OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Voltameter

A voltameter or coulometer is a scientific instrument used for measuring electric charge (quantity of electricity) through electrolytic action. The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb.
The voltameter should not be confused with a voltmeter, which measures electric potential. The SI unit for electric potential is the volt.

## Etymology

Michael Faraday used an apparatus that he termed a "volta-electrometer"; subsequently John Frederic Daniell called this a "voltameter".

## Types

The voltameter is an electrolytic cell and the measurement is made by weighing the element deposited or released at the cathode in a specified time.

### Silver voltameter

This is the most accurate type. It consists of two silver plates in a solution of silver nitrate. When current is flowing, silver dissolves at the anode and is deposited at the cathode. The cathode is initially massed, current is passed for a measured time and the cathode is massed again.

### Copper coulometer

This is similar to the silver voltameter but the anode and cathode are copper and the solution is copper sulfate, acidified with sulfuric acid. It is cheaper than the silver voltameter, but slightly less accurate.

### Mercury voltameter

In this device, mercury is used to determine the amount of charges transformed during the following reaction:
    ${\ce {{Hg2+}+2e-<=>Hg^{\circ }}}$
These oxidation/reduction processes have 100% efficiency with the wide range of the current densities. Measuring of the quantity of electricity (coulombs) is based on the changes of the mass of the mercury electrode. Mass of the electrode can be increased during cathodic deposition of the mercury ions or decreased during the anodic dissolution of the metal.

### Sulfuric acid voltameter

The anode and cathode are platinum and the solution is dilute sulfuric acid. Hydrogen is released at the cathode and collected in a graduated tube so that its volume can be measured. The volume is adjusted to standard temperature and pressure and the mass of hydrogen is calculated from the volume. This kind of voltameter is sometimes called Hofmann voltameter.

## Coulometer

A coulometer is a device to determine electric charges. The term comes from the unit of charge, the coulomb. There can be two goals in measuring charge:
Coulometers can be devices that are used to determine an amount of substance by measuring the charges. The devices do a quantitative analysis. This method is called coulometry, and related coulometers are either devices used for a coulometry or instruments that perform a coulometry in an automatic way.
Coulometers can be used to determine electric quantities in the direct current circuit, namely the total charge or a constant current. These devices invented by Michael Faraday were used frequently in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. In the past, the coulometers of that type were named voltameters.
# Niko Bessinger

Nikolaus Onverwag 'Niko' Bessinger (12 June 1948 – 25 March 2008) was a Namibian politician and independence activist.
Bessinger was born on 12 June 1948 in Walvis Bay, South West Africa. Born into the Goreseb clan which is closely related to the Goreseb Royal House. He attended St. Bonifacius Roman Catholic Primary School in Windhoek, Augustineum Secondary School in Okahandja and matriculated at Athlone High School in Cape Town in 1966. He then studied architecture at the University of Cape Town from 1969 to 1972 before receiving a Fulbright scholarship to study at the University of Detroit in the United States. He received the National Dean's List Award in 1979 and 1980. Bessinger graduated with a B.Sc. (Architecture) in 1980 and a B.Arch. in 1981 before being registered as an Architect in Namibia in 1983 (Member of the Namibia Institute of Architects and the Namibia Council of Architects and Quantity Surveyors). In Namibia he joined Kerry McNamara and Associates as partner, a move that cost his senior partner Kerry McNamara, a White Namibian, several contracts from the state and from private individuals.
Bessinger joined SWAPO in 1972 and became treasurer of the Windhoek office in 1976. He became national treasurer a year later. He was the joint secretary for foreign affairs on the SWAPO national executive within Namibia from 1981 until 1989. He also served as the designated principal liaison officer with UNTAG until the return of the external leadership in 1989. During this time, he was arrested several times by South African authorities. On 11.09.1987 Judge J Bethune ordered the release of a number of SWAPO activists (Hendrik Witbooi, Danny Tjongarero, Niko Bessinger, Anton Lubowski, John Pandeni and Ben Ulenga) who were detained by the South African Authorities in terms of the Terrorism Act, 1967.
Upon independence in 1990, he was elected to the National Assembly and on 21.03.1990 was appointed by president Sam Nujoma as the first Minister of Wildlife, Conservation and Tourism, a position he held until 20 March 1995. He was elected to the National Assembly again in 1994 before resigning in 1996, when he was replaced by Marlene Mungunda. He remained on the SWAPO Party central committee until 2007.
Bessinger died of a heart attack on 25 March 2008 at his home in the Khomasdal suburb of Windhoek. At the time of his death, he was a diabetic and had cancer. President Hifikepunye Pohamba on 30 March 2008 conferred the honour of national hero to him. He was buried next to his mother's grave, Calista Bessinger, at the Khomasdal cemetery in Windhoek. Niko Bessinger was married to Hermine Bessinger, née Bertolini, and is survived by his children, Dietrich Bessinger, Anthony Bessinger, Hatani Bertolini, Kakuna Calista Karuaihe, Xavier Bessinger and 5 grandchildren.
# Shuklapuri

