OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Shortwave (meteorology)

A shortwave or shortwave trough is an embedded kink in the trough / ridge pattern. Its length scale is much smaller than that of and is embedded within longwaves, which are responsible for the largest scale (synoptic scale) weather systems. Shortwaves may be contained within or found ahead of longwaves and range from the mesoscale to the synoptic scale. Shortwaves are most frequently caused by either a cold pool or an upper level front. Shortwaves are commonly referred to as a vorticity maximum.

## Corresponding weather and effects

Shortwaves are often associated with warm air advection (WAA) or cold air advection (CAA), which influence temperature. Due to the way they move the air around them and the way air moves away from them, shortwaves produce positive curvature vorticity and positive shear vorticity, respectively. Ahead of a shortwave there is large-scale lift due to divergence from positive vorticity advection (PVA). This lift often causes precipitation. In a capped environment, the lift generated by a shortwave may cool the inversion layer as a result of the rapid expansion of the air (adiabatic cooling), allowing for deep, moist convection.

### Convective development

Shortwave troughs are a cause of lift, or forcing, which is required for the development of thunderstorms and convection. Convection is very prevalent around shortwave troughs because not only do they provide forcing, but they are also associated with systems that provide other ingredients for the formation of thunderstorms, such as instability, wind shear, and helicity. Shortwave troughs also cause severe weather because the ingredients are usually enhanced by shortwaves because these are stronger than the mean environment and weather systems around them.
# Athletics at the 1986 Commonwealth Games – Women's marathon

The women's marathon event at the 1986 Commonwealth Games was held in Edinburgh, Scotland on 1 August 1986. It was the first time that women contested the marathon at the Commonwealth Games.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Lisa Martin | Australia | 2:26:07 |
| | Lorraine Moller | New Zealand | 2:28:17 |
| | Odette Lapierre | Canada | 2:31:48 |
| 4 | Lizanne Bussieres | Canada | 2:35:18 |
| 5 | Lorna Irving | Scotland | 2:36:34 |
| 6 | Angela Pain | England | 2:37.57 |
| 7 | Glynis Penny | England | 2:38:47 |
| 8 | Moira O'Neill | Northern Ireland | 2:42:29 |
| 9 | Mary O'Connor | New Zealand | 2:46:48 |
| 10 | Vanessa Tilbury | Botswana | 2:47:24 |
| 11 | Maureen Oddie | Isle of Man | 2:59:05 |
| - | Julia Gates | England | DNF |
# Violet May Cottrell

Violet May Cottrell (17 May 1887 – 28 May 1971) was a New Zealand writer, poet and spiritualist. She was born in Napier, Hawke's Bay, New Zealand on 17 May 1887.
# Caroline (Arlo Parks song)

"Caroline" is a song by British singer Arlo Parks. It was the fifth single to be released from her debut album Collapsed in Sunbeams (2021).

## Background

Caroline debuted to streaming platforms on 23 November 2020, the same day it premiered as Annie Mac's Hottest Record in the World on BBC Radio 1. Describing the song, Parks said "’Caroline’ is an exercise in people watching and seeing situations unfold without context, It’s an exploration of how something once full of healthy passion can dissolve in an instant." The song describes a fallout between a couple from the perspective of an onlooker waiting for the bus.

## Music video

The music video was released in December 2020.

## Critical reception

Molly Rushton from Redbrick described Caroline as "melancholy" and stated that it "captures a tragic energy". Rushton called it "one of the best singles to have come from Parks yet". Robin Murray from Clash also praised the song.

