OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Friedrich Groos

Friedrich Groos (23 April 1768 – 15 June 1852) was a German physician and philosopher born in Karlsruhe.
Initially a student of law in Tübingen and Stuttgart, his interest later turned to medicine. From 1792 studied medicine in Freiburg im Breisgau and Pavia, and following graduation became city physician (Stadtphysikus) in Karlsruhe. From 1805 to 1813 he worked as a doctor in several locations, and in 1814 became a senior physician at the asylum and Siechenanstalt in Pforzheim. With the 1826 relocation of the Pforzheim mental asylum to Heidelberg, he moved to the latter city, where he also gave lectures in psychiatry at the university.
Groos was the author of works in several subjects, such as philosophy, forensic medicine, psychiatry, et al. During a period of severe illness, he became deeply interested in Stoic philosophy. As a psychiatrist he believed that mental illness was due to spiritual as well as mental causes.

## Written works

* Betrachtungen über die moralische Freiheit und Unsterblichkeit, 1818 - Reflections on moral freedom and immortality.
* Über das homöopathische Heilprincip. Ein kritisches Wort, 1825 - On the homeopathic health principle; a critical word.
* Untersuchungen über die moralischen und organischen Bedingungen des Irreseyns und der Lasterhaftigkeit, 1826 - Studies on the moral and organic conditions of insanity and depravity.
* Entwurf einer philosophischen Grundlage für die Lehre von den Geisteskrankheiten, 1828 - Philosophical basis for the doctrine of mental illness.
* Ideen zur Begründung eines obersten Princips für die psychische Legalmedicin, 1829 - Ideas for the creation of a supreme principle for forensic psychiatry.
* Die Schellingsche Gottes- und Freiheitslehre vor den Richterstuhl der gesunden Vernunft gefordert, 1829 - Schelling's God and doctrine of freedom before the tribunal of common sense.
* Der Weg durch den Vorhof der politischen Freiheit zum Tempel der moralischen Freiheit, 1849 - The path through the atrium of political freedom to the temple of moral freedom.
# Charles Barton (Queensland politician)

Charles Hastings Barton (1 January 1829 - 16 June 1902) was a member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly.

## Biography

Barton was born in Geneva, Switzerland, the son of Charles Cutts Barton and his wife Emillia Ann Barton (née Middleton). His brother was Geoffrey Barton, who was to become a Major-general in the British Army. He was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1848 and graduated B.A. in 1852.
In 1853 Barton emigrated to Adelaide, where he was a Bachelor of Arts tutor and took up sheep farming and winegrowing. He became editor and part-owner of the German-language weekly Süd-Australische Zeitung, and when that was taken over in 1863 to become the Australische Zeitung, co-founded the Tanunda Deutsche Zeitung with Friedrich Basedow, with assistance from Carl Muecke. In 1864 he took over the Northern Star, which he re-launched as The Kapunda Herald. Found insolvent, he fled his South Australian creditors, and in 1867 arrived in Queensland, where he was the editor and later, the lead-writer of the Maryborough Chronicle. He then was the classics and second master at Maryborough Boys Grammar School from 1881 until 1896.
Barton was married twice, firstly to Catharine M. Basedow whom he married at Tanunda in 1859 and together had a son and three daughters. She died in 1863; he then married Catherine's sister, Elisabeth Basedow, also in Tanunda and this marriage produced another two sons and five daughters. Barton died in Maryborough in June 1902 and his funeral proceeded from his Kent Street residence to the Maryborough Cemetery.

## Public career

Barton, representing the Labour Party, won one of the two positions for the two-member seat of Maryborough at the 1902 Queensland state election. He served alongside John Norman, also of the Labour Party. Barton died three months after the election and before he could take his seat in the House.

