OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bragg plane

In physics, a Bragg plane is a plane in reciprocal space which bisects a reciprocal lattice vector, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {K}$, at right angles. The Bragg plane is defined as part of the Von Laue condition for diffraction peaks in x-ray diffraction crystallography.
Considering the adjacent diagram, the arriving x-ray plane wave is defined by:
    $e^{i\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} }=\cos {(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} )}+i\sin {(\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} )}$
Where $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k}$ is the incident wave vector given by:
    $\mathbf {k} ={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}{\hat {n}}$
where $\scriptstyle \lambda$ is the wavelength of the incident photon. While the Bragg formulation assumes a unique choice of direct lattice planes and specular reflection of the incident X-rays, the Von Laue formula only assumes monochromatic light and that each scattering center acts as a source of secondary wavelets as described by the Huygens principle. Each scattered wave contributes to a new plane wave given by:
    $\mathbf {k^{\prime }} ={\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}{\hat {n}}^{\prime }$
The condition for constructive interference in the $\scriptstyle {\hat {n}}^{\prime }$ direction is that the path difference between the photons is an integer multiple (m) of their wavelength. We know then that for constructive interference we have:
    $|\mathbf {d} |\cos {\theta }+|\mathbf {d} |\cos {\theta ^{\prime }}=\mathbf {d} \cdot \left({\hat {n}}-{\hat {n}}^{\prime }\right)=m\lambda$
where $\scriptstyle m~\in ~\mathbb {Z}$. Multiplying the above by $\scriptstyle {\frac {2\pi }{\lambda }}$ we formulate the condition in terms of the wave vectors, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k}$ and $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k^{\prime }}$:
    $\mathbf {d} \cdot \left(\mathbf {k} -\mathbf {k^{\prime }} \right)=2\pi m$
Now consider that a crystal is an array of scattering centres, each at a point in the Bravais lattice. We can set one of the scattering centres as the origin of an array. Since the lattice points are displaced by the Bravais lattice vectors, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {R}$, scattered waves interfere constructively when the above condition holds simultaneously for all values of $\scriptstyle \mathbf {R}$ which are Bravais lattice vectors, the condition then becomes:
    $\mathbf {R} \cdot \left(\mathbf {k} -\mathbf {k^{\prime }} \right)=2\pi m$
An equivalent statement (see mathematical description of the reciprocal lattice) is to say that:
    $e^{i\left(\mathbf {k} -\mathbf {k^{\prime }} \right)\cdot \mathbf {R} }=1$
By comparing this equation with the definition of a reciprocal lattice vector, we see that constructive interference occurs if $\scriptstyle \mathbf {K} ~=~\mathbf {k} \,-\,\mathbf {k^{\prime }}$ is a vector of the reciprocal lattice. We notice that $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k}$ and $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k^{\prime }}$ have the same magnitude, we can restate the Von Laue formulation as requiring that the tip of incident wave vector, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {k}$, must lie in the plane that is a perpendicular bisector of the reciprocal lattice vector, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {K}$. This reciprocal space plane is the Bragg plane.
# Baitul Hamd

Baitul Hamd (English: “A Praiseworthy Place”) may refer to:
* Baitul Hamd (Bradford), England
* Baitul Hamd (Mississauga), Toronto, Canada
# Albaron

Albaron (3,638 m) is a mountain of the Graian Alps in Savoie, France. Along with the nearby mountain Uia di Ciamarella it forms a large glacial basin. It was first climbed in 1866 by Yeamin and Shahd.

## Hiking and skiing

It is a popular mountain to climb due to its relative ease and clear summit, which appears as a sharp pyramid, especially from the southeast or north. It is also a popular mountain with ski mountaineers.
# Free Market Forum

