# Lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in Catalan

These are lists of spelling-to-sound correspondences in the Catalan language. The two main standard forms (Standard Catalan and Standard Valencian) are used as primary transcriptions norms of their respective spelling forms.

## Spelling patterns and pronunciation in Catalan and Valencian

Consonants and combinations of consonant letters :
| Spelling | Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Other values (IPA) | Examples |
| Spelling | Spelling | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Examples | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Examples |
| b | initially and medially (elsewhere) | /b/ | /b/ | blau, roba | /p/ | /p/ | Baotou |
| b | medially before a lateral | /bː/ | /b/ | poble | — | — | — |
| b | medially before a nasal | /mː/ | /b/ | submarins | — | — | — |
| b | medially before a nasal | /nː/ | /b/ | obnoxi | — | — | — |
| b | medially before a voiceless cons. | /p/ | /p/ | absolut | — | — | — |
| b | finally | /p/ | /p/ | cub | Ø | Ø | amb |
| b | finally | /p/ | /p/ | cub | Ø | /p/ | tomb |
| bb | bb | /bː/ | /bː/ | abbàssida | /b/ | /b/ | lobby |
| bh | bh | /b/ | /b/ | subhasta | — | — | — |
| bs | bs | /ps/ | /ps/ | abstracte | — | — | — |
| bv | bv | /bː/ | /bv/ | obvietat | — | — | — |
| ç | final before vowels or a voiced cons. | /z/ | /z/ | feliçment | — | — | — |
| ç | elsewhere | /s/ | /s/ | açò | — | — | — |
| c | before e, i | /s/ | /s/ | ciri | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | Versace |
| c | initially and medially (elsewhere) | /k/ | /k/ | casa | /t͡s/ | /t͡s/ | Cao Zhi |
| c | finally | /k/ | /k/ | rec | Ø | /k/ | banc |
| c | medially before a voiced cons. | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | ècdisi | — | — | — |
| c | medially before a nasal | /ŋ/ | /ŋ/ | tècnics | — | — | — |
| cc | before e, i | /ks/ | /ks/ | acció | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | Gucci |
| *ch (old form and loanwords) | *ch (old form and loanwords) | /k/ | /k/ | Lluch | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | Alborch |
| *ch (old form and loanwords) | *ch (old form and loanwords) | /k/ | /k/ | Lluch | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | quiche |
| *ch (old form and loanwords) | *ch (old form and loanwords) | /k/ | /k/ | Lluch | /x/ | /x/ | Bach (Ge. surname) |
| cch (in loanwords) | cch (in loanwords) | /k/ | /k/ | Crecchio | — | — | — |
| cht (in loanwords) | cht (in loanwords) | /t/ | /t/ | yacht | — | — | — |
| ck (in loanwords) | ck (in loanwords) | /k/ | /k/ | hacker | — | — | — |
| cks (in loanwords) | cks (in loanwords) | /ks/ | /ks/ | snacks | — | — | — |
| cs | cs | /ks/ | /ks/ | dacsa | — | — | — |
| ct | initially | /t/ | /t/ | ctònic | — | — | — |
| ct | medially | /kt/ | /kt/ | acte | — | — | — |
| cz | before e, i | /gz/ | /gz/ | èczema | — | — | — |
| d | initially and medially | /d/ | /d/ | dolç, cada | /t/ | /t/ | Dalian |
| d | finally | /t/ | /t/ | sord | Ø | /t/ | rotund |
| dd | dd | /dː/ | /dː/ | adduir | — | — | — |
| dg | before e, i | /dʒ/ | /dd͡ʒ/ | pidgin | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | bridge |
| dg | elsewhere | /dɡ/ | /dɡ/ | Edgar | — | — | — |
| dh | dh | /d/ | /d/ | adhesiu | — | — | — |
| dj | dj | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | Django | — | — | — |
| dj | dj | /dʒ/ | /dd͡ʒ/ | adjunt | — | — | — |
| dm | dm | /dm/ | /dm/ | cadmi | — | — | — |
| dn | dn | /dn/ | /dn/ | adnat | — | — | — |
| ds | ds | /t͡s/ | /t͡s/ | adscriure | — | — | — |
| dv | dv | /db/ | /dv/ | ludvígia | — | — | — |
| f | medially before a voiced cons. | /v/ | /v/ | hafni | — | — | — |
| f | elsewhere | /f/ | /f/ | fars | — | — | — |
