OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Jane Robinson (historian)

Jane Robinson (born 1959) is a British social historian specialising in women's history. She has published on female pioneers in a range of fields including education, travel, and the professions, and on other women's social history topics including suffrage, illegitimacy, and the Women's Institute.

## Life

She was born in Edinburgh, educated at Easingwold School and Somerville College, Oxford, worked in the antiquarian book trade for 10 years and now lives near Oxford writing and lecturing.

## Research and writings

In 1994, she published an anthology of women travellers' writings, Unsuitable for Ladies. Her 2002 work Pandora's Daughters (Women Out of Bounds in the United States) discussed "Enterprising women" including early French writer Christine de Pizan, criminal Moll Cutpurse, and Christian Cavanagh who joined the army in male disguise. In 2005 she wrote Mary Seacole, a biography of the nurse who was in 2004 voted "the top black Briton of all time", and her 2009 book Bluestockings describes women's entry into English universities from the 1860s to 1939, and was the BBC Radio 4 Book of the Week.
In 2011 Robinson published A Force to be Reckoned With, a history of the Women's Institute; she says in the introduction that "the WI members I've come across - past as well as present - have had more humour, courage, spirit, eccentricity and common sense than any other individuals I've ever written about. And that's saying something."
In 2015 she published In the Family Way: Illegitimacy Between the Great War and the Swinging Sixties, a book on attitudes to illegitimacy, described in The Telegraph as "bone-chilling".
Her 2018 book Hearts And Minds: The Untold Story of the Great Pilgrimage and How Women Won the Vote tells the story of the Suffragists, who campaigned for women's suffrage in Britain separately from the Suffragettes and marched on London in 1913.
Her 2020 book Ladies Can’t Climb Ladders - The Pioneering Adventures of the First Professional Women explores the lives of pioneering women forging careers in the fields of medicine, law, academia, architecture, engineering and the church in the period following the passing of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act of 1919.
# Patrick James Foley

Patrick James Foley (1836–28 June 1914) was a successful financial entrepreneur and an Irish politician and Member of Parliament for Galway Connemara from 1885 to 1895.
Son of Patrick Foley, of Sligo, he was born in Leeds and educated at Catholic schools in Prescot and Leeds. In 1864 he founded the Pearl Life Assurance Loan and Investment Company Ltd, renamed the Pearl Life Assurance Company in 1874, and was later President. He was also chairman of the Industrial Assurances Protection Association and president of the National Amalgamated Approved Society founded in 1912.
He was elected unopposed as MP for Galway Connemara in 1885 and 1886. When the Irish Parliamentary Party split in December 1890 over the leadership of Charles Stewart Parnell, Foley sided with the Anti-Parnellite Irish National Federation. At the 1892 general election he was challenged by a Parnellite, J. H. Joyce. However, he retained the seat easily, by 2,637 votes to 598.
Foley was secretary of the Irish National League of Great Britain.
He married, in 1862, a daughter of John Lawrence, of Liverpool.
There is a statue to Foley on the front of the Pearl Chambers building on the Headrow in Leeds.
# Pasquale Squitieri

Pasquale Squitieri (27 November 1938 – 18 February 2017) was an Italian film director and screenwriter.

## Life and career

Born in Naples, Squitieri graduated in law, then was briefly involved in stage, as author ("La battaglia") and even actor (directed by Francesco Rosi). He made his film debut with Io e Dio, produced by Vittorio De Sica, and, after two Spaghetti Westerns he signed as William Redford, he focused on drama films centered on political and social issues. Squitieri's film Il prefetto di ferro won the David di Donatello for Best Film in 1978. Li chiamarono... briganti!, a film about the brigand Carmine Crocco, was suspended from the cinemas and it is not available on the home video market. Squitieri was the partner of Claudia Cardinale since 1974. His 1980 film Savage Breed was entered into the 12th Moscow International Film Festival. Since 2003, Squitieri had been romantically linked to actress and singer Ottavia Fusco, whom he had married in December 2013.

