OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gwen Morton Spencer

Gwendoline Gladys Spencer (1 April 1888 – 15 August 1974), generally known as Gwen Morton Spencer, was an Australian journalist, editor and art critic.

## History

Spencer was born in Hobart, Tasmania, to Caroline Eliza "Carrie" Morton, née Mills, and American naturalist Alexander Morton, who married in 1884.
She was educated at the Collegiate School, Hobart. On 1 March 1909, she married engineer Henry John Spencer; in 1913 they had twins, a boy and girl, stillborn. They later moved to Sydney.
In 1924, her younger sister Dorothy married architect John D. Moore, and through him, Spencer was introduced to Sydney Ure Smith, and in 1927 she became sub-editor to Ure Smith's magazine Home.
She left Ure Smith for London in 1932 and in 1933 was appointed fashion editor for Queen (later known as Harper's Bazaar. While in Sydney on holiday in 1937 she accepted a post on Associated Newspapers' Woman magazine, under Vera Hamilton, editor since 1935.
In 1939, Ure Smith Pty Ltd launched a new arts and lifestyle monthly, Australia: National Journal, and appointed Spencer as co-editor with Ure Smith himself. Spencer took an increasingly responsible role in the management of Australia and its "Christmas annual", Week-end Book, to no avail, as it never became profitable. Australia ceased publication in 1947, but she had become indispensable to the company and by 1949 was a managing editor of Ure Smith Pty Ltd. She retired in 1951, but remained a director and took on occasional projects for the company.
Her husband died in 1941; she died in 1974 and was cremated.

## Recognition and memberships

Spencer was twice a guest of honour at Society of Women Writers functions: in 1932 and 1952.
She was a member of the NSW chapter of the Fellowship of Australian Writers and the Sydney P.E.N. Club.
# Recorder sonata in A minor (HWV 362)

The Sonata in A minor (HWV 362) was composed (c. 1712) by George Frideric Handel for recorder and basso continuo (the autograph manuscript, a fair copy made most likely in 1712, gives this instrumentation in Italian: "flauto e cembalo"). The work is also referred to as Opus 1 No. 4, and was first published in 1732 by Walsh. Other catalogues of Handel's music have referred to the work as HG xxvii, 15; and HHA iv/3,21.
Both the Walsh edition and the Chrysander edition indicate that the work is for recorder ("flauto"), and published it as Sonata IV.
A typical performance of the work takes about 11 minutes.

## Movements

The work consists of four movements:
| Movement | Type | Key signature | Time signature | Bars | Notes |
| 1 | Larghetto | A minor | $^3$ $_4$ | 50 | Concludes with a E major chord. |
| 2 | Allegro | A minor | $^4$ $_4$ | 38 | Two sections (19 and 19 bars)—each with repeat markings. |
| 3 | Adagio | ? | $^4$ $_4$ | 17 | Even though there are no sharps or flats in the key signature, the movement begins in F major. Concludes with an E major chord. |
| 4 | Allegro | A minor | $^4$ $_4$ | 50 | Two sections (24 and 26 bars)—each with repeat markings. A transposed version of HWV 408. |
(Movements do not contain repeat markings unless indicated. The number of bars is taken from the Chrysander edition, and is the raw number in the manuscript—not including repeat markings.)
# Regenkreis

The Regenkreis, with Straubing and later Regensburg as its capital, existed between 1806 and 1837 as one of the 15 districts of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Between 1806 and 1808, the Kingdom of Bavaria was divided into 15 (state) districts named after rivers. In English, Regenkreis means "District of Regen" and was named after the Regen River which flowed through the district. Regenkreis was the predecessor of the Regierungsbezirks Oberpfalz (Administrative Regional District of Upper Palatinate).

