OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Claeys Formula

The Claeys Formula is used in Belgium by the practitioners of social law to evaluate the notice period that has to be respected when an employee is dismissed. This formula derives from a statistical analysis of the case law and takes into account three variables: length of service, age and remuneration.
In 2010, the Claeys Formula was revised and updated as the average notice period being granted by the judges in tribunals was shorter than what was granted previously. The formula now reads as follows:
for white-collar employees with an annual gross remuneration under 120,000 EUR: (0.87 × length of service) + (0.055 × age) + (0.038 × annual gross remuneration/1000) - 1.95 = months' notice
The analysis of the case law also revealed that where the annual remuneration equals or exceeds 120,000.00 €, the coefficient for the remuneration has to be modified, thus:
for white-collar employees with an annual gross remuneration exceeding 120,000 EUR: (0.87 × length of service) + (0.055 × age) – (0.0029 × annual gross remuneration/1000) + 2.96 = months' notice
There has been a further update to Belgian labour law which allows for new fixed notice periods as from 1 January 2012. These however only apply to employees hired as of the start date i.e. 1 January 2012.
# Gary L. Wolfram

Gary Lee Wolfram is an American economist. He is the William E. Simon Professor in Economics and Public Policy at Hillsdale College and President of Hillsdale Policy Group, a consulting firm specializing in taxation and policy analysis.

## Early life and education

As a youth, Wolfram spent summers fighting California wildfires along the freeways. Wolfram received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Santa Barbara and his Ph.D. in economics from the University of California at Berkeley.

## Career

Wolfram's public policy experience includes serving as Congressman Nick Smith's Chief of Staff, Michigan's Deputy State Treasurer for Taxation and Economic Policy under John Engler, and Senior Economist to the Republican Senate in Michigan. In 2007, after publicly supporting Mitt Romney's run for presidency, the campaign publicly supported Wolfram, stating "Wolfram has an excellent reputation as an economist...I'm proud to have his endorsement and his counsel as our campaign moves forward."
He has taught at Mount Holyoke College, the University of Michigan, and Washington State University. His publications include Towards a Free Society: An Introduction to Markets and the Political System and several works on Michigan's tax structure and other public policy issues. Wolfram is also a Senior Policy Analyst with the Mackinac Center for Public Policy. He is a current member and past chairman of the Board of Trustees of Lake Superior State University and has served as a member of Michigan's State Board of Education, the Michigan Enterprise Zone Authority, the Michigan Strategic Fund Board, and the Michigan State Housing Development Authority Board.
# Gastric inhibitory polypeptide

Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), also known as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, is an inhibiting hormone of the secretin family of hormones. While it is a weak inhibitor of gastric acid secretion, its main role, being an incretin, is to stimulate insulin secretion.
GIP, along with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), belongs to a class of molecules referred to as incretins, which stimulate insulin release on oral food intake.

## Synthesis and transport

GIP is derived from a 153-amino acid proprotein encoded by the GIP gene and circulates as a biologically active 42-amino acid peptide. It is synthesized by K cells, which are found in the mucosa of the duodenum and the jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract.
Like all endocrine hormones, it is transported by blood.
Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptors are seven-transmembrane proteins (GPCRs) found on beta-cells in the pancreas.

## Functions

It has traditionally been named gastrointestinal inhibitory peptide or gastric inhibitory peptide and was found to decrease the secretion of stomach acid to protect the small intestine from acid damage, reduce the rate at which food is transferred through the stomach, and inhibit the GI motility and secretion of acid. However, this is incorrect, as it was discovered that these effects are achieved only with higher-than-normal physiological level, and that these results naturally occur in the body through a similar hormone, secretin.
It is now believed that the function of GIP is to induce insulin secretion, which is stimulated primarily by hyperosmolarity of glucose in the duodenum. After this discovery, some researchers prefer the new name of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, while retaining the acronym "GIP." The amount of insulin secreted is greater when glucose is administered orally than intravenously.
In addition to its role as an incretin, GIP is known to inhibit apoptosis of the pancreatic beta cells and to promote their proliferation. It also stimulates glucagon secretion and fat accumulation. GIP receptors are expressed in many organs and tissues including the central nervous system enabling GIP to influence hippocampal memory formation and regulation of appetite and satiety.
GIP recently appeared as a major player in bone remodeling. Researchers at Universities of Angers and Ulster evidenced that genetic ablation of the GIP receptor in mice resulted in profound alterations of bone microarchitecture through modification of the adipokine network. Furthermore, the deficiency in GIP receptors has also been associated in mice with a dramatic decrease in bone quality and a subsequent increase in fracture risk. However, the results obtained by these groups are far from conclusive because their animal models give discordant answers and these works should be analysed very carefully.

