OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Softplus

In mathematics and machine learning, the softplus function is
    $f(x)=\log(1+e^{x}).$
It is a smooth approximation (in fact, an analytic function) to the ramp function, which is known as the rectifier or ReLU (rectified linear unit) in machine learning. For large negative $x$ it is $\log(1+e^{x})=\log(1+\epsilon )\gtrapprox \log 1=0$, so just above 0, while for large positive $x$ it is $\log(1+e^{x})\gtrapprox \log(e^{x})=x$, so just above $x$.
The names softplus and SmoothReLU are used in machine learning. The name "softplus" (2000), by analogy with the earlier softmax (1989) is presumably because it is a smooth (soft) approximation of the positive part of x, which is sometimes denoted with a superscript plus, $x^{+}:=\max(0,x)$.

## Related functions

The derivative of softplus is the logistic function:
    $f'(x)={\frac {e^{x}}{1+e^{x}}}={\frac {1}{1+e^{-x}}}$
The logistic sigmoid function is a smooth approximation of the derivative of the rectifier, the Heaviside step function.

### LogSumExp

The multivariable generalization of single-variable softplus is the LogSumExp with the first argument set to zero:
    $\operatorname {LSE_{0}} ^{+}(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n}):=\operatorname {LSE} (0,x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})=\ln(1+e^{x_{1}}+\cdots +e^{x_{n}}).$
The LogSumExp function is
    $\operatorname {LSE} (x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})=\ln(e^{x_{1}}+\cdots +e^{x_{n}}),$
and its gradient is the softmax; the softmax with the first argument set to zero is the multivariable generalization of the logistic function. Both LogSumExp and softmax are used in machine learning.

### Convex conjugate

The convex conjugate (specifically, the Legendre transform) of the softplus function is the negative binary entropy (with base e). This is because (following the definition of the Legendre transform: the derivatives are inverse functions) the derivative of softplus is the logistic function, whose inverse function is the logit, which is the derivative of negative binary entropy.
Softplus can be interpreted as logistic loss (as a positive number), so by duality, minimizing logistic loss corresponds to maximizing entropy. This justifies the principle of maximum entropy as loss minimization.

## Alternative forms

This function can be approximated as:
    $\ln \left(1+e^{x}\right)\approx {\begin{cases}\ln 2,&x=0,\\[6pt]{\frac {x}{1-e^{-x/\ln 2}}},&x\neq 0\end{cases}}$
By making the change of variables $x=y\ln(2)$, this is equivalent to
    $\log _{2}(1+2^{y})\approx {\begin{cases}1,&y=0,\\[6pt]{\frac {y}{1-e^{-y}}},&y\neq 0.\end{cases}}$
A sharpness parameter $k$ may be included:
    $f(x)={\frac {\ln(1+e^{kx})}{k}},\qquad \qquad f'(x)={\frac {e^{kx}}{1+e^{kx}}}={\frac {1}{1+e^{-kx}}}.$
# Maija Avotins

Maija Avotins (born 10 April 1975) is a former professional tennis player from Australia.

## Biography

Avotins attended the Australian Institute of Sport on a scholarship from Melbourne in the early 1990s. She had a successful career in the juniors, most notably winning the girls' doubles title at the 1992 Wimbledon Championships, partnering Lisa McShea. On the professional circuit she featured as a wildcard in the women's doubles at both the 1993 Australian Open and 1994 Australian Open.

## ITF Finals
### Doubles finals 8: (1-7)

* $100,000 tournaments
* $75,000 tournaments
* $50,000 tournaments
* $25,000 tournaments
* $10,000 tournaments
| Result | No | Date | Tournament | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| Loss | 1. | 12 February 1990 | Adelaide, Australia | Hard | Joanne Limmer | Catherine Barclay Kerry-Anne Guse | 0–6, 0–6 |
| Loss | 2. | 15 March 1993 | Canberra, Australia | Grass | Robyn Mawdsley | Kate McDonald Jane Taylor | w/o |
| Loss | 3. | 22 March 1993 | Newcastle, Australia | Grass | Esther Knox | Kate McDonald Jane Taylor | 3–6, 1–6 |
| Loss | 4. | 28 June 1993 | Velp, Netherlands | Clay | Lisa McShea | Martina Hautová Lenka Němečková | 5–7, 5–7 |
| Loss | 5. | 12 July 1993 | Frinton, United Kingdom | Grass | Lisa McShea | Natalia Egorova Svetlana Parkhomenko | 6–4, 2–6, 6–7 |
| Loss | 6. | 2 August 1993 | Norfolk, United States | Hard | Lisa McShea | Varalee Sureephong Vanessa Webb | 6–7, 4–6 |
| Loss | 7. | 10 October 1993 | Ibaraki, Japan | Hard (i) | Lisa McShea | Hiroko Mochizuki Yuka Tanaka | 6–4, 3–6, 6–7 |
| Win | 8. | 31 October 1993 | Kyoto, Japan | Hard | Lisa McShea | Mana Endo Masako Yanagi | 7–6$^{(5)}$, 7–5 |
# Douglas Somerville Bertram

