OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chhabildas Mehta

Chhabildas Mehta (4 November 1925 – 29 November 2008) was an Indian politician and the former Chief Minister of Gujarat who served from 1994 to 1995.

## Early life

Mehta was in born in Mahuva, a port town in Gujarat. He left high school in 1942 and participated in Indian independence movement.

## Career

He became the president of the Mahuva Municipality. Later he was elected as a member of the Bombay Legislative Council. He participated in Mahagujarat Movement which demanded separate Gujarat state from Bombay state. He was elected to the Gujarat Legislative Assembly in 1962 from Mahuva constituency which he held till 1980.
He entered in the politics by joining the Praja Samajwadi Party. Later he joined Indian National Congress (INC). He was in the cabinet of Chimanbhai Patel as Finance Minister and he had been made Chief Minister of Gujarat after the sudden death of Chimanbhai Patel in 1994. He had joined the Janata Party followed by Janata Dal. Later he rejoined the INC. In May 2001, he resigned from the INC to join the Nationalist Congress Party and contested election but lost. He died on 29 November 2008 in Ahmedabad.
# Gulf Coast of Mexico

The Gulf Coast of Mexico or East Coast of Mexico stretches along the Gulf of Mexico from the border between Mexico and the United States at Matamoros, Tamaulipas all the way to the tip of the Yucatán Peninsula at Cancún. It includes the coastal regions along the Bay of Campeche. Major cities include Veracruz, Tampico, and Coatzacoalcos.
# Benjamin W. Edwards

Benjamin W. Edwards (c. 1780–1837) was an American colonist in early Texas, and the leader of the Fredonian Rebellion. In the 1837 Mississippi gubernatorial election, he ran as a candidate for governor of Mississippi, but died during the campaign. He was the brother of Haden Edwards. They both were the leaders of the Fredonian Rebellion in 1827.
# John Denis Fryer

John Denis (Jack) Fryer (1895–1923) was a soldier and a student of the University of Queensland in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. His untimely death resulted in the establishment of the Fryer Library at the University.

## Early life

John Denis Fryer was born on 11 September 1895 in Springsure, Central Queensland, the son of Charles George Fryer and his wife Rosina (née Richards). Jack Fryer attended Rockhampton Grammar School and went on to win a scholarship to The University of Queensland (UQ) in 1915, aged 19.

## University and Military life

Soon after starting his first term at the University of Queensland, Fryer volunteered for military service in the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) in World War I. He was commissioned in 1916 and served in France and Belgium in 1917. In August 1918 he was badly wounded in a German attack. Fryer returned home in July 1919 and started university again in March 1920, undertaking study towards a Classic Honours degree with commitment and enthusiasm. A popular and active figure on campus, Fryer was also editor of the student magazine, Galmahra, Vice-President of the Dramatic Society and representative rugby player.
However, by mid 1922, he had developed tuberculosis. Too sick to sit for his final honours examinations, Fryer returned home to Springsure and died on 7 February 1923. He was buried in Springsure Cemetery.
The University senate awarded him the BA degree on 15 December 1922.

## Fryer's Legacy

As a memorial to their former member and vice-president, members of the University Dramatic Society donated £10 to establish a collection of works in Australian literature. With this collection as its foundation, the J.D. Fryer Memorial Library of Australian Literature was established in 1927.
The John Denis Fryer Collection
The John Denis Fryer Collection features items from Fryer's life, which reveal a loving son and brother as well as a devoted student and soldier. Items include photographs of Fryer with his family and from his student days at UQ, letters and cards sent home to Springsure from the battlefields of France, military maps of Amiens and St Quentin as well as military medals. The obituaries in the collection, written following Fryer's death, show the high regard in which he was held. Although his life was cut short, his legacy continues in the research and cultural collections of the J.D. Fryer Memorial Library (The Fryer Library). A selection of Fryer’s photographs and correspondence is also available online.
J. D. Fryer: Student and soldier
On Remembrance Day (11 November) 2015 as part of the commemoration of the centenary of the First World War, the University of Queensland launched the "J D Fryer: student and soldier" exhibition. The Queensland Museum organised an exhibition of the four Fryer brothers (William, Charles, Henry and Jack) who served in the First World War. It was launched at the Springsure Hospital Museum on Anzac Day (25 April) 2016 and was on display until 16 May 2016 at the Bauhinia Bicentennial Art Gallery in Springsure.
# Copitz

