OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Al-Farooq (title)

Al-Farooq (Arabic: الفاروق, "distinguisher") is the title given to one who distinguishes right from wrong. It was a well-known historical title of the second Caliph Umar.

## Etymology

According to the Lisān al-'Arab (Arabic dictionary by Ibn Manẓūr) al-Farouq refers to making a distinction between two subjects, and is a person who distinguishes between right and wrong. Al-Farooq is translated as "discriminator" by Gerald T. Elmore, Richard F. Burton. As, however, the morphophonology of the lexeme farūq is not Arabic, the word seems to be of Syro-Aramaic origin, e.g. pārōqā "Saviour" as for example pointed out by Robert M. Kerr.

## History

According to historical Sunni sources, Muhammad entitled Umar ibn al-Khattab as al-Farooq. The son of Kahn Jahan, the minister of Muhammad bin Tughluq claimed Umar ibn al-Khattab got this title from the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Also Umayyad caliph Sulayman called him discriminator (al-farooq) It is mentioned in the History of Tabari, Taqabat ibn Sad, and Tahdhib "the people of the Book (Jews) were the first to call Umar 'al-Faaruq, we have never heard the Prophet make such reference."
Among historical Shia sources, there is a hadith attributed to Muhammad in which he entitled Ali ibn Abi Talib as al-Farooq. Abu Dhar al-Ghifari and Salman the Persian narrated some of this Hadithes There are also some Shia sources that emphasized that the people of the book called Omar bin al-Khattab as al-Farooq.
# Alapakkam, Chengalpattu

Alapakkam is a census town in Chengalpattu district in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. The Alapakkam Census Town has population of 9,404 of which 4,702 are males while 4,702 are females as per report released by Census India 2011.

## Demographics

Population of Children with age of 0-6 is 1105 which is 11.75 % of total population of Alapakkam (CT). In Alapakkam Census Town, Female Sex Ratio is of 1000 against state average of 996. Moreover Child Sex Ratio in Alapakkam is around 1020 compared to Tamil Nadu state average of 943. Literacy rate of Alapakkam city is 85.19 % higher than state average of 80.09 %. In Alapakkam, Male literacy is around 90.40 % while female literacy rate is 79.97 %.
Alapakkam Census Town has total administration over 2,330 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorize to build roads within Census Town limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.
Earlier according to 2001 India census, Alapakkam had a population of 5421. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Alapakkam has an average literacy rate of 72%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 58% of the males and 42% of females literate. 10% of the population is under 6 years of age.
# Alaba imbricata

Alaba imbricata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Litiopidae.

## Description

(Original description in Latin) The shell is elevated-conical and sub-turreted. It is semi-opaque white, sporadically tinged with red. It features 7 flat, overlapping whorls with distant, longitudinal folds, that form varices, and transverse furrows. The aperture is subcircular, with a thin, arched outer lip that is scarcely effuse and has a thickened margin.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Japan.
# Alan Gardner, 3rd Baron Gardner

Alan Legge Gardner, 3rd Baron Gardner (29 January 1810 – 2 November 1883), was a British Whig politician.

## Background

Gardner was the son of Admiral Alan Gardner, 2nd Baron Gardner. A viscountcy was to be conferred on his father in 1815, but he died before the patent had passed the Great Seal and the title was never given to his son. He did, however, manage to get his father's barony passed down to him instead of his father's other son, Fenton Gardner, by establishing that Fenton was illegitimate.

## Career

In his youth, Gardner was a member of the literary salon established by the Countess of Blessington and the Count D'Orsay. He was also a celebrated sportsman. He sat on the Whig benches in the House of Lords and served in the Whig administration of Lord Melbourne as a Lord-in-waiting (government whip in the House of Lords) from 1837 to 1841.