| ff (in loanwords) | ff (in loanwords) | /fː/ | /fː/ | affidavit | /f/ | /f/ | office |
| fh | fh | /f/ | /f/ | sulfhídric | — | — | — |
| g | before e, i | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | gens | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | collage |
| g | before e, i | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | gens | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | bagel |
| g | initially and medially (elsewhere) | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | gana, àgab | /k/ | /k/ | Gansu |
| g | medially before a lateral | /ɡː/ | /ɡ/ | regla | — | — | — |
| g | medially and finally after i (see ig) | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | mig | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | amígdala |
| g | medially and finally after i (see ig) | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | migdia | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | amígdala |
| g | finally | /k/ | /k/ | reg | Ø | /k/ | sang |
| gg | before e, i | /ʒː/ | /d͡ʒ/ | suggerir | — | — | — |
| gg | elsewhere | /ɡː/ | /ɡː/ | burggravi | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | ziggurat |
| gh (in loanwords) | gh (in loanwords) | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | oghuz | — | — | — |
| ght (in loanwords) | ght (in loanwords) | /t/ | /t/ | light | — | — | — |
| gm | gm | /ŋm/ | /ŋm/ | estigma | — | — | — |
| gn | initially | /n/ | /n/ | gnom | — | — | — |
| gn | medially | /ŋn/ | /ŋn/ | cigne | /ɲ/ | /ɲ/ | cognac |
| gs | gs | /ks/ | /ks/ | regs | — | — | — |
| gs | gs | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | migs | — | — | — |
| h | h | Ø | Ø | hivern | /h/ | /h/ | hàmster |
| j | j | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | jocs | /ʒ/ | /j/ | ja |
| j | j | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | jocs | /j/ | /j/ | Jotti |
| j | j | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | jocs | /x/ | /x/ | jota (d.) |
| j | j | /ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | jocs | /ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | Rijkov |
| k (in loanwords) | k (in loanwords) | /k/ | /k/ | kiwi | Ø | Ø | knock-out |
| kh (in loanwords) | kh (in loanwords) | /x/ | /x/ | abkhaz | /k/ | /k/ | kha |
| ks (in loanwords) | ks (in loanwords) | /ks/ | /ks/ | quarks | — | — | — |
| l | l | /l/ | /l/ | laca | /l/ | Ø | altre |
| ł (in loanwords) | ł (in loanwords) | /w/ | /w/ | Wojtyła | — | — | — |
| ll | ll | /ʎ/ | /ʎ/ | llac, cella, ell | /ʎ/ | /l/ | estrel(l)a |
| ll | ll | /ʎ/ | /ʎ/ | llac, cella, ell | /l/ | /l/ | ballet |
| ll | ll | /ʎ/ | /ʎ/ | llac, cella, ell | /lː/ | /lː/ | allegro |
| ŀl | ŀl | /lː/ | /lː/ | ceŀla | — | — | — |
| lh | lh | /l/ | /l/ | alhora | /lh/ | /lh/ | coolhunter |
| lh | lh | /l/ | /l/ | alhora | /ʎ/ | /ʎ/ | Vielha |
| lj | lj | /ʎʒ/ | /ʎd͡ʒ/ | aljub | /ʎ/ | /ʎ/ | Ljubljana |
| m | initially and finally | /m/ | /m/ | mut, em | — | — | — |
| m | before f or v | /ɱ/ | /ɱ/ | nimfa, tramvia (Va.) | — | — | — |
| mm | mm | /mː/ | /mː/ | immens | — | — | — |
| mn | initially | /n/ | /n/ | mnemòtic | — | — | — |
| mn | medially | /mn/ | /mn/ | somni | — | — | — |
| Mc (in loanwords) | Mc (in loanwords) | /mək/ | /mak/ | McCain | — | — | — |
| mh | mh | /m/ | /m/ | amhàric | — | — | — |
| n | initially and finally | /n/ | /n/ | nou, ens | — | — | — |
| n | before f or v | /ɱ/ | /ɱ/ | ínfim, canvi (Va.) | — | — | — |
| n | before a labial cons. | /m/ | /m/ | benparlat | — | — | — |
| n | before a palatal cons. | /ɲ/ | /ɲ/ | menja, àngel | — | — | — |
| n | before a velar cons. | /ŋ/ | /ŋ/ | vincle, fang | — | — | — |
| nn | nn | /nː/ | /nː/ | innat | /n/ | /n/ | sonne |
| ng (in loanwords) | ng (in loanwords) | /ŋ/ | /ŋ/ | víking | — | — | — |
