OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stefan Gradmann

Stefan Gradmann (born 22 September 1958 in Marburg) is a professor at KU Leuven and former manager of the University Library.
After studying Philosophy and Literature in Paris and Freiburg and his PhD in 1986 and a post-graduate studies in Cologne, he worked as a research librarian at the State and University Library of Hamburg.
From 1992 to 1996 he was director of the North German library network, and then together with Reiner Diedrichs director of the Common Library Network (GBV). From 1997 to 2000 he worked for the Dutch company OCLC PICA for library software.
Since 2000, he was - later as Deputy Director - Regional Data Center at the University of Hamburg where he led the group employs VCB. Stefan Gradmann was also head of the German Academic Publishers Project (CAP). He is also president of the German Society for Information Science and Practice.
In 2008 he received a professorship at the Institute of Library and Information Science at the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin where he was responsible for the postgraduate distance learning. In March 2013 he changed to KU Leuven.

## Publications

* "Cataloguing vs. Metadata: old wine in new bottles"
* "Towards an implementation model for library catalogs using Semantic Web technology". Cataloging and Classification Quarterly PDF
# Trier of fact

In law, a trier of fact or finder of fact is a person or group who determines disputed issues of fact in a legal proceeding (usually a trial) and how relevant they are to deciding its outcome. To determine a fact is to decide, from the evidence presented, whether something existed or some event occurred.
The factfinder differs by the type of proceeding. In a jury trial, it is the jury; in a non-jury trial, the judge is both the factfinder and the trier of law. In administrative proceedings, the factfinder may be a hearing officer or a hearing body.

## Juries

In a jury trial, a jury is the trier of fact. The jury finds the facts and applies them to the relevant statute or law it is instructed by the judge to use to reach its verdict. Thus, in a jury trial, the jury makes the findings of fact while the judge makes legal rulings as to what evidence will be heard by the jury and what legal framework governs the case. Jurors are instructed to follow the law as given by the judge strictly but are in no way obligated to do so. This sometimes leads to jury nullification, where the jury's verdict differs from the law.
In Anglo-American–based legal systems, a finding of fact made by the jury is not appealable unless clearly wrong to any reasonable person. This principle is enshrined in the Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, which provides that "no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law".

## Judges

In a bench trial, judges are professional triers of fact. In a bench trial, the judge makes findings of fact and rulings of law. The findings of a judge of first instance are not normally disturbed by an appellate court.

## Administrative law judges

In the U.S., an administrative law judge (ALJ) both presides over trials (and makes rulings of law) and adjudicates the claims or disputes (in other words, ALJ-controlled proceedings are bench trials) involving administrative law, but ALJs are not part of an independent judiciary.

## Mixed systems

In mixed systems, such as the judiciary of Germany, a mixture of both judges and lay judges are triers of fact.
# Thomas L. Hughes

Thomas Lowe Hughes (December 11, 1925 – January 2, 2023) was an American government official who was the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. From 1971 he was President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He was also counsel to Minnesota Senator Hubert Humphrey from 1955 to 1958.
Born in Mankato, Minnesota, on December 11, 1925, Hughes was educated at Carleton College, Minnesota, Oxford University, as a Rhodes Scholar, and Yale Law School, graduating in 1952.
While serving as Director of INR, he sent a memo to Under Secretary of State Nicholas Katzenbach 5 days after the 1967 USS Liberty incident: “In six strafing runs, it appears remarkable that none of the aircraft pilots identified the vessel as American. The torpedo boat attack was made approximately 20 minutes after the air attack. The surface attack could have been called off in that time had proper air identification been made. Liberty crew members were able to identify and record the hull number of one of the small, fast moving torpedo boats during the two minutes that elapsed between their attack run and the launching of the first torpedo, but the Israeli boat commanders apparently failed to identify the much larger and more easily identifiable Liberty (11,000 tons, 455 feet long, large identification numbers on hull).” He also wrote that transcripts pointed to “an extraordinary lack of concern on the part of the attackers as to whether the target was hostile” and that Israel’s explanation “stretched all credibility.” He later said, “We were quite convinced the Israelis knew what they were doing. It was hard to come to any other conclusion.”
Hughes died in Washington D.C., on January 2, 2023, at the age of 97.
# Wolf 1069 b