## Family

Lord Gardner first married Frances Margaret Hughes (12 October 1814 – 3 December 1847) in 1835. The marriage was childless. After her death he married secondly the actress Julia Sarah Hayfield Fortescue (1817 – 3 November 1899 Brighton), daughter of Edward E. T. Fortescue, in December 1848 at St George's, Hanover Square, London. They had several children born before and after their marriage; as his former mistress, she was unacceptable in Victorian high society.
His son Herbert Gardner, born two years before his parents' wedding, became a Liberal politician and was created Baron Burghclere in 1895. One of Lord Gardner's legitimate daughters, the Hon. Florence (7 Feb 1853 – 3 Aug 1934), was the wife of William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow, sometime Governor-General of New Zealand; a granddaughter Lady Dorothy Onslow married Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax and became Vicereine of India. Gardner died in November 1883, aged 73, when his titles became dormant. Lady Gardner died in 1899.
Issue, according to Fortescue website:
* a son (b 1842), possibly Col. Alan Coulston Gardner (d 1907); he married and had issue two sons, but was illegitimate so could not inherit the 1798 barony.
* a son (born 1843)
* Herbert Gardner (1846–1921), who married Lady Winifred Byng, née Herbert, daughter of the 4th Earl of Carnarvon, and had issue 4 daughters. One daughter Evelyn was the first wife of Evelyn Waugh and was thus known as "She-Evelyn". Another daughter married Geoffrey Hope-Morley, 2nd Baron Hollenden.
* Hon. Florence Coulston Gardner (7 Feb 1853 – 3 Aug 1934), married William Onslow, 4th Earl of Onslow, sometime Governor-General of New Zealand, and had issue.
* Hon. Evelyn Coulston Gardner (1856–1902), married 1881 William Fuller Maitland and had issue
# Alan Slough

Alan Peter Slough (24 September 1947 – 22 March 2021) was an English professional footballer who played as a midfielder in the Football League from the 1960s to 1980s, notably with Luton Town.

## Career

Slough signed for the local team Luton Town in 1965 and went on to make 275 league appearances for the club over eight years before moving on to Fulham. After 154 league matches for Fulham, he joined Peterborough United for a transfer fee of £25,000, making 128 appearances in all competitions over four years. After a short spell at Millwall, he ended his career with a period with non-League Weymouth.

## Death

Slough died on 22 March 2021, aged 73, following a battle with Parkinson's disease.

## Honours

Fulham
* FA Cup runner-up: 1974–75
# Albert V, Duke of Saxe-Coburg

Albert V (24 May 1648 – 6 August 1699) was a duke of Saxe-Coburg.
He was the fifth but second surviving son of Ernst I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Altenburg (1601-1675), and Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg (1619-1680). He was born in Gotha. With his brother Bernhard, he attended the University of Tübingen from 1666, and later continued his studies in Geneva. He went on his Grand Tour with his brother Heinrich to Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands.
When his father died in 1675, Albert became ruler of the duchy of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg along with all his brothers, and took Saalfeld as his residence. In 1680, after concluding a treaty of partition with his brothers, he received Coburg, to which he moved his residence.
After his death without surviving sons in Coburg, his lands were disputed between his brothers, but Coburg was finally inherited by his youngest surviving brother, John Ernst.

## Family

Albrecht married firstly in Gotha on 18 July 1676 Marie Elisabeth of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Weimar. They had only one son:
* Ernest August (b. Saalfeld, 1 September 1677 – d. Saalfeld, 17 August 1678) died in childhood.
Secondly, Albrecht married in Coburg, on 24 May 1688 Susanne Elisabeth Kempinsky; in 1689, she was created Countess Kempinsky of Schwisitz and Altenhofen. They had no children.
# Albert V, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau

Albert V, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (died ca. 1469) was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Dessau.
He was the fifth son of Sigismund I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, by his wife Judith, daughter of Gebhard XI, Count of Querfurt.

