# Timeline of Cologne

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Cologne, Germany.

## Prior to the 14th century

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* 13 CE - Germanicus headquartered in Cologne.
* 15 CE - Town becomes administrative capital of Germania Inferior (approximate date).
* 50 CE - Romans establish Colonia.
* 80 CE - Eifel Aqueduct built.
* 90 CE - Population: 45,000.
* 260 - Cologne becomes capital of Gallic Empire.
* 310 - Bridge built over Rhine.
* 313 - Catholic diocese of Cologne established (approximate date).
* 451 - The Huns under Attila sack Cologne.
* 459 - Ripuarian Franks take power.
* 475 - Becomes the residence of the Frankish king Childeric I.
* 716 - Battle of Cologne.
* 795 - City becomes Archbishop's see.
* 960 - Great St. Martin Church founded.
* 974 - St. Andreas Church consecrated.
* 980 - Church of St. Pantaleon consecrated.
* 1003 - Deutz Abbey founded.
* 1065 - St. Maria im Kapitol built.
* 1106 - Church of the Holy Virgins built (approximate date).
* 1114 - Coat of arms of Cologne in use.
* 1160 - St. Cäcilien church built (approximate date).
* 1182 - City expands with suburbs and ramparts.
* 1184 - Richerzeche formed (approximate date).
* 1201 - The city joined the Hanseatic League.
* 1227 - St. Gereon's Basilica built.
* 1247 - St. Kunibert church consecrated.
* 1248 - Cologne Cathedral construction begins.
* 1250 - Great St. Martin Church built.
* 1259 - Konrad von Hochstaden (Archbishop of Cologne) expels the Richerzeche.
* 1260 - Church of the Minorites built (approximate date).
* 1288 - Battle of Worringen.

## 14th–18th centuries

* 1322
** Cologne Cathedral choir consecrated.
** Municipal archive in operation (approximate date).
* 1334 - Cologne Charterhouse founded.
* 1388 - University of Cologne established.
* 1396 - Constitution of Cologne in effect.
* 1400 - Gothic artist known as "Master of Saint Veronica" active (approximate date).
* 1414 - Jews expelled.
* 1447 - Gürzenich [de] built.
* 1450 - Dreikönigsgymnasium founded.
* 1466 - Ulrich Zell sets up printing press.
* 1473 - Work on Cologne Cathedral west front and towers suspended until 19th century
* 1475 - City becomes free imperial city.
* 1569 - Cologne City Hall building expanded.
* 1583/88 - Cologne War a religious conflict.
* 1584 - Apostolic Nuncio established.
* 1586 - Battle of Werl.
* 1608 - Protestants banished.
* 1626
** Bertram Hilden sets up printing business.
** Witch trials begin (approximate date).
* 1709 - Eau de Cologne launched by Giovanni Maria Farina.
* 1734 - Gazette de Cologne [de] begins publication.
* 1783 - Theater an der Schmierstraße built.
* 1794 - Population: 40,000.
* 1795 - City directory published.
* 1796 - City annexed by French First Republic.
* 1798
** University of Cologne closes.
** Kölnische Zeitung [de] newspaper begins publication.

## 19th century

* 1801 - Treaty of Lunéville incorporates the city into France.
* 1802 - Hänneschen puppet theatre founded.
* 1815 - Prussians take power, viz Congress of Vienna.
* 1823 - Rosenmontag (carnival) begins.
* 1827 - Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne formed.
* 1839 - Stollwerck confectionery established.
* 1840 - Gürzenich Orchestra Cologne active.
* 1842
** Rheinische Zeitung begins publication.
** Central-Dombauverein zu Köln (Central Cathedral Building Society) recommences construction work on Cologne Cathedral after 400 years.
* 1848 - Neue Rheinische Zeitung begins publication.
* 1849 - Population: 94,789 in city; 497,330 in region.
* 1850 - Conservatorium der Musik founded.
* 1853 - Diözesanmuseum founded.
* 1857 - Hotel du Dome opens.
* 1859
** Cathedral Bridge built.
** Köln Hauptbahnhof opens.
* 1860 - Zoo founded.
* 1861
** Wallraf-Richartz Museum and Glockengasse Synagogue built.
** Population: 120,568 in city; 567,435 in region.
* 1863 - Hotel Ernst opens.
* 1864 - Flora park laid out.
* 1872
** Theater in der Glockengasse [de] built.
** Zimmermann bakery in business.
* 1874 - Wolkenburg (Köln) [de] restored.
* 1876 - Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger begins publication.
* 1877 - Cologne Stadtbahn opens.
* 1880 - Cologne Cathedral completed.
* 1885
** Population: 239,437.
** City walls dismantled.
* 1888 - Bayenthal, Ehrenfeld, Lindenthal and Nippes incorporated into city.
* 1890 - Public Library established.
* 1894 - Main station rebuilt.
* 1900 - Population: 370,685.

