OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Horizontal escalation

Horizontal escalation is the process by which conflicts are heightened through geographical expansion with reasoning including diplomatic, economic, informational, and military components. This also includes international intervention as well as the geographical widening of combat operations. Horizontal escalation is a direct contrast to vertical escalation which employs types of weapons not previously used in the conflict. That type of escalation also allows attacking new types of targets in order to have an upper hand to the other combatant. During the Cold War, the risks associated with using escalation were much broader and more diverse, due to the intensity of the current world events. Counterinsurgency and counter-terrorist operations were very prone to using horizontal escalation as a means of defense. Those two types of warfare are more likely to lead to horizontal escalation, because the area of conflict widens in efforts to eliminate enemy holdings or to punish other parties that support their enemy. In an era of such high intensity, in order to gain an upper hand, horizontal escalation was implemented.

## Examples

Due to an unclear division between different types of escalation, some attacks can be classified as horizontal, vertical, or both.
* In 1942, the United States dropped bombs during the Doolittle Raid in Japan. When the United States dropped those bombs, they were able to force the Japanese military to allocate resources away from the front lines and back into its home territory.
* In 1980, the Reagan administration entertained the idea of using horizontal escalation in Western Europe when they threatened the integrity of the Warsaw Pact. By using horizontal escalation, they would avoid using nuclear weapons—a means of vertical escalation.
* In 1991, with the launching of Iraqi Scud missiles into Israel. This is devised to bait the Israelis to go to war with them, however, the United States ensured that Israel would not join the war. The conflict ended without the need of an escalatory response.
# I'll Keep Holding On (disambiguation)

"I'll Keep Holding On" is a 1965 song by The Marvelettes.
I’ll Keep Holding On or I Keep Holding On may also refer to:
* "I'll Keep Holding On" (Simply Red song), or "Holding Back The Years", a 1985 song by Simply Red
* I'll Keep Holding On (Just To Your Love), a 1965 album and song by Sonny James
* I'll Keep Holding On, 1978 and 1990 albums by Myrna Summers
* "I'll Keep Holding On", a 1966 song by The Action
* "I'll Keep Holding On", a 1984 song by Jim Capaldi
* "I'll Keep Holding On", a song by Kim Burrell from the 1998 album Everlasting Life
* "I'll Keep Holding On", a song by The Detroit Cobras from the 1998 album Mink, Rat or Rabbit
# Midilambia

Midilambia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Midilambia colombiana, which is found in Colombia.
# Parthasarathy (disambiguation)

Parthasarathy is one of the titles and names of Krishna.
Parthasarathy may also refer to:

## People
### First name

* Parthasarathy Iyengar (1903–1983), Tamil lawyer and police commissioner
* Parthasarathy (Parthu), Telugu playback singer known as Parthu
* Parthasarathy Ranganathan, American engineer
* Parthasarathy Reddy, Telugu politician
* Parthasarathy Sharma (1948–2010), Indian cricketer
* Kamal Haasan (born Parthasarathy Srinivasan in 1954), Indian actor, filmmaker, screenwriter

### Surname

* Aarthi Parthasarathy, Indian filmmaker and webcomic artist
* Anu Parthasarathy, Indian fashion costume designer, who has worked on Hindi, Tamil and Telugu language films
* Aralumallige Parthasarathy (born 1948), Indian historian
* Avula Parthasarathy (born 1927), Indian philosopher and exponent of Vedanta
* B. Parthasarathy, Tamil politician
* Gopalaswami Parthasarathy (born 1940), Indian diplomat
* Gopalaswami Parthasarathy (diplomat) (1912–1995), Indian diplomat and journalist
* Indira Parthasarathy, Tamil writer and playwright
* K. Parthasarathy (born 1943), Indian cricket umpire
* K. R. Parthasarathy (graph theorist), Indian graph theorist
* K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist) (1936–2023), Indian probabilist
* Kolusu Parthasarathy (born 1965), Indian politician
* Malini Parthasarathy, Indian journalist
* M. D. Parthasarathy (1910–1963), Indian actor and director
* M.S. Parthasarathy (1924-1981), Indian film editor, director, and producer
* Na. Parthasarathy (1932–1987), Tamil novelist
* R. Parthasarathy (born 1934), Indian poet
* Raghuveer Parthasarathy (born 1976), American biophysicist
* Rajagopalan Parthasarathy, Indian mathematician
* Rajalakshmi Parthasarathy (1925-2019), Indian journalist
* S. Parthasarathy (died 1965), Indian journalist
* S. Parthasarathy Aiyangar (1840-?), Vaishanava scholar and author.
* Sampath Parthasarathy, American food scientist
* Sanjay Parthasarathy, Indian technology executive
* Shobita Parthasarathy, American academic, and author in the field of Science and Technology Studies
* Srilekha Parthasarathy, Tamil singer
* Sriram Parthasarathy, Tamil playback singer
* Subur Parthasarathy (1911-1966), born Subur Mugaseth, Indian educator and legislator
* Thiruvenkatachari Parthasarathy, Indian game theorist
* Swami Parthasarathy (born 1927), Indian philosopher
* Vibha Parthasarathy or Vibha Parthasarathi (born 1940), Indian educational theorist
* Y. G. Parthasarathy (1917–1990), Tamil playwright

