OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# R. Duncan Luce

Robert Duncan Luce (May 16, 1925 – August 11, 2012) was an American mathematician and social scientist, and one of the most preeminent figures in the field of mathematical psychology. At the end of his life, he held the position of Distinguished Research Professor of Cognitive Science at the University of California, Irvine.

## Education and career

Luce received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1945, and PhD in Mathematics from the same university in 1950 under Irvin S. Cohen with thesis On Semigroups.
He began his professorial career at Columbia University in 1954, where he was an assistant professor in mathematical statistics and sociology. Following a lecturership at Harvard University from 1957 to 1959, he became a professor at the University of Pennsylvania in 1959, and was awarded the Benjamin Franklin Professorship of Psychology in 1968. After visiting the Institute for Advanced Study beginning in 1969, he joined the UC Irvine faculty in 1972, but returned to Harvard in 1976 as Alfred North Whitehead Professor of Psychology and then later as Victor S. Thomas Professor of Psychology. In 1988 Luce rejoined the UC Irvine faculty as Distinguished Professor of Cognitive Sciences and (from 1988 to 1998) director of UCI's Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences.

## Contributions

Contributions for which Luce is known include formulating Luce's choice axiom formalizing the principle that additional options should not affect the probability of selecting one item over another, defining semiorders, introducing graph-theoretic methods into the social sciences, and coining the term "clique" for a complete subgraph in graph theory.

## Recognition

In 1966, Luce was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Luce was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1972 for his work on fundamental measurement, utility theory, global psychophysics, and mathematical behavioral sciences. He received the 2003 National Medal of Science in behavioral and social science for his contributions to the field of mathematical psychology. In 2004, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.

## Books by Luce

* Luce, R. Duncan; Raiffa, Howard (1957). Games and decisions: introduction and critical survey. New York: Wiley. MR 0087572. Paperback reprint, Dover, New York
* Luce, R. Duncan (1959). Individual choice behavior: a theoretical analysis. New York: Wiley.
* Luce, R. Duncan (1960). "Response latencies and probabilities". In Arrow, Kenneth J.; Karlin, Samuel; Suppes, Patrick (eds.). Mathematical models in the social sciences, 1959: Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium. Stanford mathematical studies in the social sciences. Vol. IV. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 298–311. ISBN 9780804700214.
* Luce, R. Duncan (1986). Response times: their role in inferring elementary mental organization. New York: Oxford.
# R. E. Chambers Company

The Ralph E. Chambers Engineering Company was mainly an amusement ride manufacturing firm that took over the facilities of the bankrupt Traver Engineering Company in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania from 1933 into 1962, although Harry Traver continued to work for the company.
Ralph E. Chambers was the Traver Engineering Company's chief engineer, and Chambers Engineering designed and built many of the rides for the New York World's Fair of 1939 and 1940, with Harry Traver continuing to design and engineer the Chambers products, including the Speed King Auto Racer.
Chambers Engineering came to an end when the company experienced a devastating plant fire in 1968. Some of their more famous rides include The Whip, The Caterpillar, The Laff In The Dark, and Tumble Bug.
# St James' Church, Birdham

The parish church of St James, Birdham is situated on the Manhood Peninsula in Sussex. The area is a suburban extension of the city of Chichester, popular as a place to live and visit from its nearness to the city, Chichester Harbour and marina. The church was heavily restored in the nineteenth century, the then existing chancel being entirely replaced and the nave windows renewed. The sixteenth-century tower remains. The church has a grade 1 listing.

## History

The earliest parts of the church, in the nave, can be definitely dated to the fourteenth century, but some parts may be older. A tower was added in the sixteenth century. The chancel is nineteenth century. The church was restored in 1863 and 1882–83 by G.M. Hills. Architectural historian Ian Nairn says that the impression left by the restoration is "terrifyingly harsh".

## Architecture

The church consists of a nave, with a south porch, chancel and tower. The nave is in three bays, marked on the outside by buttresses. The inner stonework of the windows dates from the Victorian restoration. The window in the second bay on the north has some ancient exterior stonework remaining. The squat tower is rendered and has diagonal buttresses. It was built around 1545, but an earlier tower may have been either planned or actually built. The evidence for this is in the sixteenth century Perpendicular style tower arch which sits on apparently fourteenth century shafts which are too small for it, leading to an awkward appearance. The chancel dates entirely from the restoration of 1863. It has fourteenth century style windows and a buttress in the middle of the north and south walls. The chancel arch is fourteenth century.