## Life

After the death of his father in 1405, Albert inherited the principality of Anhalt-Dessau as co-ruler with his older brothers Waldemar IV, George I, and Sigismund II. Following the family law of the House of Ascania, no division of territory accompanied the accession of the brothers as co-rulers.
Albert married Sophie, daughter of Conrad of Hadmersleben, Lord of Egeln, and widow of Waldemar V, Prince of Anhalt-Köthen. They had two daughters:
* Magdalena (died aft. 1481), a nun in Gandersheim (1481).
* Margarete (died ca. 1466).
Albert died without male heirs and was succeeded as ruler of the principality by his only surviving brother, George I.
| Preceded bySigismund I | Prince of Anhalt-Dessau with Waldemar IV (until 1417), George I and Sigismund II (until 1452) 1405–1469 | Succeeded byGeorge I |
# Albiol

Albiol may refer to:

## Places

* L'Albiol, a municipality in Tarragona, Spain

## People

* Miguel Albiol (born 1981), Spanish footballer
* Raúl Albiol (born 1985), Spanish footballer
* Sergio Albiol (born 1987), Spanish footballer
* Xavier García Albiol (born 1967), Spanish politician
# Albert and Lina Stenger House

The Albert and Lina Stenger House is a historic house in Columbus, Nebraska. It was built in 1907 for Albert S. Stenger, an immigrant from Alsace, and his second wife, Lina Steiner, who was an immigrant from Switzerland. They lived here with their six children and Stenger's two daughters from his first marriage. The house was designed in the Prairie School style. It remained in the Stenger family until 1948. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since December 27, 2007.
# Albert Porte

Albert Porte (19 January 1906 – 1986) was an Americo-Liberian political journalist and dissident who was the editor of the Crozerville Observer. In 1946, he became the first Liberian journalist to be imprisoned by President William Tubman. The first major movement toward civil society in Liberia is traced back to Porte's activities.

## Background

Descended from Barbadians who emigrated to Liberia in 1865, Porte was born on January 16, 1906, in Crozerville, Liberia. The Porte family is from Barbados. He was educated at the Christ Church Parish Day School in Crozerville, the College of West Africa in Monrovia, and Cuttington University College.
Before his political journalism career, Porte was a public school teacher. He later served as executive secretary of the National Teachers Association, and edited the NTA Bulletin.
Porte's political activist career began in the 1920s when he distributed pamphlets that took the True Whig Party single-party-state government to task for alleged unconstitutional use of presidential power.
He published articles in the Crozerville Observer, as well as other Liberian print media and foreign press. His most famous publications are the leaflets and pamphlets Thinking about Unthinkable Things—The Democratic Way (1967), Liberianization or Gobbling Business? (1975), Explaining Why (1976), Thoughts on Change (1977) and The Day Monrovia Stood Still (1979). Porte was imprisoned multiple times, and harassed and hounded by the government from the 1920s.
In the 1970s, Porte took aim at Finance Minister Stephen Allen Tolbert, the brother of President William Tolbert and co-founder of the first Liberian-owned multimillion-dollar conglomerate, the Mesurado Group of Companies. He accused the minister of using his public office stature to advance his business interests, penning a piece called "Liberianization of Gobbling Business?" Minister Tolbert filed a libel lawsuit and won a US$250,000 judgment against Porte in a case presided over by Supreme Court Justice James A. A. Pierre, the father-in-law of Minister Tolbert. The resulting public outrage led to the creation of what is considered Liberia's first civil society organization, Citizens of Liberia in Defense of Albert Porte (COLIDAP).
Porte died in 1986. On July 24, 2008, Porte posthumously received the Knight Great Band Humane Order of African Redemption award from the Liberian government for his contributions to Liberia.
He was the uncle of Kenneth Best, the founder of the Liberian Observer, one of the oldest extant daily newspapers in Liberia.
# Aleko Hydro Power Plant

The Aleko Hydro Power Plant is an active hydroelectric project near Aleko Konstantinovo, Bulgaria, which is part of the Batak Hydropower Cascade. It has 3 individual Francis turbines with an installed capacity of 71.4 MW of power.
# Alessandro Paoli (disambiguation)

Alessandro Paoli may refer to:
* Alessandro Paoli (soldier) [it] (1897–1936), Italian soldier
* Alessandro Paoli (volley player) [it] (born 1984), Italian volley player
* Alessandro Paoli (born 1999), Italian archer
# Alex O'Connell

Alex O'Connell may refer to:
* Alex O'Connell (fencer) (born 1988), British Olympic fencer
* Alex O'Connell (fictional character), a character in The Mummy film series
* Alex O'Connell (basketball) (born 1999), American basketball player
# Alex Gordon (rugby union)

Alexander Aaron Gordon (born July 30, 1991) is an American rugby union player who plays flanker for Shamrock RFC. He was one of the more recognizable players due to his small stature. He stands 5 ft 8 in (1.73 m) tall and weighs in at 195 lb (88 kg).

