OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1628 Strobel

1628 Strobel (provisional designation 1923 OG) is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 55 kilometers in diameter.
It was discovered on 11 September 1923, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named after ARI-astronomer Willi Strobel.

## Classification and orbit

Strobel orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.2 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,909 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.07 and an inclination of 19° with respect to the ecliptic. Strobel's observation arc begins two nights after its official discovery observation at Heidelberg in 1923.

## Physical characteristics

Strobel is a carbonaceous C-type asteroid. It is also classified as a P-type by WISE and as an X-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS.

### Rotation period

American astronomer Richard Binzel obtained the first rotational lightcurve of Strobel in May 1984. It gave a rotation period of 11.80 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.22 magnitude (U=2). In May 2005, photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a shorter period of 9.52 hours and a brightness change of 0.20 magnitude (U=2).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Strobel measures between 51.15 and 59.35 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.047 and 0.06. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0504 and a diameter of 57.06 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.08.

## Naming

This minor planet was named in honor of Willi Strobel (1909–1988), staff member at Astronomisches Rechen-Institut (ARI) since 1938, and author of the 1963-edition of Identifizierungsnachweis der Kleinen Planeten (Minor planet identifications, published by ARI). The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 February 1976 (M.P.C. 3931).
# 1899 Hume colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of The Hume on 10 September 1899 because William Lyne had been appointed Premier and Colonial Treasurer, forming the Lyne ministry. Until 1904, members appointed to a ministerial position were required to face a by-election. These were generally uncontested. Of the nine ministers appointed in the Lyne ministry, The Hume and Ashfield (Bernhard Wise) were the only electorates in which the by-election was contested.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| 15 September 1899 | William Lyne appointed Colonial Treasurer. |
| 16 September 1899 | Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 23 September 1899 | Nominations |
| 30 September 1899 | Polling day |
| 9 October 1899 | Return of writ |

## Result

1899 The Hume by-election Saturday 10 September :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Protectionist | William Lyne (re-elected) | 642 | 58.6 | -15.6 |
| | Independent | John Miller | 453 | 41.4 | |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 1,095 | 100.0 | +1.6 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | Informal votes | 0 | 0.0 | −1.6 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,095 | 45.6 | −1.6 |
| | Protectionist hold | Protectionist hold | | | |
# 1845 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1845.

## Plesiosaurs
### New taxa

| Name | Status | Authors | Authors | Notes |
| Spondylosaurus | Jr. synonym | Fisher | | Junior synonym of Pliosaurus. |

## Synapsids
### Non-mammalian

| Name | Status | Authors | Age | Location | Notes | Images |
| Dicynodon | Valid | Owen | 255 Million years ago. | Brazil  South Africa  Tanzania  Zambia | | Dicynodon |

### Mammals

| Name | Authors | Age | Location | Notes | Images |
| Coryphodon | Owen | 52 Million years ago. | Belgium  Canada ( Northwest Territories)  China  France  UK  USA ( Alabama, Colorado, Mississippi, Montana, New Mexico, North Dakota, Texas, Utah and Wyoming) | A hippo-like mammal. | Coryphodon |
# Benedetto Geraci

Benedetto Geraci (1590–1660) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Lipari (1650–1660).

## Biography

Benedetto Geraci was born in 1590 in Gerace, Italy. On 19 Dec 1650, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent X as Bishop of Lipari. On 8 Jan 1651, he was consecrated bishop by Francesco Peretti di Montalto, Archbishop of Monreale, with Ranuccio Scotti Douglas, Bishop Emeritus of Borgo San Donnino, and Francesco Biglia, Bishop of Pavia, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Lipari until his death on 18 Aug 1660.
# Madoff (surname)

Madoff is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernie Madoff (1938–2021), American criminal whose US$65 billion Ponzi scheme employed many family members, including:
** Ruth Madoff (born 1941), American bookkeeper and wife of Bernie Madoff
** Mark Madoff (1964–2010), American financier and son of Bernie Madoff
** Andrew Madoff (1966–2014), American financier and son of Bernie Madoff
** Shana Madoff (born 1967), American attorney and niece of Bernie Madoff
* Michelle Madoff (1928–2013), American politician; Pittsburgh councilwoman from 1978 to 1993
# Eois planetaria

Eois planetaria is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Peru.
The wingspan is about 27 mm. The forewings are reddish fawn, crossed from the base to the margin by a series of round white dots on the veins, representing the transverse lines. The hindwings are similar, but the basal area is not spotted and the spots towards the margin are all larger.

