OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arab Writers Union

The Arab Writers Union (ar.: اتحاد الكتاب العرب) is an association of Arab writers, founded in 1969, in Damascus, Syria, at the initiative of a group of Arab writers including Syrian novelist Hanna Mina. In 2008, the union was moved from Damascus to Cairo and in 2015 to Abu Dhabi. Its current president is Muhammad Al-Hourani.
In 2010, the Union published a list of the "100 Best Arabic novels," although the list in fact contained 105 entries. It ranked Egyptian author Naguib Mahfouz's Cairo Trilogy as the best Arabic-language novel, followed by In Search of Walid Masoud by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra and Honor by Sonallah Ibrahim.

## Controversies

On 27 January 1995, following Syrian pressure, it was announced in Damascus that the Arab Writers Union had expelled the Syrian poet Adunis, for his participation in a meeting in Spain in 1993 that was attended by Israeli foreign minister Shimon Peres. This prompted widespread criticism among Arab intellectuals, with Hazem Sagieh, an editor at London-based Arabic daily Al Hayat, describing the Arab Writers Union as "remnants of a Stalinist past."
In 2007, Iraqi-German writer Najem Wali criticized the Union for its lack of solidarity with imprisoned or persecuted Arab writers and for what he described as its long-standing cooperation with the former government of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein.
In 2012, one year after the outbreak of the civil war in Syria, Syrian writers, some of them living in Syria and others in exile, founded the Syrian Writers Association (SWA). Based in London, the SWA described itself as a "democratic alternative" to the Arab Writers Union.
# Bob Young (cricketer)

Bob Young (2 January 1933 – 1 October 2014) was a Scottish cricketer. He played six first-class matches for Scotland between 1962 and 1964.
# Hapalopilus africanus

Hapalopilus africanus is a species of polypore fungus. Found in Rwanda, it was described as new to science in 1978 by Norwegian mycologist Leif Ryvarden. The type collection was found growing on deciduous wood near Nyungwe Forest, close to Cyangugu. The crust-like fruitbodies are yellow with a chrome yellow pore surface. The pores and angular, thin-walled, and number about one to three per millimetre. Spores produced by the fungus are ellipsoid in shape, smooth, hyaline (translucent), measuring 4–5 by 2–2.4 μm.
# Multiphasic

Multiphasic may refer to:
* Multiphasic liquid
* Multiphasic contraceptive
# Postage stamps and postal history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

This is a survey of the postage stamps and postal history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, formerly Zaire and the Belgian Congo.

## Colonial period

The Congo Free State was established in 1885 as a personal initiative of Leopold II of Belgium, which was formally annexed, becoming the Belgian Congo, in 1907. Both entities issued their own stamps.
* An 1894 stamp of the Congo Free State
* A 1915 stamp of the Belgian Congo

## Republic

In 1960, the Belgian Congo became independent as the Republic of the Congo. On 1 August 1964, the state's official name was changed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Zaire

In 1971, the state's name changed to Zaire. The first stamps of Zaire were issued on 18 December 1971.

## 1997-present

In 1997 the country's name reverted to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

## Katanga issues

The State of Katanga seceded from the Republic of the Congo and, during its three years of independence, produced its own stamps and issues overprinted on earlier stamps of the Belgian Congo and the Republic of the Congo.

## South Kasai issues

For a short period in 1960–61, South Kasai was a secessionist region in the south central area of the country that issued overprinted Belgian Congo stamps.
* Katanga 50c stamp of 1961
* South Kasai created stamps by overprinting old Belgian Congo stamps.
# Heinz Goldberg

Heinz Goldberg (1891–1969) was a German screenwriter. He also directed two silent films. Following the Nazi Party's rise to power in 1933, the Jewish Goldberg went into exile in several countries including Austria and the Soviet Union before settling in Britain. He returned to Germany in the 1950s.

