OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Meerdaal

Meerdaal, also known as Meerdaalwoud and Meerdaalbos, is a woodland lying east of Brussels and south of Leuven, on the loess plateau of Brabant in central Belgium. The bigger part of it has most likely been continuously forested since the Middle Ages, but the archaeological record and geomorphology give evidence of a profound human influence, probably including agriculture, during the Roman era and the Iron Age.

## Miradal

In 1146 Meerdaal was known as silva de miradal. Silva refers to a place dominated by trees; dal refers to a valley; the origin of mira is unclear.

## Free Wood

From 1406 until the end of the 18th century Meerdaal was endowed with the statute of Free Wood, which, for example, refers to its independent law court and rules.

## Oak, pannage and boars

Numerous documents give evidence of pannage in Ducal Free Woods Like Meerdaal during the dark and cold months of the 16th, 17th and 18th century. This pannage was obviously well-adjusted to forestry, as Meerdaal kept its age-long reputation for high-quality oak timber up to the present day. Pigs were restricted to well-appointed areas and evidently kept out of young stands by swine herders, who also built wooden cages for the animals. But the Free Wood of Meerdaal was not only a place for pannage, coppice or timber. It also had to keep up a reputation as a chase, housing wild boars, their hybrids with domestic pigs, and deer.

## Modern forestry

Today, Meerdaal Forest is managed as a multifunctional forest. High quality timber production keeps to play an important role but is combined with the conservation of high quality nature, recreation and education.

## Hiking

Today, Meerdaalwoud and the adjacent Heverleebos - together covering an area of almost 25 km² - are very popular for hiking.
50°48′16.89″N 4°41′45.71″E﻿ / ﻿50.8046917°N 4.6960306°E﻿ / 50.8046917; 4.6960306
# Numidio Quadrato (Rome Metro)

Numidio Quadrato is a station on the Rome Metro. It is on Line A and is located in the Quadraro district of Rome, under the intersection of Via Tuscolana and Via Scribonio Curione. The station is named after Via Numidio Quadrato, a nearby road whose name changed in 1980.

## Structure

The station features many mosaic art works as a part of Rome Metro art programs.
The platforms in this station are much larger than most stations on Line A. This is because it was originally planned to be a transfer station with Line D. This is no longer a possible situation as Line D has been rerouted to another part of Rome.
# Paracossus indradit

Paracossus indradit is a moth in the family Cossidae. It was described by Yakovlev in 2009. It is found in Thailand.
# Panti (federal constituency)

Panti was a federal constituency in Johor, Malaysia, that was represented in the Dewan Rakyat from 1974 to 1986.
The federal constituency was created in the 1974 redistribution and was mandated to return a single member to the Dewan Rakyat under the first past the post voting system.

## History

It was abolished in 1986 when it was redistributed.

### Representation history

Members of Parliament for Panti :
| Parliament | No | Years | Member | Party |
| Constituency created, renamed from Johore Tenggara |||||
| 4th | P108 | 1974-1977 | Syed Jaafar Albar (سيد جعفر البر) | BN (UMNO) |
| 4th | P108 | 1977-1978 | Saadun Muhammad Noh (سعداون محمد نوه) | BN (UMNO) |
| 5th | P108 | 1978-1982 | Yusof Malim Kuning (يوسف ماليم كونيڠ) | BN (UMNO) |
| 6th | P108 | 1982-1986 | Musa Hitam (موسى هيتم‎) | BN (UMNO) |
| Constituency abolished, renamed to Kota Tinggi |||||

### State constituency

| Parliamentary constituency | State constituency | State constituency | State constituency | State constituency | State constituency | State constituency | State constituency |
| Parliamentary constituency | 1954–59* | 1959–1974 | 1974–1986 | 1986–1995 | 1995–2004 | 2004–2018 | 2018–present |
| Panti | | | Johore Lama | | | | |
| Panti | | | Kota Tinggi | | | | |
# Paralauterborniella

Paralauterborniella is a genus of non-biting midges in the subfamily Chironominae of the bloodworm family Chironomidae. Apedilum was formerly considered a junior synonym of this genus, but was restored as a separate genus by J. H. Epler (1988) for the species A. elachistus and A. subcinctum.

## Species

* P. ershanensis Tang, 2016
* P. nigrohalteralis (Malloch, 1915)
# Pao leiurus

Pao leiurus is a species of pufferfish found in Southeast Asia from Thailand to Indonesia and in particular the Mekong basin. It is occasionally imported into the aquarium trade but is reported to be aggressive and snappish.

