OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Demerara Harbour Bridge

The Demerara Harbour Bridge is a 6,074-foot (1,851 m) long floating toll bridge. It was commissioned on 2 July 1978. The bridge crosses the Demerara River 4 miles (6.4 km) south of the Guyanese capital Georgetown, from Peter's Hall, Demerara-Mahaica, East Bank Demerara to Schoon Ord, Essequibo Islands-West Demerara, West Bank Demerara. There is a pedestrian footwalk. A raised section lets small vessels pass under. A retractor span lets large vessels pass.
The bridge has 61 spans. A high-level span provides a horizontal clearance of 32.0 metres (105.0 feet) and a vertical clearance of 7.9 metres (26 feet) to let small craft pass at all times. To let large craft pass, two retractor spans retract fully once per day to leave a horizontal clearance of 77.4 metres (254 feet).
The number vehicles transiting per day was approximately 9,000 in 2015, and 14,000 as of 2017.
Although the bridge was designed to last ten years, it has been so successful that it has inspired the Berbice Bridge, completed in 2008.

## History

Construction of the Demerara Harbour Bridge began on 29 May 1976. The basic design was by Capt. John Patrick Coghlan, with construction assistance was provided by the British Government. The bridge was only designed to last 10 years, yet it is still in use. Tolls are collected only in east-to-west travel even though the bridge handles one lane of traffic in each direction.
On Monday 23 July 2012 at 06:45 Span 61, the western retractor span collapsed during maintenance work, causing it to partly sink, trapping a minibus. No injuries resulted but as all the larger ferries are decommissioned it caused major disruption.

## Management

The Demerara Harbour Bridge is managed by the Management and Monitoring Unit, Demerara Harbour Bridge Rehabilitation Project (MMU), a subsidiary of the Ministry of Public Works (MPW). MMU, however functions independently of the MPW, and maintains a full staff responsible for maintenance, management, construction and operation. MMU also maintains financial independence based on revenue earned from tolls (vehicle and water-borne vessels). They have a staff of about 60 people.

## New Demerara River Bridge

In December 2015 tenders were received from twenty-three international and local companies for a new bridge. In August 2017 plans were announced to construct a new bridge two kilometres north of the existing bridge, linking Houston on the eastern bank to Versailles on the western bank. However, breaches in procurement due to "unsolicited proposals" delayed plans. In 2020, a new request for bid was issued, with proposed connection between Nandy Park to the east and Meer Zorgen/La Grange to the west, and construction is now under way.
# Jeanne Baird

Jeanne Doris Baird (March 28, 1927 – August 31, 2020) was an American actress. During her career, her name was often confused with that of singer Eugenie Baird.

## Early years

Jeanne Doris Baird was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania on March 28, 1927, and raised and educated in Santa Barbara, California. She attended the University of California. As a teenager, Baird won the Miss Junior America beauty contest, after which she worked briefly as a model. She also painted scenery at the Lobero Theatre in Santa Barbara before she became an actress.

## Career

Baird gained early television experience as the "bat girl" on Batter Up! on KTTV in Los Angeles. The program was a quiz show that used a baseball format with scores based on correct answers to questions by members of two teams. She also worked at KEYT-TV in Santa Barbara in the early 1950s. Her activities there included hosting Jeanne Baird Presents, a daily afternoon program. In 1955 she went to Hollywood with plans to become an actress. She considered changing her name but decided not do so after she consulted numerologists and nomenclaturologists.
Initially Baird found herself in "character ingenue" roles, but she wondered, "How many parts are there for a character ingenue?" Eventually she moved into tragic roles, which did not suit her happier personality. Moving to New York and work on television provided opportunities for her to do "light, fun roles" and to appear on panel shows, giving people the chance to know her apart from characters that she portrayed.
While Baird was living in California, a 3000-mile trip to New York for a planned one-day filming of a commercial led to more work than she anticipated. When she finished making the commercial, she was hired to be the "Girl of the Week" for the Today show, a stint that was intended to be for one week but lasted four months. Her role on Today, in turn, led to her being selected for the cast of the NBC soap opera Ben Jerrod, playing Agnes Abbott. Other TV shows on which she appeared included Ironside, Rescue 8, Pantomime Quiz, Ben Casey, Bonanza, Four Star Playhouse, and Perry Mason.
Films in which Baird appeared included Get Outta Town, The Gay Deceivers, Black Spurs, and Andy Hardy Comes Home. She also acted in TV commercials for "everything from dog food to lavender hair rinse", and for two years she was a commentator on the NBC-TV broadcast of the Tournament of Roses Parade.