## Subspecies

* Eois planetaria planetaria
* Eois planetaria albimacula (Dognin, 1911)
# Paranoid (disambiguation)

Paranoid refers to paranoia, a thought process that typically includes persecutory beliefs.
Paranoid may also refer to:

## Music

* Paranoid (band), a German EBM group 1987–1999
* Paranoid (album) or the title song (see below), by Black Sabbath, 1970

### Songs

* "Paranoid" (Black Sabbath song), 1970
* "Paranoid" (Jonas Brothers song), 2009
* "Paranoid" (Kanye West song), 2009
* "Paranoid" (Post Malone song), 2018
* "Paranoid" (Ty Dolla Sign song), 2013
* "Paranoid", by Coi Leray from Trendsetter, 2022
* "Paranoid", by Dizzee Rascal from Maths + English, 2007
* "Paranoid", by Grand Funk Railroad from Grand Funk, 1969
* "Paranoid", by Lauv from I Met You When I Was 18 (The Playlist), 2018
* "Paranoid", by Psy'Aviah from Eclectric, 2010
* "Paranoid", by Spring King from A Better Life, 2018
* "Paranoid", by Ken Carson from A Great Chaos, 2023

## Other uses

* Paranoid (film), a 2000 thriller directed by John Duigan
* Paranoid (TV series), a 2016 British crime drama
* "Paranoid: A Chant", a 1985 poem by Stephen King
# American Citizens for Justice

American Citizens for Justice is an Asian American civil rights group formed in 1982 in Detroit, Michigan. While the Asian American movement was already developing in the West Coast of the United States, American Citizens for Justice was a significant force for a pan-Asian consciousness as part of the Asian American movement in the Midwest.

## History

In 1982, Vincent Chin was gruesomely murdered. His killers encountered Chin in a bar in Highland Park and mistook his Chinese heritage for the Japanese, whom they blamed for a recent downturn in the automobile industry. He was bludgeoned to death with a baseball bat. Despite their conviction and evidence, the killers never saw prison time and were only given light sentences.
Vincent Chin's killers Ronald Ebens and his stepson Michael Nitz were fined $3000 and given 3 years probation, as the judge expressed the defendants' good backgrounds. Detroit's Asian American community were outraged by the judge's lenient sentence, seeing this as official support of anti-Asian violence, and eventually formed the American Citizens for Justice. After the sentencing, the American Citizens for Justice conducted an investigating and found that one of the dancers of the bar overheard Ebens saying "Nip," "Chink," and "because of you mother fuc——s, we're out of work." This research enabled new civil rights charges to be pursued against Ebens and Nitz. This went to a federal trial which rendered a 20-year sentence against Ebens, although this was later appealed based on trial errors. A second trial was held, but Ebens was found not guilty violating the civil rights in killing Chin.
While the American Citizens for Justice was predominantly composed of Chinese Americans, they wanted a pan-Asian framework to offer greater solidarity with other Asian groups. Furthermore, they named the group the "American Citizens for Justice" instead of "Asian Americans for Justice" because they saw it as less offensive or intimidating. Furthermore, while Asian Americans in Detroit began to be involved in civil rights, African American groups such as the umbrella Detroit-Area Black Organizations and the Detroit chapter of the NAACP offered solidarity for their events.
# Clinker (sound artist)

Clinker (born Gary James Joynes) is a Canadian sound artist, composer, and visual artist from Edmonton, Alberta.
Joynes played as a bassist in prog rock bands before discovering an interest in ambient music. Brian Eno was an early influence. Recent work includes the live cinema piece On the Other Side... (for L. Cohen), commissioned by the 2008 Leonard Cohen International Festival in Edmonton, Alberta as well as the soundtrack for the documentary Dirt.
In 2011 he was a resident artist at Latitude 53 where his work Frequency Painting: 12 Tones was exhibited.

