OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Brachymeiosis

Brachymeiosis was a hypothesized irregularity in the sexual reproduction of ascomycete fungi, a variant of meiosis following an "extra" karyogamy (nuclear fusion) step. The hypothesized process would have transformed four diploid nuclei into eight haploid ones. The current scientific consensus is that brachymeiosis does not occur in any fungi.
According to the current understanding, ascomycetes reproduce by forming male and female organs (antheridia/spermatia and ascogonia), transferring haploid nuclei from the antheridium to the ascogonium, and growing a dikaryotic ascus containing both nuclei. Karyogamy then occurs in the ascus to form a diploid nucleus, followed by meiosis and mitosis to form eight haploid nuclei in the ascospores. In 1895, the botanist R.A. Harper reported the observation of a second karyogamy event in the ascogonium prior to ascogeny. This would imply the creation of a tetraploid nucleus in the ascus, rather than a diploid one; in order to produce the observed haploid ascospores, a second meiotic reduction in chromosome count would then be necessary. The second reduction was hypothesized to occur during the second or third mitotic division in the ascus, even though chromosome reduction does not typically occur during mitosis. This supposed form of meiosis was termed “brachymeiosis” in 1908 by H. C. I. Fraser.
The existence of brachymeiosis was controversial throughout the first half of the twentieth century, with many conflicting results published. Then, research with improved staining techniques established clearly that only one reductive division occurs in the asci of all examined species, including some which had been believed to undergo brachymeiosis. As a result of these studies, the theories of double fusion and subsequent brachymeiosis were discarded around 1950.
# 2022 Texas Bowl

2022 Texas Bowl can refer to:
* 2022 Texas Bowl (January), a postseason game following the 2021 season, between the LSU Tigers and Kansas State Wildcats
* 2022 Texas Bowl (December), a postseason game following the 2022 season, between the Texas Tech Red Raiders and Ole Miss Rebels
# Boxing at the 2011 Pan American Games – Super heavyweight

The men's super heavyweight competition of the boxing events at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, was held between October 24 and 29 at the Expo Guadalajara Arena. The defending champion was Robert Alfonso from Cuba. Super heavyweights were limited to those boxers weighing higher than or equal to 91 kilograms. This weight category is the heaviest out of the ten boxing events.
Like all Pan American boxing events, the competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of four rounds of two minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the white area on the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout.

## Schedule

All times are Central Standard Time (UTC-6).
| Date | Time | Round |
| October 24, 2011 | 18:00 | Quarterfinals |
| October 26, 2011 | 19:00 | Semifinals |
| October 29, 2011 | 19:00 | Final |

## Results
### Bracket

| Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals |
| Cristian Cabrera (DOM) | 10 | | | | |
| Italo Perea (ECU) | 20 | Italo Perea (ECU) | KO | | |
| Gerardo Bisbal (PUR) | 20 | Gerardo Bisbal (PUR) | | | |
| Clayton Laurent (ISV) | 11 | | | Italo Perea (ECU) | 20 |
| Isaia Mena (COL) | 13 | | | Juan Hiracheta (MEX) | 13 |
| Danny Kelly (USA) | 11 | Isaia Mena (COL) | 13 | | |
| Jose Payares (VEN) | | Juan Hiracheta (MEX) | 19 | | |
| Juan Hiracheta (MEX) | RSC | | | | |
# Boxing at the 2011 Pan American Games – Lightweight

The men's lightweight competition of the boxing events at the 2011 Pan American Games in Guadalajara, Mexico, was held between October 22 and 29 at the Expo Guadalajara Arena. The defending champion was Karl Dargan from the United States. Light welterweights were limited to those boxers weighing less than or equal to 60 kilograms.
The competition was a straight single-elimination tournament. Both semifinal losers were awarded bronze medals, so no boxers competed again after their first loss. Bouts consisted of four rounds of two minutes each, with one-minute breaks between rounds. Punches scored only if the white area on the front of the glove made full contact with the front of the head or torso of the opponent. Five judges scored each bout; three of the judges had to signal a scoring punch within one second for the punch to score. The winner of the bout was the boxer who scored the most valid punches by the end of the bout.

## Results

All times are Central Standard Time (UTC−6).

