OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# George H. Cohen

George H. Cohen is an American lawyer. He is a former director of the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service in the United States. He was appointed in 2009 by President Barack Obama.

## Early life and family

Cohen was born in Brooklyn, New York and was raised on Long Island in Long Beach He attended Cornell University, where he was a sports reporter for the college newspaper. He earned a law degree at Cornell Law School in 1957. Afterwards, he joined the United States Army.
Cohen's son, Bruce, is an Academy Award-winning film producer.

## 2013 credit card scandal

In 2013, The Washington Examiner reported that Cohen used federal funds to purchase artwork painted by his wife to adorn his office as well as used for items such as champagne, $200 coasters, and a $1,300 chair. Cohen retaliated against two whistleblowers who brought spending concerns to government regulators, firing one after a hospital stay and paying another hundreds of thousands of dollars to settle a retaliation complaint. He personally forced a third whistleblower to write an email retracting her allegations to the General Services Administration.
In response, the FMCS issued the following statement, as printed in the Examiner: "These items which the Examiner is inquiring about appear to have been the subject of a now-settled employment dispute involving a disgruntled FMCS employee. These purchasing issues were addressed in the settlement, but must remain confidential under federal personnel rules, as noted, in the absence of a release from the employee.
When FMCS became aware of this employee’s concerns about the Agency’s procurement practices, we took immediate actions. These actions included taking steps to ensure that the Agency’s internal processes meet federal regulations. Additionally, we obtained a review by an outside, independent authority regarding FMCS procurements made over a period of years. We conducted a prompt and thorough investigation and a review of our own internal processes. With the settlement of the employment dispute, the conclusion of our own investigation and reviews by outside authorities, the allegations were dropped and outside authorities indicated they would take no further action."
Amid allegations of wasteful and possibly fraudulent expenses during his tenure at FMCS, Cohen announced his retirement from the agency, effective December 31, 2013.
# Otto Schindewolf

Otto Heinrich Schindewolf (7 June 1896 – 10 June 1971) was a German paleontologist who studied the evolution of corals and cephalopods.

## Biography

Schindewolf was on the faculty at the University of Marburg from 1919 until 1927. Then he became director of the Geological Survey of Berlin. In 1948 he became a professor at the University of Tübingen, where he retired as professor emeritus in 1964.
He was a saltationist who opposed the theory of gradual evolution, and in the 1930s suggested that major evolutionary transformations must have occurred in large leaps between species. This idea became known as the Hopeful Monster theory and was further taken and developed up by the geneticist Richard Goldschmidt in the 1940s. Schindewolf was also the first to suggest, in 1950, that mass extinctions might have been caused by extraterrestrial impacts or nearby supernova. From 1948 until his retirement in 1964, Schindewolf was professor of Geology and Paleontology at the University of Tübingen.

## Evolution

As a saltationist Schindewolf had supported macromutations as part of his evolutionary theory. He was known for presenting an alternative interpretation of the fossil record, combining orthogenesis, mutationism and extraterrestrial impacts, as opposed to Darwin's gradualism. Schindewolf's theory claimed that variation tended to move in a predetermined direction. His theory became known as typostrophism and stated that evolution occurs due to a periodic cyclic model of evolutionary processes which are predestined to go through a life cycle dictated by factors internal to the organism.
Part of his "typostrophism" (German: Typostrophe) theory advocated sudden evolutionary change by macromutations but he later dropped this view. His theory of orthogenesis (guided, straight-line evolution) and eventual decay went through three stages (typogenesis [explosion of new types], typostasis [maintenance of types], and typolysis [splitting of types, degeneration]) claimed to be embedded within a cyclical view of the evolutionary process. His theory also proposed that mass extinctions, especially the ones at the end of the Permian period 252 million years ago, were the result of cosmic radiation caused by supernova explosions. Schindewolf speculated that a supernova star explosion could emit radiation lethal to organisms if close enough to earth. He proposed that the radiation from a supernova could have two effects, extinguishing many species of life and causing macromutations which in turn could cause new species to originate. Schindewolf was the only scientist to have speculated that the first bird may have hatched from a reptile's egg. It was only a speculation and he abandoned the view of macromutations in later publications.
His book Basic Questions in Paleontology was published in German in 1950 and was translated into English in 1993 with a foreword written by Stephen Jay Gould.
# Helen Perlstein Pollard

Helen Perlstein Pollard (born 1946) is an American academic ethnohistorian and archaeologist, known for her publications and research on pre-Columbian cultures in the west-central Mexico region.