## Sources

* ↑ Candler, David (April 2014). "Gary James Joynes — A Review of Visual Sound in Practice". eContact!. 15 (4). Canadian Electroacoustic Community.
* ↑ Sperounes, Sandra (2005-06-25). "Clinker's dream: Music that makes you feel hugged". Edmonton Journal. p. 53. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
* ↑ plwn (May 13, 2010). "Interview with Clinker: Gary James Joynes", Roulette.
* ↑ Marchand, Francois (2008-07-22). "Another side of Leonard Cohen". Edmonton Journal. p. 31. Retrieved 2024-01-13.
* ↑ "Program Faculty: Gary James Joynes" Archived 2011-01-03 at the Wayback Machine, Programs at The Banff Centre.
* ↑ "Dirt", Film Collection - National Film Board of Canada.
* ↑ LaRiviere, David (May 2011). "Frequency Painting: 12 Tones". BlackFlash Magazine. 28 (3): 12–14.
# Athletics at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' 3000 metres

The boys’ 3000 m competition at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics was held on 20–24 August 2014 in Nanjing Olympic Sports Center.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| 20 August 2014 | 18:55 | Heat |
| 24 August 2014 | 20:30 | Final |

## Results
### Heat

First 50% of the athletes from the Qualification round progress to the A Final and the remaining athletes to the B Final.
| Rank | Lane | Athlete | Result | Notes | Q |
| 1 | 16 | Yomif Kejelcha (ETH) | 8:05.85 | | FA |
| 2 | 10 | Moses Koech (KEN) | 8:06.50 | | FA |
| 3 | 1 | Jordi Torrents (ESP) | 8:13.89 | PB | FA |
| 4 | 5 | Amine Zahaf (MAR) | 8:14.51 | PB | FA |
| 5 | 7 | Thierry Ndikumwenayo (BDI) | 8:16.11 | PB | FA |
| 6 | 15 | Mohamed Amine El Bouajaji (FRA) | 8:16.43 | PB | FA |
| 7 | 11 | Abdi Ibrahim Abdo (BRN) | 8:16.86 | PB | FA |
| 8 | 2 | Tawfiq Bouziane (ALG) | 8:21.58 | PB | FA |
| 9 | 12 | Jeremiah Ort (CAN) | 8:23.76 | PB | FB |
| 10 | 4 | Leo Chikhwaza (MAW) | 8:30.40 | PB | FB |
| 11 | 9 | Jean Marie Myasiro (RWA) | 8:33.94 | PB | FB |
| 12 | 8 | Titus Nyati (ZIM) | 8:39.67 | PB | FB |
| 13 | 14 | Kagiso Kebatshwaretse (BOT) | 8:45.33 | PB | FB |
| 14 | 3 | Adam Mohamed (SUD) | 8:46.65 | PB | FB |
| 15 | 13 | Mohamed Miftahou (COM) | 9:00.01 | | FB |
| 16 | 6 | Camran Carbon (DMA) | 9:46.78 | | FB |

### Finals
#### Final A

| Rank | Final Placing | Lane | Athlete | Result | Notes |
| | 1 | 1 | Yomif Kejelcha (ETH) | 7:56.20 | |
| | 2 | 3 | Thierry Ndikumwenayo (BDI) | 8:06.05 | PB |
| | 3 | 7 | Moses Koech (KEN) | 8:06.33 | |
| 4 | 4 | 4 | Abdi Ibrahim Abdo (BRN) | 8:08.91 | PB |
| 5 | 5 | 5 | Jordi Torrents (ESP) | 8:09.99 | PB |
| 6 | 6 | 8 | Tawfiq Bouziane (ALG) | 8:18.98 | PB |
| 7 | 7 | 6 | Amine Zahaf (MAR) | 8:21.62 | |
| | | 2 | Mohamed Amine El Bouajaji (FRA) | DSQ | |

