OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spinning dust

In astronomy, spinning dust emission is a mechanism proposed to explain anomalous microwave emission from the Milky Way. The emission could arise from the electric dipole of very rapidly spinning (10–60 GHz) extremely small (nanometer) dust grains as suggested by Bruce T. Draine and Alex Lazarian in 1998, most likely polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The anomalous emission was first discovered as a by-product of Cosmic Microwave Background observations which make very sensitive measurements of the microwave sky which have to identify and remove contamination from the galaxy. The smallest dust grains are thought to have only hundreds of atoms.

## History

Anomalous microwave emission was first seen as a surprising statistical correlation of microwave sky variations with far infrared (FIR) emission (Kogut et al. 1996, Leitch et al. 1997). This signal traced the warm galactic dust emission which was unexpected as the extrapolated infrared dust signal to microwave frequencies should have been at least an order of magnitude lower than that seen. Kogut et al. had correlated COBE Differential Microwave Radiometer observations at centimeter wavelengths with DIRBE dust emission at 140 μm, while Leitch et al. had correlated Owens Valley Radio Observatory ring observations at 14.5 and 32 GHz with IRAS 100 μm. The suggestion at the time was the correlation was due to free-free or Bremsstrahlung emission from ionized gas caused by young hot stars which are formed in these dusty regions.

## Physics

Small dust grains are likely to have a permanent electric dipole moment μ due to the intrinsic dipole moment of molecules within the grain and uneven charge distribution. Interactions with the ambient gas and radiation field cause the grains to spin. Denoting by ω their (vector) angular velocity, and assuming the grains to be spherical for simplicity (so they are not wobbling), Larmor's formula gives the power radiated by such a rotating dipole:
$P(\omega )={\frac {2}{3}}{\frac {{\ddot {\boldsymbol {\mu }}}^{2}}{c^{3}}}={\frac {2}{3}}{\frac {\omega ^{4}\mu _{\bot }^{2}}{c^{3}}},$
where μ$_⊥$ is the component of μ perpendicular to ω. This power is radiated at the rotation frequency, ν = ω/(2 π). In order to compute the emissivity due to this radiation process, one requires the probability distribution function f(ω) for the rotation rate ω, as well as the number density of dust grains. Both functions depend on the grain size, and so does the dipole moment μ. The distribution function f(ω) depends on the ambient gas temperature, density and ionization fraction and on the local radiation field. Refined models (Hoang et al. 2010) account for the wobbling of non-spherical dust grains, in which case the angular velocity is not constant for a given angular momentum and power is radiated at multiple frequencies.
# Burns United Methodist Church

Burns United Methodist Church is located in Des Moines, Iowa, United States. Its previous building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.

## History

The congregation was established in 1866 as the Black Methodist Episcopal Church. The church was eventually named for Francis Burns, the first black bishop of Methodist Episcopal Church. They first worshiped in a segregated school building for black children. That was the first of six different locations the congregation called home until they bought this building from the German Emmanual Methodist congregation in 1930. The congregation sponsored a variety of fundraising events to raise the money to buy the building, including dinners and a singing quartet of church members who toured the state. A fire damaged the building in the 1940s, and the congregation repaired the damages conforming to the building's original design. They remained here until they moved to their present location at 1909 Martin Luther King Jr., Parkway in April 2011.

## Architecture

The German Methodist congregation built the historic building in 1912. It was designed by the Des Moines architectural firm of Wetherell and Gage. The single-story brick building was built on a raised basement. The sanctuary is on the east side of the building and the pastor's study and classrooms are located on the west side. The two sides sit at right angles to each other with a small, gable-roofed entrance with a parapet set into the angle of the two sections. Most of the windows on the main floor are Tudor arches with brick hoods. The exception is the large Gothic arch window in the sanctuary. There is also half-timberwork on the west elevation.
# Defense Supply Center, Richmond