## Independent cities

* Amberg (from 1810)
* Regensburg (from 1810)
* Straubing

## Subdivisions

The district was divided in the following judicial districts (Landgerichte = LG), according to the original borders of the districts of the former territories (Herrschaftsgerichte = HG):
* Abensberg
* Amberg (from 1810)
* Barbing (briefly 1811)
* Burglengenfeld
* Cham
* Hemau
* Kastl (from 1810)
* Kelheim
* Kötzting
* Laberweinting HG (from 1814)
* Mitterfels
* Nabburg (from 1810)
* Neunburg vorm Wald (from 1810)
* Parsberg
* Pfaffenberg
* Regenstauf (from 1811)
* Riedenburg (from 1810)
* Roding (from 1814)
* Stadtamhof
* Straubing (until 1810)
* Sulzbach (from 1810)
* Viechtach
* Vohenstrauß (from 1810)
* Waldmünchen (from 1810)
* Wetterfeld
* Winklarn HG (from 1814)
* Wörth (an der Donau) LG (1811-1814, then HG)
* Zaitzkofen HG (from 1813)

## History

In the years between 1806 and 1808 the Kingdom of Bavaria was divided in 15 (state) districts, whose names were taken from their rivers. The Regenkreis was initially composed of 13 rural divisions and, since 1809, of the independent city of Straubing. In 1810 it was greatly enlarged to include the Principality of Regensburg. Thereafter Regensburg was the headquarters of the District Commissioners-General (Generalkreiskommissariats). But the Regenkreis also gave areas to the Unterdonaukreis. At the request of King Ludwig I, the Territorial Reorganization (Gebietsreform) of 29 November 1837 was made by changing the name of the Regenkreis to the “Kreis Oberpfalz und Regensburg” [District of the Upper Palatinate and Regensburg], now “Oberpfalz”.

## Literature

* (de) Handbuch der bayerischen Ämter, Gemeinden und Gerichte 1799 – 1980 [Guide of the Bavarian Districts, Municipalities and Courts 1799 - 1980], written by Richard Bauer, Reinhard Heydenreuter, Gerhard Heyl, Emma Mages, Max Piendl, August Scherl, Bernhard Zittel and edited by Wilhelm Volkert, Senior Professor at the University of Regensburg, Munich, 1983, ISBN 3-406-09669-7
# Red Soul

Red Soul is an album by saxophonist Red Holloway recorded in 1965 and released on the Prestige label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Allmusic awarded the album 3 stars stating "Good to get, if you can find it".

## Track listing

All compositions by George Benson except where noted.
* "Making Tracks" – 3:00
* "Movin' On" – 3:27
* "Good & Groovy" – 4:02
* "Get It Together" – 3:32
* "Big Fat Lady" – 1:55
* "A Tear in My Heart" (Norman Simmons) - 6:20
* "Eagle Jaws" (Red Holloway) - 2:45
* "I'm All Packed" (Simmons) - 5:05
* "The Regulars" (Harold Ousley) - 4:14

## Personnel

* Red Holloway - tenor saxophone
* George Benson - guitar
* Dr. Lonnie Smith - organ (tracks 1-5)
* Norman Simmons - piano (tracks 6-9)
* Chuck Rainey - electric bass (tracks 1-5)
* Paul Breslin - bass (tracks 6-9)
* Ray Lucas (tracks 1-5), Frank Severino (tracks 6-9) - drums
# Redwood Castle

Redwood Castle (also known as Egan Castle or Caisleán Choillte Rua in Irish) is a Norman castle near Lorrha in County Tipperary, Ireland.
The castle was built by the Normans around 1200 AD, and was occupied by them until c. 1350, when the Mac Aodhagáin (MacEgan, Egan, Keegan) were installed on the lands.
As hereditary Brehons or lawyers, the Mac Aodhagáin clan established a school of learning here, which was patronised by the family for several hundred years.
The castle was enlarged and renovated several times, with considerable work from 1350. Aside from the original thick stone walls, the building demonstrates some architectural features common to Irish fortifications of the period (including a murder-hole), and some less common features (including a Sheela na gig).
The castle remained under continuous occupation and ownership by the (Mac)Egan families until c. 1650, when it was confiscated and burned at the time of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland.
The site remained in ruin for over 300 years, with only the thick exterior walls standing, until Michael J. Egan, a County Mayo lawyer, purchased and renovated the building in 1972. While the castle remains a private residence, terms of the Department of Finance Heritage/Cultural Tax Relief mean the castle is periodically open to the public during the summer months. It is a protected structure (ref S329) on the North Tipperary list of protected structures.
The castle hosted several "Clan Egan" rallies in 2000, 2004 and 2008.
# Reginald Sartorius

Major General Reginald William Sartorius VC CMG (8 May 1841 – 8 August 1907) was an army officer, and a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.

