OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Disjunctive syllogism

In classical logic, disjunctive syllogism (historically known as modus tollendo ponens (MTP), Latin for "mode that affirms by denying") is a valid argument form which is a syllogism having a disjunctive statement for one of its premises.
An example in English:
* I will choose soup or I will choose salad.
* I will not choose soup.
* Therefore, I will choose salad.

## Propositional logic

In propositional logic, disjunctive syllogism (also known as disjunction elimination and or elimination, or abbreviated ∨E), is a valid rule of inference. If it is known that at least one of two statements is true, and that it is not the former that is true; we can infer that it has to be the latter that is true. Equivalently, if P is true or Q is true and P is false, then Q is true. The name "disjunctive syllogism" derives from its being a syllogism, a three-step argument, and the use of a logical disjunction (any "or" statement.) For example, "P or Q" is a disjunction, where P and Q are called the statement's disjuncts. The rule makes it possible to eliminate a disjunction from a logical proof. It is the rule that
    ${\frac {P\lor Q,\neg P}{\therefore Q}}$
where the rule is that whenever instances of "$P\lor Q$", and "$\neg P$" appear on lines of a proof, "$Q$" can be placed on a subsequent line.
Disjunctive syllogism is closely related and similar to hypothetical syllogism, which is another rule of inference involving a syllogism. It is also related to the law of noncontradiction, one of the three traditional laws of thought.

## Formal notation

For a logical system that validates it, the disjunctive syllogism may be written in sequent notation as
    $P\lor Q,\lnot P\vdash Q$
where $\vdash$ is a metalogical symbol meaning that $Q$ is a syntactic consequence of $P\lor Q$, and $\lnot P$.
It may be expressed as a truth-functional tautology or theorem in the object language of propositional logic as
    $((P\lor Q)\land \neg P)\to Q$
where $P$, and $Q$ are propositions expressed in some formal system.

## Natural language examples

Here is an example:
* It is red or it is blue.
* It is not blue.
* Therefore, it is red.
Here is another example:
* The breach is a safety violation, or it is not subject to fines.
* The breach is not a safety violation.
* Therefore, it is not subject to fines.

## Strong form

Modus tollendo ponens can be made stronger by using exclusive disjunction instead of inclusive disjunction as a premise:
    ${\frac {P{\underline {\lor }}Q,\neg P}{\therefore Q}}$

## Related argument forms

Unlike modus ponens and modus ponendo tollens, with which it should not be confused, disjunctive syllogism is often not made an explicit rule or axiom of logical systems, as the above arguments can be proven with a combination of reductio ad absurdum and disjunction elimination.
Other forms of syllogism include:
* hypothetical syllogism
* categorical syllogism
Disjunctive syllogism holds in classical propositional logic and intuitionistic logic, but not in some paraconsistent logics.
# Argavlı, Söke

Argavlı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Söke, Aydın Province, Turkey. Its population is 233 (2022).
# Riders of the Dark

Riders of the Dark is a 1928 American silent Western film directed by Nick Grinde and written by W. S. Van Dyke and Madeleine Ruthven. The film stars Tim McCoy, Dorothy Dwan, Rex Lease, Roy D'Arcy and Frank Currier. The film was released on April 21, 1928, by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

## Cast

* Tim McCoy as Lt. Crane
* Dorothy Dwan as Molly Graham
* Rex Lease as Jim Graham
* Roy D'Arcy as Eagan
* Frank Currier as Old Man Redding
* Bert Roach as Sheriff Snodgrass
* Dick Sutherland as Rogers
# Spam Act 2003

The Spam Act 2003 (Cth) is an Act passed by the Australian Parliament in 2003 to regulate commercial e-mail and other types of commercial electronic messages. The Act restricts spam, especially e-mail spam and some types of phone spam, as well as e-mail address harvesting. However, there are broad exemptions.
The first portions of the Act came into effect on 12 December 2003, the day the act received Royal Assent, with the remaining sections of the Act coming into force on 10 April 2004. The Act was originally enforced by the Australian Communications Authority, which in 2005 merged into the Australian Communications and Media Authority (ACMA).