| nh | nh | /n/ | /n/ | anhel | /nh/ | /nh/ | skinhead |
| nh | nh | /n/ | /n/ | anhel | /ɲ/ | /ɲ/ | caipirinha |
| nj | nj | /ɲʒ/ | /ɲd͡ʒ/ | penjar | /ɲ/ | /ɲ/ | oranje |
| nm | nm | /mː/ | /mː/ | enmig | — | — | — |
| ny | ny | /ɲ/ | /ɲ/ | any | — | — | — |
| ñ (in loanwords) | ñ (in loanwords) | /ɲ/ | /ɲ/ | El Niño | — | — | — |
| p | initially and finally | /p/ | /p/ | pont, cup | Ø | /p/ | camp |
| p | before a voiced cons. | /b/ | /b/ | capgròs | — | — | — |
| p | before a nasal | /mː/ | /b/ | capmàs | — | — | — |
| pp | pp | /pː/ | /pː/ | proppassat | /p/ | /p/ | hippy |
| ph (in compounds and classical terms) | ph (in compounds and classical terms) | /p/ | /p/ | caphuitada (Va.) | /f/ | /f/ | pholis |
| pn | initially | /n/ | /n/ | pneuma | — | — | — |
| pn | medially | /bn/ | /bn/ | apnea | — | — | — |
| ps | initially | /s/ | /s/ | psicòleg | — | — | — |
| ps | medially | /ps/ | /ps/ | capsa | — | — | — |
| pt | initially | /t/ | /t/ | ptilosi | — | — | — |
| pt | medially | /pt/ | /pt/ | apte | /t/ | /t/ | comptar |
| q (see qu) | q (see qu) | /k/ | /k/ | Qatar | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | Qinghai |
| r | initially | /r/ | /r/ | ratolí | — | — | — |
| r | medially after l, n, s | /r/ | /r/ | folro | — | — | — |
| r | medially (elsewhere) | /ɾ/ | /ɾ/ | però | /r/ | /r/ | infraroig |
| r | medially (elsewhere) | /ɾ/ | /ɾ/ | però | Ø | Ø | prendre |
| r | finally | /ɾ/ | /ɾ/ | mar | Ø | Ø | dimarts |
| r | finally | /ɾ/ | /ɾ/ | mar | Ø | /ɾ/ | córrer |
| rr | rr | /r/ | /r/ | marró | — | — | — |
| rh | initially | /r/ | /r/ | rhodesià | — | — | — |
| rh | medially | /ɾ/ | /ɾ/ | superhome | /ɾh/ | /ɾh/ | dírham |
| s | initially | /s/ | /s/ | sac | /z/ | /z/ | Saarland (Ge.) |
| s | medially next to a cons. | /s/ | /s/ | estimar | /z/ | /z/ | esma |
| s | after a nasal | /s/ | /s/ | institut | /z/ | /z/ | trànsit |
| s | most cases between two vowels | /z/ | /z/ | rosa | /s/ | /s/ | contrasenya |
| s | finally | /s/ | /s/ | dins, repòs | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | ells |
| ss | ss | /s/ | /s/ | rossa | — | — | — |
| sc | before e, i | /s/ | /s/ | ascens | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | crescendo |
| sc | elsewhere | /sk/ | /sk/ | escriure | /ʃk/ | /ʃk/ | visca |
| -scs | -scs | /sks/ | /sks/ | boscs | — | — | — |
| sch (in loanwords) | sch (in loanwords) | /sk/ | /sk/ | scherzo | — | — | — |
| sch (in loanwords) | sch (in loanwords) | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | jiddisch | — | — | — |
| sh (in compounds and loanwords) | sh (in compounds and loanwords) | /z/ | /z/ | deshora | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | sushi |
| sh (in compounds and loanwords) | sh (in compounds and loanwords) | /z/ | /z/ | deshora | /ʒ/ | /ʒ/ | flashback |
| -st | -st | /st/ | /st/ | est | /t/ | /st/ | aquest |
| -sts | -sts | /sts/ | /sts/ | gusts | /ts/ | /sts/ | aquests |
| sx | sx | /(s)ʃ/ | /st͡ʃ/ | desxifrat | — | — | — |
| sz (in loanwords) | sz (in loanwords) | /s/ | /s/ | Szolnok | — | — | — |
| sz (in loanwords) | sz (in loanwords) | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | Tomasz | — | — | — |
| szcz (in loanwords) | szcz (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | Szczecin | — | — | — |
| t | initially and medially | /t/ | /t/ | tamís | — | — | — |
| t | finally | /t/ | /t/ | sort | Ø | /t/ | font |
| tt | tt | /tː/ | /tː/ | posttònic | /t/ | /t/ | dittografia |
| tb (in loanwords) | tb (in loanwords) | /db/ | /db/ | futbol | — | — | — |
| tg | before e, i | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | fetge | — | — | — |
| th (in compounds and loanwords) | th (in compounds and loanwords) | /t/ | /t/ | tothom | /θ/ | /θ/ | theta |
