OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Werner (crater)

Werner is a prominent lunar impact crater that lies in the rugged south-central highlands of the Moon. It was named after the 15th-century German mathematician and astronomer Johannes Werner. It is almost joined with the crater Aliacensis to the southeast, and the pair form a rugged valley in the intervening gap. Due west of Werner is the distorted Regiomontanus, and to the north is the remains of Blanchinus. It is from the Eratosthenian period, which lasted from 3.2 to 1.1 billion years ago.
The rim of Werner shows little appearance of wear, and is much younger and less eroded than the other large craters in the surroundings. The interior wall is terraced, and there is a noticeable rampart on the exterior. There are several low rises on the crater floor and a notable central peak. Its highly terraced walls attain peaks of almost 1,500 feet. The crater is 45 miles (70 kilometers) in diameter, and the difference in height between its rim and its deepest parts is 4.2 kilometers.
Near the Werner crater, a chiaroscuro effect created by the dark craters and their lit rims is visible for several hours before first quarter forms an X.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Werner.
| Werner | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| A | 27.2° S | 1.1° E | 15 km |
| B | 26.2° S | 0.7° E | 13 km |
| D | 27.1° S | 3.2° E | 2 km |
| E | 27.4° S | 0.8° E | 7 km |
| F | 25.8° S | 0.8° E | 10 km |
| G | 27.6° S | 1.3° E | 9 km |
| H | 26.6° S | 1.5° E | 16 km |
# 1901 Jamaican general election

General elections were held in Jamaica in January 1901. The newly elected Legislative Council was opened on 26 February.

## Background

During 1900 there had been protests from the elected members of the Legislative Council over the addition of four extra appointed members by the Governor (at the request of the British Secretary of State for the Colonies, Joseph Chamberlain) on 20 February. As a result, the 14 elected members had walked out of the Assembly. The following day they returned to make a formal protest, but would continue to abstain from involvement in the work of the Council.
Governor Olivier attempted to mediate by suggesting that the additional four members would only vote on matters of "paramount importance". However, after Chamberlain refused to make a commitment to the number of appointed members, the leader of the elected members circulated a manifesto to the others promising that they would continue to abstain from the Council if re-elected. After only five of the other 13 elected members signed it, the leader subsequently resigned and announced his retirement from politics.

## Results

Of the 14 members elected, only one indicated that they would refuse to take their seat, whilst the majority indicated that they would work within the constitution to remove the four additional members. The election also saw the first elected black member of the Council win a seat.
Voter turnout was low, with only 2,300 people out of 8,000 registered voters taking part.
# Schinia buta

Schinia buta is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is endemic to southeast California and northwest Nevada.
The wingspan is about 28 mm.
The larvae feed on Brickellia californica.
# Riachuelo

Riachuelo is a word in the Spanish language, meaning a small river with little current or a brook or an arroyo.
Riachuelo may also refer to:

## Places
### Argentina

* Riachuelo River or Matanza River, a stream in the Buenos Aires Province
* Villa Riachuelo, a barrio of Buenos Aires

### Brazil

* Riachuelo, Rio de Janeiro, a neighborhood of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
* Riachuelo, Sergipe, a municipality in the Brazilian state of Sergipe
* Riachuelo, Rio Grande do Norte, a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte

### Chile

* Riachuelo, Chile, a village in Osorno Province, south-central Chile

## Battle

* Battle of the Riachuelo, a naval battle in the Paraguayan War named for Riachuelo stream, Corrientes Province, Argentina

## Ships

* Brazilian battleship Riachuelo, an 1883 Brazilian ironclad battleship
* Brazilian battleship Riachuelo (1914), a Brazilian battleship cancelled due to World War I
* Brazilian submarine Riachuelo (S22), a 1975 Oberon-class submarine now a museum ship in Rio de Janeiro
* Brazilian submarine Riachuelo (S40), a brazilian submarine, leader of Riachuelo Class