## Charts

| Chart (2020–2021) | Peak position |
| Belgium (Ultratip Bubbling Under Flanders) | 46 |
| Japan Hot Overseas (Billboard) | 18 |
| Switzerland Airplay (Schweizer Hitparade) | 89 |
| UK Singles Downloads (OCC) | 84 |
| UK Indie (OCC) | 35 |
# Ayya

Ayya may refer to:
* Ayyavazhi, a Tamil/Malayalee Indian religion
* Ayya (2005 Tamil film), a 2005 Tamil language film directed by Hari
* Ayya (2005 Kannada film), a 2005 Kannada film starring Darshan and Rakshitha
* Ayya (Pali word), Ayya, the Pali term, translated as "honourable" or "worthy," commonly used in reference to ordained female Buddhist monks
* Ayyappan, the son of Vishnu ("Ayya") in his Mohini avatar and Shiva ("Appa")
* Vishnu, whose Tamil name is Ayya
* Ayya Vaikunda Avataram (Incarnation of Vaikundar), Hindu festival celebrated by followers of Ayyavazhi on the 20th day of Tamil Month of Masi
* Ayya Vaikundar (1810–1851), Ayya, reference to the deva, Vaikundar, believed to be the incarnation of Trimurthi in Ayyavazhi
* Ayya, Kapurthala, India
* Ayya (river), a river in Perm Krai, Russia
* Ayya (smartphone), a Russian Smartphone
# Duluth, Kansas

Duluth is an unincorporated community in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, United States.

## History

A post office was opened in Duluth in 1912, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1986.

## Education

The community and nearby rural areas are served by Onaga USD 322 public school district.
# Athletics at the 1975 Pan American Games – Men's 800 metres

The men's 800 metres event at the 1975 Pan American Games was held in Mexico City on 13, 14 and 15 October.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Luis Medina Cuba | Leandro Civil Cuba | Carlos Martínez Mexico |

## Results
### Heats

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Sylvan Barrett | Jamaica | 1:52.72 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Keith Francis | United States | 1:53.45 | Q |
| 3 | 2 | Carlos Martínez | Mexico | 1:53.94 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Roy Bottse | Suriname | 1:54.02 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Alejo Castillo | Dominican Republic | 1:54.69 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Luis Medina | Cuba | 1:54.74 | Q |
| 7 | 3 | Tom McLean | United States | 1:55.22 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Rayfield Beaton | Guyana | 1:55.26 | Q |
| 9 | 1 | Carlos Villar | Argentina | 1:56.79 | q |
| 10 | 3 | Darcy Pereira | Brazil | 1:56.85 | Q |
| 11 | 2 | Bill Smart | Canada | 1:56.99 | Q |
| 12 | 3 | Javier Chávez | Mexico | 1:57.48 | Q |
| 13 | 3 | Leandro Civil | Cuba | 1:57.88 | Q |
| 14 | 3 | Kenneth Elmer | Canada | 1:58.15 | q |
| 15 | 3 | Michael Watson | Bermuda | 1:58.48 | q |
| 16 | 2 | Venancio Ponce | Honduras | 2:00.36 | q |
| 17 | 2 | Emmanuel Saint-Hilaire | Haiti | 2:12.20 | |

### Semifinals

| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 1 | Luis Medina | Cuba | 1:49.50 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Carlos Martínez | Mexico | 1:49.68 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Rayfield Beaton | Guyana | 1:49.80 | Q |
| 4 | 1 | Keith Francis | United States | 1:49.92 | Q |
| 5 | 2 | Tom McLean | United States | 1:50.23 | Q |
| 6 | 1 | Roy Bottse | Suriname | 1:50.31 | |
| 7 | 2 | Leandro Civil | Cuba | 1:50.73 | Q |
| 8 | 2 | Kenneth Elmer | Canada | 1:50.82 | Q |
| 9 | 2 | Darcy Pereira | Brazil | 1:50.86 | Q |
| 10 | 2 | Alejo Castillo | Dominican Republic | 1:52.14 | |
| 11 | 2 | Javier Chávez | Mexico | 1:52.16 | |
| 12 | 1 | Sylvan Barrett | Jamaica | 1:52.22 | |
| 13 | 1 | Bill Smart | Canada | 1:56.52 | |
| 14 | 2 | Venancio Ponce | Honduras | 2:00.24 | |
| | 1 | Michael Watson | Bermuda | DNS | |
| | 2 | Carlos Villar | Argentina | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Luis Medina | Cuba | 1:47.98 |
| | Leandro Civil | Cuba | 1:48.75 |
| | Carlos Martínez | Mexico | 1:48.78 |
| 4 | Rayfield Beaton | Guyana | 1:49.11 |
| 5 | Tom McLean | United States | 1:49.14 |
| 6 | Keith Francis | United States | 1:49.30 |
| 7 | Kenneth Elmer | Canada | 1:49.30 |
| 8 | Darcy Pereira | Brazil | 1:57.25 |
# Nicholas Sutton (lawyer)