#### Final B

| Rank | Final Placing | Lane | Athlete | Result | Notes |
| 1 | 8 | 3 | Jeremiah Ort (CAN) | 8:31.05 | |
| 2 | 9 | 6 | Leo Chikhwaza (MAW) | 8:32.07 | |
| 3 | 10 | 8 | Jean Marie Myasiro (RWA) | 8:32.44 | PB |
| 4 | 11 | 5 | Adam Mohamed (SUD) | 8:37.11 | PB |
| 5 | 12 | 4 | Titus Nyati (ZIM) | 8:37.82 | PB |
| 6 | 13 | 2 | Kagiso Kebatshwaretse (BOT) | 8:39.38 | PB |
| 7 | 14 | 7 | Mohamed Miftahou (COM) | 8:40.07 | PB |
| | | 1 | Camran Carbon (DMA) | DNS | |
# Daphniphyllum griffithianum

Daphniphyllum griffithianum is a tree species in the family Daphniphyllaceae. It is native to an area from Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia to Thailand.

## Taxonomy

The species is in section Lunata of Daphniphyllum, along with D. calycinum and D. majus.
This current species was described by the botanist Henry John Noltie (born 1957) in 2005, in the publication Regnum Vegatibile: a Series of Handbooks for the Use of Plant Taxonomists and Plant Geographers (Utrecht). This was a re-working of the taxa, originally named by the Scottish surgeon and botanist Robert Wight (1796-1872) as Goughia griffithiana in 1852. Wight was a leading plant taxonomist of South India.

## Distribution

It is native to an area from Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia to Thailand. Countries and regions that it has been recorded are: Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara, Kalimantan, Sumatera); Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak, Peninsular Malaysia); and Thailand.

## Habitat and ecology

The species is of low-moderate abundance in the peat swamp forest of PT National Sago Prima of PT Sampoerna Agro tbk, Kepulauan Meranti Regency, Riau Province, Sumatera. This forest was logged some 28 years before study. This is enough time for the vegetation community to return to primary forest but there is still a considerable presence of secondary forest taxa. The most important taxa at the time of study were Benstonea atrocarpa and Blumeodendron subrotundifolium
# Daphniphyllales

The Daphiphllales is a valid botanical name for an order of the Magnoliopsida class. When accepted, it had only one family, Daphniphyllaceae. With regard to phylogenetic classification of the APG III system, this order is no longer accepted, and the Daphniphyllaceae are part of the order Saxifragales.
# Daniello Solaro

Daniello Solaro (circa 1649–1726) was an Italian sculptor of the Baroque period. He was active in Genoa and France. He trained under the Genoese artist Domenico Parodi.
# Athletics at the 2023 African Games – Women's discus throw

The women's discus throw event at the 2023 African Games was held on 21 March 2024 in Accra, Ghana.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Obiageri Amaechi Nigeria | Chioma Onyekwere Nigeria | Nora Monie Cameroon |

