OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Giovanni Valentini (artist)

Giovanni Valentini (born 1939 in Galatina) is an Italian artist who has been part of the main international avant-garde since 1968. He was the first artist using the term cyborg, coined in the early 60s by two American scientists.

## Training

He began his studies into the cities of Lecce, Naples, Rome and Milan. In 1959 he formed friendship with Lucio Fontana and went often to his studio; that year he also met his friend Gianni Colombo. Around the 60s he formed friendship with Silvio Ceccato and first met Roberto Sanesi and Bruno Munari, who are stroke by his innovative ideas and they convinced him to move to Milan. In the same years he started a good relationship with Pedro Fiori and Domenico Cara.

## Beginnings

In the later years he met Giulio Carlo Argan, Carmelo Strano, Luciano Inga Pin and Pierre Restany, who esteemed his work and who invited him to participate to the 10th anniversary of Nouveau Réalisme in 1970, in Milan. For the event Valentini realized a work in honour of Yves Klein.
He made scientific and interdisciplinary studies knowing several scientists, among whom the astrophysicist Cesare Guaita and Silvio Ceccato. He collaborated with research institutes and universities, such as the University of Pavia. He associated to biology and studies of organic matter the interest for telematics, information technology, cybernetics and astrophysics. He used for the first time various techniques whose name would be today nanoart, such as in the work “Cristalli, stomi e cellule epidermali di stilo” (1978), or in other works made with cells cultures in vitro, or in any experiments touching the boundaries of science. In his various exhibitions in Italy and abroad Giovanni Valentini follows a route where art works with microscope and telescope to reveal matter’s facets, the complexity of life and her various shapes.
Valentini also used programming language to realize images showing stars, planets and astronomical phenomena's scenery. In 1964 and 1966 he showed his works in personal exhibitions at the Montenapoleone art gallery in Milan, then in 1967 at the Rizzato-Whitworth-Diagramma art gallery of Luciano Inga Pin and finally at the Italian newspaper Il Giorno art gallery.
Giovanni Valentini won the San Fedele prize in 1971 and then he held an exhibition on suspended animation, with nitrogen freezers containing animals placed in suspended animation, and radars which detect visitors movement. Again in 1971 he held a personal exhibition at the Apollinaire art gallery of Guido Le Noci, in Milan, and at the Obelisco art gallery, in Rome.

## Sources

* Vero Pizzigoni, Enciclopedia universale SEDA dell'arte moderna, 1971, IDAF
* Aldo Calò, Ab Origine - presenze pugliesi nell’arte contemporanea, 1983, Laterza
* Giorgio Genova, Storia dell’Arte Italiana del Novecento per Generazioni, 1990, Bora
* Ugo Gelli, Dolmen e Menhir in Terra d'Otranto, 2000, Congedo Editore
* Enciclopedia dell’Arte Zanichelli, 2004, Zanichelli
* Autori vari, Cyborg Astrophysics by Giovanni Valentini 57/98, 2010, D'Ars, Eupalino
# Al Mahattah, Saudi Arabia

Al Mahattah is a village in Jizan Province, in south-western Saudi Arabia.
# Everage

Everage is both a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Everage Richardson (born 1985), American-Icelandic basketball player
* Dame Edna Everage
# Jean-Maurice Oulouma

Jean-Maurice Oulouma (born 12 March 1983) is an Ivorian rugby union player. He plays as a centre or as a wing.
Oulouma has been playing in France, where he moved aged 7 years old. He first played at RC Massy from his youth years, in 1990–91, being promoted to the first team in 2001–02, until 2005–06, moving then to US Bressane, in 2006–07, at the Fédérale 1, where he won the Jean Prat Trophy. Oulouma played two seasons at FC Grenoble (2007–08, 2008–09), at the Pro D2, and afterwards, two more seasons at Oyonnax Rugby (2009–10-2010–11], also at Pro D2. He plays at Football Club Sportif Rumilly since 2011–12, at Fédérale 1.
Oulouma plays for Ivory Coast since 2000.
# Princewill A. Chike