## Selected filmography

* Io e Dio (1969)
* Django Defies Sartana (1970)
* Vengeance Is a Dish Served Cold (1971)
* Camorra (1972)
* I guappi (1974)
* The Climber (1975)
* Il prefetto di ferro (1977)
* Corleone (1978)
* L'arma (1978)
* Savage Breed (1980)
* Claretta (1984)
* The Repenter (1985)
* Naso di cane (1986) (TV miniseries)
* The Third Solution (1988)
* Gli invisibili (1988)
* Atto di dolore (1990)
* Il colore dell'odio (1990)
* Geografia della fame (1991)
* Li chiamarono... briganti! (1999)
* L'avvocato de Gregorio (2003)
* Father (2011)
# Pasquale Tola

Pasquale Tola (30 November 1800 in Sassari – 25 August 1874 in Genoa) was an Italian judge, politician and historian.
Issue of an ancient and noble Sardinian family, he studied in Sassari, where he obtained a degree in theology and law and also followed courses in philosophy and fine arts. In 1848 he was part of the ministerial working group in Sardinia. He was in favour of the abolition of feudalism in Sardinia. He wrote many works on historical-political topics, particularly about Sardinia, and there is extensive literary coverage of him. Tola was also an encyclopedian, and authored a Dictionary of Sardinian Biography in 1837–38. He was then chancellor of the University of Sassari. Later he worked in the judiciary at the courts of appeal in Nice and Genoa. He was a member of the Sardinian parliament in Turin from 1848, and then the national one.
In Sassari the Piazza Tola in the historical centre is named after him. In Rome, Via Pasquale Tola is located in a central area near the Via Appia, while in Cagliari the Via Pasquale Tola is located near the central Via P. Paoli and the Via Dante.

## Works

* Pasquale Tola, Dizionario biografico degli uomini illustri di Sardegna, ossia Storia della vita pubblica e privata di tutti i sardi che si distinsero per opere, azioni, talenti, virtù e delitti, opera del cav. don Pasquale Tola. (3 voll.), Torino : Tipografia Chirio e Mina, 1837–1838. Vol. II , Vol III
* Pasquale Tola, Codice diplomatico di Sardegna con altri documenti storici, raccolto, ordinato ed illustrato dal cav. Don Pasquale Tola. (2 voll.) Torino : Chirio e Mina, 1845
* Pasquale Tola, Codice degli statuti della repubblica di Sassari, Edito e illustrato dal cav. Don Pasquale Tola. Cagliari, A. Timon, 1850
# Patrick Saint-Éloi

Patrick Saint-Éloi (20 October 1958 – 18 September 2010) was a Guadeloupean singer and songwriter. He was one of the lead singers of the Zouk and Compas band Kassav'. As a solo artist, he helped create zouk beton, a fast music genre played only by Kassav'. He was also an admired singer and songwriter of compa and Zouk Love songs. Saint-Éloi died of cancer in Pointe-à-Pitre in 2010, aged 51. A public tribute was organised in Moule before his burial.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* Misik Ce Lan-Mou (1982, 2M Production)
* A La Demande (1984, GD Productions)
* Jean-Philippe Marthely / Patrick Saint-Eloi (1985, GD Productions)
* Bizouk (1992, Sonodisc)
* Zoukamine (1994, Sonodisc)
* Martheloi (1996, Martheloi, with Jean-Philippe Marthely)
* Lovtans' (1998, P.S.E. Productions)
* Swing Karaib (2002, P.S.E. Productions, Lusafrica)
* Plézi (2005, P.S.E. Productions)

### Live albums

* Live à l'Olympia (2010, P.S.E. Productions, Note A Bene)

### Compilations

* Zoukolexion Vol.1 (2007, Note A Bene)
* Zoukolexion Vol.2 (2008, Note A Bene)

### Selected tribute albums and posthumous releases

* Passion Saint-Eloi (2016, Note A Bene, tribute album)
# Pate D'oie Forest Reserve

The Patte d'Oie Forest Reserve is in the Republic of the Congo. It was established on 13 August 1938. This site is 240.00ha.
This mixed forest, encompassing blocks of natural mesophile forest and plantations, lies in the heart of the Congolese capital, covering a still appreciable area of 125 ha (as against 214 ha when it was created in 1938).
# Paul Garbett

Paul Anthony Garbett (born 18 December 1952, Auckland, New Zealand) is a chess International Master (IM).

