OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Donald Dari Soditey

Donald Dari Soditey (born September 25, 1957) is a Ghanaian politician and member of the Sixth Parliament of the Fourth Republic of Ghana representing the Sawla/Tuna/Kalba Constituency in the Northern Region on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress.

## Early life and education

Soditey was born on September 25, 1957. He hails from Carpenteryir - Sawla, a town in the Northern Region of Ghana. He earned a teachers' certificate in 1990. He also studied for a Diploma in Education at the University of Education, Winneba.

## Career

Donald was a Principal Superintendent and a Headteacher as Belma Primary School. He has been a Member of Parliament from January 2005. He is an educationist and a teacher as well.

## Politics

Soditey is a member of the National Democratic Congress (NDC). In the 2008 Ghanaian general elections, he was elected as the Member of Parliament for the Sawla/Tuna/Kalba constituency for the 5th parliament of the 4th republic. He was elected with 12,290 out of 21,050 of total valid votes cast, equivalent to 58.38% of total valid votes cast. He was elected over Joseph Hongiri Naah Vugu of the New Patriotic Party, Yaapuo Edward Kwabena of the People's National Convention, Gilbieri Jonathan Laamiitey of the Democratic Freedom Party and Abdulai A Wahid of the Convention People's Party. These obtained 38.33%, 1.49%, 0.67% and 1.13% respectively of total valid votes cast. In 2012, he contested for the Sawla/Tuna/Kalba seat on the ticket of the NDC for the Member of parliament of the sixth parliament of the fourth republic and won.

## Personal life

Soditey is a Christian (Catholic). He is married with eight children.
# Economy of Réunion

The economy of Réunion has traditionally been based on agriculture. Sugarcane has been the primary crop for more than a century, and in some years it accounts for 85% of exports. The government has been pushing the development of a tourist industry to relieve high unemployment, which amounts to more than 40% of the labour force.
The gap in Réunion between the well-off and the poor is large and accounts for persistent social tensions. The outbreak of severe rioting in February 1991 illustrated the seriousness of socio-economic tensions.
In 2007 the GDP per capita of Réunion at nominal exchange rates, not at PPP, was €17,146 (US$23,501). However, while this is exceptionally high compared with its neighbours in Madagascar and the African continent, it is only 57% of the 30,140 euros per capita GDP of metropolitan France in 2007.Reunion Island is one of the French departments with the highest poverty rate with 42% of the population living below the poverty line. The total GDP of the island was US$18.8 billion in 2007.

## Other export products

* Essential oil (mainly vetyver and rose scent geranium)
* Bourbon vanilla
* Fish & seafood, mainly tuna, swordfish and Patagonian toothfish

## Statistics

* Currency: 1 euro (sign: €; code: EUR) = 100 Cent
* Exchange rates: See: Euro exchange rate
* Fiscal year: calendar year
# Alexandru Ciucurencu

Alexandru Ciucurencu (Romanian pronunciation:; 27 September 1903 – 27 December 1977) was a Romanian Post-Impressionist painter, and a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy.
Born in Tulcea, he studied from 1921 to 1926 at the National School of Fine Arts in Bucharest, where he had as teachers George Demetrescu Mirea and Camil Ressu. After making his debut in 1930 at the Official Salon in Bucharest, he worked with a group of artists in Baia Mare, and then went to Paris to pursue his studies at the Académie Julian, where he was a student of André Lhote. In 1948, he became a professor at the School of Fine Arts, and in 1963 he was elected corresponding member of the Romanian Academy.
Ciucurencu was awarded the Order of the Star of the Romanian Socialist Republic — 3rd class in 1959 and 2nd class in 1971.
A collection of Ciucurencu's paintings can be seen in Frasier Crane's apartment in Frasier.
# Hofmeisteria

Hofmeisteria is a genus of Mexican flowering plants in the family Asteraceae.

