OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fisher effect

In economics, the Fisher effect is the tendency for nominal interest rates to change to follow the inflation rate. It is named after the economist Irving Fisher, who first observed and explained this relationship. Fisher proposed that the real interest rate is independent of monetary measures (known as the Fisher hypothesis), therefore, the nominal interest rate will adjust to accommodate any changes in expected inflation.

## Derivation

The nominal interest rate is the accounting interest rate – the percentage by which the amount of dollars (or other currency) owed by a borrower to a lender grows over time, while the real interest rate is the percentage by which the real purchasing power of the loan grows over time. In other words, the real interest rate is the nominal interest rate adjusted for the effect of inflation on the purchasing power of the outstanding loan.
The relation between nominal and real interest rates, and inflation, is approximately given by the Fisher equation:
    $r=i-\pi ^{e}$
The equation states that the real interest rate ($r$), is equal to the nominal interest rate ($i$) minus the expected inflation rate ($\pi ^{e}$).
The equation is an approximation; however, the difference with the correct value is small as long as the interest rate and the inflation rate is low. The discrepancy becomes large if either the nominal interest rate or the inflation rate is high. The accurate equation can be expressed using periodic compounding as:
    $1+i=(1+r)\times (1+\pi ^{e})$
If the real rate $r$ is assumed to be constant, the nominal rate $i$ must change point-for-point when $\pi ^{e}$ rises or falls. Thus, the Fisher effect states that there will be a one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the expected inflation rate.
The implication of the conjectured constant real rate is that monetary events such as monetary policy actions will have no effect on the real economy—for example, no effect on real spending by consumers on consumer durables and by businesses on machinery and equipment.

## Alternative hypotheses

Some contrary models assert that, for example, a rise in expected inflation would increase current real spending contingent on any nominal rate and hence increase income, limiting the rise in the nominal interest rate that would be necessary to re-equilibrate money demand with money supply at any time. In this scenario, a rise in expected inflation $\pi ^{e}$ results in only a smaller rise in the nominal interest rate $i$ and thus a decline in the real interest rate $r$. It has also been contended that the Fisher hypothesis may break down in times of both quantitative easing and financial sector recapitalisation.

## Related concepts

The international Fisher effect predicts an international exchange rate drift entirely based on the respective national nominal interest rates. A related concept is Fisher parity.
# 2015 IAAF World Relays – Men's distance medley relay

The men's Distance medley relay at the 2015 IAAF World Relays was held at the Thomas Robinson Stadium on 3 May. This was the first time the event was held at a World Championship level meet. The previous world best, set by a Kenyan team in 2006 at the Penn Relays was elevated to World Record status due to the inclusion of the event in the World Relays. The event takes in a 1200m leg followed by a 400m leg, then an 800m leg before finishing with a 1600m leg.
In the first leg, Australian Ryan Gregson took it out in 2:53.15 to take a 5-meter lead over American Kyle Merber with Kenya another 7 meters back. Alexander Beck held the lead but Kenya's Alphas Leken Kishoyian gained a half a second on the leading two teams to pull his team back into contention. The 800 metre leg was thrilling as Brandon Johnson quickly passed Jordan Williamsz only to be overtaken by Ferguson Cheruiyot Rotich. Johnson used his best strategic tactics to edge back into the lead by the handoff. But Ben Blankenship had no interest in the lead, literally slowing down and inviting Timothy Cheruiyot to take over. Cheruiyot more than obliged, accelerating to a much faster pace breaking away from Blankenship possibly trying to steal the race while Collis Birmingham brought Australia back into the mix. After a little more than 2 laps, Cheruiyot began to pay the price for his early pace. As he tied up, Blankenship cruised by, but the race wasn't over. Cheruiyot stayed on Blankenship's heels and on the final backstretch, Blankenship showed signs of vulnerability. But coming off the turn, Blankenship had more speed and was able to pull away to the finish line. Setting a new world record, a .06 of a second improvement over the 9-year-old world record was just an after thought.

