OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Stichill Kirk

Stichill Kirk is an ancient church situated in the village of Stichill in the old county of Roxburghshire, now part of the Scottish Borders Council in Scotland. The village lies 2 miles (3.2 km) north of the abbey town of Kelso on the B6643 road and is at grid reference NT713383.

## History

The meaning of the name 'Stichill' is thought to come from the Gaelic signifying a declivity meaning a downward slope, as on a hill. The first mention of the church came in 1124 when Gilleb was described as being the Presbyter of Stichil. In the early years, the church of Stichil was in the patronage of the Earls of Dunbar but later in the century, the monks of Kelso obtained both the parish and the church. That situation did not change until the Scottish Reformation in the 1560s. and some of the early clerics were:
* Gilleb. Presbyter–1124
* W. de Stichel–1153
* Goze, Goscelno, Sacerdos of Stichill–1158

## Post Reformation

The first known minister after the Reformation was Rev. William Hood, who was the incumbent from 1567 until 1577. In 1640 the parishes of Stichill and Hume were united and the Parochial records have been kept since that time. The present parish church was built in 1770 before a virtual reconstruction in 1869 followed by major renovation in 1906. A secession church - The Associate Church of Stichill was built in 1773 but became part of The United Free Church of Scotland 1900. Finally, in 1938, that church united with Stichill Parish Church. (The Associate Church was also known as the Cairns Memorial Church) In the 18th. century the Secession (Associate) Church was famous for its annual "Holy Fairs" The old Associate Church, is now a private home. The parish church is now linked with the parishes of Smailhom, Hume, Roxburgh, Ednam and Nenthorn.

## Notable Minister

Reverend George Gunn M.A. who was minister at Stichill from 1878 until 1900, he preached his last sermon on 5 November 1899.
# William Knight (pirate)

William Knight (fl. 1684–1689) was a 17th-century English buccaneer and pirate known for joining privateering expeditions against Spanish colonies in Central and South America.

## History

Knight may have lived in Port Royal, Jamaica since 1675, but by September 1684 he and 50 men set out to raid the Spanish, crossing the Isthmus of Panama, building canoes once they reached the Pacific coast. Some of his sailors became separated, joining with Francis Townley, Edward Davis, and Charles Swan, as well as French buccaneers under Francois Grogniet and Jean L’Escuyer. Knight and the rest of his crew cruised off El Salvador and Ecuador then joined the larger group in March 1685.
The buccaneers engaged a Spanish fleet in June but were forced to retreat. The English and French contingents blamed each other and subsequently separated after a failed assault on Remedios. Knight, Swan, Townley, and Peter Harris left in July to attack Nicaragua, sacking León and Realejo but with little to show for it.
Davis and Knight left for Peru in September, raiding up and down the coast into 1686. That March they raided Sana, taking over 100,000 pesos (£25,000). This was one of the richest captures of the buccaneer era. A raid at Paita was less successful but they picked up additional crew when almost 40 freed slaves joined them. They continued their raids into the summer, collecting another £5,000 in July as a ransom to spare Pisco. After dividing their loot at the Juan Fernandez Islands on November (where each man received 5000 pieces of eight, or £1,250), Knight returned to the Caribbean via Cape Horn. Davis’ crew elected to stay in the Pacific and continue their raids, having lost much of treasure gambling; they looted Arica in Chile then assisted a French contingent under Pierre Le Picard in taking Guayaquil.
Knight possibly settled in Virginia afterwards, though in 1688 he was called to give testimony in Jamaica against French buccaneers who had sailed with Townley. English explorer and buccaneer William Dampier (who had sailed with Davis) reported a “Captain Knight” active in the Indian Ocean in 1689, who consorted with some of Swan's crew from the Cygnet. They cruised off Acheen and Johanna before putting some crew off at Coromandel. Given the dates and the association with Dampier, Davis, and Swan's crew, this may have been William Knight.
# Stigmatomma groehni

Stigmatomma groehni is an extinct species of ant in the genus Stigmatomma. It was described by Dlussky in 2009, where it was found in the Baltic Amber, alongside another extinct species Stigmatomma electrinum.
# Stigmatomma pallipes

Stigmatomma pallipes, or vampire ant, is a species of ant in the subfamily Amblyoponinae. It is one of three species of Stigmatomma native to North America. They can be hard to find due to their habitat and small colony size.

