OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Trichoglossum

Trichoglossum is a genus of fungi in the family Geoglossaceae. They are commonly called hairy earth tongues. The type species is Trichoglossum hirsutum.
Members of the genus Trichoglossum have tiny hairs known as setae on the spore bearing surface. The related genus Geoglossum lacks hairs on the spore bearing surface.

## History

The genus Trichoglossum was created by Émile Boudier, who constructed the new genus to include species of Geoglossum bearing prominent setae. Numerous authors have examined this genus since its creation, with many new species and varieties described. Index Fungorum currently lists 47 names, including forms and varieties, while Kirk et al. (2008) acknowledge 19 species. Published molecular phylogenetic research also supports the genus as a well-supported clade.

## Location

Trichoglossum species are found in woodlands in North America and Europe, as well as Asia, Australasia, India, and South America.
* Trichoglossum hirsutum spores 400x phase contrast
* Trichoglossum hirsutum spores 400x brightfield

## Species

* Trichoglossum cheliense F.L.Tai 1944
* Trichoglossum confusum E.J.Durand 1921
* Trichoglossum farlowii (Cooke) E.J.Durand 1908
* Trichoglossum gracile Pat. 1909
* Trichoglossum hirsutum (Pers.) Boud. 1907
* Trichoglossum kunmingense F.L.Tai 1944
* Trichoglossum leucosporum Benkert & Hardtke 1988
* Trichoglossum octopartitum Mains 1940
* Trichoglossum persoonii F.L.Tai 1944
* Trichoglossum peruvianum E.K.Cash 1958
* Trichoglossum qingchengense W.Y.Zhuang 1997
* Trichoglossum rasum Pat. 1909
* Trichoglossum rehmianum (Henn.) E.J. Durand 1908
* Trichoglossum sinicum F.L.Tai 1944
* Trichoglossum tetrasporum Sinden & Fitzp. 1930
* Trichoglossum variabile (E.J.Durand) Nannf. 1942
* Trichoglossum velutipes (Peck) E.J.Durand 1908
* Trichoglossum walteri (Berk.) E.J.Durand 1908
* Trichoglossum wrightii (E.J.Durand) E.J.Durand 1921
# Trichoglossum walteri

Trichoglossum walteri is a species of fungus in the family Geoglossaceae. In its current sense, it is considered to be cosmopolitan and as such represents a complex of species worldwide. In the UK, it has been given the recommended English name of short-spored earthtongue. The European species occurs mainly in agriculturally unimproved grassland and threats to this habitat have resulted in the short-spored earthtongue being assessed as globally "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

## Taxonomy

The species was first described by English mycologist Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1875 as Geoglossum walteri. His description was based on an Australian collection and in its strict sense Trichoglossum walteri may be restricted to the southern hemisphere. The name was, however, adopted for collections with similar microscopic features in North and South America, Europe, and Asia. It seems probable that some of these collections represent distinct species. Initial molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, supports this conclusion and also indicates that Trichoglossum walteri sensu lato is not closely related to the type species of Trichoglossum, but belongs in a separate genus as yet not formally named.

## Description

Ascocarps are club-shaped, up to 35 mm (1.5 in) tall, black to dark brown, with a swollen, spore-bearing head, up to half the ascocarp height, and a finely hirsute, cylindrical stipe (stem). Microscopically, dark, thick-walled, acute setae are present. The asci are 8-spored, the ascospores 90–100 × 4.5–5.5 μm, becoming 7-septate at maturity. North temperate collections differ in being larger, up to 100 mm (4 in) tall, and in having shorter ascospores, 75–85 × 4.5–5.5 μm.

### Similar species

All Trichoglossum species appear similar in the field and can only be identified by microscopic examination. In European grassland, the short-spored earthtongue is most easily confused with the much commoner Trichoglossum hirsutum which has longer spores that become 15-septate at maturity.

## Conservation

In Europe the short-spored earthtongue is typical of waxcap grasslands, a declining habitat due to changing agricultural practices. As a result, the species is of global conservation concern and is listed as "vulnerable" on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
# Shawano

Shawano is a name derived from a modified Menominee word "Sāwanoh", which means south.

