OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mercury swivel commutator

A mercury swivel commutator is a connector mainly used in animal experimentation to prevent the twisting of electrode wires attached to moving animals.

## Application

Mercury swivel commutators are typically used in electrophysiological experiments on head-free or moving animals. Whereas electrical recordings from stationary, head-fixed animals can be done with electrodes attached directly with wires to the amplifier and recording setup on a stereotaxtic rig, in freely moving animals a commutator is needed to prevent twisting of the wires attaching the electrode, which moves and rotates with the animal's head (often multiple revolutions in one direction), to the amplifier/recorder, which is in a fixed position.

## Mechanism

A mercury swivel commutator is a type of electrical commutator. These traditionally use slip rings for coupling, which can introduce electrical noise into the connection as the contact points slide over the surface of the slip-rings, causing microscopic bumps which result in uneven conductivity. To reduce the electrical noise the contact points need to be pressed against the slip rings with greater force. This leads to resistance when moving the ring, as well as a higher rate of wear. Using liquid mercury as the conductor reduces commutator noise and friction, enabling commutator use for small weaker animals.

## Other uses

Many machinery manufacturers have switched to using mercury swivel commutators instead of slip rings. For example, packaging machines have moving parts that are heated to seal packages after they are filled. Slip rings are traditionally used but these can introduce electrical noise and signal degradation into temperature sensing circuit, whereas mercury swivel commutators are more reliable and accurate. Multiple channel mercury swivel commutators also make it possible to pass the power and the temperature signals through the same rotating electrical connector, which has the benefit of minimizing the number of connector parts needed.
# Vernon Township, Washington County, Indiana

Vernon Township is one of thirteen townships in Washington County, Indiana, United States. As of the 2020 census, its population was 667 and it contained 263 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 34.1 square miles (88 km$^2$), of which 34.03 square miles (88.1 km$^2$) (or 99.79%) is land and 0.07 square miles (0.18 km$^2$) (or 0.21%) is water.

### Unincorporated towns

* Claysville at 38°37′21″N 86°17′22″W﻿ / ﻿38.622556°N 86.289428°W﻿ / 38.622556; -86.289428
* Smedley at 38°37′59″N 86°12′57″W﻿ / ﻿38.633112°N 86.215815°W﻿ / 38.633112; -86.215815
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)

### Adjacent townships

* Brown Township (north)
* Jefferson Township (northeast)
* Washington Township (east)
* Howard Township (southeast)
* Madison Township (south)
* Stampers Creek Township, Orange County (southwest)
* Northeast Township, Orange County (west)

### Cemeteries

The township contains these three cemeteries: Hamilton, Mount Tabor and Old Smedley.

## School districts

* West Washington School Corporation

## Political districts

* Indiana's 9th congressional district
* State House District 73
* State Senate District 44
# William S. Schwartz

William Samuel Schwartz (February 23, 1896 – February 10, 1977) was an American artist who lived and worked in Chicago.

## Biography

Schwartz was born in Smorgon in Belarus (then in the Russian Empire) to Samuel Schwartz and Tauba Reznikoff. At the age of thirteen, he moved to the nearby city of Vilna to attend art school. Four years later, he emigrated to the United States and eventually enrolled in the School of the Art Institute of Chicago. After graduating, he put his art career on hold to concentrate on a budding career as an opera singer. When Schwartz returned to painting, he distinguished himself with dreamy, symbolist works and abstractions that tended to bewilder viewers. He also scandalized conservative audiences with numerous lithographs of nude women. During the Great Depression, Schwartz became an artist on the Federal Art Project payroll. Working under the supervision of Increase Robinson in Chicago, he painted Regionalist works showing the countryside and small-town American life. It was not until the early 1940s that Schwartz returned to painting the esoteric imagery for which he had become known. Greatly influenced by European surrealism, Schwartz painted strange biomorphic forms and apocalyptic scenes in many of his works.
He became a well-known figure in Chicago, mostly due to his memorable handlebar mustache and eccentric persona. He was also one of a group of prominent Chicago artists—including Ivan Albright, Malvin Albright, and Aaron Bohrod—that hung out at Riccardo's Restaurant and Gallery during the 1940s and 1950s. In his final years, Schwartz returned exclusively to painting abstracts; these paintings are considered among his best work. Schwartz began suffering from Alzheimer's disease around 1970 and died in Chicago on February 10, 1977.
The Art Institute of Chicago and the Joslyn Art Museum in Omaha have several of Schwartz's works in their permanent collections.
# Vincenzo Menghini