## Species

* Hofmeisteria crassifolia S.Watson - Sonora
* Hofmeisteria dissecta (Hook. & Arn.) R.M.King & H.Rob. - Jalisco, Colima, Guerrero, México State, Sinaloa, Nayarit
* Hofmeisteria fasciculata (Benth.) Walp. - Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora
* Hofmeisteria filifolia I.M.Johnst. - Baja California, Baja California Sur
* Hofmeisteria gayleana B.L.Turner - Durango, Sinaloa
* Hofmeisteria malvaefolia (B.L.Rob. & Greenm.) B.L.Turner - Oaxaca
* Hofmeisteria mexiae (B.L.Rob.) B.L.Turner - Jalisco, Nayarit
* Hofmeisteria schaffneri (A.Gray) R.M.King & H.Rob. - Guanajuato, Jalisco, San Luis Potosí
* Hofmeisteria sinaloensis Gentry - Sinaloa
* Hofmeisteria standleyi (S.F.Blake) R.M.King & H.Rob. - Sinaloa, Sonora
* Hofmeisteria urenifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Walp. - Chiapas, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacán, Colima, Jalisco, Nayarit
# Beth definability

In mathematical logic, Beth definability is a result that connects implicit definability of a property to its explicit definability. Specifically Beth definability states that the two senses of definability are equivalent.
First-order logic has the Beth definability property.

## Statement

For first-order logic, the theorem states that, given a theory T in the language L' ⊇ L and a formula φ in L', then the following are equivalent:
* for any two models A and B of T such that A|L = B|L (where A|L is the reduct of A to L), it is the case that A ⊨ φ[a] if and only if B ⊨ φ[a] (for all tuples a of A);
* φ is equivalent modulo T to a formula ψ in L.
Less formally: a property is implicitly definable in a theory in language L (via a formula φ of an extended language L') only if that property is explicitly definable in that theory (by formula ψ in the original language L).
Clearly the converse holds as well, so that we have an equivalence between implicit and explicit definability. That is, a "property" is explicitly definable with respect to a theory if and only if it is implicitly definable.
The theorem does not hold if the condition is restricted to finite models. We may have A ⊨ φ[a] if and only if B ⊨ φ[a] for all pairs A,B of finite models without there being any L-formula ψ equivalent to φ modulo T.
The result was first proven by Evert Willem Beth.
# Baumgarten Prize

The Baumgarten Prize was founded by Ferenc Ferdinánd Baumgarten on October 17, 1923. It was awarded every year from 1929 to 1949 (except for 1945). In its time, it was the most prestigious literary prize awarded by Hungary and is considered as equivalent to the subsequent literary prizes established in 20th century Hungary, the Attila József Prize and the Kossuth Prize.
In accordance with the founder's will, it was given to Hungarian authors who had pursued literary excellence devoid of biases, regardless of creating material hardship for themselves. The foundation was administered by the Baumgarten Board of Trustees, whose members were lawyer Lóránt Basch and writer Mihály Babits (from 1941, after Babits' death, Aladár Schöpflin), and it was assisted by an 8-member advisory board. During its existence, the prize had a major significance in developing Hungarian literature.
It was given, among others, to the following people: Valéria Dienes (1934), József Erdélyi [hu] (1929, 1931, 1933), Andor Endre Gelléri (1932, 1934), Gyula Illyés (four times), Zoltán Jékely [hu] (1939), Gyula Juhász (1929, 1930, 1931), Géza Képes (1943, 1949), Ágnes Nemes Nagy (1946), László Cs. Szabó [hu] (1936), Lőrinc Szabó (1932, 1937, 1944), Zoltán Zelk [hu] (1947), Antal Szerb, Miklós Radnóti, Miklós Szentkuthy, Sándor Weöres, Győző Csorba, Áron Tamási (three times), Albert Wass, Emil Kolozsvári Grandpierre, Attila József (posthumous), Károly Kerényi, János Pilinszky, Józsi Jenő Tersánszky (four times), Tibor Déry, Pál Szabó, Lajos Fülep, Gábor Devecseri, László Németh, Nagy Lajos (three times), Magda Szabó (repealed).
# Coat of arms of Amazonas Department

The coat of arms of the Amazonas was officially adopted by means of the Departmental Assembly Ordinance 020 of March 2, 1995. The coat of arms of Amazonas is also featured as a charge in the centre of the upper band of the Flag of Amazonas.

