OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pertain

Pertain (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Hypercourt.

## Geography

Pertain is situated on the D142 road, some 27 miles (43 km) southeast of Amiens, in the east of the Santerre district.

## History

Founded around the end of the first millennium, the village was first known as "Pertaing". Made up of several now-disappeared hamlets, such as "Mory", "Sacy-Les-Pertain" and “Berseaucourt”.

## Places of interest

* Modern church of Saint Rémy
* War memorial
* Pigeon houses from the 1950s
* Vestiges of Gallo-Roman villas
* The foundations of a medieval manor house.
# Nelson Town Hall

Nelson Town Hall is a municipal building in Market Square, Nelson, Lancashire, England. The building is the headquarters for both Pendle Borough Council and Nelson Town Council.

## History

After significant population growth associated with the increasing number of cotton mills in the area, a local board of health was appointed to manage public services in the town in 1864. In this context the local board decided to procure some municipal offices: the site they chose had previously been open land on the north west side of the Long Preston trust road (now Scotland Road).
The new building was designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the Renaissance style with Gothic features, built in ashlar stone and was completed in 1881. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with five bays facing onto the Market Square with the end bays slightly projected forward as pavilions; the central section of three bays featured a doorway flanked by carved pilasters supporting an entablature, a pediment containing a carved coat of arms in the tympanum and a ball-shaped finial at its apex. There were rounded headed windows on the first floor with stone surrounds flanked by pilasters with prominent mansard roofs at the corners. Internally, the principal rooms were the council chamber and the mayor's parlour. Pevsner was clearly unimpressed by the position of the town hall in the Market Square and commented on "what a depressing square it is."
The town was advanced to the status of municipal borough with the municipal offices becoming a town hall in 1890. A procession through the town, which started at the town hall, was organised to celebrate the event. An hour bell, designed and cast by John Taylor & Co of Loughborough, was installed in the town hall in 1904.
The building continued to serve as the headquarters of the local borough council for much of the 20th century and remained the local seat of government after the enlarged Pendle Borough Council was formed in 1974. Following its formation in May 2008, the town hall also became the regular meeting place of Nelson Town Council.
# Nagigia Island

Nagigia Island is an island located at the most south-western point of the Fiji Islands. It is also known on some charts and maps as Denham Island. The island has an area of 26 acres (11 ha), is privately owned and has a large sheltered lagoon suitable for snorkelling.
Nagigia Island lies off the coast of the western end of Kadavu Island, Fiji's fourth largest island where the village of Nabukalevu-Ira is situated.
The Nagigia Island Resort is located on the south east part of the island. The island has high tourism value with surf beaches and dive sites.
# Charles H. Warren

Charles H. Warren may refer to:
* Charles Howard Warren (1856-1935), US railroad and insurance executive
* Charles Hyde Warren (1876—1950), US geologist.
* Charles H. Warren, President of the Massachusetts Senate in 1853
# Ifeanyi Chijindu

Ifeanyi also credited as Ifeanyi Chijindu // (born 19 October 1978) is a Nigerian-American author/writer, entrepreneur, artist, actress and screenwriter.

## Early life

Ifeanyi was born in Nigeria and is a first generation Nigerian-American. Ifeanyi spent most of her childhood living throughout various cities within southern California's Inland Empire.