| th (in compounds and loanwords) | th (in compounds and loanwords) | /t/ | /t/ | tothom | /ð/ | /ð/ | The Times |
| th (in compounds and loanwords) | th (in compounds and loanwords) | /t/ | /t/ | tothom | /th/ | /th/ | apartheid |
| ti | ti | /ti/ | /ti/ | ties | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | National Mall (En.) |
| tj | tj | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | mitjà | — | — | — |
| tl | tl | — | /lː/ | vetl(l)a | /dl/ | /dl/ | atles |
| tll | tll | /ʎː/ | — | vetl(l)a | /ʎː/ | /ʎ/ | bitllet |
| tm | initially | /m/ | /m/ | tmesi | — | — | — |
| tm | medially | /mː/ | /mː/ | sotmetre | /dm/ | /dm/ | ritme |
| tn | tn | /nː/ | /nː/ | cotna | /dn/ | /dn/ | ètnic |
| tch (in loanwords) | tch (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | sketch | — | — | — |
| tsch (in loanwords) | tsch (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | kitsch | — | — | — |
| ts | initially | /t͡s/ | /t͡s/ | tsar | — | — | — |
| ts | medially and finally | /t͡s/ | /t͡s/ | potser, bits | — | — | — |
| tx | tx | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | cotxe | — | — | — |
| tz | tz | /d͡z/ | /d͡z/ | dotze | /d͡z/ | /z/ | utilitzar |
| tz | tz | /t͡s/ | /t͡s/ | hertz | — | — | — |
| tzsch (in loanwords) | tzsch (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | nitzscheà | — | — | — |
| v | initially and medially | /b/ | /v/ | vila | /f/ | /f/ | von (Ge.) |
| v | finally | /p/ | /f/ | salv | /f/ | /f/ | Kíev |
| w (in loanwords) | w (in loanwords) | /w/ | /w/ | western | /b/ | /v/ | watt |
| w (in loanwords) | w (in loanwords) | /w/ | /w/ | western | /f/ | /f/ | Bukowski |
| wh (in loanwords) | wh (in loanwords) | /w/ | /w/ | whisky | /h/ | /h/ | The Who |
| x | initially | /ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | xiular | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | Xàtiva |
| x | next to a voiceless cons. | /ks/ | /ks/ | expert | — | — | — |
| x | medially (elsewhere) | /ɡz/ | /ɡz/ | examen | /ks/ | /ks/ | fixar |
| x | medially and finally after i (see ix) | /ʃ/ | /ʃ/ | guix | /ks/ | /ks/ | mix |
| x | medially and finally after i (see ix) | /ʒ/ | /ʒ/ | guix verd | — | — | — |
| x | finally | /ks/ | /ks/ | índex | — | — | — |
| xc | before e, i | /ks/ | /ks/ | excel·lent | — | — | — |
| xc | elsewhere | /(k)sk/ | /(k)sk/ | excavar | — | — | — |
| xh | xh | /gz/ | /gz/ | exhaust | — | — | — |
| xs | xs | /ks/ | /ks/ | exsudar | — | — | — |
| -xt | -xt | /(k)st/ | /(k)st/ | mixt | — | — | — |
| -xts | -xts | /(k)sts/ | /(k)sts/ | texts | — | — | — |
| y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny) | y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny) | /j/ | /j/ | yuppie | — | — | — |
| y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny) | y (in loanwords, except the digraph ny) | /i/ | /i/ | husky | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | bypass |
| yy (in loanwords) | yy (in loanwords) | /j/ | /j/ | Hudaybiyya | — | — | — |
| z | most cases | /z/ | /z/ | zona | /d͡z/ | /d͡z/ | scherzo |
| z | most cases | /z/ | /z/ | zona | /t͡s/ | /t͡s/ | Zemin |
| z | finally | /s/ | /s/ | brunz | /θ/ | /θ/ | López |
| zz (in loanwords) | zz (in loanwords) | /d͡z/ | /d͡z/ | mezzo | /z/ | /z/ | jacuzzi |
| zz (in loanwords) | zz (in loanwords) | /t͡s/ | /t͡s/ | pizza | /s/ | /s/ | jazz |
| zh (in loanwords) | zh (in loanwords) | /z/ | /z/ | alzhèimer | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | Zhou |
| Vowels and combinations of vowel letters ||||||||
| Spelling | Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Other values (IPA) | Examples |
| Spelling | Spelling | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Examples | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Examples |
