OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Village head

A village head, village headman or village chief is the community leader of a village or a small town.

## Usage
### Brunei

In Brunei, village head is called ketua kampung or ketua kampong in the Malay language. It is an administrative post which leads the community of a village administrative division, the third and lowest subdivision of the country.

### China

In China, village head (simplified Chinese: 村长; traditional Chinese: 村長; pinyin: cūn zhǎng) is a local government or tribal post. The village headman is the person appointed to administer an area that is often a single village.

#### Duties and functions

The headman has several official duties in the village, and is sometimes seen as a mediator in disputes and a general “fixer” of village or individuals problems.
Examples of headmanship have been observed among the Zuni, !Kung, and Mehinacu, among others. Nearby tribal leaders recognized or appointed by the Chinese were known as tusi (tu-szu; Chinese: 土司; pinyin: tǔsī; Wade–Giles: t'u$^3$-szu$^1$), although they could command larger areas than a single village.

### Indonesia

The village head in Indonesia is called Kepala Desa.

### Malaysia

Generally in Malaysia, the village head is called Ketua Kampung, except for the proto Malay village where the position is called Batin. Ketua Kampung was appointed and assisted by Majlis Pengurusan Komuniti Kampung (Village Community Management Board). In Sarawak, the head of a traditional long house is called Tuai Rumah.

### Philippines

Head of a barangay or village in the Philippines

## Historical usage
### China

In the Qing and early Republican era, dibao were officially appointed village officials, usually selected from the local landowning class and responsible for land use and boundaries in their jurisdiction.

### Japan

In Edo period Japan, the village head was called nanushi (名主) and was in charge of tax collection, general village administration, management of public natural resources (such as mountain, field, river and ocean) of the village, as well as negotiating with the territorial lord as the representative of the villagers.
# Neue Helvetische Gesellschaft

The Neue Helvetische Gesellschaft (NHG) / "New Helvetic Society") was a non-party political movement in Switzerland, founded in 1914 and subsumed into a successor organisation in 2007. Its originating objectives were to overcome the country’s national differences, preserve national independence and to resist materialism. In the 1930s, it became more focused on “national renewal”.
In 1912 the three (by origin francophone) writers Robert de Traz, Alexis François and Gonzague de Reynold produced a manifesto entitled "Pro helvetica dignitate ac securitate" ("For Swiss dignity and Security”) in which they called for the creation of such a society. It was founded in the capital, Bern, in 1914. Groups sprang up quickly in other Swiss cities, including Lausanne, Neuchâtel and Zürich. There were also foreign societies set up by expatriate Swiss communities in Berlin, Paris and London. The name “Neue Helvetische Gesellschaft” was a conscious reference to the "Helvetische Gesellschaft (“Helvetic Society”) which had played an important role promoting reform in Switzerland during the eighteenth century.
From the beginning, the club had more than one objective. It promoted multi-lingualism, heritage preservation and the diversity of the countryside. It was in the first instance an association of writers, journalists and academics. It was initially centred on the French-speaking western cantons of the country which had always been perceived as more socially progressive than the conservative German-speaking cantons, but it also gained support from German-speakers including entrepreneurs and politicians. In 1914 it acquired nationwide exposure as a result of a speech given by the high-profile poet Carl Spitteler and entitled "Unser Schweizer Standpunkt" (literally "Our Swiss Standpoint"). By 1915 membership had risen to 1,460. A move to admit women was rejected in 1916, but the decision was reversed two years later, and from 1918 The Society even admitted female members. NHG Membership peaked in 1920 at 2,540.
Following the First World War (from which Switzerland abstained) the NHG launched a successful campaign for the country to enter the League of Nations. In the early 1930s it supported the Neue Front. Later, in 1952, it campaigned energetically and effectively to block the creation of a massive hydro-electric power station at the Rhine Falls near Schaffhausen.
In 2007, the society merged with "Rencontres Suisses"/"Treffpunkt Schweiz" ("Swiss Meeting point"): since then the resulting entity has borne the name "Neue Helvetische Gesellschaft-Treffpunkt Schweiz (NHG-TS)".
# Shahedian, Hebei

Shahedian (Chinese: 沙河店镇) is a township-level division of Zhao County, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
# Paynedale, Western Australia

Paynedale is a rural locality of the Shire of Donnybrook–Balingup in the South West region of Western Australia. The Capel River flows through the far southern part of the locality, which is agricultural, while the remainder of Paynedale is mostly covered by forest of the Boyanup State Forest.
Paynedale and the Shire of Donnybrook–Balingup are located on the traditional land of the Wardandi people of the Noongar nation.
# When Vikings Attack!