### Bracket

| Round of 16 October 22, 2011 18:00 | Round of 16 October 22, 2011 18:00 | Round of 16 October 22, 2011 18:00 | Quarterfinals October 24, 2011 14:00 | Quarterfinals October 24, 2011 14:00 | Quarterfinals October 24, 2011 14:00 | Semifinals October 26, 2011 19:00 | Semifinals October 26, 2011 19:00 | Semifinals October 26, 2011 19:00 | Finals October 29, 2011 19:00 | Finals October 29, 2011 19:00 | Finals October 29, 2011 19:00 |
| | | | Fradimil Macayo (VEN) | Fradimil Macayo (VEN) | 5 | | | | | | |
| Yasniel Toledo (CUB) | Yasniel Toledo (CUB) | RSC | Yasniel Toledo (CUB) | Yasniel Toledo (CUB) | 24 | | | | | | |
| Julio Laguna (NCA) | Julio Laguna (NCA) | | | | | Yasniel Toledo (CUB) | Yasniel Toledo (CUB) | 13 | | | |
| | | | | | | Angel Gutierrez (MEX) | Angel Gutierrez (MEX) | 7 | | | |
| | | | Angel Gutierrez (MEX) | Angel Gutierrez (MEX) | 27 | | | | | | |
| | | | Cobia Breedy (BAR) | Cobia Breedy (BAR) | 7 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | Yasniel Toledo (CUB) | Yasniel Toledo (CUB) | 16 |
| | | | | | | | | | Robson Conceição (BRA) | Robson Conceição (BRA) | 11 |
| | | | Toka Kahn-Clary (USA) | Toka Kahn-Clary (USA) | 6 | | | | | | |
| Robson Conceição (BRA) | Robson Conceição (BRA) | 18 | Robson Conceição (BRA) | Robson Conceição (BRA) | 21 | | | | | | |
| Wellington Arias (DOM) | Wellington Arias (DOM) | 11 | | | | Robson Conceição (BRA) | Robson Conceição (BRA) | 27 | | | |
| Angel Suarez (PUR) | Angel Suarez (PUR) | 19 | | | | Angel Suarez (PUR) | Angel Suarez (PUR) | 8 | | | |
| César Villarraga (COL) | César Villarraga (COL) | 16 | Angel Suarez (PUR) | Angel Suarez (PUR) | 26 | | | | | | |
| | | | Julio Cortez (ECU) | Julio Cortez (ECU) | 13 | | | | | | |
# Branches (novel)

Branches is a novel-in-verse by American author Mitch Cullin, with illustrations by the Japanese artist Ryuzo Kikushima. It is the second installment of the writer's Texas Trilogy that also includes the coming-of-age football novel Whompyjawed and the surrealistic novel Tideland.
In a 2000 interview with the Austin Chronicle, Cullin stated that his first novel Whompyjawed was a more accurate reflection of West Texas while Branches, he was quoted as saying, "is kind of, maybe to a fault, what other people who haven't really been there might think it's like."
Branches was first published in March 2000 as a hardcover edition from Permanent Press.

## Footnotes

* ↑ The Austin Chronicle (Nov. 10, 2000)
* This article about a 2000s novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.
* v
* t
* e
* This article about an American novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.
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# Alfeo Brandimarte

Alfeo Brandimarte (31 January 1906 – 4 June 1944) was an Italian naval officer and Resistance member during World War II.

## Biography

Born in the province of Ancona in 1906, he graduated in mechanical engineering in 1928, specializing in electronics, and on the following year he joined the Royal Italian Army as a second lieutenant. In 1930 he was transferred to the Royal Italian Navy, joining the Corps of Naval Engineering, being promoted to captain in 1933. After holding the chair of electronics at the Naval Academy of Livorno, he was sent to Somalia in 1935 as director of military telecommunication services. In 1937, he was transferred to the newly conquered Addis Ababa to restore the local radio station, after which he returned to Italy to take up the post of deputy director of the Naval Academy's Electrotechnical Institute.
In 1940 he was promoted to major, and in June of that year he was part of a commission sent to Germany to evaluate the German prototypes of radar equipment. He was also a member of the Royal Naval Electrotechnical and Communications Institute (RIEC), and, along with professors Ugo Tiberio and Nello Carrara, one of the main contributors to the development of the first operational Italian naval radar, the Gufo radar. In September 1941 he left active service at his request and took over as CEO of a civilian company, employed in war industry.
After the armistice of Cassibile and the German occupation of Italy he became part of the Clandestine Military Front in German-occupied Rome, where he was responsible for establishing radio links with the Allies. On 23 May 1944 he was arrested by the SS due to a tip-off from a traitor and imprisoned in the Via Tasso prison in Rome, where he was tortured for information. On the evening of 3 June 1944, as the Allied forces were about to enter Rome, he was loaded by the Germans on a truck together with other thirteen prisoners, including General Pietro Dodi and former Socialist deputy Bruno Buozzi, in a convoy heading north along the Via Cassia. The next morning, the prisoners were shot near the hamlet of La Storta, in the Roman countryside. On 15 February 1945 Brandimarte was posthumously awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor.
# Alexander Dyukov