| a, à, â | stressed position | /a/ | /a/ | arc, àtom, pâ (Va.) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | lady |
| a, à, â | stressed position | /a/ | /a/ | arc, àtom, pâ (Va.) | /ɔ/ | yacht |
| a, à, â | unstressed position | /ə/ | /a/ | anís, mitja | /a/ | /a/ | allegretto |
| a, à, â | unstressed position | /ə/ | /a/ | anís, mitja | /ə/ | /ɛ ~ ɔ/ | terra, dona |
| a, à, â | unstressed position | /ə/ | /a/ | anís, mitja | /ə/ | /e/ | artista (m.) |
| a, à, â | unstressed position | /ə/ | /a/ | anís, mitja | Ø | Ø | mitja hora |
| a, à, â | unstressed position | /ə/ | /a/ | anís, mitja | /o/ | /o/ | Quartet (En.) |
| a, à, â | unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) | Ø | /a/ | barana | /e/ | /e/ | software |
| a, à, â | unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) | Ø | /a/ | barana | /eə/ | /ea/ | Square |
| ä (in loanwords) | ä (in loanwords) | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | Händel | — | — | — |
| aa | stressed position | /əˈa/ | /aˈa/ | Isaac | — | — | — |
| aa | unstressed position | /əː/ | /aː/ | aalenià | — | — | — |
| ae | stressed position (open) | /əˈɛ/ | /aˈɛ/ | aeri | — | — | — |
| ae | stressed position (closed) | /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | graella | — | — | — |
| ae | unstressed position | /əe/ | /ae/ | aeròbic | /i/ | /i/ | reggae |
| ae | unstressed position | /əe/ | /ae/ | aeròbic | /ə/ | /e/ | Michael |
| ae | unstressed position | /əe/ | /ae/ | aeròbic | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | taekwondo |
| aé | aé | /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | tacaé | — | — | — |
| ai | stressed position | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | aigua | /e/ | /e/ | affaire |
| ai | stressed position | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | aigua | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | container |
| ai | unstressed position | /əi̯/ | /ai̯/ | airós | — | — | — |
| aï | stressed position | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | raïm | — | — | — |
| aï | unstressed position | /ə.i/ | /a.i/ | aïllat | — | — | — |
| aí | aí | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | país | — | — | — |
| ao | ao | /au/ | /ao/ | caos | — | — | — |
| ao | ao | /əˈo/ | /aˈo/ | graons | — | — | — |
| aó | aó | /əˈo/ | /aˈo/ | raó | — | — | — |
| au | stressed position | /au̯/ | /au̯/ | caus | /o/ | /o/ | Foucault |
| au | unstressed position | /əu̯/ | /au̯/ | haurà | /o/ | /o/ | Faubourg |
| aü | stressed position | /əˈu/ | /aˈu/ | taüt | /ɔi̯/ | /ɔi̯/ | fräulein |
| aü | unstressed position | /ə.u/ | /a.u/ | aüllar | — | — | — |
| aú | aú | /əˈu/ | /aˈu/ | Esaú | — | — | — |
| e, é, è | stressed position (open/closed) | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | dens, èxit | /ɛ/ | /e/ | alè/alé, què |
| e, é, è | stressed position (closed/open) | /e/ | /e/ | ella, bé | /ɛ/ | /e/ | alè/alé, què |
| e, é, è | stressed position (closed) | — | — | — | /i/ | /i/ | reggae |
| e, é, è | unstressed position | /ə/ | /e/ | en, rere | /e/ | /e/ | ídem |
| e, é, è | unstressed position | /ə/ | /e/ | en, rere | /ə/ | /a/ | espill |
| e, é, è | unstressed position | /ə/ | /e/ | en, rere | /ə/ | /i/ | naixement |
| e, é, è | unstressed position | /ə/ | /e/ | en, rere | /i/ | /i/ | reality |
| e, é, è | unstressed position | /ə/ | /e/ | en, rere | Ø | Ø | fanzines |
| e, é, è | unstressed position | /ə/ | /e/ | en, rere | Ø | Ø | no el té |
| e, é, è | unstressed position (in contact with rhotics) | Ø | /e/ | veritat | — | — | — |
| ea | stressed position | /eˈa/ | /eˈa/ | crear | /i/ | /i/ | beat |
