OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School

Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School existed as a legal entity for 13 years, as the midpoint of a series of mergers which strategically consolidated the many small medical schools in west London into one large institution under the aegis of Imperial College London.
In 1984, Charing Cross Hospital Medical School and Westminster Hospital Medical School merged to form the Charing Cross and Westminster Medical School. This move was part of a series of mergers in the London medical schools in the early 1980s, which foreshadowed the second, larger round of mergers in the late 1990s.
Based at the Charing Cross Hospital site in Hammersmith and Chelsea and Westminster Hospital in Chelsea, the new medical school took the form of its larger precursor (CXHMS) in using "X" as an abbreviation for "Cross". The medical school also maintained academic units at the university hospitals of Queen Mary's Roehampton, West Middlesex, Ashford and Hillingdon.
In 1997, CXWMS merged with Imperial College, London (whose medical department was at St Mary's Hospital Medical School), The National Heart and Lung Institute and the Royal Postgraduate Medical School to form Imperial College School of Medicine.

## Student life

Students' Union based around the Reynolds Bar. CXWSU merged in Imperial College School of Medicine Students' Union in 1997.

## Deans

| YEAR | DEAN | PRESIDENT |
| 2000-1 | Prof JMA Whitehouse | – |
| 1999-0 | Prof JMA Whitehouse | – |
| 1998-9 | Prof JMA Whitehouse | Wade Gayed |
| 1997-8 | Prof JMA Whitehouse | Nick Carter |
| 1996-7 | Prof RM Greenhalgh | – |
| 1995-6 | Prof RM Greenhalgh | Christina Dale |
| 1994-5 | Prof RM Greenhalgh | – Dwynwen Roberts |
| 1993-4 | Prof RM Greenhalgh | – Andy Carne |
| 1992-3 | Mr JEH Pendower | – Cliona Kirwan |
| 1991-2 | Mr JEH Pendower | – Stana Bojanic |
| 1990-1 | Mr JEH Pendower | – Eddie Strivens |
| 1989-90 | Mr JEH Pendower | – Roby Rakhit |
| 1988-9 | Professor Tony Glenister | – Abigail Samuels |
| 1987-8 | Professor Tony Glenister | – |
| 1986-7 | Professor Tony Glenister– | – |
| 1985-6 | Professor Tony Glenister | – |
| 1984-5 | – | – |

## Notable alumni

* Mark Porter - The Times and Radio 4 doctor
* Dawn Harper - Embarrassing Bodies on Channel 4
* Gary O'Driscoll - Arsenal team doctor
* Ayan Panja - Presenter of Health Check on BBC World News
* Fintan Coyle - Presenter of Speakeasy and inventor of "The Weakest Link"
* Masood Ahmed - Chief Medical Officer, Black Country & West Birmingham CCG, former Global Medical Director for Dell
* Andy Cole - Orthopaedic Surgeon Southampton and SAC advisor
* Laura Waters - HIV Consultant, Chair of BHIVA and columnist for Boyz magazine
# Intrauterine epidermal necrosis

Intrauterine epidermal necrosis is a cutaneous condition that is rapidly fatal, characterized by skin erosions and ulcerations only.
# Senator Wise

Senator Wise may refer to:
* Bob Wise (born 1948), West Virginia State Senate
* Henry A. Wise (New York state senator) (1906–1982), New York State Senate
* J. J. Wise (1867–1930), Ohio State Senate
* Max Wise (born 1975), Kentucky State Senate
* Seelig Wise (1913–2004), Mississippi State Senate
* Stephen R. Wise (born 1941), Florida State Senate
* Thomas Dewey Wise (born 1939), South Carolina State Senate
# Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar

Scouting and Guiding in Gibraltar exist as branches of the parent organisations in the United Kingdom.

## Gibraltar Scouts

Gibraltar Scouts operates as a branch of the United Kingdom Scout Association, due to Gibraltar's affiliation as a British overseas territory. Gibraltar Boy Scouts were first recognised as a Branch of the Boy Scouts Association of the United Kingdom in 1913

