OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Robert Napier

James Robert Napier, FRS (12 September 1821 – 13 December 1879), Scottish engineer and scientific writer, was the inventor of Napier's diagram, a tool for nautical navigation.

## Early life and education

James Robert Napier was born in Camlachie, Glasgow in 1821, the son of father Robert Napier, himself a noted shipbuilder. He was educated at the High School of Glasgow, where he was found to excel at mathematics, and graduated from the University of Glasgow.

## Shipbuilder

Napier was placed in charge of his father's shipbuilding business in 1842.
In 1848 he married Emma Mary Twentyman, daughter of the silversmith Lawrence Holme Twentyman, and together they had seven children.
Napier carried out a series of experiments, measuring errors in compass navigation, and published his findings in 1851. This was called Napier's Diagram, and it was a graphic method of correcting deviation of a ship's compass, which is still referenced in navigation books.
Napier worked with the engineer and physicist William Rankine to attempt to improve naval engineering, including patenting an air engine (founded on the thermodynamic principle that temperature difference governs engine efficiency) with him in 1853, but the engine never saw widespread use. In 1853, he was also made a full partner in his father's business, which became R. Napier & Sons.

## Later career

Exhausted from the frantic schedule required to build HMS Erebus in 1856 for the British government during the Crimean War, Napier in 1857 left the shipbuilding business he had been running for the previous 15 years and started other, less successful ventures.
He started his own shipyard shortly thereafter, but soon closed the business, citing his failing health, and took an interest in the West of Scotland Fishery Company, but this venture too proved unsuccessful. His next was to run one of his iron ships, the "Lancefield", as a ferry for cargo and passengers between Ardrossan and Belfast. While this business was a moderate success, it led to legal troubles with the Glasgow and South-Western Railway Company. Although Napier won this legal battle, he subsequently sold the "Lancefield", ending his interest in shipping. After that he worked occasionally on commission as an engineering consultant. In this he helped to design a ship to navigate the Godaveri river in Kaleshwaram, India.

## Professional memberships

Napier was a member of The Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, the Royal Institution of Naval Architects, and the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and President of The Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland from 1863 to 1865. He was inducted into the Royal Society of London in 1867.

## Death

James Robert Napier died in Glasgow in December 1879, after contracting an illness while boating on Loch Lomond.
# James Street (cricketer)

James Street (10 March 1839 – 17 September 1906) was an English cricketer who played for Surrey between 1863 and 1878. A round arm fast bowler, he took 534 of his 540 first-class wickets for Surrey. Subsequently he became an umpire, appearing in that role between 1873 and 1899, but in only two matches before 1877. He umpired in one Test match, that between England and Australia at The Oval on 11 and 12 August 1890.
He did not become a regular in the Surrey side until 1868, and even after he had established himself his bowling figures were not especially good by the standards of the time. His best seasons were 1872 and 1873, when he took 60 wickets at an average of 15.11 and then 70 at 17.57.
His brother, George Street, and his son, Alfred Street, were both umpires, his son also playing for Surrey as well as surpassing his father by umpiring in seven Tests.
# Bakchich (internet)

Bakchich was a French news website founded in May 2006.

## Operations

It has some articles translated into English. The chief editor was Nicolas Beau, a former reporter at the satirical weekly Le Canard enchaîné. Its name finds its origin in the Arabic word "baksheesh", which means money given to corrupt an official in order to cut down redtape (i.e. a bribe). The newspaper advocated a leftist allegiance.
In 2007, the site's editorial team expanded with the arrival of Nicolas Beau (Le Monde then Le Canard enchaîné), who became managing editor. By early 2008, it had grown to around thirty journalists, cartoonists and columnists.
On November 9, 2009, Bakchich filed for bankruptcy with the Commercial Court, requesting that it be placed in receivership with a continuation plan.
It went into administration in 2011, and the site registration expired in 2016.
# Bailout embedding

