OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ivo Bruns

Georg Hermann Ivo Bruns (20 May 1853, Halle an der Saale – 16 May 1901) was a German classical philologist. He was the son of legal scholar Karl Georg Bruns (1816–1880).
He studied classical philology, philosophy and history in Berlin and Bonn, where his instructors included Franz Bücheler (1837–1908), Jacob Bernays (1824–1881) and Hermann Usener (1834–1905). Following graduation (1877), he conducted research on classical literature in Paris (1878–1880). After his return to Germany, he obtained his habilitation at the University of Göttingen, becoming an associate professor in 1883. In February 1890, he was appointed professor of classical philology at the University of Kiel.

## Selected writings

* De Legum Platonicarum compositione quaestiones selectae, 1877 (dissertation).
* Plato's Gesetze vor und nach ihrer Herausgabe durch Philippos von Opus : eine kritische Studie, 1880 – Plato's Laws before and after publication by Philippos of Opus - a critical study.
* Supplementum Aristotelicum, 1885.
* De Xenophontis Agesilai capite undecimo, 1895.
* Die atticistischen Bestrebungen in der griechischen Literatur, 1896 – Attic efforts in Greek literature.
* Das literarische porträt der Griechen im fünften und vierten jahrhundert vor Christi geburt, 1896 – Literary portrait of the Greeks in the fifth and fourth centuries BC.
* De Schola Epicteti, 1897.
* Die Persönlichkeit in der Geschichtsschreibung der Alten : Untersuchungen zur Technik der antiken Historiographie, 1898 – Studies on the technology of ancient historiography.
* Frauenemancipation in Athen ein Beitrag zur attischen Kulturgeschichte des fünften und vierten Jahrhunderts, 1900 – Emancipation of women in Athens, a contribution to Attic cultural history of the 5th and 4th centuries BC.
# Willem Hendrik Keesom

Willem Hendrik Keesom (/ˈkeɪsoʊm/) (21 June 1876, Texel – 3 March 1956, Leiden) was a Dutch physicist who, in 1926, invented a method to freeze liquid helium. He also developed the first mathematical description of dipole–dipole interactions in 1921. Thus, dipole–dipole interactions are also known as Keesom interactions. He was previously a student of Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who had discovered superconductivity (a feat for which Kamerlingh Onnes received the 1913 Nobel Prize in Physics).
He also discovered the lambda point transition specific-heat maximum between Helium-I and Helium-II in 1930.
In 1924 he became member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1966, the minor planet 9686 Keesom was named after him.
# Zummarah-bi-soan

The zummárah-bi-soan (or sumara-el-kurbe) is a type of small Egyptian double-chantered bagpipe made from a goatskin. An 1871 Western source noted that it is "sometimes, but rarely, seen in Egypt." The South Kensington museum also noted the term zouggarah as an Egyptian Arabic term for a bagpipe.
# The Country Justice

The Country Justice was written by Michael Dalton and first published in 1618. The subtext reads: Conteyning the Practise of the Justices of the Peace Out of Their Sessions, Gathered for the Better Helpe of Such Justices of Peace as Have Not Beene Much Conversant in the Studie of the Lawes of this Realme.
The book is a manual which was used by English justices of the peace. It went through about 20 editions between its first edition in 1618 and the last in 1746. With its roots in Crompton, Fitzherbert and Lambard, the book offers advice on a wide range of issues including levying customs, highways, prisons, riots, soldiers, murder, felonies, rogues, vagabonds, wool and high treason. The alphabetical listing of topics was groundbreaking and was a model for the structure of other books that came later.
The Country Justice was one of many, but perhaps the most influential, of legal handbooks through which English common law entered into the legal system of early settlement in New England. Dalton was a justice of the peace in Cambridge and wrote this handbook to guide local justices of the peace who had no formal legal training. The simple, direct writing style contributed to the book's popularity in England and the colonies. There was an earlier handbook, also alphabetized, written by William Lambarde, called the Eirenarcha. By 1619 Lambarde’s book had already seen 13 editions.
Included among the many issues in The Country Justice were guidelines for witchcraft and witches. Dalton emphasized the need for body searches to find evidence of demonic contacts.
# The Country Lasses

