# Gondwana Rainforests

The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia, formerly known as the Central Eastern Rainforest Reserves, are the most extensive area of subtropical rainforest in the world. Collectively, the rainforests are a World Heritage Site with fifty separate reserves totalling 366,500 hectares (906,000 acres) from Newcastle to Brisbane.

## Background

The Gondwana Rainforests are so-named because the fossil record indicates that when Gondwana existed it was covered by rainforests containing the same kinds of species that are living today. Not all Gondwanan rainforests in Australia are located in the New South Wales – Queensland region; the largest Gondwanan rainforest in Australia is located in Tasmania's Tarkine wilderness. The number of visitors to the Gondwana rainforest reserves in New South Wales and Queensland is about 2 million per year.
The World Heritage status of the region was created and negotiated initially in 1986, with the area extended in 1994, following a nomination which was prepared in 1992 by the Rainforest Conservation Society. The World Heritage listing carries the following inscription:
   The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia is a serial property comprising the major remaining areas of rainforest in southeast Queensland and northeast New South Wales. It represents outstanding examples of major stages of the Earth’s evolutionary history, ongoing geological and biological processes, and exceptional biological diversity. A wide range of plant and animal lineages and communities with ancient origins in Gondwana, many of which are restricted largely or entirely to the Gondwana Rainforests, survive in this collection of reserves. The Gondwana Rainforests also provides the principal habitat for many threatened species of plants and animals.
The site was gazetted on the Australian National Heritage List on 21 May 2007 under the Environment and Heritage Legislation Amendment Act (No. 1), 2003 (Cth); and the New South Wales portion was added to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 2 April 1999.

## Conservation value

The forests were inscribed to the World Heritage list in 1986, covering only the New South Wales sites of approximately 310,800 hectares (768,000 acres) and extended in 1994 to cover the Queensland sites of approximately 59,200 hectares (146,000 acres) which is a total of approximately 370,000 hectares (910,000 acres). The rainforest reserves have an extremely high conservation value, with more than 200 rare or threatened plant and animal species.
Eight separate areas have been identified as having outstanding heritage significance to Australia and are included on the Australian National Heritage List. The altitude of the reserves ranges from sea level to almost 1,600 m (5,200 ft).
On 22 December 2000, the High Conservation Value Old Growth forest covering 24 national parks and 19 nature reserves spread across 12 local government areas in the upper north east region of New South Wales were listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register.

## National parks

The Queensland areas include the Main Range, at its most northern point; and extending south, the Lamington, Mount Chinghee, Springbrook and Mount Barney national parks.
The New South Wales areas include the Barrington Tops, at its most southern point; and extending north, the Dorrigo, Mount Warning, New England, Mebbin, Nightcap, Border Ranges, Oxley Wild Rivers, Washpool, Willi Willi and Werrikimbe national parks.
The most heavily visited parts are Dorrigo National Park and the Natural Bridge section of Springbrook National Park.

## Destruction

The region was historically logged extremely heavily, to such an extent that only 1% of the original range of the Gondwana rainforest remains in Australia. Most of the logged regions have been taken over by eucalyptus forest.
During the 2019-2020 Australian bushfire season, many regions of the Gondwana rainforest were devastated by bushfires for the first time, with some preliminary reports indicating that up to 53% of the forests may have burned as of January 2020. Among the devastated habitats are several locations that are significant for some critically imperiled species, such as the nightcap oak and the giant barred frog. The presence of these devastating blazes in areas that have never burned before has been linked to the encroachment of the flammable eucalyptus trees into the logged areas adjoining the forests. The general claim of "never burned before" has been challenged by several commentators, based on an article in The Cairns Post on 25 October 1951 that reported a "fire has burnt out about 2000 acres of thick rainforest country" in the Lamington National Park.

