OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Feigenbaum's First Constant

The first Feigenbaum constant δ is the limiting ratio of each bifurcation interval to the next between every period doubling, of a one-parameter map
    $x_{i+1}=f(x_{i}),$
where f(x) is a function parameterized by the bifurcation parameter a.
It is given by the limit
    $\delta =\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {a_{n-1}-a_{n-2}}{a_{n}-a_{n-1}}}=4.669\,201\,609\,\ldots ,$
where a$_n$ are discrete values of a at the nth period doubling.

## Names

* Feigenbaum constant
* Feigenbaum bifurcation velocity
* delta

## Value

* 30 decimal places : δ = 4.669201609102990671853203820466…
* (sequence A006890 in the OEIS)
* A simple rational approximation is: ⁠621/133⁠, which is correct to 5 significant values (when rounding). For more precision use ⁠1228/263⁠, which is correct to 7 significant values.
* Is approximately equal to 10(⁠1/π − 1⁠), with an error of 0.0047%

## Illustration
### Non-linear maps

To see how this number arises, consider the real one-parameter map
    $f(x)=a-x^{2}.$
Here a is the bifurcation parameter, x is the variable. The values of a for which the period doubles (e.g. the largest value for a with no period-2 orbit, or the largest a with no period-4 orbit), are a$_1$, a$_2$ etc. These are tabulated below:
    n Period Bifurcation parameter (a$_n$) Ratio ⁠a$_{n−1}$ − a$_{n−2}$/a$_n$ − a$_{n−1}$⁠ 1 2 0.75 — 2 4 1.25 — 3 8 1.3680989 4.2337 4 16 1.3940462 4.5515 5 32 1.3996312 4.6458 6 64 1.4008286 4.6639 7 128 1.4010853 4.6682 8 256 1.4011402 4.6689
The ratio in the last column converges to the first Feigenbaum constant. The same number arises for the logistic map
    $f(x)=ax(1-x)$
with real parameter a and variable x. Tabulating the bifurcation values again:
    n Period Bifurcation parameter (a$_n$) Ratio ⁠a$_{n−1}$ − a$_{n−2}$/a$_n$ − a$_{n−1}$⁠ 1 2 3 — 2 4 3.4494897 — 3 8 3.5440903 4.7514 4 16 3.5644073 4.6562 5 32 3.5687594 4.6683 6 64 3.5696916 4.6686 7 128 3.5698913 4.6680 8 256 3.5699340 4.6768

### Fractals

In the case of the Mandelbrot set for complex quadratic polynomial
    $f(z)=z^{2}+c$
the Feigenbaum constant is the limiting ratio between the diameters of successive circles on the real axis in the complex plane (see animation on the right).
    n Period = 2$^n$ Bifurcation parameter (c$_n$) Ratio $={\dfrac {c_{n-1}-c_{n-2}}{c_{n}-c_{n-1}}}$ 1 2 −0.75 — 2 4 −1.25 — 3 8 −1.3680989 4.2337 4 16 −1.3940462 4.5515 5 32 −1.3996312 4.6459 6 64 −1.4008287 4.6639 7 128 −1.4010853 4.6668 8 256 −1.4011402 4.6740 9 512 −1.401151982029 4.6596 10 1024 −1.401154502237 4.6750 ... ... ... ... ∞ −1.4011551890...
Bifurcation parameter is a root point of period-2$^n$ component. This series converges to the Feigenbaum point c = −1.401155...... The ratio in the last column converges to the first Feigenbaum constant.
Other maps also reproduce this ratio; in this sense the Feigenbaum constant in bifurcation theory is analogous to π in geometry and e in calculus.
# Swedish Meats

