OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anton and Mary Agnes Karpen House

The Anton and Mary Agnes Karpen House is a historic house at 818 1st Street West in Webster, South Dakota. It is a two-story wood frame house, built in 1917 for Anton Karpen, the owner of a local lumberyard. The house is an excellent local example of Craftsman styling, with extended eaves showing exposed rafters, bands of windows, the use of colored glass, and a built-in fieldstone fireplace. The house was later owned by Lewis Bicknell, a prominent local attorney.
The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2008.
# (−)-germacrene D synthase

(−)-Germacrene D synthase (EC 4.2.3.75) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase ((−)-germacrene-D-forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate $\rightleftharpoons$ (−)-germacrene D + diphosphate
In Solidago canadensis the biosynthesis results in the pro-R hydrogen at C-1 of the farnesyl diphosphate ending up at C-11 of the (−)-germacrene D .
# Charlotte River (Grenada)

The Charlotte River is a river of Grenada. The Charlotte River is situated in the parish of St. John, in the town of Gouyave.
# Aoife Gowen

Aoife Gowen is currently a professor in the University College Dublin (UCD) School of Biosystems and Food Engineering. Her area of research covers topics such as applications of hyperspectral imaging and chemometrics to biological systems.
Gowen's expertise lies in hyperspectral imaging, a method which, images objects and extracts information from each pixel, about wavelengths across the electromagnetic spectrum. The results can give insights into the 'unseen' properties and chemistry of the object.

## Early life and education

Aoife Gowen was born and raised in County Kilkenny. Upon completion of secondary school, Gowen began to study Theoretical Physics in Trinity College Dublin, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in 2000. Gowen went on to pursue a master's in financial maths in Dublin City University (DCU) graduating in 2001. In 2002, Gowen began in a new area of research, the field of Food Science, attaining her doctoral degree in food science from the Dublin Institute of Technology (DIT) in 2006. Her PhD thesis, completed in 2006, was centred on mathematical modelling of food quality parameters and optimization of food process operations. Gowen then spent some time as a post-doctoral researcher, investigating the intersection of near infrared spectroscopy, chemical imaging and chemometrics for characterization of biological systems.

## Career research

Gowen joined UCD in 2007 as a postdoctoral researcher, working on hyperspectral imaging (HSI). Her research involves the application and growth of multivariate analysis and image processing techniques for non-destructive assessment of biological products using HSI.
In 2010 Gowen spent two years in Kobe University, Japan, studying and researching hyperspectral imaging. This research gave rise to her current endeavour, which is probing what happens to water at interfaces where it interacts with various materials.
By procuring equipment and engaging in the transfer of knowledge through international collaborations with leading worldwide researchers in HSI, Ms Gowen was able to set up the first facility for Hyperspectral Imaging for food quality analysis in Ireland and currently leads the UCD spectral imaging research group.
Gowen has also been a part of the production of research papers, such as a paper titled "Identification of Magnesium oxychloride Cement Biomaterial Heterogeneity using Raman Chemical Mapping and NIR Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging".

## Awards and recognition

Gowen is also a benefactor of a European Union Marie Curie International Outgoing Fellowship grant.
On 8 March 2017, Gowen was included in an article titled "25 of Ireland’s phenomenal women of engineering".
Gowen was one of three Irish researchers who secured €2m in EU R&D funding each as part of the prestigious European Research Council (ERC) Grants in 2013.

## Degrees

* B.A. – Trinity College Dublin (TCD) (1996–2000)
* MSc – Dublin City University (DCU) (2000–2001)
* PhD – Dublin Institute of Technology (2002–2006)
# Chautauqua Lake (Copiah County, Mississippi)

Chautauqua Lake is a reservoir in the U.S. state of Mississippi.
The lake's name is a transfer from Chautauqua Lake, in New York.
# Chartrand

