OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William M. Ritter

William McClellan Ritter (February 19, 1864 – May 21, 1952) was an American lumberman and businessman. He was the founder of W. M. Ritter Lumber Company. Ritter was a member of the War Industries Board during World War I.

## Early life

William McClellan Ritter was born on February 19, 1864, in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania. Ritter learned the lumber business on his family's farm in Pennsylvania. His mother was Elizabeth (née Morris) Ritter, a member of the Robert Morris family of Pennsylvania. He was given the middle name McClellan after George B. McClellan, the Union Army general his grandfather served with in the Civil War. Ritter attended local schools in Pennsylvania.
Ritter was the cousin of Charles L. Ritter of Huntington, West Virginia, a lumberman and namesake of Ritter Park. His great nephew, William M. Ritter II would continue operating the lumber business after Ritter's death.

## Career

Ritter bought and operated a thresher and then operated a small country hotel. Ritter began a logging operation in Mercer County, West Virginia in 1890. He also set up his own mills, and his operations were also in McDowell and Mingo counties, as well as Buchanan County, Virginia, Dickenson County, Virginia, and Pike County, Kentucky.
In 1894, Ritter established the W. M. Ritter Lumber Company in Welch, West Virginia. It would not be incorporated until 1901. He expanded his operations into Tennessee, North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1907, W. M. Ritter Lumber Company was indicted by a federal grand jury on a charge of peonage. Ritter paid a ikonfine on behalf of his company. The company would be regarded as the world's largest hardwood lumber company with over 300,000 acres of land. The company would eventually merge with Georgia-Pacific Lumber Company.
During World War I, Ritter served on the War Industries Board as an advisor to Bernard Baruch.
Ritter also owned and operated coal companies and railroads in Virginia and West Virginia, including the Red Jacket Coal Company near Matewan, West Virginia. Ritter served as president of the National Hardwood Lumber Association and treasurer of the National Lumber Manufacturers Association. Ritter wrote a book, The Lumber Business.
In 1924, Ritter received national coverage for gifting US$3,000,000 (equivalent to $53,335,922 in 2023) worth of personal stock to 124 of his employees. Following the news, he was commended by President Calvin Coolidge.

## Personal life

In 1905, Ritter lived and worked from Columbus, Ohio. Prior to World War I, Ritter lived in Welch. During the war, he moved to Washington, D.C.
Ritter was married twice. Ritter married Gertrude Adelaide Divine on February 2, 1896. They were later divorced. He married Anita Owen Bell on July 20, 1926, in Richmond, Virginia. They had a foster son, Paul D. Ritter.

## Death

Ritter died on May 21, 1952, at his home in Washington, D.C. He was buried in the family cemetery in Hughesville, Pennsylvania.

## Legacy

Ritter was named to the West Virginia Agriculture and Forestry Hall of Fame posthumously in 2020.
# William M. Richards

William Martin Richards (born March 31, 1873) was an American college football player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Oberlin College in 1895 and Bowdoin College in 1898.
# Australian cricket team in India in 1956–57

The Australia national cricket team toured India in the 1956–57 season. Three Test matches were played, Australia winning the series 2–0 with one match drawn.

## Test matches
### 1st Test

* 19–23 October 1956 scorecard
* Australia won by an innings and 5 runs Nehru Stadium, Madras Umpires: Dinkar Desai (Ind) and Mysore Vijayasarathi (Ind)
* India won the toss and decided to bat

### 2nd Test

* 26–31 October 1956 scorecard
* Match drawn Brabourne Stadium, Bombay Umpires: Bapu Joshi (Ind) and Balkrishna Mohoni (Ind)
* India won the toss and decided to bat
* John Rutherford and Jack Wilson (Aus) made their Test debuts.