## Filmography

* Paganini (dir. Heinz Goldberg, 1923)
* The Money Devil (dir. Heinz Goldberg, 1923)
* Rags and Silk (dir. Richard Oswald, 1925)
* The Director General (dir. Fritz Wendhausen, 1925)
* The Elegant Bunch (dir. Jaap Speyer, 1925)
* A Woman with Style (dir. Fritz Wendhausen, 1928)
* The Little Slave (dir. Luise Fleck and Jacob Fleck, 1928)
* Children of the Street (dir. Carl Boese, 1929)
* The Last Company (dir. Curtis Bernhardt, 1930)
* Dreyfus (dir. Richard Oswald, 1930)
* L'Homme qui assassina [fr] (dir. Curtis Bernhardt and Jean Tarride, 1931)
** The Man Who Murdered (dir. Curtis Bernhardt, 1931)
** Stamboul (dir. Dimitri Buchowetzki, 1931)
** El hombre que asesinó (dir. Dimitri Buchowetzki and Fernando Gomis, 1932)
* 1914 (dir. Richard Oswald, 1931)
* Danton (dir. Hans Behrendt, 1931)
* Poor as a Church Mouse (dir. Richard Oswald, 1931)
* Distorting at the Resort (dir. Victor Janson, 1932)
* Chauffeur Antoinette (dir. Herbert Selpin, 1932)
** The Love Contract (dir. Herbert Selpin, 1932)
** Conduisez-moi Madame (dir. Herbert Selpin, 1932)
* Holzapfel Knows Everything (dir. Victor Janson, 1932)
* Unheimliche Geschichten (dir. Richard Oswald, 1932)
* Was sagt Onkel Emil dazu? (dir. Adolf E. Licho, 1932, short)
* Ganovenehre [de] (dir. Richard Oswald, 1933)
* The Flower of Hawaii (dir. Richard Oswald, 1933)
* A Song Goes Round the World (dir. Richard Oswald, 1933)
* Last Love (dir. Fritz Schulz, 1935)
* Heut' ist der schönste Tag in meinem Leben (dir. Richard Oswald, 1936)
* Merijntje Gijzens Jeugd (dir. Kurt Gerron, 1936)
# Jean-Pierre Rocroi

Jean-Pierre Rocroi is a French malacologist, a scientist who studies mollusks. He works at the Muséum national d'histoire naturelle in Paris.
In 2005, he was the junior author (editor) (with Philippe Bouchet) of a new taxonomy of the class Gastropoda, published in a paper titled "Classification and Nomenclator of Gastropod Families" published in the journal Malacologia. This taxonomy is shown in the Wikipedia article "Taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)".
# Boca de Quadra

The Boca de Quadra is a bay extending southwest from the Keta River to Revillagigedo Channel in Southeastern Alaska. It is located almost entirely within Misty Fjords National Monument.

## Name origin

The bay was named in 1792 for Juan Francisco de Bodega y Quadra by Jacinto Caamano, in relation to Quadra's expeditions and surveys in the region in 1775–79. The name was adopted by Captain George Vancouver, RN who explored this estuary on August 6, 1793.
# Robert Macara

Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Robert Macara KCB (1759 – 16 June 1815) was a British Army officer who fought in the Peninsular War and was killed at the Battle of Quatre Bras during the Waterloo Campaign.

## Life

Originally trained as a surgeon by the East India Company, in 1802 he purchased a captaincy in the 42nd Regiment of Foot with the money he had saved during his time in India. He was promoted to major on 14 November 1805 and brevet lieutenant-colonel on 1 January 1812. Although the 2nd Battalion of his regiment were part of the 1808 Walcheren Campaign in Holland, he remained in Ireland and did not see active service until April 1812 at the age of 53.
During the Peninsular War, Macara was present at the battles of Salamanca, Burgos, the Pyrenees, the Nivelle, the Nive, Orthes and Toulouse where he was severely wounded. For his service he received the Gold Medal and was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB).

