OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Avarız

Avariz was a property tax in the Ottoman Empire, an annual cash tax paid by households registered in a defter.

## History

In early Ottoman history, the state depended on the timar system of feudal dues; but over time - especially due to the need to hire professional soldiers rather than peasants serving a feudal military obligation - more emphasis was placed on cash taxes, and avarız took over from the timar system. Avarız began in the late fifteenth century.
Initially, nüzül was seen as an alternative to avarız; nuzul was (in principle) a payment of food, in kind. In times of war, villages might be required to supply food to army supply points, or they might be required to supply cash; but never both. Over time, this relationship changed, and both might be demanded (whilst nüzül also became a cash tax).
Detailed Ottoman tax registers survive which show the levels and details of taxation in different provinces. Although the tax burden was very variable, nüzül and avarız were very important taxes in the 17th century - for instance, they represented 58% of all tax revenue in Manastir in 1621-1622 - but by the 18th century their importance had declined, and more money was collected through other taxes. Technically the registers were counting property not people, with an urban register for Damascus documenting each dwelling in the city and even the condition of the property. It however also identified the owners and they were the ones liable to be taxed.
An avarızhane was a household defined for tax purposes. Initially, this was equivalent to one gercekhane (i.e. a real household), but over time, taxpayers were aggregated into larger groups; by the seventeenth century, an avarızhane might include several households, or gercekhanes.
Avarız might be collected through an Iltizam.

## Avarız as a category of taxes

The name "Avarız" was also used as a blanket term for cash taxes levied by central government, or avariz-i divaniye. The term later came to be used for one specific tax.

## Difficulties and exemptions

Occasionally the tax burden could be heavy, provoking rebellion. Some waqfs were founded to help communities pay their nüzül and avarız obligations each year.
The Ottoman Empire had a complex system of tax exemptions, and avarız was no exception. Various groups were exempted from avarız on the basis of lineage, public service by favoured professions, and sometimes a district's an exceptional inability to pay (for instance, if the district had already paid heavily towards other taxes, or been ravaged by warfare). The most common exemption was for villages which had been assigned guard duties.
# Chimes of Freedom

Chimes of Freedom may refer to:
* Chimes of Freedom (song), a 1964 song written by Bob Dylan
* Chimes of Freedom (EP), a 1988 live Bruce Springsteen EP
* Chimes of Freedom: The Politics of Bob Dylan's Art, a 2003 book about Bob Dylan by Mike Marqusee
* Chimes of Freedom (album), a 2012 album compiling covers of Bob Dylan songs
* Chimes of Freedom (horse)
# Ballophilus giganteus

Ballophilus giganteus is a species of centipede in the genus Ballophilus. It is found in Ivory Coast. This species is dark brown. The original description of this species is based on seven males specimens ranging from 51 mm to 67 mm in length with 75 to 87 pairs of legs and four female specimens ranging from 63 mm to 75 mm in length with 79 to 91 leg pairs.
# Jitendarjit Singh Ahluwalia

Jitendarjit Singh Ahluwalia (born 9 May 1955) is an Indian equestrian. He competed in the 1980 Summer Olympics. in 2 events.
# Discomind

Discomind is a band that is a fusion of disco, house, and rock featuring vocals by Sheila Horne of George Clinton's P-Funk All-Stars. The band also includes Kraze, Shane, Lanny Ward, and Danny Jam.
Kraze (Richard Jean Laurent) had earlier had an international hit with the 1988 house music single, "The Party".
# Benetech

Benetech is a nonprofit social enterprise organization that empowers communities with software for social good. Previous projects include the Route 66 Literacy Project, the Miradi environmental project management software, Martus (human rights abuse reporting), and the Human Rights Data Analysis Group. Current program areas include global education, human rights, and poverty alleviation.

## About

One of Benetech's key education program initiatives is Bookshare, an e-book library for people with print disabilities such as dyslexia, blindness, low vision, and physical disabilities.
Another project is Benetech Service Net, an open standards data exchange platform that makes it easier to share and maintain information on local social and human services. Organizations providing referrals or referral technology (such as 2-1-1s, Healthify, or Health Leads) and agencies providing information about their services (such as community-based shelters, food pantries, or government agencies) can work together to make better data available for everyone.