### 3rd Test

* 2–6 November 1956 scorecard
* Australia won by 94 runs Eden Gardens, Calcutta Umpires: George Ayling (Ind) and Balkrishna Mohoni (Ind)
* India won the toss and decided to field
# David le Blond

David le Blond (died after 1311) was an Irish judge in the reign of King Edward II of England, who was notorious for corruption.
He may have been a native of County Cork, where he later acquired substantial lands, allegedly by underhanded means. It is unclear if he was a relative of his contemporary and fellow judge Richard le Blond, who was a Wicklow man. He is said to have had influential family connections, but nothing is known of them.
He is first heard of in 1302, when he was described as "master" (at the time this meant that he had a University degree), and he is known to have been a clerk in holy orders. He began his career as an assistant to the Chief Escheator of Ireland. He was appointed an itinerant justice, and went regularly on the Munster assizes with his colleague Henry Cogan. In 1308 he was appointed a justice of the Court of the Justiciar of Ireland, in the place of Sir John de Fressingfield, who had returned to England in the hope of appointment to a permanent position on the Bench there. In 1310 he was hearing pleas in the Justiciar's place, and in September of the same year was appointed a justice in eyre for County Dublin, together with several other senior judges, including Hugh Canoun, Walter de Cusack and Robert Bagod. The eyre was cancelled in 1311, after protests from the Dubliners that they were not accustomed to having lawsuits determined by English law, rather than customary Irish law. He is thought to have stepped down as a judge soon afterwards.
He had an unenviable reputation for corruption: in 1308, the year he was appointed to the Justiciar's Court, he was accused of acquiring large amounts of land over the previous four years by means of champerty and maintenance (collusive litigation), conspiracy and fraud. In one petition for redress, the petitioner claimed that le Blond had wrongfully dispossessed him of land in Cork, leaving him, his wife and their children reduced to having to beg for their living. He argued that he could not hope to get impartial justice, as le Blond was a judge and was related to "the great lords of the land" (unnamed). Accordingly, he petitioned for a special hearing before two named individuals whom he evidently trusted. The petition was apparently taken seriously, as it was referred to the Lord Chancellor of England for a quick decision, but le Blond remained on the Court for at least another two years.

## Sources

* Ball, F. Elrington The Judges in Ireland 1221-1921 London John Murray 1926
* Hand, Geoffrey English Law in Ireland 1290-1324 Cambridge University Press 1967
* Patent Roll 4 Edward II
# Dawn Atkins (romantic novelist)

Dawn Atkins is an American author of contemporary romance novels.

## Biography

Dawn Atkins has been writing since childhood. In the early 1980s she sold the first of her work, several romance short stories which were published by True Love magazine. She then wrote her first romance novel, which was rejected by publishers. For the next 13 years, Atkins did not write. She filled her time teaching second and third graders. Eventually she began rewriting her first novel, which was rejected by several agents in its new form. Atkins kept writing, and her third completed manuscript was published by Kensington Books' Precious Gems line of contemporary category romances. Getting Zack Back was published in July 1998 under the name Daphne Atkeson. Her second novel, Baby Makes Three, was released eighteen months later. Many of her later books have been published by various Harlequin category romance lines, including Temptation and Blaze.
Atkins has been twice nominated for Romantic Times Reviewers' Choice Awards, for Going to Extremes and A Perfect Life.
Atkins maintains a full-time job as a writer. She and her husband, David, have one son.
# Joseph Park

Joseph Park may refer to:
* Joseph Park (businessman), American entrepreneur
* Joseph Park (wrestler), a ring name of Christopher Joseph Park
# Hüntwangen-Wil railway station

Hüntwangen-Wil is a railway station in the Swiss canton of Zurich. The station location straddles the municipalities of Eglisau and Hüntwangen, but takes its name from Hüntwangen and the adjoining municipality of Wil. In terms of railway geography, the station is on the Eglisau to Neuhausen line of the Swiss Federal Railway (SBB), which crosses the international border twice, travelling through German territory, on its route between the Swiss cantons of Zurich and Schaffhausen.
The station is operated by the SBB and is an intermediate stop on Zurich S-Bahn line S9 between Zurich and Schaffhausen.
Between Hüntwangen-Wil and the preceding Eglisau station, the railway crosses the Eglisau railway bridge over the Rhine.
# CASPR

CASPR also known as Contactin associated protein 1, Paranodin and CASPR1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNTNAP1 gene. CASPR is a part of the neurexin family of proteins, hence its another name "Neurexin IV". CASPR is a membrane protein found in the neuronal membrane in the paranodal section of the axon[] in myelinated neurons, between the Nodes of Ranvier containing Na+ channels, and juxtaparanode, which contains K+ channels. During myelination, caspr associates with contactin in a cis complex, though its precise role in myelination is not yet understood.

