OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 2010 Youngstown State Penguins football team

The 2010 Youngstown State Penguins football team represented Youngstown State University as a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC) during the 2010 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by first-year head coach Eric Wolford, the Penguins compiled an overall record of 3–8 with a mark of 1–7 in conference play, placing last out of nine teams in the MVFC. Youngstown State played their home games at Stambaugh Stadium in Youngstown, Ohio.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| September 4 | 12:00 pm | at No. 19 Penn State* | | Beaver StadiumUniversity Park, PA | BTN | L 14–44 | 101,213 |
| September 11 | 6:00 pm | Butler* | | Stambaugh StadiumYoungstown, OH | | W 31–7 | 18,025 |
| September 18 | 6:00 pm | Central Connecticut State* | | Stambaugh StadiumYoungstown, OH | | W 63–24 | 16,386 |
| September 25 | 4:00 pm | No. 13 Southern Illinois | | Stambaugh StadiumYoungstown, OH | | W 31–28 | 17,660 |
| October 2 | 1:00 pm | at Missouri State | No. 22 | Plaster Sports ComplexSpringfield, MO | | L 25–35 | 13,489 |
| October 9 | 4:07 pm | No. 18 North Dakota State | | Stambaugh StadiumYoungstown, OH | | L 29–34 | 15,068 |
| October 16 | 6:10 pm | at Western Illinois | | Hanson FieldMacomb, IL | | L 38–40 | 13,404 |
| October 23 | 2:05 pm | at South Dakota State | | Coughlin–Alumni StadiumBrookings, SD | | L 20–30 | 14,697 |
| October 30 | 1:00 pm | No. 19 Northern Iowa | | Stambaugh StadiumYoungstown, OH | | L 30–34 | 13,039 |
| November 6 | 1:05 pm | at Illinois State | | Hancock StadiumNormal, IL | | L 39–41 | 10,076 |
| November 13 | 1:00 pm | Indiana State | | Stambaugh StadiumYoungstown, OH | | L 24–30 | 10,483 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time |||||||||
# 2011 Farmers Classic – Doubles

Bob and Mike Bryan were the defending champions and winners of six of the last ten tournaments, but chose not to compete in this year's competition.
Mark Knowles and Xavier Malisse won this tournament, by defeating Somdev Devvarman and Treat Conrad Huey in the final, 7–6$^{(7–3)}$, 7–6$^{(12–10)}$. They were the first non-American doubles champions since 2002.

## Seeds

* Marcelo Melo / Bruno Soares (first round)
* Scott Lipsky / Rajeev Ram (first round)
* Mark Knowles / Xavier Malisse (champions)
* Jonathan Erlich / Andy Ram (semifinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking

### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals | Finals | Finals |
| 1 | M Melo B Soares | 3 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | S Devvarman TC Huey | 6 | 6 | | | S Devvarman TC Huey | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | G Müller J Murray | 3 | 6 | [13] | | G Müller J Murray | 2 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | A Bogomolov Jr. E Gulbis | 6 | 3 | [11] | | | | | | S Devvarman TC Huey | 7$^8$ | 6$^8$ | [10] | | | | |
| 4 | J Erlich A Ram | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | 4 | J Erlich A Ram | 6$^6$ | 7$^{10}$ | [4] | | | | |
| | G Dimitrov D Tursunov | 6$^4$ | 2 | | 4 | J Erlich A Ram | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Baghdatis M Russell | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | M Baghdatis M Russell | 1 | 6$^4$ | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | B Semenzato M Torres | 0 | 6$^5$ | | | | | | | | | | | | S Devvarman TC Huey | 6$^3$ | 6$^{10}$ |
| | T Bellucci A Falla | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | M Knowles X Malisse | 7$^7$ | 7$^{12}$ |
| | S Huss I Kunitsyn | 0 | 3 | | | T Bellucci A Falla | 3 | 2 | | | | | | | | | |
| | C Fleming R Hutchins | 1 | 4 | | 3 | M Knowles X Malisse | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | M Knowles X Malisse | 6 | 6 | | | | | | 3 | M Knowles X Malisse | 4 | 6 | [10] | | | | |
| | M Berrer T Haas | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | Y-h Lu F Moser | 6 | 4 | [7] | | | | |
| WC | J Blake R Sweeting | 1 | 4 | | | M Berrer T Haas | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Y-h Lu F Moser | 7 | 2 | [10] | | Y-h Lu F Moser | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | S Lipsky R Ram | 5 | 6 | [3] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Franz Holzweber

