OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Flapwheel

A flapwheel and the related flap disk is an abrasive disk, used for metal finishing. Unlike the simpler flat disks, made from a circular flat sheet of a coated abrasive, a flapwheel is made of multiple overlapping small pieces or 'flaps', bonded to a central hub.

## Advantages

The advantages of a flapwheel over a traditional disk are twofold:
* The separate flaps each attack the workpiece surface at a slightly different angle, and this varies slightly with tool angle. This avoids the common problem with flat sheets, where they produce repeated identical scratches.
* Abrasive wear is distributed more evenly across the flaps, and through the length of each flap. Flaps wear from their outer ends and the sheet carrier cuts back as the abrasive coating is worn away. The wheel remains useful even as the flaps erode. Compared to flat sheets, that are discarded after only a small area of the abrasive is truly worn-out, this is a much more efficient use of the abrasive material.

## Development

They appeared in the 1950s and their use was encouraged by developments in gas turbines. These demanded an increased production of fine investment castings that required careful polishing. In particular, the high centrifugal stresses these experienced in service required a finishing technique that did not give rise to oriented scratches that could act as stress risers.
The first flapwheels were made from cut sheets of abrasive, stacked into a multi-layered flat disk. These gained the advantage of long life from their materials, but their geometry was still flat and so they tended to produce surface flats if not carefully handled.
Early flapwheels were large diameter and intended for use on fixed buffing machines. They were used for deburring and polishing of castings, often instead of wire wheels. These cut faster, with less burnishing and surface contamination from the bristles.
Portable flapwheels were made by bonding radial flaps of abrasive into a hub fitted with a spindle shank. These were intended for use with electric drills and were limited to a maximum speed of around 1,000 rpm.
With developments in abrasive coating, the sheet material could withstand greater forces and speeds. This allowed the production of flapwheels for use with high speed angle grinders. These disks were different in format: flatter, like the original rigid angle grinder disks, and with the flaps arranged in a densely overlapped layout rather than radial. The extra lifetime this gave to the disk allowed their use for stock removal and metal shaping, not just finishing and polishing.
The flexibility of a flapwheel is an advantage for smoothing curved work and avoids the production of facets, as was a problem for rigid disks. This was taken further advantage of with the development of foam-bonded flapwheels. These use fewer flaps, spaced apart by a flexible foam spacer. This makes them even more flexible, thus more suited for producing a smooth finish to curved surfaces.
# Bois Delai

Bois Delai is a village in the Chardonnières commune of the Chardonnières Arrondissement, in the Sud department of Haiti.
# Chabua Air Force Station

Chabua Air Force Station (ICAO: VECA) is an Indian Air Force base located at Chabua of Dibrugarh district in the state of Assam, India.

## History
### US Air Force

This Base was built in 1939. During World War II it was a major supply point for the ferrying of supplies to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek's forces in and around Kunming, China. This was known as "Flying the Hump".
The Japanese occupation of Burma in 1942 had cut off the Burma Road, the last land route by which the Allies could deliver aid to the Chinese Government of Chiang Kai-shek. Until the Burma Road could be retaken and the Ledo Road completed, the only supply route available was the costly and dangerous route for transport planes over the Himalayas between India's Assam Valley and Kunming, China. This route became known as the Himalayan Hump or simply The Hump.
Operated initially by the United States Army Air Forces Ferrying Command (later Air Transport Command) China Ferrying Command (later ATC India China Wing). The 1st Ferrying (later Transport) Group operated three squadrons of C-47 Skytrain and C-46 Commando aircraft from Chabua. The airfield was also an important layover stop of the ATC Karachi-Kunming air transport route. Flights operated west to Agra Airport, Willingdon Airfield (New Delhi), Gaya Airport, Assam (Borjhar Airport) and east into Dali Airport, and Kunming (Wujiaba Airport) in China
While the route kept the transports relatively free from enemy attack (Enemy action destroyed only seven aircraft, killing 13 men) it led over rugged terrain, through violent storms, with snow and ice at the higher altitudes the planes flew over the mountains. Flying the Himalayan Hump would turn out to be some of the most dangerous flying in the world. Over the course of action there were 460 aircraft and 792 men lost. Still, the operations were a success. There were 167,285 trips that moved 740,000 tons of material to support Chinese troops and other Allied forces.
In addition to the ATC transport units, elements of the Tenth Air Force 380th Bombardment Group, 375th Bombardment Squadron operated B-24 Liberators from the airfield, flying long range bombardment missions into Burma, south China, Thailand (Bangkok) and well as French Indochina (Haiphong). A total of 8 B-24s were lost. Also the B-24s were used to ferry aircraft fuel into China.

