OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Relational grammar

In linguistics, relational grammar (RG) is a syntactic theory which argues that primitive grammatical relations provide the ideal means to state syntactic rules in universal terms. Relational grammar began as an alternative to transformational grammar.

## Grammatical relations hierarchy

In relational grammar, constituents that serve as the arguments to predicates are numbered in what is called the grammatical relations (GR) hierarchy. This numbering system corresponds loosely to the notions of subject, direct object and indirect object. The numbering scheme is subject → (1), direct object → (2) and indirect object → (3). Other constituents (such as oblique, genitive, and object of comparative) are called nonterms (N). The predicate is marked (P).
According to Geoffrey K. Pullum (1977), the GR hierarchy directly corresponds to the accessibility hierarchy:
| 1 | 2 | 3 | N | N | N |
| subject | direct object | indirect object | other oblique cases | genitive | object of comparative |
A schematic representation of a clause in this formalism might look like:
| 1 | P | 3 | 2 |
| John | gave | Mary | a kiss |

## Other features

* Strata
* Chomage (see chômeur)
* Predicate valence

## Universals

One of the components of RG theory is a set of linguistic universals stated in terms of the numbered roles presented above. Such a universal is the stratal uniqueness law, which states that there can be at most one 1, 2, and 3 per stratum.
Pullum (1977) lists three more universals:
* The NP constituents of a clause are linearized in their GR hierarchy order, from left to right.
* The verb of a clause may be placed in
    (a) initial position in all clauses,
    (b) second position in all clauses, or
    (c) final position in all clauses.
* If placement of the verb leaves the subject NP noninitial, the subject may be assigned final position.
However, Pullum formulated these universals before the discovery of languages with object-initial word order. After the discovery of such languages, he retracted his prior statements.
# Aspilapteryx

Aspilapteryx is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae.

## Species

* Aspilapteryx filifera (Meyrick, 1912)
* Aspilapteryx grypota (Meyrick, 1914)
* Aspilapteryx inquinata Triberti, 1985
* Aspilapteryx limosella (Duponchel, 1843)
* Aspilapteryx magna Triberti, 1985
* Aspilapteryx multipunctella (Chrétien, 1917)
* Aspilapteryx pentaplaca (Meyrick, 1911)
* Aspilapteryx seriata (Meyrick, 1912)
* Aspilapteryx spectabilis Huemer, 1994
* Aspilapteryx tessellata (Turner, 1940)
* Aspilapteryx tringipennella (Zeller, 1839)
# Asia Books

Asia Books is the largest English language bookseller in Thailand. It also sells books and magazines in Thai. It opened in September 1969. The chain has 70 shops throughout Thailand under the Asia Books or Bookazine brand. It also distributes English books and magazines to over 300 outlets.
# Reg Elson

Reg Elson FRCS (born 1930) is a British orthopaedic surgeon, who was involved in developing hip replacement techniques.
Elson studied at Cambridge University graduating in 1954. After further training as an orthopaedic trauma surgeon he obtained in 1967 a position the Northern General Hospital in Sheffield. For a period from 1977 he worked at the EndoKlinik, Hamburg, before returning to Sheffield.
A founder of the Cavendish Hip Fellowship Trust, he also served as president of the British Hip Society from 1994 to 1996. and of the European Hip Society, of which he also was a founder.
# Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO

Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO is a governmental body formed by the Government of India which functions under the Department of Secondary and Higher Education in the Ministry of Human Resource Development. The objective of the commission is to advise the Government in matters relating to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

## History

National Commissions for UNESCO are national organizations which are part of UNESCO and which are the only such bodies in the whole UN system. They were established under Article VII of the Constitution of the UNESCO by UNESCO member countries on a permanent basis and are associated with the government bodies of the member countries. Currently, there are 198 such National Commissions.
The Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO was established in 1951, when the constitution was approved. The establishment of the Commission followed two years (since 1949) of work of the interim National Commission. The Commission acts as a liaison between the Government of India and UNESCO.