Defense Supply Center, Richmond, or DSCR, serves as the Aviation Demand and Supply Chain manager for the Defense Logistics Agency. It is located on the I-95 corridor in Chesterfield County, Virginia in the Southside area of the Greater Richmond Region. The installation comprises 631 acres (2.55 km$^2$) that was the Bellwood farm and was opened in 1942. Originally activated as the Richmond General Depot, the site was later renamed the Richmond Armed Service Forces Depot, which became the Richmond Quartermaster Depot.
In its first two decades, the mission of the Richmond Quartermaster Depot was one of traditional logistics support to the U.S. Army with emphasis on Quartermaster items. When the Military General Supply Agency was activated in 1962, it absorbed the Defense Supply Agency. This resulted in an expanded mission for the depot, which included supply management of more than 30,000 general supply items for the military services and certain civilian agencies worldwide. The installation name changed to Defense General Supply Center to match its new logistical mission. In 1977 Defense Supply Agency became Defense Logistics Agency. In 1986, depot operations were separated from inventory control point functions and a separate command was established on the site: Defense Distribution Depot Richmond.
DSCR's core mission is to supply products with a direct application to aviation. These items include a mix of military-unique items supporting over 1,300 major weapons systems and other items readily available in the commercial market. They range from critical, safety-of-flight air frame structural components, bearings, and aircraft engine parts, to electric cable and electrical power products; lubricating oils; batteries; industrial gases, bearings; precision instruments; environmental products; metalworking machinery and consumable items. DSCR also operates an industrial plant equipment repair facility in Mechanicsburg, PA.
There is a small herd of elk on the backside of the post. When the Army bought the land on which the post is located, the former owners asked the Army to care for these animals, and the post has done so ever since.

## Environmental review

In the 1960s and early 1970s, DSCR disposed of some of their waste material in a shallow ravine called the Area 50 Landfill. In the 1980s, groundwater contaminated primarily with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was detected downgradient of the landfill. The DSCR site then was proposed for inclusion on the U.S. EPA's Exiting Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) Website National Priorities List (NPL) in 1984 by EPA for contaminated groundwater and source areas. On July 22, 1987, the Center was formally placed on the National Priority List. In 1993, ATSDR completed a Public Health Assessment that provided recommendations for dealing with the toxic runoff. In 2001, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality had ATSDR follow up on these recommendations, and the May 2001 report concluded that "ATSDR concludes that the recommendations were substantially met with the appropriate public health actions."
# University of Huddersfield Business School

Huddersfield Business School is a school of the University of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire. It consists of five academic departments: Accountancy, Finance and Economics; Management; Logistics, Operations, Hospitality and Marketing; Law (known as the Law School). In addition, the School has a Business Placement Unit and until recently had a Learning Development Unit which was recognised in the University's Teaching Excellence Framework submission.

## The Building

The School was newly opened in September 2010. Its construction was funded by a £17 million investment from the University. The School has four floors, containing several teaching rooms, computer labs, toilet facilities, a cafe, staff offices (for all component departments of the School) and a main reception.

## Administration

The Dean of the School is Professor Alistair Sambell.

## Awards

The University was awarded a Queen’s Award for Enterprise for International Trade in 2013. The award specifically recognised the growth in international students in the Business School and the quality of support provided for those students.
# Edirne District

Edirne District (also: Merkez, meaning "central" in Turkish) is a district of the Edirne Province of Turkey. Its seat is the city of Edirne. Its area is 844 km$^2$, and its population is 191,470 (2022).

## Composition

There is one municipality in Edirne District:
* Edirne
There are 37 villages in Edirne District:
* Ahi
* Avarız
* Bosna
* Budakdoğanca
* Büyükdöllük
* Büyükismailce
* Değirmenyanı
* Demirhanlı
* Doyran
* Ekmekçi
* Elçili
* Eskikadın
* Hacıumur
* Hasanağa
* Hatipköy
* Hıdırağa
* İskender
* Karabulut
* Karakasım
* Karayusuf
* Kayapa
* Kemalköy
* Korucu
* Köşençiftliği
* Küçükdöllük
* Menekşesofular
* Muratçalı
* Musabeyli
* Orhaniye
* Sarayakpınar
* Sazlıdere
* Suakacağı
* Tayakadın
* Üyüklütatar
* Uzgaç
* Yenikadın
* Yolüstü
# Ligota Wielka

