OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Babcock model

In solar physics, the Babcock model and its variants describe a mechanism with which they attempt to explain magnetic and sunspot patterns observed on the Sun. It is named after Horace W. Babcock.

## History

The modern understanding of sunspots starts with George Ellery Hale, who linked magnetic fields and sunspots. Hale suggested that the sunspot cycle period is 22 years, covering two polar reversals of the solar magnetic dipole field.
Horace W. Babcock proposed in 1961 a qualitative model for solar dynamics. On the largest scale, the Sun supports an oscillatory magnetic field, with a quasi-steady periodicity of 22 years. This oscillation is known as the Babcock-Leighton dynamo cycle, proposed by Robert B. Leighton, amounting to the oscillatory exchange of energy between poloidal and toroidal solar magnetic field ingredients.

## Babcock-Leighton dynamo cycle

A half-dynamo-cycle corresponds to a single sunspot solar cycle. At a solar maximum, the external poloidal dipolar magnetic field is near its dynamo-cycle minimum strength, but an internal toroidal quadrupolar field, generated through differential rotation, is near its maximum strength. At this point in the dynamo cycle, buoyant upwelling within the convective zone forces the emergence of a toroidal magnetic field through the photosphere, giving rise to patches of concentrated magnetic field corresponding to sunspots.
During the solar cycle’s declining phase, energy shifts from the internal toroidal magnetic field to the external poloidal field, and sunspots diminish in number. At a solar-cycle minimum, the toroidal field is, correspondingly, at minimum strength, sunspots are few in number, and the poloidal field is at its maximum strength. With the rise of the next 11-year sunspot cycle, magnetic energy shifts back from the poloidal to the toroidal field, but with a polarity that is opposite to the previous cycle. The process carries on continuously, and in an idealized, simplified scenario, each 11-year sunspot cycle corresponds to a change in the overall polarity of the Sun's large-scale magnetic field.
# 8th Secretariat of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola

The 8th Secretariat of the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), officially the 8th Secretariat of the Political Bureau of the MPLA Central Committee, was elected at the 1st Ordinary Meeting of the 8th Politburo on 14 December 2021.

## Members

| Rank | Name | 7th SEC | 7th SEC | Title | Gender |
| Rank | Name | New | Rank | Title | Gender |
| 1 | João Manuel Gonçalves Lourenço | Old | 1 | MPLA President | Male |
| 2 | Luísa Pedro Francisco Damião | Old | 1 | MPLA Vice President | Female |
| 3 | Paulo Pombolo | Old | 1 | MPLA General Secretary | Male |
| 4 | Jorge Inocêncio Dombolo | Old | 1 | Secretary of Organisation and Societal Insertion | Male |
| 5 | Maria Idalina Valente | Old | 1 | Secretary of Economic Policy | Female |
| 6 | Maricel Marinho da Silva Capama | Old | 1 | Secretary of Social Policy | Female |
| 7 | Mário Pinto de Andrade | Old | 1 | Secretary of State Reform, Public Administration and Municipalities | Male |
| 8 | Rui Luís Falcão Pinto de Andrade | Old | 1 | Secretary of Information and Propaganda | Male |
| 9 | João de Almeida Azevedo Martins | Old | 1 | Secretary of Political and Electoral Affairs | Male |
| 10 | Manuel Domingos Augusto | Old | 1 | Secretary of International Relations | Male |
| 11 | Maria Ângela Teixeira de Alves S. Bragança | Old | 1 | Secretary of Staff Policy | Female |
| 12 | Pedro de Morais Neto | Old | 1 | Secretary of Former Combatants and Veterans of the Homeland | Male |
| 13 | Carla Maria Leitão Ribeiro de Sousa | Old | 1 | Secretary of Administration and Finance | Female |
| 14 | Virgílio Ferreira de Fontes Pereira | Old | 1 | President of the MPLA Parliamentary Group | Male |
| 15 | Marie Antoinette Baptista | Old | 1 | Coordinator of the Discipline and Audit Committee | Female |
| 16 | Joana Domingos dos Santos Filipe Tomás | Old | 1 | General Secretary of the Organisation of Angolan Women | Female |
| 17 | Crispiniano Vivaldino E. dos Santos | Old | 1 | First National Secretary of the Youth of MPLA | Male |
# Clydesdale Bank £50 note

The Clydesdale Bank £50 note was a sterling banknote. Until its withdrawal it was the second largest denomination of banknote issued by the Clydesdale Bank. The last cotton note, first issued in 2009 bears a portrait of Elsie Inglis, founder of the Scottish Women's Hospitals, on the obverse and an image of the Antonine Wall on the reverse.

