OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nicholson v Haldimand-Norfolk Reg Police Commrs

Nicholson v Haldimand-Norfolk Reg Police Commrs, [1979] 1 SCR 311, is a leading decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in Canadian administrative law. The decision was a landmark reform of administrative law, in which the Court significantly increased the degree of court intervention on procedural grounds.
The Court stated that procedural fairness exists on a continuum and that parties are entitled to a certain degree of it based on the setting and their circumstances. Prior to this decision, procedural fairness only applied to tribunals that were classified as "judicial" or "quasi-judicial".

## Background

Nicholson was employed for a period of 15 months by the regional police of Haldimand County when he was terminated without any reason given. The employer claimed that the Police Act allowed them to dismiss him at will, as he was still within an 18-month probationary period of employment. Nicholson, however, argued that he had a common law right to be treated fairly and be notified of the reasons for his termination.
The issue before the Supreme Court of Canada was whether Nicholson's employers were entitled to terminate him without a hearing and without any reasons given.

## Opinion of the Court

A majority Court found that Nicholson was entitled to a common law duty of fairness and so should have been able to make submissions to the employer and should have been notified orally or in writing. This paralleled the UK House of Lords decision in Ridge v Baldwin, which was quoted with approval by Laskin C.J.
Laskin noted the difficulty in classifying decisions as "quasi-judicial" or administrative, which often decided the outcome of cases:
   [T]he classification of statutory functions as judicial, quasi-judicial or administrative is often very difficult, to say the least; and to endow some with procedural protection while denying others any at all would work injustice when the results of statutory decisions raise the same serious consequences for those adversely affected, regardless of the classifications of the function in question.
Although Laskin did not explicitly reject the categorization of decisions as administrative or judicial, he extended some of the rules of natural justice into administrative decisions, holding that there is a "general duty of fairness" even in administrative decisions.
In the result, the decision of the Board of Commissioners of Police was quashed and costs were awarded to Nicholson.

## Aftermath

The content of the general "duty of fairness" was clarified by the Supreme Court of Canada in Baker v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and Immigration), where the Court set out a test for determining when certain procedural protections are required.
# Niedersayn

Niedersayn is an Ortsgemeinde – a community belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde – in the Westerwaldkreis in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

## Geography
### Location

The community lies north of Montabaur on the river Sayn. Since 1971 it has belonged to what was then the newly founded Verbandsgemeinde of Wirges, a kind of collective municipality. Its seat is in the like-named town.

### Constituent communities

Niedersayn's Ortsteile are Karnhöfen, Blaumhöfen and Niedersayn.

## History

In 1277, Niedersayn had its first documentary mention under the name Langesain.

## Politics

The municipal council is made up of 7 council members, including the extraofficial mayor (Bürgermeister), who were elected in a majority vote in a municipal election on 13 June 2004.

## Economy and infrastructure

East of the community runs Bundesstraße 255, linking Montabaur and Rennerod, and also Bundesstraße 8. The nearest Autobahn interchange is Montabaur on the A 3 (Cologne–Frankfurt), some 3 km away. The nearest InterCityExpress stop is the railway station at Montabaur on the Cologne-Frankfurt high-speed rail line.
# Night Dragon Operation

Night Dragon Operation is one of the cyberattacks that started in mid-2006 and was initially reported by Dmitri Alperovitch, Vice President of Threat Research at Internet security company McAfee in August 2011, who also led and named the Night Dragon Operation and Operation Aurora cyberespionage intrusion investigations. The attacks have hit at least 71 organizations, including defense contractors, businesses worldwide, the United Nations and the International Olympic Committee.

## Attack work model

The attacks use a variety of components—there is no single piece or family of malware responsible. The preliminary stage of the attack involves penetration of the target network, ‘breaking down the front door’. Techniques such as spear-phishing and SQL injection of public facing Web servers are reported to have been used. Once in, the attackers then upload freely available hacker tools onto the compromised servers in order to gain visibility into the internal network. The internal network can then be penetrated by typical methods (accessing Active Directory account details, cracking user passwords, etc.) in order to infect machines on the network with remote administration trojans (RATs). Since this attack is done by a government, the resources in terms of hardware, software, and other logistics available to the hackers are considerable (PLA Unit 61398).
# Pseudatomoscelis

Pseudatomoscelis is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae. There are at least four described species in Pseudatomoscelis.