Swedish Meats (known as Scan Farmek until 1 January 1999) was a company that provides the leading Swedish meat manufacturer Scan with animals for slaughter. The Swedish Meats association consists of 17,000 livestock farmers across Sweden.
The former chair of Swedish Meats, Lars Hultström, resigned from his position in November 2009 following an animal rights scandal. After visiting more than 100 pig farms in Sweden, the Animal Rights Alliance (Swedish: Djurrättsalliansen) claimed to have witnessed violations of Sweden's animal protection laws at almost every farm. One of the farms was Hultström's, where the group claimed to have recorded footage of pigs eating the carcass of a dead pig that had been left lying on the floor. Ulf Sahlin became the new chair of Swedish Meats following Hultström's resignation.
# Ranson's Folly

Ranson's Folly may refer to:
* Ranson's Folly, a 1902 novel by Richard Harding Davis
* Ranson's Folly (1915 film), a lost 1915 silent film
* Ranson's Folly (1926 film), a 1926 silent film
# Zrecze Małe

Zrecze Małe is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Chmielnik, within Kielce County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) east of Chmielnik and 34 km (21 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.
# Seed of 6ix

Seed of 6ix is a Memphis, Tennessee rap group composed of Locodunit (Thomas Dunigan) and Lil Infamous (Ricky Dunigan, Jr.), who are the nephews of the co-founder of hip hop group Three 6 Mafia, DJ Paul (Paul Beauregard). Lil Infamous is also the son of former co-founder Lord Infamous (Ricky Dunigan).

## History

Locodunit and Lil Infamous started the group in late 2014 and released their debut album Faces of Gospel on February 6, 2015. The album is available on various digital platforms. Their style is widely considered as horrorcore, crunk and gangsta rap. The group began in 2014 in Memphis, Tennessee with Lil Infamous (Ricky Dunigan, Jr.) and Locodunit (Thomas Dunigan) for the sake of rapper DJ Paul. Seed of 6ix released several Mixtapes & EPs starting with Planet 6ix Chpt 3.6 on May 1, 2015. As well as solo projects on Young N Dumb, their independent label. Signed to Scale-A-Ton Entertainment DJ Paul's label in 2018. DJ Paul is responsible for bringing a fault into the reckoning against the group's musical career and has since produced numerous singles and the last work for the group was released the first album Faces of Gospel (2015). The name comes from hip hop group Three 6 Mafia (The Seed of 6ix).
The duo is a collaboration between Lil Infamous and Locodunit, who are well-established individual recording artists in the underground hip hop scene in Memphis, Tennessee. Their first collaboration was on the debut album "Planet 6ix Chpt 3.6" (2016), with them appearing regularly on each other's albums thereafter.
In 2016, the duo released "Seed Of 6ix Chapter 2", which turned out to be the biggest commercial success for both artists. The album was released on Young N Dumb. The album reached number 62 on the Billboard 200, number 10 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 7 on the Top Rap Albums chart. Earlier, the artists had 2 appearances in the Top R&B / Hip-Hop chart among them, this was the first in the top 10.
The first release of Scale-A-Ton Entertainment was a double singles titled "Break The Law" (2016), "Lyrical Drive By" (2017), "Get Buck" (2018). It was released in 2018 by the independent label.
Locodunit's younger brother, Ant Dunit (Timothy Dunigan), is also a rapper and sometimes appears on Seed of 6ix albums.

## Studio albums

| Year | Album | Billboard 200 |
| 2015 | Faces of Gospel | 100 |
| 2016 | Smoke n' Mirrors | – |
| 2018 | A Beginners Guide to Destruction | – |
# Wally Clark (zoologist)

Walter Clive Clark (22 October 1927 – 21 November 2019) was a New Zealand zoologist who specialised in the study of nematodes and pycnogonids. He was a professor at Massey University and later the University of Canterbury.