## History

The Clydesdale Bank began issuing banknotes (although not in £50 denominations) in 1838, the same year as the bank's founding. Early banknotes were monochrome, and printed on one side only. The issuing of banknotes by Scottish banks was regulated by the Banknote (Scotland) Act 1845 until it was superseded by the Banking Act 2009. Though strictly not legal tender in Scotland, Scottish banknotes are nevertheless legal currency and are generally accepted throughout the United Kingdom. Scottish banknotes are fully backed such that holders have the same level of protection as those holding genuine Bank of England notes. The £50 note was the second largest denomination of banknote issued by the Clydesdale Bank.
The Famous Scots issue of the £50 note featuring economist Adam Smith was introduced in 1981. On the reverse of this note are several images representing engineering and agricultural machinery in the eighteenth century. The current World Heritage series £50 note was introduced in 2009. This note features a portrait of Elsie Inglis on the front, and an image of the Antonine Wall on the back.
The Clydesdale Bank £50 note was withdrawn from circulation on 30 September 2022. At present no successor polymer note has been issued.

## Designs

| Note | First issued | Colour | Size | Design | Additional information |
| Famous Scots | 1981 | Green | 156 × 85 mm | Front: Adam Smith; Back: Various images | Withdrawn 30 September 2022 |
| World Heritage | 2009 | Green | 156 × 85 mm | Front: Elsie Inglis; Back: Antonine Wall | Withdrawn 30 September 2022 |
Information taken from The Committee of Scottish Bankers website.
# Iwan Ries and Co.

Iwan Ries and Company is a tobacconist located in Chicago, Illinois. One of the oldest family-owned tobacco companies in North America, the company traces its history back to E. Hoffman & Co, which was formed in 1857 and originally owned by Edward Hoffman. The current shop is located on the second floor at 19 Wabash Ave in downtown Chicago.

## History

Following the Chicago Fire on October 8, 1871, the Sherman House hotel, where the E. Hoffman & Co. was based out of, was destroyed and rebuilt. As business grew after the fire, Edward realized that he could not run the company alone and in 1891 he recruited his nephew, Iwan Ries to join him. Iwan Ries and Co. is the oldest tobacconist in Chicago.
Edward retired in 1898. Iwan sold the manufacturing business and changed the store to Iwan Ries & Co.
In 1968, the company purchased 19 S Wabash, built in 1881, where the store is located today. Also known as the Jewelers Building, it is one of the oldest surviving buildings designed by Adler & Sullivan.
Three Star Tobacco, a private label pipe tobacco blend was developed in the 1950s by Iwan Ries & Co.
Visitors can purchase day passes to the lounge to enjoy cigars either purchased from Iwan Ries and Co., or they can bring their own.
In August 2017, The Blackstone hotel announced a partnership with Iwan Ries and Co., where hotel guests would have exclusive access to The Iwan Ries Lounge.
Iwan Ries and Co. is currently managed by Kevin Levi.
# Jason Russo

Jason Russo may refer to:
* Jason John Russo, former vocalist with the heavy metal band Herod
* Jason Sebastian Russo (born 1973), singer and guitarist with the psychedelic rock band Hopewell
# Pongsan County

Pongsan County is a county in North Hwanghae province, North Korea.

## Administrative divisions

Pongsan county is divided into 1 ŭp (town), 1 rodongjagu (workers' district) and 18 ri (villages):
| Pongsan-ŭp Songjŏng-rodongjagu Chit'am-ri Ch'ŏndŏng-ri Ch'ŏnggye-ri Ch'ŏngryong-ri Kach'ol-li Kuŭp-ri Kuyŏl-li Kwanjŏng-ri | Masal-li Obong-ri Ryujŏng-ri Samch'ŏl-li Songsal-li Sugong-ri Tokchŏng-ri Tosŏng-ri Ŭnjŏng-ri Yosong-ri |

## Transport

Pongsan county is served by several stations on the P'yŏngbu and Hwanghae Ch'ŏngnyŏn lines of the Korean State Railway.
# Pietro Vecchia (bishop)

Pietro Vecchia, O.S.B. (8 January 1628 – July 1695) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Molfetta (1691–1695) and Bishop of Andria (1690–1691).