## Design and meaning

The coat of arms of the Department of Amazonas is almost round shield surrounded by an exterior crown of feathers.
The principal element is the roundel escutcheon which is shaped to resemble the Victoria amazonica’s big circular leaf which has two indented openings on the top and bottom. It is blazoned vert proper, also a reference to the Amazon Forest. It is charged by a flowing winding river which represents the Amazon River, which is a source of life and of great cultural, religious and political significance to the region.
The shield is supported by a feather headdress facing the viewer in warm colours. A feather headdress is of great significance for many Amazonian tribes and symbolize knowledge and hierarchy. In its affronté attitude it also has a triple meaning, representing both the sun and the flora of the Amazon as well.
The Amazonas coat of arms was designed by Colombian designer Rodrigo Gómez Claros.
* An Amazonic feather headdress.
* The leaf of the Victoria amazonica.
* The winding Amazon River.
# Julie Enfield Investigates

Julie Enfield Investigates is a series of British radio dramas originally broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between 1994 and 1999. Written by Nick Fisher and starring Imelda Staunton as DSI Enfield, there were five stories: Terminus (1994), The Smithfield Murders (1995), The Net And The Canal (1996), The Leaves Of The Dead (1997) and Murder West One (1999).
The first four runs were serials of four or five 30 minute episodes. Murder West One consists of four self-contained 45-minute cases. As an initial one-off, Terminus didn't carry the 'Julie Enfield Investigates' prefix. Trademarks running through all the stories are a very dark, almost Gothic, sense of horror, and an unusual narrator (in the case of Terminus, the railway station in which the murders take place). The Smithfield Murders begins with an adapted quotation from Oliver Twist: "Filth and fat, and blood and foam. Unwashed unshaven squalid figures move to and fro, among the steam that rises from the reeking bodies, mingling with the fog that seemed to rest upon the chimney tops, hung heavily above." The series is occasionally repeated on BBC Radio 4 Extra.

## Episode lists

| Series | Episode | Title | First broadcast |
| Terminus | 1 | Corpse | 11 August 1994 |
| Terminus | 2 | Busker | 18 August 1994 |
| Terminus | 3 | Playing Games | 25 August 1994 |
| Terminus | 4 | Fury | 1 September 1994 |
| Terminus | 5 | Clue | 8 September 1994 |
| The Smithfield Murders | 1 | Filth And Fat And Blood And Foam | 2 November 1995 |
| The Smithfield Murders | 2 | Blue Bummarees | 9 November 1995 |
| The Smithfield Murders | 3 | Chef's Special | 16 November 1995 |
| The Smithfield Murders | 4 | A Mushroom Diet | 23 November 1995 |
| The Smithfield Murders | 5 | A Passion For Hunting Something | 30 November 1995 |
| The Net And The Canal | 1 | Waking Up To Nessun Dorma | 16 May 1996 |
| The Net And The Canal | 2 | Communicating With The President | 23 May 1996 |
| The Net And The Canal | 3 | Tarantulas In Trojan Horses | 30 May 1996 |
| The Net And The Canal | 4 | Beyond The Firewall | 6 June 1996 |
| The Leaves Of The Dead | 1 | Proverbs And Punctures From Hell | 7 August 1997 |
| The Leaves Of The Dead | 2 | Stacks And Baps And Amulets | 14 August 1997 |
| The Leaves Of The Dead | 3 | Welcome To The Nightmare | 21 August 1997 |
| The Leaves Of The Dead | 4 | Pyramids In The Spider | 28 August 1997 |
| Murder West One | 1 | A Cure For Death | 4 May 1999 |
| Murder West One | 2 | The Art Of The Matter | 11 May 1999 |
| Murder West One | 3 | Five Star Killing | 18 May 1999 |
| Murder West One | 4 | Soho Espresso | 25 May 1999 |
# J.C. Hryb

J.C. Hryb (born John-Christophe Hryb) is an interior designer born in Versailles (France) and emigrated to The United States of America in 1993.