## Outline

The key points of the Act provide that:
* Unsolicited commercial electronic messages must not be sent unless it is a designated commercial electronic message defined at Schedule 1 of the Act.
* Commercial electronic messages must include information about the individual or organisation who authorised the sending of the message.
* Commercial electronic messages must contain a functional unsubscribe facility.
* Address‑harvesting software must not be supplied, acquired or used.
* An electronic address list produced using address‑harvesting software must not be supplied, acquired or used.
* The main remedies for breaches of the Act are civil penalties and injunctions.

## Significant cases
### Australian Communications Authority v Clarity1 (2006)

In ACA v Clarity1 (2006), Justice Robert Nicholson considered the respondent's key defence, being retrospective application of provisions under the Act relating to the acquisition and use of harvested address lists. He noted specifically that lists gathered or acquired prior to the Act coming into force are still subject to the legislation. He also struck out the respondent's defence that it had obtained consent to use the gathered addresses for the defined purpose, and also noted a lack of compliance with the provisions of the Act requiring the provision of a functional unsubscribe facility.
* Case Information at the Federal Court of Australia (File WAD155/2005)
# CHNS

CHNS may refer to:
* CHNS-FM
* Thiocyanic acid
# Pitcairnia pteropoda

Pitcairnia pteropoda is a plant species in the genus Pitcairnia. This species is endemic to Mexico.
# Saint-Aubin, Jura

Saint-Aubin (French pronunciation: ) is a village and commune in the Jura department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.
It is the birthplace of the noted singer Anna Thibaud (1861–1948).
# Radstock Bay

Radstock Bay is a waterway located in the Qikiqtaaluk Region, Nunavut, Canada. It lies off the southern coast of Devon Island in the eastern high Arctic. Like Maxwell Bay to the east, it is an arm of Lancaster Sound and Barrow Strait.
Cape Liddon, on its western headland, has significant populations of black guillemot and northern fulmar.
# William Passmore

William Passmore may refer to:
* William Passmore (boxer) (1915–1986), South African boxer and Olympic competitor
* William J. Passmore (1933–2009), American jockey
* William L. Passmore (1910–2002), American jockey and Thoroughbred trainer
* William T. Passmore (1882–1955), American lacrosse player
* Will Passmore, EastEnders character
# Siphocampylus asplundii

Siphocampylus asplundii is a species of plant in the family Campanulaceae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
# Ardmore High School

Ardmore High School can refer to:
* Ardmore High School, Ardmore City Schools in Ardmore, Oklahoma
* Ardmore High School, Limestone County Schools in Ardmore, Alabama
* The provisional name of Charles Herbert Flowers High School, adjacent to Ardmore census-designated place in Prince George's County, Maryland
# Riders of the Dawn (1920 film)

Riders of the Dawn is a 1920 American silent Western film directed by Jack Conway and starring Roy Stewart, Claire Adams, and Joseph J. Dowling.

## Cast

* Roy Stewart as Kurt Dorn
* Claire Adams as Lenore Anderson
* Joseph J. Dowling as Tom Anderson
* Robert McKim as Henry Neuman
* Marie Messinger as Kathleen
* Violet Schram as Olga
* Arthur Morrison as Olsen
* Marc B. Robbins as Chris Dorn
* Fred Starr as Nash
* Frank Brownlee as Glidden
# Spam Bully

Spam Bully is anti-spam software made by Axaware, LLC. SpamBully uses Bayesian filtering to separate good emails from spam emails. Spam Bully 3 included a feature which performed automated clicks on spam mail, similar to some other software, such as the later AdNauseam browser extension. The features include the ability to report spammers to their providers and the FTC, the option of converting the SpamBully toolbar into a variety of languages including Spanish, German, Italian and Russian.
# C2H5NO3

The molecular formula C$_2$H$_5$NO$_3$ (molar mass: 91.07 g/mol, exact mass: 91.0269 u) may refer to:
* Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA or AOAA)
* Ethyl nitrate
# Pitcairnia punicea

Pitcairnia punicea is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, native to southeastern Mexico, Belize and Guatemala. It was first described by Michael Joseph François Scheidweiler in 1842.
# Saint-Aubin, Indre

Saint-Aubin (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Indre department in central France.
# Beriain

Beriain (also San Donato after the chapel at the top) is a 1,493 metres high peak part of the Basque Mountains range, located in the Andia range of western Navarre, Spain. Its sharp profile is an iconic image in the Burunda and Barranca valleys that link Vitoria-Gasteiz and Pamplona. The peak is located at the center of the traditional Basque Country provinces.
# Stephen Bent

Stephen Bent is an English actor who has appeared regularly on British television since 1970 in varied roles, including on 5 soaps, Crossroads, Coronation Street, EastEnders, Hollyoaks and Emmerdale. In 1989, he played the role of Jackson in the television production Agatha Christie's Miss Marple: A Caribbean Mystery. He has also acted in theatre.
He appeared initially as a well-known face on British TV for his role as Gerry Hurst in the ATV tea-time soap opera Crossroads. Then as a recurring character in Hollyoaks as Don Trent. In 2013 he appeared as Micky Saunders in Truckers.

