OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Apiarius of Sicca

Apiarius of Sicca was an African Christian priest convicted by the Bishops of Africa of numerous unspecified crimes in the early 5th century AD, and excommunicated by Bishop Urbanus of Sicca Veneria.

## Appeal to the bishop of Rome

In 418, Apiarius appealed his convictions directly to Pope Zosimus (Term of Office: March 417-December 418), bypassing the African Bishops appeals system. Pope Zosimus, citing what he claimed was a canon of the First Council of Nicaea, sent legates to assess the charges.
However, the African bishops cast doubt on the authenticity of the canon used, i.e. "When a bishop thinks he has been unjustly deposed by his colleagues he may appeal to Rome, and the Roman bishop shall have the business decided by judices in partibus". The African bishops were right, since the canon was not one of the Nicene canons, but rather a canon from the Latin version of the Sardica canons.
"the affair of the priest Apiarius, where the legitimacy of the appeals to Rome was called into question, prompted the need for a collection of oriental canons and the constitution of two dossiers (one, too hastily gathered, at the end of the Council of Carthage in May 419; the other, compiled more at leisure, and therefore more complete, which was transmitted to Rome at the end of 419). This Codex Apiarii causae is in itself a testimony to the importance that Africa, like Rome, attached to the legislative provisions of the past, and therefore in a certain sense to tradition."
Pope Boniface I (Term of Office: December 418-423) took over the appeal by Apiarius of Sicca in 418 at the death of Pope Zosimus. In 419, the Bishops of Africa sent the copies of the Nicene canons obtained from Alexandria and Constantinople to justify their position that the Nicene canons did not permit Pope Zosimus' actions.

## Jugement

"[O]n the council at Carthage in 425, Apiarius pleaded guilty to all the charges, putting end to the jurisdictional conundrum."

## Legacy

The controversy over the right of a bishop to appeal directly to the bishop of Rome outlasted Pope Boniface and was still the subject of correspondence during the term of Celestine I (Term of Office: 423-432), successor to Boniface.
# Siamoglaris

Siamoglaris is a genus of psocids in the family Prionoglarididae, the only one in the Indomalayan realm.
# Antwerpsche Diamantkring

The Antwerpsche Diamantkring was established in 1928 in Antwerp, Belgium, to become the first diamond bourse worldwide that is dedicated exclusively to rough diamonds trade.
It is a member of the World Federation of Diamond Bourses.
85% of the world’s diamond supply is traded in Antwerp, and in particular in the Antwerpsche Diamantkring.

## Presidents of the Board of Directors

* 1929-1957 Gustave Garitte
* 1957-1961 Frans Beukelaar
* 1961-1972 Israel Beck
* 1973-1979 Michel Fraenkel
* 1979-1987 Sammy Hutterer
* 1987-1999 Isi Beck
* 1999-2003 Gerson Goldschmidt
* 2003-2012 David Wahl
* 2012- Alfred (Freddy) Inzlicht

## Rough Diamond Day

The Rough Diamond Day is a biannual international event dedicated to rough diamonds trade, organized by the Antwerpsche Diamantkring.
# Apolinary Szeluto

Apolinary Szeluto (23 July 1884 – 22 August 1966) was a Polish pianist and composer of the Young Poland style.

## Life and career

Apolinary Szeluto was born in St. Petersburg, and began the study of piano at age nine. He studied music at the Saratov Conservatory with Stanislav Echsner, composition at the Warsaw Conservatory from 1902 to 1905 with Roman Statkowski and Zygmunt Noskowski, and piano performance in Berlin from 1905 to 1908 with Leopold Godowsky. He also completed studies in law at the University of Dorpat. After completing his education, he worked as a concert pianist, actively performing from 1909 until 1931.
In 1909 Szeluto took a position as a professor at the Berlin Conservatory, and later relocated to work as a judge near Astrachan, Russia. He took part in the Russian Revolution, and was named Chairman of the local Revolutionary Committee. Afterward he worked for a time in the Ministry of Justice in Poland. His compositions from this period reflected his dedication to the ideal of Socialist realism.
In 1934 he settled in Słupca in Greater Poland, where he worked as a notary and later as a judge. When the Nazis occupied Poland, he worked as a baker and street trader, while continuing to compose. In his later years, he suffered from a progressive mental illness. He died in a nursing home in Chodzież, and was buried at the Słupca Cemetery. His papers are housed in the National Library in Warsaw. A music school in Słupca bears his name.

