OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mount Dubois

Mount Dubois (13,565 feet (4,135 m)) is in the White Mountains in the U.S. state of California. Mount Dubois is in the White Mountains Wilderness of Inyo National Forest.

## Climate

Climate data for Mount Dubois 37.7774 N, 118.3341 W, Elevation: 13,268 ft (4,044 m) (1991–2020 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 23.7 (−4.6) | 20.8 (−6.2) | 25.4 (−3.7) | 29.5 (−1.4) | 37.7 (3.2) | 49.6 (9.8) | 57.4 (14.1) | 56.4 (13.6) | 49.2 (9.6) | 40.9 (4.9) | 30.4 (−0.9) | 24.6 (−4.1) | 37.1 (2.9) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 16.6 (−8.6) | 13.8 (−10.1) | 17.5 (−8.1) | 18.8 (−7.3) | 25.9 (−3.4) | 36.1 (2.3) | 43.1 (6.2) | 42.2 (5.7) | 39.6 (4.2) | 29.6 (−1.3) | 22.9 (−5.1) | 16.7 (−8.5) | 26.9 (−2.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 9.4 (−12.6) | 6.7 (−14.1) | 9.7 (−12.4) | 8.1 (−13.3) | 14.0 (−10.0) | 22.6 (−5.2) | 28.8 (−1.8) | 28.0 (−2.2) | 30.1 (−1.1) | 18.3 (−7.6) | 15.3 (−9.3) | 8.7 (−12.9) | 16.6 (−8.5) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.08 (78) | 3.45 (88) | 3.36 (85) | 1.85 (47) | 2.28 (58) | 0.72 (18) | 0.95 (24) | 1.04 (26) | 0.63 (16) | 1.70 (43) | 0.88 (22) | 3.25 (83) | 23.19 (588) |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group ||||||||||||||
# Winfield Heights, Alberta

Winfield Heights, Alberta may refer to:
* Winfield Heights, Parkland County, Alberta, a locality in Parkland County, Alberta
* Winfield Heights, Strathcona County, a locality in Strathcona County, Alberta
# William White (conscientious objector)

William "Bill" White was a Sydney school teacher during the Vietnam War. In July 1966, White defied a notice to report for duty at an army induction centre. White was the first Australian to be a public conscientious objector to the Vietnam War. Both this initial application for total exemption and subsequent appeals were rejected. White was removed from his classroom and ordered to report to Army quarters at Watsons Bay. He refused to comply and waited at home for the authorities to make the next move.
This standoff lasted for several days and gained wide press coverage causing considerable embarrassment for the Australian Government. The standoff ended when White was dragged from his home after refusing to comply with an order to enter the army. A photo of this event became a potent symbol of the nature of conscription.
He was jailed just before the 1966 election, and continued to seek conscientious objector status until he eventually succeeded on 23 December 1966.
White's main objection was that he felt he was being asked to kill other human beings. However, he also had objections to the war itself and to conscription.

## Quote

    Firstly, I am standing against killing - the taking of human life... Morality, to me, is based on the respect for life. I respect people, I respect their feelings, I respect their property and I respect their equality, on the basic conscientious assumption that they have, as I have, the unquestionable right to live.
    Secondly, I am standing against the war itself as a national and international policy. As war, by definition, has always incorporated killing, I would have been opposed to any war on this basis.
    On the third front I am opposed to a state's right to conscript a person, I believe very strongly in democracy and democratic ideals—and I believe that it is in the area of the State's right over the life of the individual that the difference lies between totalitarian and democratic government. My opposition to conscription, of course, is intensified greatly when the conscription is for military purposes. In fact the National Service Act is the embodiment of what I consider to be morally wrong and, no matter, what the consequences, I will never fulfil the terms of the act.
It was these words that contributed to the memorable Moratorium Marches of 1970.
# The Count of Chanteleine

"The Count of Chanteleine" (French Le Comte de Chanteleine), also known as The Count of Chanteleine: A Tale of the French Revolution, is a short story by Jules Verne published in 1864.