## Characteristics

P. leiurus, which grows to around 16 cm (6.3 in), can be identified by dirty brown, brownish grey or gray markings on the upper part of the body which is poorly separated from markings on the lower body which tends to be dirty off-white, yellowish or pale grey with dusky mottling or spots. P. leiurus also typically display occelated spots which may be red, green or blue.
P. leiurus are typically found in tropical freshwater or brackish water, with temperatures ranging between 24 °C and 28 °C, including streams and rivers in upland and lowland areas, flowing and standing water habitats, swamps, and reservoirs.
Like most Tetraodontidae, P. leiurus is a molluscivore and feeds on molluscs, crustaceans, and other invertebrates.
# Parancistrus aurantiacus

Parancistrus aurantiacus is a species of armored catfish native to Brazil and Peru, where it is found in the Ucayali, Tocantins and Xingu Rivers. This species grows to a length of 19.3 centimetres (7.6 in) SL.
# Parchtitz

Parchtitz is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

## Geography and transport

Parchtitz is about 3 kilometres northwest of Bergen auf Rügen and lies on the Duwenbeek, the only large stream on Rügen. The stream's source is the lake of Nonnensee, which also lies within Parchtitz and which was re-established in 1993 after a long period of being drained. The village lies immediately on the Landesstraße 30 from Bergen to Gingst. The B 96 and the railway line from Stralsund to Sassnitz runs east of the village.

### Villages

The following villages fall within the municipality:
* Parchtitz
* Boldevitz
* Gademow
* Muglitz
* Neuendorf
* Platvitz
* Reischvitz
* Volkshagen
* Willihof
# Papal income tax

Papal income tax was first levied in 1199 by Pope Innocent III, originally requiring all Catholic clergy to pay one-fortieth of their ecclesiastical income annually in support of the Crusades. The second income tax was not levied until the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215, and constituted only a triennial twentieth.
This precedent was frequently continued by the successors of Innocent III, enforced by ecclesiastical censure, by sequestration, and frequently by the use of force. The first time the tax was imposed, contributors were promised that a quarter of the penances would be rebated if payments were made willingly and honestly; the second time, non-compliance was simply threatened with excommunication. On a few occasions popes convoked a general council before imposing an income tax, but more often imposed the tax solely on their own authority.
The power was later used for Crusades outside of the Holy Land. For example, Pope Gregory IX in 1228 levied a one-tenth income tax to fund his war against Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor. By 1253, the phrase "ecclesiastical revenues and receipts" was defined more carefully, and interpreted to include temporalities as well as spiritualities. In 1274, the lessons from the past taxes were aggregated and compiled into a set of instructions for the collectors in France under the direction of Gregory X, in the tear that the Second Council of Lyon ordered a sexennial tenth. Pope Boniface VIII included the tax code in canon law in 1301.
Fourteenth and fifteenth century popes leveled similar taxes for personal uses as well as for wars against the Ottoman Turks and others. Taxes could be imposed either on the universal church, the clergy of a single country, or even on a group of provinces. Whereas the first crusading taxes were paid directly to crusaders, by the middle of the thirteenth century it became customary to pay the tax directly to kings, princes, or nobles who promised to join the crusade; if the crusade never took place, the money was to be returned to the Apostolic Camera.
Nonpayment of papal taxes was rampant, and secular rulers of even modest power could usually succeed in placing restrictions on papal taxes collected within their realm, if not in obtaining a portion for themselves, or even persuading the papacy to merely act as an intermediary in levying their own taxes (with or without the pretext of the crusade). For example, Edward I and Edward II succeeded in obtaining more than half of the customary tenth for themselves, as did the French kings during the Avignon Papacy.
# Parapolitics (disambiguation)

Parapolitics is a term for a 2006 scandal involving Colombian politicians and the paramilitary group the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia.
Parapolitics may also refer to:
* Raghavan N. Iyer, for whom parapolitics is a method of rethinking the foundations and frontiers of political principles, systems, and issues
* Peter Dale Scott, who uses the term parapolitics as one aspect of his theory of "deep politics"
* Lobster (magazine), a UK magazine focused on how politics has been influenced by intelligence and security services
# Parapolycesta

Parapolycesta cobosi is a species of beetle in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus Parapolycesta.
# Park Drive (cricket)

Park Drive is a cricket ground in Hartlepool, England. Although the ground used to host two or three Durham 1st XI matches each season between 1992 (when the county received first-class status) and 1997, the ground has not been used since for county matches.
The ground has hosted 8 first-class matches and 11 List A matches.

