OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eup

Eup or EUP may refer to:

## Places

* Eup (administrative division), a level of administrative division found in North Korea and South Korea
* Eup, Haute-Garonne, a commune in France
* Eastern Upper Peninsula of Michigan

## Government and politics

* Economic Union Party, a former political party in the Dominion of Newfoundland
* European Union Parliament, now known as European Parliament
* Europe United Party, a pan-European federal political party
* European Union Politics, a scholarly journal

## University presses

* Edinburgh University Press, in Scotland
* Ewha Womans University Press, in Seoul, South Korea

## Other uses

* Edmonds Underwater Park, a scuba diving site in Seattle, Washington
* Enterprise Unified Process, a software development process
* Energy-using products, the predecessor of Energy-related products
# Eulimellini

Eulimellini is a tribe of minute sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## Taxonomy

According to Schander, Van Aartsen & Corgan (1999) there are 17 genera in the Eulimellinae.
As "Eulimellinae", this taxon was previously one of eleven recognised subfamilies of the Pyramidellidae (according to the taxonomy of Ponder & Lindberg, 1997).
In the taxonomy of Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), this subfamily Cingulininae was downgraded to the rank of tribe, as Eulimellini, belonging to the subfamily Turbonillinae.

## Genera

Genera within the tribe Eulimellini include:
* Bacteridella Saurin, 1959
* Bacteridium Thiele, 1929
* Belonidium Cossmann, 1893
* Careliopsis Mörch, 1875
* Discobasis Cossmann, 1888
* Eulimella Forbes & MacAndrew, 1846 - type genus of the tribe Eulimellini
* Instarella Laseron, 1959
* Kejdonia Mifsud, 1999
* Koloonella Laseron, 1959
* Latavia Laseron, 1951
* Loxoptyxis Cossmann, 1888
* Paradoxella Laseron, 1951
* Raulostraca Oliver, 1915
* Saccoina Dall & Bartsch, 1904
* Tathrella Laseron, 1959
* Terelimella Laws, 1938
* Visma Dall & Bartsch, 1904
# Eugenia singampattiana

Eugenia singampattiana is a critically endangered species of plant in the family Myrtaceae. It is endemic to the hills around Singampatti and Papanasam in the state of Tamil Nadu in India.
# Eupleura tampaensis

Eupleura tampaensis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 25 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Florida.
# Eupleura pectinata

Eupleura pectinata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
# Euptychognathus

Euptychognathus is an extinct genus of dicynodont therapsid. The type species E. bathyrhynchus was first named in 1942 as Dicynodon bathyrhynchus. Fossils of the genus have been recovered from the Usili Formation of the Ruhuhu Basin in Tanzania.
# Euglandina corneola

Euglandina corneola is a species of predatory air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Spiraxidae.
# 1973 Virginia Slims of Jacksonville

The 1973 Virginia Slims of Jacksonville, also known as the Jacksonville Invitational, was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Deerwood Club in Jacksonville, Florida in the United States that was part of the 1973 Virginia Slims World Championship Series. It was the second and last edition of the tournament and was held from April 16 through April 22, 1973. First-seeded Margaret Court won the singles title and earned $6,000 first-prize money.

## Finals
### Singles

Margaret Court defeated Rosie Casals 5–7, 6–3, 6–1

### Doubles

Rosie Casals / Billie Jean King defeated Françoise Dürr / Betty Stöve 7–6, 5–7, 6–3

## Prize money

| Event | W | F | 3rd | 4th | QF | Round of 16 | Round of 32 |
| Singles | $6,000 | $3,000 | $1,950 | $1,650 | ? | ? | ? |
# 1968–69 New Zealand Golf Circuit

The 1968–69 New Zealand Golf Circuit was the sixth season of the New Zealand Golf Circuit, the main professional golf tour in New Zealand since it was established in 1963.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 1968–69 season.
| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse (NZ$) | Winner | Notes |
| 23 Nov | Sax Altman Tournament | Waikato | 5,000 | Peter Thomson (10) Guy Wolstenholme (1) | New tournament Title shared |
| 30 Nov | New Zealand Open | Canterbury | 5,000 | Kel Nagle (9) | |
| 7 Dec | Caltex Tournament | Wellington | 5,000 | Bob Charles (9) | |
| 10 Dec | Wattie's Tournament | Hawke's Bay | 4,000 | Bob Charles (10) | |
| 15 Dec | BP Tournament | Auckland | 5,000 | Kel Nagle (10) | |
| 4 Jan | Spalding Masters | Bay of Plenty | 4,000 | Bob Charles (11) | New to New Zealand Golf Circuit |
| 8 Jan | Stars Travel New Zealand PGA Championship | Bay of Plenty | 5,000 | Terry Kendall (1) | New to New Zealand Golf Circuit |

## Money list

The money list was based on tournament results during the season, calculated in New Zealand dollars.
| Position | Player | Prize money (NZ$) |
| 1 | Bob Charles | |
# Euphaedra barnsi

Euphaedra barnsi is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kivu) and Rwanda.