## Plot

The story is about a nobleman whose wife is murdered during the French Revolution and his fight to save his daughter.
# Mahfud

Mahfud may refer to:
* Mahfudz Abdurrahman, member of the House of Representatives (Indonesia) for West Java Region VI (2009-)
* Mahfud Siddiq, member of the House of Representatives (Indonesia) from West Java VIII constituency (2009-2019), currently Secretary General of the Gelora Party
* Mahfud MD, Indonesian Minister of Defense in the National Unity Cabinet, former Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court of Indonesia, and currently the Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia in the Onward Indonesia Cabinet
* Mahmudi Yusron, also known as Mahfud or Yusron, pseudonyms used by Abu Dujana, a terrorism suspect believed to be involved in various terrorist incidents in Indonesia
# Terborg, Germany

Terborg is a small village in the region of East Frisia, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Administratively, it is an Ortsteil of the municipality of Moormerland. Located on the north bank of the river Ems, Terborg is approximately 8 kilometers to the northwest of Leer. It has a population of 105.

## Etymology

Terborg was first mentioned as Burchum in 1357. In 1564 it was mentioned as Neyeborg on a topographic map. Other early names are Torborch (1684), Ter-Borg (1735) and Terborg and Ferstenborg (1787). Three explanations are possible for the interpretation of the place name. For example, with the prefix ter-, the preposition and the article to der (East Frisian Low Saxon: zu der) could have merged to form ter-. According to Petra Spekker, the syllable -borg could mean not only "castle" but also "place of refuge" on the Ems. Ubbo Emmius, however, interpreted the name as "tri borgi", as "three castles", because in the Middle Ages the castles Terborg, Mittelsterborg, and Woltersterborg were lined up in Terborg on the Kleiweg from Oldersum to Neermoor. Petra Spekker does not consider this explanation to be unlikely, as Terborg was also referred to as Ferstenborg, which means "foremost castle".

## History

Terborg probably arose around 1000 AD as a farming and fishing village on a warft on the Ems. In contrast to its neighboring villages Oldersum and Neermoor, Terborg never developed into an important place. In the Middle Ages, the place initially belonged to the Emsgau, later to the Moormerland under the rule of the Cirksena to the Leerort district, after its dissolution in 1817 to the Leer district, from which the Leer district emerged in 1885.

## Gallery

* Diana Terborg
* Stream gauge
* Aerial view of the pumping station
# Skimmia japonica

Skimmia japonica, the Japanese skimmia, is a species of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, native to Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Growing to 6 m (20 ft) tall and wide, it is a rounded evergreen shrub with glossy, leathery leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in gardens and parks. Its fragrant flowers are cream-yellow or white, followed on female plants by small, round, red fruits. The plant tolerates a wide range of conditions, including frost, drought, and atmospheric pollution. It is suitable for bonsai and for Chinese gardens.
Many cultivars have been developed for ornamental garden use, including varieties which are significantly more compact than their parents. These cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-
* 'Fragrans'
* 'Nymans'
* 'Rubella'
* Skimmia × confusa 'Kew Green'
* Mature fruits
* Inflorescence
# Madison Mills, Virginia

Madison Mills is an unincorporated community located in Madison County, Virginia, United States. It is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 15 and Virginia State Route 230.
Greenway and Willow Grove are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Madison Mills has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.
# Still Waiting for Spring

Still Waiting for Spring is the fourth album by Matt Nathanson, released in March 1999 on Acrobat Records. It is the last independent release by Nathanson; he would later sign to Universal Records.

## Track listing

* "Parade" – 0:33
* "Wings" – 2:53
* "Lucky Boy" – 3:25
* "Loud" – 3:44
* "Answering Machine" – 3:50
* "Then I'll Be Smiling" – 2:58
* "More Than This" – 3:26
* "Everything You Say Sounds Like Gospel" – 3:06
* "Amazing Again" – 3:45
* "Little Victories" – 2:35
# Edward of Salisbury

