OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ch'alla Jawira (disambiguation)

Ch'alla Jawira (Aymara ch'alla sand, jawira river, "sand river", also spelled Challa Jahuira, Challajahuira) may refer to:
* Ch'alla Jawira, a river in the provinces of Aroma and Pacajes, La Paz Department, Bolivia
* Ch'alla Jawira or Llallawa Jawira, a river in the municipalities of Calacoto and Callapa, Pacajes Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
* Ch'alla Jawira (Callapa), a river in the Callapa Municipality, Pacajes Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
* Ch'alla Jawira (Ingavi), a river in the Ingavi Province, La Paz Department, Bolivia
# Ch'aki Qucha (disambiguation)

Ch'aki Qucha or Ch'akiqucha (Quechua ch'aki dry, qucha lake, "dry lake", also spelled Chaguicocha, Chaqui Khocha, Chaqui Kocha, Chaquicocha, Chaquiccocha, Chaquijocha) may refer to:
* Ch'aki Qucha, a mountain in the Potosí Department, Bolivia
* Ch'akiqucha, a mountain in the Cusco Region, Peru
* Ch'akiqucha (Lima), a mountain in the Lima Region, Peru
# Chaerilus philippinus

Chaerilus philippinus is a species of scorpion native to the Philippines.

## Description

Adult C. philippinus range from 15 mm to 19 mm in total length. Scorpions of this species may be reddish-yellow to reddish-brown in color.
# Chacewater and Kenwyn (electoral division)

Chacewater and Kenwyn (Cornish: Dowr an Chas ha Keynwyn) was an electoral division of Cornwall in the United Kingdom which returned one member to sit on Cornwall Council from 2009 to 2013. The sole Councillor was John Dyer, a Conservative.
The division covered 5096 hectares in total. It was abolished by the Cornwall (Electoral Changes) Order 2011, and Dyer went on to be elected as Councillor for Chacewater, Kenwyn and Baldhu.

## Election results
### 2009 election

2009 election: Chacewater and Kenwyn :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Conservative | John Dyer | 851 | 67.2 | N/A |
| | Liberal Democrats | Maurice Vella | 333 | 26.3 | N/A |
| | Labour | Timothy Walsh | 65 | 5.1 | N/A |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 518 | 40.9 | N/A |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 17 | 1.3 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1266 | 42.9 | N/A |
| | Conservative win (new seat) | Conservative win (new seat) | Conservative win (new seat) | Conservative win (new seat) | Conservative win (new seat) |
# Ahan language

Aahan (Ààhàn) is a divergent Volta–Niger language of Nigeria, closely related only to Ayere.

## Distribution

According to Ethnologue, Ahan is spoken in:
* Ekiti state: Ekiti East LGA, Omuo town
* Kogi state: Ijumu LGA
* Ondo state: Akoko North West LGA, Ajowa, and Igashi towns

## Phonology

The phonemic inventory of Ahan is:

### Consonants

| | Labial | Dental- Alveolar | Palato- alveolar | Velar | Labio- velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | | |
| Stops | b | t d | | k g | kp gb | |
| Affricate | | ts | tʃ dʒ | | | |
| Fricative | f | θ s | | | | h |
| Lateral Approx. | | l | | | | |
| Central Approx. | | r | j | | w | |

### Vowels

| | Front | Central | Back |
| High | i ĩ | | u ũ |
| Mid | e | | o |
| Low | ɛ ɛ̃ | ɑ ɑ̃ | ɔ ɔ̃ |
# Ceolmund (bishop of Rochester)

Ceolmund was a medieval Bishop of Rochester. He was consecrated between 893 and 900. He died between 909 and 926.

## Citations

* ↑ Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 221
# Chain of trust

In computer security, a chain of trust is established by validating each component of hardware and software from the end entity up to the root certificate. It is intended to ensure that only trusted software and hardware can be used while still retaining flexibility.