## Biography

Pietro Vecchia was born in Venice, Italy on 8 January 1628 and ordained a priest in the Order of Saint Benedict. On 6 March 1690, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Alexander VIII as Bishop of Andria. On 6 March 1690, he was consecrated bishop by Pietro Francesco Orsini de Gravina, Archbishop of Benevento, with Giuseppe Bologna, Archbishop Emeritus of Benevento, and Gregorio Giuseppe Gaetani de Aragonia, Titular Archbishop of Neocaesarea in Ponto, serving as co-consecrators. On 19 December 1691, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XII as Bishop of Molfetta. He served as Bishop of Molfetta until his death in July 1695.

## Episcopal succession

While bishop, Vecchia was the principal co-consecrator of:
* Bartolomeo Riberi, Bishop of Nicotera (1691);
* Carolus de Tilly, Bishop of Acerra (1692); and
* Francesco Antonio Triveri, Bishop of Andria (1692).
# Pirganj Upazila

Pirganj Upazila may refer to:
* Pirganj Upazila, Rangpur
* Pirganj Upazila, Thakurgaon
# Estonia at the 2019 Military World Games

Estonia competed at the 2019 Military World Games held in Wuhan, China from 18 to 27 October 2019. In total, athletes representing Estonia won one silver medal and the country finished in 49th place in the medal table.

## Medal summary
### Medal by sports

Medals by sport :
| Sport | | | | Total |
| Wrestling | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |

### Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| Silver | Heiki Nabi | Wrestling | Men's Greco-Roman 130 kg |
# ONgoye Forest

oNgoye Forest, also known as Ngoye or Ngoya Forest, is an ancient coastal scarp forest, protected by the oNgoye Forest Reserve in South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal province. The forest of almost 4,000 ha covers an extensive granite ridge that rises from 200 to 460 metres above sea level. It is found some 10 km inland, or 16 km by road, from the coastal town of Mtunzini, and adjoins smaller forest reserves on its periphery, namely Impeshulu in the west, Ezigwayini in the north, and Dengweni in the south.

## History and status

The Zulu king Mpande is the first known person to have afforded protection to oNgoye Forest in the 1800s. Commercial logging occurred in the forest between 1909 and 1924.
The area became an official conservation area in 1992. Cattle grazing, crop cultivation and limited utilization of trees however occur in the protected area, and the edge of the forest is subjected to periodic burning which may reduce the forest area.

## Significance

This relict patch of transitional Afromontane-coastal forest is home to rare and endemic species.
It was home to the giant Wood's cycad which is extinct in the wild since the early 1900s, but the oNgoye dwarf cycad, Ground cycad and Natal grass cycad still occur.
It is home to the endemic race ornatus of the Red bush squirrel, the endemic race woodwardi of Woodward's barbet, two undescribed dwarf chameleons similar to the Qudeni dwarf chameleon, the rare Forest green butterfly and the oNgoye centipede.
This forest is an important breeding area for the Eastern bronze-naped pigeon and home to the endangered Spotted ground thrush. At least 165 species of birds have been identified in the area.
Rare trees include Giant umzimbeet, Forest mangosteen, Forest waterberry, Giant pock ironwood, Zulu bead-string, Natal krantz ash, Natal elm and the Pondo fig. Besides the Pondo fig, another six species of Ficus occur.
Bird species diversity and guild composition between the edge (5–10 m from the margin) of primary forest abutting grassland and the deep interior (above 500 m from the margin) in the Dngoye Forest Reserve were compared. Edge and interior sites were chosen that were homogeneous with respect to habitat physiognomy i.e. influences of habitat structure and complexity were insignificant. There were no statistical differences in bird species diversity between the forest edge and interior. However, there was significantly greater species turnover at the edge. The difference in bird species composition between the forest edge and interior was due to various edge-effects: removal of dead wood for firewood, soil compaction by cattle, and generally greater levels of disturbance. We question the wisdom of the generally applied edge-effect principle in the conservation of forest biodiversity. It was suggested that the principle be applied only once there has been critical appraisal of the extent, nature, and effect of an edge and a clear conservation objective with regard to forest birds.
# Itzik Cohen

