OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ropeginterferon alfa-2b

Ropeginterferon alfa-2b, sold under the brand name Besremi, is a medication used to treat polycythemia vera. It is an interferon. It is given by injection.
The most common side effects include low levels of white blood cells and platelets (blood components that help the blood to clot), muscle and joint pain, tiredness, flu-like symptoms and increased blood levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase (a sign of liver problems). Ropeginterferon alfa-2b can cause liver enzyme elevations, low levels of white blood cells, low levels of platelets, joint pain, fatigue, itching, upper airway infection, muscle pain and flu-like illness. Side effects may also include urinary tract infection, depression and transient ischemic attacks (stroke-like attacks).
It was approved for medical use in the European Union in February 2019, and in the United States in November 2021. Ropeginterferon alfa-2b is the first medication approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat polycythemia vera that people can take regardless of their treatment history, and the first interferon therapy specifically approved for polycythemia vera. The FDA considers it to be a first-in-class medication.

## Medical uses

In the European Union, ropeginterferon alfa-2b is indicated as monotherapy in adults for the treatment of polycythemia vera without symptomatic splenomegaly. In the United States it is indicated for the treatment of polycythemia vera.
Ropeginterferon alfa-2b showed promising clinical activities in the treatment of moderate COVID-19.

## History

The effectiveness and safety of ropeginterferon alfa-2b were evaluated in a multicenter, single-arm trial that lasted 7.5 years. In this trial, 51 adults with polycythemia vera received ropeginterferon alfa-2b for an average of about five years. The effectiveness of ropeginterferon alfa-2b was assessed by looking at how many participants achieved complete hematological response, which meant that participants had a red blood cell volume of less than 45% without a recent phlebotomy, normal white cell counts and platelet counts, a normal spleen size, and no blood clots. Overall, 61% of participants had a complete hematological response. Participants received the highest administered dose tolerated every two weeks subcutaneously. The starting dose was lower for participants who were transitioning from hydroxyurea. The trial was conducted at six sites exclusively in Austria. The safety of ropeginterferon alfa-2b was based primarily on findings from the efficacy study in 51 participants. Two additional studies served as supportive safety data; therefore, the number of participants representing efficacy findings may differ from the number of participants representing safety findings due to different pools of study participants analyzed for efficacy and safety.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application for ropeginterferon alfa-2b orphan drug designation and granted the approval of Besremi to PharmaEssentia Corporation.
# Petřín

Petřín (Czech pronunciation:) is a hill in the centre of Prague, Czech Republic. It rises 327 m above sea level and some 130 m above the left bank of the Vltava River. The hill, almost entirely covered with parks, is a favorite recreational area for the inhabitants of Prague. The hill (in German known as Laurenziberg) is featured prominently in Franz Kafka's early short story "Description of a Struggle" and briefly in Milan Kundera's novel The Unbearable Lightness of Being.
The chronicler Cosmas describes Petřín as a very rocky place, the hill is allegedly called Petřín because of the large number of rocks (Latin: petra). Since ancient times, stones were dug and were used to construct buildings in Prague. Medieval defence wall, the Hunger Wall was built on Petřín Hill during 1360 - 1362, by the order of king of Bohemia Charles IV. The Petřín Lookout Tower, which strongly resembles the Eiffel Tower, was built atop a hill in 1891. Other sights include the Rose Garden, Mirror Maze, Cathedral of Saint Lawrence, and St Michael Church.
The summit of the hill is linked to Prague's Malá Strana district by the Petřín funicular, a funicular railway that first operated in 1891.

## Main sights

* Petřín lookout tower
* Petřín funicular
* Hunger Wall
* Mirror Maze
* Rose Garden
* Štefánik's Observatory
* Strahov Stadium
* St Lawrence Cathedral
* St. Michael the Archangel Church (wooden church from the second half of the 17th century in Boyko style, transferred from Subcarpathian Ruthenia in 1929)
* Memorial to the Victims of Communism
# Phaea marthae

Phaea marthae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak in 1977. It is known to be from Mexico.
# Phaea mankinsi

Phaea mankinsi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Chemsak and Linsley in 1979. It is known from Honduras and Guatemala.
# Phaea miniata

Phaea miniata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Francis Polkinghorne Pascoe in 1858. It is known from Venezuela and Mexico.
# Phaio salmoni

Phaio salmoni is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1883. It is found in Colombia.
# Petruša

Petruša is a village in the municipality of Knjaževac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 120 people.
# Petrushka chord

The Petrushka chord is a recurring polytonal device used in Igor Stravinsky's ballet Petrushka and in later music. These two major triads, C major and F♯ major – a tritone apart – clash, "horribly with each other," when sounded together and create a dissonant chord.