## Introduction

A chain of trust is designed to allow multiple users to create and use the software on the system, which would be more difficult if all the keys were stored directly in hardware. It starts with hardware that will only boot from software that is digitally signed. The signing authority will only sign boot programs that enforce security, such as only running programs that are themselves signed, or only allowing signed code to have access to certain features of the machine. This process may continue for several layers.
This process results in a chain of trust. The final software can be trusted to have certain properties because if it had been illegally modified its signature would be invalid, and the previous software would not have executed it. The previous software can be trusted, because it, in turn, would not have been loaded if its signature had been invalid. The trustworthiness of each layer is guaranteed by the one before, back to the trust anchor.
It would be possible to have the hardware check the suitability (signature) for every single piece of software. However, this would not produce the flexibility that a "chain" provides. In a chain, any given link can be replaced with a different version to provide different properties, without having to go all the way back to the trust anchor. This use of multiple layers is an application of a general technique to improve scalability and is analogous to the use of multiple certificates in a certificate chain.

## Computer security

In computer security, digital certificates are verified using a chain of trust. The trust anchor for the digital certificate is the root certificate authority (CA).
The certificate hierarchy is a structure of certificates that allows individuals to verify the validity of a certificate's issuer. Certificates are issued and signed by certificates that reside higher in the certificate hierarchy, so the validity and trustworthiness of a given certificate is determined by the corresponding validity of the certificate that signed it.
The chain of trust of a certificate chain is an ordered list of certificates, containing an end-user subscriber certificate and intermediate certificates (that represents the intermediate CA), that enables the receiver to verify that the sender and all intermediate certificates are trustworthy. This process is best described in the page Intermediate certificate authority. See also X.509 certificate chains for a description of these concepts in a widely used standard for digital certificates.
# Chain of Strength

Chain of Strength is a straight edge hardcore punk band from Southern California that had its heyday in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

## Biography

The first Chain of Strength release was a 7" EP entitled True Till Death, released through Revelation Records. After parting ways with Revelation, they formed their own Foundation Records to release another 7", What Holds Us Apart. Both of these records eventually fell out of print, yet were still in demand. As a result, Revelation Records released both EPs (plus one unreleased track) as a CD/LP called The One Thing That Still Holds True.
Both EP's were released in the UK on First Strike Records, a record label based in Wigan, run from a skate shop called Alans.
From 2006-2008, Alex Barreto played bass for the band Alien Ant Farm. Currently, he is the guitarist of Excel.

## Members

* Curt Canales - Vocals
* Ryan Hoffman - Guitar
* Chris Bratton - Drums
* Alex Barreto - Bass
* Frosty Crunch (Paul Hertz) - Guitar

## Discography

* True Till Death 7" (Revelation Records)
* What Holds Us Apart 7" (Foundation Records) (image shown is of First Strike European 1st pressing,2nd pressing of 1500 is on blue vinyl/blue cover)
* The One Thing That Still Holds True CD/LP/Cassette (Revelation Records)
# Chaetoplagia

Chaetoplagia is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Chaetoplagia atripennis Coquillett, 1895

## Distribution

Canada, United States, Mexico.
# Chaipat

Chaipat is a village, in Daspur II CD Block in Ghatal subdivision of Paschim Medinipur district in the state of West Bengal, India.

## Geography
### Location

Chaipat is located at 22°34′09.6″N 87°48′17.3″E﻿ / ﻿22.569333°N 87.804806°E﻿ / 22.569333; 87.804806.

### Area overview

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, scholar, social reformer and a key figure of the Bengal Renaissance, was born at Birsingha on 26 September 1820.
Ghatal subdivision, shown in the map alongside, has alluvial soils. Around 85% of the total cultivated area is cropped more than once. It has a density of population of 1,099 per km$^2$, but being a small subdivision only a little over a fifth of the people in the district reside in this subdivision. 14.33% of the population lives in urban areas and 86.67% lives in the rural areas.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

As per 2011 Census of India Chanipat had a total population of 16,345 of which 8,022 (49%) were males and 8,323 (51%) were females. Population below 6 years was 1,750. The total number of literates in Chanipat was 12,284 (75.15% of the population over 6 years).