Ligota Wielka may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Ligota Wielka, Dzierżoniów County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Ligota Wielka, Oleśnica County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Ligota Wielka, Kędzierzyn-Koźle County in Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
* Ligota Wielka, Nysa County in Opole Voivodeship (south-west Poland)
# White Gardens

White Gardens Office Center is a Class A office center (see Office Grading) located next door to White Square Office Center and nearby the Belorusskaya Metro Station in Moscow, Russia. White Gardens consists of two office buildings, comprising a total of approximately 63,000 square meters (approx. 678,000 square feet) of net rentable area, ground floor restaurants and amenities, and five levels of underground parking. Its defining features include private terraces for select office floors and an arcade between its two buildings. White Gardens is the second phase of the White District development, and is expected to be completed in 2013. The first phase of White District, White Square Office Center, was completed in 2009.

## Building specifications

White Gardens Office Center consists of two buildings - one with 16 storeys and one with 12 storeys - comprising a total of approximately 60,000 square meters (approx. 646,000 square feet) of net rentable office area, and approximately 3,000 square meters (approx. 32,000 square feet) of net rentable retail area. In addition, it offers five levels of underground parking, providing roughly 960 parking spaces, and a parking ratio of approximately 1 space per 68 square meters of office space.

## Development & management

White Gardens Office Center is being co-developed by AIG/Lincoln, Coalco, TPG Capital, and VTB Capital.
White Gardens Office Center was designed by APA Wojciechowski Architects.
The office center will be managed by AIG/Lincoln, which, in addition to having developed over 2,500,000 square meters of property (approx. 26,910,000 square feet), also manages over 1,480,000 square meters (approx. 15,931,000 square feet) of office, industrial, retail, residential, and entertainment property across Central and Eastern Europe.

## Location & access

White Gardens is located near Tverskaya Street and the Belorussky Rail Terminal.
It will have two street addresses: Building A will be located at Lesnaya Street 7, while Building B will be located at Lesnaya Street 9.
The office center is located a block away from one of the Circle Line exits from the Belorusskaya Metro Station, which is also linked to the Green Line.
White Gardens is a short walk from the Belorussky Rail Terminal, which provides direct access to Sheremetyevo International Airport via the Aeroexpress train service. Meanwhile, the Green Line provides quick access from White Gardens to the Paveletskaya Metro station, which in turn has a direct Aeroexpress train link to Domodedovo International Airport, Russia's largest airport.
# Marcus Munatius Sulla Cerialis

Marcus Munatius Sulla Cerialis (died 219) was a Roman senator, who was active during the early third century AD.
He was governor of Noricum, where he is attested by an inscription dated to around 210/212. He was consul in the year 215 as the colleague of Quintus Maecius Laetus.
Where the family of Cerialis originated is a mystery; Paul Leunissen, in his prosopography of Roman consuls and other officials, includes him in a list of four consuls whose family origins are unknown, although in another passage Leunissen suggests that Cerialis is from the Italian Peninsula. Andreas Krieckhaus notes that his cognomen "Sulla" indicates Sulla Cerialis claimed descent from the Republican dictator Sulla, but offers no suggestion how he is related to him.
Concerning his cursus honorum, only one of his appointments is known: governor of the imperial province of Cappadocia, which he held under the emperor Macrinus from the year 217. Cassius Dio records that he was executed by Elagabalus in 219.
He may be the father of Marcus Munatius Sulla Urbanus, consul in 234.
# Burns and Porter

Burns & Porter was a business in the United Kingdom that prepared and distributed pub quizzes. In 1976, Sharon Burns and Tom Porter founded and organised 32 pub quiz teams in three leagues in southern England. Burns and Porter travelled the country for the next few years, presenting their quizzes to breweries as a marketing strategy to bring customers to their pubs on slow evenings. Burns and Porter cornered the market in pub quizzes, with over 10,000 teams playing in one of their quizzes every week in the season, while the BBC and independent television companies tapped them for contestants and questions for television quiz shows. Three Burns & Porter Pub Quiz books were published. The company was awarded southern England's most efficient business in 1986, the award was sponsored by British Telecom PLC. In 1988, Burns & Porter was sold to Prism Leisure Corporation PLC. Sharon Burns remained as Managing Director of the company for two years. She now only does quizzes for charity whilst running her own property business and hobby vineyard called Sour Grapes, based in Michelmersh, Hampshire.