Princewill Anthony Chike (born 28 June ?) is a Nigerian physician and professor of medicine. He was chairman of the Rivers State Primary Health Care Management Board. On 31 August 2017, he was sworn in as a member of second Wike Executive Council. He was chosen to head the Ministry of Health as Commissioner in September 2017.
# Fasciculus lateralis

Fasciculus lateralis may refer to:
* Lateral cord (fasciculus lateralis plexus brachialis)
* Lateral proper fasciculus (fasciculus lateralis proprius)
* Lateral corticospinal tract (fasciculus cerebrospinalis lateralis)
# Jean de Hautefeuille

Jean de Hautefeuille (French pronunciation:, 20 March 1647 – 18 October 1724) was a French abbé, physicist and inventor.

## Biography

Hautefeuille was born in Orléans, France. While still young, his experimental activities came to the attention of Marie Anne Mancini, Duchesse de Bouillon, who became his patroness and brought him into her entourage. In this way, he was able to travel through Italy and England. Through the Duchess' patronage, he came to be ordained as a priest of the Roman Catholic Church. His passion, however, was for the sciences rather than religious matters, and he focused on the field of engineering design.
One of Hautefeuille's most important achievements was his proposal to use a spiral spring with a balance wheel in place of a pendulum to control a clock. In the 1670s, he was involved in a dispute with Christiaan Huygens, who along with Robert Hooke claimed priority. Huygens is today generally credited with the invention as he managed to perfect it and the first watch using one was made under his direction.
Hautefeuille also conducted investigations in acoustics, investigating the action of speaking trumpets, and wrote an essay on the cause of echoes which was awarded a prize by the Academy of Bordeaux in 1718. He also made improvements in lenses, and suggested a method of raising water using the explosive action of gunpowder. He was also interested in the phenomenon of the tides, and invented an instrument called a thalassometer to register them.
In 1678 Hautefeuille proposed an early form of internal combustion engine, which was to use gunpowder as a fuel, but it seems unlikely that any such machine was ever constructed by him. He was, however, the first person to propose the use of a piston in a heat engine. Huygens proposed a similar device two years later in 1680 based on de Hautefeuille's suggestion and appears to have constructed some form of prototype.
Though considered intelligent, Hautefeuille rarely perfected his inventions, and was inclined to prematurely publish ideas and then abandon them in favour of new pursuits. The Paris Academy of Sciences attested the value and usefulness of many of his discoveries, but it never conferred on him the honour of electing him as a member. He was however elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1687.
He was the author of a number of essays on a variety of subjects.
# Pseudathyma plutonica

Pseudathyma plutonica is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The habitat consists of forests.
Adults are attracted to fermenting fruit.

## Subspecies

* Pseudathyma plutonica plutonica (Democratic Republic of the Congo: Lualaba, Uganda, western Kenya, north-western Tanzania)
* Pseudathyma plutonica expansa Kielland, 1978 (Tanzania)
* Pseudathyma plutonica shaba Chovet, 2002 (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
# Pterope

Pterope is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

## Species

* Pterope rubens Munro, 1957
# Alastor ricae

Alastor ricae is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae.
# Barteria

The genus Barteria is in the family Passifloraceae in the major group angiosperms (flowering plants). It contains 8 described species, however, only 6 are accepted.
They are native to Tropical Africa and found in the countries of Angola, Benin, Burkina, Cabinda, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Gulf of Guinea Island, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaïre.

## Accepted species

* Barteria dewevrei De Wild. & T.Durand
* Barteria fistulosa Mast.
* Barteria laevigata (Sol. ex R.Br.) Byng & Christenh.
* Barteria nigritana Hook.f.
* Barteria pubescens (Sol. ex R.Br.) Byng & Christenh.
* Barteria solida Breteler

## Taxonomy

The genus name of Barteria is in honour of Charles Barter (1821 – 1859), was a Scottish gardener and botanist who trained at Kew Gardens in London from 1849 to 1851. It was first described and published in J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. Vol.5 on page 14 in 1860.
# Adam James (singer)

Adam James is an Indigenous Australian country singer from Moreton Bay. He is the host of Letterbox, a TV series broadcast on Fox and NITV. James won a Deadly in 2008 for Best New Talent and was a finalist at the 2008 Toyota Star Maker Quest in Tamworth.