## Places
### United States

* Shawano County, Wisconsin
* Shawano, Wisconsin, city and county seat of Shawano County

## Other
### United States

* Shawano Lake
* Shawano Municipal Airport
# Derrick Dodd

Frank Harrison Gassaway was a noted American humorist and poet who often wrote under the pseudonym Derrick Dodd. Dodd is perhaps most well known for his travel letters Summer Saunterings published under this pseudonym. Although little is known of his personal life before he became a prominent writer in California, save that he was of a Virginian family, Dodd apparently married a southern belle from Washington, D.C., named Elizabeth Paschal and fathered a son, Francis, in 1874 or 1875. Dodd's grandson was the writer Brian Howard. In 1880, Dodd left Washington, D.C., and moved to Oakland, California where he began writing for major San Francisco papers including the San Francisco Examiner, Chronicle and the Evening Post. By 1892, Dodd had become the business manager for William Randolph Hearst's paper the San Francisco Examiner and a great admirer of the leading newspaper mogul. A volume of his poems entitled Poems was published in 1920 and was dedicated to Hearst.

## Writing career

Dodd contributed a humorous column to the Evening Post and gained notoriety for his Mark Twain-like style and wit. Some of his writings from this column were compiled in 1882 as the volume Summer Saunterings. This collection of short travel narratives comments on popular hotels, landmarks and transportation routes in various California cities such as Santa Barbara, Monterey, Napa and San Jose. In his later work, Dodd adopted a more serious and sentimental style, mainly writing poetry dealing with the Civil War. His most renowned poem, "The Pride of Battery B" was originally published in the San Francisco Examiner. This poem, about an orphan girl who temporarily reconciles the two sides during the bloody battle of Antietam, was critically acclaimed and became a popular piece for recitations. A compilation of Dodd's poetry was published as the volume Poems in 1920.
# Designability

Designability Charity Limited (formerly known as the Bath Institute of Medical Engineering) is a charity and limited company working in the field of human centred design. Its main focus is the research and design of products enabled disabled people to live with greater independence.

## History

Designability (formerly known as the Bath Institute of Medical Engineering) was established in 1968 as an independent charity by an inventor and engineer, Bevan Horstmann, and local consultant surgeon, Kenneth Lloyd-Williams. BIME was first situated at St Martin's Hospital in Bath but in 1987 it was moved to the Royal United Hospital (RUH) in Bath.

## Achievements

During the last 50 years, Designability has completed 300 projects in various disciplines.
In 1970, Designability created the world's first spring assisted armchair.
In 1990 the original Designability Junior Buggy was developed for young children with limited mobility which led to the creation of the current Wizzybug. The Wizzybug is a powered wheelchair designed for specifically children aged from 14 months and 5 years and aims to support development, independence and socialisation of preschool disabled children.
Designability has previously worked in the field of applying technology to the needs of people with dementia. Designability was the first to design a simple clock, which is helping to dispel confusion for people living with dementia.
Designability was also an active participant in a range of research projects including "Robotics in Care Chiron Project", nutrition in aging, task promoting for dementia and autonomous vehicles for the elderly.
In 2023 the charity was working on an accessible pushchair to enable disabled parents and carers to transport their young children independently.
Designability is also part of a consortium called the National Centre for Accessible Transport which is looking to address and improve the accessibility of transport systems across the UK.

## Funding

Designability are funded by 3 income streams, Charitable donations, Research grants and Commercial income from sale of products.
# Designasaurus

Designasaurus is an educational game created by Ezra Sidran and published by Britannica Software. It was released for Amiga, Apple II, Apple IIGS, Commodore 64, and MS-DOS. The game is about creating a custom dinosaur and helping it survive. It is divided into three activities: "Walk-a-Dinosaur", "Build-a-Dinosaur" and "Print-a-Dinosaur".

## Development

In 1987, Ezra Sidran signed a contract with Britannica Software for the development of an educational dinosaur game. Shortly before signing the contract, Sidran graduated from Marycrest College and received a computer animation degree. Sidran insisted that Designasaurus not be looked at as a game due to it being educational and accurate. Many of Sidran's friends in the same computer animation program helped him complete the game's artwork. One of the game's developers was Edward Isenberg. Isenberg said of the game in 2012, "This was a low resolution, two dimensional game because it was in the early 90s. You'd be able to walk the dinosaur from one side of the screen to the other and see if you could avoid being eaten."

