# Data management plan

A data management plan or DMP is a formal document that outlines how data are to be handled both during a research project, and after the project is completed. The goal of a data management plan is to consider the many aspects of data management, metadata generation, data preservation, and analysis before the project begins; this may lead to data being well-managed in the present, and prepared for preservation in the future.
DMPs were originally used in 1966 to manage aeronautical and engineering projects' data collection and analysis, and expanded across engineering and scientific disciplines in the 1970s and 1980s. Up until the early 2000s, DMPs were used "for projects of great technical complexity, and for limited mid-study data collection and processing purposes". In the 2000s and later, E-research and economic policies drove the development and uptake of DMPs.

## Importance

Preparing a data management plan before data are collected is claimed to ensure that data are in the correct format, organized well, and better annotated. This could arguably save time in the long term because there is no need to re-organize, re-format, or try to remember details about data. It is also claimed to increase research efficiency since both the data collector and other researchers might be able to understand and use well-annotated data in the future. One component of a data management plan is data archiving and preservation. By deciding on an archive ahead of time, the data collector can format data during collection to make its future submission to a database easier. If data are preserved, they are more relevant since they can be re-used by other researchers. It also allows the data collector to direct requests for data to the database, rather than address requests individually. A frequent argument in favor of preservation is that data that are preserved have the potential to lead to new, unanticipated discoveries, and they prevent duplication of scientific studies that have already been conducted. Data archiving also provides insurance against loss by the data collector.
In the 2010s, funding agencies increasingly required data management plans as part of the proposal and evaluation process, despite little or no evidence of their efficacy.

## Major components

"There is no general and definitive list of topics that should be covered in a DMP for a research project", and researchers are often left to their own devices as to how to fill out a DMP.

### Information about data & data format

* A description of data to be produced by the project. This might include (but is not limited to) data that are:
** Experimental
** Observational
** Raw or derived
** Physical collections
** Models
** Simulations
** Curriculum materials
** Software
** Images
* How will the data be acquired? When and where will they be acquired?
* After collection, how will the data be processed? Include information about
** Software used
** Algorithms
** Scientific workflows
* File formats that will be used, justify those formats, and describe the naming conventions used.
* Quality assurance & quality control measures that will be taken during sample collection, analysis, and processing.
* If existing data are used, what are their origins? How will the data collected be combined with existing data? What is the relationship between the data collected and existing data?
* How will the data be managed in the short-term? Consider the following:
** Version control for files
** Backing up data and data products
** Security & protection of data and data products
** Who will be responsible for management

### Metadata content and format

Metadata are the contextual details, including any information important for using data. This may include descriptions of temporal and spatial details, instruments, parameters, units, files, etc. Metadata is commonly referred to as “data about data”. Issues to be considered include:
* How detailed has the metadata to be in order to make the data meaningful?
* How will the metadata be created and/or captured? Examples include lab notebooks, GPS hand-held units, Auto-saved files on instruments, etc.
* What format will be used for the metadata? What are the metadata standards commonly used in the respective scientific discipline? There should be justification for the format chosen.

### Policies for access, sharing, and re-use

* Describe any obligations that exist for sharing data collected. These may include obligations from funding agencies, institutions, other professional organizations, and legal requirements.
* Include information about how data will be shared, including when the data will be accessible, how long the data will be available, how access can be gained, and any rights that the data collector reserves for using data.
* Address any ethical or privacy issues with data sharing
* Address intellectual property & copyright issues. Who owns the copyright? What are the institutional, publisher, and/or funding agency policies associated with intellectual property? Are there embargoes for political, commercial, or patent reasons?
* Describe the intended future uses/users for the data
* Indicate how the data should be cited by others. How will the issue of persistent citation be addressed? For example, if the data will be deposited in a public archive, will the dataset have a persistent identifier (e.g., ARK, DOI, Handle, PURL, URN) assigned to it?

### Long-term storage and data management

* Researchers should identify an appropriate archive for the long-term preservation of their data. By identifying the archive early in the project, the data can be formatted, transformed, and documented appropriately to meet the requirements of the archive. Researchers should consult colleagues and professional societies in their discipline to determine the most appropriate database, and include a backup archive in their data management plan in case their first choice goes out of existence.
* Early in the project, the primary researcher should identify what data will be preserved in an archive. Usually, preserving the data in its most raw form is desirable, although data derivatives and products can also be preserved.
* An individual should be identified as the primary contact person for archived data, and ensure contact information is always kept up-to-date in case there are requests for data or information about data.

### Budget

Data management and preservation costs may be considerable, depending on the nature of the project. By anticipating costs ahead of time, researchers ensure that the data will be properly managed and archived. Potential expenses that should be considered are
* Personnel time for data preparation, management, documentation, and preservation
* Hardware and/or software needed for data management, backing up, security, documentation, and preservation
* Costs associated with submitting the data to an archive
The data management plan should include how these costs will be paid.

## NSF Data Management Plan

All grant proposals submitted to National Science Foundation (NSF) must include a Data Management Plan that is no more than two pages. This is a supplement (not part of the 15-page proposal) and should describe how the proposal will conform to the Award and Administration Guide policy (see below). It may include the following:
* The types of data
* The standards to be used for data and metadata format and content
* Policies for access and sharing
* Policies and provisions for re-use
* Plans for archiving data
Policy summarized from the NSF Award and Administration Guide, Section 4 (Dissemination and Sharing of Research Results):
* Promptly publish with appropriate authorship
* Share data, samples, physical collections, and supporting materials with others, within a reasonable time frame
* Share software and inventions
* Investigators can keep their legal rights over their intellectual property, but they still have to make their results, data, and collections available to others
* Policies will be implemented via
** Proposal review
** Award negotiations and conditions
** Support/incentives

## ESRC Data Management Plan

Since 1995, the UK's Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) have had a research data policy in place. The current ESRC Research Data Policy states that research data created as a result of ESRC-funded research should be openly available to the scientific community to the maximum extent possible, through long-term preservation and high-quality data management.
ESRC requires a data management plan for all research award applications where new data are being created. Such plans are designed to promote a structured approach to data management throughout the data lifecycle, resulting in better quality data that is ready to archive for sharing and re-use. The UK Data Service, the ESRC's flagship data service, provides practical guidance on research data management planning suitable for social science researchers in the UK and around the world.
ESRC has a longstanding arrangement with the UK Data Archive, based at the University of Essex, as a place of deposit for research data, with award holders required to offer data resulting from their research grants via the UK Data Service. The Archive enables data re-use by preserving data and making them available to the research and teaching communities.

## Benefits

There are three major themes identified in the literature in terms of benefits of DMPs: professional benefits, economic benefits and institutional benefits. It has been argued that DMPs can form a catalyst for researchers to improve their data literacy and data management practices, often aided by the library.

## In practice

In practice, however, DMPs often fall short of their stated goals. A 2012 review of DMP policies by research funders found that policies were missing several elements from the Digital Curation Centre's list of criteria for a DMP. Researchers shared DMP text. DMPs are often regarded as an "administrative exercise rather than an integral part" of the research process, and it has been acknowledged that DMPs do not guarantee good data management practices. Most funders do not require a DMP after grants are awarded, thus robbing stakeholders of the powerful tool that an active DMP can be. Best practice would be to "require maintenance of the data management plan following award and during the active phase of a study." At present, data sharing plans are more important than data management plans to funders.