## Biography

As an undergraduate Pollard studied at Barnard College, a women's liberal arts college in New York City affiliated with Columbia University, graduating in 1967. One of her contemporaries at Barnard, who graduated two years earlier, was Esther Pasztory, another Mesoamerican scholar who became renowned as an art historian and specialist in Teotihuacano art. Pollard obtained her PhD in anthropology in 1972, awarded by Columbia University, with a dissertation entitled "Prehispanic Urbanism at Tzintzuntzan, Michoacan".
Pollard's particular area of expertise is the study of the Tarascan state, a tributary state that flourished in the Postclassic period of Mesoamerican chronology in a region largely coinciding with the modern-day Mexican state of Michoacán. Drawing from her extensive archaeological fieldwork conducted in the Lake Pátzcuaro Basin, Pollard's research has investigated themes such as the formation of proto-states, the centralization of political control, development and emergence of social stratification and inequalities, and the human ecology of adaptations within pre-modern cultures in response to environmental changes and instabilities.
As of 2009 Pollard is an Emerita professor of the Department of Anthropology at Michigan State University (MSU). She currently resides in El Cerrito, California.

## Publications

* Pollard, Helen Perlstein (1993). Taríacuri's Legacy: The Prehispanic Tarascan State. The Civilization of the American Indian series, vol. 209. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-2497-0. OCLC 26801144.
# Tramshed

Tramsheds may refer to a tram depot. It may also refer to:

## Entertainment venues

* Tramshed, Cardiff, a music and arts venue in Cardiff, Wales
* Tramshed, a side-by-side nightclub to the Zoo Bar (Halifax, West Yorkshire)
* The Tramshed, a theatre, arts and music venue in Woolwich, London
* The Tramshed, part of Swansea Museum (and formerly part of the Maritime and Industrial Museum)
# Jack Kay

Jack Kay (c. 1951 – January 30, 2015) was an American academic who was interim chancellor, provost and vice chancellor for academic affairs, and professor of communication at the University of Michigan-Flint.
Prior to joining the University of Michigan-Flint in September 2005, Kay was associate provost for student services and professor of communication at Wayne State University. Other positions held at Wayne State include associate provost for Global Initiatives, associate provost for assessment and retention, interim dean of the College of Urban, Labor, and Metropolitan Affairs, interim dean of the College of Fine, Performing, and Communication Arts, and chair of the Department of Communication. Kay was awarded a Ph.D. in communication from Wayne State University in 1979, an M.S. in speech communication from Southern Illinois University-Carbondale in 1975, and a B.A. in speech communication and political science from Wayne State University in 1974.
Kay is author of numerous articles and books, including Argumentation: Inquiry and Advocacy. Kay’s research specialty is the power of language. He has conducted extensive research on extremist groups, focusing on the communication strategies of groups such as the Ku Klux Klan, Aryan Nations, and Neo-Nazi Skinheads. In addition to publications in scholarly journals, Kay’s research is cited in newspapers, radio, and television. He has testified before the U.S. Civil Rights Commission and has been a consultant to law enforcement. He has received numerous awards for research, teaching, and service, including a 1999 Outstanding Graduate Mentor Award by the Wayne State University Graduate School. Kay has served as dissertation advisor to forty-four Ph.D. graduates in the discipline of communication. His research activity includes a grant from the U.S. Department of State to work on democratization efforts with journalists and press secretaries in Siberia, Russia. He was married to Ruth Kay, head of the Michigan's Debate MIFA league and debate couch at Detroit Country Day School.
# Waseda University Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum

35°42′36″N 139°43′10″E﻿ / ﻿35.709973°N 139.719524°E﻿ / 35.709973; 139.719524
The Tsubouchi Memorial Theatre Museum of Waseda University is a university museum devoted to the history of drama, with facilities used for cultural performances from all over the world. The museum was named for Tsubouchi Shōyō, a famous writer known for his work with theater and translation of the collected works of Shakespeare into Japanese. It is commonly known as Enpaku in Japanese.