Franz Holzweber (20 November 1904 – 31 July 1934) was an Austrian National Socialist who was an accomplice to the assassination of the Chancellor of Austria, Engelbert Dollfuß, during the July Putsch in 1934.

## Biography

Holzweber was a trained electrical engineer and Protestant. He later married and had a child. At the time of the July Putsch, he lived in Mauer, Vienna. Holzweber joined the Nazi Party (member number 300,248) on 8 October 1930. He served as a sergeant in the Bundesheer from 1931 to 1933, when he was discharged for his involvement in Nazism.
With the codename "Captain Friedrich", Holzweber was a leader of the putschists during the raid on the Federal Chancellery on the day of the July Putsch on 25 July 1934. He, with Otto Planetta, was an accomplice to the murder of Chancellor Dollfuß. Holzweber was arrested after the coup's failure. On 31 July 1934, a military court found him guilty of high treason with Planetta, and sentenced both men to death. At his trial, Holzweber denied knowing that the coup would result in a small war.
   "I was assured that there would be no bloodshed. I was told also that I should find Herr Rintelen at the Chancellery, that the new Government was already formed. Not meeting the leader of the operation at the Chancellery, I disclosed myself at once to Major Fey. I told him, here I stand, and I do not know what I should do. More or less spontaneously I took over the responsibility for our men because no one was there to take charge of the matter."
Holzweber and Planetta were hanged by the executioner Johann Lang in the Vienna Regional Court the same day. They were hanged only three hours after their convictions, the minimum wait time required before carrying out a death sentence in Austria. On the court's instructions, Holzweber was the first to be hanged. His last words were "We die for Germany. Heil Hitler." Their bodies were not handed over to their relatives but instead cremated in the Simmering crematorium. Holzweber's ashes were later buried in the Mauer cemetery.

## Glorification in the Nazi State

After the Anschluss on 12 March 1938, Holzweber was praised a national hero and martyr. Following the Anschluss, numerous streets in Berlin and Dresden were named after him. A unit of SS Standard 89 was also named after him.
# 2011 Kazakhstan Cup

The 2011 Kazakhstan Cup was the 20th season of the Kazakhstan Cup, the annual nationwide football cup competition of Kazakhstan since the independence of the country. The competition began on 12 April 2011 and will end on a yet unknown date. Lokomotiv Astana were the defending champions, having won their first cup in the 2010 competition.
The winner of the competition will qualify for the first qualifying round of the 2012–13 UEFA Europa League.

## Round 1

The draw was conducted on 25 March 2010 at the offices of the Football Federation of Kazakhstan. Entering this round were 28 clubs from both the 2011 Premier League and First Division seasons. Both 2010 cup finalists, Lokomotiv Astana and Shakhter Karagandy, were given a bye to Round 2. The matches took place on 13 April 2011.
| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Akzhayik | 1–1 (p) 4–3 | Aktobe |
| Ak Bulak | 0–1 | Taraz |
| Aktobe-Zhas | 1–8 | Ordabasy |
| Ile-Saulet | 0–2 | Irtysh |
| Okzhetpes | 1–1 (p) 5–4 | Zhetysu |
| Sunkar | 2–0 | Vostok |
| Caspiy | 0–3 | Kaisar |
| Tsesna | 0–5 | Kairat |
| CSKA Almaty | 1–1 (p) 3–4 | Tobol |
| Astana | 0–2 | Atyrau |
| Bolat | 0–0 (p) 2–4 | Gefest |
| Kazakhmys | 2–1 | Spartak Semey |
| Kyzylzhar | 1–0 | Ekibastuz |
| Tarlan | 3–1 | Lashyn |

