# List of Neanderthal fossils

This is a list of Neanderthal fossils.

## Some important European Neanderthals

Remains of more than 300 European Neanderthals have been found. This is a list of the most notable.
| Name | Age | Cranial capacity (cm$^3$) | Year discovered | Country | Discovered by | Now located at |
| Ehringsdorf skull | 150k–120k | 1450 | 1908–1925 | Germany | | Archäologischen Landesmuseums Thüringen |
| Engis 2 | Undated | ? (child) | 1829 | Belgium | Philippe-Charles Schmerling | University of Liège |
| Gibraltar 1 | 40k | 1200 | 1848 | Gibraltar | Edmund Flint | Natural History Museum, London |
| Gibraltar 2 | Undated | ? (child) | 1926 | Gibraltar | Dorothy Garrod | Natural History Museum, London |
| Krijn | 100-40 ka | (Not a full skull) | 2001 | Netherlands | Luc Anthonis | Rijksmuseum van Oudheden, Leiden |
| La Chapelle-aux-Saints 1 | 60k | 1600 | 1908 | France | L. Bardon, A. Bouyssonie and J. Bouyssonie | |
| La Ferrassie 1 | 70k–50k | 1641 | 1909 | France | Louis Capitan and Denis Peyrony | Musée de l'Homme |
| Neanderthal 1 | 40k | 1452 | 1856 | Germany | Kleine Feldhofer Grotte | Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn |
| Saccopastore 1 | 250k | 1200 | 1929 | Italy | | |
| Saccopastore 2 | 250k | 1300 | 1935 | Italy | Alberto Blanc and Henri Breuil | |
| Altamura Man | 170k | | 1993 | Italy | | |

