OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Conditionality

In political economy and international relations, conditionality is the use of conditions attached to the provision of benefits such as a loan, debt relief or bilateral aid. These conditions are typically imposed by international financial institutions or regional organizations and are intended to improve economic conditions within the recipient country.

## International financial institutions

Conditionality is typically employed by the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank or a donor country with respect to loans, debt relief and financial aid. Conditionalities may involve relatively uncontroversial requirements to enhance aid effectiveness, such as anti-corruption measures, but they may involve highly controversial ones, such as austerity or the privatization of key public services, which may provoke strong political opposition in the recipient country. These conditionalities are often grouped under the label structural adjustment as they were prominent in the structural adjustment programs following the debt crisis of the 1980s.

## Ex-ante vs. ex-post

Much debate in types of conditionality centers around ex-ante versus ex-post conditionality. In ex-post conditionality, the country receiving aid agrees to conditions set by the donor or lender that they will carry out after they receive the aid. Later follow-ups determine whether they might receive more aid. If conditions are not met or other political differences between the donor and recipient materialize, aid may be suspended. Ex-ante conditionality requires a country to meet certain conditions and prove it can maintain them before it will receive any aid.
Traditionally, the IMF lends funds based on ex-post criteria, which might induce moral hazard behavior by the borrowing country. The moral hazard problem appears when a government behaves in a risky manner in the anticipation that it can turn to the IMF in the case of a crisis. Institutional reforms of the International Monetary Fund, such as the Flexible Credit Line (FCL) in 1999, attempt to reduce moral hazard by relying more on pre-set qualification criteria (i.e. ex-ante).

## 'Tied' aid

Other types of conditionality that often occur are aid which is tied to be used in a specific way. For example, many countries tie aid to the purchasing of domestic products, although this practice has drastically decreased over the past 15 years. The United Nations Human Development Report in 2005 estimated that only about 8 per cent of bilateral aid is 'tied', down from 27 per cent in 1990. This however varies from country to country with the United Kingdom, Ireland and Norway giving 100 per cent of their aid untied, and Canada, Austria and Spain giving less than 60 per cent.

## European Union

The European Union also employs conditionality with respect to enlargement, with membership conditional on candidate countries meeting the Copenhagen criteria and adopting the acquis communautaire.
# Columbian sharp-tailed grouse

The Columbian sharp-tailed grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus) is a subspecies of sharp-tailed grouse native to the Western United States and British Columbia.

## Description

Out of the seven subspecies of sharp-tailed grouse, the Columbian is the smallest at 15–20 inches (38–51 cm) in length. They have plumage with a base of grayish-brown, white and black markings, and a white wedge-shaped tail. Males have a longer tail, a purple throat patch and a yellow comb over the eye.

## Distribution and habitat

Its historical range extended from British Columbia south through eastern Washington and Oregon to Northeastern California, Nevada, and Utah, and then west to the Continental Divide. It inhabits sagebrush-bunchgrass prairies, meadow-steppe, mountain shrub, and riparian zones. It was first described by the Lewis and Clark expedition, and was named by George Ord.

## Status and conservation

Due to excessive habitat loss, it is no longer present in the majority of its range, and exists only in isolated remnant populations that comprise less than ten percent of its original habitat. These populations are sequestered in central British Columbia, southeastern Idaho and northern Utah, and northwestern Colorado and south-central Wyoming. It was extirpated entirely from Oregon by the 1960s, but was reintroduced in Wallowa County beginning in 1991; a small population of the birds now persists in the Leap Area of Zumwalt Prairie.
The Columbian sharp-tailed grouse was petitioned to be listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act twice, but was denied in both cases. It is currently considered a Species of Concern in several U.S. states.
# Barking Woods

Barking Woods is a 98.7-hectare (244-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in six separate blocks north-east of Ipswich in Suffolk. Part of it is a 20-hectare (49-acre) nature reserve called Bonny Wood, which is owned and managed by the Suffolk Wildlife Trust.
These ancient woodlands have been documented since 1251. The canopy is mainly oak, ash and silver birch, and other trees include the rare wild pear. The flora is diverse, including herb paris, ramsons, sanicle and early purple orchid.
Some areas are private land, but the nature reserve is open to the public, and a public footpath goes through Priestley Wood.
# Buley