Edward of Salisbury was a nobleman and courtier (curialis), probably part Anglo-Saxon, who served as High Sheriff of Wiltshire during the reigns of William I, William II and Henry I.
The Chronicon Abbatiae Rameseiensis (1293) names him as a justice during the reign of Edward the Confessor. He may have been sheriff as early as 1070, he was certainly in that office by 1081, and perhaps carried on there until as late as February or March 1105, when he appears in a long list of sheriffs who witnessed a charter of Henry I. He probably served Henry as a chamberlain. As sheriff Edward received the reeveland and a certain pence pertaining the shrievalty as personal property, under certain obligations. A different man, Walter Hosate, possessed the shrievalty of Wiltshire in 1107.
According to Domesday Book (1086), Edward held five hides of land at Salisbury from Bishop Herman in 1086. His manors in Wiltshire included Wilcot, where he had "a very good house", Alton Barnes, and Etchilhampton, all held "of the king", making him a tenant-in-chief (baron). That no holder of these manors before the Norman Conquest is cited suggests that Edward, whose name was Anglo-Saxon, may have held them both before and after 1066. He may also have been the castellan of the royal castle at Salisbury. In Middlesex, he was tenant-in-chief of Chelsea.
Edward's predecessor in many of his manors was a certain Wulfwynn, perhaps his mother. Edward had augmented Chitterne, one of Wulfwynn's estates, with lands formerly owned by two thegns, Kenwin and Azor. These may have been family estates, subsequently enlarged by the grant of the manors of North Tidworth, Ludgershall and Shrewton, once held by a thegn named Alfward. It is clear from sources of a century later that all of Edward's manors owed heavy knight-service to the Crown.
Edward had a (probably younger) son, also Edward, who held land at Rogerville and Raimes in the Duchy of Normandy and who once witnessed a charter there of William de Tancarville. This may indicate that Edward was of mixed Anglo-Norman extraction, and perhaps emigrated to England during the reign of Edward the Confessor. The Edward of Salisbury mentioned by Orderic Vitalis as having fought with Henry I in Normandy in 1119 was probably the younger. His later descendants, who founded Lacock Abbey, claimed that he was descended from Gerold of Roumare.
Another son, Walter of Salisbury, founded Bradenstoke Priory and was father to Patrick, the first Earl of Salisbury, and Sybil. Sybil married John Marshal and through this marriage, Edward of Salisbury became the great-grandfather of William.
A daughter, Matilda (Maud), inherited a large number of estates and passed them on to her husband, Humphrey I de Bohun.
# Upland chorus frog

The upland chorus frog (Pseudacris feriarum) is a species of chorus frog found in the United States. It was recently separated from the Western chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata), being identified as an individual species rather than a subspecies. They are a rarely seen species, but their calls are frequently heard soon after rains in the spring time.

## Habitat

Within their range, this species is found in a variety of habitats that include: swampy areas of broad valleys, grassy swales, moist areas of woodlands and borders of heavily vegetated ponds.

## Description

Upland chorus frogs are usually brown, grey-brown, or reddish-brown in color, with darker blotching. They grow from 0.75–1.5 inches (1.9–3.8 cm) in size. A white line is present on the head, above the upper lip. Dorsally, there are 3 longitudinal lines which may be complete or broken into spots and a triangular spot on the head usually connects with the middle stripe.

## Geographic distribution

Found in the southern and eastern United States, the upland chorus frog is found from the state of New Jersey to the Florida panhandle; west to eastern Texas and southeast Oklahoma. In West Virginia their distribution is limited to the eastern panhandle and Ridge and Valley region where they are very rare and imperiled.

## Behavior

Upland chorus frogs are secretive, freeze-tolerant, nocturnal frogs, and are rarely seen (or heard) except immediately after rains. Their chorus will vary depending on the area they are found within, because they have significantly different pulse patterns in many different locations across their distribution. They are an almost entirely terrestrial species, and found in a variety of habitats, but usually moderately moist, vegetated areas, not far from a permanent water source. Like most frogs, they are insectivorous. Breeding occurs throughout the year, but most frequently during the cooler, more rainy periods from November to March. Eggs are laid in clusters of 60 or so, and females will lay 197–835 eggs (average 441.314 ± 50.26). Breeding sites are typically small temporary pools and puddles in grassy fields; they do not breed in permanent water. The female can lay upwards of 1,000 eggs at a time. The egg period lasts from 3–17 days, followed by a larval period of 5.1 weeks.

## Conservation status

The upland chorus frog is listed as a protected species in the state of New Jersey, primarily due to habitat destruction. Because of its restrictive habitat preferences, this species is declining in several states, particularly in areas where roadside ditches and other ephemeral pools are being drained or destroyed for new developments.
# VZ Piscium