Alexander Dyukov may refer to:
* Alexander Reshideovich Dyukov (born 1978), Russian historian and journalist
* Alexander Valeryevich Dyukov, (born 1967), chairman of Gazprom and president of Russian Premier League team Zenit St. Petersburg
# Alfred Godsal

Alfred Edmund Godsal DSO, Croix de Guerre (1884 – 10 May 1918) was a British officer of the Royal Navy who commanded HMS Brilliant in the First Ostend Raid on 23 April 1918. In the early hours of 10 May 1918 he was killed in action commanding HMS Vindictive during the Second Ostend Raid. This event is marked each year in Ostend as Vindictive Day.

## Early life and family

Godsal was born at Henbury House, Sturminster Marshall, Dorset in 1884, the son of Philip Thomas Godsal, of Iscoyd Park, Flintshire, and Ellen Henrietta Parke. His mother's family were land owners in Sturminster Marshall.
Two of Alfred Godsal's siblings, Major Walter Hugh Godsal DSO, MC of the Durham Light Infantry and Margaret Louisa Godsal, also died in the 15 months which preceded his own death.
Godsal was a cousin of Wilfred Parke an early naval aviator who was the first pilot to make an observed recovery from a spin and who was killed in 1912.

## Career

After attending AJ de Winton's school in Slough, Alfred Godsal joined HMS Britannia Royal Naval College at Dartmouth in September 1899 as a naval cadet.
Between 1901 and 1904, Godsal served as a midshipman, firstly aboard HMS Hannibal from January 1901, and then in HMS Irresistible, where he gained five first-class certificates in his exams prior to being commissioned as a sub-lieutenant. He then became a "Five Wonner", having the rare distinction of achieving first class passes in seamanship, navigation, gunnery, torpedoes, and signals.
After short appointments, including HMS Foam, HMS Griffon and HMS Hogue he joined HMS Vernon in 1907 to qualify as a specialist Torpedo Officer. This was followed by the advanced torpedo course which included wireless telegraphy.
After several torpedo-related jobs, in 1910-12 he joined HMS Monmouth on the China Station. While there he was loaned for a time to the Yangtze River gunboat Kinsha, including a brief period in command whilst awaiting the arrival of the new captain. HMS Kinsha, previously known as SS Pioneer had belonged to Samuel Cornell Plant but was requisitioned by the British navy during the Boxer Rebellion.
In 1912 Godsal was appointed as Torpedo Officer of HMS Centurion in the 2nd Battle Squadron which played a minor part in the Battle of Jutland.
He was promoted to commander in June 1917 and continued in that ship until volunteering for the "special operation" of Zeebrugge/Ostend.
Alfred Godsal led the first attempt on Ostend whilst commanding HMS Brilliant and accompanied by HMS Sirius. This was unsuccessful when both ships, unable to find the harbour entrance, ran aground and had to be abandoned. He was slightly wounded.
With the apparently successful blocking of the Zeebrugge-Bruges canal, the Ostend canal became increasingly significant. Several officers, led by Godsal and his first lieutenant, Victor Crutchley, urged Admiral Roger Keyes to allow a second attack. HMS Vindictive, the ship selected to block the canal entrance, was manned entirely by volunteers, mostly drawn from'HMS Brilliant and HMS Sirius. Godsal was again in command and was killed in the attack.
# John Staples Harriott

John Staples Harriott (1780–1839) was a British army officer stationed in India, in the service of the East India Company. He came to acquire the Jami' al-tawarikh in its original manuscript. In his studies of the Roma people, he made an identification with a legend of Bahram Gur and the Luri to support a Romani presence in Sasanid Persia, now considered to be an unjustified and uncritical deduction that has persisted.

## Life

He was a son of John Harriott. In 1796 he became a cadet with the East India Company, and became a lieutenant in the Bengal Presidency in 1798, captain in 1806, and major in 1817; lieutenant-colonel in 1823 and colonel in 1829. In 1803 he lost a leg at the Battle of Delhi, serving under Lord Lake. He lived much of his life in Calcutta, and ultimately reached the rank of Major General.
In 1819–20 Harriott was collecting Romani vocabulary in Hampshire, England. Some of his results were read to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1822. In 1830 a membership list for the Royal Asiatic Society gives his address as Mortlake.

