OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Oswald efficiency number

The Oswald efficiency, similar to the span efficiency, is a correction factor that represents the change in drag with lift of a three-dimensional wing or airplane, as compared with an ideal wing having the same aspect ratio and an elliptical lift distribution.

## Definition

The Oswald efficiency is defined for the cases where the overall coefficient of drag of the wing or airplane has a constant+quadratic dependence on the aircraft lift coefficient
    $C_{D}=C_{D_{0}}+{\frac {(C_{L})^{2}}{\pi e_{0}AR}}$
where
    $C_{D}\;$is the overall drag coefficient, $C_{D_{0}}\;$is the zero-lift drag coefficient, $C_{L}\;$is the aircraft lift coefficient, $\pi \;$is the circumference-to-diameter ratio of a circle, $e_{0}\;$is the Oswald efficiency number $AR$is the aspect ratio
For conventional fixed-wing aircraft with moderate aspect ratio and sweep, Oswald efficiency number with wing flaps retracted is typically between 0.7 and 0.85. At supersonic speeds, Oswald efficiency number decreases substantially. For example, at Mach 1.2 Oswald efficiency number is likely to be between 0.3 and 0.5.

## Comparison with span efficiency factor

It is frequently assumed that Oswald efficiency number is the same as the span efficiency factor which appears in lifting-line theory, and in fact the same symbol e is typically used for both. But this assumes that the profile drag coefficient is independent of $C_{L}$, which is certainly not true in general. Assuming that the profile drag itself has a constant+quadratic dependence on $C_{L}$, an alternative drag coefficient breakdown can be given by
    $C_{D}=c_{d_{0}}+c_{d_{2}}(C_{L})^{2}+{\frac {(C_{L})^{2}}{\pi eAR}}$
where
    $c_{d_{0}}\;$is the constant part of the profile drag coefficient, $c_{d_{2}}\;$is the quadratic part of the profile drag coefficient, $e\;$is the span efficiency factor from inviscid theory, such as lifting-line theory
Equating the two $C_{D}$ expressions gives the relation between the Oswald efficiency number e$_0$ and the lifting-line span efficiency e.
    $C_{D_{0}}=c_{d_{0}}$
    ${\frac {1}{e_{0}}}={\frac {1}{e}}+\pi ARc_{d_{2}}$
For the typical situation $c_{d_{2}}>0$, we have $e_{0}<e$.
# Eupithecia alpinata

Eupithecia alpinata is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by Samuel E. Cassino in 1927. It is found in the US states of Texas and Arizona.
The wingspan is about 17 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from March to May.
# Italian ship Roma

Roma was the name of three ships of the Regia Marina (Italian Royal Navy), and may refer to:
* Italian ironclad Roma, an armoured steam frigate commissioned in 1865 and scrapped in 1896
* Italian battleship Roma (1907), a predreadnought battleship of the Regina Elena class completed in 1908 and stricken in 1926
* Italian battleship Roma (1940), a battleship of the Vittorio Veneto class commissioned in 1942 and sunk in 1943
# Fenglin County

Fenglin County (Chinese: 丰林县; pinyin: Fēnglín Xiàn) is a county in Heilongjiang Province, China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Yichun. The county was established by merging the former Xinqing District, Wuying District and Hongxing District approved by Chinese State Council in 2019. The county seat is Xinqing Subdistrict (新青街道).

## Administrative divisions

Fenglin County is divided into 14 subdistricts.

### 14 subdistricts

* Liming Shequ (黎明社区街道), Hongjianzhongxin Shequ (红建中心社区街道), Xinmin Shequ (新民社区街道), Fumin Shequ (富民社区街道), Yulinyi Shequ (育林一社区街道), Xinlizhongxin Shequ (新立中心社区街道), Dongsheng Shequ (东升社区街道), Qianjin Shequ (前进社区街道), Tuanjie Shequ (团结社区街道), Yulin Shequ (育林社区街道), Jianlin Shequ (建林社区街道), Songlin Shequ (松林社区街道), Xinlin Shequ (新林社区街道), Wuxing Shequ (五星社区街道)
# Ultra Twister (Six Flags)

Ultra Twister was a steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure from 1986 to 1988 and then at Six Flags AstroWorld from 1990 until that park was closed and demolished by Six Flags in 2005. The ultratwister-design is that of a pipeline roller coaster, created by Japanese company TOGO.

