OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thomas III of Piedmont

Count Thomas III (c. 1246 – 16 May 1282), called Thomas of Savoy or de Savoie, was the lord of Piedmont and a claimant to the county of Savoy from 1268.
He was the eldest son of Thomas II of Savoy and Beatrice di Fieschi, niece of Pope Innocent IV. Upon the death of his father, Thomas became Count in his paternal estates in Piedmont.
When his first cousin Boniface, Count of Savoy died in 1263, the 15-year-old Thomas regarded himself as the successor of the deceased, and claimed the county and the headship of the house. However, his late father's younger brother Peter II, Count of Savoy, a sonless nobleman who had resided in England for much of his life, was recognized as count. After Peter's death in 1268, Thomas continued his claim although Philip of Savoy, archbishop of Lyon, the youngest surviving brother of his father and also sonless, succeeded in the county and was recognized.
Thomas III, as he was the eldest son and heir of Thomas II, felt an injustice in being surpassed by younger brothers of his father, and claimed unsuccessfully Savoy from his uncles.
Thomas III married in 1274 to Guia of Burgundy, the stepdaughter of his uncle Philip I of Savoy and they had five children:
* Philip, first of the line of Savoy-Achaea, lasting from 1285 to 1418
* Peter
* Thomas
* Amadeus
* William
Philip and Thomas were in dispute much of their reigns 1268–82. Thomas' marriage was a rather unsuccessful attempt to patch up things and get Philip to recognize hims as the successor in Savoy, which would have belonged to Thomas, him being the eldest son of Thomas II and thus the founder of the genealogically senior line of the House of Savoy. Philip's will charged his niece Eleanor of Provence and her son King Edward I of England with the inheritance of Savoy.
Thomas III was fatally wounded in a border dispute with Humbert I of Viennois in 1282.
# İkizdere Dam

İkizdere Dam is a dam in Aydın Province, Turkey, which began construction in 1999. The development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.
# Pu Tian Yue

National anthems of China :
| "Pu Tian Yue" (unofficial) | 1878–1896 |
| "Tune of Li Zhongtang" (unofficial) | 1896–1906 |
| "Praise the Dragon Flag" (unofficial) | 1906–1911 |
| "Cup of Solid Gold" | 1911–1912 |
| "Song of Five Races Under One Union" | 1912–1913 |
| "Song to the Auspicious Cloud" | 1913–1915 |
| "China Heroically Stands in the Universe" | 1915–1921 |
| "Song to the Auspicious Cloud" | 1921–1928 |
| "Three Principles of the People" | 1930–present |
| "The Internationale" | 1931–1937 |
| "March of the Volunteers" | 1949–present |
vte :
The Pu Tian Yue (Chinese: 普天樂) is considered the first national anthem of China, though it was not approved officially by the Qing government.

## History

In 1878 (the 4th year of the Guangxu Emperor), Zeng Jize (曾纪泽) made a diplomatic visit to Great Britain and France; he was appointed Ambassador to Russia two years later. At an international convention, a national song was needed, so he wrote the song "Pu Tian Yue" to the tune 词牌.
This song was not officially approved by the Qing government, but was recognized as the national song of China in other countries.
The only known versions are from a version played by the Victor Military Band, translated as "The World's Delight," recorded in Camden, New Jersey on 18 September 1914.

## Lyrics

The lyrics of the song are incomplete as this is the only surviving portion of them.
| Simplified Chinese | Traditional Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | English Translation |
| 一统旧江山， 亚细亚文明古国四千年， 最可叹： 犹太、印度与波兰， 亡国恨， 谈之心寒…… | 一統舊江山， 亞細亞文明古國四千年， 最可嘆： 猶太、印度與波蘭， 亡國恨， 談之心寒…… | Yītǒng jiù jiāngshān, Yàxìyà wénmíng gǔguó sìqiān nián! Zuì kě tàn: Yóutài, yìndù yǔ bōlán, Wángguó hèn, Tán zhī xīnhán…… | who Unified the Old Nation, the Ancient Asian Civilization of 4000 Years, But most lamentable, Judea, India and Poland, The hatred of losing their country, It is heartbreaking to discuss... |
# Punabagatta

Punabagatta is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Harapanahalli taluk of Davanagere district.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Punabagatta had a population of 5894 with 3017 males and 2877 females.
# Pseudozygocera albomaculata

Pseudozygocera albomaculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Pseudozygocera. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1948.
# Pterelaus

The name Pterelaus (/ˌtɛrəˈleɪəs/; Ancient Greek: Πτερέλαος) is attributed to two related individuals in Greek mythology:
* Pterelaus, son of King Lelex of Megara
* Pterelaus, son of Taphius.
# Psilogramma wernerbacki

Psilogramma wernerbacki is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from the Solomon Islands.
# Purna Daichapra

Purna Daichapra (also known as Lahkar Para) is a village of Nalbari district in Western Assam. This village is situated in the border of Nalbari and Kamrup District.