## Personal life

After Baird moved to Hollywood, she lived on $127.50 per month, saving the other half of each paycheck. Her apartment (a converted porch) was "the size of a streetcar".
In October 1957, Baird married lemon rancher and restaurant builder William Meyerink. They separated in 1962. Their daughter is Victoria Meyerink, who was a child actress. Mother and daughter appeared together in 1964 in "The Good Provider", an episode of The Littlest Hobo on Canada's CTV Television Network.
Jeanne Baird died in Los Angeles on August 31, 2020, at the age of 93. She was predeceased by her former husband, William, and survived by her daughter, Victoria.
# Émile Guillemin

Émile Coriolan Hippolyte Guillemin (French pronunciation:; 16 October 1841 – 1907) was a French sculptor of the Belle Époque. He worked in bronze.$^{:103}$ He studied under his father, the painter Auguste Guillemin, and under Jean-Jules Salmson [fr]. He showed work at the Salon of Paris from 1870 to 1899, and in 1897 received an honourable mention there.$^{:103}$ In 2008 his 1884 bronze sculpture Femme Kabyle d'Algerie and Janissaire du Sultan Mahmoud II
(Kabyle woman from Algeria and Janissary of Sultan Mahmound II) sold for $1,202,500 plus auction fees in New York to a private collector through Sotheby's Auction House.
Some versions of his Cavalier Arabe are signed both by him and by Alfred Barye, suggesting a collaboration.$^{:370}$
Emile Coriolan Hippolyte Guillemin made his debut in the Paris Salon of 1870 where he exhibited a pair of Roman Gladiators, Retaire and Mirmillon, drawn from antiquity. Guillemin specialized in figurative works and was greatly inspired by the Middle East and its exoticism. Representations of Indian falconers, Turkish maidens and Japanese courtesans firmly established Guillemin's reputation as an Orientalist sculptor from the mid-1870's.

## Links

* Animalier school
# Denfert-Rochereau station

Denfert-Rochereau station could refer to:
* Denfert-Rochereau station (Paris RER), a station on the Paris RER network
* Denfert-Rochereau station (Paris Métro), the adjoining Paris Metro station
# ¿Y Quién Puede Ser?

"¿Y Quién Puede Ser?" ("Who Could it Be?") is a song written and produced by Paco Cepero, co-written by F.M. Moncada, and performed by Mexican singer José José. It was released in 1986 as the first single from his 22nd studio album Siempre Contigo (1986). It peaked at number-one in the Billboard Hot Latin Tracks chart on November 22, 1986, being the fourth song to do so, replacing "Toda La Vida" by Cuban performer Franco. This song has been covered by Grupo Mojado, Manuel, Trailer de Penita and Sabrosos del Merengue. As part of the Latin Grammy tribute to José José in 2008, Puerto Rican singer Olga Tañón performed the song live in merengue.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1986) | Peak position |
| US Billboard Hot Latin Tracks | 1 |
# Jenny James (swimmer)

Jenny Eileen James (1927 - 24 October 2014) was the first Welsh person to swim the English Channel.
Born in Pontypridd in 1927, she learned to swim aged 7 in the Pontypridd Swimming Baths. (The Baths reopened in 2015 as the Pontypridd Outdoor Lido, now the National Lido of Wales). On 19 September 1949 she swam from Penarth to Weston-super-Mare, and then made the swim in the reverse direction on 9 July 1950, so becoming the first woman to swim the Bristol Channel both ways. On 16 August 1951 she competed in the Second Daily Mail Cross Channel Race, and became the first Welsh person to swim the English Channel, crossing from France to England in 13 hours 55 minutes. She received an official homecoming on her return to Pontypridd. She was granted the freedom of Pontypridd in recognition of her achievement, and free entrance for life to any swimming pool in Wales. She became the women's record holder for her swim of Windermere in 1958.
She worked as a swimming coach and lifeguard at the Pontypridd Baths, and is credited as having saved more than 100 lives in her career. She is commemorated at the Lido, where a plaque has been erected in her honour.
James died at a care home in Porth, Rhondda on 24 October 2014. She was unmarried.
# Demjanov rearrangement