The Country Lasses: or, The Custom of the Manor is a 1715 comedy play by the British writer Charles Johnson.
The original Drury Lane cast included Robert Wilks as Modely, Barton Booth as Heartwell, John Mills as Freehold, Benjamin Johnson as Sir John English, Joe Miller as Sneak, Richard Cross as Carbuncle, Henry Norris as Tim Shacklefigure, James Quin as Vulture, Susanna Mountfort as Flora, Hester Santlow as Aura. The play was dedicated to Thomas Pelham, Earl of Clare, a Whig politician and patron of the arts.
It was a popular success and remained in the repertoire for the next century.
# The Country Kid

The Country Kid is a 1923 American silent comedy drama film directed by William Beaudine for Warner Bros. It stars Wesley Barry, Spec O'Donnell, and Bruce Guerin as three orphaned brothers who struggle to preserve their inheritance and remain together.

## Plot

Orphaned Ben Applegate (Barry) strives to care for his younger brothers (O'Donnell and Guerin) and run the farm left to them. Their unscrupulous legal guardian, Uncle Grimes (George Nichols) schemes to take their property and separate the brothers, but he is ultimately thwarted by a benevolent judge (George C. Pearce). The Applegates are reunited, their property restored, and they are adopted by caring neighbors.

## Cast

* Wesley Barry as Ben Applegate
* Spec O'Donnell as Joe Applegate
* Bruce Guerin as Andy Applegate
* Kate Toncray as Mrs. Grimes
* Helen Jerome Eddy as Hazel Warren
* George Nichols as Mr. Grimes
* Edmund Burns as Arthur Grant
* George C. Pearce as The County Judge

## Production

The story was conceived and written as a vehicle for popular child star Wesley Barry. Barry had been signed to a Warner contract by Harry Rapf in 1922 and was one of the studio's top draws at the time. William Beaudine had directed Barry with considerable success in Heroes of the Street (1922), which led to the pair working together on a number of Warner films, one of which was The Country Kid.

## Release

Released at the beginning of November 1923, The Country Kid was distributed on a state rights basis, as were all Warner pictures of the early 1920s.
It garnered mixed to unfavorable reviews. A number of critics found the film "trite" and melodramatic, and many commented on Barry's increasing age. The Variety reviewer reflected, "While there is no particular finesse in the way the picture is put together, the scenes in which the three kids figure hold a definite appeal for the countless thousands with a soft spot for homely sentiment."

### Box Office

According to Warner Bros records the film earned $263,000 domestically and $25,000 foreign.

## Preservation

It is an extant film, archived in the David Bradley Film Collection at Indiana University and in the holdings of Warner Bros. A complete version and an abridged version are preserved. The Country Kid was one of the films purchased by Kodak for its Kodascope home library collection, the source of a number of abridged surviving films.
# The Country Innocence

The Country Innocence; Or, The Chamber-maid Turn'd Quaker is a 1677 comedy play by the English writer John Leanerd. It was originally performed by the King's Company at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane in London. It borrowed very heavily from the 1647 work The Countrie Girl by Thomas Brewer.
The first cast included Edward Lydall as Sir Oliver Bellingham, John Coysh as Sir Robert Malory, Cardell Goodman as Captain Mullineux, John Wiltshire as Plush, Philip Griffin as Rash, Joseph Haines as Gregory Dwindle, Martin Powell as Mr William, Marmaduke Watson as Old Thrashard, Carey Perin as Old Gentlewoman, Rebecca Marshall as Lady Lovely, Sarah Cooke as Gillian and Mary Knep as Barbara.
# Särkilahti

Särkilahti is a district of the city of Turku, in Finland. It is located in the central part of the island of Hirvensalo, off the city's coastline. The second of the two schools on Hirvensalo is located in Särkilahti.
The current (as of 2004) population of Särkilahti is 111, and it is decreasing at an annual rate of 1.80%. 10.81% of the district's population are under 15 years old, while 23.42% are over 65. The district's linguistic makeup is 91.89% Finnish, 6.31% Swedish, and 1.80% other.
# Conioscyphascus

Conioscyphascus is a fungal genus in the Sordariomycetes class (subclass Sordariomycetidae) of the Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any order or family. The genus, Conioscyphascus contains the single species Conioscyphascus varius, described as new to science in 2004. Until Conioscyphascus gracilis (Munk) Réblová & Seifert was found later in 2004.
Following the abolishment of dual nomenclature and adoption of one fungus, one name, Conioscyphascus was then accepted as a synonym of Conioscypha .(Zelski et al. 2015, Réblová et al. 2016c,) Then; Conioscyphascus gracilis (Munk) Réblová & Seifert (2004) became Conioscypha gracilis and Conioscyphascus varius Réblová & Seifert (2004) became Conioscypha varia.
# Consequences (Endwell album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| DecoyMusic.com | |
Consequences is the second studio album released by American hardcore band Endwell. It will be the band's first studio album release after departing from Victory Records two years earlier. Consequences was released on April 21, 2009 through Mediaskare Records. This album features three tracks that were previously released on Endwell's Revenge is a Healthy Motive EP in 2008.