### History

The first overseas troop of The Scout Association, the 1st Gibraltar Scout Troop, was established on 27 March 1908. It has since amalgamated with the 4th Gibraltar Scout Troop, becoming the 1st/4th Gibraltar (Marques of Milford Haven's Own) Scout Group. This is the largest Group in Gibraltar with a membership of 180 members divided into two Beaver colonies, two Cub packs, two Scout troops, one Explorer Unit and a Corps of Drums. The 2nd Gibraltar Boy Scout Troop was formed in 1910. The first Wolf Cub Pack in Gibraltar was formed in 1914. The first Rover Crew was formed by the 2nd Gibraltar Scout Group in 1928. The 3rd and 4th Gibraltar Scout Troop were formed prior to 1913.
The Gibraltar Sea Scouts arose from an amalgamation of the 5th Gibraltar Sea Scouts, formed in 1914, with the 3rd Gibraltar Sea Scouts Group. The Group is Royal Navy recognised. The group is well known for its band, the Gibraltar Sea Scouts Pipe Band.
In 2008, to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the formation of Scouting in Gibraltar, the Gibraltar Parliament passed a motion conferring Freedom of the City of Gibraltar on The Scout Association (Gibraltar Branch).

### Program

The Gibraltar Scout Promise and Law, as well as other Scouting requirements, closely follow that of the UK. Although the program activities are taken from the British system, Gibraltar Scouting is geared to the local way of life. Training for Wood Badge and leader training are conducted with the help of British and nearby affiliated Scout associations. Gibraltar Scouts participate in numerous camps and events in Gibraltar as well as throughout the UK and southern Spain.

## Girlguiding Gibraltar

Girlguiding Gibraltar (formerly Gibraltar Girl Guide Association) is a Guiding organization in Gibraltar. It is one of the nine branch associations of Girlguiding UK. It is represented by Girlguiding UK at World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS) level and Girlguiding UK's Chief Guide is also Chief Guide for Girlguiding Gibraltar. The program is a modified form of Guiding in the United Kingdom, adapted to suit local conditions, with the same promise, and Rainbow, Brownie, Guide and Ranger groups.

### History

The first Girl Guides troop in Gibraltar was formed in summer 1914, its creation was reported to the Colonial Secretary on 28 August 1914. However, the official founding year of the branch is given with 1925 and was remembered by three stamps issued on 10 October 1975.
In April 2009 the Gibraltar Parliament conferred the Honorary Freedom of the City of Gibraltar upon the local Girl Guide movement in recognition of decades of positive contribution to the community.
# Fretwell

Fretwell is a surname which may refer to:
* David Fretwell (born 1952), English footballer
* Des Fretwell (born 1955), British cyclist
* Elbert K. Fretwell (1878–1962), American professor of education
* Elbert K. Fretwell Jr. (1923–2012), American academic and university chancellor
* Elizabeth Fretwell (1920–2006), Australian soprano
* Sir John Fretwell (1930–2017), British diplomat
* Stephen Fretwell (born 1981), English singer-songwriter
# Orthoprosopa bilineata

Orthoprosopa bilineata is a species of hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

New Zealand.
# Artocarpus teysmannii

Artocarpus teysmannii, also known as cempedak air in Malay and as tilap in Indonesia, is a species of flowering plant, a fruit tree in the fig family, that is native to Southeast Asia.

## Description

The species grows as a monoecious tree to 45 m in height, with a bole of up to 7 m, small buttresses, and with white latex. The oval leaves are 15–35 cm long by 5–17 cm wide. The globular inflorescences occur in the leaf axils. The fruits are cylindrical or oblong syncarpous infructescences, 8.5–12 cm by 3–6 cm in diameter, covered by short, flexible, conical spines, and ripening brownish-yellow. The seeds are covered by an edible, sweet, white aril.

## Distribution and habitat

The species is found in the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Sulawesi, the Sulu Archipelago and New Guinea, where it occurs naturally in lowland and hill mixed dipterocarp forest, as well as in swamp forest, up to an elevation of 1,000 m.
# Pentalenolactone D synthase

Pentalenolactone D synthase (EC 1.14.13.170, penE (gene), pntE (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-deoxy-11-oxopentalenate,NADH:oxygen oxidoreductase (pentalenolactone-D forming). This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    1-deoxy-11-oxopentalenate + NADPH + H$^+$ + O$_2$ $\rightleftharpoons$ pentalenolactone D + NADP$^+$ + H$_2$O
Pentalenolactone D synthase is a FAD-dependent oxygenase.
# Māngarongaro

Māngarongaro may be,
* Mangarongaro atoll
* Mangarongaro language
# Hi! Hi! Hi!