## Transport and Popular Places

Kriya Yoga ashram at Chaipat satmatha, rajrajeswar Temple, Badur Bagan, Shiv-Sitala Temple. Chaipat is on the Gopiganj-Sultannagar Road. Sultannagar is on SH 4.

## Education

Chaipat Saheed Pradyot Bhattacharya Mahavidyalaya, established in 2007, is affiliated to Vidyasagar University. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit and History.
Chaipat High school was established in 1910, in British India .

## Chaipat picture gallery

* Nava-ratna Rajrajesvara temple
* Terracotta relief
* Terracotta relief
# Ahmad al-Safi al-Najafi

Ahmad al-Safi al-Najafi (1897 – 27 June 1977) was an Iraqi poet, "a poet of extreme simplicity of style and a poetic diction that often approximates to ordinary speech".
Ahmad al-Safi was born in Najaf to an Iraqi father and a Lebanese mother. From 1920 to 1927 he left Iraq for Iran. He met Jamil Sidqi al-Zahawi in 1927, who declared he was proud to have "discovered" him. In 1929, illness drove him to leave Iraq for a milder climate in Syria. In 1933, he left the country again for Lebanon, where he lived until a year before his death. Involved in resistance against the British colonial occupation since the 1920s, he was arrested for his anti-colonial stance in 1941. In 1976 he returned to Iraq, having been wounded in the Lebanese Civil War. He died on the 27 June 1977.
In November 2011 plans were announced to erect a memorial to him in Najaf.

## Works

* Al-Amwāj [The Waves], 1932
# Challenge Stakes

Challenge Stakes may refer to one of several horse races:
* Challenge Stakes (Great Britain), a flat horse race in Great Britain
* Challenge Stakes (ATC), a Thoroughbred horse race in Australia
* Challenge Stakes (New Zealand), a Thoroughbred horse race in New Zealand, commonly called Tarzino Trophy
* Challenge Stakes (Ireland), a horse race in Ireland
# Chamaesphecia doleriformis

Chamaesphecia doleriformis is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Italy, Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, the Balkan Peninsula, Ukraine, Russia and Turkey.
The larvae feed on Salvia austriaca, Salvia pratensis, Salvia nemorosa, Salvia sclarea and Salvia verbenaca.

## Subspecies

* Chamaesphecia doleriformis doleriformis (Italy, Istria to Dalmatia and to Greece)
* Chamaesphecia doleriformis colpiformis (Staudinger, 1856)
# Ahmed Jalal (footballer)

Ahmed Jalal Hassan (born 17 March 1998) is an Iraqi footballer who plays as a midfielder for Naft Al-Basra in the Iraqi Premier League.

## International career

On 26 August 2017, Ahmed Jalal made his first international cap with Iraq against Syria in a friendly match.

## Honours

Al-Zawraa
* Iraq FA Cup: 2018–19
# Ailill the First

Saint Ailill the First (also called Ailill the Elder, Ailill I, Ailiell, Ailild, Ailid, Alild, Ailillus, Alellus, Alildus, Oilill, Oileal, Oileald, Olildus, Olild, Elias, Eulalius, Helias; c. 460 – 13 January 526) was the Bishop of Armagh, Ireland from 513 to 13 January 526.

## Genealogy and birth

St. Ailill was a member of the Úi Bressail, a clan from the south side of Lough Neagh. He was born in Drum Cád in the Barony of Oneilland East, County Armagh, like his successor and kinsman Ailill the Second. He is sometimes confused with either or all of St. Ailill, Abbot of Moville; Ailill son of Trichem, St. Patrick's disciple & Ailill the Second of Armagh.