## History

Benetech was founded by technology entrepreneur Jim Fruchterman in Palo Alto, California, under the name of Arkenstone in 1989. It was initially created to provide reading machines for blind people. During the period 1989–2000, over 35,000 reading machines were sold in sixty countries, reading twelve different languages. In 2000, the Arkenstone reading machine product line was sold to Freedom Scientific, and the nonprofit's name was changed to Benetech. The funding from the asset sale was used to start the Bookshare initiative and Martus project in 2001.
Benetech and its Martus software were featured on the PBS NewsHour.
In 2019, Benetech announced the expansion of its inclusive education initiatives, creating new partnerships with organisations such as Vision Australia, the Royal National Institute of Blind People in the UK, National Council for the Blind of Ireland, Canada's Center for Equitable Library Access and the Dubai government.
# Crossbill Guides Foundation

The Crossbill Guides Foundation (CGF) is a European non-governmental organization for the conservation of the natural environment that was founded in 2004. It produces guidebooks on major natural areas in Europe, in order to create public awareness and participation in conservation activities.
# Central defence

Central defence may refer to one of the following:
* An association football position, see centre back
* A military strategy on how to use fortifications, see central defence (strategy)
# Henrique N'zita Tiago

Henrique N'zita Tiago (14 July 1927 – 3 June 2016) was a commander of the Armed Forces of Cabinda, a rebel guerrilla group that fights for the independence of Cabinda from Angola. He died in Paris on 3 June 2016. It was reported that Tiago was 88 years old when he died, and that he was buried in France.

## Biography

He was born on July 14, 1927, at the mission of San Jose de Luali in the region of Dinge, or in Mboma Lubinda, Cabinda, into a modest family.
In 1963, he co-founded the Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), a political organization that fought, at the time, against Portuguese colonial rule. Because he was part of the FLEC, he was arrested in 1970 by the colonial PIDE. He served his sentence in the São Nicolau jail in Bentiaba. He was released in 1974, opened a FLEC office in Tchiowa, the capital of Cabinda; and a year later, he was appointed chairman of the FLEC.
Upon learning that the Portuguese government was planning to include Cabinda as part of Angola, N'zita started an armed conflict against Angola's pro-independence armed groups. His intransigent position in negotiations on the status of Cabinda, opting solely for military means, caused FLEC to fragment into different factions.
He went into exile to France. N'zita died in Paris on June 3, 2016. His funeral was on June 10. Upon his death, his son, Emmanuel N'zita, succeeded him as Commander of the Armed Forces of Cabinda a few days later.
# Gollhofen

Gollhofen is a municipality in the district of Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim in Bavaria in Germany.
# Avaré-Arandu Airport

Comandante Luiz Gonzaga Lutti Regional Airport (IATA: QVP, ICAO: SDRR) is the airport serving Avaré and Arandu, Brazil.
It is operated by Rede Voa.

## History

The airport was commissioned in 1990.
On July 15, 2021 the concession of the airport was auctioned to Rede Voa, under the name Consórcio Voa NW e Voa SE. The airport was previously operated by DAESP.

## Airlines and destinations

No scheduled flights operate at this airport.

## Access

The airport is located 10 km (6 mi) from downtown Avaré and 13 km (8 mi) from downtown Arandu.
# Chinese protests

Chinese protests may refer to the following protests:
* Boxer Rebellion
* Xinhai revolution
* May 4th movement
* Tiananmen Square protests (disambiguation)
* 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
* 2005 anti-Japanese demonstrations
* 2008 Tibetan unrest
* 1025 rally to safeguard Taiwan
* Nanjing anti-African protests
* Dongzhou protests
* 2010 Chinese labour unrest
* Any of the protests in China in 2011
* 2022 COVID-19 protests in China
# Bakula

Bakula or Bakuła (Polish pronunciation:) is a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Andrea Bakula (born 1981), Croatian table tennis player
* Hanna Bakuła (born 1950), Polish painter, scenographer, and columnist
* Marijan Bakula (born 1966), Bosnian football player
* Scott Bakula (born 1954), American actor
# ŽKK Vojvodina 021

Ženski košarkaški klub Vojvodina 021 (Serbian Cyrillic: Женски кошаркашки клуб Војводина 021), commonly referred to as ŽKK Vojvodina 021, is a women's professional basketball club based in Novi Sad, Serbia. The club was founded in Beočin in 1999 as ŽKK Beočin, and was relocated to Novi Sad in 2018.

## History

Founded in 1999 as ŽKK Beočin based in Beočin, the club relocated to Novi Sad in 2018, changing its name to ŽKK 021. On 25 September 2020, the club changed its name to ŽKK Vojvodina 021, continuing the tradition of the former club ŽKK Vojvodina.
In March 2021, the club lost in the final of National Cup.