## History

The Waseda Theatre Museum formally opened in 1928, following the dreams of Professor Tsubouchi to build a museum dedicated to theatre arts. It commemorates all of Tsubouchi's accomplishments, among them a 40-volume translation of the works of Shakespeare that Tsubouchi also finished in 1928, the year of his 70th birthday. Modelled after the Fortune Theatre of London, the museum approximates its inspiration in both exterior construction and interior design.

## Collections

The Waseda Theatre Museum functions as both a repository and exhibition space, housing nearly 37,000 items and 100,000 volumes. For example it has a large number of ukiyo-e prints depicting the popular kabuki play Chūshingura.
# Industrial revenue bond

An industrial revenue bond (IRB), also formerly known as an Industrial Development Bond (IDB), is a unique type of revenue bond organized by a state or local government. The bond issue is sponsored by a government entity but the proceeds are directed to a private, for-profit business.

## Bond Structure

An IRB differs from traditional government revenue bonds, as the bonds are issued on behalf of a private sector business. IRBs are typically used to support a specific project, such as a new manufacturing facility.
The bond issue is created and organized by a sponsoring government, with the proceeds used by the private business. The business is responsible for bond repayment. The sponsoring government holds title to the underlying collateral until the bonds are paid in full. In some cases, this arrangement may provide a federal tax exempt status to the bonds, and many times a property tax exemption on the collateral. The sponsoring government is not responsible for bond repayment and the bonds do not affect the government’s credit rating. IRBs are desired as the private business receives a lower interest rate (due to the bonds tax-exempt status), a property tax exemption, and a long-term, fixed rate financing package.
Bond proceeds may be used for a variety of purposes, including land acquisition, building construction, machinery and equipment, real estate development fees, and the cost of bond issuance.

## IRS Statute

In the United States IRBs are governed by IRS statute and include the following provisions:
* The maximum amount of bonds that may be issued or outstanding is US$10 million.
* Total capital expenditures at the project site may not exceed US$20 million total
* Total IRBs outstanding at the company in the U.S. may not exceed US$40 million total
# Ethmia melanocrates

Ethmia melanocrates is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It is found in Kenya.
# Elysia grandifolia

Elysia grandifolia is a species of sea slug, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Plakobranchidae native to the waters off southern India and Sri Lanka. It has colonised the waters of the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

## Taxonomy

Edward Frederick Kelaart described the species in 1858 as Elysia grandifolia. He was unsure of its placement within the genus, and considered the new genus name Hydropsyche as an alternative. Kelaart was a military surgeon who became interested in marine life after seeing an aquarium in London, and set about describing nudibranchs off the waters of Ceylon (Sri Lanka), where he was stationed.

## Description

Sometimes reaching 12 cm (4.8 in) long, Elysia grandifolia has a light green head and body, marked with white and more rarely black spots. The head and neck are bare, apart from bearing two tentacles folded along the sides of the head. The body is wider at the front and tapers to a point at the rear, and lacks a distinct foot. The mouth lies underneath. Running along the length of the body on each side is a veiny green wing-like membrane—known as a parapodium—with black and gold margin. Laterally it can measure 6.35 cm (2.5 in) across with wings expanded. Kelaart wrote, "The whole animal gives one the idea of a large leaf and, when moving, that of a butterfly.", adding that the pulsating heart was visible in the middle of its back.

## Distribution

This marine species is found on seaweed in the waters off Sri Lanka and southern India. It is an introduced species in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean Sea, where it has been recorded off the coast of Turkey and Israel.
# Monte Grande Radio Station

The Monte Grande Radio Station was a VLF transmission site for oversea wireless telegraphy in Monte Grande, near Buenos Aires, Argentina. The station was inaugurated on January 25, 1924, at the presence of then Argentine President Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear.
The station used a T-shaped antenna mounted on ten masts, two of them with a height of 219 metres and the other eight with a height of 210 metres. At the time of its inauguration, the radio transmitter was based on two Joly-Arco radio frequency alternators (400 kW and 500 kW, respectively) built by Telefunken/AEG.
The station operated on 23.6 kHz with 72.1 kW.
# Herbert Ruff

Herbert Ruff (September 16, 1918 – May 19, 1985) was a German-Canadian pianist and composer. He composed many chansons in French as well as a number of concert works.