## Life

Educated at Victoria College, Jersey, Sartorius entered the Indian Army in January 1858. He joined the Bengal infantry, became a lieutenant in May 1858 and served in the Indian Mutiny (1858) and the Bhutan War (1864–65). In 1873, now a captain, Sartorius took part in the First Ashanti Expedition, in modern-day Ghana.

### VC action

Sartorius was a 32 year old captain in the 6th Bengal Cavalry, British Indian Army, during the First Ashanti Expedition when the following deed took place at Abogu in the Ashanti Region, for which he was awarded the VC. His citation read:
   For having during the attack on Abogoo, on the 17th January [1874], removed from under a heavy fire Serjeant-Major Braimah Doctor, a Housa Non-Commissioned Officer, who was mortally wounded, and placed him under cover.
For his Ashanti service, Sartorius was also twice mentioned in dispatches, promoted to brevet major, and made a companion of the Order of St Michael and St George.

### Later career

Sartorius served in the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–80) and in 1886 became a colonel. His active career came to an end in 1893, when he left India and went to live in Italy. In 1895 he was promoted to major-general, Bengal infantry, and in 1897 was placed on the retired list.
He retired to Haslemere, Surrey. He was a member of the Royal Yacht Squadron, and died suddenly on 8 August 1907 when sailing at Cowes, Isle of Wight. He was buried St Mary's Churchyard, South Baddesley, Hampshire.

## Family

His father was Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Rose Sartorius. He had two brothers, both of whom entered the army: George Conrad Sartorius, who retired as a colonel, and Major General Euston Henry Sartorius, who was also awarded the VC.
In 1877 Sartorius married Agnes Maria Kemp. They had a son, who also served in the Indian Army, and a daughter.
One of Victoria College Jersey's five Houses was later named 'Sartorius' after the three brothers, all of whom attended the school.

## The medal

His Victoria Cross is held by the National Army Museum, Chelsea, London.
# Reep

Reep may refer to:
* Charles Reep, English soccer analyst and statistician
* Jon Reep, American comedian and actor
* Rob Reep, American historian, filmmaker and narrator
* Reep Daggle, DC Comics character
* The Review of Environmental Economics and Policy (REEP), a peer-reviewed journal of environmental economics
# Reflectance difference spectroscopy

Reflectance difference spectroscopy (RDS) is a spectroscopic technique which measures the difference in reflectance of two beams of light that are shone in normal incident on a surface with different linear polarizations. It is also known as reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS).
It is calculated as:
    $RDS=2{\frac {r_{\alpha }-r_{\beta }}{r_{\alpha }+r_{\beta }}},r\in \mathbb {C}$
$r_{\alpha }$ and $r_{\beta }$ are the reflectance in two different polarizations.
The method was introduced in 1985 for the study optical properties of the cubic semiconductors silicon and germanium. Due to its high surface sensitivity and independence of ultra-high vacuum, its use has been expanded to in situ monitoring of epitaxial growth or the interaction of surfaces with adsorbates. To assign specific features in the signal to their origin in morphology and electronic structure, theoretical modelling by density functional theory is required.
# Reedley

Reedley may refer to:
* Reedley, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom
* Reedley, California, United States of America
# Gustav Humbert

Gustav Humbert (born February 1950 in Celle, West Germany) is the former chief executive officer and president of Airbus SAS, and a former member of the EADS executive committee.