## Death

On the 16 June 1815 at the Battle of Quatre Bras, Macara was wounded during an engagement and as he was carried from the field he was taken prisoner by a party of French soldiers. His decorations gave him away as an officer of rank and he was killed on the spot. The last three verses of a contemporary poem commemorate his death:
   "Here the Goddess ceased her lay ;
   Weak, her wings refused to fly ; - Faint, her voice forbore to say How Macara dared to die. Be it, then, to friendship giv'n Such a warrior's name to save, While 'tis borne on breeze of heav'n That he found a soldier's grave. By unequal hosts oppos'd, Still he proved his valour true; For his bright career was clos'd
   On the plains of Waterloo!"
The Kinrara Waterloo Cairn in Alvie, Scotland commemorates Macara and other Scottish soldiers who were killed during the Waterloo Campaign.
# Kobori

Kobori (written: 小堀, lit. "small moat") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Kobori Masakazu (小堀 政一, 1579–1647), Japanese artist and aristocrat
* Momoko Kobori (小堀 桃子, born 1998), Japanese tennis player
* Takayuki Kobori (小堀 恭之, born 1969), Japanese ice hockey player
* Waka Kobori (小堀 倭加, born 2000), Japanese swimmer
* Yuki Kobori (小堀 勇氣, born 1993), Japanese swimmer
* Yurie Kobori (小堀 友里絵), Japanese voice actress
* Yusuke Kobori (小堀 佑介, born 1981), Japanese boxer
# Apostolic Nunciature to Kuwait

The Apostolic Nunciature to Kuwait is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Kuwait. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. The Apostolic Nuncio to Kuwait is usually also the Apostolic Nuncio to Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen and Apostolic Delegate to the Arabian Peninsula upon his appointment to said nations.

## List of papal representatives
### Apostolic Pro-Nuncios

* Alfredo Bruniera (7 July 1969 – 4 March 1975)
* Jean-Édouard-Lucien Rupp (4 March 1975 - 13 July 1978)
* Antonio del Giudice (22 December 1978 - 20 August 1982)
* Luigi Conti (19 November 1983 - 17 January 1987)
* Marian Oleś (28 November 1987 - 1991)

### Apostolic Nuncios

* Pablo Puente Buces (25 May 1993 - 31 July 1997)
* Antonio Maria Vegliò (2 October 1997 - 13 December 1999)
* Giuseppe De Andrea (28 June 2001 - 27 August 2005)
* Paul-Mounged El-Hachem (27 August 2005 - 2 December 2009)
* Petar Rajič (2 December 2009 - 15 June 2015)
* Francisco Montecillo Padilla (5 April 2016 – 17 April 2020)
* Eugene Nugent (7 January 2021 – present)
# April 8 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)

April 7 - Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar - April 9
All fixed commemorations below are observed on April 21 by Eastern Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar.
For April 8th, Orthodox Churches on the Old Calendar commemorate the Saints listed on March 26.

## Saints

* Holy Apostles of the Seventy:
   * Herodion, Agabus, Asyncritus of Hyrcania, Rufus, Phlegon, Hermes, and those who suffered with them (1st century)
* Martyr Pausilipus of Heraclea in Thrace (ca. 117-138)
* Monk-martyrs Josiah and Joseph, of Mt. Kharasam, Persia (c. 341)
* Saint Celestine, Pope of Rome (432) (see also: April 6 - West)

## Pre-Schism Western saints

* Martys Januarius, Maxima and Macaria, in North Africa.
* Martyr Concessa, a martyr venerated from early times in Carthage in North Africa.
* Saint Amantius of Como, successor of St Provinus as Bishop of Como in Italy (440)
* Saint Perpetuus, Bishop of Tours in France (490)
* Saint Redemptus, Bishop of Ferentini in Italy (586)

## Post-Schism Orthodox saints

* Saint Philaret of Seminara (Filarete of Calabria), Calabria (ca. 1070)
* Saint Niphont, Bishop of Novgorod (1156)
* Venerable Rufus the Recluse (Rufus the Obedient), of the Kiev Caves (14th century) (see also: April 6)
* New Martyr John (Koulikas) (1564)
* New Martyr John Naukliros ("the Navigator"), burned alive on Kos (1669)

### New martyrs and confessors

* New Hieromartyr Sergius Rodakovsky, Archpriest, of Tal, Belorussia (1933)

## Other commemorations

* Spanish Icon of the Most Holy Theotokos (792)
* Repose of Righteous Helen Voronova (1916), disciple of Elder Barsanuphius of Optina Monastery.

