# Ethel Gordon Fenwick

Ethel Gordon Fenwick (née Manson; 26 January 1857 – 13 March 1947) was a British nurse who played a major role in the History of Nursing in the United Kingdom. She campaigned to procure a nationally recognised certificate for nursing, to safeguard the title "Nurse", and lobbied Parliament to pass a law to control nursing and limit it to "registered" nurses only.

## Biography

She was born Ethel Gordon Manson in Spynie, near the Moray town of Elgin in Scotland, the daughter of a wealthy farmer and doctor who died later the same year. Ethel's mother then married George Storer, a Member of Parliament. She was educated privately at Middlethorpe Hall, Middlethorpe, Yorkshire. At the age of 21 she commenced nurse training at the Children's Hospital in Nottingham as a paying probationer nurse, and then at Manchester Royal Infirmary. Her expertise was soon noted and it was not long before she left for London, where she worked at a hospital in Richmond. Fenwick was a ward sister at The London Hospital in Whitechapel between 1879 and 1881, and for the last six months worked under Eva Luckes, the new matron.
In 1881, at the age of 24, Ethel was appointed Matron of St Bartholomew's Hospital, a post she held until 1887 when she resigned her post to marry Dr Bedford Fenwick, becoming known professionally as Mrs Bedford Fenwick. Her successor was Isla Stewart, with whom she became close friends and an ally in the campaign for nursing registration.
She was the founder of the Royal British Nurses' Association in 1887. She was instrumental in founding Florence Nightingale International Foundation, the premier foundation of the International Council of Nurses, and was its president for the first five years. She extended significantly the training period for nurses, and campaigned for the state registration of nurses in the United Kingdom. In 1910 Ethel Bedford-Fenwick managed to unite many diverse nursing groups, including the British Medical Association, the Royal British Nurses' Association, the Matrons' Council, the Society for the State Registration of Trained Nurses, the Fever Nurses' Association, the Irish Nurses' Association, the Scottish Nurses Association and the Association of the promotion of the registration of nurses in Scotland to create one committee for the State Registration of Nurses, which in 1919 submitted a bill to parliament which prompted the government to present its own bill covering the registration of nurses, the Nurses Registration Act 1919, and Ethel Gordon Fenwick appears as "Nurse No. 1" when the register opened in 1923. (The Cape Colony had been the first to introduce nurse registration, in 1891).
Ethel Fenwick acquired the Nursing Record in 1893 and became its editor in 1903. It was renamed The British Journal of Nursing and through its pages for the next 54 years her thinking and her beliefs are clearly revealed. She disagreed with Florence Nightingale and with Henry Burdett about registration of nurses. She believed that there was a need for training to a recognised standard and this meant confining entry to the profession to the daughters of the higher social classes. She opposed paying nurses in training, because it attracted the wrong sort of girl. She was very keen to see control over domiciliary nursing.
In 1927 she established the British College of Nurses with an endowment of £100,000 from a grateful patient of Dr Fenwick. She was president, and he was treasurer, for life. She was supported in this postgraduate training provider by Rebecca Strong, former matron of Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
She died in London Colney, Hertfordshire on 13 March 1947.
In 1999 an English Heritage "blue plaque" was attached to her former home at 20 Upper Wimpole Street, London.