## History

Pub quizzes were played in some pubs mainly in the North of England. They were a popular activity, which took place mainly in the public bars of pubs, alongside other pub games such as darts and pool. They had little organisation, and would be held on a very localised and one off match basis.

## Origin

In 1975/6 a new partnership was formed between Sharon Burns and Tom Porter, whose objective was to get people into pubs on quiet trading nights, by creating entertainment that was inexpensive to put on and could be run across many outlets simultaneously. After much fact finding and debate, the first pub quiz leagues were formed with 32 teams who were fixtured to play against each other in three leagues, home and away matches, on Sunday nights throughout Hampshire and Dorset. Burns & Porter were responsible for sending question sets in sealed envelopes out to the pubs each week, and then collecting in the results each week, compiling up-to-date league tables and sending them to the teams.
# Touch and Go (game)

Touch and Go (also published as "Press Ups") is a board game published by Invicta Games in 1974.

## Gameplay

Touch and Go is an abstract strategy game.

## Reviews

* Games & Puzzles #43
* Jeux & Stratégie #6
# United States women's national inline hockey team

United States women's national inline hockey team is the national team for the United States. The team finished first at the 2011 Women's World Inline Hockey Championships. The team competed in the 2013 Women's World Inline Hockey Championships.
# St. Mark's Methodist Church

St. Mark's Methodist Church or St. Mark Methodist Church may refer to:
* St. Mark Methodist Church (Atlanta, Georgia), listed on the NRHP in Fulton County, Georgia
* St. Mark's Methodist Church (Brookline, Massachusetts), listed on the NRHP in Massachusetts
* St. Mark's Methodist Church, New York City
# Zaucha

Zaucha is a Polish surname. it is derived from a descriptive nickname "za uchem" which means ‘behind the ear’ denoting someone who had something behind one of his ears.
Notable people with the surname include:
* Andrzej Zaucha (disambiguation), multiple people
* Patryk Zaucha (born 2000), Polish footballer
# Westwood Plateau Golf & Country Club

Westwood Plateau Golf & Country Club, located in the Canadian city of Coquitlam, British Columbia, comprises two golf courses set into the hillside of Eagle Mountain.

## Summary

Westwood Motorsport Park had occupied the Crown lands from 1957 to 1990, when the track's lease expired, the track was closed and the provincial government sold off the land to real estate developers. Built along with the surrounding Westwood Plateau neighborhood, WPGCC was designed by Michael Hurdzan and opened in 1995. The main course, the Country Club is a par-72 eighteen-hole course with a maximum length of 6770 yards. The executive course, the Golf Academy, is a par-31 nine-hole course that plays longer than typical learning courses. There is also a separate three-hole, par-3 course.
Golf Digest named WPGCC as the runner-up for 'Best New Course in Canada in 1995', while SCOREGolf Magazine named the club the 'Best New Course in Canada in 1996', and currently ranks it 90th in the country. The facility also features two distinct restaurants, a teaching academy and a 35,000-square-foot (3,300 m$^2$) clubhouse.
# Small nucleolar RNA TBR4

Small nucleolar RNA TBR4 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule identified in Trypanosoma brucei which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA TBR4 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family direct site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
TBR4 was one of seventeen snoRNAs identified in Trypanosoma brucei by immunoprecipitation with anti-fibrillarin antibodies. Together with TBR12, TBR6 and TBR2 it is a part of snoRNA gene cluster that is tandemly repeated. These 4 snoRNA genes are transcribed as a polycistronic RNA transcript.

## Other snoRNAs

* TBR5
* TBR7
* TBR17
# Early Islam

Early Islam may refer to:
* Early Muslim conquests
* Early social changes under Islam
# Vocal communication

Vocal communication may refer to:
* Speech, a form of human communication
* Animal communication using vocalizations
# Salix Pharmaceuticals

Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is an American specialty pharmaceutical company based in Bridgewater, New Jersey.
It is the largest gastroenterology-focused pharmaceutical company in the world. Salix develops prescription drugs and medical devices that prevent and treat various gastrointestinal disorders.