## History
### Six Flags Great Adventure (1986-1988)

Ultra Twister was previously located at Six Flags Great Adventure under the same name. It was located at Six Flags Great Adventure's "Frontier Adventures" section along a path going from Rolling Thunder down to Runaway Mine Train.
Construction of the ride began in November 1985. On June 6, 1986, Ultra Twister opened to the public. Upon its opening, it was the first heartline roll coaster in the United States, as well as the coaster with the steepest ascent. There was also a "chicken exit" in the queue for guests who refused to ride.
Despite the positive reception and unique ride experience, Ultra Twister was plagued with an assortment of issues during its time at Great Adventure. Reoccurring stress fractures required constant rewelding of the track, which led to frequent downtime. Evacuating passengers from trains that became stuck on the vertical lift hill was a difficult and dangerous task. A small elevator was installed behind it, but it was limited to evacuating one guest at a time. The ride's hourly capacity was also limited, making it unsuitable for long lines.
Ultra Twister was disassembled in 1989 and moved to a smaller Six Flags property, Six Flags AstroWorld, where the small footprint of the ride would be more advantageous. This was also selected in accordance with Six Flags' ride rotation program, which often shuffles rides from park to park as their novelty wears off. A new roller coaster called Great American Scream Machine opened the same year at Great Adventure, and six years later in 1995, Viper was built in Ultra Twister's former location.

### Six Flags AstroWorld (1990-2005)

Ultra Twister reopened under the same name at AstroWorld in 1990. Its lift hill was modified from a 90-degree vertical ascent to an angle of 45 degrees. The coaster was changed from its bluish-white color scheme to green and blue in 2004. The ride continued to operate until AstroWorld closed permanently on October 30, 2005. Subsequently, the coaster was dismantled and brought to Six Flags America in Largo, Maryland, where it was placed in storage until its removal in 2010.
# Marvin Graves

Marvin Graves (born February 7, 1971) is an American former professional football player who was a quarterback in the Canadian Football League (CFL). He played college football for the Syracuse Orange, becoming one of the top signal-callers in the program's history.

## High school

Born in Washington, D.C., Graves was a standout quarterback at Archbishop Carroll High School, and also excelled at basketball and baseball for the D.C. high school.

## College

Graves finished his career as the all-time passing yardage leader at Syracuse (8,466), leading the Orange in the category each of his four campaigns. His 48 touchdown tosses rank second in program history. Graves quarterbacked SU to victories in the 1990 Aloha bowl, the 1992 Hall of Fame bowl, where he was named MVP, and the 1993 Fiesta bowl, where he was named co-MVP with Kevin Mitchell. In a 1992 game vs. Rutgers, he gained 476 yards.
Graves was named to Syracuse University's All-Century team in November, 1999.

## Professional career

Graves was a quarterback for the Toronto Argonauts (1994–1995), the Saskatchewan Roughriders (1996, 2000–2001), and the Montreal Alouettes (1997).

## Coaching career

After his CFL career, Graves went on to coach for Washington, D.C. high schools as well as several quarterback camps. He coached quarterbacks for the Division III Catholic University of America.

## Ultimate Frisbee ownership

In 2013, Graves was the co-owner of the Washington, D.C. professional Ultimate team, the DC Breeze.
# List of members of the Parliament of Vanuatu (1979–1983)

The 39 members of the Parliament of Vanuatu from 1979 to 1983 were elected on 14 November 1979.