Copitz is a subdivision of Pirna, in Saxony, Germany. It was incorporated into Pirna in 1923. The place was mentioned for the first time in 1417. It is situated on the right bank of the river Elbe, directly opposite Pirna town centre.
# Hungatella effluvii

Hungatella effluvii is a Gram-positive, anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Hungatella.
# Kembasandiram

Kembasandiram is a village in the Hosur taluk of Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, India.
# Lensman (game)

Lensman is a wargame first published in 1969. In Lensman, which was designed by Philip N. Pritchard, players explore, develop and engage in combat in a space setting based on the Lensman series. Upon its release, it was the first science fiction wargame to be available commercially. Lensman was generally praised for its gameplay, but criticized for its complex rules.

## Background

Lensman is based on the Lensman series of novels by E. E. Smith.

## Publication history

Lensman was first published in 1969 and was designed by Philip N. Pritchard. The second edition was released later that year by Spartan International. A third edition was released in 2010 as Phil Pritchard's Lensman.

## Gameplay

The game depicts a battle between Arisians and Eddorians on a two-dimensional space map. Players can explore the area, develop worlds, and fight. Combat can occur on strategic and tactical levels, the latter using rules developed from the Jutland (1967).

## Reception

An entry from The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction stated that the game was considered innovative upon its release, and criticized the rules as "somewhat arbitrary" and "densely written", but praised the game's significance that "lies in its historical importance to the development of sf Wargames," which included Triplanetary.
Scott Rusch reviewed Lensman in The Space Gamer No. 4. Rusch commented that "Although some of the rules are a little vague, the game plays well, if a bit slow, and it exploits the novels well enough to give you that 'you are there' feeling."
Marc W. Miller comments: "Lensman remained true to its inspiration, detailing interstellar battleships like the dreadnaught and the mauler, and showing us a space map with familiar star names strewn about. But on a deeper level, Phil Pritchard offered up an exhaustive treatment of the strategic economic wargame that had dominated the form for the 20 years prior to its publication. His was not only the first of the science-fiction wargames, it also laid the foundation for several distinct evolutionary lines of wargame design."

## Significance

It was the first science fiction wargame to be available commercially, and is considered an important influence for future games from that genre.
# Baisha Subdistrict, Jiangmen

Baisha Subdistrict (Chinese: 白沙街道; pinyin: Báishā Jiēdào) is a subdistrict in Pengjiang District, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China. As of 2018, it has 52 residential communities under its administration.
# Holin superfamily III

The Holin Superfamily III is a superfamily of integral membrane transport proteins. It is one of the seven different holin superfamilies in total. In general, these proteins are thought to play a role in regulated cell death, although functionality varies between families and individual members.
Members of the holin superfamily III are derived from Pseudomonadota, Synergistota, Actinomycetota, Deinococcota, and Archaea. This superfamily includes seven TC families:
* 1.E.2 - The λ Holin S (λ Holin) Family
* 1.E.3 - The P2 Holin (P2 Holin) Family
* 1.E.4 - The LydA Holin (LydA Holin) Family
* 1.E.5 - The PRD1 Phage P35 Holin (P35 Holin) Family
* 1.E.20 - The Pseudomonas aeruginosa Hol Holin (Hol Holin) Family
* 1.E.34 - The Putative Actinobacterial Holin-X (Hol-X) Family
* 1.E.41 - The Deinococcus/Thermus Holin (D/T-Hol) Family
Members of all families (with the exception of the Hol-X family; TC# 1.E.34) appear to have three transmembrane segments (TMSs). Members of the Hol-X family appear to have two putative TMSs. The missing TMS in family 34 proteins is the N-terminal TMS as revealed by multiple alignments. These seven families have average sizes of 110, 96, 105, 112, 143, 159 and 108 amino acyl residues (aas), respectively. Notice that the only family with members predicted to have just two TMSs is the one containing the largest homologues; this is due to hydrophilic extensions. The average size of proteins in the entire superfamily is 114 aas with a standard deviation o 23 aas.
# Buckston

Buckston may refer to:
* Buckston Browne (1850–1945), a British surgeon and urology pioneer
* George Buckston (1881–1942), an English cricketer
* Robin Buckston (1908–1967), an English cricketer
# John McNaught