## Career

Ifeanyi showed a childhood interest in literature when she had her first poem published at eight, completed a 90-page novella at eleven and at 15, Ifeanyi sold her first short story and won 2nd place for it in a contest hosted by Superior Communications and Publications.
By 17, Ifeanyi regularly performed her poetry at paid venues. Around this same time, Ifeanyi also deepened her interest in acting and won the part of Maya Angelou in a local play called Women In Love.
A Girl's Life...the Song that Never Ends, a themed poetry collection, was published in 2004 and centered on Chijindu's experiences about love, hatred, family, spirituality, racism, sexuality, individual and ethnic identity throughout her childhood, adolescence and early adulthood. Cal Poly Pomona presented her with the Golden Leaves Award in recognition for her literary achievement and for being the youngest person at the university to receive this award.
In 2005, Black Diaspora Magazine published "Healing from Within," Ifeanyi's feature article about Djehuty Maat-Ra, creator of DHERBS and celebrity herbalist who counts celebrities like R & B singer Brandy and actor Blair Underwood as part of his clientele.
Ifeanyi wrote for The Poly Post newspaper from 2005–2007 where she displayed her incisive writing style with her cultural profiles on artists like Nicaraguan painter Carlos Flores and in film reviews of movies such as Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, The Reaping and The Return.
In 2007, Ifeanyi's film critiques and social editorials allowed her to receive an award from the Society of Professional Journalists for "Best Editorial" for an article about how on-campus ethnic centers promote separatism and racism.
In addition to writing, painting, and acting throughout her adolescence and early adulthood, Ifeanyi worked as a freelance make up artist for aspiring actresses and models before creating Goddess Cosmetics, Accessories & Toiletries also known as Goddess C.A.T., an online shop featuring Goddess-inspired accessories along with herbal cosmetics and skin care.
Goddess C.A.T. became one of the few early companies who created healthy cosmetics for women of color before ethnic and herbal make up gained mainstream popularity with older cosmetic corporations.
Goddess C.A.T., Ifeanyi's beauty advice and social commentaries on issues relating to women's roles and beauty ideals have been featured in various newspapers, websites, women's and beauty magazines and blogs such as Glamour
# Ian McCausland

Ian McCausland (31 March 1944 – 9 August 2022) was an Australian artist best known for his music posters.

## Career

Ian McCausland began his visual arts career in 1968 after winning a competition in Go-Set, an Australian music magazine. After Go-Set closed in 1974, Philip Frazer took several of their creative team to a new political publication called The Digger, including McCausland as Art Director.
Following the closure of The Digger, McCausland worked for Planet, a weekly music newspaper which was started by Michael Gudinski and Ray Evans. The newspaper ran for two years until 1972, but its founders formed Mushroom Records and McCausland joined them as the label's Art Director and designed their logo. His first work was The Great Australian Rock Festival, Sunbury 1973, a triple LP recording of the 1973 Sunbury Pop Festival. He went on to design album covers for Skyhooks, Daddy Cool, Chain, and Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons, and the tour poster for The Rolling Stones 1973 Australian tour.
Although McCausland designed artwork for The Rolling Stones' album Goat's Head Soup the artwork was lost in the mail. A commission for their next album was rejected, with the band instead going with Andy Warhol. McCausland also created the title design for the 1986 Australian film Dogs in Space.
McCausland died in August 2022. His work was previously featured in Ed Nimmervoll’s book Under the Covers, and has been featured in exhibitions of music posters.
# Front velocity

In physics, front velocity is the speed at which the first rise of a pulse above zero moves forward.
In mathematics, it is used to describe the velocity of a propagating front in the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equation.

## Various velocities

Associated with propagation of a disturbance are several different velocities. For definiteness, consider an amplitude modulated electromagnetic carrier wave. The phase velocity is the speed of the underlying carrier wave. The group velocity is the speed of the modulation or envelope. Initially it was thought that the group velocity coincided with the speed at which information traveled. However, it turns out that this speed can exceed the speed of light in some circumstances, causing confusion by an apparent conflict with the theory of relativity. That observation led to consideration of what constitutes a signal.
By definition, a signal involves new information or an element of 'surprise' that cannot be predicted from the wave motion at an earlier time. One possible form for a signal (at the point of emission) is: $f(t)=u(t)\sin \omega t\,,$ where u(t) is the Heaviside step function. Using such a form for a signal, it can be shown, subject to the (expected) condition that the refractive index of any medium tends to one as the frequency tends to infinity, that the wave discontinuity, called the front, propagates at a speed less than or equal to the speed of light c in any medium. In fact, the earliest appearance of the front of an electromagnetic disturbance (the precursor) travels at the front velocity, which is c, no matter what the medium. However, the process always starts from zero amplitude and builds up.
# Pertanika