| ea | stressed position | /eˈa/ | /eˈa/ | crear | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | spread |
| ea | stressed position | /e(i̯)ə/ | /ea/ | idea | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ | Sean |
| ea | unstressed position | /eə/ | /ea/ | àrea | /ə/ | /e/ | bearnesa |
| eà | eà | /eˈa/ | /eˈa/ | oceà | — | — | — |
| eau (in loanwords) | eau (in loanwords) | /o/ | /o/ | Rousseau | — | — | — |
| ee | stressed position | /əˈɛ/ | /eˈe/ | creença | /i/ | /i/ | jeep |
| ee | stressed position | /e(i̯)ə/ | /eː/ | idees | — | — | — |
| ee | unstressed position | /eə/ | /eː/ | àrees | — | — | — |
| ee | unstressed position | /əː/ | /eː/ | reeixir | — | — | — |
| ei | stressed position (open/closed) | /ɛi̯/ | /ɛi̯/ | oleic | /ɛi̯/ | /ei̯/ | remei |
| ei | stressed position (closed/open) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | reina | /ɛi̯/ | /ei̯/ | remei |
| ei | unstressed position | /əi̯/ | /ei̯/ | eivissenc | — | — | — |
| ei | stressed position (in loanwords) | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | eingang | — | — | — |
| eï | stressed position | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | obeït | — | — | — |
| eï | unstressed position | /ə.i/ | /e.i/ | veïnat | — | — | — |
| èi | èi | /ɛi̯/ | /ɛi̯/ | plèiade | — | — | — |
| eo | stressed position (open) | /əˈɔ/ | /eˈɔ/ | beoci | — | — | — |
| eo | stressed position (closed) | /əˈo/ | /eˈo/ | eons | — | — | — |
| eo | unstressed position | /əu/ | /eo/ | teoria | /eo/ | /eo/ | vídeo |
| eò | eò | /əˈɔ/ | /eˈɔ/ | eòlic | — | — | — |
| eu | stressed position (open) | /ɛu̯/ | /ɛu̯/ | peu | /ɔi̯/ | /ɔi̯/ | Bayreuth |
| eu | stressed position (closed) | /eu̯/ | /eu̯/ | seu | /e/ | /e/ | amateur |
| eu | unstressed position | /əu̯/ | /eu̯/ | europea | — | — | — |
| eü | eü | /əˈu/ | /eˈu/ | peüc | — | — | — |
| i, í, ï | stressed position | /i/ | /i/ | illa, ací | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | copyright |
| i, í, ï | stressed position | /i/ | /i/ | illa, ací | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | Rodin, birdie |
| i, í, ï | unstressed position | /i/ | /i/ | illa, ací | Ø | Ø | business |
| i, í, ï | after vowels (hiatus) | /ˈi/ | /ˈi/ | naïf | — | — | — |
| i, í, ï | after vowels (unstressed position) | /i̯/ | /i̯/ | creies | — | — | — |
| ia | stressed position | /i̯a/ | /i̯a/ | iaio | — | — | — |
| ia | unstressed position | /i̯ə/ | /i̯a/ | veia | — | — | — |
| ie | stressed position | /i̯e/ | /i̯e/ | veient (Cat.) | /i/ | /i/ | briefing |
| ie | unstressed position | /i̯ə/ | /i̯e/ | feien | — | — | — |
| ii | ii | /iː/ | /iː/ | xiisme | — | — | — |
| iï | iï | /iˈi/ | /iˈi/ | xiïta | — | — | — |
| io | stressed position (open) | /i̯ɔ/ | /i̯ɔ/ | iode | — | — | — |
| io | stressed position (closed) | /i̯o/ | /i̯o/ | io-io | — | — | — |
| io | unstressed position | /i̯u/ | /i̯o/ | iogurt | — | — | — |
| iu | iu | /i̯u/ | /i̯u/ | iuguslau | — | — | — |
| o, ó, ò | stressed position (open) | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ | bo, allò | — | — | — |
| o, ó, ò | stressed position (closed) | /o/ | /o/ | mot, ós | /ou̯/ | /ou̯/ | pincode |
| o, ó, ò | stressed position (closed) | /o/ | /o/ | mot, ós | /u/ | /u/ | Guangdong |
| o, ó, ò | unstressed position | /u/ | /o/ | ferro | /o/ | /o/ | ego |
| o, ó, ò | unstressed position | /u/ | /o/ | ferro | /u/ | /u/ | cobert |
| o, ó, ò | unstressed position | /u/ | /o/ | ferro | /u̯/ | /u̯/ | posa-ho |
| o, ó, ò | unstressed position | /u/ | /o/ | ferro | /ə/ | /a/ | Ogariov |
| oa | stressed position | /uˈa/ | /oˈa/ | poal | /uˈa/ | /uˈa/ | Joan |
| oa | stressed position | /uˈa/ | /oˈa/ | poal | /ou̯/ | /ou̯/ | coach |
| oa | stressed position | /oə/ | /oa/ | quinoa | /o/ | /o/ | snowboard |
