OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Frenulum veli

The frenulum veli, or frenulum of superior medullary velum, also known as the frenulum veli medullaris superioris, cerebellar frenulum, or frenulum cerebelli, is a slightly raised white band passing from the inferior end of the medial longitudinal fissure, through the groove between the quadrigeminal bodies, and down to the superior medullary velum.
On either side of this band the trochlear nerve emerges, and passes forward on the lateral aspect of the cerebral peduncle to reach the base of the brain.
# Philip Whitwell Wilson

Philip Whitwell Wilson (1875 – 6 June 1956) was a British Liberal Party politician, writer and journalist.

## Early life

Wilson was born in Westmorland, Cumbria, the son of I. Whitwell Wilson, a Justice of the Peace, and Annie Bagster. He was educated at Kendal Grammar School and Clare College, Cambridge. At Cambridge he was President of the Cambridge Union, and was also one of the first editors of the literary magazine Granta.

## Politics

At the 1906 general election, he was elected as the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) for St Pancras South, winning the seat from the Liberal Unionists by the slender margin of 61 votes. The Liberal Unionists regained the seat at the January 1910 general election and Wilson switched to the Westmorland seat of Appleby, which he contested unsuccessfully at the December 1910 general election, finishing second.

## Career

In 1910 he became the parliamentary correspondent for the Daily News, a position he held for the next twelve years. He was also the American correspondent for the Daily News. He wrote a number of religious books. He was also a supporter of the Settlement Movement, which brought together his religious and political ideas.

## Personal life

Wilson was married twice, first to Alice Collins, who died in 1939 and with whom he had five children, and then to Mary Cross, who died in 1951. Both of his wives were American, and he latterly lived in New York City, where he died in 1956.
# Philip Wolfe (mathematician)

Philip Starr "Phil" Wolfe (August 11, 1927 – December 29, 2016) was an American mathematician and one of the founders of convex optimization theory and mathematical programming.

## Life

Wolfe received his bachelor's degree, masters, and Ph.D. degrees from the University of California, Berkeley. He and his wife, Hallie, lived in Ossining, New York.

## Career

In 1954, he was offered an instructorship at Princeton, where he worked on generalizations of linear programming, such as quadratic programming and general non-linear programming, leading to the Frank–Wolfe algorithm in joint work with Marguerite Frank, then a visitor at Princeton. When Maurice Sion was on sabbatical at the Institute for Advanced Study, Sion and Wolfe published in 1957 an example of a zero-sum game without a minimax value. Wolfe joined RAND corporation in 1957, where he worked with George Dantzig, resulting in the now well known Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition method. In 1965, he moved to IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights, New York.

## Honors and awards

He received the John von Neumann Theory Prize in 1992, jointly with Alan Hoffman.

## Selected publications

* Dantzig, George B.; Wolfe, Philip (February 1960). "Decomposition Principle for Linear Programs". Operations Research. 8 (1): 101–111. doi:10.1287/opre.8.1.101.
* Frank, M.; Wolfe, P. (1956). "An algorithm for quadratic programming". Naval Research Logistics Quarterly. 3 (1–2): 95–110. doi:10.1002/nav.3800030109.
* Held, M.; Wolfe, P.; Crowder, H. P. (1974). "Validation of subgradient optimization". Mathematical Programming. 6: 62–88. doi:10.1007/BF01580223. S2CID 206797746.
* Wolfe, P. (1959). "The Simplex Method for Quadratic Programming". Econometrica. 27 (3): 382–398. doi:10.2307/1909468. JSTOR 1909468.
# Philip Wong

Philip Wong Yu-hong, GBS (Chinese: 黃宜弘; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: N̂g Gî-hông; 23 December 1938 – 6 June 2021) was a politician in Hong Kong who served as a member of the legislative council (Functional constituencies, Commercial [Second]), a deputy to the National People's Congress and vice-chairman of the Chinese General Chamber of Commerce in Hong Kong. He was also a recipient of the Gold Bauhinia Star award.