In the theory of dynamical systems, a bailout embedding is a system defined as
    ${\begin{aligned}&{\frac {d}{dt}}(u-f(x))=-k(x)(u-f(x)),\\[8pt]&{\frac {dx}{dt}}=u.\end{aligned}}$
Here the function k(x) < 0 on a set of unwanted orbits; otherwise k(x) > 0. The trajectories of the full system of a bailout embedding bail out—that is, detach—from the embedding, into a larger space, in which they move around. If, after some time these orbits arrive at a stable neighbourhood of the embedding, k(x) > 0, they collapse once more onto the embedding; that is, onto the original dynamics. The bailout embedding forms in this way an enlarged version of the dynamical system, one in which particular sets of orbits are cut from the asymptotic or limit set, while maintaining the dynamics of a different set of orbits—the wanted set—as attractors of the larger dynamical system. With a choice of k(x) = −(γ + ∇f), these dynamics are seen to detach from unstable regions such as saddle points in conservative systems.
One important application of the bailout embedding concept is to divergence-free flows; the most important class of these are Hamiltonian systems.
# Wilfred, Indiana

Wilfred is an unincorporated community in western Jackson Township, Sullivan County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.
The community is part of the Terre Haute Metropolitan Statistical Area.

## History

Wilfred was founded in 1902 as a mining community. The town's name was derived from the names of two local mine operators, Wilford and Fredman.

## Geography

Wilfred is located at 39°11′12″N 87°21′09″W﻿ / ﻿39.18667°N 87.35250°W﻿ / 39.18667; -87.35250.
# Wu Ching

Wu Ching may refer to:
* Wu Ching (judoka) (born 1974), Hong Kong judoka
* Wu Jing (Han dynasty) (died 203), military general under the warlord Sun Jian during the late Han dynasty, whose name can also be romanized as Wu Ching
* Five Classics (五經), a collection of ancient Confucian books, see Four Books and Five Classics
* Wu Ho-ching (born 1991), Hong Kong–based tennis player
# Sandy Gulch, California

38°22′49″N 120°31′58″W﻿ / ﻿38.38028°N 120.53278°W﻿ / 38.38028; -120.53278
Sandy Gulch is a small community in Calaveras County, California, just southwest of West Point on State Route 26. It lies at an elevation of 2592 feet (790 m) above sea level and is located at 38°22′49″N 120°31′58″W﻿ / ﻿38.38028°N 120.53278°W﻿ / 38.38028; -120.53278. The community is in ZIP code 95248 and area code 209.
It was established in 1849 as a trading center for miners of the area. The settlement, in an area that was home to many Miwok Indians, was named after the gulch where William and Dan Carsner found large nuggets of gold embedded in the coarse sands. Water for mining was brought from the middle fork of the Mokelumne River through Sandy Gulch and Kadish Ditches. Quartz mining began in the early 1850s, and the first custom stamp mill in the district was located at the head of Sandy Gulch. School and election precincts were established early, and one of California's many Hangman's Trees stood near the center of town.
It is registered as California Historical Landmark #253.
Sandy Gulch is marked by a cluster of homes surrounding the town baseball field. Sandy Gulch is also home to several small home businesses. As of 2016, its population was around 42.

## Politics

In the state legislature, Sandy Gulch is in the 8th Senate District, represented by Democrat Angelique Ashby, and the 5th Assembly District, represented by Republican Joe Patterson. Federally, Sandy Gulch is in California's 4th congressional district, represented by Democrat Mike Thompson.
# Kingston Road railway station

Kingston Road railway station served the village of Kingston Seymour, Somerset, England, from 1897 to 1940 on the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Railway.

## History

The station opened on 1 December 1897 by the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Railway. To the opposite of the shelter was a milk platform but it was removed in the 1930s. The station closed on 20 May 1940.
# Virgin Radio Lebanon

Virgin Radio Lebanon is part of the Virgin Radio chain launched by Richard Branson which is also part of the Virgin Group, operated in Lebanon by Levant Media Hub SAL. Its official launch was on 15 May 2013.
On September 1, 2019, Virgin Radio Stars Lebanon was launched on FM 89.7, alongside its sister radio station Virgin Radio Lebanon on FM 89.5.
# Lake Township, Pocahontas County, Iowa

Lake Township is a township in Pocahontas County, Iowa, United States.