## Filmography

| Year | Title | Role | Notes |
| 1977 - 1979 | Crossroads | Gerry Hurst | |
| 1980 | McVicar | Warder | |
| 1982 | Friend or Foe | Corporal | |
| 1982 | Who Dares Wins | Neil | |
| 1995 | The Gnomes' Great Adventure | Holler / Pat | Voice |
| 1998 | The Sea Change | Mario | |
| 2001 | Millennium Actress | Junichi Otaki | English version, Voice |
| 2001 | Mean Machine | Referee | |
| 2002 | Ali G Indahouse | John - Nike Leisure Centre Manager | |
| 2002 | Before You Go | Male Official | |
| 2003 | Cheeky | Albert Sharples | |
| 2010 | The Orgasm Diaries | Noon's Dad | |
| 2012 | City Slacker | John | |
| 2012 | Les Misérables | Jailer | |
| 2015 | Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism | Bus driver | |
| 2021 | Doctors | Jeff Sewell | Episode: "Game On" |
| 2023 | Doctors | Colin Shaw | Episode: "Furryland" |
# Rare Poultry Society

The Rare Poultry Society, established in 1969, is a British breed club devoted to the protection and promotion of rare poultry breeds, which the Society defines as breeds that do not have their own breed club in the United Kingdom. The society's quarterly newsletter has been used as the source material for a number of books on rare breeds in the United Kingdom.
# Dissected Loess Plains

The Dissected Loess Plains are located in the U.S. state of Nebraska. The 25,123 acres (10,167 ha) natural feature is located in Lincoln County and surrounding counties, in the U.S. state of Nebraska, and is waymarked in the municipality of Gothenburg. A landscape of geological morphology, the plains are characterized by loess, a landscape characterized by deposition of soil that has been blown to the site by windstorms. The Dissected Loess Plains are a National Natural Landmark, designated in 1987.

## Description

Loess, wind-blown silt, is a relatively common soil type in the interior of North America. The Dissected Loess Plains are exceptional because of the depth of loess laid down, with deposits up to 200 feet thick. These deposits are dissected by a set of drainage ravines, canyons, and deep valleys. These features reflect the superimposition of water-based erosion upon the loess.
The Dissected Loess Plains were identified and published as a unique biome in 1948. The United States Department of Agriculture characterizes the biome as a mixed-grass steppe, which where not used for agriculture contains mixtures of tallgrass prairie and shortgrass prairie plants. The grass and forbs are eaten by pronghorn, jackrabbits, prairie dogs, and a variety of other rodents. Coyotes prey upon the hares, prairie dogs, and smaller rodents.
# Argyresthia deletella

Argyresthia deletella is a species of moth of the family Yponomeutidae. It is found in North America, including Texas.
The wingspan is about 10 mm. The forewings are whitish yellow, but darker on the costal and apical parts than below the fold and irregularly sprinkled with small indistinct brownish transverse streaks. On the middle of the dorsal edge is a poorly defined brown transverse marking, crossing the light dorsal part and reaching beyond the fold. The hindwings are light ochreous grey.
# Riders of the Dawn

Riders of the Dawn may refer to:
* Riders of the Dawn (1920 film), American silent western film
* Riders of the Dawn (1945 film), American western film
* Riders of the Dawn (1990 film), Spanish film
# Spam Prevention Early Warning System

The Spam Prevention Early Warning System (SPEWS) was an anonymous service that maintained a list of IP address ranges belonging to internet service providers (ISPs) that host spammers and show little action to prevent their abuse of other networks' resources. It could be used by Internet sites as an additional source of information about the senders of unsolicited bulk email, better known as spam.
The SPEWS database has not been updated since August 24, 2006; dnsbl.com lists its status as dead. A successor, the Anonymous Postmaster Early Warning System (APEWS), appeared in January 2007, using similar listing criteria and a nearly identical web page.
# C2H6N2O

