OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Antonín Balda

Antonín Balda (born 6 February 1910, date of death unknown) was a Czech weightlifter. He competed for Czechoslovakia in the men's lightweight event at the 1936 Summer Olympics.
# 1480s in architecture
## Events

* 1482 – Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Trattato di architettura, ingegneria e arte militare ("Treatise of Architecture, Engineering and Military Art") is completed after this date
* 1485 – Leon Battista Alberti, De Re Aedificatoria (written 1443–52) becomes the first printed work on architecture

## Buildings and structures
### Buildings

* 1480 – Ancienne Douane (Colmar) completed.
* c.1480
** Great Barn, Hales Hall, Loddon, Norfolk, England, completed.
** Bayt al-Razzaz palace, Cairo, Egypt, original building completed.
* 1481 – Palazzo Loredan on the Grand Canal (Venice), designed by Mauro Codussi, is begun (completed 1509).
* 1482–1489 – Ginkaku-ji ("Temple of the Silver Pavilion") in Kyoto, Japan, is constructed.
* 1483–1488 – Church of Mariä Krönung (Lautenbach) consecrated and completed.
* 1483 – The Changgyeonggung of Korea is completed.
* 1484–1489 – Koyunbaba Bridge in Anatolia is constructed.
* 1484 – Palazzo Medici in Florence, begun by Michelozzo c.1444/45, is completed.
* 1486 – Rebuilding at Metz Cathedral begins.
* 1487 – Italian architects begin to build the Moscow Kremlin.
* 1489 – Église Saint-Maurice, Soultz-Haut-Rhin completed (started in 1270)

## Births

* 1483: April 6 – Raphael, Italian painter and architect (died 1520)
* 1484: April 12 – Antonio da Sangallo the Younger, Italian architect (died 1546)
* 1486: July 2 – Jacopo Sansovino, Italian sculptor and architect (died 1570)
* 1489: April 15 – Mimar Sinan, Ottoman Turkish architect (died 1588)

## Deaths

* c. 1481 – Guiniforte Solari, Milanese sculptor, architect and engineer (born c. 1429)
# 1481 Tübingia

1481 Tübingia, provisional designation 1938 DR, is a dark asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 7 February 1938, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany, and named for the German city of Tübingen.

## Orbit and classification

Tübingia orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.9–3.1 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,916 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.04 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. It was first identified as A907 GQ at the U.S. Taunton Observatory in 1907. The asteroid's first used observation was made at Heidelberg in 1933, extending the body's observation arc by 5 years prior to its official discovery observation.

## Physical characteristics

The asteroid has been characterized as a C-type asteroid.

### Rotation period

In October 2008, a rotational lightcurve of Tübingia was obtained form photometric observations by James W. Brinsfield at Via Capote Observatory (G69) in California. Analysis gave a longer-than average rotation period of 24 hours with a brightness variation of 0.20 magnitude (U=2). The result supersedes a much longer period obtained in the 1980s.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Tübingia measures between 33.26 and 40.12 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo of 0.082 to 0.117. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results from IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.117 and a diameter of 33.26 kilometers using an absolute magnitude of 10.35.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after Tübingen, city in southern Germany and birthplace of astronomer Johannes Kepler. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center in April 1953 (M.P.C. 909).
# Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station

The Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station 2007 (APLIS07) is a U.S. and Japanese laboratory dedicated to the study of global climate change. It is located on an ice floe about 300 kilometres (190 mi) north Prudhoe Bay (Sagavanirktok), Alaska. It was first established in March 2011. It is owned and administered by the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

## In popular culture

In 2007, APLIS was used for filming scenes in the movie Stargate: Continuum, in cooperation with the U.S. Navy submarine USS Alexandria (SSN-757).
# 13D Research

13D Research is an independent institutional global research firm founded by Kiril Sokoloff in 1983. The company derives its name from Schedule 13D, an SEC form that must be submitted to the US Securities and Exchange Commission within 10 days, by anyone who acquires beneficial ownership of more than 5% of any class of publicly traded securities in a public company.
13D research publishes English-language and Mandarin Chinese international weekly newsletters and is headquartered in St. Thomas, US Virgin Islands.