## Places

* Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple, a temple in Pathanamthitta District, Kerala, India
* Parthasarathy Temple, Mundakkayam, a temple in Kottayam District, Kerala, India
* Parthasarathy Temple, Triplicane, a temple in Chennai, India
* Parthasarathy temple, Parthivapuram, Tamil Nadu
* 27244 Parthasarathy, a minor planet

## Others

* Parthasarathy's theorem
# Karayaprak, Refahiye

Karayaprak is a village in the Refahiye District of Erzincan Province in Turkey. The village is populated by Kurds of the Şadiyan tribe and had a population of 23 in 2022.
# Canton of Courtenay

The canton of Courtenay is an administrative division of the Loiret department, central France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Courtenay.
It consists of the following communes:
* Bazoches-sur-le-Betz
* Le Bignon-Mirabeau
* Chantecoq
* La Chapelle-Saint-Sépulcre
* Château-Renard
* Chevannes
* Chevry-sous-le-Bignon
* Chuelles
* Corbeilles
* Courtemaux
* Courtempierre
* Courtenay
* Dordives
* Douchy-Montcorbon
* Ervauville
* Ferrières-en-Gâtinais
* Fontenay-sur-Loing
* Foucherolles
* Girolles
* Gondreville
* Griselles
* Gy-les-Nonains
* Louzouer
* Melleroy
* Mérinville
* Mignères
* Mignerette
* Nargis
* Pers-en-Gâtinais
* Préfontaines
* Rozoy-le-Vieil
* Saint-Firmin-des-Bois
* Saint-Germain-des-Prés
* Saint-Hilaire-les-Andrésis
* Sceaux-du-Gâtinais
* La Selle-en-Hermoy
* La Selle-sur-le-Bied
* Thorailles
* Treilles-en-Gâtinais
* Triguères
* Villevoques
# Niederstetten Air Base

Niederstetten Air Base (German: Heeresflugplatz Niederstetten, ICAO: ETHN) is located 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of the city of Niederstetten in Northern Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
In 1936 construction of an air field for the Luftwaffe was completed. However, no permanent buildings and structures were erected, indicating that there were no plans for a permanent air field. The base was used during World War II by several Luftwaffe units including night fighters. After the end of World War II the air field was abandoned.
Beginning in 1957 works started to convert the former air force base into an air base to house units of the recently formed German Army's Aviation Corps, utilising the facilities of the previous occupant. These final works were completed in 1962 after which numerous units were stationed at Niederstetten Air Base.
Currently, the air base is home of Army Aviation Transport Helicopter Regiment 30 of the German Army. The regiment, which was relocated to Niederstetten in 1980, was part of German Army's Airmobile Operations Division, the division's headquarters being in Veitshöchheim. The division was dissolved in 2014, and Army Aviation Transport Helicopter Regiment 30 was subsequently integrated into Rapid Forces Division. Approximately 750 members of the armed forces are at present employed at the air base. However, due to further restructuring within the German Army Aviation Corps this number was increased by 600 in 2011.
Army Aviation Transport Helicopter Regiment 30 is equipped with helicopters of the type Bell UH-1D. These helicopters are being replaced by medium-sized NH90s, 32 of which will be stationed at Niederstetten Air Base. To accommodate the new aircraft an extensive building program started in 2007, the first result of which was the completion of a hangar to house 8 helicopters of the type NH90 in February 2008.
The air base is also used for civilian purposes, particularly for business flights and recreational purposes. In order to comply with EU regulations and to retain permission for civilian use, the runway was extended by 200 metres in 2011. To accommodate the new aircraft an extensive building program started in 2007.
# Huon