## Gameplay

The game consists of three parts which is the game itself, creating a dinosaur, and printing coloring pages of dinosaurs. To create a dinosaur, a paleontologist of the Museum of Natural History allows the player to use bones from its collection to build their own dinosaur. Every design details the likelihood of the final dinosaur surviving. The game part of the software lets the player control their created dinosaur to help it survive while navigating its environment. The software includes a Dinosaur Hall of Fame certificate after the successful completion of the game and 12 dinosaur pictures which can be printed on t-shirts.

## Reception

The Software Publishers Association named Designasaurus as the "best education software of 1987". In the 1988 CODiE Awards, the game won "Best Educational Program" and "Best Pre-school or Primary School Program." It was reported on November 27, 1989, that Designasaurus and UMS I together gained $5 1⁄2 million for the publisher Intergalactic over an 18-month period. According to the creator Sidran, the royalties were split between the employees via a "gross-sharing" plan.
Kathryn Carrington of Hartford Courant said that the game was "disappointing" and that she "expected more" due to the game winning an award from the Software Publishers Association. PC Gamer reviewer Richard Cobbett wrote, "Unlike many edutainment games, Designasaurus does at least offer a solid amount of 'tainment' with its 'edu', and it's fun to mess around with. It has a few nice features, like being able to print out your dinosaurs, and the added hilarity of later levels developing into almost bullet-hell levels of crap to wade through."

## Later releases

A sequel, Designasaurus II, was released in 1990 for MS-DOS. Aided by two paleontologists, Britannica Software was able to accurately include dinosaurs in the correct time periods they once existed. Sidran and Isenberg started a funding campaign for an updated version of the game on Kickstarter in 2012.
# Sheikh Allauddin

Sheikh Allauddin is a Pakistani politician who had been a member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab from 18 August 2018 to 14 January 2023.Previously, He was a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from 2005 to May 2018 and from August 2018 to January 2023. He is chairman of Ravi Group of Companies.

## Early life and education

He was born on 1 August 1947 in Karnal district, India.
He has a degree of Master of Arts (in Political Science where he obtained in 1970 from University of the Punjab.

## Political career

He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PML-Q) from Constituency PP-181 (Kasur-VII) in 2005.
He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-Q from Constituency PP-181 (Kasur-VII) in 2008 Pakistani general election.
He was re-elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) from Constituency PP-181 (Kasur-VII) in 2013 Pakistani general election. In November 2016, he was inducted into the Punjab provincial cabinet of Chief Minister Shehbaz Sharif and was made Provincial Minister of Punjab for Industries, Commerce and Investment.
He was re-elected to Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-178 (Kasur-V) in 2018 Pakistani general election.

## Wealth

In 2019, he was found to be the richest member of the Punjab Assembly with assets worth Rs1.57 billion.
# Tri-State Conference (1960–1981)

The Tri-State Conference was an intercollegiate athletic conference associated with National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) the that existed from 1960 to 1981 and one of two conferences to share this name. The league had members in the Midwestern states of Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Minnesota.
The Tri-State Conference began operations in 1960 with seven members: Concordia College (now known as Concordia University Nebraska in Seward, Nebraska), Dana College in Blair, Nebraska, Midland College (now known as Midland University) in Fremont, Nebraska, Northwestern College in Orange City, Iowa, Sioux Falls College (now known as the University of Sioux Falls) in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Westmar University in Le Mars, Iowa, and Yankton College in Yankton, South Dakota. In 1971, the three Nebraska schools (Concordia, Dana, and Midland) withdrew; they joined the Nebraska Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (now known as the Great Plains Athletic Conference) in 1969 and had been members of both conferences. The same year, 1971, Bethel College (now known as Bethel University) in Arden Hills, Minnesota and Concordia University in Saint Paul, Minnesota joined the Tri-State Conference. Concordia of St. Paul left in 1975 as did Bethel in 1977. Dordt College (now known as Dordt University) joined in 1976. Sioux Falls left in 1977 to join the South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference.
# Tri-State Conference

