OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zonsé Department

Zonsé is a department or commune of Boulgou Province in eastern Burkina Faso. Its capital is in the town of Zonsé. According to the 2019 census, the department has a total population of 37,327.

## Towns and villages

* Zonsé (1,521 inhabitants) (capital)
* Boutaya (740 inhabitants)
* Diarra-Betongo (870 inhabitants)
* Diella (476 inhabitants)
* Dimvousse (1 238 inhabitants)
* Gnekouneta (175 inhabitants)
* Guiemssim (1 638 inhabitants)
* Kareta (841 inhabitants)
* Korgoreya (424 inhabitants)
* Koungou (821 inhabitants)
* Kourga (2 267 inhabitants)
* Landre (209 inhabitants)
* Litaya (1 099 inhabitants)
* Mangare (441 inhabitants)
* Ponga (3 743 inhabitants)
* Possodo (836 inhabitants)
* Samprabissa (104 inhabitants)
* Sangou-Nazela (71 inhabitants)
* Saoupo (650 inhabitants)
* Soboya (360 inhabitants)
* Soper (727 inhabitants)
* Yerba-Peulh (165 inhabitants)
* Yergoya (500 inhabitants)
# Characteristic function (convex analysis)

In the field of mathematics known as convex analysis, the characteristic function of a set is a convex function that indicates the membership (or non-membership) of a given element in that set. It is similar to the usual indicator function, and one can freely convert between the two, but the characteristic function as defined below is better-suited to the methods of convex analysis.

## Definition

Let $X$ be a set, and let $A$ be a subset of $X$. The characteristic function of $A$ is the function
    $\chi _{A}:X\to \mathbb {R} \cup \{+\infty \}$
taking values in the extended real number line defined by
    $\chi _{A}(x):={\begin{cases}0,&x\in A;\\+\infty ,&x\not \in A.\end{cases}}$

## Relationship with the indicator function

Let $\mathbf {1} _{A}:X\to \mathbb {R}$ denote the usual indicator function:
    $\mathbf {1} _{A}(x):={\begin{cases}1,&x\in A;\\0,&x\not \in A.\end{cases}}$
If one adopts the conventions that
* for any $a\in \mathbb {R} \cup \{+\infty \}$, $a+(+\infty )=+\infty$ and $a(+\infty )=+\infty$, except $0(+\infty )=0$;
* ${\frac {1}{0}}=+\infty$; and
* ${\frac {1}{+\infty }}=0$;
then the indicator and characteristic functions are related by the equations
    $\mathbf {1} _{A}(x)={\frac {1}{1+\chi _{A}(x)}}$
and
    $\chi _{A}(x)=(+\infty )\left(1-\mathbf {1} _{A}(x)\right).$

## Subgradient

The subgradient of $\chi _{A}(x)$ for a set $A$ is the tangent cone of that set in $x$.
# Steinibühlweiher

Steinibühlweiher is a pond at Sempach in the Canton of Lucerne, Switzerland. The artificial reservoir has a surface area of 3 ha.
* This Canton of Lucerne location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
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# Clawson

Clawson may refer to:
* Clawson (surname)
* The travel cost method of economic valuation, also called the Clawson method

## Places
### In the United States

* Clawson, Idaho, an unincorporated community
* Clawson, Michigan, a city
* Clawson, Texas, an unincorporated community
* Clawson, Utah, a town

### Elsewhere

* Long Clawson, a small village in Leicestershire, England, United Kingdom
# C. mortuorum

C. mortuorum may refer to:
* Cocytius mortuorum, a hawkmoth species in the genus Cocytius
* Cynomya mortuorum, a fly species
# Code browser

A code browser is an editor, sometimes with folding or other advanced layout capabilities, designed to structure source code or, by extension, other kinds of text file. Since it is typically aware of the syntax (and, to some extent, the semantics) of the text it is displaying, it is able to use various techniques to make navigation and cross-referencing faster and easier; this allows it to present a good overview of the code of large projects.
An editor of this type is positioned between a traditional text editor, a Smalltalk class browser and a web browser such as Mozilla. It displays a structured text file (marker-based folding) hierarchically, sometimes using multiple panes. A code browser usually supports syntax highlighting for major languages, and frequently allows users to define highlighting schemes for other files relevant to their activities; in some cases it may also integrate the output of other programs such as gdb.
Although code browsers were initially designed to edit programs, they can also be used for different tasks such as plain text outlining or helping to understand existing source code.
# Eunidia postfasciata