John Charles Kirkpatrick McNaught (March 23, 1902–July 9, 1970) was a Canadian radio broadcaster and writer. He was an announcer for CBC Radio and a host on CBC Television in the 1950s and 1960s. He was best known by the professional pseudonym James Bannerman; he also used a variety of other pseudonyms in his work as an author, critic, and screenwriter.
He was born in Toronto, Ontario, and educated at Upper Canada College and the University of Toronto. He was briefly married to writer Gwethalyn Graham in the early 1930s.
He wrote many broadcast scripts and also contributed articles to magazines, including Canadian Home Journal, Maclean's, Mademoiselle, and Mayfair. Following his death in 1970, his widow Emily donated many of his papers and journals to McMaster University.
During the Second World War, McNaught was commissioned into the Royal Canadian Navy Volunteer Reserve at the rank of lieutenant in 1940. He served on HMCS Columbia and HMCS Bayfield and was the commanding officer of the latter unit from 16 October to 22 December 1944. He was released following the war.
# Benjamin W. Fortson IV

Benjamin Wynn Fortson IV is an American linguist. Fortson received his B.A. from Yale University in 1989 and his PhD from Harvard University in 1996. He is Professor of Greek and Latin Language, Literature and Historical Linguistics at the University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts. Fortson specializes in the comparative linguistic study of the Indo-European languages, focusing primarily on the Italic, Hellenic, Indo-Iranian, Anatolian, Celtic, and Germanic branches. He was for many years Senior Lexicographer of The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, and is the Editor-in-Chief of Beech Stave Press.

## Selected bibliography

* Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction, 2004
* Benjamin W. Fortson IV: Indo-European Language and Culture. An Introduction. Second edition. Wiley-Blackwell, Malden, MA / Chichester 2010 (First edition 2004), ISBN 978-1-4051-8896-8.
* Language and Rhythm in Plautus. De Gruyter, 2008.
# John Denham Parsons

John Denham Parsons (1861 – 14 September 1936) was an English writer and Shakespeare authorship theorist.

## Biography

Parsons was a proponent of the Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship. Between 1918 and 1935 he published many works on this topic, including articles in Baconiana and letters in the correspondence columns of Notes and Queries and The Times Literary Supplement. He attempted pamphlet controversy with Sir Sidney Lee and authorities at the British Museum over the Shakespeare authorship question.
Parsons' book The Non-Christian Cross (1896) argued that the Christian cross symbol is not Christian in origin.
He was a member of the Society for Psychical Research. Parsons authored a 561 page book The Nature and Purpose of the Universe on philosophy and psychical research, published in 1906.

## Selected publications

* Our Sun-God: Or Christianity Before Christ, 1895
* The Non-Christian Cross: An Enquiry into the Origin and History of the Symbol Eventually Adopted as That of Our Religion, 1896
* The Nature and Purpose of the Universe, 1906
* The Great Taboo in English Literary Circles, 1919
* Ben Johnson and Sir Sidney Lee, 1920
* Boycotted Shakespeare Facts: Being a Preliminary Report Upon the Admissible, 1920
* William Shakespeare, 1920
* Bacon: Being an account of seven years of refusal by the accepted authorities to supply a reasoned judgement concerning certain new evidence affecting.. the identity of the poet Shakespeare, 1922
* The British Museum and Shakespeare's identity, 1924
* Did "Shake-speare" signal?
# Cophomantella elaphopis

Cophomantella elaphopis is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1910. It is known from Assam, India.
The wingspan is 18–20 mm. The forewings are dark shining bronzy brown with the discal stigmata large, cloudy and dark purple fuscous. The hindwings are rather dark grey.
# Arrondissement of Saint-Martin-Saint-Barthélemy

The arrondissement of Saint-Martin-Saint-Barthélemy is a former arrondissement of France, formerly located in the Guadeloupe département, in the Guadeloupe région. It had 3 cantons and 2 communes. It ceased to exist on 22 February 2007 when the communes of Saint-Martin and Saint Barthelemy were officially detached from Guadeloupe.