Chartrand (French pronunciation:) is a surname that originates from France. It is a variation of the word "Chartrain", meaning someone from the city of Chartres. Notable people with the name include:
* Alaine Chartrand (born 1996), Canadian figure skater
* Aurèle Chartrand (1903–1975), Canadian barrister
* Brad Chartrand (born 1974), Canadian athlete in ice hockey
* Céline Chartrand (born 1962), Canadian javelin thrower at the 1988 Olympics
* David Chartrand (born 1960), Canadian politician and activist
* Ervin Chartrand, Canadian Ojibway/Métis film director, writer and producer
* Gary Chartrand (born 1936), US mathematics professor
* Gilbert Chartrand (born 1954), Canadian politician
* Isabelle Chartrand (born 1978), Canadian athlete in ice hockey
* Joseph Chartrand (1870–1933), US bishop
* Judy Chartrand (born 1959), Canadian artist and political activist
* Lina Chartrand (1948–1994), Canadian writer
* Martine Chartrand (born 1962), Haitian-Canadian filmmaker, visual artist and teacher
* Michel Chartrand (1916–2010), Canadian politician
* Miranda Chartrand (born 1990), Canadian singer
* Philippe Chartrand (born 1963), Canadian gymnast at the 1984 and 1988 Olympics
* Simonne Monet-Chartrand (1919–1993), Canadian activist
* Tanya Chartrand, American social psychologist
* Victor-Stanislas Chartrand (1887–1966), Canadian politician
# Antonio Da Passano

Antonio Da Passano (Genoa, 1599 – Genoa, 1681) was the 123rd Doge of the Republic of Genoa and king of Corsica.

## Biography

Da Passano was elected Doge of the Republic with the election of 11 July 1675 and his mandate was the seventy-eighth in two-year succession and the one hundred and twenty-third in republican history. As doge he was also invested with the related biennial office of king of Corsica. His interventions include an institutional clash between his person and the supreme syndicators for the sending of some galleys, without his authorization, which granted to hunt down a Turkish ship that threatened the Ligurian coast.
# Checras District

Checras District is one of twelve districts of the province Huaura in Peru.
# Chasewater Watersports Centre

Chasewater Watersports Centre is located within the surroundings of Chasewater Country Park and use Chasewater reservoir for watersports. The chasewater ski club offer activities such as Water skiing, Wakeboarding, Slalom skiing and Kneeboarding all year round.
# Chasetown

Chasetown is a village in the town of Burntwood in Staffordshire, England. It is split between the civil parishes of Burntwood and Hammerwich.

## History

Chasetown developed in the mid 19th century as a coal mining village. At first the village was simply known as Cannock Chase due to its proximity to the nearby forest, it was known as Chasetown by 1867. The first pit was sunk by the Marquess of Anglesey in 1849, when the Hammerwich Colliery opened at the base of Chasewater reservoir. Cannock Chase Collieries No.2 and No.9 opened in the 1850s to the west of the village where the Rugby club is sited today.
As a result of the mining industry, housing for the miners began to be developed around High Street, Church Street and Queen Street. Three pairs of cottages were built on the north side of Church Street in 1854, and the adjoining Uxbridge Arms existed by 1856. By 1860 two shopkeepers, three beer retailers, The Miners'Rest and The Junction a builder, a drill owner, a shoemaker, and a market gardener were listed at the village of Cannock Chase. St Anne's Church was built by 1865 and by 1883 the village had spread as far north as Hill Street.
After World War II the village began to grow eastwards when the Oakdene estate began to be built. The estate was still expanding by 1958 when it became the largest council estate in Lichfield district. The last mine closed in 1959 but the village continued expanding as it became an overspill area for people from the Black Country. The rural green spaces between Burntwood and Chasetown were developed by the early 1970s which effectively joined the two villages.
There is today little evidence of the mining industry left in the area other than Chasewater reservoir which provided water for the canals that were used to transport coal to Birmingham and the Black Country, and Chasewater Light Railway which has been restored for leisure use. St Anne's Church was said to be the first church in England to have electric lighting, with power supplied by the collliery in 1883. The church, built in 1865, is grade II* listed.

## Sport

Chasetown Football Club, Burntwood Rugby Club, Chasewater Watersports Centre and Erasmus Darwin Academy are also based here.
# 1196 in Ireland

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events from the year 1196 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Lord: John

## Deaths

* Mathghamhain mac Conchobar Maenmaige Ua Conchobair, Prince of Connacht
vteYears in Ireland (1101–present) :
* This year in Ireland article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Antonio Marmorino

Antonio Marmorino (born 25 January 1973) is an Italian sprint canoer who competed in the mid-1990s. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, he was eliminated in the semifinals of the C-2 500 m event.
# Charlton railway station, Victoria

Charlton is a closed railway station on the Kulwin railway line, located in the town of Charlton, Victoria, Australia. The platform remains intact although it is unused, with freight trains passing through on the way to Sea Lake and other destinations north.
# Cheignieu-la-Balme

Cheignieu-la-Balme (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Ain department in eastern France.
# Cheer (brand)

Cheer is a laundry detergent sold in the United States and Canada. It is manufactured by Procter & Gamble.