## Records

Prior to the competition, the records were as follows:
| World record | KEN (Elkanah Angwenyi, Thomas Musembi, Alfred Yego, Alex Kipchirchir) | 9:15.56 | Philadelphia, United States | 29 April 2006 |
| World Leading | Kenya | 9:25.81 | Nairobi, Kenya | 10 April 2015 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| 3 May 2015 | 20:43 | Final |
All times are local times (UTC-4)

## Results

| KEY: | WR | World record | AR | Area record |

### Final

The final was started at 20:51.
| Rank | Lane | Nation | Athletes | Time | Notes |
| | 6 | United States | Kyle Merber, Brycen Spratling, Brandon Johnson, Ben Blankenship | 9:15.50 | WR |
| | 3 | Kenya | Abednego Chesebe Miti, Alphas Leken Kishoyian, Ferguson Cheruiyot Rotich, Timothy Cheruiyot | 9:17.20 | |
| | 1 | Australia | Ryan Gregson, Alexander Beck, Jordan Williamsz, Collis Birmingham | 9:21.62 | |
| 4 | 5 | Poland | Mateusz Demczyszak, Łukasz Krawczuk, Adam Kszczot, Marcin Lewandowski | 9:24.07 | |
| 5 | 4 | Germany | Sebastian Keiner, Jonas Plass, Robin Schembera, Florian Orth | 9:24.37 | |
| 6 | 2 | Papua New Guinea | Andipas Georasi, Paul Pokana, Kevin Kapmatana, George Yamak | 10:50.63 | |
# Vegdi River

Vegdi River is a river in western India in Gujarat whose origin is Near Bhervi village. Its basin has a maximum length of 26 km. The total catchment area of the basin is 119 km2.
# Solvent Black 3

Solvent Black 3 is an azo dye. It is a non-fluorescent, relatively thermostable lysochrome (fat-soluble dye) diazo dye used for staining of neutral triglycerides and lipids on frozen sections and some lipoproteins on paraffin sections. It has the appearance of a dark brown to black powder with maximum absorption at 596–605 nm and melting point 120–124 °C. It stains blue-black.

## Applications

Solvent Black 3 is used for a wide variety of commercial applications.
In the laboratory, Solvent Black 3 is used for Sudan staining. Similar dyes include Oil Red O, Sudan III, and Sudan IV. It can be used to stain some other materials than the other Sudan dyes, as it is not so specific to lipids. It is used in fingerprint enhancement. It is useful for detecting fats that are contaminated with oil and grease. In differentiating haematological disorders, it will stain myeloblasts but not lymphoblasts.
It was introduced by Lison and Dagnelie in 1935.

## Production and composition

Sudan Black is formed by coupling of diazotized 4-phenylazo-1-naphthylamine with 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-1H-perimidine. Therefore, the main product expected was 2,3-dihydro-2,2dimethyl-6-[(4-phenylazo-1-naphthalenyl)-azo]-1H-perimidine. However the dye resulting from the above reaction product actually contains many, up to 42 colored and colorless by-products that can be fractionated. The two major products were blue in color confirmed by various chromatographic (TLC and column etc.) separation and spectroscopic (IR, NMR, Mass) identification were named SBB-I & SBB-II (Rf values of 0.49 and 0.19 (chloroform/benzene 1:1, SiO2) in thin Layer Chromatography). The above described product indeed turned out to be SSB-II which comprises up to 60% of the mixture, and the SBB-I was 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-[(4-phenylazo-1-naphthalenyl)-azo]-1H-perimidine.
# 1901 in Norwegian music

The following is a list of notable events and releases of the year 1901 in Norwegian music.

## Births
### January

* 4 – Kari Marie Aarvold Glaser, pianist and music teacher (died 1972).

### August

* 16 – Olav Kielland, composer and conductor (died 1985).

### July

* 7 – Erling Kjellsby, organist and composer (died 1976).