## Companies

* Lojas Riachuelo, a Brazilian department store company

## Films

* Riachuelo (film), 1934 film directed by Luis Moglia Barth

## Geology

* The Riachuelo Formation, an Early to Late Cretaceous geological formation, located near Riachuelo, Sergipe State, Brazil
# Vajira Chitrasena

Deshamanya Vajira Chitrasena (15 March 1932 – 23 September 2024) was a Sri Lankan traditional dancer, choreographer and teacher. Vajira is regarded as Sri Lanka's first prima ballerina. She is the first Sri Lankan woman to practise the traditional Kandyan dance which was traditionally performed only by men. Vajira is credited with creating brand for a female style of Kandyan dancing and setting the tone for women to become ritual dancers. She was married to Chitrasena who was a well known legendary dancer and dance guru.
On 26 January 2020, she along with late professor Indra Dassanayake was conferred with the Padma Shri award which is one of the highest Indian civilian awards coinciding with the 71st Republic Day of India.

## Biography

Vajira was born on 15 March 1932 and was introduced to the arts at a very young age by her parents, especially her mother, Lilian. She completed her primary and secondary education at the Methodist College, Colombo. Her sisters including Vipuli and the oldest sister were also dancers. Vajira's mother sent Vajira to Sri Palee in Horana, to study dancing.
In 1951, at the age of 18, she married her fellow dance partner, the late Chitrasena. Her husband had founded the Chitrasena Dance Company in 1943. Vajira Chitrasena died in September 23 2024, at the age of 92.

## Career

Vajira's first domestic solo performance came in 1943 on stage at the Kalutara Town Hall. She and her husband Chitrasena co-founded the Chitrasena-Vajira Dance Foundation in 1944 and both toured India on several occasions between 1959 and 1998 to collaborate with artistes from different genres. Vajira and Chitrasena were known for their close bond with India and for their contributions in strengthening the ties between the two countries in the field of arts. She made her debut as soloist in the role of Prakriti in the ballet 'Chandali' in 1952. Her rise to stardom was coupled with unswerving discipline and dedication not only as a teacher, but as a performer and a choreographer as well, even as she illumined her husband's career.
She also choreographed several acclaimed productions and also taught dance to students for over 60 years. She taught teaching to a few prominent actresses such as Nilmini Tennakoon and Jeevarani Kurukulasuriya.

## Honours

The duo Vajira and Chitrasena were awarded the Eagle Award of Excellence in 2004 by the Eagle Insurance for their outstanding contributions to art. She was felicitated by the High Commission of India on her 81st birthday on 15 March 2013.
She was announced as an honourable recipient of the Padma Shri award for her achievement in arts in January 2020 and the award was given by Indian President Ram Nath Govind during the Padma Awards Investiture Ceremony which was held on 8 November 2021. It was also the first instance when a Sri Lankan had been honoured with the Padma Shri award since 2002. On 17 November 2021, she was felicitated in the Indian High Commission with the Padma Shri award in a ceremony which was held in the Temple Trees.
# Vainauskas

Vainauskas is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alfredas Vainauskas (born 1961), Lithuanian basketball coach
* Gedvydas Vainauskas (born 1955), Lithuanian journalist
# Delay reduction hypothesis

In operant conditioning, the delay reduction hypothesis (DRH; also known as delay reduction theory) is a quantitative description of how choice among concurrently available chained schedules of reinforcement is allocated. The hypothesis states that the greater improvement in temporal proximity to reinforcement (delay reduction) correlated with the onset of a stimulus, the more effectively that stimulus will function as a conditional reinforcer.
The hypothesis was originally formulated to describe choice behaviour among concurrently available chained schedules of reinforcement; however, the basic principle of delay reduction $(T-t_{x})$ as the basis for determining a stimulus’ conditionally reinforcing function can be applied more generally to other research areas.
A variety of empirical data corroborate and are consistent with DRH and it represents one of the most substantiated accounts of conditional reinforcement to date.