## Structure

The Petrushka chord in the piano during the second tableau of Petrushka is shown below.
The Petrushka chord is defined as two simultaneous major triads separated by a tritone. In Petrushka, Stravinsky used C major on top of F♯ major (the latter presented here in first inversion):
The device uses tones that, together, make up a synthetic hexatonic scale (0 1 4 6 7 t). When enharmonically spelled C–D♭–E–G♭–G(♮)–B♭, it is called the tritone scale. Alternatively, when spelled C–D♭–E–F♯–G–B♭, it can be read as the auxiliary diminished scale.
The chords may be considered to contradict each other because of the tritone relationship: "Any tendency for a tonality to emerge may be avoided by introducing a note three whole tones distant from the key note of that tonality."
At the end of the third tableau, the Petrushka chord appears with Petrushka but at A and E♭, which, with C and F♯, create a diminished seventh chord (0, 3, 6, 9) and exhaust the octatonic scale (9 1 4, 3 7 t, 0 4 7, and 6 t 1 = 0 1 3 4 6 7 9 t), "and suggests that it did ... possess for Stravinsky an a priori conceptual status".

## Petrushka and origin

Although attributed to Stravinsky, the chord (or, more precisely, two simultaneous major chords set a tritone apart, specifically F and B major) was present much earlier in Franz Liszt's Malédiction Concerto. (Although the exact date of the composition remains unknown, it is estimated by Humphrey Searle to be from about 1840; the composition is believed to have originated from one of Liszt's early works, performed in 1827.)
Maurice Ravel uses this chord in his piano work Jeux d'eau to create flourishing, water-like sounds that characterize the piece. In his article "Ravel's 'Russian' Period: Octatonicism in His Early Works, 1893-1908", Steven Baur notes that Jeux d'eau was composed in 1901, ten years before Stravinsky composed Petrushka (1911), suggesting that Stravinsky may have learned the trick from Ravel. Stravinsky heard Jeux d'eau and several other works by Ravel no later than 1907 at the "Evenings for Contemporary Music" program.
Stravinsky used the chord repeatedly throughout the ballet Petrushka to represent the puppet and devised the chord to represent the puppet's mocking of the crowd at the Shrovetide Fair. Eric Walter White suggests and dismisses the possibility that the Petrushka chord is derived from Messiaen's "second Modes of limited transposition" (the octatonic scale) in favor of a "black key/white key bitonality" which results from, "Stravinsky's well known habit of composing at the piano."

## Other uses

The 1979 song "Kogaion" by Romanian progressive rock band Sfinx makes use of the chord.
The Petrushka chord is dominantly used in the track Above the Clouds, from the 2003 simulation game Sim City 4.
# PhenomicDB

PhenomicDB is a free phenotype oriented database. It contains data for some of the main model organisms such as Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Drosophila melanogaster, and others. PhenomicDB merges and structures phenotypic data from various public sources: WormBase, FlyBase, NCBI Gene, MGI and ZFIN using clustering algorithms. The website is now offline.
# Phil Ramuno

Phil Ramuno is an American television director. During the early years of his career he worked as a stage manager on the sitcoms Fish, Benson and Soap. His credits as a director includes Too Close for Comfort, Gimme a Break!, Amen, 9 to 5, Throb, Charles in Charge, Sister Kate and Grace Under Fire.
In 2006, he along with fellow television director Mary Lou Belli wrote the book The Sitcom Career Book with foreword by actor Henry Winkler.
# Peñacerrada-Urizaharra

Peñacerrada in Spanish or Urizaharra in Basque is a town and municipality located in the province of Álava, in the Basque Country, northern Spain. The Church of Nuestra Señora de la Peña de Faido is located in the town.
# Pförring

Pförring is a municipality in the district of Eichstätt in Bavaria in Germany.
# Phillip Davidson

Phillip Buford Davidson Jr. (November 26, 1915 – February 7, 1996) was an American lieutenant general who served in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War.

