OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sheffield Township, Lorain County, Ohio

Sheffield Township is one of the eighteen townships of Lorain County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census the population was 3,963.

## Geography

Located in northern Lorain County, it borders the following townships and municipalities:
* Lorain - north and west
* Sheffield - east
* Elyria - southeast
* Elyria Township - south
No municipalities are located in Sheffield Township, other than the cities of Lorain and Sheffield Lake and village of Sheffield that have incorporated most of the original extent of the township.

## Name and history

Statewide, the only other Sheffield Township is located in Ashtabula County.
The first inhabitants of Sheffield Township began settling the area circa 1815.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.

## Education

The school district in Sheffield Township is Clearview Local School District.
# Destarch

Destarching occurs in a plant when a part of a plant is "deprived of starch, as by translocation".
It is also the process of eliminating starch reserves in a plant for experiments concerning photosynthesis. This is done by leaving the plant(s) in a dark place for 3 days. Due to the lack of photosynthesis in this place, stored starch is used up, thus the plant is destarched.
# Sheriff of Dingwall

The Sheriff of Dingwall was historically the office responsible for enforcing law and order in Dingwall, Scotland and bringing criminals to justice. Dingwall was granted royal burgh status in 1226 by King Alexander II of Scotland. The seat of the sheriffdom from 1265 was Dingwall Castle.

## Sheriffs of Dingwall

* Alexander Comyn (1264-1266)
# Deutsche Welle GmbH

Deutsche Welle GmbH was a publicly licensed, though privately financed, German broadcasting company active during the Weimar era.

## History

The company was founded in August 1924 (100 years ago) (1924-08) in Berlin, and was one of the nine broadcasting companies that were functioning during the Weimar Republic, the other eight being regional companies with medium-wave transmissions. However, while the regional companies started operations between 1923 and 1924, Deutsche Welle did not begin broadcasting until 7 January 1926 (98 years ago) (1926-01-07), when it opened a long-wave transmitter (which soon became known as the Deutschlandsender, since its broadcasts could be heard all over Germany) at Königs Wusterhausen near Berlin. A large part of the station's output consisted of the retransmission of material from the regional broadcasting companies; within this framework Deutsche Welle attempted to emphasize educational programming for a nationwide audience.
The far reach of the Deutschlandsender's long-wave transmitter meant that Deutsche Welle's programming could be heard well beyond Germany's borders. In September 1926, the Munich regional station -- the Deutsche Stunde in Bayern -- received feedback from listeners in Amsterdam when its programmes first began to be relayed by the Deutschlandsender.
On 1 January 1933, Deutsche Welle GmbH was officially renamed Deutschlandsender GmbH and given the specific remit of relaying representative programme material from the regional companies to a national audience.
# Louisa Pitt

Louisa Pitt (1754/56–1791) was the second daughter of the British diplomat and politician George Pitt, 1st Baron Rivers (1721–1803), and his wife, Penelope Atkins.
Pitt was born in 1754 (or 1756) in Stratfield Saye, Southampton, Hampshire, England. She married Sir Peter Beckford (1740–1811) on 22 March 1773 in Dorset. Sir Peter Beckford was a writer, a huntsman, and the cousin of the English novelist William Thomas Beckford (1760–1844), author of the famous Gothic novel Vathek. They had several children, of whom the surviving son became the 3rd Baron Rivers, succeeding his maternal uncle and maternal grandfather by special remainder.
After her marriage, Louisa Beckford had an affair with her husband's cousin William Beckford; at one point, totally smitten and desperate to regain his attention, she offered to participate in a ménage à trois at an infamous house party at Fonthill. She died of tuberculosis in 1791 in Florence and was buried in the Old English Cemetery in Livorno, Italy.
# Trial by Fire (song)

"Trial by Fire" is a song by the American heavy metal band Saul. It was released in November 27, 2019 on their debut album Rise as Equals as the second single.

## Charts

| Chart (2019) | Peak position |
| US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) | 34 |
# Device paradigm

In the philosophy of technology, the device paradigm is the way "technological devices" are perceived and consumed in modern society, according to Albert Borgmann. It explains the intimate relationship between people, things and technological devices, defining most economic relations and also shapes social and moral relations in general.
The concept of the device paradigm is a critical response to Heidegger's notion of Gestell. It has been widely endorsed by philosophers of technology, including Hubert Dreyfus, Andrew Feenberg, and Eric Higgs, as well as environmental philosopher David Strong.