Wolf 1069 b is an Earth-sized planet orbiting the red dwarf star Wolf 1069. Being located in the habitable zone of its star, Wolf 1069 b is considered a potentially habitable planet, as well as the sixth-closest Earth-mass planet orbiting within its star's habitable zone. The minimum mass of the planet, as measured by the radial velocity method, is 1.26 M$_E$, while its radius is estimated at 1.08 R$_🜨$. The equilibrium temperature of Wolf 1069 b is -23 °C.

## Characteristics

Located about 9.6 parsecs (31 ly) from Earth, it is one of the closest known exoplanets. The minimum mass of Wolf 1069 b is measured at 1.26±0.21 M$_🜨$— very similar to that of Earth. Its radius is estimated at 1.08 R$_🜨$ according to mass-radius relationships.
The planet takes about 16 days to fully orbit Wolf 1069, and is located at an average distance of 0.0672 astronomical units (10,050,000 km) from it, which makes it located in its star's habitable zone.
Wolf 1069 b was discovered using radial velocity data from the CARMENES spectrograph at the Calar Alto Observatory, Spain. Its discovery was announced in January 2023, in the journal Astronomy & Astrophyics.

## Habitability

Wolf 1069 b is considered a potentially habitable planet, as it orbits in the conservative habitable zone of its star (located between 0.056 and 0.111 astronomical units), in addition to having a mass similar to that of Earth. It is very likely that Wolf 1069 b has a similar composition to Earth (32.5% of iron and 67.5% of silicate), in addition to probably having liquid water on its surface. Located 31 light-years away, it is the sixth-closest Earth-mass planet orbiting in the habitable zone of its host star— only Gliese 1002 b and c, Gliese 1061 b, Teegarden b and Proxima Centauri b are closer. Its equilibrium temperature is calculated at 250 K (−23 °C), and it receives an incident flux from its star equivalent to 65% of what the Earth receives from the Sun.
Despite being considered potentially habitable, the short distance from its star causes Wolf 1069 b to be tidally locked, meaning one side of the planet is always facing its star, while the other is always opposite it. Because it is tidally locked, Wolf 1069 b does not have a day/night cycle like Earth, meaning that one side of the planet is in an eternal day while the other side is in an eternal night.

## Host star

Wolf 1069 is a red dwarf that is located 31 light-years from Earth in the northern constellation Cygnus. The star has a slow rotation period, rotating on its own axis every 170 days, while the Sun takes 25 days to complete one rotation. Wolf 1069 is much smaller, cooler and less massive than the Sun, having a mass of 0.167 M$_☉$, a surface temperature of 3,158 K (2,885 °C), and a radius of 0.18 R$_☉$, which makes it one of the smallest stars known. It was discovered in 1920 by Max Wolf.
# Keystone B-5

The Keystone B-5 is a light bomber made by the Keystone Aircraft company for the United States Army Air Corps in the early 1930s. The B-5A was a Keystone B-3A with Wright Cyclone rather than Pratt & Whitney engines.

## Design and development

Three B-3A (LB-10A) were reengined with Wright R-1750-3 radial engines and were redesignated Y1B-5. The Army Air Corps changed the design of the last 27 LB-10As on order, replacing the Pratt & Whitney R-1690 radial engines with the Wright R-1750-3. The Pratt & Whitney-powered aircraft were designated B-3A, and the Wright-powered aircraft became B-5A. They provided the backbone of the U.S. bomber force from then to 1934.

## Operational history

B-5A were first line bombers of the United States for the period between 1930 and 1934. Afterwards, they remained in service primarily as observation aircraft until the early 1940s.