## Airbus

Humbert joined Airbus management in July 2000, as the chief operating officer and a member of the EADS' (Airbus' parent company) executive committee, and in March 2004 he was appointed Airbus' executive vice-president – programmes.
In June 2005 he was appointed Airbus president and chief executive officer, a position he held until 2 July 2006, when he resigned from these various positions as a result of further delays on the Airbus A380 production line and other delivery program setbacks, announced the previous month, on 14 June.

### Resignation

While announcing his resignation, Humbert said the delays were a "major disappointment" for Airbus, and "as President and CEO of Airbus, must take responsibility for this setback and ... offer my resignation to our shareholders."

## Personal

Humbert holds a degree in mechanical engineering from the Hannover Technical University as well as a PhD in engineering from the Leibniz University Hannover , and was even a visiting professor of mechanical engineering at McGill University in Montreal in 1979.
# Gupo Island

Gupo Island (Chinese: 姑婆嶼; pinyin: Gūpó Yǔ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ko͘-pô-sū), also transliterated as Koba Island, is an island in Baisha Township, Penghu County, Taiwan.

## Demographics

The island is uninhabitated.

## Economy

Nearby residents come to the island for laver harvest in early winter every year.
# Reginald Bach

Reginald Bach (3 September 1886 – 6 January 1941) was a British actor and theatrical producer.

## Early life and career

Born in Shepperton, Middlesex, England, Bach was educated at Dean Close School, in Cheltenham Spa, the family having moved to Leamington Spa. After leaving school lived in Cheltenham Spa, where he established a reputation as an amateur actor, making his professional debut in 1905. In 1926 Bach married Olive Thurston, daughter of writer E. Temple Thurston. She had acted in Bach's 1924 production of the Temple Thurston play Blue Peter. Bach took an active part in the actor's union Equity and served on the executive committee. At the outbreak of the second world war, Bach moved to the US, where he acted in several plays. He died 6 January 1941 in New York City.

## Selected plays

* Damaged Goods (1917)
* Havoc (1923)
* 'Our Nell (1924)
* Blue Peter (1924) (producer)
* Death Sentence (1926)
* My Lady's Mill (1928)
* The Stranger Within (1929)
* Through A Window (1929) {producer/actor}
* Tunnel Trench (1929)
* Twelve Hours (1930) (producer)
* A Song of Sixpence (1930) (producer)
* The Scorpion (1930) (producer/actor)
* The Queen's Husband (1931)
* The Hound of the Baskervilles (1832)
* High Temperature (1833)
* The Bride (1934> (producer/actor)
* Treasure Island (1934) (producer/actor)

## Selected filmography

* The Chinese Puzzle (1919)
* Once Aboard the Lugger (1920)
* The Amazing Quest of Mr. Ernest Bliss (1920)
* Build Thy House (1920)
* The Will (1921)
* Empress Josephine; Or, Wife of a Demigod (1923)
* A Romance of Mayfair (1925)
* We Women (1925)
* The Girl in the Night (1931)
* Hobson's Choice (1931)
* Let Me Explain, Dear (1932)
* Account Rendered (1932)
* The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932)
* The Scoop (1934)
# Gurnee (surname)

Gurnee is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Augustus C. Gurnee (1855–1926), American socialite and art patron;
* Hal Gurnee (born 1935), American television director;
* John D. Gurnee (1831–1906), American politician and lawyer;
* Walter S. Gurnee (1813–1903), American politician.
# Guías de México

Guías de México (Guides of Mexico) is the national Guiding organization of Mexico. It serves 5,196 members (as of 2008). Founded in 1930, the girls-only organization became an associate member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts in 1948 and a full member in 1957. WAGGGS' world centre Our Cabaña, in Cuernavaca, Mexico, opened in 1957.