Shuklapuri or Shukul Puri is a village and gram panchayat in Barhalganj, Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India. It has a post office with pin code 273402.

## Geography

This village is 6 km (3.7 mi) from Barahalganj between Barahalganj and Gola Bajar on Ram Janki Marg (State Highway 72).
Post Office-Shuklapuri, Gram Panchayat-Shuklapuri
Thana-Barahalganj, Tehseel-Gola Bajar
Tappa-Haveli, Pargana-Chillupar
District-Gorakhpur, State-Uttar Pradesh
Country-India, Pincode: 273402

### Geographical facts

Coordinates-26° 18′ 24″ N, 83° 26′ 58″ E
* Directly connected to every neighbour village by road because Shuklapuri has three roads and two gates.
* One temple of Kali Maa and Lord Shiva, one Deeh Baba, one Aughad baba, one temple of Shani Dev
* Four ponds in four direction and eight wells presently in village and surrounded by three gardens.

## History

* In British Raj the King & Queen of Naraharpur State came in village after their dismissal from Naraharpur by British Army and lived here for 2 days after that they went to Nepal but before going to Nepal they hide some of their arms in Shuklapuri.
* In this village there is a 500-year-old Baniyan tree.
* There are two wells which are more than 1000 years old.
* In Shuklapuri there is a post office which is more than 100 years old and it is one of two post offices of British Raj in Gorakhpur District.

## Demography

There are four castes in village:
* Brahmin (Shukla)
* Yadav
* Maurya (Koiri)
* Kamhar
# Penreshnes

Penreshnes$^{:174}$ in hieroglyphs :
Era: 3rd Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC) :
Penreshnes or Penreshnas was an ancient Egyptian secondary queen consort of pharaoh Shoshenq I, the founder of the 22nd Dynasty.$^{:181}$$^{:299}$
A daughter of an unnamed Libyan chief, her name perhaps means “our joy (pertains) to her”.$^{:296}$$^{:215}$ Penreshnes borne prince Nimlot B who was later appointed Commander of all the infantry at Herakleopolis Magna by his father.$^{:256–7}$
Penreshnes is known from a number of documents, particularly by a statue of his son of unknown provenience now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum of Vienna (ÄS 5791)
# Veerabhadreswarar Temple

Veerabhadreswarar Temple is a Hindu temple located in the town of Kumbakonam in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India.

## Deities

The presiding deity is the Agora Veerabhadra and the goddess is Bhadrakali.

## Significance

The temple faces west unlike most other Hindu temples. Ottakoothar wrote his seminal work Thakka Yaga Barani here.
# Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra

Manuel Antonio Rojo del Río y Vieyra (September 24, 1708 – January 30, 1764) was a Mexican (originally Spanish Criollo) friar who served as the 16th Archbishop of Manila and was Governor-General of the Philippines at the commencement of the 1762–1764 British occupation of the Philippines.

## Early life

Rojo del Río was born in Tula, Mexico on September 24, 1708. On 1758, he was consecrated archbishop of the Archdiocese of Manila.
On May 31, 1759, the death of Governor-General Pedro Manuél de Arandía left the position vacant. Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta of the Archdiocese of Cebu succeeded him as well as becoming acting Archbishop of Manila. On 22 July 1759, Rojo del Río was enthroned as Archbishop of Manila. In 1761, a royal decree from Spain ruled that Rojo del Río replace Ezpeleta to become Governor-General.
Del Río died in office on 20 January 1764.

## Governorship

"Albeit he had the gift of knowledge, he had no judgment, especially in matter military, to which he was hostile and negative, since this was an area outside his profession and character." This was to prove fatal during the capture of Manila.
# Suzanne Desprès

Suzanne Desprès (16 December 1875 – 1 July 1951) was a French actress who was born at Verdun, Meuse and trained at the Paris Conservatoire, where in 1897 she obtained the first prize for comedy, and the second for tragedy.
She then became associated with, and subsequently married, Lugné-Poe, the actor-manager, who had founded a new school of modern drama at the Théâtre de l'Œuvre. She achieved marked success in several of his plays there.
In succeeding years she played at the Gymnase and at the Porte Saint-Martin, and in 1902 made her debut at the Comédie-Française, appearing in Phèdre and other important parts.