## Works

Szeluto was a prolific composer, producing symphonies, orchestral suites, piano, violin and cello concertos, masses, choral music and songs, and instrumental and various chamber works. Selected compositions include:
* Cyrano de Bergerac, symphonic poem, 1933
* Macbeth, symphonic poem, 1933
* Piano Concerto No. 1, 1933–37
* Piano Concerto No. 2, 1936–37
* Piano Concerto No. 3, 1940
* Violin Concerto, 1942
* Cello Concerto, 1942
* Piano Concerto No. 4, 1944
* Piano Concerto No. 5, 1948
* String Quartet, 1931
* String Quartet "Tatra Mountains"
* Trio, for violin, cello and piano, 1940
* Violin Sonatas
* Cello Sonatas
# Shoaib Sarwar

Shoaib Sarwar (born 15 October 1986) is a United Arab Emirates cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium-fast bowler, he has played for the United Arab Emirates national cricket team since 2006, including eight first-class and nine List A matches.

## Biography

Born in Dubai in 1986, Shoaib Sarwar first played for the UAE at Under-19 level, playing in the Youth Asia Cup in Karachi in 2003 and in the ACC Under-19 Cup in Nepal in 2005. He first played for the senior side in 2006, making his List A debut with matches against Ireland and Sri Lanka A in the EurAsia Cricket Series in Abu Dhabi. He also played against Brunei and Saudi Arabia in that year's ACC Trophy.
He made his first-class debut in February 2008, playing an ICC Intercontinental Cup match against Kenya. He scored 61 in the second innings of that match, his highest first-class score. He has since played matches in the tournament against Ireland and the Netherlands as well as a match against Essex County Cricket Club. He most recently represented his country in the ACC Trophy Elite tournament in Kuala Lumpur.
# Aphodiites

Aphodiites is a genus of fossil beetles from the Lias (Lower Jurassic) of Schambelen (Aargau, Switzerland), and the oldest fossil in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea. Its affinities are not apparent; it was initially placed in the Aphodiinae (Scarabaeidae), but its diagnostic characters are shared by beetles such as Glaresis (Glaresidae).
# Sidney Lawton Smith

Sidney Lawton Smith (1845–1929) was an American designer, etcher, engraver, illustrator, and bookplate artist.

## Early life

Smith was born in Foxborough, Massachusetts to Lawton and Lucy Thompson Smith on June 15, 1845. He was the third of three sons. In 1847, his family moved to Canton, Massachusetts, where he was educated in the public school system.
Smith showed an interest and aptitude in artistic efforts from a young age, and in 1863, his parents sent him to apprentice to Reuben Carpenter in Boston to learn steel engraving. Although his mother admonished him to stay in his apprenticeship, in 1864 Smith enlisted with the Union Army and saw active service at the end of the Civil War.

## Designer and Engraver

In 1865, Smith returned to Carpenter's engraving shop, but moved on to the shop of Joseph Andrews in 1867. There, he worked on reproductions of the original etchings and woodcuts that had been issued in England with an edition of Dickens's works
Smith began his own engraving establishment in Canton, Massachusetts. He worked on government notes for the American Bank Note Company and on book illustrations for the publisher Riverside Press. In 1877, Smith became an assistant to John LaFarge in the decoration of Trinity Church in Boston. He continued to work with LaFarge on stained glass work and decorative projects that came through LaFarge's studio in New York, until 1887.
In 1893, Smith moved his family and business to Boston. During this period, Smith worked primarily as an etcher and engraver, and a designer of bookplates. Smith's bookplate clients included notable book and engravings collectors, college and public libraries, historical and research societies, publishing houses, bookstores, and collector's clubs.

## Personal life

Smith married Sarah Jane Groves on October 13, 1867, and moved with his family to Canton. He and his wife had children, including a daughter, Amy Gertrude Smith, who later wrote a memoir of Sidney Lawton Smith. He and his family moved back to Boston in 1893.

## Death and legacy

Smith died in 1929. The American Antiquarian Society holds his papers and other materials, including several bookplate drawings and engravings, copper bookplates, photographs, and his engraving tools.