## Culture
### Language

The primary language used in Purna Daichapra is Kamrupi, as in Nalbari district and Kamrup region.

### Festivals

Holi, Janmastami, Shivratri, etc. are celebrated with much fanfare. Vedic culture is widespread in day-to-day life. Many old temples, such as Daul Mandir and Hanuman Mandir, can be found in this area.

## Education

There is a high school in Purna Daichapra named P B Lahkar Para High School and a lower primary School named Lahkar Para Pateswari LPS.

## Transport

The village is well connected to Nalbari and Gauhati by regular buses, trekkers and other privately owned vehicles in north and accessible through Dimu-Baharghat road.

## Notable people

* Engineer & Social Media Activist Biraj Lahkar
# Purna Chandra Hota

Purna Chandra Hota (9 September 1938 – 27 December 2020) was an Indian bureaucrat and civil servant. He was married to Bijoylaxmi Hota, a yoga expert and author of several books on yogic therapy. He had three children, Reema Hota Singh, an Indian revenue Service Officer, Prasenjeet Hota, and Reela Hota, an odissi dancer.

## Education and career

The oldest son of Banchanidi Hota, an Excise Official, Hota was born and raised in the Indian state of Odisha. He was educated in Ravenshaw College in Cuttack and at the University of Allahabad.
Hota served as lecturer in the Post-Graduate Department of Political Science of Utkal University. He competed in the Indian Administrative Service (I.A.S.) Examination held by the UPSC and was among the first ten candidates in order of merit. Hota was allotted the Odisha Cadre of the Indian Administrative Service in 1962.
Hota studied law in the South Campus Law College of the University of Delhi while serving in the I.A.S.
From 1966 to 1984, he worked for the Government of Odisha in various departments. As the Additional Secretary of Ministry of Labor of the Government of India, he was appointed the Chairman of the Tripartite Committee appointed by Government of India, and empowered to plan a pension scheme for workers, which has been implemented since 1995.
In May 2010, he was appointed by the Government of India as the Chairman of a Committee of Experts, to suggest measures for expeditious disposal of disciplinary and vigilance inquiries.
In August 2012, he was honorarily named Doctor of Letters by Ravenshaw University in recognition of "Outstanding Contribution to Public Service". In July 2013, he was appointed by the Government of Karnataka to recommend measures for reform of the practices and procedures of the Karnataka Public Service Commission.
In 2019, Hota wrote a book on law titled Nuggets of Wisdom- Some path breaking judgements of the Supreme Court, published by Atlantic. Chandra Hota died on 27 December 2020 at the age of 82.

## International delegations

* 1982: Member of a Delegation to the World Bank, Washington DC for negotiating a loan for a major river valley project in Odisha
* 1991: Led the Indian delegation to the International Labor Conference at Geneva
* 1991: Member of the Indian delegation to the Asian Productivity Council at Bangkok
* 1992: Led the Indian Delegation to the International Social Security Association at Acapulco, Mexico
* 1995: Member of the Indian delegation to the Eastern Regional Organization of Public administration (EROPA) at Tokyo
* 1995: Member of the Indian delegation to the International Anti-Corruption Conference at Beijing
* 2001: Led a delegation of Union Public Service Commission for Study of Modalities of Recruitment to the Public Service in Singapore and Australia
# Ptycholoma

Ptycholoma is a genus of moths in the tribe Archipini.