## Family

C. H. Barton married Catharine Magdalena Basedow (died 1863) in 1859. Their children were:
* Charles (1860– )
* Harriet Catharine (1861–1862)
* Emily Harriette (1862– )
* Catharine (1863–1863)
He married Anna Elisabeth Basedow in 1865
The Basedow sisters were daughters of Christian Friedrich Basedow (died 1886), who with his large family emigrated to South Australia on the Vesta, arriving in August 1856 and settled in Tanunda. Christian Friedrich may have been a brother of Martin Peter Friedrich Basedow MP.
# Charles Close

Colonel Sir Charles Frederick Arden-Close, KBE CB CMG FRS (10 August 1865 – 19 December 1952) was a British geographer and surveyor. He was Director General of the Ordnance Survey from 1911 to 1922. His insistence on attention to detail saw the improvement of many attitudes and methods at the Ordnance Survey. Close's planning saw the production of many maps now viewed as pinnacles in the classic period of map making. He was born Charles Frederick Close and changed his surname to Arden-Close in 1938 so as to comply with a bequest.
He was born in Jersey, the eldest of the eleven children of Major-General Frederick Close (1830–1899) and his second wife Lydia Ann Stevens. Close attended the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich where military engineering and artillery were taught. He excelled at mathematics. After receiving his commission in the Royal Engineers in 1884, he saw service in the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, Gibraltar and India.
In 1889 Close was posted to the survey of India where he carried out topographic work in Burma and triangulation in Mandalay. There was a further posting to eastern Nigeria, to survey the border with the German Cameroon. After appointment to the Ordnance Survey he carried out much work in central, eastern and southern Africa. Close led a small surveying unit in the Second Boer War, and returned to Chatham in 1902 to become chief instructor of surveying at the School of Military Engineering. His Text Book of Topographical and Geographical Surveying published in 1905 became the standard textbook on the subject.
Close served as head of MO4, the Geographical Section of the General Staff, at the War Office until 1911, when he handed over to Lieutenant-Colonel Walter Coote Hedley.
In 1911 Close was appointed Director General of the Ordnance Survey, a post he held until 1922. He introduced more rigorous scientific methods at the Ordnance Survey and proceeded with a second geodetic levelling of the United Kingdom. He was intent on producing one-inch maps (Scale = 1:63,360 or 1 inch = 1 mile) of revolutionary appearance, the first of these for Killarney district (Ireland was then part of the UK) used colour printing and precise printing methods. Because of the high cost of production Close had to compromise his aims and a simpler style was adopted. This design set the standard for subsequent one-inch series.
Charles Close married in 1913 and had two sons and a daughter. He was knighted in 1918, in recognition of the Ordnance Survey's efforts during World War I during which over 30 million maps were produced. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1919. Upon retirement in 1922 he became secretary of the International Geographical Congress. Close was also a long-serving Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and in 1927 was awarded their Victoria Gold Medal and elected President (1927–30).
Close changed his surname to Arden-Close by deed poll in August 1938. He died in Winchester registration district of Hampshire on 19 December 1952, aged 87.
The Charles Close Society for the Study of Ordnance Survey Maps was founded in 1980.
# Chandran (name)

Chandran is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Charithra Chandran, English actress
* Ripper Chandran, Indian serial killer
* Shankari Chandran (born 1974/75), British-Australian novelist
* Chandran Kukathas, Malaysian-born Australian political theorist
# Charles Gain

Charles Gain (November 1, 1923 – August 21, 2018) was an American police official, who served first as police chief for Oakland, California, then as chief in San Francisco in the 1970s. He was born in Hanford, California.
In 1975, Gain was appointed to run the San Francisco Police Department by Mayor George Moscone and served until 1980. After Gain began implementing reforms, such as switching police cars from their traditional black and white paint scheme to baby blue, the Police Officers Association held a no-confidence vote on him. After Moscone was assassinated in 1978, the union was influential in engineering Gain's replacement after the resulting White Night riots. He died from respiratory failure in August 2018 at the age of 94.
# Charles H. Bigelow

