OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Soft chemistry

Soft chemistry (also known as chimie douce) is a type of chemistry that uses reactions at ambient temperature in open reaction vessels with reactions similar to those occurring in biological systems.

## Aims

The aim of the soft chemistry is to synthesize materials, drawing capacity of living beings - more or less basic - such as diatoms capable of producing glass from silicates dissolved. It is a new branch of materials science that differs from conventional solid-state chemistry and its application to the intense energy to explore the chemical inventiveness of the living world. This specialty emerged in the 1980s around the label of "chimie douce", which was first published by the French chemist, Jacques Livage in Le Monde, 26 October 1977. French hits, the term soft chemistry is employed as such in the early twenty-first century in scientific publications, English and others. His mode of synthesis is similar generally for reactions involved in the polymerizations based on organic and the establishment of solutions reactive energy intake without essential polycondensation. The fundamental interest of this kind of polymerization mineral obtained at room temperature is to preserve organic molecules or microorganisms that wishes to fit. The products obtained by means of the so-called soft chemistry sol-gel can be stored in several types:
* mineral structures of various qualities (smoothness, uniformity, etc.)
* mixed structures combining inorganic and organic molecules on mineral structures
* wrapper complex molecules and even microorganisms maintaining or optimizing their beneficial characteristics.
The early results have included the creation of glasses and ceramic with new properties. These different structures are more or less composite mobilized a wide range of applications ranging from health to the needs of the conquest of space. Beyond its mode of synthesis, a compound with the label soft chemistry combines the advantages of the mineral (resistance, transparency, repetition patterns, etc.) and now exploring the potential of the biochemistry and organic chemistry (interface with the organic world, reactivity, synthesis capability, etc.). According to its practitioners, "soft chemistry" is only in its early success and opens up vast prospects.
# Šime Đodan

Šime Đodan (27 December 1927 – 2 October 2007) was a Croatian politician, a two-term Member of Parliament who also briefly served as the 3rd Minister of Defense of Croatia in 1991.

## Personal life

Šime Đodan was born on 27 December 1927 in the village of Rodaljce (part of Benkovac), in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Đodan graduated from the Faculty of Law at University of Zagreb in 1960. In 1965, Đodan obtained his doctorate from the Faculty of Economics, which is also located in Zagrab He served as a member of the presidency and economic secretary of Matica hrvatska from 1967 until 1971.
He was sentenced to six years in a Yugoslav prison for his collaboration during the Croatian Spring. He went on to become a professor at the Faculty of Law in Zagreb in 1991.
Đodan published a number of books concerning economics. He topics included the economic situation of Croatia, the production of goods and services, and economic development.

## Politics

Šime Đodan served in the Croatian parliament for two terms. His first term was from 1990 until 1992 and his second term extended from 1992 until 1995.
Đodan briefly served as the Croatian Minister of Defense from 2 July 1991 until 17 July 1991.
He served as president of the Matica hrvatska from 1991 to 1992 and as a member of the presidency of the HDZ.
His political life was marked with controversial rhetoric, most infamously an August 1991 remark in Sinj about the Serbs having "smaller brains" and "pointy heads".

## Death

Šime Đodan died on 2 October 2007 at the age of 79 in a hospital in Dubrovnik, Croatia, after a long illness. His funeral was held on 5 October 2007 in Dubrovnik.
# Liberty Chakoroma

Liberty Chakoroma (born 28 February 1994) is a Zimbabwean footballer who plays as a defender for Chicken Inn F.C. and the Zimbabwe national football team.
He played in the 2013 COSAFA U-20 Cup, scoring against Botswana. He also played with the under-23 squad in the 2015 African Games.
# W. D. Borrie

Wilfred David "Mick" Borrie CBE FASSA FACE (2 September 1913 – 1 January 2000) was a New Zealand-born Australian demographer and academic.

## Education

Borrie was educated at Waitaki Boys' High School, Oamaru, completing his education at the University of Otago and University of Cambridge.His Master's thesis The military defence of New Zealand, 1850–1914, was completed at Otago in 1936. Borrie was president of the Otago University Students' Association in 1936.

## Career

Borrie moved to Sydney in 1941 where he taught Social History at the University of Sydney until 1947.
Borrie joined the Australian National University in 1948. Borrie founded the Department of Demography in 1952, where from 1957 he was Professor of Demography and Chair of Demography, the first such worldwide. He retired in 1978.
In 1961, Borrie delivered the third in the annual series of ABC lectures (renamed the Boyer Lectures) on "The Crowding World".
Borrie, keen to extend population studies throughout Australia, encouraged the formation of the Australian Population Association (APA) in 1980. Borrie remained patron of the APA until he died.

## Personal

Borrie was born on 2 September 1913 at Waimate, New Zealand, the son of Peter William Borrie and Isabella Doig. Borrie married Alice Hazel Muller in 1941, and had one daughter. He died on 1 January 2000.