Vincenzo Antonio Menghini (15 February 1704-27 January 1759) was an Italian physician and scientist, who was one of the first to report the abundance of iron in red blood cells.

## Biography

He was born in Budrio to a family with a small business. His sister, Maria Orsola, would marry the prominent physician Giovanni Giacinto Vogli (1697-1762). He was sent to Bologna to live and study at the Collegio Poeti. He obtained a doctorate in philosophy and medicine from the University of Bologna in 1726, and became a doctor, working mainly in hospitals. He joined the Academy of Sciences in 1725. In 1730 he married Diamante Scarabelli. In 1736 he was appointed docent educator in Logic. The next year he became the professor of Theoretic Medicine, later of Practical Medicine at the university.
In 1745, Pope Benedict XIV established the Accademia Benedettina, a scientific society. Menghini was one of the first members, a position that came with a stipend.
He began studies into the presence of iron in the blood. Prior to Menghini, Giuseppe Badia (1695-1782) had suggested the presence of iron. In 1714, one of Menghini's colleagues in the Academy of Sciences, Domenico Gusmano Maria Galeazzi (1686-1775), attended meetings in Paris at the Academy of Sciences where they discussed the presence of iron in the ashes of incinerated vegetables. Menghini's experiments were published in 1746 in a report in the journal of the Academy of Science of Bologna about De ferrearum particularum sede in sanguine. he withdrew 5 ounces of blood from a femoral vein in a dog. It was then heated into a dry powder, and tested with a magnet to see how much iron was present. He tested multiple species and organs, and found that the amount of iron was proportionate to the amount of blood in the organ. He was able to demonstrate its presence in the red globules. He began exploring the absorption of iron into the body and its therapeutic actions.
# Paraflavitalea

Paraflavitalea is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic and motile genus of bacteria from the family of Chitinophagaceae with one known species (Paraflavitalea soli). Paraflavitalea soli has been isolated from greenhouse soil from Yongin in Korea.
# Swimming at the 2008 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle S13

The women's 100m freestyle S13 event at the 2008 Summer Paralympics took place at the Beijing National Aquatics Center on 10 September. There were two heats; the swimmers with the eight fastest times advanced to the final.

## Results
### Heats

Competed from 09:20.

#### Heat 1

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Kelley Becherer | United States | 1:00.27 | Q |
| 2 | Iryna Balashova | Ukraine | 1:02.37 | Q |
| 3 | Prue Watt | Australia | 1:02.61 | Q |
| 4 | Jenny Coughlin | Great Britain | 1:06.18 | Q |

#### Heat 2

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | Valerie Grand Maison | Canada | 1:00.39 | Q |
| 2 | Chelsey Gotell | Canada | 1:01.74 | Q |
| 3 | Kirby Cote | Canada | 1:02.53 | Q |
| 4 | Rhiannon Henry | Great Britain | 1:03.02 | Q |
| 5 | Teigan van Roosmalen | Australia | 1:07.64 | |