## Companies

Hryb owns custom furniture and interior design company Style de Vie, and the vintage steel furniture restoration company Twenty Gauge; located inside the historical Helms Bakery in Culver City, California.
In 2008, J.C. worked collaboratively with fellow French designer Christian Audigier to design Audigier's flagship retail clothing store and furnishings for THE SAME GUY (retail store name) in Los Angeles, CA.
J.C. also restores/customizes vintage furniture pieces for Twenty Gauge. Twenty Gauge specializes in restoring and revitalizing vintage furnishings from the 1930s through '50s to give them new lives, albeit with a slightly modern twist. J.C. says on reclaiming or upcycling vintage furniture, "I love its industrial look and the history, yet the lines are clean...and made of metal so it has a modern aspect."
# Bulak (disambiguation)

Bulak is a women's nose ring, traditional in Northern India.
Bulak may also refer to:
* Bulak, Kızılcahamam, municipality and district of Kızılcahamam, Ankara Province, Turkey
* Bulak, Merzifon, village in the Merzifon District, Amasya Province, Turkey
* Bulak, Kizhinginsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
* Bulak, Selenginsky District, Republic of Buryatia, Russia
* Bulak, Sındırgı, village in Turkey
* Bulak, Surabaya, subdistrict of Surabaya, Java, Indonesia
* "Bulak" means "source" or "spring" in Turkic and Mongolic languages, and as such it is part of many place names: All pages with titles containing Bulak
* Giray Bulak, Turkish football coach
# Donnchad Muimnech Ó Cellaigh

Donnchad Muimnech Ó Cellaigh (died 1307) was King of Uí Maine and Chief of the Name.
Uí Maine during his reign fell away from subordinate status to the Kings of Connacht and regained something of its former independence, but at the cost of encastellation and settlement under Richard Mór de Burgh (died 1242) and his son, Walter de Burgh, 1st Earl of Ulster (died 1271).
   1307. The greater number of the English of Roscommon were slain by Donough Muimhneach O'Kelly, Lord of Hy-Many, at Ath-easgrach-Cuan, where Philip Muinder, John Muinder, and Main Drew, with many others whose names are not mentioned, were killed. Dermot Gall Mac Dermot, Cormac Mac Kaherny, and the sheriff of Roscommon, were taken prisoners; but they were afterwards set at liberty, and they made peace recte restitution for the burning of the town by Edmund Butler. Donough O'Kelly, after he had performed these exploits, died; and his was not the death of one who had lived a life of cowardice, but the death of a man who had displayed prowess and bravery, and bestowed jewels and riches.
| Preceded byDomnall Ó Cellaigh | King of Uí Maine 1295–1307 | Succeeded byGilbert Ó Cellaigh |
# Dual economy

A dual economy is the existence of two separate economic sectors within one country, divided by different levels of development, technology, and different patterns of demand. The concept was originally created by Julius Herman Boeke to describe the coexistence of modern and traditional economic sectors in a colonial economy.
Dual economies are common in less developed countries, where one sector is geared towards local needs and another to the global export market. Dual economies may exist within the same sector, for example a modern plantation or other commercial agricultural entity operating in the midst of traditional cropping systems. Sir Arthur Lewis used the concept of a dualistic economy as the basis of his labour supply theory of rural-urban migration. Lewis distinguished between a rural low-income subsistence sector with surplus population, and an expanding urban capitalist sector (see Dual-sector model). The urban economy absorbed labor from rural areas (holding down urban wages) until the rural surplus was exhausted.
A World Bank comparison of sectoral growth in Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana and Zimbabwe since 1965 provided evidence against a basic dual economy model. The research implied that a positive link existed between growth in industry and growth in agriculture. The authors argued that for maximum economic growth, policymakers should have focused on agriculture and services as well as industrial development.
# Dual electrification

Dual electrification is a system whereby a railway line is supplied power both via overhead catenary and a third rail. This is done to enable trains that use either system of power to share the same railway line, for example in the case of mainline and suburban trains (as used at Hamburg S-Bahn between 1940 and 1955).

