the territorial supreme court. Historian Doane Robinson noted that Gleason "was a somewhat brilliant lawyer and judge, though, like his predecessors, he did not sit in the supreme court, no case yet having arisen of sufficient moment to warrant an appeal". He was reported to have been "the youngest person ever appointed by the government to a judicial position".

## Diplomatic service and later life

Gleason resigned from the court to accept a diplomatic appointment from President Andrew Johnson to serve as a consul, in Bordeaux, France. He was confirmed on June 18, 1866, and departed for the office by steamer from New York City on July 28, 1866.
Robinson further noted that "[a]s a lawyer he was rather unscrupulous in his methods, and after his return [from Europe] he engaged in practice in Baltimore, where he made money, but was finally convicted of perjury and disbarred". In 1880, it was reported that "[e]x-Judge William E. Gleason has been disbarred by the supreme bench of Baltimore. The charge against him was that he purposely misled a judge by assuring him that a certain witness had been summoned which was untrue".
Gleason died in 1893, some years after his return to Baltimore from his consular duties.
# Macklyn

Macklyn is a surname and given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Macklyn Arbuckle (1866–1931), American screen and stage actor
* Macklyn Warlow, character in True Blood
* Allen Macklyn, character in Hands Across the Table
* Dr. Macklyn, character in Sick Abed
# Ea Súp district

Ea Súp is a rural district (huyện) of Đắk Lắk province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 40,164. The district covers an area of 1,750 km$^2$. The district capital lies at Ea Súp.
# Reteporella grimaldii

Reteporella grimaldii is a species of bryozoans in the family Phidoloporidae.
# Psaltoda fumipennis

Psaltoda fumipennis, commonly known as the smoking sage, is a species of cicada native to Queensland in eastern Australia. It was described by Howard Ashton in 1912.
# Metabetaeus lohena

Metabetaeus lohena, also known as the alpha snapping shrimp or anchialine snapping shrimp, is a species of alpheid shrimp native to Hawaii and Easter Island.

## Description

Metabetaeus lohena is an alpheid scavenger, which will also hunt small anchialine invertebrates. M. lohena grows to lengths of 18 mm and are pale pink to vibrant red in colour. Shrimp possess large claws and a clearly visible mandibular spot. Females once gravid will produce a mass of 20 to 29 eggs. M. lohena larvae lack a yolk sack, which suggests the species possess a planktotrophic larval feeding phase. M. lohena have been recorded to live for up to 6 years.

## Distribution and habitat

Metabetaeus lohena has a widespread distribution in Hawaii where it is native to many islands. The species is also found on Easter Island. They live in anchialine pools, which are landlocked bodies of water with underground connections to the ocean. These pools often possess fresh or brackish water near the surface, but saline water at depth. Shrimp can be found naturally living at salinities ranging from 2 to 36 ppt and water temperatures at around 20 °C (68 °F) or higher. Hawaiian populations of M. lohena coexist alongside their prey species ʻōpaeʻula shrimp (Halocaridina rubra) with their known range entirely overlapping.
# Jyamaruk

Jyamaruk is a village development committee in Dhading District in the Bagmati Zone of central Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 6888 and had 1285 houses in it.
# Melech (name)

Melech or Meilech (Hebrew מלך) is a given name of Hebrew origin which means king. It is a name used by Jewish people.

## People

* Melech Epstein (1889–1979), American journalist and historian
* David Melech Friedman (born 1958), American lawyer and ambassador
* Meilech Kohn, American singer
* Melech Ravitch (1893–1976), Canadian Yiddish poet and essayist
* Melech Zagrodski, agronomist and 1939 Bialik Prize winner
* Melech Zilbershlag [he], Israeli YouTuber
# Ginsenoside Rb1

Ginsenoside Rb$_1$ (or Ginsenoside Rb1 or GRb$_1$ or GRb1) is a chemical compound belonging to the ginsenoside family.
Like other ginsenosides, it is found in the plant genus Panax (ginseng), and has a variety of potential health effects including anticarcinogenic, immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, antiallergic, antiatherosclerotic, antihypertensive, and antidiabetic effects as well as antistress activity and effects on the central nervous system.

