OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Elspeth Green

Elspeth Candlish Green (née Henderson; 16 June 1913 – 24 August 2006) was an NCO and officer in the Women's Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF). She was a plotter during the Battle of Britain, serving at Biggin Hill where she won the Military Medal for her bravery during repeated air raids.
After the war, she worked for the British Council and the first Edinburgh International Festival.

## Early life

She was born on 16 June 1913. Her father was Robert Candlish Henderson (1874–1964), the professor of Scots law at Edinburgh University. She was educated at the private school of St. Denis in Edinburgh and then the Harrogate Ladies' College. She then travelled in Ceylon and Europe where she became fluent in French and German.

## Second World War

During the Second World War, she initially worked for the Voluntary Aid Detachment (VAD) as a driver and first aider. In January 1940, she joined the Women's Auxiliary Air Force, was given two weeks of training as a plotter, and then posted to RAF Biggin Hill – a front-line base in the Battle of Britain. During August of that year, at the height of the battle, she was responsible for maintaining contact with RAF Uxbridge – the headquarters of No. 11 Group, defending London and the South East of England. Biggin Hill was bombed repeatedly – six raids in three days – and she was in the thick of the action: digging out fellow WAAFs from bombed trenches, avoiding unexploded bombs and surviving the blast from the bombs that did explode. Throughout, she continued to perform her duty and maintain effective communications. When her operations room received a direct hit, she was knocked down by the bomb blast but continued to stay on the line until she was ordered to leave the burning building and had to exit through a broken window.
In November 1940, she and two other WAAFs at Biggin Hill – Helen Turner and Elizabeth Mortimer – were awarded the Military Medal for "courage and example of a high order". Only six WAAFs received this award during the Second World War. She was reticent about the award and her wartime service and so, thereafter, her friends and relations were surprised to learn of it. Henderson and Turner were the subjects of a 1941 portrait – Assistant Section Leader E. Henderson, MM, and Sergeant H. Turner, MM, Women's Auxiliary Air Service – which was commissioned by the War Artists' Advisory Committee and painted by Laura Knight.
She was trained for cipher work and then commissioned as an officer. She worked on bomber bases for the rest of the war, finally doing duty as a welfare officer in Egypt in 1945. She was demobbed in 1946 as a Squadron Officer.

## Personal life

She married Alastair McWatt Green in 1949 and then focussed on raising her family – a son and a daughter. She continued to do charitable and voluntary work in Edinburgh, especially for the Aged Christian Friends Society. She died on 24 August 2006.
# Bold Park

Bold Park is a 437-hectare (1,080-acre) urban bushland area in the suburb of City Beach, in Perth, Western Australia. It is located 8 km (5 mi) directly west of the Perth central business district, its western border less than one kilometre from the Indian Ocean. To the east, Perry Lakes reserve is directly adjacent to the park. The hilly topography allows views of both the city and ocean.

## History

The Perth City Council established Bold Park in 1936. It was named after William E. Bold on 14 November 1944, who served as town clerk from 1900 to 1944 (the longest serving town clerk in the council's history).
Bold Park is located on a calcareous coastal plain. Limestone formations in the park were quarried to provide stone for the growing population of Perth. The 640-person-capacity Quarry Amphitheatre uses quarry walls for acoustics and shelter.
Bold Park was recognised as an A-class reserve on 10 August 1998. Since 2000, the Botanic Gardens and Parks Authority (BGPA) has managed Bold Park (along with the 406-hectare Kings Park). Frequent fires, recreational activities and weed invasion have plagued Perth's urban bushland areas. The Bold Park Environmental Management Plan (2000–2005) committed the BGPA to restoring the park.
Bold Park Reservoir is situated on the western edge of the park, off Kalinda Drive.
# Bondarenko (crater)

Bondarenko is a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon. It is located to the northeast of the large, dark-floored crater Tsiolkovskiy, and south of the crater Chauvenet. This is a worn crater formation with an irregular floor, similar to other craters in the area, which are covered by ejecta from Tsiolkovskiy.
The crater was known as Patsaev G until 1991, when it was renamed by the IAU. Patsaev itself is to the west of Bondarenko. It is named for Valentin Bondarenko (1937–1961), an early Soviet cosmonaut killed in a training simulator accident.
# Bolitoglossa eremia

