OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cheap Trains Act 1883

The Cheap Trains Act 1883 (46 & 47 Vict. c. 34) was an act of Parliament of the United Kingdom that marked the beginning of workers' train (and later bus) services. It removed the passenger duty on any train charging less than a penny (1d) a mile and obliged the railway companies to operate a larger number of cheap trains.

## Origin

The Railway Regulation Act 1844 had established the provision of third-class coaches on what became known as "parliamentary trains". This included the right of passengers in this class to take up to 56 lb (25 kg) of luggage with them to facilitate travel in search of work. In return, the railways were exempted from paying duty on these passengers.
The duty was collected by the Board of Trade, and gradually, as services improved, the board allowed more and more exemptions, even on trains which did not stop at all stations, as required by the Act. However, as the duty collected rose to around £500,000 in the 1860s, the Inland Revenue took an interest. A test case in 1874 against the North London Railway confirmed that trains had to stop at all stations for the duty to be remitted.
This duty had always been irksome to the railway operators, which felt that it hindered their development. The railway operators formed the Passenger Duty Repeal Association in 1874, followed in 1877 by another group, the Travelling Tax Abolition Committee. Between them they lobbied for the complete abolition of the duty. As is usual in those cases, the government would not agree without some quid pro quo.

## Act

This period was one of extreme overcrowding in the major cities. It was a major political issue and one solution sought by the authorities was to encourage working people to move to new housing outside the cities. However, that implied the availability of cheap transport since even a penny a mile was beyond most people's reach.
The Act applied to all trains charging less than a penny a mile, even those that did not stop at all stations. The Board of Trade could decide whether a company's services were adequate and reasonably priced. If it felt otherwise, it could remove the company's exemption on all of its services.

## Effects

Some railways in London were already operating workmen's trains although they were often overcrowded and inconveniently timed. Although the Act was opposed by some railway officers, notably Sir Edward Watkin of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, the number of cheap suburban services increased greatly. During the 20th century, the appearance of competing road services meant that the railways were forced to reduce their fares. So few services eventually attracted duty that the Act was abolished in the Finance Act 1929.
# Holcocera lyrae

Holcocera lyrae is a moth in the family Blastobasidae which is endemic to Costa Rica.
# Hleoheng

Hleoheng is a community council located in the Leribe District of Lesotho. Its population in 2006 was 27,576.

## Villages

The community of Hleoheng includes the villages of
# Chennaiyil Oru Naal 2

Chennaiyil Oru Naal 2 (transl. A day in Chennai 2) is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language thriller film written by Rajesh Kumar and directed by JPR. Despite its title, the film is a spiritual successor to the 2013 film Chennaiyil Oru Naal, although Sarath Kumar reprises his role, while Napoleon, Suhasini, and Ramdoss play other supporting roles. The music was composed by Jakes Bejoy with cinematography by Vijay Deepak and editing by Gopi Krishna. The film released on 18 October 2017.

## Synopsis

The story revolves around two bad guys who struggle with forces of good and evil while exploring the psychological secret that people tend to bury deep within their minds. The film reveals dark secrets, which manifest into a series of attacks that seek to destroy

## Cast

* R. Sarathkumar as Sundarapandian IPS
* Napoleon as Prabakaran IPS
* Suhasini as Sister Lily
* Ramdoss as Ranjith
* Rajasimman as Kumar
* Unnikrishnan as Unni
* Anjana Prem as Sandhya
* Baby Sathanya as Smitha
* Dinesh Karuna as George
* Ajay as Sachin
* Kaushik as Tarun
* Anju as Swapna
* Maria as Nisha
* Ranjith as Sub-Inspector
* Krishnan as Nasser

## Production

The film is adapted from a novel written by crime writer Rajesh Kumar. Jakes Bejoy composed the music and Deepak was the cinematographer. Principal photography took over a 28-day time-span. The film honored special guests (called a pooja) on the 17th of April 2017 in Coimbatore.