### Final

Competed at 17:16.
| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | Valerie Grand Maison | Canada | 58.87 | WR |
| | Chelsey Gotell | Canada | 1:00.26 | |
| | Kelley Becherer | United States | 1:00.46 | |
| 4 | Kirby Cote | Canada | 1:00.95 | |
| 5 | Iryna Balashova | Ukraine | 1:01.56 | |
| 6 | Prue Watt | Australia | 1:01.59 | |
| 7 | Rhiannon Henry | Great Britain | 1:01.79 | |
| 8 | Jenny Coughlin | Great Britain | 1:06.94 | |
Q = qualified for final. WR = World Record.
# Rate of change

Rate of change may refer to:
* Rate of change (mathematics), either average rate of change or instantaneous rate of change
** Instantaneous rate of change, rate of change at a given instant in time
* Rate of change (technical analysis), a simple technical indicator in finance
# Yasmine Bladelius

Yasmine Bladelius (born 1988), previously Yasmine Larsson, is a Swedish Social Democratic Party politician.

## Political career

Bladelius was first elected member of the Riksdag for the period 2014–2018, from the Skåne Western constituency.
As of 2016, Bladelius served as chairperson of the Swedish Republican Association.
Bladelius was elected as Member of the Riksdag again in September 2022.
In addition to her committee assignments, Bladelius has been a member of the Swedish delegation to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) since 2022.
# Zimri (nation)

The nation of Zimri is mentioned at Jeremiah 25:25 in a list of nations under divine judgement. The mention is absent from the Septuagint. It may be a scribal error for Zimki, a cipher for the nation of Elam (as is Sheshak for Babylon in verse 26).
# Seemanta Engineering College

Seemanta Engineering College (also known as SEC), Mayurbhanj is one of the oldest private engineering colleges in the northern part of state Odisha, India. SEC founded in 1997 as a sister institute of Seemanta Mahavidyalaya Samiti which was founded by Mr Paresh Chandra Basa in the year 1978. The institute has courses in disciplines such as Mechanical, Civil, Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunication, Electronics and Instrumentation and Electrical.
The college is affiliated to the Biju Patnaik University of Technology and has been approved by AICTE (All India Council for Technical Education).

## History

SEC was established on 1997 as a project of the Seemanta Mahavidyalaya Samiti to provide technical education to North Orissa and the bordering regions of Jharkhand and West Bengal. The institute started with first batch of students from 3 disciplines such as Computer Science, Mechanical and Electronics & Telecommunication. Initially the classes were conducted on Seemanta Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences building whereas practicals were conducted on Seemanta ITI and Seemanta Mahavidyalaya. From 1999 onwards SEC has had its own building at Mayurvihar which is 4 km from Jarpokharia, Baripada, Mayurbhanj.

## Academic profile

| Stream | No Of seats | Year Started |
| Computer Science | 90 | 1997 |
| Electronics and Telecommunication | 120 | 1997 |
| Mechanical engineering | 120 | 1997 |
| Electrical and Electronic engineering | 60 | 2000 |
| Civil engineering | 60 | 2007 |
| Electrical | 60 | 1999 |
# Walker Creek

Walker Creek may refer to:

## Falkland Islands

* Walker Creek (Falkland Islands), a settlement in the Falkland Islands

## United States

* Walker Creek (Apache County, Arizona), a stream in Arizona
* Walker Creek (Marin County, California), a stream in northern California, USA
* Walker Creek (Mono County, California), a stream tributary to Rush Creek
* Walker Creek (Michigan), a stream in Michigan, USA
* Walker Creek (Virginia), a stream in southwestern Virginia, USA
* Walker Creek (West Virginia), a stream in West Virginia, USA
* Floe, West Virginia, also called Walker Creek

### See also

* Walker River, a river in Nevada, USA
# Masellian

Masellian is a village in the Aquin commune of the Aquin Arrondissement, in the Sud department of Haiti.
# William Theak