The molecular formula C$_2$H$_6$N$_2$O (molar mass: 74.08 g/mol, exact mass: 74.0480 u) may refer to:
* Azoxymethane (AOM)
* Glycinamide
* N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), or DMN
# Pinkas (surname)

Pinkas is a surname of eastern Ashkenazi origin, and may refer to:
* Alon Pinkas (born 1961), Israeli diplomat
* David-Zvi Pinkas (1895–1952), Israeli politician
* Israel Pinkas (born 1935), Israeli poet
* Itai Pinkas (born 1973), Israeli politician
* Karol Pinkas (1950–2023), Polish chess master
* Sally Pinkas (21st century), Israeli pianist
# Craniophora fasciata

Craniophora fasciata is a moth of the family Noctuidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1884. It is found in Sri Lanka, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Australia.
The adult has brown or grey wings. A broken dark band runs across its forewings. The caterpillar is greenish with a yellow stripe along each side. There are another two yellow stripes in the last body segment. Larval food plants include Olea, Ligustrum vulgare and Osmanthus species.
# John MacVicar

John MacVicar FRFPSGlas FRCOG (6 November 1927 – 23 March 2011) was a British physician who was most notable for pioneering the diagnostic use of ultrasound in obstetrics as well as later, being a clinical educator. MacVicar was part of a team along with physician Ian Donald and engineer Tom Brown, who developed the worlds first obstetric ultrasound machine in 1963. Using the new technique of ultrasound, MacVicar's research transformed the treatment of gynaecological conditions in pregnant women, through the use of clinical trials.

## Life

John MacVicar was the youngest of six children. His father, Angus John MacVicar, was a Presbyterian minister in the Church of Scotland. His brother was the prolific author Angus MacVicar. MacVicar took his early education at Campbeltown Grammar School and graduated as Dux. In 1945, MacVicar matriculated at the University of Glasgow Medical School to study for a medical degree. After being encouraged by his peers, he decided to specialise in the fields of obstetrics and gynaecology, achieving a Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery in 1950. After a number of junior positions, MacVicar spent 2 years abroad in Singapore for his National service working as a medical officer for the wives of serviceman. When he returned, he was appointed to a position at Stobhill Hospital, which enabled him to complete his membership exam for the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. In 1956, MacVicar was appointed as a Registrar in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at the Western Infirmary and Royal Maternity Hospital in Glasgow. In 1965, he was appointed a lecturer at Department of Midwifery at Queen Mother’s Hospital in Glasgow. While he was there, he took the opportunity of being seconded to the Department of Medicine at the University of East Africa in Nairobi. His remit was to establish a new department that specialised in Obstetrics and Gynaecology. To build the department, he quickly gained a rapport with the staff and established strong links with the Kampala University and universities in Uganda. He was recognised for both his work at the Western Infirmary and in Africa with a promotion to Professor, becoming foundation professor in Leicester Medical School, at the time the newest in the UK. He remained in that position, until his retirement in 1992.
MacVicar was married to Esme MacVicar. He had four children, Marsali, Rona, Alan and Cath, and five grandchildren Sam, Emily, Ailie, Kirsty and Cameron.

## Research

The relationship between Brown and MacVicar was mutually supportive. MacVicar had little experience of pure research as his background was in clinical work. However, he recognized the value of diagnostic ultrasound and believed it would play a significant role in obstetrics and gynaecology.
# Castleford Male Voice Choir

The Castleford Male Voice Choir (CMVC) is a male voice choir based in Castleford, West Yorkshire, England. The choir was established in 1926.
The choir has recorded LPs. It has appeared on the BBC television programme The One Show. It has toured nationally and internationally, for example to Salzburg in Austria where it appeared with the Salzburg Singers. The choir undertakes joint concerts as well as appearing on its own.
The Castleford MVC meets weekly at the Trinity Methodist Church Hall in Castleford.