The Free Market Forum was a right wing Conservative think tank associated with the Institute of Economic Affairs, launched in September 2021. It has been described as a successor to the Free Enterprise Group set up by Liz Truss
The Free Market Forum listed the following MPs as its supporters:
* Bim Afolami
* Gareth Bacon
* Richard Bacon
* Kemi Badenoch
* Siobhan Baillie
* Aaron Bell
* Saqib Bhatti
* Andrew Bowie
* Ben Bradley
* Jack Brereton
* Paul Bristow
* Anthony Browne
* Simon Clarke
* Brendan Clarke-Smith
* Thérèse Coffey
* Dehenna Davison
* Ben Everitt
* Simon Fell
* Liam Fox
* Richard Fuller
* Jonathan Gullis
* Greg Hands
* Mark Harper
* Sally-Ann Hart
* Antony Higginbotham
* Eddie Hughes
* Alister Jack
* Mark Jenkinson
* Andrea Jenkyns
* Gillian Keegan
* Kwasi Kwarteng
* Andrew Lewer
* Chris Loder
* Marco Longhi
* Jack Lopresti
* Jonathan Lord
* Tim Loughton
* Rachel Maclean
* Anthony Mangnall
* Scott Mann
* Stephen McPartland
* Robin Millar
* Gagan Mohindra
* Damien Moore
* Joy Morrissey
* Priti Patel
* John Penrose
* Sir John Redwood
* Andrew Rosindell
* Lee Rowley
* Bob Seely
* Chris Skidmore
* Greg Smith
* Alexander Stafford
* Jane Stevenson
* Liz Truss
* David Warburton
* James Wild
* William Wragg
* Jacob Young
And the following members of the House of Lords:
* Lord Borwick
* Lord Bridges of Headley
* Lord Hill of Oareford
* Lord Lamont of Lerwick
* Baroness Noakes
* Lord Vinson
# Frederick William Pennefather

Frederick William Pennefather (29 April 1852 – 6 February 1921) was an Australian lawyer.

## Early life

Frederick William Pennefather was born on 29 April 1852, the youngest son of Edward Pennefather QC.
He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1874, LL.M. 1877, LL.D. 1891.

## Bar

He entered at Lincoln's Inn on 17 December 1874, and was called to the Bar on 17 November 1877. He went the south-eastern circuit, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1878.
He was private secretary to the Governor of South Australia from 1881 to 1883, and to the Governor of New Zealand from 1883 to 1886.
He was one of the Commissioners for New Zealand at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886; was appointed Lecturer on Laws in the University of Adelaide in 1887, and Professor of Laws in 1890, the same year he was admitted to the Bar in South Australia. In September 1896 he resigned from the professorship and the following year he agreed to assist in finding his successor.
Richard Pennefather (1851–1914), the ninth Attorney-General of Western Australia, was not related.
Pennefather died on 6 February 1921.
# Bonaventura Cerronio

Bonaventura Cerronio (fl. 1639) was an Italian composer. Little is known of his life.
# Band of the Royal Corps of Signals

The Band of the Royal Corps of Signals is the band of the Royal Corps of Signals under the Royal Corps of Army Music. It was formed on the 29th August 1938 at Maresfield Park, Sussex and can be traced back to the Royal Engineers Signal Service.

## History

On the 29th of August 1938, the Band of the Royal Corps of Signals was formed from the 1st Division Telegraph Battalion, Royal Engineers. The Band's uniform is based on the Royal Engineers Band Uniform. The band moved to Catterick Garrison and then to Blandford Forum in Dorset, where it remained until 2014.
The Band of the Royal Corps of Signals has also appeared on the BBC's Songs of Praise.
# Authieule

Authieule (French pronunciation:; Picard: Eutieule) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
# Formica (disambiguation)

Formica is a genus of ants of the family Formicidae.
Formica may also refer to:
* Formica (plastic), laminated composite material
* Formica (surname), surname
* Formica Building, mixed-use building in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
# Balabancık

Balabancık can refer to:
* Balabancık, İpsala
* Balabancık, Mudanya
# Albarkaram

Albarkaram is a village and rural commune in the Damagaram Takaya Department of the Zinder Region of Niger. As of 2012, it had a population of 17,619.
# Frederick Staples Benedict

Frederick Staples Benedict (1861 – January 8, 1936) was an American architect.
For more than thirty years, he was a partner in the firm of York and Sawyer. He was a graduate of Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning. Among the important works of his firm which he directed were the New York Athletic Club, United States Post Office at Orange, New Jersey, First Bank and Trust Company at Utica, New York, Brooklyn Trust Company, Rutgers College gymnasium, work at Vassar College and the University of Michigan. He belonged to the American Institute of Architects and the Cornell Club. He died on January 8, 1936, in Brooklyn, New York.
# Fred Woods

Fred or Frederick Woods may refer to:
* Frederick S. Woods (1864–1950), American mathematician
* Fred Woods (trade unionist) (died 1961), British trade union leader
* Fred Woods (historian) (born 1956), professor at Brigham Young University
* Frederick Newhall Woods IV (born c. 1952), kidnapper behind the 1976 Chowchilla kidnapping
# Bernard Saint-Hillier