## Composition
### Cantons

The cantons of the arrondissement of Saint-Martin-Saint-Barthélemy were:
* Saint-Barthélemy
* Saint-Martin 1st Canton
* Saint-Martin 2nd Canton

### Communes

The communes of the arrondissement of Saint-Martin-Saint-Barthélemy were:
* 1. Saint-Barthélemy (97123)
* 2. Saint-Martin (97127)
# Lepturges megalops

Lepturges megalops is a species of longhorn beetle of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Hamilton in 1896. It is a widespread neotropical species that can be found in Florida, the Bahamas, Guatemala, Honduras, and Panama.
The species is distinctive by its black integument and large eyes. It is typically 5–8 mm long.
# Back-chaining

Back-chaining is a technique used in teaching oral language skills, especially with polysyllabic or difficult words and phrases. The teacher pronounces the last syllable, the student repeats, and then the teacher continues, working backwards from the end of the word to the beginning.
For example, to teach the name ‘Mussorgsky' a teacher will pronounce the last syllable: -sky, and have the student repeat it. Then the teacher will repeat it with -sorg- attached before: -sorg-sky, after which all that remains is the first syllable: Mus-sorg-sky.
Back-chaining makes natural stress easier for the student. It is easier than the front-chaining, which starts from the first syllable, because back-chaining requires that the student put the new element first where it is more difficult to forget.
Back-chaining can also be applied to whole sentences, for instance when teachers model dialogue sentences for learners to imitate. The teacher first models the whole sentence. When they get faulty and hesitant imitation responses from the learners, back-chaining (backward build up) should be used. Here is an example taken from Butzkamm & Caldwell:
    Teacher: I‘m studying the present progressive. (Students find it difficult to reproduce the sentence.)
    Teacher: Progressive.
    Student: Progressive.
    Teacher: The present progressive. (Students imitate.)
    Teacher: I’m studying the present progressive. (Students imitate the whole sentence correctly.)

## English

In English, back-chaining retains phonological structure better than front-chaining. Normally there is no difference in stress between a word spoken in isolation and one spoken at the end of a sentence and it is arguably better to start with the final syllable (main stress in bold):
Chaining sequences for the English word 'aroma':
* Front-chaining: [ə] - [ə.ˈɹoʊ] - [ə.ˈɹoʊ.mə]
* Back-chaining: [mə] - [ˈɹoʊ.mə] - [ə.ˈɹoʊ.mə]
Syllables tend to follow a stressed-unstressed pattern in English, example: happy (though there are many exceptions). The order -ma, -roma and aroma respects this. Starting with a- and aro- entails reversing this pattern, which complicates learning. Teachers could choose to present a chain as pairs of syllables too, beginning with -roma, then aroma which introduces the strong-weak stress pattern from the outset.

## Footnotes

* 1 2 "Backchaining." Glossary. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/backchaining.html
* ↑ "Backchaining." Teaching English. Retrieved April 4, 2009, from http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/knowledge-wiki/backchaining Archived 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
* ↑ Wolfgang Butzkamm & J.A.W. Caldwell (2009). The bilingual reform. A paradigm shift in foreign language teaching. Tübingen: Narr Verlag, p.148.
* ↑ Compare psychological in isolation, it's psychological and psychological profile, where only in the last does the main stress shift to another syllable.
# Chigwell Row Wood

Chigwell Row Wood is a 14.1 hectare Local Nature Reserve in Chigwell in Epping Forest district, Essex. It is owned by The Chigwell Row Recreation Ground Charity, of which the district council are the trustees, and managed by council staff and volunteers.
The wood is a remnant of the ancient Hainault Forest, and its history can be traced back to the seventeenth century. The trees were traditionally pollarded for fuel, and 366 pollards over 250 years old have been recorded. 75% of these are hornbeam and 20% oak. Over 800 species of invertebrates have been recorded. In the early 2000s heathland areas were suffering from invasive bramble and aspen, and since 2005 clearance of these species has resulted in a return of heathland species.
There is access from a park off Lambourne Road.
# Bryan Byrne

Bryan Byrne may refer to:
* Bryan Byrne (footballer)
* Bryan Byrne (rugby union)
# Divo

Divo or DIVO may refer to:
* Divo, Ivory Coast, a town in the Ivory Coast
* Divo Department, a department of the Ivory Coast
* Il Divo, an operatic pop quartet
* Il Divo (film), an Italian film directed by Paolo Sorrentino
* Divo (record label), an Indian-based record label
* Albert Divo (1895-1966), an early twentieth century Grand Prix motor racing driver
* Bugatti Divo, a track-focused sports car manufactured by Bugatti
# Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology

The Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology (BIPT; 北京石油化工学院) is a municipal public college in Daxing, Beijing, China. It is affiliated with the City of Beijing and funded by the Beijing Municipal People's Government.
The predecessor of the college is Beijing Petrochemical College founded in 1978 and the Second Branch of the Beijing Chemical Engineering College. In 1985, the school was placed under the management of China Petrochemical Corporation. In 1992, the school established the Beijing Petrochemical and Chemical Engineering College on the basis of Beijing Petrochemical and Chemical Engineering Senior Vocational College. In 2000, the school was placed under the funding and management of the Beijing Municipal People's Government.