## Function

The gene product was initially identified as a 190-kD protein associated with the contactin-PTPRZ1 complex. The 1,384-amino acid protein, also designated p190 or CASPR for 'contactin-associated protein,' includes an extracellular domain with several putative protein-protein interaction domains, a putative transmembrane domain, and a 74-amino acid cytoplasmic domain. Northern blot analysis showed that the gene is transcribed predominantly in brain as a transcript of 6.2 kb, with weak expression in several other tissues tested. The architecture of its extracellular domain is similar to that of neurexins, and this protein may be the signaling subunit of contactin, enabling recruitment and activation of intracellular signaling pathways in neurons. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2009].

## Clinical

Mutations in CNTNAP1 cause arthrogryposis multiplex congenita.
Other diseases associated with mutations in this gene include lethal congenital contracture syndrome type 7 and congenital hypomyelinating neuropathy type 3.
# Cyprianus Gallus

Cyprianus Gallus or Cyprian the Gaul (fl. c. 397–430) is the conventional name of the poet who wrote a Late Latin epic versification of the historical books of the Old Testament based on the Old Latin translation, although only his version of the Heptateuch (Heptateuchos) has survived to the present day. He has sometimes been credited with the authorship of two other poems, Carmen de Sodoma and Carmen de Iona, but neither fits his style and language. These have also been attributed to Cyprian of Carthage and Tertullian.
The name "Cyprianus Gallus" was coined by Rudolf Peiper [de] based on the misattribution of the Heptateuchos to Cyprian of Carthage and the actual author's presumed origin in Gaul. The author has also been called "Pseudo-Cyprian".
# Christ Church, Richmond

Christ Church is a former Church of England church on Kew Road in Richmond, in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames. Its architect was Arthur Blomfield who, thirty years earlier, had designed another Anglican church of the same name in neighbouring East Sheen.
The church building opened in 1894, the congregation's founding members being 1,300 Anglican members of St John the Divine, Richmond who objected to St John's moving away from an Evangelical style of worship and towards a more Catholic direction. They had left St John's in the 1870s and started worshipping at an iron church on Park Lane, Richmond that had previously been used by the Baptist congregation of Duke Street Church prior to the opening of its own church building in 1870.
The foundation stone of the new building was laid by Mary, Duchess of Teck. The church's first vicar, from 1893 to 1908, was the Rev. Alfred Ernest Foster, who had been priest-in-charge at the temporary iron church since 1891.
A large hall was built at the back of the church in 1895–96.
The church closed in 1986, the congregation having merged with that of Holy Trinity Church, Sheen Park, Richmond, in 1977. The building has been converted into 15 residential flats.
# Arsenal (comics)

Arsenal (comics) may refer to:

## DC Comics

* Nicholas Galtry, a DC Comics villain first seen in Doom Patrol #100, December 1965 (as 'Galtry') and Tales of the New Teen Titans #3, August 1982 (as 'Arsenal')
* Arsenal, a DC Comics villain first seen in Doom Patrol #113, August 1967
* Arsenal, a DC Comics villain first seen in Adventure Comics #485, September 1981
* Arsenal, alias previously used by DC Comics character Roy Harper (comics), formerly Speedy

## Marvel Comics

* Arsenal (Marvel Comics), fictional character, first appeared in Iron Man #114
# Artemisia franserioides

Artemisia franserioides, the ragweed sagebrush or bursage mugwort, is a North American species of plants in the sunflower family. It is native to the southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Oklahoma) as well as northern Mexico (Chihuahua).
Artemisia franserioides is a biennial or perennial growing up to 100 cm (40 inches) tall. It is faintly aromatic, with many small, hanging flower heads. It grows in conifer forests.
The specific epithet franserioides is derived from Latinized Greek, meaning resembling the genus Franseria. Franseria is now a synonym of Ambrosia (ragweeds).
# Arnolds

Arnolds may refer to:
* The Arnolds, American southern gospel musical group
* Arnolds Park, Iowa, city in United States
* Arnolds Park (amusement park), amusement park in Arnolds Park

## People with the surname

* Aloysius Arnolds (1835-1896), American politician from Wisconsin
* Andrew Arnolds (elected 2019), South African politician
* Eef Arnolds (born 1948), Dutch mycologist
# Arthroleptis tanneri

Arthroleptis tanneri, the Tanzania screeching frog or Tanner's squeaker, is a species of frog in the family Arthroleptidae. It is endemic to the West Usambara Mountains in northeastern Tanzania; previous records from elsewhere refer to other species.