## Discography

* Messages and Memories (2007)
* "Many Who Pretend"
* "The Country Singer" (2008)
* Children of the Sunrise (2010)
# Corythea

Corythea may refer to:
* Acalypha (syn. Corythea), a genus of flowering plants in the family Euphorbiaceae
* Thera (moth) (syn. Corythea), a genus of moth of the family Geometridae
# Pancracio Celdrán

Pancracio Celdrán Gomáriz (1942 – 24 March 2019) was a Spanish professor, intellectual and journalist whose specialties were the history and literature of antiquity and the medieval period.

## Early life and education

Born in Murcia, Celdrán received a degree in Hispanic literature and a doctorate in philosophy and letters from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid; a master's degree in comparative history; and has also received degrees in middle eastern history, English literature, comparative literature, and Hebrew language and culture.

## Career

Celdrán's academic activities took him to various universities in the United States (notably the University of California, Berkeley), in Europe, and in Israel (namely at the University of Haifa, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and Ben-Gurion University of the Negev). He was also a guest professor at the International Lebanese University in Beirut. Lebanon.
Though Celdrán worked occasionally in print and on television, his journalistic activities were chiefly in the medium of radio, where he has worked as a writer, executive producer, and special correspondent. He has also participated in radio tertulias (in effect, panel discussions). He was a contributor to No es un día cualquiera ("It's Not Just Another Day"), a weekend news magazine broadcast by Radio Nacional de España, and the resident linguistic consultant of El Semanal, the Sunday supplement published by the Grupo Vocento. However the prestige that this tribunes could provide him, Celdrán was critically reviewed as denigratory to non-standard speakers and other political, religious and sexual positions different from his.
In addition to many books, Celdrán contributed material to Raíces ("Roots"), a cultural review of the Jewish community in Spain.

## Death

Celdrán died on 24 March 2019 in Madrid, at the age of 77.

## Relevance

His Diccionario de topónimos españoles y sus gentilicios [Dictionary of Spanish Toponyms and Demonyms] (2002) has been chosen by the Spanish Wikipedia as a final source of authority on Spanish toponyms, both for terms still in use and for traditional names which have already fallen out of use.
# Jean de Heinzelin de Braucourt

Jean de Heinzelin de Braucourt (6 August 1920 – 4 November 1998) was a Belgian geologist who worked mainly in Africa. He worked at the universities of Ghent and Brussels. He gained international fame in 1950 when he discovered the Ishango Bone
"Jean de Heinzelin was a geologist. A kind of a modern adventurer, Jean de Heinzelin was a field worker and a remarkable observer.
Africa was his main area of work, but he also took part in various expeditions in Europe, the United States and the Middle East.
From 1946 onward, he was associated with the Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences. At the Universities of Ghent and Brussels, he imparted his knowledge enthusiastically to students.
A chance in his career - the Ishango Bone discovery - brought him international fame."
A consistent voice of empiricism and reason in African paleoecology, Dr. Heinzelin made many contributions to the understanding of how geology can inform about the history and prehistory of tropical landscapes. Many of his original conclusions are still valid, especially his interpretation of the humid tropical fluvial origin of sand and gravel sediments in Central Africa that are still wrongly attributed to desert processes (e.g., J. Runge 2007).<Des déserts et des forêts, histoire du paysage et du climat de l'Afrique Centrale au Quaternaire Supérieur. Geo-Eco-Trop 31: 1-18/>.
# Giovanni d'Aragona

Giovanni d'Aragona may refer to:
* Giovanni d'Aragona (1456–1485), Italian Roman Catholic cardinal
* Giovanni Vincenzo Acquaviva d'Aragona (c. 1490–1546), Italian Roman Catholic cardinal
# Alastor rubripes

Alastor rubripes is a species of wasp in the family Vespidae.
# Oudemans

Oudemans is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans (1858–1943), Dutch zoologist, son of Jean
* Corneille Antoine Jean Abram Oudemans (1825–1906), Dutch botanist and physician
* Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans (1827–1906), Dutch astronomer
** Oudemans (crater), a crater on Mars named after Jean Abraham Chrétien Oudemans
# Barteria fistulosa

Barteria fistulosa is a species of tree in the family Passifloraceae, native to tropical Central Africa. The tree has an association with an aggressive species of ant with a very painful sting, which lives in its hollow branches and twigs, and gives rise to its common name of "ant tree".