## Description

A reddish-brown ant, generally 4.5–6 mm (0.18–0.24 in).

## Habitat

Individuals are typically found in wooded areas, in damp soil and leaf litter. Nests are usually found in soil under rocks, rotting logs, or at the base of trees. Colonies are small, typically consisting of anywhere between two and sixty individuals, although the latter is uncommon.

## Range

The vampire ant is found across most southern and eastern states, west to California and north to Quebec and Ontario.
# Stigmatomma pluto

Stigmatomma pluto is a species of ant in the subfamily Amblyoponinae. The species was first described as Amblyopone pluto by Gotwald and Levieux in 1972 and moved to the genus Stigmatomma in 2012.
Stigmatomma pluto is endemic to the unburned savannas of central Ivory Coast.
# Stigmatomma scrobiceps

Stigmatomma scrobiceps is a species of ant in the genus Stigmatomma. It was described as Bannapone scrobiceps by Guénard et al. in 2013, based on two specimens collected in Yunnan Province, China, and placed as the second species in Bannapone. It was moved to Stigmatomma by Ward and Fisher (2016).
Specimens were found in habitats that were forests with considerable amounts of leaf litter and rotting wood materials. Due to the few specimens collected and the fact that the area has been relatively studied, Guénard et al. (2013) ranked the genus as one of the most rare ant genera in the world. However, they could not rule out whether collection techniques, crypsis, or subterranean habits (known to occur among ants within the subfamily) biased the frequency of the collections.

## Etymology

The name refers to antennal scrobes on the heads of the workers, and the name's translation from Latin means trench-headed (= trench) and "ceps" (= headed).
# William Gordon Weld

William Gordon Weld (1775–1825) was an American shipmaster and ship owner. He is notable as an ancestor of several famous Welds.

## Ancestry and early life

Weld was a descendant of Joseph Weld, who came to Massachusetts Bay Colony in the early 17th century and was involved in the Pequot War and subsequent negotiations. He was born on 8 May 1775 at Roxbury, Suffolk, Massachusetts.
Weld lived his early life in Weld Hall, the family home on Weld Hill in the Forest Hills section of what is now Jamaica Plain. Named after the prominent local revolutionary sympathizer and historian Reverend Dr. William Gordon, Weld was the fifth son of Colonel Eleazer Weld, one of seven Weld family American Revolutionary War veterans.
Like many family members, William Gordon Weld graduated from Harvard, a university with Weld ties from the 17th to the 21st centuries.
He practiced law in Mr. Quincy's law office in Roxbury, Massachusetts. Later at the age of nineteen "he was master of a packet-ship sailing between London and Boston, and at twenty-seven was attacked off Tunis by Algerine pirates, not only beating them back in fair fight, but recapturing two American vessels which had been seized."

## Maritime industry

Weld turned his attention away from agriculture and concentrated on maritime shipping. He created a fleet of "China clippers" and profited from trade between Asia and the New World.
His fortune suffered a notable setback during the War of 1812. A British frigate cruising off Boston Harbor captured one Weld's ships carrying a valuable cargo of wine and Spanish silver dollars. Weld himself was captured and may have paid a ransom to be released.

## Legacy

In 1798, Weld married Hannah Minot (1780–1860), a member of a Massachusetts family represented by such notables as George Minot and Henry Davis Minot. They had one daughter and eight sons. (see chart).
The home William and Hannah built was in the Minot family's possession by the mid 19th century and later became the home of Andrew James Peters, Mayor of Boston, (and James Michael Curley rival) after he married a Minot.
Among those descended from William Gordon Weld and Hannah Minot are:
* Son William Fletcher Weld — shipping, railroad and real estate magnate
* Son Stephen Minot Weld — politician, namesake of Weld Hall at Harvard University
* Grandson George Walker Weld — financier of the Weld Boathouse
* Grandson Stephen Minot Weld Jr. — American Civil War general
* Great-grandson Philip Saltonstall Weld — World War II commando, publisher, environmentalist
* Great-granddaughter Isabel Weld Perkins — socialite philanthropist
* Great-great-great-grandson William Weld — former Governor of Massachusetts
# Stone Creek