## Program

The association is divided in 6 sections according to age:
* Girasoles - ages 4 to 7
* Haditas - ages 7 to 10
* Guías - ages 10 to 13
* Guías intermedias - ages 13 to 16
* Guías mayores - ages 16 to 19
* Cadetes - ages 18

## Ticalli

Ticalli ("Your Home" in Nahuatl language) is a hotel opened to Girl Guides and Girl Scouts from all over the world. Accommodation is in dormitories or double rooms and there are five bathroom units. This allows Guías de México to receive 60 Girl Guides and Girl Scouts at a time. The Guide shop and National Headquarters are also located on the same premises.

## Sources

* ↑ "33rd World Conference Document No. 11" (PDF). World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-22. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
* ↑ worldguiding.net Archived 2007-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
# Guízar

Guízar is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gonzálo Guízar (born 1961), Mexican politician
* Pepe Guízar (1906–1980), Mexican composer, poet, and musician
* Rafael Guízar y Valencia (1878–1938), Mexican saint
* Tito Guízar (1908–1999), Mexican singer and actor
# Reindeer People

The Reindeer People is a prehistoric fiction series by American author Megan Lindholm, published in 1988 by Ace Books.

## Synopsis

The story centers on a female healer called Tillu who is kidnapped by reindeer herders and bears a son, Kerlew, who has disabilities. It follows their move to a different tribe in pursuit of freedom, Kerlew's apprenticeship to a shaman and the growth of Tillu's relationship with a herdsman.

## Reception and analysis

Reviewing the French edition in 2004, Le Monde described it as "a remarkable novel, fascinating, harsh" with a strong female protagonist, and lamented the delay in its release in France. Scholar Nicholas Ruddick praised Lindholm's portrayal of "the flowering of Tillu’s selfhood" in a society where she does not fit in. In 1989 Vector found the first novel well-characterized, and Interzone praised the second book's depiction of prehistoric tribes as realistic. A 1996 reference work was more critical, writing that Tillu was portrayed in "too modern" a fashion to fit within a historical setting. In 1990 Vector stated that the depiction of magic in Wolf's Brother was "refreshingly subtle" but was overall critical of the book, finding the characters "sketchily drawn", the story unengaging and the ending anticlimactic.
According to Ruddick, the Reindeer People is set in Bronze Age Lapland and features a Paleo-Lappish society. Describing the series as a prehistoric romance, he writes that it has thematic similarities to Jean M. Auel's Earth's Children series, in particular her historical romance The Plains of Passage. A theme explored in the story is the liberty of women in the prehistoric tribe.

## Editions

* The Reindeer People. Ace Books. May 1988. ISBN 0-441-71233-9.
* Wolf's Brother. Ace Books. October 1988. ISBN 0-441-71234-7.
* A Saga of the Reindeer People (omnibus of The Reindeer People and Wolf's Brother). SFBC. May 1989.
# Gymnobisiidae

The Gymnobisiidae are a family of pseudoscorpions.
It includes a dozen species in four genera.

## Distribution

The species of this family are found in South America and Southern Africa Mirobisium and Vachonobisium from Argentina, Bolivia and Chile; and Beierobisium from the Falkland Islands. They are small in size and live in soil and litter, as a rule.

## List of genera

According to Pseudoscorpions of the World (version 3.0):
* Beierobisium Vitali-di Castri, 1970
* Gymnobisium Beier, 1931
* Mirobisium Beier, 1931
* Vachonobisium Vitali-di Castri, 1963
# Registro Airport

Alberto Bertelli State Airport (ICAO: SSRG) is the airport serving Registro, Brazil.
It is operated by Rede Voa.

## History

On July 15, 2021 the concession of the airport was auctioned to Rede Voa, under the name Consórcio Voa NW e Voa SE. The airport was previously operated by DAESP.

## Airlines and destinations

No scheduled flights operate at this airport.