## Variants
### LB-14

    Designed as LB-10 with 575 hp (429 kW) Pratt & Whitney GR-1860 engines; three ordered, but redesigned with 525 hp (392 kW) Wright R-1750-3 engines and delivered as the Y1B-5.

### Y1B-5

    Three pre-production aircraft redesignated from LB-14 before delivery.

### B-5A

    Wright R-1750-3 version originally ordered as B-3A, 27 built

## Operators
### United States

* United States Army Air Corps

## Specifications (B-5A)

General characteristics
* Crew: 5
* Length: 48 ft 10 in (14.9 m)
* Wingspan: 74 ft 8 in (22.8 m)
* Height: 15 ft 9 in (4.8 m)
* Wing area: 1,145 sq ft (106.4 m$^2$)
* Empty weight: 7,705 lb (3,945 kg)
* Gross weight: 12,952 lb (5,875 kg)
* Powerplant: 2 × Wright R-1750-3 radial engines, 525 hp (392 kW) each
Performance
* Maximum speed: 111 mph (179 km/h, 97 kn)
* Cruise speed: 98 mph (160 km/h, 86 kn)
* Range: 815 mi (1,310 km, 707 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 14,000 ft (4,270 m)
* Wing loading: 273.3 lb/sq ft (52.22 kg/m$^2$)
* Power/mass: 0.0810 hp/lb (133 W/kg)
Armament
* Guns: 3 × .30 in (7.62 mm) Browning machine guns
* Bombs: 2,500 lb (1,100 kg); 4,000 lb (1,800 kg) on short runs
# Stewart baronets of Tillicoultry (1707)

The Stewart baronetcy, of Tillicoultry in the County of Clackmannan, was created in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia on 24 April 1707 for Robert Stewart. The title became dormant on the death of the second Baronet in 1767.

## Stewart baronets, of Tillicoultry (1707)

* Sir Robert Stewart, 1st Baronet (c. 1655–1710)
* Sir Robert Stewart, 2nd Baronet (c. 1700–1767)
# Vunakapeake

Vunakapeake is a village located on the north coast of the Gazelle Peninsula on the island of New Britain, East New Britain Province, Papua New Guinea. The village lies to the east of Lassul Bay and to the west of Ataliklikun Bay.
# Lion Cup

The Lion Cup was a premier domestic rugby union knock-out competition in South Africa. The first Lion Cup was held in 1983 when the Free State took the first title facing Transvaal at Ellis Park. The last season was held in 1994.

## Finals results in the Lion Cup

Lion Champions and Finals Results :
| Season | Champions | Runner-up | Final result | Final venue |
| 1983 | Free State | Transvaal | 24-12 | Ellis Park |
| 1984 | Western Province | Free State | 30-22 | Newlands |
| 1985 | Northern Transvaal | Free State | 12-10 | Bloemfontein |
| 1986 | Transvaal | Free State | 22-12 | Bloemfontein |
| 1987 | Transvaal | Northern Transvaal | 24-18 | Ellis Park |
| 1988 | Western Province | Northern Transvaal | 24-12 | Loftus Versfeld |
| 1989 | Western Province | Northern Transvaal | 21-16 | Newlands |
| 1990 | Northern Transvaal | Western Province | 25-12 | Loftus Versfeld |
| 1991 | Northern Transvaal | Natal | 62-6 | Loftus Versfeld |
| 1992 | Transvaal | Free State | 17-12 | Ellis Park |
| 1993 | Transvaal | Natal | 20-11 | Ellis Park |
| 1994 | Transvaal | Western Province | 29-20 | Ellis Park |
# Richard Tonson

Richard Tonson (1717–1772) was an English politician. He was Member of Parliament for Wallingford (1747–1754) and New Windsor (1768–1772).
Tonson built Bray Film Studios in the 1750s. He was a brother of bookseller and publisher Jacob Tonson.
# Emanuela Da Ros