## Indian Air Force

The airfield was abandoned after World War II. IAF commenced operations from this airfield in 1962 amid increased tensions with China and following the annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China. Initially Dakotas and Vampires, later Hunters, Otters and Mi-4 helicopters commenced air operations from Chabua air base. In the mid-seventies, subsequent to the runway upgradation and renovation.

### Squadrons

No. 102 Squadron IAF
No. 14 Wing
# Catherine Wihtol de Wenden

Catherine Wihtol de Wenden (born 6 June 1950) is a French political scientist. She is the Research Director at the French National Centre for Scientific Research and a senior researcher at the Institute for International Political Studies. Wihtol de Wenden specializes in migration studies. She is also an activist for the right to immigration in France.

## Career

Wihtol de Wenden earned a PhD from the Institut d'études politiques de Paris in 1986. She then joined the political science faculty of the French National Centre for Scientific Research, where she later became Research Director. She is also a senior researcher at the Institute for International Political Studies.
Wihtol de Wenden has been a consultant to the OECD, the Council of Europe, and the European Commission as well as an external expert to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. She was also a member of the French National Commission on Security Ethics (fr) from 2003 to 2011.
In 2014, she was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honor. In 2018, she was promoted to the rank of Officier. She also won the médaille d'honneur from the French National Centre for Scientific Research in 2017.
Wihtol has been vocal in the French media in support of loosening restrictions on migration to France.

## Selected works

* Citoyenneté, nationalité et immigration, Arcantère, 1987
* Les immigrés et la politique. Cent-cinquante ans d'évolution, Presses de la FNSP, 1988
* Les étrangers dans la cité. Expériences européennes, with Olivier Le Cour Grandmaison, La Découverte, 1993
* La bourgeoisie. Les trois âges de la vie associative issue de l'immigration, with R. Leveau, CNRS Ed., 2001. (pocket edition 2007, ISBN 978-2271065964)
* Atlas des migrations: Un équilibre mondial à inventer, 2012, ISBN 978-2746730816.
* Pour accompagner les migrations en Méditerranée, L'Harmattan, 2013, ISBN 978-2-343-01077-9
* L'Immigration. Découvrir l'histoire, les évolutions et les tendances des phénomènes migratoires, Eyrolles, 2016, ISBN 978-2-212-56472-3

## Selected awards

* Officier, Legion of Honor
* Médaille d'honneur, French National Centre for Scientific Research
# Franex

Franex is a village and former municipality in the district of Broye in the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland.
It was first recorded in 1242 as Frasnei.
The municipality had 84 inhabitants in 1811, which increased to 131 in 1850. It then declined to 115 in 1900, 110 in 1950 and 46 in 1990.
In 1992 the municipality was incorporated into the larger, neighboring municipality Murist.
# Bampton Castle, Devon

Bampton Castle in the parish of Bampton, Devon was the seat of the feudal barony of Bampton. It is located on a spur that overlooks the River Batherm.