Douglas Somerville Bertram (21 December 1913 – 24 October 1988) was a professor of medical entomology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He specialized in the study of arthropod vectors and human disease, particularly malaria.
Bertram was born in Glasgow where he went to Glasgow University where he received a degree before becoming a demonstrator in zoology working until 1938 with Professor Edward Hindle. In 1938 he became an assistant to R. M. Gordon and lectured at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine. He received a Ph.D. in 1940 and enlisted during World War II, serving with the Royal Army Medical Corps, and was captured by the Germans in Crete and released only at the end of the war. He worked on rat filariasis from 1946. In 1948 he became a reader at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He conducted research on mosquitoes, the transmission of malaria, and viruses. He was a consultant for the British Army and helped develop methods for protection. His method of determining the age of (female) mosquitoes through a count of the number of corpora lutea in the ovarioles was influential in malaria research. He also examined triatomine bugs. In 1964 he received a DSc from Glasgow.
A microsporidian parasite of chironomid larvae, Thelohania bertrami, is named after him.
# Sociologia Ruralis

Sociologia Ruralis is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering social-science research on rural areas and related issues with a focus on social, political and cultural aspects of rural development, including class, economics, government, and poverty. It was established in 1960 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the European Society for Rural Sociology.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2012 impact factor of 1.022, ranking it 54th out of 137 journals in the category "Sociology".
# Dover, Lewis County, Missouri

Dover is an unincorporated community in Lewis County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
The community took its name from a nearby Baptist church of the same name.
# Solariella antarctica

Solariella antarctica is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Solariellidae.

## Description

The size of the shell attains 6 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in Antarctic waters.
# Solariella chani

Solariella chani is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Solariellidae.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off Indonesia and Taiwan.
# Major Minor's Majestic March

Major Minor's Majestic March (メジャマジ・マーチ, Mejamaji Māchi) is a music video game for the Wii. Developed by NanaOn-Sha, it was said developer's final collaboration with Masaya Matsuura and artist Rodney Greenblat.

## Gameplay

Major Minor’s Majestic March uses the Wii Remote as a mace (a form of baton used exclusively by drum majors) that the drum major, Major Minor, uses to keep tempo, recruit new band members and pick up valuable items. While marching through eight whimsical locations that contain various hair-raising events, Major Minor strives to create the most impressive parade ever. Players can add up to 15 different instruments to their dynamic procession—including brass, woodwinds, and percussion—to alter its composition and resulting performance. Players are then scored on how well their band maintains its rhythm and manages obstacles that could otherwise throw the procession into disarray. The band keeps tempo to more than 25 popular marching band songs from around the world, composed into original medleys for each stage.

## Development

Designer Masaya Matsuura had been introduced to marching band music, which, in combination with considering the Wii Remote similar to a band baton, lead him to come up with the idea for this game. However, he didn't want the game to just be about controlling the music's tempo, so he also added the ability to use magic to give animals instruments and allow them to join the band.
The development was a troubled one, with the game's artist, Rodney Greenblat, expressing that "pretty much everything went wrong" with it.

