OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Levy en Masse Act 1803

The Levy en Masse Act 1803 (43 Geo. 3 c. 96) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Although formally presented as an amendment of the Defence of the Realm Act 1803, it was actually a major piece of new legislation as it required counties in Great Britain to draw up lists of men for military training and detailed how compulsory training would take place. However, the Act included clauses that military training could be suspended if sufficient numbers of men joined volunteer corps, and the huge increase in their number in response to the Act meant that compulsory military training was never used.

## The Act

The Act revived the idea of posse comitatus and detailed mechanisms for military training in each parish in Britain. It stated that lords-lieutenant and their deputies should list all men between seventeen and fifty-five except clergymen, Quakers, schoolmasters, and the infirm. The list would be classified into four classes: unmarried men under thirty with no living children under ten years of age; unmarried men aged between thirty and fifty, with no living children under ten; married men between seventeen and thirty with no more than two living children under ten; and those not included in the previous classifications. They would then be trained, armed and eligible in case of invasion to be called out anywhere in the British Isles.

## Passage

Charles Philip Yorke (then Secretary at War) introduced the legislation as a 'Military Service Bill' on 18 July 1803 and it was passed quickly through Parliament, receiving royal assent on the 27 July. The detail of the passing of the bill through Parliament were:
House of Commons
* Ordered: 18 July 1803
* Presented, read, committed; considered; reported 18 July: 1803
* Recommitted and considered: 20 July 1803
* Passed Commons: 22 July 1803
House of Lords
* Amendments: 26 July 1803
* Amendments considered and agreed to: 26 July 1803
Royal assent
* 27 July 1803

## Implementation

The Act was never raised for training due to the massive number of volunteers.

## Amendments

The Act was amended by the Levy en Masse Amendment Act 1803 (43 Geo. 3 c. 120), passed on 11 August, which stated, amongst other things, that if the number of volunteers in any county was satisfactory to the King he could suspend the operation of the Levy en Masse Act even if they did not amount to the three-fourths of the first classification.
# Li Tai-hsiang

Li Tai-hsiang (Chinese: 李泰祥; pinyin: Li Taixiang; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lí Thài-siông; 20 February 1941 – 2 January 2014) was a Taiwanese Amis composer and folk songwriter. He was best known for penning a series of popular Mandarin-language pop and folk songs throughout the 1960s and 1970s at the height of the genres' popularity. He also composed many classical works.
# Crucibulum striatum

Crucibulum striatum, common name the striate cup-and -saucer, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calyptraeidae, the slipper snails or slipper limpets, cup-and-saucer snails, and Chinese hat snails.

## Description

The maximum recorded shell length is 34 mm.

## Habitat

The minimum recorded depth for this species is 0 m; the maximum recorded depth is 422 m.
# Alcadia guadaloupensis

Alcadia guadaloupensis is a species of an operculate land snail, terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Helicinidae.

## Description

(Original description in Latin) The shell is flattened and somewhat angular, showing fine concentric striations. The columella is nodulous at the base. The outer lip is thick and reflexed. The whorls gradually increase in size, and are somewhat swollen above and below. The operculum is brown and horny.

## Distribution

This species occurs in Guadeloupe.
# Jolly balance

The Jolly balance is an instrument for determining specific gravities. Invented by the German physicist Philipp von Jolly in 1864, it consists of a spring fastened at the top to a movable arm. At the lower end, the spring is provided with two small pans, one suspended beneath the other. The lower pan is kept immersed to the same depth in water, while the other one hangs in the air. On the upright stand behind the spring is a mirror on which is engraved or painted a scale of equal parts. The specific gravity of an object, typically a solid, is determined by noting how much the spring lengthens when the object is resting in the upper pan in air ($w$), and then when the object is moved to the lower pan and immersed in water ($w'$). The specific gravity is ${\frac {w}{(w-w')}}$.
# Daniel Harvey

Daniel Harvey may refer to:
* Daniel Harvey (diplomat) (1631–1672), merchant and English ambassador to the Ottoman Empire
* Daniel Harvey (British Army officer) (c. 1664–1732), British Army officer, MP for Dunwich, Clitheroe, and Weymouth and Melcombe Regis
* Daniel Whittle Harvey (1786–1863), British Radical politician, Commissioner of the City of London Police and founder of the Sunday Times
* Daniel Harvey (soccer) (born 1982), former American soccer player
* Dan Harvey, character in the serial Ace of Spades
* Dan Harvey (historian) (born 1959), retired Irish Defence Forces officer and military historian
# Crucidava