## Species

* Ptycholoma erschoffi (Christoph, 1877)
* Ptycholoma imitator (Walsingham, 1900)
* Ptycholoma lata L.S. Chen & Jinbo, 2009
* Ptycholoma lecheana (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Ptycholoma micantana (Kennel, 1901)

## Former species

* Ptycholoma circumclusna (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Ptycholoma peritana (Clemens, 1860)
* Ptycholoma plumbeolana (Bremer, 1865)
* Ptycholoma virescana (Clemens, 1865)

## Distribution

Species in this genus are present in most of Europe, in the eastern Palearctic realm, and in the Near East.
# Puerto Chacabuco

Puerto Chacabuco is a Chilean town in Aisén commune. Administratively it belongs to Aysén Province in Aysén del General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo Region and is located at the head of Aisén Fjord. It is the main port of the region, a port of call for ships sailing to the Laguna San Rafael National Park and the terminus of a Navimag ferry service from Puerto Montt. The town is the site of important fish and shellfish processing plants. From the 1990s up to August 2003 there were plans for building an aluminium smelter in the town.
Before the great burnings of the Patagonian forests and the eruption of Mount Hudson volcano in 1991 Puerto Aisén was the main port in the Aisén Fjord, but the ashes and earth erosion decreased the navigability of Aisén River and the port had to be moved further to the coast where Puerto Chacabuco now stands.
Puerto Chacabuco is named after the corvette Chacabuco with which Enrique Simpson explored the fjords and archipelagoes of Aysén Region in the 1870s. The ship is in turn named after the Battle of Chacabuco in 1817 during the Chilean Independence War.
# Puyalón de Cuchas

Puyalón de Cuchas (or simply Puyalón) is an Aragonese left-wing nationalist political party formed in 2008, after a split from the Chunta Aragonesista.

## Objectives

The main objectives of Puyalón are achieving full national sovereignty for Aragón and building a socialist society. The party also supports the minority languages of Aragón: Catalan and Aragonese, feminism, ecologism and the integration of immigrants.

## History

The first participation by Puyalón in elections was in the local elections of 2011, when the party gained a town councillor in Artieda. In the European elections of 2014 Puyalón supported (and participated in) The Peoples Decide (LPD), gaining 1,241 votes (0.27% of the vote in Aragón). In the municipal elections of 2015 Puyalón gained two town councillors, one in Artieda (Raúl Ramón Iguácel) and another in Pastriz (Rubén Ramos, elected in the list Ganar Pastriz).
In the 2019 Spanish general election Puyalón won 835 votes (0.11% in Aragon), fielding candidates in all three Aragonese constituencies: Huesca (148 votes, 0.12%), Teruel (66 votes, 0.08%) and Zaragoza (621 votes, 0.11%). In the 2019 European parliament election in Spain, Puyalón supported the Republics Now coalition, the successor of the 2014 LPD coalition. Republics Now won 1,805 votes (0.27%) in Aragon.
On 25 May 2023, the party announced it would not contest the 2023 Spanish general election.
# Pyrgulopsis minkleyi

Nymphophilus minckleyi is a species of very small freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae.

## Distribution

This species is endemic to Cuatro Ciénegas valley, in the Chihuahuan Desert, Mexico.

## Ecology

Predators of Mexithauma quadripaludium include the cichlid fish Herichthys minckleyi.
# Pullijärv

Pullijärv (also known as Lake Pullipõdra) is a lake on the northwestern side of Misso settlement, in southeastern Estonia. It has an area of 61.7 ha (152 acres), max. depth is 7.1 metres (23 ft) and the lake is 184.6 metres (606 ft) above sea-level.
# Pullikada

Pullikada or Pullikkada is a neighbourhood of Kollam city in Kerala, India. Pullikada is very close to Chinnakada - the city CBD of Kollam and is a part of Downtown Kollam. The Coconut Development Board of India is planning to start a Coconut Processing Unit in Pullikada.

## Rajiv Awas Yojana Project for Kollam City

Pullikada colony is an important slum in the city. Rs.660 Crores Rajiv Awas Yojana project for poverty and slums alleviation is on implementation stage in Kollam. The scheme, which aims at the social, cultural and economic progress of the slum-dwellers, will also provide them houses with water supply, electricity, roads, drainage and other basic amenities. As a pilot project, it would be introduced on SMP Colony in the city and then to Pullikada colony.
# Pullicino

Pullicino is a Maltese and Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alberto Pullicino (1719–1759), Maltese painter
* George Pullicino (born 1964), Maltese politician
* Giorgio Pullicino (1779–1851), Maltese painter, architect, and professor of drawing and architecture
* Jeffrey Pullicino Orlando (born 1963), Maltese politician
* Joseph Said Pullicino, Chief Justice of Malta
* Peter Pullicino (born 1976), Australian footballer
# Pyropteron koschwitzi