## History

Cheer was introduced in 1950, and after a slight reformulation in 1952, was a highly successful follow up to P&G's Tide product from 1948 to 1949.
Cheer is recognized for its distinctive blue granules, which formerly gave it the nickname "Blue Cheer". The 1952 formula ("Blue-Magic Whitener") was designed to clean as well as perform bluing, which makes white clothing look whiter (this was traditionally a separate process). Magazine and television ads at the time proclaimed, "...washes clothes so clean, so white, you don't need bluing or bleach!" This was well known as a sponsor of I Love Lucy. Kinescopes exist of 1950s soap opera episodes with commercials for Cheer still intact, it being a sponsor of shows like The Brighter Day.
In the 1960s, the brand was repositioned as "All Temperature Cheer" or as it was also known, "All-Tempa-Cheer", as it was said to be formulated to clean clothes effectively in all water temperatures.
As of July 2016 Cheer detergent is still being sold, albeit as a budget detergent. Tide Plus Colorguard replaced Cheer as the premium color care detergent. The brand is currently known as "Cheer Colorguard" and "Cheer Brightclean."
The brand was the Jerry Seinfeld character's favorite type of detergent on the show Seinfeld, as seen in the episode "The Sponge". As "Blue Cheer", the brand also gave its name to a variety of LSD produced by San Francisco chemist Owsley Stanley, and the band Blue Cheer was most likely named after the variety of LSD.
# Cher (disambiguation)

Cher (born 1946) is an American entertainer.
Cher may also refer to:

## People with the name
### Surname

* Oskar Cher (1913–1942), Estonian communist
* Cheyenne Cher, female professional wrestler from the Gorgeous Ladies of Wrestling

### Given name

* Cher Butler (born 1965), American model and actress
* Cher Calvin (born 1974), American news presenter
* Cher Coulter, British celebrity stylist
* Cher Lloyd (born 1993), English singer, rapper
* Cher Ng (born 1972), Singaporean DJ
* Cher Scarlett (born 1984 or 1985), American software engineer, writer, and labor activist
* Cher Strauberry (born 1992), American skateboarder and musician
* Cher van Slobbe (born 1995), Dutch cricketer
* Cher Wang (born 1958), Taiwanese entrepreneur and philanthropist

### Characters

* Cher Winters, a fictional character from Hollyoaks
* Cher Horowitz, the main character in Clueless

## Other

* Chér (1966 album)
* Chér (1971 album), later retitled Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves
* Cher (1987 album)
* Cher (TV series), a 1975 television show
* Cher (concert residency), a 2008–2011 concert series
* Cher (department), a department in France
* Cher (river), a river in France
* Chère, another (northwest) French river
* Cher, Iran, a village in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran
* CHER-FM, a Canadian radio station
# Aphelia galilaeica

Aphelia galilaeica is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Israel.
# Apedale Heritage Centre

The Apedale Heritage Centre was created at the site of Staffordshire's Apedale Mine and is run by volunteers. It is located just outside the village of Chesterton near Newcastle-under-Lyme in the Apedale Community Country Park.
Attractions include mine tours and a museum which concentrates on the area's history, and industrial heritage. Opening times are 10:30 to 16:00 daily with the underground tours taking place on weekends and bank holidays.
The site is also the home of the Moseley Railway Trust's collection of narrow gauge industrial locomotives. A selection of locomotives can be viewed in the heritage centre museum and the trust holds open days for the public. Work is under way to construct a separate museum and railway for the collection.
# 13 Reloaded (album)

13 Reloaded (alternatively titled Thirteen Reloaded) is the fourth solo studio album by American rapper Havoc, one-half of the hip hop duo Mobb Deep. The album was released on November 18, 2014 by Hclass Entertainment, Inc. The album features guest appearances from Prodigy, Sheek Louch, Cormega, Ferg Brim and Mysonne. Album artwork by John Katehis.

