OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Löhne

Löhne (German pronunciation: ) is a town in the district of Herford, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

## Geography

Löhne is situated on the river Werre, approx. 8 km north of Herford and 20 km south-west of Minden.

### Neighbouring places

* Hüllhorst
* Bad Oeynhausen
* Vlotho
* Herford
* Hiddenhausen
* Kirchlengern

## Twin towns – sister cities

Löhne is twinned with:
* Spittal an der Drau, Austria (1973)
* Columbus, United States (1993)
* Condega, Nicaragua (1994)
* Röbel, Germany (1996)
* Mielec, Poland (2002)

## Notable people

* Frederick Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (1653–1728), Prussian field marshal
* Philip Louis, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg (1620–1689), founder and first duke of the line Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Wiesenburg
# László Foltán Jr.

László Foltán Jr. is a Hungarian sprint canoer who has competed since 2008. He won two medals at the 2009 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Dartmouth with a silver in the C-1 4 × 200 m and a bronze in the C-4 200 m.
# László Filep

László Filep (6 December 1941 Császló – 19 November 2004 Budapest) was a Hungarian mathematician who specialized in history of mathematics. His Ph.D. advisors at the University of Debrecen were Barna Szénássy and Lajos Tamássy.

## Selected publications

* Filep, László (1999). "Pythagorean side and diagonal numbers" (PDF). Acta Mathematica Academiae Paedagogicae Nyíregyháziensis. 15: 1–7.

## Books

* Queen of the sciences (Development of mathematics)
* Game theory
* The history of number writing
# Bosel (disambiguation)

Bosel or Bosal may refer to:
* Bösel, a municipality in the district of Cloppenburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany
* Bosel, medieval Bishop of Worcester.
* Otto Bösel (1913-1975), Hauptwachmeister in the Luftwaffe during World War II.
* Greta Bösel (1908-1947), German concentration camp guard, executed for war crimes
* Nasir Iqbal Bosal, Pakistani politician
* Bosal, Korean pronunciation for a bodhisattva.
* Bosal, a type of hackamore noseband, sometimes misspelled "bosel."
* Bozal Spanish, the Spanish spoken by negros bozales, slaves recently taken from Africa.
# 1911–12 Western Football League

The 1911–12 season was the 20th in the history of the Western Football League.
The league champions this season were Welton Rovers, the first time that the club had won the league.

## Final table

Two new clubs joined the league, and the number of clubs increased from 10 to 11 clubs, after Bristol City Reserves left the league.
* Peasedown St John
* Street
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts |
| 1 | Welton Rovers | 20 | 15 | 2 | 3 | 52 | 19 | 2.737 | 32 |
| 2 | Barry District | 20 | 13 | 2 | 5 | 56 | 28 | 2.000 | 28 |
| 3 | Weymouth | 20 | 12 | 3 | 5 | 58 | 29 | 2.000 | 27 |
| 4 | Bristol Rovers Reserves | 20 | 12 | 1 | 7 | 53 | 39 | 1.359 | 25 |
| 5 | Bath City | 20 | 10 | 2 | 8 | 31 | 27 | 1.148 | 22 |
| 6 | Camerton | 20 | 8 | 1 | 11 | 30 | 35 | 0.857 | 17 |
| 7 | Weston-super-Mare | 20 | 7 | 3 | 10 | 24 | 30 | 0.800 | 17 |
| 8 | Street | 20 | 7 | 1 | 12 | 32 | 42 | 0.762 | 15 |
| 9 | Peasedown St John | 20 | 6 | 2 | 12 | 22 | 37 | 0.595 | 14 |
| 10 | Paulton Rovers | 20 | 5 | 2 | 13 | 28 | 70 | 0.400 | 12 |
| 11 | Clevedon | 20 | 5 | 1 | 14 | 21 | 46 | 0.457 | 11 |
* ↑ The tables as published at the time contained errors, hence the totals do not balance in some columns.
# 1912 Adrian Bulldogs football team