## Honours
### Domestic

* First League of Serbia
** Runners-up (1) : 2019
* Serbian Cup
** Runner up (1): 2021

### International

* Adriatic League
** Third place (1): 2023
# Discomedusa

Discomedusa is a genus of jellyfish in the family Ulmaridae.
# Dubiraphia vittata

Dubiraphia vittata is a species of riffle beetle in the family Elmidae. It is found in North America.
# Crossbeam Systems

Crossbeam Systems is headquartered in Boxborough, Massachusetts and has offices in Europe, Latin America and Asia Pacific. Crossbeam Systems was acquired by Blue Coat Systems in December 2012 and the Crossbeam brand has been fully absorbed into Blue Coat.

## Company history

Crossbeam Systems, Inc. was incorporated on November 23, 1999, by Stephen Justus and Mike Akerman, with Throop Wilder joining as a founding team member in 2000. Since the beginning, Crossbeam has been focused on designing and manufacturing a range of network security products.
Peter George led the company from 2001 to June 2007 as CEO and president. Pete Fiore took over the company in 2007 and led the company to growth and profitability until his death in December 2009. In March 2010 and continues today as CEO and president. On November 9, 2012, Crossbeam Systems Inc. was acquired by the private equity firm Thoma Bravo. The company did not publicly disclose the acquisition price or the terms of the deal. On December 17, 2012, Blue Coat Systems announced that it was acquiring Crossbeam Systems. The deal is expected to close December 31, 2012.

## Products

The company's main product is its X-Series network security product family, which was introduced in September 2001 as a way for telecommunications operators to consolidate their security server or appliance infrastructure into one chassis, which acts as a virtual security architecture or ‘network in a box.’ The X-Series architecture consists of five major components including a chassis, an operating system and three types of hardware blades or modules:
Over the past 11-plus years, the X-Series product family, including the modules and operating systems, have gone through six major generational upgrades. In October 2010, the 5th generation upgrade to its X-Series family of network security platforms to include the X20, X30, X60 and X80-S. In October 2011, Crossbeam completed the portfolio with the and added the 6th generation Network Processor Module; the NPM-9610 and NPM-9650.
As an independent validation of the 6th generation X-Series platform performance, Crossbeam, together with Spirent, European Advanced Network Test Centre] (EANTC) and Heavy Reading set out to create a new real-world methodology for testing network security in the GPRS and 4G-LTE mobile operator network. This methodology was then independently tested by EANTC on the Crossbeam X80-S platform.
# Cerithiopsis amabilis

Cerithiopsis amabilis is a species of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cerithiopsidae. It was described by Bayle in 1880.
# Golden Parsonage

The Golden Parsonage is a Grade II* listed country house in Great Gaddesden, Hertfordshire, and is part of the Gaddesden Estate. The house remains in the ownership of the Halsey Family.

## History

The land upon which the Golden Parsonage sits, was once a part of the King's Langley Priory, having been owned on the Orders behalf by the Prioress of Dartford. Part of this land was farmed by John Halsey who tenanted at the site from 1520 onwards. Following the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the Priory closed and the land passed to The Crown. In 1544, the land was purchased for £174 13s 4d by William Halsey, John's son. The land was subsequently passed down the Halsey family. One of John's descendants, Thomas Halsey emigrated to Southampton, New York and in 1660 built Halsey House. Halsey House now stands as a museum and is one of the oldest buildings in New York.
The Golden Parsonage as it now stands is credited to Thomas Halsey (1655-1715), a Tory Member of Parliament for Hertfordshire, having been built in c. 1705. Thomas was married Anne, the daughter of noted alchemist, statesman and co-founder of the Royal Society, Thomas Henshaw. The avenue of Lime Trees was planted by Thomas's son, Henshaw Halsey, a monument for whom stands in St John the Baptish Church in Great Gaddesden, created by Flemish Sculptor John Michael Rysbrack.
In 1768, Thomas Halsey feeling that the Golden Parsonage was out of date, commissioned James Wyatt to design and build a new seat for the Halsey family in the style of a Palladian Villa. This would become Gaddesden Place. The family would live in Gaddesden Place until 1950, when Sir Thomas Halsey would return the family to the Golden Parsonage. Further alterations to the Parsonage would be made in 1869, when Frederick Halsey would build a Billiard room. With the Halsey family living at Gaddesden Place, the Golden Parsonage was used for other purposes. Most notably for sixty years starting in 1875, the house served as a boys prep school, of which Thomas J. Bata was a notable student.
Since their return in 1950, the Golden Parsonage has remained as the home of the Halsey family, and is currently overseen by Nicholas, Viola and Guy Halsey. The present head of the family however, is Rev. Brother John Halsey who eschews his inherited title.
# Auto Bild Suomi