Itzik Cohen may refer to:
* Itzik Cohen (footballer, born 1983), Israeli footballer
* Itzik Cohen (footballer, born 1990), Israeli footballer
* Itzik Cohen (actor) (born 1968), Israeli actor, filmmaker, and television producer
* Itzik Cohen (officer) (born 1977), Israeli military officer
# Humanistic intelligence

Humanistic Intelligence (HI) is defined, in the context of wearable computing, by Marvin Minsky, Ray Kurzweil, and Steve Mann, as follows:
   Humanistic Intelligence [HI] is intelligence that arises because of a human being in the feedback loop of a computational process, where the human and computer are inextricably intertwined. When a wearable computer embodies HI and becomes so technologically advanced that its intelligence matches our own biological brain, something much more powerful emerges from this synergy that gives rise to superhuman intelligence within the single “cyborg” being.
More generally (beyond only wearable computing), HI describes the creation of intelligence that results from a feedback loop between a computational process and a human being, where the human and computer are inextricably intertwined.
In the field of human-computer interaction (HCI) it has been common to think of the human and computer as separate entities. HCI emphasizes this separateness by treating the human and computer as different entities that interact. However, HI theory thinks of the wearer and the computer with its associated input and output facilities not as separate entities, but regards the computer as a second brain and its sensory modalities as additional senses, in which synthetic synesthesia merges with the wearer's senses. When a wearable computer functions in a successful embodiment of HI, the computer uses the human's mind and body as one of its peripherals, just as the human uses the computer as a peripheral. This reciprocal relationship is at the heart of HI.

## Courses

The principles are taught in a variety of university courses, such as:
* CSE40814, Mobile Computing, Fall 2014, University of Notre Dame
* ECE516, Intelligent Image Processing, 1998-2022, University of Toronto
* ECE1724, "Superhumachines" (Super-human-machine intelligence), University of Toronto
* Course: Wearable Computing, VAK: 03-799.01, Time: Mo, 13-15, Place: 1.51 TAB (ECO5), Instructor: Dr. Holger Kenn, Microsoft EMIC, Monday: Tel: 3035, TAB, 1.92, Universität Bremen
# 55th parallel

55th parallel may refer to:
* 55th parallel north, a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere
* 55th parallel south, a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere
# Jazz Nocturne

Jazz Nocturne is an album by saxophonist Lee Konitz's Quartet, recorded in 1992 for the Japanese Venus label and released in the US on the Evidence label.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
The AllMusic review stated: "Konitz digs into seven standards with an impressive rhythm section (pianist Kenny Barron, bassist James Genus and drummer Kenny Washington) and constantly comes up with interesting ideas and new twists. There are no phony disguises of familiar tunes with new titles on this date; just creative blowing. ... This CD is recommended as a strong example of Lee Konitz's playing in the '90s".

## Track listing

* "You'd Be So Nice to Come Home To" (Cole Porter) – 6:14
* "Everything Happens to Me" (Matt Dennis, Tom Adair) – 7:18
* "Alone Together"(Arthur Schwartz, Howard Dietz) – 9:15
* "Misty" (Erroll Garner) – 5:50
* "Body and Soul" (Johnny Green, Frank Eyton, Edward Heyman, Robert Sour) – 8:52
* "My Funny Valentine" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) – 7:04
* "In a Sentimental Mood" (Duke Ellington) – 6:21

## Personnel

* Lee Konitz – alto saxophone, soprano saxophone
* Kenny Barron – piano
* James Genus – bass (tracks 1 & 3-7)
* Kenny Washington – drums (tracks 1 & 3-7)
# Pop Machine the Album

Pop Machine the Album: A Collective of Artists Turning Heads This 2020 is the third tribute album to the Philippine alternative rock band Eraserheads. It was released on June 12, 2020 by Noisemakers. The album features covers of Eraserheads songs as performed by Filipino artists, which were gradually released throughout late 2019 and early 2020.

## Content

Leanne and Naara shared their experience covering "Alapaap" in an interview with Bandwagon Asia. "One of the really exciting things that we got to do for this track was the vocals," they said. "We just went crazy with it. It helped us get into this carefree mindset that is the very essence of this song."
According to Lola Amour bassist Raymond King, his band's cover of "Shake Yer Head" was inspired by the song "Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours" by Stevie Wonder.
For her cover of "Huwag Kang Matakot", Reese Lansangan interpreted the song's lyrics as being from a mother's perspective to her child as “giving comfort and courage”.
# Pietro Luigi Malaspina

Pietro Luigi Malaspina, C.R. (1637 – December, 1705) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Massa Marittima (1695–1705) and Bishop of Cortona (1684–1695).