Pertanika may refer to:
* Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural Science
* Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology
* Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
# Neoclytus guianensis

Neoclytus guianensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Laporte and Gory in 1835.
# Nam Song River

The Nam Song River, also transliterated as Nam Xong, is a medium-sized river in Laos that flows through the town of Vang Vieng. It is a popular tourist destination as many people enjoy seeing the Laotian countryside while going down the river in the inner tube of a tractor tyre or in a kayak. The river is surrounded by striking karst rock formations. Upstream from Vang Vieng, numerous bars have been built on the river's banks to attract the tourists floating by.
Nam Song River is connected to Nam Ngum Reservoir by Nam Song Diversion Dam. The Nam Po River flows into the Nam Song just to the south of Ban Nampo village to the north of Vang Vieng.
# His Lordship (1936 film)

His Lordship is a 1936 British drama film directed by Herbert Mason and starring George Arliss, Romilly Lunge and Rene Ray. It was released with the alternative title Man of Affairs in the United States.

## Plot

Its plot involves Arliss as a British Foreign secretary swapping identities with his black sheep twin brother (also Arliss), and the rescuing of Britain from war with an Arab nation.

## Production

The film was based on the 1931 play The Nelson Touch by Neil Grant. It was made the Lime Grove Studios in London, with sets designed by art director Alfred Junge.

## Cast

* George Arliss as Richard Fraser / Lord Duncaster
* Romilly Lunge as Bill Howard
* Rene Ray as Vera
* Allan Jeayes as Barak
* Jessie Winter as Lady Duncaster
* John Ford as Ibrahim
* Lawrence Anderson as Nahil
* Bernard Merefield as Phillpotts
* John Turnbull as Stevenson
* Basil Gill as Abdullah

## Critical reception

TV Guide wrote "The best thing about the film is some nice split-screen work, which has detective Arliss shaking the hand of politician Arliss."
Cinema critic and historian, Tony Sloman for Radio Times said that "[the] film's stage derivation seeps through the whole enterprise, and the combination of Boys' Own heroics and the politics of war is as hard to take today as it probably was then. But Arliss was undeniably a star, and those who only know his historical roles may enjoy seeing him in a contemporary part."
# Imanol

Imanol is a given name and the Basque language equivalent of Immanuel. It is the first name of several notable people:
* Imanol Agirretxe (born 1987), Spanish football forward
* Imanol Arias (born 1956), Spanish actor
* Imanol Erviti (born 1983), Spanish road cyclist
* Imanol Alguacil (born 1971), Spanish football defender
* Imanol Etxeberria (born 1973), Spanish football goalkeeper
* Imanol García de Albéniz (born 2000), Spanish football defender
* Imanol Harinordoquy (born 1980), French international rugby union player
* Imanol Landeta (born 1987; formerly Imanol), Mexican actor and singer
* Imanol Larzabal (1947–2004), Spanish singer and composer from the Basque country
* Imanol Pradales (born 1975), Lehendakari of the Basque Government since 2024
# Isoko

Isoko may refer to:
* Isoko region, a region of Delta State, Nigeria
* Isoko people, an ethnic group which inhabits the region
* Isoko language, the language spoken by that ethnic group
# Senator Blaisdell

Senator Blaisdell may refer to:
* Clesson J. Blaisdell (1926–1999), New Hampshire State Senate
* Daniel Blaisdell (1762–1833), New Hampshire State Senate
# Front stance

Front stance, sometimes also called forward leaning stance or forward stance, is a basic stance used in various Asian martial arts. Although the specifics of the stance vary by style, overall it is visually similar to a lunge, with the forward leg bent at the knee, and the rear leg straight, while the hips and shoulders remain squarely facing forward. The purpose of the stance is to teach musculo-skeletal alignment that adds as much mass of the earth to a strike as possible. The stance allows a great deal of power generation forward, but very little in any other direction.

