OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Union (Son Volt album)

Union is a 2019 studio album by American alternative country band Son Volt.

## Reception

Union received positive reviews from critics noted at review aggregator Metacritic. It has a weighted average score of 68 out of 100, based on six reviews. Editors at AllMusic rated this album 3.5 out of 5 stars, with critic Mark Deming writing that this album finds frontman Jay Farrar "singing about the specifics of a divided nation in a way he never has before" and characterizes this release as "a brave experiment and a sincere effort to explore new creative avenues, but it's a long way from a rousing success". Writing for American Songwriter, Hal Horowitz gave this album 2 out of 5 stars, stating that "there are some insightful concepts at work in these 13 tracks", but the songs "are dreary, similar sounding (to each other and much of the rest of Son Volt’s catalog) and generally just bland", and he blames Farrar's production. A review in Glide Magazine proposes that "it should prove timeless and, appropriately enough, of a piece with the best work of Jay Farrar’s estimable career". Paste's Lee Zimmerman rated this album a 6.8 out of 10, summing up that "With the majority of the songs maintaining a steady stride, Farrar shares his conviction with authority and insistence. Those are the qualities that allow Union to remain true to its common core." Justin Cober-Lake of PopMatters scored Union a 6 out of 10, criticizing Farrar's contributions and the pacing of some tracks, but writing "the band rarely feels stuck" and is "as tight as ever, relaxed but always strong".

## Track listing

* "While Rome Burns" – 2:15
* "The 99" – 3:30
* "Devil May Care" – 2:58
* "Broadsides" – 3:37
* "Reality Winner" – 4:33
* "Union" – 3:39
* "The Reason" – 4:00
* "Lady Liberty" – 1:24
* "Holding Your Own" – 3:00
* "Truth to Power Blues" – 1:15
* "Rebel Girl" – 3:16
* "Slow Burn" – 2:10
* "The Symbol" – 3:36

## Personnel

Son Volt
* Andrew Duplantis – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Jay Farrar – acoustic guitar, baritone guitar, vocals, arrangement, cover photo, images, production
* Chris Frame – 12-string electric guitar, baritone guitar, electric guitar
* Mark Patterson – drums, percussion
* Mark Spencer – acoustic slide guitar, lap steel guitar, piano, organ, backing vocals
Additional personnel
* John Agnello – mixing
* Jacob Detering – engineering, mixing assistance, production assistance, images
* David McClister – images, photography
* Brad Sarno – mastering
* David Schwartz – design, layout
# United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 31/72 referred the Environmental Modification Convention (ENMOD) “to all States for their consideration, signature, and ratification”. The resolution was adopted on 10 December 1976 at the 31st Session of the UN General Assembly. The convention aims to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques that have widespread, long-lasting, or severe effects. The convention entered into force on 5 October 1978.

## History

According to the historical narrative of the U.S. Department of State, "although the use of environmental modification techniques for hostile purposes does not play a major role in military planning at the present time," the U.S. Government sought that such techniques might be developed in the future and "would pose a threat of serious damage unless action was taken to prohibit their use." Accordingly, in July 1972, the U.S. Government renounced the use of climate modification techniques for hostile purposes, even if their development were proved to be feasible in the future. The following year, they called for international agreement to avoid the military use of environmental and geophysical modifications and, after exploring the possible uses, reached out to the former Soviet Union (USSR). In 1974 and 1975, U.S. President Richard Nixon and Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev held three sets of discussions on the issue. In 1975, the two nations began negotiating specific terms at the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament (CCD). Finalized in 1976, the agreed text was sent to the UN General Assembly for consideration during the fall session. On 10 December 1976, the resolution was approved with 96 to 8 votes, 30 abstaining.

## Environmental Modification Technique

In the treaty text "Environmental Modification Technique" is defined as follows:
   As used in article I, the term "environmental modification techniques" refers to any technique for changing-through the deliberate manipulation of natural processes-the dynamics, composition or structure of the Earth, including its biota, lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere, or of outer space.
# Universal psychometrics

Universal psychometrics encompasses psychometrics instruments that could measure the psychological properties of any intelligent agent. Up until the early 21st century, psychometrics relied heavily on psychological tests that require the subject to corporate and answer questions, the most famous example being an intelligence test. Such methods are only applicable to the measurement of human psychological properties. As a result, some researchers have proposed the idea of universal psychometrics - they suggest developing testing methods that allow for the measurement of non-human entities' psychological properties.
For example, it has been suggested that the Turing test is a form of universal psychometrics. The Turing test involves having testers (without any foreknowledge) attempt to distinguish a human from a machine by interacting with both (while not being to see either individuals). It is supposed that if the machine is equally intelligent to a human, the testers will not be able to distinguish between the two, i.e., their guesses will not be better than chance. Thus, Turing test could measure the intelligence (a psychological variable) of an AI.
Other instruments proposed for universal psychometrics include reinforcement learning and measuring the ability to predict complexity.
# United States Post Office (Ogallala, Nebraska)