## Honours and awards

* 1950 Elected Fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
* 1969 Officer of the Order of the British Empire for service to social science.
* 1975 Honorary degree of Doctor of Science, University of Tasmania
* 1979 Commander of the Order of the British Empire for service to social science.
* 1979 Honorary degree of Doctor of Science in Economics, University of Sydney
* 1996 IUSSP Laureate.

## Memorials and legacy
### Borrie Prize

"The W.D. Borrie Prize is awarded to the best student paper on a population-related topic".
# Silene nutans

Silene nutans is a flowering plant in the genus Silene, most commonly known as Nottingham catchfly.

## Description

Silene nutans is a diploid, mainly outcrossing, herbaceous, perennial plant. It grows up to 25–80 centimetres (10–31 in) tall, from a branching, woody stock with a thick taproot. The lower leaves are up to 75 millimetres (3 in) long, spathulate and have a long stalk, while leaves higher on the plant are lanceolate, subsessile and acute; all the leaves are covered in soft hairs. The flowers are 18 millimetres (0.7 in) wide, 12 millimetres (0.5 in) long, and drooping, on short, viscid stalks. The petals are white or pinkish and divided into two narrow lobes. Each flower remains open for three nights as a means of preventing self-fertilisation; the flower reveals one whorl of stamens on the first night, the second whorl of stamens on the second night, and the three styles on the third night. The seeds are 10–22 millimetres (0.4–0.9 in) wide and kidney-shaped.

## Distribution

Silene nutans is widespread across Europe, from southern Spain and Italy north to the British Isles and Scandinavia, and is also found across large parts of Asia. It has been introduced to North America, where it is known as the Eurasian catchfly. It is found in the U.S. states of Michigan, Ohio, New York, Vermont and Maine.
Silene nutans can sometimes be found in the very widespread MG1 (Arrhenatherum elatius grassland) community of the British National Vegetation Classification, and thus can be found where Arrhenatherum elatius (false oat grass) or Dactylis glomerata (cocksfoot) occur.

## Ecology

Silene nutans is a steppe species across most of its range. At the periphery of its distribution, it has a patchy distribution in xeric habitats, such as open grasslands and on rock outcrops at forest margins, on both acidic and alkaline substrates (pH 3.8–8.0). In the far north of its range, S. nutans is characteristic of maritime cliffs.
Silene nutans flowers during the night, and produces a strong floral scent to attract its pollinators, which are mostly night-flying moths. Chemical compounds in the scent include benzyl acetate and benzaldehyde.
Silene nutans is the host plant for the leaf mining moth Coleophora galbulipennella.

## Nottingham

The common name Nottingham catchfly commemorates the former occurrence of S. nutans on the walls of Nottingham Castle, and the species was chosen to represent the unitary authority of Nottingham as its county flower. Despite this association, Nottingham catchflies no longer occur in either the city of Nottingham or the wider county of Nottinghamshire.
Nottingham Castle Trust asked volunteers to grow the plant from seeds supplied to donate the successful plants back to the City to commemorate the re-opening of the renovation of Nottingham Castle.
# Syaphru

Syaphru or Syabru is a village development committee in Rasuwa District in the Bagmati Zone of northern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1755 people living in 363 individual households.

## History

The area was the site of a battle during the second campaign of Sino-Nepalese War around 24 July 1792.

## Government

The purpose of Village Development Committees is to organise village people structurally at a local level and creating a partnership between the community and the public sector for improved service delivery system. A VDC has a status as an autonomous institution and authority for interacting with the more centralised institutions of governance in Nepal. In doing so, the VDC gives village people an element of control and responsibility in development, and also ensures proper utilization and distribution of state funds and a greater interaction between government officials, NGOs and agencies. The village development committees within a given area will discuss education, water supply, basic health, sanitation and income and will also monitor and record progress which is displayed in census data.
In VDCs there is one elected chief, usually elected with over an 80% majority. From each ward, there is also a chief that is elected along with these there are also four members elected or nominated.
# Tourville and Murat Bays Important Bird Area

Tourville and Murat Bays Important Bird Area is an important bird area in South Australia with a combined area of 117 square kilometres (45 square miles), located west to the town of Ceduna on the north-west corner of the Eyre Peninsula in the Great Australian Bight. It is considered to be an important area because of the resident populations of waders, or shorebirds.

## Description

The Important Bird Area (IBA) consists of two separate areas - one on the west side of Murat Bay and the other covering the full extent of Tourville Bay. Both bays open to Denial Bay which itself is bounded by St Peter Island, a member of the Nuyts Archipelago, on its east side. Tourville Bay has a relatively narrow neck and contains extensive intertidal flats and saltmarsh. Murat Bay is more open to the sea. They are separated by about 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) of headland. The important bird area includes the intertidal zone and extends inland to take in other coastal features such as wetlands, including mangroves and playa lakes.