Auto Bild Suomi is a biweekly magazine with a special focus on automobiles which is the Finnish edition of German magazine Auto Bild. It was started by Sanoma Magazines Finland in 2003, and the first issue appeared on 12 March 2004. The frequency of the magazine is biweekly, and it targets men aged 18-49. The magazine offers information on buying and using a car and features articles on test drives and comparisons of the new car models.
In 2005 Auto Bild Suomi was acquired by Fokus Media Finland based in Helsinki. The editor-in-chief of the magazine is Pekka Kaidesoja.
# Chlamydastis nestes

Chlamydastis nestes is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by August Busck in 1911. It is found in French Guiana.
The wingspan is 25–28 mm. The forewings are reddish white, strongly suffused with brown scales and with three blackish brown equidistant costal spots, the basal one the smallest, the outer most prominent, large triangular. There is a short deep black transverse dash at the end of the cell, preceded by a pure white spot, before which a thin longitudinal deep black line runs across the cell to the base of vein 11. There is also a large ill-defined cloud of dark brown scales above the tornus. The hindwings are dark brown.
# Jo Henderson

Jo Henderson (May 10, 1934 – August 6, 1988) was an American stage, film and television actress.

## Life and career

Born in Buffalo, Henderson grew up in Kalamazoo, Michigan and studied at the Michigan State University. She started her professional career in New York City, and was mainly active on stage, appearing both in Broadway and Off-Broadway works, as well as in regional playhouse productions.
In 1976, Henderson won an Obie Award for Distinguished Performance by an Actress for Ladyhouse Blues. In 1984, she received a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Play thanks to her performance in Play Memory, losing to Christine Baranski. Also active in films and on television, Henderson died in traffic collision in Chinle, Arizona, at the age of 54.

## Selected filmography

* Summer Solstice (TV, 1981)
* Lianna (1983)
* Murder in Coweta County (TV, 1983)
* All My Children (TV, 1985–88)
* Matewan (1987)
* Rachel River (1987)
# Digital reset

Digital reset or digitally reset may refer to:
* Digital reset (computing), the reset of a digital computer
* Digital reset (electronics), a cleared latch-state in electronics
* Digital reset (typesetting), a digitally prepared typeset for publication either from a previous digital typeset or a complete rework of a work previously published with traditional typeset
# Cryptodifflugiidae

Cryptodifflugiidae is a family of arcellinid testate amoebae.

## Description

Members of this family are conopodous (with conical pseudopods) amoebae with the body in a clear, usually firm, vase-shaped test, and conical pseudopods for locomotion that extend separately from the opening of the test.

## Classification

The classification of the family, as of 2019:
* Infraorder Phryganellina Bovee 1985
** Family Cryptodifflugiidae Penard 1890
*** Cryptodifflugia Cash 1904 – 23 species
*** Meisterfeldia Bobrov 2016 – 6 species
*** Wailesella Deflandre 1928 – 1 species
The 2022 classification places Meisterfeldia and Wailesella as Arcellinida incertae sedis, leaving Cryptodifflugia as the sole member of the family.
# African-American Film Critics Association Awards 2005

The 3rd African-American Film Critics Association Awards, honoring the best in filmmaking of 2005, were given on 30 December 2005.

## Top 10 Films

* Crash
* The Constant Gardener
* Good Night, and Good Luck.
* Brokeback Mountain
* Syriana
* Walk the Line
* Hustle & Flow
* Capote
* Batman Begins
* North Country

## Winners

* Achievement Honor:
** John Singleton; producer of Hustle & Flow
* Best Actor:
** Terrence Howard - Hustle & Flow
* Best Actress:
** Felicity Huffman - Transamerica
# Cerithiopsis berryi

Cerithiopsis berryi is a species of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the family Cerithiopsidae. It was described by Paul Bartsch in 1911.
# Gong Lake

Gong Lake is a lake in Algoma District, Ontario. It is part of the Sayme-Aubinadong-Gong Provincial Park protected area.
# Alfa-Beta Vassilopoulos

Alfa-Beta Vassilopoulos (Άλφα-Βήτα Βασιλόπουλος) or simply AB is a supermarket chain based in Greece.