## Similar species

Other members of the Euphaedra zaddachii species group q.v.
# Brandon Reilly

Brandon Reilly is the name of:
* Brandon Reilly (musician) (born 1981), lead singer and guitarist of the band Nightmare of You
* Brandon Reilly (American football) (born 1993), wide receiver
# 1967 World Table Tennis Championships – Women's singles

The 1967 World Table Tennis Championships women's singles was the 29th edition of the women's singles championship. Sachiko Morisawa defeated Naoko Fukatsu in the final by three sets to one, to win the title.

## Results

| Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| Naoko Fukatsu | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Diane Scholer-Rowe | 8 | 18 | 14 | | | Fukatsu | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Mary Wright Shannon | 21 | 22 | 21 | | | Shannon-Wright | 14 | 19 | 19 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Jitka Karlíková | 19 | 20 | 18 | | | | | | | Fukatsu | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | |
| Zoja Rudnova | 21 | 13 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | Rudnova | 14 | 15 | 14 | | | | | | | |
| Éva Foldi-Kóczián | 18 | 21 | 13 | 14 | | Rudnova | 23 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Saeko Hirota | 21 | 17 | 21 | 12 | 10 | Alexandru | 21 | 12 | 15 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Maria Alexandru | 14 | 21 | 16 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | | | | | Fukatsu | 18 | 21 | 18 | 17 |
| Sachiko Morisawa | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | | | | | | | Morisawa | 21 | 15 | 21 | 21 |
| Danuta Calinska-Szmidt | 6 | 12 | 10 | | | Morisawa | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Gabriele Geissler | 21 | 21 | 19 | 21 | | Geissler | 19 | 16 | 17 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Eleonora Mihalca | 15 | 19 | 21 | 14 | | | | | | Morisawa | 21 | 17 | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | |
| Marta Luzova | 21 | 20 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | Yamanaka | 19 | 21 | 23 | 6 | 18 | | | | | |
| Agnes Simon-Almási | 11 | 22 | 10 | 14 | | Luzova | 16 | 18 | 17 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Ursula Stulemeyer | 11 | 14 | 12 | | | Yamanaka | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Noriko Yamanaka | 21 | 21 | 21 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Beausite

Beausite (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Meuse department in the Grand Est region in northeastern France.
The commune was established by the merger of the former communes Beauzée-sur-Aire, Amblaincourt, Deuxnouds-devant-Beauzée, and Seraucourt on 1 January 1973.
# Black-faced sheathbill

The black-faced sheathbill (Chionis minor), also known as the lesser sheathbill or paddy bird, is one of only two species of sheathbills, aberrant shorebirds which are terrestrial scavengers of subantarctic islands.

## Description

They are dumpy, short-necked, pigeon-like birds with white plumage, black bills, caruncles and facial skin. This species measures 38–41 cm (15–16 in) in length, 74–79 cm (29–31 in) in wingspan and weighs 460–730 g (1.01–1.61 lb), with males being slightly larger than females.

## Distribution

Restricted to subantarctic islands in the southern Indian Ocean: the South African territory of the Prince Edward Islands, the French territories of the Crozet Islands and Kerguelen Islands, and the Australian territory of Heard Island. The race C. m. nasicornis is endemic to Heard Island, while the race C. m. marionesis is endemic to the Prince Edward Islands.

## Habitat

Coastlines and intertidal zones of subantarctic islands, especially around seabird and seal colonies, as well as the vicinity of human habitation.

## Food

Sheathbills are opportunistic omnivores, predators and scavengers, feeding on strandline debris, algae and other vegetation, as well as on invertebrates, fish, seabird eggs and chicks, seal milk, blood, placentas, carrion, faeces, rodents and human refuse.

## Voice

Loud, high-pitched, strident and staccato calls.

## Breeding

Nests in crevices, caves and under boulders on untidy piles of vegetation and debris from seabird and seal colonies. Clutch usually 2–3 creamy-white eggs, blotched or speckled brown. Incubation period c.30 days. Young semi-precocial and nidicolous; fledging c.50 days after hatching; breeding at 3–5 years.

