# Zvi Bern

Zvi Bern (born 17 September 1960) is an American theoretical particle physicist. He is a professor at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).
Bern studied physics and mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and earned his doctorate in 1986 in theoretical physics from the University of California, Berkeley under the supervision of Martin Halpern. Bern's dissertation manuscript can currently be found in Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory's archives, examining "possible nonperturbative continuum regularization schemes for quantum field theory which are based upon the Langevin equation of Parisi and Wu."
Bern developed new methods for the computation of Feynman diagrams that were originally introduced in quantum electrodynamics for the perturbative computation of scattering amplitudes. In more complicated quantum field theories such as Yang–Mills theory or quantum field theories with gravity, the computer calculation of the perturbative evolution using Feynman diagrams quickly reached its limits due to the exponential growth in diagrams. The new theoretical developments of the 1990s and 2000s came in time for a renewed interest in extensive calculations in the context of the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider. Bern and colleagues developed twistor-space methods applied to gauge-theory amplitudes. Bern and colleagues developed the method of "generalized unitarity as a means for obtaining loop amplitudes from on-shell tree amplitudes". The method of generalized unitarity provided new insights into the perturbative treatment of N = 8 supergravity and showed that there is a smaller degree of divergence than expected; higher-loop evidence suggested that "N = 8 supergravity has the same degree of divergence as N = 4 super-Yang–Mills theory and is ultraviolet finite in four dimensions". Prior to this, it had been generally assumed that quantum gravitation from three loops resulted in uncontrollable divergences. In 2010, with his students Carrasco and Johansson, Bern found that diagrams for supersymmetric gravitational theories are equivalent to those of two copies of supersymmetric Yang–Mills theories (theories with gluons), which is known as double copy theory. They used a previously found duality between kinematics and color degrees of freedom. Instead of previously around $10^{20}$ terms, only 10 terms had to be evaluated in 3 loops, and correspondingly in 4 loops around 100 terms versus $10^{26}$ terms, and in 5 loops around 1000 terms versus $10^{31}$ terms; furthermore, there were no uncontrollable divergences in three and four loops — such uncontrollable divergences were predicted by the majority of experts in the 1980s and constituted one of the reasons for favoring string theory.
Bern was elected in 2004 a fellow of the American Physical Society. In 2014, he received the Sakurai Prize with David A. Kosower and Lance J. Dixon for "pathbreaking contributions to the calculation of perturbative scattering amplitudes, which led to a deeper understanding of quantum field theory and to powerful new tools for computing QCD processes." In 2023, Bern and his collaborators David A Kosower and Lance J Dixon were awarded Galileo Galilei Medal from Italy’s Instituto Nazionale di Fisica.
Bern's Erdős number is three. Currently, Bern is the director of the Mani Lal Bhaumik Institute for Theoretical Physics at UCLA, which aims to "provide an exceptional environment for excellence in theoretical physics research".
He was elected a Member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2024.

## Selected publications

* Bern, Dixon, Kosower "Quantum "Graviton" Particles May Resemble Ordinary Particles of Force", Scientific American, May 2012
* Bern, John Joseph Carrasco, Henrik Johansson "Progress on UV Finiteness of Supergravity", Erice Lectures 2008
* Bern, Carrasco, Johansson New Relations for Gauge Theory Amplitudes Physical Review D, 78, 2008, 085011
* Bern, Carrasco, Johansson "Perturbative quantum gravity as a double copy of gauge theory", 2010
* Bern, Carrasco, Johansson "The Structure of Multiloop Amplitudes in Gauge and Gravity Theories", in Loops and Legs in Quantum Field Theory, Woerlitz 2010, Nucl. Phys. Proc. Suppl. 205–206, 2010, pp. 54–60]
* Bern Kosower (1991). "Efficient calculation of one-loop QCD amplitudes". Phys. Rev. Lett. 66 (13): 1669–1672. Bibcode:1991PhRvL..66.1669B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.1669. PMID 10043277.
* Bern Dixon, Kosower (2007). "On-shell methods in perturbative QCD". Annals of Physics. 322 (7): 1587–1634. arXiv:0704.2798. Bibcode:2007AnPhy.322.1587B. doi:10.1016/j.aop.2007.04.014. S2CID 16823365.
* Bern Dixon, Kosower (1996). "Progress in 1 loop QCD computations". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 46 (1): 109–148. arXiv:hep-ph/9602280. Bibcode:1996ARNPS..46..109B. doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.46.1.109.
* Bern "Perturbative Quantum Gravity and its relation to Gauge Theory", Living Reviews of Relativity, 2002