## Species

These four species belong to the genus Pseudatomoscelis:
* Pseudatomoscelis flora (Van Duzee, 1923)
* Pseudatomoscelis insularis Henry, 1991
* Pseudatomoscelis nubila T.Henry, 2002
* Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter, 1876) (cotton fleahopper)
# Robert Perillo

Robert Perillo is an American master voice teacher, and has trained actors for over thirty years. He has worked at Binghamton University, Marymount Manhattan College, The National Shakespeare Conservatory, New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, and the Stella Adler Studio of Acting where he was head of the Voice Department. Perillo trains and coaches actors privately both for performance and auditions; he has worked extensively with businessmen and women, writers, politicians and singers and has given seminars and workshops to choral groups, readers of scripture, deacons, priests and to other teachers of voice and speech. Perillo is a stage director and has directed works by playwrights as varied as William Shakespeare, Noël Coward, John Patrick Shanley, Tom Stoppard, and Charles Ludlam.

## Career

He recently directed the musical The Spitfire Grill, and served as both dramaturg and director for Aldo Pisano's one man show Judgement. He was vocal coach to writer and performer Lawrence Wright for his play The Human Scale, directed by Oskar Eustis. In 2011, he was vocal and text coach for the New York Public Theater’s production of Love’s Labour’s Lost.
In addition to serving on the faculty of the Public Theater’s Shakespeare Lab, he has been a Visiting Lecturer at Stanford University; at Stanford he was voice and text coach on three Shakespeare plays produced collaboratively by Stanford and the Public Theater.
# Haemodorum tenuifolium

Haemodorum tenuifolium is a plant native to southeastern Australia.
# Without Regret (film)

Without Regret is a 1935 American drama film directed by Harold Young and starring Elissa Landi, Paul Cavanagh and Frances Drake. It also features an early appearance by David Niven.
It was based on the play Interference the British writers Roland Pertwee and Harold Dearden which had previously been turned into a 1928 silent film of the same title. The film was released on September 13, 1935, by Paramount Pictures.

## Plot

After returning to England and unwittingly committing bigamy, a young woman is threatened with blackmail.

## Main cast

* Elissa Landi as Jennifer Gage
* Paul Cavanagh as Robert Godfrey
* Frances Drake as Mona Gould
* Kent Taylor as Steven Paradin
* Gilbert Emery as Inspector Hayes
* David Niven as Bill Gage
* Forrester Harvey as Police Surgeon
* Peter Hobbes as Fred
* Viva Tattersall as Vera
# Op. 40

In music, Op. 40 stands for Opus number 40. Compositions that are assigned this number include:
* Arnold – Symphony No. 2
* Barber – Antony and Cleopatra
* Beethoven – Romance for violin and orchestra no. 1 Op. 40
* Brahms – Horn Trio
* Bruch – Hermione
* Chopin – Polonaises Op. 40
* Dohnányi – Symphony No. 2
* Dvořák – Nocturne in B major
* Elgar – Cockaigne (In London Town)
* Finzi – Cello Concerto
* Holberg – Holberg Suite
* Mendelssohn – Piano Concerto No. 2
* Rachmaninoff – Piano Concerto No. 4
* Reger – Zwei Choralphantasien, Op. 40
* Robbins – The Concert
* Saint-Saëns – Danse macabre
* Schumann – 5 Lieder
* Schwabe – Fervaal
* Shostakovich – Cello Sonata
* Strauss – Ein Heldenleben
# Premera Blue Cross

Premera Blue Cross is a not-for-profit Blue Cross Blue Shield licensed health insurance company based in Mountlake Terrace, Washington, United States. It sells health insurance plans under the Blue Cross license in Washington state except Clark County and under both of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield licenses in Alaska.
The company provides health insurance and related services to approximately 2 million people. Premera Blue Cross has operated in Washington since 1945, and in Alaska since 1957. Premera Blue Cross is an independent licensee of the Blue Cross Blue Shield Association.