## Background

Havoc, one half of the legendary hip-hop duo Mobb Deep, is known for his skills as a rapper, producer, and songwriter. With three solo albums already under his belt, he is now gearing up to release his fourth, which promises to be a departure from his previous work.
According to Havoc, "Not many guest appearances, it's all about the production. It's an album for the fans of Havoc's sound," he says (.https://www.hotnewhiphop.com/27557-listen-to-havoc-s-new-album-13-reloaded-news)
For this new album, Havoc has opted to keep guest appearances to a minimum, instead choosing to showcase his own production skills. The result is an album that is sure to appeal to fans of Havoc's sound, with its hard-hitting beats and gritty, streetwise lyrics.
Over the course of his career, Havoc has proven himself to be one of the most talented and influential producers in hip-hop. From his early work with Mobb Deep to his solo projects, he has consistently pushed the boundaries of the genre and helped to shape the sound of New York City rap.
With this new album, Havoc is once again demonstrating his commitment to quality and his dedication to the art of hip-hop. It is sure to be a must-listen for anyone who appreciates great production and authentic, unfiltered rap music "Not many guest appearances, it's all about the production. It's an album for the fans of Havoc's sound," he says

## Track listing

All tracks produced by Havoc
# Aquadiscula

Aquadiscula is a genus of fungi in the family Helotiaceae. The genus contains 2 species.
# Chergui (disambiguation)

Chergui comes from the Arabic šarqīa (شرقية) meaning "eastern," and may refer to:
* Chergui, an island to the east of mainland Tunisia and part of the Kerkennah islands
* Chergui (wind), a hot, dry wind in Morocco coming from the Sahara
# Antonín Barák (rowing)

Antonín Barák (born 11 July 1956) is a Czech rowing coxswain. He competed for Czechoslovakia in the men's coxed four event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# 13 (Armstrong novel)

13 is the finale novel in Women of the Otherworld series by Kelley Armstrong. It was published in 2012 by Orbit.

## Plot

13 centers around Savannah Levine, who is experiencing a new and dark magic inside of her that gives her abilities that seem foreign and thrilling. She cannot tell if this ability is a blessing, or a curse. Meanwhile, the nefarious cult, known as the Supernatural Liberation Movement is determined to expose Supernaturals for what they are, destroying them in their path—and this plan affects all types of supernaturals, from demons, to witches, to vampires. On the eve of the battle between the Otherworld and Supernatural Liberation Movement, the major supernaturals must come together to fight for their lives and for the existence of the Otherworld.

## Reception

Dear Author gave the book a "B" rating, writing that "Overall, despite some issues, I found Thirteen to be a satisfying conclusion to the Otherworld universe. (On the adult side anyway)." The Library Journal also reviewed the work.
# Chazy River

Chazy River is the name of two tributaries of Lake Champlain in Clinton County, New York in the United States.
The more northerly river is the Great Chazy River, which empties into Lake Champlain at King Bay in the Town of Champlain.
The more southerly river is the Little Chazy River, which empties into Lake Champlain north of Chazy Landing in the Town of Chazy.
# Chazy equation

In mathematics, the Chazy equation is the differential equation
    ${\frac {d^{3}y}{dx^{3}}}=2y{\frac {d^{2}y}{dx^{2}}}-3\left({\frac {dy}{dx}}\right)^{2}.$
It was introduced by Jean Chazy (1909, 1911) as an example of a third-order differential equation with a movable singularity that is a natural boundary for its solutions.
One solution is given by the Eisenstein series
    $E_{2}(\tau )=1-24\sum \sigma _{1}(n)q^{n}=1-24q-72q^{2}-\cdots .$
Acting on this solution by the group SL$_2$ gives a 3-parameter family of solutions.
# 1552 in France

Events from the year 1552 in France

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Henry II

## Events

* 15 January – Signing of the Treaty of Chambord
* Cour des monnaies is established
* October 1552 to January 1553 – Siege of Metz

## Births

* 8 February – Agrippa d'Aubigné, poet, soldier, propagandist and chronicler (d. 1630)
* 23 October – Odet de Turnèbe, dramatist (d. 1581)

### Full date missing

* Jean Bertaut, poet (d. 1611)
* Charles David, architect (d. 1650)
* François Grudé, writer and bibliographer
* Jean Hotman, Marquis de Villers-St-Paul, diplomat (d. 1636)
* Antoine de Pluvinel, riding master (d. 1620)

## Deaths

* 8 January – Eustorg de Beaulieu, poet, composer and pastor (b. around 1495)
* 1 February – Charles de Solier, comte de Morette, soldier and diplomat (b. 1480)
* 2 December – Claude d'Annebault, military officer (b. 1495)

### Full date missing

* Pierre du Chastel, humanist, librarian (born around 1480)
* René I, Viscount of Rohan (b. 1516)
# 1552 Bessel

1552 Bessel, provisional designation 1938 DE$_1$, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 18 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 February 1938, by Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä at Turku Observatory in Southwest Finland, and named after German astronomer Friedrich Bessel.