## Club career

Gordon made his Albany Bulldogs debut in March 2007, taking the field as the number 8 and leading the team to initial victory over their rival Saratoga Mustangs. While the team began to struggle over the course of the Capital District Youth Rugby season, Gordon flourished as the team's defensive stalwart and was named to the 2nd Team All-CDYR Team and was declared team MVP without scoring a single try.
Gordon was named captain of the Bulldogs at the beginning of the 2008 season and continued to lead them throughout the 2009 season, sevens season, and post-seasons. He submitted his greatest season during the Bulldog's 2009 season, scoring a league record 16 tries and bringing his career total to a record 22 tries. He was named 1st Team All-CDYR for the second consecutive year while also earning League MVP honors. The Bulldogs experienced similar success, taking a 5-1 record and the 1st seed into the CDYR Post-Season Tournament, ultimately finishing second to the Berkshire United RFC after a controversial 12-12 overtime game went to sudden death kick rules.

## College career

Gordon announced his decision at the conclusion of the 2009 CDYR Tournament that he would pursue an education from, and continue his playing career at, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania. While studying Safety and Environmental Management, he joined the local Shamrock RFC men's team. After an unsuccessful attempt at playing number eight again (due to his size), Gordon changed positions to wing. A fruitful rookie year was derailed by a torn PCL due to an ill-advised backflip attempt, but Gordon continued playing through the injury, worsening the severity. Gordon continued playing until September 2011, when he enlisted in the National Guard. After going through BCT in Fort Benning and completing a deployment to the Middle East, Gordon returned to the Shamrocks. During the Fall 2013 season, Gordon made the positional switch to Flanker. It was a very successful change, as Gordon led the Shamrocks in scoring with 7 tries and being voted team MVP. The next semester, Gordon was elected captain and enjoyed another successful tournament season. Currently, Gordon is living in Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania full-time, training for the upcoming 2014 rugby season.
# Alex Gordon (disambiguation)

Alex Gordon is a former Major League Baseball player who played for the Kansas City Royals.
Alex Gordon may also refer to:
* Alex Gordon (police agent), a police infiltrator
* Alex Gordon (gridiron football) (born 1964), former NFL linebacker
* Alex Gordon, former collegiate basketball player, currently with Chorale Roanne in France
* Alex Gordon (footballer) (1940–1996), Scottish footballer
* Alex Gordon (writer-producer) (1922–2003), British writer and film producer
* Alex Gordon (rugby union) (born 1991), American rugby union footballer
* Sir Alex Gordon (architect) (1917–1999), Welsh architect
* Alex Gordon (priest) (born 1949), Provost of St Andrew's Cathedral, Inverness
# Alexander City Millers

The Alexander City Millers were an American minor league baseball team in Alexander City, AL between 1947 and 1951. They played in the Georgia–Alabama League in the Benjamin C. Russell Field.

## Year-by-year record

| Year | Record | Finish | Manager | Playoffs | Notes |
| 1947 | 39-86 | 8th | Doug Taitt | |
| 1948 | 63-63 | 4th | Ben Catchings / Marvin Chappell / Luther Gunnells | Lost in 1st round |
| 1949 | 69-57 | 2nd | Charles Roberts | League Champs |
| 1950 | 73-53 | 2nd | Charles Roberts | Lost League Finals |
| 1951 | 33-45 | -- | Sam Demma / William Brown | -- | Team disbanded July 15 |
# Alexander Davidson

Alexander Davidson may refer to:
* Alex Davidson (Australian footballer) (1876–1951), Australian rules football player
* Alex Davidson (footballer, born 1920) (1920–2005), Scottish footballer
* Alex Davidson (footballer, born 1878) (1878–1929), Scottish footballer
* Alex Davidson (rugby league) (born 1992), English rugby league player
* Alexander C. Davidson (1826–1897), U.S. Representative from Alabama
* Alexander Davidson (architect) (1839–1908), Scottish architect
* Alexander Dyce Davidson, Church of Scotland minister
* Alexander Dyce Davidson (professor) (1835–1886), Scottish academic and surgeon
# Alexander David Peacock

Alexander David Peacock FRSE (1886–1976) was a 20th-century British zoologist.

