OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Axel Hägerström

Axel Anders Theodor Hägerström (6 September 1868, Vireda – 7 July 1939, Uppsala) was a Swedish philosopher.
Born in Vireda, Jönköping County, Sweden, he was the son of a Church of Sweden pastor. As student at Uppsala University, he gave up theology for a career in philosophy. Teaching there from 1893 until his retirement in 1933, he attacked the then dominant philosophical idealism of the followers of Christopher Jacob Boström (1797-1866). He is best known as a founder of the (quasi-) positivistic Uppsala school of philosophy—the Swedish counterpart of the Anglo-American Analytical Philosophy as well as of the Logical Positivism of the Vienna Circle—and as the founder of the Scandinavian legal realism movement.
Some of his work was published by the Muirhead Library of Philosophy.
He was Inspektor of the Östgöta nation from 1925 to his retirement in 1933.

## Contribution to legal understanding

The jurisprudential camp of legal realism, broadly speaking, consists of those scholars who strictly reject the concept of natural law and who believe that legal concepts, terminology and values should be based on experience, observation and experimentation and are thus, ‘real’.
Hägerström is considered to be the founding father of the Scandinavian school of legal realism. His disciples Karl Olivecrona, Alf Ross and Anders Vilhelm Lundstedt all take a similar basic view to Hägerström in their opinions on the language of Western law. Due to their verdict on natural law, they also reject the concept of human rights.
Hägerström, who had been influenced by the Neo-Kantianism of the Marburg school, rejected metaphysics in their entirety. His motto was: "Praeterea censeo metaphysicam esse delendam", paraphrasing Cato's famous "delenda Carthago". His opinion was that words such as ‘right’ and ‘duty’ were basically meaningless as they could not be scientifically verified or proven. They may have influence or be able to direct a person who obtains such a right or duty but ultimately, if they could not stand up to a factual test, they were mere fantasies. Similarly, Hägerström regarded all value judgements as mere emotional expressions using the form of judgements without being judgments in the proper sense of the word. This position caused Hägerström's critics to characterize his philosophy as "value nihilism" - a label that was invented by journalists and later endorsed by some of Hägerström's less orthodox followers, namely Ingemar Hedenius.
Hägerström attacked various words and legal concepts in his writings so as to prove they could not stand up to scientific application.

## Publications

* Aristoteles etiska grundtankar och deras teoretiska förutsättningar, Uppsala, Akamemiska boktrykeriet, E. Berling, 1893
* 'Axel Hägerström', Filosofiskt lexikon, ed Alfred Ahlberg, Natur & Kultur, Third edition, 1951
* Philosophy and Religion, (1964), English translation by Robert T. Sandin
* Inquiries into the Nature of Law and Morals, Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, ed. Karl Olivecrona, transl. C. D. Broad.
# Catholic Herald (disambiguation)

Catholic Herald is a London-based Roman Catholic monthly newspaper and magazine.
Catholic Herald may also refer to:
* The Arlington Catholic Herald, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Arlington
* Catholic News Herald, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Charlotte
* Hawaii Catholic Herald, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Honolulu
* The Superior Catholic Herald, of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior
# 1953 Swiss referendums

Three referendums were held in Switzerland during 1953. The first was held on 19 April on revising the federal law on postal delivery, and was rejected by 64% of voters. The second and third were held on 6 December on reordering the federal budget and adding a new article 24quater to the federal constitution on water pollution controls. The budget proposal was rejected by 58% of voters, whilst the constitutional amendment was approved by 81% of voters.

## Results
### April: Federal law on postal delivery

| Choice | Votes | % |
| For | 267,659 | 36.5 |
| Against | 466,431 | 63.5 |
| Blank votes | 15,489 | – |
| Invalid votes | 1,589 | – |
| Total | 751,168 | 100 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,426,714 | 52.7 |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver |||

### December: Federal budget

| Choice | Popular vote | Popular vote | Cantons | Cantons | Cantons |
| Choice | Votes | % | Full | Half | Total |
| For | 354,149 | 42.0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Against | 488,232 | 58.0 | 16 | 6 | 19 |
| Blank votes | 20,084 | – | – | – | – |
| Invalid votes | 1,617 | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 864,082 | 100 | 19 | 6 | 22 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,433,363 | 60.3 | – | – | – |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver ||||||

### December: Constitutional amendment

| Choice | Popular vote | Popular vote | Cantons | Cantons | Cantons |
| Choice | Votes | % | Full | Half | Total |
| For | 671,565 | 81.3 | 19 | 6 | 22 |
| Against | 154,234 | 18.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Blank votes | 20,938 | – | – | – | – |
| Invalid votes | 1,071 | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 847,808 | 100 | 19 | 6 | 22 |
| Registered voters/turnout | 1,433,363 | 59.1 | – | – | – |
| Source: Nohlen & Stöver ||||||
# Clearwater Lake (British Columbia)

Clearwater Lake is one of six large lakes in Wells Gray Provincial Park in east-central British Columbia, Canada,. The Clearwater River enters the lake at its north end, flowing from Hobson Lake and Azure Lake, and also drains the lake. There are several small streams that flow into Clearwater Lake, but it has no significant tributaries.