## Icon gallery

* Herodion of Patras and Archangel Selaphiel (1840, Russia).
* Asyncritus of Hyrcania.
* Rufus of Thebes.
* Hermes of Philippopolis.
* Saint Celestine, Pope of Rome.
* St. Philaret of Seminara (right side), with St. Elias.
# Godplayer

Godplayer is a novel by Robin Cook. It was first released in 1983 in the UK and United States. It has 285 pages. Like most of Cook's other work, it is a medical thriller. Working with her husband, a respected cardiac surgeon, at Boston Memorial is a dream come true for Dr. Cassandra Kingsley—until a series of mysterious deaths rocks the hospital and Cassandra's most frightening suspicions are realized. Amidst a hospital power struggle that pits resident doctors against private practitioners, eighteen cardiac surgery patients mysteriously die. Doctors Cassandra Kingsley and Robert Seibert investigate the deaths, making disturbing discoveries, such as a drug-taking, knife-happy surgeon and lethal IVs.
# Robert Schofield

Robert Schofield may refer to:
* Robert Schofield (businessman), British business executive
* Robert M. Schofield, American physicist
* R. Harold A. Schofield, British medical missionary in China
* Bob Schofield, English footballer
# Multiphasic liquid

A multiphasic liquid is a mixture consisting of more than two immiscible liquid phases. Biphasic mixtures consisting of two immiscible phases are very common and usually consist of an organic solvent and an aqueous phase ("oil and water").
Multiphasic liquids can be used for selective liquid–liquid extractions or for decorative purposes, e.g. in cosmetics.
While it is possible to get multilayered phases by layering nonpolar and aqueous phases of decreasing densities on top of each other, these phases will not separate after mixing like true multiphasic liquids.

## Compositions

The following types of multiphasic liquids exist:

### Triphasic systems

* Nonpolar solvent / aqueous biphasic mixture
    e.g. using hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, or mineral oil as the nonpolar solvent
** Nonpolar solvent / polar solvent / salt / water
    e.g. 100 ml mineral oil, 100 ml isopropanol, 75 ml water, 35 g calcium chloride
** Nonpolar solvent / water-soluble polymer A, water-soluble polymer B, water
    e.g. hexane, polyethylene oxide, dextran, water
** Nonpolar solvent / water-soluble polymer / salt / water
    e.g. hexane, polyethylene oxide, sodium sulfate, water
** Nonpolar solvent A / solvent B / polymer soluble in solvent B and water / water
    e.g. heptane, dichloromethane, polyethylene oxide, water
* Nonpolar solvent A / solvent B / polymer soluble in solvent B and water / salt / water
    e.g. 16.3% heptane, 21.7% dichloromethane, 9.5% polyethylene oxide, 51.5% water, 0.1% sodium sulfate
* Nonpolar solvent / hydrophobic salt / water
    e.g. iso-octane, Aliquat 336 (methyltrioctylammonium chloride, a phase transfer catalyst), water
    or: cyclohexane, bmim-PF$_6$ (an ionic liquid), water
* Hydrophobic ionic liquid – water – hydrocarbon systems
** e.g. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate – water – cyclohexane

### Tetraphasic systems

* Nonpolar solvent A / solvent B / polymer soluble in solvent B and water / salt / water
    e.g. 10.9% heptane, 15.5% dichloromethane, 7.1% polyethylene oxide, 66.5% sodium sulfate (> 0.1%) in water
* Nonpolar solvent / Polar solvent / salt / water / Fluorinated solvent
    e.g. Hexane, isopropanol, brine, perfluoromethylcyclohexane
* Non polar solvent / Aprotic polar solvent / Water / Fluorinated solvent
    e.g. Octane, 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-one, water, perfluorodecaline