Bolitoglossa eremia is a lungless salamander in the family Plethodontidae endemic to Guatemala.
# Emar Matha

Emar Matha or Embar Mutt is a matha located in the south-eastern (agneya kona)corner of Jagannath Temple, Puri outside the main Prakara near Kalikadevi Sahi.
This was one of the biggest and largest Mutt in Puri and Odisha government which was demolished for beautification and need for space around the temple. Biswanath Das (1911-1995) was one of the key figure associated with the Mutt and served the Mutt during Ramanuja II. A statesman and intellectual, he was an avid reader and had excellent command of Sanskrit, Odia, Sanskrit and Bengali and is known to have read more than 1000 books that once were in the Mutt’s Raghunandan library, the oldest library of Puri before it was demolished for beautification project around the temple. People far from the Odisha state would visit him for consultation on legal matters. During his time with Mutt as advisor which he served for more than 60 years, three Mahants were made in those six decades. He used to reside in Daitapara Sahi, Puri.

## History

Ramanujacharya while coming to Puri established this Mutt. It is said that Govindacharya (Govinda acharya) was the first pontif of this matha. Govindacharyas other name was Embar,by the name Embar the mutts name was emar mutt .Govindacharya was a cousin brother of Srimad Ramanuja, and he saved Ramanuja from Yadavaprakasha's conspiracy. The matha houses images of Krishna and Radha along with Rama parivaar.

## Archaeology

The doorjambs of Emar mutt are noteworthy to see. It has all features of Kalingan architecture. The mutt was renovated during Maratha ruling on Orissa. The followers of this mutt belong to Thengalai sect of Srivaishnava sampradaya.
Approximately 18 tonnes of ancient silver treasure has been recovered from the mutt.
# Bonefeld

Bonefeld is a municipality in the district of Neuwied, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
# Bonefish Pond National Park

Bonefish Pond National Park is a national park in New Providence, the Bahamas. The park was established in 2002 and has an area of 1,235 acres (5 km$^2$).

## Flora and fauna

The park provides an important nursery for crawfish and conch. Prior to 2013, due to inappropriate waste disposal, an area of the park contained no fish. This wetland was restored with the planting of red mangroves, encouraging population by fish species including snapper, damselfish, needlefish, barracuda and bonefish.
# Emily Diana Watts

Emily Diana Watts or Diana Watts or Mrs Roger Watts (1867–1968) was among the first female instructors of the Japanese art of jujitsu in the Western world. She was also an innovator in the field of physical culture.

## Life

Born into a wealthy family in England during the latter Victorian era, she studied dance from a young age. By 1903 Watts had developed a strong interest in jujitsu and joined the Golden Square dojo of Sadakazu Uyenishi and Akitaro Ono. By 1906 she was teaching her own classes to 15 boys at the Prince's Skating Club in Knightsbridge. She also published a book, "The Fine Art of Jujitsu", which is notable for having been the first book in the English language to detail Kodokan judo kata. The book included an introduction by Mary Russell, Duchess of Bedford.
In 1914 Watts produced another book, "The Renaissance of the Greek Ideal", presenting an original system of calisthenic exercises inspired by ancient Greek statuary and artwork. She wrote this book as "Diana Watts". On the strength of this work, she was inducted into the French Institut Marey and the Archaeological Institute of America.
Watts spent much of the subsequent four decades touring the international lecture circuit, performing demonstrations of her system. By the 1940s she had circled the globe five times, meeting Mahatma Gandhi and befriending George Bernard Shaw and other notables.
Emily Diana Watts died in 1968 at the age of 101.