## Criticism
### Academic credentials

On the Legislative council website, Wong was listed to have an M.Sc. degree from the University of California, Berkeley, a Ph.D. degree in engineering from the California Coast University, and a J.D. degree from Southland University.
Share market analyst and Hong Kong activist, David Webb, requested an investigation be launched to check for his possible improper academic credentials. Nothing has come from Webb's request.
The University of California credentials passed muster as well as California Coast University's. California Coast University's bulletin states that it "does not require formal, on-campus residence or classroom attendance" because it is an online-only school accredited by the DEAC. Wong did receive the engineering degree from California Coast University on 27 August 1984, nearly 21 years before the CCU was accredited by the DEAC in January, 2005 (and the PhD programs were dropped as a condition of the school's accreditation); however, California Coast University had full state approval of all academic programs from the State of California which made the degrees legal and academically legitimate nearly everywhere in the world. Southland University is no longer in existence.

### Middle finger incident

During the July 2003 Article 23 march, Wong was filmed to be giving demonstrators the middle finger gesture. Hong Kong Canadian politician Albert Cheng asked in a meeting in October 2004 whether his middle finger gesture has been referred to a committee for consideration. Jasper Tsang, a colleague of Wong, replied that Wong had already apologised the previous day.

## Death

On 6 June 2021, Wong died at the age of 82 after a six-month battle with brain cancer in a hospital in the United States. A memorial was held at AL Moore-Grimshaw Mortuaries Bethany Chapel in Phoenix, Arizona.
# Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum

Frá Fornjóti ok hans ættmönnum (Old Norse for "Of Fornjót and His Kinsmen") is legendary saga consisting of a collection of three works on the foundation of Norway:
* Hversu Noregr byggðist ("How Norway was inhabited")
* Fundinn Noregr ("Foundation of Norway")
* Af Upplendinga konungum ("Of the Kings of the Uplands")
# Frá dauða Sinfjötla

Frá dauða Sinfjötla ("On the death of Sinfjötli") is a short prose piece found in the Codex Regius manuscript of the Poetic Edda. It describes the death of Sinfjötli, son of Sigmundr, connecting Helgakviða Hundingsbana II and Grípisspá.
Borghildr, wife of Sigmundr, wanted Sinfjötli, her stepson, dead, as Sinfjötli had killed her brother. Now it is said, that Sigmundr was so tough, that he could withstand any kind of poison, but his sons could only tolerate it on their skins. Borghildr gave them ale, which Sinfjötli recognized as poisoned. He excused himself for two rounds, but when she brought him the third horn, his father, now drunk, said: "Let your beard filter it, son!" Sinfjötli drank and died at once.
The piece is normally published in editions of the Poetic Edda.
# Fráter–Seebach alkylation

In organic chemistry, the Fráter–Seebach alkylation (also known as Seebach–Fráter alkylation or Fráter–Seebach reaction) is a diastereoselective alkylation of chiral beta-hydroxy esters using strong bases. The reaction was first published by Georg Fráter in 1979; in 1980, Dieter Seebach reported about a similar reaction with malic acid ester.

## Outline and mechanism

Chiral beta-hydroxy esters can be treated with two equivalents of a strong base (lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) or lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LHMDS) are popular choices) to both remove the proton on the alcohol and enolize the ester.
An alkylating agent (methyl iodide in the case of Fráter's publication) is then added. This attacks from the opposite face of the chiral hydroxyl group to avoid steric hindrance as shown below in the 6-membered transition state with chelating metal ions.
This reaction has since been used in the synthesis of many natural products due to its high yield and diastereoselectivity.
# Amaranth (album)

Amaranth is the first studio album of the South Korean duo Davichi, released on January 28, 2008. Actress Lee Mi-yeon and former labelmate Lee Hyori starred in the music video for their debut single, "I Love You Even Though I Hate You". Many producers contributed to the album, including Cho Young-soo, Ahn Min-young, and Park Geun-tae.

## Promotion

Davichi chose not to appear in the music video for their debut single "I Love You Even Though I Hate You" and instead released a seven-minute-long mini drama directed by Cha Eun-taek. The plot of the music video was inspired by the movie Thelma & Louise. The song was produced by esteemed balladist Ryu Jae-hyun, who also produced several songs for artists such as Vibe, SG Wannabe, and F.T. Island.
Their next single, "Sad Promise" was re-released as a remixed dance single, giving the opportunity for Davichi to showcase a more lively side of themselves. The music video was a continuation of their previous release and again featured Lee Mi-yeon and Lee Hyori.
After a short break, a repackage of the album was released, titled, Vivid Summer Edition. The repackage included two new songs and a remix of previous single "Sad Promise". Singer Haha lent his vocals to the single "Love and War", an upbeat pop-dance song. On the music video of "Love and War", Ham Jae-hee (함재희) an actor, Hong Jin-young (홍진영) an actress and Song Ji-in (송지인) an actress appeared. The single became a hit and the duo was awarded number ones on Music Bank, M! Countdown, and Inkigayo.