## Orbit and classification

Bessel is a stony asteroid and a member of the Eos family that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,909 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. First observed as 1933 FJ$_1$ at Heidelberg in 1933, the body's observation arc begins at Turku, 5 days prior to its official discovery observation.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (1789–1846), who measured the first stellar parallax in 1838. His measured parallax of 0.314 arcseconds for 61 Cygni gave a distance of 10.3 light-years, which is 9.6% off today's measured distance of 11.4 light-years. Bessel is also honored by the lunar crater Bessel. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 30 January 1964 (M.P.C. 2278).

## Physical characteristics
### Rotation period and pole

In March 2011, a rotational lightcurve of Bessel was obtained from photometric observations by Italian amateur astronomer Silvano Casulli. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 8.996 hours with a brightness variation of 0.29 magnitude (U=3).
In 2016, a modeled lightcurve using photometric data from various sources gave a concurring period of 8.96318 hours, as well as a spin axis of (61.0°, −50.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Bessel measures between 16.63 and 18.817 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.1514 and 0.193. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.1448 and a diameter of 18.33 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 11.4.
# Chengqu, Jincheng

Chengqu (simplified Chinese: 城区; traditional Chinese: 城區; pinyin: Chéngqū; lit. 'urban district'), or Cheng District is a district of Jincheng, Shanxi, China. As of 2010, it had a population of 470,000, an increase of 56.78% from 2000, living in an area of 141 km$^2$ (54 sq mi).

## Administrative divisions

| Name | Chinese (S) | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) | Residential communities | Villages |
| Dong Street Subdistrict | 东街街道 | Dōngjiē Jiēdào | 54,671 | 11 | |
| Xi Street Subdistrict | 西街街道 | Xījiē Jiēdào | 57,791 | 18 | |
| Nan Street Subdistrict | 南街街道 | Nánjiē Jiēdào | 51,947 | 8 | |
| Bei Street Subdistrict | 北街街道 | Běijiē Jiēdào | 41,923 | 8 | |
| Kuangqu Subdistrict | 矿区街道 | Kuàngqū Jiēdào | 47,512 | 7 | |
| Zhongjiazhuang Subdistrict | 钟家庄街道 | Zhōngjiāzhuāng Jiēdào | 111,078 | 19 | 15 |
| Xishangzhuang Subdistrict | 西上庄街道 | Xīshàngzhuāng Jiēdào | 36,460 | 4 | 29 |
| Beishidian | 北石店镇 | Běishídiàn Zhèn | 33,407 | | 23 |
| Development Zone | 开发区 | Kāifāqū | 42,156 | 4 | |
# Chester Ray Benjamin

Chester Ray Benjamin (January 23, 1923 – April 20, 2002) was an American mycologist. His research was focused on the taxonomy of fungal molds belonging to the orders Eurotiales and Mucorales. Born and raised in Ohio, Benjamin received his undergraduate education from Mount Union College in Alliance after serving in the Navy for four years during World War II. Benjamin earned his Doctoral degree (dissertation title: "Ascocarps of Aspergillus and Penicillium") in 1955 from the University of Iowa under the tutelage of George Willard Martin.
In 1960 Benjamin started an 11-year position as principal mycologist in the Crops Protection Research Branch of the Agricultural Research Service in Beltsville. In 1967, Benjamin was the president of the Mycological Society of America. From 1971 until his retirement, he held various positions in the Agriculture Department. Benjamin died of a heart attack at his home in Silver Spring, Maryland at the age of 79. The genus Benjaminia was named in his honor.
# 1688 in Ireland

Events from the year 1688 in Ireland.

## Incumbent

* Monarch: James II (until 23 December), deposed

## Events

* Dame Mary Joseph Butler establishes a Benedictine house in Dublin.
* November 16 – exiled Irish Catholic widow "Goody" Ann Glover becomes the last person hanged in Boston, Massachusetts, as a witch.
* December 7 – start of the siege of Derry. The city gates are locked against the forces of King James II by apprentice boys.

## Births

* Approximate date – Esther Vanhomrigh, Jonathan Swift's "Vanessa" (d. 1723)

## Deaths

* March 15 – Peter Valesius Walsh, politician (b. c. 1618)
* July 21 – James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormonde, Anglo-Irish statesman and soldier (b. 1610)