## List of members

| Constituency | Member | Party | Notes |
| Ambrym | Amos Andeng | New Hebrides Federal Party | |
| Ambrym | Jack Hopa | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Aoba–Maewo | Onneyn Tahi | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Aoba–Maewo | Thomas Tungu | Moderate Party | |
| Aoba–Maewo | Judah Vira | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Banks and Torres | Norman Roslyn | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Banks and Torres | George Worek | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Efate Rural | Nanua Albert | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Efate Rural | George Kalkoa | Vanua'aku Pati | Elected president in 1980. By-election held on 26 August 1982 and won by Dick Poilapa (Vanua'aku Pati) |
| Efate Rural | Donald Kalpokas | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Epi | Jack Taritonga | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Luganville | George Cronsteadt | Moderate Party | Deported and declared a prohibited immigrant. By-election held on 31 August 1982 and won by Sela Molisa (Vanua'aku Pati). |
| Luganville | Kalmer Vocor | Natui Tanno | |
| Malakula | Gérard Leymang | Namangi Aute | |
| Malakula | Aimé Maléré | Namangi Aute | |
| Malakula | Keith Obed | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Malakula | Sethy Regenvanu | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Malakula | Jimmy Simeon | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Paama | Edward Harris | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Pentecost | Vincent Boulekone | Independent | |
| Pentecost | Samuel Bule | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Pentecost | Walter Lini | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Port Vila | Maxime Carlot Korman | Independent | |
| Port Vila | Kalpokor Kalsakau | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Port Vila | Guy Prévot | New Hebrides Federal Party–UCNH | Deported and declared a prohibited immigrant. By-election held on 26 August 1982 and won by Barak Sopé (Vanua'aku Pati) |
| Port Vila | Albert Sande | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Santo Rural | Jole Antas | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Santo Rural | Harry Karaeru | New Hebrides Federal Party | |
| Santo Rural | Alfred Maliu | New Hebrides Federal Party | |
| Santo Rural | War Nalan | New Hebrides Federal Party | |
| Santo Rural | Thomas Reuben | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Shepherds | Kenneth Tariliu | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Shepherds | Fred Timakata | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Southern Islands | John Naupa | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Tanna | Willie Korisa | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Tanna | John Louhman | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Tanna | Charley Nako | Kapiel | |
| Tanna | Gideon Nampas | Vanua'aku Pati | |
| Tanna | Alexis Yolou | John Frum Movement | Died in 1980. By-election held on 2 September 1982 and won by Jean-Marie Léyé (Union of Moderate Parties) |
| Source: Zorgbibe ||||
# Paul Morrissey (comics)

Paul Morrissey is an American graphic novel editor and writer who has edited and developed several comic books, graphic novels, and manga. His career started at Tokyopop, where he oversaw the production of a multitude of manga properties, including Fruits Basket.
At Boom! Studios, Morrissey edited the Harvey Award-winning The Muppet Show Comic Book, along with comic books based on Disney/Pixar films, including The Incredibles, Cars, Monsters, Inc, Finding Nemo, Wall*E and Toy Story.
While at Archaia, Morrissey won an Eisner Award in 2011 for co-editing (with David Petersen) the graphic novel anthology Mouse Guard: Legends of the Guard. In 2012, he edited and contributed a story to Archaia's Harvey Award-nominated Fraggle Rock series.
As a writer, Morrissey has penned comic book stories based on all-ages properties, such as Teen Titans Go! (co-written with Heather Nuhfer), Sesame Street, Fraggle Rock, and Casper's Scare School.
# Oscar Peterson Plays Count Basie

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Oscar Peterson Plays Count Basie is a 1956 album by Oscar Peterson, of music associated with Count Basie.

## Track listing

* "Lester Leaps In" (Lester Young) – 3:58
* "Easy Does It" (Sy Oliver, Young) – 6:28
* "9:20 Special" (William Engvick, Earle Warren) – 3:40
* "Jumpin' at the Woodside" (Count Basie) – 5:42
* "Blues for Basie" (Oscar Peterson) – 3:34
* "Broadway" (Billy Bird, Teddy McRae, Henri Woode) – 4:31
* "Blue and Sentimental" (Basie, Mack David, Jerry Livingston) – 2:29
* "Topsy" (Edgar Battle, Eddie Durham) – 4:22
* "One O'Clock Jump" (Basie) – 5:49
* "Jive at Five" (Basie, Harry "Sweets" Edison) – 4:11

## Personnel
### Performance

* Oscar Peterson – piano
* Ray Brown – double bass
* Herb Ellis - guitar
* Buddy Rich - drums
# Eugenia camptophylla

Eugenia camptophylla is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# NAHBGreen

NAHBGreen is another name for the National Green Building Program of the National Association of Home Builders, an organization based in the United States.