## History

In Saxon times a defensive mound was built. After the Norman Conquest of England following the Battle of Hastings of 1066, the land the buildings on it, captured from Edward the Elder, were awarded to Walter Douai, who had established himself at the location by 1086. He, or perhaps his son Robert, were the ones to erect the first fortification at the site. It was a simple fortification, employing the motte and bailey style of defence. A twelve-meter motte was fortified by a timbre palisade on top. The motte was square in shape, with one side protected by the river.
In 1136, during the civil war it was used against the King. King Stephen laid siege to the castle and the fortifications were burnt down. Later, a stone mansion was built on the motte, and in 1336 the lord of the manor, Richard Cogan, obtained a royal licence to crenellate it and surround it with a stone and mortar wall. It is believed that in 1607 part of the building fell down due to an earthquake. Since then the stonework has all been removed but the motte survives as a prominent mound on the outskirts of the village. Today the remains of the castle exist on a high mound around sixty meters in a diameter, which is surrounded by a circular, partially buried ditch. Ruins of a rectangular enclosure exist to the east that is around seventy five meters by sixty meters.
# William Leon Dawson

William Leon Dawson (1873–1928) was a noted American ornithologist, author and lecturer.

## Early years

William Dawson was born on 20 February 1873 at Leon, a small county seat in southern Iowa just north of the Missouri state line. He was the only child of William E. and Ada Eliza Sarah (née Adams) Dawson and would spend his early years living in Iowa, Kansas, Ohio and Washington state. Dawson received his Bachelor of Arts degree at Oberlin College and his Bachelor of Divinity degree from Oberlin Theological Seminary. Like his father, Dawson became a Seventh-day Adventist minister, but by the early 1900s had chosen instead the field of ornithology as his full-time profession.

## Career

Dawson was a lifelong photographer of birds and had over his career authored numerous articles and books on the subject. His major works were Birds of Ohio: A Complete Scientific and Popular Description of the 320 Species of Birds Found in the State (1903), Birds of Washington: A Complete Scientific and Popular Description of the 372 Species of Birds Found in the State (1909) and Birds of California: A Complete Scientific and Popular Description of the 580 Species of Birds Found in the State (1923).
In California, Dawson, a proponent of using bird motifs in art, maintained a studio at Los Colibris in Mission Canyon near Santa Barbara where he displayed his extensive Oology and photographic collection. In 1916 he founded the Museum of Comparative Oology on his Mission Canyon property that soon became the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History. Dawson served as the museum's first director until 1925 when Ralph Hoffmann, a natural history teacher and amateur ornithologist, was named to replace him. Dawson also founded The Birds of California Publishing Company and was involved with several ornithology and nature conservation clubs. Throughout his career Dawson was active on the national lecture circuit giving talks on the different species of birds, their habitats and the importance of conservation.

## Marriage

William Dawson married New York native Frances Etta Ackerman at Shabbona, Illinois on 1 May 1895. The couple went on to be the parents of two sons and a daughter, William Oberlin, Giles Edwin, and Barbara Dorothy. William studied to be an ornithologist while Giles Dawson went on be curator of books and manuscripts of the Folger Shakespeare Library.

## Death

William Leon Dawson died at White Cross Hospital in Columbus, Ohio on 30 April 1928 after a short bout with influenza that had worsened into pneumonia. At the time of his death he was working on an updated edition of his book Birds of Ohio.
# Cape Burney, Western Australia

28°51′29″S 114°38′35″E﻿ / ﻿28.858°S 114.643°E﻿ / -28.858; 114.643
Cape Burney is a coastal town and locality 12 kilometres (7 mi) south of Geraldton, Western Australia at the mouth of the Greenough River. Its local government area is the City of Greater Geraldton. At the 2016 census, Cape Burney had a population of 500.
The locality was gazetted in 1985.
Cape Burney contains a caravan park, popular with surfers and recreational fishermen, as well as the Southgate Dunes to the north of the settlement which separate the settlement from Geraldton.
# Chamaecrista bucherae

Chamaecrista bucherae is a species of flowering plant in the plant family Fabaceae. This shrub rarely attains the size of a small tree. It is confined to coastal lowland. It is in danger of extinction because of degrading land. It is found only in Cuba.
# Live birth

Live birth may refer to:
* Viviparity, a reproductive mode wherein an embryo develops inside the body of its mother
* In human reproduction, the birth of a living child (as opposed to stillborn); see Live birth (human)
# Catholic Church in Namibia