Stone Creek may refer to:
* Stony Creek (Sacramento River tributary), California
* Stone Creek (New Jersey)
* Stone Creek, Ohio
* Stone Creek, Virginia
* Stone Creek Settlement, now Lost City, California
* Stone Creek Township, Bottineau County, North Dakota
# Cedar Avenue (disambiguation)

Cedar Avenue is a street in Minneapolis.
Cedar Avenue may also refer to:
* Cedar Avenue of Nikkō, a tree-lined section of road in Nikko, Japan
* Cedar Avenue station, a former railway facility on Staten Island, New York
# Stick number

In the mathematical theory of knots, the stick number is a knot invariant that intuitively gives the smallest number of straight "sticks" stuck end to end needed to form a knot. Specifically, given any knot $K$, the stick number of $K$, denoted by $\operatorname {stick} (K)$, is the smallest number of edges of a polygonal path equivalent to $K$.

## Known values

Six is the lowest stick number for any nontrivial knot. There are few knots whose stick number can be determined exactly. Gyo Taek Jin determined the stick number of a $(p,q)$-torus knot $T(p,q)$ in case the parameters $p$ and $q$ are not too far from each other:
$\operatorname {stick} (T(p,q))=2q$
$2\leq p<q\leq 2p.$
The same result was found independently around the same time by a research group around Colin Adams, but for a smaller range of parameters.

## Bounds

The stick number of a knot sum can be upper bounded by the stick numbers of the summands: ${\text{stick}}(K_{1}\#K_{2})\leq {\text{stick}}(K_{1})+{\text{stick}}(K_{2})-3\,$

## Related invariants

The stick number of a knot $K$ is related to its crossing number $c(K)$ by the following inequalities: ${\frac {1}{2}}(7+{\sqrt {8\,{\text{c}}(K)+1}})\leq {\text{stick}}(K)\leq {\frac {3}{2}}(c(K)+1).$
These inequalities are both tight for the trefoil knot, which has a crossing number of 3 and a stick number of 6.
# Küllätüvä

Küllätüvä is a village in Setomaa Parish, Võru County in Estonia.
Küllätüvä tsässon, a small Seto chapel is located in the village.
# Küllo

Küllo is an Estonian-language male given name.
People named Küllo include:
* Küllo Arjakas (born 1959), Estonian historian and politician
* Küllo Kõiv (1972–1998), Estonian wrestler
# Ralph Thompson

Ralph Thompson may refer to:
* Ralph Thompson (footballer) (1892–1916), English amateur footballer
* Ralph Thompson (illustrator) (1913–2009), British artist and book illustrator
* Ralph Thompson (poet) (born 1928), Jamaican businessman, educational activist, artist and poet
* Ralph C. Thompson (c. 1947–2014), Canadian judge and lawyer
* Ralph Gordon Thompson (born 1934), United States federal judge
* Sir Ralph Wood Thompson (1830–1902), British civil servant
* Smack Thompson (Ralph Sandford Thompson, 1900–1981), college football player
# Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra

Maharaja Sir Rajagopala Krishna Yachendra GCIE CSI, Kaiser-i-Hind (1857–1916) was an Indian nobleman and politician. He was the 28th Maharaja of Venkatagiri from 1878 to 1916, and a member of the Legislative Council of Madras from 1887 . He belonged to the royal Velugoti Dynasty of the Padmanayaka Velamas. He is known to have reformed and encouraged education during his tenure as M.L.C and even as the Maharajah of Venkatagiri .
Rajagopala was a non-official member of Madras Legislative Council. He served in the Council starting from 1887. His brother's grandson is Ramakrishna Ranga Rao became the Chief Minister of Madras Presidency after dyarchy was established. One of his grandson who was adopted by the Maharani of Kolanka, later became Maharaja of Kolanka and got the Kolanka Cup made.

