OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Selective surface

In solar thermal collectors, a selective surface or selective absorber is a means of increasing its operation temperature and/or efficiency. The selectivity is defined as the ratio of solar radiation absorption (α$_{sol}$) to thermal infrared radiation emission (ε$_{therm}$).
Selective surfaces take advantage of the differing wavelengths of incident solar radiation and the emissive radiation from the absorbing surface:
* Solar radiation covers approximately the wavelengths 350 nm to 4000 nm; UV-A, visible and near infrared (NIR, or IR-A plus IR-B).
* Thermal infrared radiation, from materials with temperatures approximately in the interval -40 to 100 °C, covers approximately the wavelengths 4000 nm to 40,000 nm = 4 um to 40 um; The thermal infrared radiation interval being named or covered by: MIR, LWIR or IR-C.

## Materials

Normally, a combination of materials is used. One of the first selective surfaces investigated was a semiconductor-metal tandem – simply copper with a layer of black cupric oxide. Silicon on metal is also another example. A different design has ceramic–metal composites (cermets) on metal substrates. Black chromium ("black chrome") and nickel-plated anodized aluminum is another selective surface that is very durable, highly resistant to humidity or oxidizing atmospheres and extreme temperatures, while being able to retain its selective properties, but expensive. One of the more popular designs – a multi-layer broadband solar absorber – consists of a metal substrate coated with multiple layers of metal and dielectric materials. While those have to be vacuum-deposited, they have been widely adopted due to their suitability for vacuum tubes.
Although ordinary black paint has high solar absorption, it also has high thermal emissivity, and thus it is not a selective surface.
Typical values for a selective surface might be 0.90 solar absorption and 0.10 thermal emissivity, but can range from 0.8/0.3 for paints on metal to 0.96/0.05 for commercial surfaces. Thermal emissivities as low as 0.02 have been obtained in laboratories.

## Other applications

Selective surfaces are used for other applications than solar thermal collectors, such as low emissivity surfaces used in window glasses, which reflect thermal radiation and have high transmittance factors (being transparent) for visible sunlight.
# Vigilante Force (TV series)

Vigilante Force is a 2003 Hong Kong modern serial drama produced by TVB starring Bowie Lam, Kenix Kwok, Joe Ma, Benny Chan, Tavia Yeung, Leila Tong, Mak Cheung-ching, and Eileen Yeow.

## Cast
### Main cast

| Cast | Role | Description |
| Bowie Lam | Fong Nga Chai 方瓦仔 | Northern New Territories Crime Investigation Dept. Sergeant Wan Ka Lei's husband Luk Ying Yan's childhood friend |
| Kenix Kwok | Luk Ying Yan (Natalie) 陸迎璋 | Emergency Dept. Doctor Ma Hau Yin's wife Fong Nga Chai's childhood friend Howard's ex-girlfriend |
| Joe Ma | Ma Hau Yin (Ken) 馬孝賢 | Northern New Territories Crime Investigation Dept. Inspector Luk Ying Yan's husband |
| Benny Chan | To Chin Hung 陶展雄 | Northern New Territories Crime Investigation Dept. Senior Constable Undercover police Lau Yuk Yan's husband |
| Tavia Yeung | Wan Ka Lei (Kelly) 溫嘉莉 | Wan Kin Yan's younger sister Fong Nga Cha's wife Howard's ex-girlfriend |
| Leila Tong | Luk Lai Kuen 陸麗娟 | Luk Kin Mo and Hung Ching Kei's daughter |
| Mak Cheung-ching | Luk Chan Ying 陸振英 | Killed Rocky, Wan Kin Yan and Chan Sau Yung Fong Nga Chai & To Chin Hung childhood friend (Main Villain) |
| Eileen Yeow | Lau Yuk Yan 劉玉欣 | To Chin Hung's wife Fong Nga Chai's ex-girlfriend |

### Police

| Cast | Role | Description |
| Samuel Kwok (郭峰) | Wong Ka Wah 王嘉華 | Fong Nga Chai and Ma Hau Yin's superior Superintendent Police Head of Northern New Territories Crime Investigation Dept. Fong Yee Kiu's old friend turned husband |
| Ng Ngai Cheung (吳毅將) | Chan Sau Yung 陳修勇 | Northern New Territories Crime Investigation Dept. Chief Inspector Betrayed the police force and corrupted police kill a traffic police Beaten to death by Luk Chan Ying in episode 29 (Villain) |
| Lam King Kong (林敬剛) | Yue Chi Yung 余志勇 | Northern New Territories Crime Investigation Dept. Constable |
| Belinda Hamnett | Law On On 羅安安 | Northern New Territories Crime Investigation Dept. Constable |
| Wong Ching (王青) | Kwok Kwai Sing 郭貴成 | Northern New Territories Crime Investigation Dept. Constable |