## Pharmacological effects

A 1998 study by Seoul National University reported that GRb$_1$ and GRg$_3$ (ginsenosides Rb$_1$ and Rg$_3$) significantly attenuated glutamate-induced neurotoxicity by inhibiting the overproduction of nitric oxide synthase among some other findings regarding their neuroprotective properties.
In 2002, the Laboratory for Cancer Research in Rutgers University showed that GRb$_1$ and GRg$_1$ have neuroprotective effect for spinal cord neurons, while ginsenoside Re did not exhibit any activity. GRb$_1$ and GRg$_1$ are proposed to represent potentially effective therapeutic agents for spinal cord injuries.
The protection that GRg$_1$ (ginsenoside Rg$_1$) and GRb$_1$ offer against Alzheimer’s disease symptoms in mice was first published by researchers in 2015. The GRg$_1$ affected three metabolic pathways: the metabolism of lecithin, amino acids and sphingolipids, while GRb$_1$ treatment affected lecithin and amino acid metabolism.
It was reported in 2017 that GRb$_1$ improved cardiac function and remodelling in heart failure in mice. The treatment of H-ginsenoside Rb$_1$ potentially attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis.

## Proposed biosynthesis

The biosynthesis of GRb$_1$ in Panax ginseng starts from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), which is converted to squalene with squalene synthase (SQS), then to 2,3-oxidosqualene with squalene epoxidase (SE).
The 2,3-oxidasqualene is then converted to dammarenediol-II by cyclization, with dammarenediol-II synthase (DS) as the catalyst. The dammarenediol-II is converted to protopanaxadiol and then to ginsenoside Rd.
Finally, GRb$_1$ is synthesized from ginsenoside Rd, catalysed by UDPG:ginsenoside Rd glucosyltransferase (UGRdGT), a biosynthetic enzyme of GRb$_1$ first discovered in 2005.
# Heavy Metal Kings (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| HipHopDX | 3/5 |
| RapReviews | 7.5/10 |
Heavy Metal Kings is the self-titled debut studio album by American underground hip hop duo Heavy Metal Kings. It was released on April 5, 2011, by Enemy Soil Entertainment and Uncle Howie Records. Production was handled by C-Lance, Jack of All Trades, DJ Muggs, Gemcrates, Grand Finale, Junior Makhno, Shuko, Sicknature, Vherbal and Ill Bill. It features guest appearances from Crypt the Warchild, Q-Unique, Reef the Lost Cauze, Sabac Red and Slaine.

## Charts

| Chart (2011) | Peak position |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 95 |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 48 |
| US Top Rap Albums (Billboard) | 24 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 50 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) | 7 |
# Edward Hobson (botanist)

Edward Hobson (1782–1830) was an English weaver and botanist who is associated with the Manchester School of Botany, as represented by such people at John Horsefield and Richard Buxton. His specialism was the study of bryology and one result of this was the publication of his two-volume collection of dried, pressed specimens, A Collection of Specimens of British Mosses and Hepaticae, between 1818 and 1822. This study served as a companion to the 1818 book, Muscologia Britannica: Containing the Mosses of Great Britain and Ireland that was produced by William Jackson Hooker and Thomas Taylor, from whom Buxton received encouragement.
He edited and distributed the exsiccata-like series [Musci Britannici] A collection of specimens of British mosses and Hepaticae, collected in the vicinity of Manchester, and systematically arranged with reference to the Muscologia Britanica, English Botany, &c, &c, &c, by Edward Hobson (1818-1822).
# Harry Anderson (disambiguation)

Harry Anderson (1952–2018) was an American actor, comedian, and magician.
Harry Anderson may also refer to:
* Harry Anderson (coach) (1872–1957), American football coach
* Harry Anderson (Scottish footballer) (1888–1939), Scottish footballer (Raith Rovers, Hibernian, St Mirren, national team)
* Harry Anderson (artist) (1906–1996), American artist
* Harry Anderson (Canadian football) (c. 1926–1996), Canadian football player
* Harry Anderson (baseball) (1931–1998), American baseball player
* Harry Anderson (chemist) (born 1964), British chemist
* Harry Anderson (English footballer) (born 1997), English footballer
* Harry Anderson (American football) (1927–1997), American football player and coach
* Harry A. Anderson, US Army Major in the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program
* Harry B. Anderson (1879–1935), U.S. federal judge
* Harry Reuben Anderson (1844–1918), American general
* Harry W. Anderson (1922–2018), American businessman, art collector, and philanthropist
# Pseudoleptochilus