## Critical reception

Times of India wrote "Chennaiyil Oru Naal 2 is inspired from a novel by crime novelist Rajesh Kumar, and the pulpy elements of its source are all too evident in the film's plot. [..] But the writing never manages to bring all these elements into a satisfactory narrative. The dialogue is stilted and the characters are just functional with no real presence. The investigation part is also amateurish, with Pandian hardly shown as someone who is making actual deductions. The direction is also off, with the actors (including the veterans — Sarath Kumar, Suhasini and Napoleon) performing in an artificial manner, moving and talking slower than people do in real life." The Hindu wrote "Despite being a short film, it feels stretched, underwritten and sometimes meandering all over the place." Cinema Express wrote "Chennaiyil Oru Naal 2 is a crime thriller with enough sub-plots to make a few more films. It's a case of too much in too little time. As if this weren't enough, the climax reveals another sub-plot which is explained to be the reason for all the crimes. The film never seems in any real hurry too, and feels as slow as its lead character when in the slo-mo running sequences. [..] The story, an adaptation of a crime novel, could have been intriguing, had its essence not got lost in translation."
# Britt Koskella

Britt Koskella is an associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley, USA. She studies evolutionary biology, specialising in host-pathogen relationships.

## Education

Britt Koskella was an undergraduate at University of Virginia, initially studying psychology. Part-time work as a technician with the research group of Janis Antonovics, where she saw experimental evolution laboratory studies of the movement of a plant pathogen between species, changed the direction of her degree and became the foundation of her research interests. She was awarded the degree of Ph. D. by the Indiana University Bloomington in 2008 for research on the role of parasites in host sexual reproduction and diversity, supervised by Curtis Lively. This involved the New Zealand mud snail and its trematode parasite.

## Career

Her research makes use of bacteriophage-bacteria-plant systems to investigate host-pathogen co-evolution. It involves both field, molecular and laboratory experiments.
After gaining her doctorate she held a fellowship until 2011 to collaborate with Angus Buckling at University of Oxford, UK and John Thompson at University of California, Santa Cruz in studies of the interactions between plants, bacteria and bacteriophage. She then held further fellowships at the University of Exeter from 2011 until 2015. In 2015 she was appointed to a post as associate professor at the University of California, Berkeley.
In 2021 she was awarded the Fleming Prize Lecture by the Microbiology Society.

## Publications

Koskella is the author or co-author of over 70 scientific publications and book chapters. These include:
* Britt Koskella, Lindsay J. Hall and C. Jessica E. Metcalf (2017) The microbiome beyond the horizon of ecological and evolutionary theory. Nature Ecology & Evolution 1 1606–1615
* B. Koskella (2013) Phage-mediated selection on microbiota of a long-lived host. Curr Biol 23 1256–1260.
* B. Koskella, and C.M. Lively. (2009) Evidence for negative frequency-dependent selection during experimental coevolution of a freshwater snail and a sterilizing trematode. Evolution 63 2213-2221

## Personal life

Koskella is married. The couple has two children.
# Yangjiazhangzi mine

The Yangjiazhangzi mine is one of the largest molybdenum mines in China. The mine is located in north-east China in Liaoning. The Metrekskoye mine has reserves amounting to 22.8 million tonnes of molybdenum ore grading 0.15% molybdenum thus resulting 32,145 tonnes of molybdenum.
# Laurenzana

Laurenzana (Lucano: Laurenzànë) is a town and comune in the province of Potenza, in the region of Basilicata (southern Italy). It rises on a spur between the torre Camastro and the wood surrounding the Serrapotamo valley.

## History

Laurenzana's origins probably date from the 12th century when the Normans decided to build a fortified village in this area due to its strategic position. In 1268 Laurenzana took part in the Ghibelline revolt against Pope Clement IV. During the Aragonese domination, it was ruled by the Orsini del Balzo and then in the 15th century by the Loffredos followed by the Filangieris the De Ruggieros, the De Quartos and the Belgioiosos.

## Main sights

The ruins of the 12th to 13th-century Laurenzana Castle are found on a crag atop the village.
The Chiesa Madre dell'Assunta with a stone portal dating from 1780 is the main church. It has a polychrome marble main altar, and a 16th-century fresco along with 18th-century Neapolitan school altarpieces.
Near the Assunta there is a belvedere from which it is possible to view the surrounding valleys and mountains. Near town is a trail in the Abetina ("Fir-wood") of Laurenzana, covering an area of 8 square kilometres (3.1 sq mi) on which silver firs and beech trees grow. The Società Botanica Italiana has considered the Abetina as a biotope of extraordinary environmental interest and has designated it a "Riserva Naturale Regionale".
The Church of the Madonna del Carmine houses a 1611 canvas painted by Giovanni Battista Serra from Tricarico.

## Economy

Up to a few years ago, Laurenzana was famous for the production of high quality liquors produced in four distilleries situated within the village. Handicraft activities regarding the manufacture of wooden barrels, bagpipes and wrought-iron were also widespread. The economy of the village is mainly based on agriculture; in fact, it is possible to find silviculture and animal breeding farms producing delicious dairy products.