## Early life

Ruff was born at Idaweiche, near Breslau, Germany (now Ligota-Panewniki, Poland). He began studying piano as a child in Vienna, and attended the Stern Conservatory in Berlin for two years.

## Career

From 1947 to 1952 Ruff taught in China at the Nanjing Conservatory, as well as performing on the piano in China. In 1952 Ruff moved to Canada and began work at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, composing and performing on the piano. In 1961 he performed with François D'Albert in New York and Chicago. In the 1960s he recorded and performed with folk-singer Pauline Julien, and composed many French chansons. He released an album, C'est une habitude, with Ovila Légaré.
Ruff died in 1985.
# Octopodoidea

Octopodoidea is a superfamily of the suborder Incirrata containing all extant octopods except for the cirrate octopodes, argonauts (Alloposidae, Argonautidae, Ocythoidae and Tremoctopodidae), and the vampire squid.

## Families

* Suborder Incirrina
** Superfamily Argonautoidea
** Superfamily Octopodoidea
*** Family Amphitretidae
**** subfamily Bolitaeninae
**** subfamily Vitreledonellinae
*** Family Bathypolypodidae
*** Family Eledonidae
*** Family Enteroctopodidae
*** Family Megaleledonidae
*** Family Octopodidae
# Infralec

Infralec was a short-lived electricity distribution subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Infralec was established in February 2000 by Hyder to operate the Welsh electricity distribution network previously operated under the SWALEC brand, when the rest of Hyder was sold to British Energy.
In 2001, Hyder was purchased by Western Power Distribution who sold off most parts of the organisation but kept Infralec, which was rebranded as WPD South Wales.
# Esenkaya, Kale

Esenkaya is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kale, Denizli Province in Turkey. Its population is 219 (2022).
# Elysia obtusa

Elysia obtusa is a species of sea slug, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Plakobranchidae. This sea slug resembles a nudibranch but is not closely related to that order of gastropods, instead it is a sacoglossan.

## Description

Elysia obtusa grows to about 15 millimetres (0.59 in) long. It is a translucent golden green colour, sparsely covered with white spots. The broad parapodia are distinctively rimmed with white. They are sometimes a much darker shade of green than the rest of the body but that is believed to be when the animal has recently fed and the pigment of the chlorophyll shows through.

## Distribution

Elysia obtusa is found in the western Pacific Ocean, its range extending from Hong Kong and Japan to eastern Australia at depths of up to 10 metres (33 ft).
# David Grubin

David Grubin (born 1944) is an American documentary filmmaker.

## Career

Grubin is best known for producing television documentaries for PBS, notably American Experience and Healing And The Mind with Bill Moyers. His work has won two Alfred I. Dupont awards, two Peabody Awards, five Writer's Guild prizes, and four Primetime Emmys.
A member of the executive committee of the Society of American Historians, Grubin has received a Guggenheim Fellowship, has been a Montgomery Fellow at Dartmouth College, and is the recipient of an honorary doctorate from his alma mater, Hamilton College. He is a member of the Writers Guild and Directors Guild, and is a former chairman of the board of directors of The Film Forum.
His independent feature film, Downtown Express, was selected for the Woodstock Film Festival, FilmColumbia Festival, and opening night at the Cinema Arts Festival Houston.
He teaches documentary filmmaking at Columbia University's Graduate Film Program.

## Personal life

Grubin is married to the artist Joan Grubin. He lives in New York City.

## Selected filmography

* The Great Air Race of 1924 (1989)
* LBJ (1991)
* FDR (1994)
* T.R.: The Story of Theodore Roosevelt (1996)
* Truman (1997)
* America 1900 (1998)
* Napoleon (2000 documentary) (2000) DeVillier Donegan Enterprises Public Broadcasting Service|PBS
* Money and Power TV special on Showtime (TV network) (2001)
* Abraham and Mary Lincoln: A House Divided (2001)
* The Secret Life of the Brain (2002) PBS
* Young Dr. Freud
* RFK (2004)
* Marie Antoinette: A Film by David Grubin (2005)
* The Jewish Americans (2008)
* The Trials of J. Robert Oppenheimer (2009)
* The Buddha (2010)
* Downtown Express (2011)
* Havana, Havana! (2012)
* Language Matters with Bob Holman (2015)
* Tesla (2016)
# German submarine U-3017

German submarine U-3017 was a Type XXI U-boat (one of the "Elektroboote") of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, built for service in World War II. She was ordered on 6 November 1943, and was laid down on 2 September 1944 at AG Weser, Bremen as yard number 1176. She was launched on 5 November 1944, and commissioned under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Rolf Lindschau on 5 January 1945.