## Chess career

Garbett has represented New Zealand in six Chess Olympiads between 1974 and 2012. His best result was in 1990 when he scored 5/11 on board 1.
Garbett competed in the Asian Zonal Chess Championship in Melbourne 1975 and Kuala Lumpur 1990. He competed in the Oceania Chess Championship in 2000, 2005, 2009 and 2012. Garbett gained his International Master title when he scored 6.5/9, and finished =2nd with Darryl Johansen, George Xie and Jonathan Humphrey, in the 2005 Oceania Zonal Chess Championship in Auckland.
Garbett won or jointly won the New Zealand Chess Championship seven times in 1973/74, 1974/75, 1982/83, 1983/84, 1988/89, 2015 and 2020. He holds the record for the longest timespan between first and latest title. He also jointly won the New Zealand Rapid Chess Championship in 2003/04 and in 2013. He has won the NZ Correspondence Chess Championship twice - in 1971 (the youngest ever by 9 days ahead of Michael Freeman) and 1982.

## Notable games

* Paul Anthony Garbett vs Vasilios Kotronias, Olympiad Novi Sad (1990), Sicilian Defense: Richter-Rauzer Variation, (B63), 1-0
# Paul Gagnon (politician)

Paul Gagnon (born 17 September 1937) was a Progressive Conservative member of the House of Commons of Canada.
Born in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Gagnon was an engineer and geologist by career. Gagnon was elected at the Calgary North electoral district in the 1984 federal election, thus serving as a backbench supporter of Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's government in the 33rd Canadian Parliament. He left federal politics after this term and did not campaign in the 1988 federal election.
# Paul Gagné (disambiguation)

Paul Gagné may refer to:
* Paul Gagné (ice hockey) (born 1962), Canadian former professional ice hockey player
* Paul Gagné (translator), Canadian literary translator
# Paul M. Layton

Paul Michael Layton (born 8 November 1986) is an Australian actor, writer, producer and director. He is known for his lead role in seasons 3–8 of The Horizon, in which he played Jake.

## Background

Paul Michael Layton was born in Sydney, Australia, on 8 November 1986. He studied at The Australian Academy of Dramatic Arts.

## Career

Layton started out in theatre, with many of his performances being in roles at the Pilgrim Theatre in Sydney. He later moved into TV and film, with roles in short films, like My Thoughts Exactly, and various TV series. In 2013, he was cast in the lead role of popular web series, The Horizon, and performed alongside David Collins (Umbilical Brothers) in The Detectives of Noir Town.
In more recent years, Layton took on the role of writer and producer in 25 Frames and The Detectives of Noir Town, winning an award for The Detectives of Noir Town at the Connect Film Festival AUS in 2015. Layton began his directing career in 2018 with The Oxford Circus, which he also produced and starred in.

## Filmography
### Actor

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2007 | My Mediator | Peter | Short film |
| 2009 | Two of a Kind | Charlie | Video short |
| 2010 | The Gift of the Gun | Ben | Short film |
| 2010 | 25 Frames | | TV series |
| 2011 | Panic at Rock Island | Davern | TV movie |
| 2011 | Story Keeper | Davern | |
| 2013 | My Thoughts Exactly | Mark | Short film |
| 2013–2016 | The Horizon | Jake | Web series |
| 2014 | Two Brothers and a Girl | Ben Harris | |
| 2014 | The Detectives of Noir Town | Detective Hugh Mann | Short film |
| 2015 | Endless Highway | Ira | Short film |
| 2016 | Horizon | Jake | TV movie |
| 2017 | Dream Channel | Tan Man | TV series |
| 2018 | The Oxford Circus | Francois Dahlvinyer Von Vundakint | TV movie |

### Producer and Writer

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2010 | 25 Frames | Producer, writer | 14 episodes |
| 2014 | The Detectives of Noir Town | Co-producer, co-writer | |
| 2018 | The Oxford Circus | Executive producer/producer, writer | |

### Director

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 2018 | The Oxford Circus | Director | |

### Awards and nominations

| Year | Award | Category | Work | Result | Ref. |
| 2015 | Connect Film Festival, AUS | Straight to the Poolroom Award: Best Aussie Comedy | The Detectives of Noir Town | Won | |
# Paul K. Calaway

Paul Kenneth Calaway (March 31, 1910 - October 31, 1993) was an American chemical engineer and the director of the Georgia Tech Research Institute from 1954 to 1957.

## Education

Born in Bethesda, Arkansas, Calaway received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Arkansas College, a Master of Science from Georgia Institute of Technology in 1933, and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas.