## History

Lake Township was established in June 1877 as Burke Township. A few months later it was renamed to Lake from several small lakes located within its borders.
# The Infant Bacchus

The Infant Bacchus or Young Bacchus is a ca. 1505–1510 painting of the Roman god Bacchus as a boy by the Italian Renaissance master Giovanni Bellini. Originally painted on panel, it was later transferred to canvas.
It was probably the Little Bacchus with a vase in his hand seen in Bartolo Delfino's house in Venice by Carlo Ridolfi in the mid-16th century and misidentified as a Giorgione. Shipley (1979) believes the subject is a metaphor for the winter solstice, based on a letter in Macrobius's Saturnalia, known during the Renaissance – the new year started as a baby and ended as an old man. It may be drawn from the same studies as the figure of Bacchus in The Feast of the Gods, which is very similar.
By the 19th century it was in Frederick Richards Leyland's collection in London, where it was thought to be by Marco Basaiti. It passed through several further collections before being acquired by the Duveen Brothers in 1927, who took it to the United States. There it was acquired by Samuel H. Kress, who in 1961 gave it to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C., where it still hangs.
# Robert Mendelsohn

Robert Mendelsohn may refer to:
* Robert O. Mendelsohn (born 1952), American environmental economist
* Robert S. Mendelsohn (1926–1988), American pediatrician
# Robert Pierrepont

Robert Pierrepont is the name of:
* Robert Pierrepont, 1st Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull (1584–1643), English nobleman
* Robert Pierrepont (MP) (c 1638–1681), Member of Parliament for Nottingham
* Robert Pierrepont, 3rd Earl of Kingston-upon-Hull (1660–1682), English peer
# Linguistics in education

Linguistics in education refers to a small but growing field of linguistics which advocates a greater use of linguistic theory and linguistic curriculum in primary and secondary education.

## Background

Due to changes in national standards for K-12 education in the United States during the 1960s, grammar was largely dropped from English courses. The belief was that direct grammar instruction was not required for improved instruction in writing. Despite more recent research that has shown the positive effects of grammar instruction, the attitude that it is unnecessary persists today.

## Challenges

Because grammar has not been taught in many years, generations of teachers were never exposed to its direct instruction. Thus, even though many wish to teach it in their classrooms, they do not find that they have adequate knowledge on the subject. Unfortunately, this often perpetuates linguistic stereotypes that can sometimes be discriminatory to speakers of nonstandard language varieties. Another issue is that the curriculum for teachers is already very broad, especially in comparison to other college students, so requiring further courses for would-be teachers is rather unpopular. The same problem exists in the K-12 classroom which already have difficult time constraints on their current curriculum. To add grammar to an already full curriculum is extremely difficult.

## Benefits

Studies of how grammar and other linguistic theory can be incorporated into K-12 classrooms have been highly successful both in improving students' conscious knowledge of grammar and changing attitudes about non-standard English dialects. There is evidence that grammar instruction can be beneficial to students' writing such that replacing writing or vocabulary instruction with grammar can actually be a more productive use of class time.

## Current theory

Linguists have also been involved in this field in attempts to change misconceptions about language. One common example is the definition of nouns. Traditionally a noun is defined as a "person, place, or thing". While this definition captures much of what nouns are it does not incorporate all possible definitions and uses. For example, mental concepts such as "belief" or "idea" are also nouns but do not neatly fit the traditional definition. This can be especially difficult for children to understand. A more comprehensive definition seeks to describe nouns through their features and uses. However this definition requires the teacher to have greater knowledge of English syntax.
# Citroën Prototype C

The Citroën Prototype C was a range of prototype vehicles created by Citroën from 1955 to 1956 under the direction of André Lefèbvre. The idea was to produce a water-drop-shaped, very lightweight vehicle that would be more modern and smaller than the 2CV. One of the prototypes, the Citroën C10, has survived and is still owned by Citroën.
The overall look of the vehicle was quite similar to the Messerschmitt bubble car. It was equipped with the same 425 cc engine as the 2CV.
The vehicle was nicknamed the Citroën Coccinelle (French for ladybug).
# Cinema Cinema

Cinema Cinema is a 1979 quasi-documentary of the Indian film world (Bollywood), written and directed by Krishna Shah. The movie was Shah's fourth as feature film director, following the disastrous Shalimar.