## Life

He was born on 13 June 1886 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne the son of James Peacock, a grocer, and his wife, Jane Briggs. He was educated at Newcastle Royal Grammar School then studied Natural Science at Armstrong College in Newcastle, graduating BSc in 1904. Continuing as a postgraduate he gained an MSc and DSc at Durham University. As a postgraduate he taught both at Jarrow School and lectured in Zoology at Armstrong College.
In 1911 he went to Africa to teach at the Nigerian Agriculture Department. He returned to Newcastle in 1913 to lecture in zoology at Armstrong College but this was interrupted by the First World War. As a Territorial he was immediately called up, serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps in Flanders. However, he was recalled to Britain to help training, lecturing in insect effects on troops and on trench fever, under the rank of captain. He returned to Armstrong in 1919.
In 1923 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Sir James Hartley Ashworth, John William Heslop-Harrison, George Leslie Purser, and John Stephenson. He won the Society's Keith Prize for the period 1953 to 1955.
In 1926 he became Professor of Natural History at University College, Dundee, which was then a part of the University of St Andrews. The following year, he was awarded a DSc for his research into trench fever. In the Second World War he was in charge of pest control in relation to Scotland's food supply, under the Ministry of Supply. In Dundee he was involved deeply with the local Polish community and was president of the city's Polish Society. He also took a strong interest in adult education and was a member of the local Education Committee as well as the Workers' Education Association.
He died in York on 2 March 1976 aged 89.
His academic and other papers are held by Archive Services at the University of Dundee.

## Family

In 1917, he married with Clara Mary Turner. Their daughter Joan Peacock was born in 1918. Another of their children was the noted economist and academic Sir Alan Turner Peacock, born in 1922.

## Publications

* Animal Life in the Dundee District (1936)
* An Introduction to Plant, Animal and Human Biology (1939)
* We See Twice as Much as Before (1941) on Scottish-Polish relationships
* The Biology and Control of the Ant Pest Monomorium Pharaonis (1950)
* Patrick Geddes: Biologist (1954)
# Alexander David Ross

Prof Alexander David Ross FRSE FRAS FRSA FIP FAIP FEIS FEISA LLD (1883–1966) was a 20th-century Scots-born physicist, mathematician and astronomer living in Australia. He was an expert on magnetism and rare earths. He was twice President of the Western Australia Astronomical Society: 1915 to 1917 and 1950 to 1952, 33 years apart.

## Life

He was born in Glasgow on 7 September 1883 the son of David Ross DD, rector of the Church of Scotland Training College, and his wife Marion Johnston. The family lived at 17 Carnarvan Street in Glasgow. He was educated at the Church of Scotland Normal School and Glasgow High School. He took some courses at the University of London then matriculated at the University of Glasgow in 1902. He graduated MSc in Maths and Physics in 1906. He was a Thomson Research Fellow and a Houldsworth Research Fellow, using the latter to spend two summers at the University of Göttingen in Germany. From 1908 he lectured in Physics at Glasgow University.
In 1909 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Andrew Gray, William Jack, George Chrystal, and Cargill Gilston Knott.
In 1912 he emigrated to Australia to become Professor of Maths and Physics at the University of Western Australia in Perth. In 1914 he was awarded the Kelvin Medal for research.
In the Second World War he was Consultant Physicist to the Royal Australian Navy.
He retired in 1952.
He died on 14 December 1966 at Albany, Western Australia.

## Family

In 1913 he married Euphemia Irvine.