## Access

The airport is located 6 km (4 mi) from downtown Registro.
# Göschberg

Göschberg is a mountain of Bavaria, Germany.
* This Bavaria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Reliance (ship)

Several ships have been named Reliance:
* Reliance (1804 ship) was built in France in 1790 and was registered in 1804 at Bristol. She left Bristol on a voyage as a slave ship but her crew scuttled her in June before having embarked any slaves.
* Reliance (1815 ship) was launched at Coringa. She sailed east of the Cape of Good Hope until c.1827 when she sailed to England and assumed British registry. Once in Britain she sailed back and forth to Bengal under a license from the British East India Company (EIC). She also twice transported military convicts to New South Wales. In 1832 Bennett sent Reliance on a whaling voyage to the Pacific. After she returned she sailed on a second whaling voyage, but this time to the Indian Ocean where she wrecked at the end of 1836.
* Reliance (1827 ship) was launched on the Thames as an East Indiaman for the British East India Company (EIC). She made three voyages for the EIC before she was sold when the EIC exited its trading activities. She was inward bound to London from China when she wrecked in 1842 in a gale near Boulogne.
* Reliance (1831 ship) was built at Bristol. She wrecked at Rockaway, in March 1836 as she sailed from Bristol to New York City.
# Gyrinus dubius

Gyrinus dubius is a species of whirligig beetle in the family Gyrinidae. It is found in North America.
# Gyrinus distinctus

Gyrinus distinctus is a species of beetles belonging to the family Gyrinidae.
It is native to Europe.
# Günaydın (newspaper)

Günaydın (literally: "Good Morning") was a Turkish newspaper. It was established in 1968 by Haldun Simavi, and ceased publication in 1999.
A book on the newspaper was published in 2006, titled Türk Basınında Kayan Yıldız: Haldun Simavi'nin Günaydın'ı ("The Turkish Press's Shooting Star: Haldun Simavi's Günaydın").

## Books

* Tekin, Akgün (2006), Türk Basınında Kayan Yıldız: Haldun Simavi'nin Günaydın'ı, Doğan Kitap / Anı Dizisi. ISBN 9789752934559
# Renata Mansini

Renata Mansini (born 22 August 1968) is an Italian applied mathematician, economist, and operations researcher known for her research on problems in mathematical optimization including portfolio optimization and vehicle routing. She is a professor of operations research at the University of Brescia.

## Education

Mansini earned a laurea in economics and business from the University of Brescia in 1991–1992, winning a prize from the Associazione Italiana di Studio del Lavoro for the best thesis in applied mathematics. She completed a doctorate in 1996–1997 at the University of Bergamo, with the dissertation Modelli di programmazione lineare mista intera per problemi finanziari: analisi, algoritmi e risultati computazionali [mixed integer linear programming models for financial problems: analysis, algorithms, and computational results].

## Book

Mansini is the co-author, with Włodzimierz Ogryczak and M. Grazia Speranza, of the book Linear and Mixed Integer Programming for Portfolio Optimization (EURO Advanced Tutorials on Operational Research, Springer, 2015).
# Győrasszonyfa

Győrasszonyfa is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.
# Gérard Barreaux

Gérard Barreaux (1948 – 16 October 2010) was a French accordionist, composer, and actor. He regularly appeared in performances of Yiddish music with singer-guitarist Moshé Leiser and violinist Ami Flamer.

## Discography

* fr:Denis Levaillant
* Yankele, Yiddish songs
# Gürcüvən

Gürcüvən or Gyurdzhivan may refer to:
* Gürcüvan, Azerbaijan
* Gürcüvən, Shamakhi, Azerbaijan
# Gürcüvən, Shamakhi

40°39′N 48°29′E﻿ / ﻿40.650°N 48.483°E﻿ / 40.650; 48.483
Gürcüvən (also, Gyurdzhivan) is a village in the Shamakhi Rayon of Azerbaijan.
# Gökçeviran

Gökçeviran may refer to:
* Gökçeören, Kalecik, Ankara Province, Turkey
* Gökçeören, Osmangazi, Bursa Province, Turkey
* Gökçeören, İzmit, Kocaeli Province, Turkey
# Gökçepınar, Çorum

Gökçepınar is a village in the Çorum District of Çorum Province in Turkey. Its population is 45 (2022). The village is populated by Kurds.