Air Vice-Marshal William Edward Theak, CB, CBE (1898 – 28 January 1955) was a First World War pilot in the Royal Flying Corps and a senior officer in the Royal Air Force during the Second World War and the post war decade.
In 1940, Theak was appointed as the chief signals officer at the headquarters of Bomber Command. In February 1944, he was promoted to air vice-marshal and given command of No. 60 (Signals) Group.
After the war Theak was made the director-general of signals at the Air Ministry. In 1949 he took up post as the air officer administration at the headquarters of the Middle East Air Force. In 1951 he returned to Great Britain to serve as Air Officer Commanding No. 90 (Signals) Group. He retired in March 1954 and died the following year.
# Viola palustris

Viola palustris (marsh violet, or alpine marsh violet) is a perennial forb of the genus Viola. It inhabits moist meadows, marshes, and stream banks in northern parts of North America and Eurasia. The species epithet palustris is Latin for "of the marsh" and indicates its common habitat.

## Description

Viola palustris is a 5 to 22 cm, glabrous herb with petioles and peduncles from slender rhizomes. The cordate to reniform leaves are 2.5 to 3.5 cm wide with coarse, shallow, blunt teeth. Petioles are 2 to 17 cm. The white to lilac flowers are 10 to 13 mm long. Peduncles are about the same length as petioles. The lower three petals have purple lines. The lateral pair are lightly bearded.
It is used as the foodplant for the pearl-bordered fritillary and the small pearl-bordered fritillary. It is a known host for the pathogenic fungi Hendersonia violae and Puccinia fergussonii.
# Paraflexiolabis

Paraflexiolabis is a genus of earwigs in the subfamily Anisolabidinae. It was cited by Steinmann in The Animal Kingdom.
# Swedish Medical Association

The Swedish Medical Association (SMA) is the union and professional organization for medical doctors and medical students in Sweden. In the main, it deploys activities on behalf the Swedish doctors' employment conditions, ethics, working environment, and also regarding patient safety.

## Organization

The Swedish Medical Association was founded in 1903. Its membership in February 2019 was officially given as 54,869, which comprises about 85 percent of the medical doctors in the country. About a third of medical doctors working in Sweden come from foreign countries, and membership in the organization is granted irrespectively of citizenship.
Membership of medical students comprises 75 percent of all medical students in Sweden, whose total number is 8,100.
Since 2020, the organization's chair is Sofia Rydgren Stale.
The organization owns the Swedish medical journal Läkartidningen.

### The Swedish doctors’ professional associations

The Swedish Medical Association is divided into eight professional sections, such as the Swedish Junior Hospital Doctors’ Association (SYLF, for doctors completing their internship and specialist training), the Swedish District Doctors Association (for general practitioners), the Swedish Military Doctors Association, the Swedish Private Doctors Association, on other sections. Each of these associations elect its own board, and there is also a Federal Board elected in annual meetings.

## Main issues addressed by SMA

The Swedish Medical Association main endeavors are the general employment conditions of Swedish doctors including training and research, ethics, salary, and work environment. Patient safety is also a main issue.
Besides to represent the Swedish doctors in bilateral negotiations with their employers, the organization also works for developing and improving Swedish health care, for which SMA conducts own investigations and present proposals for solutions.
The SMA is among the organizations that governmental authorities consult regarding health care policies, new legislations, and other society-relevant issues.
# Ransomes and Reavell Sports Club Ground

Ransomes Sports Pavilion (formerly Ransomes and Reavell Sports Club Ground) is a cricket ground in Ipswich, Suffolk. The first recorded match on the ground was in 1972, Suffolk played Hertfordshire in the ground's first Minor Counties Championship match. Since then, the ground has hosted 48 Minor Counties Championship matches, including the rain-affected 2005 final between Suffolk and Cheshire in 2005, which was drawn. and 2 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches.
The ground has also hosted a single List-A match which saw Minor Counties East play Middlesex in the 1978 Benson and Hedges Cup.
The ground is the home of St Margaret's Cricket Club and Ransomes Sports Football Club.
# Yakupbey, Meriç

Yakupbey is a village in the Meriç District of Edirne Province in Turkey. The village had a population of 121 in 2022.
# Selenite sulfate

Selenite sulfates are mixed anion compounds containing both selenite (SeO$_3$$^{2−}$) and sulfate (SO$_4$$^{2−}$) anions.
They have transparent crystals that may be coloured by cations. Selenite sulfate minerals are known including pauladamsite and munakataite.