Bernard Saint-Hillier (29 December 1911 – 28 July 2004) was a French general.
Saint-Hillier graduated from Saint-Cyr in 1933 and was affected to the 11th Chasseurs alpins Battalion. In 1938, he joined the French Foreign Legion with the rank of captain. He sided with the Fighting French and took part in the East African Campaign with the 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade.
In 1943, he was promoted to commandant, and to lieutenant-colonel in 1944. He took command of the 13th Foreign Legion Demi-Brigade on the 25 March 1945. From 1946, he was affected to the general staff of the Armed Forces, where he spent two years.
In 1951, he was promoted to colonel, and led the 18th paratrooper regiment, until he departed to Indochina in 1954. On his return, he studied at the Institut des hautes études de la défense nationale.
In 1958, Saint-Hillier was chief of the general staff in Constantine, Algeria. Promoted to general of brigade in 1959, he became chief of cabinet of the Minister of Defence. From 1960 to 1961, he commanded the 10th Parachute Division. He was French military representative to the European Allied command in 1962.
In 1965, he was promoted to general of division, and served as inspector of the staffs of the Army. Saint-Hillier was promoted to Général de corps d'armée in 1968, commanding the 3rd Military Region in Rennes, and sitting at the Conseil supérieur de la Guerre.
He retired in 1971.

## Decorations

* Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour
* Compagnon de la Libération (27 May 1943)
* Croix de Guerre 1939-1945 (9 mentions in despatches)
* Croix de la Valeur Militaire (2 mentions in despatches)
* Médaille de la Résistance
* Médaille coloniale with Eritrea, Libya, Bir Hakeim and Tunisia clasps
* Médaille de l'Aéronautique
* Distinguished Service Order (United Kingdom)
* War Cross with sword (Norway)
* Commander of Nichan Iftikar (Tunisia)
# Dichomeris syngrapta

Dichomeris syngrapta is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1921. It is found in Zimbabwe.
The wingspan is about 17 mm. The forewings are pale ochreous, the veins are tinged with ferruginous and the base of the costal edge is fuscous. There is a streak of reddish-fuscous suffusion mixed with darker along the termen and the terminal edge is ochreous whitish. The hindwings are grey.
# Boykin, Georgia

Boykin is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Miller County, Georgia, United States. The 2020 census listed a population of 151.

## History

The community most likely was named after Guilford A. Boyken, Sr., an early settler. A post office called Boykin was established in 1897 and remained in operation until 1932.
The Georgia General Assembly incorporated the place as the "Town of Boykin" in 1903. The town's charter was dissolved in 1995.

## Geography

Boykin is located along U.S. Route 27 in southern Miller County, 5 miles (8 km) southeast of Colquitt, the county seat, and 16 miles (26 km) northwest of Bainbridge. The CDP is bordered to the south by Big Drain, which flows west to Spring Creek, which continues south to Lake Seminole near the confluence of the Flint and Chattahoochee rivers to form the Apalachicola River.
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Boykin CDP has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.2 km$^2$), of which 0.004 square miles (2.6 acres), or 0.16%, are water.

## Demographics

Boykin was first listed as a census designated place in the 2010 U.S. Census.
Boykin CDP, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 107 | 93 | 74.83% | 61.59% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 30 | 31 | 20.98% | 20.53% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 2 | 0.00% | 1.32% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Other race alone (NH) | 0 | 1 | 0.00% | 0.66% |
| Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 3 | 4 | 2.10% | 2.65% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 3 | 20 | 2.10% | 13.25% |
| Total | 143 | 151 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
# Squamulea

Squamulea is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Teloschistaceae. It has 15 species. The genus was circumscribed in 2013 by Ulf Arup, Ulrik Søchting, and Patrik Frödén, with Squamulea subsoluta assigned as the type species. Five species were included in the original account of the genus. The genus name alludes to the squamulose growth form of most of its species. Squamulea has a worldwide distribution; when the genus was originally created, the centre of distribution was thought to be in southwestern North America.

## Species

* Squamulea chelonia Bungartz & Søchting (2020) – Galapagos Islands
* Squamulea coreana S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2020) – South Korea
* Squamulea evolutior (Zahlbr.) Wilk & Lücking (2024)
* Squamulea flakusii (Wilk) Arup, Søchting & Bungartz (2020)
* Squamulea galactophylla (Tuck.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Squamulea humboldtiana Bungartz & Søchting (2020) – Galapagos Islands
* Squamulea loekoesiana (S.Y.Kondr. & Upreti) Arup, Søchting & Bungartz (2020)
* Squamulea micromera (Hue) S.Y.Kondr., Lőkös & Hur (2017)
* Squamulea nesodes (Poelt & Nimis) S.Y.Kondr. (2015)
* Squamulea oceanica Bungartz & Søchting (2020) – Galapagos Islands
* Squamulea osseophila Søchting & Bungartz (2020) – Galapagos Islands
* Squamulea parviloba (Wetmore) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Squamulea phyllidizans (Wetmore) Søchting & Bungartz (2020)
* Squamulea squamosa (B.de Lesd.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Squamulea subsoluta (Nyl.) Arup, Søchting & Frödén (2013)
* Squamulea uttarkashiana S.Y.Kondr., Upreti, Nayak & A.Thell (2020) – Uttarakhand
One of the original lichens placed in this genus, Squamulea kiamae, has since been transferred to genus Filsoniana.
# Alehana Mara