Eunidia postfasciata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1947.
# Dolph Map Company

The Dolph Map Company is a U.S. publisher of city and state road maps.
Based in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, it was founded in 1926 by a one-time employee of the New York-based Hagstrom Map Company. Dolph has specialized in highly detailed commercial and custom maps of cities in the southeastern United States, especially within the state of Florida. The company also publishes wall maps, digitally disseminated maps, maps on CD, print street atlases, and has published for phone directories and law enforcement agencies.
During the period between 1950 and 2000, Dolph published maps for cities in more than 20 states, though their primary focus has been the Southeastern US, and many of the 1950s and 1960s maps of cities in the Midwest and other parts of the U.S. have gone out of print.
As of 2010, maps of cities in Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia and Texas are also listed in their catalog, and custom-produced maps of cities elsewhere in the southern U.S. are commonly available through banks, real estate agencies and business organizations.
# Yan Yunxiang

Yunxiang Yan is a Professor of Social Anthropology and Director of the Center for Chinese Studies at UCLA. He is known for his field work studies in Xiajia Village, Heilongjiang Province, which locates in the northeastern part of China.

## Significant views

Yan's 2003 Private Life Under Socialism is an influential anthropology text which addresses the development of the individual as a central social category in rural and community life in China, tying these changes to broader structural forces of individualization during the country's rapid modernization process.$^{:12}$ Private Life Under Socialism traces China's macro-structural forces of individualization to the May Fourth Movement.$^{:12}$ The text focuses on changes occurring after the establishment of the People's Republic of China, particularly during the first two decades of Reform and Opening Up.$^{:12}$ The text addresses decline of family hierarchies and extended family ties, decline in collectivist ideologies, and the development of smaller, child-centered families and new forms of intergenerational solidarity.$^{:12}$
Yan noticed fewer violations of China's One-Child policy among rural populations in the 1990s who were historically resistant. He believes this change is because these rural parents, having grown up with birth planning, placed a higher value on material comforts and individual happiness compared to earlier generations.

## In media

Yunxiang Yan is also a featured subject, together with Tianjian Shi and Emily Wu, in Chris Billing's 2005 documentary Up to the Mountain, Down to the Village. From 1968 onwards more than 17 million high school students and young adults were sent "up to the mountain, down to the village" (上山下乡 shang shan, xia xiang) to "learn from the peasants." In the documentary three of those youngsters revisit the remote villages to which they were sent thirty years ago.

## Career landmarks
### Publications

* The Flow of Gifts. Stanford: University Press, 1996
* Private Life under Socialism. Stanford University Press, 2003
* The Individualization of Chinese Society. Oxford & NY: Berg, 2009

### Awards

* 2010: The Guggenheim Fellowship of the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
# Charles Grangier de la Ferrière

Charles Grangier de la Ferrière (21 September 1738, Pontchâteau – 8 March 1794, Paris) was a French general of the War of the First Coalition.

## Life

He entered the French army on 12 April 1756, joining a gendarme regiment before moving to the line infantry in 1758. On 5 February 1792 he was made colonel of the 23rd Infantry Regiment. On 28 April 1792 he was général Custine's second-in-command in the capture of Porrentruy.
He was promoted to brigade-general in the Army of the Alps on 15 May 1793, but was sacked on 7 October 1793 and arrested on 29 October the same year at Mende.
He was transported to Paris and condemned to execution by the revolutionary tribunal. He was guillotined on 8 March 1794.
# Luckau (disambiguation)

Luckau is a city in the federal state of Brandenburg, Germany.
Luckau may also refer to:
* Luckau (Wendland), a village in Lower Saxony, Germany
* Luckau-Uckro railway station, a station in the locality of Uckro in the city of Luckau
* Battle of Luckau, a battle fought at Luckau in Brandenburg on 4 June 1813
# Bourg-le-Roi

Bourg-le-Roi (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the region of Pays de la Loire in north-western France.
# Clawson (surname)