When Vikings Attack! is a fighting video game by British studio Clever Beans. The game was released on November 6, 2012, as a downloadable game for the PlayStation 3 and supports Sony's cross-play feature on the PS Vita. It is included on the "Best of PlayStation Network Vol. 1" compilation disc, released June 18, 2013.

## Gameplay

When Vikings Attack! plays like an arena melee-brawler game.
The only weapons are thrown objects. Players control a small group of civilians fighting hordes of vikings. The objective is to pick up objects and throw them in order to knock out enemies. A single hit is required to knock out an opponent's troop. Each time an object collides with a figure, they're knocked out and excluded from the group, but larger or wide objects may even knock out an entire group, resulting in the player being eliminated. Lost civilians can be replaced by recruiting stray people roaming around the arena. The game also features special items to be thrown such as explosive bombs for an area of effect attack.
The game has a campaign mode supporting up to four player co-op. There's a multiplayer option with a few game modes such as last man standing and survival mode. The game also features collection extra for viewing collected citizens of different outfits and movies.

## Reception

The game received mixed to fairly positive reviews. IGN gave the game a 6.5, praising the unique gameplay, but claims it gets repetitive after a while.
# Turalići, Kladanj

Turalići is a village in the municipalities of Vlasenica (Republika Srpska) and Kladanj, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 334.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 316 | 94.6% |
| Serbs | 18 | 5.4% |
| Total | 334 | 100% |
# Tupla (chocolate bar)

Tupla is a Finnish chocolate bar made by Cloetta. It consists of milk chocolate with a nougat-flavoured filling, coated with bits of almond.
The name "Tupla", meaning "double", comes from the fact that there are always two Tupla bars in a single wrapper. The bars are placed end-to-end.
The original Tupla dates back to the 1960 and is still one of the most popular chocolate bars in Finland. In the 1990s and 2000s two variants have been introduced: Tupla White, with a coating of white chocolate instead of milk chocolate, and Tupla Black, with bits of liquorice added into the filling.
There were even Tupla Easter eggs available in the 1990s. Despite the name, however, there weren't two chocolate eggs nested inside each other.

## Ingredients

Glucose syrup, sugar, vegetable fats (palm, shea), skimmed milk powder, cocoa butter, almonds, whole milk powder, cocoa mass, fat reduced cocoa powder, whey powder (milk), hydrolyzed milk protein, salt, flavourings, emulsifier (sunflower lecithin).

## Nutrition information

Per 100g: 1954 kJ /463 kcal (Energy), 19g (Fat) of which 10g (Saturates), 64g (Carbonhydrate) of which 57g (Sugars), 6,3g (Protein), 0,47g (Salt).

## Weight

Bar weights are 50g TUPLA MAXI and 85g TUPLA KING SIZE.

## Tupla Sport

In 2008 a new side-brand was issued, Tupla Sport. Tupla Sport has a high fiber content and comes in two flavours: apple and raspberry. Its main ingredients are chocolate, muesli, almonds and nougat.

## Advertising
### Easy to open at any time

In 2019, Tupla ran ads which featured a variety of shots where the packaging was being opened using hands showing the new "Easy to open" feature. The ad was companied by a slogan - "Easy to open at any time". The ads ran in Estonia and Latvia.
# Tupković Gornji

Tupković Gornji is a village in the municipality of Živinice, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 1,280.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 1,277 | 99.8% |
| Croats | 1 | 0.1% |
| Serbs | 2 | 0.2% |
| Total | 1,280 | 100% |
# Viitna Pikkjärv

Viitna Pikkjärv (also known as Lake Viitna and Suurjärv) is a 16.1 ha (40 acres) lake in northern Estonia. It's located in Viitna village, Kadrina Parish, Lääne-Viru County. The average depth is 3 m (9.8 ft) and max. depth 6.2 m (20 ft).
Smaller lake Viitna Linajärv is located about 1.5 km northeast.
# Neue Flora

Neue Flora (Stage Theater Neue Flora) is a musical theatre in Hamburg, owned and operated by Stage Entertainment.