### Other cast

| Cast | Role | Description |
| Law Koon Lan (羅冠蘭) | Fong Yee Kiu 方宜嬌 | Fong Nga Chai's aunt Wong Ka Wah's old friend turned wife |
| Siu Leung (蕭亮) | Luk Sing Cho 陸承祖 | Village leader Luk Ying Yan's father |
| Eddy Ko | Luk Kin Mo 陸建武 | Hung Ching Kei's husband Luk Lai Kuen's father |
| Mary Hon | Hung Ching Kei 洪靜琪 | Luk Kin Mo's wife Ma Ying Kit's ex-wife Ma Hau Yin and Luk Lai Kuen's mother |
| Derek Kwok | Wan Kin Yan 溫健仁 | Wan Ka Lei's older brother Killed by Luk Chan Ying in episode 19 |
| Wilson Tsui (艾威) | Rocky | Businessman/Gang Leader Shot to death by Luk Chan Ying in episode 15 (Semi-Villain) |
| Mark Kwok | Howard | Luk Ying Yan and Wan Ka Lei's ex-boyfriend Died in a car accident |
| Kong Hon (江漢) | Ma Ying Kit 馬英傑 | Hung Ching Kei's ex-husband Ma Hau Yin's father |
| Ron Ng | Firecracker 炮仗 | Rocky and Luk Chan Ying's underling |

## Awards and nominations

* TVB Anniversary Awards (2003)
** Won: My Top 12 Favourite Television Characters (Bowie Lam)
# Megalopyge defoliata

Megalopyge defoliata is a moth of the Megalopygidae family. It was described by Francis Walker in 1855. It is found in Mexico.
The wingspan is 34 mm for males and 50 mm for females. The forewings of the males are brownish grey, with a large white spot at the base, a smaller one at the end of the cell connected with the basal spots by a white line and an outer transverse irregular white band between which and the median nervure the veins are whitish. The fringe is cream color. The hindwings are creamy with the veins and some scales at the base darker. Females are entirely smoky brown with some white scales at the base and near the apex of the forewings.
# Monarda media

Monarda media is a species of flowering plant in the mint family known by the common name purple bergamot. It is native to eastern North America, including the eastern United States and Ontario in Canada.
This species is a rhizomatous perennial herb with square stems growing 2 to 3 feet tall. It may spread to form a colony. The oppositely arranged leaves are lance-shaped and mint-scented. The inflorescence contains tubular reddish purple flowers with purplish bracts beneath. The flowers are attractive to insects. The seed heads are attractive to birds.
This plant grows in swampy habitat such as stream beds.
# Q73

Q73 may refer to:
* Q73 (New York City bus)
* Al-Muzzammil, a surah of the Quran
* French submarine Archimède (1909)
# László Hazai

László Hazai (born 14 June 1953) is a Hungarian chess International Master (1977). He is a European Team Chess Championship two times silver medalist (1977, 1980).

## Biography

From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s László Hazai was one of the top Hungarian chess players. He competed many times in the finals of the individual Hungarian Chess Championships, winning medals three times: silver in 1986, and bronze in 1979 and 1980.
László Hazai achievements in international chess tournaments include: shared 1st place in Ősagárd (1976, together with Valentin Stoica), 2nd place in Sofia (1979, after Ján Plachetka), 2nd place in Kecskemét (1983, after Gennadi Zaichik), 1st place in Maribor (1985, Vasja Pirc memorial), 3rd place in Vrnjačka Banja (1985, after Milan Matulović and Péter Lukács), 1st place in Espoo (1988) and 1st place in Helsinki (1989, together with Antti Pyhälä).
László Hazai played for Hungary in the European Team Chess Championships:
* In 1977, at second reserve board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship in Moscow (+0, =1, -0) and won team silver medal,
* In 1980, at second reserve board in the 7th European Team Chess Championship in Skara (+0, =1, -1) and won team silver medal.
László Hazai played for Hungary in the World Student Team Chess Championships:
* In 1974, at fourth board in the 20th World Student Team Chess Championship in Teesside (+2, =3, -0) and won team bronze medal.
László Hazai played for chess club Honved Budapest in the European Men's Chess Club Cups:
* In 1984, in the 4th European Chess Club Cup (+1, =3, -0),
* In 1988, in the 6th European Chess Club Cup (+2, =2, -2) and won team silver medal.
In 1977, László Hazai was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title and received the FIDE Senior Trainer title in 2011. He reached his career highest chess ranking on January 1, 1985, with a score of 2,480 points, then 8th-10th place among Hungarian chess players.
# My Life (Iris DeMent album)