## Jami Al Tawarikh

Harriott is known as one of the owners of the key manuscript of the Jami' al-tawarikh, an important medieval manuscript dealing with Mongol history. How he came into its possession is not clearly known. According to Sotheby's, he found it in Danapur in 1813. William Hook Morley noticed it in the Royal Asiatic Society's manuscript collection in 1838. From 1948 it was at the British Museum, on loan, and then was sold, to an unknown purchaser.

## Works

* Pauperism and the Poor Laws (1821)
* Observations on the Oriental Origin of the Romnichal, Or Tribe Miscalled Gypsey and Bohemian (1830)
* A memoir on the Kabir panths, in French translation (1832)
* Remarks Relative to the Actual Condition of Ireland, Made During a Late Sojourn in that Country
# Alfa Romeo Tipo 316

Alfa Romeo Tipo 316, 316 or 16C-316 Grand prix car was used in Grand Prix seasons 1938 and 1939, when it was driven by Giuseppe Farina and Clemente Biondetti. The Tipo 316 was one of three Alfa Romeo cars designed for the new rules in 1938, which differed mainly by the engine, the other two were the Alfa Romeo Tipo 308 straight-8 and Alfa Romeo Tipo 312 with a V12 engine. The car was based on Alfa Romeo 12C-37. It had roots supercharged 60 degree (V16 obtained from two 158 engines fitted to a common crankcase) engine from 2,958 cc (180.5 cu in) capacity 58 mm × 70 mm (2.28 in × 2.76 in) produced 350 bhp (261 kW) at 7500 rpm. The engine was more powerful than the one in Tipo 308 or 312, but it was still not really competitive against Germans.
The car debuted at the first major race of the season for the Tripoli Grand Prix, where Biondetti resigned. In the primary race for the Grand Prix of Italy Farina scored in the second-place ranking is the only car on the podium, Biondetti was fourth. The last appearance of the car was on the primary race for the Grand Prix of Switzerland in the 1939 season, where Farina resigned after the first laps led. After that team efforts were devoted to 1.5 liter car Alfa Romeo 158 for Class Voiturette, and the Tipo 316 was no longer developed.
# Alfredo Lenci

Alfredo Lenci (1873–1959) was an Italian cinematographer. After working as a cinematographer on a number of historical epics during the silent era, Lenci was later employed by the state-owned Istituto Luce on documentary and propaganda films such as Black Shirt (1933).

## Selected filmography

* Fabiola (1918)
* The Crusaders (1918)
* A Dying Nation (1922)
* Messalina (1924)
* Black Shirt (1933)
# Ali Güneş

Ali Mehmet Güneş (born 23 November 1978) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder. Born in West Germany, he represented Turkey at international level.

## Club career

Güneş was born in Donaueschingen, West Germany. He started his career with SC Freiburg in 1997 and in 2002 he was signed by Turkish club Fenerbahçe where he stayed until 2004. The defender was then signed on by rivals Beşiktaş, but returned to his first club SC Freiburg in 2007 where he was released from on 15 June 2009. On 13 July 2009, he signed with Kasımpaşa.

## International career

Güneş has one cap for Turkey.
# Dangerous Ground

Dangerous Ground may refer to:

## Film

* Dangerous Ground (1934 film), a British mystery film
* Dangerous Ground (1997 film), an action thriller film starring Ice Cube and Elizabeth Hurley
* Escapade (1932 film), an American crime film also known as Dangerous Ground

## Music

* Dangerous Ground (soundtrack), the soundtrack to the 1997 film Dangerous Ground

## Places

* Dangerous Ground (South China Sea), an area in the Spratly Islands, South China Sea
# Keep It Hot (song)

"Keep It Hot" is a 1980 funk and disco song by Cheryl Lynn. The song was released as a single in 1980 from Lynn's 1979 album In Love. The song peaked at number 12 on the US Dance Chart in 1980.

## Track listing

Side A
* "Keep It Hot" - 5:25
Side B
* "In Love" - 3:48
# Gemmulimitra aliciae

Gemmulimitra aliciae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines.
# Dr. Sears

Dr. Sears may refer to:
* Robert Sears (physician)
* William Sears (physician)
# Charles Whitehead