### October

* 6 – Aslak Brekke, traditional folk singer (died 1978).
* 8 – Eivind Groven, microtonal composer and music-theorist (died 1977).
# Spathionema

Spathionema kilimandscharicum is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae. It is a climbing or scrambling subshrub, 2 to 10 meters long, native to Kenya and Tanzania. It is the sole species in genus Spathionema. It belongs to subfamily Faboideae.
It grows in mixed deciduous bushland with Acacia spp., Terminalia orbicularis, Commiphora spp., Sesamothamnus spp. and others, and in Acacia semi-desert grassland, from 350 to 1470 meters elevation.
# Freaktown (disambiguation)

The name Freaktown may refer to:
* Freaktown (TV series), a Canadian cartoon
* "Freaktown", a song from the 1991 Murphy's Law album The Best of Times
* "Freaktown", a song from the 2003 Britny Fox album Springhead Motorshark
# The Journal of Slavic Military Studies

The Journal of Slavic Military Studies is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes articles relating to military affairs of Central and Eastern European Slavic nations, including their history and geopolitics, as well as book reviews. It is published by Routledge and the editor-in-chief is Martijn Lak. It was established in 1988 by David Glantz as The Journal of Soviet Military Studies, obtaining its current title in 1993. David Glantz was editor-in-chief from the founding of the journal until the end of 2017, with Alexander Hill briefly editing the journal from January 2018-March 2019.
As of 2014, it is ranked in the first quartile of the SCImago Journal Rank of scholarly journals in the history category.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* American Bibliography of Slavic and Eastern European Studies
* America: History & Life
* CSA Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
* EBSCOhost
* International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
* International Political Science Abstracts
* Lancaster Index to Defence & International Security Literature
* ProQuest databases
* Scopus.
# Neulehe

Neulehe is a municipality in the Emsland district, in Lower Saxony, Germany.
# Newman Institute

The Newman Institute is a charitable organisation based in Ballina, County Mayo in Ireland. Operating in conjunction with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Killala, one of its stated aims is to "provide an opportunity for people to learn more about their faith through accredited and non-accredited faith formation courses". The Newman Institute was founded in 1998 by the then Bishop of Killala Thomas Finnegan. It is based in a building, near St Muredach's Cathedral, Ballina. which was officially opened in October 2010 by then President of Ireland, Mary McAleese.
In January 2009, the organisation launched a Diploma in Applied Theology in association with St. Angela's College, Sligo which was accredited by the National University of Ireland, Galway (NUIG). A Bachelor in Theology and Community Involvement course, also offered in association with St. Angela's and NUIG, was launched in 2010. The institute's first six degree students graduated in November 2015.
The Newman Institute is registered with the Charities Regulator as being involved in the "advancement of education" and "advancement of religion". As of 2021, it had one full time employee.
# Fix Me

Fix Me may refer to:
* Fix Me (album), an album by Marianas Trench, or the title song
* Fix Me (song), a 2010 song by 10 Years
* Fix Me, a song by Black Flag, from the EP Nervous Breakdown
* Fix Me, a 2007 song by Velvet
* Fix Me, a 2011 song by Nicola Roberts, from the Lucky Day single
* FIXME in computer programming
# 2014 World Nomad Games

The 2014 World Nomad Games, officially known as the 1st World Nomad Games, was the inaugural edition held in Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan from 9–14 September 2014 with 19 sports featured in the games. While organising the first edition of the Games, the Kyrgyz government spent more than 3 million dollars. More than 400 athletes from 20 countries took part in the event.

## A cultural program

The Games are surrounded by a cultural and ethnical program. During the first edition of the Games, a yurt village was installed. Cultural events and entertaining activities not linked with the Games' disciplines also took place.

## Competitive sports

Ten sports weree played competitively at the games:
* The equestrian sports of
** Kok Boru, team game on horseback, featuring the carrying of a goat carcass
** Er Enish, wrestling on horseback
** Kunan chabysh, a young horse race
** Zhorgo salysh, (aka Jorgo salysh) a trotting race
** Alaman Baige, a long distance uneven terrain race
* The traditional wrestling sports of:
** Kyrgyz Kurosh
** Alysh (belt-wrestling)
** Kazakh Kurosh
* Two Kyrgyz national games:
** Ordo, an ankle bone shooting game
** Toguz korgool, a strategy board game