Huon may refer to:
* Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec, French explorer
* Named after him:
** Huon Gulf, large gulf in Papua New Guinea
** Huon Island, Tasmania
** Huon Peninsula, large peninsula in Papua New Guinea
** Huon Pine, species of conifer native to Tasmania
** Huon River, fourth largest river in Tasmania
** Huon Valley, valley and local government district in Tasmania
** Port Huon, Tasmania
* Huon of Bordeaux, character from medieval chansons de geste
* King-Emperor Huon of Granbretan, a fictional character in the work of Michael Moorcock
* Huon particles, an ancient power source appearing in the Doctor Who episode "The Runaway Bride"
* HMAS Huon, two ships and a shore base of the Royal Australian Navy
* Huon, Victoria, a locality in Australia
# Horizontal effect

In law, horizontal effect refers to the ability of legal requirements meant to apply only to public bodies to affect private rights. It arises where a court dealing with a legal dispute between purely private entities interprets a legal provision to be consistent with certain legal norms in such a way as to affect the legal rights and obligations of the parties before it.

## Examples

In European Union law under the doctrine of direct effect, national courts are under a legal duty to interpret national laws to be consistent with EU laws which the member state concerned has either not implemented or not implemented correctly. The ability of such interpretations to affect the legal rights and duties of purely private entities is called horizontal direct effect. Normally, direct effect is only vertical, in that it is meant to apply to the state and its emanations (i.e., to public sector employers).
In the United Kingdom, in Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers, the House of Lords found that while the Human Rights Act 1998 cannot create new causes of action between individuals, "if there is a relevant cause of action, the court as a public authority must act compatibly with both parties' Convention rights."
# I'll Just Take It Out in Love

"I'll Just Take It Out in Love" is a love song by George Jones. It rose to #11 when it was released by Epic Records in 1978. I was written by Bob McDill. The song, which celebrates domestic tranquility, could not have been more different from what Jones was experiencing in his personal life at the time; the singer was penniless, addicted to alcohol and cocaine, and quickly earning a reputation as the most undependable live performer in show business. However, despite how much he abused himself, his vocal abilities remained stellar. In 2006 he explained to Billboard magazine, "I would say 90% of the time I would be in pretty damn good shape when I went into the studio. I did have a little sense, not a whole lot. But I would still have to have a little build-up of courage, three or four drinks [throughout] the session time. I don't know, it seemed to mellow you out and relax you a little more, and you would even feel your songs better."

## Chart performance

| Chart (1978) | Peak position |
| US Billboard Hot Country Singles | 11 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 41 |
# Midnight Blue (Louise Tucker album)

Midnight Blue is the title of Louise Tucker's 1982 debut album.
Total sales for the lead single, "Midnight Blue", and the resultant album totaled seven million.
Midnight Blue reached number 1 in France and number 1 in Canada, and in various countries around the world. The title track was the 51st biggest single of 1983 in the Canadian charts. The album was released on CD in 1990.
Music is from composer Ludwig van Beethoven Sonata No. 8 Op. 13 (Pathetique)

## Track listing

* "Midnight Blue"
* "Only for You"
* "Hush"
* "Shadows"
* "Waiting for Hugo"
* "Voices in the Wind"
* "Jerusalem"
* "Graveyard Angel"
* "Gettin' Older"

## Charts

| Chart (1983) | Peak position |
| Australia (Kent Music Report) | 72 |
# Fine grain master positive

A fine grain master positive is a photographic term. It is also known as a fine grain master or fine grain and is a high-definition black-and-white intermediate positive image generated from a negative for the purpose of creating additional duplicate negatives. This intermediate element is exposed and chemically processed to a photographic gamma that will permit duplicate negatives as close to the original as is possible by a photochemical process.
While a fine grain master appears over-exposed and dark, it contains all of the information in the original negative, compressed into the toe and straight-line portion of the H&D curve via exposure and chemical processing. The image is uncompressed when the duplicate negative is made from the element and the tonal range expanded up into the top straight-line and shoulder portion of the H&D curve.
# Canton of Courseulles-sur-Mer

The canton of Courseulles-sur-Mer is an administrative division of the Calvados department, northwestern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Courseulles-sur-Mer.
It consists of the following communes:
* Anisy
* Arromanches-les-Bains
* Asnelles
* Banville
* Basly
* Bazenville
* Bernières-sur-Mer
* Colomby-Anguerny
* Courseulles-sur-Mer
* Crépon
* Cresserons
* Douvres-la-Délivrande
* Graye-sur-Mer
* Langrune-sur-Mer
* Luc-sur-Mer
* Meuvaines
* Plumetot
* Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer
* Saint-Côme-de-Fresné
* Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer
* Ver-sur-Mer
# Part XVII of the Albanian Constitution

Part Seventeen (Part XVII) of the Constitution of Albania is the seventeenth of eighteen parts. Titled Revision of the Constitution, it consists of 1 article and sanctions: how; by whom; in what way; and when constitutional changes are made.