## Biography

Davidson was born on November 26, 1915, in Hachita, New Mexico. Davidson attended West Point, graduating in 1939. During World War II, he served as assistant intelligence officer in the 96th Infantry Division. Later, he served as a squadron commander in George S. Patton's Third Army in Western Europe.
Following the war, he was assigned as an instructor to the Army's School of Intelligence in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
Starting in 1948 and continuing throughout the Korean War, Davidson was chief, Plans and Estimates Branch, in General Douglas MacArthur's intelligence office. It was during this time that occurred one of the US Army's greatest intelligence failures in history - not predicting Chinese intervention in the Korean War.
In 1969, while assigned as commanding General of the Army training center at Fort Ord, California, Davidson was the respondent in the United States Supreme Court decision Parisi v. Davidson. In that case, the court granted habeas relief to a soldier seeking an honorable discharge as a conscientious objector.
During the Vietnam War, 1967 until 1969, Davidson was the chief of US military intelligence in Vietnam, under the command of William Westmoreland and later Creighton Abrams. From May 3, 1971, to September 30, 1972, Davidson, then a major general, was the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Headquarters, Department of the Army. He was later promoted to lieutenant general.
In 1988, he published Vietnam at War: The History 1946–1975, which is widely regarded as one of the most comprehensive accounts of the Indochina wars. He followed it up in 1990 with Secrets of the Vietnam War, where he described his experiences in Vietnam.
Davidson died on February 7, 1996, in San Antonio, Texas. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.
Davidson is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame.

## Military decorations

Lieutenant general Davidson received many decorations during his military service:
* Army Distinguished Service Medal
* Silver Star
* Legion of Merit with two Oak Leaf Clusters
* Bronze Star Medal
* Joint Service Commendation Medal
* Purple Heart
* American Defense Service Medal
* American Campaign Medal
* European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with four Service Stars
* World War II Victory Medal
* Army of Occupation Medal
* National Defense Service Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster
* Korean Service Medal
* Vietnam Service Medal
* United Nations Korea Medal
* French Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 with Palm
* Vietnam Campaign Medal
# Phaeochlaena amazonica

Phaeochlaena amazonica is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Herbert Druce in 1899. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil and Venezuela.
# Phaeochlaena bicolor

Phaeochlaena bicolor is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Heinrich Benno Möschler in 1877. It is found in Suriname, French Guiana, Colombia and Ecuador.
# Philip V

Philip V may refer to:
* Philip V of Macedon (221–179 BC)
* Philip V of France (1293–1322)
* Philip II of Spain, also Philip V, Duke of Burgundy (1526–1598)
* Philip V of Spain (1683–1746)
# Phelsuma vanheygeni

Phelsuma vanheygeni is a species of gecko, a lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

## Etymology

The specific name, vanheygeni, is in honor of Belgian herpetologist Emmanuel Van Heygen, who collected the holotype.

## Geographic range

P. vanheygeni is found on the Ampasindava peninsula in northern Madagascar.

## Habitat

The natural habitat of P. vanheygeni is patches of bamboo in forest, at altitudes of 50–400 m (160–1,310 ft). It appears to be confined to medium-sized bamboo (about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter).

## Description

P. vanheygeni measure 31–35 mm (1.2–1.4 in) in snout–vent length and 75–80 mm (3.0–3.1 in) in total length. It is somewhat slender and rather flattened. The dorsal coloration of living specimens (including the head, neck, limbs and tail) is vivid green. There are some small red dots irregularly positioned on the lower back and upper tail; males have usually slightly bigger red dots. The green dorsal coloration is delimited by a yellowish stripe that begins at the rostral scale, continues backwards over the supralabial scales, under the ear opening, and widens at the axilla. The ventral coloration is dirty white; the subcaudal scales have a brown to black pigmentation at their tips. The Ventral and subcaudal scales are smooth (not keeled).

## Reproduction

P. vanheygeni is oviparous and glues its eggs to the inside of bamboo stems.
# Pheme (project)

Pheme is a 36-month research project begun in 2014 into establishing the veracity of claims made on the internet.