My Life is the second album released by singer-songwriter Iris DeMent. Released in 1994 on Warner Bros., it peaked at number 16 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart.
The album was dedicated to her father, Patric Shaw DeMent, who died in 1992.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Austin American-Statesman | |
| Chicago Tribune | |
| Christgau's Consumer Guide | A+ |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| Entertainment Weekly | A |
| Los Angeles Times | |
| The New Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
| Rolling Stone | |
| Spin Alternative Record Guide | 9/10 |
Spin ranked My Life as the 3rd best album of 1994. Writing in Spin, Eric Weisbard described the album as "...unbreakable gentleness as a modern epiphany about rural values."
The album was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album at the 37th Annual Grammy Awards.

## Track listing

All songs by Iris DeMent except as indicated.

### Side one

* "Sweet Is the Melody" – 3:41
* "You've Done Nothing Wrong" – 4:22
* "Calling for You" – 3:18
* "Childhood Memories" – 4:38
* "No Time to Cry" – 6:49

### Side two

* "Troublesome Waters" (Maybelle Carter, Ezra J. Carter, Dixie Deen) – 5:15
* "Mom and Dad's Waltz" (Lefty Frizzell) – 2:37
* "Easy's Gettin' Harder Every Day" – 5:01
* "The Shores of Jordan" – 3:18
* "My Life" – 3:30

## Personnel

* Iris DeMent – vocals, acoustic guitar, harmony vocal, piano on "My Life"
* Richard Bennett – acoustic guitar, electric guitar
* John Catchings – cello
* "Cowboy" Jack Clement – acoustic guitar
* Charles Cochran – piano, keyboards
* Stuart Duncan – fiddle, mandolin
* Mark Howard – acoustic guitar
* Roy Huskey, Jr. – upright bass
* Kenny Malone – percussion
* Pat McInerney – drums
* Phil Parlapiano – accordion on "You've Done Nothing Wrong"
* Al Perkins – dobro
* Pete Wasner – keyboards, piano
* Joy White – harmony vocal on "Childhood Memories"
* Linda Williams – harmony vocal on "The Shores of Jordan"
* Robin Williams – harmony vocal on "The Shores of Jordan"
# Mac Cuill

In Irish mythology, Mac Cuill of the Tuatha Dé Danann, was a son of Cermait, son of the Dagda. Mac Cuill's given name was Éthur and he was named Mac Cuill after his god, Coll, the hazel. His wife was Banba.

## Description

He and his brothers Mac Cecht and Mac Gréine killed Lug in revenge for their father. The three brothers became joint High Kings of Ireland, rotating the sovereignty between them a year at a time, covering twenty-nine or thirty years depending on the source consulted. They were the last kings of the Tuatha Dé Danann before the coming of the Milesians. Mac Cuill and his brothers treacherously slew Íth, prompting his nephew Míl Espáine and his sons to invade Ireland for revenge. During the battle against the Milesians, Mac Cuill was slain by Eber Finn.
# Macquarie, Australian Capital Territory

Macquarie (/ˈməkwɒri/) is a residential suburb in the Belconnen district of Canberra, located within the Australian Capital Territory, Australia. Macquarie was gazetted as a division on 22 June 1967 in recognition of Major-General Lachlan Macquarie, a former Governor of New South Wales. Streets in Macquarie are named after contemporaries of Governor Macquarie.
Macquarie is located in the inner north Canberra district of Belconnen. It is bordered to the north by Belconnen Way, Bindubi Street to the east, Redfern Street to the south and Coulter Drive to the west.

## Demographics

At the 2016 census, Macquarie had a population of 2,700 people. The census shows that Macquarie residents have an average age of 36 compared to a Canberra average of 35.
The population of Macquarie is predominantly Australian-born at 65.7% with the second most common birthplace being China (excluding SARs and Taiwan) at 4.0% of the population. Accommodation is predominantly separate houses (70.7%) with a gradual increase in flats, units and apartments (17.9%, slightly under the ACT and Australian averages) since previous census periods. There are a group of streets with public housing adjacent to the Jamison Centre.