## Structure of the commission

The National Commission consists of general assembly, secretariat (not to be confused with the organs of the United Nations), and five sub-commissions such as Education, Communications, Culture, Natural Sciences, and Social Sciences. The President of the commission is the Minister of Human Resource Development, and the Secretary General of the commission is the Secretary of the Department of Higher Education.
# Aspistor

Aspistor is a genus of sea catfishes found along the northeastern coast of South America, where they occur in marine, brackish, and fresh waters.

## Species

Three recognized species are in this genus:
* Aspistor hardenbergi (Kailola, 2000)
* Aspistor luniscutis (Valenciennes, 1840)
* Aspistor quadriscutis (Valenciennes, 1840) (Bressou sea catfish)
# Association for Theatre in Higher Education

The Association for Theatre in Higher Education (ATHE) is a United States–based non-profit membership organization whose mission is "To support and advance the study and practice of theatre and performance in higher education." It publishes Theatre Journal and Theatre Topics, has 23 special interest focus groups, runs a job bank service for its members, and organises an annual conference attended by around 800 people.
# Association for Tourism in Higher Education

The Association for Tourism in Higher Education (ATHE), is a learned society in the United Kingdom dedicated to promoting tourism as a subject of study in the UK. It encourages high standards in learning, teaching and research. It is a member of the Academy of Social Sciences.
# Indosinia

Indosinia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Ochnaceae. It contains a single species, Indosinia involucrata.
Its native range is Vietnam.
# At Long Last Love (song)

"At Long Last Love" is a popular song written by Cole Porter, for his 1938 musical You Never Know, in which it was introduced by Clifton Webb.

## Other recordings

* Nancy Wilson, Gentle Is My Love, 1965
* Frank Sinatra, A Swingin Affair!, 1957
# Renault GTA

Renault GTA may refer to:
* A performance version of the Renault Alliance
* The British market name for the Renault Alpine GTA
# Recycling (disambiguation)

Recycling may refer to:

## Science

* Recycling (technological) A human industrial process of shunting discarded technological artifacts into an industrial repository system that dissipates energy and employs people to manufacture and redistribute new artifacts using the old materials.
* Recycling (ecological) Ecosystems use energy (primarily solar) to employ biodiversity working at the base of food webs to recycle mineral nutrients back into living systems.
# Repetition code

In coding theory, the repetition code is one of the most basic linear error-correcting codes. In order to transmit a message over a noisy channel that may corrupt the transmission in a few places, the idea of the repetition code is to just repeat the message several times. The hope is that the channel corrupts only a minority of these repetitions. This way the receiver will notice that a transmission error occurred since the received data stream is not the repetition of a single message, and moreover, the receiver can recover the original message by looking at the received message in the data stream that occurs most often.
Because of the bad error correcting performance coupled with the low code rate (ratio between useful information symbols and actual transmitted symbols), other error correction codes are preferred in most cases. The chief attraction of the repetition code is the ease of implementation.

## Code parameters

In the case of a binary repetition code, there exist two code words - all ones and all zeros - which have a length of $n$. Therefore, the minimum Hamming distance of the code equals its length $n$. This gives the repetition code an error correcting capacity of ${\tfrac {n-1}{2}}$ (i.e. it will correct up to ${\tfrac {n-1}{2}}$ errors in any code word).
If the length of a binary repetition code is odd, then it's a perfect code. The binary repetition code of length n is equivalent to the (n, 1)-Hamming code. A (n, 1) BCH code is also a repetition code.

## Example

Consider a binary repetition code of length 3. The user wants to transmit the information bits 101. Then the encoding maps each bit either to the all ones or all zeros code word, so we get the 111 000 111, which will be transmitted.
Let's say three errors corrupt the transmitted bits and the received sequence is 111 010 100. Decoding is usually done by a simple majority decision for each code word. That lead us to 100 as the decoded information bits, because in the first and second code word occurred less than two errors, so the majority of the bits are correct. But in the third code word two bits are corrupted, which results in an erroneous information bit, since two errors lie above the error correcting capacity.