## Works

* The Fine Art of Jujitsu (1906) (writing as Mrs. Roger Watts) Available online at https://www.scribd.com/document/58511517/The-Fine-Art-of-Jujutsu-Mrs-Emily-Watts-1906
* The Renaissance of the Greek Ideal (1914)
# Attwooll

Attwooll is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* David Attwooll (1949–2016), British poet and publisher
* Elspeth Attwooll (born 1943), Scottish politician
# Charaf

Charaf is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Rafic Charaf (1932–2003), Lebanese painter
* Saida Charaf (born 1981), Moroccan singer
* Wafae Charaf (born 1988), Moroccan human rights activist
# Chengyang Kingdom

Chengyang Kingdom (Chinese: 城陽國) was a kingdom of China's Han and Jin dynasties, located in present-day southeastern Shandong.
Chengyang was originally a commandery in the Qi Kingdom of early Han dynasty. The territory was granted to Princess Yuan of Lu as her fief in 193 BC, but was returned to Qi in 179 BC. In 178 BC, Liu Zhang, a son of King Daohui of Qi, became the first King of Chengyang. The capital was Ju. Throughout the Western Han dynasty, a total of 53 marquessates was created on the territories of Chengyang and added to the neighboring commanderies. In late Western Han, the kingdom covered only 4 counties: Ju, Yangdu (陽都), Dong'an (東安) and Lü (虑). The population in 2 AD was 205,784 individuals, or 56,642 households. Zhang's descendants held the kingdom until Wang Mang's usurpation. After the restoration of Eastern Han, the kingdom was granted to Liu Zhi (劉祉), a relative of the Emperor Guangwu. Zhi died in 35 AD, and Chengyang was converted to a commandery. In 37, the commandery was merged into Langya.
In 198, Chengyang Commandery was recreated during Cao Cao's rule in 198 AD. After the foundation of Jin dynasty, Chengyang was again converted to a kingdom/principality and was successively granted to Sima Zhao (司馬兆), a brother of Emperor Wu of Jin, and later Sima Jing (司馬景) and Sima Xian (司馬憲), two sons of Emperor Wu.

## Kings

* Liu Zhang (劉章), King Jing (景) of Chengyang, 178–176 BC;
* Liu Xi (劉喜), King Gong (共) of Chengyang, 176–168 BC, 165–143 BC;
* Liu Yan (劉延), King Qing (頃) of Chengyang, 143–117 BC;
* Liu Yi (劉義), King Jing (敬) of Chengyang, 117–108 BC;
* Liu Wu (劉武), King Hui (惠) of Chengyang, 108–97 BC;
* Liu Shun (劉順), King Huang (荒) of Chengyang, 97–51 BC
* Liu Hui (劉恢), King Dai (戴) of Chengyang, 51–43 BC;
* Liu Jing (劉景), King Xiao (孝) of Chengyang, 43–19 BC;
* Liu Yun (劉雲), King Ai (哀) of Chengyang, 19–18 BC;
* Liu Li (劉俚), 16 BC – 9 AD;
* Liu Zhi (劉祉), 26–35 AD.
# Clive Christian

Clive Christian, OBE (born 12 July 1951) is a British designer best known for his designer kitchens and his creation of Clive Christian No. 1, the world's most expensive perfume.

## Early life

The eldest of four children born to a biochemist father and an artist mother, Christian was born in Dundee, Scotland and raised and educated in Cheshire, England. Upon leaving college, he embarked on a career as a freelance interior designer. He founded his first eponymous business, Clive Christian Furniture, in 1978, and his second, Clive Christian Perfume, in 1999. Clive has three daughters, the eldest, Victoria Christian, serves as Brand Ambassador for Clive Christian Perfume and The Officer of British Excellence.

## Business

Clive Christian Furniture was founded in 1978 when Christian bought a manor house in Cheshire built in the late 19th century and began to renovate it with bespoke furniture. The first design released was his Victorian Kitchen. When demand for his designs increased he bought a factory and started to create personal designs for his customers. The range has since been enlarged to cater to every room in the house, from the bedroom to the media/games room.
In 1999 he purchased the Crown Perfumery Company and established Clive Christian Perfume. The perfumery is unique in that it bears the crown of Queen Victoria as granted in 1872 and had been the perfumery of the Royal Victorian court.
In 2019, Clive Christian OBE launched The Officer of British Excellence (www.TheOfficer.com) a directory specialising in Property and Interiors, sourcing off market property in prime Central London and prestigious country estates for residential and investment interests and curating his signature 'chandelier interiors' within these properties using the craftsmen, artisans and specialists he has relied upon throughout his career spanning 50 years.