The Demjanov rearrangement is the chemical reaction of primary amines with nitrous acid to give rearranged alcohols. It involves substitution by a hydroxyl group with a possible ring expansion. It is named after the Russian chemist Nikolai Jakovlevich Demjanov (Dem'anov, Demianov), who first reported it in 1903.

## Reaction mechanism

The reaction process begins with diazotization of the amine by nitrous acid. The diazonium group is a good leaving group, forming nitrogen gas when displaced from the organic structure. This displacement can occur via a rearrangement (path A), in which one of the sigma bonds adjacent to the diazo group migrates. This migration results in an expansion of the ring. The resulting carbocation is then attacked by a molecule of water. Alternately, the diazo group can be displaced directly by a molecule of water in an S$_N$2 reaction (path B). Both routes lead to formation of an alcohol.
* A.
* B.

## Uses

The Demjanov rearrangement is a method to produce a 1-carbon ring enlargement in four, five or six membered rings. The resulting five, six, and seven-membered rings can then be used in further synthetic reactions.
It has been shown that the Demjanov reaction is susceptible to regioselectivity. One example of this is a study conducted by D. Fattori looking at the regioselectivity of the Demjanov rearrangement in one-carbon enlargements of naked sugars. It showed that when an exo methylamine underwent Demjanov nitrous acid deamination, ring enlargement was not produced.
However, when the endo methylamine underwent the same conditions, a mixture of rearranged alcohols were produced.

## Problems

This rearrangement also leads to a substituted, but not expanded, byproduct. Thus it can be difficult to isolate the two products and acquire the desired yield. Also, stereoisomers are produced depending on the direction of addition of the water molecule and other molecules may be produced depending on rearrangements.

## Variations
### Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement

The Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement (after Marc Tiffeneau and Nikolai Demjanov) is a variation of the Demjanov rearrangement, which involves both a ring expansion and the production of a ketone by using sodium nitrite and hydrogen cation. Using the Tiffeneau-Demjanov reaction is often advantageous as, while there are rearrangements possible in the products, the reactant always undergoes ring enlargement. As in the Demjanov rearrangement, products illustrate regioselectivity in the reaction. Migratory aptitudes of functional groups dictate rearrangement products.

### Use of diazomethane

Diazomethane also produces ring enlargement, and its reaction is mechanistically similar to the Tiffeneau-Demjanov rearrangement.
# Demićka

Demićka is a river that flows through Bosnia. It is the largest left bank tributary of the Vrbanja river.
The Demićka rises above the Dunići village at around 1,050 meters above sea level, on the southern slopes of Zāstinje (Backstones, 1,230 m), in Vlašić massif. The river's length is around 10 km.
The Demićka streams northwest through Dèmići village between the Radohova and Stražbenica mountains. The river mouth is in Šiprage. Downstream of its source, the Demićka enters a short canyon below Dunići village, known as Dunića stijene (Dunići's Rocks), followed by a funnel-shaped area near its estuary. Below Dunići, the river enters a vertical ravine with a depth of 400 meters.
In spring Vrbanja's tributaries (Ćorkovac, Sadika, Duboka and Ugar's confluence of Kobilja and other streams) flow. The main tributaries of Demićka are Grozničavica, Djevojački potok and Brestovača.
# Étienne Binet

Étienne Binet (1569 – 1639) was a Jesuit author of 45 published works. He was born in Dijon, France, and died in Paris.

## Biography

Binet was the school-fellow and life-long friend of Francis de Sales. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1590 and was rector of the colleges at Rouen and Paris, and provincial of Paris, Lyons, and Champagne.