## Applications

Despite their poor performance as stand-alone codes, use in Turbo code-like iteratively decoded concatenated coding schemes, such as repeat-accumulate (RA) and accumulate-repeat-accumulate (ARA) codes, allows for surprisingly good error correction performance.
Repetition codes are one of the few known codes whose code rate can be automatically adjusted to varying channel capacity, by sending more or less parity information as required to overcome the channel noise, and it is the only such code known for non-erasure channels. Practical adaptive codes for erasure channels have been invented only recently, and are known as fountain codes.
Some UARTs, such as the ones used in the FlexRay protocol, use a majority filter to ignore brief noise spikes. This spike-rejection filter can be seen as a kind of repetition decoder.
# William D. Coleman (scientist)

William D. Coleman (1950 – March 24, 2023) was a Canadian political scientist. Until his death, he was a professor University of Waterloo, having previously been the IGI Chair and University Distinguished Professor at McMaster University.
Coleman died on March 24, 2023, at the age of 72.
# Bere Stream

Bere Stream (grid referenceSY860926) is an 11.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Dorset, notified in 1977.

## Sources

* English Nature citation sheet for the site (accessed 8 September 2006)
# Scopula afghana

Scopula afghana is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is endemic to Afghanistan.
# Libas Pur

Libas Pur is a village in the north west district in Delhi, India.

## Demographics

In 2011, Libas Pur had a population of 44,375, with 24,059 males and 20,316 females. It grew by 58.5% from 2001, when it had a population of 27,940.
# Spatalistis katmandana

Spatalistis katmandana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Nepal. The habitat consists of mixed primary forests.

## Etymology

The species name refers to Kathmandu District, the type locality.
# Slick Jones

Slick Jones (April 13, 1907 – November 2, 1969) was an American jazz drummer, best known for his work with Fats Waller.

## Life

Born Wilmore Jones in Roanoke, Virginia, he worked with Fletcher Henderson from 1934 to 1936, then recorded and toured with Fats Waller from 1936 to 1941. Concomitantly he also appeared on record with Gene Sedric, Don Redman, Lionel Hampton, and Una Mae Carlisle. Following his time with Waller, he played with Stuff Smith, Eddie South, Claude Hopkins, Hazel Scott, and Don Byas, in addition to further work with Sedric and Redman. In the 1950s he worked with Sidney Bechet, Wilbur DeParis (1954–55), and Doc Cheatham. He worked with Eddie Durham and Eddie Barefield in the 1960s, and remained active almost up until his death, though he never recorded as a leader.
# Sleet

Sleet is a regionally variant term for some meteorological phenomena:
* Ice pellets, pellets of ice composed of frozen raindrops or refrozen melted snowflakes (United States)
* Rain and snow mixed, snow that partially melts as it falls (United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, and most Commonwealth countries)
* Glaze (ice), a smooth coating of ice formed on objects by freezing rain.

## People with the surname

* David Sleet
* Don Sleet
* Gregory M. Sleet
* Jessie Sleet Scales
* Moneta Sleet Jr.

## Places

* Sleet Cone, a volcanic cone in British Columbia, Canada
# Madison Township, Mahaska County, Iowa

Madison Township is a township in Mahaska County, Iowa, United States.
# Maforki Chiefdom

Maforki Chiefdom is a chiefdom in Port Loko District of Sierra Leone. Its capital is Port Loko.
# Slender group

In mathematics, a slender group is a torsion-free abelian group that is "small" in a sense that is made precise in the definition below.