Pseudoleptochilus is a small Palearctic genus of potter wasps consisting of two species.
# Menteng Stadium

Menteng Stadium was a multi-purpose stadium in Menteng, Central Jakarta, Indonesia. It was used mostly for football reserve matches and was the home stadium of Persija football team. The stadium was built in 1921 with Dutch architects F.J. Kubatz and P.A.J. Moojen and was named Voetbalbond Indische Omstreken Sport (Viosveld).
In October 2006 the stadium was demolished and a public park called Menteng Park was built on the area by the administration of Sutiyoso, governor of Jakarta at that time. The demolition was very debatable amongst the PSSI, because minister of sports Adhyaksa Dault had not approved this action. The stadium's demolition also led to conflicts that almost disbanded Persija Jakarta.
# Mks vir

mks_vir (formerly: MkS_Vir) is a Polish antivirus program, created by Marek Sell in 1987.
The original reason for creation of this software was that the solutions existing on the market these times did not satisfy the author's needs. The first versions for DOS were distributed on floppy disks by Apexim, the company in which Marek Sell worked. The updates were issued monthly and sent by mail. Initially, the software delivered to the users was personalized – the main screen contained the serial number and the data of the license owner. Despite that, the program was often used without license and its popularity can be confirmed by appearing Trojan horses, impersonating program updates, which were not issued yet. Later, together with the full version of the software, demo versions were issued, which allowed to use the program for a week. For educational reasons, the program contained descriptions of operation of some viruses (including demonstrations of their graphical and sound effects) and, from the 3.99 version, a lexicon of the viruses popular in Poland. In 1996, it became the winner of the third edition of the Teraz Polska contest.
In 1996, the MKS company, founded by Marek Sell, became the developer of the program. A website of the program and a BBS were created. The company continued the development of the program after the death of the author in 2004. Versions for Microsoft Windows and Unix were created. An online scanner, based on the ActiveX technology, became available on the software website.
After the bankruptcy of the MKS company, in 2011, the property receiver sold the rights to the mks_vir trademark to the ArcaBit company, set up a few years earlier by the former MKS employees. It reactivated the mks_vir product as a free antivirus application.
Officially, the ArcaBit company resigned from the distribution and the support for the software on 2014, March 1. Although they released a brand new version during May 2018.
Some of the program versions:
* 3.12 (January 1991 – the first version described in the program history)
* 4.00 (April 1993)
* 5.00 (July 1994)
* 6.00 (September 1998)
* 2002
* 2003
* 2004
* 2005 (the last version for DOS)
* 2006 (the last version for Windows 98/Me)
* 2k7 (the first 64-bit version)
* 9 (the last version produced by MKS)
* 10 (announced multilingual version – not issued)
* 12 (the version based on the ArcaBit engine)
* 13.11 (the last version produced by ArcaBit)
* 2013 Internet Security (the last version, announced in February 2013 – not issued)
# Jiménez del Teul

23°15′N 103°48′W﻿ / ﻿23.250°N 103.800°W﻿ / 23.250; -103.800
Jiménez del Teul is the seat of the municipality of the same name in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. One of the oldest towns in Mexico, Jiménez del Teul was founded in 1591.
# Hensleigh

Hensleigh may refer to

## Surname

* Jonathan Hensleigh (born 1959), American screenwriter and film director

## Given name

* John Hensleigh Allen (1769–1843), British politician
* Hensleigh Wedgwood (1803–1891), British etymologist and philologist
# William Henry Ellis (businessman)

William Henry Ellis (also known as Guillermo Enrique Eliseo; June 15, 1864 – September 24, 1923) was an American businessman.

## Early life

Ellis was born on June 15, 1864, in Victoria, Texas, to Charles Ellis and Margaret Nelson Ellis, former slaves. He later claimed that his parents were Cuban or Mexican, rather than African, and styled himself as "Guillermo Enrique Eliseo". Ellis was fluent in Spanish. He first worked on a ranch, assisted in leather dealing, and later inspecting customs, trading cattle, and growing cotton.