## Honours

Rajagopala Yachendra was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in May 1888 and subsequently promoted to a Knight Grand Commander (GCIE) in the 1915 New Year Honours List. He was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind Medal in 1900. He also received the Delhi Durbar Medal .
# Rajagopala Vilasamu

Rajagopala Vilasamu (Telugu: రాజగోపాలవిలాసము) is a 17th-century Telugu poetic work (kavya) of Chengalva Kalakavi or Kalaya. The work is thus of historical as well as of poetic value. The author Kalaya is a court poet of Vijaya Raghava Nayak of Tanjore.
The work describes the sports of Sri Rajagopalaswami (Sri Krishna), who was the Patron deity of the Naick Kings of Tanjore. They installed Sri Krishna in Mannargudi (Rajamannarkoil) about twenty-five miles southeast of Tanjore.
The kavya briefly describes the Sthalapurana of Mannargudi, and then describes the sports of Sri Krishna with his eight consorts. The poet has depicted the sports so as to exemplify the eight Nayikas well known in Sringara Kavyas (Ashta Nayika). The introductory part of the work gives the genealogy of Vijaya Raghava Nayak, the patron of the poetic work.
The work was edited with a detailed introduction in Telugu and English by N. Venkata Rao, Head of the Department of Telugu, University of Madras.
# Celestial being

Celestial being may refer to:
* A sky deity
* An angel
* Extraterrestrial life
* Celestial Being (Mobile Suit Gundam 00), a fictional organization
** "Celestial Being" (Mobile Suit Gundam 00 episode)
# William George Besler

William George Besler (March 30, 1865 - May 20, 1942) was president of the Central Railroad of New Jersey.

## Biography

He was born in Galesburg, Illinois, to John Daniel Besler and Anna Chapin. He graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1880 with a degree in Engineering.
He married Effie B Lewis on 10 October 1888. They had three children: Helen Anajane Besler (1892-1989), George Daniel Besler (1902-1995), and William John Besler (1904-1985). His sons, George and William, went on to make the world's first steam powered aeroplane at Oakland, California, on 12 April 1933.
Bessler started working for the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad as a trainmaster's clerk in Chicago. He rose through the ranks to become division superintendent of the company's St Louis Division in 1893. In 1900 he moved to Pittsburgh and Reading, becoming their general superintendent by 1903. The Central Railroad of New Jersey employed him in 1903 as general manager. By 1926 he had become chairman of the board.
Besler was an active member of the American Railway Association and became its president when it was renamed the Association of American Railroads. He was also a director of Gamewell Company, Rockwood Sprinkler Company, Holtzer-Cabot Electric Company, Eagle Signal Corporation, New York Transfer Company, National Railway Publication Company, Lehigh and Hudson River Railway Company, and Davenport Locomotive Works. Besler was also Director and Vice-President of the New Jersey Chamber of Commerce.
He died on May 20, 1942.
# Kägleholm Castle

Kägleholm Castle (Kägleholms slott) is a castle ruin located in Kägleholm, Örebro County, Sweden.
In 1541, the estate became a manor and was named Kägleholm. In 1674, Magnus Gabriel De la Gardie (1622–1686) inherited Kägleholm, and the castle was completed by 1680. However, the castle burned down in 1712 and was subsequently abandoned.
# Kyrylo Stavrovetsky

Kyrylo Stavrovetsky-Tranquillon (died 1646) was a Ruthenian (Ukrainian) church figure of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, poet, publisher, archimandrite of the Yelets Dormition Monastery in Chernihiv. He is better known for his publishing efforts which provided Ruthenian citizens of the Commonwealth with literature in native language.

## Biography

It is not known when Stavrovetsky was born. Sometime at the end of 1580s he taught at the Lviv Brotherhood School, after which in 1592 Stavrovetsky moved to Ostrog and Wilno due to persecutions against bishop Hedeon Balaban. In December 1592 along with Ternopil brethren, he vouched for the Lviv Brotherhood in front of Jeremias II of Constantinople. The fact is reflected in inscription over the entrance of the Ternopil Nativity Church.
In 1618 Stavrovetsky returned to Pochaiv and for a brief time was hegumen at the small Univ Dormition Monastery (1618). Later he was a hegumen (1618–19) at the Lubartow Monastery near Lublin. In 1621-25 Stavrovetsky was a preacher in Zamość. In 1626 he adopted the Union of Brest and from 1628 to his death he was an archimandrite of Yelets Dormition Monastery.