## Devices

For Borgmann, a device is a thing that is used as a means to an end. Therefore, a device is seen as "the compound of commodity and machinery" while "the distinctive pattern of division and connection of its components is the device paradigm." This term is meant to signify or distinguish between technological devices and "focal things and practices," which matter to people in their everyday affairs.
A focal thing is something of ultimate concern and significance, which may be masked by the device paradigm, and must be preserved by its intimate connection with practice. Borgmann used the case of wine to explain this. He cited that the focal thing in winemaking involves the implements used to produce wine. Wine becomes a device when it employs technology and machinery not merely to produce wine but obtain specific qualities such as grapey, smooth, light, and fruity flavors or clean and clear appearance.
As technological devices increase the availability of a commodity or service, they also push these devices into the background where people do not pay attention to their destructive tendencies. For example, the technology of central heating means that warmth is readily available and family members can retreat into the solitude of their rooms instead of working to chop wood or stoke the fires. Social interaction is reduced and the family struggles to find activities that enable such nurturing and care for each other. The ubiquitous nature of information technology also makes it an important example of device paradigm.
# Shen Dingcheng

Shen Dingcheng (Chinese: 沈定成; pinyin: Shěn Dìngchéng) is a Chinese businessman and oil and gas executive. He served as the Vice President of China National United Oil Corporation (中国联合石油有限责任公司) and PetroChina International (中国石油国际事业有限公司) between 1997 and 2002, and later Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary of PetroChina International between 2007 and 2014.
Shen graduated from Southwestern Petroleum University in Chengdu, where he majored in oil and gas storage and transportation. Chinese-language media have described Shen, Li Hualin, Guo Yongxiang, and Ji Wenlin as the "Four Secretaries of Zhou Yongkang". In March 1992, Shen Dingcheng replaced Li Hualin as Zhou Yongkang's secretary while Li was promoted to China National Petroleum's Houston office in the United States. In February 2014, Shen was reported "missing," suspected of being placed under investigation as part of the Zhou Yongkang case. At around the same time, several other former aides of Zhou Yongkang were detained for investigation.
# Louiza Abouriche

Louiza Abouriche is an Algerian karateka. She won the gold medal in the women's 55 kg event at the 2022 Mediterranean Games held in Oran, Algeria. She won the silver medal in the women's 55 kg event at the 2021 Islamic Solidarity Games held in Konya, Turkey.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Rank | Event |
| 2022 | Mediterranean Games | Oran, Algeria | 1st | Kumite 55 kg |
| 2022 | Islamic Solidarity Games | Konya, Turkey | 2nd | Kumite 55 kg |
| 2024 | African Games | Accra, Ghana | 1st | Kumite 55 kg |
# Louise Cruppi

Louise Cruppi, née Crémieux (1862–1925), was a French writer, musician and activist.

## Biography

Louise Cruppi was raised from the age of 10 years old by her grandfather, Isaac Adolphe Crémieux (1796–1880), an influential political figure during the French Second and Third Republics known primarily for his efforts to protect and extend the human rights of French Jews. Louise Crémieux received an excellent education and had a great talent for music. She took piano lessons with Gabriel Fauré and voice lessons with Pauline Viardot. On April 20, 1882, at the age of 20, she married Jean Cruppi (1855–1933). An elected member of parliament without interruption from 1898 to 1919, Cruppi held important ministerial posts in the governments of the Third Republic. The couple had 4 children and Louise Cruppi continued her musical activities, including hosting an important musical salon in her home at 80, rue de l’Université in Paris. She encouraged Maurice Ravel in his early work and, to thank her, he dedicated his 1907 opera, L’heure espagnole, to her. Her daughter, Amélie Cruppi, married sculptor Paul Landowski in 1913. Landowski writes with great affection about his mother-in-law in his journal (http://journal.paul-landowski.com/).