## Application to Concurrent Chain Schedules

Given two concurrently available chained schedules of reinforcement, $R_{a}$ and $R_{b}$ represent the number of responses made during alternative A and B’s initial link stimulus.
$t_{a}$ and $t_{b}$ represent the average duration of each choice’s respective terminal link. $T$ is the average duration to terminal reinforcement from the onset of either initial link stimulus.
${\begin{aligned}{\frac {R_{a}}{R_{a}+R_{b}}}&={\frac {(T-t_{a})}{(T-t_{a})+(T-t_{b})}}{\text{, when }}t_{a}<T,t_{b}<T\\&=1{\text{, when }}t_{a}<T,t_{b}>T\\&=0{\text{, when }}t_{a}>T,t_{b}<T\end{aligned}}$
The expression $T-t_{x}$ represents the delay reduction on a given alternative.

## Extensions to the Original Model
### Squires and Fantino (1971)

The original formulation by Fantino predicted that choices with equivalent terminal link durations would produce equal allocation of responding (e.g., 0.5 across two choices) regardless the duration of the initial links. Squires and Fantino (1971) proposed including the rate of terminal reinforcement on each choice alternative.
${\begin{aligned}{\frac {R_{a}}{R_{a}+R_{b}}}&={\frac {r_{a}(T-t_{a})}{r_{a}(T-t_{a})+r_{b}(T-t_{b})}}{\text{, when }}t_{a}<T,t_{b}<T\\&=1{\text{, when }}t_{a}<T,t_{b}>T\\&=0{\text{, when }}t_{a}>T,t_{b}<T\end{aligned}}$
The rate of terminal reinforcement is $r_{x}={n_{x}}{i_{x}+n_{x}t_{x}}$ where $i_{x}$ is the average duration of an initial link and $n_{x}$ is the number of terminal reinforcements obtained during a single entry to a terminal link. A critical prediction of this formulation is that matching is obtained when the terminal links are equal durations.
# Xanthorrachis

Xanthorrachis is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.
# Daniele Riccio

Daniele Riccio of the Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2014 for contributions to satellite-based synthetic aperture radar imaging.
# Werner Abrolat

Werner Abrolat (15 August 1924 – 24 August 1997) was a German actor who was active in both Germany and in several international co-productions.
After a long career at provincial theatres in West-Germany, Abrolat appeared in a number of Spaghetti Westerns in the mid-1960s (notably the 1965 Sergio Leone film For a Few Dollars More where he played a member of Indio's gang). Work on German TV included guest roles on the West German crime drama series Tatort.
In the early 1970s he contributed to a number of films as a voice actor, e.g providing the voice for the character of Tjure in Vicky the Viking. He played the police commissioner in 00 Schneider – Jagd auf Nihil Baxter (1994). From the mid-1970s, he mostly appeared in German films and on German television until his death in 1997.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Note |
| 1949 | Love '47 | | |
| 1965 | For a Few Dollars More | Slim (Indio's Gang) | Uncredited |
| 1966 | Die Liebesquelle | John | |
| 1966 | The Trap Snaps Shut at Midnight | Krot | |
| 1968 | Engelchen [de] | TV-Announcer and Creditor | Voice |
| 1968 | Otto ist auf Frauen scharf | Major Kroll | |
| 1968 | Rinaldo Rinaldini [de] | Cintio | TV series, 13 episodes |
| 1969 | Up the Establishment | Aufdringlicher Herr auf Orgie | |
| 1969 | The Castle of Fu Manchu | Melnik | |
| 1970 | Student of the Bedroom | Aggressiver Mann im Zoo | Uncredited |
| 1970 | The Bloody Judge | Inquisitor Matt | Uncredited |
| 1970 | We'll Take Care of the Teachers | Polizist – Alkoholkontrolle | |
| 1970 | Seventeen and Anxious [de] | | Uncredited |
| 1970 | Sensational Janine | Horak | |
| 1970 | De 5 i fedtefadet | Johnny | |
| 1971 | Hurray We Are Bachelors Again [de] | Hotel Manager | Uncredited |
| 1971 | Josefine Mutzenbacher II – Meine 365 Liebhaber | Kammerdiener / Lechner | |
| 1971 | Erotik im Beruf – Was jeder Personalchef gern verschweigt | Photograph | |
| 1971 | Aunt Trude from Buxtehude | Mr. Preissen | |
| 1971 | Holiday Report | Wieland | |
| 1972 | Schulmädchen-Report. 3. Teil: Was Eltern nicht mal ahnen | Kemper | Uncredited |
| 1972 | The Stuff That Dreams Are Made Of | Kriminalrat Hering | Voice, Uncredited |
| 1973 | Was Schulmädchen verschweigen | Arzt in schönheitsfarm | Uncredited |
| 1975 | The Maddest Car in the World | Preisüberreicher | Voice, Uncredited |
| 1976 | Derrick | Herr Vogt | TV series, 2 episodes |
| 1976 | Rosemary's Daughter | Polizist mit Megaphon | |
| 1977 | The Expulsion from Paradise | Regisseur im Aufzug | |
| 1990 | Herzlich willkommen | Pförtner | |
| 1991 | Keep on Running [de] | Direktor | |
| 1993 | Texas – Doc Snyder hält die Welt in Atem [de] | Sheriff | |
| 1994 | 00 Schneider – Jagd auf Nihil Baxter | Polizeipräsident | |
| 1995 | After Five in the Forest Primeval | Tanzlehrer | |
| 1996 | Das Zauberbuch | Spucki | |
| 1997 | Praxis Dr. Hasenbein | Käsemann | |
# Schottenstein Center, Ohio 2005