Charles Henry Bigelow (July 13, 1814 – April 15, 1862) of Lowell, Massachusetts was a 19th-century engineer and architect. Born in Watertown, Massachusetts, Bigelow was a graduate of West Point, ranking second in the class of 1835. He married Harriet Briggs, daughter of the late Massachusetts Governor George N. Briggs. He died in New Bedford, Massachusetts in 1862 at the age of 47. On March 31, 1847, Bigelow was one of a group of influential citizens in Lawrence, Massachusetts that founded and chartered the Franklin Library Association, now the Lawrence Free Library. Bigelow was the Association's first president.

## Career

Bigelow served in the United States Army Corps of Engineers until April 25, 1846, working as an assistant engineer during the construction of Fort Warren and Fort Independence at Boston Harbor and leaving active duty as a captain.
Bigelow was the chief engineer of the Pemberton Mill, the collapse of which "is likely the worst industrial accident in Massachusetts history" and "one of the worst industrial calamities in American history". According to one account:
   Jesse Glover, overseer of repairs testified at the inquest that he had always considered the building weak. John B. Tuttle, superintendent of brick work testified that he had complained to the architect, Bigelow, that he thought the walls were insufficient. Mr. Bigelow in turn blamed the owners. Bigelow said that it was the owners who were responsible for all the purchasing and the approval of the iron castings.
Bigelow also worked as a consultant on the Augusta Canal.
# Charles Meynier

Charles Meynier (1763 or 1768, Paris – 1832, Paris) was a French painter of historical subjects in the late 18th and early 19th century. He was a contemporary of Antoine-Jean Gros and Jacques-Louis David.

## Biography

Meynier was the son of a tailor. Already at a young age he was trained by Pierre-Philippe Choffard. As a student of François-André Vincent, Meynier won the second prize in the 1789 prix de Rome competition; Girodet won. He became a member of the Académie de France à Rome. In 1793 he went back to Paris.
He made designs for the bas-reliefs and statues on the Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel and the Paris Bourse. From 1816 onward, he was a member of the Académie des Beaux-Arts. In 1819 Meynier was appointed teacher at the École des Beaux-Arts. Like his wife he died of cholera.

## Works

* "Milo of Croton", 1795 Oil on Canvas Montreal Museum of Fine Arts Montreal, Quebec
* Five canvases of the Muses, commissioned by François Boyer-Fonfrède, but after his bankruptcy they were purchased by General Nicolas Antoine Xavier Castella de Berlens and transferred to his château de Wallenried in Jura, Switzerland, where they remained for roughly 180 years. They were subsequently transferred to the Cleveland Museum of Art, where conservator Dean Yoder dedicated five years to cleaning and in-painting the damaged works. They are currently on public display in Cleveland.
** Apollo, God of Light, Eloquence, Poetry and the Fine Arts with Urania, Muse of Astronomy, 1798, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio
** Calliope, Muse of Epic Poetry, 1798, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio
** Clio, Muse of History, 1800, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio
** Erato, Muse of Lyrical Poetry, 1800, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio
** Polyhymnia, Muse of Eloquence, 1800, Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio
* Napoleon in Berlin, 1810, Palace of Versailles
* Wisdom Defending Youth from the Arrows of Love, 1810, National Gallery of Canada

## Gallery

* Napoleon as First Consul, 1804
* The soldiers of the 76th Ligne receive their banners from Marshal Ney, 1808.
* Return of Napoleon to the Isle of Lobau after the Battle of Essling, 1812.
* Alexander the Great Giving Campaspe to Apelles, 1822
* Calliope, Muse of Epic Poetry, 1798
* France in the guise of Minerva, 1819
* Helen and Paris
# Charles Molette