## History

In 1987 Stella Entertainment was looking for a new musical theatre in Hamburg, after their success with Cats in the Operettenhaus. Together with the city they picked the Rote Flora, but after massive protests and after squatters took over the building Stella abandoned their plans. In Altona the company found a new site for their theater and after a construction period of 22 months and again many protest the theater opened in 1990 with Das Phantom der Oper.
At the beginning of the millennium Stella Entertainment got into financial troubles, resulting in a bankruptcy. The Dutch company Stage Entertainment (Stage Holding at the time) acquired several parts of Stella Entertainment, including the Neue Flora in 2002.

## Productions

| Show | Start | End | Producer | Note |
| Das Phantom der Oper | June 29, 1990 | June 30, 2001 | Stella Entertainment | German premiere |
| Mozart! | September 21, 2001 | June 30, 2002 | Stella Entertainment | German premiere |
| Titanic | December 7, 2002 | October 5, 2003 | Stage Entertainment | German premiere |
| Tanz der Vampire | December 7, 2003 | January 22, 2006 | Stage Entertainment | |
| Dirty Dancing | March 16, 2006 | June 29, 2008 | Stage Entertainment | European premiere |
| Tarzan | October 2, 2008 | October 30, 2013 | Stage Entertainment | German premiere |
| Das Phantom der Oper | November 28, 2013 | September 30, 2015 | Stage Entertainment | |
| Aladdin | December 6, 2015 | February 3, 2019 | Stage Entertainment | European premiere |
| Paramour (Cirque du Soleil) | April 14, 2019 | March 12, 2020 | Stage Entertainment | European premiere |
| Wicked | September 5, 2021 | August 14, 2022 | Stage Entertainment | |
| Mamma Mia! | September 11, 2022 | January 21, 2024 | Stage Entertainment | |
| Hercules | March 24, 2024 | T.B.D. | Stage Entertainment | World premiere |
# She (Green Day song)

"She" is a song by the American rock band Green Day. It is the eighth track on their third album, Dookie and was released as Green Day's first promotional single in their discography. The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about a former girlfriend who showed him a feminist poem with an identical title. In return, Armstrong wrote the lyrics of "She" and showed them to her. She later dumped him and moved to Ecuador, prompting Armstrong to put "She" on the album. The same ex-girlfriend is the topic of the songs "Sassafras Roots" and "Chump". It is one of the few Green Day singles that did not have a music video.

## Reception

The song has been frequently listed as one of Green Day's best songs. Kerrang! listed it as their second best song, while Rolling Stone listed it as their seventh. PopMatters listed "She" as the eighth best Green Day song, citing "'She' is sensitive without being soft; in between Armstrong's empathetic declarations of 'Scream at me / Until my ears bleed / I'm taking heed / Just for you', the band is hammering away at its instruments with amped-up intensity."

## Covers

In 2016, British-American band As It Is covered the song for the Green Day cover album "American Superhits!".
In 2018, Californian punk-ska band Mad Caddies covered the song with a reggae beat for their cover album Punk Rocksteady.

## Charts

| Chart (1995) | Peak position |
| US Radio Songs (Billboard) | 41 |
| US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) | 18 |
| US Alternative Airplay (Billboard) | 5 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Gold | 40,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Payneham Cemetery

Payneham Cemetery, located on Marian Road, Payneham South, South Australia was established by the Argent Street Primitive Methodist church with the first burial occurring in 1864.

## History

The land (Allotment 107 of Section 285) was purchased by the Argent Street Church Trustees from Henry Ellis in 1846. A Primitive Methodist church was opened in 1859 and burials commenced in the cemetery in 1864.
There has been significant grave reuse, to the extent that the cemetery was considered not eligible for State heritage protection in 1990, on 26 October 2006 the 1864 cemetery reserve, all headstones and monuments was added to the local register.