Buley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* E. C. Buley (1869–1933), Australian journalist and author
* Nidhi Buley (born 1986), Indian cricketer
* R. Carlyle Buley (1893–1968), American historian and educator
# Řečice (Žďár nad Sázavou District)

Řečice is a municipality and village in Žďár nad Sázavou District in the Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 500 inhabitants.
Řečice lies approximately 11 kilometres (7 mi) south-east of Žďár nad Sázavou, 37 km (23 mi) east of Jihlava, and 134 km (83 mi) south-east of Prague.
# Christ's Resurrection Church

Christ's Resurrection Church may refer to:
* Christ's Resurrection Church, Brzeg, in Brzeg, Poland
* Christ's Resurrection Church, Kaunas, in Kaunas, Lithuania
# Stewart Castle, Northern Ireland

54°43′08″N 7°22′30″W﻿ / ﻿54.719°N 7.375°W﻿ / 54.719; -7.375
Stewart Castle (also known as Newtownstewart Castle) is situated in Newtownstewart, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It was built in 1619 by Sir Robert Newcomen in an "English manor house" style. It was damaged during the Irish Rebellion of 1641 by Sir Phelim O' Neill and in 1689 on King James' return from the Siege of Derry. King James ordered the Stewart Castle, and the town, to be burnt down. In the main street a piece of the castle wall still stands.
An intact Bronze Age cist grave was found within castle site. It was excavated in 1999.

## Location

Newtownstewart, a plantation castle, is a State Care Historic Monument in Strabane District Council area, at grid ref: H4020 8583.
# A-bout!

A-bout! (stylized as A-BOUT!) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Masa Ichikawa [ja]. It was serialized in Kodansha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Magazine from November 2009 to May 2013, with its chapters collected in 19 tankōbon volumes. It was followed by a sequel, A-bout!! – Asagiri Daikatsuyaku-hen, which ran in the same magazine from June 2013 to March 2014 and concluded in Magazine Special in May of the same year. A third series, A-bout! Surf, was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Evening from July 2021 to September 2022.

## Plot

The story takes place in Mitsumine High School, the school is notorious for its violent juvenile delinquent students. When Asagiri Shinnosuke transfers to this school, he starts fighting all the class bosses to prove himself as the strongest guy in the school.

## Publication

A-bout!, written and illustrated by Masa Ichikawa [ja], was serialized in Kodansha's Weekly Shōnen Magazine from November 25, 2009, to May 15, 2013. Kodansha collected its 165 chapters in 19 tankōbon volumes, released from March 17, 2010, to June 17, 2013.
A direct sequel, A-bout!! - Asagiri Daikatsuyaku-hen (A-BOUT!!〜朝桐大活躍編〜), was serialized in Weekly Shōnen Magazine from June 12, 2013, to March 12, 2014. Two additional chapters were published in Magazine Special on April 19 and May 20 of the same year. Kodansha collected its chapters in five tankōbon volumes, released from September 17, 2013, to June 17, 2014.
A third series, titled A-bout! Surf, was serialized in Kodansha's seinen manga magazine Evening from July 13, 2021, to September 27, 2022. Kodansha collected its chapters in five tankōbon volumes, released from September 22, 2021, to November 22, 2022
# Colin Calder

Colin Bain Calder (16 April 1860 – 25 January 1907) was a Scottish immigrant to Argentina regarded as one of the founders (and then first president) of C.A. Rosario Central. He also served at the British-owned Central Argentine Railway (Ferrocarril Central Argentino), one of the biggest railway companies in Argentina.

## Biography
### First years

Calder was born in Dingwall, Ross and Cromarty, in the Scottish Highlands. His middle name, Bain, was his mother's surname. His family enjoyed prosperity, as his father Alexander Bain was a prestigious cabinetmaker. After his father's death, the family economic situation worsened. His mother worked as a seamstress and the family moved into a poor house.
At the age of ten, Calder was still at school and living with his mother. By the time he was 21, Calder was working as a coach painter at a carriage works and the family was in better circumstances.

### Arrival in Rosario

Calder migrated to Rosario to work for the Central Argentine Railway, a British-owned company, and by 1889, when he was aged 29, he was the manager of the Central Argentine Railway Paint Shop. He was also a local champion of the game of football.