### Higher-order multiphasic systems

A system with eight phases is known. In addition to a hydrocarbon and an aqueous phase, it includes a silicone oil, an aniline and a fluorous phase, and molten phosphorus, gallium and mercury.
# Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is a skin condition characterized by the darkening of the skin (hyperpigmentation) following an inflammatory injury, such as acne, dermatitis, infectious disease, or trauma. Less frequently, it may occur as a complication of a medical procedure performed on the skin. It is a common cause of skin discoloration and can affect individuals of all skin types.

## Symptoms and signs

PIH manifests as areas of increased pigmentation or darkened skin. The color can range from light brown to deep brown or grey to black. Individuals with darker skin typically develop lesions that are darker and last longer compared to people with lighter skin color. Without any treatment, PIH usually fades in the 6-12 months following its appearance, until it is no longer visible.

## Causes

Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation develops after the original symptoms of an inflammatory skin condition disappear. Common triggers include acne lesions, cuts, burns, or skin conditions like eczema. Additionally, UV sun exposure and sunburn are involved in the development, darkening, and expansion of hyperpigmented skin lesions. Some medical procedures performed on the skin can cause an inflammatory reaction, which may lead to hyperpigmentation, even if the inflammation itself is temporary.
The exact pathogenesis of PIH is poorly understood. It is known to be driven by cytokine-mediated paracrine interactions between keratinocytes and melanocytes, eventually stimulating the melanocytes to dramatically increase production of melanin, which then deposits in the skin.

## Diagnosis

A diagnosis of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation is established based upon its clinical presentation coupled with a recent history of inflammation over the same area. Diagnostic tests are not required, but can rule out some other conditions, such as Addison's disease or systemic lupus erythematosus. Wood’s lamp evaluation can be used in the diagnosis as well.

## Treatment

Treatment for postinflammatory hyperpigmentation may include topical agents like hydroquinone, retinoids, ascorbic acid, and azelaic acid, as well as chemical peels or laser therapy to promote skin renewal and reduce pigmentation. Sun protection is also crucial to prevent further darkening of the affected skin. In severe or recurrent cases, combination therapy of hydroquinone plus one or more additional topical agents is common.
Topical medications and other non-procedural treatments are preferred over chemical peels, laser therapy, dermabrasion, and other "destructive therapies". This is because the topical treatments are often very effective in managing PIH and typically cost less, while also having lower potential for side effects or worsening of the condition. Some patients (especially those with darker skin) have been known to experience worsening of their PIH with destructive therapy, rather than improvement. The reason for this is often not known.
# Pitcairnia orchidifolia

Pitcairnia orchidifolia is a plant species in the genus Pitcairnia. This species is endemic to Venezuela.
# Klezmer Conservatory Band

The Klezmer Conservatory Band is a Boston-based group which performs traditional klezmer music; it was formed by Hankus Netsky of the New England Conservatory of Music in 1980. Originally formed for a single concert, they have gone on to release eleven albums.
Netsky is the grandson and nephew of traditional klezmer musicians. He was inspired by jam sessions with Irish musicians to attempt something with klezmer music. He recruited many of the musicians from the New England Conservatory of Music's Third Stream department with the majority having jazz or folk backgrounds.
In 1988, the band featured in a documentary on klezmer called A Jumpin Night in the Garden of Eden. It has also provided soundtracks for a number of films and theatrical productions including:
* Enemies, a Love Story
* Religulous
* Joel Grey's Yiddish music review Berschtcapades '94
* The Fool and the Flying Ship, narrated by Robin Williams
* Shlemiel the First, a musical based on a play by Isaac Bashevis Singer
# Rose Gollup Cohen