## Overview

Cinema Cinema was released on 27 July 1979 in India and in October 1979 in the US. The documentary features original interviews with notable Indian film stars, including Zeenat Aman, Amitabh Bachchan, Dharmendra, and Hema Malini. The narrative is staged to present the history of Hindi-language cinema while exploring various political themes of the 20th century, all through the reactions and interactions of a typical Indian theatre audience of the 70s.
Krishna Shah hired the highly regarded Kamleshwar for the Hindi-language version of the screenplay, while Parallel Cinema veteran K.K. Mahajan provided the cinematography. Sony Music India would later release a Cinema Cinema soundtrack album, featuring Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan, Sadhana Sargam, Sudesh Bhosle, Vanraj Bhatia, and Sonali Bajpayee.

## Reception

Uday Bhatia and Jai Arjun Singh of India's Mint found Cinema Cinema to have an "excellent Parallel Cinema pedigree," while Time Out London said the film "is not without interest as a helping of 'Madras Curry' (the staple Bombay diet of lavish melodramas packed to inordinate length with interminable songs, dances and comic interludes)."
In the book Journalism, Democracy and Civil Society in India, authors Rao and Mudgal singled-out Cinema Cinema's depiction of a 1970s-era theatre experience as a demonstration of audience abuse by Indian exhibitors of the time.
# Cingoli

Cingoli is a town and comune of the Marches, Italy, in the province of Macerata, about 27 kilometres (17 mi) by road from the town of Macerata. It is the birthplace of Pope Pius VIII. It is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").

## History

The town occupies the site of the ancient Cingulum, a town of Picenum, founded and strongly fortified by Julius Caesar's lieutenant Titus Labienus (probably on the site of an earlier village) in 63 BCE at his own expense. Its lofty position at an elevation of about 650 metres (2,130 ft) made it of some importance in the civil wars, but otherwise little is heard of it. Under the Roman Empire it was a municipium.

## Main sights

Cingoli is also known as the "Balcony of Marche" ("Il Balcone delle Marche") because of its belvedere (viewpoint) from which, on a clear day, the sight may encompass all of the Marche and further across the Adriatic Sea to the Croatian mountain tops.

### Religious buildings

* Cingoli Cathedral (Concattedrale di Santa Maria Assunta)
* Collegiate church of Sant'Esuperanzio, Cingoli (Collegiata di Sant'Esuperanzio): Gothic church
* Santuario di Santa Sperandia
* San Benedetto
* San Francesco
* San Filippo Neri
* San Giacomo
* San Girolamo
* San Nicolò
* Santo Spirito
* Santa Caterina d'Alessandria
* San Domenico

### Secular buildings

* Palazzo municipale
* Biblioteca Comunale ″Ascariana″

### Museums

* Pinacoteca comunale "D. Stefanucci" named after Donatello Stefanucci
* Museo archeologico statale di Cingoli
* Museo del Lago
* Museo del Sidecar

## Sport

Cingoli has been host to the Italian Sidecarcross Grand Prix a number times and have hosted on 16th May 2010.

## Twin towns — sister cities

Cingoli is twinned with:
* Aprilia, Lazio, Italy (2004)
# Rosa Leveroni

Rosa Leveroni i Valls (1910–1985) was a Catalan poet and narrator. Born in Barcelona, she was influenced by the poet Carles Riba. Her work is published in Poesia (1981) and Contes (1981). She also wrote essays and literary criticism. She spent time revitalising Catalan language and culture in the post World War II years. She was awarded the Creu de Sant Jordi in 1982. She was one of the first members of the Associació d'Escriptors en Llengua Catalana. She died in Cadaqués in 1985.

## Works
### Poetry

* Epigrames i cançons (1938)
* Presència i record (1952)
* Poesia (1981)

### Essays and literary criticism

* Les imatges marines en la poesia d'Ausiàs March (1951)
* Maria Novell, recordada (1969)
* Un epistolari de Carles Riba (1940-42)

### Short texts

* Contes (1986)
* L'estranger, L'Horta, Retorn (in several anthologies)
* Un home de lletres i altres contes (Horsori Editorial, Barcelona, 2011)
# William Barclay Squire

William Barclay Squire (16 October 1855 – 13 January 1927) was a British musicologist, librarian and librettist.