## Biography

Pietro Luigi Malaspina was born in Florence, Italy in 1637 and ordained a priest in the Congregation of Clerics Regular of the Divine Providence. On 2 October 1684, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XI as Bishop of Cortona. On 8 October 1684, he was consecrated bishop by Alessandro Crescenzi (cardinal), Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca, with Pier Antonio Capobianco, Bishop Emeritus of Lacedonia, and Benedetto Bartolo, Bishop of Belcastro, serving as co-consecrators. On 2 May 1695, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Innocent XII as Bishop of Massa Marittima. He served as Bishop of Massa Marittima until his death in December 1705.
# BAA Indianapolis

BAA Indianapolis was a planned basketball team in the Basketball Association of America (BAA), a forerunner of the modern National Basketball Association (NBA), based in Indianapolis. They ceased operation before the start of the 1946–47 BAA season.
# Pinskaja Šliachta

Pinskaja Šliachta [Pinsk Nobility] (1866) is one of the most famous plays by Vincent Dunin-Marcynkievič (1808–1884), a classic writer of Belarusian literature who stood at the origins of the national literary language and professional dramatic arts.

## Background

The play was written in 1866, possibly during the writer's incarceration for his family's participation in the January Uprising of 1863. However, it was only published in the magazine "Volnaja Belarus" [Free Belarus] (Nos. 30–31) in 1918, with the second edition published in 1923. The long delay in publication was due to the radical content of Pinskaja Šliachta that could not bypass the tsarist censorship.
The play shows the haughtiness and self-conceit of the Belarusian petty nobility, who feel insulted if called "peasants" though they do not differ much from the villagers in their life style or economic status. At the same time they fear the Russian imperial authorities as those who have power over them. They are no longer portrayed as a noble class, but as a symbol of backwardness. The author shows his disenchantment with the role of the Belarusian gentry as a reaction to the failure of the January Uprising and consequent national humiliation. At the same time Dunin-Marcynkievič ridicules the tsarist court and the pettifoggery and bribe-taking of the Russian imperial bureaucrats who themselves breach the law and deliver absurd judgements.

## Plot

In the sticks of Pinsk district in the second half of the 19th century, life is always the same for local gentry men. They run their simple households, publicly display their pride, and fight with anyone who dares to think or say they are “peasants”. But everything changes when Kručkoŭ, a Russian imperial official comes to resolve a conflict between two noblemen, Cichan Pratasavicki and Ivan Ciuchaj-Lipski.
After Kručkoŭ's arrival, the action becomes a whirlwind sucking in all other characters. While the dumbfounded gentry is watching the imperial official settling their dispute and at the same time fleecing them of all their money, packages of loot are carried away in a squeaky cart.
# Ornativalva rufipuncta

Ornativalva rufipuncta is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Sattler in 1976. It is found in southern Iran.
# O dia das calças roladas

O dia das calças roladas is a Capeverdean novel published in 1982 by Germano Almeida.
The book was first published on Ilhéu Editora. The story is about an account of a strike that happened on the island of Santo Antão.
# J28

J28 may refer to:
* J/28, an American sailboat
* County Route J28 (California)
* de Havilland J 28 Vampire, a British jet fighter in service with the Swedish Air Force
* Jacks, Twos, and Eights, a card game
* Pennsylvania Railroad class J28, an American steam locomotive
* Square orthobicupola, a Johnson solid (J$_{28}$)
# Clivina sagittaria

Clivina sagittaria is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Scaritinae. It was described by Henry Walter Bates in 1892.
# It's Christmas Time

It's Christmas Time may refer to:

## Albums

* It's Christmas Time (Elvis Presley album), a 1985 reissue of Elvis' Christmas Album (1957)
* It's Christmas Time (Judith Durham album), 2013
* It's Christmas Time, by Cascada, 2012

## Songs

* "It's Christmas Time" (Sarah Engels song), 2011
* "It's Christmas Time" (Status Quo song), 2008
* "It's Christmas Time", a song by Macklemore, 2019