| oa | unstressed position | /uə/ | /oa/ | lloador | /uə/ | /ua/ | Joaquim |
| oe | stressed position (open/closed) | /uˈɛ/ | /oˈe/ | coet | — | — | — |
| oe | stressed position (closed) | /uˈe/ | /oˈe/ | poeta | — | — | — |
| oe | unstressed position | /uə/ | /oe/ | àloe | — | — | — |
| oi (see ix) | stressed position (open) | /ɔi̯/ | /ɔi̯/ | boira | /u̯a/ | /u̯a/ | foie |
| oi (see ix) | stressed position (closed) | — | /oi̯/ | coix | — | — | — |
| oi (see ix) | unstressed position | /ui̯/ | /oi̯/ | joiós | /uə/ | /ua/ | croissant |
| oï | oï | /uˈi/ | /oˈi/ | roïns | — | — | — |
| oo | oo | /oː/ | /oː/ | zoo | /u/ | /u/ | zoom |
| oo | oo | /uˈo/ | /oˈo/ | microones | — | — | — |
| ou | stressed position (open) | /ɔu̯/ | /ɔu̯/ | bou | /au̯/ | /au̯/ | cloud |
| ou | stressed position (open) | /ɔu̯/ | /ɔu̯/ | bou | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ | final four |
| ou | stressed position (closed) | /ou̯/ | /ou̯/ | sou (v.) | /u/ | /u/ | tour |
| ou | stressed position (closed) | /ou̯/ | /ou̯/ | sou (v.) | /w/ | /w/ | ouija |
| ou | unstressed position | /ɵu̯/ | /ou̯/ | clourà | — | — | — |
| u, ú, ü | stressed position | /u/ | /u/ | tu, ús | /i/ | /i/ | business |
| u, ú, ü | stressed position | /u/ | /u/ | tu, ús | /y/ | /y/ | déjà vu, Müller |
| u, ú, ü | stressed position | /u/ | /u/ | tu, ús | /a/ | /a/ | punk |
| u, ú, ü | stressed position | /u/ | /u/ | tu, ús | /iu̯/ | /iu̯/ | duty-free |
| u, ú, ü | stressed position | /u/ | /u/ | tu, ús | /ɛ/ | /ɛ/ | return |
| u, ú, ü | after vowels (hiatus) | /ˈu/ | /ˈu/ | reüll | — | — | — |
| u, ú, ü | after vowels (unstressed position) | /u̯/ | /u̯/ | creua | — | — | — |
| ua | stressed position | /uˈa/ | /uˈa/ | suat | — | — | — |
| ua | unstressed position | /uə/ | /ua/ | cua | — | — | — |
| ue | stressed position (open) | /uˈɛ/ | /uˈɛ/ | duel | /u/ | /u/ | blues |
| ue | stressed position (open) | /uˈɛ/ | /uˈɛ/ | duel | /y/ | /y/ | fondue |
| ue | stressed position (open/closed) | /uˈɛ/ | /uˈe/ | fuet | — | — | — |
| ue | unstressed position | /uə/ | /ue/ | duen | — | — | — |
| ui | ui | /ui̯/ | /ui̯/ (in. /u̯i/) | buit | /u̯ei̯/ | /u̯ei̯/ | Anhui |
| uï | uï | /uˈi/ | /uˈi/ | fluït | — | — | — |
| uo | stressed position (open) | /uˈɔ/ | /uˈɔ/ | cuot | — | — | — |
| uo | stressed position (closed) | /uˈo/ | /uˈo/ | suor | — | — | — |
| uo | unstressed position | /uː/ | — | suo | /uo/ | /uo/ | duo |
| uu | uu | /uː/ | /uː/ | lluu | — | — | — |
| Combinations of vowel and consonant letters ||||||||
| Spelling | Spelling | Main values (IPA) | Main values (IPA) | Examples | Other values (IPA) | Other values (IPA) | Examples |
| Spelling | Spelling | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL) | Examples | Cat. (IEC) | Va. (AVL | Examples |
| aha | aha | /əː/ | /aː/ | bahamià | /əha/ | /aha/ | Kalahari |
| ahà | ahà | /əˈa/ | /aˈa/ | sahàric | — | — | — |
| ahe | ahe | /əe/ | /ae/ | sahelians | — | — | — |
| ahe | ahe | /əˈe/ | /aˈe/ | subtrahend | — | — | — |
| ahi | ahi | /əi/ | /ai/ | Tahití | — | — | — |
| ahi | ahi | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | ahir | — | — | — |
| ahí | ahí | /əˈi/ | /aˈi/ | tahírida | — | — | — |
| aho | aho | /əˈo/ | /aˈo/ | Mahoma | /aho/ | /aho/ | navaho |
| aho | aho | /əu/ | /ao/ | mahometà | — | — | — |
| ahò | ahò | /əˈɔ/ | /aˈɔ/ | mahònia | — | — | — |
| ahu | ahu | /əu/ | /au/ | infrahumans | — | — | — |
| aw (in loanwords) | aw (in loanwords) | /ɔ/ | /ɔ/ | Law | — | — | — |
| ay (old form and loanwords) | ay (old form and loanwords) | /ai̯/ | /ai̯/ | faraday | /ɛ/ | /e/ | Quai d'Orsay |
| ay (old form and loanwords) | ay (old form and loanwords) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | play | — | — | — |