## Literary career and social activism

Cruppi's first novel appeared in 1905. Avant l’heure (Ollendorff) is based on the early career of the composer Georges Bizet. In 1908 her play, Répudiée, was performed at the Théâtre Antoine. She published an essay on Swedish women writers in 1912, entitled Les Femmes écrivains aujourd’hui 1. Her second novel, La Famille Sanarens, was published by Grasset in 1921. Cruppi was a member of the jury of the prix Femina from the early 1920s until her death in 1925.
In addition to her literary and musical activities, Cruppi embraced many social causes. She founded public lending libraries in disadvantaged neighbourhoods in Paris, was a member of the executive committee of the Conseil national des femmes françaises or National Council of French Women. Louise Cruppi was a long-time correspondent of Romain Rolland. Between them they exchanged over 1000 letters between 1905 and her death in 1925.
# Dhaid Fort

Dhaid Fort, (Also known as Al Hisn Dhaid) is a restored C18th fortification in the city of Dhaid, Sharjah, in the United Arab Emirates. It has long been an important stronghold for the Ruling families of Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah and a key strategic asset in maintaining a historical Qawasim dominance of the inland areas of the Northern Emirates.

## Heritage

The reconstruction of the ruined fort took place between 2017 and 2021 and was undertaken on the orders of the Ruler of Sharjah and noted historian, Dr Sultan bin Muhammed Al Qasimi. The original fortification dates back to 1750. The reconstruction of the fort and surrounding area involved the demolition of a number of illegal buildings, including labour accommodation. The fort is intended to form the centre of a new heritage area in the city, including a public square, the restoration of the Al-Sharia Mosque, the construction of a folklore market and majlis as well as a wildlife museum.
Dhaid Fort and the city's extensive oasis formed part of Sharjah's 2018 bid for UNESCO World Heritage Status, under the heading 'Sharjah, Gateway to the Trucial States', which also included the Heart of Sharjah; Sharjah Fort; the former barracks of the Trucial Oman Scouts in Mirgab; Al Mahatta Fort, the first airport in the Gulf; the coastal town of Khor Fakkan; the oasis and settlement of Wadi Helo and Fili Fort, all following the Heart of Sharjah theme of a return to the simplicity and natural lifestyles of the late 1950s.

## History

The largest inland city in the Emirate of Sharjah and also the oldest, the fertile oasis of Dhaid has long occupied a strategic location in the mouth of the important Wadi Siji. The city has been a centre of human habitation since the Neolithic and is located in an important crossroads between the Hajar Mountains, Jiri Plain and desert of Sharjah. The fort reflects the strategic importance of Dhaid as a Qawasim stronghold. The city was traditionally dominated by the Tanaij, Bani Qitab and Khawatir Bedouin tribes.
Dhaid Fort was a key element in the 1920s power struggle between the deposed Ruler of Sharjah, Sheikh Khalid bin Ahmad Al Qasimi and the Ruler, Sheikh Sultan bin Saqr Al Qasimi. Traditionally held on behalf of the Ruler of Sharjah by a wali, Dhaid was a source of significant revenue (generating some 228 Maria Theresa Dollars annually in water rates, let alone the substantial revenues from dates and other agriculture in the area). An agreement was made between the two men that ceded Dhaid to Khalid bin Ahmad, but the fort was held by Bedouin loyal to Sultan bin Saqr. An agreement was made between the Al Qasimi Ruler of Ras Al Khaimah and the Sheikhs of two Bedouin tribes, the Bani Ka'ab and Na'im, that Dhaid would be held by Ras Al Khaimah on Khalid bin Ahmad's behalf, although the arrangement was never put fully in place, Khalid bin Ahmad taking possession of the fort and oasis in July 1928.
The unusual structure of Dhaid Fort was noted by historian JG Lorimer in his 1915 survey and gazetteer of the region, in which he records a town of some 140 houses dominated by the "four-towered Al Qasimi fort, featuring two round and two square towers."
# Trichogonia

Trichogonia is a genus of South American plants in the tribe Eupatorieae within the family Asteraceae.

## Species

* Trichogonia arguta
* Trichogonia attenuata
* Trichogonia bishopii
* Trichogonia campestris
* Trichogonia capitata
* Trichogonia chodatii
* Trichogonia cinerea
* Trichogonia crenulata
* Trichogonia dubia
* Trichogonia fiebrigii
* Trichogonia grazielae
* Trichogonia harleyi
* Trichogonia hassleri
* Trichogonia heringeri
* Trichogonia hirtiflora
* Trichogonia laxa
* Trichogonia martii
* Trichogonia menthifolia
* Trichogonia munhozii
* Trichogonia phlebodes
* Trichogonia prancii
* Trichogonia pseudocampestris
* Trichogonia rhadinocarpa
* Trichogonia rhodotricha
* Trichogonia salviifolia
* Trichogonia santosii
* Trichogonia scottmorii
* Trichogonia spathuliolia
* Trichogonia tombadorensis
* Trichogonia villosa
* Trichogonia zehntneri