## Bishop of Armagh

On the death of Saint Dubthach the First, the Bishop of Armagh, in 513, St. Ailill was appointed as the 8th Bishop in succession to Saint Patrick. Saint Ailill reigned as Bishop for 13 years.

## Death

St. Ailill died 13 January 526. The Annals of Ireland give the following obits-
* Chronicon Scotorum 518- "Ailill, Abbot of Ardmacha, slept"
* Annals of Tigernach 520- "Ailill abbot of Armagh"
* Annals of Clonmacnoise 522- "Aillill abbott of Ardmacha, dyed"
* Annals from the Book of Leinster 523- "Ailill, the first, abbot of Armagh"
* Annals of the Four Masters 525- "Ailill, Bishop of Armagh, who was of the Ui Breasail, died"
* Annals of Ulster 526- "Ailill of the Uí Bresail, bishop of Ard Macha, rested"

## Feast day

After his death St. Ailill was venerated as a saint and his feast was celebrated each 13 January, the day of his death. The Calendars of the Saints have the following entries-
* Martyrology of Gorman 13 January- "Ailill, bishop of Ard Macha"
* Martyrology of Tallaght 13 January- "Ailill Epis"
* Martyrology of Donegal 13 January- "Ailell, Bishop, of Ard-Macha, A.D., 525"
# Ayizo language

The Ayizo languages (Ayizɔ) are Gbe languages spoken in Benin. They are Ayizo, Kotafon, and Gbesi.

## Distribution

The Ayizo languages are spoken in Benin across and near the Mono River, in the Departments of Atlantique, Kouffo, Mono, Oueme, and parts of the Zou Department.

## Classification

The Ayizo languages are classified in the Phla–Phera languages, a group of the Gbe languages. The Ayizo languages are:
* Ayizo
* Kotafon
* Gbesi
The Saxwe language was previously classified as an Ayizo language.
Additionally, the Ayizo languages can also be known as the Ayizo–Kotafon–Gbesi languages to distinguish it with the Ayizo language proper.

## Orthography

The Ayizo alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of the letters Ɖ/ɖ, Ɛ/ɛ, and Ɔ/ɔ, and the digraphs gb, hw, kp, ny, and xw.
Ayizo alphabet :
| | a | b | c | d | ɖ | e | ɛ | f | g | gb | h | hw | i | j | k | kp | l | m | n | ny | o | ɔ | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | xw | y | z |
| Sound (IPA) | a | b | t͡ɕ | d | ɖ | e | ɛ | f | ɡ | ɡb | ɣ | ɣʷ | i | d͡ʑ | k | kp | l | m | n | ɲ | o | ɔ | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | xʷ | j | z |

### Tone marking

Tones are marked as follows:
* Acute accent marks the rising tone: xó, dó
* Grave accent marks the falling tone: ɖò, akpàkpà
* Caron marks falling and rising tone: bǔ, bǐ
* Circumflex accent marks the rising and falling tone: côfù
* Macron marks the neutral tone: kān
Tones are fully marked in reference books, but not always marked in other writing. The tone marking is phonemic, and the actual pronunciation may be different according to the syllable's environment.
# Józef Pokutyński

Józef Pokutyński (1859–1929) was a Polish architect.
# Deborah Capozzi

Deborah "Debbie" Capozzi (born July 9, 1981) is an American sailor who competed in the 2008 Summer Olympics with Sally Barkow and Carrie Howe in the Yngling, coming 7th overall. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in the Elliott 6m class with Anna Tunnicliffe and Molly O'Bryan Vandemoer they came 5th overall.
# Diane Sher Lutovich

Diane Sher Lutovich (died June 2, 2004) was an American poet, and writing teacher. She was a founding member of Sixteen Rivers Press, a publishing collective based in Northern California. She was a native of Hibbing, Minnesota.