## Career

After completing his doctorate, Calaway returned to Georgia Tech to teach chemistry, often teaching classes in explosives. Calaway also spent time developing replacements for quinine, the anti-Malaria drug.
As an associate professor of chemistry, he won Georgia Tech's first-ever Sigma Xi Research Prize for his paper "The Tolymercaptopropanones and their Condensation with Isatins" in 1947, which was published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society in January 1947. Calaway was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa on May 25, 1952.
From 1954 to 1957, Calaway was the director of the Georgia Tech Research Institute, then known as the Engineering Experiment Station. In 1957, he returned to teaching.
# Paul Merton in India

Paul Merton in India is a travel documentary broadcast on Five in 2008. It follows comedian Paul Merton as he travels around various places in the country, such as Delhi and the Punjab, sampling various offbeat and out of the normal aspects of India.
The series was commissioned after the success of the previous series Paul Merton in China.
It was broadcast on Fox History & Entertainment in India and on AXS TV in the USA.
# Paul Meschino

F. Paul Meschino is a Canadian architect, who was the gold medal graduate of the School of Architecture, University of Toronto in 1939. Meschino was posted to Newfoundland during the Second World War, but "was granted an early release from the Canadian Navy to work for the St. John's Housing Corporation". Paul Meschino was the "architect and designer of the area of St. John’s known as Churchill Park".
# Patterson v. New York

Patterson v. New York, 432 U.S. 197 (1977), was a legal case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States that stated that the Due Process Clause Fourteenth Amendment did not prevent the burdening of a defendant to prove the affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance as defined by law in the state of New York.
The court found that the State of New York had reclassified provocation ("extreme emotional disturbance") as an excuse (an affirmative defense requiring proof by preponderance of the evidence), rather than mens rea, which the prosecution had to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, as was the situation in Mullaney v. Wilbur (1975).$^{:18}$

## Background

During his brief and unstable marriage, the appellant, Gordon Patterson, Jr., became estranged from his wife, Roberta. She resumed an association with John Northrup, a neighbor to whom she had been engaged prior to her marriage to appellant. On December 27, 1970, Patterson borrowed a rifle from an acquaintance and went to the residence of his father-in-law. There, he observed his wife through a window in a state of semiundress in the presence of John Northrup. He entered the house and killed Northrup by shooting him twice in the head.
Patterson was charged with second-degree murder. In New York, there were two elements of that crime: (1) "intent to cause the death of another person" and (2) "causing the death of such person or of a third person." – N.Y. Penal Law. Malice aforethought is not an element of the crime. The State of New York allowed a person accused of murder to raise an affirmative defense that he "acted under the influence of extreme emotional disturbance for which there was a reasonable explanation or excuse."
The New York law required that the defendant in any prosecution for second-degree murder prove by a preponderance of the evidence the affirmative defense of extreme emotional disturbance to reduce the crime to manslaughter.
A trial court jury found Patterson guilty for murder. On appeal, the New York Court of Appeals found the law (and verdict) not to violate Patterson's Constitutional rights as guaranteed under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
The case was appealed to the US Supreme Court and was argued March 1, 1977 and decided June 17, 1977
Victor Rubino argued the cause for the appellant. With him on the briefs was Betty Friedlander. John Finnerty argued the cause for the appellee. With him on the brief was Alan Marrus.

## Decision

The Supreme Court affirmed and decided that shifting the burden of proof of a mitigating circumstance affirmative defense to the defendant is allowed by the Due Process Clause of the U.S. Constitution.
# Paupack Township, Pennsylvania

Paupack is a second-class township in Wayne County, Pennsylvania, United States. The township's population was 3,828 at the time of the 2010 United States Census.

## History

Paupack Township, located along the northern banks of Lake Wallenpaupack, was incorporated in 1850, from part of Palmyra Township.
Lacawac was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 33.2 square miles (86.0 km$^2$), of which 28.1 square miles (72.8 km$^2$) is land and 5.1 square miles (13.2 km$^2$) (15.36%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,828 people, 1,643 households, and 1,172 families residing in the township. The population density was 136.2 inhabitants per square mile (52.6/km$^2$). There were 4,030 housing units at an average density of 143.4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the township was 97.3% White, 1.1% African American, 0.1% Native American, 0.4% Asian, 0.4% from other races, and 0.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.4% of the population.
There were 1,643 households, out of which 20.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.2% were married couples living together, 9.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.7% were non-families. 23.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.71.
In the township the population was spread out, with 17.1% under the age of 18, 58.2% from 18 to 64, and 24.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51.1 years.
The median income for a household in the township was $38,179, and the median income for a family was $41,336. Males had a median income of $31,223 versus $21,757 for females. The per capita income for the township was $18,251. About 7.1% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.1% of those under age 18 and 4.6% of those age 65 or over.
# Pazufloxacin