## Religious festivals

* Beato Egidio da Laurenzana: January 10 (date of birth); Last Sunday in May or First Sunday in June
* Sant'Antonio di Padova: June 13
* San Vito: June 15
* Madonna del Carmelo: July 16
* San Rocco: August 16
* Madonna Addolorata: Last Sunday in September

## Typical local dishes

* Calzone ripieno con salame. (Calzone filled with salame)
* Gnocchi con le rape. (Gnocchi with turnips)
* Pane di grano duro cotto al forno (Durum wheat bread cooked in an oven)
* Sauzezz r laurnzn (Traditional sausages)
* Patate chiene (Filled potatoes)
* Nuglia (Lean sausages)

## Demographic

Population census

## Twin towns

* Barberino di Mugello, Italy
# Leptobrachium tagbanorum

Leptobrachium tagbanorum is a species of frog in the family Megophryidae from Palawan, Philippines.
# Ishigeales

Ishigeales is an order of brown algae. It includes two families, Ishigeaceae and Petrodermataceae. The genus Diplura is also included, but not placed to family.
# Hobby Markets Online

Hobby Markets Online was an early internet auction company and which ran a series of person-to-person marketplaces for high-end collectibles. With its first auction held on October 15, 1995, it is believed to be the second person-to-person online auction marketplace after eBay. Both of these auction websites were launched in the San Francisco Bay Area although the respective founders did not know about each other or their websites at the time.

## Origins

The founders of Hobby Markets Online Jonathan Hubbard and Wendy Dick. Hubbard was a second-year student at Harvard Business School and Dick was multimedia producer who, at that time, was producing some of the earliest electronic storefronts on AOL. Hubbard was a coin collector and was familiar with the pre-internet trading and auction systems.
Hobby Markets was founded in April 1995 as Affinity Traders Online, a collection of online auction websites for different types of collectibles such as coins, stamps, sports memorabilia. The first internet-based auction was started on Numismatists.com, a coin collecting site, on October 15, 1995 and by May 1996 they were selling about $30,000 in coins per week and had record-setting sales by their second anniversary. Hobby Markets later went on to launch three other web sites for Philatelists, Sportstrade, and AuctionVine.

## Evolution

In December 1999, Hobby Markets Online merged with BoxLot, Inc. a privately held general person-to-person auction website and platform. In turn BoxLot was acquired by InfoSpace, Inc. in June 2000.
# Future Reflections

Future Reflections may refer to:
* Future Reflections, a quarterly magazine published by National Federation of the Blind
* "Future Reflections", a song from the MGMT album Oracular Spectacular
# Gabriel (1794 ship)

Gabriel was a country ship launched in 1794 at Calcutta. She traded east of the Cape of Good Hope, except for at least two voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). She wrecked in 1801 during the British military expedition to the Red Sea.

## Career

Gabriel was built to carry cotton. She had a forecastle and poop, with beams and waterways laid for the orlop deck. However, these were not planked as storage of cotton was easier if the lowest deck had not been laid.
Between 1794 and 1795 Gabriel was engaged in local trade.
Captain John Caise sailed from Diamond Harbour on 16 January 1796, bound for England under charter to the EIC. Gabriel was at Saugor on 13 February, and reached St Helena on 27 June. By 26 November she was at Crookhaven, and she arrived at The Downs on 11 December. On 25 February 1797 she was admitted to the Registry of Great Britain. Gabriel enters Lloyd's Register in 1897 with Carrs, master, and Hamilton, owner.
On 11 September 1797 Gabriel was on her way to India when she was caught up in a gale. She put into Torbay, having lost her anchor and having had her galleries stove in.
Between 29 July and 1798, Gabriel, under the command of Captain William Turnbull, made a voyage to Bengal.
On 9 February 1799 Captain Turnbull sailed from Bengal for England. Gabriel reached St Helena on 10 May, and by 17 July was "toward England".
In 1800 she was again in local trade in India.