Emanuela Da Ros is a journalist and Italian writer of children's books.
She graduated in art history with a thesis on ancient Byzantine art at the University of Padua in 1985. Then she became an Italian teacher in a high-school in Vittorio Veneto. She started her writing activity in 2000, and she won the first prize at the International Children's Literature Award of Bologna, as the best unpublished Italian writer.
# Ekonomija i Biznis

Ekonomija i Biznis (Macedonian Cyrillic: Економија и Бизнис), translated Economy and Business is a magazine published in North Macedonia.

## Activity

In November 2016, the magazine Economics and Business held its first independent conference titled "25 Years Independent Republic of Macedonia, what we learned about the Macedonian economy and how to do it?", attended by NBRM Governor Dimitar Bogov, chief executive officer of Sparkasse Macedonia, Gligor Bishev, General Director of "Ferroinvest", Koco Angjushev, President of the Economic Chamber of Macedonia, Branko Azeski, chairman of the board of Tikves Winery, Svetozar Janevski, Chief CEO of MSE Ivan Steriev.
# Shekhupur Mandanpur

Shekhupur Mandanpur (Śekhūpur Maṇḍanpur) is a village in Tundla block of Firozabad district, Uttar Pradesh. It was formerly part of Etah district. As of 2011, it has a population of 3,286, in 515 households.

## Demographics

As of 2011, Shekhupur Mandanpur had a population of 3,286, in 515 households.$^{:85}$ This population was 53.8% male (1,767) and 46.2% female (1,519). The 0-6 age group numbered 461 (230 male and 231 female), making up 14.0% of the total population. 864 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 26.3% of the total.$^{:92–3}$
The 1981 census recorded Shekhupur Mandanpur (as "Shekhupur Madanpur") as having a population of 1,846 people (1,036 male and 810 female), in 332 households and 314 physical houses. It was then counted as part of Jalesar block and tehsil in Etah district.$^{:128–9}$
The 1961 census recorded Shekhupur Mandanpur (as "Sheikhupur Mandanpur") as comprising 5 hamlets, with a total population of 1,356 people (760 male and 596 female), in 208 households and 192 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 1,249 acres. It was then counted as part of Jalesar block and tehsil in Etah district.$^{:Lii}$

## Infrastructure

As of 2011, Shekhupur Mandanpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village did had a post and telegraph office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both kachcha and pakka materials.$^{:85–90}$
# Dachengzi, Beijing

Dachengzi Town (simplified Chinese: 大城子镇; traditional Chinese: 大城子鎮; pinyin: Dàchéngzi Zhèn) is a town located in the Miyun District of Beijing, China. It sits within a valley, with Hongmenchuan and Qingshui Rivers flow through it. The town borders Taishitun and Beizhuang Towns in its north, Shangshidong Township and Liudaohe Town in its east, Zhenluoying and Dahushan Towns in its south, and Jugezhuang Town in its west. Its population was 9,443 in 2020.
The name Dachengzi (Chinese: 大城子; lit. 'Big City') comes from Dachengzi Village, the place where the town's government resides in.

## History

Timeline of Dachengzi Town :
| Year | Status | Within |
| 1958 - 1961 | Dachengzi Township | Miyun County, Beijing |
| 1961 - 1983 | Dachengzi People's Commune | Miyun County, Beijing |
| 1983 - 2000 | Dachengzi Township | Miyun County, Beijing |
| 2000 - 2015 | Dachengzi Town | Miyun County, Beijing |
| 2015–present | Dachengzi Town | Miyun District, Beijing |