## Selected filmography

* The Bread Peddler (1923)
* Maria Chapdelaine (1934)
* The Crew (1935)
* Wolves Between Them (1936)
* Boissière (1937)
* The Woman Thief (1938)
* The Pretty Miller Girl (1949)
# Udea nigripunctata

Udea nigripunctata is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by William Warren in 1892. It is found in Peru.
The wingspan is about 16 mm. The forewings are dull fuscous. The first line is indistinct and curved and the second line is fine, black and consists of small blunt denticulations (tooth-like marks), each followed by a paler space. There is a series of very minute black dots or points before the fringes, which are concolorous with the wing. The orbicular stigma is small and indistinct and the reniform is black and conspicuous. The hindwings are rather paler, without distinct markings.
# Tygerberg score

The Tygerberg score is a clinical decision tool that allows the clinician to decide whether pericarditis is due to tuberculosis or not. It uses five variables:
* Weight loss (1 point)
* Night sweats (1 point)
* Fever (2 points)
* Serum globulin >40 g/L (3 points)
* Blood leukocyte count <10 × 10$^9$/l (3 points)
A total score of 6 or more is highly suggestive that tuberculosis is the cause of the pericarditis.
# Vosloo

Vosloo is a surname.
The Vosloo progenitor (Jan Vosloo) was born around 1649, a grandson of Johan Crantz (1575) from the farm Voßloh(Vossloh) in Westphalia Germany.
Jan Vosloo (1649) joined the VOC in order to escape poverty that gripped Germany after the thirty year war.

## Notable people with the surname include

* Abraham Vosloo (born 1966), South African politician
* Arnold Vosloo (born 1962), South African-American actor
* Gerhard Vosloo (born 1979), South African rugby union player
* Jacques Vosloo (born 2001), South African cricketer
* Phillip Vosloo (born 1971), South African cricket umpire
* Wian Vosloo (born 1995), South African rugby union player

## Vosloo Book

Daniel Jacobs at the request of Ton Vosloo compiled a book in two parts to tell the story of the Vosloos.
# Shuichang mine

The Shuichang mine is a large iron mine located in northern China in the Inner Mongolia. Shuichang represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in China and in the world having estimated reserves of 100 million tonnes of ore grading 35% iron metal.
# Perryville High School (Arkansas)

Perryville High School is a comprehensive public high school located in the fringe town of Perryville, Arkansas, United States. The school provides secondary education for students in grades 7 through 12. It is one of two public high schools in Perry County; the other is Bigelow High School. It is the sole high school administered by the Perryville School District.
Perryville School District's boundary, and therefore that of the high school, includes Perryville, Adona, and Aplin.

## Academics

Perryville High School is accredited by the Arkansas Department of Education (ADE). The assumed course of study follows the ADE Smart Core curriculum, which requires students complete at least 23 units prior to graduation. Students complete regular coursework and exams and may take Advanced Placement (AP) courses and exam with the opportunity to receive college credit.

## Athletics

The Perryville High School mascot and athletic emblem is the Mustang with maroon and gray serving as the school colors.
For 2012–14, the Perryville Mustangs participate in interscholastic activities within the 3A Classification via the 3A Region 5 Conference, as administered by the Arkansas Activities Association. The Mustangs compete in football, volleyball, golf (boys/girls), basketball (boys/girls), baseball, softball, track and field (boys/girls), and cheer.
# Veeracholapuram

Veeracholapuram is a village located near Kallakurichi in Kallakurichi district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Temples

Veeracholapuram is also notable for the Brindavana of Satyanatha Tirtha, a Hindu saint and pontiff of Uttaradi Matha of Dvaita Order of Vedanta, who took samadhi in the year 1674 on the bank of river Dakshina Pinakini in this village.
# Marco Delgado

Marco Delgado may refer to:
* Marco Delgado (comics), fictional mutant supervillain in the Marvel Comics Universe
* Mark Delgado (born 1995), American soccer player
# Wight Quadruplane

The Wight Quadruplane, also referred to as the Wight Type 4, was a British single seat quadruplane fighter aircraft built by J Samuel White & Company Limited (Wight Aircraft) during World War I. Testing revealed design deficiencies and after the only example was involved in a crash, further work on the aircraft was abandoned.