"Hi! Hi! Hi!" is a 1986 song performed by German pop singer Sandra. It was written by Michael Cretu, Hubert Kemmler and Klaus Hirschburger, and produced by Cretu and Armand Volker.
The song was released as the second single from Sandra's second solo studio album, Mirrors, in autumn 1986. It was commercially successful, reaching the Top 10 in Germany, and the Top 20 in Austria, France and Switzerland. It also peaked on the airplay chart in Austria at No. 11. and in Germany at No. 12.
The music video for the song was directed by DoRo (Rudi Dolezal and Hannes Rossacher). The clip was released on Sandra's VHS video compilations Ten on One (The Singles) and 18 Greatest Hits, released in 1987 and 1992, respectively, as well as the 2003 DVD The Complete History.
A new remix of the song was included on Sandra's retrospective album Reflections (2006).

## Formats and track listings

* 7" single
    A. "Hi! Hi! Hi!" – 3:31
    B. "You'll Be Mine" – 4:33
* 12" single
    A. "Hi! Hi! Hi!" (Extended Version) – 6:12
    B1. "You'll Be Mine" – 4:33
    B2. "Hi! Hi! Hi!" – 3:31

## Charts

Weekly chart performance for "Hi! Hi! Hi!" :
| Chart (1986) | Peak position |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 12 |
| Europe (European Hot 100 Singles) | 23 |
| Europe (European Airplay Top 50) | 45 |
| France (SNEP) | 13 |
| Greece (IFPI) | 2 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 47 |
| South Africa (Springbok Radio) | 4 |
| Spain (AFYVE) | 36 |
| Switzerland (Schweizer Hitparade) | 20 |
| West Germany (Official German Charts) | 7 |
# International Philosophical Quarterly

The International Philosophical Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal edited by a group of academics at Fordham University, with the collaboration of the Université de Namur in Belgium. The journal was established in 1961 to provide a publishing forum for the international exchange of basic philosophical ideas. It is published by the Philosophy Documentation Center.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Academic Search
* L'Année philologique
* Arts & Humanities Citation Index
* ATLA Religion Database
* Current Contents/Arts & Humanities
* Expanded Academic ASAP
* FRANCIS
* Index Philosophicus
* Index Religiosus
* InfoTrac OneFile
* International Bibliography of Periodical Literature
* International Philosophical Bibliography
* MLA International Bibliography
* The Philosopher's Index
* PhilPapers
* ProQuest databases
* VINITI Database RAS
* Scopus
* TOC Premier
# Freshman (disambiguation)

A freshman is a first-year student.
Freshman or Freshmen (or The Freshman or The Freshmen) may also refer to:

## Film and television

* The Freshman (1925 film), a Harold Lloyd film
* The Freshman (1990 film), a film starring Marlon Brando and Matthew Broderick
* "The Freshman" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer)
* "The Freshmen", a Gossip Girl episode
* The Freshman (Première année), a 2018 French film directed by Thomas Lilti

## Music

* Freshman Guitars, a Scottish guitar company launched in 2002
* The Freshmen (band), an Irish showband
* Freshmen (album), by Nesian Mystik
* "The Freshmen" (song), by The Verve Pipe
* The Freshmen, a music discussion program on MTVu

## Print

* Freshmen (comics)
* Freshmen (magazine)
# Oryx (website)

Oryx, or Oryxspioenkop, is a Dutch open-source intelligence defence analysis website, and warfare research group. According to Oryx, the term spionkop (Afrikaans for "spy hill") "refers to a place from where one can watch events unfold around the world".
Oryx was created by Stijn Mitzer and Joost Oliemans, who have also written two books on the Korean People's Army. Both have previously worked for Netherlands-based Bellingcat. Oliemans also worked for Janes Information Services, a British open-source military intelligence company. After Stijn Mitzer and Joost Oliemans retired from the Oryx Blog, a long-time contributor Jakub Janovsky took over as the site administrator.