Crucidava is a monotypic moth genus first described by Jeremy Daniel Holloway in 1998 belonging to the subfamily Drepaninae. It contains the species Crucidava annulifera, described by the same author in the same year, which is found on Borneo and possibly Peninsular Malaysia. The habitat consists of lower montane forests.
# Can Yoldaşları

Can Yoldaşları is a 1966 Turkish drama film, directed by Halit Refiğ and starring Mehmet Ali Akpinar, Suzan Avci and Nilüfer Aydan.
# Botz

Botz is a German language surname. It stems from the male given name Burchard – and may refer to:
* Bob Botz (1935), former Major League Baseball relief pitcher
* Gerhard Botz (1955), German politician
* Gregory H. Botz (1962), American intensive care specialist physician
* Gustav Botz (1883–1932), German actor
# Krikor Guerguerian

Krikor Guerguerian (12 May 1911 (Gürün) – 7 May 1988 (New York)) was a Reverend Father of the Catholic Church. He is known for the Krikor Guerguerian Archive, a collection of documents concerning the Armenian genocide.

## Early life

Guerguerian was the youngest of sixteen children. He had eight sisters and seven brothers. Only six survived the Armenian genocide. During this genocide, he witnessed his parents' murder. He and a brother escape to Beirut in 1916, where he entered an orphanage.
In 1925, he entered the Zımmar (Bzemmar) Catholic Monastery-School in Lebanon. In the early 1930s, he earned a degree at St. Joseph University in Beirut. After this, he went to Rome to enter Levonian University to study theology. He became a Catholic monk in 1937.
The same year he began his doctorate on the Armenian Genocide.

## Career

After becoming a monk, he settled in Cairo, where his younger brother lived and worked as a priest. Around 1952, he met Kürt Mustafa Pasha in Cairo. Mustafa Pasha was a former presiding judge at the Istanbul 1st Military Tribunal, which ruled in the trials against CUP members. Mustafa told him that the copies of judicial documents were sent to the Constantinople Patriarchate of the Armenian Church. Guerguerian attempted to learn where these documents were sent. He found them in the Jerusalem Patriarchate of the Armenian Church and photographed the documents. Later, he moved to the US where he worked as a priest. Copies of these documents are housed in the Krikor Guerguerian Archive of Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts.

## Publications

Yozghati Hayaspanutean Vaweragrakan Patmutiwne (Documentary History of the Armenocide in Yozgat)
# Athletics at the 1998 Asian Games – Women's 1500 metres

The men's 1500 metres competition at the 1998 Asian Games in Bangkok, Thailand was held on 14 December at the Thammasat Stadium.

## Schedule

All times are Indochina Time (UTC+07:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Monday, 14 December 1998 | 15:10 | Final |

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| | Jyotirmoyee Sikdar (IND) | 4:12.82 |
| | Wang Qingfen (CHN) | 4:13.19 |
| | Sunita Rani (IND) | 4:13.66 |
| 4 | Ikumi Nagayama (JPN) | 4:19.11 |
| 5 | Yan Wei (CHN) | 4:20.34 |
| 6 | Keshani Samarakoon (SRI) | 4:35.00 |
| 7 | Phạm Đình Khánh Đoan (VIE) | 4:36.15 |
| 8 | Vijitra Soranaraangsan (THA) | 5:00.51 |
# Hardening (computing)

In computer security, hardening is usually the process of securing a system by reducing its attack surface, which is larger when a system performs more functions; in principle a single-function system is more secure than a multipurpose one. Reducing available ways of attack typically includes changing default passwords, the removal of unnecessary software, unnecessary usernames or logins, and the disabling or removal of unnecessary services.
Hardening measures can include setting up intrusion prevention systems, disabling accounts, reducing file system permissions and using encrypted network connections.