## Game Information

    Game Type No. of Games County Championship Matches 8 limited-over county matches 9 Twenty20 matches 0

### Game Statistics: first-class

    Category Information Highest Team Score Durham (545/8dec against Northamptonshire) in 1994 Lowest Team Score Northamptonshire (156 against Durham) in 1994 Best Batting Performance John Morris (186 Runs for Durham against Northamptonshire in 1994 Best Bowling Performance Alan Walker (7/56 for Durham against Nottinghamshire) in 1997

### Game Statistics: one-day matches

    Category Information Highest Team Score Northamptonshire (266/3 in 40 overs against Durham) in 1994 and Durham (266/6 in 40 overs against Northamptonshire) in 1994 Lowest Team Score Minor Counties (156 in 55 overs against Durham) in 1993 Best Batting Performance Alan Fordham (111 Runs for Northamptonshire against Durham) in 1994 Best Bowling Performance Roland Lefebvre (4/23 for Glamorgan against Durham) in 1994
# Pararrhaptica longiplicata

Pararrhaptica longiplicata is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, Lanai and Hawaii.
The larvae feed on Myrsine species.
# Pararrhaptica lysimachiana

Pararrhaptica lysimachiana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was first described by Otto Swezey in 1946. It is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu.
The larvae feed on Lysimachia rotundifolia. The larvae have been found on the leaves of the host plant.
# Paris–Rouen

Paris–Rouen may refer to:
* Paris–Rouen (cycle race), completed for the first time in 1869.
* Paris–Rouen (motor race), completed in 1894.
* Open May 3, 1843, is the first part of the railway line Paris-Le Havre.
# Pasiphilodes nina

Pasiphilodes nina is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Fiji.
# Park (2016 film)

Park is a 2016 Greek-Polish drama film directed by Sofia Exarchou. It was selected to be screened in the Discovery section at the 2016 Toronto International Film Festival.

## Cast

* Dimitris Kitsos as Dimitris
* Dimitra Vlagopoulou as Anna
* Thomas Bo Larsen as Jens
* Enuki Gvenatadze as Markos
* Lena Kitsopoulou as Dimitris' Mother
* Yorgos Pandeleakis as Mother's boyfriend
# Pasaje Polanco

Pasaje Polanco, originally Pasaje Comercial, is an architecturally significant open-air shopping court with apartments on the upper levels along Avenida Masaryk in the Polanquito section of the Polanco neighborhood of Mexico City. It opened in 1938; Francisco J. Serrano was the architect. It is in Colonial californiano style, that is, a Mexican interpretation of the California interpretation of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and Mission Revival architecture. It consists of an interior courtyard around which there are shops, restaurants, and cafés, with apartments on the upper floors. Shops on the Masaryk Avenue side also have entrances on that street, one of the city's most famous for luxury shopping.
# Pasajero (Gipsy Kings album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
Pasajero (Traveler) is the twelfth studio album from the band Gipsy Kings. It was originally released on October 3, 2006 internationally and released in the United States on January 23, 2007. Both versions are identical.

## Credits

* Executive producer – Freddy Lamotte, Pascal Imbert, Peter Himberger
* Mixed and recording – Frank Redlich - mixing, recording
* Producer – The Gipsy Kings*, Philippe Eidel
* Writing credits: Antonio Rivas (track 13), Francisco Repilado (track 5), Gipsy Kings (tracks 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14), Philippe Eidel (track 3)

## Charts

| Chart (2006) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA Charts) | 96 |
# Parish of Numby

Numby, New South Wales is a civil parish of King County, New South Wales.
The parish is at 34°08′54″S 148°58′04″E﻿ / ﻿34.14833°S 148.96778°E﻿ / -34.14833; 148.96778 on the Lachlan River, near Bigga.
# Partition of Bengal

Partition of Bengal may refer to the partition of the Bengal region on two occasions:
* Partition of Bengal (1905), a reorganization within India
* Partition of Bengal (1947), a consequence of the Partition of India
# Partition of Gyeonggi Province

Gyeonggi Province is the most populous province in South Korea. It has been the subject of proposals to divide it into two provinces since 1987.

## History of partition movements
### 20th century

During the 1992 South Korean presidential election, Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung made a promise to establish North Gyeonggi Province.