## Colleges and departments

* Chemical Engineering College
* Mechanical Engineering College
* Information Engineering College
* School of Economics and Management
* School of Humanities and Social Sciences
* Material Science and Engineering Department
* Mathematics and Physics Department
* Foreign Languages Department
* Department of Physical Education
* Engineering Education Center
* International Education College
* Continuing Education College

## Activities

The Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology own a practice base in Yanshan Petrochemical Group, which is located in Fangshan District. Students from chemical industry majors of BIPT come to the base every year for field work based in the factory. Students of other majors also have a chance to visit the factory for one time during their college life. This is to deepen their understanding of theoretical knowledge and strengthen their competence.

## International cooperation

The BIPT has established a long-term stable cooperative relationship with some overseas universities; these universities sent students to each other to enhance academic exchanges every year. Some of the cooperated universities:
* UK University of the West of Scotland
* France ESME Sudria
* France ESIEE-AMIENS
* Germany University of Duisburg-Essen
* Norway Narvik University College
* US Columbus State University
* US St. Cloud State University
In 2014, the BIPT will open a new Mastère en sciences course in partnership with ESME Sudria.

## Future development

Two separated campuses in Tsingyuan and Kangzhuang have long time been a bottleneck in the university's evolution, the opening of Line 4, Beijing Subway and the construction of Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway has galloped local real estate price and which made a further expansion harder than ever. A decision in spring 2011 will compel the Economic and Management College garrison in Kangzhuang campus along while other ten colleges move to Tsingyuan campus, but students and professors of E&M College have been complaining the poor conditions and dispossessed surroundings of Kangzhuang campus.
# Cooper Cabin

The Cooper Cabin, in Cooper Meadow in the Emigrant Wilderness in Tuolumne County, California is named after rancher William F. Cooper.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009. The listing included two contributing buildings (the cabin and a barn), a contributing structure, and two contributing objects on 2 acres (0.81 ha).
The site can be noted as a Chinese heritage site in the American West. Cowboys, since at least 1882, had carved, burned or wrote their names on Cooper Cabin's wooden walls. In 1907. Claude Menendez, a young cowboy, wrote names in pencil for five Chinese co-workers, presumably after asking them to pronounce their names: Hop Kee, Yee Xahee Ching, Lee Tai Bong, Chow Juyan, Y. Wong.
Since 1912 the area's grazing permit has been held by the Sanguinetti family.
It is the destination of a 3.75 mile hike from the Coyote Meadows Horse Camp in the Stanislaus National Forest.
It is in the general vicinity of Strawberry, California.
# Ken Ormiston

Kenneth L. Ormiston (September 1, 1911 – September 2, 1951) was an American football player and coach.
Ormiston attended Westinghouse High School in Pittsburgh where he played football, baseball and volleyball. He then enrolled at The Kiski School and then at the University of Pittsburgh where he played college football at the guard position for the Pittsburgh Panthers football team from 1932 to 1934. He was selected by the International News Service and the New York Sun as a first-team guard on the 1934 College Football All-America Team. He was also selected as a second-team All-American by the Associated Press.
After graduating from Pitt, Ormiston began a career in coaching. In 1938, he was the "frosh coach" for the Miami Hurricanes football team. In 1941, he was an assistant coach for the Western Reserve Red Cats football team in Cleveland, present-day Case Western Reserve University. During World War II, Ormiston served as an athletic director and special service officer with the United States Army Air Forces. In 1945, he was the line coach for the Third Air Force Gremlins in Tampa, Florida. In 1946, he was hired as the line coach at Amherst College, a position he held for three years. He also served as the line coach for the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1948 to 1950.
Ormiston retired from coaching after suffering a heart attack and moved to Norfolk, Virginia. He died in Virginia in 1951 at age 42.