## Track listing

From Naver Music.

### Vivid Summer edition

From Naver Music.
# Loka pri Dobrni

Loka pri Dobrni (pronounced) is a small dispersed settlement in the hills northwest of Dobrna in Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. The Municipality of Dobrna is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Loka to Loka pri Dobrni in 1953.
# Qingyi River (Henan)

The Qingyi River (Chinese: 清潩河; pinyin: Qīngyì Hé) is a tributary of the Ying River in Henan province, China.
# Sabrina Del Mastio

Sabrina Del Mastio (born 10 March 1971) is an Italian softball player who competed in the 2004 Summer Olympics.
# Paweł Skowroński

Paweł Skowroński is a Polish sprint canoer who has competed since the late 2000s. He won two medals at the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships with a silver (C-4 500 m: 2006) and a bronze (C-2 200 m: 2010).
# Pao hilgendorfii

Pao hilgendorfii, sometimes known as Hilgendorf's puffer, is a species of pufferfish in the family Tetraodontidae. It is a tropical freshwater species native to the Mahakam basin in Borneo. The species was originally described as a member of Tetraodon but was moved to the then-new genus Pao in 2013.
# Parchur mandal

Parchur is a mandal in the Bapatla district in the Coastal Andhra region of Andhra Pradesh, India. Its headquarters are in Parchur.

## Demographics

Religions in Parchur mandal (2011) :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Hinduism | Hinduism | 89.20% | 89.20% |
| Islam | Islam | 10.19% | 10.19% |
| Christianity | Christianity | 0.43% | 0.43% |
| Other or not stated | Other or not stated | 0.18% | 0.18% |
| Distribution of religions |||||
As of 2011 census, the mandal had a population of 53,269 in 15,531 households. The total population constitutes 26,622 males and 28,046 females — a sex ratio of 1053 females per 1000 males. 4,833 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,406 are boys and 2,427 are girls — a sex ratio of 1009 per 1000. The average literacy rate stands at 67.71% with 33,741 literates. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 14,000 (26.28%) and 3,691 (6.93%) of the population respectively.
Languages of Parchur mandal (2011)
At the time of the 2011 census, 89.44% of the population spoke Telugu and 9.67% Urdu as their first language.
# Papyrus 4

Papyrus 4 (𝔓$^4$, part of Suppl. Gr. 1120) is an early New Testament papyrus of the Gospel of Luke in Greek. Opinions differ as to its age. It has been dated anywhere from the late second century to the fourth century.

## Description

It is one of the earliest manuscripts (along with 𝔓$^{75}$) of the Gospel of Luke and contains extensive sections of its first six chapters. It is currently housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Suppl. Gr. 1120) in Paris.
It contains texts of Luke: 1:58-59; 1:62-2:1; 2:6-7; 3:8-4:2; 4:29-32, 34-35; 5:3-8; 5:30-6:16
The Greek text-type of this codex is a representative of the Alexandrian. Aland placed it in Category I. There is agreement with 𝔓$^{75}$ in 93%.

### Notable readings

In Luke 6:2 — οὐκ ἔξεστιν (not lawful) for οὐκ ἔξεστιν ποιεῖν (not lawful to do); the reading is supported only by Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209, (Codex Bezae), Codex Nitriensis, 700, lat, cop$^{sa}$, cop$^{bo}$, arm, geo;
Some early accounts stated that 𝔓$^4$ was used as stuffing for the binding of a codex of Philo, written in the late third century and found walled up in a house at Coptos. Apparently this account was incorrect, however, as the fragments were actually found stashed between pages of the codex of Philo, not in the binding.
Philip Comfort and David Barret in their book Text of the Earliest NT Greek Manuscripts argue that 𝔓$^4$ came from the same codex as 𝔓$^{64+67}$, the Magdalen papyrus, and date the texts to 150-175. Willker tentatively agrees stating 'The [3rd century] dating given is that of NA. Some date it into the 2nd CE (e.g. Roberts and Comfort). This is quite probable considering the use as binding material for a 3rd CE codex'. Comfort and Barret also show that 𝔓$^4$ and 𝔓$^{64+67}$ have affinities with a number of late 2nd century papyri. Roberts (1979), Skeat (1997), Willker and Stanton also date the text to the late 2nd century, leading Gregory to conclude that '[t]here is good reason to believe that 𝔓$^4$ ... may have been written late in the 2nd century...'. Frederic Kenyon dated 𝔓$^4$ to the fourth century. In 2018, Brent Nongbri argued that it was not possible with current knowledge to date 𝔓$^4$ to a specific century, and that any dates from the 2nd to 4th centuries were equally reasonable. Charlesworth has concluded 'that 𝔓$^{64+67}$ and 𝔓$^4$, though written by the same scribe, are not from the same ... codex.'
# Paralacydes destrictus