Alehana Mara (born 6 November 1989) is a Tokelauan former professional international rugby league footballer who last played for the Wynnum Manly Seagulls in the Queensland Cup. Mara previously played for the New Zealand Warriors in the National Rugby League.

## Early life

Born in Wellington, New Zealand, Mara is of Ni-Vanuatu descent through his father, and Tokelauan descent through his mother. He attended St Patrick's College and represented the school in rugby union. Mara played his junior rugby league for the St George club in the Wellington Rugby League competition. He represented the Junior Kiwis in 2006 and the NZ under-18 team in 2007 before going onto play for the Wellington Orcas in the Bartercard Cup.

## Playing career

Mara joined the New Zealand Warriors in 2008 for the inaugural season of the Under 20's National Youth Competition. He played 39 games for the Juniors Warriors over two seasons, scoring eleven tries and finishing the 2009 season as the squads' captain.
When he moved into the Warriors' first grade squad, Mara found himself behind Nathan Friend as the team's first choice hooker. He spent much of his time playing for the Warriors' feeder team, the Auckland Vulcans, in the New South Wales Cup. He made his NRL for the Warriors on 21 August 2010 against the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. In May 2011, Mara re-signed with the Warriors until the end of 2013. Mara represented Vanuatu in their first ever Test match, against Greece on 20 October 2012.
In 2014, Mara joined the Wynnum Manly Seagulls in the Queensland Cup competition. Mara played with Wynnum Manly up until the end of 2016.
# Free Officers Movement

Free Officers Movement can mean:
* Free Officers Movement (Egypt) in Egypt who overthrew the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in the Egyptian Revolution, to form the Republic of Egypt.
* Free Officers Movement (Iraq) in Iraq who overthrew the Hashemite Dynasty in the 14 July Revolution, to form the Republic of Iraq.
* Free Officers and Civilians Movement in Iraq who campaigned against Saddam Hussein's rule in the 1991 Iraqi uprisings, to form the Coalition Provisional Authority.
* Free Officers Movement (Syria) in Syria who fought against Bashar al-Assad's rule in the Syrian Civil War in 2011, to form the Free Syrian Army.
* Free Officers Movement (Libya) in Libya who overthrew the Senussi Dynasty in the Libyan Revolution, to form the Libyan Arab Republic.
# Cericium

Cericium is a fungal genus in the family Cystostereaceae. It is a monotypic genus with the single species Cericium luteoincrustatum , a crust fungus. This species was originally described in 1986 by Kurt Hjortstam and Leif Ryvarden, who called it Amethicium luteoincrustatum. They placed it in the genus Amethicium based on microscopic similarities with the African species Amethicium rimosum.

## Description

Cericium luteoincrustatum is a waxy and brittle crust fungus with a fruit body that is about 0.2–1 mm thick. Its surface is either smooth or somewhat tuberculate with a pale yellow colour. It has a dimitic hyphal system, without clamp connections in the generative hyphae. The hyphae in the subiculum are arboriform (tree-like); these are binding-type hyphae. Cystidia feature yellowish incrustations at their bases. The spores produced by the fungus are smooth and thin-walled with an ellipsoid shape, and measure about 5 by 3 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

The holotype of Cericium luteoincrustatum was found in Iguazú National Park, Misiones Province, Argentina.
# Bold Personality

Bold Personality was an Australian Thoroughbred racehorse who gained notability by being substituted for the inferior horse Fine Cotton in a race at Eagle Farm Racecourse, Brisbane on 18 August 1984. The attempted scam is infamous in Australian history due to the involvement of some of racing's elite.
Bold Personality, poorly disguised as Fine Cotton, won the race by a small margin after being backed from 33/1 into odds of 7/2, but Racing Stewards were suspicious and rumours of a ring-in quickly spread around the racecourse.
A subsequent inquiry was held and the horse was disqualified. The horse trainer Hayden Haitana, and alleged organiser John Gillespie, were jailed and several people were warned off by the Australian Jockey Club. High profile bookmakers Bill and Robbie Waterhouse were two of the people warned off, for having had prior knowledge of the scam.
Bold Personality was a bay gelding foaled on 13 August 1977 by Bold Aussie (USA) from Miss Personality by Vibrant (GB). He was bred by Mr & Mrs JP Curran, New South Wales.
# Best, Texas

Best is an unincorporated community in southwestern Reagan County in the western part of the U.S. state of Texas. It was portrayed in the Clyde Ragsdale novel The Big Fist.