## History

The company was established in 1939 in Athens, Greece, when brothers Gerasimos and Haralambos Vassilopoulos opened a small grocery shop, on Voulis Street, in downtown Athens. A few years later, they opened a second, larger shop on Stadiou Street, in Athens.
In 1969, Alfa-Beta Vassilopoulos S.A. was formed by Gerasimos & Haralambos Vasilopoulos and Haralambos Poriazis.
In 1970, the first 'real' supermarket was established in the Faros area of Psychiko, Athens. By 1989, AB had opened nine supermarkets in the greater Athens area.
In 1991, AB was listed on the Athens Stock Exchange. In the same year, the first AB MEGA supermarket was opened, in the area of Hellinikon, close to the old Athens Hellinikon International Airport.
In 1992, a new AB MEGA was built on the Athens-Lamia highway. In the meanwhile, AB was acquired by the Belgian retail company "Delhaize Group" (merged with Ahold to form Ahold Delhaize in 2015). In 1994, AB was the first supermarket company in Greece to introduce the barcode system at its cashiers.
Between 1995 and 1998, AB opened a large warehouse, in Mandra, Attica and in 2009 a larger one for fresh and perishables, in Oinofyta, Voiotia.
By 2000, AB had 53 shops in 11 cities in Greece. On 16 October 2000, AB acquired the TROFO and ENA Cash-and-Carry supermarket chains. In 2009, ΑΒ acquired the retail chain Κoryfi, enhancing both its network by 10 stores and its presence in Thrace.
# Živojin Rakočević

Živojin Rakočević (Serbian Cyrillic: Живојин Ракочевић; born 1973) is a Serbian journalist, writer, poet and publicist.

## Biography

Rakočević was born in 1973 in the village of Sela, SR Montenegro, SFR Yugoslavia.
He graduated from the Faculty of Philology at the University of Priština and received his master's degree from the University of Belgrade.
He is the former editor-in-chief of KIM Radio and a former member of the Republic Broadcasting Agency from 2009 to 2014.
He was a board member of the Anti-Corruption Agency from 2018 to 2020. He has been writing for Politika for more than ten years.
He has been the director of the Gračanica Cultural Center since 2013.
He is a member of the management board of the Association of Journalists of Serbia (UNS) and was the vice president of UNS from 2009 to 2013. He is currently the president of UNS.
Together with Mitar Reljić, he visited and photographed numerous Serbian cemeteries, many of which were destroyed by planning, in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija. Reljić's book Serbian Cemeteries in Kosovo and Metohija: Destroyed Monumental and Linguistic Heritage was born out of that undertaking.
He published several books of poetry and publications. His poems have been published in national, regional and one American magazine.

## Publications

* Bogu dušu
* Žitije kamena
* Čekajući metastazu
* Pronađeno pozorište
* Povratak u katakombe
* Glad
* Nagrađeni zločin

## Awards

* "Brank's Award" of Matica Srpska
* "Milan Pantić" award for investigative journalism and courage in reporting on events related to the pogrom of Serbs on 17 March 2004
* University Award of Priština
* "Lazar Vučković" Award
* Award "Kondir of Kosovo girl".
* "Grigorije Božović" Award
* The "Seal of Herzeg Šćepan" Award
* Gran pri pro poet
# John Peoples

John Peoples may refer to:
* John Peoples (educator), president of Jackson State University
* John Peoples Jr. American physicist
# Dresden Township, Chickasaw County, Iowa

Dresden Township is one of twelve townships in Chickasaw County, Iowa, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 822.

## History

Dresden Township was organized in 1859.

## Geography

Dresden Township covers an area of 35.98 square miles (93.2 km$^2$) and contains no incorporated settlements. The western portion of the city of Fredericksburg impacts eastern Dresden Township. The unincorporated hamlet of Williamstown is at the intersection of 270th Street and Mission Avenue. According to the USGS, it contains three cemeteries: North East Iowa Garden of Memories, Saint Johns and West.
Marsh Creek and other streams meander through Dresden Township, connecting to the East Fork Wapsipinicon River as it flows through the township.

## Transportation

Dresden Township contains one airport or landing strip, McFarland Hereford Farm Landing Strip. Highway US-18 traverses the township as 270th Street.