## Conservation

At risk from scavenging toxic wastes and from introduced predators such as feral cats, but large, scattered range with no evidence of significant overall population decline leads to conservation status assessment of Least Concern.
# 2014 Open GDF Suez Nantes Atlantique – Doubles

Lucie Hradecká and Michaëlla Krajicek were the defending champions, however Krajicek chose not to participate. Hradecká partnered Andrea Hlaváčková but withdrew before their quarterfinal match.
The Ukrainian-twins Lyudmyla Kichenok and Nadiia Kichenok won the title, defeating the French-duo Stéphanie Foretz and Amandine Hesse in the final, 6–2, 6–3.

## Seeds

* Andrea Hlaváčková / Lucie Hradecká (quarterfinals; withdrew)'
* Lyudmyla Kichenok / Nadiia Kichenok (champions)
* Lara Arruabarrena / Tatiana Búa (first round)
* Katarzyna Piter / Maryna Zanevska (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | A Hlaváčková L Hradecká | 7 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | E Hrdinová T Smitková | 5 | 6$^1$ | | 1 | A Hlaváčková L Hradecká | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Foretz A Hesse | 7$^7$ | 7$^{11}$ | | | S Foretz A Hesse | w/o | | | | | | | | | | |
| | G Barbieri J Konta | 6$^4$ | 6$^9$ | | | | | | | | S Foretz A Hesse | 7 | 6 | | | | |
| 3 | L Arruabarrena T Búa | 3 | 6$^5$ | | | | | | | | E Bogdan N Melichar | 5 | 2 | | | | |
| | E Bogdan N Melichar | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | E Bogdan N Melichar | 6$^2$ | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | L Marozava S Shapatava | 6 | 3 | [10] | | L Marozava S Shapatava | 7$^7$ | 3 | [6] | | | | | | | | |
| WC | M Arcangioli C Paquet | 2 | 6 | [6] | | | | | | | | | | | S Foretz A Hesse | 2 | 3 |
| WC | A Bacquié M Noël | 3 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | L Kichenok N Kichenok | 6 | 6 |
| | D Kovinić A Mitu | 6 | 6 | | | D Kovinić A Mitu | 7$^7$ | 7 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | E Cascino M Yerolymos | 3 | 0 | | 4 | K Piter M Zanevska | 6$^2$ | 5 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | K Piter M Zanevska | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | D Kovinić A Mitu | 3 | 5 | | | | |
| | N Abduraimova A Amanmuradova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 2 | L Kichenok N Kichenok | 6 | 7 | | | | |
| | S Klemenschits A Van Uytvanck | 2 | 3 | | | N Abduraimova A Amanmuradova | 7$^8$ | 1 | [8] | | | | | | | | |
| | R Hogenkamp K Siniaková | 3 | 2 | | 2 | L Kichenok N Kichenok | 6$^6$ | 6 | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | L Kichenok N Kichenok | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Ben Portis

Ben Portis (December 9, 1960 – July 20, 2017) was a Canadian artist, curator, and critic working in the fields of contemporary art including sound art, performance, music, and architecture.

## Biography

Portis had an MFA from the University of Chicago (1989), and a BFA from Queen's University, Canada (1984). He received his MA from Bard College Center for Curatorial Studies (2001) having undertaken his summer internship with the Bronx Museum of Art. He wrote extensively on art for publications including Parachute, Canadian Art, and Momus. From 2010 to 2013 he was curator of the MacLaren Art Centre in Barrie, Ontario, curating exhibitions of the work of Denyse Thomasos, Gordon Monahan, and others. From 2002 to 2009 Portis was assistant curator of contemporary art at the Art Gallery of Ontario, where he worked on numerous exhibitions including those by Harun Farocki, Eddo Stern, and Christo and Jeanne-Claude. In 2008 he collaborated with the Images Festival to bring the work of Charles Atlas to Toronto. After completing his MA in New York he worked with Lynne Cooke at the Dia Art Center. Before undertaking his MA, Portis founded the annual No Music Festival at the artist-run Forest City Gallery (co-founded by Greg Curnoe) in London, Ontario. The No Music Festival featured the work of Curnoe's group, the Nihilist Spasm Band, and released CD box sets of recordings. He died in a road accident in 2017.

## Selected curated exhibitions

* "Kent Monkman: The Triumph of Mischief", at the Glenbow Museum, February 13 to April 25, 2010
* "Kristan Horton: A Haptic Portrait of Groping Imaginations", at the MacLaren Art Centre, February 28 - May 26, 2013
* "Matt Bahen: Gravity's Faith", at MacLaren Art Centre, June 8 - September 1, 2013
* "Urban Jewels: Denyse Thomasos' Big Canvases", 1993 – 1999, at MacLaren Art Centre, September 12 - November 3, 2013
* "Baleful" at Pari Nadimi Gallery, February 4 - April 2, 2016
# 2741 Valdivia

2741 Valdivia (prov. designation: 1975 XG) is a background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 11 kilometers (6.8 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 1 December 1975, by Chilean astronomers Carlos Torres and Sergio Barros at the Cerro El Roble Station northwest of Santiago de Chile. The asteroid was named after Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia.