## Career and activism

In 1888 he started farming cattle in Mexico. In the late 19th century he was a member of the Republican Party, particularly supporting Norris Wright Cuney. Ellis also became close to Henry McNeal Turner. Both Turner and Cuney supported the back-to-Africa movement, while Ellis supported colonizing African-Americans to Latin America, specifically Mexico. While living in San Antonio, Ellis became known as an advocate for Black representation in Texas politics.
After this he became involved in an attempt to create a colony of Black people from the southern United States in Mexico. The country's president, Porfirio Díaz, approved the plan in 1888 and granted Ellis some land. By 1894 an agreement was signed for funding and Ellis agreed to provide as many as 20,000 Black people as workers in the Tlahualilo Municipality. Ellis hired R. A. “Pegleg” Williams, and in 1895, 816 emigrants were transferred from Alabama. Although some sources say this was the only trip, others list there as being at least 2,000 emigrants. The southern press criticized the colony and reported poor living conditions. After an investigation, the conditions were found to be poor but not as bad as had been reported. The colony failed, and the US federal government funded the return of all involved families. Ellis became involved in the brokerage business, leading a water company that supplied The Bronx and was valued at $10,000,000. He eventually sold this to New York City.
In 1904, Ellis sought to become the king of the Ethiopian Empire, in what was later known as the "Abyssinia affair". He worked with the United States Department of State, specifically Robert Peet Skinner, to make a treaty between Menelik II and the United States. After Frederick Kent Loomis, one of Ellis's collaborators, disappeared, Ellis took the treaty to Menelik and was made a duke in the kingdom. The treaty itself was described by the Handbook of Texas as creating "an impetus for forging an official relationship between the two countries." He returned to the US in 1904, living in Mount Vernon, New York. Ellis also purchased a seat on the New York Stock Exchange and was involved with organizations such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

## Personal life

He married Ida Lefferts Sherwood in 1903; the two had four children.

## Death and legacy

On September 24, 1923, Ellis died in Mexico City.
In 2016, Karl Jacoby wrote The Strange Career of William Ellis: The Texas Slave Who Became a Mexican Millionaire. In 2019 Phillip Rodriguez announced that he would make a documentary based on the book.
# Macrosoma subornata

Macrosoma subornata is a moth-like butterfly in the family Hedylidae. It was described by William Warren in 1904.
# Porta delle Lame, Bologna

Porta delle Lame or Porta Lame was a gate or portal of the former outer medieval walls of the city of Bologna, Italy. It is located at the end of Via Lame, where it meets via Zanardi.
Originally, a gate was built in the medieval walls in 1334, and had two drawbridges, one for carriages, and the other for pedestrians. The gate was rebuilt in 1677 in a Baroque style by the architect Agostino Barelli. The most recent restoration was 2007–2009. Surrounding the gate are bronze statues depicting partisans who fought at this site on November 7, 1944.
44°30′09″N 11°20′00″E﻿ / ﻿44.50237°N 11.33329°E﻿ / 44.50237; 11.33329
# Revolutionary situation

In Marxist terminology, a revolutionary situation is a political situation indicative of a possibility of a revolution. The concept was introduced by Vladimir Lenin in 1913, in his article "Маёвка революционного пролетариата" (Mayovka of the Revolutionary Proletariat). In the article two conditions for a revolutionary situation were described, which were later succinctly phrased as "the bottoms don't want and the tops cannot live in the old way". In later works Lenin postulated a third condition: high political activity of the working masses, their readiness to revolutionary actions.
Lenin describes the "revolutionary situation" as follows:
"To the Marxist it is indisputable that a revolution is impossible without a revolutionary situation; furthermore, it is not every revolutionary situation that leads to revolution. What, generally speaking, are the symptoms of a revolutionary situation? We shall certainly not be mistaken if we indicate the following three major symptoms:
(1) when it is impossible for the ruling classes to maintain their rule without any change; when there is a crisis, in one form or another, among the “upper classes”, a crisis in the policy of the ruling class, leading to a fissure through which the discontent and indignation of the oppressed classes burst forth. For a revolution to take place, it is usually insufficient for “the lower classes not to want” to live in the old way; it is also necessary that “the upper classes should be unable” to rule in the old way;
(2) when the suffering and want of the oppressed classes have grown more acute than usual;
(3) when, as a consequence of the above causes, there is a considerable increase in the activity of the masses, who uncomplainingly allow themselves to be robbed in “peace time”, but, in turbulent times, are drawn both by all the circumstances of the crisis and by the “upper classes” themselves into independent historical action.
Without these objective changes, which are independent of the will, not only of individual groups and parties but even of individual classes, a revolution, as a general rule, is impossible. The totality of all these objective changes is called a revolutionary situation."