# 1937 in science

The year 1937 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

## Astronomy

* June 8 – First total solar eclipse to exceed 7 minutes of totality in over 800 years; visible in the Pacific and Peru.

## Biology

* September 27 – Last definite record of a Bali tiger shot.
* Meredith Crawford first publishes results of the cooperative pulling paradigm, with chimpanzees in the United States.
* Jay Laurence Lush publishes the influential textbook Animal Breeding Plans in the United States.
* The citric acid cycle is finally identified by Hans Adolf Krebs.

## Chemistry

* Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè at the University of Palermo confirm discovery of the chemical element which will become known as Technetium.
* The opioid Methadone is synthesized in Germany by scientists working at Hoechst AG.
* Otto Bayer and his coworkers at IG Farben in Leverkusen, Germany, first make polyurethanes.

## Computer science

* January – Alan Turing's 1936 paper "On Computable Numbers" first appears in print. Alonzo Church's review of it in Journal of Symbolic Logic introduces the term Turing machine.
* Claude Shannon's Master's thesis at MIT demonstrates that electronic application of Boolean algebra could construct and resolve any logical numerical relationship.
* Konrad Zuse submits patents in Germany based on his Z1 computer design anticipating von Neumann architecture.

## Exploration

* British Graham Land Expedition (1934–1937) concludes its work, having determined that Graham Land is an integral part of the Antarctic Peninsula and not an independent archipelago.

## Mathematics

* Bruno de Finetti publishes "La Prévision: ses lois logiques, ses sources subjectives" in Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré, his most influential treatment of his theorem on exchangeable sequences of random variables.
* Hans Freudenthal proves the Freudenthal suspension theorem in homotopy.
* Goldberg polyhedron first described.

## Medicine

* November 2 – English clinical pathologist Lionel Whitby discovers sulphapyridine M&B 693, a first-generation sulphonamide antibiotic which in 1938 is first prescribed to treat pneumonia.
* First typhus vaccine by Rudolf Weigl, Ludwik Fleck and Hans Zinsser; influenza vaccine by Anatol Smorodintsev.
* Both respirator designed in Australia.
* Italian psychiatrist Amarro Fiamberti is the first to document a transorbital approach to the brain, which becomes the basis for the controversial medical procedure of transorbital lobotomy.
* Publication in the United Kingdom of Dr A. J. Cronin's novel The Citadel, promoting the cause of socialised medicine.

## Physics

* January – Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen publish a paper denying that gravitational waves can exist.
* Eugene Wigner introduces the term isospin.

## Technology

* February – Hans von Ohain begins ground-testing a turbojet engine.
* April 12 – Frank Whittle ground-tests the first jet engine designed to power an aircraft, at Rugby, England.
* May 28 – Rocker Shovel Loader patent applied for in the United States.
* June 5 – Alan Blumlein is granted a patent for an ultra-linear amplifier.
* December 13 – Tomlinson Moseley files the first patent for an electric toothbrush.
* Alec Reeves invents pulse-code modulation.

## Awards

* Nobel Prizes
** Physics – Clinton Joseph Davisson, George Paget Thomson
** Chemistry – Walter Haworth, Paul Karrer
** Medicine – Albert von Szent-Györgyi Nagyrapolt
* Copley Medal – Henry Dale
* Wollaston Medal for geology – Waldemar Lindgren

## Births

* January 14 – Leo Kadanoff, American physicist (died 2015)
* January 26 – Igor Aleksander, Croatian computer scientist.
* February 18 – Chen Chuangtian (died 2018), Chinese materials scientist.
* March 16 – Amos Tversky (died 1996), Jewish American cognitive and mathematical psychologist, recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.
* April 17 – Don Buchla (died 2016), American electronic engineer, pioneer of sound synthesizers.
* May 9 – Alison Jolly (died 2014), American primatologist.
* May 13 – Trevor Baylis (died 2018), English inventor.
* June 8 – Bruce McCandless II (died 2017), American astronaut.
* June 9 – Harald Rosenthal, German biologist
* June 11 – David Mumford, American mathematician.
* June 21 – Averil Mansfield, English vascular surgeon.
* June 23 – Nicholas Shackleton (died 2006), English Quaternary geologist and paleoclimatologist, recipient of the Vetlesen Prize.
* June 26 – Robert Coleman Richardson (died 2013), American experimental physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
* July 1 – Lydia Makhubu, Swazi chemist.
* July 19 – Bibb Latané, American social psychologist.
* July 26 – Ernest Vinberg (died 2020), Russian mathematician.
* August 2 – Coenraad Bron, Dutch computer scientist (d. 2006)
* September 8 – Edna Adan Ismail, Somali pioneer of pediatrics.
* December 26 – John Horton Conway, English-born mathematician (d. 2020)

## Deaths

* January 28 – Arthur Pollen (born 1866), English inventor.
* January 29 – Aleen Cust (born 1868), Irish veterinary surgeon.
* February 5 – Lou Andreas-Salomé (born 1861), German psychoanalyst.
* May 28 – Alfred Adler (born 1870), Austrian psychotherapist.
* June 11 – R. J. Mitchell (born 1895), English aeronautical engineer.
* July 20 – Guglielmo Marconi (born 1874), Italian inventor.
* July 30 – Victor Despeignes (born 1866), French pioneer of radiation oncology.
* October 16 – William Sealy Gosset (born 1876), English statistician.
* October 19 – Ernest Rutherford (born 1871), New Zealand-born British physicist and laureate of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
* November 23 – Jagadish Chandra Bose (born 1858), Bengali physicist.