## Definition

Let Z$^N$ denote the Baer–Specker group, that is, the group of all integer sequences, with termwise addition. For each natural number n, let e$_n$ be the sequence with n-th term equal to 1 and all other terms 0.
A torsion-free abelian group G is said to be slender if every homomorphism from Z$^N$ into G maps all but finitely many of the e$_n$ to the identity element.

## Examples

Every free abelian group is slender.
The additive group of rational numbers Q is not slender: any mapping of the e$_n$ into Q extends to a homomorphism from the free subgroup generated by the e$_n$, and as Q is injective this homomorphism extends over the whole of Z$^N$. Therefore, a slender group must be reduced.
Every countable reduced torsion-free abelian group is slender, so every proper subgroup of Q is slender.

## Properties

* A torsion-free abelian group is slender if and only if it is reduced and contains no copy of the Baer–Specker group and no copy of the p-adic integers for any p.
* Direct sums of slender groups are also slender.
* Subgroups of slender groups are slender.
* Every homomorphism from Z$^N$ into a slender group factors through Z$^n$ for some natural number n.
# Slender glasswort

Slender glasswort is a common name for several plants in the genus Salicornia, and may refer to:
* Salicornia depressa, native to coastal North America, for example List of flora of Ohio § S
* Salicornia europaea, native to Europe
* Salicornia maritima, native to eastern Canada
# Donna Lucey

Donna Lucey is the author of the book Photographing Montana 1894-1928: The Life and Work of Evelyn Cameron (1990), a biography and collection of photographs from frontier photographer Evelyn Cameron. Lucey has been an editor at Time-Life Books and Look magazine, and has received two grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities for her work on Photographing Montana. She lives with her husband Henry Wiencek and their son in Charlottesville, Virginia.
# Skjerstad Fjord

Skjerstad Fjord (English) or Skjerstadfjorden (Norwegian) is a fjord in the municipalities of Bodø, Fauske, and Saltdal in Nordland county, Norway. It is a 40-kilometre (25 mi) long arm off of the main Saltfjorden. It is connected to the Saltfjorden by the narrow Saltstraumen strait, which has very strong tidal currents. The villages of Valnesfjord and Rognan and the town of Fauske lie along the shores of the fjord. The European route E06 highway runs along the eastern shore of the fjord, and the Nordland Line railway follows the eastern and northern shores of the fjord. The Misværfjorden branches off this fjord to the south at the village of Skjerstad.
# Donna Hilley

Donna Jean Hilley (née Whitten; June 30, 1940 – June 20, 2012) was an American music publishing executive who was CEO of Sony/ATV Music Publishing from 1994 to her retirement in 2005. Originally from Birmingham, Alabama, Hilley began her career at WKDA in Nashville and went on to work in country music publishing.
A graduate of Jones Valley High School in Birmingham, Hilley was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1999. She had been married to her high school sweetheart from Birmingham for over 40 years.

## Early life

Hilley was born in Montevallo, Alabama. Her father, John Truman Whitten, was a lineman for the Alabama Power Company. Her mother, Janie Mae Whitten (née Sizemore) was a stay at home mom when Donna was born at home after a long difficult labor (many births occurred at home in the rural South in those days). Her parents came from very poor psychosocial situation, and Donna's parents had moved up the socioeconomic ladder only a bit. Her brother, Jimmy Whitten, was born 5 years later, and a sister Diane Whitten, was born 14 years later. By this time the family had moved to Birmingham for her dad's job.
Hilley married her high school boyfriend and moved to Nashville (he was at Vanderbilt) immediately after high school. Though armed with only a high school degree and no experience, she began working at a radio station in Nashville. Two young girls, Vickie and Debbie, were born soon after. The couple was quite poor. With a husband in school and Hilley at a low paying but fun job, the money was scarce.