## Known publications

* 1618 Mirror of Theology (Zertsalo bohosloviia)
* 1619 Didactic gospel (Uchytelni yevanheliia)
** In 1620s the congress of Ukrainian Orthodox bishops headed by the Exarch of Ukraine Iov Boretsky condemned the book, while in 1627 the Moscow church authorities ordered that it be burnt.
* 1646 Priceless Perl (Perlo mnohotsinnoie)
# L. nepalensis

L. nepalensis may refer to:
* Lacconectus nepalensis, a diving beetle
* Lebia nepalensis, a colorful foliage ground beetle
* Leibnitzia nepalensis, a flowering plant
* Lesticus nepalensis, a ground beetle
* Lilioceris nepalensis, a leaf beetle
* Linyphia nepalensis, a sheet weaver
* Loepa nepalensis, a large moth
# L. orientalis

L. orientalis may refer to:
* Lactuca orientalis, a plant species
* Lacuna orientalis, a sea snail species
* Lasionycta orientalis, a moth species found in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan
* Laxmannia orientalis, a tufted perennial herb species in the genus Laxmannia endemic to Australia
* Leptorhynchos orientalis, an annual or perennial herb species in the genus Leptorhynchos endemic to Australia
* Limaria orientalis, the file shell, a bivalve mollusc species
* Liquidambar orientalis, the Oriental sweetgum or Turkish sweetgum, a deciduous tree species native to the eastern Mediterranean region
* Lonchoptera orientalis, a spear-winged fly species in the genus Lonchoptera
# Stockholm (town), Wisconsin

Stockholm is a town in Pepin County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 218 at the 2020 census. The Village of Stockholm is located within the town.

## History

In 1854, this site at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs was the destination of more than 200 emigrants from the impoverished Bjurtjärn socken, in Värmland, Sweden. The area was surveyed and a plat lay out for a community the Swedish immigrant settlers called Stockholm, the same name as the capital of Sweden. Early industries included fishing and clamming. Commercial fish provided thousands of barrels of Lake Pepin fish for the eastern markets. Clamming provided the raw material for button factories. Twenty years of harvesting diminished the supply, signaling the end of this business. The ice industry began as soon as the Burlington Railroad was completed through Stockholm. It was the only place on Lake Pepin where ice was shipped to the large cities.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 21.7 square miles (56.3 km$^2$), of which, 15.4 square miles (39.8 km$^2$) of it is land and 6.4 square miles (16.5 km$^2$) of it (29.35%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 75 people, 35 households, and 24 families residing in the town. The population density was 4.9 people per square mile (1.9/km$^2$). There were 65 housing units at an average density of 4.2 per square mile (1.6/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 100.00% White.
There were 35 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.9% were married couples living together, 2.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 25.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.54.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.3% under the age of 18, 2.7% from 18 to 24, 18.7% from 25 to 44, 38.7% from 45 to 64, and 22.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 52 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $32,250, and the median income for a family was $58,750. Males had a median income of $38,750 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the town was $21,329. None of the population or the families were below the poverty line.
# William Gairdner (physician)

William Gairdner (11 November 1793 – 28 April 1867) was a Scottish physician and writer.
Gairdner was born at Mount Charles, Ayrshire on 11 November 1793. He was son of Robert Gairdner, a captain in the Bengal artillery. He was educated at University of Edinburgh and obtained he M.D. in 1813. He studied in London and worked as physician to the Earl of Bristol. He lived on Bolton Street, London and in 1823 was admitted a licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.
In 1824, he authored Essay on the Effects of Iodine on the Human Constitution which supported Jean-Francois Coindet's treatment of goitre by internal administration of iodine. He authored On Gout, its History, its Causes, and its Cure in 1849, a work which went through four editions. It was an exposition of the main clinical features of gout and advocated treatment such as bleeding, moderate purgation, and the administration of colchicum. He married in 1822 and had one daughter.
Gairdner practiced medicine to the end of his life. He died at Avignon on 28 April 1867.

## Selected publications

* Essay on the Effects of Iodine on the Human Constitution (1824)
* On Gout: Its History, its Causes, and its Cure (1849, 1860)
# Diplazium fraxinifolium

Diplazium fraxinifolium is a species of fern in the family Athyriaceae. It is found from India through Malesia to New Guinea.