## Round 2

Entering this round of the competition were the 14 winners from Round 1 and the two finalists from last year's cup competition, Lokomotiv Astana and Shakhter Karagandy. These matches took place on 20 April 2011.
| Team 1 | Score | Team 2 |
| Tarlan | 0–1 | Sunkar |
| Tobol | 3–2 (a.e.t.) | Atyrau |
| Taraz | 4–1 | Akzhayik |
| Kazakhmys | 0–3 | Shakhter Karagandy |
| Gefest | 0–1 | Okzhetpes |
| Kyzylzhar | 2–5 | Irtysh |
| Ordabasy | 2–1 | Kaisar |
| Lokomotiv Astana | 1–1 (a.e.t.) (p) 2–4 | Kairat |

## Quarterfinals

Entering this round of the competition were the eight winners from Round 2. These matches took place on 11 May 2011.
# 2011 Kawasaki Frontale season

The 2011 Kawasaki Frontale season was Kawasaki Frontale's seventh consecutive season in J. League Division 1 and 10th season overall in the Japanese top flight. It also includes the 2011 J. League Cup, and the 2011 Emperor's Cup.

## Competitions
### J. League
#### League table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 9 | Vissel Kobe | 34 | 13 | 7 | 14 | 44 | 45 | −1 | 46 |
| 10 | Shimizu S-Pulse | 34 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 42 | 51 | −9 | 45 |
| 11 | Kawasaki Frontale | 34 | 13 | 5 | 16 | 52 | 53 | −1 | 44 |
| 12 | Cerezo Osaka | 34 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 67 | 53 | +14 | 43 |
| 13 | Omiya Ardija | 34 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 38 | 48 | −10 | 42 |

#### Results by round

| Round | 1 |
| Ground | H |
| Result | W |
| Position | 3 |
# Fred Caterson

Frederick Douglas Claude Caterson (20 August 1919 – 25 February 2000) was an Australian politician. He was the Liberal member for The Hills in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1976 to 1990.
Caterson was born at Nobbys Creek near the Tweed River, attending Sydney Boys High School from 1930–1935. He served in the Australian Military Forces before becoming chief industrial officer of Qantas 1943–1959. In 1959 he became Secretary of the Department of Labour and Chairman of the Employment Board of Papua New Guinea. In 1956 he was elected to Baulkham Hills Shire Council, serving until 1959. A member of the Liberal Party, he was re-elected in 1962 and served as Deputy President 1958–59 and 1965–83.
In 1976, the Liberal member for the local state seat of The Hills, Max Ruddock, resigned, and Caterson was chosen to contest the by-election for the Liberal Party, which he won easily. He remained on the backbenches in Parliament, holding his seat without difficulty until his resignation in 1990. The by-election held to replace him was won by Liberal candidate Tony Packard.
# 1995 Vuelta a Burgos

The 1995 Vuelta a Burgos was the 17th edition of the Vuelta a Burgos road cycling stage race, which was held from 7 August to 10 August 1995. The race started and finished in Burgos. The race was won by Laurent Dufaux of the Festina–Lotus team.

## General classification

| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Laurent Dufaux (SUI) | Festina–Lotus | 17h 08' 16" |
| 2 | Stefano Della Santa (ITA) | Mapei–GB–Latexco | + 13" |
| 3 | Gabriele Colombo (ITA) | Gewiss–Ballan | + 49" |
| 4 | Viatcheslav Ekimov (RUS) | Novell–Decca–Colnago | + 1' 05" |
| 5 | Bruno Cenghialta (ITA) | Gewiss–Ballan | + 1' 12" |
| 6 | Vicente Aparicio (ESP) | Banesto | + 1' 32" |
| 7 | Erik Breukink (NED) | ONCE | + 1' 50" |
| 8 | Vladimir Poulnikov (RUS) | Team Telekom | + 2' 01" |
| 9 | Álvaro Mejía (COL) | Motorola | + 2' 06" |
| 10 | Lance Armstrong (USA) | Motorola | + 2' 41" |
# Cam Thủy