Nicholas Sutton (c. 1440 – 1478) was an Irish judge of the fifteenth century, who held the offices of Attorney General for Ireland and Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). His career demonstrates how small the Irish legal world was at the time: his father held the same two offices, while his widow married his successor as Baron of the Court of Exchequer. His will, which no longer exists, has been described as being full of "curious details".
He was born in Dublin, probably at Werburgh Street, where his family had a townhouse; he was buried in the churchyard adjoining Werburgh Street. His father was William Sutton, who was Attorney General in about 1444 and then served on the Bench for many years a Baron of the Exchequer; his mother was Alison Darby.
He was appointed Attorney General by the Parliament of Ireland in the session of 1471/2, and was appointed as a Baron of the Exchequer by the Parliament of 1472-3, joining his father on the Court. Nicholas however died in 1478, two years before his father, and was buried in St. Werburgh's Church, Dublin.
Elrington Ball states that Nicholas's will, of which Ball had seen a copy which no longer survives, was a curious document, which showed evidence of religious fervour which was extraordinary even by the standards of the age. Nicholas called himself a "clerk", which was the normal contemporary term for a celibate clergyman, but an unusual way for a married man to describe himself. Should he have no other heirs, his lands were to be divided between St Werburgh's and St. Mary's Abbey, Dublin. He left a legacy to his father, William, in return for his blessing, and numerous legacies to religious houses and to charity.
He had children by his marriage to Anne Cusacke; in his will he commended his family to the care of Philip Bermingham, the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, while their education was entrusted to Walter Champfleur, the Abbot of St. Mary's, who was also named executor. A year after his death, Anne remarried his successor on the Court of Exchequer, Patrick Burnell, a member of the well-known Burnell family which produced a number of leading judges and politicians.
# Nguyễn Văn Tỵ

Nguyễn Văn Tỵ (Hanoi, 1917 – Hanoi, 19 January 1992) was a Vietnamese painter. He studied art at the École des Beaux-Arts de l’Indochine 1934-41 where classmates included Hoàng Tích Chù and Nguyễn Tiến Chung. In 2001, he was posthumously awarded the Hồ Chí Minh Prize for his contribution to the arts.
# Villa lateralis

Villa lateralis is a species of bee fly in the family Bombyliidae.

## Description

Villa lateralis has yellow hair around the sides of the thorax with yellow and black bands at the abdomen. They have a greyish face, and some specimens have a faint band of yellow at the base of the fourth segment silvery tufts on the terminal segment.

## Range

Villa lateralis is most commonly distributed throughout North America and Central America.
# Virgin Arm-Carter's Cove

Virgin Arm–Carter's Cove is a local service district and designated place on New World Island in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. Virgin Arm-Carter's Cove is located approximately 90 km Northwest of Gander in Subdivision H of Division No. 8.