Paralacydes destrictus is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Lars Kühne in 2010. It is found in Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe.
# Paralacydes bomfordi

Paralacydes bomfordi is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Pinhey in 1968. It is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe.
# Parlour boarder

A parlour boarder is an archaic term for a privileged category of pupil at a boarding school. Parlour boarders are described by a modern historian as paying more than the other pupils, in return for which they got a room of their own. A parlour was a small reception room, from the French "parler", implying a place for quiet conversation; "board" means meals, as in the expression room and board. The term is mostly historic in British English.
In 18th and 19th century England, there were a profusion of small schools, always single-sex, with the number of pupils ranging from fewer than a dozen to a few score, on a much more domestic scale than the so-called public schools such as Eton and Harrow. Many of these small schools were operated on a family basis, often by a married couple (for boys), or by sisters or female friends (for girls). They would accept day pupils, common boarders, and parlour boarders.

## 18–19th centuries

Elizabeth Lachlan was at school in London when its owner, a Miss Shepherd, impulsively decided to move her school from Percy Street to France during the Peace of Amiens in 1802. She set out on this venture with "thirty to forty girls of respectable families, and ten or twelve ladies as parlour boarders".
Thomas Reynolds (1771–1836), the Irish informer, son of a wealthy textile manufacturer, was sent at eight years old as a parlour boarder to the school of Rev. Archibald Crawford at Chiswick, then a village on the outskirts of London.
    The school was composed of eight parlour-boarders, and about sixty other lads. The parlour-boarders lived entirely at the Doctor's table, and joined in all his society as part of his family. In their walks they were usually accompanied by the Doctor himself, who rarely entrusted that responsibility to an usher.

## 20th century

The Indian diplomat Venkata Siddharthacharry was largely educated in England, and entitled a chapter of his memoir "Parlour Boarder". He defines it as a situation that allows access "to both the family dining room and the family drawing room", "a great privilege naturally, paid for sumptuously". One much-valued benefit was the fire, which was lit from mid-autumn "right up to the end of spring", in contrast to the frigid dormitories.
The Jesuit school named after Francis de Sales in Nagpur, India, even in the mid 20th century:
    ran a three tier system of boarding. Parlour boarders, ordinary boarders, and charity boarders. The Parlour boarders were treated like residents of a five star hotel, Ordinary like two star residents, and Charity like poor relations, only a little better off than the orphan children described in the novels of Charles Dickens.
One Anglo-Indian family sent the light-skinned son as a parlour boarder, while his darker brothers were merely ordinary boarders. (See Discrimination based on skin color or "colorism".)

## Fictional examples

* Harriet Smith in Emma by Jane Austen.
* Sara Crewe in A Little Princess by Frances Hodgson Burnett.
* James Steerforth in David Copperfield by Charles Dickens.
# Parlung Tsangpo

Parlung Tsangpo or Parlung Zangbo (Tibetan: ཕར་ལུང་གཙང་པོ, Wylie: phar lung gtsang po; Chinese: 帕隆藏布; pinyin: Pàlóng Zàngbù), also known as Palongzangbu River, is a river in Nyingchi, Tibet, China. It is the largest tributary on the left side of Yarlung Tsangpo. Its source is the Arza Gongla Glacier, at an elevation of 4900m. It first flows north into Ngagung Tso, then turn northwest to Rakwa Tso. It joins Yarlung Tsangpo near Bomê.
The total length of Parlung Tsangpo is 266 km, and the drop of elevation is 3360m. The drainage basin covers an area of 23,800 square kilometers. The lower part of Parlung flows through the Parlung Tsangpo Valley, which is among the deepest in the world.
# Pararrhaptica subsenescens