## Interments

* Gustave Adrian Barnes (1877–1921) – artist
* Fanny Kate Boadicea Cocks (1875–1954) – policewoman and welfare worker
* Henry John Congreve (Harry) (1829–1918) – adventurer, journalist and preacher
* Sir Darcy Rivers Warren Cowan (1885–1958) – medical practitioner and advocate of effective treatment of tuberculosis
* John Creswell (1858–1909) – company secretary
* Samuel Forsyth (1881–1960) – Methodist minister and Ida Muriel Forsyth née Brummitt (1884–1953) – nurse and community worker
* Richard Witty Foster (1856–1932) – storekeeper, farmer and politician
* Alfred Edward Gerard (1877–1950) – merchant and Aboriginal welfare worker
* Reginald Charles (Rex) Ingamells (1913–1955) – poet and editor
* John Grenfell Jenkin (1865–1966) – Methodist minister
* Robert Kelly (1845–1920) – pastoralist and politician
* William Stanley Kelly (1882–1969) – sheep-breeder and agriculturalist
* Andrew Alexander Kirkpatrick (1848–1928) – printer and politician
* Serena Lake (1842–1902) – evangelist and suffragist
* Sir Edward Lucas (1857–1950) – draper and politician
* James Waddell Marshall (1845–1925) – merchant
* Robert Mitchell (1851–1929) – Presbyterian clergyman
* Elizabeth Webb Nicholls (1850–1943) – social reformer
* Samuel William Pearce (1848–1932) – prospector
* George Searcy (1855–1927) – Australian sportsman, sports official and accountant
* Brian Wibberley (died 1944) – minister of Kent Town Methodist Church
# Upper Green River Rendezvous Site

The Upper Green River Rendezvous Site is a site on the Green River above and below Daniel, Wyoming, United States. On and near this location, roughly around the confluence of the river with Horse Creek, at least five of the 19th-century Rocky Mountain Rendezvous took place. A 1,200-acre (490 ha) area was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.

## Description and history

The Upper Green River Rendezvous Site is a largely undeveloped rectangular area, roughly centered on the confluence of the Green River and Horse Creek. The area is located south of United States Route 191 between Daniel and Pinedale, with the only vehicular access provided by a ranch road which crosses the river a short way east of the confluence. The site shows no evidence of the large meetings which took place here in the 19th century.
This area is typical of the sites at which the Rocky Mountain Rendezvous took place between 1825 and 1840. The rendezvous was an organized meeting point for fur trappers, their suppliers, and the buyers of their products to meet. The meetings were first organized by William Henry Ashley, and brought a sense of organization and structure to the otherwise dispersed fur trapping and trading business. Meetings were held annually, generally centered at some location on the Green River. Five were known to be held near the confluence with Horse Creek, but all of them were sprawling affairs, due to the large number of animals needing water and forage.
Although no traces of the rendezvous themselves survive on the site, there is a commemorative marker on a rise overlooking the Horse Creek site, and there are further markers near US 191 at another rendezvous site.
# Mandalika Island

Mandalika Island is a small island in the Java Sea, which is about 2 kilometers distant from Donorejo village of Jepara Regency in Central Java, Indonesia. The island is situated in the north of Central Java coast, opposite to Portuguese Fort beach and close to Mount Muria. The island is just 500 meters from the fort and can be seen from there. The island has become a tourist attraction already.
This island is partially forested and usually uninhabited. There are also temporary housing for fishermen. A light house is located on the island, mainly to guide local fishermen. There is a tomb of Syed Ustman, who was a nayaka (minister) of the Kingdom Kalinyamat. The beach of Mandalika island has crystal clear water, but rocky and steep, not suitable for swimming. There are variety of fishes and fishing is allowed.
Mandalika island can be reached by fishing boat. There is boat lines between Kartini Karimunjawa and Jepara, that passes between the Portuguese fort and Mandalika island. The time required to reach Mandalika island is about 30 minutes.
# Surtees

Surtees may refer to:

## People

* Surti Muslims
* Surtees (surname), an English surname

## Places

* Surtees Bridge, a road bridge across the River Tees in Stockton-on-Tees

## Others

* Surtees Racing Organisation, a British racing team and constructor
* Surtees Society, County Durham antiquarian society
# Turbo lajonkairii

Turbo lajonkairii, common name the Lajonkairi's turban, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turbinidae, the turban snails.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 50 mm and 100 mm. The large, solid, umbilicate shell has a turbinate shape. Its color pattern is white, sometimes sparsely maculate with chestnut. The six whorls are striate, spirally lirate, and bicarinate. The body whorl is one and one-half armed with erect long stout tubular spines on the carinae, ten to twelve in number on the last whorl, usually tinged with green. The ovate aperture ovate, pearly white and iridescent within. The columella is thickened below, deflexed, produced and somewhat channelled, excavated at the conspicuous umbilicus.
The operculum is subcircular. Inside it is dark brown, with four whorls and a subcentral nucleus. Its outer surface is convex, coarsely granose, and dark brown in the center, lighter and minutely granulate toward the edges. The margin is substriate, with an orange line.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Eastern Indian Ocean (Cocos (Keeling) Islands) and in the Western Pacific
# Tula teacher training college №1