The 1912 Adrian Bulldogs football team represented Adrian College during the 1912 college football season.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| | Windsor Collegiate Institute of Ontario* | | W 34–0 |
| | Detroit Wolverine Club* | | W 19–0 |
| October 12 | at Notre Dame* | Cartier FieldNotre Dame, IN | L 7–74 |
| | Ohio Northern* | Adrian, MI | L 0–27 |
| October 23 | at Detroit Heralds* | Detroit, MI | W 14–6 |
| October 26 | at Nebraska* | Nebraska FieldLincoln, NE | L 0–41 |
| | Michigan Freshman* | | W 23–15 |
| | Heidelberg* | | W 39–6 |
| *Non-conference game ||||
# 1920 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team

The 1920 Presbyterian Blue Hose football team represented Presbyterian College as an independent during the 1920 college football season. Led by the fifth-year head coach Walter A. Johnson, Presbyterian compiled a record of 5–1–1. The team captain was Lonnie McMillian.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| October 1 | at Clemson | Riggs FieldClemson, SC | T 7–7 |
| October 16 | vs. North Georgia | Dahlonega, GA | W 34–7 |
| October 21 | vs. South Carolina | FairgroundsAugusta, GA | L 0–14 |
| October 30 | at Erskine | Greenwood, SC | W 14–0 |
| November 6 | at Wofford | Spartanburg, SC | W 14–0 |
| November 13 | Newberry | Clinton, SC | W 27–0 |
| November 20 | Davidson | Clinton, SC | W 7–0 |
# 1924 in Yugoslavia

The following lists events that happened during 1924 in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.

## Incumbents

* King: Alexander I
* Prime Minister:
** until 28 July: Nikola Pašić
** 28 July-6 November: Ljubomir Davidović
** starting 6 November: Nikola Pašić

## Events
### January

* January 2 – The Bulgarian government gave former King Ferdinand, who had been living in exile since 1918, permission to return to Sofia while Yugoslavia immediately sends an ultimatum objecting to the move.
* January 4 – Yugoslavia sends another sharp note to Bulgaria saying it would not accept the return of Ferdinand from exile or any further provocations. Newspapers in Belgrade clamored for war.
# 1933 Cornell Big Red football team

The 1933 Cornell Big Red football team was an American football team that represented Cornell University during the 1933 college football season. In their 14th season under head coach Gil Dobie, the Big Red compiled a 4–3 record and outscored their opponents by a combined total of 116 to 89.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| September 30 | St. Lawrence | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | W 48–7 |
| October 7 | Richmond | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | W 28–7 |
| October 14 | at Michigan | Michigan StadiumAnn Arbor, MI | L 0–40 |
| October 21 | Syracuse | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | L 7–14 |
| November 4 | Columbia | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY (rivalry) | L 6–9 |
| November 18 | at Dartmouth | Memorial FieldHanover, NH (rivalry) | W 7–0 |
| November 30 | at Penn | Franklin FieldPhiladelphia, PA (rivalry) | W 20–12 |
# 1922 Maine Black Bears football team

The 1922 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine during the 1922 college football season. In its second season under head coach Fred Brice, the team compiled a 6–2 record and was recognized as the Maine state champion. The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Orono, Maine. Raymond Lunge was the team captain.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 23 | Connecticut* | Alumni FieldOrono, ME | W 14–0 | |
| September 30 | Vermont* | Alumni FieldOrono, ME | L 0–7 | |
| October 7 | at Dartmouth* | Hanover, NH | L 0–19 | |
| October 14 | Norwich* | Alumni FieldOrono, ME | W 12–0 | |
| October 21 | Bates | Alumni FieldOrono, ME | W 19–6 | |
| October 28 | Colby | Alumni FieldOrono, ME | W 14–0 | 5,000 |
| November 4 | at Bowdoin | Whittier FieldBrunswick, ME | W 7–6 | |
| November 11 | at New Hampshire* | Textile FieldManchester, NH (rivalry) | W 14–7 | |
| *Non-conference game ||||||
# 1923–24 WPI Engineers men's basketball team

The 1923–24 WPI Engineers men's basketball team represented Worcester Polytechnic Institute during the 1923–24 NCAA men's basketball season. They were coached by Ivan Bigler. The Engineers played their home games at Alumni Gym in Worcester, Massachusetts. The team finished the season with 4 wins and 17 losses.
# 1924 Utah Agricultural Aggies football team