## Fate

The British government used Gabriel as a transport to support General Sir David Baird's expedition to the Red Sea, which in turn had the objective of supporting General Sir Ralph Abercrombie at the battle of Alexandria.
Lloyd's List reported on 25 May 1802 that Gabriel had been lost in the Red Sea. She had been wrecked on 8 September 1801 in the Strait of Jubal at the entrance to the Gulf of Suez. Captain Turnbull and the crew of 100 men, and 42 women and 46 children, dependents of the 61st Regiment of Foot, were all saved.
The crew and passengers sailed in the ship's boats to Cosseir. There Turnbull arranged for an Arab dhow to take the women and children to Jeddah.
# Le Ray

Le Ray may refer to:
Places:
* Le Ray, New York, U.S.
* Le Ray Township, Blue Earth County, Minnesota, U.S.
People:
* Dani Le Ray (born 1982), Australian gymnast
* Jacques-Donatien Le Ray (1726–1803), French "Father of the American Revolution"
# Beachhead (disambiguation)

A beachhead is the line created when a military unit reaches a beach by sea and begins to defend that area of beach.
Beachhead or Beach Head may also refer to:
* Beachhead (film) a 1954 film starring Tony Curtis and Frank Lovejoy
* "Beachhead" (Stargate SG-1), a Stargate SG-1 episode
* Beach Head (G.I. Joe), a fictional character in the G.I. Joe universe
* Beach Head (video game), a 1983 video game
** Beach Head II: The Dictator Strikes Back, a 1985 sequel to the video game
* Games developed by Digital Fusion Inc.
** Beach Head 2000, a remake of the 1983 game
** Beach Head 2002
* Beachhead (board game), a 1980 board wargame from Yaquinto
# Irving São Paulo

José Irving Santana São Paulo (October 26, 1964 – August 10, 2006) was a Brazilian actor.
Born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Irving São Paulo was the son of Brazilian director Olney São Paulo. He had been active in both television and films since the late 1970s.
He was diagnosed with necrotizing pancreatitis and hospitalized in the Copa D'Or hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on July 31, 2006. He died from multiple organ failure in Rio de Janeiro on August 10, 2006 at the age of 41. Left two sons, Johann Irving Luporini São Paulo (02/10/1983) and Luiz Henrique de Magalhães Dias Coelho São Paulo (02/05/1985). His brother Ilya São Paulo was also an actor.

## Filmography

* A Noiva da Cidade (1978)
* Muito Prazer (1979) as Leleu
* Luz del Fuego (1982)
* Final Feliz (1982-1983, TV Series) as Rafael
* Champagne (1983-1984, TV Series) as Zé Rodolfo
* Bebê a Bordo (1988-1989, TV Series) as Bad Cat
* Assim na Tela Como no Céu (1990) as Espírito Santo
* A História de Ana Raio e Zé Trovão (1990-1991, TV Series) as Minho
* Perigosas Peruas (1992, TV Series) as Johan
* Mulheres de Areia (1993, TV Series) as Zé Luís
* A Viagem (1994, TV Series) as José Carlos Barbosa (Zeca)
* Você Decide (1995-1998, TV Series) as Valdecir
* Torre de Babel (1998-1999, TV Series) as Gilberto (uncredited)
* A Muralha (2000, TV Mini-Series)
* Cascalho (2004)
* Um Só Coração (2004, TV Mini-Series) as Geraldo Ferraz
* O Veneno da Madrugada (2005) as Ruy Guerra (final film role)
# Isla Gonzalo

Isla Gonzalo is a subantarctic island, uninhabited except for a weather and research station operated by the Chilean Navy. With an area of 38 hectares (94 acres), it is the second largest of the Chilean Diego Ramírez Archipelago after Isla Bartolomé. The archipelago lies in the Drake Passage between the continents of South America and Antarctica. It is an important breeding site for black-browed (over 6000 pairs) and grey-headed (over 4000 pairs) albatrosses, as well as for southern giant petrels.
# D'Angelo (surname)