## Administrative divisions

By the end of 2021, Dachengzi Town administered 23 subdivisions: 1 community and 22 villages. They are listed as follows:
| Subdivision Names | Name Transliteraions | Type |
| 宏城 | Hongcheng | Community |
| 北沟 | Beigou | Village |
| 梯子峪 | Tiziyu | Village |
| 墙子路 | Qiangzilu | Village |
| 南沟 | Nangou | Village |
| 下栅子 | Xiazhazi | Village |
| 苍术会 | Cangshuhui | Village |
| 柏崖 | Baiya | Village |
| 程各庄 | Chenggezhuang | Village |
| 庄户峪 | Zhuanghuyu | Village |
| 张庄子 | Zhangzhuangzi | Village |
| 杨各庄 | Yanggezhuang | Village |
| 高庄子 | Gaozhuangzi | Village |
| 大城子 | Dachengzi | Village |
| 聂家峪 | Niejiayu | Village |
| 方耳峪 | Fang'eryu | Village |
| 后甸 | Houdian | Village |
| 王各庄 | Wanggezhuang | Village |
| 河下 | Hexia | Village |
| 庄头 | Zhuangtou | Village |
| 大龙门 | Dalongmen | Village |
| 碰河寺 | Penghesi | Village |
| 张泉 | Zhangquan | Village |

## Transportation

Beijing-Chengde Expressway, Mixing Road and Beijing–Shenyang high-speed railway are the main roads within the town.
# Ta Paet railway station

Ta Paet railway station is a railway station located in Pak Bang Subdistrict, Thepha District, Songkhla. It is a class 3 railway station located 999.913 km (621.3 mi) from Thon Buri railway station. On 19 May 2015, a bomb planted by separatists exploded near Ta Paet railway station, injuring two military volunteers, who were sent to Thepha Hospital afterwards. The event was part of the South Thailand Insurgency.

## Services

* Local No. 447/448 Surat Thani-Sungai Kolok-Surat Thani
* Local No. 451/452 Nakhon Si Thammarat-Sungai Kolok-Nakhon Si Thammarat
* Local No. 455/456 Nakhon Si Thammarat-Yala-Nakhon Si Thammarat
* Local No. 463/464 Phatthalung-Sungai Kolok-Phatthalung
# Society of Costa Rica Collectors

The Society of Costa Rica Collectors (SOCORICO) (founded 1963) is an international philatelic society dedicated to the study of the postage stamps and postal history of Costa Rica. SOCORICO is affiliate No. 96 of the American Philatelic Society. The society journal, The Oxcart, has been published since 1960 and succeeded the Costa Rican Philatelist which had been published since the 1950s.

## Selected publications

* Bonilla Lara, Alvaro. (1996) History of the Revenue Stamps of Costa Rica (1870-1970). ISBN 0-9645247-3-2
* Mena, Hector R. and Rohrmoser, Oscar C. (1998) Costa Rica Revenue Stamp Catalogue. ISBN 0-9645247-6-7
* Mena, Hector R. et al. (2004) 3rd edn. Costa Rica Postal Catalogue.
# Steven Gabbe

Steven G. Gabbe is an American obstetrician-gynecologist, specializing in complications of pregnancy. He is the former Chief Executive Officer at The Ohio State University Medical Center and Senior Vice President for Health Sciences. He is the namesake of Gabbe College, one of the four academic colleges of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, of which he formerly served as dean.

## Career

On April 4, 2008, Gabbe was appointed chief executive officer of the Ohio State University Medical Center and Senior Vice President of Health Sciences at Ohio State University by President Gordon Gee. Gabbe was at Ohio State University for nine years as a professor and chairman of obstetrics and gynecology in The Ohio State University College of Medicine.
He left in 1996 for the University of Washington and was recruited to Vanderbilt as Dean of the Vanderbilt School of Medicine by former Vanderbilt Chancellor Gordon Gee in March 2001.
He has authored over 175 research articles, and is the first author of the textbook, Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies (Elsevier).
He was elected a member of the Institute of Medicine of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1998.