## Publications

What I Learned This Week (WILTW) is 13D Research's flagship publication. WILTW began as an English-language international weekly newsletter in 2001, although today the newsletter is also published in Mandarin Chinese. The newsletter developed a global following of institutional investors, political leaders, and corporate executives. The publication covers a wide range of investing themes, including commodities, currencies, central bank policies, technology, demographics, political and social trends, energy markets, food security, credit markets, cyber security, climate change, and country-specific analyses of China, Japan, India, et al. It also covers a breadth of topics outside of the financial sector, such as literature, history, and personal health.
13D Research also publishes What Are The Markets Telling Us (WATMTU), a weekly compilation of chart analysis focused on intermediate- and long-term market trends.
# Apocalyptica (disambiguation)

Apocalyptica is a Finnish cello metal trio, known for their unusual music style and some famous compositions.
Apocalyptica may also refer to:
* Apocalyptica (album) the 2005 album by the group of the same name
* Apocalyptica (video game) is a computer game developed by Extreme FX and published by Konami in 2003
# Anwar Shahadat

Anwar Shahadat is a Bangladeshi born US-based writer, filmmaker, and journalist. He has three published books; two short story collections and a novel. He has shot a couple of short films and a feature film.

## Career and works

Shahadat started his career as journalist. He then served as a Political and Diplomatic Correspondent for a daily newspaper in Bangladesh. He was editor of a political weekly news magazine.
His published books include Hele Chasha Joal Brittanto, Canvasser Golpokar, and Sanjoa Tole Murga. His short films include Printer Perfect, Falling Leaves, As It Should be, and Nanny.
He has also shot a feature film named; Karigor (The Circumciser).
# 1589 in poetry

Nationality words link to articles with information on the nation's poetry or literature (for instance, Irish or France).

## Events

* Christopher Marlowe wrote The Passionate Shepherd to His Love either this year or in 1588 (first published 1599)

## Works published
### Great Britain

* William Byrd, Psalmes, Sonets & Songs of Sadnes and Pietie, Made into Musicke of Five Parts, verse and music
* Thomas Deloney, A New Ballet of the Straunge and Most Cruell Whippes which the Spanyards Had Prepared to Whippe and Torment English Men and Women, a ballad
* Anne Dowriche (A.D.), The French Historie
* Anthony Munday, A Banquet of Daintie Conceits
* George Puttenham, authorship uncertain, Arte of English Poesie, the first draft is thought to have been written in the 1560s, with revisions thereafter, up to its publication; the most systematic and comprehensive treatise of the time on poetry; "contrived into three bookes: the first of poets and poesies [a general history of poetry and descriptions of various forms], the second of proportion [on prosody and the measures in use in English verse], the third of ornament [on style, the distinctions between written and spoken language and other matters]" the work concludes with lengthy observations on good manners
* Sir Philip Sidney, Defense of Poesie, criticism
* Nicholas Yonge, Musica Transalpina. Cantus, verse and music (see also Musica Transalpina 1597)

### Other

* Flor de Varios Romances Nuevos, a famous Spanish poetry anthology; includes 12 romances by Luis de Góngora y Argote
* Alonso de Ercilla, La Araucana, an epic poem about the conquest of Chile; the first part originally appeared in 1569, the second part was published for the first time om 1578 (together with the first part), the third part was published for the first time this year (together with the first and second parts); Spain

## Births

* January 9 – Ivan Gundulić (died 1638), Croatian Baroque poet
* February 5
** Honorat de Bueil, seigneur de Racan (died 1670), French aristocrat, soldier, poet, dramatist and original member of the Académie française
** Esteban Manuel de Villegas (died 1669), Spanish
* Also:
** Konstantinos Kallokratos (died unknown) Greek teacher and poet
** Antoine Le Métel d'Ouville (born about this year (died 1655), French engineer, geographer, poet, playwright and author
** Jean Sirmond (died 1649), French neo-Latin poet and man of letters

## Deaths

* October 15 – Jean-Antoine de Baïf (born 1532), French poet and member of La Pléiade
* Also:
** Heo Nanseolheon (born 1563), Korean scholar and poet writing mainly in Chinese, a woman
** Mathias Holtzwart died sometime after this year (born about 1540), German
** Pavel Kyrmezer (birth year not known), Slovak
** Thomas Sébillet (born 1512), French lawyer, essayist, neo-Platonist grammarian and writer on poetry
# Chester Road