Pararrhaptica subsenescens is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was first described by Lord Walsingham in 1907. It is endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Molokai and Hawaii.
# Pararrhaptica sublichenoides

Pararrhaptica sublichenoides is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It was first described by Otto Swezey in 1913. It is endemic to the island of Hawaii.
# Paratillus

Paratillus is a genus of checkered beetles in the family Cleridae. There is one described species in Paratillus, P. carus.
# Pasiphilodes hypodela

Pasiphilodes hypodela is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is endemic to New Guinea.
# Pasiphilodes regularis

Pasiphilodes regularis is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Peninsular Malaysia.
# Pasajero (Ari Borovoy album)

Pasajero is the second solo album from OV7 member Ari Borovoy. Like his first solo disc, 2005's Ari Borovoy, the album was created during a seven-year period (2003–2010) in which OV7 had split up. "Vivo" was the album's first single; a video was also released for the song.

## Track listing

* "Vivo"
* "Ella"
* "Pasajero"
* "Para Mi"
* "Llegas A Mi"
* "Tengo Mucho Calor"
* "No Aguanto Mas"
* "Vete Muy Lejos"
* "Delovers [Vivo Remix Version]"
* "Para Mi [Remix Version]"
# Pasak

Pasak may refer to:
* Pasak, Iran, a village in Sistan and Baluchestan Province
* Pasak, West Azerbaijan, a village in West Azerbaijan Province
* Yawara
# Parish of Nocoleche

The Parish of Nocoleche is a cadastral parish of Ularara County in north western New South Wales.

## Climate

The climate is semi-arid, featuring low rainfall, very hot summer temperatures and cool nights in winter. The parish has a Köppen climate classification of BWh (Hot desert). However, the Paroo River at this point has a number of wetlands, which makes the parish somewhat of an oasis in the otherwise arid landscape.

## History

The traditional owners of the Paroo River area are the Budjair, Kunja and Mardgany in the north and the Paruntiji, meaning people belonging to the Paroo, in the south. Aboriginal people are known to have lived along the Paroo for at least 14,000 years (Robins, 1999).
The Burke and Wills expedition were the first Europeans to the area, passing a few miles to the west.
   Graziers came as squatters to the Paroo in the 1840s. They met resistance from the Aboriginal land owners, and tensions in the area continued well into the 1860s. From the 1850s however a shortage of white labour caused by the exodus to the gold fields saw many in the Aboriginal communities join the pastoral workforce. Aboriginal people continued to be a significant part of this work force for many decades whilst still maintaining their cultural traditions and attending local and regional ceremonies until the 1910s. From the 1920s however, Aboriginal people began to be forcibly removed from their land by government policy.
From the 1880s to the 1910 drought, overstocking and rabbit infestation led to massive damage to land, soil and native plants and animals.
In 1978 the parish was incorporated into the Nocoleche Nature Reserve. These Paroo River Wetlands are today an important site under the Ramsar Convention.
# Paroedura stumpffi

Paroedura stumpffi is a species of lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to Madagascar.

## Etymology

The specific name, stumpffi, is in honor of Anton Stumpff who collected the holotype.

## Geographic range

P. stumpffi is found in northern Madagascar, including associated islands Nosy Be, Nosy Komba, and Nosy Mitsio.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of P. stumpffi is forest, at altitudes of 40–199 m (131–653 ft).

## Reproduction

P. stumpffi is oviparous.
# Passenger compartment

Passenger compartment or passenger cabin may refer to any of these areas designated for passengers in vehicles:
* In automobile passenger cars, the area of the vehicle physically separated from the engine compartment, trunk or boot, etc., usually including the driver
** In limousines, the passenger compartment excluding the driver area
* In fixed-wing aircraft and other aircraft, a passenger area physically separated from the cockpit
* In railway cars, the area designed for passengers
* In ships and boats, an area designed for passengers that is physically separated from the bridge and other areas
** Compartment (ship), an area as above that is generally structurally separate and often watertight from non-passenger areas
** Passenger cabin (ship), a room or suite designed for one or a few passengers; a stateroom