## Track listing

* "Consequences"
* "Weed Out the Weak"
* "Such Great Depths" (Feat. Carl Schwartz of First Blood)
* "Promises Wept"
* "Mike Tyson"
* "The Bridge (Blues Man's Cross Roads)"
* "Avoidant (Ghost Will Haunt)"
* "John Doe"
* "Whatever Distance (Fear Prudence)"
* "Welcome Inferno (Wrathful and Sullen)"
* "Glaciers (10/21/03)"
* "Rise and Fail (The Lesser Key of Solomon)"
* "Living Through Losses (2/30/01)"
* "As Low as a Life Can Get (Jumping the Shark)"
* "Encounters at the End of the World (Stars)" (Feat. Jonathan Vigil of The Ghost Inside)
Track 14 opens with a line spoken by character Michael Scott (as portrayed by Steve Carell) from The Office, to his HR representative in the episode, "Casino Night".

## Personnel

* Sean Murphy – vocals
* Danny Pupplo – guitar
* Matt Rogers – bass
* Dustin Newcombe – guitar
* Andy Zambito (credited as Lemonhead Zambito) – drums
# Vostok Stadium

Vostok Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Oskemen, Kazakhstan. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of FC Vostok.

## History

Stadium "Vostok" is the largest sports facility in Ust-Kamenogorsk. It was inaugurated in 1963. It has a capacity for 8,500 spectators.
It is mainly used for soccer matches, sometimes it is used as a concert venue. It is the home arena for the local soccer team Vostok.
Since 2005, the issue of required repairs due to deterioration has been resolved. In 2010, the Akimat of Ust-Kamenogorsk decided to reconstruct the stadium to meet UEFA standards, spending 600 million KZT on the reconstruction. In August 2010, new benches were installed in the stands.
# Butterley Gangroad

The Butterley Gangroad was an early tramway in Derbyshire of approximately 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge, which linked Hilt's Quarry and other limestone quarries at Crich with the Cromford Canal at Bullbridge. The first railway project of Derbyshire civil engineer Benjamin Outram (1764–1805), the line was originally a horse-drawn and gravity-driven plateway, a form of tramway that Outram popularised. Unlike modern edgeways, where flanges on the wheel guide it along the track, plateways used L-shaped rails where a flange on the rail guided the wheels.
The line was constructed in 1793, with the construction of Fritchley Tunnel, now believed to be the world's oldest railway tunnel, being required to go under a road junction at Fritchley.
A steam locomotive using a walking mechanism, known as the Steam Horse locomotive, was trialled on the line in 1813. In the 1840s, upgrading took place to accommodate steam locomotives, and part of the original line was moved.
The railway remained in use until 1933.
# Vou

Vou is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.

## Population

The inhabitants are called Vouzéens in French.
# Keep the Home Guard Turning

Keep the Home Guard Turning is a 1943 comedy novel by the British writer Compton Mackenzie. It portrays the activities of the Home Guard on a remote Scottish island during the Second World War. The characters and setting reappeared in the more famous sequel Whisky Galore in 1947.
The title is a play on the First World War song Keep the Home Fires Burning.
# Kenneth Royce

Kenneth Royce Gandley (1920–1997) was an English author. Gandley also wrote under name Ken Royce, and the pseudonym Oliver Jacks.

## Early life

Royce was born in Croydon, UK in 1920, and began writing at school. He would buy cheap exercise books and sell them fully illustrated for twice the price. During the Second World War he served with "various regiments" and reached the rank of captain. He ran his own travel business, and made full use of it to gather background for his books.