Schottenstein Center, Ohio 2005 is a live album by Bruce Springsteen, released in September 2015. It was the seventh official release through the Bruce Springsteen Archives. The show was originally recorded live at the Schottenstein Center in Columbus, Ohio on July 31, 2005 during the Devils & Dust Tour.
The concert is available on CD and digital download at Springsteen's website.

## Track listing

All songs by Bruce Springsteen, except as noted.

### Set One

* "Lift Me Up" - 5:31
* "Reason to Believe" - 5:50
* "Devils & Dust" - 4:33
* "Lonesome Day" - 5:02
* "Long Time Comin'" - 5:05
* "Back in Your Arms" - 4:50
* "For You" - 5:41
* "State Trooper" - 4:18
* "Cynthia" - 5:24
* "One Step Up" - 4:36
* "Reno" - 4:30
* "When You're Alone" - 4:15
* "Valentine's Day" - 4:36
* "Lost in the Flood" - 5:34
* "The Rising" - 5:09
* "Further On (Up the Road)" - 7:43
* "Jesus Was an Only Son" - 4:22
* "Two Hearts" - 4:39
* "The Hitter" - 6:28
* "Matamoros Banks" - 6:46

### Encore

* "Ramrod" - 4:20
* "Bobby Jean" - 4:52
* "The Promised Land" - 8:25
* "Dream Baby Dream" - 8:33
** Originally Written and Recorded by Suicide

## Personnel

* Bruce Springsteen – Vocals, Acoustic Guitar, 12 String Acoustic Guitar, Electric Guitar, Harmonica, Wurlitzer Electric Piano, Acoustic Piano
* Allan Fitzgerald - Keyboard accompaniment (off stage)
# Yeager (disambiguation)

Yeager is a surname.
Yeager may also refer to:
* Yeager, Kentucky, United States, an unincorporated community and coal town
* Yeager, Oklahoma, United States, a town
* Yeager, a 2003 film directed by John Moore
* Yeager Airport, a public airport near Charleston, West Virginia, United States
# Vagan, Glamoč

Vagan is a village in the municipality of Glamoč in Canton 10, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 7, all Serbs.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Ethnicity/National Affiliation, Religion and Mother Tongue 2019, pp. 512–513.
# Vainakhia