Charles Whitehead (1804 – 5 July 1862) was an English poet, novelist and dramatist.
Whitehead was born in London, the eldest son of a wine merchant. His most popular works were: The Solitary (1831), a poem, The Autobiography of Jack Ketch (1834), a novel, The Cavalier (1836), a play in blank verse, Richard Savage (1842), perhaps his finest novel; and The Earl of Essex, an historical romance (1843).
Whitehead recommended Charles Dickens for the writing of the letterpress for Robert Seymour's drawings, which ultimately developed into The Pickwick Papers.
Whitehead had problems with alcohol and decided to travel to Melbourne, Australia, hoping for fresh start, arriving in 1857. He already was acquainted with Richard Henry Horne, he befriended James Smith and James Neild and wrote a little for the local press. He applied for admission to the Melbourne Benevolent Asylum in February 1862 in vain; a few months later he was picked up exhausted in a street and taken to the Melbourne hospital, where he died on 5 July 1862 of hepatitis and bronchitis and was buried in a pauper's grave.
Mackenzie Bell wrote a tribute to Whitehead, published in 1884 by T. F. Unwin, and also in the same year by Elliot Stock, Forgotten Genius. Charles Whitehead, a critical monograph, then a new edition, with added material and an appreciation by Hall Caine, Charles Whitehead: a Forgotten Genius (1894), published by Ward, Lock & Co.
# Claytonia lanceolata

Claytonia lanceolata is a species of wildflower in the family Montiaceae, known by the common names lanceleaf springbeauty and western springbeauty.

## Description

This somewhat rare plant is native to western North America, growing in the sagebrush steppe and foothills up to alpine slopes. It thrives in the rocky soil of alpine climates where the snow never melts. It is a perennial herb growing from a tuber one to three centimeters wide. It produces a short, erect stem reaching a maximum height of 15 cm (6 in). At its smallest the plant bears only its first two rounded leaves before flowering and dying back. Its thick leaves are helpful for storing water. If it continues to grow it produces two thick, lance-shaped leaves further up the stem. The star-shaped flowers come in inflorescences of three to fifteen blooms and they are white or pink, often with veiny stripes and yellow blotches near the base of each petal. The fruit is a small capsule containing a few seeds, which are black and shiny.

## Uses

The entire plant is edible raw or cooked, including the potato-like corm from which it grows. Some report that the bulbs must be cooked to remove toxins.
Native Americans ate the roots and pods, which can be cooked and eaten like potatoes. The leaves can be eaten raw or cooked.
The Okanogan-Colville, Okanogan, and Nlaka'pamux Native American peoples used the tuber of this plant for food and for animal fodder.

### Cultivation

Western spring beauty is occasionally grown in gardens by those interested in wildflower gardening. Outside their native habitat they will not persist if subjected to either extreme drying during the summer or being flooded during rainstorms.
# Sandro Forner

Sandro Alexandre Forner (born 16 December 1970) is a Brazilian football coach and former player who played as a central defender. He is the current head coach of Operário Ferroviário's under-20 team.

## Playing career
### Club

Known as Sandro during his playing days, Forner was born in Amparo, São Paulo, and was a Ponte Preta youth graduate. Promoted to the first-team in 1990, he played for a number of clubs until joining Coritiba in 1997.
After two seasons at Coxa, Forner moved to Fluminense in the Série C, but only featured in one match, a 1–1 away draw against Americano on 1 December 1999. After lifting the trophy, he featured in two more matches for the following year's Torneio Rio-São Paulo before departing.
Afterwards, Forner notably represented Joinville in 2002, ADAP Galo Maringá in 2005 (winning the Campeonato Paranaense Série Prata) and Paranavaí in 2006. He retired with the latter, aged 36.

### International

While at Ponte, Forner represented Brazil at under-17 level in the 1986 South American U-17 Championship and the 1987 FIFA U-16 World Championship, and at under-20 level in the 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship and the 1990 Toulon Tournament.

## Managerial career

Forner started his managerial career with J. Malucelli in 2008, being manager of the club's under-20 squad. On 5 August 2009, with the club now named Corinthians Paranaense, he replaced Leandro Niehues at the helm of the main squad.
On 24 April 2010, Forner joined Niehues' staff as assistant at Atlético Paranaense, and on 26 August, he was appointed at the helm of the under-20s. On 2 November 2012, he returned to J. Malucelli and was named first-team manager for the ensuing Paranaense.
Forner returned to Coritiba in 2015, initially as an assistant of the under-23 squad. He was named manager of the under-20s ahead of the 2016 Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, earning plaudits for his latter work.
On 15 December 2017, Forner was announced as first-team manager of Coritiba. He was sacked the following 15 April, after 20 games in charge.

## Honours
### Player

ABC
* Campeonato Potiguar: 1993
Coritiba
* Campeonato Paranaense: 1999
Fluminense
* Campeonato Brasileiro Série C: 1999
ADAP Galo Maringá
* Campeonato Paranaense Série Prata: 2005