Tri-State Conference may refer to several American college sports conferences:
* Tri-State Conference (1923–1934), Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia
* Tri-State Conference (1932–1939), later known as Badger-Illini Conference, Illinois, Iowa, Wisconsin
* Tri-State Conference (1960–1981), Iowa, Nebraska, Minnesota, South Dakota
* Tri-State Athletic Conference (1988–1989), Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota
# Sheridan, Washington

Sheridan was a small town in southeast King County (Washington). Some amount of silver mining went on in Sheridan in the 1890s. There was a post office in Sheridan from 1892 to 1895. In addition, there was a hotel, store and a mill.

## Geography

Sheridan was located near present-day Maple Valley, Washington.

## History

Suquamish tribe chairperson Martha George "was born in Sheridan ... on April 28, 1892, at a logging camp where her mother and grandmother worked as cooks."
# Sheldon, Devon

Sheldon is a village and civil parish in the East Devon district of the county of Devon in England. It is located in the Blackdown Hills, 6.5 miles (10.5 km) north-northwest of Honiton. In the 2011 UK census, its population was recorded as 189 persons, with an average (mean) age of 45.
The parish church, the Church of St James the Greater, is a Grade II listed building with a Norman font and a 15th-century tower.
# Shanivarsanthe

Shanivarasanthe/Sanivarasanthe is a small town in Kodagu district in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is one of the towns of Somwarpet taluk, in the north-east of the district. As per census survey of India 2011, Shanivarsanthe comes under Bidarur jurisdiction, which has been given a location code number 617892.
The main crops grown in the area are coffee, paddy, and spices.
Kannada, Kodava Takk, Tulu, Beary bashe, Hindi, and English are spoken by the people.

## Flora and fauna

Coffee and paddy are the major crop in the region. Other crops, like pepper, cardamom, ginger, and other vegetables are also grown. Also, it is famous for growing silver oak tree.

## Religion and Caste

Hindus, Muslims along with some Christians are present in this town, while the main castes are Billavas, Shettys, Vokkaligas, Lingayats, and Kodavas among the Hindus. Both Urdu and Muslim Malayalam (Byare Bashe) are spoken among the Muslims.

## Notable persons

* Field Marshal KM Cariappa, The first Indian Chief of Army Staff for the Indian Army was born here.

## Places of attraction

* Mallalli falls
* Bisle ghat
* Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary
* Manjarabad Fort
# Sheriff of Dumbarton

The Sheriff of Dumbarton was historically the royal official responsible for enforcing law and order in Dumbarton, Scotland and bringing criminals to justice. Prior to 1748 most sheriffdoms were held on a hereditary basis. From that date, following the Jacobite uprising of 1745, the hereditary sheriffs were replaced by salaried sheriff-deputes, qualified advocates who were members of the Scottish Bar.
Following a merger the post was retitled the Sheriff of Dumbarton and Bute in 1854. Following further reorganisations the post became the Sheriff of Stirling and Dumbarton in 1871 and the Sheriff of Stirling, Dumbarton and Clackmannan in 1881.

## Sheriffs of Dumbarton

* William Bisset (1237)
* Uilleam, Earl of Mar (1264-1266)
* Walter Bailloch Stewart (1271-1288)
* Duncan III, Earl of Fife (1288)
* Alexander, Earl of Menteith (1289-?)
* Walter Bailloch Stewart (1290)
* James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland (1293)
* Alexander of Ledes (1296)
* John de Menteith (1303-1308)
* Malcolm Fleming, Earl of Wigtown (c.1309-1326)
* John Dayleston (1359)
* Malcolm Fleming, Earl of Wigtown (1367)
* Walter Buchanan (1407)
* Walter Stewart of Lennox (1416)
* John Colquhoun of Luss (1425)
** Robert Sempill - 1443 - Deputy
* John Stewart, 1st Earl of Lennox (1488)
* Matthew Stewart, 2nd Earl of Lennox (1494)
* John C Paull (1530)

### Sheriffs-Depute (1748)

* James Colquhoun, 1775–1805
* John Glassford, c.1808
* John Campbell Colquhoun of Milligs, 1815–1854