## National Green Building Certification

There are two rating systems available to score green projects: The NAHB Model Green Building Guidelines for new single-family homes and the National Green Building Standard for new single-family and multifamily construction, residential remodeling and renovation, and subdivision development.
Both rating systems are used as design tools for building professionals to plan their green projects. They are also scoring tools, providing the list of green choices made so that inspectors can test and verify the results. Finally, they are used for certification, so that a third party, the NAHB Research Center, can review the inspector's documentation and certify that the project is authentically green. Builders can apply to certify their homes with both the National Green Building Standard and Builders Challenge using the free online Green Scoring Tool.
The NAHBGreen website provides instructions for the scoring tools and certification process. A list of accredited verifiers is also provided at the site.
# Hoogervorst

Hoogervorst is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hans Hoogervorst (born 1956), Dutch political and business figure
* Jan Hoogervorst, Dutch organizational theorist and business executive
* Jeffrey Hoogervorst, Dutch footballer
# Italian ship Sagittario

Sagittario has been borne by at least three ships of the Italian Navy and may refer to:
* Italian torpedo boat Sagittario (1905), a Sirio-class torpedo boat launched in 1905 and discarded in 1923.
* Italian torpedo boat Sagittario (1936), a Spica-class torpedo boat launched in 1936 and stricken in 1964.
* Italian frigate Sagittario (F 565), a Lupo-class frigate launched in 1977. Sold to Peru in 2006 and renamed Quiñones.
# Hillsboro and Northeastern Railway

The Hillsboro and Northeastern Railway was a shortline railroad built around the turn of the 20th century to connect the village of Hillsboro to the main line of the Chicago and North Western Railway at Union Center, Wisconsin, about five miles distant. The line was abandoned in February 1987.

## Hillsboro State Trail

The abandoned right of way was turned into a recreational trail known as the Hillsboro State Trail or alternatively as the "Hillsboro Spur". The C & NW main line trackage at Union Center is now the 400 State Trail. The junction for the Hillsboro Spur to the 400 State Trail is just outside the southern edge of Union Center.
# Papago, Arizona

Papago is a populated place situated in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It has an estimated elevation of 656 feet (200 m) above sea level. It is located on the Union Pacific Railroad's Phoenix Subdivision.
# Patrizia Busignani

Patrizia Busignani (born 11 May 1959) was Captain Regent of San Marino from 1 April 1993 to 1 October 1993. Her co-Regent was Salvatore Tonelli.
Busignani was President of Partito Socialista Unitario from 1983 to 1990. She then became Chief of the Parliamentary Group of Socialists for Reforms, President of the Partito dei Democratici and later of the Partito dei Socialisti e dei Democratici, serving in the latter post from 2007 until 2009. In 2008 she was responsible for the PanEuropean Campaign to Combat Violence Against Women. In 2010 and 2011 she was a spokeswoman for the committee to promote a referendum on San Marino joining the European Union.
# Wispers School

Wispers School was a British independent boarding school for girls aged between 11 and 18 which was founded in 1947 and which closed in 2008 after 61 years' operation. For the first part of its life it was based at Wispers, a large country house near Midhurst, West Sussex, UK. It was also briefly based at West Dean House, West Sussex, and then for the last 40 years of its existence at Oak Hall, Haslemere in Surrey.

## Midhurst

In 1946 Helen Brown, the wife of a vicar and brother of Sir Robert Benson Ewbank, bought Herries School in Cookham Dean in Berkshire. In 1947 her husband needed to be confined to a TB clinic near the south coast, and accordingly the school was to move to Wispers, a large country house designed by the architect Richard Norman Shaw, near Midhurst in West Sussex. For the start of the autumn term 1947 Herries School was split, with the local children remaining at the non-boarding junior school part of Herries in Cookham Dean, and the boarding contingent moving to Wispers. Herries School at Wispers was renamed Wispers School for the start of the autumn term 1949.
Writer Angela Lambert and actresses Susannah York and Pamela Salem attended the school in the early 1950s while it was based at Wispers.

