# Science and the Popes

Science and the Popes is a part of the broader subject of science and the Catholic Church. Science and the popes have had a long yet sometimes rocky relationship throughout the history of the Catholic Church, with some popes condemning scientific books and findings, and other popes lauding scientists and the scientific fields. As the church believes the pope is the vicar of Christ, Catholics respect the pope's non-infallible personal opinions on non-theological subjects such as science. While there are ancient patron saints of medical topics, such as Saint Pantaleon, who was invoked during the Black Death, it is not known which pope canonized them.

## Middle ages
### 11th century
#### Innocent III

On 23 April 1198, Innocent III approved of the religious order Order of the Holy Ghost, which took care of sick laypersons. Innocent III also founded Santo Spirito Hospital in Rome.

### 15th century
#### Paul IV

For being a Protestant, Conrad Gessner's work, Historiae animalium, was put on the Index of Prohibited Books by Pope Paul IV.

#### Gregory XIII

The Gregorian calendar was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582.

## Renaissance
### 16th century
#### Urban VIII

Pope Urban VIII had Galileo's book put on the Index of Prohibited Books and had Galileo himself sentenced to lifelong house arrest for heresy for "following the position of Copernicus, which is contrary to the true sense and authority of Holy Scripture."

## Early modernity
### 19th century
#### Pius IX

At the First Vatican Council, convoked by Pope Pius IX, it was declared dogma that God can be known by reason alone and that faith and reason are both from God and cannot contradict each other.

#### Leo XIII

On 18 November 1893, Pope Leo XIII issued Providentissimus Deus. In it, he said that "no real disagreement can exist between the theologian and the scientist provided each keeps within his own limits. ...If nevertheless there is a disagreement ... it should be remembered that the sacred writers, or more truly ‘the Spirit of God who spoke through them, did not wish to teach men such truths (as the inner structure of visible objects) which do not help anyone to salvation’; and that, for this reason, rather than trying to provide a scientific exposition of nature, they sometimes describe and treat these matters either in a somewhat figurative language or as the common manner of speech those times required, and indeed still requires nowadays in everyday life, even amongst most learned people."

## Modernity
### 20th century
#### Pius XI

The Pontifical Academy of Sciences was founded in 1936 by Pope Pius XI.

#### Pius XII

In 1939, Pope Pius XII described Galileo as being among the "most audacious heroes of research ... not afraid of the stumbling blocks and the risks on the way, nor fearful of the funereal monuments."
In the 1950 encyclical Humani generis, Pius XII accepted evolution as a possibility (as opposed to a probability) and a legitimate field of study to investigate the origins of the human body – though it was stressed that "the Catholic faith obliges us to hold that souls are immediately created by God."

#### John Paul II

In Fides et Ratio, Pope John Paul II said, "faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth; and God has placed in the human heart a desire to know the truth – in a word, to know himself – so that, by knowing and loving God, men and women may also come to the fullness of truth about themselves."
In Veritatis splendor, John Paul II, quoting the Second Vatican Council, said that abortion is an "intrinsically evil act."

#### Benedict XVI

On July 25, 2007, Pope Benedict XVI said that the clash between creation and evolution "is an absurdity because on one hand there is much scientific proof in favor of evolution, which appears as a reality that we must see and which enriches our understanding of life and being as such."
In his August 2011 interview, Benedict said "Sexuality has an intrinsic meaning and direction which is not homosexual. The meaning and direction of sexuality is to bring about the union of man and woman and in this way give humanity posterity, children, future. " and "Homosexuality is incompatible with the priestly vocation. Otherwise, celibacy itself would lose its meaning as a renunciation."
In his spiritual testament, Benedict XVI said:
    It often seems that science...are able to offer irrefutable results at odds with the Catholic faith...on the contrary, apparent certainties against the faith have vanished, proving to be not science, but philosophical interpretations only apparently pertaining to science;...with the succession of different generations I have seen theses that seemed unshakable collapse, proving to be mere hypotheses: the liberal generation (Harnack, Jülicher etc.), the existentialist generation (Bultmann etc.), the Marxist generation. I saw and see how out of the tangle of assumptions the reasonableness of faith emerged and emerges again.

#### Francis

In a July 2, 2021 video message, Pope Francis said that there "cannot and must not be any opposition between faith and science."
On Oct 20, 2021, Francis said the "gender ideology of which you speak is dangerous, yes. As I understand it, it is so because it is abstract with respect to the concrete life of a person, as if a person could decide abstractly at will if and when to be a man or a woman. Abstraction is always a problem for me. This has nothing to do with the homosexual issue, though. If there is a homosexual couple, we can do pastoral work with them, move forward in our encounter with Christ. When I talk about ideology, I’m talking about the idea, the abstraction in which everything is possible, not about the concrete life of people and their real situation."