The 1924 Utah State Aggies football team was an American football team that represented Utah State Agricultural College—now known as Utah State University—as a member of the Rocky Mountain Conference (RMC) during the 1924 college football season. In their sixth season under head coach Dick Romney, the Aggies compiled an overall record of 4–2–1 record with mark of 3–2–1 against conference opponents, finished in a three-way tie for second place in the RMC, and outscored opponents by a total of 127 to 52.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| October 4 | vs. Colorado Mines | Ogden, UT | L 6–17 | |
| October 11 | Montana Mines* | Adams FieldLogan, UT | W 47–0 | |
| October 18 | at Denver | Broadway ParkDenver, CO | W 16–0 | |
| October 25 | at Colorado Agricultural | Colorado FieldFort Collins, CO | L 13–17 | |
| November 7 | at BYU | Provo, UT (rivalry) | W 13–9 | |
| November 12 | Wyoming | Adams FieldLogan, UT (rivalry) | W 25–2 | |
| November 27 | at Utah | Cummings FieldSalt Lake City, UT (Battle of the Brothers) | T 7–7 | 11,000 |
| *Non-conference game ||||||
# 1925 South Carolina Gamecocks football team

The 1925 South Carolina Gamecocks football team was an American football team that represented the University of South Carolina during the 1925 Southern Conference football season. In its first season under head coach Branch Bocock, South Carolina compiled a 7–3 record (2–2 against conference opponents), tied for 10th place in the conference, shut out five of ten opponents, and outscored all opponents by a total of 150 to 27.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 26 | | Erskine* | University FieldColumbia, SC | W 33–0 | |
| October 3 | | North Carolina | University FieldColumbia, SC (rivalry) | L 0–7 | |
| October 10 | | at NC State | Riddick StadiumRaleigh, NC (rivalry) | W 7–6 | |
| October 16 | | Wofford* | University FieldColumbia, SC | W 6–0 | |
| October 22 | | Clemson | University FieldColumbia, SC (rivalry) | W 33–0 | > 12,000 |
| October 28 | | vs. The Citadel* | County FairgroundsOrangeburg, SC | W 30–6 | |
| October 31 | 2:30 p.m. | vs. VPI | Mayo Island ParkRichmond, VA | L 0–6 | |
| November 14 | | at Furman* | Manly FieldGreenville, SC | L 0–2 | |
| November 20 | | Presbyterian* | University FieldColumbia, SC | W 21–0 | 4,500 |
| November 28 | 2:30 p.m. | Centre* | University FieldColumbia, SC | W 20–0 | |
| *Non-conference gameAll times are in Eastern time |||||||
# 1938 Pau Grand Prix

The 1938 Pau Grand Prix was a motor race held on 10 April 1938 at the Pau circuit, in Pau, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France. The Grand Prix was won by René Dreyfus, driving the Delahaye 145. Rudolf Caracciola and Hermann Lang combined to finish second and Gianfranco Comotti finished third.

## Classification
### Race

| Pos | No | Driver | Vehicle | Laps | Time/Retired | Grid |
| 1 | 2 | René Dreyfus | Delahaye 145 | 100 | 3hr 08min 59.0sec | 1 |
| 2 | 6 | Rudolf Caracciola Hermann Lang | Mercedes-Benz W154 | 100 | + 1:51.0 s | 2 |
| 3 | 4 | Gianfranco Comotti | Delahaye 145 | 94 | + 6 laps | 3 |
| 4 | 20 | "Raph" | Maserati 6CM | 85 | + 15 laps | 8 |
| 5 | 28 | Maurice Trintignant | Bugatti T35C | 83 | + 17 laps | 6 |
| 6 | 24 | Dioscoride Lanza | Maserati 6CM | 81 | + 19 laps | 5 |
| Ret | 30 | Yves Matra | Bugatti T51 | 40 | Retired | 7 |
| Ret | 22 | Antonio Negro | Maserati 6CM | 9 | Steering | 9 |
| DNS | 8 | Hermann Lang | Mercedes-Benz W154 | | Did Not Start | |
| DNS | 12 | Tazio Nuvolari | Alfa Romeo Tipo 308 | | Did Not Start | |
| DNS | 14 | Emilio Villoresi | Alfa Romeo Tipo 308 | | Did Not Start | |
| Sources: |||||||
| Preceded by1937 Pau Grand Prix | Pau Grand Prix 1938 | Succeeded by1939 Pau Grand Prix |
# 1933–34 Danish Championship League

Following are the statistics of the Danish Championship League in the 1933–34 season.