Chester Road can mean:
* Part of the A183 road from South Shields to Chester-le-Street
* The A452 road in England. It runs from Leamington Spa, Warwickshire to Brownhills in Staffordshire, following the line of the ancient drover's road called the Welsh Road
* The main road out of Manchester towards Chester, making up part of the A56
* Chester Road North Ground, a cricket ground in Kidderminster
* Chester Road railway station, on the Redditch/Bromsgrove-Birmingham New Street-Lichfield Cross-City Line in the West Midlands
* A residential street in the Whitehall area of Bristol
# Chianni

Chianni is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pisa in the Italian region Tuscany, located about 60 kilometres (37 mi) southwest of Florence and about 35 kilometres (22 mi) southeast of Pisa.
Its territory includes vast chestnut woods and cultivations of vine and olive trees.
Chianni borders the following municipalities: Casciana Terme Lari, Castellina Marittima, Lajatico, Riparbella, Santa Luce, Terricciola.

## History

Before being under the rule of Florence, the medieval town of Chianni was fought over by the bishop of Volterra and the Republic of Pisa. One of the largest attractions is the Chapel della Compagnia della Santissima Annuziata, hosting frescoes by Giovanni Battista Tempesti. The parish church of San Donato was rebuilt in 1810 after an earthquake; an 1896 survey notes altarpieces by Aurelio Lomi depicting a Madonna and a Nativity.
# Chianocco

Chianocco is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 45 kilometres (28 mi) west of Turin in the Susa Valley.
Until the Fascist era, it was known as Chianoc.
# Aprotheca

Aprotheca is a genus of bristle flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Aprotheca basalis Macquart, 1851
* Aprotheca tenuisetosa (Macquart, 1847)
# 1688 in Denmark

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events from the year 1688 in Denmark.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Christian V

## Events

* 3 August – the Royal Pawn is created by royal ordinance.

## Births

* 31 October – Jacob Benzon, nobleman and Governor-general of Norway (died 1775)

## Deaths

* 1 June
** Peder Hansen Resen, historian (born 1625)
** Nicolai Esmit, Governor of the Danish West Indies
* 4 August – Sophie Amalie Lindenov, noblewoman and landowner (born 1649)
# Chevalier de Clavières

Chevalier de Clavières (born in Guérande on 17 February 1738) was a French Navy officer. He fought in the War of American Independence, and taking part in the French operations in the Indian Ocean under Suffren.

## Biography

Kerhué joined the Navy as a Garde-Marine on 7 October 1756. He was promoted to Lieutenant on 4 April 1777.
In 1778, he served as first officer on the 74-gun Hector, part of the fleet under Admiral d'Estaing.
He commanded the 74-gun Argonaute in the Cuddalore on 20 June 1783. Suffren was pleased with his performance and recommended him for a 1000-livre pension.
After the war, he was amongst the captains who Suffren recommended for promotion. He received a 600-livre pension in recognition of his service.

## Sources and references

Notes
* ↑ The list comprised d'Aymar, Bruyères, Clavières, Du Chilleau, Saint-Félix, Cuverville, Vignes d'Arrac and La Règle.
References
* 1 2 3 Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 661.
* ↑ Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 629.
* ↑ Cunat (1852), p. 301-302.
* 1 2 Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 550.
* ↑ Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 660.
Bibliography
* Cunat, Charles (1852). Histoire du Bailli de Suffren. Rennes: A. Marteville et Lefas. p. 447.
* Lacour-Gayet, G. (1910). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XV. Paris: Honoré Champion.
# Chevalier de Boades

The Chevalier de Brun de Boades ( — 7 September 1781) was a French Navy officer. He served in the War of American Independence.

## Biography

Brun de Boades was born to the family of a Council of the Parliament of Provence. His uncle, Jean de Brun de Boades, also served in the Navy, reaching the rank of Chef d'Escadre. Boades joined the Navy as Garde-Marine on 2 April 1748, and was promoted to Lieutenant on 15 January 1762.
He was promoted to Captain on 4 April 1777. In 1778, he captained the frigate Magicienne.
In 1780, Boades captained the 64-gun Triton in the squadron under Guichen. He died on 7 September 1781 of wounds sustained at the Battle of the Chesapeake.