## Introduction

Unverified content is dominant and prolific in social media messages. While big data typically presents challenges in its information volume, variety and velocity, social media presents a fourth: establishing veracity. The Pheme project aims to analyse content in real time and determine how accurate the claims made in it are. As claims propagate through a social network, each individual chooses whether or not to pass on information, based on how accurate they think it is. Analysing the language used and the spread of information through a network, as well as the spatial and temporal context of the information, is used to build a real-time lie detector for social media. This will help, for example, emergency services (who already integrate social media as part of their alerting and response systems) to flag potential hoax emergencies.
Evaluating the authority of sources automatically is also a project goal, based on the treatment of the news and information that comes from them. For example, a tweet of a BBC news article would hold more weight than one from an unknown source.
The project is named after the Greek goddess Pheme.

## Case studies

Pheme addresses social media lies in two scenarios: information about healthcare, which can be particularly damaging if wrong, and information used by journalists.

## Categories of rumour

Pheme addresses speculation, controversy, misinformation and disinformation.

## Partners

The project is a partnership between the University of Sheffield as part of GATE, the University of Warwick, King's College London, Saarland University in Germany and Modul University Vienna. Four companies are also taking part - Atos, iHub Nairobi, Ontotext and swissinfo. Pheme is funded by the EU.
# Phillip P. Keene

Phillip P. Keene (born September 5, 1966) is an American actor. He is mostly known for playing Buzz Watson on the TV series The Closer and its spinoff, Major Crimes. He is fluent in Spanish and German.
His first film was Role of a Lifetime. Before acting, he went to UCLA and studied history/art history. He also was a flight attendant for Pan Am and has a pilot's license.

## Personal life

He is married to James Duff, creator of The Closer and Major Crimes, his partner since 1993.

## Filmography

| Year | Film | Role | Notes |
| 2002 | Role of a Lifetime | Bartender | Film |
| 2004 | The D.A. | Reporter #2 | Episode: The People vs. Sergius Kovinsky |
| 2005–2012 | The Closer | Buzz Watson | Recurring role: seasons 1-3 Main role: seasons 4-7 109 episodes |
| 2008 | The Truth Is Underrated | Jonah | Short Film |
| 2012–2018 | Major Crimes | Buzz Watson | Main role, 105 episodes |
| 2013 | I Am Death | Greg Meyers | |
| 2018 | Deadly Shores | Robert Palmer | Main role - Lifetime Movie |

## Nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Title of work | Result |
| 2008 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series | The Closer | Nominated |
| 2009 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series | The Closer | Nominated |
| 2010 | Screen Actors Guild Award | Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series | The Closer | Nominated |
# Philip Michael Goldvarg

Philip Michael Goldvarg (13 March 1934 – 14 June 2004) was an American poet, activist and member of the Zapatista Solidarity Coalition.

## Personal life

Goldvarg lived in Sacramento, California, in the United States. He participated in poetry readings at local schools and coffee houses, and was also known for his activism. He died from a brain tumor in June 2004. Goldvarg was honored posthumously in 2004 for "his artistry and commitment to justice" by Making Things Grow, a Sacramento group formed by artists, community agencies and businesses.

## Notable work

His work has been published in Ventana Abierta-Revista Latina, Drum Voices Review, and Voz de Zapatistas. Two collections of poetry, Palabras de Elena and What Makes Bones Talk have been published in book form, and other collections, such as Chiapas en el Corazón and Cantos de Chihuahua, were published in periodicals and journals. One of Goldvarg's poems was used in the cantata "The Skies are Weeping" by Philip Munger.
# Philip Morris External Research Program

The Philip Morris External Research Program, sometimes abbreviated as PMERP, was an external research grant program founded in the fall of 2000 by Philip Morris International, as an initiative of the company's Worldwide Scientific Affairs unit. Its stated aim was to "address the concerns of the public health community regarding cigarette smoking". During its eight-year history, it funded about 470 research proposals at 60 different medical schools, and spent about US$200 million. It has been compared to the Center for Indoor Air Research (CIAR); of the six members of PMERP's advisory board, three were affiliated with the CIAR (as of 2005). In addition, a 2001 paper co-authored by Norbert Hirschhorn states that the structure of PMERP's review panel is "nearly identical to that of the CIAR." A 2006 paper analyzing grants awarded by PMERP, and peer-reviewed studies resulting from these grants, concluded that PMERP "appears to exist less as a conduit for critical scientific inquiry than to fit into a corporate strategy intended to burnish PM’s public image." In the fall of 2007 Philip Morris shut down the program, with their decision to do so first becoming publicly known in February 2008.
# Philippe Gumplowicz

Philippe Gumplowicz (born 6 October 1950 in Paris) is a French professor of universities, musicologist and music historian.