## Discography

Recordings include:
* Golden Jubilee (1975)
* Yorkshire Mixture (1978) – with the Queensbury Music Centre Band
* With A Voice Of Singing (2001)
# Cerobasis insularis

Cerobasis insularis is a species of Psocoptera from the Trogiidae family that is endemic to the Canary Islands.
# Lysinibacillus yapensis

Lysinibacillus yapensis is a Gram-positive, aerobic, spore-forming and motile bacterium from the genus of Lysinibacillus which has been isolated from deep-sea sediments from the Yap Trench.
# Argosy (UK magazine)

Argosy magazine (also known as The Argosy) was the title of three magazines published in the United Kingdom, one in the late 19th century, another in the middle of the 20th century, and the other, very briefly, in the early 21st century.

## 1865

The original Argosy was founded and edited by Alexander Strahan in 1865, and later owned and edited by Ellen Wood. A somewhat racy tone was set from the outset by serializing Charles Reade's novel Griffith Gaunt, which concerns a case of bigamy. Among the many well-known contributors were Hesba Stretton, Julia Kavanagh, Christina Rossetti, Sarah Doudney, Rosa Nouchette Carey, Anthony Trollope, Henrietta Keddie (as Sarah Tytler), Helen Zimmern, and the traveller and linguist Arminius Vambery. Wood continued as its editor until her death in 1887, when her son Charles Wood took over. It ran until 1901.

## 1926

A later British Argosy was a short story magazine in paperback size focusing on reprints, and was published from 1926 to 1974. It published stories and serials by leading authors, sometimes interspersed with one or two pages of quotations, excerpts and poetry. Cartoons were also a regular feature. Joan Aiken worked as Features Editor on the magazine from 1955 to 1960. Lord Dunsany, Ray Bradbury, H. E. Bates, Victor Canning, Michael Gilbert, C. S. Forester, Elizabeth Goudge, Pamela Hansford Johnson and Gerald Bullett were among the writers whose material appeared in Argosy.

## 2013

A third United Kingdom-based magazine of short stories entitled Argosy published only two issues, one dated December 2013 and the other February 2014.
# Riders of the Black Hills

Riders of the Black Hills is a 1938 American Western "Three Mesquiteers" B-movie directed by George Sherman and starring Robert Livingston, Ray Corrigan, and Max Terhune.

## Cast

* Robert Livingston as Stony Brooke
* Ray Corrigan as Tucson Smith
* Max Terhune as Lullaby Joslin
* Ann Evers as Joyce Garth
* Roscoe Ates as Sheriff Brown (as Rosco Ates)
* Maude Eburne as Mrs. Peggy Garth
* Frank Melton as Don Weston
* Johnny Lang Fitzgerald as Jockey Buck
* Jack Ingram as Henchman Lefty
* John P. Wade as Ed Harvey, Horse Trader
* Edward Earle as Race Track Steward
* Monte Montague as Deputy Sam
# War Memorial Children's Hospital

War Memorial Children's Hospital may refer to the following children's hospitals:
* Children's Hospital at London Health Sciences Centre (known as War Memorial Children's Hospital from 1917 to 1985), London, Ontario, Canada
* Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
# CCMA

CCMA may refer to:
* Central Committee of Anti-Fascist Militias, during the Lluís Companys's government of Catalonia, in the Spanish Revolution
* Canadian Country Music Association, the association of the Canadian country music industry
* Catholic Campus Ministry Association
* Closure & Container Manufacturers Association, a trade association of manufacturers who produce closures and containers
* Corporació Catalana de Mitjans Audiovisuals, the public radio and television corporation in Catalonia
* Canadian Cascade Magmatic Arc, a geological formation in southwestern British Columbia, Canada
* Check Point Certified Master Architect, a certification from Check Point
* Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration, a South African tribunal
# Pinkamindszent

Pinkamindszent is a village in Vas county, Hungary.
# Craniophora

Craniophora is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

* Craniophora draudti H.L. Han & Kononenko, 2010
* Craniophora praeclara (Graeser, 1890)
* Craniophora fasciata Moore, [1884]
* Craniophora fujianensis Kiss & Gyulai, 2013
* Craniophora harmandi (Poujade, 1898)
* Craniophora ligustri Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775 – coronet
* Craniophora melanisans Wiltshire, 1980
* Craniophora malesiae Holloway, 1989
* Craniophora nodyna Turner, 1904
* Craniophora oda (Lattin, 1949)
* Craniophora phaeocosma Turner, 1920
* Craniophora pontica Staudinger, 1879
* Craniophora sichuanensis Kiss, Gyulai & Saldaitis, 2013