## Binary hardening

Binary hardening is a security technique in which binary executables are analyzed and modified to protect against common exploits. Binary hardening is independent of compilers and involves the entire toolchain. For example, one binary hardening technique is to detect potential buffer overflows and to substitute the existing code with safer code. The advantage of manipulating binaries is that vulnerabilities in legacy code can be fixed automatically without the need for source code, which may be unavailable or obfuscated. Secondly, the same techniques can be applied to binaries from multiple compilers, some of which may be less secure than others.
Binary hardening often involves the non-deterministic modification of control flow and instruction addresses so as to prevent attackers from successfully reusing program code to perform exploits. Common hardening techniques are:
* Buffer overflow protection
* Stack overwriting protection
* Position independent executables and address space layout randomization
* Binary stirring (randomizing the address of basic blocks)
* Pointer masking (protection against code injection)
* Control flow randomization (to protect against control flow diversion)
# Camponaraya

Camponaraya (Spanish pronunciation:) (Camponaraia in Galician language) is a village and municipality located in the region of El Bierzo (province of León, Castile and León, Spain) . According to the 2010 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 4,230 inhabitants.
It is one of Galician speaking councils of El Bierzo
# Canada Games Park

The Canada Summer Games Park is an athletic venue built in Thorold, Ontario, for the 2022 Canada Summer Games. It now hosts local events.

## History

Thorold, along with other municipalities in the Niagara Region, hosted events for the 2022 Canada Summer Games. The Canada Games Park was built in Thorold for it. The federal government contributed $29 million dollars for the event split between different venues. The Canada Games Park facility cost 107 million dollars. Construction started in 2019. The land used for the facility was previously used as parking lot space for Brock University. Typically, the Canada Games does not run at a financial deficit due to corporate sponsorships; for the Canada Games Park, Canadian Tire donated a substantial amount of money and certain areas of the facility were named after it. The venue was built to include two ice rinks, an area for track and field, four gymnasiums, six beach volleyball courts, and a cycling centre. It is 18,580 square meters. The venue contains the largest sprung floor in Canada. The partners listed in a consortium agreement for Canada Games Park rent the space for specific timeslots and use it for activities such as public ice skating.
In 2023, the city of Thorold hired a municipal lawyer to examine their claims to ownership, who determined that they were only one of three co-tenants leasing it from Brock University and their responsibilities for upkeep would expire in 38 years without any permanent claims to ownership. That same year, it was discussed whether the facility would be able to host the 2025 Ontario Parasport Games. In 2024, a totem pole in a St. Catharines park was restored and relocated inside the Canada Games Park as it was the only local building with a high enough ceiling for it. The total cost of the project was $188,875.
# Canada Gairdner Wightman Award

The Canada Gairdner Wightman Award is annually awarded by the Gairdner Foundation to a Canadian who has demonstrated outstanding leadership in the field of medicine and medical science.

## Award winners

Source: Gairdner- Past Recipients
* 1976 Keith J.R. Wightman
* 1979 Claude Fortier
* 1981 Louis Siminovitch
* 1984 Douglas G. Cameron
* 1986 Aser Rothstein
* 1989 Lloyd D. MacLean
* 1992 John Robert Evans
* 1999 Charles Hollenberg, Peter Macklem
* 2001 Henry Friesen
* 2006 Allan R. Ronald
* 2008 Alan Bernstein
* 2009 David Sackett
* 2010 Calvin Stiller
* 2011 Michael R. Hayden
* 2012 Lorne A. Babiuk
* 2013 James C. Hogg
* 2014 Salim Yusuf
* 2015 Janet Rossant
* 2016 Frank Plummer
* 2017 Antoine M Hakim
* 2018 Frances Alice Shepherd
* 2019 Connie Jean Eaves
* 2020 Guy A. Rouleau
* 2021 Elizabeth Eisenhauer
# Canada Games Complex

The Canada Games Complex was constructed in 1981 to host the aquatic events of the 1981 Canada Summer Games in Thunder Bay, Ontario. It is run by the City of Thunder Bay and its features include a swimming pool, indoor fitness areas, a fitness testing area, and an indoor running track. The facility has been open to the public since the end of the Summer Games in 1981, and since that time has seen many renovations and additions, including a café, water slide, and expansions to its fitness areas. It accommodates approximately 450,000 visitors every year.
Located near the entrance to the complex is a twisting wooden sculpture titled "Vertere". It was created in 1981 by Paul Epp of Cambridge, Ontario. It depicts a twisting motion, which is common in sports.