## Fittings and bells

The plain octagonal font was installed in 1883. The banner, with scenes from the lives of Sussex saints, was designed by Yvonne Hudson and worked by the ladies of the church. The modern east window shows the gospel story of the miraculous catch of fish with Chichester cathedral in the background. It was made by M.C.F. Bell in 1978. There are a fourteenth-century bell, inscribed "IOHANES" and one with the name William Hunneman and the date 1695.

## Images

| The nave looking east. | The chancel. | The tower of St James' Church. |
| The nave looking west showing the discontinuity in the building of the tower arch. | St James' Church – banner with pictures of Sussex saints. | The east window depicting the miraculous catch of fish – Luke 5:1–11. |
# St James' Church, Birmingham

St James' Church, Birmingham may refer to:
* St James' Church, Edgbaston
* St James' Church, Handsworth
* St James' Church, Mere Green
# St James' Church, Boroughbridge

St James' Church is the parish church of Boroughbridge, a town in North Yorkshire, in England.
The original St James' Church was a medieval chapel-of-ease to St Andrew's Church, Aldborough, located in what is now St James's Square. The current church was built on Church Lane in 1852, to a design by James Mallinson and Thomas Healey. It is in the Decorated style, but is a simple, pared-back design. C. P. Canfield describes the building as "a moderately large church... the subscribers got a lot of accommodation for their money". The tower is said to be a copy of the tower of the Mediaeval church. The building was Grade II listed in 1984.
The church is built of sandstone with roofs of stone slate and tile. It consists of a nave with a clerestory, north and south aisles, a south porch, a chancel and a west tower. The tower has three stages, a north stair turret, stepped angle buttresses rising to embattled corner turrets, string courses, a west window with a pointed arch and hood mould, lancet windows and clock faces in the middle stage, two-light bell openings with hood moulds, and an embattled parapet.
The east window has four lights, and stained glass by William Wailes. Re-set into the internal walls are late Norman architectural fragments. They form a random collection and, other than the possible arch of a priest's door, were set into the walls of the former church. These may have originally formed part of one or more earlier churches and have been used in reconstructing the chapel at Boroughbridge, perhaps after a raid by Scots in the early 13th century.
# Westwood Mall

Westwood Mall may refer to:
* Westwood Mall (Jackson, Michigan), a shopping mall in Jackson, Michigan, United States
* Westwood Square Mall, a shopping mall in Mississauga, Ontario, Canada (formerly known as Westwood Mall)
# Westwood Historic District

Westwood Historic District may refer to:

## in the United States

(by state)
* Westwood Historic District (Muncie, Indiana), listed on the NRHP in Indiana
* Westwood Farm, Jeffersontown, KY, a historic district listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
* Westwood Town Center Historic District, Cincinnati, OH, listed on the NRHP in Ohio
* Westwood (Uniontown, Alabama), listed on the NRHP in Alabama
* Westwood (Knoxville, Tennessee), listed on the NRHP in Tennessee
* Westwood Plantation, Uniontown, AL, listed on the NRHP in Alabama
# St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic High School

St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic High School is the name of two schools named after Edmund Arrowsmith:
* St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic High School, Ashton-in-Makerfield
* St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic Academy, Whiston (formerly St Edmund Arrowsmith Catholic High School)
# Stakkattakktwo

Stakkattakktwo is the fourth and final album of the British glam metal band Wrathchild. It was released on 3 October 2011 via Perris Records. The name is a reference to the band's first album, Stakk Attakk (1984). It is the only Wrathchild album to feature Gaz "Psychowrath" Harris who left the band in August 2013.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Angel, Star, Wrathchld, Psychowrath

## Band members

* Gaz "Psychowrath" Harris - Lead Vocals
* Marc Angel - Bass, Backing vocals
* Phil "Wrathchild" Vokins - Guitar, Backing vocals
* Eddie Star - Drums, Backing vocals
# Kou Qianzhi

Kou Qianzhi (Chinese: 寇謙之; pinyin: Kòu Qiānzhī; Wade–Giles: K'ou Ch'ien-chih) (365–448) was a Taoist reformer who reenvisioned many of the ceremonies and rites of the Way of the Celestial Master form of Taoism and reformulated its theology into a new movement known as The Northern Celestial Masters. His influence was such that he had Taoism established as the official state religion of the Northern Wei dynasty (386–535); this act, however, embroiled Taoism in long and often bloody factional political struggles. There is a tradition that Kou Qianzhi once sought seclusion on Mount Hua the better to practice his Taoist meditations.