## Examples
### Germany

* Line S3 of the Hamburg S-Bahn changeover at Neugraben.
* Birkenwerder station to be used by Berlin S-Bahn lines S1 and S8 (third rail) and regional train RB20 (overhead lines)

### Greece

* Line 3 of Athens Metro uses third rail for underground part and overhead power supply on surface for access to/from Airport.

### Norway

* between Jar station and Bekkestua station, where metro line 3 and tram line 13 share tracks

### United Kingdom

* North London Line changeover at Acton Central, London.
* Northern City Line changeover at Drayton Park, London.
* Thameslink route changeover at City Thameslink (northbound) and Farringdon (southbound), London.
* West London line changeover between Willesden Junction and Shepherd's Bush, London.
* High Speed 1 changeover at platforms 5 and 6 of Ebbsfleet International, Kent.

### United States

* South of Pelham station (New York), where New Haven Line's M8's change from 3rd rail to catenary (northbound) and vice versa (southbound).
* Pennsylvania Station (New York City)
* East River Tunnels between Queens and Manhattan in New York City, NY
* North River Tunnels between Weehawken, NJ and New York City, NY
* Like Athens, the MBTA Blue Line (Boston) uses third rail for the underground part, and switches to overhead catenary power at Airport station.

### Mainland China

* Line 4, 5, 6, 14, and 21 of Guangzhou Metro use third rails in operation but catenaries in depots.

## Variations
### Both systems live

The system is usually used only in exceptional cases as it can lead to problems caused by the interaction of the electric circuits; for example, where one system is powered with direct current and another by alternating current (AC), premagnetisation of the substation transformers of the AC system can occur.

### One system live

A similar arrangement to dual electrification is one in which both means of powering a train are present, but not live simultaneously. Such arrangements can be found in frontier stations and in sections of railway used for running tests.
# Duke's Court (Macclesfield)

Duke's Court is a secluded part of Macclesfield town centre incorporating independent shops, bars and restaurants.
The Courtyard was renovated in the early 1990s and has numbered small bookshops, dressmakers, florists, hat shops, hairdressers and travel agents among its residents.
It is becoming a popular location for eating out in Macclesfield.
Duke's Court is open at both ends with access to Mill Street and Duke's Street.
In 2007–2008 Duke's Court was under threat from the planned regeneration of Macclesfield which would have seen the area demolished to make way for a replacement location for TJ Hughes. This was opposed by local businesses, and when the plans were submitted in November 2008, demolition of Duke's Court was not included.
# Duke Zhao

Duke Zhao may refer to these ancient Chinese rulers:
* Duke Zhao of Qi (died 613 BC)
* Duke Zhao of Jin (died 526 BC)
# Judith Moore

Judith Moore (1940 – May 15, 2006) was an American author and essayist best known for her 2005 book Fat Girl: A True Story, published by Hudson Street Press.

## Biography

Moore was born in Oklahoma in 1940 and claimed to have become an obese child, weighing 112 pounds by second grade; Fat Girl is a memoir of her childhood.
She moved to Florida as a teenager and graduated from The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. She married and divorced twice, having two daughters.
For much of her adult life she lived in Berkeley, California. While living there in the early 1980s, Moore began to submit freelance book reviews and essays to weekly newspapers in the area, most frequently to the East Bay Express. She collected these pieces and published them in 1987 (under the SoHo Press imprint) as The Left Coast of Paradise: California and the American Heart. The book included interviews with Herbert Marcuse and novelist Leonard Michaels. Moore published a second book, Never Eat Your Heart Out in 1998 (North Point Press, an imprint of Farrar Straus and Giroux). This book was about the relationship between food and her life.
From the mid-1980s onward, she wrote mostly for San Diego Reader, a weekly publication where she sometimes served, somewhat controversially, as editor. She specialized in book reviews (especially food writing) and offbeat, whimsical feature subjects. Once she visited a San Diego sausage factory and described it in lurid detail, in order to test the cliché that no one wanted to see sausage being made.
In May 2006, Moore died of colon cancer after three years of treatment.