## Formation

The basin occupied by Clearwater Lake was scoured by glaciers during several ice ages, including the Wisconsin Ice Age which ended in this region about 10,000 years ago. The basin subsequently filled with meltwater, but its depth has never been measured reliably. The deepest point is believed to be just east of Diver's Bluff. When Dragon Cone erupted about 8,500 years ago, the lava flowed 15 km (9 mi) southwest to the Clearwater River, damming it to a height of 3 m (10 ft) and raising the level of existing Clearwater Lake just upstream. This flow is just one example of volcanic activity that has occurred in the Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field during the last 500,000 years.
Osprey Falls occurs where the Clearwater River empties out of Clearwater Lake. The waterfall is the height of the lava dam, but is over 500 m (1,640 ft) wide along an L-shaped brink. Osprey Falls is very hazardous to boaters on Clearwater Lake because of the strong current in the southern 3 km (1.9 mi). Up to 2020, 20 people had been swept over Osprey Falls and only three survived.

## Access and trails

The Clearwater Valley Road (also called Wells Gray Park Road) ends at Clearwater Lake. Wells Gray Park's largest campgrounds, Clearwater Lake and Falls Creek, are adjacent to Osprey Falls and have 80 sites total. Lake tours and a water taxi service operate from near the campgrounds. The public boat launching ramp is 3 km (1.9 mi) further up the lake.
A trail follows the lakeshore from the water taxi dock to the public boat launch. It continues for 1.5 km (0.9 mi), then climbs away from the lake to a viewpoint above the Easter Bluffs.
At the north end of Clearwater Lake, a portage trail provides access for canoeists and kayakers to nearby Azure Lake. The Hobson Lake trail also starts here and is 13 km (8.1 mi) long; it is a rigorous trail and hikers must ford Lickskillet Creek above Sundt Falls as the bridge washed out in 1998.
Some older maps show a trail to Azure and Zodiac Mountains from the east shore of Clearwater Lake, but this trail is no longer passable.
Seven campgrounds with a few sites at each are located along the east and west shores of Clearwater Lake. The only access is by boat.

## Naming

The Overlanders expedition to the Cariboo goldfields rafted down the North Thompson River in 1862. When they arrived at the mouth of the Clearwater River, they noted its distinct clarity compared to the muddy North Thompson and named it Clear Water. The lake was probably seen by white prospectors in 1866 and the river's name was extended to the lake.
# Belmont Building

The Thabet-Thabet Building, so named after its original owner, is a skyscraper situated along the banks of the river Nile in the Cairo suburb of Garden City, Egypt. Naoum Shebib was the architect, structural engineer and contractor for this 31 story building, completed in 1958.
The building is also popularly known to locals as the Belmont Building, as it once hosted a large advertisement for Belmont cigarettes on its rooftop
# Andy Lippincott

Andy Lippincott is a fictional character in the comic strip Doonesbury. An attorney, he is the openly homosexual best-friend of Joanie Caucus, one of the core members of the strip's ensemble cast. Although Joanie initially sees Andy as a potential romantic partner, the two become best friends, and she supports him as he navigates the difficulties of gay culture in the 1980s, including his eventual contraction of HIV and subsequent death from the disease.
Andy is significant for a number of reasons in the history of newspaper comics, including being the first openly gay character and the first character to die of AIDS.

## Publication history

The character first appears in January 1976, in a law library. Joanie Caucus becomes attracted to him before Lippincott says he is gay. Joanie is heartbroken, and takes some time to recover. Lippincott contributes position papers to Virginia Slade's failed run for Congress in 1976. He disappears from the strip for a few years after this storyline.
In 1982, the character reappears as an organizer for the Bay Area Gay Alliance, and contributes to the congressional re-election of Lacey Davenport. In 1989 he returns to the strip again when he is diagnosed with AIDS. Over the course of the next year, Lippincott's battles with the disease, and eventual death from it, helped bring the AIDS crisis into popular culture. Ultimately, he is shown dying to the sound of the Beach Boys' song "Wouldn't It Be Nice", finally fulfilling his wish to hear the (then newly released) CD version of their album Pet Sounds.
Shortly thereafter, Andy made posthumous appearances in the strip, making several days of appearances in a self-made video shown during his memorial service. He later appears in the dreams of Joanie and Mark Slackmeyer, helping the latter come to terms with his own homosexuality.