## Biography

His parents, a couple of Polish Jews, emigrated to France in 1933. As a young man, Gumplowicz bathed in the "Zionist and Marxist" youth movements. He studied history and passed his master's degree at the Sorbonne University in 1972. Passionate about music, he financed his studies by playing in a jazz orchestra. He then studied social science and became passionate about psychoanalysis which he abandoned in the 1970s. He then worked on the history of musical institutions, such as the Conservatoire de Paris and the Théâtre national de l'Opéra-Comique. He defended his thesis in the mid-1980s on orphéon [fr]s in France, these amateur musical societies which in the 19th century appeared in the villages and towns of Europe. Gumplowicz teaches at the Conservatoire de Paris, the École des hautes études en sciences sociales and the University of Évry Val d'Essonne where he is the director of RASM (Recherches Arts Spectacles Musiques).
He produced for France Musique and France Culture programs and documentaries (Les Grands entretiens with pianist Jean-Claude Pennetier in 2010, Israeli historian Zeev Sternhell in April 2011 or singer Michel Delpech in October 2012) as well as documentaries such as Les années Barclay Une histoire de Haute fidélité in June 2012.
He can be heard playing the acoustic guitar in two songs of the album Innocence [fr] by Antoine Tomé [fr], appeared in 1979.

## Publications

* 1991 – Le Roman du jazz. Première époque, 1893–1930, Fayard
* 1988 – Les Travaux d'Orphée, on Persée, Éditions Aubier-Montaigne [fr] (Book from his thesis, reissued in 2001)
* 2000 – Le Roman du jazz. Deuxième époque, 1930–1942, Fayard
* 2008 – Le Roman du jazz. Les modernes, Fayard
* 2012 – Les Résonances de l'ombre, musique et identités de Wagner au jazz, Fayard
# Pholadomyidae

Pholadomyidae is a family of saltwater clams, marine bivalve molluscs in the order Anomalodesmata.

## Genera and species

Genera and species within the family Pholadomyidae include:
* Panacca
** Panacca arata (A. E. Verrill and S. Smith, 1881)
** Panacca loveni (Jeffreys, 1881)
* Pholadomya Sowerby, 1823
** Pholadomya candida Sowerby, 1823
** Pholadomya maoria Dell, 1963
* Wilkingia†
# Phyllonorycter acratynta

Phyllonorycter acratynta is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Indian state of Tamil Nadu.
# Physoptila

Physoptila is a genus of moth in the family Gelechiidae.

## Species

* Physoptila scenica Meyrick, 1914
* Physoptila pinguivora Meyrick, 1934
* Physoptila termiticola (Turner, 1926)
# Pia Nilsson

Pia Nilsson may refer to:
* Pia Nilsson (golfer) (born 1958), Swedish professional golfer and coach
* Pia Nilsson (politician) (born 1962), Swedish social democratic politician
# Picea meyeri

Picea meyeri (Meyer's spruce; Chinese: 白杄; pinyin: báiqiān) is a species of spruce native to Nei Mongol in the northeast to Gansu in the southwest and also inhabiting Shanxi, Hebei and Shaanxi.
It is a medium-sized evergreen tree growing to 30 m tall, and with a trunk diameter of up to 0.8 m. The shoots are yellowish-brown, glabrous or with scattered pubescence. The leaves are needle-like, 13–25 mm long, rhombic in cross-section, bluish-green with conspicuous stomatal lines. The cones are cylindric, 7–11 cm long and 3 cm broad, maturing pale brown 5–7 months after pollination, and have stiff, smoothly rounded scales.
It is closely related to Picea asperata from western China.
It is occasionally planted as an ornamental tree; its popularity is increasing in the eastern United States, where it is being used to replace Blue Spruce, which is more disease-prone in the humid climate there. The wood is similar to that of other spruces, but the species is too rare to be of economic value.
# Piano Sonata No. 10

Piano Sonata No. 10 may refer to:
* Piano Sonata No. 10 (Beethoven), by Ludwig van Beethoven
* Piano Sonata No. 10 (Mozart), by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
* Piano Sonata No. 10 (Scriabin), by Alexander Scriabin
* Piano Sonata No. 10 (Prokofiev), by Sergei Prokofiev