## Selected works
### Books

* Gabbe S, et al.. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies, 5th edn (Elsevier; 2007) (ISBN 0-443-06930-1)

### Research articles

* Landon MB, et al.. (2004) Maternal and perinatal outcomes associated with a trial of labor after prior cesarean delivery. N Engl J Med 351: 2581–2589 (PMID 15598960) (full text)
# Lion Eyes

"Lion Eyes" is a song by American rapper Lil Durk. Its music video premiered on November 5, 2021 and the song was released as a single on November 12, 2021 by Alamo Records. The song was produced by AyeTM.

## Composition

The song features "dark" piano keys in the instrumental. It finds Lil Durk singing about successes in his life, as well as adversities, including losing his friends and violence, also conveying how one becomes involved in gang life to promote aggressive pride that hides one's insecurities. The song talks about staying strong, with Durk stating he has the "eye of a lion" and "heart of a tiger".

## Music video

The music video was directed by Jerry Productions and shows Lil Durk in his house, where he shows his collection of money, watches and jewelry, plays video games, and works out.

## Charts

| Chart (2021) | Peak position |
| US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) | 3 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 34 |
# Richard Hickman

Richard Hickman (1757–1832) was the fifth Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky, serving in that capacity from 1812 to 1816 under Isaac Shelby during Shelby's second term as governor.
Hickman was born in Virginia in 1757 to Maj. James Hickman and Hannah Lewis Hickman. He served as Clark County's first legislative representative from 1793 to 1798. He further served on the 1799 Kentucky Constitutional Convention. Following the Constitutional Convention, he became one of the first twelve men to be members of the Kentucky Senate, and served in that body three separate times from 1800 to 1808, again from 1811 to 1812, and finally from 1819 to 1822.
He was elected Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky under Governor Isaac Shelby, and served briefly as acting governor in 1813, during the time that Shelby was leading Kentucky troops in the War of 1812.
Hickman is U.S. President Barack Obama's 7th-great uncle.
# Emmanuel Zapata

Emmanuel Zapata (born 7 October 1986) is an Argentine modern pentathlete. He competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, in the men's event.
# Ekondo-Titi

Ekondo-Titi is a commune and arrondissement in the Ndian department, Southwest Province, western Cameroon.
Ekondo Titi is a suburban town and capital of the Ekondo Titi Sub Division. It is located in Ndian Division of the South West region of the Republic of Cameroon. The town is indigenous to the Balondo people in the coastal southwest region of Cameroon.

## Economy

Being a suburban area, the economy is predominantly agricultural with a strong wave of plantation agriculture in the area. The leading agricultural state corporation PAMOL is located in Lobe Estate. There is an ample supply of food crops in the area.

## Transportation

Ekondo Titi is a town with a manageable transport network that is adversely impacted by the rains during the wet seasons.

## History
### 2021 massacre

On November 24, 2021, Anglophone gunmen stormed a bilingual school in the locality, killing five civilians, including one teacher and four children.

### 2022 bombing

On March 2, 2022, Anglophone separatists bombed a car carrying numerous politicians and local officials and fired gunshots at the victims. All six people on board died, including Mayor Nanji Kenneth and sub-prefect Timothée Aboloa. A lieutenant later died of his wounds. The vehicle bombing also killed a local representative of the Cameroon People's Democratic Movement, a gendarme, and the driver.
# Love Made Me Stupid

"Love Made Me Stupid" is a dance/pop song by Swedish singer Elin Lanto and is the lead single from her second album "Love Made Me Do It" (her three previous singles were not originally on the album). The song features the introduction of a synth/rock movement in Lanto's music and this song in particular is noted for its dark tones.
The song is about Lanto's lament that she has lost her mind because she is consumed with love – "I’ve lost my friends because of you, I’ve got no money because of you, I’ve lost my IQ because of you". The video captures this as it features a desolate, lonely Lanto in various states of despair.
This song saw Lanto's return to music since her 2008 single "Discotheque" and a new direction in music, despite all this the single failed to chart in her native Sweden.