The United States Post Office-Ogallala is a historic one-story building in Ogallala, Nebraska. It was built as a post office in 1937-1938 by Beckenhauer Bros., and designed in the Moderne style by Louis Simon. Inside, there is a mural of a cowboy and longhorns painted by Frank Mechau. The building has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since May 11, 1992.
# Émile Lombard (biblical scholar)

Émile Lombard (1875-1963) was a French-Swiss biblical scholar.
His best known work was a study of glossolalia (1910). He was controversially removed from his position as Professor of the New Testament at the University of Lausanne after having supported a traditionally religious student.
# Welton railway station

Welton was a railway station on the West Coast Main Line serving the villages of Welton and Watford in Northamptonshire. The station was opened in 1838 as part of the London and Birmingham Railway. It was located closer to Watford than to Welton, however it was named after the latter in order to avoid confusion with the much larger town of Watford further south. The station had an unusual arrangement of staggered platforms, one platform on each side of the road bridge. This was because of the confined site, being hemmed in by the Grand Union Canal and A5 road.
The station became part of the London and North Western Railway in 1846, which itself became part of the London Midland and Scottish Railway during the Grouping of 1923. The line then passed on to the London Midland Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948.
The station closed to passengers in 1958 and to goods in 1964. Today the site of the station is right next to the modern day Watford Gap service station on the M1 motorway. The only physical remains of the station today is a former goods shed alongside the tracks.
| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Rugby Line and station open | | London and North Western Railway West Coast Main Line | | Weedon Line open, station closed |
# Guithelin

Guithelin was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He became king after the death of Gurguit Barbtruc and reigned approximately 379 BC.
He ruled liberally and temperately for his life. His Queen consort was an artisan and noblewoman named Marcia; when he died, his wife took over the government as regent for their son, Sisillius II.
# Natalie Smith

Natalie Smith may refer to:
* Natalie Smith (sport shooter) (born 1975), Australian Paralympic shooter
* Natalie Smith (actress) (born 1991), Brazilian actress, producer, director, and screenwriter
# You and I (Will Young song)

"You and I" is a song by English singer Will Young. It was written by Ed Johnson, Henry Johnson and Mike Peden and recorded by Young for his on his debut studio album, From Now On (2002). Produced by Peden, the song was released as Young's fourth single and 2002's official Children in Need single on 18 November 2002 along with the track "Don't Let Me Down". It reached number two on the UK Singles Chart, number three in the Netherlands, and the top thirty in Ireland and Italy.

## Background

"You and I," written by Ed Johnson, Henry Johnson and Mike Peden and produced latter, is a ballad that talks about "being completely mad in love with someone." With "You and I" selected as Young's first single of original material, he cited the song as a turning point in his career.

## Music video

A music video for "You and I" was directed by Tim Royes and filmed while Young was on the Pop Idol Tour with his fellow Pop Idol contestants. The video marked Royes second collaboration with Young, following their work on the video for "The Long and Winding Road" (2002). The visuals portray Young wandering around the streets. English model and actress Agyness Deyn appears in the clip.

## Credits and personnel

Credits are lifted from the From Now On album booklet.
Studio
* Mastered at Transfermation (London, England)
Personnel
* Mike Peden – writing, production
* Ed Johnson – writing
* Henry Johnson – writing
* London Community Gospel Choir – gospel choir
* Tee Green – backing vocals
* Ed Johnson – backing vocals
* Lucie Silvas – backing vocals
* Graham Kearns – guitar
* Jack Daley – bass
* Peter Gordeno – keyboards
* Charlie Russell – programming
* Nick Ingman – string arrangement, conducting
* Gavyn Wright – orchestra leader
* Isobel Griffiths Ltd. – orchestra contracting
* Martin Hayles – recording engineer
* Steve Fitzmaurice – mixing
* Richard Dowling – mastering

## Certifications

Certifications for "You and I" :
| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United Kingdom (BPI) | Silver | 200,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||

## Release history

"You and I" release history :
| Region | Date | Label | Format(s) | Ref(s) |
| United Kingdom | 18 November 2002 (2002-11-18) | 19SRCABMG | CD single | |
# National Development Party (Bahamas)

The "National Development Party" (NDP) is a moderate political party in The Bahamas, currently without political representation.