## Suburb amenities

There is a small shopping centre on Lachlan Street in Macquarie that has a Medical Centre, Chemist, Coffee Shop and Kinh Doh Vietnamese restaurant.
The Jamison Centre is the major shopping centre in Macquarie and has a popular outdoor Rotary community market every Sunday morning.
Adjacent to the Jamison Centre is Big Splash, one of Canberra's few privately owned but public swimming pools and home to Canberra's only outdoor water slide.
On the corner of Bindubi Street and Belconnen Way is the Canberra High School originally established in 1938 at Telopea Park School and then Acton from 1939 until moving to the current site when officially opened on 21 August 1972; it has large playing fields between it and the swimming pool.
Macquarie Primary School on Bennelong Crescent is a government run school established in 1968 and was the first school in Belconnen.

## Transport

ACTION bus route 32 connects Macquarie with Belconnen Town Centre and Civic.

## Political representation

For the purposes of Australian federal elections for the House of Representatives, Macquarie is in the Division of Canberra.
For the purposes of Australian Capital Territory elections for the ACT Legislative Assembly, Macquarie is in the Ginninderra electorate.

## Geology

Greywacke from the Ordovician Pittman Formation forms a band down the east of Macquarie. This has been uplifted on the east side of the Deakin Fault. The fault heads in the north east direction in this suburb, whereas the Deakin fault normally heads in the north west direction. A porphyry of Green-grey Dacitic intrusive containing large white feldspar crystals is found under the Jamison Centre. Green grey rhyodacite of the Walker Volcanics underlie the center and west of Macquarie.
# Machanpalle

Machanpalle is a village and panchayat in Ranga Reddy district, Telangana, India. It falls under Shabad mandal.
# Madame Chrysanthème

Madame Chrysanthème may refer to:
* Madame Chrysanthème (novel), 1887 story by Pierre Loti
* Madame Chrysanthème (opera), 1893 opera by André Messager, based on the novel
# Maat Mons

Maat Mons is a massive shield volcano on the planet Venus and the planet's second-highest mountain and highest volcano. It rises 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) above the mean planetary radius at 0°30′N 194°36′E﻿ / ﻿0.5°N 194.6°E﻿ / 0.5; 194.6, and nearly 5 km above the surrounding plains. It is named after the Egyptian goddess of truth and justice, Ma'at.

## Geology

Maat Mons is a large shield volcano located in Atla Regio, a site of recent tectonic rifting possibly fed by an active mantle plume. Three other neighbouring major volcanic centres are situated within Atla Regio, Ozza Mons, Ongwuti Mons, and an unnamed mons. Interpretation of their respective radial dike swarm features indicates that Maat Mons is the youngest volcanic centre within Atla Regio, fed by the same mantle plume which gave rise to the previous volcanic centres.

### Structure

Maat Mons has a large summit caldera, 28×31 km in size. Within the large caldera, there are at least five smaller collapse craters, up to 10 km in diameter. A chain of small craters 3–5 km in diameter extends some 40 km along the southeast flank of the volcano, but rather than indicating a large fissure eruption, they seem to also be formed by collapse. Full-resolution imagery from the Magellan probe reveals no evidence of lava flows from these craters.
At least two large-scale structural collapse events seem to have occurred in the past on Maat Mons.
Maat Mons is surrounded by a radial dike swarm, with grabens extending over 1,500 kilometres from the volcano's centre.

### Modern activity

Intriguingly for planetary geologists, atmospheric studies carried out by the Pioneer Venus probes in the early 1980s revealed a considerable variation in the concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO$_2$) and methane (CH$_4$) in Venus' middle and upper atmosphere. One possible explanation for this was the injection of volcanic gases into the atmosphere by plinian eruptions at Maat Mons.
More recent studies have suggested that the volcano structure, distribution of lava flows, pit craters, summit morphology, and other small-scale features are indicative of recent volcanic activity on Maat Mons.
A study published by the journal Science in 2023 concluded that there has been recent volcanic activity on Maat Mons. The study analyzed images taken between 1990 and 1992 by the Magellan spacecraft. These images, taken eight months apart, displayed changes to the volcanic vent's shape and dramatically increased in size. The image also showed features that have been interpreted as lava flows.
# Tysovets

Tysovets may refer to the following places in Ukraine:
* Tysovets, Chernivtsi Oblast, village in Storozhynets Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast
* Tysovets, Skole Raion, village in Skole Raion, Lviv Oblast
# UEFA Euro 1976 quarter-finals

The UEFA Euro 1976 quarter-finals was the last round of qualifying competition for UEFA Euro 1976. It was contested by the eight group winners from the previous round of qualifying. The winners of each of four home-and-away ties qualified for the finals tournament in Yugoslavia. The matches were played on 24–25 April and 22 May 1976.