## Awards

* 2004 American Book Award

## Works

* "It’s About Time", "Power of the Ephemeral", Sixteen Rivers Press
* What I stole. Sixteen Rivers Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-9707370-5-2.
* In the right season. Sixteen Rivers Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-9767642-0-5.
* Nobody's Child. Baywood Pub Co. 2001. ISBN 978-0-89503-253-9.
* Nobody's child: how older women say good-bye to their mothers. Baywood Pub. Co. 2002. ISBN 978-0-89503-253-9.

### Non-fiction

* Janis Fisher Chan; Diane Lutovich (1997). Professional writing skills: a self-paced training program. Write It Well. ISBN 978-0-9637455-4-5.
* Diane Lutovich; Janis Fisher Chan (1999). Just Commas. Write It Well. ISBN 978-0-9637455-6-9.
* Diane Lutovich; Janis Fisher Chan (1998). How to Write Reports and Proposals: A Self-Paced Training Program. Write It Well. ISBN 978-0-9637455-5-2.
* Janis Fisher Chan; Diane Lutovich (2003). Grammar for Grownups: A Self-Paced Training Program. Write It Well. ISBN 978-0-9637455-7-6.
* Janis Fisher Chan; Diane Lutovich (1994). Writing Performance Documentation: A Self-Paced Training Program. Write It Well. ISBN 978-0-9637455-3-8.

### Anthologies

* David St. John; Morley Clark, eds. (2005). Cloud view poets: an anthology. Arctos Press. ISBN 978-0-9725384-4-2.
* June Cotner, ed. (2001). Mothers and daughters: a poetry celebration. Harmony Books. ISBN 978-0-609-60689-6.
# Cyprus at the 2002 Winter Olympics

Cyprus sent a delegation to compete at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City, United States from 8–24 February 2002. This was Cyprus' seventh consecutive appearance at a Winter Olympic Games after their debut at the 1980 Winter Olympics. The delegation consisted of one athlete, Theodoros Christodoulou, an alpine skier. He finished 54th in the giant slalom and failed to complete the slalom.

## Background

The Cyprus Olympic Committee was first recognised by the International Olympic Committee in 1978, and the nation has participated in every Summer Olympics and Winter Olympic Games since their debut in 1980. At the time of the Salt Lake City Olympics, no Cypriot athlete had ever won a medal. They would win their first medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. This was their seventh appearance at a Winter Olympic Games. The 2002 Winter Olympics were held from 8–24 February 2002; a total of 2,399 athletes representing 77 National Olympic Committees took part. The only athlete sent by Cyprus to Salt Lake City was an alpine skier, Theodoros Christodoulou. He was the flag bearer for both the opening ceremony and the closing ceremony.

## Alpine skiing

Theodoros Christodoulou was 24 years old at the time of the Salt Lake City Olympics, and he was making his Olympic debut. On 21 February, he participated in the men's giant slalom, finishing the first run in a time of 1 minute and 21.67 seconds, and the second in 1 minute and 19.92 seconds. This made his total time for the competition to be 2 minutes and 41.59 seconds, and placed him 54th, out of 57 competitors who finished the race, the gold medal was won by Stephan Eberharter of Austria in a time of 2 minutes and 23.28 seconds. Three days later, on 24 February, Christodoulou took part in the slalom, where he completed the first run in 59.74 seconds and was in 46th place. However, he failed to finish the second run, and went unranked for the competition. Christodoulou would later go on to represent Cyprus at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
| Athlete | Event | Race 1 | Race 2 | Total | Total |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Time | Time | Rank |
| Theodoros Christodoulou | Giant slalom | 1:21.67 | 1:19.92 | 2:41.59 | 54 |
| Theodoros Christodoulou | Slalom | 59.74 | DNF | DNF | – |
# Johan Ljung

Johan Ljung (1717–1787) was a Swedish ornamental sculptor attached to the Stockholm Palace.
Johan Ljung was employed at the Stockholm Palace, as was his son, Pehr Ljung [sv] (1743–1819). Johan Ljung is represented in the collection of the National Museum, Stockholm.
# Yamar