## Description

Barteria fistulosa is a small evergreen tree growing to a height of about 13 m (40 ft). It has a deep taproot, multiple trunks and spreading horizontal branches which are hollow. The leaves alternate are simple, slightly overlapping and borne on short flattened stalks. The leaf blades are glossy green, oblong, and widest just beyond the mid-point, and have entire margins and a slight notch at the apex. The tiny, regular, white flowers form an arc of five flowers around the leaf bases and are followed by small globular fruits.

## Distribution and habitat

Barteria fistulosa can be found in tropical Central Africa, its range extending from Nigeria to the Democratic Republic of Congo. It grows in moist mixed terra firma forest, where it forms part of the understory. It is also found in gallery forests, secondary forests, glades and clearings. The seedlings can tolerate deep shade.

## Ecology

Barteria fistulosa has a symbiotic relationship with the very aggressive ant Tetraponera aethiops, which makes its home in the hollow twigs and branches (known as domatia) and defends the tree against herbivores. This ant lives exclusively on B. fistulosa; each ant colony has a single queen and the ants feed on nectar produced by the tree in extra-floral nectaries, and on the honeydew produced by scale insects that they tend inside their domatia. Elephants like to feed on the foliage of this tree, but their trunks are likely to be very sensitive to attacks by the ant. As well as deterring herbivores, the ants remove pieces of debris from the surface of the leaves, carrying them to the edge of the blade before dropping them off.

## Uses

Several parts of this tree are used in traditional medicine; the roots, bark and leaves are used to reduce fevers and pains; a decoction of the bark has various uses and the sap helps with the healing of wounds; some parts of the tree are used against snake bites and epilepsy; and the young shoots are thought to have aphrodisiac properties.
# Jean-Loup Rivière

Jean-Loup Rivière (10 January 1948 – 23 November 2018) was a French playwright and drama critic.

## Biography

Jean-Loup Rivière was born on 10 January 1948 in Caen, France.
He studied philosophy at the University of Caen, and led the Theatrical Research Group from 1969 to 1972. He wrote his doctoral thesis at École pratique des hautes études and began teaching at Paris West University Nanterre La Défense on 15 December 2001.
Rivière led the Atelier de création radiophonique on French culture from 1973 to 1983. He was also in charge of studies at Centre Georges Pompidou from 1977 to 1980, a drama critic at Libération from 1981 to 1982, a general secretary from 1983 to 1986, and a literary and artistic councillor at Comédie-Française from 1986 to 2001.
Rivière taught as a lecturer at the Institute of Theatre Studies for the University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle from 1995 to 2001. He was also a professor of theatre studies at the École normale supérieure de Lyon and a professor of dramaturgy at Conservatoire national supérieur d'art dramatique (CNSAD).
# German submarine U-337

German submarine U-337 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
The submarine was laid down on 1 April 1941 at the Nordseewerke yard at Emden, launched on 26 March 1942, and commissioned on 6 May 1942 under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Kurt Ruwiedel.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-337 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8-276 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-337 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and a 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Armament
### FLAK weaponry

U-337 was mounted with two 2cm Flak C38 in a M 43U Zwilling mount with short folding shield on the upper Wintergarten. The M 43U mount was used on a number of U-boats (U-249, U-250, U-278, U-250, U-475, U-853, U-1058, U-1109, U-1023, U-1105, U-1165 and U-1306).
* 2 cm Flak C38 in a M 43U Zwilling mount with short folding shield.

## Service history

After training with the 5th U-boat Flotilla at Kiel, U-337 was transferred to the 6th U-boat Flotilla based at Saint-Nazaire in France for front-line service. After sailing from Kiel on 24 December 1942, the U-boat sailed north and then west into the Atlantic south of Iceland. Her last radio report, on 3 January 1943, gave her position as 63°N 12°W﻿ / ﻿63°N 12°W﻿ / 63; -12. The U-boat was never heard from again. Its fate remains an unsolved mystery.