## History

The community of Virgin Arm is located at the head of Friday's Bay, on New World Island. Its name probably originated in the fact that the narrow arm was not settled until the 1870s, although it was used for winter woods work and schooner-building by fishermen from Tizzard's Harbour and Twillingate from the early 19th century.
The first record of settlement at Virgin Arm is from Lovell's Newfoundland Directory (1871), which identifies fisherman John Smith as a resident and notes a population of 10 people. However, Smith appeared in the subsequent records, while Virgin Arm was not enumerated separately in the Census until 1901 (pop. 70). Locally, the first settler is said to have been a Curtis, of Snellings Cove, Twillingate. William Curtis was resident by 1876, and by 1882 had been joined by John Hicks and a family named Nicholas, also of Twillingate. At about the turn of the 20th century several other families settled: Burt's (from Tizzard's Harbour),Gleason's, Hann's, Ings' and Price's.
As Virgin Arm was quite distant from the best headland fishing grounds, most fishermen were involved in the fisheries on the Labrador and French Shore. The most lucrative small-boat fisheries in the area were for bait fishes and lobster, in both Friday's Bay and Dildo Run. New World Island is only one kilometre wide at the bottom of Virgin Arm and early in the 20th century there was a tramway built between the two bodies of water for the transportation of fishing boats and lumber.
Virgin Arm had a strong tradition of woods work and, after the decline of the schooner fisheries in the 1920s and 1930s, many people found employment in pulpwood cutting or in supplying local sawmills. The population had grown to 225 by 1945.

## Recent History

In the mid-1960s the completion of a network of roads and causeways connecting the various communities of New World Island with each other and with the mainland saw Virgin Arm South emerging as a service center of the area with such facilities as the New World Island Medical Clinic and a regional high school, Coaker Academy. In addition, several businesses serving New World Island have been located along the Road to the Isles leading towards Summerford.

## Demographics

As a designated place in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Virgin Arm-Carter's Cove recorded a population of 442 living in 189 of its 224 total private dwellings, a change of -27.8% from its 2016 population of 615. With a land area of 15.24 km$^2$ (5.88 sq mi), it had a population density of 40.4/km$^2$ (104.5/sq mi) in 2016.

## Government

Virgin Arm-Carter's Cove is a local service district (LSD) that is governed by a committee responsible for the provision of certain services to the community. The chair of the LSD committee is Trena Burge.
# Nice (band)

Nice was an Australian indie rock band which formed in 1991. The band was fronted by Randall Lee formerly of The Cannanes and later of Ashtray Boy on vocals and guitar; Susannah Stewart-Lindsay, previously a member of the Adelaide-based band, Rewind on the Paranoid Side, on guitar; and Jo Packer on drums. Francesca Bussey, later a member of The Cannanes, was a member of Nice on bass guitar during the recording sessions for their first album, Nice (1992), but left during production and was credited only as a guest. Bussey was replaced on bass guitar by Mark King.
Allmusic's Nitsuh Abebe felt that Nice, which was issued by United States label, Feel Good All Over, showed that "Lee's dark jangle sounds absolutely stunning, and while the record's songwriting isn't as consistent as one might hope, the majority of it works incredibly well, with unconventional time signatures and progressions keeping things from falling into strummy banality". "Dear John", which was the lead track on Nice, was covered by the band Aden. The band's songs "Theme from Nice" and "Circuit Diagram" from the same album were included in the popular 1990s Nickelodeon show The Adventures of Pete & Pete. Adebe described Apple Pie, Nice's second and final album, as "a step toward the more varied pop sound" of Lee's future work with Ashtray Boy.

## Discography

* Nice (1992)
* Apple Pie (19 October 1993)
# Nice Ass

Nice Ass is the first studio album by the band Free Kitten, released in 1995 on Kill Rock Stars.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Christgau's Consumer Guide | |
| Spin | 7/10 |
The Dallas Observer called the album a "sloppy pastiche of punk and funk [that] operates on the sort of wit that rhymes 'split ends' with 'Michael Jackson and his little friends.'" Caroline Sullivan reviewed the album unfavorably in The Guardian, writing, "The 15 songs, all of which were previously on singles or EPs, range from mildly amusing to not very (the gosh-this-is-fun screeching on the manic Secret Sex Friend). You can't imagine wanting to play this twice."