Pyropteron koschwitzi is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It is found in Spain and Portugal.
The larvae feed on Limonium species, including Limonium toledense and Limonium toletanum.
# Pârâul Întors

The Pârâul Întors is a right tributary of the river Buhai in Romania. It flows into the Buhai near Dorohoi. Its length is 19 km (12 mi) and its basin size is 81 km$^2$ (31 sq mi).
# Pârâul Întunecat

Pârâul Întunecat may refer to:
* Pârâul Întunecat, a tributary of the Turia in Covasna County
* Pârâul Întunecat, a tributary of the Mărcușa in Covasna County
* Valea Întunecoasă, a tributary of the Ozunca in Covasna County
# Pwang

Pwang is a village development committee in Eastern Rukum District in Lumbini Province of western Nepal. At the time of the 2011 Nepal census it had a population of 1802 people living in 359 individual households.
# Pět hříšníků

Pět hříšníků is a 1964 Czechoslovak film. The film starred Josef Kemr.
# Pět smyslů člověka

Pět smyslů člověka is a 1913 Austro-Hungarian comedy film. It was filmed in Prague and is one of the few Czech films of its era to have survived.
# Pyrgus sibirica

Pyrgus sibirica is a diurnal species of Lepidoptera found in tundra environments. It was first described by naturalist Jaques-Louis Reverdin in 1911.
# Pyrianoreina piranga

Pyrianoreina piranga is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2008.
# Pyrianoreina hovorei

Pyrianoreina hovorei is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins and Galileo in 2008.
# Pyrgus speyeri

Pyrgus speyeri is a small butterfly found in the East Palearctic (Sayan, Transbaikalia, Amur, Ussuri) that belongs to the skippers family.

## Description from Seitz

H. Speyeri Stgr. (85 g). On both sides darker than the preceding (H. carthami), the spots of the forewing above smaller; the first spot of the median band of the hindwing beneath, situated in interspace 6, is absent, being sometimes represented by an indistinct smear. Otherwise similar to serrutulae. Amurland, Ussuri, and Dauria. — In seitzi form nov. (85 g). of which 1 have a female from Sajan, the upperside of the wings is uniformly black, the forewing bearing an indistinct grey diffuse discocellular half-moon. Fringes white, interrupted by conspicuous black spots.. On the underside the apex of the wing is dark grey, the centre blackish; a spot in the cell, a discocellular arc, in interspace 10 a streak, further three small apical spots, and six dots forming an oblique curved row from interspace 6 to 2; these dots small, white, non-transparent. Hindwing olive-black, with three spots at the base, three larger ones close together, situated at the costa and vein 4, moreover a spot in interspace 1 b. Subterminal row of dots as in speyeri, but less prominent.
# Pythias (Roman)

Pythias was a 1st-century female Roman slave (possibly of Greek origin) in the household of Octavia, the first wife of the Emperor Nero, who divorced Octavia in 62 AD to marry Poppaea Sabina. To fabricate evidence that could be used to justify murdering Octavia after the divorce, Poppaea and Tigellinus, the Prefect of the Praetorian Guard, attempted to compel Octavia's maids to make false claims of her adultery during her marriage to Nero. Pythias refused. She was tortured, but she famously proclaimed that Octavia's genitalia were cleaner than Tigellinus' mouth.
The earliest surviving version of the story appears to be that told by the Roman historian Tacitus (c56 - c120 AD) in his Annals, although he doesn't name the maid:
   Dominating Nero as his wife, as she had long dominated him as his mistress, Poppaea incited one of Octavia's household to accuse Octavia of adultery with a slave - an Alexandrian flute-player called Eucaerus was designated for the role. Octavia's maids were tortured, and though some were induced by the pain to make false confessions, the majority unflinchingly maintained her innocence. One retorted that the mouth of Tigellinus, who was bullying her, was less clean than any part of Octavia. Nevertheless, [Octavia] was put away.
A later version of the story, which names Pythias as the maid, was told by the Roman historian Cassius Dio (c155 - c235 AD) in his Roman History:
   It was to [Tigellinus] that the famous retort is said to have been made by Pythias. When all the other [female] attendants of Octavia, with the exception of Pythias, had taken sides with [Poppaea] Sabina in her attack upon the [former] empress ... Pythias alone had refused, though cruelly tortured, to utter lies against her mistress, and finally, as Tigellinus continued to urge her, she spat in his face, saying: "My mistress' privy parts are cleaner, Tigellinus, than your mouth."
# Quante

Quante is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Heidi Quante, American artist
* Otto Quante (1875–1947), German painter
# Qaratəpə, Barda

Qaratəpə is a village and municipality in the Barda Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 551.
# Quantum chromodynamics binding energy

Quantum chromodynamics binding energy (QCD binding energy), gluon binding energy or chromodynamic binding energy is the energy binding quarks together into hadrons. It is the energy of the field of the strong force, which is mediated by gluons. Motion-energy and interaction-energy contribute most of the hadron's mass.

