# List of Byzantine scholars

This is a list of Byzantine scientists and other scholars.

## Before the 9th century

Most important scholars known before the Macedonian Renaissance were active under the Justinian dynasty.
* Theon of Alexandria (335–405), mathematician
* Hypatia (370–415), mathematician, astronomer, philosopher
* Anthemius of Tralles (c. 474–before 558), mathematician and architect of Hagia Sophia
* Eutocius of Ascalon (c. 480–c. 540), mathematician
* John Philoponus (490–570), mathematician, physicist, theologian
* Isidore of Miletus (6th century), mathematicist, physicist and architect of Hagia Sophia
* Cassianus Bassus (6th–7th century), author of Geoponika
* Leontios (died 706), emperor, astronomer, mathematician and engineer
* George of Pisidia (6th–7th century), scholar, zoologist and astronomer
* Timotheos of Gaza (6th–7th century), zoologist
* Stephen of Byzantium (6th–7th century), geographer
* Paul of Aegina (7th century), physician
* Callinicus of Heliopolis (7th century), architect; invented the Greek fire
* Stephen of Alexandria (7th century), mathematician and astronomer
* Theophilus Protospatharius (7th century), physician

## The Macedonian Renaissance

The Macedonian Renaissance occurred in the period of the Macedonian dynasty from 867 to 1056.
* Leo the Mathematician (c. 790–after 869)
* Georgios Monachos (9th century)
* Photius I of Constantinople (c. 810–c. 893), Greek philosophy
* Saint Cyril the Philosopher (826 or 827–869)
* Constantine VII (reigned 913–959)
* Michael Psellus (1018–1078)
* Michael Attaliates (11th century)
* Symeon Seth (11th century)
* Leo VI (reigned 886–912)
* Arethas of Caesarea (c. 860-aft. 932), Archbishop, theologian and Greek commentator

## The Komnenian period and after

The Komnenian period ranged from 1081 to about 1185.
* Anna Comnena (1083–1153)
* Theodore Prodromos (c. 1100–c. 1165/70), author of prose and poetry
* Eustathius of Thessalonica (c. 1115–1195/6)
* Michael of Ephesus (early or mid-12th century), philosopher, physics
* Michael Glykas (12th century), mathematician and astronomer
* Joannes Zonaras (12th century), historian
* John Kinnamos (12th century), historian
* Niketas Choniates (c. 1155–1215 or 1216), historian
* Nikephoros Blemmydes (1197–1272)

## The Palaiologian Renaissance

The Palaiologian Renaissance was mostly contemporary with the Renaissance of the 12th century. The Palaiologos dynasty ruled from c. 1260 to 1453. A number of Greek scholars contributed to the establishment of this renaissance also in Western Europe.
* Demetrios Pepagomenos (1200–1300), zoologist, botanologist and pharmacist
* George Akropolites (1220–1282), astronomer
* Gregory Chioniades (died 1302), mathematician and astronomer
* Manuel Holobolos (1230–1305), scholar, teacher
* George Pachymeres (1242–1310)
* Manuel Moschopoulos (13th–beginning of the 14th century) grammarian
* Constantinos Lykites (13th–14th century), astronomer
* John Pediasimos (13th–14th century), mathematician
* Nikephoros Choumnos (c. 1250/55–1327), scholar, meteorologist and physicist
* Maximus Planudes (1260–c. 1305), grammarian and theologian,
* Theodore Metochites (1270–1332), physician and mathematician
* Barlaam of Seminara (c. 1290–1348), mathematician and astronomer
* Nicephorus Gregoras (1295–1359/60), mathematician and astronomer
* Demetrius Triclinius (before c. 1300), grammarian with knowledge of astronomy,
* Thomas Magister (14th century), grammarian
* Theodore of Melitene (1320–1393), astronomer
* Isaac Argyros (1310–1372), mathematician and astronomer
* John VI Kantakouzenos (reigned 1347–1355), historian
* Manuel Chrysoloras (c. 1355–1415), translator, philosopher
* Joannes Chortasmenos (1370–1437), scholar, mathematician and astronomer