## Design and development

The Quadruplane serial no N546 was a prototype designed by Wight Aircraft general manager and design chief Howard T. Wright in 1916. Inspired by the Sopwith Triplane and other multi-wing aircraft of its time, it had an unusual arrangement in which the fuselage was placed between the middle two wings with upper and lower wings attached by struts. Another remarkable feature was that its wingspan was less than the overall length. The wings were cambered on the leading and trailing edges with a flat middle section. This wing design proved to be very inefficient. Power was provided by a 110 hp (82 kW) Clerget 9Z nine-cylinder air cooled rotary engine and it was to be armed with two 0.303 in (7.7 mm) Vickers machine guns.
The original version had two cabane struts of long chord length supporting the upper wing. Four similar type interplane struts were used between the upper three wings, all of which had ailerons. The bottom wing had a shorter span with pairs of struts and cut outs for the landing gear wheels. Because the axle was the same height as the lower wing, the tailskid was very tall to prevent that wings trailing edge from contacting the ground. When tested in mid 1916 the aircraft had difficulty taking off due to shallow wing incidence and displayed dangerous tendencies because of a lack of yaw control and a major redesign was required.
In February 1917 the second version was ready for testing. The single thick struts were replaced with more conventional parallel wire braced struts and the landing gear was lengthened. The new wings were of varying chord and the overall diameter of the fuselage was increased. Most importantly, a larger dorsal fin and rudder were installed. After several disappointing flights at Martlesham Heath the machine was returned to the aircraft production facilities in Cowes for another rework.
The final version had new wings of decreasing span from top to bottom and ailerons only on the upper two wings. At Martlesham Heath in July 1917, flight testing again revealed an unsatisfactory lack of control. In February 1918 the Quadruplane crashed into a cemetery and the project was abandoned.

## Specifications

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 21 ft 6 in (6.55 m)
* Wingspan: 19 ft 0 in (5.79 m)
* Height: 10 ft 6 in (3.20 m)
* Powerplant: 1 × Clerget 9Z nine-cylinder rotary engine, 110 hp (82 kW)
Armament
* Guns: 2 × fixed forward-firing synchronized 0.303 in (7.70 mm) Vickers machine guns
# Uc de la Bacalaria

Uc de la Bacalaria (fl. 1206) was a Limousin troubadour from La Bachellerie near Uzerche, the home town of Gaucelm Faidit. According to his vida, he was a jongleur who travelled infrequently and was hardly known. He composed cansos, tensos, one alba, and one descort. Six songs are surviving: one canso, one alba, and four tensos (three partimens and one torneyamen). According to the vida, he was courtly, capable, and learned.
Uc participated in a three-way torneyamen with Savaric de Malleo and Gaucelm Faidit. Savaric posed the dilemma: if a lady with three suitors gazes into the eyes of one, squeezes the hand of the other, and nudges the foot of the third, to whom did she show the truest affection? Uc's answer is that the suitor whose hand was grasped was her true love, for a lady's gaze can rest on anything. Uc wrote another partimen with Gaucelm and two others with Bertran de Sant Felitz.
Uc also wrote an erotic alba, Per grazir la bon' estrena, in which, like his contemporary Guiraut Riquier, he desires the dawn to arrive, in contrast to earlier troubadours, who always dreaded the dawn and the jealous husband. Both troubadours appear to have wished to revive the genre and Uc explicitly writes that vuelh far alb' ab son novelh: "I want to make an alba with a new sound."
Uc's only canso was Ses totz enjans e ses fals'entendensa.
# MLB World Series 2009

MLB World Series 2009 is a baseball simulation video game developed by American studio Polarbit and published by MLB Advanced Media for iOS. It was the first officially licensed Major League Baseball game for the platform.
# Nikos Vasiliou

Nikos Vasiliou (Greek: Νίκος Βασιλείου; born 1 April 1977) is a Greek former professional footballer who played as a defender, spending most of his career with Thrasyvoulos.

