OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Majda's model

Majda's model is a qualitative model (in mathematical physics) introduced by Andrew Majda in 1981 for the study of interactions in the combustion theory of shock waves and explosive chemical reactions.
The following definitions are with respect to a Cartesian coordinate system with 2 variables. For functions $u(x,t)$, $z(x,t)$ of one spatial variable $x$ representing the Lagrangian specification of the fluid flow field and the time variable $t$, functions $f(w)$, $\phi (w)$ of one variable $w$, and positive constants $k,q,B$, the Majda model is a pair of coupled partial differential equations:
    ${\frac {\partial u(x,t)}{\partial t}}+q\cdot {\frac {\partial z(x,t)}{\partial t}}+{\frac {\partial f(u(x,t))}{\partial x}}=B\cdot {\frac {\partial ^{2}u(x,t)}{\partial x^{2}}}$
    ${\frac {\partial z(x,t)}{\partial t}}=-k\cdot \phi (u(x,t))\cdot z(x,t)$
    the unknown function $u=u(x,t)$ is a lumped variable, a scalar variable formed from a complicated nonlinear average of various aspects of density, velocity, and temperature in the exploding gas;
    the unknown function $z=z(x,t)\in [0,1]$ is the mass fraction in a simple one-step chemical reaction scheme;
    the given flux function $f=f(w)$ is a nonlinear convex function;
    the given ignition function $\phi =\phi (w)$ is the starter for the chemical reaction scheme;
    $k$ is the constant reaction rate;
    $q$ is the constant heat release;
    $B$ is the constant diffusivity.
   Since its introduction in the early 1980s, Majda's simplified "qualitative" model for detonation ... has played an important role in the mathematical literature as test-bed for both the development of mathematical theory and computational techniques. Roughly, the model is a $2\times 2$ system consisting of a Burgers equation coupled to a chemical kinetics equation. For example, Majda (with Colella & Roytburd) used the model as a key diagnostic tool in the development of fractional-step computational schemes for the Navier-Stokes equations of compressible reacting fluids ...
# Exoribonuclease

An exoribonuclease is an exonuclease ribonuclease, which are enzymes that degrade RNA by removing terminal nucleotides from either the 5' end or the 3' end of the RNA molecule. Enzymes that remove nucleotides from the 5' end are called 5'-3' exoribonucleases, and enzymes that remove nucleotides from the 3' end are called 3'-5' exoribonucleases.
Exoribonucleases can use either water to cleave the nucleotide-nucleotide bond (which is called hydrolytic activity) or inorganic phosphate (which is called phosphorolytic activity). Hydrolytic exoribonucleases are classified under EC number 3.1 and phosphorolytic exoribonucleases under EC number 2.7.7. As the phosphorolytic enzymes use inorganic phosphate to cleave bonds they release nucleotide diphosphates, whereas the hydrolytic enzymes (which use water) release nucleotide monosphosphates.
Exoribonucleases exist in all kingdoms of life, the bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes. Exoribonucleases are involved in the degradation of many different RNA species, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA and miRNA. Exoribonucleases can be single proteins (such as RNase D or RNase PH) but also can be complexes of multiple proteins, such as the exosome complex (in which four of the major exoribonuclease families are represented).

## Major families

| Family | Example members | Distribution | Catalytic activity |
| RNR | RNase R | Most bacteria, all eukaryotes | 3'-5' hydrolytic |
| RNR | RNase II | Most bacteria, all eukaryotes | 3'-5' hydrolytic |
| RNR | Rrp44 | Most bacteria, all eukaryotes | 3'-5' hydrolytic |
| DEDD | RNase D | Certain bacteria, all eukaryotes | 3'-5' hydrolytic |
| DEDD | RNase T | Certain bacteria, all eukaryotes | 3'-5' hydrolytic |
| DEDD | PM/Scl-100 | Certain bacteria, all eukaryotes | 3'-5' hydrolytic |
| DEDD | Oligoribonuclease | Certain bacteria, all eukaryotes | 3'-5' hydrolytic |
| RBN | RNase BN | Certain bacteria | 3'-5' hydrolytic |
| PDX | PNPase | All kingdoms | 3'-5' phosphorolytic |
| PDX | PM/Scl-75 | All kingdoms | 3'-5' phosphorolytic |
| PDX | RNase PH | All kingdoms | 3'-5' phosphorolytic |
| RRP4 | Rrp4 | All eukaryotes, most archaea | 3'-5' hydrolytic |
| 5PX | Exoribonuclease I | All eukaryotes | 5'-3' hydrolytic |
| 5PX | Exoribonuclease II | All eukaryotes | 5'-3' hydrolytic |
# Grünbergallee station

Grünbergallee is a railway station on the Grünauer Kreuz–Berlin Brandenburg Airport railway in the Treptow-Köpenick district of Berlin. It is served by the S-Bahn line S45 and S9.
# New Era (1854 ship)

New Era was a ship that wrecked on November 13, 1854, with the reported loss of about 150 lives, off of present-day Asbury Park, New Jersey, coincidentally at almost the identical location the SS Morro Castle ran aground in 1934 after a devastating fire that had killed 137 crew and passengers.