## Party formation

The National Development Party (NDP) originated following a series of meetings between Mr. B. J. Moss and Dr. Andre’ Rollins in September 2008. Both men were motivated to form a new political party due to a belief that there existed no clear vision or plan for the development of the Bahamas being articulated by either of the established political parties.
Their view was that many of the problems besetting the nation and its impending growth, was clearly due to the emphasis on partisan politics, rather than nation building. Subsequently, the very precepts of the National Development Party, centers around nation building, which is the philosophical underpinning of this new political organization. This inspired the naming of the party the National Development Party.
Application for party's registration was officially done in October 2008. One of the primary philosophical beliefs was that the party needed to focus on the philosophy and not the cult of personality, and on political ideology instead of political idolatry. Hence, the decision was made to form an executive steering committee that would be responsible for the formative development of the party from its embryonic stages to a viable political organization.
Open house meetings commenced in early 2009, the party's steering committee was established shortly thereafter. The party then elected Dr. Andre Rollins to be the chairperson in October 2009. In August 2010, the party elected Mr. Renward Wells as chairperson of the executive steering committee. Mr. Wells would lead the executive steering committee until November 2010 when the National Development Party had its first National Convention. Mr. Renward Wells went on to be the party's first leader, winning at the polls; Mr. Lindon Nairn became the party's first Deputy Leader.

## 2010 Elizabeth By-Election

On January 13, 2010, The NDP announced its intention to run in the Elizabeth By-Election, which was forced due to the resignation of former Elizabeth Member of Parliament Malcom Adderly. In the press-release, the former chairman of the NDP Dr. Andre Rollins stated that the NDP would become the first party in the history of Bahamian politics to hold a constituency candidate primary and debate to select its Elizabeth candidate. This Primary and debate took place at the Joe Farrington Road Auditorium on Wednesday, January 27, 2010, and Dr. Rollins was voted to be the NDP's By-Election representative. On voting day, February 16, 2010, Rollins was determined to have received a total of 72 votes.
# NCAA Division II Track and Field Championships

NCAA Division II Track and Field Championships may refer to:
* NCAA Division II women's outdoor track and field championships
* NCAA Division II men's indoor track and field championships
* NCAA Division II men's outdoor track and field championships
* NCAA Division II women's indoor track and field championships
# Nauwalde

Nauwalde is a village and a former municipality in the district of Meißen, in Saxony, Germany. Since 1 January 2013, it is part of the town Gröditz.
The following villages belong to Nauwalde: Nieska, Schweinfurth and Spansberg.
# Nadia Johnston

Nadia Johnston (born October 23, 1977) is an Australian born beach tennis player and former professional player on the WTA Tour.

## Biography

Originally from the Queensland city of Maryborough, Johnston began competing on the ITF circuit in the late 1990s. In 2000 she won an ITF singles title at Tampico and a $25,000 doubles title at Mount Pleasant. She took part in the qualifying draw for the 2001 Australian Open and reached her best singles ranking that year of 314 in the world. Her professional tennis career was curtailed by a wrist injury.
Johnston, who moved to New York in 2003 to coach tennis, began touring on the professional ITF Beach Tennis Tour in 2005, winning several national titles. She now competes for the United States.

## ITF finals

* $25,000 tournaments
* $10,000 tournaments

### Singles (1–1)

| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Opponent | Score |
| Runner-up | 1. | 9 May 1999 | Poza Rica, Mexico | Hard | Joana Cortez | 3–6, 6–3, 2–6 |
| Winner | 1. | 8 May 2000 | Tampico, Mexico | Hard | Daniela Olivera | 6–3, 6–0 |

### Doubles (1–5)

| Outcome | No. | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Runner-up | 1. | 3 May 1999 | Poza Rica, Mexico | Hard | Nicole Sewell | Paula Racedo Aliénor Tricerri | 1–6, 6–7$^{(5–7)}$ |
| Runner-up | 2. | 1 August 1999 | Baltimore, United States | Hard | Candice de la Torre | Lauren Kalvaria Marie-Ève Pelletier | 6–7$^{(5–7)}$, 3–6 |
| Runner-up | 3. | 21 May 2000 | Poza Rica, Mexico | Hard | Candice de la Torre | Melody Falcó Carla Tiene | 6–4, 2–6, 3–6 |
| Winner | 1. | 18 June 2000 | Mount Pleasant, United States | Hard | Melanie Clayton | Maja Palaveršić Jacqueline Trail | 4–6, 6–3, 6–2 |
| Runner-up | 4. | 29 October 2000 | Dalby, Australia | Hard | Melanie Clayton | Kerry-Anne Guse Rachel McQuillan | 0–3, ret. |
| Runner-up | 5. | 5 March 2001 | Warrnambool, Australia | Grass | Manisha Malhotra | Simona Arghire Remi Uda | 3–6, 3–6 |
# Navia subpetiolata

Navia subpetiolata is a plant species in the genus Navia. This species is endemic to Venezuela.
# Navia stenodonta