## Qualification

Each group winner progressed to the quarter-finals. The quarter-finals were played in two legs on a home-and-away basis. The winners of the quarter-finals would go through to the final tournament.

## Summary

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| Yugoslavia | 3–1 | Wales | 2–0 | 1–1 |
| Czechoslovakia | 4–2 | Soviet Union | 2–0 | 2–2 |
| Spain | 1–3 | West Germany | 1–1 | 0–2 |
| Netherlands | 7–1 | Belgium | 5–0 | 2–1 |

## Matches

The eight matches took place over two legs, the first being on 24 and 25 April 1976, and the second on 22 May 1976.
Yugoslavia won 3–1 on aggregate.
Czechoslovakia won 4–2 on aggregate.
West Germany won 3–1 on aggregate.
Netherlands won 7–1 on aggregate.

## Goalscorers

There were 22 goals scored in 8 matches, for an average of 2.75 goals per match.
3 goals
* Jozef Móder
* Rob Rensenbrink
1 goal
* Roger Van Gool
* Antonín Panenka
* Johan Cruyff
* Johan Neeskens
* Johnny Rep
* Wim Rijsbergen
* Oleg Blokhin
* Leonid Buryak
* Santillana
* Ian Evans
* Erich Beer
* Uli Hoeneß
* Klaus Toppmöller
* Josip Katalinski
* Danilo Popivoda
* Momčilo Vukotić
# Magdalen Hill Down

Magdalen Hill Down is a chalk downland hill, situated 1.5 miles (2.4 km) to the east of the centre of the city of Winchester in the English county of Hampshire. It is crossed by the B3404 road, the old main road from Winchester to London via New Alresford and Guildford. Most of the land to the south of the road is now a reserve run by the Butterfly Conservation, but part of it is used by the Magdalen Hill Cemetery, Winchester's principal cemetery. The land to the north of the road is largely farmed, but is also home to St Swithun's School and Leigh House Hospital.
The down lies in the Winchester district, mostly within the parish of Chilcomb. At its highest point, the down reaches 124 metres (407 ft) above mean sea level.

## History

The down contains a set of Bronze Age barrows, which are situated to the south of the road, and are designated as a scheduled monument. This includes a linear arrangement of five bowl barrows extending over a distance of approximately 85 metres (279 ft) with the ground sloping steeply below them to the south.
In the mediaeval period, Magdalen Hill Down was home to St Mary Magdalen's leprosarium, or leprosy hospital, which was situated to the north-eastern end of the site and was established in the 12th century. This was remodelled in the 14th century, but was largely demolished in the 16th century to make way for brick-built almshouses, although the medieval chapel survived. The almshouses were used as military accommodation during the English Civil War, and again to house prisoners of war from the Anglo-Dutch wars of the 1660s and 1670s. In the 1780s the buildings were demolished leaving no above ground remains in what is now farmland, although subsequent excavation has revealed their location.
In 1914, Magdalen Hill Cemetery opened on the down. Towards the end of the First World War, an extensive military camp, known as Morn Hill Camp and housing 50,000 to 70,000 troops, was created on the down. The camp was largely occupied by American Expeditionary Forces, who were in transit to the Western Front. It was linked to Winchester by a branch off the short-lived Avington railway line, specifically built to serve the camps in the area.
By 1989 much of the site had become heavily invaded by scrub, but because the fields had never been ploughed or had chemical fertilisers or pesticides used on them, they preserved a rich variety of wild flowers and the butterflies that feed on them. As a result and in that year, the Butterfly Conservation acquired a part of the down, since expanded twice, for use as a butterfly reserve.
# Machine (Higdon)

Machine is a single-movement orchestral encore piece by the American composer Jennifer Higdon. The work was commissioned in 2003 by the National Symphony Orchestra through a grant from the John and June Hechinger Commissioning Fund for New Orchestra Works. It was first performed by the National Symphony Orchestra under the conductor Giancarlo Guerrero on March 6, 2003.

## Composition

Machine has a duration of roughly 2 minutes and is composed in one short movement. Higdon described her inspiration for the piece in the score program notes, writing, "I wrote Machine as an encore tribute to composers like Mozart and Tchaikovsky, who seemed to be able to write so many notes and so much music that it seems like they were machines!"

### Instrumentation

The work is scored for an orchestra comprising piccolo, flute, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, tuba, timpani, and strings.

## Reception

Reviewing the world premiere, Ronald Broun of The Washington Post wrote, "It is one long, loud, freight-train crescendo with hellishly snapping winds and jumping-bean rhythms, and it sweeps relentlessly forward for just under three minutes, then stops on a dime. For sheer unpretentious fun it was just the ticket."