## History

Salix was founded in 1989 in Sunnyvale, California by Randy W. Hamilton and Lorin K. Johnson.
From 1992 to 2001, the company was headquartered in Palo Alto before relocating to its current headquartered in Raleigh.
In 2003, the company survived a hostile takeover bid from Canadian pharmaceutical company Axcan Pharma Inc, now named Aptalis. In 2004, Salix acquired InKine Pharmaceutical Company, Inc. and its product OsmoPrep for $190M. In 2011, Salix acquired Oceana Therapeutics and its products Deflux and Solesta for $300M. In 2013, Salix acquired Santarus and its products Uceris (oral), Zegerid, Glumetza, Cycloset and Ruconest for $2.6B. Total sales of Salix products in 2014 were $1.1 billion.
In 2010, Salix Pharmaceuticals signed a strategic global agreement with Photocure for Lumacan. Lumacan is a photodynamic colorectal diagnostic intended to significantly improve the detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions in the colon through fluorescence diagnosis. In addition to the development of Lumacan for colorectal cancer, Salix holds the exclusive right to explore and develop products for additional indications involving the diagnosis of gastrointestinal dysplasia and cancer.
In February 2015, Valeant Pharmaceuticals announced it would acquire Salix for $14.5 billion, creating the world leader in gastrointestinal drugs. The deal was completed on April 1, 2015. On the final day of trading, Salix shares traded for $172.81, giving it a market capitalization of $10.9 billion.
# Deadly Awards 2006

The Deadlys Awards was an annual celebration of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander achievement in music, sport, entertainment and community.

## Music

* Most Promising New Talent in Music: Sharnee Fenwick
* Single Release of the Year: Lonesome But Free - Troy Cassar-Daley
* Album Release of the Year: Under the Mango Tree - The Pigram Brothers
* Band of the Year: Troy n Trevlyn & The Tribe
* Music Artist of the Year: Troy Cassar-Daley
* Jimmy Little Award for Lifetime Achievement in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Music: Roger Knox
* Excellence in Film & Theatrical Score: David Milroy – Windmill Baby

## Sport

* Most Promising New Talent in Sport: Patrick Mills
* Outstanding Achievement in AFL: Adam Goodes
* Outstanding Achievement in Rugby League: Johnathan Thurston
* Male Sportsperson of the Year: Anthony Mundine
* Ella Award for Lifetime Achievement in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Sport: Lloyd McDermott
* Female Sportsperson of the Year Lydia Williams

## The arts

* Dancer of the Year: Patrick Thaiday
* Outstanding Achievement in Film and Television: Peter Djiggir, Ten Canoes
* Outstanding Achviement in Literature: Kylie Belling, Gary Foley and John Harding – The Dirty Mile, a History of Indigenous Fitzroy
* Outstanding Achievement in Entertainment: Mark Olive
* Visual Artist of the Year: Gulumbu Yunupingu
* Actor of the Year: Jamie Gulpilil

## Community

* DEST Award for Outstanding Achievement in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Education: Stan Grant
* Outstanding Achievement in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health: Mick Adams
* Broadcaster of the Year: Paulette Whitton, Koori Radio, Sydney NSW
* New Apprentice of the Year Nicole Zimmerman
# Tampa Covenant Church

Tampa Covenant Church is an Evangelical Presbyterian Church (EPC) in Lake Magdalene, Florida. The building was designed by Alberto Alfonso and chosen by Arch Daily for a 2010 building of the year award in the religious category.
# Wheeler's Point, Minnesota

Wheeler's Point is an unincorporated community in Wheeler Township, Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, United States. It is 12 miles north of Baudette.
County Road 8 and Minnesota State Highway 172 are two of the main routes in the community.
Wheeler's Point is located at the Four Mile Bay at the southern end of the Lake of the Woods. The entry to the Rainy River is also at this point.
The community of Hackett and Zippel Bay State Park are also nearby.