## Early life, family, and education

Born in Christchurch on 22 October 1927, Clark was the son of Clive Harold Clark and Ellen Martha Clark (née Baldwin). He had his early education at Bruce Bay, where his academic potential was first recognised, before moving back to Christchurch about the end of 1942. Clark later studied at Canterbury University College, graduating MSc with first-class honours in 1957. He was an assistant lecturer in biology at Christchurch Teachers' College from 1954 to 1955 and an assistant lecturer in zoology at Canterbury from 1956 to 1957. He was then a principal scientific officer in nematology in the entomology division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) in Nelson from 1957 to 1964. The DSIR supported Clark to undertake doctoral studies, and he completed a PhD at Imperial College London, supervised by Bernard Peters and Charles Potter, in 1961. The title of his doctoral thesis was Systematic and morphological studies on some Enoplida Nematoda, with special reference to the soil fauna of New Zealand.
In 1958, Clark married Gwenda Bellamy Goodman.

## Academic career

Clark was appointed professor of zoology at Massey University in 1964, but in 1967 he returned to Department of Zoology at the University of Canterbury as a reader (equivalent to associate professor). He rose to the rank of professor and also served as head of department. His main research interests were nematodes and pycnogonids. On his retirement from Canterbury in 1988, Clark was conferred the title of professor emeritus.
Among the research students supervised by Clark was Gregor Yeates, who completed his PhD on the ecology of nematodes in sand dunes in 1968.

## Later life and death

In retirement, Clark lived in the small town of Woodend. His first wife died in 1999, and he later remarried, to Clover. He died on 21 November 2019.
# Masham Town Hall

Masham Town Hall is a municipal building in the Little Market Place, Masham, North Yorkshire, England. The structure, which is used as an events venue, is a grade II listed building.

## History

Following significant population growth, largely associated with the status of Masham as a market town, the area became an urban district in 1894. In the early 20th century, the new council decided to procure an events venue for the town: they site they chose on the north side of the Little Market Place had been occupied by a row of single-storey houses. The new building was financed by a bequest from Samuel Lister, 1st Baron Masham who had died in 1906.
Construction work on the new building began in 1912. It was designed by John Houfe of Harrogate in the neoclassical style, built in ashlar stone at a cost of £3,751 and was officially opened on 24 May 1913. The design involved a symmetrical main frontage with seven bays facing onto the Little Market Place. The central bay featured a doorway with a fanlight and a keystone, flanked by rusticated pilasters and brackets supporting a stone balcony; there was a French door with a fanlight and keystone, flanked by pilasters, on the first floor. The other bays were fenestrated by casement windows with architraves and keystones on the ground floor and by casement windows with architraves, friezes and pediments on the first floor. At roof level there was a frieze, cornice and parapet as well as a central cupola. Internally, the principal room was the main assembly hall on the first floor.
During the First World War, the town hall was used as a Red Cross Voluntary Aid Detachment auxiliary hospital for wounded service personnel. A wooden plaque commemorating the contribution of local service personnel who had served in the war was unveiled inside the building by Lady Cunnliffe Lister in April 1929.
By the time of the Second World War, the town hall was mainly operating as a cinema but, in the second half of the 20th century, the building began hosting a broader range of community activities again. Fund raising to support the cost of operating the building was undertaken by the Masham Town Hall Association from 1967, and by the Masham Town Hall Community Charity from 2012. In May 2015, the town hall hosted the folk rock band, Lindisfarne, with Rod Clements fronting the group for the first time.
# William Thompson Bacon

William Thompson Bacon (August 24, 1812 – May 18, 1881) was an American minister, editor, and author.

## Early life and education

Bacon, son of Daniel and Rebecca (Thompson) Bacon, was born in Woodbury, Connecticut, on August 24, 1812.
He entered Yale College at the age of 21, after having spent several years in mercantile life, and graduated in 1837. After graduation, he studied theology in the Yale Divinity School for three years, and was ordained the pastor of the Congregational Church in Trumbull, Connecticut on December 28, 1842, which he resigned from on account of ill health, May 28, 1844.