## Career

Vasiliou joined Thrasyvoulos in 1991 at the age of 14. By 2011 he had been at the club for 20 years and had made appearances for Thrasyvoulos in seven different tiers of the Greek football league system. With the club, he achieved promotion to the third tier in 2002 and to the second tier in 2005. In the 2008–09 season, he made 12 appearances in the Super League Greece. He retired in 2014, after playing for Mandraikos.
# Sibley Lake (Minnesota)

Sibley Lake is a lake in the U.S. state of Minnesota.
Sibley Lake was named for Henry Hastings Sibley, 1st Governor of Minnesota.
# Peralejos de Arriba

Peralejos de Arriba is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016, the municipality has a population of 62 inhabitants.
# Variabiloconus

Variabiloconus is an extinct genus of conodonts.
Variabiloconus bassleri (Furnish) is from the upper part of middle Gasconade Dolomites at Phillips Quarry, United States.
Variabiloconus crassus Zeballo and Albanesi, 2013 is from the Late Cambrian (late Furongian) or early Ordovician (Tremadocian) of the Santa Rosita Formation in the Tilcara Range, Cordillera Oriental of Jujuy in Argentina.
# Urocoras matesianus

Urocoras matesianus is a funnel weaver spider species found in Italy.
# Swimming at the 2015 African Games – Men's 1500 metre freestyle

The Men's 1500 metre freestyle event at the 2015 African Games took place on 10 September 2015 at Kintele Aquatic Complex.

## Schedule

All times are Congo Standard Time (UTC+01:00)
| Date | Time | Event |
| Thursday, 10 September 2015 | 18:22 | Final |

## Records

Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.
| | Name | Nation | Time | Location | Date |
| World record | Sun Yang | China | 14:31.02 | London | 4 August 2012 |
| African record | Oussama Mellouli | Tunisia | 14:37.28 | Rome | 2 August 2009 |
| Games record | Troyden Prinsloo | South Africa | 15:24.93 | Algiers | 18 July 2007 |
The following new records were set during this competition.
| Date | Event | Name | Nation | Time | Record |
| 10 September | Final | Ahmed Akram | Egypt | 15:11.68 | GR |

## Results
### Final

The final were held on 10 September.
| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 4 | Ahmed Akram | Egypt | 15:11.68 | GR |
| | 3 | Ahmed Mathlouthi | Tunisia | 15:30.35 | |
| | 6 | Brent Szurdoki | South Africa | 15:35.48 | |
| 4 | 5 | Marwan El-Amrawy | Egypt | 16:12.82 | |
| 5 | 2 | Imad Tchouar | Algeria | 16:18.80 | |
# Ucam

UCAM or UCam may refer
* The University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England
* The Catholic University of San Antonio (in Spanish, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia),
* The Universidade Cândido Mendes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
* CAM software from Ucamco, Gent, Belgium
# MC21-A

MC21-A (bromophene) is an bactericidal antibiotic isolated from the O-BC30 strain of a new marine bacterium, Pseudoalteromonas phenolica.
# Tutnjevac (Srebrenik)

Tutnjevac is a village in the municipality of Srebrenik, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 345.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 332 | 96.2% |
| Croats | 5 | 1.4% |
| other/undeclared | 8 | 2.3% |
| Total | 345 | 100% |
# Volumnia gens

Gens Volumnia was an ancient Roman patrician family of Etruscan origin, attested as early as the seventh century BC. It is known firstly from Volumnia, wife of Coriolanus, an illustrious person who lived in the 5th century BC; secondly, from a Publius Volumnius Gallus, who served as consul as early as 461 BC.
Despite its ancient origins, this gens never attained positions of particular importance in the history of the Republic.
The Volumnii were distinguished in two branches, the Volumni Galli, distinguished by the agnomen Amintinus, and the Volumni Fiamma with the agnomen Violens.
Very few members of this gens are mentioned without a cognomen; among these we should mention the aforementioned Volumnia, wife of Gaius Marcius Coriolanus, famous in the history of Rome because, supported by her mother-in-law Veturia, she succeeded in dissuading her husband, who had incited the Volsci against Rome, from fighting against his own people.
A member of this family that is known by inscription is Thania Caesinia Volumni dated to the 1st century BC, a freedwoman inscribed at an Etruscan funerary urn.
Other noted members of Gens Volumnia:
* Lucius Volumnius Flamma Violens, first consul of plebeian origin in 307 BC and 296 BC
* Publius Volumnius Amintinus Gallus, Consul in 461 BC
* Marcus Volumnius, who was assassinated by Catiline during the dictatorship of Sulla
* Publius Volumnius. Roman philosopher and friend and companion of Marcus Junius Brutus
* Lucius Volumnius, senator and close friend of Cicero
# Nikpour

Nikpour is an Iranian surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Amirhossein Nikpour (born 2002), Iranian footballer
* Javid Nikpour (born 1976), Iranian photographer
* Shima Nikpour (born 1988), Iranian actress