## Etymology

The specific name tanneri honours Mr John Tanner, owner of a tea estate in Mazumbai, (the type locality) "in recognition of the generosity and hospitality afforded the collectors and other zoologists and his keen interest in the natural history of Mazumbai."

## Description

Males in the type series measure on average 34 mm (1.3 in) and females 51 mm (2.0 in) in snout–vent length. With a maximum snout-vent length of 55 mm (2.2 in), it is the largest of the Arthroleptis species. The body is stoutly built. The head is slightly broader than long, with snout rounded in dorsal view. The canthus rostralis is sharp. The tympanum is clearly visible. The toes are long, slender, and without webbing. The skin is usually smooth, although a juvenile had small scattered dorsal warts. The dorsum is claret-brown, with the chain of darker vertebral markings. The hands and feet are pinkish, especially from under. The upper half of iris is pale gold.
Arthroleptis tanneri resembles Arthroleptis affinis in colouration and morphology, but molecular data suggest that they are not closely related.

## Habitat and conservation

The natural habitats of Arthroleptis tanneri are montane forests at elevations of 1,400–2,000 m (4,600–6,600 ft) above sea level. It is in a leaf-litter species that has not been recorded outside good-quality forest. It is presumed to have direct development (i.e., no free-living tadpole stage), like all the other Arthroleptis species.
Population trends of this species are unknown but it is believed to be in decline because of habitat loss and deterioration, which are caused by expanding agriculture, wood extraction, and human settlements. The species occurs in the Mazumbai, Baga II, Shume-Magamba Forest Reserves, although all these would need further protection. In 2015 the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) assessed it as "Endangered" because of its small distribution area and the ongoing habitat loss and deterioration.

## Behavior

Screeching Frogs all share a similar behavior that "scream" to startle predators off that can last up to 5 seconds and sounds often like a crying baby. They usually reside on the north-eastern mountains of West Usambara. Feeding and mating most often takes place after a rainfall. During a sunny day they can be seen active under the shaded areas under trees. They will also fight with other males during breeding season to hold a territory to mate with a female.
# Arthur Burr Stone

Arthur Burr Stone (1874–1943) also known as A. B. Stone, "Wizard" Stone and "Aviator" Stone, was an American aviation pioneer.

## Biography

He was born in 1874.
Stone's plane crashed into Lake Michigan from a height of 1,000 feet on 17 August 1911 at an aviation meet in Chicago. Stone leapt from the plane before impact and spent half an hour in the water before being rescued.
Stone was test pilot for the Queen Aircraft Company.
Stone came to Australia in 1912-13 and flew his Bleriot monoplane in exhibitions. Bert Hinkler became his mechanic. Stone was also a motorcycle globe-of-death rider. Stone also toured New Zealand, and flew at Auckland Domain on 19 April 1913, where "The aircraft made a forced landing after 400 yards; it and the pilot were attacked by members of the disgruntled crowd who felt they had not got their money’s worth."
Stone was in Hamilton on May 12, then on 4 June the monoplane was "written off by a fence on the boundary of Napier's racecourse."
Arthur Burr (Wizard) Stone was earmarked to carry the first Government official airmail from Melbourne to Sydney on 23 May 1914. Five days before the scheduled flight, the American barnstormer, while test flying his Metz-Bleriot at Sunshine, Victoria, suffered a mishap and damaged the plane. The flight was cancelled and the mail was carried to Sydney by rail.
He died in 1943.