## Track listing

* "Harvest Spoon" - 2:42
* "Rock of Ages" - 1:58
* "Proper Band" - 1:45
* "What's Fair" - 2:53
* "Kissing Well" - 3:22
* "Call Back (Episode XXI)" - 3:00
* "Blindfold Test" - 2:29
* "Greener Pastures" - 2:37
* "Revlon Liberation Orchestra" - 2:46
* "The Boasta" - 1:31
* "Scratch tha DJ" - 1:59
* "Secret Sex Friend" - 0:41
* "Royal Flush" - 3:39
* "Feelin'" - 0:58
* "Alan Licked Has Ruined Music for an Entire Generation" - 0:07

## Personnel

* Kim Gordon - Vocals, Guitar, Drums on "The Boasta"
* Julie Cafritz - Vocals, Guitar
* Yoshimi P-We - Drums, Vocals, Trumpet, Harmonica, Guitar on "The Boasta"
* Mark Ibold - Bass
# Vinnitskaya

Vinnitskaya is a feminine East Slavic surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alena Vinnitskaya (born 1974), Ukrainian singer
* Alena Vinnitskaya (born 1973), Belarusian long-distance runner
* Anna Vinnitskaya (born 1983), Russian pianist
# Virtual periscope

Virtual periscope is a system that allows submerged submarines to observe the surface above them without having to come to a shallower depth, as is required by traditional periscopes.
The system, described in a patent as "Virtual Periscope", was tested in 2005 aboard USS Chicago (SSN-721). It employed a small camera mounted on the sail of the submarine that uses the surface of the ocean as a lens, collecting light from above the surface and refracting it below. High-speed signal processing software assembles an image of what is on the surface. At the time, the system's resolution did not allow ship identification, only indicating that something was on the surface. Objects 30 meters (100 feet) tall could be seen at about a distance of 1,600 meters (one mile). Sufficient light was available when a camera was positioned shallower than 30 to 60 meters (100 to 200 feet).

## Stella maris

In 2014 Technion – Israel Institute of Technology researchers modeled a variant of virtual periscope on the image-processing technology used in astronomical observations to ameliorate the blur inherent in viewing stars through the atmosphere.
The technology behind Stella maris was disclosed to the public in a presentation at the IEEE International Conference on Computational Photography, held May 2–4, 2014 in Santa Clara, California. Associate Professor Yoav Y. Schechner of the Technion Department of Electrical Engineering explained the connection:
   When the water surface is wavy, sun-rays refract according to the waves and project onto the solar image plane. With the pinhole array, we obtain an array of tiny solar images on the diffuser. When all of the components work together, the Stella Maris system acts as both a wave sensor to estimate the water surface, and a viewing system to see the above surface image of interest through a computerized, synthesized image of the surface.
# Ngātokimatawhaorua

In Māori tradition, Ngātokimatawhaorua (or Matawhaorua) was one of the great ocean-going, voyaging canoes that was used in the migrations that settled New Zealand.
Matawhaorua was the canoe of Kupe, the Polynesian discoverer of the islands now known as New Zealand. On Kupe's return to Hawaiki, it was re-adzed and renamed Ngātokimatawhaorua ("ngā toki" translating as "the adzes").
Ngā Toki Matawhaorua, a waka built in 1940 at the instigation of Te Puea Herangi for the centenary of the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, is named after Matawhaorua.
# Virgin Mary Coptic Orthodox Church (Jordan)

Virgin Mary Church is a Coptic Orthodox Church located in Amman, Jordan.
The church lies in front of the King Abdullah I Mosque in the Abdali district, and was built during Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria's visit to Jordan in 2005.
# Nicht von dieser Welt 2