### Bookplates

Collections of bookplates designed, etched, and engraved by Sidney Lawton Smith are held in the Lewis Stark Bookplate Collection at the University of New Hampshire, and the William Augustus Brewer Bookplate Collection at the University of Delaware.
* Bookplates by Sidney Lawton Smith
* Bookplate for a public library
* Bookplate for the Harvard College Library
* Bookplate for a patron named Sallie W. Hovey
* Bookplate for the Library of the Metropolitan Museum of Art
* Bookplate for the Boston Public Library
* Bookplate for the Bangor Public Library
# Appleby railway station (disambiguation)

Appleby railway station (formerly "Appleby West"), is a railway station serving Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria, England.
Appleby railway station may also refer to:
* Appleby GO Station, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
* Appleby East railway station serving Appleby-in-Westmorland, Cumbria, England
* Appleby railway station (Lincolnshire), Appleby, Lincolnshire, England
* Appleby railway station, New Zealand, Tasman district, South Island, New Zealand
# Siam, Ohio

Siam is an unincorporated community in Reed Township, Seneca County, Ohio, United States. This town is also known as Attica Junction. CSX and NS intersect here. It is located along State Route 4, just north of Attica. The community is served by the Attica (44807) post office.

## History

Siam was originally called Detroit; under the latter name had its start in 1875 when the railroad was extended to that point. A train station was soon built, which was called Attica Station. The post office in the community was operated under the name Siam. The Siam post office opened in 1878, and was discontinued in 1938.
# Side Pawn Capture, Pawn*23

Side Pawn Capture Pawn*23 (横歩取り☖2三歩 yokofudori ni-san fu) or Side Pawn Capture B*25 (横歩取り☖2五角 yokofudori ni-go kaku) is variation stemming from the Side Pawn Capture opening, in which White drops a pawn on the second file before trading off pawns on the eighth file leading Black to capture White's Side Pawn. After this, White initiates a rapid attack against Black's rook starting from a bishop drop on the second file.
This is an older variation of the Side Pawn opening that has become disfavored since White's rapid attack is considered ineffective.

## Development

6...P*23. White drops their pawn in hand on the 23 square attacking Black's rook – a striking pawn tactic.
7. Rx34. Fleeing from attack, Black can now take White's side pawn.

### Rapid Attack

White's primary response to Black's capturing of the side pawn has been to immediately trade bishops and attack Black's vulnerable rook.
# Arcangela Panigarola

Margherita Panigarola (1468 – 17 January 1525), known by the religious name Arcangela, was an Italian Augustinian nun and mystic.
Panigarola was born in Milan in 1468, the daughter of Gottardo Panigarola and Costanza San Pietro. Baptised Margherita, she took the name Arcangela when she entered the convent of Santa Marta in 1483. She served three terms as prioress (1500–1503, 1506–1508, 1512–1525). She died on 17 January 1525 during an outbreak of plague.
Panigarola's prophetic revelations were written down by Giovanni Antonio Bellotti with authorization from Pope Leo X. From 1514, they increasingly concern the reform of the church and the coming of an angelic pope. She was familiar with the Apocalypsis nova of Amadeus of Portugal, recently brought to light by Juraj Dragišić, to whom she refers in her letters. One 100 of her letters survive, including ones to Jacopo de' Medici and the brothers Guillaume and Denis Briçonnet.
# Sicard

Sicard may refer to:
* Sicard (given name)
* Sicard (surname)
* USS Sicard (DD-346), a Clemson class destroyer in the United States Navy
* Sicard Flat, California, an unincorporated community in Yuba County, California
# Aquamavirus

Aquamavirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Picornaviridae. Seals serve as natural hosts. Only one species is in this genus: Aquamavirus A.

## Structure

Viruses in Aquamavirus are nonenveloped, with icosahedral, spherical, and round geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and nonsegmented, around 6.7 kb in length.

## Lifecycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the virus to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the positive-stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by lysis, and viroporins. Seals serve as the natural hosts.
# Archaeological Society of Delaware

The Archaeological Society of Delaware is an archaeological society founded in 1933 to study the archaeology of Delaware in the United States and the surrounding region. It is a member of the Eastern States Archeological Federation. It publishes an annual scholarly journal, the Bulletin, past copies of which are available without subscription on the society's website.
# Aquilonastra

Aquilonastra is a genus of small sea stars within the family Asterinidae. It has over 20 described species.

## Description

Aquilonastra has generally five rays, except fissiparous species which have five to eight ones. It looks like a star, as inter-radial margins are deeply incurved.