### President of Rosario Central

Before 1889, Calder, together with his secretary Chamberlain, asked the railway company to provide land for teams to play football. This was achieved, and on the historic day of 24 December 1889 he was elected as the first president of the recently formed "Central Argentine Railway Athletic Club" (then "Rosario Central"). He made a fiery speech in favor of football, and to the detriment of cricket, the other sport the British had brought to Argentina. He continued to serve as president until 1900. His eleven years in office makes him the club's third longest-serving president, after Víctor Vesco and Federico Flynn.

## Private life

In 1890, Calder married Mary Green, who was also from Scotland, born in Addiewell, and a sister of Michael and Daniel Green. They had five children: Lily Jane, Charlotte, Margaret, Elizabeth, and John Colin Alexander.
Calder died in 1907, at the age of 46. His remains are in the Nonconformist Cemetery at Rosario.

## Memorials

On 23 December 2014, by order of the Municipal Council of Rosario, a street was named Calle Colin Calder (Colin Calder Street). This is in the Alem Park and joins Colombres Avenue with Nansen Street.
In 2011, after a contact initiated by one of Calder's descendants, his native city of Dingwall named him an Honorary Citizen.
# Comabbio

Comabbio is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Varese in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) northwest of Milan and about 13 kilometres (8 mi) southwest of Varese. On 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,025 and an area of 4.8 square kilometres (1.9 sq mi).
Comabbio borders the following municipalities: Mercallo, Osmate, Sesto Calende, Ternate, Travedona-Monate, Varano Borghi, Vergiate.
# Yeşilvadi, Serik

Yeşilvadi is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Serik, Antalya Province, Turkey. Its population is 158 (2022).
# Battle of Deir ez-Zor

Battle of Deir ez-Zor may refer to:
* Battle of Deir ez-Zor (1941)
* Various battles/offensives in the Syrian Civil War (see Deir ez-Zor Governorate campaign)
# Confeitaria Colombo

Confeitaria Colombo is a coffeehouse located in downtown Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is one of the main landmarks of the city's Central Region. Website City Guides named Colombo one of the 10 most beautiful cafés in the world.

## History

Confeitaria Colombo was founded in 1894 by Portuguese immigrants Joaquim Borges de Meireles and Manuel José Lebrão. Its architecture, inspired by the European cafes, was representative of Rio de Janeiro's belle époque. Between 1912 and 1918, the interior halls were renovated with an Art Nouveau flair, with large crystal mirrors brought from Antwerp, framed by rosewood trim friezes. The interior wooden furniture was carved at the same time by the artisan Antonio Borsoi.
In 1922, its facilities were expanded with the construction of a second floor with a tearoom. An opening in the ceiling of the ground floor allows to see the skylight of the tea room, decorated with stained glass. Currently, the second floor houses the restaurant Cristóvão.
Years after its opening, Colombo became a meeting point for Brazilian writers, artists and intellectuals of the time, such as Chiquinha Gonzaga, Olavo Bilac, Emílio de Meneses, Rui Barbosa, Villa-Lobos, Lima Barreto, José do Patrocínio, among others, being called "a branch of the Brazilian Academy of Letters".
The coffeehouse was also visited by heads of state such as Getúlio Vargas, Juscelino Kubitschek, King Albert I of Belgium and Queen Elizabeth II.

### Branches

In 1944, Colombo opened a second store in Copacabana, at the corner of Avenida Nossa Senhora de Copacabana with Rua Barão de Ipanema. It ran until 2003, when it moved to Fort Copacabana. It also had a store at Barra Shopping in the 1990 decade.
# Commerveil

Commerveil (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Sarthe department in the Pays de la Loire region in north-western France.
# DinI-like protein family

In molecular biology, the DinI-like protein family is a family of short proteins. The family includes DNA-damage-inducible protein I (DinI) and related proteins. The SOS response, a set of cellular phenomena exhibited by eubacteria, is initiated by various causes that include DNA damage-induced replication arrest, and is positively regulated by the co-protease activity of RecA. Escherichia coli DinI, a LexA-regulated SOS gene product, shuts off the initiation of the SOS response when overexpressed in vivo. Biochemical and genetic studies indicated that DinI physically interacts with RecA to inhibit its co-protease activity. The structure of DinI is known.
# Chris Greenham

Chris Greenham (born Vivian C. Greenham) (21 April 1923 – 21 January 1989) was an Academy Award-winning English sound editor, known for his work on films including Superman, The Guns of Navarone and Born Free. He was the recipient of the Academy Award in 1962 for Best Effects for his work on The Guns of Navarone (shared with Bill Warrington).
# Bay Area Bi+ & Pan Network

Bay Area Bi+ & Pan Network (BABPN), previously known as Bay Area Bisexual Network (BABN), is a social and networking group in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is the oldest and largest bisexual group in the San Francisco Bay Area. Since 1987 BABN has welcomed people who are just coming out or new to the area to have opportunities to meet and talk with other bisexuals and pansexuals.