## Honours

Christian was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2012 New Year Honours for services to the luxury goods industry.
# 39 pattern webbing

The 1939 pattern webbing was an item of military load-carrying equipment used in the Second World War. It was a leather variant of the 1937 pattern web equipment.

## History

In 1939, at the beginning of the Second World War, the number of troops in the British Army stood at roughly 200,000. This number rose to 2,000,000 with the introduction of National Service and the activation of reservists. The rapid increase resulted in a lack of proper equipment. Manufacturers of the webbing product—at the time a treated cotton variant, pattern 37—could not keep up with demand. This led the British government to commission the leather industry to design an alternative. The British army had faced the same problem in the First World War, when troops were deployed with the 1908 pattern webbing. The issue was resolved by introducing the 1914 pattern web.
The difference between 1937 and 1939 pattern webbing, besides materials used in manufacturing, came down to the latter not being issued with a backpack. If troops needed a backpack, pattern 37 haversacks and packs were used.
The government placed an initial order of one million sets of leather infantry equipment pattern 39. Unlike the pattern 14 design used in World War I, pattern 39 was never used at the front line. It was employed only for training purposes and by rear line troops, including troops in the UK Home Guard.
Once the 1937 pattern webbing production numbers could meet the needs of the British troops again, pattern 39 was withdrawn and reissued to the Belgian, Dutch, Czech and Polish armies. The Belgians and Dutch carried on using it post-war.
# Max Bielschowsky

Max Israel Bielschowsky (20 February 1869 – 15 August 1940) was a German neuropathologist born in Breslau.
After receiving his medical doctorate from the University of Munich in 1893, he worked with Ludwig Edinger (1855–1918) at the Senckenberg Pathology Institute in Frankfurt-am-Main. At Senckenberg he learned histological staining techniques from Carl Weigert (1845–1904). From 1896 to 1904 he worked in Emanuel Mendel's (1839–1907) psychiatric laboratory in Berlin. In 1904 he joined Oskar Vogt (1870–1959) at the neurobiological laboratory at the University of Berlin, where he remained until 1933. Later in his career he worked at the psychiatric clinic at the University of Utrecht, and at the Cajal Institute in Madrid. He emigrated to the UK, where he died on 15 August 1940 in the Greater London area at 71 years of age. His oldest son, Franz David Bielschowsky, also emigrated to Sheffield, UK and subsequently to Dunedin, New Zealand where he pursued an eminent career in cancer research. A cousin of Max Bielschowsky, Albert Bielschowsky (1847–1902), was a biographer of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
Bielschowsky made important contributions in his research of tuberous sclerosis, amaurotic idiocy, paralysis agitans, Huntington’s chorea and myotonia congenita. He is remembered for his histopathological work with disseminated sclerosis, the use of an histological silver stain for impregnation of nerve fibers, and with Stanley Cobb, the development of intravital silver staining. The eponymous "Bielschowsky silver stain" technique was an improvement on the method developed by Ramon y Cajal (1852–1934).

## Selected written works

* Die Silberimprägnation der Achsencylinder; Neurologisches Zentralblatt, Leipzig, 1902, 21: 579–84. Neurologisches Zentralblatt, Leipzig, 1903, 22: 997–1006; (Bielschowsky stains).
* Allgemeine Histologie und Histopathologie des Nervensystems. In: Max Lewandowsky (publisher), Handbuch der Neurologie. Volume 1, Berlin, 1910.
* Herpes Zoster. In: Max Lewandowsky (publisher): Handbuch der Neurologie. Volume 5, Berlin, 1910.
* Über spätinfantile familiäre amaurotische Idiotie mit Kleinhirnsymptomen. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde, 1914, 50: 7–29. (Bielschowsky’s amaurotic idiocy).
# Bristensee

Bristensee is a lake in the Canton of Uri, Switzerland. It is located below the mountain Bristen and above the village of Bristen.
There is a lodge for tourists and campers located directly opposite the lake.
# Eucalyptus prava

Eucalyptus prava, commonly known as orange gum, is a species of small to medium-sized tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. It has smooth, mottled bark, lance-shaped or curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and cup-shaped or hemispherical fruit.