## Works

The 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia praises the style, "turn of thought", and "apt quotations" in Binet's writings, recommending them as "pleasurable and profitable spiritual reading". Binet's forty-five published works include:
* Flowers from the Psalms (Rouen, 1615), translated into Italian and Latin
* Consolation and Joy for the Sick and Afflicted (Rouen, 1616), republished fourteen times in eight years
* Essay on Nature's Wonders (Rouen, 1621), a popular scientific work which passed through 24 editions before 1658
* Life of St. Ignatius (1622)
* Life of St. Francis Xavier (1622)
* Vies es SS. Elzear et Dauphine, translated into English (London, 1638)
* Vie de Ste. Aldegonde, published in English at Paris in 1632
* Purgatory Surveyed, translated by Richard Thimelby (London, 1663) and republished by William Henry Anderdon (London, 1874)
* The Rich Man Saved by the Golden Gate of Heaven; Motives and Power of Almsgiving (Paris, 1627), translated into Latin, Italian, and German
* Mary, God's Masterpiece (Paris, 1634), republished six times
* How Should Religious Superiors Govern?, published twelve times in French, three in Latin, three in Italian, and one in German
* Divine Favors Granted to St. Joseph (Paris, 1639), translated into English (London, 1890)
# Étienne Bonnes

Étienne Bonnes (born 16 September 1894, date of death unknown) was a French rugby union player who competed in the 1924 Summer Olympics. In 1924 he won the silver medal as member of the French team.
# Jeffrey Frame

Jeffrey W. Frame is an American atmospheric scientist and professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He is known for observational and modeling studies of severe convective storms and for teaching meteorology. He was a scientist for VORTEX2 and other field research programs.

## Early life and education

Frame is from Michigan. He and graduated summa cum laude from the University of Michigan (UM) with a B.S. in Atmospheric, Oceanic, and Space Sciences in 2001. Moving on to the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) for graduate studies, he earned a M.S. in 2003 with the thesis The Interaction of Simulated Squall Lines with Complex Terrain and a Ph.D. in 2008 with the dissertation The Dynamical Impact of Anvil Shading on Simulated Supercell Thunderstorms.

## Career

Since 2010 he has been an instructor and assistant professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). Frame is a member of the American Meteorological Society (AMS) and Chi Epsilon Pi. He participated in the International H2O Project (IHOP), Radar Observations of Tornadoes and Thunderstorms Experiment (ROTATE), Verification of the Origin of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment 2 (VORTEX2), co-PI of Ontario Winter Lake-effect Storms (OWLeS), and other field experiments. He participated with the Doppler on Wheels (DOW) team for the ROTATE, VORTEX2, and OWLeS projects and as mobile mesonet leader for IHOP. He also participated in the DOW's deployment for teaching purposes at UIUC.
# Denis Rose

Denis Rose (May 31, 1922, in London – November 22, 1984, in London) was an English jazz pianist and trumpeter. He was a longtime fixture on the London jazz scene and was an early influence on British bebop.
Rose played with Johnny Claes in the 1940s, but dodged conscription during World War II and did little performing over the course of the war. He worked with Cab Kaye's Ministers of Swing late in 1948, then organized jam sessions with British musicians such as Ronnie Scott in the late 1940s and early 1950s, many of which took place at Club Eleven. Rose recorded very little, though he did a session with Scott in 1949 for Esquire Records. He continued to perform locally in London for several decades, and recorded with Maggie Nicols in the early 1970s.
# Democratic Party (UK, 1942)

The Democratic Party was formed in 1942, during the Second World War by Major Norman Leith-Hay-Clark. It was supportive of free enterprise but also called for limits on excessive individual incomes.
It managed to recruit various converts from the Conservative Party and stood in the 1945 general election but without any success. Led by Major N. Leith-Hay-Clarke, the party was also noted for its anti-Semitic stance. Shortly after, it was renamed the Independent Democratic Party and was active in investigating what it described as "cases of personal hardship" until at least 1961, although it had long ceased direct political activity.