## The journey

New Era was built in Bath, Maine as an emigrant ship of 1328 tons in 1854 and set sail on this its first voyage on September 28. The ship was carrying nearly all German emigrants having sailed from Bremen, Germany with a final destination of New York. The crossing was difficult with 40 passengers being lost to cholera during the journey. It was later reported that New Era was a leaky ship with both crew and passengers required to man pumps during the voyage.

## Grounding

New Era grounded in a dense fog in the morning hours of the 13 November with the reported loss of about 150 lives.

## Memorial marker

Asbury Park founder James A. Bradley placed a memorial marker for the wreck in 1893; it was lost to sea shortly after. On September 15, 2012 an archeological search performed with ground penetrating radar failed to find the monument.
# Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment

The Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment (TrICE) is a ground-based cosmic ray telescope located at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, IL. The telescope, which contains a Fresnel lens, eight spherical mirrors, and a camera with 16 multianode photomultiplier tubes, uses the atmospheric Cherenkov imaging technique to detect Cherenkov radiation produced when cosmic rays interact with particles in the Earth's atmosphere.
The telescope is primarily a research and development tool for improving photomultiplier tube cameras and electronic systems for future gamma and cosmic ray telescopes. It is also used to study the energy and composition of cosmic rays in the TeV–PeV range, and the collaboration is currently conducting pioneering work in detecting direct Cherenkov signals from cosmic rays.

## The TrICE Collaboration

* Argonne National Laboratory
* University of Chicago
* University of Utah
* This telescope-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This particle physics–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Örlygsson

Örlygsson may refer to:
* Gunnar Örn Örlygsson (born 1971), former Icelandic politician, former basketball player
* Örlygur Hnefill Örlygsson (born 1983), (Orly Orlyson), Icelandic filmmaker, hotelier, founder of The Exploration Museum
* Ormarr Örlygsson (born 1962), Icelandic former footballer
* Teitur Örlygsson (born 1967), Icelandic former professional basketball player and coach
* Þorvaldur Örlygsson (born 1966), Icelandic former footballer
# William Henry Egan

William Henry Egan (14 February 1869 – 10 September 1943) was a British Labour politician who served as MP for Birkenhead West.
Egan was active in the Labour Party in Birkenhead, and served as secretary of the town's trades council. He stood unsuccessfully in Birkenhead West at the 1918 and 1922 United Kingdom general elections, before winning the seat in 1923. Although he lost it in 1924, he regained it in 1929, before finally losing it in 1931.
Egan also served on Birkenhead Town Council, and was Mayor of Birkenhead in 1939/40 and 1941/42.
# Make It Sweet

"Make It Sweet" is a song recorded by American country music band Old Dominion. It was released in November 2018 as the lead single from the band's self-titled third studio album for RCA Records Nashville. All five members of the band wrote the song with Shane McAnally, who also produced it.

## History

Taste of Country described the song as having "hand-clapped rhythms, memorable guitar riffs and an optimistic outlook as Old Dominion sing the money line, 'Life is short, make it sweet.'" After releasing the song, the band posted on Instagram that "The plan was to write a song and record it on that same day. What happened was something we could never have planned. The words fell out and the next thing we knew, we had recorded 'Make It Sweet.' It's raw and natural and 100% us."
In October 2018, the band released a video for the song, and announced a headlining tour of the same name set to start January 2019. The band performed the song at the ACM Awards in April 2019.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Shaun Silva in September 2018.