## Sources and references

Notes
Citations
* 1 2 3 4 5 Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 641.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 224.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 284.
* ↑ Lacour-Gayet (1910), p. 643.
* ↑ Dawson (1936), p. 136.
* ↑ Kérallain (1928), p. 31.
Bibliography
* Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1910). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI. Paris: Honoré Champion.
* Dawson, Warrington (1936). "Les 2112 Français morts aux États-Unis de 1777 à 1783 en combattant pour l'indépendance américaine". Journal de la société des américanistes (28–1): 136. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
* Kérallain, R. (1928). "Bougainville à l'armée du Cte de Grasse". Journal de la société des américanistes (20). Retrieved 29 April 2020.
* Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours, 1671 - 1870. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. pp. 325–6. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922.
* Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France (in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé.
External links
* Archives nationales (2011). "Fonds Marine, sous-série B/4: Campagnes, 1571-1785" (PDF). Retrieved 29 April 2020.
# Chicoutimi-Saguenay

Chicoutimi-Saguenay may refer to:
* Chicoutimi—Saguenay (federal electoral district)
* Chicoutimi-Saguenay (provincial electoral district)
# Chevrolet 3800

Chevrolet 3800 may refer to:
* Chevrolet 3800, a version of the Chevrolet Advance Design
* Chevrolet 3800, a version of the Opel Rekord D
* The 3.8 L (229 cu in) version of the Chevrolet 90° V6 engine
# Chicola (surname)

Chicola is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Claúdio Chicola (born 1999), Angolan handball player
* Philip T. Chicola (born 1946), American diplomat
# Arc reactor

Arc reactor may refer to:
* Arc reactor (Marvel Cinematic Universe), a fictional power source in the Marvel Cinematic Universe
* an apparatus for producing C$_{60}$ and other fullerenes
* Plasma arc waste disposal reactor, a kind of waste processing system
* ARC fusion reactor (affordable, robust, compact), a theoretical design for a compact fusion reactor developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
# 1848 in architecture

The year 1848 in architecture involved some significant events.

## Events

* Joseph-Louis Lambot develops ferrocement, the forerunner of reinforced concrete.
* Louisa Caroline Huggins Tuthill publishes History of Architecture from the Earliest Times, the first history of architecture to be published in the United States.

## Buildings and structures
### Buildings

* April 8 – Newmarket railway station in Suffolk, England is opened.
* May 1 – Stamford railway station in Lincolnshire, England, designed by Sancton Wood, is opened.
* June 19 – Monkwearmouth railway station in north-east England, designed by Thomas Moore, is opened.
* October – The Palm house at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (London), designed by architect Decimus Burton and iron-founder Richard Turner, is completed and opened.
* October 9 – Stoke-on-Trent railway station in north Staffordshire, England, designed by H. A. Hunt, is opened.
* October 12 – Gobowen railway station in Shropshire, England, designed by Thomas Mainwaring Penson, is opened.
* October 25 – Cochituate Aqueduct, feeding Boston, Massachusetts, is completed; its gatehouses contain the earliest surviving wrought-iron roof structures and cast-iron staircases in the United States.
* November 1 – Mortimer railway station in Berkshire, England, designed by I. K. Brunel, is opened.
* November 20 – St. Michael's Cathedral (Sitka, Alaska) is completed.
* The Thorvaldsen Museum of sculpture in Copenhagen, designed by Michael Gottlieb Bindesbøll, is opened.
* The Sofiensaal in Vienna, converted into a ballroom by Eduard van der Nüll and August Sicard von Sicardsburg, is inaugurated.
* Construction of Cisternoni of Livorno in Italy, designed by Pasquale Poccianti, concludes with completion of Cisternino di città.

## Awards

* RIBA Royal Gold Medal – Charles Robert Cockerell.
* Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Charles Garnier.

## Births

* William Frame, English architect working in Wales (died 1906)
* Luigi Manini, Italian architect and set designer working in Portugal (died 1936)
* William Henry Miller, American architect based in Ithaca, New York (died 1922)

## Deaths

* Thomas Duff, Irish ecclesiastical architect (born 1792)
# Aramengo

Aramengo is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 25 kilometres (16 mi) east of Turin and about 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Asti.
Aramengo borders the following municipalities: Albugnano, Berzano di San Pietro, Casalborgone, Cocconato, Passerano Marmorito, and Tonengo.
# Chessington branch line

vteChessington branch line :
Legend :
The Chessington branch line is a short National Rail railway line in England, mostly in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, from Motspur Park to Chessington South.