## Southwest Asian Neanderthals

As of 2017, this list of Southwest Asian Neanderthals may be considered essentially complete.
List of Southwest Asian Neanderthalsviewtalkedit :
| Present-day country (country of discovery) | Site | Principal Neanderthal finds | MNI | Geological age (ka) | Descriptions | Notes |
| Turkey | Karain | Four teeth | 1 | — | Senyürek (1949) Yalçınkaya (1988) | |
| Lebanon | Ksâr 'Akil | K2: Teeth and partial maxilla | 1 | — | Ewing (1963) | Ewing lost this specimen while transferring Ksar Akil material from Boston College to Fordham University. |
| Lebanon | El Masloukh | Upper second molar | (1) | — | ? | Neanderthal attribution is stratigraphic, not morphological. |
| Israel | Kebara | KMH1: 7-9 mo. old partial skel. KMH2: Post-cranial adult ♂ Various fragments KMH3: Milk tooth (m$^1$-r) KMH4: 9 milk teeth, germ of 1 permanent tooth KMH5: Child mandibular symphysis fragment, no teeth KMH6: Right maxillary fragment with M$^1$ and M$^2$ KMH7: Milk tooth (m$_?$-r) KMH8: Milk tooth (m$^2$-l) KMH9: Foot bone (4th right metatarsal) KMH10: Foot bone (1st toe distal phalanx) KMH11: Right clavicle fragment KMH12: Milk tooth (m$^?$-r) KMH13: Milk tooth germ (m$^1$-l) KMH14: Tooth (M$_2$-l) KMH15: Milk tooth (m$^1$-r) KMH16: Milk tooth (left i$_1$) KMH17: Clavicle fragment (KMH18: Mandibular fragment with tooth [M$^2$-r]) (KMH19: Fragmentary tooth crown [M$_?$-r]) (KMH20: Parietal bone fragment) (KMH21: Germ of tooth [M$^1$-l]) (KMH22: Milk tooth [upper c-l]) (KMH23: Milk tooth [i$_2$-r]) KMH24: Tooth (M$^3$-l) (KMH25: 3 milk teeth germs [upper c-l, m$^1$, m$^2$]) (KMH26: Tooth germ [i$^2$-r]) KMH27: Tooth (I$^2$) KMH28: Tooth (I$_2$) (KMH29: Milk tooth [i$_2$-l]) KMH30: Milk tooth (m$^1$) (KMH31: Tooth [lower c]) | 21 + (10) | 64-59 | KMH1: Smith et al. (1977) KMH2: Arensburg et al. (1985) KMH5-17, 24-31 : Tillier et al. (2003) | Neanderthal attribution uncertain in KMH18-23, 25, 29, and 31 |
| West Bank (Mandatory Palestine) | Shuqba | S-D1: Tooth and cranial frags. | 1 | — | Keith (1931) | |
| Israel (Mandatory Palestine) | Tabun | T C1: Nearly complete adult ♀ T C2: Toothed mandible missing I$_1$ (♂) Various fragments T E1: Right femur shaft (♂?) T E2: Tooth (M$_1$ or M$_2$, ♀?) T C3: Right femur shaft (♀) T C4: Distal right radius frag. (♀) T C5: Right hamate bone T C6: Right pisiform bone T C7: Distal thumb phalanx T B1: 10-11 year-old maxilla (♂?) with I$^2$-r, M$^2$-r T BC2: Four teeth (I$^2$-l, M$^1$-l, P$^3$-r, M$^1$-r) T B3: One tooth (I$_2$-r) T B4: Four teeth (I$^1$-l, I$^2$-l, M$_1$-l, M$_3$-r) T B5: Two teeth (M$^2$-l, M$^2$-r) T BC6: Two teeth (I$^1$-l, M$_2$-l) | 15 | ≈170-90 | McCown (1936) McCown and Keith (1939) | T C1: Neanderthal attribution is not universally accepted. As of 1975, the whereabouts of T BC2, B3, and BC6 are unknown.$^{:146}$ |
| Israel | Ein Qashish | (EQH-2: Third molar) EQH-3: Adult lower limbs | 1 + (1) | 70-60 | Been et al. (2017) | Discovered in 2013, these were the first diagnostically Neanderthal remains in Southwest Asia not found in a cave. EQH-2: 70% posterior probability that Neanderthal attribution is correct. |
| Israel | Shovakh | (Tooth, M$_{(3)}$-l) | (1) | — | S. Binford (1966) Trinkaus (1987) | "[A]lthough within archaic and modern human ranges of variation, this complex occlusal morphology may suggest that it is more likely to have derived from a Neandertal than an early modern human". (Trinkaus 1987) |
| Israel | Amud | A1: Adult full skeleton ♂ A2: Maxillary fragment A7: 10-mo.-old partial skel. | 3 | 61-53 | A1: Suzuki et al. (1970) A7: Rak et al. (1994) | |
| Syria | Dederiyeh | D1: 19-30-month-old full skel. D2: 21-30-month-old full skel. | 17 | — | D1: Akazawa et al. (1993) D2: Akazawa et al. (1999) | |
| Iraq | Shanidar | S1: Adult partial skel. ♂ S2: Adult crushed skel. ♂ S3: Post-cranial adult ♂ S4: Adult partial skel. (♂) S5: Adult partial skel. (♂) S6: Adult partial skel. (♀) S7: 6-9-mo.-old crushed skel. S8: Adult skeletal fragments (♀) S9: 6-12-month-old vertebrae S10: 17-25-month-old skel. | 10 | S2, S4: > 100 Others: 60 | S1: Stewart (1959) S2: Stewart (1961) S3: Solecki (1960) S4: Stewart (1963) S5: Trinkaus (1977) Pomeroy et al. (2017) S6: Same as S4 S7: Senyürek (1957) S8: Same as S4 S9: ? S10: Cowgill et al. (2007) | Shanidar 2 and 4 are sometimes not treated as Neanderthals. All but Shanidar 3 and 10 (and fragments of 5 excavated in 2015-2016) may have been destroyed in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. |
| Iran | Bawa Yawan | Lower left deciduous canine | 1 | ~43,600-~41,500 years ago | Heydari-Guran et al (2021) |
| Iran | Wezmeh | maxillary right premolar tooth | 1 | 70-40 | Zanolli et al. (2019) |
| Iran | Bisitun | Adult radius shaft | 1 | — | Trinkaus and Biglari (2006) | |
| Total | | | 71 + (13) | | | |
* ↑ M$_?$-r according to S. Binford (1966).
* ↑ Valladas, Mercier, and Froget (1999) write that "[o]f the remains of 18 individuals recovered at the Amud Cave, 15 were derived from unambiguous Middle Palaeolithic contexts, all of them located in the northern area of the excavation (Hovers et al., 1995). The stratigraphic distribution of these remains encompasses the layers B$_1$ and B$_2$, with only a single specimen derived from layer B$_4$ (Sakura, 1970). Three individuals bear diagnostic characteristics which define them as Neanderthals. Amud I, the skeleton of an adult male was found at the top of layer B1, while the partial skeleton of the baby Amud 7 (Rak, Kimbet & Hovers, 1994) was recovered from the top of layer B$_2$, just under the contact with the base of layer B$_1$. Amud II, represented by a fragment of the right maxilla, was excavated from layer B$_2$."

## Central and North Asian Neanderthals

Central Asian Neanderthals were found in Uzbekistan and North Asian Neanderthals in Asian Russia.
| Country | Site | Principal Neanderthal finds | MNI | Geological age (ka) | Initial descriptions | Notes |
| Uzbekistan | Teshik-Tash | 8-11-yr-old skeleton | 1 | — | Okladnikov (1949) | |
| Uzbekistan | Obi-Rakhmat | Subadult skull frag. and teeth | 1 | 74 | Glantz et al. (2008) | |
| Asian Russia | Chagyrskaya | Partial mandible | 1 | — | (Announced in Viola 2012) | |
| Asian Russia | Okladnikov | Sub-adult humerus and femur | 1 | | (Announced in Krause et al. 2007) | mtDNA sampled |
| Asian Russia | Denisova | Altai 1: Toe phalanx♀ D11: Bone fragment | 2 | — | Mednikova (2011) Brown, et al. (2016) | Altai 1: Full genome sequenced D11: mtDNA sampled |
| Total | | | 6 | | | |