## Results

Held on 21 March
| Rank | Name | Nationality | #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 | #5 | #6 | Result | Notes |
| | Obiageri Amaechi | Nigeria | 58.01 | 56.31 | 58.21 | 56.98 | 54.31 | 58.93 | 58.93 | |
| | Chioma Onyekwere | Nigeria | x | x | 52.99 | 48.03 | 58.03 | 56.34 | 58.03 | |
| | Nora Monie | Cameroon | 53.03 | x | 55.94 | x | 56.11 | 54.62 | 56.11 | |
| 4 | Ashley Anumba | Nigeria | 52.05 | 52.02 | 54.88 | 53.26 | 53.64 | x | 54.88 | |
| 5 | Yolandi Stander | South Africa | 52.88 | 51.44 | 52.56 | 54.44 | x | x | 54.44 | |
| 6 | Yelena Mokoka | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 51.51 | 51.65 | 52.52 | 49.35 | 49.31 | 50.15 | 52.52 | |
| 7 | Ashley Erasmus | South Africa | 51.29 | 49.36 | 49.10 | 49.93 | x | 51.85 | 51.85 | |
| 8 | Ischke Senekal | South Africa | 50.72 | 50.17 | 51.32 | 48.29 | 49.00 | 50.38 | 51.32 | |
| 9 | Roseline Rakamba | Kenya | 48.98 | x | 50.90 | | | | 50.90 | NR |
| 10 | Nabila Bounab | Algeria | 40.97 | 44.79 | 47.18 | | | | 47.18 | |
| 11 | Merhawit Tshaye | Ethiopia | 41.13 | 43.87 | 42.54 | | | | 43.87 | |
| 12 | Alemitu Teklesilassie | Ethiopia | x | x | 41.57 | | | | 41.57 | |
| 13 | Maria Okomo | Equatorial Guinea | x | x | 39.92 | | | | 39.92 | |
| 14 | Nassira Koné | Mali | 35.18 | 32.76 | 30.80 | | | | 35.18 | |
| 15 | Emilie Dia | Mali | 34.01 | 30.76 | 32.02 | | | | 34.01 | |
# Danilovich

Danilovich (Cyrillic: Данило́вич, Даніловіч) is a surname of Slavic origin.
A transliteration of the Ruthenian/Russian/Belarusian form is Danilovich, Ukrainian: Danilovych.
Also Danilovich (Cyrillic: Дани́лович, Данілавіч) and Danilovna are Eastern Slavic patronymics.
The surname should not be confused with the patronymics. Both literally mean the same, "son of Daniil (Danila, Danil)", but in the pronunciation of the surname the stress syllable is penultimate, while in the patronymic the second syllable is stressed.
The same surname in Polish is Danilowicz and in Serbian is Danilović.

## People with the surname

The surname may refer to:
* Jean Danilovich (born 1946), American amateur tennis player
* John J. Danilovich (born 1950), American business executive
* Ruvik Danilovich (born 1971), Israeli politician

## People with the patronymic but no surname

* Lev Danylovych (c. 1228 – 1301), Leo I of Galicia, king of Ruthenia
* Roman Danylovych (c. 1230 – 1261), Prince of Black Ruthenia
* Ivan I Danilovich (1288 – c. 1340), Prince of Moscow
# Dao language (China)

The Dao language or Daohua (Chinese: 倒话; pinyin: dàohuà; lit. 'inverted language') is a Chinese–Tibetan mixed language or creolized language of Yajiang County, Sichuan, China. Word order is SOV as in Tibetan (Yeshes Vodgsal Atshogs 2004:6), while the lexicon consists of words derived from both Chinese and Tibetan.

## Distribution

Yeshes Vodgsal Atshogs (2004:6) reports that Dao is spoken in the following townships of Yajiang County, Sichuan, China. Within these administrative townships, Dao is spoken in 8 villages, comprising a total of 504 households and 2,685 individuals as of 1995.
* Hekou town 河口镇 (including Mazishi village 麻子石村)
* Bajiaolou township 八角楼乡
* Xiala township 呷拉乡
Choyo, a Qiangic language, is spoken just to the north of Dao, and is also spoken in Xiala township 呷拉乡.
# Daocheng Solar Radio Telescope

Daocheng Solar Radio Telescope (DSRT) is a radio telescope in China, that started its operations in 2023 and is used for solar astronomy. It consists of 313 parabolic antennas of 6-meter diameter each, that form an interferometric array. Antennas are equally spaced and form a circle with a circumference of 3.14 km. At the center of the circle is 100-meters-high calibration antenna. The telescope operation frequencies are between from 150 MHz and 450 MHz for detection of coronal mass ejection events. The telescope is located in the mountains on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau in the Sichuan province, and is operated by the Chinese Meridian Space Weather Monitoring Project II. As of 2023, it is the largest solar telescope in operation. Its construction began in 2021 and was finished in 2022. The operations began in June 2023.
* DSRT array
* DSRT dishes
# Athletics at the 2023 Parapan American Games – Men's 1500 metres T20