## Sources

* San Jose Mercury News, "Essayist Judith Moore Dies in Berkeley" |May 29 2006 [Dead Link]
* Contemporary Authors Online, Gale, 2006. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Thomson Gale. 2006. Accessed May 29, 2006
# Jura (given name)

Jura may refer to:
* Jura Levy (born 1990), Jamaican sprinter
* Jura Pađen (born 1955), Croatian singer and guitarist
* Jura Soyfer (1912–1939), Austrian political journalist and cabaret writer
* Jura Stublić (born 1953), Croatian singer-songwriter
# Dual of BCH is an independent source

A certain family of BCH codes have a particularly useful property, which is that treated as linear operators, their dual operators turns their input into an $\ell$-wise independent source. That is, the set of vectors from the input vector space are mapped to an $\ell$-wise independent source. The proof of this fact below as the following Lemma and Corollary is useful in derandomizing the algorithm for a $1-2^{-\ell }$-approximation to MAXEkSAT.

## Lemma

Let $C\subseteq F_{2}^{n}$ be a linear code such that $C^{\perp }$ has distance greater than $\ell +1$. Then $C$ is an $\ell$-wise independent source.

## Proof of lemma

It is sufficient to show that given any $k\times l$ matrix M, where k is greater than or equal to l, such that the rank of M is l, for all $x\in F_{2}^{k}$, $xM$ takes every value in $F_{2}^{l}$ the same number of times.
Since M has rank l, we can write M as two matrices of the same size, $M_{1}$ and $M_{2}$, where $M_{1}$ has rank equal to l. This means that $xM$ can be rewritten as $x_{1}M_{1}+x_{2}M_{2}$ for some $x_{1}$ and $x_{2}$.
If we consider M written with respect to a basis where the first l rows are the identity matrix, then $x_{1}$ has zeros wherever $M_{2}$ has nonzero rows, and $x_{2}$ has zeros wherever $M_{1}$ has nonzero rows.
Now any value y, where $y=xM$, can be written as $x_{1}M_{1}+x_{2}M_{2}$ for some vectors $x_{1},x_{2}$.
We can rewrite this as:
$x_{1}M_{1}=y-x_{2}M_{2}$
Fixing the value of the last $k-l$ coordinates of $x_{2}\in F_{2}^{k}$ (note that there are exactly $2^{k-l}$ such choices), we can rewrite this equation again as:
$x_{1}M_{1}=b$ for some b.
Since $M_{1}$ has rank equal to l, there is exactly one solution $x_{1}$, so the total number of solutions is exactly $2^{k-l}$, proving the lemma.

## Corollary

Recall that BCH$_{2,m,d}$ is an $[n=2^{m},n-1-\lceil {d-2}/2\rceil m,d]_{2}$ linear code.
Let $C^{\perp }$ be BCH$_{2,logn,ℓ+1}$. Then $C$ is an $\ell$-wise independent source of size $O(n^{\lfloor \ell /2\rfloor })$.

## Proof of corollary

The dimension d of C is just $\lceil {(\ell +1-2)/{2}}\rceil \log n+1$. So $d=\lceil {(\ell -1)}/2\rceil \log n+1=\lfloor \ell /2\rfloor \log n+1$.
So the cardinality of $C$ considered as a set is just $2^{d}=O(n^{\lfloor \ell /2\rfloor })$, proving the Corollary.
# Jurij Tazel

Jurij Tazel was a politician in Slovenia during the early 16th century when it was under the Holy Roman Empire. He became mayor of Ljubljana in 1514. He was succeeded by Anton Lantheri in 1516.
# Just Imagine

Just Imagine may refer to;
* Just Imagine (film), 1930 science fiction musical film
* Just Imagine..., 2001–2002 comic book line