## Sheriffs of Dumbarton and Bute (1854)

* Robert Hunter, 1854–1871
* The sheriffdom was split in 1871, with Dumbarton becoming part of the new sheriffdom of Stirling and Dumbarton and Bute becoming part of the Sheriffdom of Renfrew and Bute.
# Shen Dingyi

Shen Dingyi (Chinese: 沈定一; pinyin: Shěn Dìngyī; 1883 - August 1928); born in Yaqian (Xiaoshan), a 1920s-era Chinese revolutionary and intellectual who belonged to both the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party. In 1921, in his home village of Yaqian (Zhejiang province), he organized hundreds of thousands peasants in a reformist association fighting for a 30% cut in land allowance. Some sinologists regard him as one of the forerunners of Mao Zedong. An undisciplined member of the Kuomintang, he was mysteriously assassinated in 1928.
# Devil's Haircut

Devil's Haircut can refer to:
* "Devil's Haircut" (Grounded for Life episode)
* "Devils Haircut", a song by Beck which appears on the album Odelay
# Sherpa (fabric)

Sherpa is a fabric with a pile on one side and flat on the other side.

## Structure

Sherpa is a curly piled fabric structure made of synthetic yarns like acrylic or polyester. The texture is soft and fluffy, useful in jackets resembling wool or sheepskin on the piled side. Sherpa fleece is a knitted type of fabric usable in line clothing and winter wear.

## History

It was Collins & Aikman (An American manufacturer of decorative fabrics and automotive supplies) who first developed this fabric. Sherpa was the registered trademark of the company.

## Use

Mainly it is used in the lining of coats and for adult's and children's jackets.
# The Cognitive Rules

The Cognitive Rules is the 2011 EP by British singer-songwriter RJ Thompson. It was released on 4 December 2011 and serves as the follow-up to his 2007 EP, Acoustic Sessions. The EP was recorded at Trinity Heights in Newcastle upon Tyne and mastered by Geoff Pesche at Abbey Road Studios.

## Singles

RJ released two singles in the year, 2011 (A Better Life and When I Get Old), and both tracks were released on the EP The Cognitive Rules later that same year. The single A Better Life received airplay on BBC Radio 2, while opening track Fables was featured on BBC Radio 6 Music
# Bartolomeo Bosco

Giovanni Bartolomeo Bosco (January 3, 1793 – March 7, 1863) was an Italian magician during the mid-19th century. He is best known for his adroitness with the famous cups and balls.
When he was nineteen years old, he was drafted into Napoleon's Army. In 1812, Bosco was wounded during the Battle of Borodino by a Cossack lancer. He pretended to be dead as he noticed someone searching the dead bodies for loot. The looter went through Bosco's things while at the same time Bosco picked the looter's pocket. Bosco was taken prisoner in Siberia and entertained the other prisoners and the guards with his magic.
After the war, he returned home to Turin in 1814, and studied medicine for a short time. Bosco went on to perform his magic for the ruler of the Russian Empire as well as the heads of state of Prussia, Sweden, and France. Bosco later set up a theatre in Paris.$^{:94}$ Jean-Eugène Robert-Houdin admired Bosco's skills with cups and balls, but was disgusted with Bosco's tricks involving live animals, which were killed during the performance.$^{:94}$

## Literature

* Natias Neutert: "Bottoms Up!" in: Genii, March 1993.
* Alex Rusconi, Bartolomeo Bosco. Vita e meraviglie del mago che conquistò l'Europa, Florence Art Edizioni, 2017. ISBN 9788899112455
# William Epps

William Epps (died 1833) was an English cricket writer and historian who was active in the late 18th century. He is noted for compiling Grand Matches of Cricket 1771 to 1791, published by Rochester Publishing Co. in 1799. His work is a recognised source and was used by Arthur Haygarth for his Scores & Biographies series.
In 2023, Grand Matches of Cricket 1771 to 1791 was offered by Peter Harrington Rare Books for £225,000. The copy belonged to iconic cricket commentator and book collector John Arlott. An anonymous cricket enthusiast contributed funds to enable it to be acquired by the British Library. It is now part of the Printed Heritage Collections at the British Library.