## Pathology

It has been found that type 2 diabetics are not responsive to GIP and have lower levels of GIP secretion after a meal when compared to non-diabetics. In research involving knockout mice, it was found that absence of the GIP receptors correlates with resistance to obesity.
# Gauda

Gauda may refer to:
* Gauda brahmins, one of the five Pancha-Gauda Brahmin communities of North india
* Gauda (caste), or Gopal, a caste of Odisha
* Gauḍa (city), Bengal
* Gauḍa (region), Bengal
* Gauda Kingdom, a kingdom during the 5th to 7th century in Bengal (present-day Gauda city)
* Gauda (king), ruler of Numidia during 1st century BC
* Gaudu, Nepal, a village in the Gandaki Zone
# Lepiku, Lääne-Viru County

Lepiku is a village in Vinni Parish, Lääne-Viru County, in northeastern Estonia.
# Belovar

Belovar is a settlement (naselje) located within the Sesvete city district of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 354. According to the 2011 census, the settlement had 378 inhabitants.
# Belovalva

Belovalva is a genus of moths in the family Gelechiidae. It contains the species Belovalva nigripuncta, which is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe.
# Leptostylus lazulinus

Leptostylus lazulinus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1880.
# Gates House

Gates House may refer to:
* J. M. Gates House, Kingman Arizona, NRHP-listed
* Neil H. Gates House, Phoenix, Arizona, NRHP-listed
* Gates House (Denver, Colorado), a Denver Landmark
* Judge Louis Gates House, Kansas City, Kansas, NRHP-listed
* Gates House (Machiasport, Maine), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
* Gates House (Albion, Nebraska), designed by William Lang (architect)
* Gates Homestead, Bolton, New York, NRHP-listed
* Bill and Melinda Gates' House, Medina, Washington, a big house
* Gates-Helm Farm, NRHP-listed
* Gates-Livermore Cobblestone Farmhouse, NRHP-listed
* Gates–Daves House, NRHP-listed
* Cyrus Gates Farmstead, Maine, New York, NRHP-listed
* Gen. Horatio Gates House, and Golden Plough Tavern, York, Pennsylvania, NRHP-listed
* Holsey Gates House, Bedford, Ohio, NRHP-listed
* C. E. "Pop" Gates House, Medford, Oregon
* Russell and Elinor Gates Mansion, Denver, Colorado, NRHP-listed
* Seth M. Gates House, Warsaw, New York, NRHP-listed
* Gates-Helm Farm, Snowball, Arkansas, NRHP-listed
* Gates-Livermore Cobblestone, Mendon, New York, NRHP-listed
* Gates-Daves House, Mobile Alabama, NRHP-listed
* Groat-Gates House, Portland, Oregon, NRHP-listed
* H.W. Gates Funeral Home, Kansas City, Kansas, NRHP-listed
* Rice-Gates House, Hillsboro, Oregon, NRHP-listed
# Let It Beat

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Blast Magazine | |
Let It Beat is the second studio album by American rapper Shwayze. It was first announced by Cisco Adler on February 4, 2009, via his Myspace page. He also confirmed the song "Make A Lil Love" in that blog post. A few days later he posted another blog update, which confirmed the track "Livin' It Up," It also confirmed guest appearances from The Knux, and Tabi Bonney. On May 8, 2009 Cisco announced that the album is entitled Let It Beat, and was currently being mixed and mastered. Although Shwayze's previous debut album only had one guest appearance, this album has guest appearances from The Knux, Tabi Bonney, and Snoop Dogg. Darryl Jenifer of Bad Brains plays bass on a track called "Crazy For You," and Ric Ocasek of The Cars plays guitar on the same track. Roy Bittan the pianist of Bruce Springsteen & The E Street Band plays piano on the track Heart and Soul. The first single, "Get U Home" was released on June 28.