## Life

Kou apparently began his career as a Taoist physician and hygienist. But in 415 he had a vision: a spirit appeared before him and told him that since the death of Zhang Daoling, the great founder of the Way of the Celestial Master ("Tradition of the Celestial Master of the Mighty Commonwealth of Orthodox Oneness") sect of Taoism, the sect had been corrupted by false doctrines. Kou was awarded Zhang Daoling's old title of tianshi ("celestial master") and was charged in the vision with eliminating excesses in Taoist rituals. Accordingly, Kou began to attempt to curb the orgiastic practices and mercenary spirit that had become associated with Taoist rites and to place greater emphasis on hygienic ritual and good works.
Kou gained many adherents and, by making Taoism into a more orthodox doctrine, attracted the attention of Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei. In 423 Kou had the title of tianshi conferred upon himself by Imperial decree, thereby establishing the "Taoist papacy": the title was passed to the church's leader from generation to generation in an unbroken line. By conspiring with certain court officials, Kou's patron Cui Hao was able to have Buddhism, Taoism's chief competitor, proscribed from the realm and all its practitioners subjected to a bloody persecution. Taoism then became the official religion of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
But Kou's efforts were only temporarily effective: Buddhism soon returned to north China, after the deaths of Cui Hao and Emperor Taiwu and the accession of Taiwu's devoutly Buddhist grandson Emperor Wencheng. Moreover, because orgiastic Taoist rites were still noted as late as the Tang dynasty, many observers view his reforms as transitory.
Kou Qianzhi was the leader of the Celestial Masters north branch.
Celestial Masters north branch under Kou Qianzhi worshipped divinities described in the 魏書 Book of Wei. Yin Xi and the Elder Lord are absent from the Celestial Masters of Kou Qianzhi.
An anti Buddhist plan was concocted by the Celestial Masters under Kou Qianzhi along with Cui Hao under the Taiwu Emperor. The Celestial Masters of the north urged the persecution of Buddhists under the Taiwu Emperor in the Northern Wei, attacking Buddhism and the Buddha as wicked and as anti stability and anti family. Anti Buddhism was the position of Kou Qianzhi. There was no ban on the Celestial Masters despite the nofullfilment of Cui Hao and Kou Qianzhi's agenda in their anti Buddhist campaign.
# Westinghouse J32

The Westinghouse J32 was a small turbojet engine developed by the Westinghouse Aviation Gas Turbine Division in the mid-1940s.

## Design and development

Development of the 9.5A (military designation J32-WE-2) began in late 1942, and Westinghouse delivered the first engine to the U.S. Navy in mid-1944. The Navy selected the 9.5A to power the Gorgon II-B and III-B air-to-air missiles, but these applications did not materialize.
An improved version, the 9.5B, powered the TD2N-1 Gorgon high-speed target drone, which successfully flew in 1945. The engine's high cost and continuing development delays led to the cancellation of the TD2N-1 program in 1946. Westinghouse manufactured 24 of the 9.5A and 20 of the 9.5B engines. Despite their limited use, they constituted the first family of small turbojet engines successfully developed and produced in the United States.

## Variants
### J32-WE-2

    Military designation of the Westinghouse 9.5A

### Westinghouse 9.5A

    Company designation of the J32, denoting the diameter of the engine in inches

### Westinghouse 9.5B

    Company designation for the improved version of the 9.5A

## Applications

* NAMU KDN-1 Gorgon high-speed target drone

## Engines on display

A cutaway Westinghouse 9.5A/J32-WE-2 turbojet engine is on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, VA. This engine lacks a serial number as it was assembled from spare parts and was transferred to the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center from the U.S. Department of the Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics.

## Specifications (9.5A)

Data from

#### General characteristics

* Type: axial flow turbojet
* Length: 55.2 in (1,402.1 mm)
* Diameter: 9.5 in (241.3 mm)
* Dry weight: 9.5A 143 lb (64.9 kg), 9.5B 145 lb (65.8 kg)

#### Components

* Compressor: 6-stage axial
* Combustors: annular stainless steel
* Turbine: single-stage axial
* Fuel type: 100/130 gasoline
* Oil system: pressure spray at 65 psi (448.2 kPa)