## History

Founded in 1987, BABN was the successor to the San Francisco Bisexual Center, which closed in 1984. Its founding was inspired by the 1987 East Coast Bisexual Network Conference, and it was founded by Lani Ka'ahumanu, Ann Justi and Maggi Rubenstein. For nearly 10 years, BABN coordinated a speaker's bureau, a newsletter, retreats, and monthly cultural and educational forums. BABN's phone line offered one of very few ways for isolated bisexuals to find and connect with the bisexual community. Bi-Friendly was founded by BABN in 1988 as a way for bisexual and bi-friendly people to meet and socialize outside of bars and activist meetings. The group sponsored brunches, trips to the redwoods, movies, plays, baseball games, etc. BABN is holding Bi-Friendly meetings as of 2012. In June 2019, BABN changed its name to Bay Area Bi+ & Pan Network (BABPN).
They were the publisher of Anything That Moves magazine during its run from 1990 to 2002.

## Services

BABN provides support to the bisexual community, including a website and links to resources. BABN also has two email lists: One low-volume, moderated list for events of interest to the bisexual community, and a second, unmoderated list for open discussion.
For hundreds of bisexual people, the email lists are their only contact to the bi community. BABN also has social networking groups on Facebook, tribe.net, and others. A calendar of events is the most-used feature of the BABN website.
# A. N. Other

A. N. Other is used as a placeholder name or, less commonly, a pseudonym used by a person wishing to remain anonymous. It is most used in the United Kingdom, often written as AN Other. Occasionally it may be abbreviated to ANO, or—in cases where a female name is expected—rendered as Ann(e) Other.
As a placeholder name, A. N. Other is commonly employed in lists of cricket players, where players' names are traditionally listed as initials and surname (e.g., I. T. Botham), for players whose names have not yet been announced or are unknown (e.g. "Additional players: A. W. Smith, J. C. Taylor and A. N. Other").
The Formula One racing driver Jackie Stewart raced as "A. N. Other" early in his career, supposedly because his mother would worry if she knew he was racing cars.
Less frequently used is U. N. Owen, as for example used in the Agatha Christie novel And Then There Were None.
The name is also used for demonstration on sample documents and identity cards.
An equivalent term is "NN", for "Nomen nescio". Of equivalent function are TBA, TBC, and TBD (to be announced, confirmed, determined).
# Broechem

Broechem is a part of the municipality of Ranst in Antwerp Province, Flemish Region, Belgium. The village is located on the highest point of the region.

## Toponymy

The town's name is derived from the Old Dutch "broek" (wetland) and "heem" (house, building). The compound name "Broekhem" then transposed into "Broechem", the name it bears today.

## History

The village was first mentioned as Polypticon in 868 or 869. The village was part of the abbey of Tongerlo. In 1542, the village was plundered and set on fire by the troops of Maarten van Rossum. Between 1909 and 1912, the Fortress of Broechem was constructed, and was the scene of heavy fighting in the Siege of Antwerp during World War I.
Broechem was an agricultural village with many orchards. In 1977, the municipality was merged into Ranst.

## Attractions

The oldest part of the Bossenstein Castle is the keep which dates from the 14th century. The castle used to be owned by the Van Berchem family. In 1655, the castle was extended. In 1906, the Bossenstein Castle was extensively restored. Nowadays it is owned by a golf and polo club.

## Notable people

* Jürgen Cavens (1978), football player.
* Tuur Dierckx (1995), football player.
# Colette Sénami Agossou Houeto

Colette Sénami Agossou Houeto (born 1939) is a Beninese educator, feminist poet and politician. She was Minister of Primary and Secondary Education in Boni Yayi's first government.