## Japanese martial arts

In Japanese martial arts, the front stance (前屈立ち, zenkutsu-dachi) is primarily practiced in karate and its variants. Some variations include the version practiced by Shotokan, where students generally place their feet at a longer depth, while Isshin-ryū students place their feet shoulder width, but with much shallower length. Other variations are also practiced.
The purpose of the front stance is to provide stability while projecting the body weight forwards, such as when punching. The straight rear leg pushes the center of gravity forwards, ensuring the full body weight is behind the strike, while the bent front leg supports the body weight. The front stance can be used when moving forwards or backwards, as long as the body weight or center of gravity is projected forwards. The back stance is by contrast used when the body weight or center of gravity is positioned on the rear leg, such as when leaning backwards to avoid an attack.

## Korean martial arts

The front stance is primarily practiced by students of taekwondo, where it is called ap kubi.
Students of Tang Soo Do or Kong Soo Do call this stance chun gul chase. Depending on the school's lineage, it will either be very similar to a Shotokan deep and long stance (Most Moo Duk Kwan or Chung Do Kwan lineage schools), or else appear more similar to a Shudokan or Renbukai stance, which is of shorter length (Most Jido Kwan, Han Moo Kwan or Chang Moo Kwan schools).
vteMartial arts :
List of styles
History
Timeline
Records
Hard and soft :
Classification :
International games :
Portal
Outline :
# Francisco Suárez Dávila

Francisco Suárez Dávila (born 20 April 1943) is a Mexican diplomat and politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He is the former Ambassador of Mexico to Canada from 2013 to 2016. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress as a plurinominal representative.

## Education

He studied in National Autonomous University of Mexico from 1961 to 1965 and graduated with a degree in Law. In 1967, he obtained a master's degree in economics from King's College.
# Neoclytus hoegei

Neoclytus hoegei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1880.
# Naiza

Naiza can refer to:
* Ak-Tash, Jalal-Abad
* Naiza (multiple rocket launcher)
# Himalayan Meditation and Yoga Sadhana Mandir

Himalayan Meditation and Yoga Sadhana Mandir is a Hindu temple located in the Seocho district of Seoul metropolitan city. It is an affiliate center of Association of Himalayan Yoga Meditation Societies International organisation in South Korea. The temple offers various classes and training programs on different Meditation and Yoga practices to the local Hindu and Korean communities. The temples maintains various centers across the Korean peninsula.
# Sentiero Azzurro

The Verde Azzurro path, or "Blue trail" is a hiking route that runs entirely within the Cinque Terre National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, primarily connecting the five main villages.
Currently listed as route 592, it is commonly referred to as Trail SVA2, the former path number of the CAI of La Spezia. The path has historically been used by the local inhabitants to travel on foot between the villages of the park.

## Route

The path starts from Riomaggiore to reach Monterosso al Mare through Manarola, Corniglia, and Vernazza and is about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) long. The maximum altitude is reached in Prevo, a tiny hamlet of Vernazza, at about 200 metres (660 ft) asl. It takes over 5 hours of walking to cover it entirely and can be considered divided into four distinct sections.
* 592-1 (SVA2): The first stretch, between Riomaggiore and Manarola, is better known as Via dell'Amore. It is the shortest and easiest segment at about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), and can be covered in less than half an hour. The path is closed since 24 September 2012 and it is expected to be opened in summer 2024 .
* 592-2 (SVA2): The second stretch, between Manarola and Corniglia, is 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) long and takes about 1 hour to walk. This section is rated as easy. The path is closed since 2013 .
* 592-3 (SVA2): The third section, between Corniglia and Vernazza, is 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) long and takes 1.5 – 2 hours. This section is rated as moderate to difficult.
* 592-4 (SVA2): The fourth section, between Vernazza and Monterosso al Mare, is 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi) long and takes no less than 2 hours. This section is rated as moderate to difficult.
The overall difference in height of the path is about 600 metres (2,000 ft), largely concentrated in the two longest stretches between Corniglia and Monterosso al Mare.