## Commercial performance

The song has sold 101,000 copies in the United States as of April 2019.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Canada (Music Canada) | Platinum | 80,000$^‡$ |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Exoribonuclease H

Exoribonuclease H (EC 3.1.13.2) is an enzyme. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    3'-end directed exonucleolytic cleavage of viral RNA-DNA hybrid
This is a secondary reaction to the RNA 5'-end directed cleavage 13-19 nucleotides from the RNA end performed by EC 3.1.26.13 (retroviral ribonuclease H).
# Ola Snortheim

Ola Snortheim (born December 3, 1954, Harpefoss) is a Norwegian artist and record producer.
Snortheim is the son of the folk-musician Olav Snortheim. Known as one of the most important drummers on the Norwegian rock-scene of the 1980s and 1990s, he has played in many bands, often together with guitarist Jørn Christensen.
The most famous of the rock-bands Snortheim have played in was De Press. The group won the prize Spellemannprisen in the class New Rock in 1981, after releasing the album Block to Block.
Snortheim is the founder of the electronica-group Langsomt Mot Nord.
Ola Snortheim has played in the following Norwegian bands:
* Blaupunkt
* Cirkus Modern
* De Press
* Langsomt Mot Nord
* Lonely Crowd
* Montasje
* Norske Gutter
* Spastisk Ekstase
* Sterk, Naken og Biltyvene
* Streethawks
* The Tourettes
# Grünbaum

Grünbaum is a German surname meaning "green tree" and may refer to:
* Adolf Grünbaum (1923–2018), German-born philosopher of science
* Branko Grünbaum (1929–2018), Croatian-born mathematician
* Fritz Grünbaum (1880–1941), Austrian cabaret artist, operetta and pop song writer
* Max Grünbaum (1817–1898), German Orientalist
* Victor Gruen (born Grünbaum; 1903–1980), an Austrian commercial architect
* Yitzhak Gruenbaum (1879–1970), Polish-Israeli leader of the Zionism
# New Era (Namibia)

The New Era is a daily national newspaper owned by the government of Namibia. The newspaper is one of four daily national newspapers in the country, the others being The Namibian (English and Oshiwambo), Die Republikein (Afrikaans) and Allgemeine Zeitung (German).
New Era was created by the New Era Publications Corporation Act of 1992. According to Ullamaija Kivikuru, it copied the format of The Namibian in order to establish credibility. The two newspapers still resemble each other in having long stories spread over several pages.
New Era has a usual circulation of 9,000, going up to 11,000 on Fridays. It was established as a weekly newspaper and was later published only bi-weekly. It has appeared daily since 2004. New Era is published in English and five indigenous languages: Otjiherero, Oshiwambo, Damara/Nama, Silozi, and Khwedam.
New Era is published by the New Era Publication Corporation, which is owned by the Government of Namibia. The Minister of Information and Communication Technology has the ability to appoint and discharge members of the board of directors. Several researchers report that government ministers have acted as direct owners of the newspaper, telephoning the editorial department about articles that have criticised them. Because of this, the newspaper is perceived to be SWAPO-friendly, and is "often reproached for being biased in favour of the government." However, a 2006 study by Swedish students found New Era to be "more critical and fierce" than The Namibian. This analysis was based on only two opinion pieces per newspaper though.
The managing editor of New Era is Festus Nakatana.
# Seten, Zara

Seten is a village in the Zara District of Sivas Province in Turkey. It is populated by Kurds and had a population of 19 in 2023.
# Neoregelia gavionensis

Neoregelia gavionensis is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.
# William Blacklock

William Blacklock may refer to:
* William James Blacklock (1816–1858), English landscape painter
* William Kay Blacklock (1870–1924), British watercolours and oils artist
* William Blacklock (mayor) (1889–1965), New Zealand politician, mayor of Henderson
# FA Meiring

Francois Anton Meiring (born 24 August 1967) is a South African former rugby union player.

## Playing career

As a schoolboy, Meiring represented North Eastern Cape at the 1986 Craven Week tournament after which he was selected for the South African Schools team. He made his senior provincial debut in 1990 and played provincial rugby for Eastern Province and Northern Transvaal. In 1994 he toured with the Springboks to New Zealand. Meiring did not play in any test matches but played in seven tour matches, scoring two tries for the Springboks.
# Gualterio

Gualterio may refer to:

## People

* Walter of Albano or Gualterio of Albano (died 1101), cardinal-bishop of the Diocese of Albano, Italy, 1091–1101
* Carlo Gualterio (1613–1673), Italian Roman Catholic cardinal
* Viscount Gualterio (fl. 1705–1723), Giovanni Battista Gualterio, created Earl of Dundee in the Jacobite Peerage, 1705
* Gualterio Looser (1898–1982), Chilean botanist and engineer
* Juan Gualterio Roederer (born 1929), Italian-born American professor of physics
* Filippo Antonio Gualterio (disambiguation), more than one person of the name

## Other

* Gualterio family (in the past, also Gualtieri), an aristocratic family from Orvieto, Italy
* Palazzo Gualterio, a palace in Orvieto, Italy
* Gualterio, Zacatecas, a town in Zacatecas, Mexico
# Neural Regeneration Research