Clawson is a surname of English Origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adam Clawson (1972–2017), American slalom canoeist
* Augusta Clawson (1903–1997), American author of Shipyard Diary of a Woman Welder
* Cynthia Clawson (born 1948), American gospel singer
* Dave Clawson (born 1967), American football player and coach
* John Clawson (1944–2018), American basketball player
* John T. Clawson (1945–2011), American politician
* John Willard Clawson (1858–1936), American Artist
* Ken W. Clawson (1936–1999), American journalist and spokesman for U.S. President Richard Nixon
* L.D. Clawson (1885–1937), American cinematographer
* Patrick Clawson (born 1951), American economist
* Rudger Clawson (1857–1943), American LDS Church official
* Rodney Clawson, American country music songwriter
* Terry Clawson (1940–2013), English rugby league player
* Tim Clawson (born 1960), American film and television producer, film studio executive and screenwriter
# C. nana

C. nana may refer to:
* Caladenia nana, Endl. in J.G.C.Lehmann, 1846, the dwarf Caladenia, an orchid species in the genus Caladenia
* Cardiocondyla nana, an ant species in the genus Cardiocondyla
* Castilleja nana, the dwarf alpine Indian paintbrush, a plant species native to the western United States
* Cavia nana, a Guinea pig species in the genus Cavia
* Ceroxys nana, a picture-winged fly species
* Chaeteessa nana, a praying mantis species
* Chanda nana, the elongate glassy perchlet, a fish species
* Chusquea nana, a bamboo species in the genus Chusquea
* Clarkella nana, a plant species
* Cochylis nana, a moth species found in Europe, Amur Oblast and Nova Scotia
* Corallicola nana, a fungus species
* Crepis nana, the dwarf alpine hawksbeard, a flowering plant species native to much of northern North America and northern Asia
* Crocidura nana, the Somali dwarf shrew, a mammal species found in Ethiopia and Somalia
* Cryosophila nana, a flowering plant species found only in Mexico
* Cryphia nana, a moth species found in California
* Cyanolyca nana, the dwarf jay, a bird species endemic to Mexico
* Cylindromyia nana, a fly species in the genus Cylindromyia

## synonyms

* Calliphora nana, a synonym for Calliphora vicina, a fly species
# Code conversion

In telecommunications, the term code conversion has the following meanings:
1. Conversion of signals, or groups of signals, in one code into corresponding signals, or groups of signals, in another code.
2. A process for converting a code of some predetermined bit structure, such as 5, 7, or 14 bits per character interval, to another code with the same or a different number of bits per character interval.
In code conversion, alphabetical order is not significant.
# Close to Metal

In computing, Close To Metal (CTM, originally Close-to-the-Metal) is the name of a beta version of a low-level programming interface developed by ATI, now the AMD Graphics Product Group, aimed at enabling GPGPU computing. CTM was short-lived, and the first production version of AMD's GPGPU technology is now called AMD Stream SDK, or rather the current AMD APP SDK (AMD Accelerated Parallel Processing SDK) ) for Windows and Linux 32-bit and 64-bit, which also targets Heterogeneous System Architecture.

## Overview

Close To Metal, originally called THIN (Thin Hardware INterface) and Data Parallel Virtual Machine, gave developers direct access to the native instruction set and memory of the massively parallel computational elements in modern AMD video cards. CTM bypassed the graphics-centric DirectX and OpenGL APIs for the GPGPU programmer to expose previously unavailable low-level functionality, including direct control of the stream processors/ALUs and the memory controllers. R580 (ATI X1900) and later generations of AMD's GPU microarchitecture supported the CTM interface.
CTM's commercial successor, AMD Stream SDK, was released under AMD EULA in December 2007 after the software stack was rewritten. Stream SDK provides high-level in addition to low-level tools for general-purpose access to AMD graphics hardware.
Using GPUs to perform computations holds a lot of potential for some applications because of the fundamental differences of GPU microarchitectures compared to CPUs. GPUs achieve much greater throughput (calculations per second) by executing many programs in parallel and restricting flow control (the ability of one program to execute instructions independently of another). Modern GPUs also have addressable on-die memory and extremely high performance multi-channel external memory.
AMD subsequently switched from CTM to OpenCL.

## Open-source

Some components of CTM and the Stream SDK are open source, such as the Brook+ C-like language and compiler.
# Eunidia propinqua

Eunidia propinqua is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.
# Charles H. Blosser

Charles H. Blosser (September 7, 1895 – December 30, 1989) was the namesake of Blosser Municipal Airport in Concordia, Kansas. A longtime airplane enthusiast, Blosser owned and ran the airport privately until transferring it to the city of Concordia.
Blosser moved to Norway, Kansas, from Saline County, Missouri. On October 20, 1921, he was married to Isabell A. Collins at Belleville.