Cam Thủy may refer to several places in Vietnam, including:
* Cam Thủy, Quảng Bình, a rural commune of Lệ Thủy District.
* Cam Thủy, Quảng Trị [vi], a rural commune of Cam Lộ District.
# Bromus tomentellus

Bromus tomentellus, the wooly brome, is a species of flowering plant in the family Poaceae, native to Crete, Turkey, the Caucusus, the Levant, Iraq, Iran, and Turkmenistan. It is a regionally important livestock forage species.
# Agir

Agir or AGIR may refer to:
* Agir (singer), Portuguese singer
* AGIR (student organization), Galician independence group
* Agir (Belgium), Belgian political party
* Agir (Brazil), Brazilian political party
* Agir (France), French political party
* Agir ensemble, French parliamentary group
* Réseau AGIR, French World War II espionage group
* AGIR General Association of Engineers of Romania
* SMS Ägir, Imperial German ship
* Aqel, also known as Agir, a village in East Azerbaijan Province, Iran
* Bingham Agir, Nauruan politician
* David Agir, Nauruan politician
# Albright–Goldman oxidation

The Albright–Goldman oxidation is a name reaction of organic chemistry, first described by the American chemists J. Donald Albright and Leon Goldman in 1965. The reaction is particularly suitable for the synthesis of aldehydes from primary alcohols. Analogously, secondary alcohols can be oxidized to form ketones. Dimethyl sulfoxide/acetic anhydride serves as oxidizing agent.
The reaction does not proceed further to the carboxylic acid.

## Reaction mechanism

The following figure shows the reaction mechanism:
First, dimethyl sulfoxide (1) reacts with acetic anhydride to form a sulfonium ion. It reacts with the primary alcohol in an addition reaction. Furthermore, acetic acid is cleaved, so that intermediate 2 is formed. The latter reacts upon elimination of acetic acid and dimethyl sulphide to the aldehyde.

## Example

The Albright–Goldman oxidation is a particularly mild oxidation process. Thus, it is suitable for the oxidation of compounds which are sensitive to nonselective oxidizing agents, such as indole alkaloids. This reaction can also be used for sterically hindered hydroxyl groups. An example for its application is the synthesis of the indole alkaloid yohimbine:

## Alternative reactions

An alternative method for the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes is the Swern oxidation.
# Bumble Hole Branch Canal

The present day Bumble Hole Branch Canal and Boshboil Branch surround Bumble Hole, a water-filled clay pit, in Bumble Hole and Warren's Hall Nature Reserve, Rowley Regis, West Midlands, England. They formed a looped part of the original Dudley No. 2 Canal until the opening of the Netherton Tunnel in 1858 when the loop was bypassed by a new cut, in line with the new tunnel. Part of the bypassed canal loop, which surrounds Bumble Hole, is now in-filled giving access to the pool of Bumble Hole. An area next to the Bumble Hole and Dudley canals is the Bumble Hole Local Nature Reserve.

## Cobb's Engine House

Between Windmill End Junction and the tunnel portal stands Cobb's Engine House, built in 1831 to pump water from coal mines into the canal.

## Bumble Hole railway

The Bumble Hole railway was used to cross the canal near Windmill End Junction, but was dismantled in 1969.