## Overview

It was contested by 10 teams, and Boldklubben af 1893 won the championship.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Boldklubben af 1893 | 9 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 34 | 14 | +20 | 14 |
| 2 | Boldklubben 1903 | 9 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 34 | 20 | +14 | 14 |
| 3 | Boldklubben Frem | 9 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 26 | 15 | +11 | 13 |
| 4 | Kjøbenhavns Boldklub | 9 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 39 | 21 | +18 | 12 |
| 5 | Akademisk Boldklub | 9 | 4 | 1 | 4 | 29 | 23 | +6 | 9 |
| 6 | Aarhus Gymnastikforening | 9 | 4 | 0 | 5 | 24 | 24 | 0 | 8 |
| 7 | Esbjerg fB | 9 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 19 | 29 | −10 | 7 |
| 8 | Aalborg Boldspilklub | 9 | 3 | 0 | 6 | 24 | 39 | −15 | 6 |
| 9 | Fremad Amager | 9 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 13 | 29 | −16 | 5 |
| 10 | Skovshoved IF | 9 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 17 | 45 | −28 | 2 |
# 1927–28 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team

The 1927–28 Ohio Bobcats men's basketball team represented Ohio University. Butch Grover was the head coach for Ohio. The Bobcats played their home games at the Men's Gymnasium. They finished 10–10 and 4–6 in the Buckeye Athletic Association.

## Schedule

| Date time, TV | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record |
| Regular Season ||||||
| * | Bliss | W 44–17 | 1–0 |
| * | Marietta | W 40–22 | 2–0 |
| * | at Hamilton YMCA | W 35–30 | 3–0 |
| * | at Cincinnati YMCA | L 21–40 | 3–1 |
| * | at Manchester | L 17–39 | 3–2 |
| * | at Manchester | L 18–38 | 3–3 |
| | at Cincinnati | L 27–28 | 3–4 (0–1) |
| * | Muskingum | L 19–54 | 3–5 |
| | Ohio Wesleyan | L 32–41 | 3–6 (0–2) |
| * | Centre | W 39–23 | 4–6 |
| | at Denison | W 31–22 | 5–6 (1–2) |
| | Miami | W 36–22 | 6–6 (2–2) |
| | at Wittenberg | L 36–52 | 6–7 (2–3) |
| | at Ohio Wesleyan | L 29–30 | 6–8 (2–4) |
| * | at Marietta | W 53–16 | 7–8 |
| | Wittenberg | W 41–37 | 8–8 (3–4) |
| | at Miami | L 32–51 | 8–9 (3–5) |
| | Cincinnati | W 46–33 | 9–9 (4–5) |
| * | at Muskingum | W 40–36 | 10–9 |
| | Denison | L 34–36 | 10–10 (4–6) |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. All times are in Eastern Time. ||||||
Source:
# 1927–28 Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team

The 1927–28 Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team represented the University of Oklahoma in college basketball during the 1927–28 NCAA men's basketball season. The Oklahoma Sooners men's basketball team were a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA) former Missouri Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Association at that time. The team posted an 18–0 overall record and an 18–0 conference record to finish first in the conference for head coach Hugh McDermott.