The history of the Tula teacher training college №1 begins on October 6, 1945 when the decision of Tuloblispolkom and the order of the Ministry of Public Education of the Russian Federation was open Tula pedagogical school: the area felt sharp requirement for teachers of primary classes. During the existence the school some times changed the name, was exposed to reorganization, moved from one building in another. Since September, 1st, 1992 Tula pedagogical school was reorganized in the Tula teacher training college №1. In 1992 on the basis of college with assistance of the Tula pedagogical university of L.N.Tolstoy and Department of education preparation of teachers of initial classes with the right of teaching of English language at elementary school has been organized. The deputy director, professor of chair of English philology Tula pedagogical university A.A.Malchenko became the head of work on introduction of a new speciality.
# Turitea

Turitea is a suburb of Palmerston North in the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand. It is located on the southern side of the Manawatu River, south of Massey University.
Turitea is the home to Palmerston North's water supply and location of a planned wind farm.
Most of Turitea is in the Fitzherbert Ward in the Palmerston North City Council, alongside the neighbouring suburbs of Aokautere and Linton.
Prior to 1996, Turitea was part of the Manawatu electorate. However, due to the reformation of the electoral system from FPP to MMP, the electorate of Palmerston North's boundaries were redrawn to include Turitea. In 2007, the boundaries were redrawn and Turitea was transferred to the Rangitikei electorate, thus making Palmerston North completely surrounded by Rangitikei.

## Education

Turitea School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 6 students, with a roll of 152 as of August 2024.
# Viitorul Stadium (Scornicești)

The Viitorul Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium in Scornicești, Olt County, Romania. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home ground of FC Olt Scornicești. It is the 24th stadium in the country by capacity. The stadium holds 13,500 people, the capacity being restricted from 18,000 due to advanced level of degradation.

## History

The stadium was opened in 1975, with a capacity of 30,000 seats. The facilities of the stadium at the time of construction included: seats at the first stand (first stadium in Romania that had seats), official stand, press rooms, changing rooms, sauna, swimming pool under the second stand, a pitch with water drainage system, living rooms for the cantonments (under the first stand).
The stadium was used by the FC Olt Scornicești, football team which was founded in 1973 and represented the village of dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, from which he received support to reach Divizia A, soon became one of the best teams in the Romanian rural area. FC Olt played several seasons in the top-flight, promoting in 1981 and being helped to not relegate. After the fall of the communist regime, the club lost its main support, relegated in 1990 and since then has not promoted above the third tier.
Today the first stand has apartments that are used by needy families, while the other stands are not used and they are gradually falling apart. Thus in 1988 the stadium had 25,000 seats, the capacity falling to 18,000 seats, then to 13,500 in 2017.
# Sheikh Qadib al-Ban

Qadib al-Ban (Arabic: قضيب البان) full name Abu 'Abd Allah al-Husayn ibn Isa ibn Yahya ibn Ali al-Hasani (died 1174), was a Muslim scholar and Sufi mystic who lived in Mosul, Iraq. He belonged to the Hanbali school of Islamic thought and was a disciple of Abdul Qadir al-Jilani.

## Biography

Qadib al-Ban al-Mawsili was a well-known Muslim scholar of the Hanbali school of thought, who was mentored by Abdul Qadir al-Jilani. He also married one of Abdul Qadir al-Jilani's daughters. The renowned spiritual philosopher Ibn Arabi, in his work Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya, said that in his travel to Mosul, he was able to meet with Qadib al-Ban who demonstrated to the awed philosopher some of his mystical talents and capabilities.

## Tomb

Qadib al-Ban died in 1174 and was buried in his house. His house was reconstructed in the Seljuk period as a mosque and mausoleum by the governor of Mosul, Ahmad ibn Salih, in 1123, only to be renovated years later during the Ottoman period. The site was completely rebuilt in 1958 but received another renovation in 1965.

### 2014 destruction

When ISIL took control of Mosul in 2014, the mosque and mausoleum of Qadib al-Ban were detonated using an IED. It is currently being rebuilt and is under construction.