## Canal map

vteBumble Hole Branch Canal :
Legend :

## Features

| Point | Coordinates (Links to map resources) | OS Grid Ref |
| Netherton Tunnel south portal | 52°29′36″N 2°04′09″W﻿ / ﻿52.4933°N 2.0692°W﻿ / 52.4933; -2.0692﻿ (Netherton Tunnel) | SO953884 |
| Cobb's Engine House | 52°29′34″N 2°04′08″W﻿ / ﻿52.4929°N 2.0690°W﻿ / 52.4929; -2.0690﻿ (Cobb's Engine House) | SO953883 |
| Windmill End Junction | 52°29′30″N 2°04′13″W﻿ / ﻿52.4916°N 2.0702°W﻿ / 52.4916; -2.0702﻿ (Windmill End Junction) | SO952882 |
| Bumble Hole pool | 52°29′28″N 2°04′24″W﻿ / ﻿52.4912°N 2.0732°W﻿ / 52.4912; -2.0732﻿ (Bumble Hole pool) | SO950881 |
| Bumble Hole Branch (junction) | 52°29′24″N 2°04′21″W﻿ / ﻿52.4900°N 2.0725°W﻿ / 52.4900; -2.0725﻿ (Bumble Hole Branch (junction)) | SO950880 |
# Bulbophyllum osyricera

Bulbophyllum osyricera is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum.
# Alberti (Buenos Aires Underground)

Alberti is a station on Line A of the Buenos Aires Underground. The station belonged to the inaugural section of the Buenos Aires Underground opened on 1 December 1913, which linked the stations Plaza Miserere and Plaza de Mayo. Like the Pasco station, it is one of two stations of the line which only has one platform, in this case only serving passengers heading towards San Pedrito. The other platform (the ghost station Alberti Norte) is located just a few meters away, but was closed in 1953 since the proximity of Pasco station meant having so many stops in such quick succession slowed the line's frequency.
# Buena Vista, Illinois

Buena Vista is an unincorporated community located along Richland Creek in Stephenson County, Illinois at latitude 42.426 and longitude -89.678. The elevation is 797 feet. Buena Vista is in Orangeville Community School District. The Jane Addams bike trail passes through Buena Vista.
# Aleksandr Sheremetev

Count Aleksandr Dmitriyevich Sheremetev (11 March [O.S. 27 February] 1859 – 18 May 1931) was a Russian composer, conductor and entrepreneur. He founded his own private symphony orchestra in 1882, and from 1898 organized public concerts in Saint Petersburg involving the orchestra and a choir he had inherited from his father, Dmitri Sheremetev. He also founded the Musical Historical Society in 1910, which gave free lecture recitals involving his orchestra and choir.
Sheremetev conducted the Russian premiere of Richard Wagner's Parsifal in a series of three concerts in 1906; his conducting on that occasion was described by the press as "primitive". This was followed by Sheremetev conducting the opera's first Russian staging on 21 December 1913 (according to the Russian Old Style calendar; 3 January 1914 according to the standard Western calendar), performed at the Hermitage Theatre before the Imperial Family, the diplomatic corps, representative members of the State Duma and senior government officials. After two further performances there, the production transferred to the Theatre of Musical Drama.
On 10 June 1883 Sheremetev married Marie Heyden (born 1863 in Reval), daughter of Governor-General of Finland count Frederick Heyden (1821–1900) and Elisabeth Zubov (1833–1894).
In 1917, Count Aleksandr and his wife fled to their estates in Finland and escaped the Red Terror. They lost all their possessions in Russia, sold their Finnish estates and moved to Belgium and then to Paris. After a while the money ran out and they lived in poverty, helped somewhat by a charity. They both died in Paris in 1931 and were buried in the Russian cemetery there.
Their son, Georgy, fought for the Whites, fled Russia and worked as secretary for Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich of Russia in France in the 1920s.
# Bulbophyllum membranaceum

Bulbophyllum membranaceum is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum. It produces small maroon coloured flowers about six millimeters long. The pseudobulbs are rounded and each carries a single leaf. It is native to Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Borneo, Sumatra, and other countries in the South East Asia region.
# Alberto Murguia Orozco

* This article about a Mexican politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
Alberto Murguia Orozco (born 1955) is a Mexican businessman and politician. He is best identified as a partner of Jorge Hank Rhon in Grupo Caliente, one of Latin America's largest gaming corporations. Murguia first became elected to public office in 2006, when he was elected as a federal supplemental senator for the Partido Revolucionario Institucional. He is also the co-owner of the Mexican professional football team Club Tijuana.
# Alberto Morán