## Australian National Heritage List sections

The Gondwana Rainforests of Australia are divided into sections for listing on the Australian National Heritage List, from north to south, as below:
Gondwana Rainforests of Australia :
| Section | Park or reserve name | State | Image | Area | Area | Coordinates | Source(s) |
| Section | Park or reserve name | State | Image | km$^2$ | sq mi | Coordinates | Source(s) |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Acacia Plateau Flora Reserve | NSW | | | | |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Emu Vale State Forest (part) | Qld | | | | |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Gambubal State Forest (part) | Qld | | | | |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Gilbert State Forest (part) | Qld | | | | |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Goomburra State Forest (part) | Qld | | | | |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Main Range National Park | Qld | | 184 | 71 | 27°48′57″S 152°15′56″E﻿ / ﻿27.81583°S 152.26556°E﻿ / -27.81583; 152.26556 | |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Spicers Gap Road Conservation Park | Qld | | | | 28°04′35″S 152°23′26″E﻿ / ﻿28.07639°S 152.39056°E﻿ / -28.07639; 152.39056 | |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Spicers Gap State Forest (part) | Qld | | | | |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Teviot State Forest (part) | Qld | | | | |
| Main Range group; near Killarney | Wilsons Peak Flora Reserve | NSW | | | | 28°15′19″S 152°29′21″E﻿ / ﻿28.25528°S 152.48917°E﻿ / -28.25528; 152.48917 | |
| Focal Peak group; on the NSW–Qld border | Burnett Creek State Forest (part) | | | | | |
| Focal Peak group; on the NSW–Qld border | Captains Creek Flora Reserve (part) | | | | | |
| Focal Peak group; on the NSW–Qld border | Mallanganee National Park | NSW | | 11 | 4.2 | 25°55′09″S 152°45′13″E﻿ / ﻿25.91917°S 152.75361°E﻿ / -25.91917; 152.75361 | |
| Focal Peak group; on the NSW–Qld border | Mount Clunie National Park (part) | NSW | | 14 | 5.4 | 28°19′27″S 152°31′12″E﻿ / ﻿28.32417°S 152.52000°E﻿ / -28.32417; 152.52000 | |
| Focal Peak group; on the NSW–Qld border | Mount Nothofagus National Park (part) | NSW | | 22 | 8.5 | 28°19′02″S 152°38′01″E﻿ / ﻿28.31722°S 152.63361°E﻿ / -28.31722; 152.63361 | |
| Focal Peak group; on the NSW–Qld border | Tooloom National Park (part) | NSW | | 44 | 17 | 28°26′47″S 152°27′13″E﻿ / ﻿28.44639°S 152.45361°E﻿ / -28.44639; 152.45361 | |
| Focal Peak group; on the NSW–Qld border | Toonumbar National Park (part) | NSW | | 149 | 58 | 28°29′16″S 152°43′33″E﻿ / ﻿28.48778°S 152.72583°E﻿ / -28.48778; 152.72583 | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Amaroo Flora Reserve | | | | | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Border Ranges National Park (part) | NSW | | 317 | 122 | 28°21′35″S 152°59′10″E﻿ / ﻿28.35972°S 152.98611°E﻿ / -28.35972; 152.98611 | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Lamington National Park | Qld | | 206 | 80 | 28°8′32″S 153°6′55″E﻿ / ﻿28.14222°S 153.11528°E﻿ / -28.14222; 153.11528 | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Limpinwood Nature Reserve | NSW | | 26.5 | 10.2 | 28°17′56″S 153°10′26″E﻿ / ﻿28.29889°S 153.17389°E﻿ / -28.29889; 153.17389 | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Mebbin National Park (part) | | | | | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Mount Chinghee National Park | | | | | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Nightcap National Park (part) | | | | | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Numinbah Nature Reserve | NSW | | 8.6 | 3.3 | 28°15′S 153°16′E﻿ / ﻿28.250°S 153.267°E﻿ / -28.250; 153.267 | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Springbrook National Park (part) | Qld | | 62 | 24 | 28°08′24″S 153°16′27″E﻿ / ﻿28.14000°S 153.27417°E﻿ / -28.14000; 153.27417 | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | various Rabbit Board Reserves along the Rabbit Board fence | | | | | |
| Shield Volcano group; on the NSW–Qld border on the McPherson and Tweed ranges | Wollumbin National Park | NSW | | 24 | 9.3 | 28°23′23″S 153°16′7″E﻿ / ﻿28.38972°S 153.26861°E﻿ / -28.38972; 153.26861 | |
| Coastal group; on the coast at Iluka | Iluka Nature Reserve | NSW | | 1.35 | 0.52 | 29°24′14″S 153°21′44″E﻿ / ﻿29.40389°S 153.36222°E﻿ / -29.40389; 153.36222 | |
| Washpool and Gibraltar Range group; contiguous areas between Glen Innes and Grafton | Gibraltar Range National Park | NSW | | | | |
| Washpool and Gibraltar Range group; contiguous areas between Glen Innes and Grafton | Washpool National Park | NSW | | | | |
| New England group; near Dorrigo | Cunnawarra National Park (part) | NSW | | | | |
| New England group; near Dorrigo | Dorrigo National Park (part) | NSW | | | | |
| New England group; near Dorrigo | Mount Hyland Nature Reserve (part) | NSW | | 25 | 9.7 | 30°9′36″S 152°26′42″E﻿ / ﻿30.16000°S 152.44500°E﻿ / -30.16000; 152.44500 | |
| New England group; near Dorrigo | New England National Park (part) | NSW | | 673 | 260 | 30°35′34″S 152°27′30″E﻿ / ﻿30.59278°S 152.45833°E﻿ / -30.59278; 152.45833 | |
| Hastings–Macleay group; southeast of Armidale | Fenwicks Scrub Flora Reserve | NSW | | 1.1 | 0.42 | 31°17′S 152°8.8′E﻿ / ﻿31.283°S 152.1467°E﻿ / -31.283; 152.1467 | |
| Hastings–Macleay group; southeast of Armidale | Mount Seaview Nature Reserve | NSW | | | | |
| Hastings–Macleay group; southeast of Armidale | Oxley Wild Rivers National Park (part) | NSW | | 1,452 | 561 | 30°59′47″S 152°00′36″E﻿ / ﻿30.99639°S 152.01000°E﻿ / -30.99639; 152.01000 | |
| Hastings–Macleay group; southeast of Armidale | The Castles Flora Reserve | NSW | | | | 30°59′55″S 152°20′5″E﻿ / ﻿30.99861°S 152.33472°E﻿ / -30.99861; 152.33472 | |
| Hastings–Macleay group; southeast of Armidale | Werrikimbe National Park (part) | NSW | | 333 | 129 | 31°12′S 152°14′E﻿ / ﻿31.200°S 152.233°E﻿ / -31.200; 152.233 | |
| Hastings–Macleay group; southeast of Armidale | Willi Willi National Park (part) | NSW | | 299 | 115 | 31°10′43″S 152°29′27″E﻿ / ﻿31.17861°S 152.49083°E﻿ / -31.17861; 152.49083 | |
| Barrington Tops group; north of Dungog | Barrington Tops National Park (part) | NSW | | 765 | 295 | 32°3′10″S 151°29′37″E﻿ / ﻿32.05278°S 151.49361°E﻿ / -32.05278; 151.49361 | |
| Barrington Tops group; north of Dungog | Mount Royal National Park (part) | NSW | | 69 | 27 | 32°12′1″S 151°19′25″E﻿ / ﻿32.20028°S 151.32361°E﻿ / -32.20028; 151.32361 | |