Neural Regeneration Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on neuroregeneration and stem cells. Topics covered include neural stem cells, neural tissue engineering, gene therapy, and minimally-invasive treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. It was established in 2006 and the editors in chief are Kwok-Fai So (University of Hong Kong) and Xiao-Ming Xu (Indiana University). The journal publishes the following types of papers: research and reports, techniques and methods, investigation and analysis, meta-analyses and reviews, evidence-based case reports, and perspectives.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts, Excerpta Medica, Institute of Scientific & Technical Information of China, Chinese Science Citation Database, Scopus, and the Science Citation Index Expanded.
# Marco Dezzi Bardeschi

Marco Dezzi Bardeschi (September 30, 1934 – November 4, 2018) was an Italian architect. He was a professor of Architectural Restoration at the Polytechnic University of Milan. He authored several books, and he was the founding editor of ANANKE, an architectural magazine.
# Seticosta retearia

Seticosta retearia is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Loja Province, Ecuador.
The wingspan is 18 mm.
# Track and field at the 2015 Military World Games – Men's 400 metres hurdles

The men's 400 metres hurdles event at the 2015 Military World Games was held on 4 and 6 October at the KAFAC Sports Complex.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and CISM record were as follows:
| World Record | Kevin Young (USA) | 46.78 | Barcelona, Spain | 6 August 1992 |
| CISM World Record | Thomas Goller (GER) | 48.75 | Zagreb, Croatia | August 1999 |

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| 4 October 2015 | 15:05 | Round 1 |
| 6 October 2015 | 15:20 | Final |

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Abdelmalik Lahoulou Algeria | Timofey Chalyy Russia | Boniface Mucheru Tumuti Kenya |

## Results
### Round 1

Qualification: First 2 in each heat (Q) and next 2 fastest (q) qualified for the final.
| Rank | Heat | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 3 | William Mbevi Mutunga | Kenya | 50.37 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | Abdelmalik Lahoulou | Algeria | 50.38 | Q |
| 3 | 1 | Boniface Mucheru Tumuti | Kenya | 50.49 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | Ivan Shablyuev | Russia | 50.59 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | Durgesh Kumar Pal | India | 50.59 | q |
| 6 | 2 | Timofey Chalyy | Russia | 50.73 | Q |
| 7 | 2 | Ali Khamis | Bahrain | 51.12 | Q |
| 8 | 3 | Hederson Estefani | Brazil | 51.41 | q |
| 9 | 2 | Gamal Abdelnasir Abubaker | Qatar | 51.72 | |
| 10 | 2 | Juander Santos | Dominican Republic | 51.87 | |
| 11 | 1 | Víctor Solarte | Venezuela | 52.84 | |
| 12 | 1 | Andreas Ritz | Switzerland | 52.94 | |
| 13 | 3 | Leonardo Capotosti | Italy | 54.05 | |
| 14 | 2 | Vishnu Velammavukudily Sabu | India | 54.13 | |
| 15 | 3 | Alex Tourigny-Plante | Canada | 57.21 | |
| | 2 | Pethias Barclays Gondwe Mdoka | Malawi | DNF | |
| | 1 | Máximo Mercedes | Dominican Republic | DNF | |
| | 3 | Emmanuel Chimdzeka | Malawi | DNS | |

### Final

| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | 3 | Abdelmalik Lahoulou | Algeria | 49.43 |
| | 4 | Timofey Chalyy | Russia | 49.88 |
| | 6 | Boniface Mucheru Tumuti | Kenya | 49.91 |
| 4 | 8 | Ivan Shablyuev | Russia | 50.16 |
| 5 | 1 | Durgesh Kumar Pal | India | 50.33 |
| 6 | 7 | Ali Khamis | Bahrain | 50.94 |
| 7 | 2 | Hederson Estefani | Brazil | 51.69 |
| 8 | 5 | William Mbevi Mutunga | Kenya | 1:22.70 |
# Neoregelia fluminensis

Neoregelia fluminensis is a species of flowering plant in the genus Neoregelia. This species is endemic to Brazil.

## Cultivars

* Neoregelia 'Heat Wave'
* Neoregelia 'Rust Belt Special'
# William Hailey Willis

William Hailey Willis (April 29, 1916, Meridian, Mississippi – July 13, 2000, Durham, North Carolina) was an American classicist and a leading twentieth century papyrologist.

## Early life

Willis was the son of William W. Willis and Clara B. (Hailey) Willis. He married Rachel E. (Hamilton) Willis on December 20, 1943, in Meridian, MS.