## Demonstration sports

The games also featured demonstration performances of other sports:
* Zorhana, a form of wrestling from Azerbaijan and Iran
* Cirit (from Turkey), a sport played on horseback
* Traditional Turkish wrestling
* Taekkyon (from the Republic of Korea)
* Salbuurun, eagle hunting
* Tyin Enmei, picking up a coin while upon a galloping horse
* Kyz Kuumai, ("girl chasing"), featuring a woman and a man on horseback, the man initially chasing the woman, but if too slow then being chased and whipped by the woman

## Medal table

The Kyrgyz team won the most medals, with the Kazakh team coming second and Turkmenistan third.
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Kyrgyzstan (KGZ) | 16 | 20 | 19 | 55 |
| 2 | Kazakhstan (KAZ) | 10 | 9 | 9 | 28 |
| 3 | Turkmenistan (TKM) | 3 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
| 4 | Tajikistan (TJK) | 1 | 0 | 3 | 4 |
| 5 | Mongolia (MNG) | 0 | 1 | 6 | 7 |
| 6 | Russia (RUS) | 0 | 0 | 5 | 5 |
| 7 | Uzbekistan (UZB) | 0 | 0 | 4 | 4 |
| Totals (7 entries) | Totals (7 entries) | 30 | 30 | 49 | 109 |
# Neocurtimorda sexmaculata

Neocurtimorda sexmaculata is a species of beetle in the genus Neocurtimorda of the family Mordellidae.
# Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building

Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building may refer to:
* Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building (Kansas City, Kansas), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in Wyandotte County
* Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building (West Newbury, Massachusetts), NRHP-listed in Essex County
* Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Building (Fayetteville, West Virginia), NRHP-listed in Fayette County
# 18th century BC

The 18th century BC was the century that lasted from 1800 BC to 1701 BC.

## Events

* 1800 BC: Beginning of the Nordic Bronze Age in the period system devised by Oscar Montelius.
* c. 1800 BC: Sedentary Mayan communities in Mesoamerica
* c. 1800 BC: Hyksos start to settle in the Nile Delta. They had the capital at Avaris in northeastern Nile Delta.
* 1800 BC: Adichanallur urn-burial site in Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu. In 2004, a number of skeletons dating from around 3,800 years ago.
* 1800 BC: Beginning of the Indo-Aryan migration
* 1800 BC – 1700 BC: Decline of the Indus Valley civilisation
* 1800 BC – 1300 BC: Troy VI flourishes.
* c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC: (middle chronology) – Hammurabi rules Babylonia and has to deal with Mari, which he conquers late in his career.
* c. 1792 BC – 1750 BC: (middle chronology) – Stela of Hammurabi, from Susa (modern Shush, Iran) is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
* 1787 BC – 1784 BC: Amorite conquests of Uruk and Isin.
* 1786 BC: Egypt: Queen Sobekneferu dies. End of Twelfth Dynasty, start of Thirteenth Dynasty, start of Fourteenth Dynasty.
* 1779 BC: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, starts to rule.
* 1770 BC: Babylon, capital of Babylonia becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Thebes, capital of Egypt.
* 1766 BC: Shang conquest of the Xia dynasty. China.
* 1764 BC – 1750 BC: Wars of Hammurabi.
* 1757 BC: Mari sacked by Hammurabi. Zimrilim's palace is destroyed.
* 1757 BC: Zimrilim, the King of Mari, dies.
* 1750 BC: Hyksos occupation of Northern Egypt.
* 1750 BC: A colossal volcanic eruption at Mount Veniaminof, Alaska.
* c. 1750 BC: Vedic period starts in India.
* c. 1750 BC: Investiture of Zimrilim (Zimrilim, King of Mari, before the Goddess Ishtar), facsimile of a wall painting on mud plaster from the Zimrilim palace at Mari (modern Tell Hariri, Syria), Court 106, is made. It is now in Musée du Louvre, Paris.
* c. 1740 BC – c. 1720 BC: reigns of pharaoh Neferhotep I and his brother Sobekhotep IV, marking the apex of the Egyptian 13th Dynasty.
* 1749 BC – 1712 BC: Mesopotamian Rebellions.
* Early Unetice culture, beginning of the Bronze Age in Central Europe.
* Minoan civilization: phase II of the Middle period (MM II).
* c. 1700 BC: The last species of mammoth became extinct on Wrangel Island.
* c. 1700 BC: Indus Valley civilization comes to an end but is continued by the Cemetery H culture
* c. 1700 BC: Minoan Old Palace period ends and Minoan Second Palace (Neopalatial) period starts in Crete.
* c. 1700 BC: Aegean metalworkers are producing decorative objects rivaling those of Ancient Near East jewelers, whose techniques they seem to borrow.
* c. 1700 BC: Lila-Ir-Tash started to rule the Elamite Empire.
* c. 1700 BC: Bronze Age starts in China.
* c. 1700 BC: Shang dynasty starts in China.