## History

Premera was founded as Washington Hospital Service in 1933, and began operating in Alaska in 1957. In 1969, the company's name was changed to Blue Cross of Washington and Alaska.
In June 1998, Blue Cross of Washington and Alaska merged with Spokane's Medical Service Corporation under the name Premera Blue Cross.
In 2002, Premera's executives first informed Washington commissioner Mike Kreidler of their intent to convert from a non-profit to a for-profit joint-stock company. After five years, the request was officially ended on March 5, 2007.
In October 2009, Premera waived deductible or co-pay for 2009-H1N1 vaccine fees for its fully insured members.
On February 9, 2012 the Seattle Times published an article alleging non-profit insurance outfits, including Regence, Premera and Group Health, were stockpiling billions of dollars in reserves while increasing their rates at the same time.
In October 2014, Jeff Roe replaced Gubby Barlow as CEO of Premera.
On May 5, 2015, Premera experienced a security breach, possibly leaking the private information of 11 million of its members. On July 11, 2019, Premera reached a settlement to pay $10.4 million over its failure to secure sensitive consumer data following the breach in 2015.
In 2019, the company's board, according to the NAIC Quarterly Statement, included Connie Renee Collingsworth, a member of the leadership team of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and John E. Jenrette, an executive at Cedars-Sinai.
In response to the COVID-19 crisis in 2020, Premera offered advance payments to health care providers amounting up to $100 million.
# Presumption of paternity

Presumption of paternity in paternity law and common law is the legal determination that a man is "presumed to be" a child's biological father without additional supportive evidence, usually as a result of marriage.
Generally associated with marriage,
a presumption of paternity can also be made by court order, contact over time with a child, or simple cohabitation with the mother.
If there is no presumption of paternity, a process such as recognition may be used to establish paternity.
# Presumption of sanity

The presumption of sanity is a legal presumption. Its effect is that a person who faces criminal trial is presumed sane until the opposite is proved. Similarly, a person is presumed to have testamentary capacity until there is evidence to undermine that presumption.
* This law-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Prassi

Prassi is a village in Hiiumaa Parish, Hiiu County in northwestern Estonia.
# Prasoxylon excelsum

Prasoxylon excelsum is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet excelsum is from the Latin meaning 'tall'.

## Description

The tree grows up to 36 metres (120 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 80 centimetres (31 in). The sweetly scented flowers are cream-coloured or pinkish white. The fruits are brown when ripe, roundish to pear-shaped and measure up to 5 cm (2 in) in diameter.

## Distribution and habitat

Prasoxylon excelsum is found in Sri Lanka, Nepal, northeast India, southern China, Indochina, and throughout Malesia and Papuasia. Its habitat is rain forest from sea-level to 1,000 metres (3,000 ft) elevation.
# Prasoxylon rigidum

Prasoxylon rigidum is a tree in the family Meliaceae. The specific epithet rigidum is from the Latin meaning 'rigid', likely referring to the leaflets.

## Description

The tree grows up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 60 centimetres (24 in). The bark is reddish-grey and when slashed releases an onion-like scent. The fruits are pink to purplish-brown, roundish, up to 2.8 cm (1 in) in diameter.

## Distribution and habitat

Prasoxylon rigidum is found in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo. Its habitat is lowland rain forest from sea-level to 260 metres (1,000 ft) elevation.
# Pribojska Goleša

Pribojska Goleša is a village in the municipality of Priboj, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 204 people.
# Presidential Climate Commission (South Africa)

The Presidential Climate Commission is a South African statutory body composed of government ministers and other social stakeholders appointed in December 2020 by President Cyril Ramaphosa to oversee South Africa's response to climate change. It is established to monitor and review the country's progress in reducing emissions - shifting from burning fossil fuels and adapting to forms of green energy without leading to job losses as part of the just transition programme.

## Overview

South Africa ranks number 14 on the global list of countries that have the largest carbon emitters because of its reliance on coal as a source of electrical energy. Recently, electricity generator Eskom said a total of 213.2 tons of carbon dioxide were emitted just in the year 2020 alone. President Cyril Ramaphosa formed the Presidential Climate Commission in September 2020 and its over 40 members - who are representatives from government departments, state entities, business organisations, labour, academia, civil society, research institutions and traditional leadership - were appointed in December 2020 and recruitment of members were ongoing. The decision to establish South Africa's climate change commission was a resolution taken at the Presidential Health Summit held on 19 and 20 October 2018 in Boksburg, Gauteng. The commission is tasked with overseeing a just transition to a low-carbon. The commission meets quarterly to have its ad hoc groups giving reports to Ramaphosa on progress. South Africa aims to align itself with the Paris Agreement on climate change by moving away from carbon footprint to using cleaner energy sources.