Rose Gollup Cohen (1880–1925) was a writer. She grew up in a village in the Russian Empire, immigrated to America with her aunt Masha in 1892 to join her father, and lived on New York City's Lower East Side. She worked in a garment sweatshop, joined a union, and also worked as a domestic servant. She suffered from poor health, and was at one point visited by Lillian Wald, who sent her to uptown Presbyterian Hospital, where she met people who sponsored summer outings for immigrant children. She then worked summers at a Connecticut retreat. Wald also referred her to a cooperative shirtwaist shop directed by Leonora O'Reilly, and when O'Reilly began teaching at the Manhattan Trade School for Girls in 1902, she recruited Cohen as her assistant.
Cohen attended classes at Breadwinners' College at the Educational Alliance, the Rand School of Social Science, and University Extension at Columbia University.
In 1918 Cohen published her autobiography, Out of the Shadow: A Russian Jewish Girlhood on the Lower East Side, which was well-received and appeared in French and Russian as well as English. She also wrote five short pieces published in New York literary magazines, and three published in Philadelphia magazines, between 1918 and 1922. One short story of hers, "Natalka's Portion," was reprinted six times, and appeared in Best Short Stories of 1922. In 1923 and 1924 Cohen met Lilla Cabot Perry and Edwin Arlington Robinson while attending the MacDowell Colony.
She died under mysterious circumstances, perhaps a suicide, and Anzia Yezierska wrote a thinly veiled short story about her, called Wild Winter Love (1927), that ended in suicide.
# Apostolic Nunciature to Latvia

The Apostolic Nunciature to Latvia is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Latvia. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador. The title Apostolic Nuncio to Latvia is held by the prelate appointed Apostolic Nuncio to Lithuania; he resides in Lithuania.

## Representatives of the Holy See
### Apostolic delegate to the Baltic States

* Edward O'Rourke (8 December 1920 - December 1921)

### Apostolic delegate

* Antonino Zecchini (20 October 1922 - 18 March 1935)
* He became Apostolic Internuncio on 14 April 1926.

### Apostolic nuncios

* Antonino Arata (12 July 1935 - August 1940)
* Justo Mullor García (30 November 1991 - 2 April 1997)
* Erwin Josef Ender (9 July 1997 - 19 May 2001)
* Peter Stephan Zurbriggen (25 October 2001 - 14 January 2009)
* Luigi Bonazzi (25 March 2009 - 18 December 2013)
* Pedro López Quintana (22 March 2014 - 4 March 2019)
* Petar Rajič (6 August 2019 - 11 March 2024)
* Georg Gänswein (24 June 2024 – )
# Defactinib

Defactinib (INN, codenamed VS-6063) is an inhibitor of PTK2, also known as focal adhesion kinase (FAK), Pyk2, and MELK which was developed by Pfizer and licensed to Verastem Oncology as a potential treatment for solid tumors.
Development for mesothelioma was discontinued in 2015 due to lack of efficacy in a placebo-controlled phase II trial. Subsequent research in patients with specific NF2 mutations also found limited activity.
As of 2022, it remains in trials in combination with other medications for other types of cancer.
# Arado SC I

The Arado SC I was a biplane trainer developed in Germany in the 1920s. It was based on the S I, but powered by a far more powerful inline engine. Accordingly, the structure received considerable strengthening. The aircraft was intended for the clandestine military flying school at Lipetsk, but it was not accepted for this service. Instead, a small number were built for the Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule.

## Specifications

General characteristics
* Crew: two, pilot and instructor
* Length: 9.70 m (31 ft 10 in)
* Wingspan: 12.92 m (42 ft 3 in)
* Height: 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in)
* Wing area: 29.3 m$^2$ (315 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 1,000 kg (2,205 lb)
* Gross weight: 1,500 kg (3,309 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × BMW IV , 170 kW (230 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 180 km/h (110 mph, 96 kn)
* Service ceiling: 5,200 m (17,100 ft)
# Gloeospermum boreale

Gloeospermum boreale is a species of plant in the family Violaceae. It is endemic to the Honduras.