## Significance

This storyline led to more notability for Garry Trudeau, but three newspapers of the 900 carrying the strip refused to publish it as being in bad taste.
Andy Lippincott may be the only fictional character with a panel on the AIDS quilt. The panel (created by G. Scott Austen, Marceo Miranda and Juan-Carlos Castano) reads: "In Loving Memory: Andy Lippincott 1945–1990. Community leader, conservationist, author, Olympic medalist, and winner of the Nobel Peace Prize!" The panel hangs in The NAMES Project Foundation's offices in Atlanta and was not actually sewn into a block of The AIDS Memorial Quilt.
# Ben Mehdi

Ben Mehdi is a town and commune in El Taref Province, Algeria.
# 2000–01 Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team

The 2000–01 Gonzaga Bulldogs men's basketball team (also informally referred to as the Zags) represented Gonzaga University in the 2000–01 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The team was led by head coach Mark Few, in his 2nd season as head coach, and played their home games at the Charlotte Y. Martin Centre in Spokane, Washington. This was the Bulldogs' 21st season as a member of the West Coast Conference. Gonzaga reached the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA tournament for the 3rd consecutive season.

## Schedule and results

| Date time, TV | Rank$^#$ | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site (attendance) city, state |
| Regular season ||||||
| Nov 29, 2000* | | at No. 5 Arizona | L 87–101 | 3–1 | McKale Center Tucson, Arizona |
| Dec 16, 2000* | | at No. 8 Florida | L 71–85 | 5–3 | Stephen C. O'Connell Center Gainesville, Florida |
| Dec 30, 2000* | | Monmouth | W 95–69 | 6–4 | Charlotte Y. Martin Centre Spokane, Washington |
| Jan 2, 2001* | | New Mexico | L 80–81 $^{OT}$ | 6–5 | Charlotte Y. Martin Centre Spokane, Washington |
| Feb 24, 2001 | | at San Diego | W 72–69 | 21–6 (13–1) | Jenny Craig Pavilion San Diego, CA |
| 2001 West Coast Conference tournament ||||||
| Mar 3, 2001* | (1) | vs. (8) Saint Mary's Quarterfinals | W 105–65 | 22–6 | Jenny Craig Pavilion San Diego, CA |
| Mar 4, 2001* | (1) | at (4) San Diego Semifinals | W 76–68 | 23–6 | Jenny Craig Pavilion San Diego, CA |
| Mar 5, 2001* | (1) | vs. (3) Santa Clara Championship | W 80–77 | 24–6 | Jenny Craig Pavilion San Diego, CA |
| 2001 NCAA tournament ||||||
| Mar 16, 2001* | (12 S) | vs. (5 S) No. 16 Virginia First Round | W 86–85 | 25–6 | The Pyramid Memphis, TN |
| Mar 18, 2001* | (12 S) | vs. (13 S) Indiana State Second Round | W 85–68 | 26–6 | The Pyramid Memphis, TN |
| Mar 23, 2001* | (12 S) | vs. (1 S) No. 3 Michigan State Sweet Sixteen | L 62–77 | 26–7 | Georgia Dome Atlanta, GA |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. All times are in Pacific Time. ||||||
    Source:

## Awards and honors

* Casey Calvary – WCC Player of the Year
* Mark Few – WCC Coach of the Year
# Andrew K. McCosh

Andrew Kirkwood McCosh, J.P., D.L. (31 August 1880 – 27 September 1967) was an administrator in the coal and steel industries, born in Ayrshire, Scotland.

## Education

McCosh was educated at Fettes and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was awarded a B.A., Mechanical Science Tripos, in 1902.

## Career

He was the Chairman of the Scottish Iron Masters' Association from 1917–1939, the Lanarkshire Coal Masters' Association from 1934–1937, and the Scottish Colliery Owners in 1939. He was the President of the British Iron and Steel Federation in 1936–37. He was Deputy Controller, Raw Materials, Iron and Steel Control, at the Ministry of Supply from 1939–42. He was the President of the Mining Association of Great Britain from 1944–45 and a Governor of the Scottish Mining Disasters Relief Fund. He was the President of the British Employers' Confederation from 1945–46. He was Chairman of William Baird & Co. Ltd. and Bairds & Scottish Steel Ltd. He was the Director of Bairds & Dalmellington Ltd. and Provident Mutual Life Association. He was Deputy Lieutenant for Lanarkshire.