## Location and population

Best is located in Reagan County, approximately 85 miles (135 km) west of San Angelo and 10 miles (16 km) west of the county seat Big Lake. In 2010, the town had a population of 1. It once was one of the four major communities in Reagan County according to the Handbook of Texas. Best was served by the Kansas City, Mexico and Orient Railway.

## History

Oil was discovered in 1923 about 5 miles (8 km) to the west at Texon. The town is reportedly named after Tom Best, an English stockholder of the Orient Railroad, which established a railroad switching station in the town in 1924. The town grew rapidly, reaching a population of 3,500 by 1925.
The rapid growth of the town was accompanied by a wild reputation, as portrayed in the Clyde Ragsdale novel, The Big Fist. A commonly used slogan was coined that "the town with the Best name in the world and worst reputation."
The population of the town declined after 1925 to 300 by 1945. In the late 1950s National Supply Company still operated an oilfield supply store. The population in 1990 was 25, and by 2010 had declined to just 1.
# Diaporthe arctii

Diaporthe arctii is a fungal plant pathogen.

## Subspecies

* Diaporthe arctii var. achilleae
# WinVi

WinVi can refer to:
* WinVi (text editor), Windows text editor based on Vi
* Windows Vista - Microsoft Windows release
# Formica (surname)

Formica is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Daniele Formica (1949 – 2011), Irish-born Italian actor, voice actor, theatre director, playwright and television personality
* José Fórmica (1881 – 1954), Spanish rower
* Lautaro Formica (born 1986), Argentine football player
* Mauro Formica (born 1988), Argentine former professional footballer
* Palma Formica (born 1928), Italian doctor
* Paul Formica, American restaurateur and former Republican member of the Connecticut State Senate
* Rino Formica (born 1927), former Italian politician
* Sofie Formica (born 1971), Australian radio and television presenter
# Brendan Connor

Brendan Connor is a Canadian radio and television journalist, currently a reporter with CBC Northern Ontario in Sudbury.
Prior to CBC, he spent 13 years anchoring and reporting for CTV Northern Ontario. His father, Michael Connor, was a longtime TV news anchor for the same station. He left CTV in early 2024 amid staffing cutbacks at parent corporation Bell Media.
Before CTV, he worked as a sports reporter for the English service of Al Jazeera, based out of Washington, DC, and out of Doha, Qatar. For Al Jazeera English, Brendan profiled two-time NBA MVP Steve Nash and also reported on NFL football, NHL hockey, curling, the U-S Open Tennis Championship, the 2007 Cricket World Cup, the 2007 America's Cup yacht racing, the 2007 Pan American Games in Brazil, the 2007 World Anti-Doping Conference in Madrid and the humanitarian sports group Right to Play. In 2008, he did stories on Turkish NBA star, Hedo Türkoğlu, covered the Davis Cup Tennis Finals in Argentina, reported from the Super Bowl in Phoenix, profiled Indycar Racing driver Danica Patrick, South Korean golfers on the LPGA Tour, and produced a series of pre-Olympic stories on athletes and teams headed to Beijing.
Connor attended Queen's University, where he studied English Literature, and became involved with broadcasting at CKLC radio, a local Kingston station. His experience has seen him work for some big organizations, and covering some big events. He had roles broadcasting in sports and news with Canada's CBC Television, CBC Newsworld, CBC Radio CTV, and TSN. He has an extensive and varied career, that includes coverage of eight Olympics for TV, radio and web outlets. He has also written two books, produced a documentary on ski-racing and taught a graduate program in broadcast journalism at Sheridan College, outside Toronto.
The major sports events Connor has covered include: The 2010 Winter Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Summer Games (for the IOC's Olympic News Channel) the 2004 Olympics in Athens (CBC Newsworld), the 2000 Sydney Olympics (CBC.ca), 1988 Olympics in Seoul (CBC Radio), the 1990 New Zealand Commonwealth Games, the Stanley Cup Finals, the World Series, the Super Bowl, the NBA Finals, etc..