## Career

In 1845-1846 he edited the New Englander, a quarterly magazine published in New Haven, and in the later year joined in establishing the New Haven Morning Journal and Courier, which he edited until 1849. For the next year or two he supplied the pulpit of the Congregational Church in South Britain, a parish of Southbury, Connecticut; and subsequently, in 1853-1854, supplied his old church in Trumbull, while residing in the family homestead in Woodbury. He also conducted a boarding and day school in Woodbury for some years. In 1866 he removed to Derby, Connecticut, and soon with a view of providing occupation for his sons became proprietor and editor of the Derby Transcript, a weekly paper, which he conducted with vigor. A great sufferer, for the most of his life from dyspepsia and erysipelas, he died after a week's illness, in Derby, May 18, 1881, aged nearly 69 years.
His literary tastes were already marked while in college. He was, if not the earliest to suggest, one of the most earnest supporters of the Yale Literary Magazine, of which he was one of the first board of editors. He published three volumes of poems, the last in 1880.

## Personal life

He was married August 7, 1839, to Elizabeth A., eldest daughter of Dr. Jonathan Knight, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery in Yale College, who survived him with five sons and two daughters. One daughter and one son died before him.
# Feiern

Feiern is a 2006 documentary film about the electronic dance music scene (e.g., house music, techno). Maja Classen wrote and directed the film.

## Synopsis

The film features people from Berlin's electronic dance music scenes (primarily house music and techno, but especially their “minimal” sub-scenes). The majority of the film consists of footage of individual interviews, cut and interpolated together to create narratives around certain themes, such as music, drugs, love, addiction, friendship, and sexuality. Among the interviewees were DJs, bouncers, bartenders, and partygoers.
The material for the film included 19 interviews, 56 nights (i.e., nighttime music events), and 13 musical tracks.

## Production and release

The film was made under the direction of Maja Classen, with cinematography by Andreas Bergmann and editing by Sylke Rohrlach. The poetic prose that opens and closes the film was written by German author, playwright, and essayist Rainald Goetz.
The film premiered on 22 March 2006 in the Kino Babylon Theater in Berlin. Afterwards, it was shown in several film festivals, including achtung berlin—new film award and the 44th Gijon International Film Festival in Spain. On 3 November 2006 the record label interGroove Tonträger Vertriebs GmbH released the film for DVD distribution under the title Feiern with a 16-year licensing term. The DVD was distributed with a free CD that included music from the film's soundtrack.

## Soundtrack

* Hey-O-Hansen - Moon (Jack Is A Simple Fella Mix By Thaddi) 06:50
* Isolée - Krypt 06:53
* Pigon - Maria Durch Ein Dornwald Ging 07:27
* Gater - Taboo 04:17
* My My - Serpentine 07:58
* Seelenluft - Manila (Ewan Pearson Remix) 03:39
* D'NTEL - The Dream Of Evan And Chan (Superpitcher Remix) 07:06
* Keith Tucker - It's A Mood 05:04
* UND! - Cocopuffs 05:01
* Lopazz - I Need Ya 05:25
* DJ Naughty - Rojo Caliente 06:44
* Plastikman - Ping Pong
* Âme - Rej
# Sybra narai

Sybra narai is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hayashi in 1976.
# Rathong Glacier

Rathong is a glacier in West Sikkim district of India. It is the source of the Rathong river and extends from Rathong La in the north, to the top of Chowrikiang Valley in the south. It is fed by Mt. Rathong (6,678 metres (21,909 ft)) and the ice falls of the Kabru group of peaks. The Himalayan Mountaineering Institute of Darjeeling has set up a permanent base camp at Chowrikiang to impart ice-craft training in Rathong Glacier. Hence, the glacier is well-known to mountaineers all over the world. At present, due to global warming, the glacier is receding rapidly and a number of glacial lakes have formed.
# Yelena Chernykh

Yelena Chernykh (Cyrillic: Елена Черных) (August 24, 1979 – October 4, 2011) was a Russian theatre actress. She has been called "хрупкая красавица и вместе с тем необычайно выносливая актриса" (a fragile beauty and yet extraordinarily hardy actress).