Pazufloxacin (INN) is a fluoroquinolone antibiotic. It is sold in Japan under the brand names Pasil and Pazucross.
# Payroll (novel)

Payroll is a 1959 crime thriller novel by the British writer Derek Bickerton. Written while he was working in Barbados, it was the first of four novels he produced. The plot revolves around a gang of criminals who pull off a heist on the payroll of a Birmingham factory due to inside information from an accountant working there. The gang soon begin to fall out with each other, pursued by the avenging wife of one of the payroll guards who was killed in the robbery.

## Film adaptation

In 1961 it was made into a film of the same title directed by Sidney Hayers and starring Michael Craig, Françoise Prévost and Billie Whitelaw. The adaptation shifted the setting to Newcastle where much of the film was shot on location.
# Paul Steel

Paul Steel (born 15 August 1970 in Whakatāne, New Zealand) is a squash coach and a former professional player. As a player, Paul Steel was a ten-time New Zealand national champion (1992–2001) and reached a career-high world ranking of World No.15. In 1991,92,95,97,99 and 2001 he was New Zealand representative in the World Team Squash Championships. In 1998 he was a member of New Zealand Commonwealth Games Team in Kuala Lumpur.
Since 1996 he has been six-time Swiss National League champion and three-time Swiss Cup champion.
Since 1996 he has been coaching in Switzerland. He coached Lars Harms (seven-time Swiss and two-time German champion), Reto Donatsch (two-time Swiss champion and Agnes Müller (seven-time Swiss champion).
In November 2011 he was added to the New Zealand Squash Hall of Fame.
# Payao

Payao is not to be confused with the Thai town of Phayao. Payao may refer to:
* Payao, the term the locals use for the Banaue Rice Terraces
* Payao, Zamboanga Sibugay, a municipality in the Province of Zamboanga Sibugay
* Payao (fishing), a traditional fish aggregating device from the Philippines
# Paweł Zenon Woś

Paweł Zenon Woś (December 22, 1920 – December 2, 2013) was a member of the Polish Army and the underground Polish Home Army (AK) in German-Occupied Poland during World War II. Woś was born in Warsaw, Poland in December 1920. In 1997 he, together with his parents, Paweł and Anna, were recognized as Righteous Among Nations at Yad Vashem in Jerusalem for his role in rescuing 12 Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto. Six of them perished during the Warsaw Uprising, while the rest survived to tell the story.
Woś was active in the American Polonia, fighting against anti-Polish stereotypes. He later emigrated to the United States, where he died in December 2013 at the age of 92.
# Pedrosa de Duero

Pedrosa de Duero is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 501.
# Pedro Gual

Pedro Gual may refer to:

## Places
### Venezuela

* Pedro Gual, Venezuela, a municipality in the state of Miranda

## People

* Pedro Gual Escandón, President of Venezuela
# Pellin–Broca prism

A Pellin–Broca prism is a type of constant-deviation dispersive prism similar to an Abbe prism.
The prism is named for its inventors, the French instrument maker Ph. Pellin and professor of physiological optics André Broca.
The prism consists of a four-sided block of glass shaped as a right prism with 90°, 75°, 135°, and 60° angles on the end faces. Light enters the prism through face AB, undergoes total internal reflection from face BC, and exits through face AD. The refraction of the light as it enters and exits the prism is such that one particular wavelength of the light is deviated by exactly 90°. As the prism is rotated around an axis O, the line of intersection of bisector of ∠BAD and the reflecting face BC, the selected wavelength which is deviated by 90° is changed without changing the geometry or relative positions of the input and output beams.
The prism is commonly used to separate a single required wavelength from a light beam containing multiple wavelengths, such as a particular output line from a multi-line laser due to its ability to separate beams even after they have undergone a non-linear frequency conversion. For this reason, they are also commonly used in optical atomic spectroscopy.