## List

| Name | Formula | Ratio SeO$_3$:SO$_4$ | System | Space group | Unit cell dimensions (Å) and internal angles | Unit cell volume Å$^3$ | Density | Comments |
| | Na$_8$(SeO$_3$)(SO$_4$)$_3$ | 1:3 | orthorhombic | Pna2$_1$ | a=9.275 b=21.628 c=6.905 | | | SHG 1.2 × KDP; birefringence 0.041 at 532 nm |
| | Na$_2$(H$_2$SeO$_3$)(SO$_4$) | 1:1 | monoclinic | P2$_1$/c | a=8.461 b=6.7563 c=10.880 β =90.13° | | | |
| | K$_4$(H$_2$SeO$_3$)(HSO$_4$)$_2$(SO$_4$) | 1:3 | triclinic | P1 | a=7.4183 b=7.4833 c=14.413 α=89.915° β=86.814° γ=71.659° | | | |
| | Co$_3$(SeO$_3$)(SO$_4$)(OH)$_2$ | 1:1 | orthorhombic | Pnma | a=10.8757 b=6.4782 c=11.1579 | | | |
| Pauladamsite | Cu$_4$(SeO$_3$)(SO$_4$)(OH)$_4$·2H$_2$O | 1:1 | triclinic | P1 | a = 6.0742 b = 8.415 c = 10.780 α = 103.665 β = 95.224 γ = 90.004° Z = 2 | 533.0 | | green |
| | Cd$_4$(SeO$_3$)$_2$(SO$_4$)$_2$ | | orthorhombic | P2$_1$2$_1$2$_1$ | a=5.3524 b=14.595 c=15.892 | | | |
| | Ag$_2$Cd(Se$_2$O$_5$)(Se$_{0.3}$S$_{0.7}$O$_4$) | | triclinic | P1 | a 6.7485 b 6.8504 c 9.769, α 101.36° β 105.95° γ 91.16° | | | |
| | Pr$_2$(SeO$_3$)$_2$(SO$_4$)(H$_2$O)$_2$ | 2:1 | monoclinic | C2 | a=11.719 b=6.8495 c=6.5043 β=103.265 Z=2 | 508.18 | 4.364 | light green |
| | Sm$_2$(SeO$_3$)$_2$(SO$_4$)(H$_2$O)$_2$ | 2:1 | monoclinic | C2 | | | | |
| | Dy$_2$(SeO$_3$)$_2$(SO$_4$)(H$_2$O)$_2$ | 2:1 | monoclinic | C2 | | | | |
| | Yb$_2$(SeO$_3$)$_2$(SO$_4$)(H$_2$O)$_2$ | | monoclinic | C2 | | | | |
| | Hg$_2$(SeO$_3$)(SO$_4$) | | monoclinic | P2$_1$/c | a 6.3799 b 7.0185 c 13.4426 β 94.511° | | | birefringence 0.133 at 532 nm and 0.126 at 1064 nm |
| | Hg$_3$(SeO$_3$)$_2$(SO$_4$) | | monoclinic | P2$_1$ | a 8.1991 b 5.2677 c 11.1199 β 108.399(6)° | | | white; band gap (4.70 eV; SHG 1.3 ×KDP) |
| | La$_2$Hg$_3$(SeO$_3$)$_4$(SO$_4$)$_2$(H$_2$O)$_2$ | | triclinic | P1 | a 9.1127 b 9.2446 c 13.5562 α 86.099° β 79.267° γ 61.814° | | | |
| Munakataite | Pb$_2$Cu$_2$(Se$^{4+}$O$_3$)(SO$_4$)(OH)$_4$ | | monoclinic | P2$_1$/m | a = 9.802 b = 5.675 c = 9.281 β = 102.443 Z = 2 | 504.2 | | |
# Victoriano Balasanz

Victoriano Balasanz Sánchez (23 March 1854 — 27 October 1929) was a Spanish painter.