## Scholarly career

Willis was educated at Mississippi College (B.A.), Columbia University (M.A.), and Yale University (Ph.D.). Willis was a professor of Classics at the University of Mississippi from 1946 until 1963, when he relocated to Duke University. Willis' decision to change institutions in 1963 was related, in part, to the strife that surrounded racial integration at the University of Mississippi, a cause that he had both supported and advanced. In 1973 Willis served as president of the American Philological Association. He was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 1980.
Willis' scholarly career included extensive work on papyrology and he published numerous papers dealing with ancient papyri.
He was instrumental in building the papyrus collection now housed at the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University and in advancing the efforts of the papyrus research center, then called the Duke Databank of Documentary Papyri, He was credited with producing an electronic edition of the Duke Data Bank of Documentary Papyri that was disseminated on CD-ROM by the Packard Humanities Institute. At Duke Willis also served as editor of the journal Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies.

## Scholarship

* (with Klaus Maresch) 1988. “The Encounter of Alexander with the Brahmans: New Fragments of the Cynic Diatribe P.Genev.inv. 271,” ZPE 74:59–83.
* 1988. “Oxyrhynchite Documents among the Robinson Papyri,” BASP 25:99–127.
* 1990. “A New Fragment of the Bodmer Aspis,” Recherches et rencontres 2:167–171.
* 1990. “The Letter of Peter (1 Peter): Coptic text, translation, notes and variant readings,” in J. E. Goehring et al., The Crosby-Schøyen Codex (= CSCO 521, Subsidia 85 [Louvain 1990]) 135–215.
* 1990. “The Robinson-Cologne Papyrus of Achilles Tatius,” GRBS 31:73–102.
* 1991. “Comoedia Dukiana,” GRBS 32:331–353.
* (with Klaus Maresch) 1997. The Archive of Ammon Scholasticus of Panopolis: The Legacy of Harpocration(=Pap.Colon. 26.1 [Opladen 1997].

## Necrology

* Notice published in Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
# Pabstiella bacillaris

Pabstiella bacillaris is a species of orchid plant native to Brazil .
# Oleksii Zhylenko

Oleksii Zhylenko (Ukrainian: Олексій Жиленко), was born in Kyiv, Ukraine. He is a professional Ballroom and Latin dance coach, a World class adjudicator, a professional ballroom dancer and a DanceSport competitor and choreographer.

## Dance competition

As a dance competitor he was finalist of the World Cup in International Ballroom (2006, Moscow, Russia), the National Champion of Ukraine (2002 and 2010), obtained the title of Master of Sport of Ukraine (2002) and was winner and medalist of major national and international championships.

## As a Ballroom and Latin dance coach

In his coaching career his students were
* Mykola Khrabust & Olga Riznychenko are Champions of the World (2013), National Champions of Ukraine (2012) in age group Senior.
* Denys Korostashov & Nataliya Kostyleva are National Champions of Ukraine (2009), Bronze medalists of World Championship (2011) in age group Under 21.

## Memberships

* 1997 – present. Ukrainian Dance Sport Association (Kyiv, Ukraine)
* 2009 – present. World Dance Council (London, Great Britain) – International Adjudicator.
* 2012 – present. World Dance Council (London, Great Britain) – International Competitor and International Dance Teacher.
* 2013 – present. International Dance Council CID UNESCO (Paris, France).
# Rave Alert

"Rave Alert" is a song written and recorded by Belgian musician Praga Khan. It is a version of his earlier song "Rave Alarm" with additional vocals by Jade 4 U. It was featured on A Spoonful of Miracle and Conquers Your Love.

## Track listing

* "Rave Alert!" (Full Alert Radio Version) – 3:46
* "Rave Alert!" (Full Alert Mix) – 5:12
* "Rave Alert!" (Over the Mountain Mix) – 5:11
* "Rave Alert!" (Into the Valley Mix) – 5:09
* "Rave Alert!" (Full Vocal Alert) – 5:05

## Charts

Chart performance for "Rave Alert" :
| Chart (1992) | Peak position |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 39 |
# Upper Lead Mountain Pond

Upper Lead Mountain Pond is a lake in Hancock County, Maine, United States. It is located less than 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the Lead Mountain and 0.25 mi (0.40 km) north of Maine State Route 9 near the town of Beddington. The inflow to Bear Pond comes from several small stream, and it drains via a small 500 feet (150 m) stream to Middle/Lower Lead Mountain Pond. Several unpaved roads provide access to the lake and private residences surrounding it. The Lake is surrounded by forest and supports several fish, including landlocked Atlantic salmon, brook trout, white perch, yellow perch, and chain pickerel.
# Seticosta senecta

Seticosta senecta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Paraná, Brazil.