## Personnel
### Shwayze

* Cisco Adler - lead vocals, Guitar, piano
* Shwayze - lead vocals

### Additional musicians

* Mark Smidt - Trumpet, Trombone, Baritone Sax, Acoustic Guitar, Organ, Bass guitar, Keyboards, electric guitar, Trumpets Horn Arrangement,
* Ric Ocasek - Guitar, Synthesizer, Backing Vocals
* Darryl Jenifer - Bass guitar
* Kool Kojak - Drum Programming, Synths, Bass guitar. Backing Vocals
* Roy Bittan - Piano
* Snoop Dogg - Vocals
* The Knux -
* Tabi Bonney - Vocals

## Chart positions

| Chart (2009) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard 200 | 55 |
| U.S. Billboard Top Digital Albums | 10 |
| U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums | 22 |
# Let It Be You

"Let It Be You" is a song written by Kevin Welch and Harry Stinson, and recorded by American country music artist Ricky Skaggs. It was released in July 1989 as the second single from the album Kentucky Thunder. The song reached #5 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1989) | Peak position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 3 |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 5 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1989) | Position |
| Canada Country Tracks (RPM) | 21 |
| US Country Songs (Billboard) | 83 |
# Lerone

Lerone is a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Lerone Bennett Jr. (1928–2019), African-American scholar, author, and social historian
* Lerone Clarke (born 1981), Jamaican track runner
* Lerone Murphy (born 1991), English mixed martial artist
# General Bryan

General Bryan may refer to:
* Blackshear M. Bryan (1900–1977), U.S. Army lieutenant general
* Goode Bryan (1811–1885), Confederate States Army brigadier general
* William Bryan (North Carolina politician) (1725–1781), North Carolina Militia brigadier general in the American Revolutionary War
# General Bullard

General Bullard may refer to:
* John W. Bullard Jr. (fl. 1980s–2010s), U.S. Marine Corps brigadier general
* Robert Lee Bullard (1861–1947), U.S. Army lieutenant general
* Terry L. Bullard (fl. 1990s–2020s), U.S. Air Force brigadier general
# Les Châtelliers-Notre-Dame

Les Châtelliers-Notre-Dame (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France.
# Let Love In (song)

"Let Love In" is the third and final single from the Goo Goo Dolls' eighth studio album, Let Love In.

## Track listing

* "Let Love In (Rock Version)" - 5:00
* "Let Love In (Radio Edit)" - 4:15

## Music video

The video was directed by PR Brown, and features the band performing the song, intercut with subliminal flashes of words that progress from "hunger" "war", "abuse", and the like to words such as "joy" "peace" "amazing", and "beautiful". Throughout the song, there are images of several people, including the band members. Each person is facing a slightly different angle, each one more clockwise than the last. By the end of the song, the people have completed one clockwise turn. Their expressions have also turned from sadness and defeat to hopeful, peaceful smiles.

## Uses in popular culture

* The song was used in a controversial 2006 television advertisement for Trojan Condoms. The commercial was pulled shortly after a negative reaction, with many thinking that the title of the song seemed a little too tongue-in-cheek for a prophylactic ad.
* NBC also used this song in a clip to promote the television show The Office. The clip followed the story of Jim and Pam, prior to the episode "The Negotiation". Steve Carell has also listed it as one of his favorite songs on iTunes.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Let Love Rain on Me

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metal Hammer (GER) | |
Let Love Rain on Me is an EP by German hard rock singer Doro Pesch, released in 2004 through AFM Records. It is an enhanced CD containing both musical tracks and a live video. The title track is present in three versions sung in English, Spanish and French. "Let Love Rain on Me", the Judas Priest cover "Breaking the Law" and the Warlock song "I Rule the Ruins" were played acoustically with a full orchestra and are featured in the following album Classic Diamonds in slightly different versions.
The EP reached position No. 65 in the German Singles chart and position No. 7 in the Spanish Singles chart.

## Personnel

* Doro Pesch – vocals

### The Classic Night Orchestra on tracks 1-5

* Arnt Böhme – conductor, orchestral arrangements
* Hye-sin Tjo, Ardan Saguner, Nonna Parfenov, Elda Teqja, Marco Stankovic, Ingrid Illguth – first violins
* Carolin Kosa, Arhan Saguner, Emma Fridman, Jee-eun Lee, Alexander Schneider – second violins
* Wiebke Corssen, Urs Beckers, Kristina Iczque, Manuela Crespi – violas
* Lev Gordin (soloist), Martin Henneken, Jens Peter Jandausch, Luise Schroeter – violoncellos
* Milivoj Plavsic – contrabass
* Daniel Edelhoff, Jörg Brohm – first trumpets
* Wolfgang Mundt, Carsten Gronwald – second trumpets
* Andreas Roth, Peter Schatlo – trombones
* Jan Böhme – bass trombone
* Klaus 'Major' Heuser – acoustic guitars
* Wolf Simon – drums
* Mario Arrangonda – percussion