VZ Piscium is a triple star system in the equatorial constellation of Pisces. it is located at a distance of 178 light years from the Sun based on parallax measurements, and has an apparent visual magnitude of about 10.3. This is an eclipsing binary system that undergoes shallow eclipses; the brightness decreases to magnitude 10.45 during the primary eclipse, then to magnitude 10.43 with the secondary eclipse, although as a contact binary the brightness varies continuously with no period of constant maximum brightness. The system is drifting closer with a radial velocity of approximately −4 km/s, and has a net heliocentric velocity of 144.1 km/s.
S. C. Wolff and associates examined the spectrum of this star in 1965 and found very weak H and K lines with an emission component. Some of the lines are doubled, which suggested this is a contact binary. It was confirmed as a W Ursae Majoris (W UMa) variable using photometric observations made by J. Moorhead. O. J. Eggen in 1967 found a period of just 6.26 hours and a high tangential space velocity of at least 100 km/s. Most of the variability of the system was found to be ellipsoidal and a small O'Connell effect was detected. The combined stellar class of the system matches a K-type main-sequence star with a type of about K3. A mass ratio close to one indicates the two stars have similar mass.
Due to physical contact, most W UMa-type variables show eclipse minima of almost equal depth, but that is not the case for VZ Psc. The H and K line emission for this system suggests surface magnetic activity, and thus star spots. These darker features may explain the varying light curve of the system. A variation in the orbital period of the system has been observed over a time frame of 25 years, which may be explained by a magnetic activity cycle of the lower mass component. There is a temperature difference of about 900 K between the two components, which remains unexplained as direct contact would tend to even out the temperature. Both stars are highly distorted by the gravity of the other star. The more massive star is a third larger in the direction of the companion than pole-to-pole, and the less massive star is even more distorted.
The outer (tertiary) companion, named HIP 115819 B, was detected as a member of this system in 2014 using data from the Pan-STARRS. It is located at a projected separation of 1,825+180 −390 AU from the inner pair. It is a very low-mass star with 7.9–8.5% the mass of the Sun and a spectral type M9. This star has a cool effective temperature of 2,468±50 K and 1.06 times the radius of Jupiter (~0.11 times the radius of the Sun).
# VCA

VCA may refer to:
* Vehicle Certification Agency
* Van Cleef & Arpels
* Video Content Analysis
* Voltage-controlled amplifier also called variable-gain amplifier
* Victoria College of Art, a Canadian art school
* Victorian College of the Arts, an Australian educational institution
* Victorian College of the Arts Student Union, the student union of the Victorian College of the Arts
* Vidarbha Cricket Association Ground, a stadium in India
* Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium, a stadium in India
* V Corps Artillery, a unit in the United States Army
* VCA Animal Hospitals, a veterinary clinic chain in the United States
* VCA Pictures, an American pornographic movie studio
* Veteran Corps of Artillery, a patriotic society in the United States
* Can Tho International Airport IATA code
* Viral capsid antigen
# Vacusus vicinus

Vacusus vicinus is a species of antlike flower beetle in the family Anthicidae. It is found in the Caribbean Sea, Central America, North America, Oceania, and South America.
# Vague set

In mathematics, vague sets are an extension of fuzzy sets.
In a fuzzy set, each object is assigned a single value in the interval [0,1] reflecting its grade of membership. This single value does not allow a separation of evidence for membership and evidence against membership.
Gau et al. proposed the notion of vague sets, where each object is characterized by two different membership functions: a true membership function and a false membership function. This kind of reasoning is also called interval membership, as opposed to point membership in the context of fuzzy sets.

## Mathematical definition

A vague set $V$ is characterized by
* its true membership function $t_{v}(x)$
* its false membership function $f_{v}(x)$
* with $0\leq t_{v}(x)+f_{v}(x)\leq 1$
The grade of membership for x is not a crisp value anymore, but can be located in $[t_{v}(x),1-f_{v}(x)]$. This interval can be interpreted as an extension to the fuzzy membership function. The vague set degenerates to a fuzzy set, if $1-f_{v}(x)=t_{v}(x)$ for all x. The uncertainty of x is the difference between the upper and lower bounds of the membership interval; it can be computed as $(1-f_{v}(x))-t_{v}(x)$.
# Vague torus

In classical mechanics, a vague torus is a region in phase space that is characterized by approximate constants of motion, as opposed to an actual torus defined by exact constants of motion. The concept of vague tori is used to describe regular (quasiperiodic) segments of otherwise chaotic trajectories.
# VR Class Hv1

The Finnish VR Class Hv1 (original classification 'H8') was a 4-6-0 express passenger train locomotive. 42 were built between 1915 and 1921. They were numbered 545–578 and 648–655.
Because of the increasing weight of trains, around 1910 there was a need for a more powerful passenger train locomotive, and the Finnish State Railways ordered a new design from Tampella and Lokomo. The initial maximum speed was 80 km/h but this was increased to 95 km/h in 1934. Hv1 locomotives were in use on passenger trains throughout Finland for 50 years. The last of these locomotives was withdrawn in 1967.
The very similar locomotive types Hv2 and Hv3 were built later. The Hv2s were almost identical to the Hv1s, while the Hv3s had longer, 4-axle, 2-truck tenders.