#### Performance

* Maximum thrust: 9.5A 275 lbf (1.22 kN) at 36,000 rpm at sea level, 9.5B 260 lbf (1.16 kN) at 34,000 rpm at sea level
* Overall pressure ratio: 3:1
* Air mass flow: 5.25 lb (2.38 kg)/s at 28,000 rpm
* Turbine inlet temperature: 1,500 °F (816 °C)
* Specific fuel consumption: 1.7 lb/(lbf⋅h) (48 g/(kN⋅s))
* Thrust-to-weight ratio: 1.92
* Normal thrust, static: 9.5A 175 lbf (0.78 kN) at 29,800 rpm at sea level, 9.5B 260 lbf (1.16 kN) at 34,000 rpm at sea level
* Military thrust, flight: 215 lbf (0.96 kN) at 36,000 rpm at altitude
* Normal thrust, flight: 160 lbf (0.71 kN) at 29,800 rpm at altitude
# Carmen Calisto

Carmen Calisto Ponce (born 28 February 1942) is the wife of former Ecuadorian President Rodrigo Borja Cevallos and is thus the 36th First Lady of Ecuador, a position she held from 10 August 1988 to 9 August 1992.

## Biography

Carmen Calisto Ponce was born in Quito on 28 February 1942 the eldest daughter of Gonzalo Calisto Enríquez and María Ponce Martínez, making her a descendant of the Counts of Selva Florida through her mother. When Calisto's mother died in her youth, she took on the responsibility of looking after her younger siblings.

### Marriage and children

On 16 December 1966, in the city of Quito, Calisto married Rodrigo Borja Cevallos, at that time Jurist Commission that then President Clemente Yerovi assembled to draft a new constitution. They had four children:
* Gabriela Borja Calisto
* María del Carmen Borja Calisto
* Rodrigo Borja Calisto
* Verónica Borja Calisto

### First Lady of Ecuador

As First Lady of Ecuador, Calisto was president of the National Institute of Children and Families (INNFA), hostess of Carondelet Palace, and companion to her husband to various formal functions at the national and international level. In a state visit to Spain, the couple were received by King Juan Carlos and Queen Sofía at the Palace of Zarzuela and Royal Palace of Madrid and Calisto was made a Grand Dame of Order of Isabella the Catholic.

## Awards

* Order of Isabella the Catholic, Grand Cross. Granted by Juan Carlos I of Spain on 8 September 1989.

## Citations

* ↑ "¿Qué proponen las parejas de los aspirantes?". El Universo (in Spanish). Guayaquil. 20 October 2002. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
* ↑ de Gangotena y Jijón, Cristóbal (1955). "Los Guerrero" (in Spanish). Quito: National Academy of History. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
* 1 2 Pérez Pimentel, Rodolfo. "Rodrigo Borja Cevallos". diccionariobiograficoecuador.com (in Spanish). Guayaquil: Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
* ↑ Escribano 2005, p. 303.
* ↑ Agencia Estatal BOE. "III. Otras disposiciones" (PDF). boe.es (in Spanish). Madrid: Boletín Oficial del Estado Español. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
# St Michael's Street, Oxford

St Michael's Street is a street in central Oxford, England. It runs between New Inn Hall Street to the west and Cornmarket to the east, with Ship Street almost opposite.
Northgate Hall is located here. Also to be found off the street is the debating chamber of the Oxford Union, a leading student society in the University of Oxford. Vanbrugh House at No. 20 is of particular architectural note as being "almost a parody of Blenheim" according to Pevsner.
There is a blue plaque, installed on 2 July 2002 by the Oxfordshire Blue Plaques Board, for the prison reformer Felicia Skene (1821–1899), located at 34 St Michael's Street.
# St Michael's Secondary School

St Michael's Secondary School was a mixed Free school located in Camborne, Cornwall, England. It opened in 2012, has a Roman Catholic ethos and caters for students aged 11–16 years. Due to a lack of pupil numbers it was merged with Camborne Science and International Academy and closed in 2017.

## History

The school opened in 2012 as part of the first wave of free schools, but struggled to attract large numbers of students which would make it viable. It was located on the former Camborne Grammar School site.
In May 2015 the school's new sponsors – Camborne Science and International Academy – announced that it was not viable and would close.