### Additional musicians on track 6

* Joe Taylor – acoustic guitar
* Nick Douglas – bass
* Johnny Dee – drums

## Charts

| Chart (2004) | Peak position |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 85 |
| Spain (PROMUSICAE) | 7 |
# Les Perelman

Leslie Cooper Perelman is an American scholar and authority on writing assessment. He is a critic of automated essay scoring (AES), and influenced the College Board's decision to terminate the Writing Section of the SAT.
Perelman is currently a research affiliate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Perelman taught writing and composition at MIT, where he served as Director of Writing Across the Curriculum and an Associate Dean of Undergraduate Education. He was an executive committee member of the Conference on College Composition and Communication. and co-chair of its Committee on Assessment.

## Teaching

Perelman taught in and directed writing programs at Tulane University and the University of Southern California. At MIT, he taught writing and composition and served as the director of Writing Across the Curriculum and an Associate Dean in the Office of Undergraduate Education.

## Criticism of essay scoring
### SAT

Following his 2005 study of essay samples as well as graded essays provided by the College Board for reference on the writing portion of the SAT, Perelman reported a high correlation between an essay's length and score. He also noted that the essays were not penalized for any factual inaccuracies.
In 2013, Perelman met with David Coleman, the incoming president of the College Board, and an outcome of that conversation was Coleman's decision to abolish the mandatory SAT Writing Section.

### Automatic scoring

In 2012, Perelman demonstrated that long, pretentious essays could achieve higher scores from the ETS scoring engine e-Rater as opposed to well written essays. In 2014, Perelman collaborated with students at MIT and Harvard to develop BABEL, the "Basic Automatic B.S. Essay Language" Generator. The nonsense essays generated by BABEL are claimed to perform well when graded by AES systems. Automated graders, Perelman argues, "cannot read meaning, and they cannot check facts. More to the point, they cannot tell gibberish from lucid writing." Perelman's work is cited by the NCTE in their Position Statement on Machine Scoring, which expresses similar concerns about the limitations of AES:
   Computer scoring systems can be "gamed" because they are poor at working with human language, further weakening the validity of their assessments and separating students not on the basis of writing ability but on whether they know and can use machine-tricking strategies.

## Influence on Australian Educational Testing

During 2017-2018, Perelman was commissioned by the New South Wales Teachers Federation to write three reports to assist in efforts to reform Australia's national primary and secondary school assessments, the National Assessment Program – Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN). His work was a major factor in the decision of the National Education Council to overrule the Federal Education Minister and prevent the use of Automated Essay Scoring for the writing portion of the NAPLAN tests.
# Belkacem

Belkacem is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the given name or surname include:

## Given name

* Belkacem Remache (born 1985), Algerian football player
* Belkacem Zeghmati (born 1957), Algerian politician
* Belkacem Zobiri (born 1983), French-Algerian football player

## Surname

* Areski Belkacem (born 1940), also known simply as Areski, is a French singer, multi-instrumentalist, comedian and composer
* Bensayah Belkacem, Bosnian previously held in the United States Guantanamo Bay detainment camps, in Cuba
* Bouteldja Belkacem (1947–2015), Algerian raï songwriter, lyricist and composer
* Fouad Belkacem, spokesman of Sharia4Belgium
* Krim Belkacem (1922–1970), Algerian revolutionary fighter
* Najat Vallaud-Belkacem (born 1977), French socialist politician
# Bench (crater)

Bench crater is a small crater in Oceanus Procellarum on the Moon. The name of the crater was formally adopted by the IAU in 1973.
Apollo 12 astronauts Pete Conrad and Alan Bean landed the Lunar Module (LM) Intrepid northeast of Bench crater on November 19, 1969. To the northeast of Bench are the larger Head and Surveyor craters. To the west is Sharp crater (now called Sharp-Apollo).
The crater is called Bench because of perceived terraces (benches) within the crater. A wide area on the west side of the crater was referred to as "low bench" and a smaller area on the east side was referred to as "high bench" during mission planning.