The Catholic Church in Namibia is part of the Catholic Church under the universal, direct jurisdiction of the supreme Vicar of Christ, the Bishop of Rome and the Catholic world, the Pope.
As of 2024, there were 693,000 Catholics in Namibia, about 22.8% of the total population; there were 101 priests and 452 nuns serving across 99 parishes.
The country is divided into two dioceses, including one archdiocese together with an Apostolic Vicariate. The archbishop is Liborius Ndumbukuti Nashenda.
# Catalan Open

The Catalan Open was a European Tour golf tournament which was played annually from 1989 to 1996, except for 1990. It was played at several different golf courses in Catalonia, Spain. It never had the same full official name two years in a row, due to sponsorship and preferred language changes. The winners included future two-time Masters champion José María Olazábal. The prize fund was £200,000 in 1989 and £300,000 in all other years (plus the usual minor increments to the guaranteed amount for additional players who made the cut). By the final year this was the second smallest purse on the tour.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up | Venue |
| Catalan Open |||||||
| 1996 | Paul Lawrie | 135 | −9 | 1 stroke | Fernando Roca | Bonmont |
| Open Catalonia |||||||
| 1995 | Philip Walton | 281 | −7 | 3 strokes | Andrew Coltart | Peralada |
| Heineken Open Catalonia |||||||
| 1994 | José Cóceres | 275 | −13 | 3 strokes | Jean-Louis Guépy | Pals |
| Heineken Open |||||||
| 1993 | Sam Torrance | 201 | −15 | 3 strokes | Jay Townsend | Osona Montanya |
| Catalan Open |||||||
| 1992 | José Rivero | 280 | −8 | 1 stroke | José María Cañizares Johan Ryström Haydn Selby-Green | Mas Nou |
| Open Catalonia |||||||
| 1991 | José María Olazábal | 271 | −17 | 6 strokes | David Feherty | Bonmont Terres Noves |
| Catalan Open |||||||
| 1990 | Cancelled due to lack of sponsorship | Cancelled due to lack of sponsorship | Cancelled due to lack of sponsorship | Cancelled due to lack of sponsorship | Cancelled due to lack of sponsorship | Cancelled due to lack of sponsorship |
| Massimo Dutti Catalan Open |||||||
| 1989 | Mark Roe | 279 | −13 | 1 stroke | Gordon Brand Jnr Colin Montgomerie José María Olazábal | Pals |
# Bagli Assembly constituency

BagliAssembly constituency, also spelled Bagali, is one of the seats in Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly in India. It is a segment of Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly
### As a part of Madhya Bharat

* 1952: Mishrilal Gangwal, Indian National Congress
* 1957: Gopal Das Singi, Indian National Congress

### As a part of Madhya Pradesh

* 1962: Kailash Chandra Joshi, Bharatiya Jan Sangh
* 1967: Kailash Chandra Joshi, Bharatiya Jan Sangh
* 1972: Kailash Chandra Joshi, Bharatiya Jan Sangh
* 1977: Kailash Chandra Joshi, Janata Party
* 1980: Kailash Chandra Joshi, Bharatiya Janata Party
* 1985: Kailash Chandra Joshi, Bharatiya Janata Party
* 1990: Kailash Chandra Joshi, Bharatiya Janata Party
* 1993: Kailash Chandra Joshi, Bharatiya Janata Party
* 1998: Shyam Holani (Congress)
* 2003: Deepak Joshi, Bharatiya Janata Party. (Son of Kailash Joshi)
* 2008: Champalal Devda, Bharatiya Janata Party
* 2013: Champalal Devda, Bharatiya Janata Party
| Election | Name | Party | Party |
| 2018 | Pahad Singh Kannoje | | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2023 | Murli Bhawara | | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results
### 2018

2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Bagli :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Kannoje Pahadsingh | 89,417 | 48.33 |
| | INC | Kamal Waskale | 77,574 | 41.93 |
| | IND | Tersingh Devda | 8,234 | 41.93 |
| | NOTA | None of the Above | 3,086 | 1.67 |
| | BSP | Mukesh Kumar Bhilala | 2,136 | 1.15 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 11,843 | 6.51 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,85,085 | 83.41 |
| | BJP hold | BJP hold | Swing | |