## Revision of the Constitution

   — Article 177 —
   1. Initiative for revision of the Constitution may be undertaken by not less than one-fifth of the members of the Assembly. 2. No revision of the Constitution may be undertaken during the time when the extraordinary measures are taken. 3. The draft law is approved by not less than two-thirds of all members of the Assembly. 4. The Assembly may decide, with two-thirds of all its members that the draft constitutional amendments be voted in a referendum. The draft law for the revision of the Constitution enters into force after ratification by referendum, which takes place not later than 60 days after its approval in the Assembly. 5. The approved constitutional amendment is put to a referendum when this is required by one-fifth of the members of the Assembly. 6. The President of the Republic does not have the right to return for review the law approved by the Assembly for revision of the Constitution. 7. The law approved by referendum is declared by the President of the Republic and enters into force on the date provided for in this law. 8. Revision of the Constitution for the same issue cannot be done before a year from the day of the rejection of the draft law by the Assembly and 3 years from the day of its rejection by the referendum.
# Nigeria–South Korea relations

Nigeria and South Korea have had formal diplomatic ties since February 1980. Bilateral trade volume reached US$1.27 billion in 2020. By that year, Nigeria was South Korea's third-largest trading partner in Africa. South Korean firms are working to build liquefied natural gas facilities in Nigeria, as well as infrastructure to transport and store crude oil.
In 2006, South Korean president Roh Moo-hyun visited Nigeria's capital Abuja. Nigerian president Goodluck Jonathan visited South Korea to attend the 2012 Nuclear Security Summit.
In May 2010, the Korean Cultural Center, Nigeria was established in Abuja. It is a branch of the Korean Cultural Centers that are operated by the Korean Culture and Information Service. The center hosts various cultural exchange programs, including taekwondo lessons, vocal training, and Korean language classes and competitions.
# Huomenta Suomi

Huomenta Suomi (English: Good Morning Finland) is a Finnish breakfast television, originally broadcast on Kolmoskanava, then on MTV3. The show was launched on December 1, 1989. From January 2020 to December 2022, the show's name was Uutisaamu (in English News-morning). The program airs from 6:25 to 9:05 AM, with news and weather every half hour.

## Broadcasters

* Ivan Puopolo [fi]
* Kirsi Alm-Siira [fi]

## Weekend presenters

* Joanna Kuvaja [fi]
* Antero Mertaranta
* Ira Hammermann
* Aki Linnanahde
* Niina Backman [fi]
* Lorenz Backman [fi]

## Weather presenters

* Liisa Rintaniemi [fi]
* Pekka Pouta [fi]
* Aleksi Jokela [fi]
* Markus Mäntykannas [fi]
* Miina Manninen [fi]
# Horace Belshaw

Horace Belshaw (9 February 1898 – 20 March 1962) was a New Zealand teacher, economist and university professor. He was born in Wigan, Lancashire, England on 9 February 1898.
In 1935, he was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal.
# Saudi Digital Library

The Saudi Digital Library is a national online digital library resource in Saudi Arabia. It is the largest source of academic information in the Arab world. It includes more than 310,000 references. The resource was established by the National Center for E-Learning, part of the Saudi Ministry of Higher Education.
# Mom Song

Mom Song can refer to:
* "Mom Song", a track on the album Simply Mortified by BS 2000
* "Mom's Overture", an unofficial title of the song "Momisms" by comedian Anita Renfroe
# Kar-Yee Lam

Kar-Yee Lam (Chinese: 林家儀) is a former actress from Hong Kong. Lam is credited with over 120 films.

## Early life

Lam was born in 1927. Lam's brother was Ka-Sing Lam. In 1936, Lam's mother died. Lam and her brother were raised up by their father. When Hong Kong was under Japanese occupation, Lam's family fled from Hong Kong to Guangzhou, China, and returned to Hong Kong later.

## Career

In 1948, Lam's acting career started. Lam appeared in The Thirteenth Girl's Adventure in Nengren Temple, a 1948 Martial Arts film directed by Hung Chung-Ho. Lam appeared as Yeung Kau-Mui or Ninth sister in The Eight Yang Sister Seeks Golden Knife, a 1949 Martial Arts Cantonese Opera film directed by Chu Kei. Lam appeared in The Twelve Beauties with both Yam Kim-fai and Pak Suet Sin, a 1952 Cantonese opera film directed by Chan Pei. Lam appeared as Siu Yuk in The Peach Blossom Fairy's Second Visit to the World of Men, a 1959 Cantonese opera film directed by Yeung Kung-Leung. Lam is credited with over 120 films.