## Aviation accomplishments

In 1930, Blosser laid the first dirt airstrip on his farm on what would become Blosser Municipal Airport. He later donated the land to the city for airport use.
In 1935, Blosser was honored by the Concordia Chamber of Commerce for his "heroic services during the Republican River flood" in June of that year. Blosser would fly over flooded areas, acted as a spotter for rescue boats, dropped food to stranded individuals and acted as a shuttle service by flying people back and forth across the flooded river. Blosser is credited with rescuing twenty-eight people from the flood.
In 1988, he was awarded the Kansas Governor's Aviation Honors Award and was inducted into the Kansas Aviation Hall of Fame in 1990. At one time, he was the oldest living licensed pilot in the United States.
Blosser was instrumental in making Kansas a member of the National Bureau of Reclamation and in working with the late Senator Frank Carlson and the United States Bureau of Reclamation in getting flood control along the Republican River.

## Local politics

Blosser was elected mayor of Concordia and served a term from 1931 to 1933.
# Barn Records

Barn Records was a record label established by the English musician, record producer and manager Chas Chandler. It was active from 1976 to 1980, and included the production company Barn Productions and publishing company Barn Publishing Ltd. The label was based at Portland Studios in London, which was formerly known as IBC Studios until Chandler purchased them in 1978.
The label's most notable artist was Slade, while others included The Animals, Medicine Head, The Depressions, Stavely Makepeace, Nick Van Eede and Splinter.

## History

Chandler formed Barn in early 1976. At the time, he had been the manager of the successful British rock band Slade since 1969 and convinced them to sign with his new label. Chandler originally negotiated a licensing deal with Polydor, who agreed to finance the label based on the strength of the Slade name. The label's debut single release was "Love on My Mind" by Brian Parrish, released in July 1976.
Barn released only two singles which made an entry into the UK charts. The first was Slade's "Gypsy Roadhog", which reached No. 48 in the UK. The second was Slade's "My Baby Left Me", released later in 1977, which gave Barn its highest charting single at No. 32. Despite this, the band's other Barn releases into 1979 failed to chart. Singles such as "Burning in the Heat of Love", "Rock 'n' Roll Bolero", "Ginny, Ginny" and "Sign of the Times" all failed to sell and most copies were melted down.
In 1976, The Animals reunited and recorded a new album, which was released the following year on Barn as Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted. The band were billed as "The Original Animals". Other album releases on Barn included Brian Parrish's Love on My Mind (1976), Medicine Head's Two Man Band (1976) and Slade's Whatever Happened to Slade (1977) and Return to Base (1979). Barn's final release was the Ada Wilson single "In the Quiet of My Room", released in January 1980. Following this, Chandler established the short-lived Six of the Best label, and was also involved in the independent Cheapskate Records during 1980-82.
# Bourg-en-Bresse station

Bourg-en-Bresse station (French: Gare de Bourg-en-Bresse) is a railway station located in Bourg-en-Bresse, Ain, eastern France. The station was opened in 1855 and is located on the Ligne du Haut-Bugey, Mouchard–Bourg-en-Bresse railway, Lyon-Bourg-en-Bresse railway and Mâcon-Ambérieu railway. The train services are operated by SNCF.

## Train services

The station is served by the following service(s):
* High speed services (TGV) Paris - Bellegarde - Geneva
* High speed services (TGV) Paris - Bellegarde - Annemasse - Evian-les-Bains
* High speed services (TGV) Paris - Aix-les-Bains - Annecy
* Regional services (TER Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) Besançon - Mouchard - Lons-le-Saunier - Bourg-en-Bresse - Lyon
* Regional services (TER Bourgogne-Franche-Comté) Dijon - St-Jean-de-Losne - Seurre - Louhans - Bourg-en-Bresse
* Local services (TER Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) Bourg-en-Bresse - Oyonnax - Saint-Claude
* Local services (TER Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) Ambérieu - Bourg-en-Bresse - Mâcon
# Byzantine–Georgian treaty of 1031