### 21st century

In 2014, the Council of Gyeonggi Province sponsored its partition, However this plan was opposed by the provincial governor Nam Kyung-pil.
# Parow Park

Parow Park is a sports venue in Cape Town, South Africa.
The venue has hosted football matches for several teams Premier Soccer League and National First Division teams, including Cape Town All Stars, Santos F.C., Stellenbosch F.C., Ubuntu Cape Town.
# Adai, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Adai is a town in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan. It is located at 34°57'54N 71°33'53E with an altitude of 1376 metres (4517 feet).
# Mary Baker McQuesten

Mary Baker McQuesten (October 10, 1849 – December 7, 1934) was a Victorian-era Canadian letter writer and activist. She was the mother of politician Thomas McQuesten.

## Biography

McQuesten was born Mary Jane Baker on October 10, 1849 in Brantford in what was then Upper Canada to parents Reverend Thomas Baker and Mary Jane McIlwaine. She attended Newmarket County Grammar School and later Mrs. Burns' Ladies Collegiate Institute in Toronto. McQuesten never received a formal university education.
Mary met Isaac Baldwin McQuesten in 1869. The two married on June 18, 1873, though Mary broke off the engagement at least once. Their eldest child, Mary Baldwin McQuesten, was born in 1874. The couple had six more children between 1876 and 1885: Calvin, Hilda-Belle, Ruby Baker, Muriel Fletcher, Thomas Baker, and Margaret Edna. Muriel Fletcher only lived to 21 months, dying in 1882.
Following the death of his father in 1885, Isaac McQuesten inherited Willowbank House and the McQuesten family moved in. Mary McQuesten changed the name of the house to Whitehern.
In 1882, McQuesten was elected to the board of the Women's Foreign Missionary Society. She was elected president of the society in 1893. In 1898, McQuesten helped to form the Woman's Home Missionary Society which helped to minister to people, especially those involved in the gold rush, in the Canadian north and northwest. Despite McQuesten's opposition, the Women's Foreign Missionary Society and the Woman's Home Missionary Society merged in 1914 to become the Women's Missionary Society.
Isaac McQuesten died in 1888 leaving Mary McQuesten a single mother of six children between the ages of 2 and 14. Isaac was an alcoholic and his death was rumoured to have been a suicide. His death left the McQuesten family in severe debt.
In 1889, McQuesten proposed the founding of a chapter of the YWCA in Hamilton. The Hamilton YWCA Building opened on May 1, 1889. McQuesten was a member of several other religious women's institutions including the National Council of Women and the Victorian Order of Nurses. Despite these feminist leanings, McQuesten was never publicly associated with the women's suffrage movement.
McQuesten was a devout Presbyterian her entire life. In 1923, she spoke out against church union. Her Presbyterian church, Hamilton Presbytery, similarly resisted joining the United Church.
On December 7, 1934, McQuesten died of a cerebral hemorrhage.

## Legacy

McQuesten's letters have been influential in Canadian humanities and social studies. The letters demonstrate the ways in which letter writing could keep distant family members aware of each other's lives in the Victorian era. The letters also provide insight into the life of a single Victorian mother and into post-colonial Victorian attitudes. McQuesten's collected writings, including missionary texts and letters, have been compiled with a biography by Mary J. Anderson called The Life Writings of Mary Baker McQuesten: Victorian Matriarch.
McQuesten's former home is now preserved as a museum, the Whitehern Historic House and Garden, in Hamilton.
# Nuccio Rinaldis

Nuccio Rinaldis (Milan 1943 - Milan 2015) was an Italian sound engineer.

## Biography

Nuccio Rinaldis is best known in Italian pop music business for being lead sound engineer of Italian singer Mina for several years.
Rinaldis's work can be traced in almost the singer's complete discography, both albums and singles from 1967 onwards, with the many hits he was involved in, first at Carlo Alberto Rossi's Fonorama Studio and later, for more than 10 years since the founding of PDU, at the La Basilica Studio in Milan, owned by Mina herself.
It should be mentioned that it was thanks to the test recording proposed by Rinaldis, that the record Mina Live '78 was made and released as a double album. It constitutes the only audio record of Mina's last public concert.

## Discography with Mina (selected)
### Studio Albums

* Dedicato a mio padre (1967)
* I discorsi (1969)
* Mina for You (1969)
* ...quando tu mi spiavi in cima a un batticuore... (1970)
* Mina (1971)
* Altro (1972)
* Cinquemilaquarantatre (1972)
* Frutta e verdura (1973)
* Amanti di valore (1973)
* Del mio meglio n. 2 (1973)
* Mina® (1974)
* Baby Gate 1974
* Del mio meglio n. 3 (1974)
* Minacantalucio (1975)
* La Mina (1975)
* Singolare (1976)
* Plurale (1976)
* Del mio meglio n. 4 (1977)
* Mina con bignè (1977)
* Mina quasi Jannacci (1977)
* Di tanto in tanto (1978)
* Del mio meglio n. 5 (1979)
* Del mio meglio n. 6 - Live (1981)
* Italiana 1982
* Catene (1983)
* Finalmente ho conosciuto il conte Dracula... 1985
* Rane supreme (1987)
* Oggi ti amo di più (1988)
* Sorelle Lumière (1992)
* Mazzini canta Battisti (1994)