Alberto Morán (born Remo Andrea Domenico Recagno, Strevi, Alessandria, Italy, 15 March 1922 – Buenos Aires, 16 August 1997) was an Argentine tango musician. His works at Osvaldo Pugliese's Orchestras were notable, including songs 'Pasional', 'San José de Flores' and 'El abrojito'.
In 1958, Morán guest-starred in an episode of the CBS situation comedy Mr. Adams and Eve. He died in 1997.
# Bullockia (plant)

Bullockia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It was originally described as a subgenus of Canthium. The genus is distributed in eastern and southern Africa from Ethiopia to Transvaal, as well as Madagascar in bushland, woodland, savannas, and dry, deciduous forests.

## Etymology

Bullockia is a taxonomic anagram derived from the name of the genus Buckollia. The former name is a taxonomic patronym honoring the English botanist Arthur Allman Bullock.

## Species

Additional material has been reported from Madagascar, but at the moment remains undescribed.
* Bullockia dyscriton (Bullock) Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer - Kenya, Tanzania
* Bullockia fadenii (Bridson) Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer - Kenya
* Bullockia impressinervia (Bridson) Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer - Tanzania
* Bullockia mombazensis (Baill.) Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer - Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique
* Bullockia pseudosetiflora (Bridson) Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer - Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Uganda
* Bullockia setiflora (Hiern) Razafim., Lantz & B.Bremer - Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Eswatini, Natal, Transvaal
# Bunkai

Bunkai (分解), literally meaning "analysis" or "disassembly", "is a term used in Japanese martial arts referring to process of analysing kata and extracting fighting techniques from the movements of a 'form' (kata). The extracted fighting techniques are called Oyo."

## Process

Bunkai is usually performed with a partner or a group of partners which execute predefined attacks, and the student performing the kata responds with defenses, counterattacks, or other actions, based on a part of the kata. This allows the student in the middle to understand what the movements in kata are meant to accomplish. It also illustrates how to improve the technique by adjusting distances (Maai), timing, rhythm (Ritsudo) and fluidity (Nagare) in combat properly, in order to adapt and adjust any technique depending on the size of an opponent.
Some kata have another layer of application that is taught using an Oyo Bunkai, an "application of the kata in ways other than the standard bunkai." Different practitioners will learn or discover alternative applications, but the bunkai, like the kata, varies based on the style and the teacher.
A single kata posture or movement may be broken into anywhere from a few to a few dozen applications, and the same sequence of kata moves may sometimes be interpreted in different ways resulting in several bunkai. Students are encouraged to consider each movement and technique in a kata in response to multiple possible attacks, for example: use of a particular movement against a kick, against a punch, against various forms of grappling. Through analysis of the move and practice in variant scenarios, the student will unlock new techniques and expand their understanding of known ones. Some martial arts require students to perform bunkai for promotion.
Bunkai can be obvious or elusive depending on the technique in question, the moves preceding and following it, and the individual practitioner. There are usually many stages of depth of comprehension of bunkai only reached through the passage of time. The terms toridai and himitsu are used to refer to techniques not readily seen to the casual observer and hidden techniques within kata. For example, in Gōjū-ryū karate, two-man kata training is used to reinforce bunkai and correct technique. If techniques in the kata are not performed correctly they will not be effective in two man training.

## Rule sets for the process of bunkai

There are sets of rules which can be used to aid the correct analysis of kata for meaningful applications. Historically these were reputed to have been kept secret to prevent those without the rules from deciphering the meaning of the kata. The rule set used by Gōjū-ryū masters was known as Kaisai no genri. Similar but expanded and clarified rule sets have become available which are generally applicable to other styles of karate kata.

## Historical contention

It has been claimed by martial arts historian Nathan Johnson that the few original antique kata found in karate were actually intended for weapons combat or (in one example) for grappling, as opposed to ballistic strikes.