## History

The branch was intended as a secondary main line to relieve congestion from Leatherhead to Motspur Park, and was thus built as electrified double track from the start. However, the line only got to Chessington before green belt legislation put a stop to completing the line.
The line was the last line built by the Southern Railway. It was to serve the housing, industrial, engineering and storage developments south of Surbiton.
It was opened on 29 May 1938 from Motspur Park to Tolworth, with an intermediate station at Malden Manor, and extended on 28 May 1939 to Chessington North and Chessington South.
All the stations on the line were of concrete in an Art Deco style, typical of the period.
Work to extend beyond Chessington was halted by the outbreak of World War II, with track laid beyond Chessington South as far as Chalky Lane, and preparatory works continuing further south. This included an embankment built by the Royal Engineers as a military exercise from Chalky Lane as far south as Chessington Wood, close to where the next station at Malden Rushett would have been built. A second station to serve Ashtead, namely at its northern extreme, was also planned. After the war green belt legislation put a stop to any resumption because Ashtead Common was given protective status. A goods yard south of Chessington South was used as a coal concentration depot from the mid-1960s to the end of the 1980s. The goods yard and the 0.5 miles (0.80 km) of trackbed towards Malden Rushett are overgrown by trees. Two platforms were built at Chessington South but since the extension south was never built only one platform has ever been in public use.
It was originally intended to name Chessington North station Chessington Court and Chessington South station Chessington Grange.
The line was mainly constructed on embankment with short distances in cuttings and several bridges. A 140-foot (43 m) viaduct crosses the Hogsmill River near Malden Manor.
Demand and population in the area increased after the railway's relatively late introduction. Malden Manor station is the line's busiest with 0.60 million journeys made in the 2014-2015 financial year. Its recorded use was 0.58 million ten years before. The total of journeys per year of the four stations on the line has reached 2.219 million recorded journeys. Malden Manor station has formally been assigned E (small staffed) status as its station category.
# Childism

Childism can refer either to advocacy for empowering children as a subjugated group or to prejudice and/or discrimination against children or childlike qualities. It can operate thus both as a positive term for a movement, like the term feminism, as well as a critical term to identify age-based prejudice and discrimination against children, like the term racism. The latter concept finds it critical equivalence in similar concepts such as ageism discrimination against elderly people, adultism adult power and adult norms or patriarchy. The concept is first described and explored in an article by Chester M. Pierce and Gail B. Allen in 1975. It was used in time in the 1990s in literary theory by Peter Hunt to refer to "to read as children." An extensive treatment of childism as a negative phenomenon is found in Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's last work, published posthumously, Childism: Confronting Prejudice Against Children.
In the field of international human rights studies childism is a critical phenomenon based on Elisabeth Young-Bruehl's work, used to explore intersectional discrimination against children that challenge the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
# 1726 in science

The year 1726 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Botany

* October 27 – Caleb Threlkeld publishes Synopsis Stirpium Hibernicarum .....Dispositarum sive Commentatio de Plantis Indigenis praesertim Dublinensibus instituta in Dublin, the first flora of Ireland.

## Medicine

* A faculty of medicine is formally established at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, a predecessor of the University of Edinburgh Medical School. John Rutherford becomes Professor of Practice of Medicine.

## Technology

* For clocks, the gridiron pendulum is developed by John Harrison, as a pendulum that compensates for temperature errors: a grid of alternating brass and steel rods is arranged so that the expansion due to heat is dissipated.

## Publications

* Johann Beringer publishes Lithographiæ Wirceburgensis describing hoax fossils.

## Births

* February 6 – Patrick Russell, Scottish-born surgeon and herpetologist (died 1805)
* June 3 – James Hutton, Scottish geologist (died 1797)
* Thomas Melvill, Scottish natural philosopher (died 1753)
* date unknown - Lady Anne Monson, English botanist (died 1776)

## Deaths

* January 25 – Guillaume Delisle, French scientist, one of the founders of modern geography (born 1675)