## Authorship of Government Documentation

He was one of the authors of the report by the Committee on Co-operative Selling in the Coal Mining Industry, which was a secret memorandum by the President of the Board of Trade.

## Steam Locomotive

The steam locomotive 4-6-2 A4 class BR 60003, originally named 'Osprey,' was renamed 'Andrew K. McCosh' after him in October 1942. He was Chairman of the LNER Locomotive Committee, coming to the LNER Board from that of the NBR. The locomotive was built in 1938 and based at King's Cross; it was withdrawn in 1962.

## Portrait

George Henry painted a portrait of McCosh in 1912. It is in the collection of North Lanarkshire Council Museums and Heritage Service.
# Ashby de la Zouch railway station

Ashby de la Zouch railway station is a former railway station at Ashby de la Zouch in Leicestershire on the Leicester to Burton upon Trent Line. The Midland Railway opened it in 1849 and British Railways closed it in 1964.
The station is a small Neoclassical building, with side pavilions and Doric columns in keeping with the nearby Royal Hotel of 1826. It is a Grade II* listed building.

## History

The Midland Railway opened the station on 1 August 1849 as part of its new line between Swannington and Burton-on-Trent. The station was built partly on the remains of the horse-drawn Ticknall Tramway, which previously connected Ticknall lime quarries with the Ashby Canal.
In 1874 the Midland extended its Derby to Melbourne line to Ashby de la Zouch, partly using the route of the former Ticknall Tramway. The junction with the Leicester to Burton-on-Trent line was just west of Ashby station, so for a time the branch was served by a separate station a short distance from the 1849 building.
Ashby station forecourt was also a terminus for the 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge Burton and Ashby Light Railway, a tramway between Ashby and Burton upon Trent, built by the MR and closed on 19 February 1927. Tram lines for the Burton and Ashby Light Railway are still visible in the forecourt.
The line became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway under the Grouping of 1923. In the nationalisation of transport in Britain in 1948 the line passed to the London Midland Region of British Railways. British Railways withdrew passenger services and closed Ashby station on 7 September 1964. The line continues to be used by freight services.

### Stationmasters

* Ebenezer Weston ca. 1851
* Botterell Jordan until 1862
* William E. Oldham 1862 - ca. 1866
* John Joseph Mumford 1870 - 1873
* Alfred Everett 1873 - 1908
* Thomas William Coltman 1908 - 1922
* William Cope 1922 - 1931 (formerly station master at Duffield)
* A.H. Glastonbury 1931 - 1937 (formerly station master at Denby)
* W. Slater from 1937

## Reopening proposals

In the 1990s BR planned to restore passenger services between Leicester and Burton as the second phase of its Ivanhoe Line project. However, after the privatisation of British Rail in 1995 this phase of the project was discontinued. In 2009 the Association of Train Operating Companies published a £49 million proposal to restore passenger services to the line that would include reopening a station at Ashby.
In 2018 the Campaign for the Reopening of the Ivanhoe Line (CRIL) – a community voluntary action group – was set up with the aim of restoring passenger services to the Burton to Leicester railway line. Although CRIL's aims include a station at Ashby, its exact location has not yet been defined, as the Ashby station building is now privately owned.
| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Swannington Line open, station closed | | Midland Railway Leicester to Burton upon Trent Line | | Moira Line open, station closed |
| Worthington Line closed, station closed | | Midland Railway Melbourne Line | | Moira Line open, station closed |
# Clearwater Lake (Cook County, Minnesota)

Clearwater Lake is a lake in Cook County, Minnesota, in the United States.
Clearwater Lake is an English translation of the Ojibwe-language name.
# Bejuco District

Bejuco is a district of the Nandayure canton, in the Guanacaste province of Costa Rica. Located on the Nicoya Peninsula.

## Geography

Bejuco has an area of 262.17 km² and an elevation of 10 metres.

## Villages

Administrative center of the district is the village of Bejuco.
Other villages in the district are Caletas, Candelillo, Corozalito, Chiruta, Chompipe (partly), I Griega, Islita, Jabilla, Jabillos, Maicillal, Maquencal, Milagro, Millal, Mono, Pampas, Paso Vigas, Pecal, Playa Coyote, Playa San Miguel, Pueblo Nuevo, Punta Bejuco, Puerto Coyote, Quebrada Nando, Quebrada Seca, Rancho Floriana, San Francisco de Coyote, San Gabriel, San Miguel, Triunfo and Zapote.