## Visitation and Trekking Card

It is one of the most popular hiking routes in the area, and the only trail in the national park requiring a fee. Along the route, there are checkpoints for the Cinque Terre Trekking Card, a hiking permit instituted in 2001 by the park authority. The card is aimed at allowing the use of the services provided by the Cinque Terre National Park Authority and constitutes a sort of self-financing. The proceeds of the Cinque Terre Cards are mainly used to upkeep and restore the territory, as well as to provide transport services within the territory. The card is purchasable online as well as at any of the welcome centers found in the park. The price is 7.50 EUR (2024) .

## Closures

Due to the unstable nature of the land in this area, frequent landslides result in regular trail closures. The park authorities recommend all visitors to check the status of trails prior to beginning any treks through the park.
Since fall of 2019, the popular Via dell'Amore segment has been closed due to renovations to the trail, and is expected to reopen in spring 2023.
# Shirley Hills

Shirley Hills may refer to:
* Shirley Hills, Croydon, south London, a wooded area that includes the Addington Hills
* Shirley Hills Historic District, Macon, Georgia, United States
# Senator Nisbet

Senator Nisbet may refer to:
* Eugenius Aristides Nisbet (1803–1871), Georgia State Senate
* John Nisbet (North Carolina patriot) (1738–1817), North Carolina State Senate
# Fulton Airphibian

The Fulton FA-2 Airphibian is an American roadable aircraft manufactured in 1946.

## Development

Designed by Robert Edison Fulton Jr., it was an aluminum-bodied car, built with independent suspension, aircraft-sized wheels, and a six-cylinder 165 hp engine. The fabric wings were easily attached to the fuselage, converting the car into a plane. Four prototypes were built.
In December 1950, the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) (later to become the FAA) certified one of the prototypes and gave it an 1A11 Aircraft Specification, N74104. Lou Achitoff, was the CAA test pilot. The N74154 is the aircraft that is today in the main building of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC, having previously been on display in the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.
The craft made its debut in November 1946 at Danbury, Connecticut. Financial concerns forced Fulton to sell to a company that never developed it.

## Design

The Airphibian took the approach of converting from an aircraft to a roadable vehicle by a conversion process that left aircraft sections behind during road use. The process consisted of removing a three-bladed propeller and placing it on a hook on the side of the fuselage, cranking down support casters, and disengaging lock levers connecting the flight unit to the road unit. The wing and aft fuselage are detached for road use.

## Survivors

In the mid-1990s, one of the surviving Airphibians was restored by Fulton III, along with David Dumas and Deborah Hanson. Later, it was put on display for several years at the Canada Aviation Museum in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada in their main display hall, but in 2009 it moved to the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center (annex of the National Air and Space Museum). Since 2022 it has been on display in the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC.

## Specifications

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–52, Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
General characteristics
* Crew: 2
* Length: 22 ft 2 in (6.76 m)
* Wingspan: 34 ft (10 m)
* Height: 7 ft 8 in (2.34 m)
* Empty weight: 1,500 lb (680 kg)
* Gross weight: 2,100 lb (953 kg)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 120 mph (190 km/h, 100 kn)
* Cruise speed: 110 mph (180 km/h, 96 kn)
* Range: 350 mi (560 km, 300 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 12,000 ft (3,700 m)
* Rate of climb: 600 ft/min (3.0 m/s)
# Padley Chapel

Padley Chapel is a building in Grindleford, England, on the site of the former Padley Hall (or Padley Manor). It is a Grade I listed building.

## Padley Hall

Padley Hall was a large double courtyard house where, in 1588, two Catholic priests (Nicholas Garlick and Robert Ludlam) were discovered. At the time to be a Catholic priest, ordained abroad was deemed treason; the two were tried and found guilty, two weeks later, they were hanged, drawn and quartered in Derby. They became known as the 'Padley Martyrs'. The house today is mostly in ruins, and is a Scheduled Monument. Garlick’s head was by tradition buried in the graveyard of Tideswell parish church, but there is no evidence of this.

## Chapel

Part of Padley Hall—probably originally the central gatehouse range—survives, and in 1933 was converted to a Catholic chapel in honour of the martyrs. The chapel is a Grade I listed building which stands not far from the railway line, a short distance west of Grindleford railway station. A pilgrimage takes place every year in July.