## Facilities

The main feature is the pool. It is 77 metres (253 ft) long, and divided by two bulkheads. Water depth ranges from 0.83 metres (2.7 ft) at the shallow end to 4.94 metres (16.2 ft) at the deep end. The complex also features a "Swirlpool", which features hydrotherapy jets.
The complex has wide pool decks to accommodate badminton, table tennis, a children's play area, various exercise equipment and a social area. Off the pool deck are permanent bleachers with a capacity of 800 people.
The diving tower has platforms located at 5 metres (16 ft), 7.5 metres (25 ft) and 10 metres (33 ft). It also includes two 3 metres (9.8 ft) and one 1 metre (3.3 ft) springboard. The diving tower also features the "Thunderslide", a 73 metres (240 ft) long water slide.
The complex features a 2,400 square feet (220 m$^2$) weight room as well as three "Multi-training Areas" which include elliptical trainers, ergometers, exercise bikes, Stairmasters, treadmills, a climbing wall, and Universal Gym Equipment. One of the areas also features televisions that users can watch while exercising. A 280 metres (920 ft) running track is located on the second level, overlooking the pool area.
Also included is a fitness testing area, four squash courts, and two multi-purpose rooms. In addition to fitness and swimming the complex also provides babysitting facilities, locker rooms, and aerobic classes. The games complex also features a variety of accessibility features for handicapped and disabled persons.
# Hans Jacobsen (trade unionist)

Hans Jacobsen (26 December 1872 – 1943) was a Danish trade unionist.
Born in Aarhus, Jacobsen completed an apprenticeship as a tailor, and worked in Norway, Germany and Switzerland, before returning to Aarhus. There, he joined a local union of tailors. In 1905, he was elected as the union's president, and then in 1914 he became the full-time secretary of the national tailors' federation.
In 1919, Jacobsen began working full-time for the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions, becoming a vice president in 1928 then, in 1929, its treasurer. In 1928, he became a vice president of the International Federation of Trade Unions, and also served on its executive.
Jacobsen retired from all his union positions in 1940 and died three years later.
# Camp Las Pulgas

33°20′06″N 117°25′13″W﻿ / ﻿33.335000°N 117.420278°W﻿ / 33.335000; -117.420278
Camp Las Pulgas, also called 43 Area Camp Pendleton, is subcamp of Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. The camp was built during World War II. It was used for training US Marines before departing to the Pacific War and housed them upon their return. The camp had a mix of tents and quonset huts. Las Pulgas is Spanish for The Fleas.
The World War II, Korean War, and Vietnam War tent camp was called Camp Las Pulgas Bivouac Area and Tent Camp 1. This area is now the parking lot for Camp Pendleton's Combat Convoy Simulator and the Training Support Division.
In 1971 the camp became the home of the 11th Marine Regiment. The 11th Marine Regiment is the artillery division of the 1st Marine Division. The camp is also home to the 1st Maintenance Battalion. Also at Camp Las Pulgas - 43 Area is: Pulgas Lake, Las Pulgas Park, 11th Marine Armory, 43 Area Dental Clinic, Las Pulgas Barber Shop, 43 Area Fitness Center, 43 Area Pool, 43 Area Branch Medical Clinic, 43 Area SMP Single Marine Program Recreation Center, 43 Area Training Tank, and a United States Postal Office.

## History

Gaspar de Portolá's expedition with Junípero Serra and Joan Crespí camped at the spot in 1769. Father Crespí named the place La Canada de los Rosales or Rose Canyon, after seeing the wild Castilian roses that grew in the canyon. A few years later a Mission San Luis Rey de Francia survey party camped at the canyon and found and were hurt by many fleas, thus Camp Las Pulgas. The area became part of the vast California Spanish missions. With the Mexican secularization act of 1833 the land became grazing land for Andrés Pico and Pío Pico. In 1844 this became Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores. Andrés Pico used the land as his headquarters in the Mexican–American War. His troops foght in the Battle of San Pasqual in December 1846. After the war the land returned to grazing.
# Calvin Frazier

Calvin H. Frazier (February 16, 1915 – September 23, 1972) was an American Detroit blues and country blues guitarist, singer and songwriter. Despite leaving a fragmented recording history, both as a singer and guitarist, Frazier was an associate of Robert Johnson, and recorded alongside Johnny Shines, Sampson Pittman, T.J. Fowler, Alberta Adams, Jimmy Milner, Baby Boy Warren, Boogie Woogie Red, and latterly Washboard Willie. His early work was recorded by the Library of Congress (now preserved by the National Recording Registry) prior to the outbreak of World War II, although his more commercial period took place between 1949 and 1956.