## Locations

In 1956 the school moved to West Dean House in West Dean, West Sussex, which was owned at the time by Edward James. In 1964 James gave the house to a charitable trust, The Edward James Foundation, but the school was able to remain at West Dean until 1968.
In 1969 the school moved to a new site in Haslemere in Surrey when the Wispers School Trust purchased Oak Hall, in High Lane. The house had previously housed another school, Oak Hall School, and so was suitable for Wispers to take over without much modification being needed. The house and 26-acre site was found for the school by Ken Wood, a businessman who was chairman of the governors of Wispers School.

## Closure of the school

The 2008 decision to close the school was made unanimously by the board of governors, for two reasons: a falling roll of pupils due to a drop in demand for all-girls' boarding education, and rising costs. The May 2008 announcement of the closure was unexpected, especially as the school had recently received a glowing Ofsted report and had been given the award for "the most pro-active business in the community" in Haslemere Chamber of Trade and Commerce's 2008 awards.
At the time the school had 72 pupils. 46 staff were made redundant: 14 full-time and 15 part-time teaching staff, and 17 support staff involved in the running of the school and its site. The site and its buildings were sold, with the school's estimated £4 million-worth of assets used to establish a Wispers Education Trust, which provides bursaries for girls who would otherwise be unable to benefit from independent education.

## Wispers School in popular culture

A fictionalised version of the school and its pupils and staff is presented in Angela Lambert's 1990 novel, No Talking After Lights.

## Notable former pupils

* Angela Lambert
* Pamela Salem
* Susannah York
# Eugenia burkilliana

Eugenia burkilliana is a species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is a tree endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Henry Ferguson (painter)

Henry Ferguson, or Vergazon (1665 – 1730), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.

## Biography

He was born in The Hague as the son of William Gowe Ferguson. He worked for a short time in England, because Horace Walpole wrote that he was "a Dutch painter of ruins and landscapes, with which he sometimes was called to adorn the backgrounds of Kneller's pictures, though his colouring was reckoned too dark. He painted a few small portraits, and died in France". He travelled with Adriaen van der Kabel via Lyon to Toulouse, where he later died.
# Globulostylis

Globulostylis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It comprises 8 species growing in Central Africa.

## Description

The main characters of Globulostylis are the few-flowered inflorescences with a pair of bracts at the apex of the peduncle and the style with a swelling in the lower half.

## Distribution and habitat

Globulostylis has 8 species in Central Africa, all endemic to the Lower Guinean forests, except G. uncinula, which also occurs in the Congolian forests.
All species are shrubs or small trees of forest understory, never gregarious.

## Bacterial leaf symbiosis

Endophytic bacteria are housed in the intercellular space of the leaf mesophyll tissue. The presence of these bacteria can only be microscopically ascertained. The bacteria are identified as Burkholderia, which is a genus that is also found in the leaves of other Rubiaceae species. hypothesis is that these endophytic bacteria provide chemical protection against insect herbivory.

## Taxonomy

The genus was described by H.F. Wernham in 1913 to accommodate two species from South Nigeria collected by Mr. and Mrs. P.A. Talbot, viz. G. minor and G. talbotii. A third species, G. cuvieroides, was added later. Globulostylis and Cuviera species are closely related, and therefore at one point Globulostylis was treated as a subgenus of Cuviera. However, the combined analysis of both morphological and molecular data separates both genera.

## Species

Accepted species according to the latest revision.
* Globulostylis cuvieroides Wernham
* Globulostylis dewildeana Sonké, O.Lachenaud & Dessein
* Globulostylis leniochlamys (K.Schum.) Sonké, O.Lachenaud & Dessein
* Globulostylis minor Wernham
* Globulostylis rammelooana Sonké, O.Lachenaud & Dessein
* Globulostylis robbrechtiana Sonké, O.Lachenaud, Dessein & De Block
* Globulostylis talbotii Wernham
* Globulostylis uncinula (N.Hallé) Sonké, O.Lachenaud & Dessein