## List of species

According to World Register of Marine Species and O'Loughlin & Rowe 2006:
* Aquilonastra anomala (H.L. Clark, 1921)
* Aquilonastra batheri (Goto, 1914)
* Aquilonastra burtoni (Gray, 1840)
* Aquilonastra byrneae O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra cepheus (Muller & Troschel, 1842)
* Aquilonastra chantalae O'Loughlin & MacKenzie, 2013
* Aquilonastra colemani O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra conandae O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra corallicola (Marsh, 1977)
* Aquilonastra coronata (von Martens, 1866)
* Aquilonastra doranae O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra halseyae O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra heteractis (H.L. Clark, 1938)
* Aquilonastra iranica (Mortensen, 1940)
* Aquilonastra limboonkengi (Smith, 1927)
* Aquilonastra marshae O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra minor (Hayashi, 1974)
* Aquilonastra moosleitneri O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra oharai O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra richmondi O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra rosea (H.L. Clark, 1938)
* Aquilonastra rowleyi O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra samyni O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra scobinata (Livingstone, 1933)
* Aquilonastra shirleyae O'Loughlin, 2009
* Aquilonastra watersi O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra yairi O'Loughlin & Rowe, 2006
* Aquilonastra cepheus from Red Sea (MNHN)
* Aquilonastra chantalae in Europa Island.
* Aquilonastra conandae in Réunion island.
* Aquilonastra coronata in Singapore.
* Aquilonastra donia from New Caledonia (MNHN)
* Aquilonastra marshae de Mer Rouge (MNHN)
* Probable Aquilonastra moosleitneri in Réunion island.
* Probable Aquilonastra richmondi in Réunion island.
* Probable Aquilonastra samyni in Réunion island.
* Aquilonastra scobinata in Australia.
# Archasia auriculata

Archasia auriculata is a species of treehopper in the family Membracidae.
# List of parson-naturalists

Parson-naturalists were ministers of religion who also studied natural history. The archetypical parson-naturalist was a priest in the Church of England in charge of a country parish, who saw the study of science as an extension of his religious work. The philosophy entailed the belief that God, as the Creator of all things, wanted man to understand his Creations and thus to study them through scientific techniques. They often collected and preserved natural artefacts such as leaves, flowers, birds' eggs, birds, insects, and small mammals to classify and study. Some wrote books or kept nature diaries.

## Parson-naturalists

Leading parson-naturalists :
| Name | Dates | Description | Known for | Portrait |
| Turner, William | 1508?–1568 | Dean of Wells Cathedral | Herbalism Libellus de Re Herbaria | |
| White, Gilbert | 1720–1793 | Curate of Selborne, Hampshire ornithology | Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne | Probably not authentic |
| Ray, John | 1627–1705 | Father of English natural history; taxonomy; empiricism | Historia Plantarum | |
| Derham, William | 1657–1735 | Physico-Theology, (Natural theology) | Estimated speed of sound Astronomy, listed nebulae | |
| Lightfoot, John | 1735–1788 | Botanist Conchologist | Flora Scotica (1789) | |
| Henslow, John Stevens | 1796–1861 | Botanist, Geologist | Mentor and friend of his pupil Charles Darwin | |
| Jenyns, Leonard | 1800–1893 | Priest, founder of Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club | Phenology and meteorology observations | |
| Fox, William Darwin | 1805–1880 | Priest, Entomologist, collector of beetles | Tutored his second cousin Charles Darwin in natural history | |
| Tristram, Henry Baker | 1822–1906 | Biblical scholar, Ornithologist | Early acceptance of Darwinism, tried to reconcile it with creation | |
| Wood, John George | 1827–1889 | Natural history populariser and lecturer | Common Objects of the Country | |
| Dallinger, William | 1839–1909 | Methodist minister, microbiology | Research on monads Opposition to spontaneous generation | |
| Cowper, Spencer | 1713–1774 | Dean of Durham 1746–1774 | Meteorology | |
| Morris, Francis Orpen | 1810–1893 | Irascible Irish clergyman Strongly opposed Darwinism & fox-hunting Campaigned for bird conservation law | History of British Birds A Bible Natural History Records of Animal Sagacity and Character Dogs and Their Doings | |
| Bloxam, Andrew | 1801–1878 | Naturalist on HMS Blonde Later priest and naturalist | Recorded and collected Hawaiian birds, some now extinct Later particularly known for fungi, Rubus and Rosa | |
| Berkeley, Miles Joseph | 1803–1889 | Vicar of Sibbertoft for much of his life Known as the founder of British mycology | Account of native British fungi in Sir William Jackson Hooker's British Flora (1836) Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany (1857) Outlines of British Fungology (1860) | |
| Linton, William Richardson | 1850–1908 | Botanist, Vicar of Shirley, Derbyshire | Work on brambles of Derbyshire, including Rubus durescens Flora of Derbyshire: Flowering Plants, Higher Cryptogams, Mosses and Hepatics, Characeae | |
# Arab Islamic Front of Azawad