## Criteria for nomination as an IBA

The bays have been identified as an IBA by BirdLife International because, together, they support over 1% of the world populations of both pied and sooty oystercatchers. Other birds for which the site is important include common greenshanks, red knots, sharp-tailed sandpipers, banded lapwings, red-capped plovers and fairy terns. There are also records of hooded plovers, pied and great cormorants, and white-faced herons. rock parrots inhabit the saltmarsh.

## Associated protected areas

While the IBA has no statutory status, it does overlap part of the Nuyts Archipelago Marine Park, a marine protected area declared by the Government of South Australia.
# Soft coal

Soft coal may refer to several lower quality types of coal, primarily used for power generation:
* Lignite, or brown coal
* Sub-bituminous coal
* Bituminous coal, or black coal
# William Killigrew

William Killigrew may refer to:
* William Killigrew (1606–1695), English courtier
* William Killigrew (Chamberlain of the Exchequer) (died 1622), English politician
* Sir William Killigrew, 1st Baronet (died 1665), of the Killigrew baronets
# İğdir, Kızılcahamam

İğdir is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızılcahamam, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 88 (2022).
# Chuck Kassel

Charles Edward Kassel (November 20, 1903 – November 30, 1977) was an American professional football player who played as an end in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons with the Chicago Bears, the Frankford Yellow Jackets, and the Chicago Cardinals. Before his professional career, he was a star player for Proviso Township High School in Maywood, Illinois, a suburb west of Chicago. After his football career, he taught physical education and coached at Proviso for several decades.
# W. D. Burrows House

W. D. Burrows House, also known as Hopewell, is a historic home and farm located at Kenton, Kent County, Delaware. The house was built about 1830, and is a two-story, five-bay, center hall plan brick dwelling. It has a full basement and gable roof. Also on the property are a contributing barn, a machine shed, chicken house and assorted storage sheds. They are dated to the late-19th and early-20th centuries.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
# Diskerud

Diskerud is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Mix Diskerud (born 1990), Norwegian-born American soccer player
* Trygve Diskerud (1903–1976), Norwegian harness racer
# Sydney Metros

The Sydney Metros were one of the eight foundation teams of the now defunct Australian Baseball League. They disbanded after the 1989–90 season due to heavy financial losses and sold their licence to the Sydney Wave.
The Metros played out of the Sydney Football Stadium, Moore Park, but won no games at the venue, finishing their first and only season with a win% of just .077, just over 30 games behind the Waverley Reds.

## History

| Season | Finish |
| 1989-90 | 8th |
# Delias henningia

Delias henningia, also called the Malayan Jezebel, is a butterfly in the family Pieridae. It was described by Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz in 1821. It is found in the Indomalayan realm.
The wingspan is about 66–78 mm for males and 80–92 mm for females. Adults have a band on the upper forewing, which is bluish-grey in males and white in females. The hindwings have a large yellow patch. On the underside, the forewing band is white in both sexes.

## Subspecies

* D. h. henningia (Philippines: Luzon, Marinduque, Mindoro, Samar, Leyte, Negros and Panay)
* D. h. camotana Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Philippines: Camotes)
* D. h. ochreopicta Butler, 1869 (Philippines: Mindanao)
* D. h. palawana Yagishita, 1993 (Philippines: Palawan)
* D. h. pandemia (Wallace, 1869) (Borneo, Palawan)
* D. h. romblonensis Nakano & Yagishita, 1993 (Romblon Tablas, Sibuyan)
* D. h. voconia Fruhstorfer, 1910 (Philippines: Bohol)
# Scrobipalpa rebeli

Scrobipalpa rebeli is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Austria, Italy, Ukraine and the Krasnoyarsk region in southern Siberia. It is also present in China (Shaanxi) and Japan.
The wingspan is about 11.5 mm (0.45 in).
The larvae feed on Artemisia campestris.

## Subspecies

* Scrobipalpa rebeli rebeli
* Scrobipalpa rebeli fuscella Klimesch, 1938
# Licensed Trade Charity

The Licensed Trade Charity (LTC) is a registered charity in the United Kingdom that cares for people working in, or retired from, the licensed drink trade and their dependents.
It is constituted as a registered charity under English law, and its headquarters are in Ascot, Berkshire.
It was founded by a royal charter of 3 May 1836 as the Society of Licensed Victuallers and adopted the working name Licensed Trade Charity in 2004 following a merger with the Licensed Victuallers National Homes charity.

## Activities

Amongst the activities of the charity are the provision of financial assistance, convalescence care and retirement housing. It is a shareholder in the publisher of the Morning Advertiser, the journal of the licensed trade.