Navia stenodonta is a plant species in the genus Navia. This species is endemic to Venezuela.
# Nadin, Croatia

Nadin is a Croatian village in the Zadar County, located between Benkovac and Škabrnja. The population is 406 (census 2011).
The village was inhabited since the time of the Liburnians when it was named Nedainium. It was conquered by Ottoman Empire in 1527 and was part of Sanjak of Krka till 1683 except brief occupation of Republic of Venice in 1647. It was also ruled by Venice between 1683 and 1797. Nadin was included in Republic of Serbian Krajina between 1991 and 1995.
# Navia saxicola

Navia saxicola is a plant species in the genus Navia. This species is endemic to Venezuela.
# National Temperance League

National Temperance League may refer to:
* Anti-Saloon League (now, American Council on Addiction and Alcohol Problems), organization of the temperance movement in the United States
* National Temperance League (Great Britain), temperance organization founded in 1856
# National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science

The National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science was a UK Government establishment that provided equipment and facilities for nuclear research that would otherwise be beyond the financial capability of individual universities and other nuclear research establishments. It operated from 1957 to 1965.

## Establishment

The Institute was established in March 1957 by the UK Government after consultation with the University Grants Committee, the Atomic Energy Authority and Government Research Departments. It had four objectives:
* to provide common facilities beyond the scope of individual universities and institutions carrying out research in nuclear science;
* to encourage the use of the facilities by scientists from universities, the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), and industrial laboratories;
* to co-operate with UKAEA to address specific problems requiring the use of these facilities;
* to develop the Institute as a national asset for training scientists and engineers, and to disseminate scientific and technical knowledge.
The Institute was granted its Royal Charter on 7 May 1958.

## Governance

The governing board comprised:
* Chairman (Lord Bridges);
* 7 members representing Universities;
* 2 members representing the University Grants Committee;
* 1 member representing the Royal Society;
* 3 members representing the UKAEA;
* 2 members representing the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research.

## Operation

The Institute’s first laboratory was the Rutherford High Energy Laboratory adjacent to the UKAEA Site. Equipment at the laboratory included a proton linear accelerator and a synchrotron. It was envisaged that the machines would be operated by Institute staff for research workers.
In 1961 the Rutherford Laboratory of the National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science assumed responsibility for developing particle accelerators, from the Atomic Energy Research Establishment at Harwell. The annual budget for the National Institute in 1961 was £6,211,000.
A second laboratory was opened at Daresbury near Warrington in 1962.
The model developed by the National Institute of providing expensive equipment for the use of researchers was adopted elsewhere. The Advisory Council on Scientific Policy suggested that a number of national institutes should be established, for example in Radio Astronomy.
The rationalisation of the structure of government sponsored civil science was proposed in 1963. However, the change of government in 1964 delayed the implementation of the necessary legislation.

### Dissolution

The Science and Technology Act 1965 established the Science Research Council. The Council took over the functions of the National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science, and established a Nuclear Physics Board which supervised the activities formerly undertaken by the National Institute.
The documentary records of the National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science are held by The National Archives in class AY 33.
# National Union (Italy, 1924)

The National Union (Unione Nazionale) was an anti-fascist political party founded by Giovanni Amendola in the aftermath of the Giacomo Matteotti murder (10 June 1924) and the Aventinian secession (26 June 1924).

## History

On 8 November 1924, at the impulse of the liberal-democratic leader Giovanni Amendola, a group of anti-fascist politicians, professionals and intellectuals met to form a political association representing those principles of freedom and democracy, "the foundation of Unification of Italy and the struggles of the Risorgimento, prevaricated and persecuted by the rising fascist regime". The National Union had been preceded by a series of regional unions including the Southern Union (Unione Meridionale), founded by Amendola himself in Naples on 21 May 1924. In the elections of 1924, the party, presented in the form of regional lists, won 8 seats (all in the southern Italy).
The new political party, called the "National Union of Liberal and Democratic Forces", was joined by personalities from different political backgrounds such as the liberal-democrats Nello Rosselli and Luigi Einaudi, radicals like Giulio Alessio, social democrats like Ivanoe Bonomi, Meuccio Ruini and Luigi Salvatorelli, independents like Carlo Sforza, and, later, republicans like the young Ugo La Malfa. Among the signatories of the document there were eleven deputies, sixteen former deputies and eleven senators, who formed a political group.
In June 1925, the movement held its first (and only) Congress in Rome; later changed its name to "National Democratic Union".
On 20 July 1925 Giovanni Amendola was attacked by a fascist squads in the locality of La Colonna in Pieve a Nievole (in the province of Pistoia) and never recovered from the aggression: he died in Cannes on 7 April 1926 and the National Union itself did not outlive its leader. On 6 November 1926, the National Fascist Party was proclaimed the only legal party in Italy and the National Union was dissolved.