## History

Oryx was started in 2013, and initially focused on Syria and later on the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War.
The blog gained international prominence through its work during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, counting and keeping track of material losses based on visual evidence and open-source intelligence from social media. It has been regularly cited in major media, including Reuters, BBC News, The Guardian, The Economist, Newsweek, CNN, and CBS News. Forbes has called Oryx "the most reliable source in the conflict so far", calling its services "outstanding". Because it reports only visually confirmed losses, Forbes claimed that Oryx's tallies of equipment losses have formed absolute minimum baselines for loss estimates.
In June 2023, former General David Petraeus commended Oryx: "In this and age of open source media and intelligence, there is a website that actually tracks absolutely confirmed, verified destruction of, say, tanks and infantry fighting vehicles. (...) This is confirmed by photograph[s], with metadata, so that you make sure you don't double-count, etc."
On 19 June 2023, Oryx announced that the blog would end on 1 October 2023. In the statement posted on Twitter, Oryx explained that the blog had been created a decade earlier "out of boredom", and that the project – which had been conducted "in our free time" and without any pay – had turned into an "all-consuming project" that had not resulted in any jobs and which "just doesn't make me happy anymore". In a follow-up statement, Oryx clarified that the list covering losses in Russia's invasion of Ukraine would continue to be updated until the end of the war by long-time contributor Jakub Janovsky and the open-source intelligence group WarSpotting.
# Ashok Kumar Patel

Ashok Kumar Patel is an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament, representing Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh in the Lok Sabha, the lower house of India's Parliament as a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
# Pentalenic acid synthase

Pentalenic acid synthase (EC 1.14.15.11, CYP105D7, sav7469 (gene)) is an enzyme with systematic name 1-deoxypentalenate,reduced ferredoxin:O2 oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    1-deoxypentalenate + reduced ferredoxin + O$_2$ $\rightleftharpoons$ pentalenate + oxidized ferredoxin + H$_2$O
Pentalenic acid synthase is a heme-thiolate enzyme (P-450).
# Nathaniel Bryceson

Nathaniel Bryceson (5 June 1826 – 23 March 1911) was a Victorian clerk remembered for his diary which gives a rare, detailed insight into the daily life of the mid nineteenth century.

## Early life

Nathaniel was born in the workhouse on 5 June 1826. He was christened Nathaniel White on 4 July 1826. His father was also Nathaniel White, a pauper. Whilst little more is known of his early life, it is known he worked as an errand boy and for an undertaker, which may explain his fascination with death and almost weekly visits to cemeteries and graveyards. He wrote his diary when aged 19, while working as a clerk in a Lea's coal wharf, close to Buckingham Palace Road today. He later became a clerk, an accountant and a book store owner.

## Surviving diary

Although he makes references to other diaries, the only one to survive covers the majority of 1846, from 1 January to 12 December. A single entry from his 1848 journal survives as it was referenced in 'Notes and Queries: For Readers and Writers, Collectors and Librarians' in 1914.
The diary is also interesting in the relationships that he holds with the women. His ailing mother Mary, his obsession with Mary Sanigear, (a John Bunyan descendant, referred to as Mrs Skirricker in the diary), his girlfriend Ann Fox, a charwoman, who was twenty six years his senior, and his beloved grandmother, "Granny" Sheppard. The diary is also notable for the colourful and graphic attempts he makes at intimacy with Fox, written in shorthand to hide the explicit content.

## Marriage

Bryceson married Sarah Clark in 1854, by whom he had at least seven children, four of whom survived to adulthood.

## Death

His wife Sarah died in 1890. Nathaniel Bryceson himself died in Stepney, at his daughter's house at 102 Dempsey St, on 23 March 1911 at the age of 84 and was buried in Islington Cemetery, Finchley with his wife Sarah and son Nathaniel who died in February 1911. St Pancras and Islington Cemetery.

## Legacy

His only surviving, handwritten diary was bought for the sum of £115 in 1974 by Westminster council from a collector by the name of Miss Myers and, whilst some of it had fallen victim to water damage, the majority of it was eventually released online in 2010 by a group of archivist volunteers. It was later serialised as a daily blog.
# NCSA HTTPd

NCSA HTTPd is an early, now discontinued, web server originally developed at the NCSA at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign by Robert McCool and others. First released in 1993, it was among the earliest web servers developed, following Tim Berners-Lee's CERN httpd, Tony Sanders' Plexus server, and some others. It was for some time the natural counterpart to the Mosaic web browser in the client–server World Wide Web. It also introduced the Common Gateway Interface, allowing for the creation of dynamic websites.
After Robert McCool left NCSA in mid-1994, the development of NCSA HTTPd slowed greatly. An independent effort, the Apache project, took the codebase and continued; meanwhile, NCSA released one more version (1.5), then ceased development. In August 1995, NCSA HTTPd powered most of all web servers on the Internet; nearly all of them quickly switched over to Apache. By April 1996, Apache passed NCSA HTTPd as the No. 1 server on the Internet, and retained that position until mid-to-late 2016.
# Hetem Ramadani

Hetem Ramadani (born c. 1952) is a Kosovo - Albanian engineer and businessman of Albanian extraction who is the president and founder of Salbatring, an oil products-trading company based in Ljubljana, Slovenia.