## Death

The 32-year-old actress was killed in a car crash on 4 October 2011 in Novoanninsky, along with fellow actors, 59-year-old Aleksandr Yegorov and 52-year-old Valentina Yudina. Chernykh and Yegorov, who both died in the same collision, were considered favorite artists of the "Волгоградского музыкально-драматического казачьего театра" (Volgograd Music and Drama Theatre of the Cossack).
At the time her death, Yelena was married to Yegor Chernykh, with whom she had one daughter.

## Theater

Her better known theater works include
* Эй, ты, здравствуй! (Hey, you, hello!) by Г. Мамлина (G. Mamlina)
* Андрей-Стрелок и Марья-Голубка (Andrew, Archer and Maria Dove) by И. Токмаковой (I. Tokmakova)
* Хуторяне (Hutoryane) by А. Копкова (A. Kopkova)
* Чубатые ребяты (Curly guys) by Ю. Войтова (Yu Voitova)
* От любви до ненависти (From love to hate) by Н. Старицкого (N. Staritskogo)
* Святочная история (Yule Story) by Чарльза Диккенса (Charles Dickens)
* Эшелон (Echelon) by М.М. Рощина (MM Roshchin)
* От сердца к сердцу (Heart to Heart) by Ю. Войтова (Yu Voitova)
* Моя граница — моя судьба (My border - my destiny) by Ю. Войтова (Yu Voitova)
* Кошкин дом (Cat House) by С.Я. Маршака (SY Marshak).
# Second Reformation (England and Ireland)

The Second Reformation was an evangelical campaign from the 1820s onwards, organised by theological conservatives in the Church of Ireland and Church of England.

## History

Evangelical clergymen were known as "Biblicals" or "New Reformers". The Second Reformation was most zealously prosecuted in Connacht where it was encouraged by Thomas Plunket, 2nd Baron Plunket, the Anglican Bishop of Tuam, Killala and Achonry. Opposition in the west was led by the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Tuam, John MacHale. The movement endeavoured (unsuccessfully) and in ecumenical terms disastrously, to proselytise amongst the Roman Catholic population of Ireland, frequently by highly dubious means in which material benefits were offered as a reward for conversion. The occasion of the Great Famine (Ireland) was also seized upon by the "new Reformers". To get food, starving Catholics were obliged to apply to the work house of the local Poor Law union. Conversion was expected upon admittance. Quaker and Irish politician Alfred Webb later wrote:
   "Upon the famine arose the wide spread system of proselytism ... and a network of well-intentioned Protestant associations spread over the poorer parts of the country, which in return for soup and other help endeavoured to gather the people into their churches and schools... The movement left seeds of bitterness that have not yet died out, and Protestants, and not altogether excluding Friends, sacrificed much of the influence for good they might have had..."
Conversions exacted under the duress of those circumstances were often not long lived as the convert may not have been acting out of personal conviction.
   "At the time those families who took the "soup" became known for generations as "soupers" after the Famine many re-converted back to being Roman Catholics and in turn they became known as "jumpers", so one could have the "souper Doyles" or "souper Murphys" and later, after the famine was over, the "jumper Doyles or "jumper Murphys".
The Second Reformation was also opposed by moderates in the Church of Ireland. It petered out during the 1860s.
# Vikramshila Setu