## Schedule

| Date time, TV | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site city, state |
| Regular season ||||||
| December 16, 1927 | Drake | W 42–24 | 1–0 (1–0) | Armory Norman, OK |
| December 17, 1927 | Grinnell | W 44–16 | 2–0 (2–0) | Armory Norman, OK |
| January 5, 1928 | at Iowa State | W 51–32 | 3–0 (3–0) | State Gymnasium Ames, IA |
| January 7, 1928 | at Grinnell | W 40–21 | 4–0 (4–0) | Grinnell, IA |
| , 1928 | at Drake | W 38–24 | 5–0 (5–0) | Drake Fieldhouse Des Moines, IA |
| January 13, 1928 | Kansas | W 45–19 | 6–0 (6–0) | McCasland Field House Norman, OK |
| January 14, 1928 | Kansas State | W 40–29 | 7–0 (7–0) | McCasland Field House Norman, OK |
| January 21, 1928 | Oklahoma A&M | W 41–21 | 8–0 (8–0) | McCasland Field House Norman, OK |
| , 1928 | at Washington (MO) | W 28–20 | 9–0 (9–0) | Francis Gymnasium St. Louis, Missouri |
| February 4, 1928 | at Missouri | W 40–24 | 10–0 (10–0) | Rothwell Gymnasium Columbia, MO |
| , 1928 | Washington (MO) | W 34–33 | 11–0 (11–0) | McCasland Field House Norman, OK |
| February 11, 1928 | Missouri | W 34–33 | 12–0 (12–0) | McCasland Field House Norman, OK |
| February 14, 1928 | at Kansas | W 30–21 | 13–0 (13–0) | Hoch Auditorium Lawrence, KS |
| February 18, 1928 | Iowa State | W 37–17 | 14–0 (14–0) | McCasland Field House Norman, OK |
| February 21, 1928 | at Oklahoma A&M | W 37–36 | 15–0 (15–0) | Armory–Gymnasium Stillwater, OK |
| February 24, 1928 | at Kansas State | W 40–27 | 16–0 (16–0) | Nichols Hall Manhattan, KS |
| February 25, 1928 | Nebraska | W 38–36 | 17–0 (17–0) | Nebraska Coliseum Lincoln, NE |
| March 3, 1928 | Nebraska | W 43–29 | 18–0 (18–0) | McCasland Field House Norman, OK |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from Coaches' Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. All times are in Central Time.. ||||||
# 1938–39 OB I bajnoksag season

The 1938–39 OB I bajnokság season was the third season of the OB I bajnokság, the top level of ice hockey in Hungary. Three teams participated in the league, and BKE Budapest won the championship.

## Regular season

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | BKE Budapest | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 9:4 | 6 |
| 2. | BBTE Budapest | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 7:4 | 6 |
| 3. | Ferencvárosi TC | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 1:9 | 0 |
# 1933 NC State Wolfpack football team

The 1933 NC State Wolfpack football team was an American football team that represented North Carolina State University as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1933 college football season. In its third and final season under head coach John "Clipper" Smith, the team compiled a 1–5–3 record (0–4 against SoCon opponents), finished in last place in the conference, and was outscored by a total of 62 to 23.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| September 23 | Catawba* | Riddick StadiumRaleigh, NC | W 7–0 |
| September 30 | at Georgia* | Sanford StadiumAthens, GA | L 10–20 |
| October 7 | at Clemson | Riggs FieldClemson, SC (rivalry) | L 0–9 |
| October 14 | Florida* | Riddick StadiumRaleigh, NC | T 0–0 |
| October 21 | at Wake Forest* | Gore FieldWake Forest, NC (rivalry) | T 0–0 |
| October 28 | Davidson* | Riddick StadiumRaleigh, NC | T 6–6 |
| November 4 | North Carolina | Riddick StadiumRaleigh, NC (rivalry) | L 0–6 |
| November 11 | at South Carolina | Melton FieldColumbia, SC | L 0–14 |
| November 25 | at Duke | Duke StadiumDurham, NC (rivalry) | L 0–7 |
| *Non-conference game |||||
# 1938 in Afghanistan

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
The following lists events that happened during 1938 in Afghanistan.
Afghanistan made rapid strides towards western civilization. Roads were laid out for motor traffic; industries, based originally on military requirements, were developed; and education spread. Three colleges were instituted in Kabul, and schools were set up everywhere.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Mohammed Zahir Shah
* Prime Minister – Mohammad Hashim Khan

## Early 1938

Treaties of friendship are concluded with Liberia and with Brazil, and the treaty with Turkey is extended for ten years. On the other hand, on the proposal of the Soviet government, the Afghan consulates in Russia and the Soviet consulates in Afghanistan are closed.