## Career

Royce wrote 36 thriller novels between 1959 and 1997 under his own name (including The Third Arm, The Stalin Account, Fall-Out, 10,000 Days and Channel Assault), and three as Jacks. His best-known works were his novels featuring semi-reformed cat burglar William 'Spider' Scott, an XYY man, whose extra 'Y' chromosome (in the erroneous-but-conventional wisdom of the time) gave him a pre-disposition towards criminality. After attempting to 'go straight', he finds his talents are in demand not only from the criminal underworld, but also the secret service, and he is co-opted into dangerous undercover work (usually through blackmail, the temptations of money, or through his interest being piqued).
A television series of The XYY Man in 1976-7 (adapting the early books) created a popular appetite for the character, and also that of his nemesis, Detective Sergeant George Bulman, a relatively minor character in the original books, but brought to life on the screen by the memorable performance of Don Henderson. After the run of Spider Scott programmes ended, the character of Bulman had many television adventures not based on Royce's work (the series Strangers, 1978–82, and Bulman, 1985-7). The popularity of these probably contributed to Royce choosing to make Scott and Bulman unlikely allies and joint leads from The Crypto Man through No Way Back, while he wrote more Bulman novels towards the end of his life, including The Judas Trail (1996) and Shadows (1996).
Royce was married and lived in Buckinghamshire, UK. He died in 1997.
# Kenneth Roux

Kenneth Roux is an American academic biologist whose research addresses structural analysis of the AIDS viruses HIV-1 and SIV, and the antibodies that neutralize them, as well as food-allergen characterization and immunoassay development. He is the Kurt G. Hofer Professor of Biological Science at Florida State University (FSU), where he is affiliated with the Institute of Molecular Biophysics. He has been a member of FSU's biological science faculty since 1978. Roux received his B.S. degree from Delaware Valley College (now Delaware Valley University) in 1970 and then attended Tulane University, from which he received his M.S. in 1972 and his Ph.D. in 1974.
Roux was a member of the research team (along with his research associate Ping Zhu) that used negative stain electron microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy coupled with tomography to produce the first detailed 3-D images of the surface of the AIDS viruses, revealing spike proteins. They show that the three gp120 proteins in each spike consist of a lobed head and a three-legged stalk - and use comparisons with atomic structures to gain insight into the mechanism of fusion. The images produced in his research of HIV structure and genome provide important insights for the development of vaccines that will thwart infection by targeting and crippling the sticky HIV-1 spike proteins.
# Kenneth Rudd

Kenneth Rudd (born 16 May 1968) is a British biathlete. He competed at the 1992 Winter Olympics and the 1994 Winter Olympics.
# Skauge

Skauge is a Norwegian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anders Skauge (1912–2000), Norwegian politician
* Arne Skauge (born 1948), Norwegian politician
* Hallvard Skauge (born 1945), Norwegian illustrator
# Skaudinis

The Skaudinis is a river of Kėdainiai district municipality, Kaunas County, central Lithuania. It originates next to Puodžiai village, 1.5 km from Šlapaberžė, then flows across the Kalnaberžė Forest, then reaches the Kruostas river from the left side, forming a deep valley. By the Skaudinis and Kruostas confluence Vaidatoniai hillfort is located.
The river passes through Puodžiai, Vaidatoniai and Mociūnai villages.
The name Skaudinis comes from Lithuanian skaudus or skaudrus ('swift, torrential, hasty, pungent').
# Slack variable

In an optimization problem, a slack variable is a variable that is added to an inequality constraint to transform it into an equality constraint. A non-negativity constraint on the slack variable is also added.$^{:131}$
Slack variables are used in particular in linear programming. As with the other variables in the augmented constraints, the slack variable cannot take on negative values, as the simplex algorithm requires them to be positive or zero.
* If a slack variable associated with a constraint is zero at a particular candidate solution, the constraint is binding there, as the constraint restricts the possible changes from that point.
* If a slack variable is positive at a particular candidate solution, the constraint is non-binding there, as the constraint does not restrict the possible changes from that point.
* If a slack variable is negative at some point, the point is infeasible (not allowed), as it does not satisfy the constraint.
Slack variables are also used in the Big M method.

## Example

By introducing the slack variable $\mathbf {s} \geq \mathbf {0}$, the inequality $\mathbf {A} \mathbf {x} \leq \mathbf {b}$ can be converted to the equation $\mathbf {A} \mathbf {x} +\mathbf {s} =\mathbf {b}$.