## Deaths

c. 1750 BC: Hammurabi (middle chronology)
1764 BC: Yarim Lim 1 The Great King of Yamhad

## Inventions, discoveries, introductions

* c. 1700 BC: Median date for the building of the Phaistos Disc. Its purpose and meaning, and even its original geographical place of manufacture remains unknown, making it one of the most famous mysteries of archaeology.
# Live at CBGB (Agnostic Front album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | link |
Live at CBGB is an album of live recordings from New York hardcore band Agnostic Front. It was released in 1989 on Relativity Records and follows their third studio album, Liberty and Justice For..., from 1987. It is one of many available live albums by the band – their next was 1993's Last Warning and most recent Live at CBGB - 25 Years of Blood, Honor and Truth from 2006.
The line-up featured one change from the previous studio album – Craig Setari replacing Alan Peters on bass. Shortly after the album's release, Roger Miret was imprisoned and another album was not made until 1992 with One Voice.

## Personnel
### Agnostic Front

* Roger Miret – vocals
* Vinnie Stigma – lead guitar
* Steve Martin – rhythm guitar
* Craig Setari – bass
* Will Shepler – drums

### Production

* Recorded August 21, 1988 at CBGB, New York City
* Produced by Norman Dunn
* Engineered by Steve McAllister, Tommy Victor, and Gil Abarbanel
* Cover art by Andrea Elston
# Freaky (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Music Week | |
Freaky is the second studio album by English R&B group, MN8. It was released in 1996 by Columbia Records. The album includes the singles, "Tuff Act to Follow" and "Dreaming".

## Track listing

* "Tuff Act to Follow" (3:43)
* "Dreaming" (5:07)
* "Freaky" (3:59)
* "I'll Give You My Everything" (4:04)
* "Baby, I Surrender" (5:05)
* "Beautiful Body" (4:41)
* "It's All On You" (5:19)
* "Shake It" (4:57)
* "This Heart" (3:59)
* "I Promise" (3:56)
* "Keep It in the Family" (4:20)
* "Talk to You" (4:38)
# The Golden Spruce

The Golden Spruce: A True Story of Myth, Madness, and Greed is a book by American author John Vaillant. It was his first book, published in May 2005.

## Background

The book is based on a 2002 article Vaillant wrote for The New Yorker.
While researching the book, Vaillant learned that the oral tradition surrounding The Golden Spruce is considered the property of various clans throughout the Pacific Northwest and requires permission to retell. Speaking about the challenge of writing a book where principal characters are absent or dead, Vaillant said, "Virtually everyone leaves a trail behind them in the form of tracks, objects, relationships, official documents, and the memories of others."

## Overview

The book tells the story of Kiidk'yaas, or The Golden Spruce, which was a Sitka Spruce tree venerated by the Haida people. The tree itself contained a genetic mutation causing it to appear golden in color. It was felled in Haida Gwaii by forest engineer Grant Hadwin.
From Publishers Weekly:
    "The felling of a celebrated giant golden spruce tree in British Columbia's Queen Charlotte Islands takes on a potent symbolism in this probing study of an unprecedented act of eco-vandalism...It is also, in his telling, a land of virtually infinite natural resources overmatched by an even greater human rapaciousness."