The Treaty of 1031 was concluded between Kingdom of Georgia and the Byzantine Empire. It was signed by the Queen regent of Georgia, Mariam of Vaspurakan, and the Byzantine Emperor Romanos III Argyros.
In 1031, the Georgian queen Mariam visited Constantinople and negotiated a peace treaty with Emperor Romanos on behalf of her underage son Bagrat IV, on the following terms:
* the marriage of Helena Argyre to King Bagrat IV
* award of the title of kouropalates to of King Bagrat IV.
Helena was a daughter of the magistros Basil Argyros and, thus a niece of the Emperor The marriage of Helena to King Bagrat, then aged around 14, was arranged as part of the peace deal negotiated, which brought an outbreak of Byzantine–Georgian hostilities to an end.
# Clive Sarstedt

Clive Robin Sarstedt (21 January 1944 – 22 January 2022), who also recorded as Clive Sands, Wes Sands, and Robin Sarstedt, was a British pop singer and instrumentalist active from the late 1950s. He was best known for his 1976 UK hit "My Resistance Is Low", a version of a song written and originally recorded by Hoagy Carmichael. He was the younger brother of singers Eden Kane and Peter Sarstedt.

## Early life

Sarstedt was born in Ajmer, British India, now in Rajasthan, to parents who were British civil servants working there during the Second World War. Both had trained as classical musicians. After Indian independence from Britain in 1947, they remained in India and managed a tea plantation, and their sons went to school there. In 1954, Sarstedt's father died, and the family moved to Britain, settling in south London.
Sarstedt was the youngest brother of Peter Sarstedt and Eden Kane and with them formed a skiffle group, the Fabulous Five.

## Career

Sarstedt appeared on many live music shows including Top of The Pops. He initially recorded under the names "Wes Sands" (recorded by his manager, Joe Meek) and "Clive Sands". He joined The Deejays in Sweden in 1966 and 1967. They had two big hits on "Tio i Topp" in Sweden: "Dum Dum (Marble Breaks And Iron Bends)" and "Baby Talk". He finally had a hit in 1976, with a cover version of the Hoagy Carmichael penned song, "My Resistance Is Low", using his middle name and billed as Robin Sarstedt. It reached Number 3 in the UK Singles Chart.
Without other chart success, he remained a British one-hit wonder. However, in the Benelux countries he hit the charts later in 1976 with his version of "Let's Fall in Love", a song written by Harold Arlen and Ted Koehler and published in 1933, thus prolonging his short chart career there.

## Later life and death

From the late 1990s Sarstedt lived in the Almería area of Spain.
Sarstedt died from a heart attack on 22 January 2022, at the age of 78.

## Album discography

* Clive Sarstedt – 1970 – RCA Records
* Freeway Getaway – 1971 – RCA
* In a Dream – 1971 – RCA
# Coalsnaughton

Coalsnaughton or Calabar (Scottish Gaelic: Caolas Neachdainn) is a village in Clackmannanshire, Scotland. It is just south of Tillicoultry of which it also lies in its parish. The miners' row was built by Robert Bald.
# Don Giovanni Records

Don Giovanni Records is an independent record label originally specializing in punk rock from the New Brunswick, New Jersey music scene but eventually working with a variety of artists from different genres. Its also operated out of Lansing, Michigan.

## History

Don Giovanni Records was founded by Joe Steinhardt and Zach Gajewski while they were living in Boston in 2003. Steinhardt and Gajewski started the label while playing in bands and attending college at Boston University, where the two had met. After graduation they moved to New Brunswick, where Steinhardt was from, in order to make the label a full-time operation.
The label is best known for developing artists like Screaming Females, Mitski, Waxahatchee, Laura Stevenson, Moor Mother, and Irreversible Entanglements, as well as fostering a geographically diverse community of artists, including Mal Blum, Native American Music Award “Best Artist” winner Keith Secola, Holy Modal Rounders founder, Peter Stampfel, Lavender Country, Swamp Dogg, Alice Bag, and comedian Chris Gethard.
In 2016, Steinhardt launched the New Alternative Music Festival.
The label has been vocally critical of Record Store Day and streaming music as well as other social issues within the music industry.
In 2020 the label relocated to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

## Roster

Artists such as Screaming Females, Moor Mother, Mitski, Laura Stevenson, Waxahatchee, Bad Bad Hats, Sammus, Downtown Boys, The Ergs!, Swamp Dogg, Priests, Tenement, P.S. Eliot, Jeffrey Lewis, Peter Stampfel, Worriers, Paisley Fields, and Lavender Country as well as comedian Chris Gethard have released records on Don Giovanni. The label has also published books from authors Larry Livermore and Bela Koe-Krompecher.