## Biography

Balasanz was born on 23 March 1854 in Castiliscar, although he was primarily circumscribed to Zaragoza. One of his teachers at the Escuela de Bellas Artes de Zaragoza was Eduardo López del Plano [es], also studying at the Escuela Especial de Madrid. He cultivated history painting in a "rather cold and awkward" manner, as described by Federico Torralba Soriano [es], and gained some reputation. Like Plano, he became a pensioner and was in correspondence with Zenón Trigo when there were difficulties with the Ayuntamiento de Zaragoza [es]. Related to spiritism, he died on 27 October 1929 in Montevideo, having emigrated to South America in old age.
# William Verity Jr.

Calvin William Verity Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was an American government official and steel industrialist who served as the 27th United States secretary of commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan.

## Early life and education

He was born in Middletown, Ohio, on January 26, 1917, to Calvin William Verity and Elizabeth (O'Brien) Verity. He roomed with John F. Kennedy at Choate, a Connecticut boarding school, starting a friendship with the future president. He graduated from Phillips Exeter Academy and earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics from Yale University.

## Career

After graduating from college, Verity tramped around the world and worked as maître d' at an upscale Manhattan restaurant. He also served in the United States Navy from 1942 to 1945. Verity worked for most of his career at Armco Steel, a corporation founded by his grandfather, George M. Verity. He started there in 1940 and retired from Armco in 1982.

### Secretary of Commerce

Between 1980 and 1981, Verity chaired the United States Chamber of Commerce. In 1981, he chaired Reagan's bipartisan task force on Private Sector Initiatives (PSI). In 1983, he was appointed a member of PSI's Advisory Council and later served on PSI's Board of Advisors. Between 1979 and 1984, he co-chaired the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Trade Economic Council, a private sector council of American and Soviet businessmen.
During Verity's time at the U.S. Department of Commerce, he established the Commerce Hall of Fame in 1988 to honor good department employees. In 1988, he also created the Office of Space Commerce to support the National Space Council. That office was an early version of the Office of Space Commercialization, an office created to promote the effective commercial use of outer space. According to Jonathan Chait of The New Republic, Verity kept a passage from Ayn Rand's novel Atlas Shrugged on his desk, including the line "How well you do your work . . . [is] the only measure of human value."

## Personal life

Verity's wife, the former Margaret Wymond Verity, known as Peggy, and they had two sons and a daughter together (Peggy Verity Power, Jonathan George Verity, and William Wymond Verity).
He died on January 3, 2007, a complications of pneumonia, in Beaufort, South Carolina, at the age of 89, twenty-three days before his 90th birthday. His wife, Peggy Verity, died on Wednesday, January 20, 1999, at age 81. He is interred in Woodside Cemetery, Middletown, Ohio.
# Viola oahuensis

Viola oahuensis is a rare species of flowering plant in the violet family known by the common name Oahu violet.
The species is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the Koolau Range on the island of Oahu. It grows along the upper ridges of the Koolau Mountains where the most rain falls.
It is cultivated as an ornamental plant on the island.

## Description

The Viola oahuensis plant is a subshrub which grows up to 40 centimetres (16 in) tall. It produces clusters of heart shaped dark green leaves at the ends of its branches. The flowers are white to light lavender.

### Conservation

Viola oahuensis is a federally listed endangered species of the United States. This endangered species is threatened by the degradation of its habitat due to the presence of feral pigs. It is also threatened by introduced species of plants in its habitat, such as Glenwood grass (Sacciolepis indica).