### 2013

2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election: Bagli :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Champalal Devda | 87,580 | 55.62 |
| | INC | Tersingh Devda | 62,248 | 39.53 |
| | NOTA | None of the Above | 2,938 | 1.87 |
| | BSP | Bheem Singh Morya | 1,759 | 1.12 |
| | IND | Rajendra-Kedar | 1,070 | 0.68 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 25,332 | 16.39 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,57,564 | 77.22 |
| | BJP hold | BJP hold | Swing | |
# Attiégouakro Department

Attiégouakro Department is a department of Ivory Coast. It is one of two departments in the Yamoussoukro Autonomous District.

## Population and sub-prefectures

In the 2021 census, Attiégouakro Department had a population of 49,513. The department is divided into two sub-prefectures, Attiégouakro and Lolobo.

## History

Attiégouakro Department was created as in 2009 as a second-level subdivision when Lac Region's Yamoussoukro Department was divided in two.
In 2011, districts were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions were reorganised and became second-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third-level subdivisions. At this time, Attiégouakro Department became part of Yamoussoukro Autonomous District, one of two districts in the country with no regions.
# Cape Burr

Cape Burr is a headland in the Australian state of South Australia on the east coast of Eyre Peninsula in the gazetted locality of Port Neill about 0.5 kilometres (0.31 miles) east of the locality's town centre. It is the southern extremity of Dutton Bay.
The cape is one of several geographical features named during the first land-based European exploration of the eastern coast of Eyre Peninsula in 1840 by George Gawler, the Governor of South Australia. It was named after Thomas Burr, the Deputy Surveyor General of South Australia, who was one of those in the party accompanying Gawler.
# Bob Johnstone (singer)

Bob Johnstone (September 22, 1916 – May 6, 1994) was an American traditional pop music singer. His birthname was Robert Morton Johnston.
Johnstone was born Chattanooga, Tennessee, moving with his family to Atlanta, then to the family hometown of Nashville, Tennessee, where he grew up. In 1938 he married Georgia Frances Byram; they were to have a son and two daughters.

## Early career

Johnstone began singing professionally in Nashville in 1940 on radio and with the dance orchestras of Beasley Smith and Francis Craig. In 1943 he went to New York City where the following year he was signed by Paul Whiteman for his Philco Hall of Fame radio broadcast on NBC's Blue Network (later ABC).

## Post-war career

After service in the United States Merchant Marine in the last 18 months of World War II, he resumed his singing career (changing his name to Johnstone). In 1946 he rejoined the Whiteman orchestra for an all-Gershwin tour, along with singer Mindy Carson and pianist Earl Wild. In 1946-7, Johnstone sang with the orchestras of Larry Clinton and Harry Soznick, and played an extended engagement at the Copacabana night club as featured singer for headliners such as Frank Sinatra. In 1947-8 he was the male vocalist with Shep Fields' "Rippling Rhythm" orchestra, joined by singer Toni Arden. He made a number of recordings in those years on the Decca and Musicraft labels. Johnstone left Shep Fields' orchestra in Los Angeles in the summer of 1948 and, for family reasons, returned to Nashville. He continued to sing in the 1950s–60s on WSM radio and television on their "Waking Crew" morning broadcasts and the televised "Noon Show". He also was the male vocalist with the dance orchestra of Owen Bradley. He began a second career as a commercial artist. From 1970 to 1990 he was the Vice President and Artistic Director for the National Poster Company in Chattanooga, retiring back to Nashville in 1990.
# Aidan Devaney

Aidan Devaney is a Gaelic footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Calry-St Joseph's and at senior level for the Sligo county team.
Devaney helped Sligo past Leitrim and into Croke Park in the 2022 Tailteann Cup. He made two saves against London at Markievicz Park in an earlier game (one of which was a penalty) when extra time was needed for Sligo to advance.
In October, Devaney was named on Tailteann Cup Team of the Year.

## Honours
### Individual

* Tailteann Cup Team of the Year (1): 2022