## Filmography
### Films

This is a partial list of films.
* 1948 The Thirteenth Girl's Adventure in Nengren Temple
* 1948 Wealth Is Like a Dream
* 1949 The Eight Yang Sister Seeks Golden Knife - Yeung Kau-Mui, Ninth sister.
* 1950 Nazha Shatters the Yellow River Scheme – Madam Bik Siu
* 1951 The Scatterbrain - Hung Sam.
* 1952 Night of Romance - Wong Suet-Yee.
* 1952 Red and White Peonies – Kam-Ling
* 1952 The Twelve Beauties – Cantonese opera.
* 1954 The Sword and the Gold Hairpin
* 1957 Eight Dames Tease the Scholar
* 1957 The Fox-Spirit's Romance – Phoenix Spirit
* 1957 The Naughty Princess and Her Lover
* 1959 The Peach Blossom Fairy's Second Visit to the World of Men
# Part XIV of the Constitution of India

Part XIV is a compilation of laws pertaining to the constitution of India as a country and the union of states that it is made of. This part of the constitution consists of Articles on Services Under the Union and the States.

## Chapter I - Services
### Articles 308 – 314

Contain provisions with regard to All India Services, Central services and state services. Article 308 makes it clear that these provisions do not apply to the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
| Article | Summary |
| 308 | Interpretation |
| 309 | Recruitment and conditions of service of persons serving the Union or a State |
| 310 | Tenure of office of persons serving the Union or a State |
| 311 | Dismissal, removal or reduction in rank of persons employed in civil capacities under the Union or a State |
| 312 | All-India services |
| 312A | Power of Parliament to vary or revoke conditions of service of officers of certain services. |
| 313 | Transitional provisions. |
| 314 | [Repealed.] |

## Chapter II - Public Service Commissions
### Articles 315 – 323

On the Public service commissions of India:
| Article | Summary |
| 315 | Public Service Commissions for the union and the States. |
| 316 | Appointment and term of office of members. |
| 317 | Removal and suspension of a member of a Public Service Commission. |
| 318 | Power to make regulations as to conditions of service of members and staff of the commission. |
| 319 | Prohibition as to the holding of offices by members of Commission on ceasing to be such members. |
| 320 | Functions of Public Service Commissions. |
| 321 | Power to extend functions of Public Service Commissions. |
| 322 | Expenses of Public Service Commissions. |
| 323 | Report of public service Commission. |

## Part XIVA

Part XIVA consists of Articles on Tribunals

### Articles 323A - 323B

| Article | Summary |
| 323A | Administrative tribunals. |
| 323B | Tribunals for other matters |
# Nicky Lee

Nicky Lee may refer to:
* Nicky Lee (author)
* Nicky Lee (singer)
* Nicky Lee (priest)
# Sanson (cycling team, 1969)

Sanson was an Italian professional cycling team that existed for only the 1969 season. The team was one of several professional cycling teams throughout the 1960s and 1970s that were sponsored by Sanson Gelati, an Italian food producer.

## Major wins

    Overall Tirreno–Adriatico, Carlo Chiappano
    Milano–Vignola, Attilio Rota
    Escalada a Montjuïc, Gianni Motta
    Giro dell'Emilia, Gianni Motta
    Stage 10 Giro d'Italia, Carlo Chiappano
# Hot Sun Foundation

Hot Sun Foundation is a non-profit organization that works in Nairobi, Kenya with young people from urban slums and other marginalized communities of East Africa to train and expose their talents and potential on the world stage. Hot Sun Foundation trains youth in all aspects of filmmaking, from scriptwriting, camera, sound, pre production, budgeting, production, directing, editing, and marketing. Vision of Hot Sun Foundation: Social transformation through art and media Mission of Hot Sun Foundation: Identify and develop youth talent to tell their stories on film
Current Programs Hot Sun Foundation has three core programs:
Past and Ongoing Projects In 2007 Hot Sun Foundation worked with Bay Cat of the San Francisco Bay Area to do the first ever video exchange between the youth of Kibera and the youth of the Bay Area known as 'Call and Response.' In 2008, Hot Sun Foundation conducted several workshops with Kibera youth as well as conducting open air film screenings in Kibera with FilmAid International. In April 2009, it collaborated on the filming of the Togetherness Supreme feature film shot in Kibera and focusing on the themes of tribal conflict and the possibility of reconciliation.