## Life

Colette Houeto was born in 1939 in Porto-Novo in Ouémé Department. She attended local primary schools before going to secondary school in Cotonou. She attended the University of Strasbourg and later the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. In Benin she served as Director of the National Institute of Training and Research into Education from 1977 to 1981. She also wrote a volume of poetry, published in 1981. From 1986 to 1991, she worked with the African Development Bank, aiming to integrate women into Benin's development program.
Colette Houeto has been active in Adrien Houngbédji's Democratic Renewal Party.

## Works

* 'La femme, source de vie dans l'Afrique traditionnelle', in La Civilisation de la femme dans la tradition africaine, Paris: Présence africaine, 1975
* 'Education et mass-media', Présence Africaine, No. 95 (1975), pp.428-40
* L'aube sur les cactus. Porto-Novo, Bénin, 1981. Preface by Jean Pliya. Illustrated by Jean-Claude Lespingal.
* 'Women and Education: the Case of Benin', EDUAFRICA, Vol. 8 (1982), pp.169-179
# Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura

Confederação Nacional dos Trabalhadores na Agricultura (National Confederation of Agricultural Workers, CONTAG) is the largest federation of agricultural workers' labor unions in Brazil. It represents 20 million rural workers in 27 associations and around 4 thousand unions.
The CONTAG was founded on December 22, 1963 in Rio de Janeiro. At the time there were 14 associations and 475 rural workers' unions. With the 1964 military coup, the federation and its unions were taken over by the government. Many union leaders were imprisoned or forced into exile. However, by 1968 the organization began to act independently and encouraged the formation of rural unions and federations in Brazil. The number of rural unions grew from 625 in 1968 to 2144 in 1980.
# Comparison (disambiguation)

Comparison is the act of examining the similarities and differences between things. Comparison may also refer to:

## Computer science and technology

* Comparison (computer programming), a code that makes decisions and selects alternatives based on them
* Comparison microscope, a dual microscope for analyzing side-by-side specimens
* Comparison sort, a type of data sort algorithm
* File comparison, the automatic comparison of data such as files and texts by computer programs
* Price comparison service, an Internet service

## Language

* Comparison (grammar), the modification of adjectives and adverbs to express the relative degree
* Mass comparison, a test for the relatedness of languages

## Mathematics

* Comparison (mathematics), a notation for comparing variable values
* Comparison of topologies, an order relation on the set of all topologies on one and the same set
* Multiple comparisons, a procedure of statistics
* a synonym for co-transitivity, in constructive mathematics

## Psychology

* Pairwise comparison (psychology), a test of psychology
* Social comparison theory, a branch of social psychology

## Other uses

* Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education
* Cross-cultural studies, which involve cross-cultural comparisons
# Barry Shaw (footballer)

Barry Shaw (born 31 October 1948) is an English former amateur footballer who played as a left winger in the Football League for Darlington, whom he joined from non-league club Crowborough Athletic. Shaw made two senior appearances for Darlington, both in the Fourth Division as a stand-in for regular winger Harry Kirk. His debut came on 20 April 1968, in a 2–0 home win against Rochdale, and he kept his place for the next match before Kirk returned to the side.
# Exterior dimension

In geometry, exterior dimension is a type of dimension that can be used to characterize the scaling behavior of "fat fractals". A fat fractal is defined to be a subset of Euclidean space such that, for every point $p$ of the set and every sufficiently small number $\epsilon$, the ball of radius $\epsilon$ centered at $p$ contains both a nonzero Lebesgue measure of points belonging to the fractal, and a nonzero Lebesgue measure of points that do not belong to the fractal. For such a set, the Hausdorff dimension is the same as that of the ambient space.
The Hausdorff dimension of a set $S$ can be computed by "fattening" $S$ (taking its Minkowski sum with a ball of radius $\epsilon$), and examining how the volume of the resulting fattened set scales with $\epsilon$, in the limit as $\epsilon$ tends to zero. The exterior dimension is computed in the same way but looking at the volume of the difference set obtained by subtracting the original set $S$ from the fattened set.
In the paper introducing exterior dimension, it was claimed that it would be applicable to networks of blood vessels. However, inconsistent behavior of these vessels in different parts of the body, the relatively low number of levels of branching, and the slow convergence of methods based on exterior dimension cast into doubt the practical applicability of this parameter.