## Reception

Major Minor's Majestic March sold poorly in Japan at only 600 copies in its first two days, failing to enter the Media Create top fifty for its week of release. 300 copies were given away to readers of V-Jump. The game received a "B" from tech-gaming.com. Issue number 202 of Edge Magazine scored the game 3 out of 10. Reviews on the Run gave the game 0.0 from Jose "Fubar" Sanchez, and 0.5 from Victor Lucas, two of the lowest scores possible, with the main complaints from both being that "the damn controls don't work!" Nintendo Power gave it a 6.0. According to Game Informer's Matt Helgeson, who gave the game a 3.0 out of a possible 10: "If I'm going to spend a long period of time with my hand wrapped around an oblong object, moving my arm rapidly up and down, it sure won't be with this game".
# Solo, Missouri

Solo is an unincorporated community in Texas County, Missouri, United States. It is located approximately six miles south of Houston. Solo is reached via Missouri Route UU from U.S. Route 63 and is on the west side of Hog Creek.

## History

A post office in Solo was established in 1884, but is closed now. Post offices in Elk Creek and Houston serve the area today. The community was so named on account of its rural location. Dan W. Brown (1950–2021), Missouri state legislator and veterinarian, was born in Solo.
# Mahazoarivo, Vohipeno

Mahazoarivo is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vohipeno, which is a part of Vatovavy-Fitovinany Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 19,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 90% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are rice and beans, while other important agricultural products are pineapple, bananas and coffee. Services provide employment for 10% of the population.

## References and notes

* ↑ Estimated based on DEM data from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
* 1 2 3 "ILO census data". Cornell University. 2002. Retrieved 2008-05-03.
22°19′S 47°35′E﻿ / ﻿22.317°S 47.583°E﻿ / -22.317; 47.583
* This Vatovavy-Fitovinany location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Mahazoarivo, Vondrozo

Mahazoarivo is a rural municipality in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Vondrozo, which is a part of Atsimo-Atsinanana Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 7,000 in 2001 commune census.
Only primary schooling is available. The majority 99.5% of the population of the commune are farmers. The most important crops are coffee and rice, while other important agricultural products are bananas and cassava. Services provide employment for 0.5% of the population.
# Dr. Lauren Pinter-Brown v. Regents of the University of California

Dr. Lauren Pinter-Brown v. Regents of the University of California, Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles, Case No. BC624838, was a case in which the jury awarded a $13 million verdict against the University of California in a sex discrimination and retaliation case.
The jury found that UCLA discriminated against Pinter-Brown based on her gender and retaliated against her. The $13 million verdict was delivered in Judge Michael Linfield's courtroom on February 15, 2018, after approximately 14 days of trial. The jury found that Pinter-Brown deserved $3 million in lost earnings and $10 million in damages for emotional distress.
Dr. Lauren Pinter-Brown started working at UCLA's medical center as the director of its lymphoma program in 2005. She received excellent peer reviews and awards throughout her tenure. Pinter-Brown began raising concerns about being harassed by a male colleague but was subsequently targeted in audits. She later had her research privileges suspended and her title damaged.
According to court documents, UCLA made no significant efforts to fix the problem filing verbal and written complaints. Pinter-Brown was forced to "play dead" at work to avoid additional conflicts. She eventually resigned from her position in 2015.
At trial, UCLA argued that Pinter-Brown mischaracterized the harassment, and contended the alleged conduct were her not getting along with the alleged harasser. UCLA further asserted that it properly handled her reports of harassment through the internal grievance process.
The California Court of Appeal's Second Appellate District reversed the lower court's decision in April 2020.
On May 9, 2024, at the retrial of the same case, Pinter-Brown won a $14 Million dollar verdict.
# Drapery painter

A drapery painter refers to a specialist painter commissioned to complete the dress, costumes and other accessories worn by the subjects of portrait paintings. They were employed by portrait painters with a large workshop in 18th century England. While the portraitist completed the face and hands, the drapery painter was responsible for the pose and costume. The specialists were not necessarily assistants in the workshop of the portrait painters but rather subcontractors.

## History

It is believed that the practice arose in Flemish and Dutch painting practices. Collaborative paintings were a common practice in Antwerp art production. Rubens, for instance, often made collaborative paintings with specialist landscape, still life or animal painters. The use of drapery painters was common for all leading British portraitists of the early and mid-18th century. They typically relied on one or more drapery painters to add the clothes and other accessories to their portraits. Only Hogarth and Gainsborough seem not to have used these specialist painters. The practice gradually disappeared by the end of the 18th century.