## Demographics

For the 2011 census, Bejuco had a population of 3,026 inhabitants.

## Transportation
### Road transportation

The district is covered by the following road routes:
* National Route 160
* National Route 163
* National Route 623
* National Route 903
* National Route 915
# Center for Improvisational Music

The Center for Improvisational Music (or CIM) is a non-profit corporation dedicated to the teaching of jazz and creative music with a heavy emphasis on the inner workings of improvising. Founded by Ralph Alessi in 2001 and based in Brooklyn, NY, CIM's main project is The School for Improvisational Music (or SIM) which since 2001 has presented 20 workshop series for 800 emerging improvisers from all over the globe. SIM's faculty includes Alessi, Ravi Coltrane, Jim Black, Jason Moran and Steve Coleman among others. The center stages performances and educational workshops, and has hosted an intensive two-week summer program for musicians.
# 2012 Swedish Golf Tour

The 2012 Swedish Golf Tour, titled as the 2012 Nordea Tour for sponsorship reasons, was the 29th season of the Swedish Golf Tour, the main professional golf tour in Sweden since it was formed in 1984, with most tournaments being incorporated into the Nordic Golf League since 1999.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 2012 season.
| Date | Tournament | Location | Purse (SKr) | Winner | Main tour |
| 28 Apr | PEAB PGA Grand Opening | Skåne | 500,000 | Niklas Lemke | NGL |
| 11 May | Club La Santa Championship | Denmark | DKr 300,000 | John Davies | NGL |
| 17 May | Elisefarm Open | Skåne | 400,000 | Jens Dantorp | NGL |
| 26 May | Söderby Masters | Uppland | 450,000 | Lucas Bjerregaard | NGL |
| 2 Jun | Svedala Open | Skåne | 450,000 | Marcus Larsson | NGL |
| 21 Jun | Nordea Open | Norway | 350,000 | Kristoffer Broberg | NGL |
| 6 Jul | Katrineholm Open | Södermanland | 300,000 | Kristoffer Broberg | NGL |
| 29 Jul | Gant Open | Finland | €40,000 | Niklas Bruzelius | NGL |
| 11 Aug | Isaberg Open | Småland | 400,000 | Lucas Bjerregaard | NGL |
| 18 Aug | SM Match | Uppland | 300,000 | Jesper Billing | NGL |
| 26 Aug | Landskrona Masters | Skåne | 400,000 | Jacob Glennemo | NGL |
| 15 Sep | Solkusten Masters | Öland | 400,000 | David Palm | NGL |
| 30 Sep | Nordea Tour Championship | Halland | 450,000 | Johan Carlsson | NGL |

## Order of Merit

The Order of Merit was titled as the Nordea Tour Ranking and was based on tournament results during the season, calculated using a points-based system.
| Position | Player | Points |
| 1 | Johan Carlsson | 251,361 |
| 2 | Kristoffer Broberg | 224,438 |
| 3 | Lucas Bjerregaard | 218,677 |
| 4 | Jacob Glennemo | 168,975 |
| 5 | Gustav Adell | 167,648 |
# Dakota, Wisconsin

Dakota is a town, as well as an unincorporated community in Waushara County, Wisconsin, United States. The town took its name from the community of the same name, which was platted for the community's first postmaster, Chapin M. Seeley, in 1853. It was likely named for the Dakota Territory which was in the news at the time. The unincorporated community of Bannerman is also located in the town. Bannerman was originally named Bannerman Junction in 1901 as a stop on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It was named for William and John Bannerman, two Scottish men who owned the area's granite company.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 33.8 square miles (87.4 km$^2$). 33.2 square miles (85.9 km$^2$) of it is land and 0.6 square miles (1.5 km$^2$) of it (1.75%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 1,259 people, 493 households, and 356 families residing in the town. The population density was 38.0 inhabitants per square mile (14.7/km$^2$). There were 693 housing units at an average density of 20.9 per square mile (8.1/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 93.33% White, 0.16% Native American, 0.40% Asian, 0.08% Pacific Islander, 5.40% from other races, and 0.64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.66% of the population.
There were 493 households, out of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. 22.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.97.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.6% under the age of 18, 6.4% from 18 to 24, 25.4% from 25 to 44, 24.9% from 45 to 64, and 16.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.9 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $34,931, and the median income for a family was $37,000. Males had a median income of $30,208 versus $19,438 for females. The per capita income for the town was $18,401. About 7.6% of families and 12.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.3% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.