Nicht von dieser Welt 2 ("Not from This World 2") is the sixth studio album by German singer Xavier Naidoo, released via his Naidoo Records label on 1 April 2016 in German-speaking Europe. Titled as the sequel and serving as a thematical extension to his 1998 breakthrough album Nicht von dieser Welt, it marked Naidoo's reunion with long-time contributor and former mentor Moses Pelham, who wrote and executive produced most of the album with his songwriting collective.
Upon its release, Nicht von dieser Welt 2 debuted atop the album charts in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, becoming Naidoo's second album to do so following 2005's Telegramm für X. However, though it has since been certified gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie (BVMI), indicating sales in excess of 100,000 copies, the album ranks among his lowest-selling albums. Nicht von dieser Welt 2 produced several regular and promotional singles of which leading single "Frei" became the only one to chart, reaching number 64 on the German Singles Chart.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Germany (BVMI) | Gold | 100,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

| Region | Date | Format | Label |
| Austria | 1 April 2016 | Digital download, CD | Naidoo Records |
| Germany | 1 April 2016 | Digital download, CD | Naidoo Records |
| Switzerland | 1 April 2016 | Digital download, CD | Naidoo Records |
# Nichts Muss

Nichts Muss is an album by the German musician Barbara Morgenstern.

## Track listing

* "Aus Heiterem Himmel" (Out of the blue) – 4:25
* "Nichts und Niemand" (Nothing and nobody) – 3:57
* "Ohne Abstand" (Without distance) – 3:54
* "Nichts Muss" (Nothing has to be) – 8:06
* "Merci (Dass Es Dich Gibt)" (Merci (That You Are)) – 4:29
* "Kleiner Ausschnitt" (Small clip) – 3:21
* "Move" – 3:05
* "We're All Gonna Fucking Die" – 3:33
* "Is" – 3:05
* "Gute Nacht" (Good night) – 3:44
* "Reset" – 5:44
# Vista (song)

"Vista" is the debut single by South Korean girl group Fiestar. The single was released on August 31, 2012, by LOEN Entertainment.

## History

LOEN Entertainment confirmed that they will be releasing a six-member girl group coming from various countries. It is confirmed later when they released teasers of Yezi and Cheska's raps, along with the dance cover of SHINee's Lucifer by the group.
Before the group's debut, they released a collaborative song with IU entitled "Sea of Moonlight". The song charted high on charts, making number 1 at Bugs, Soribada, and Naver; Number 2 at Mnet and Olleh; and number 5 at Melon. They confirmed that the group's name will be Fiestar, a combination of Fiesta + Star. They released the music video on July 26, 2012.
One week before their debut, Fiestar collaborates with Tiger JK to release "Wicked", a song influenced by electronic house music and reggaeton combined. The song also charted at number 57 at Gaon and number 71 at Billboard, showing their popularity before their debut. The song is released digitally on August 23, 2012.

## Music video

The music video starts in a supernatural world, with superheroes living in this world. Yezi is shown having the ability to teleport, Cao Lu has super speed, and Linzy has the ability to fly. Hyemi watches a commercial by JYJ's Junsu for a product called Super Spray. Meanwhile, in the same room, Cheska is seen testing her jetpack (which fails), and writes calculations and formulas on a board. Jei goes to Vista, an audition show, and is shown seating with Sunny Hill's Seungah reprising her role as Wonder Woman. The song now begins, showing various auditions, and the other members arrive to help Jei. It is also revealed that JYJ's Junsu is Superman. After the audition, Fiestar wins the show, continuing their popularity. Cheska flies to the screen, and appears again on the dance scene where their group name is written in the background. After the song finishes, the girls vanish from the screen.
There are two dance settings featured in the video. The first one is an attic with their group's name as the background, and the second one is the stage of Vista's auditioning show.

## Release

The song was originally first performed by the group in Music Core on September 1, 2012, and then to Inkigayo on September 2, 2012. The album became a hit, and entering the Billboard's Hot 100, peaking at number 27, and also their other songs, Wicked at number 71, and Sea of Moonlight entering the Hot 10, with its peak at number 10. They ended their promotions at Inkigayo on October 14, 2012.

## Chart performance
### Sales and Certifications

| Chart | Amount |
| Gaon Physical Sales | 1,920+ |