Vikramshila Setu is a bridge across the Ganges, near Bhagalpur in the Indian state of Bihar. It is named after the ancient Mahavihara of Vikramashila which was established by King Dharmapala (783 to 820 A.D.) .
Vikramshila Setu is 6th longest bridge over water in India. The 4.4 km long two lane bridge serves as a link between NH 33 and NH 31 running on the opposite sides of the Ganges. It runs from Barari Ghat on the Bhagalpur side on the south bank of the Ganges to Naugachhia on the north bank. It also connects Bhagalpur to Purnia and Katihar. This has reduced considerably the road travel between Bhagalpur and places across the Ganges.
However, there is intense traffic congestion on the bridge due to increased traffic and there is now a demand to construct another bridge parallel to it. On 21 September 2020 Prime Minister Mr Narendra Modi laid the foundation stone of another 4 lane road bridge of 4.445 km length over Ganga river parallel to Vikramshila Setu at cost of ₹1110.23 crore. In June 2018, another 24 km-long Vikramshila - Kataria rail-cum-road bridge between Vikramshila railway station (near Pirpainty south of Ganga) and Kataria railway station (near Naugachia railway station) north of the Ganga, with an expenditure of ₹4,379.01 crore was approved.
# Matt Abts

Matt Abts (born September 30, 1953) is an American drummer, best known as one of the founding members of the rock band Gov't Mule.

## Biography

Abts attended high school in Panama where he started playing music. After moving to Virginia, he played in local bands for eight years, most notably, the band Orphan, and then moved to Florida. There he played in and recorded an album with Chuck & John and the News, a local bar band from Bradenton, Florida, during the early 1980s. In 1984, he played drums for Dickey Betts and Chuck Leavell. Abts recorded Pattern Disruptive with the Dickey Betts Band in 1988 which also included guitarist/vocalist Warren Haynes. Abts joined Haynes and Allen Woody, who had both been members of The Allman Brothers Band, to form Gov't Mule in 1994.
Abts has also played in the Pink Floyd tribute band Blue Floyd which was known for its blues versions of Pink Floyd songs, and with bassist Jorgen Carlsson in Planet of the Abts, a 2011 offshoot of Gov't Mule.
# Panicum coloratum

Panicum coloratum is a species of grass known by the common names kleingrass, blue panicgrass (USA), white buffalograss (southern Africa); Bambatsi panic, makarikari grass, and coolah grass (Australia). It is native to Africa, and it has been introduced elsewhere, such as the United States and Australia, and bred into many cultivars.
This plant is variable in appearance. In general, is a perennial bunchgrass which usually has rhizomes. The firm, mostly upright stems grow up to 1.4 m (4.6 ft) tall. The leaf blades are 10 to 30 cm (3.9 to 11.8 in) long. They are green to a waxy blue-green color. The panicles are variable in length. The spikelets are green and purple.
This grass is used as a pasture grass and to make hay. It produces a large amount of forage for animals. It is drought-tolerant and does well in hot climates. This C4 plant can grow on saline soils and requires some of sodium for effective photosynthesis. Different cultivars have varying tolerances of sodium. While it makes a good graze for most animals, the grass has occasionally been associated with liver damage and photosensitivity in young ruminants and horses. This photosensitivity can lead to sunburn, which causes swelling of the head and ears of the animal, a condition commonly called "swellhead".
Cultivars include 'Pollock', 'Bambatsi', 'Bushman Mine', 'Verde', and 'Kabulabula'.
# Swim Kids

Swim Kids is an Australian initiative by Uncle Tobys together with Royal Life Saving Society Australia. The goal is to reach the long term objective of helping thousands of Australian kids learn how to swim and survive.
The website features swimming videos from Grant Hackett and Eamon Sullivan, and tips from Emily Seebohm and Cate Campbell.
# Rathaus station (Hamburg U-Bahn)

Rathaus station is a Hamburg U-Bahn metro station located at Rathausmarkt in the Altstadt of Hamburg, Germany. The station first opened in 1912 and is named by the Hamburg Rathaus.

## Service

Rathaus is served by Hamburg U-Bahn line U3; departures are every 5 minutes. A pedestrian underpass connects Rathaus station with Jungfernstieg station, one of Hamburg's busiest rapid transit hubs.

## Gallery

* Entrance to the station