| ci (in loanwords) | ci (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | ciao | — | — | — |
| cci (in loanwords) | cci (in loanwords) | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | carpaccio | — | — | — |
| cqu (in loanwords) | cqu (in loanwords) | /k/ | /k/ | jacquard | — | — | — |
| dqu | before e, i | /tk/ | /tk/ | adquirir | — | — | — |
| eha | eha | /eə/ | /ea/ | rehabilitar | — | — | — |
| ehe | ehe | /əˈɛ/ | /eˈe/ | aprehendre | — | — | — |
| ehe | ehe | /əː/ | /eː/ | vehement | — | — | — |
| ehi | ehi | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | vehicle | — | — | — |
| ehi | ehi | /əi/ | /ei/ | dehiscent | — | — | — |
| ehí | ehí | /əˈi/ | /eˈi/ | aldehídic | — | — | — |
| eho | eho | /əu/ | /eo/ | prehomínids | — | — | — |
| ehu | ehu | /əu/ | /eu/ | sobrehumà | — | — | — |
| ew (in loanwords) | ew (in loanwords) | /iu̯/ | /iu̯/ | newton | /u/ | /u/ | crew |
| ey (old form and loanwords) | ey (old form and loanwords) | /ei̯/ | /ei̯/ | keynesià | /i/ | /i/ | bogey |
| gi (in loanwords) | gi (in loanwords) | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | adagio | — | — | — |
| ggi (in loanwords) | ggi (in loanwords) | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | appoggiatura | — | — | — |
| gu | before a, o | /ɡw/ | /ɡw/ | guant | — | — | — |
| gu | before a cons. | /ɡu/ | /ɡu/ | agut | — | — | — |
| gu | before e, i | /ɡ/ | /ɡ/ | guitza | — | — | — |
| gü | before e, i | /ɡw/ | /ɡw/ | pingüí | — | — | — |
| iha | iha | /iə/ | /ia/ | polihalita | /iha/ | /iha/ | jihad |
| ihe | ihe | /iˈɛ/ | /iˈɛ/ | periheli | — | — | — |
| ihe | ihe | /iə/ | /ie/ | antiheroi | — | — | — |
| ihè | ihè | /iɛ/ | /iɛ/ | dihèlia | — | — | — |
| ihi | ihi | /iː/ | /iː/ | anihilar | — | — | — |
| ihí | ihí | /iˈi/ | /iˈi/ | polihídric | — | — | — |
| iho | iho | /iu/ | /io/ | antihorari | — | — | — |
| ihu | ihu | /iu/ | /iu/ | antihumitat | /iu̯/ | /iu̯/ | marihuana |
| ig | finally | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | reig | — | — | — |
| ig | finally | /it͡ʃ/ | /it͡ʃ/ | mig | — | — | — |
| ig | before a vowel or voiced cons. | /d͡ʒ/ | /d͡ʒ/ | reig blanc | — | — | — |
| ig | before a vowel or voiced cons. | /id͡ʒ/ | /id͡ʒ/ | migdia | — | — | — |
| igs | igs | /t͡ʃ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | reigs | — | — | — |
| igs | igs | /it͡ʃ/ | /it͡ʃ/ | migs | — | — | — |
| ix | finally | /ʃ/ | /i̯ʃ/ | coix | — | — | — |
| ix | finally | /iʃ/ | /iʃ/ | guix | — | — | — |
| ix | before a vowel or voiced cons. | /ʒ/ | /i̯ʒ/ | coix i cec | — | — | — |
| ix | before a vowel or voiced cons. | /iʒ/ | /iʒ/ | guix verd | — | — | — |
| ïx | finally | /iʃ/ | /iʃ/ | reïx | — | — | — |
| ïx | before a vowel or voiced cons. | /iʒ/ | /iʒ/ | reïx bé | — | — | — |
| le (in loanwords) | le (in loanwords) | /əl/ | /el/ | paddle surf | — | — | — |
| oha | oha | /uə/ | /oa/ | cohabitar | — | — | — |
| ohà | ohà | /uˈa/ | /oˈa/ | bohàiric | — | — | — |
| ohe | ohe | /uə/ | /oe/ | cohesió | — | — | — |
| ohè | ohè | /uɛ/ | /oɛ/ | bohèmia | — | — | — |
| ohi | ohi | /ui/ | /oi/ | prohibir | — | — | — |
| ohí | ohí | /uˈi/ | /oˈi/ | microhílids | — | — | — |
| oho | oho | /uˈɔ/ | /oˈɔ/ | cohort | — | — | — |
| oho | oho | /uː/ | /oː/ | cohobació | — | — | — |
| ohò | ohò | /uˈɔ/ | /oˈɔ/ | alcohòlic | — | — | — |
| ohu | ohu | /uː/ | /ou/ | argiŀlohumífer | — | — | — |
| ow (in loanwords) | ow (in loanwords) | /ou̯/ | /ou̯/ | flow | — | — | — |
| ow (in loanwords) | ow (in loanwords) | /au̯/ | /au̯/ | cowboy | — | — | — |
| oy (old form and loanwords) | oy (old form and loanwords) | /ɔi̯/ | /ɔi̯/ | Roy | /u̯a/ | /u̯a/ | Troyes |
| qu | before a, o | /kw/ | /kw/ | quan | — | — | — |
| qu | before e, i | /k/ | /k/ | quina | — | — | — |
| qü | before e, i | /kw/ | /kw/ | qüestió | — | — | — |