## formerly included

see Acritopappus Campuloclinium Platypodanthera Trichogoniopsis
* Trichogonia barrosoana - Campuloclinium campuloclinioides
* Trichogonia gardneri - Trichogoniopsis adenantha
* Trichogonia leiantha - Trichogoniopsis adenantha
* Trichogonia macrolepis - Trichogoniopsis adenantha
* Trichogonia macrolepis - Trichogoniopsis podocarpa
* Trichogonia melissaefolia - Platypodanthera melissaefolia
* Trichogonia podocarpa - Trichogoniopsis podocarpa
* Trichogonia scabra - Campuloclinium tubaraoense
* Trichogonia selloi - Trichogoniopsis adenantha
* Trichogonia selowii - Trichogoniopsis adenantha
* Trichogonia viscosa - Acritopappus longifolius
# Devonald v Rosser & Sons

Devonald v Rosser & Sons [1906] 2 KB 728 is a UK labour law case concerning the contract of employment. It held that an implied term of employment contracts is that when there is no work available to be done, the employer must bear the risk by continuing to pay wages.

## Facts

In a test case, Mr Devonald was a tinplate rollerman at Rosser & Sons’ factory in Cilfrew, South Wales. He was paid for each completed box of 112 tin plates. His contract said he was required to do the tasks set by the employer and that he would get 28 days' notice before termination. Unfortunately, tinplates were in decline and the employer announced the plant would close in two weeks. There was a six-week period, therefore, when the employer gave no work. The question was whether the employer had to pay, given that payment was really according to piece.

## Judgment

Lord Alverston CJ held that the employee did not bear the risk of plant closure.
   On the one hand we must consider the matter from the point of view of the employers who I agree will under ordinary circumstance desire to carry their works at a profit… On the other hand, we have to consider the position of the workman. The workman has to live; and the effect of the defendants' contention is that if the master at any time found that his works were being carried on at a loss, he might at once close down his works and cease to employ his men, who, even if they gave notice to quit the employment, would be bound to the master for a period of at least twenty-eight days during which time they would be unable to earn any wages at all. I agree with Jelf J that that is an unreasonable contention from the workman’s point of view. In my opinion the necessary implication to be drawn from this contract is at least that the master will find a reasonable amount of work up to the expiration of a notice given in accordance with the contract.
   …it seems that there is nothing unreasonable in the implication that the master shall look at least twenty-eight days ahead, or, to take the extreme case, as the notice has to be given on the first Monday in the month, fifty-seven days ahead, so as to place himself in a position to provide the workman with work during the period covered by the notice.
# Sherman Skolnick

Sherman H. Skolnick (July 13, 1930 – May 21, 2006) was a Chicago-based activist and conspiracy theorist.

## Early life

Born in Chicago in 1930, at the age of six, Skolnick was paralyzed by polio, and he used a wheelchair for the rest of his life. His parents, a homemaker and a tailor, were Jewish European immigrants. Skolnick's father was from Russia.

## Career

Skolnick was founder and chairman of the Citizens' Committee to Clean Up the Courts, which he started in 1963. He used the local press to distribute his reports, later establishing a telephone hotline–"Hotline News", a public-access television show on cable TV, and a web site.
Skolnick's investigations put Otto Kerner Jr. in prison for three years; and led to the resignation of two Illinois Supreme Court justices, Roy J. Solfisburg, Jr. and Ray Klingbiel, who, as Skolnick reported, had accepted bribes of stock from a defendant in a case on which they ruled. The scandal catapulted John Paul Stevens, special counsel to an investigating commission, to fame as a justice of the U.S. Supreme Court. In 2001, the story became the subject of a book, Illinois Justice, by Kenneth A. Manaster. His investigations also revealed corruption at the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI).
Skolnick's final written works include an 81-part series entitled "The Overthrow of the American Republic," and a 16-part series entitled "Coca-Cola, the CIA, and the Courts."

## Later life and death

Skolnick died of a heart attack on May 21, 2006.

## Publications
### Articles

* "The Late Grand Dragon of the Washington Post." Skolnick's Report (July 23, 2001).