### Live

* Mina alla Bussola dal vivo (1968)
* Mina Live '78 (1978)

### Singles

* "La canzone di Marinella" (1969)
* "Il cielo in una stanza" (1969)
* "Un'ombra" (1969)
* "Acqua azzurra, acqua chiara" (1969)
* "Bugiardo e incosciente" (1970)
* "Io e te da soli" (1970)
* "Amor mio" (1971)
* "Uomo" (1971)
* "Grande, grande, grande" (1972)
* "Eccomi" (1972)
* "Lamento d'amore" (1973)
* "E poi..." (1973)
* "L'importante è finire" (1975)
* “Nuda” (1976)
* "Amante amore [it]" (1977)
* "Città vuota" (1978 remake)
* "Una canzone" (1981)
* "Rose su rose" 1984
# 1760 in Austria

Events from the year 1760 in Austria

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Maria Theresa

## Events

* August 30 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Legnica: Prussia under Frederick the Great defeat the Austrian army of Marshal Laudon before it can unite with that of Marshal Daun.
* November 3 – Seven Years' War – Battle of Torgau: The Prussian army defeats Daun's Austrians, who withdraw across the Elbe.
* September 5 - The Marriage of Josef II and Isabella of Parma

## Births

* April 20 - Georg Sigmund Robinig von Rottenfeld was the owner of an ironworks business and a captain in the Imperial and Royal Landwehr.
* June 26 - Johann I Joseph Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1836)
* July 29 - Johann Georg Laschensky was a mason and master builder from Salzburg
* December 21 - Carl Ehrenbert Freiherr von Moll was a jurist and statesman from Salzburg

## Deaths

* February 17 - Franz Anton Danreiter was a renowned architect, court gardener, and draftsman.
# Omphiscola glabra

Omphiscola glabra, commonly known as the pond mud snail, is a species of small to medium-size, air-breathing, freshwater snail, an aquatic pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Lymnaeidae. Omphiscola glabra is the type species of the genus Omphiscola.

## Distribution

This European snail can be found from southern Scandinavia (61° N) to southern Spain.
* endangered in Germany. Critically endangered in Western Germany (Rheinland-Pfalz, Saarland, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Hessen). Extinct in Bavaria.
* Netherlands
* one site in the south east of Ireland was found in 2009, but it is listed as extinct on the local Red List (2009).
* vulnerable in Great Britain
The distribution of Omphiscola glabra is very scattered and rare. It is seriously threatened, and has become locally extinct in many places. It is threatened by continuing habitat destruction because of drainage and intensive farming. Acriculturally induced eutrophication is also a threat. Omphiscola glabra has disappeared widely from urbanized areas such as London.

## Shell description

The shell is strongly cylindrical, horny, often with a brownish or blackish surface, the apex is blunt, 7–8 moderately convex whorls, with last whorl being twice as high as the narrow aperture, and with aperture often with white lip.
The height of the shell is 9–12 mm, up to 15 mm or up to 20 mm. The width of the shell is 3–4 mm, up to 5.5 mm.

## Habitat

This snail lives in places such as swampy meadows and ditches.
Omphiscola glabra is said to occur in small areas of standing water that have a lot of vegetation such as swamps, and also in standing forest waters with leaf litter, often in water with organic iron contents and low calcium contents.
In Central France, the populations of Omphiscola glabra are currently declining because its habitat is threatened by modern agricultural practices.
In Britain however, this species occurs in small standing waters that are low in nutrients, with poor aquatic flora, often in waters drying out periodically. They usually do not occur in habitats with high molluscan diversity, and usually in habitats on uncultivated land. They are calciphile and have a pH tolerance of 5.4–8.8.
Reproduction begins in May. Juveniles hatch after 15–25 days. Omphiscola glabra has two generations per year.

## Parasites

Omphiscola glabra can serve as an intermediate host for several digenean trematodes. In France, Omphiscola glabra is naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica, Calicophoron daubneyi, and Haplometra cylindracea; in all, seven digenean species parasitize O. glabra in the Brenne Regional Natural Park, central France. Moreover, a report suggests that the species is also susceptible to Fascioloides magna infection.