### Schools

The Licensed Trade Charity operates three schools which are also open to the general public: Licensed Victuallers' School near Ascot, Berkshire, an independent all-ability school for students from 4–18, as well as LVS Hassocks and LVS Oxford, both specialist schools for young people with learning difficulties.
# Snapper Point Power Station

The Snapper Point Power Station is a gas turbine power station situated at Outer Harbor, South Australia, adjacent to the older Pelican Point Power Station.
Snapper Point Power Station is owned by Nexif Energy and is a peaking power plant. In addition to general supply Nexif use it to provide firm reliability for electricity supply contracts from Nexif's Lincoln Gap Wind Farm. It uses the five GE TM2500 mobile aero-derivative gas turbine generation units acquired from the Government of South Australia which previously comprised the Temporary Generation North power station. Each unit is rated for 30.8MW net output for a total generation capacity of 154MW.
The plant commenced operation on 10 June 2022 after having been originally expected to be online by 1 July 2023. Operation was initially subject to an overnight curfew by the Environment Protection Authority (South Australia) due to noise. Custom-built silencers were subsequently added and the curfew was provisionally lifted from 4 December 2023.
# William McAdam (Australian politician)

William James McAdam (7 January 1882 – 28 June 1967) was an Australian politician.
Born in Emerald Hill to blacksmith Alexander McAdam and Mary Ann Vigar, he attended state schools in Ballarat before becoming a bread carter. He became an organiser of the Bread Carters Union in 1904, rising to become secretary in 1924. On 21 February 1905 he married Sarah Robin, with whom he had four daughters. He became an organiser with the Ballarat Municipal Employees section of the Shop Assistants and Textile Workers Union in 1916, and federal secretary of the union from 1917 to 1924. From 1920 to 1924 he was president of the Ballarat Trades and Labour Council (he would hold the position again from 1947 to 1956). In 1924 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the Labor member for Ballarat East; he transferred to Ballarat in 1927, and was defeated in 1932. He made unsuccessful attempts to return to politics via a by-election for Allandale in 1933, Ballarat in 1935, and the Senate in 1940. McAdam died at Ballarat in 1967 and is buried in Ballaarat Old Cemetery.
# The Generic Gangster Chase Game

The Generic Gangster Chase Game is a 1981 board game published by Generic Games.

## Gameplay

The Generic Gangster Chase Game is a game in which the mob hitman Big Jim pursues top reporter Ace Wilson.

## Reception

W. G. Armintrout reviewed The Generic Gangster Chase Game in The Space Gamer No. 45. Armintrout commented that "The Generic Gangster Chase Game is a pleasant way to spend half an hour. I would not suggest it as a substitute for Imperium, but it is acceptable for beer-and-pretzels play."
# Tar Baby (novel)

Tar Baby is a 1981 novel by the American author Toni Morrison, her fourth to be published.

## Plot introduction

This novel portrays a love affair between Jadine and Son, two Black Americans from very different worlds. Jadine is a beautiful Sorbonne graduate and fashion model who has been sponsored into wealth and privilege by the Streets, a wealthy white family who employ Jadine's aunt and uncle as domestic servants. Son is an impoverished, strong-minded man who washes up at the Streets' estate on a Caribbean island. As Jadine and Son come together, their affair ruptures the illusions and self-deceptions that held together the world and relationships at the estate. They travel back to the United States to search for somewhere they can both be at home, and find that their homes hold poison for each other. The struggle of Jadine and Son reveals the pain, struggle, and compromises confronting Black Americans seeking to live and love with integrity in the United States.

## Title

   Tar Baby is also a name [...] that white people call black children, black girls, as I recall. At one time, a tar pit was a holy place, at least an important place, because tar was used to build things. It held together things like Moses' little boat and the pyramids. For me, the tar baby came to mean the black woman who can hold things together.

## Reception

Kirkus Reviews in March 1981 stated: "Morrison's fine-tuned, high-strung characters this time—black and white Americans caught up together in a "wide and breezy" house on a Caribbean island—may lack the psychic wingspread of Sula or Milkman of Song of Solomon. Yet within the swift of her dazzlingly mythic/animistic fancies, and dialogue sharp as drum raps, they carry her speculations—about black and white relationships and black female identity—as lightly as racing silks. ... Scouring contemporary insights—in prose as lithe and potent as vines in a rain forest."
In The New York Times, novelist John Irving wrote of Tar Baby: "...Toni Morrison's greatest accomplishment is that she has raised her novel above the social realism that too many black novels and women's novels are trapped in. She has succeeded in writing about race and women symbolically."
# WGTH

WGTH could refer to two radio stations in United States:
* WGTH (AM), a radio station broadcasting at 540 kHz on the AM band, licensed to Richlands, Virginia
* WGTH-FM, a radio station broadcasting at 105.5 MHz on the FM band, licensed to Richlands, Virginia