## Biography

William Barclay Squire was a devoted music enthusiast. He spent 35 years of his life (1885-1920) working for the British Museum, where he took charge of the collections of the music department and added many antiquarian publications to it. He was also music critic for The Saturday Review between 1888 and 1894.
Squire prepared the publishing of the Catalogue of Printed Music before 1801 (edited in 1912) and negotiated the deposit of the Royal Music Collection, for which he prepared the catalogue. He contributed numerous articles to the Encyclopædia Britannica of 1911, to the Dictionary of National Biography and to the Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
Occasionally, Squire acted as a librettist. His main work was the libretto for The Veiled Prophet, a Romantic Opera in 3 acts composed by Charles Villiers Stanford, adapted from the homonymous ballad in Thomas Moore's oriental romance Lalla Rookh, published 1890.
# Kingston Rural District

51°22′52″N 0°19′52″W﻿ / ﻿51.381°N 0.331°W﻿ / 51.381; -0.331 Kingston was a short-lived rural district in Surrey, England from 1894 to 1895.
The district was formed by the Local Government Act 1894 as the successor to Kingston Rural Sanitary District.
The district comprised the following civil parishes:
* Coombe
* Esher
* Hook
* Long Ditton
* Malden
* Thames Ditton
* West Molesey
The rural district was abolished in 1895 when all the parishes were included in urban districts:
* Coombe and Malden were combined with New Malden Urban District to become The Maldens and Coombe Urban District
* Esher, Thames Ditton and most of Long Ditton became Esher and the Dittons Urban District
* Hook and the Tolworth area of Long Ditton were added to Surbiton Urban District
* West Molesey was added to East Molesey Urban District to create East and West Molesey Urban District
# Samuel Lawrence Bedson

Samuel Lawrence Bedson (February 3, 1842 – July 17, 1891) was a British-born military man and later prison warden who spent much of his life in Canada.
Bedson came to Canada East with the 16th Regiment of Foot in 1861 as a private and stayed on, joining the 2nd Quebec Rifles in 1870. With the rank of quartermaster sergeant, he travelled west with the Wolseley Expedition in response to the Red River Rebellion at the Red River Colony in present-day Manitoba.
In 1871, the Lower Fort Garry based regiment was disbanded and Bedson became warden of the provincial jail established in the old barracks. In 1874, the provincial jail moved to Winnipeg and the first federal penitentiary in Manitoba operated at the fort with Bedson as warden. He also held this position at the new federal facility in Stony Mountain, opened in 1877.
Bedson's career in the prison system was interrupted in March 1885 by the North-West Rebellion. He was named chief transport officer by Major-General Frederick Dobson Middleton. Although this was officially a non-combatant role, Bedson was involved in scouting activities.
# Lake Township, Minnesota

Lake Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Minnesota:
* Lake Township, Roseau County, Minnesota
* Lake Township, Wabasha County, Minnesota
# Concrete moisture meter

A concrete moisture meter is a type of moisture meter used by installers of flooring to measure the moisture levels of concrete. These meters have been used for decades to measure the moisture content in different materials and substances. Concrete meters have evolved from the successful wood moisture meter as flooring contractors tried to use their wood meters to measure the moisture in concrete.
Concrete moisture meters are designed to detect moisture to a depth of 1 inch (25 mm) of a concrete slab in order to avoid the rebar reinforcement below the surface. They are designed to be used as a relative test. The meters are used to "'Spot check' the top surface at one particular location on the slab." The results can determine the best place to put a concrete relative humidity test.

## Limitations

There is no ASTM standard for using a concrete moisture meter to determine a final moisture content reading.
Concrete moisture meters, either non-pin or pin meters are affected by what it sees in the concrete. This can be anything from the density of the concrete and aggregate size to the chemical properties of the slab.
Uncovered concrete dries from the top down. Concrete moisture meters measure only the top inch at most and this area is drier than the concrete further down. Once a floor covering has been installed the moisture in the slab equilibrates. In order to ensure the equilibrated moisture will be a safe level for a floor covering, a relative humidity sensor must be drilled and placed at 40% of the depth of the slab. This depth has been proven to be the relative humidity percentage, that the slab will equilibrate once the top has been covered by a floor covering.
# Connaught Park

Connaught Park may refer to:
* Connaught Park Racetrack, a racetrack in Aylmer, Quebec, Canada
* Connaught Park, TMR, a green space in Mount Royal, Quebec Canada
* Connaught Park, Dover, a place of interest in Dover, England