## Key figures

The best known drapery painter in 18th-century London was the Flemish painter Joseph Van Aken from Antwerp (c.1699–1749). He had settled in London, England around 1720, together with his brothers Arnold and Alexander (known as Alexander van Haecken) who were also painters. He first painted genre scenes and conversation pieces. He and his brother Alexander also hired out their services as drapery painters. From 1635 he worked for many leading portrait painters such as Allan Ramsay, Thomas Hudson, Joseph Highmore and George Knapton as well as lesser figures also outside of London. The portrait painters would send the unfinished pictures to his London studio or painted the head on a separate piece of canvas so it could be pasted onto the costumed figure.
Van Aken's participation in portraits in the 1730s and 1740s is evidenced by a series of drapery studies preserved in the Scottish National Gallery which relate to his collaborations with Hudson and Allan Ramsay. Van Aken's contributions helped popularise the Van Dyck costume amongst patrician sitters in the 1730s. The contributions of Van Aken were highly regarded by contemporaries and George Vertue placed him on the same level as the portrait painters themselves. As Van Aken and his brother worked for a great many portrait painters Vertue observed that 'its very difficult to know one hand from another' (i.e. it was difficult to distinguish which portrait painter was responsible for a particular portrait).
Peter Toms was an English painter who apprenticed with Thomas Hudson. He later became a drapery painter working for Francis Cotes. After Cotes' death, he was employed by Sir Joshua Reynolds, Benjamin West and John Zoffany amongst others. The fact that Toms was a founding member of the Royal Academy in 1768 shows that drapery painters were held in high regard.
# Solpugassa

Solpugassa is a genus of solpugid camel spiders, first described by Carl Friedrich Roewer in 1933.

## Species

As of August 2023, the World Solifugae Catalog accepts the following six species:
* Solpugassa clavata Roewer, 1933 — Congo
* Solpugassa dentatidens (Simon, 1879) — Djibouti, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Sudan
* Solpugassa furcifera (Kraepelin, 1899) — Angola, Namibia
* Solpugassa rudebecki Lawrence, 1961 — Angola
* Solpugassa signata (Roewer, 1934) — Djibouti, Ethiopia
* Solpugassa usambara Roewer, 1933 — Tanzania
# Sobol

Sobol may refer to:
* Sobol (surname)
* Soból, Lublin Voivodeship, Poland, a village
* Sobol, Oklahoma, United States
* Sobol sequence, a kind of quasi-random sequence
# Soboleff

Soboleff is a surname, a transliteration variant of the Russian surname Sobolev. Notable people with the surname include:
* Vicki Lee Soboleff (born 1964), Haida and Tlingit artist, dancer, and teacher
* Vincent Soboleff (fl. 1890s-1920s), Russian-American photographer, subject of research by Sergei Kan
* Walter Soboleff (1908-2011), Tlingit scholar, elder and religious leader
# Malacothrix floccifera

Malacothrix floccifera is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name woolly desertdandelion. It is native to many of the northern and central mountain ranges of California, including the Sierra Nevada, where its distribution extends into Nevada. Its habitat includes forest, woodland, and chaparral. It is an annual herb producing a hairless flowering stem up to about 42 centimeters in maximum height. The fleshy oblong leaves are cut into teeth or lobes and have cottony patches of woolly fibers. The inflorescence is an array of flower heads lined with hairless phyllaries. The ray florets are up to 1.5 centimeters long and are often white, but sometimes yellow.
# Makua languages

The Makua or Makhuwa languages are a branch of Bantu languages spoken primarily in Mozambique.

## Name

The name Makua (Macua), more precisely Makhuwa, is used on three levels. Some sources distinguish these with differences in spelling 'Makua' vs. 'Makhuwa', but they are not consistent.
* Central Makhuwa, or "Makhuwa-Makhuwana", the prestige dialect
* The Makhuwa language, including various dialects which also go by the name Makhuwa; sometimes called 'core' or 'nuclear' Makua, but this is not consistent
* Closely related languages which often have their own names, such as Lomwe (also known as Western Makua)

## Classification

Makhuwa is assigned to Zone P of the Guthrie classification of Bantu languages. With the classification of the other Zone-P languages as Rufiji–Ruvuma, Makhuwa becomes essentially synonymous with Zone P. However, the zones are geographic rather than genealogical clades. The closest relatives of the Makhuwa branch are not clear, but some classifications place them with the Nyasa and Southern Bantu languages.
* Makhuwa (Core Makhuwa, including dialects Makhuwa-Meetto, Makhuwa-Shirima, Makhuwa-Marrevone, etc.)
* Koti
* Sakati
* Lomwe (including Ngulu dialect)
* Chuwabu
* Moniga
The core languages, and beyond, have minimal mutual intelligibility.
# Makuach (boma), South Sudan

Makuach village is a boma in Makuach payam, in the Bor County of Jonglei State in the Greater Upper Nile region of South Sudan, about 15 kilometers east of Bor.