## June 1938

A number of Wazirs from South and West Waziristan cross the Afghan frontier with the object of looting and of stirring up a rising against the reigning Afghan house. This movement is the result of an agitation carried on for some months in Waziristan by one Syed Mohammad Sadi, commonly known as the Shami Pir (Syrian imam), a priest from Damascus whose family is connected with the ex-king Amanullah. A rebellion breaks out in southeast Afghanistan, headed by the Suleiman khel, and the number of the insurgents soon rises to 2,000. The government, which has been watching the activities of the Shami Pir, is not taken unawares, and quickly sends to the scene of the disturbances two brigades with ten aeroplanes, which are soon after reinforced by two more brigades. The insurgents are defeated in two battles on June 22 and 24, and the revolt soon comes to an end.
Another slightly different version of the events are described as follows:
   Pir Shami, the Holy Man from Syria, suddenly appeared in Waziristan in the spring of 1938 and declared King Zahir Shah a usurper and ex-king Amanullah the legitimate ruler of Afghanistan. With the apparent intention of reinstating Amanullah on the throne, he managed to rally the Mahsuds and the Wazirs around him and marched on Mattun, a provincial town in southern Afghanistan. For a moment it seemed that he would overrun that outpost and continue on to Kabul. But the British persuaded him to abandon his plans. He accepted a bribe of £25,000 sterling and left India for Iraq. Some observers have seen the German hand, and some the British hand, in Pir Shami’s scheme. But, in all likelihood, he embarked on this adventure on his own and, surprisingly, the British services in India, to their dismay, found out about him too late.
   — Abdul Samad Ghaus, The fall of Afghanistan: an insider's account,
# 1947 Allan Cup

The 1947 Allan Cup was the Canadian senior ice hockey championship for the 1946–47 season.

## Final

Best of 7
* Montreal 7 Calgary 3
* Calgary 2 Montreal 1
* Montreal 7 Calgary 0
* Montreal 4 Calgary 3
* Calgary 1 Montreal 0
* Calgary 5 Montreal 2
* Montreal 8 Calgary 2
Montreal Royals beat Calgary Stampeders 4-3 on series.
# 1948 Ecuadorian presidential election

Presidential elections were held in Ecuador on 6 June 1948. The elections were supervised by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal for the first time. The result was a victory for Galo Plaza of the National Democratic Civic Movement. He was inaugurated as President on 1 September 1948.

## Results

| Candidate | Candidate | Party | Votes | % |
| | Galo Plaza | National Democratic Civic Movement | 115,708 | 41.07 |
| | Manuel Flor Torres | Conservative Party | 112,356 | 39.88 |
| | Alberto Enríquez Gallo | PLRE–PSE | 53,649 | 19.04 |
| Total | Total | Total | 281,713 | 100.00 |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 455,524 | – |
| Source: Nohlen |||||
# 1949 sterling devaluation

The devaluation of sterling in 1949 (or 1949 sterling crisis) was a major currency crisis in the United Kingdom that led to a 30.5% devaluation of sterling from $4.04 per pound to $2.80 on 18 September 1949. Although the devaluation was made in the United Kingdom, over 19 countries had currencies pegged to sterling and also devalued.

## Historical context

The devaluation, unlike the competitive 1931 sterling devaluation, was done in cooperation between all European nations. There was a general understanding among European nations that sterling was overvalued and would need to be devalued. The IMF was in favour of a devaluation and wanted it to happen to allow other European currencies to also devalue. The timing of the devaluation remained unsure. This led to progressive pressure on the currency, up to a breaking point forcing the British government to devalue.
The fundamental cause of the devaluation was a structural trade deficit of the United Kingdom with the United States. But in the short run, speculation also played a role. As there were capital controls in place, speculation could not take place through regular currency markets as speculative purchases of currency were forbidden by the controls. Instead, speculative pressure mounted through leads and lags.

## Consequences

The immediate consequences of the devaluation were that other countries, many in the sterling area, followed suit. Australia, Burma, Ceylon, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Greece, India, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa and Sweden all also devalued their currencies by 30.5%. France, Portugal, Belgium and Canada devalued their currencies slightly less than did the UK.
According to Larry Elliott (economics editor of The Guardian), the devaluation "highlighted Britain's diminished world status".
The devaluation also laid the ground for negotiations that would lead to the European Payments Union (EPU).