## 20th century
### 1900-1945

* 1902 - Theater am Habsburger Ring built.
* 1904 - Oper der Stadt Köln formed.
* 1905 - Population: 428,503.
* 1906 - Schnütgen Museum founded.
* 1908 - 21 September: Mathematician Minkowski delivers "Raum und Zeit" lecture on spacetime.
* 1910
** Kalk and Vingst [de] incorporated into city.
** Population: 516,527.
* 1911 - Hohenzollern Bridge built.
* 1913 - Rheinpark and Köln Messe/Deutz station open.
* 1914 - Werkbund Exhibition held.
* 1917 - Konrad Adenauer becomes mayor.
* 1919
** Consulate of Poland opens.
** Population: 633,904.
* 1921 - Jawne school built.
* 1925 - Population: 705,477.
* 1926
** Airport opens.
** Kölner Werkschulen established.
* 1928
** Messeturm Köln built.
** Polish Consulate relocated to Frankfurt, and replaced by a Polish Consular Agency in Cologne.
* 1930
** Polish Consular Agency closed.
** November: Flood.
* 1934 - University of Cologne reopens.
* 1938 - Kristallnacht.
* 1939 - Nazi camp for Sinti and Romani people established (see also Porajmos).
* 1940 - Bombing begins.
* 1942 - III SS construction brigade (forced labour camp) established by the SS. Its prisoners were mostly Poles and Soviets.
* 1944
** May: III SS construction brigade camp relocated to Wieda.
** 12 August: Ford-Werke subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp established. Its prisoners were mostly Soviets.
** 15 August: Köln Stadt subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp established. Its prisoners were mostly Eastern Europeans.
** 27 September: Westwaggon subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp established. Its prisoners were mostly Soviets.
** 25 October: Köln Stadt subcamp of Buchenwald dissolved. Prisoners deported to the main Buchenwald camp.
** November: Ehrenfeld Group executed.
** November: 1. SS-Eisenbahnbaubrigade subcamp of the Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp based in Cologne.
* 1945
** February: Ford-Werke subcamp of Buchenwald dissolved. Prisoners deported to the main Buchenwald camp.
** February: 1. SS-Eisenbahnbaubrigade subcamp relocated from Cologne.
** March: Westwaggon subcamp of Buchenwald dissolved. Many prisoners deported to the main Buchenwald camp, dozens managed to escape.
** American troops capture city.

### 1946-1990s

* 1946 - Kölnische Rundschau begins publication.
* 1947
** 27 March: Food protest.
** Sport University founded.
** Nordwestdeutschen Rundfunk orchestra formed.
* 1949
** Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger resumes publication.
** Cologne Furniture Fair begins.
* 1950 - Photokina trade fair begins.
* 1951 - Cologne Bonn Airport opens.
* 1954
** Italian Cultural Institute in Cologne founded.
** Cappella Coloniensis formed.
* 1955
** February–March: City co-hosts the 1955 Ice Hockey World Championships.
** Gaffel Haus [de] rebuilt.
* 1957
** Central Station rebuilt.
** Opera house built.
** Cable Car begins operating.
** City hosts Bundesgartenschau (national horticulture biennial).
* 1960
** Stadtwerke Köln established.
** Population: 803,616.
* 1964
** Express (German newspaper) [de] newspaper begins publication.
** School massacre.
** Forstbotanischer Garten created.
* 1967 - Kölner Kunstmarkt begins.
* 1971 - Cologne University of Applied Sciences formed.
* 1973 - Association of Islamic Cultural Centres [de] headquartered in city.
* 1976 - Gebühreneinzugszentrale and Museum Ludwig established.
* 1977 - Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit [de] headquartered in city.
* 1981 - Colonius tower built.
* 1983
** April: Flood.
** Akademie för uns Kölsche Sproch established.
* 1984
** Centrum Schwule Geschichte established.
** Turkish-Islamic Union for Religious Affairs headquartered in city.
** Feminale film festival begins.
* 1985
** Käthe Kollwitz Museum opens.
** St. George's School founded.
* 1986 - Islamic Council for the Federal Republic of Germany [de] headquartered in city.
* 1988 - NS Documentation Center established.
* 1990 - Academy of Media Arts Cologne established.
* 1991 - Cologne Conference (television and film festival) and Cologne Comedy Festival begin.
* 1992 - Cologne Festival of Early Music begins.
* 1993
** Imhoff-Schokoladenmuseum opens.
** Cologne Business School established.
** Ringfest begins.
* 1994 - Central Council of Muslims in Germany headquartered in city.
* 1996 - Summerjam reggae festival begins.
* 1998
** September: City hosts the 1998 World Rowing Championships.
** Lanxess Arena opens.
* 1999
** City website online (approximate date).
** 25th G8 summit held in Cologne.
* 2000
** Internationale Filmschule Köln established.
** Population: 962,884.

## 21st century

* 2001
** April–May: City co-hosts the 2001 IIHF World Championship.
** KölnTurm built.
** Zentralarchiv des internationalen Kunsthandels [de] (archives) headquartered in Cologne.
* 2002 - Köln–Frankfurt high-speed rail line begins operating.
* 2004
** 9 June: Bombing.
** MediaPark constructed.
* 2005
** City hosts Catholic World Youth Day.
** Weltstadthaus built.
* 2006
** International Women's Film Festival Dortmund/Cologne begins.
** KölnTriangle built.
* 2009 - Jürgen Roters becomes mayor.
* 2010 - Population: 1,007,119
* 2014 - Rainer Maria Cardinal Woelki succeeds Joachim Cardinal Meisner as archbishop of Cologne
* 2015 - Henriette Reker becomes first female mayor of Cologne, one day after an assassination attempt on her at a market in Braunsfeld
* 2015-2016 - 2015-16 New Year's Eve sexual assaults in Germany
* 2017
** May: City co-hosts the 2017 IIHF World Championship.
** Cologne Central Mosque is completed.
* 2018
** January: Flood.
** 13 June: Terrorist plot foiled.
** 15 October: 2018 Cologne attack