## Ofsted

In April 2014, the school had its first Ofsted inspection, which showed that it "Requires improvement". The inspectors noted that the quality of teaching, specifically teachers’ use of assessment, was too uneven to promote consistently good progress for all students.
# Wheater's Field

Wheater's Field was a rugby ground in Broughton, Salford, England. It was home to the Broughton Rangers rugby league club of the Northern Union. On 19 October 1907, the stadium hosted a match between Rangers and the New Zealand All Golds. It had a capacity of 20,000. Rangers would call the stadium home until just before the First World War when they moved to the nearby Cliff.
The ground hosted two Challenge Cup finals, in 1907 Warrington 17 Oldham 3 and in 1921 Leigh 13 Halifax 0.
Wheater's Field is now a housing estate and its location is traceable through the naming of three streets: Wheater's Crescent, Wheater's Street and Wheater's Terrace.
# Stamford Hacker

William Stamford Hacker (8 December 1876 – 8 December 1925) was an English cricketer active from 1899 to 1923 who played for Gloucestershire and Glamorgan. He was born in Chipping Sodbury and died in Bristol. Unusually, he had a 20 year gap between his last appearance for Gloucestershire (1901) and his first for Glamorgan (1921). He made his debut under the captaincy of WG Grace.
He appeared in 25 first-class matches as a righthanded batsman who bowled right arm fast medium. He scored 222 runs with a highest score of 27 and took 91 wickets with a best performance of seven for 84.
# St Tysilio's Church, Menai Bridge

St Tysilio's Church is a medieval church in the village of Menai Bridge, Anglesey, Wales. The current building dates from the early 15th century and underwent renovations in the 19th century. It was designated as a Grade II* listed building on 14 February 1967.

## History and location

Located on Church Island near Menai Bridge, St Tysilio's Church is dedicated to Saint Tysilio, who was renowned for establishing a sanctuary on Ynys Suliau (also known as Ynys Tysilio). The current structure most likely dates to the early 15th century, with some renovations made in the 19th century. It was designated as a Grade II* listed building on 14 February 1967. There are a some World War One graves located in the church yard.
Welsh war poet and dramatist Sir Albert Evans-Jones (Bardic name Cynan) (1895–1970) is buried in the churchyard.
# Tryphon rutilator

Tryphon rutilator is a species of the family Ichneumonidae, subfamily Tryphoninae.

## Distribution and habitat

This European-Siberian species is present in most of Europe and Siberia, in the Near East, and in the Oriental realm. These insects mainly inhabit hedge rows.

## Description

Tryphon rutilator can reach a body length of 7–11 millimetres (0.28–0.43 in), with forewings of 5–9 millimetres (0.20–0.35 in). Head is weakly compressed posteriorly, witt long yellowish antennae consisting of 29-35 segments. Frons has a weak longitudinal carina. These ichneumonids have a black body and reddish abdomen. Legs are mainly yellow-reddish, with black femurs and tibiae on posterior legs.

## Biology

Adults can be found from June to July. They mainly feed on nectar of Apiaceae species (especially Anthriscus sylvestris and Heracleum sphondylium).
# The Complaint of an Empress

The Complaint of an Empress (Die Klage der Kaiserin), is a 1990 film directed by Pina Bausch. It is the only film she directed.

## Cast

In alphabetical order
* Mariko Aoyama
* Anne Marie Benati
* Bénédicte Billiet
* Rolando Brenes Calvo
* Antonio Carallo
* Finola Cronin
* Dominique Duszynski
* Mechthild Großmann [de]
* Barbara Hampel
* Kyomi Ichida
* Urs Kaufmann
* Ed Kortlandt
* Beatrice Libonati
* Anne Martin
* Dominique Mercy
* Jan Minarik [de]
* Helena Pikon
* Dana Sapiro
* Jean-Laurent Sasportes
* Mark Sieczkarek [de]
* Julie Ann Stanzak
* Mark Alan Wilson
# Cedar Creek Sheik

Philip McCutchen (February 14, 1910 – October 7, 1964), credited on his records as The Cedar Creek Sheik, was an American hokum and blues singer and guitarist who recorded in the 1930s.
McCutchen was born in Suttons, Williamsburg County, South Carolina, near to Cedar Creek. Little is known of his life. His only recordings, of which ten tracks were issued, were made in Charlotte, North Carolina for Bluebird Records, on June 15, 1936. Several of his recordings, including "Buy It From the Poultry Man (Cock For Sale)" and "I Believe Somebody's Ridin' My Mule", were bawdy examples of hokum music, while others mention local situations and personalities. He sang in a "high, almost expressionless" voice, sometimes employing a yodel. Though some critics have thought him to be a white rather than black performer, he is recorded as of "negro" race in census records.
McCutchen died at 7:55am on October 7, 1964.

## Discography

* Carolina Blues Guitar 1936-1951 (Old Tramp, 1988)