## Demographics

According to the Fifth Population and Housing Census of Sudan, conducted in April 2008, Makuach boma had a population of 5,555 people, composed of 2,721 male and 2,834 female residents.
# Dream Market

Dream Market was an online darknet market founded in late 2013. Dream Market operated on a hidden service of the Tor network, allowing online users to browse anonymously and securely while avoiding potential monitoring of traffic. The marketplace sold a variety of content, including drugs, stolen data, and counterfeit consumer goods, all using cryptocurrency. Dream provided an escrow service, with disputes handled by staff. The market also had accompanying forums, hosted on a different URL, where buyers, vendors, and other members of the community could interact. It was one of the longest running darknet markets.
Administrator and prolific vendor Gal Vallerius was arrested in August 2017. The site shut down on April 30, 2019.

## History

Following the seizures and shutdowns of the AlphaBay and Hansa markets in July 2017 as part of Operation Bayonet, there was much speculation that Dream Market would become the predominant darknet marketplace. Formerly, Dream Market had been considered the second-largest darknet marketplace, with AlphaBay being the largest and Hansa the third-largest. Many vendors and buyers from AlphaBay and Hansa communities registered on Dream Market in the aftermath of Operation Bayonet. Rumors at the time suggested that Dream Market was under law enforcement control.
At the time, Dream Market was reported to have "57,000 listings for drugs and 4,000 listings for opioids".
Dream Market administrator and prolific vendor Gal Vallerius was arrested in August 2017, after a border search of his laptop confirmed his identity as online drug dealer OxyMonster. The equivalent of US$500,000 in the cryptocurrency Bitcoin was also discovered on this device. Vallerius is the subject of an ongoing investigation regarding large online narcotics purchases which began in February 2016.
On March 24, 2019, a banner was added to the Dream Market site announcing its shutdown on April 30, 2019, with the addition that it "is transferring its services to a partner company" followed by an .onion link. Some users believe this to be the owner's reaction to ongoing distributed denial-of-service attacks while others doubt the credibility of the message and suspect a connection to law enforcement, scammers or competing marketplaces.

## Security issues

Shortly after the recent seizures of other markets, the accounts of a number of Dream Market vendors came under the control of Dutch law enforcement. Since no official statement has been released by Dutch authorities regarding this matter, it is unclear how these accounts were compromised, though some researchers suggest that shared credentials are to blame.
On September 13, 2017, Dream users reported the loss of funds from their accounts in posts to forums such as Reddit. In a post to the market's news page, staff later confirmed that a hard drive loss caused the issue and promised to refund the lost funds.
# Solvophoresis

Solvophoresis is a spontaneous motion of dispersed particles in a mixed solvent induced by a gradient of solvent concentration. Solvophoresis was experimentally established by Marek Kosmulski and Egon Matijevic. Solvophoresis is similar to diffusiophoresis.
# Making Room

Making Room is an approach to housing policy that seeks to match a city's housing stock with the needs of its households. It was coined in 2009 by Citizens Housing and Planning Council (CHPC), a New York City-based research and education organization.

## Defining elements

The Making Room approach comprises four key areas of scrutiny:
1) How a city's population is really grouping itself into households; breaking with the traditional methodology that connotes household with family. 2) The type of people that a city hopes to attract in the future, and their likely lifestyles and housing needs.
3) Best Practice regarding the design of homes and apartments seen across the world. 4) The revision of possible zoning, planning, subsidy, building code controls so that the development of certain housing models is allowed and encouraged.

## Examples and impact

The Making Room approach was utilized by New York City under the Mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg when the city government launched a pilot to develop a building of microapartments in Kips Bay, Manhattan in response to the growing single population.
The Making Room approach was featured in its own museum exhibition at the Museum of the City of New York in 2013.