## Samples

* Sample 12035 location
* This shows sample 12053, an angular fragment collected from the northwest rim of Bench crater
# Gedalia Dov Schwartz

Gedalia Dov Schwartz (January 24, 1925 — December 9, 2020) was an eminent American Orthodox rabbi, scholar, and posek (halakhic authority) who lived in Chicago, Illinois. From 1991 to 2013, when he gave his position as Av Beth Din to Rabbi Yona Reiss, he was the av beis din (head of the rabbinical court) of both the Beth Din of America and the Chicago Rabbinical Council (cRc) as well as the rosh beth din (chief presiding judge) of the National Beth Din of the Rabbinical Council of America (RCA). He was also editor of HaDarom, the RCA Torah journal.

## Biography

Schwartz was born and raised in Newark, New Jersey, where he first studied Torah in his teenage years with Rabbi Yaakov Benzion Mendelson. He was a graduate of Yeshiva College and the Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Theological Seminary of Yeshiva University, where he received his rabbinic ordination. Following this ordination, he received a fellowship in the Institute of Advanced Rabbinic Research of Yeshiva University. Later he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Divinity degree. Rabbi Schwartz was honored with the Harav Yosef Dov Halevi Soloveitchik Aluf Torah Award, RIETS highest honor, at Yeshiva University's Chag Haseemicha convocation on March 23, 2014.
Before coming to Chicago in 1987, Schwartz was the rabbi of the Young Israel of Boro Park for 18 years, having earlier held pulpits in Rhode Island, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. He was a past president of the Mizrachi of Rhode Island and the RCA Philadelphia Region.

## Family

His father's name was Avraham. He married Shoshana Poupko (d. 2009), with whom he had two sons and a daughter. Their daughter, Rivka Leah, was married to the late Rabbi Yehoshua Goldman, who directed the Vaad HoIr of Cincinnati. In 2010, Schwartz married his surviving wife, Chana Sarah.

## Positions

Rabbi Schwartz's opinion was frequently sought by both Jewish and secular sources on issues such as conversion to Judaism, halakhic prenuptial agreements, kashering items for Passover, child abuse, and tattoos. In 2002 he was appointed as the head of a three-judge panel which examined cases of agunahs from the September 11 attacks, using DNA testing of post-mortem remains to verify the death of their husbands and allow them to remarry.

## Halakhic works

"Rabbi Schwartz was the first second-generation American rabbi to publish an original halachic [Jewish legal] work":
* Divrei Regesh
* Migdanos Eliezer
* Shaarei Gedulah

## Articles

* Comments on the New York State "Get Law"
* Halakhah and Minhag in Nusach Hatefillah (1990). Journal of Jewish Music and Liturgy 13, 7-10.
# Gejia

Gejia may refer to:
* Gejia language, a Miao language of Huangping County, Guizhou, China
* Gejia people, an ethnic group found in Guizhou province, China
# Leslie Norman Pyrah

Leslie Norman Pyrah (11 April 1899 - 30 April 1995), was a British urologist in Leeds, who played a leading role in setting up urology as a specialty in the UK. In 1959 he was awarded the St Peter's Medal of the British Association of Urological Surgeons. He became president of the section of urology at the Royal Society of Medicine.
# Leslie Reynolds

Leslie Reynolds (1906–1961) was a leading English greyhound trainer. He was a five times winner of the English Greyhound Derby which constituted a record until beaten by Charlie Lister in 2011.

## Early life

Reynolds was born during 1906 in Oare, Wiltshire. He was the 'slipper' at the Waterloo Cup meetings and took up an appointment at Harringay Stadium in the late 1920s.

## Career

Reynolds achieved his first classic success in 1932 when he won the St Leger at Wembley with a greyhound called Fret Not, a finalist in the 1932 English Greyhound Derby. He switched his trainer's attachment from Harringay to White City, London, during 1934.
Before the war he had won a Cesarewitch, a Gold Collar and two more St Legers but his success was interrupted with the postponement of almost all racing in London for the duration of the war. He was forced to seek an attachment at Wembley because of the continued closure of White City.
After racing resumed he won a Pall Mall Stakes, two Grand Prixs and a Laurels before securing the ultimate prize: in 1948 Priceless Border won the English Greyhound Derby.
He remained at Wembley and proceeded to win four more English Greyhound Derby competitions in 1949 with Narrogar Ann, 1951 with Ballylanigan Tanist, 1952 with Endless Gossip and 1954 with Pauls Fun. This constituted a record that was held for 57 years.
Reynolds died on 1 August 1961 in Battersea, aged 55, on the same day as his wife's birthday.