## Biography

Frazier was born in Osceola, Arkansas. He initially performed with his brothers. Befriending Johnny Shines, in 1930 they travelled together to Helena, Arkansas, where they met Robert Johnson. The trio moved on to Detroit, Michigan, with Frazier bringing his wife, Gussie Mae, and their children. Here they performed hymns on local radio stations. Frazier and Johnson returned to the South, where they performed with the drummer James "Peck" Curtis.
In 1935, Frazier was involved in a dispute in Memphis, Tennessee, in which he was wounded and his only brother, along with another man, were shot dead. Frazier returned to Detroit with his wife, but then wed Shines's cousin in an invalid marriage. He played guitar as an accompanist for Big Maceo Merriweather, Sonny Boy Williamson II and Baby Boy Warren. He was recorded in 1938 by the folklorist Alan Lomax for the Library of Congress. His recordings include "Lily Mae" (dedicated to his wife), a revision of Johnson's "Honeymoon Blues", and "Highway 51", a variant of Johnson's "Dust My Broom".
His unique style combined slide guitar playing with unusual lyrics and vocal phrasing that is difficult to decipher. He released three singles under his own name in 1949 and 1951 on the Alben and New Song labels, including "Got Nobody to Tell My Troubles To", which he recorded in Toledo, Ohio, in 1951. From 1951 to 1953, Frazier was a recording member of T. J. Fowler's jump blues combo. He then recorded with Warren in 1954. His final sessions in the studio appear to have been in 1956, backing Washboard Willie. Without any tangible success on records or otherwise, Frazier nevertheless performed around Detroit, taking his youngest daughter Carol Frazier along on his engagements until his death.
Frazier died of cancer in September 1972, at the age of 57, in Detroit.
His most notable work is "This Old World's in a Tangle", the first song he recorded; a compilation album of the same title was issued by Laurie Records in 1993, which includes some of his earliest work. Nine of his full-length original recordings are included in the compilation Detroit Blues: Blues from the Motor City 1938–1954, released by JSP Records in 2005.
In 2009, the Detroit Blues Society led an appeal to raise money to mark Frazier's previously unmarked grave with a headstone. By December of that year a granite slab was in place.

## Compilation album

* This Old World's in a Tangle (1993), Laurie Records
# Hans Werner Richter

Hans Werner Richter (12 November 1908 – 23 March 1993) was a German writer.
Born the son of a fisherman in Neu Sallenthin on the island of Usedom, Richter worked first in a bookshop in Swinemünde (now Świnoujście in Poland) and later moved to Berlin.
He fought in World War II and was taken prisoner in 1943. After the war, he established himself as a writer and co-editor of the periodical Der Ruf.
Richter is little known for his own works but found worldwide celebrity and acknowledgment as the founder, moving spirit and "grey eminence" of the Group 47, the most important literary association of the German Federal Republic of the post-war period.
Richter died in Munich, aged 84.

## Works

* Deine Söhne Europa - Gedichte deutscher Kriegsgefangener (collected poems, 1947)
* Die Geschlagenen (novel, 1949)
* Sie fielen aus Gottes Hand (novel, 1951)
* Spuren im Sand (novel, 1953)
* Du sollst nicht töten (novel, 1955)
* Linus Fleck oder Der Verlust der Würde (1959)
* Bestandsaufnahme – Eine deutsche Bilanz (1962)
* Bismarck (1964)
* Karl Marx in Samarkand (1966)
* Blinder Alarm (story, 1970)
* Briefe an einen jungen Sozialisten (autobiography, 1974)
* Die Flucht nach Abanon (story, 1980)
* Die Stunde der falschen Triumphe (novel, 1981)
* Ein Julitag (novel, 1982)
* Hans Werner Richter und die Gruppe 47 (in German). Frankfurt/M.: Ullstein. 1981. ISBN 3-548-26051-9. OCLC 8924955. (How the Group 47 started)