## Design

Like all Type XXI U-boats, U-3017 had a displacement of 1,621 tonnes (1,595 long tons) when at the surface and 1,819 tonnes (1,790 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 76.70 m (251 ft 8 in) (o/a), a beam of 8 m (26 ft 3 in), and a draught of 6.32 m (20 ft 9 in). The submarine was powered by two MAN SE supercharged six-cylinder M6V40/46KBB diesel engines each providing 4,000 metric horsepower (2,900 kilowatts; 3,900 shaft horsepower), two Siemens-Schuckert GU365/30 double-acting electric motors each providing 5,000 PS (3,700 kW; 4,900 shp), and two Siemens-Schuckert silent running GV232/28 electric motors each providing 226 PS (166 kW; 223 shp).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 15.6 knots (28.9 km/h; 18.0 mph) and a submerged speed of 17.2 knots (31.9 km/h; 19.8 mph). When running on silent motors the boat could operate at a speed of 6.1 knots (11.3 km/h; 7.0 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) for 340 nautical miles (630 km; 390 mi); when surfaced, she could travel 15,500 nautical miles (28,700 km; 17,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-3017 was fitted with six 53.3 cm (21.0 in) torpedo tubes in the bow and four 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. She could carry twenty-three torpedoes or seventeen torpedoes and twelve mines. The complement was five officers and fifty-two men.

## Service history

On 9 May 1945, U-3017 surrendered at Horten, Norway, before participating in any war patrols. She was later transferred to Oslo on 18 May 1945, then moved to Lisahally, Northern Ireland on 3 June 1945, arriving on 7 June 1945. U-3017 would be spared, for a time, becoming a British N-class submarine, N41, used for testing and then in November 1949, broken up at Newport, Wales.
# Mood Swings (Harem Scarem album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Mood Swings is a 1993 album by the Canadian hard rock band Harem Scarem. A music video was shot for the song "No Justice". The album charted at No. 85 on the Canadian charts.
In December 2012, it was announced that a reunited Harem Scarem would headline the 10th Firefest festival in Nottingham, UK in October 2013. Harry Hess had been approached by Firefest's promotor to perform the Mood Swings album in its entirety for its twentieth year anniversary. Following that appearance, Harem Scarem re-recorded the Mood Swings album, adding three newly written 'in-keeping' tracks to Mood Swings II, 'World Gone To Piece's, 'Anarchy' and 'A Brighter Day'.
In 2023, and to celebrate the 30th anniversary of Mood Swings the band announced they would be releasing an anniversary edition of the album as Mood Swings Bundle - Limited Edition. The package included a 180-gram purple LP, a CD with five bonus acoustic tracks, and numerous other items of physical and digital memorabilia and similar. Retail price was $89.95.

## Track listing (original release)

All tracks are written by Harry Hess and Pete Lesperance, except where noted

## Charts
### Album

| Year | Chart | Position |
| 1993 | Canada | 85 |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Chart | Position |
| 1993 | "No Justice" | Canada | 59 |
| 1993 | "Change Comes Around" | Canada | — |
| 1994 | "If There Was a Time" | Canada | — |

## Personnel
### Band members

* Harry Hess – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, producer, engineer.
* Pete Lesperance – lead guitar, backing vocals, producer.
* Mike Gionet – bass, backing vocals.
* Darren Smith (musician)|Darren Smith – drums, backing vocals, lead vocals on Track 6

### Additional musicians

* Rob Cooper – B3 Organ

### Production

* Kevin Doyle (recording engineer)|Kevin Doyle – producer, engineer.
* Stephen Marcussen – mastering.
* Andrew MacNaughtan – photography.
* Package design by Stanford Communications.