## Members

The chairperson of the commission is president Cyril Ramaphosa and its deputy chairperson is Valli Moosa. Its members are from the departments of the South African government, state entities, business organisations, labour, academia, civil society, research institutions and traditional leadership. The full list of members is below:
* Valli Moosa (Deputy Chair)
* Barbara Creecy
* Maropene Ramokgopa
* Enoch Godongwana
* Mmamoloko Kubayi
* Pravin Gordhan
* Gwede Mantashe
* Thembi Nkadimeng
* Ebrahim Patel
* Blade Nzimande
* Sindisiwe Chikunga
* Senzo Mchunu
* Thoko Didiza
* Kgosientsho Ramokgopa
* Kenalemang R Phukuntsi
* Alderman Geordin Hill-Lewis
* Mac Chavalala
* Bobby Peek
* Makoma Lekalakala
* Nikisi Lesufi
* Shafick Adams
* Ayakha Melithafa
* Brian Mantlana
* Mandy Rambharos
* Joanne Bate
* Dhesigen Naidoo
* Mapaseka Lukhele
* Shamini Harrington
* Princess Tsakani Nkambule
* Setlakalane Molepo
* Joanne Yawitch
* Mbulaheni Mbodi
* Lebogang Mulaisi
* Jacques Hugo
* Mac Chavalala
* Bongani Mwale
* Louise Naude
* Bobby Peek
* Happy Khambule
* Bantu Holomisa
* Melissa Fourie
* Janse Rabie
* Zama Khanyile
* Mpho Makwana
* Mbali Baduza
* Malusi Mpumlwana
* Lungisa Fuzile
* Crispian Olver
# Pretoria East Commando

Pretoria East Commando was a light infantry regiment of the South African Army. It formed part of the South African Army Infantry Formation as well as the South African Territorial Reserve.

## History
### Operations
#### With the SADF

The unit resorted under the command of Group 15.
During this era, the unit was mainly used for area force protection, search and cordones as well as other assistance to the local police.

#### With the SANDF
##### Disbandment

This unit, along with all other Commando units was disbanded after a decision by South African President Thabo Mbeki to disband all Commando Units. The Commando system was phased out between 2003 and 2008 "because of the role it played in the apartheid era", according to the Minister of Safety and Security Charles Nqakula.
# Prince Erekle of Kakheti

Erekle (Georgian: ერეკლე; 1568 – 1589) was a Georgian prince (batonishvili) of the royal house of Kakheti, son of King Alexander II of Kakheti by his wife Tinatin Amilakhvari.
According to the 18th-century Georgian historian Prince Vakhushti, Erekle, soon after Alexader's accession to the throne of Kakheti, took offence at his brother Davit and clandestinely repaired for the Ottoman court in Constantinople. The Safavid Iranian shah Tahmasp I saw this as a renege on the Kakhetians' pledge of loyalty. Advancing with his army into Karabakh, the shah summoned Alexander to his camp. Through the machinations of Prince Cholokashvili, the Kakhetians managed to divert the shah's attention to the political intrigues in the principality of Samtskhe, which was invaded and ravaged by the Iranians in 1574.
In 1578, when Lala Kara Mustafa Pasha's Ottoman army marched into Georgia, Alexander II of Kakheti accepted the sultan's suzerainty and helped Lala Pasha to conquer Shirvan. Alexander's son Erekle was briefly appointed by the Ottomans a governor of sanjak of Shaki in Shirvan, which had hitherto been ruled by Alexander's alienated brother Isa-Khan on the shah of Iran's behalf. Erekle reappears in the historical records as a signatory, together with his father Alexander II and brothers, Davit and Giorgi, to the oath of allegiance to Feodor I of Russia on 28 September 1587, a culmination of the mission of the Russian envoy Rodion Birkin, which, however, did not bring about any tangible changes in the regional political climate.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Prince Erekle of Kakheti :
# Pribram (disambiguation)

Příbram is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic.
Pribram or Příbram may also refer to:

## Astronomy

* Příbram meteorite, which fell in 1959 east of Příbram, Czech Republic
* 9884 Příbram, a minor planet named for the meteorite

## Places in the Czech Republic

* Příbram District, a district in the Central Bohemian Region
* Příbram na Moravě a municipality and village in the South Moravian Region
* Uhelná Příbram, a market town in the Vysočina Region
* Příbram, a village and part of Verneřice in the Ústí nad Labem Region