Charles Molette (1918–2013) was a French Roman Catholic priest and archivist. He won five prizes from the Académie française: the Prix Montyon for L’Association catholique de la jeunesse française in 1969; the Prix du cardinal Grente for Albert de Mun in 1971; the Prix Lafontaine for Un chemin de feu (Mère Laurentia Sibien, 1891-1943) in 1980; the Prix Véga et Lods de Wegmann for La vérité où je la trouve : Mulla Zadé in 1989; and the Prix du cardinal Grente for the entirety of his work in 1993.
# Charles Molloy

Charles Molloy may refer to:
* Charles Molloy (journalist) (died 1767), Irish journalist, political activist and minor playwright
* Charles Molloy (lawyer) (1640–1690), Irish lawyer known as a writer on maritime law
# Charles Molnar

Charles Edwin Molnar (1935–1996) was a co-developer of one of the first minicomputers, the LINC (Laboratory Instrument Computer), while a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1962. His collaborator was Wesley A. Clark.
The LINC originated decades before the advent of the personal computer. Its development was the result of a National Institutes of Health (NIH) program that placed 20 copies of an early LINC prototype in selected biomedical research laboratories nationwide. Later, the LINC was produced in greater numbers by Digital Equipment Corporation and other computer manufacturers. Later he was on the faculty of Washington University in St. Louis.
Charlie Molnar was also well known as a pioneer in the modeling of the auditory system, especially numerical models of the function of the cochlea (the inner ear).
When he died in 1996, he was working at Sun Microsystems on asynchronous circuits with Ivan Sutherland.
Molnar received a bachelor's degree (1956) and a master's degree (1957) in electrical engineering from Rutgers University, where he was a member of the Cap and Skull Society, and received a doctoral degree (1966) from MIT in electrical engineering.

## Important publications

Molnar's significant publications included the following:
* Clark, W.A. and C.E. Molnar, 1964, "The LINC," Anal. New York Academy of Sciences, Vol 115, pp. 653–658.
* Clark, W.A. and C.E. Molnar, 1965, "A Description of the LINC," Computers in Biomedical Research, Vol II, B.D. Waxman and R. Stacey, eds, Academic Press, New York, NY.
* Model for the Convergence of Inputs Upon Neurons in the Cochlear Nucleus, D.Sc. Thesis, MIT, 1966.
* Chaney, T.J. and C.E. Molnar, "Anomalous Behavior of Synchronizer and Arbiter Circuits," IEEE Trans. on Computers, Vol. C-22, No. 4, pp. 421–422, Apr. 1973.
* Kim, D.O., C.E. Molnar, and R. R. Pfeiffer, 1973, "A system of nonlinear differential equations modeling basilar-membrane motion," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54(6):1517–29 Dec. 1973.
* Clark, W.A. and C.E. Molnar, 1974, "Macromodular Computer Systems," Computers in Biomedical Research, pp. 45–85, Vol IV, B.D. Waxman and R. Stacey, eds, Academic Press, New York, NY.
* Kim, D.O. and C.E. Molnar: Cochlear mechanics: Measurements and models, in The Nervous System, Vol. 3, Human Communication and Its Disorders, edited by DB Tower (Raven, New York) 1975; pp 57–68
* Sproull, R.F., I.E. Sutherland, and C.E. Molnar, 1994, "The Counterflow Pipeline Architecture," IEEE Design and Test of Computers, Vol. 11, no.3, pp. 44–59.
# Charlemagne (band)

Charlemagne was an indie rock band from Madison, Wisconsin, led by former NoahJohn singer/songwriter, Carl Johns. Originally a Johns solo project, Charlemagne developed into a group, which toured Europe in 2004 and released three albums between 2004 and 2007, including two on SideCho Records.