The men's T20 1500 metres competition of the athletics events at the 2023 Parapan American Games was held on November 21 at the Mario Recordón Athletics Training Center within the Julio Martínez National Stadium of Santiago, Chile.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Pan American Games records were as follows:
| World record | Michael Brannigan (USA) | 3:45.50 | New York, United States | February 11, 2017 |
| Parapan American Games record | Michael Brannigan (USA) | 4:04.32 | Toronto, Canada | August 10, 2015 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| November 21, 2023 | 17:29 | Final |

## Results

All times shown are in seconds.
| KEY: | q | Fastest non-qualifiers | Q | Qualified | PR | Parapan Games record | NR | National record | SB | Seasonal best | DQ | Disqualified |

### Final

The results were as follows:
| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 4 | Samuel Guarín | Colombia | 4:10.71 | SB |
| | 1 | Michael Barber | Canada | 4:11.99 | |
| | 6 | Carmelo Rivera | Puerto Rico | 4:13.36 | SB |
| 4 | 5 | Luis Paiva | Venezuela | 4:14.93 | |
| 5 | 3 | Wladimir Palma | Chile | 4:17.19 | |
| 6 | 2 | Juan Gabriel Pugo | Ecuador | 4:17.31 | |
| 7 | 7 | Pedro Francisco Pérez | Mexico | 4:18.20 | SB |
# Dasyvesica nepomuca

Dasyvesica nepomuca is a species of snout moth in the genus Dasyvesica. It is found in Bolivia.
# Dave Evans (entrepreneur)

Dave Evans is an entrepreneur who led the design of Apple's first mouse and was an early employee at Electronic Arts before becoming a Consulting Assistant Professor at Stanford University. He also co-wrote the book Designing Your Life: How to Build a Well-Lived, Joyful Life with Bill Burnett, which was published by Knopf in 2016. Evans and Burnett also created a class called "Designing Your Life" at Stanford University.
He graduated from Stanford with a master's degree in mechanical engineering. Evans has also worked as a professor at the University of California - Berkeley.
# William Brock (historian)

William Ranulf Brock, FBA (16 May 1916 – 12 November 2014) was a British historian of the United States.
Brock was educated at Christ's Hospital and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he won the Thirlwall Prize. He was Professor of Modern History at the University of Glasgow from 1967 to 1981, and life fellow of Selwyn College, Cambridge, from 1947 to 2014. He was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 1990.

## Publications

* Lord Liverpool and Liberal Toryism 1820 to 1827 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941; 2nd edn, Hamden, CT: Archon, 1967)
* Britain and the Dominions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951)
* The Effect of the Loss of the
* American Colonies upon British Policy (London: Historical Association, 1957; 2nd edn, 1966)
* The Character of American History, Aids for Teachers, vol. 3 (London: Macmillan, 1960; 2nd edn, 1965)
* An American Crisis: Congress and Reconstruction, 1865–1867 (New York: St Martin's Press, 1963)
* The Evolution of American Democracy (New York: Dial Press, 1970)
* Conflict and Transformation in the U.S., 1844-1877 (Baltimore, MD: Penguin, 1973)
* The United States, 1789-1890: Sources of History (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1975)
* Parties and Political Conscience (Millwood, NY: KTO Press, 1979)
* Scotus Americanus: A Survey of the Sources for Links Between Scotland and America in the Eighteenth Century (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981)
* Investigation and Responsibility: Public Responsibility in the United States, 1865–1900 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984)
* Welfare, Democracy, and the New Deal (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988)
* (with P. M. H. Cooper) Selwyn College: A History (Durham: Pentland Press, 1994)