## Description

Eucalyptus prava is a tree that typically grows to a height of 15 m (49 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, mottled grey, orange and reddish brown bark. Young plants and coppice regrowth have dull bluish green, egg-shaped leaves that are 45–105 mm (1.8–4.1 in) long and 30–70 mm (1.2–2.8 in) wide and petiolate. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, the same shade of dull bluish or greyish green on both sides, lance-shaped to curved, 55–160 mm (2.2–6.3 in) long and 15–37 mm (0.59–1.46 in) wide, tapering to a petiole 15–26 mm (0.59–1.02 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils on an unbranched peduncle 8–20 mm (0.31–0.79 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long. Mature buds are oval, 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide with a horn-shaped to conical operculum. Flowering has been observed in January and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped or hemispherical capsule 3–8 mm (0.12–0.31 in) long and 5–10 mm (0.20–0.39 in) wide with the valves strongly protruding.

## Taxonomy and naming

Eucalyptus prava was first formally described in 1990 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill in the journal Telopea from material collected by Roger Coveny near Torrington in 1973. The specific epithet (prava) is from the Latin pravus meaning "crooked", referring to the habit of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

Orange gum grows in woodland, usually in poor skeletal soils derived from granite or sandstone. It is found north from Moonbi in New South Wales to Wallangarra and to Stanthorpe in Queensland.

## Conservation status

This eucalypt is classified as "least concern" under the Queensland Government Nature Conservation Act 1992.
# Charles Downing (pomologist)

Charles Downing (July 9, 1802 – January 18, 1885), was an American pomologist, horticulturist, and author.

## Biography

Charles Downing was born in Newburgh, New York, on July 9, 1802.
He began helping his father, Samuel Downing, with his nursery business when he was a teen. In 1822, his father died and Downing took over the business, later partnering with his brother, Andrew Jackson Downing, in 1835. The partnership lasted until 1839 when Charles sold his interest to start his own business.
As a nurseryman, Downing was known for his cultivation skill and trustworthiness.
Published in 1845, he worked with his brother to write The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. After Andrew's death in 1852, Downing edited and added new material and reissued The Fruits and Fruit Trees of America. Each new edition greatly enlarged the book and it was the best publication of the kind in the United States.
In 1850, he left his nursery and began to research and experiment with fruit varieties. His test orchard contained 1,800 varieties of apples and 1,000 varieties of pears. He also worked with cultivating a variety of grapes in New York state.
He was regarded as one of the foremost pomologists of his day. He also wrote many articles upon horticultural subjects under the initials "C. D." His work throughout was conscientious and accurate, and he was internationally recognized as an authority upon pomology, horticulture, and tree growths. Quiet, modest, and retiring, although an active member of horticultural societies, he would never make a public speech.
In 1870, Downing traveled with Marshall P. Wilder, Patrick Barry, and George Ellwanger to California and published about their journey in Tilton's Journal. The California Farmer and Journal of Useful Sciences printed their report in seven articles.
Their report transformed the horticultural landscape through the realization of the optimal growing conditions, vast acreage, large fruits, and exotic plants of California.

## Death and legacy

While in New York City in 1883, Downing was knocked down and run over by a horsecar. He never completely recovered from the injuries he received and died two years later on January 18, 1885.
He was married to Mary Wait, daughter of Samuel Wait of Montgomery, New York.
Downing bequeathed his library of books and manuscripts to the Iowa Agricultural College Horticulture Department. His drawings and descriptions of apples and other fruits became a major source for the fruit sections of the 1903 American Horticultural Manual.