## Band members

* Carl Johns (a.k.a. Charlemagne), plays a little bit of everything, songwriter and producer
* William Borowski (a.k.a. The Equalizer, BB, Billions), bass guitar, claps
* Tenaya Darlington (a.k.a. Ladybird), backing vocals, triangle, claps
* Kaleen Enke (a.k.a. Katydid), backing vocals, guitar, Tambourine, claps
* Alex Fulton (a.k.a. A-12), drums, claps
* Dietrich Gosser (a.k.a. D, Titrich), acoustic guitar, bass guitar, backing vocals
* Ivan Klipstein, guitar, bass guitar, keyboards, backing vocals
* Brandon Schreiner (a.k.a. Kid B), guitar, Keyboards, Drums, Beats, backing vocals
* Curtis Whaley (a.k.a. The Arty Bastard, RTB), keyboards, claps, co-producer and graphic designer for Detour Allure

## Discography

* Charlemagne (2004) Loose
* Detour Allure (2005 · SideCho Records)
* We Can Build An Island (2007 · SideCho Records)

## Footnote

The group has no relation to late 1980s/early 1990s Hollywood glam metal band Charlemagne, whose eponymous 1994 album was rereleased in 2009.
# Charles F. Stafford

Charles Frederick Stafford Jr. (June 24, 1918 – July 3, 1984), was an American lawyer who was a justice of the Washington Supreme Court from 1970 to 1984.

## Biography

Charles Stafford, Jr. was born in Burlington, Washington to Charles Frederick Stafford, Sr. and Madge Marie Davis. He attended high school in Bellingham, graduating in 1936. Stafford enrolled in Whitman College, and in 1940 was awarded a B.A. and elected to Phi Beta Kappa. In 1940, he began his studies at Yale Law School, but left in August 1943 to serve as lieutenant in the U.S. Signal Corps during World War II. In 1946, Stafford returned to Yale and completed his LL.B. degree. Back in his home town, he campaigned for the election of the Skagit County Prosecutor and was appointed the deputy prosecutor. In 1952, at the age of 34, Stafford, became judge of the Skagit County Superior Court. In 1968, Governor Daniel J. Evans appointed Stafford to the Division I of the Court of Appeals. A few months later, Evans elevated Stafford to the Washington State Supreme Court to replace Justice Matthew W. Hill, who retired. Stafford served as chief justice from January 13, 1975, to January 10, 1977.

## Personal life

He married Katherine "Kay" Grimm, whom he had met at Yale, and they had two children. She died in 1980, and Charles Stafford remarried Elizabeth Greenwell Banks in 1981. Though in ill health his final year, he continued to serve on the Court until he died on July 3, 1984.
# Charlie Bramley

Charles Bramley (1870 – September 1916) was an English footballer who played in the Football League for Notts County.
# Charlie Thomas (Australian footballer)

Charlotte "Charlie" Thomas (born 5 September 2003) is an Australian rules footballer. She was selected by the West Coast Eagles with pick 3 in the 2021 AFL Women's draft, and made her debut in round 1 of 2022 AFL Women's season 6.

## Career

Thomas played 6 games for Subiaco Football Club in the WAFL Women's in 2020, and 1 game in 2021, being injured for most of that season with a fractured arm.
In the 2021 AFL Women's draft, Thomas was picked by the West Coast Eagles with pick number 3. The guernsey number assigned to her was number 3, which was presented to her at West Coast's 2022 AFLW season launch by Andrew Gaff, who has the number 3 guernsey on the men's team.
Thomas played her first AFLW game on 8 January 2022, against Fremantle in round 1 of 2022 season 6. The role she plays is as a tall utility.
# Charles Sandford (politician)

Charles Walter Sandford (11 September 1895 – 22 October 1966) was an Australian politician.
Born in Creswick, Victoria, he received a primary education before becoming a railway worker. He served in the military from 1914 to 1918, and returned as an official with the Australian Railways Union. During World War II he was a public servant.
In 1946 he was elected to the Australian Senate as a Labor Senator for Victoria, taking his seat in 1947. He was defeated in 1955 (taking effect in 1956), but on 6 June 1957 he returned to the Senate, appointed to the casual vacancy caused by the death of Labor Senator Jack Devlin.
In 1966, Sandford fell ill on board a flight from Hong Kong to Sydney, returning from the Inter-Parliamentary Union conference in Tehran; he died on 22 October at the Royal Brisbane Hospital. George Poyser was appointed to replace him.
# Charles Thomas (Canadian admiral)

Vice Admiral Charles Morris Winton "Chuck" Thomas CMM CD (31 May 1936 – 30 September 2022) was a Canadian Forces officer who served as Vice Chief of the Defence Staff.