## Reception

The Golden Spruce won the 2005 Governor General's Awards for non-fiction.
The Sydney Morning Herald described the book as, "A deep-reaching account of the clash between wilderness values, the voracious logging industry, white settlers, and first nations people." The New York Times said the book, "explore[s] the relationship between man and nature with lush language and page-turning suspense." It has drawn comparisons to Silent Spring by Rachel Carson, The Hot Zone by Richard Preston, H is for Hawk by Helen Macdonald and Flash Boys by Michael Lewis.
In 2016, the book was adapted into a feature-length documentary titled Hadwin’s Judgement by filmmaker Sasha Snow. It was the second collaboration between Snow and Vaillant; Snow's 2006 documentary Conflict Tiger was the source of inspiration for Vaillant's 2010 book The Tiger. The film premiered at The Globe Theater in Calgary, Alberta on 22 January 2016.
# New Boston, Juneau

New Boston (or Union City) was a historical populated place in Juneau, Alaska. It was located one mile west of the city of Juneau, on Douglas Island; according to R. N. DeArmond, it was a short-lived town.
# Cape Meteor

Cape Meteor (54°26′S 3°29′E﻿ / ﻿54.433°S 3.483°E﻿ / -54.433; 3.483; Norwegian: Kapp Meteor) is a cape marked by steep cliffs in the coastal area of Mowinckelkysten, north of Svartstranda beach, and forms the eastern extremity of Bouvetøya island in the South Atlantic .
The cape was roughly charted in 1898 by the German Valdivia expedition led by marine biologist Carl Chun, and was later named after the survey ship Meteor, the ship in which the German Meteor expedition visited the island in 1926. The name appears on a British chart based upon a 1930 survey by personnel on the Discovery II, but this may reflect an earlier naming.
# Neocyclotus

Neocyclotus is a genus of gastropods belonging to the family Neocyclotidae.
The species of this genus are found in America.
Species:
* Neocyclotus agassizi (Bartsch & J.P.E.Morrison, 1942)
* Neocyclotus aulari (H.B.Baker, 1923)
* Neocyclotus bisinuatus (E.von Martens, 1864)
* Neocyclotus burringtoni (Bartsch & J.P.E.Morrison, 1942)
* Neocyclotus capscelius F.G.Thompson, 1969
* Neocyclotus carabobensis (Bartsch & J.P.E.Morrison, 1942)
* Neocyclotus cayennensis (Shuttleworth, 1852)
* Neocyclotus chrysacme (Bartsch & J.P.E.Morrison, 1942)
* Neocyclotus connivens (H.Adams, 1866)
* Neocyclotus corpulentus (E.A.Smith, 1878)
* Neocyclotus corrugatus (G.B.Sowerby I, 1843)
* Neocyclotus distinctus (G.B.Sowerby I, 1843)
* Neocyclotus duffianus (C.B.Adams, 1845)
* Neocyclotus dysoni (L.Pfeiffer, 1851)
* Neocyclotus glaucostomus (L.Pfeiffer, 1863)
* Neocyclotus granadensis (Shuttleworth, 1857)
* Neocyclotus granulatus (L.Pfeiffer, 1863)
* Neocyclotus haematomma (L.Pfeiffer, 1863)
* Neocyclotus kugleri (Bartsch & J.P.E.Morrison, 1942)
* Neocyclotus limellus (Bartsch & J.P.E.Morrison, 1942)
* Neocyclotus panamensis Da Costa, 1904
* Neocyclotus peilei Gude, 1912
* Neocyclotus prominulus (d'Orbigny, 1837)
* Neocyclotus quitensis (L.Pfeiffer, 1852)
* Neocyclotus rugatus (Guppy, 1864)
* Neocyclotus sanctamarthae (Pilsbry & Clapp, 1902)
* Neocyclotus simplicostus F.G.Thompson, 1969
* Neocyclotus smithi (Pilsbry & Clapp, 1902)
* Neocyclotus stramineus (Reeve, 1843)
* Neocyclotus vincentinus (Pilsbry, 1935)
* Neocyclotus wetmorei (Bartsch & J.P.E.Morrison, 1942)