Vainakhia (Chechen Вайнехачоь, Vaynexaҫö; Russian Вайнахия, Vainakhia) is a historical territory of Chechens and Ingush (Vainakhish peoples), is located in the Russian Caucasus. It includes the historic lands of Vainakh Chechnya, Ingushetia, the eastern part of North Ossetia and parts of north and west Dagestan. It has many historical sites. In 2004, rebels attempted to create a Vainakh republic by merging Chechnya and Ingushetia.
The region was originally known as the Chechen-Ingush ASSR when it was established in 1934. The Chechens and Ingush were among the many people who were forcibly relocated by Joseph Stalin, but were allowed to return by the early 1960s.
During the Parade of Sovereignties of the 1980s and 1990s, the Chechens demanded greater independence from Moscow. Relations quickly improved following the establishment of the Vainakhish Republic as a sovereign entity within the Soviet Union.
Throughout the 2000s, the republic experienced a growing economy, infrastructure and population, becoming one of the fastest growing areas within the former USSR. In September 1989, at the 2nd Congress of the Ingush people, some participants used terms such as "Vainakhish people" and "Vainakhish nation". Sovietologist Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov was convinced that the Chechens and Ingush once constituted one nation which was called "Vainakhs". It was referenced many times in the 1915 novel, Bageloun.
# Lomakka language

Loma, or Lomakka (also Lomasse, or—ambiguously—Malinke), is a Gur language of Ivory Coast.
# Xiangyang East railway station

Xiangyang East railway station is a railway station located in Xiangzhou District, Xiangyang, China.

## History

The station opened with the first stage of the Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway. Subsequently, on 1 December, the station became an interchange with the opening of the first stage of the Zhengzhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway.
The planned Xiangyang–Jingmen high-speed railway and the Xiangyang–Guiyang high-speed railway will start at this station.
| Preceding station | China Railway High-speed | China Railway High-speed | China Railway High-speed | Following station |
| Zaoyangtowards Hankou | | Wuhan–Shiyan high-speed railway | | Gucheng Northtowards Shiyan East |
| Dengzhou Easttowards Zhengzhou East | | Zhengzhou–Wanzhou high-speed railway | | Nanzhangtowards Wanzhou North |
# Scald Law

Scald Law is a hill in Midlothian, Scotland. At 579 metres (1,900 ft) it is the highest of the Pentland Hills. The hill is composed of Devonian volcanic rock.

## Etymology

The origin of the name is uncertain. Some sources say it derives from the Scots word scawed, meaning "bare." Another explanation is that it derives from scaldberry, an old name for blackberry. The word law is derived from the Old English for hill.
# West Point, Pennsylvania

West Point is an unincorporated community in Upper Gwynedd Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. Zacharias Creek starts here and flows west into the Skippack Creek, a tributary of the Perkiomen Creek. Merck & Co. has a facility in West Point, which is split between the Lansdale and North Wales post offices with the ZIP codes of 19446 and 19454, respectively. It is part of the North Penn Valley region that is centered on the borough of Lansdale.
vtePlaces adjacent to West Point, Pennsylvania :
Gwynedd Square
Penbrook Station, Lansdale
North Wales, Lansdale
Center Point, Worcester
West Point
North Wales, Gwynedd Heights
Worcester Township
Bethel Hill, Belfry
Gwynedd Valley :
# 1872 in birding and ornithology

Birds described in 1872 include the Chilean flamingo, snowy egret, black-tailed crake, Cyprus warbler, Baikal bullfinch, Persian shearwater, red-fronted antpecker, Tibetan serin, Newton's parakeet and the orange fruit dove.

## Events

* Allan Octavian Hume starts the quarterly journal Stray Feathers in 1872 supported by Ferdinand Stoliczka, who was an editor for the Journal of the Asiatic Society.
* Henry Baker Tristram studies Bible localities and birds in Palestine.
* Richard Bowdler Sharpe's main work was in classifying and cataloguing the collections of the British Museum but also played a major role in acquiring private collections by persuading wealthy collectors and travellers to contribute to the museum. In 1872 the museum had 35,000 bird specimens; the collection had grown to half a million by the time of his death.