D'Angelo (also spelt DiAngelo or Di Angelo) is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adam D'Angelo (b. 1984), American internet entrepreneur
* Andrew D'Angelo (b. 1965), American jazz musician
* Angelo D'Angelo (b. 1985), Italian footballer
* Beverly D'Angelo (b. 1951), American actress
* Carlo D'Angelo (1919–1973), Italian actor
* Charlene (singer), full name Charlene Marilynn D'Angelo (b. 1950), American singer
* Charles D'Angelo (b. 1985), American personal development coach
* Chico d'Ângelo (b. 1953), Brazilian politician
* Ernesto Pérez d'Angelo (1932–2013), Chilean paleontologist
* Eduardo D'Angelo (1939–2015), Uruguayan actor
* Francesco d'Angelo (1446–1488), Italian sculptor
* Frank D'Angelo (b. 1959), Canadian beverage industry entrepreneur
* Gianna D'Angelo (1929–2013), American soprano
* Gianfranco D'Angelo (1936–2021), Italian actor
* Giuseppe D'Angelo, various people
* Héctor D'Angelo, Argentine retired football player and manager
* Ivan D'Angelo (b. 1990/1991), Italian footballer
* Jacopo d'Angelo (1360–1411), Italian humanist
* José D'Angelo (b. 1989), Argentine footballer
* Josephine D'Angelo (1924–2013), American baseball player
* Luca D'Angelo (b. 1971), Italian football manager
* Louis D'Angelo (1888–1958), American bass-baritone
* Mario d'Angelo (b. 1954), French academic
* Matt Di Angelo (b. 1987), British actor
* Mike D'Angelo (b. 1968), American film critic
* Mirella D'Angelo (b. 1956), Italian actress
* Nino D'Angelo (b. 1957), Italian singer
* Sabrina D'Angelo (b. 1993), Canadian soccer player
* Salvo D'Angelo (1909–1989), Italian film producer
* Santo D'Angelo (b. 1995), Italian footballer
* Sebastián D'Angelo (b. 1989), Argentine footballer
* Sharlee D'Angelo (b. 1973), bassist of Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy
* Roberto D'Angelo (b. 1945), Italian canoeist
* Robin DiAngelo (b. 1956), American author
* Victoria Scott D'Angelo, second wife of Chuck Yeager
* Vincenzo D'Angelo (1951–2008), Italian water-polo player
# Island of Silence

Island Of Silence is a fantasy book meant for readers ages 8–15. It is the second book in The Unwanteds series, preceded by the first book, The Unwanteds.

## Plot

One day, two silent, orange-eyed teenagers, named Sky and Crow, have arrived on a raft. While Artimé seems to continue along normally, Eva Fathom, a supposed Restorer, is spying on Quill and passing along information to Sean Ranger. Mr. Today starts to teach Alex how to be a head mage, and devises a plan to trick Aaron. The plan backfires. Aaron confronts Mr. Today and kills him using five heart-attack spells that Alex invented, thus destroying Artimé.
Meanwhile, Alex and Simber, one of Mr. Today's statues, go out on a search for three of Alex's missing friends, Meghan Ranger, Samheed Burkesh and Lani Haluki. They rescue Meghan and discover that Samheed and Lani have been captured by a neighboring island, Warbler. On the way back, Simber freezes and crashes into the sea. Alex and Meghan barely avoid death. At the same time, the Restorers attack Artimé and cause chaos. High Priest Haluki gets captured, along with Mr. Today's daughter, Claire Morning, by the Restorers. Aaron becomes Associate High Priest (aka High Priest in disguise), and plans to destroy Artimé.
# Grimsby engine shed

vtePassenger lines of North East Lincolnshire :
Legend :
Grimsby engine shed was a railway locomotive maintenance depot located southeast of Grimsby Docks station in North East Lincolnshire.

## History

Grimsby is an ancient town which was hugely invested in and enlarged by the railways - notably the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway - in the third quarter of the 19th Century.
Specialist sources agree that the date the shed opened is unknown. It first appears on an OS map published in 1888, where it seems to have had six "roads" (tracks), though all later maps show three tracks under the same general layout. Another source, with local knowledge, states that the shed had six tracks. In 2019 the matter was settled as six roads by a published map and photographs. It had a coaling stage, a turntable and a water tank. In 1898 a water softening plant was installed, the first of its kind on the Great Central Railway.
The shed was eclipsed by the opening of Immingham engine shed in 1912. Despite being five miles away, Immingham soon took over providing long-distance locomotives, leaving Grimsby to service (notably rake out ash, top up with coal and water and give the once-over) locomotives which had come into the docks and were getting ready to go out again and to meet the day-to-day needs of the port's large fleet of "pilot" (shunting and short distance) locomotives. At some point in or after 1912 - again agreed as unknown - Grimsby shed became a sub-shed of Immingham.
Grimsby shed building deteriorated over the years. By 1932 its western gable had gone. In the 1950s the coaling stage and shed roof were demolished, as well as the eastern gable. Thereafter locomotives were stabled in the open.
Locomotive types particularly associated with the shed were ex-GNR Class K3, ex-GCR Class J63, ex-GNR Class J50 and, latterly, LNER Class J94 until dieselisation around 1957.
Lack of clarity surrounds the shed's closure. One source gives 1957, another gives 1961, with demolition by 1962 yet a 1963 ABC Combined Volume still shows both New Holland and Grimsby as subsheds of Immingham. In 1958 a fourth source wrote "..there is no motive power depot in the town."
By 2015 the shed had been demolished and the site built over as part of the Railway Street Industrial Estate.