Yamar may refer to:
* Yamar Samb (born 1952), Senegalese basketball player
* Yamar Molla Sari, or Imer Molla Sari, a village in Iran
* "Yamar", a song by Timujin from Buddha Bar XX, 2018
# Diane Barz

Diane MacDonald Barz (August 18, 1943 – May 14, 2014) was an American judge. In 1978, she became the first female Montana District Court judge. She was also the first woman to serve as a member of the Montana Supreme Court, a position she held from September 1989 to 1991. She also served as an assistant United States attorney from 1991 to 1994.

## Career

Barz received her J.D. degree from University of Montana Law School in 1968. In her law school graduating class, she was the only female graduate. She then became a law clerk in the Montana Supreme Court. After clerking, she became a deputy county attorney. Along with partner Doris Swords Poppler, she formed the first women's law firm in Montana. Then in 1978 she became the first woman elected as a Montana District Court judge, as well as the youngest elected. She was reelected four times to this position. She also served as public defender for Yellowstone County, Montana.
In 1987, she sentenced convicted murderer David Thomas Dawson to death. Dawson was subsequently executed in 2006 and remains the last person executed by the state of Montana.
In 1989, Governor Stan Stephens appointed Barz as an associate justice of the Montana Supreme Court. In 1990, Barz resigned from the court rather than participate in a contested statewide election, serving until 1991. She was an assistant United States attorney from 1991 to 1994. She then again served as Montana District Court judge, serving for 22 years. On the Montana District Court, Barz spent over 15 years running the Youth Court, where she founded the Youth Court Conference Committee to find alternative punishments for young offenders.
Barz retired from the District Court in 2003 but continued to work elsewhere. She conducted two investigations for the University of Montana: a 2004 investigation of the athletic department that found a million dollar shortfall was due to negligence and a 2011 sexual assault investigation that found multiple sexual assault reports and led to a conviction. She described the university as having “a problem of sexual assault on and off campus”. She also served as a temporary judge in several western Montana courts. She was described by the president of the State Bar of Montana as a "smart and competent judge who could be tough."
In 2004, Barz was named a distinguished alumni by the University of Montana.

## Personal life

Born in Bozeman, Montana to Bernice (Johnson) MacDonald and World War II pilot John MacDonald, Barz graduated from high school in Concord, California. She then received her bachelor's degree from Whitworth University. She also studied at Heidelberg University in Germany for one year. In 1969, she met her husband, Dan Barz, and married him a year later; they and their dogs hunted birds annually, and she also participated in antelope hunts, fishing, boating, and foraging. Her family provided scholarships to the University of Montana and Montana State University. Barz died in Billings, Montana of cancer, which she was diagnosed with eight years earlier.
# Barbara Weiler

Barbara Weiler (born 17 September 1946 in Düsseldorf) is a German politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament from 1994 until 2014. She is a member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, part of the Socialist Group.
Weiler joined the SPD in 1970.
During her term in office, Weiler served on the European Parliament's Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection. In this capacity, she was the Parliament's rapporteur on the Late Payment Directive (2010-2011) and the Radio Equipment Directive (2013-2014).
In addition to her committee assignments, Weiler was a substitute for the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs, a member of the delegation for relations with the countries of Southeast Asia and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and a substitute for the Delegation for relations with Japan. She was also part of a monitoring mission during the Ukrainian presidential election in 2014.

## Education

* 1963: School-leaving certificate
* Studied languages in the UK 1965-1967

## Career

* 1963-1965: Night school
* 1965-1985: Office worker (clerk, head secretary, company secretary) in industry
* SPD organiser, Fulda District (1985-1987);
* 1971-1975: Councillor in Willich, Viersen District
* 1975-1985: Willich town councillor
* 1987-1994: Member of the Bundestag
* 1994-2014: Member of the European Parliament