## Early life

Ramadani was born around 1952, of Albanian extraction. He trained as a mechanical engineer.

## Career

Ramadani has claimed that he was dismissed from his civil service job in Kosovo due to his support for Kosovar independence. He then fled to Slovenia in 1991, chased out of Kosovo by Slobodan Milošević's secret police according to the Financial Times, and arrived there penniless and unable to speak the language. In Slovenia, he and his wife Hazbije Ramadani founded the oil products-trading company Salbatring International which specialises in trading oil-related financial derivatives. He is president and Hazbije was the vice president. The firm was named after the couple's first three daughters.
In 2008, Salbatring began direct sales of oil and oil derivatives to its key customer, INA of Croatia. The same year, turnover at Salbatring increased from 60 million euros in 2007 to 611 million euros, despite Salbatring having only 14 employees. Ramadani was calculated to be the seventh-richest person in Slovenia, with estimated assets of over 68 million euros. Results at INA, however, were less successful, with the firm experiencing a "catastrophic" loss of about 1.5 billion kuna in the last three months of 2008. Ramadani moved to Dubai at about this time.

## Personal life

Ramadani married Hazbije Ramadani in 1981. They had four children but separated in 2008 and Mrs Ramadani moved to London. Mr Ramadani moved to Dubai at about the same time. Their marriage was dissolved by a Slovenian court in 2011. In legal proceedings in London in November 2015, Hazbije Ramadani argued that her former husband could afford to pay her spousal support as, in her opinion, he has assets of at least £48 million. The claim was rejected by counsel for Mr Ramadani who argued that the matter had already been settled in Slovenia. Ramadani is now married to the Albanian opera singer Inva Mula.

## Art

In 2010 it was reported that Ramadani was the buyer at auction for 75,000 euros of an icon by mid-eighteenth-century painter Kostandin Shpataraku that was formerly in the ownership of the family of the modern painter, Alush Shima.
# Ioca monachorum

The ioca (or joca) monachorum, meaning "monks' pastimes" or "monks' jokes", was a genre of short questions and answers for use by Christian monks. These were often on biblical subjects, but could also deal with literary, philosophical or historical matters. Although they could be straightforward, they were often riddles or jokes. They were probably used to stimulate thought and aid memory.
The genre originated in the Greek East but spread throughout Christendom. By the sixth century it had reached Gaul and the British Isles. Examples are known in Latin, German, Swedish, Occitan, Catalan and Castilian. It survived down to the end of the Middle Ages. It has modern a parallel in trivia games. Charles Wright gives as a modern American example of the same sort of riddle "Who first played tennis in the Bible? Moses served in Pharaoh's court".
A single iocus may appear in several manuscript collections. Although the answers were usually short, generally a single name, long answers were not unknown. The Frankish Table of Nations, a brief genealogy of the Germanic peoples, was the incorporated as the answer to a question in one collection of eight ioca. The Old Testament was an especially favoured topic. Questions about who in the Bible was first to do something were popular. The questioner and responder may or may not be identified in the text. The lines are usually prefaced with dic mihi (tell me), dico tibi (I tell you), interrogatio (question) or responsio (answer) and only in later dialogues discipulus (student) and magister (teacher). In one group of ioca, the names of the emperor Hadrian and the philosopher Epictetus are used for the interlocutors.

## Examples

* "Who died but was not born? Adam. Who was born but did not die? Elijah and Enoch".
* "Who killed Holofernes, leader of the army of King Nebuchadnezzar? Judith".
* "Who robbed his grandmother of her virginity? Cain the earth".
# Sengli Co

Sengli Co or Senlicuo (pinyin: senli cuò) or Sengli Tso (Tibetan: སེང་ལི་མཚོ།, Wylie: seng li mtsho, THL: Sengli Tso) is a freshwater alpine lake of Zhongba County, Shigatse in Southern Tibet, China.

## Location

The lake's elevation is 5,386 m (17,671 ft) above sea level, with a total surface area of 78 km$^2$. Its water runs north to south through Laiwuzangbo before entering Dangquezangbo (Maquan River) in the Yarlung Zangbo River's upper sections.
It lies to the northwest of Buduo Town and southwest of Jima Town, about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northeast of Payang Town.