## Publications

* Juan Ignacio Molina Saggio sulla Storia Naturale del Chili
* Alphonse Milne-Edwards Resume des Recherches sur les Oiseaux Fossiles. C. R. vol. lxxiv. p. 1030, and Annales des Sciences Naturelles xvi. art. 2. [A resume of the principal discoveries made since 1856 in fossil birds, which the author' has embodied in his great work on this subject, now completed]. Translation as Investigations on Fossil Birds. Annals and Magazine of Natural History ser. 4. x. pp.
* Walter Buller A History of the Birds of New Zealand. London: Van Voorst (completed 1873)
* Otto Finsch "Zur Ornithologie der Samoa-Inseln". Journal für Ornithologie 1872
* George Ernest Shelley A Handbook to the Birds of Egypt (1872)
* Carl Jakob Sundevall, 1872. Methodi naturalis avium disponendarum tentamen. Försök till fogelklassens naturenliga uppställning. Stockholm, Samson & Wallin online BHL

## Ongoing events

* Theodor von Heuglin Ornithologie von Nordost-Afrika (Ornithology of Northeast Africa) (Cassel, 1869–1875)
* John Gould The Birds of Asia 1850-83 7 vols. 530 plates, Artists: J. Gould, H. C. Richter, W. Hart and J. Wolf; Lithographers: H. C. Richter and W. Hart
* Henry Eeles Dresser and Richard Bowdler Sharpe A History of the Birds of Europe, Including all the Species Inhabiting the Western Palearctic Region.Taylor & Francis of Fleet Street, London
* The Ibis
# Schottenring

The Schottenring was a motorsport race track situated near Schotten in the Vogelsbergkreis of Hesse, between Fulda and Gießen. After Nürburgring, Schleizer Dreieck, Solituderennen and AVUS, it was one of Germany's oldest race tracks, inaugurated on 22 July 1925.
The track was popular for club events, and had attracted 90,000 spectators to its first post war event in 1947. In 1953, partially as the result of a compromise between Germany's two controlling bodies, the DMV and the ADAC, it was selected to host the German motorcycle Grand Prix. Even by the standards of the day, the track had never been regarded as particularly safe, and after an inspection made before practice had begun, the factory teams from AJS, Norton, Gilera and Moto Guzzi decided unanimously that the track was too narrow for "modern" 350s and 500s to race. It was bordered on many fast corners by trees and had a track surface so slippery at the most dangerous points that it would be disastrous to run a championship event there. With the unprecedented departure of the majority of major teams even before racing was due to begin, officials from the FIM decided that the only way to proceed at such short notice was to allow the event to continue, but that only the smaller 125cc and 250cc races would count towards the World Championship.
Racing was discontinued after 1956, but rallies, classic bikes and hillclimbing events are still held on a shortened version.
# Yeagle

Yeagle is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bill Yeagle (born 1938), former American football player and coach
* Dean Yeagle (born 1947), American animator and cartoonist
* Philip Yeagle, American biologist
# Vagan

Vagan may refer to:

## Places

* Vagan, Croatia, a ghost town in Croatia
* Vagan, Glamoč, a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina

## Other

* Vagan, also known as Dark Bean, is a character that appears as the main/secondary antagonist of Killer Bean Forever
# Vail Youth Symphony

The Vail Youth Symphony (VYS) orchestra, launched in the summer of 2014, is a youth orchestra that provides symphonic experience to young musicians in the Vail, Arizona area and surrounding communities. VYS strongly encourages members to be involved in any available school music programs.
VYS performances are held at the Vail Theatre of the Arts.
# Lomako-Yokokala Nature Reserve

Lomako-Yokokala Nature Reserve is a protected area in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It covers portions of Bas-Uélé and Tshuapa provinces. It was established in 1991 especially to protect the habitat of the Bonobo apes. This site covers 3,601.88 km$^2$.