## Career

Thomas joined the Royal Canadian Navy in 1954. He became Commanding Officer of the destroyer HMCS Fraser in 1971, Senior Staff Officer (Training) in 1973 and Senior Staff Officer (Combat Readiness) in 1973. He went on to be Chief of Staff (Personnel & Training) in 1975, Commanding Officer of the 4th Canadian Escort Squadron in 1976 and Director Maritime Requirements (Sea) at the National Defence Headquarters in 1979. After that he was Director General Maritime Doctrine and Operations in 1982, Chief of Maritime Doctrine and Operations in 1984 and Commander Maritime Command in 1987. His last appointment was as Vice Chief of the Defence Staff in 1989 before resigning over policy issues in 1991. His resignation reflected his belief that the Canadian Government should have been reducing the network of 40 armed forces bases rather than just reducing the headcount. General John de Chastelain, Chief of the Defence Staff, responded attacking Thomas' motives rather than responding to his concerns.
Thomas died on 30 September 2022.

## Awards and decorations

Thomas's personal awards and decorations include the following:
| Ribbon | Description | Notes |
| | Order of Military Merit (CMM) | Appointed Commander (CMM) on 15 December 1986 |
| | Canadian Forces' Decoration (CD) | with two Clasp for 32 years of service |
# Charles Warren Currier

Bishop Charles Warren Currier (March 22, 1857 – September 23, 1918) was the first bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Matanzas (1913–1914). His parents were Warren Green Currier (born in New York) and Deborah Heyliger of the Netherlands.
He studied at the College of Our Lady of the Assumption, Roermond, Limburg, the Netherlands, and at Saint Alphonsus Seminary in Wittem, Limburg. He joined the missionary order the Congregation of the Most Holy Redeemer (Redemptorists) in 1875 and was ordained a priest on November 24, 1880, in Amsterdam by Bishop Henry Schaap (vicar apostolic of Surinam). In January 1881, he arrived in Surinam for his first missionary assignment where he remained until 1882. In November 1891 he was allowed to leave the Redemptorists and then worked in the Archdiocese of Baltimore.
On June 25, 1910, he was appointed Bishop of Zamboanga, Philippines, by Pope Pius X, but he declined. Because he had published articles on Cuban history, he was appointed on April 26, 1913, as the first Bishop of Matanzas. In Rome, on July 6, 1913, he was consecrated by Cardinal Diomede Falconio, O.F.M., and assisted by Domenico Serafini, titular archbishop of Seleucia Pieria, and Donato Sbarretti, titular archbishop of Ephesus, bishop emeritus of Havana.
He arrived in Matanzas on November 3, 1913, and took position of the archdiocese the following day. He repaired and redecorated the Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo that was in poor condition. Due to his poor health he resigned his position as Bishop of the Archdiocese of Matanzas on February 11, 1914, and was appointed titular bishop of Etalonia on June 15, 1915.
Bishop Currier knew Greek and Hebrew and was fluent in Latin, English, Dutch, Spanish, French, German, and Italian.
Bishop Currier died on September 23, 1918, on a train traveling from Waldorf, Maryland, to Baltimore to assist in the funeral of Cardinal John Murphy Farley, archbishop of the Archdiocese of New York. His funeral took place in the Cathedral of Baltimore, where he is also buried.

## Selected publications

* History of Religious Orders (1898)