Arab Islamic Front of Azawad (in French: Front Islamique Arabe de l'Azawad or FIAA) was a militant rebel group in northern Mali. It was headed by Ahmed Ould Sidi Mohamed.
Alone among Mali's many northern rebel groups, the FIAA drew its members mainly from north-west Mali's Hassani Arab minority, which is closely related by tribal ties, dialect and culture to the Moorish population of Mauritania and the Sahrawis of Western Sahara, Algeria and Morocco. Most other rebel groups in Mali's civil war were dominated by the north's larger population of Tuareg.
On January 6, 1991, the MPLA and FIAA signed the Algeria-backed Tamanrasset Accords with the government of Mali. The accord, however, failed to prevent further conflict. In December 1991 FIAA joined the United Movements and Fronts of Azawad (MFUA), which would then sign the National Pact peace treaty.
# Aranda (surname)

Aranda is a surname of Spanish and Basque origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alejandro Aranda (born 1994), known by his stage name Scarypoolparty, American singer, musician, and reality television personality
* Ana Teresa Aranda (born 1954), Mexican politician
* Ángel Aranda (1934–2000), Spanish actor
* Antonio Aranda (1888–1979), Spanish general
* Ariel Aranda (born 1988), Argentine footballer
* Arturo Aranda (born 1998), Paraguayan footballer
* Carlos Aranda (born 1980), Spanish footballer
* Clara Aranda (born 1988), Swedish politician
* Dave Aranda (born 1976), American football coach, current head coach of Baylor University
* Eduardo Aranda, (born 1985) Paraguayan footballer
* Emmanuel de Aranda (c.1612–c. 1686), Dutch traveler, historian and poet
* Francisco Aranda Millán (1881–1937), Spanish zoologist
* Gabriel Aranda (born 2001), Argentine footballer
* Gilda Aranda (born 1933), Mexican swimmer
* Humberto Aranda (born 1966), Costa Rican boxer
* Idalberto Aranda (born 1975), Cuban weightlifter
* Ingrid Aranda (born 1992), Peruvian karateka
* Jonathan Aranda (born 1998), Mexican baseball player
* Jorgelina Aranda (1942–2015), Argentine actress, television personality and model
* José Jiménez Aranda (1837–1903), Spanish painter
* Juan Aranda (born 1988), Spanish footballer
* Juan Ignacio Aranda (born 1962), Mexican actor
* Julieta Aranda (born 1975), Mexican artist
* Luis Aranda (born 1936), Argentine boxer
* Manuel Aranda da Silva, Mozambican politician
* Mara Aranda (born 1968), Spanish singer
* Nathalee Aranda (born 1995), Panamanian long jumper
* Óscar Aranda (born 2002), Spanish footballer
* Pablo Aranda (footballer) (born 2001), Argentine footballer
* Pablo Aranda (writer) (1968–2020), Spanish writer
* Pedro de Aranda, 15th century bishop of Calahorra
* Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, 10th Count of Aranda (1718–1798), Spanish 18th century statesman and diplomat
* Philip Aranda (1642–1695), Spanish Jesuit theologian
* Ramón Aranda (born 1966), Paraguayan long-distance runner
* Rene Aranda (born 1990), American actress
* Samuel Aranda (born 1979), Spanish photojournalist
* Theodore Aranda (1934-2022), Belizean politician and Garífuna activist
* Vicente Aranda (1926–2015), Spanish film director
# Archibald Montgomerie

Archibald Montgomerie may refer to:
* Archibald Montgomerie, 11th Earl of Eglinton (1726–1796), Scottish general, and Member of Parliament (MP)
* Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton (1812–1861), British Conservative politician
* Archibald Montgomerie, 14th Earl of Eglinton (1841–1892), Scottish noble and member of the House of Lords
* Archibald Montgomerie, 16th Earl of Eglinton (1880–1945)
* Archibald Montgomerie, 17th Earl of Eglinton (1914–1966)
* Archibald Montgomerie, 18th Earl of Eglinton (1939–2018)
# Archibald Milman

Sir Archibald John Scott Milman KCB (1834–14 February 1902) was a British civil servant who served as a clerk in the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Milman joined the clerical staff of the House of Commons in 1857, and in 1870 he was made second clerk assistant. He served as Clerk of the House of Commons between 1900 and 1902, but poor health led to his early retirement. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 21 January 1902. He died less than a month after leaving office and five weeks after being awarded a knighthood.
He was accused by Irish nationalist MPs, including Thomas Sexton, of having too much influence over the chair during debates surrounding the Government of Ireland Bill 1893.