## Preservation

Locomotive No. 554 is plinthed in Riihimäki, and No. 575 is located next to the Lokomo factory gate in Tampere. The Finnish Railway Museum has locomotive No. 555 (Tampella No. 264), which was called “Princess”. It was in running order between 1995 and 2000, and is again from 2012 onwards.

## Gallery

* VR Class Hv1 steam locomotive #554 'Heikki' near Riihimäki railway station in Riihimäki
* VR Class Hv1 steam locomotive #554 'Heikki' near Riihimäki railway station in Riihimäki
* Hv1 No 547 heads an express train from Turku to Helsinki over the River Aura bridge in 1958
* Hv1 class No. 575, preserved in front of Metso Lokomo Steels in Hatanpää, Tampere, Finland. This was the first locomotive manufactured by Lokomo and entered service in 1920.
* Class Hv1 No. 575 at Metso Lokomo Steels in Hatanpää, Tampere
* Class Hv1 No. 575 at Metso Lokomo Steels in Hatanpää, Tampere
* A Hv1) steam locomotive at Turku railway station in the 1920s.
* A Live Steam 1:8 scale model of the Hv3 series loco and three wooden coaches. Note the longer, 4-axle tender.
* Photograph of a wrecked VR Class Hv1 in Iittala, 4 March 1940. Taken later at a depot.
# VR Class Sm2

The Sm2 is a class of electric multiple units in use by VR in its commuter rail traffic in southern Finland. Fifty Sm2 units were built between 1975 and 1981 by Valmet in Tampere. Since the withdrawal of the older Sm1 units, the Sm2 units are the oldest multiple units in use in Finland.
All Sm2 units were completely renovated between 2002 and 2011. Only the bodywork and the technics remained mostly untouched. Many of the changes are visible to the passengers, including a different type of seat and modern toilets. Between 2018 and 2024, all remaining operational units were refreshed, with new moquette and a new livery consisting of a white bodyside with a green lower band, except for units 90 and 91, which remains in their vintage red livery.

## Technical information

Like the Sm1, each Sm2 unit consists of two cars: the Sm2 is the motored car of the multiple unit, while the other car, the driving trailer, is a part of the Eioc class.
The units are numbered from 51 to 00. The individual carriages are 6051 to 6100 for the Sm2 motor car and 6251 to 6300 for the Eioc driving trailer.
The train can be driven from both ends, which is a major advantage compared to locomotive-pulled trains in commuter traffic. Sm2s can be coupled together with Sm1s forming trains of at most six units (12 cars), but the length of the commuter train platforms limits the maximum length to five in commercial traffic. The full length trains can be seen in depot traffic in the morning and evening. The units use Scharfenberg couplers.
The Sm2 is technically very similar to the older Sm1 EMU, although there are also some differences, such as the Sm1 having steel spring suspension and strengthening creases on the sides. The bodywork is also made of aluminium, as opposed to steel in the Sm1.
The maximum speed of the unit is 120 km/h (75 mph). The electric systems were developed and built by Strömberg at their plant in Pitäjänmäki, Helsinki.

## Use
### Current

Since the arrival of the final batch Sm5 units in 2017, Sm2 units have not been used on HSL commuter rail services. Instead they are used among Sm4 units on VR's commuter rail routes.
As of 2023, the units are used individually on G, M and O trains and in multiple on peak time R and Z trains. Currently, 39 of the original 50 units are still with VR, of which 3 are used as spares donors.

### Future

The Sm2 units are approaching 50 years of age, and despite refurbishments, they are slower than the Sm4 units which displaced them from the busier routes. VR has ordered 20 new 4-car SmX units from Stadler. These new units will displace slower Sm4 units onto regional routes, which will in turn replace Sm2 units from VR service. The new sets are due to enter service in 2026.
In September 2022, VR sold 11 units already removed from service to private company Suomen Lähijunat [fi] Oy, which plans to overhaul the ageing units and put them back into use on new commuter routes in the Turku region.