### Books

* Ahead of the Parade: A Who's Who of Treason and High Crimes – Exclusive Details of Fraud and Corruption of the Monopoly Press, the Banks, the Bench and the Bar, and the Secret Political Police. Dandelion Books (2003). ISBN 9781893302327.
* Overthrow of the American Republic: Writings of Sherman H. Skolnick. Dandelion Books (2007). ISBN 1893302229, 978-1893302228.
# Devenish College

54°20′17″N 7°38′06″W﻿ / ﻿54.338°N 7.635°W﻿ / 54.338; -7.635
Devenish College is a secondary school located in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland. It lies within the Western Education Authority area.
In October 2023 the school moved to a new campus in the Tempo Road area. It was originally planned for construction in 2007. Construction began in 2019. After construction began, the build was later delayed several times due to the COVID-19 pandemic, originally to be completed by November 2021. It cost £25.6m.

## Notable former pupils

* Roy Carroll (Derby County and former Northern Ireland & Manchester United goalkeeper)
* Kyle Lafferty (Northern Ireland and Rangers F.C. striker)
# Department of Health (Victoria)

The Department of Health (DH) is a department of the Government of Victoria. It was formed from the splitting of Department of Health and Human Services into the DH and the Department of Families, Fairness and Housing, in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The DH is focused on delivery of health and wellbeing services throughout Victoria.
The department commenced operations on 1 February 2021 with Euan Wallace, previously acting secretary of DHHS, as its inaugural secretary, and Martin Foley as the coordinating minister at the time.

## Ministers

As of January 2023, the department supports three ministers in the following portfolio areas:
| Name | Party | Portfolio |
| Mary-Anne Thomas | Labor | Minister for Health Minister for Health Infrastructure Minister for Medical Research |
| Gabrielle Williams | Labor | Minister for Mental Health Minister for Ambulance Services |
| Lizzie Blandthorn | Labor | Minister for Disability, Ageing and Carers |
# Dewperkash Gajadin

Dewperkash Gajadin (born 26 January 1961) is a Surinamese chess player who holds the title of FIDE Master (FM, 2010). He is a Surinamese Chess Championship winner (1983), Chess Olympiad individual gold medalist (1984), and FIDE Arbiter (2012).

## Biography

In 1983, Dewperkash Gajadin won the Surinamese Chess Championship. In 2007, he won the international chess tournament Suriname Open. In 2013, Dewperkash Gajadin won a bronze medal in the Surinamese Chess Championship. He ranked 4th in the Surinamese Chess Championship in 2014 and 5th in 2016.
Dewperkash Gajadin played for Suriname in the Chess Olympiads:
* in 1984, at the first reserve board in the 26th Chess Olympiad in Thessaloniki (+6, =2, -1) and won individual gold medal,
* in 2000, at the fourth board in the 34th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul (+5, =4, -3),
* in 2002, at the second board in the 35th Chess Olympiad in Bled (+5, =3, -3),
* in 2004, at the third board in the 36th Chess Olympiad in Calvià (+3, =2, -5),
* in 2006, at the first board in the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin (+4, =2, -3),
* in 2008, at the second board in the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden (+3, =0, -6),
* in 2010, at the second board in the 39th Chess Olympiad in Khanty-Mansiysk (+5, =2, -2),
* in 2012, at the second board in the 40th Chess Olympiad in Istanbul (+1, =3, -4),
* in 2014, at the first board in the 41st Chess Olympiad in Tromsø (+2, =1, -4),
* in 2016, at the third board in the 42nd Chess Olympiad in Baku (+2, =3, -3),
* in 2018, at third board in the 43rd Chess Olympiad in Batumi (+2, =0, -6).
# Shivaraj Patil

Shivaraj Virupanna Patil (born 12 January 1940) is a retired Indian judge who served as a justice of the Supreme Court of India from 2000 to 2005.

## Career

Patil joined the bar in 1962, practising in Hyderabad until the late 1970s.
In 1990 he became a judge of the Karnataka High Court, transferring to the Madras High Court in 1994. He served as Chief Justice of the Madras High Court from late 1998 until becoming chief justice of the Rajasthan High Court in early 1999.
Patil was appointed a justice of the Supreme Court of India in March 2000, retiring in January 2005.
In 2006, he was appointed as an Acting Chairperson of National Human Rights Commission by Ministry of Home Affairs.

### Post-judicial career

In July 2011, he was selected as Lokayukta of Karnataka State Government.
He has authored a book, munjaavigondu nudikirana, which was released on his 72nd birthday, 12 January 2012.
He has two sons, Basava Prabhu Patil, Sr. Advocate practicing in Supreme court of India and Sharan Patil who is a doctor, heading Sparsh Hospital in Bangalore.