## Source of mass

Most of the mass of hadrons is actually QCD binding energy, through mass–energy equivalence. This phenomenon is related to chiral symmetry breaking. In the case of nucleons —protons and neutrons— QCD binding energy forms about 99% of the nucleon's mass.
The kinetic energy of the hadron's constituents, moving at near the speed of light, contributes greatly to the hadron mass; otherwise most of the rest is actual QCD binding energy, which emerges in a complex way from the potential-like terms in the QCD Lagrangian.
For protons, the sum of the rest masses of the three valence quarks (two up quarks and one down quark) is approximately 9.4 MeV/c$^2$, while the proton's total mass is about 938.3 MeV/c$^2$. In the standard model, this "quark current mass" can nominally be attributed to the Higgs interaction. For neutrons, the sum of the rest masses of the three valence quarks (two down quarks and one up quark) is approximately 11.9 MeV/c$^2$, while the neutron's total mass is about 939.6 MeV/c$^2$. Considering that nearly all of the atom's mass is concentrated in the nucleons, this means that about 99% of the mass of everyday matter (baryonic matter) is, in fact, chromodynamic binding energy.

## Gluon energy

While gluons are massless, they still possess energy — chromodynamic binding energy. In this way, they are similar to photons, which are also massless particles carrying energy — photon energy. The amount of energy per single gluon, or "gluon energy", cannot be directly measured, though a distribution can by inferred from deep inelastic scattering (DIS) experiments (see ref [4] for an old but still valid introduction.) Unlike photon energy, which is quantifiable, described by the Planck–Einstein relation and depends on a single variable (the photon's frequency), no simple formula exists for the quantity of energy carried by each gluon. While the effects of a single photon can be observed, single gluons have not been observed outside of a hadron. A hadron is in totality composed of gluons, valence quarks, sea quarks and other virtual particles.
The gluon content of a hadron can be inferred from DIS measurements. Again, not all of the QCD binding energy is gluon interaction energy, but rather, some of it comes from the kinetic energy of the hadron's constituents. Currently, the total QCD binding energy per hadron can be estimated through a combination of the factors mentioned. In the future, studies into quark–gluon plasma will better complement the DIS studies and improve our understanding of the situation.
# Quarter on quarter

Quarter-on-quarter or quarter-over-quarter, abbreviated as QOQ is a term of art in accounting, finance and economics. It may refer to a comparison of data in the current quarter to the same data in the previous quarter. For example, if the volume of sales was 105 units in 2019Q2, 100 units in 2020Q1, and 102 units in 2020Q2, then the sale volume has increased in 2020Q2 quarter-over-quarter (i.e., comparing it to 2020Q1), but it has decreased year-over-year (i.e., comparing it to 2019Q2).
The term also applies to a comparison of data in a period of the current quarter to the same period in the previous quarter. For example, the comparison of sales in April (i.e., the first month of Q2) to sales in January would be a quarter-over-quarter comparison.
It is sometimes abbreviated as q/q.
# Quarter minus

Quarter minus is a type of construction aggregate that is usually made from crushed basalt (but can be made of other rock types) from which the crushed rock product is not any bigger than 1/4" in diameter. The quarter minus rock size can consist of rock in diameter as big as 1/4" in size and "fines" (anything smaller than the maximum allowable rock size (which in this case is 1/4), even as small as stone dust). Any aggregate with the name "minus" can contain up to 80% fines. Quarter minus is mostly used as filler aggregate for bigger aggregate, empty space between two different sized aggregate, vehicle parking grade, and landscape surfaces. A positive of using quarter minus as a landscape aggregate is that it does not provide a home for pests and does not decompose like other landscape aggregates like wood-chips, for example.
# Quasimitra sophiae

Quasimitra sophiae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## Description

This species attains a size of about 35 mm.

## Distribution

New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean.
# Quasimitra structilis

Quasimitra structilis is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 14 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Austral Islands, French Polynesia.