### Previously recorded fate

A postwar assessment stated U-337 was sunk on 15 January 1943 southwest of Iceland by depth charges from a British Flying Fortress of No. 206 RAF. This attack was actually against U-632, inflicting no damage.
# Coqueza Canton

Coqueza (also spelled Coquesa) is one of the cantons of the Tahua Municipality, the second municipal section of the Daniel Campos Province in the Potosí Department of Bolivia. During the census of 2001 it had 102 inhabitants. Its seat is Coqueza. The village is situated at the Salar de Uyuni and south of the Tunupa volcano.
# Adams Township, Parke County, Indiana

Adams Township is one of thirteen townships in Parke County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 5,100 and it contained 1,985 housing units.

## History

Adams Township was named for James Adams, a pioneer settler, but the date of the township's organization is unknown because early records were lost.
The Beeson Covered Bridge, Billie Creek Covered Bridge, Catlin Covered Bridge, Crooks Covered Bridge, Leatherwood Station Covered Bridge, McAllister Covered Bridge, Neet Covered Bridge, and Sanitorium Covered Bridge were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 56.07 square miles (145.2 km$^2$), of which 55.8 square miles (145 km$^2$) (or 99.52%) is land and 0.27 square miles (0.70 km$^2$) (or 0.48%) is water.

### Cities, towns, villages

* Rockville (the county seat)

### Unincorporated towns

* Billie Creek Village at 39°45′41″N 87°12′07″W﻿ / ﻿39.76143°N 87.201958°W﻿ / 39.76143; -87.201958
* Leatherwood at 39°45′06″N 87°17′07″W﻿ / ﻿39.751706°N 87.285293°W﻿ / 39.751706; -87.285293
* New Discovery at 39°43′54″N 87°07′50″W﻿ / ﻿39.731709°N 87.130569°W﻿ / 39.731709; -87.130569
* Piattsville at 39°42′16″N 87°07′33″W﻿ / ﻿39.704486°N 87.125847°W﻿ / 39.704486; -87.125847
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Cemeteries

The township contains these four cemeteries: Hatfield, Memory Garden, Rowe and Union.

### Major highways

* U.S. Route 36
* U.S. Route 41

### Airports and landing strips

* Butler Field

## School districts

* Rockville Community Schools

## Political districts

* State House District 42
* State House District 44
* State Senate District 38
# Pseudephebe pubescens

Pseudephebe pubescens, also known as 'fine rock wool', is a temperate alpine lichen. It is a member of the genus Pseudephebe, a lichen group characterized by dense mats of brown to near-black "hairs".

## Taxonomy

Linnaeus first described Lichen pubescens in 1753. Maurice Choisy transferred it to the genus Pseudephebe in 1930. It is usually distinguished from P. minuscula due to P. pubescens preferring a moister habitat, and its branches are more terete and lack the irregularities of P. minuscula. The morphological and ecological differences between the two species are often overlapping, and it can be difficult to truly distinguish the two without molecular analysis.

## Description

Pseudephebe pubescens is a fruticose lichen that forms decumbent mats made of isotomic-dichotomous branching thalli. The branching occurs frequently and weaves around itself, leading to the woolen appearance. Dark brown to black in color and shiny. Apothecia are rare, but are rarely greater than 6 mm in diameter and have the same appearance as the rest of the thallus. The species lacks isidia, soredia, and pseudocyphellae. Pycnidia occur in great numbers on tubercles with conspicuous ostioles. It is not known to produce any secondary metabolites.

## Habitat and distribution

Pseudephebe pubescens is found specifically on acidic or silicate rocks in temperate-alpine or sub-arctic regions. It has circumpolar sightings, being found from the Canadian territories, throughout the United States, and sometimes in alpine Mexico. It has been known in Europe, but recently discovered in China and even been found in the Andes and in Australia. It has been known to grow upon wood occasionally. Pseudephebe pubescens tends to be in more temperate environments than P. minuscula.