## Career

Hilley followed one of the disc jockeys from WKDA into his advertising firm, Bill Hudson and Associates. She moved up the hierarchy in that position. Several years later her previous boss at the radio station had also been running a music publishing company, Tree. When Mr Stapp ( owner of Tree ) called Hilley to say his secretary had taken ill and had stated only one person could do her job, and that person was Donna Hilley, Donna moved over to Tree Publishing. The position was "executive assistant" to Jack Stapp. Hilley worked her way up to president and CEO later of Tree Publishing.

## Personal life

Hilley's grandson, Mitchell Tenpenny, is a country music singer-songwriter.
Hilley often fibbed about her age and The Tennessean reported that she was 65 when she died, although she was actually about to turn 72.
# Recycling antimatter

Recycling antimatter pertains to recycling antiprotons and antihydrogen atoms.
# Sweden at the World Single Distance Championships

This page is an overview of the results of Sweden at the World Single Distances Speed Skating Championships.

## List of medalists

| Medal | Championship | Name | Event |
| Silver | 2009 Vancouver | Joël Eriksson Daniel Friberg Johan Röjler | Men's Team pursuit |

## Medal table
### Medals by discipline

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Rank |
| Men's Team Pursuit | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | =7 |

### Medals by championships

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Rank |
| 2009 Vancouver | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | =8 |
# Te Quedaste

"Te Quedaste" (transl. "You Stayed") is a Latin pop song recorded by American duo Ha*Ash. It was first included on Ha*Ash's first studio album Ha*Ash (2003) where it was released as the third single and then included on their live album deluxe Primera Fila: Hecho Realidad (2015).

## Background and release

"Te Quedaste" was written by Leonel García and Áureo Baqueiro. It serves as the three track to her first studio album Ha*Ash (2003), and then recorded live for his live album deluxe Primera Fila: Hecho Realidad in 2015.

## Commercial performance

The track peaked at number 28 in the Latin Pop Songs, number 17 in the Hot Latin songs and at number 17 in the Latin Airplay charts in the United States. In Mexico, the song peaked at number 4 in the Monitor Latino.

## Music video

A music video for "Te Quedaste" was released on February 1, 2014. Was published on her YouTube channel on October 25, 2009. As of October 2019, the video has over 38 million views on YouTube.

## Credits and personnel

Credits adapted from AllMusic and Genius.
Recording and management
* Recording Country: México
* Sony / ATV Discos Music Publishing LLC / Westwood Publishing
* (P) 2003 Sony Music Entertainment México, S.A. De C.V. (studio version)
* (P) 2015 Sony Music Entertainment México, S.A. De C.V. (live version)
Ha*Ash
* Ashley Grace – vocals, guitar (studio version / live version)
* Hanna Nicole – vocals, guitar (studio version / live version)
Additional personnel
* Áureo Baqueiro – songwriting, recording engineer, arranger, director (studio version)
* Leonel García – songwriting (studio version) / live version)
* Armando Ávila – guitar, acoustic guitar, recording engineer (studio version)
* Rodolfo Cruz – recording engineer (studio version)
* Arranger Mateo Aguilar – arranger (live version)
* Fernando Ruíz Velasco – arranger (live version)
* Rodrigo Duarte – arranger (live version)
* Edy Vega – arranger (live version)
* Lary Ruíz Velasco – arranger (live version)
* Áureo Baqueiro – songwriting (live version)
* Gerardo Morgadoo – engineer (live version)
* Alfonso Palacios – engineer (live version)
* Joel Alonso – engineer (live version)
* Jules Ramllano – director, engineer (live version)

## Charts

| Chart | Position |
| Mexico (Monitor Latino) | 4 |
| US Hot Latin Songs (Billboard) | 28 |
| US Latin Airplay (Billboard) | 17 |
| US Latin Pop Songs (Billboard) | 28 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Edition(s) | Format | Label | Ref. |
| Various | 2003 | Standard | Single | Sony Music Latin | |
| Various | November 13, 2015 | Acoustic Version | Digital downloadstreaming | Sony Music Latin | |