## Embedding in orthant

Slack variables give an embedding of a polytope $P\hookrightarrow (\mathbf {R} _{\geq 0})^{f}$ into the standard f-orthant, where $f$ is the number of constraints (facets of the polytope). This map is one-to-one (slack variables are uniquely determined) but not onto (not all combinations can be realized), and is expressed in terms of the constraints (linear functionals, covectors).
Slack variables are dual to generalized barycentric coordinates, and, dually to generalized barycentric coordinates (which are not unique but can all be realized), are uniquely determined, but cannot all be realized.
Dually, generalized barycentric coordinates express a polytope with $n$ vertices (dual to facets), regardless of dimension, as the image of the standard $(n-1)$-simplex, which has $n$ vertices – the map is onto: $\Delta ^{n-1}\twoheadrightarrow P,$ and expresses points in terms of the vertices (points, vectors). The map is one-to-one if and only if the polytope is a simplex, in which case the map is an isomorphism; this corresponds to a point not having unique generalized barycentric coordinates.
# Vrbovce

Vrbovce may refer to places:
* Vrbovce, Slovakia, a village and municipality in Slovakia
* Vrbovce, Slovenia, a settlement in Slovenia
# W. A. Parham

William Allen Parham (1830-1866) was a Confederate colonel who commanded the 41st Virginia Infantry Regiment and, briefly, Mahone's Brigade during the American Civil War.

## Biography

Parham was born around 1830 at Sussex County, Virginia and initially worked as a planter in Virginia. When the American Civil War broke out and Parham's home state seceded, Parham joined the Sussex Riflemen. He then enlisted as 1st Lieutenant of Company A of the 41st Virginia Infantry Regiment. He was later promoted to lieutenant colonel of the 41st Virginia on May 3, 1862, and would go on to participate at the Battle of Williamsburg. After that the 41st would be stationed at Petersburg, Virginia but wouldn't see any combat until the Battle of Seven Pines and the Battle of Glendale. Parham himself was injured at the Battle of Malvern Hill.
After his injury on his right iris, he was promoted to Colonel on July 25, 1862 and would go on to participate in the Second Battle of Bull Run. Parham would then serve in the Battle of Crampton's Gap. Afterwards he commanded William Mahone's Brigade during the Battle of Antietam before being wounded again in the latter. Parham's last major operation would be at the Battle of Chancellorsville and his final battles would be at the Battle of Gettysburg, the Battle of Bristoe Station and the Battle of Mine Run before it was finally realized that his health wouldn't be restored at all. Accordingly, he was transferred to Weldon, North Carolina, serving as provost marshal. During the later half of 1863, he attempted to run for the Confederate States Congress but failed to get admission. He would also serve as provost marshal at Richmond, Virginia in October 1864 and commanded the post at Hicksford, Virginia. On March 31, 1865, he was retired to the ´ Invalid Corps before surrendering at Raleigh on May 29, 1865. After the war, he retired to his wife's house at Warrenton, North Carolina before dying from his wounds at Malvern Hill on July 2, 1866.
# Vrhovci, Črnomelj

Vrhovci (pronounced) is a small settlement on the left bank of the Kolpa River in the Municipality of Črnomelj in the White Carniola area of southeastern Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
A small roadside chapel in the village is dedicated to Our Lady of Sorrows and dates to 1836.
# Vulture Street

Vulture Street may refer to:
* Vulture Street, Brisbane, a street in Queensland, Australia
* Vulture Street (album), a music album by the group Powderfinger
# Skiftinge

59°23′35″N 16°32′28″E﻿ / ﻿59.39306°N 16.54111°E﻿ / 59.39306; 16.54111
Skiftinge is an urban area situated in Eskilstuna Municipality, Södermanland County, Sweden with 5,104 inhabitants as of 2018. A suburb, the area is located 3 kilometers north of central Eskilstuna and was officially part of the city proper until 2015.

## History

Old ceramics and jewelry dating back to the 11th century have been found in graves in the Skiftinge area, making archeologists believe that Skiftinge was a trading hub during the Viking Age.
# Vyšehněvice

Vyšehněvice is a municipality and village in Pardubice District in the Pardubice Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
# Slamming (disambiguation)

Slamming is the impact of the bottom structure of a ship onto the sea surface.
Slamming may also refer to:
* Intravenous drug use
* Telephone slamming, a telecommunications scam
* Domain slamming, an Internet domain name scam
* Poetry slamming, a kind of competition for poets