## Anecdotes

1913: "Leslie and Claude Couper were coming in to take over this bush farm on Oio Road No. 2 in 1913. The road only came over the hill, Kaitieke side, for about a mile and from there on it was just a track. They were coming down the hill through the bush, winding in and out through the bush with their pack horses (jogging quietly) along when they heard an engine overhead just like a motor bike coming but it was an aeroplane, the first (the very first) to fly from the North down to Marton. The pack horses stampeded and bolted - they hadn't heard the like before and of course a bolting pack horse soon loses its pack. That was strewn every-where. A crow bar here, something else there and a stream of ammunition all down the track. But most important of all - the plane arrived at its destination."
# Arriving (disambiguation)

Arriving is a 2004 album by Chris Tomlin.
Arriving may also refer to:
* Arriving (Loose Tubes album), a 2015 English jazz ensemble album
* "Arriving", a song by Harold Budd and John Foxx from Translucence/Drift Music, 2003
* "Arriving", a song by Evelyn Glennie from Touch the Sound, 2004
# Arthur Alban Wright

Arthur Alban Wright, CMG (24 October 1887 – 4 January 1967) was a British colonial administrator who served in Fiji and in the Caribbean. He was Administrator of St Vincent from 1936 to 1938 and Administrator of St Lucia from 1938 to 1943.

## Life and career

Wright was the son of the Rev. Alban Henry Wright, organising secretary of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts. He was educated at St Edmund's School, Canterbury and St John's College, Oxford.
He entered the Colonial Civil Service in 1912 and was posted to Fiji as a cadet the same year. In 1915, he was promoted to District Commissioner. During the First World War, he was commissioned into the Rifle Brigade as a second lieutenant in 1917. After the war, he became Provincial Commissioner in Fiji in 1922, Assistant Colonial Secretary in 1928, Secretary for Native Affairs in 1932, Acting Colonial Secretary in 1932–34, and Acting Governor of Fiji in 1935.
In 1936, he was transferred to the Caribbean and was Administrator of St Vincent, serving there until 1938, when he was appointed Administrator of St Lucia. He was Acting Governor of the Windward Islands in 1938 and 1939. He retired from the Colonial Service in 1943. After his retirement, he was managing director of the Jamaica Starch and Milling Co. Ltd from 1944 to 1946. He died in Ascot in 1967.
Wright was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1937.

## Family

In 1914, Wright married Margaret Emily Booth, eldest daughter of Robert Malcolm Booth; they had three daughters.
# Arthur Pitney

Arthur H. Pitney (1871–1933) was an American inventor and businessman, best known as the father of the postage meter. Pitney filed a patent application, in Stamford, Connecticut for the world’s first postage meter on December 9, 1901. He presented, demonstrated and perfected his invention over two decades – after partnering with Walter Bowes, the postage meter was approved by the U.S. Postal Service. He co-founded the Pitney-Bowes Postage Meter Company in 1920, now known as Pitney Bowes - it is a $6.1 billion provider. Pitney’s invention, the Pitney Bowes Model M Postage Meter, has been recognized as an International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

## Biography

Arthur Pitney was born in Quincy, Illinois in 1871. In 1890 he moved to Chicago, where he attended the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, spending days viewing the mechanical inventions on display. Later, while working as a clerk in a wallpaper store he identified a problem that was costing his firm time and money — affixing postage stamps to hundreds of envelopes took time and also led to stamp theft. An inventor in the classic “tinkerer-putterer” mode, he created a device to simplify business mailings. The first postage meter device consisted of a manual crank, chain action, printing die, counter and lockout device.
In 1902, he received a patent for "a hand-cranked gadget with two locking counters - one counting down the amount of postage remaining from the original amount purchased, the other counting up to show the total postage dispensed". He gave the device a trial run in 1903.
He formed the Pitney Postal Machine Company in 1902, which became the American Postage Meter Company in 1912. The machine’s acceptance by the public was slow. Pitney — his finances and marriage both wrecked by the project — resorted to selling insurance but persisted.
In 1919, Pitney was introduced to Walter Bowes, an industrialist who had success marketing a post office stamp canceling machine. In April 1920, the Pitney-Bowes Postage Meter Company was formed. In September of that year, the Model M Postage Meter was approved by the U.S. Postal Service, legislation was passed by Congress and the first postage meter was put into commercial use on November 16, 1920.
Pitney and Bowes set up a manufacturing presence in Stamford, Connecticut and by 1922 there were branch offices in a dozen major cities and the Pitney-Bowes postage meter was also approved for use in Canada and England. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Certificate of Merit in 1922.
Pitney and Bowes were often at odds, and after they had a dispute in 1924, Pitney resigned. While his innovations led to the creation of an entire mail processing industry, his efforts brought him little joy. Pitney suffered a stroke in 1927 and died in 1933.