## Orbit and classification

Valdivia is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,540 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 10° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as 1935 CM at Uccle Observatory in February 1935, where the body's observation arc begins just a two weeks later, or more than 40 years before its official discovery observation at Cerro El Roble.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia (1502–1553), who conquered Chile with a small expedition corps after he served under Francisco Pizarro in Peru. Valdivia founded the cities Santiago (1541) and Concepción (1550) and became Chile's first royal governor. The city of Valdivia in southern Chile is also named after him. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 26 March 1986 (M.P.C. 10546).

## Physical characteristics
### Rotation period

In August 2016, the so-far best-rated rotational lightcurve of Valdivia was obtained by the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 4.098 hours with a brightness variation of 0.25 magnitude (U=3). Previously, in May 2003, photometric observations made by Donald P. Pray at the Carbuncle Hill Observatory (912) near Providence, Rhode Island, gave a synodic period of 4.096 hours and an amplitude of 0.40 in magnitude (U=2+). In addition astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory found a period of 4.096 hours with an amplitude of 0.28 om May 2011 (U=2), and French amateur astronomer René Roy obtained a period of 8.1922 hours (twice the period solution) with an amplitude of 0.36 (U=2).

### Poles

In 2016, an international study modeled a lightcurve with a concurring period of 4.09668±0.00005 hours and found two spin axes of (269.0°, −31.0°) and (103.0°, −59.0°) in ecliptic coordinates (λ, β) (U=n.a.).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Valdivia measures between 9.13 and 11.679 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.205 and 0.404, while the Japanese Akari satellite found an albedo of 0.244 and a diameter of 10.73 kilometers. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.10 – a compromise value between the carbonaceous (0.057) and stony (0.20) asteroids – and calculates a diameter of 17.52 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.9.
# 25th Filmfare Awards South

The 25th Filmfare Awards South ceremony honoring the winners of the best of South Indian cinema in 1977 was an event held in 1978.

## Awards
### Kannada cinema

| Best Film | Best Director |
| Tabbaliyu Neenade Magane - B. M. Venkatesh, Chandulal Jain | K. S. Prakash Rao - Ganda Hendathi |
| Best Actor | Best Actress |
| Manu - Tabbaliyu Neenade Magane | Manjula - Deepa |

### Malayalam cinema

| Best Film | Best Director |
| Itha Ivide Vare - Hari Pothan | I. V. Sasi - Itha Ivide Vare |
| Best Actor | Best Actress |
| Madhu - Yudhakaandam | Sheela - Lakshmi |

### Tamil cinema

| Best Film | Best Director |
| Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri - Panju Arunachalam | S. P. Muthuraman - Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri |
| Best Actor | Best Actress |
| Kamal Haasan - 16 Vayathinile | Sujatha - Avargal |

### Telugu cinema

| Best Film | Best Director |
| Adavi Ramudu - N.V.V. Satyanarayana | K. Raghavendra Rao - Premalekhalu |
| Best Actor | Best Actress |
| Krishnam Raju - Amaradeepam | Jayasudha - Aame Katha |

### Special Awards

* Special Commendation Award for Performance
* Sridevi - 16 Vayathinile
# Beacon House and Grove Cottage

Beacon House and Grove Cottage are grade II listed buildings in Hadley Green Road, Monken Hadley.
Beacon House is an eight-bedroom part timber-framed house built between the late 17th and early 18th centuries extending to approximately 5,000 square feet.
# Battle of Raqqa

Battle of Raqqa may refer to:
* Battle of Raqqa (2013), between Syrian opposition forces and the Syrian government
* Battle of Raqqa (2017), between Syrian Democratic Forces and the Islamic State
# Beana opala

Beana opala is a moth of the family Nolidae first described by Pagenstecher in 1900. It is found on the Bismarck Archipelago and Papua New Guinea.
# Beautiful Boy

Beautiful Boy may refer to:

## Music

* "Beautiful Boy (Darling Boy)", a 1980 song by John Lennon from Double Fantasy
* "Beautiful Boys", a 1980 song by Yoko Ono, also from Double Fantasy
* "Beautiful Boy", a song by Kelli Ali from Tigermouth
* "Beautiful Boy", a song by Nate Borofsky from Never Enough Time
* "Beautiful Boy", a song by Karol G from KG0516
* "Beautiful Boy", a song from the 2005 musical Lestat
* "Beautiful Boy", a song by The Last Dinner Party from Prelude to Ecstasy

## Other media

* Beautiful Boy (2010 film), a 2010 drama directed by Shawn Ku
* Beautiful Boy (2018 film), a 2018 film directed by Felix van Groeningen
* The Beautiful Boy (or The Boy), a 2003 book by Germaine Greer
* Beautiful Boy: A Father's Journey Through His Son's Addiction, a 2008 book by David Sheff
# Beclardia

Beclardia is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. There are two recognized species, both native to islands in the Indian Ocean:
* Beclardia grandiflora Bosser - Madagascar
* Beclardia macrostachya (Thouars) A.Rich. - Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion
# 2nd AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament

The 2nd AIBA European 2004 Olympic Qualifying Tournament was held in Warsaw, Poland from March 30 to April 4, 2004 at the annual Feliks Stamm Boxing Tournament. The top two in each weight category gained entry into the 2004 Summer Olympics.

## Medal winners

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Flyweight (– 51 kilograms) | Bato-Munko Vankeev (BLR) | Jérôme Thomas (FRA) | Igor Samoilenco (MDA)  Vincenzo Picardi (ITA) |
| Featherweight (– 57 kilograms) | Aleksei Tishchenko (RUS) | Shahin Imranov (AZE) | Alexey Shaydulin (BUL)  Marius Narkevicius (LTU) |
| Light Welterweight (– 64 kilograms) | Patrick Bogere (SWE) | Michele di Rocco (ITA) | Boris Georgiev (BUL)  Paul McCloskey (IRL) |
| Middleweight (– 75 kilograms) | Marian Simion (ROU) | Oleh Mashkin (UKR) | Aleksander Rubiuk (EST)  Dmitry Usagin (BUL) |
| Heavyweight (– 91 kilograms) | Vugar Alakbarov (AZE) | Daniel Betti (ITA) | Spyridon Kladouchas (GRE)  Vitali Michnienko (UKR) |

## Qualified
### Flyweight (– 51 kg)

* Bato-Munko Vankeev (BLR)
* Jérôme Thomas (FRA)

### Featherweight (– 57 kg)

* Aleksei Tishchenko (RUS)
* Shahin Imranov (AZE)

### Light Welterweight (– 64 kg)

* Patrick Bogere (SWE)
* Michele di Rocco (ITA)

### Middleweight (– 75 kg)

* Marian Simion (ROU)
* Oleh Mashkin (UKR)

### Heavyweight (– 91 kg)

* Vugar Alakbarov (AZE)
* Daniel Betti (ITA)
# 351 BC

Year 351 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Peticus and Crispinus (or, less frequently, year 403 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 351 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Persian Empire

* Encouraged by a failed effort at invasion of Egypt by King Artaxerxes III, Phoenicia and Cyprus revolt against Persia.

#### Greece

* Demosthenes tries to get the Athenians to cease depending on paid mercenaries and return to the old concept of a citizen army. He also delivers his First Philippic, warning Athenians of the folly of believing that Philip's ill health will save Athens from the Macedonians. In response, Athens' citizens vote for increased armaments.

#### Roman Republic

* The Etruscans are badly defeated by the Romans and abandon their attacks on the city and sue for peace.
* First use of the heavy throwing spear, the pilum, (according to Livy) in battle against the Gauls.
* Gaius Marcius Rutilus becomes the first Roman plebeian to be elected to the office of censor.

## Artaxerxes III and the Egyptian Revolt

In 351 BC, Artaxerxes III, the King of Persia, undertook a significant military campaign to reassert Persian control over Egypt, which had been in a state of revolt. The revolt was led by Nectanebo II, the last native pharaoh of Egypt's 30th Dynasty. Artaxerxes III prepared a large and well-equipped army to invade Egypt. His strategy involved not only military might but also political and diplomatic maneuvers to weaken Egyptian resistance. In 351 BC, Artaxerxes III launched his invasion. The Persians initially faced strong resistance from Nectanebo II and his forces, who utilized Egypt’s natural defenses, such as the Nile Delta's marshlands, to their advantage.

### Outcome

Despite the initial successes of the Egyptian defense, the Persian forces gradually gained the upper hand. The details of the campaign are sparse, but it is known that by 343 BC, Artaxerxes III successfully subdued Egypt, marking the end of Nectanebo II’s reign and the last period of native rule until the Ptolemaic dynasty.