# Runestones of Högby

The Runestones of Högby are runestones located in the village of Högby in Östergötland, Sweden, but the name Högby runestone (Swedish: Högbystenen) usually refers to the notable Ög 81. It is famous for its eloquent epitaph in fornyrðislag for all the five sons of a man. The runestone was found when the church was demolished in 1874. Fragments of some other runestones were found as well. The Rundata project dates them to the late 10th century.
The following presentations show the runic inscription transliterated into Latin script, followed by transcriptions into Old East Norse dialect of Old Norse, and it ends with a translation into English.

## Ög 81

The Högby rune stone is in style Pr1. It commemorates Assur, one of the first Varangians who is known to have died in the service of the Byzantine Emperor, and he is estimated to have died c. 1010, or in the late 10th century. He was one of the sons of the "good man" Gulli, and the rune stone describes a situation that may have been common for Scandinavian families at this time: the stone was made on the orders of Assur's niece Þorgerðr in memory of her uncles who were all dead.
Þorgerðr probably had the stone made as soon as she had learnt that Assur, the last one of her uncles, had died in Greece, and she probably did this to ensure her right of inheritance. On the reverse side of the stone, she inscribed how her other uncles had died in fornyrðislag.
Ásmundr probably died in the Battle of Fýrisvellir, in the 980s, and it was probably on the side of king Eric the Victorious. Assur had entered into the service of a more powerful liege and died for the Byzantine Emperor. Halfdan may have died either on Bornholm or in a holmgang, and where Kári died is not certain either. The most likely interpretation may be that he died on Od, the old name for the north-western cape of Zealand. Búi's location of death is not given, but it was probably in a way which was not as glorious as those of his brothers.

### Inscription

þukir
Þorgærðr(?)
resþi
ræisþi
stin
stæin
þansi
þannsi
eftiʀ
æftiʀ
asur
Assur,
sen
sinn
muþur*bruþur
moðurbroður
sin
sinn,
iaʀ
eʀ
eataþis
ændaðis
austr
austr
i
i
krikum
Grikkium.
* þukir * resþi * stin * þansi * eftiʀ * asur * sen * muþur*bruþur * sin * iaʀ * eataþis * austr * i * krikum *
 Þorgærðr(?) ræisþi stæin þannsi æftiʀ Assur, sinn moðurbroður sinn, eʀ ændaðis austr i Grikkium.
Þorgerðr(?) raised this stone in memory of Ôzurr, her mother's brother. He met his end in the east in Greece.
kuþr
Goðr
karl
karl
kuli
Gulli
kat
gat
fim
fæm
syni
syni.
feal
Fioll
o
a
furi
Føri
frukn
frøkn
treks
drængʀ
asmutr
Asmundr,
aitaþis
ændaðis
asur
Assurr
austr
austr
i
i
krikum
Grikkium,
uarþ
varð
o
a
hulmi
Holmi
halftan
Halfdan
tribin
drepinn,
kari
Kari
uarþ
varð
at
at
uti
Uddi(?)
* kuþr * karl * kuli * kat * fim * syni * feal * o * furi * frukn * treks * asmutr * aitaþis * asur * austr * i krikum * uarþ * o hulmi * halftan * tribin * kari * uarþ * at uti *
 Goðr karl Gulli gat fæm syni. Fioll a Føri frøkn drængʀ Asmundr, ændaðis Assurr austr i Grikkium, varð a Holmi Halfdan drepinn, Kari varð at Uddi(?)
The good man Gulli got five sons. The brave valiant man Ásmundr fell at Fœri; Ôzurr met his end in the east in Greece; Halfdan was killed at Holmr (Bornholm?); Kári was (killed) at Oddr(?);
auk
ok
tauþr
dauðr
bui
Boi.
þurkil
Þorkell
rist
ræist
runaʀ
runaʀ.
auk * tauþr * bui * þurkil * rist * runaʀ *
ok dauðr Boi. Þorkell ræist runaʀ.
also dead (is) Búi. Þorkell carved the runes.

## Ög 82

This runestone is in style RAK and it was made in memory of a man who owned or commanded the settlement.
þurkil
Þorkell
(r)(i)--
ræi[st](?)
(þ)(a)s(i)
þannsi
(i)ftiʀ
æftiʀ
uint
Øyvind,
tusta
Tosta
sun
sun,
iaʀ
eʀ
ati
ati
hugbu
Høgby.
: þurkil (r)(i)-- ---- (þ)(a)s(i) (i)ftiʀ * uint * tusta * sun * iaʀ * ati * hugbu
 Þorkell ræi[st](?) ... þannsi æftiʀ Øyvind, Tosta sun, eʀ ati Høgby.
Þorkell carved(?) ... this in memory of Eyvindr, Tosti's son, who owned Haugbýr.

## Ög 83

This runestone is tentatively categorized as style Pr1-Pr2 and it was made in memory of a son who died in the West.
þura
Þora
sati
satti
stin
stæin
þasi
þannsi
aftiʀ
æftiʀ
suin
Svæin,
sun
sun
sin
sinn,
ʀs
es
uʀstr
vestr
o
a
ualu
<ualu>
* þura * sati * stin * þasi * aftiʀ * suin * sun * sin * ʀs * uʀstr * o * ualu
 Þora satti stæin þannsi æftiʀ Svæin, sun sinn, es vestr a <ualu>
Þóra placed this stone in memory of Sveinn, her son, who died in the west in <ualu>.