## Election results

| Constituency | Candidate | Votes | % | Position |
| Chichester | Paul Tracy Carter | 118 | 0.2 | 5 |
| Maidstone | G Murray | 416 | 1.0 | 3 |
| Portsmouth Central | Walter R C Foster | 561 | 2.1 | 3 |
| Portsmouth North | John Edward Vincent Keast | 388 | 1.3 | 3 |
| Westminster Abbey | Norman Leith-Hay-Clark | 326 | 1.9 | 4 |
# Jersey pressure groups

Jersey, as a polity dominated by independents, has always had a number of local pressure groups. Many ad hoc lobby groups form in response to a single issue and then dissolve once the concerns have been dealt with. However, there are a number of pressure groups actively working to influence government decisions on a number of issues.

## List of Jersey pressure groups
### Interest groups

The following groups are funded by their members.
* Time4Change (political pressure group campaigning for social, judicial and legislative reform)
* Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society
* Institute of Directors, Jersey branch
* Jersey Chamber of Commerce
* Progress Jersey
* Jersey Youth Reform Team
* Jersey Rights Association
* Jersey Human Rights Group
* Same Difference
* Jersey Hospitality Association
* Jersey Lodging House Association
* Save Jersey's Heritage
* Société Jersiaise
* Alliance Francaise, Jersey branch

### Quangos

The following groups are, at least partially, funded by government. Appointments are made by the States of Jersey.
* Jersey Finance
* Community Relations Trust
* Jersey Overseas Aid
* Jersey Consumer Council
* Jersey Legal Information Board
# Émile Peynaud

Émile Peynaud (29 June 1912 – 18 July 2004) was a French oenologist and researcher who has been credited with revolutionizing winemaking in the latter half of the 20th century, and has been called "the forefather of modern oenology".

## Biography

Peynaud entered the wine trade at the age of fifteen with the négociant Maison Calvet. At Calvet he worked under the chemical engineer Jean Ribéreau-Gayon, and they developed methods of analysing the wines that were to be purchased. In 1946, Peynaud completed his Doctorate at the University of Bordeaux and joined its faculty as a lecturer. Ribéreau-Gayon at this time was also teaching at the University, and the two shifted their previous focus of problems faced by Calvet to the problems faced by the winemakers themselves.
While at the University of Bordeaux, where he became a professor of oenology, Peynaud worked at providing scientific explanations for many problems encountered in the process of winemaking. He convinced the wineries to begin picking grapes at vineyards up to two weeks later than usual, and to complete the picking as quickly as possible. The practice of also picking underripe or rotten grapes was abandoned, so that the selected fruit arriving at the winery was of the best possible quality.
Peynaud introduced crushing and fermenting fruit in separate batches based on vine age, vineyard location, or any other factor that resulted in fruit of differing qualities in order to control tannin extraction. He then applied the cool fermentations used in Champagne to still white Bordeaux in order to control fermentation temperatures.
Because he proposed methods that ran counter to many traditions, in the 1950s and 1960s, skeptics would use the term "Peynaudization" of Bordeaux, but as his advice usually produced superior wines, criticism came to an end.
Peynaud considered the control of malolactic fermentation to be one of his most important contributions to winemaking. It was commonly believed that malolactic fermentation was a sickness. He helped the wineries realize that they needed to encourage and control malolactic fermentation. He also stated, "Using only the very best grapes is a new phenomenon," considering this "the crowning achievement of [his] work."
Peynaud was the Decanter Man of the Year in 1990. He taught Michel Rolland and Patrick Léon.

## Selected bibliography

* Peynaud, Émile; J. Blouin (2005) [1971]. Connaissance Et Travail Du Vin (in French) (4th ed.). Dunod. ISBN 2-10-049296-9.
* Peynaud, Émile (1984). Knowing and Making Wine. trans. Alan Spenser. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-11376-X.
* Peynaud, Émile; J. Blouin (1996) [1983]. Le goût du vin (in French). Paris: Dunod. ISBN 2-10-002750-6.
* Peynaud, Émile (1996). The Taste of Wine: The Art and Science of Wine Appreciation. Translated by Michael Schuster. London: Macdonald Orbis. ISBN 0-471-11376-X.