## Sport

* FK Příbram, a Czech football club
* CK Příbram Fany Gastro, a UCI Continental cycling team based in the Czech Republic

## People with the surname

* Alfred Pribram (1841–1912), Bohemian internist
* Alfred Francis Pribram (1859–1942), British historian of Austrian origin
* Ernst August Pribram [de] (1879-1940), Austrian pathologist and biochemist
* Karl Přibram (1877–1973), Austrian-born economist
* Karl H. Pribram (1919–2015), Austrian-born neurosurgeon and theorist of cognition
* Richard Pribram (1847–1928), Austrian chemist
# Nigel Ayers

Nigel Ayers (born 1957 in Tideswell, Derbyshire) is an English multimedia artist. His sound art has included numerous audio releases and live performances through his group Nocturnal Emissions.
His sound art collaborations includes work with Bourbonese Qualk, C.C.C.C., Andrew Liles, Lustmord, Randy Greif, Robin Storey, Expose Your Eyes, Stewart Home, Z'EV, and Zoviet France.
In 1980, he founded the record label Sterile Records, releasing the first records by John Balance, Maurizio Bianchi and Lustmord, among many others. In 1987 he formed the Earthly Delights (record label).
In the early 1990s, he performed live soundtracks for the Butoh performances of Poppo & the Go Go Boys. His visual art has been exhibited in the Tate, ICA, and worn by the soccer legend Diego Maradona.

## Sound art

Ayers' sound art work is rooted in assemblage and collage. Years before digital sampling became commonplace, his recordings used thousands of edited "found" and specially recorded sound samples. His interest in the psychological effects of sound, and in particular the recombination of sound to affect perception of time and space is reflected in CD titles such as "Practical Time Travel" where sound functions as snapshots of memory forming new associations as it passes into a simulated dream world.
He is also interested in eroding the concept of individualised artistic personality using digital technologies to enable multiple authorship. This is exemplified in the remixable sound sample libraries he has released as a sound developer in the commercially released sample libraries for Sony's ACID Pro and Propellerhead's Reason (software).
In his sound installations, such as Soul Zodiac (2006) and The Planetarium Must Be Built (2007) he has explored the possibilities of digital remixes in both time and space, using everyday equipment such as multiple CD boomboxes.
# Pseudopostega fungina

Pseudopostega fungina is a species of moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by Puplesis and Robinson in 1999. It is known only from Bihar in India.
# Heartstopper (film)

Heartstopper (also known as Heart Stopper) is a 2006 straight-to-DVD horror film directed by Bob Keen and starring Robert Englund, Meredith Henderson, and Nathan Stephenson.

## Plot

Notorious serial killer Jonathan Chambers has been captured and detained by Sheriff Berger. Chambers is executed in the electric chair, but the police do not know that he survived by making a deal with the devil. His body is transported to a hospital for an autopsy examination.
Meanwhile, Sara Wexler is a lonely teenager who attempts to commit suicide by running in front of a car. However, she is only injured before being discovered by Berger who takes her to hospital. At the hospital Chambers now has supernatural powers and begins to slaughter everyone in the hospital, including Berger.
Sara and another teenager called Walter, who was sent to hospital after accidentally being impaled on his own rake, try to escape from the hospital but find that all exits are locked. Chambers then confronts Sara and explains that he needs her to help him because she has a power which will make him immortal. She declines the offer and flees from him. Eventually she defeats Chambers by opening a portal to hell and sending him through it. In the final scene, however, it is revealed that Chambers's personality has passed into her.

## Cast

| Actor | Character |
| Meredith Henderson | Sara Wexler |
| Nathan Stephenson | Walter |
| Robert Englund | Sheriff Berger |
| James Binkley | Jonathan Chambers |
| Laura de Carteret | Denise Grafton |

## Production

Filming lasted from 9 September 2005 to 13 November 2005, on a $3,000,000 budget.

## Release

The film was released on DVD in the United States on 31 October 2006 and in the UK on 18 December 2006.
# Robert Beckwith

Robert Beckwith may refer to:
* Bob Beckwith (1932–2024), firefighter who stood next to George W. Bush during speech at World Trade Center ruins
* Rob Beckwith (born 1984), English footballer
* Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith (1904–1985), last surviving undisputed descendant of Abraham Lincoln