OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guaram IV of Iberia

Guaram IV (Georgian: გუარამ IV), sometimes known as Gurgen, of the Guaramid dynasty, was a presiding prince of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia) in 748. Son of Guaram III of Iberia.
Guaram IV succeeded his father Guaram III in 748 only as hereditary prince. He was not recognized as a prince-primate because the title was given by the Byzantine emperor to his father-in-law Adarnase III of Iberia instead, who was a member of the Nersianid dynasty. He had a son, Stephen III of Iberia. Guaram disappears on unknown date.
# Parrel beads

Parrel beads (also spelled parral or parrell) are an element of sailing rigging. They act as roller bearings on a parrel, which is a rope or wire strop that typically fastens one spar to another along which it must have some freedom of movement. An example of this is at the jaws of a gaff on a gaff rigged or gunter rigged craft. This allows the gaff to slide up and down the mast as sail is hoisted or lowered, and allows some rotation around the mast as the sail is sheeted in and out to allow for different wind directions. Another example is on the tack of a spinnaker rigged over a furled jib.

## Construction

A set of parrel beads is formed from small balls, size depending on the application, threaded on a piece of small line and secured with a stopper knot at each end.

## Use

One end of the line is usually permanently bent to the movable item. When in use the movable item is positioned where it is required, and the free end of the parrel bead line is passed around the static item and secured back to the movable item. Their function is to secure the movable item in place, but to allow it to move along and around the device.
# Guillaume Durand (nephew)

Guillaume Durand (died 1328 or 1330) was a French clergyman, a nephew of a more famous Guillaume Durand, nicknamed "The Speculator".
Like his uncle, he was a canonist, was rector of the University of Toulouse and succeeded his uncle as Bishop of Mende. Pope John XXII and Charles IV of France sent him on an embassy to the Sultan Orhan (1326–1360) at Brusa, to obtain more favourable conditions for the Latins in Syria. He died on the way back, in Cyprus (1328 or 1330).

## Works

He wrote in 1311, by command of Clement V and in connection with the Council of Vienne, De modo celebrandi concilii et corruptelis in Ecclesia reformandis, in three books. It attacks the abuses of the Church with extreme sincerity and vigour. It is a treatise on the canonical process of summoning and holding general councils, gathered from approved sources with many quotations and illustrations from the Church Fathers and from church history, together with attacks on various abuses and corruptions that were common in the fourteenth century among ecclesiastical persons. This treatise illustrates the role of traditional ideas in the formation of conciliarism, the idea that a church council could regulate the papacy. The first edition was printed at Lyons in 1531, then again at Paris by Philip Probus, a canonist of Bourges, in 1545, and dedicated to Pope Paul III as a help towards the Council of Trent. Other editions, Paris, 1671, etc.
In 1319, he wrote treatise on the recovery of the Holy Land for King Philip V, entitled Informacio brevis.
# Partial evaluation

In computing, partial evaluation is a technique for several different types of program optimization by specialization. The most straightforward application is to produce new programs that run faster than the originals while being guaranteed to behave in the same way.
A computer program prog is seen as a mapping of input data into output data:
$prog:I_{\text{static}}\times I_{\text{dynamic}}\to O,$
where $I_{\text{static}}$, the static data, is the part of the input data known at compile time.
The partial evaluator transforms $\langle prog,I_{\text{static}}\rangle$ into $prog^{*}:I_{\text{dynamic}}\to O$ by precomputing all static input at compile time. $prog^{*}$ is called the "residual program" and should run more efficiently than the original program. The act of partial evaluation is said to "residualize" $prog$ to $prog^{*}$.

## Futamura projections

A particularly interesting example of the use of partial evaluation, first described in the 1970s by Yoshihiko Futamura, is when prog is an interpreter for a programming language.
If I$_{static}$ is source code designed to run inside that interpreter, then partial evaluation of the interpreter with respect to this data/program produces prog*, a version of the interpreter that only runs that source code, is written in the implementation language of the interpreter, does not require the source code to be resupplied, and runs faster than the original combination of the interpreter and the source. In this case prog* is effectively a compiled version of I$_{static}$.
This technique is known as the first Futamura projection, of which there are three:
* Specializing an interpreter for given source code, yielding an executable.
* Specializing the specializer for the interpreter (as applied in #1), yielding a compiler.
* Specializing the specializer for itself (as applied in #2), yielding a tool that can convert any interpreter to an equivalent compiler.
They were described by Futamura in Japanese in 1971 and in English in 1983.
# Paste-up pair

The production of the first coil stamps, dating in the United States from 1908, began with the flat-plate-press printing of normal stamp sheets which contained the standard 400 images. The sheets were then gummed, perforated in one direction only, and cut in the other direction into twenty strips consisting of twenty stamps apiece. Strips would subsequently be pasted together to produce coils of 500 or 1000 stamps. At each join, the paper from the end of one strip would overlap the beginning of the next (the overlap is termed a "paste-up tab"). A pair of stamps that straddles the join is known as a paste-up pair.
In the mid-1920s, rotary presses came into use for printing stamps which used long rolls of paper rather than individual sheets, and this made the paste-up phase unnecessary, as sheets of any length could be produced by the press and merely needed to be cut into strips.
# SPSO

SPSO may refer to:
* Scottish Public Services Ombudsman, an ombudsman responsible for looking at complaints made about public services
* SportSouth, a regional sports network in the Southern United States
* Airport code for Capitán FAP Renán Elías Olivera Airport in Peru
# C3orf14

The human gene Chromosome 3 open reading frame 14 is a gene of uncertain function located at 3p14.2 near fragile site FRBA3—which falls between this gene and the centromere. Its protein is expected to localize to the nucleus and bind DNA. Orthologs have been identified in all of the major animal groups, minus amphibians and insects, tracing as far back as the sea anemone; indicating an origin of over 1000 mya, highlighting its importance in the animal genome.

## Gene aliases

C3orf14 is also known by the aliases LOC57415, FLJ94553 and FLJ17473. Gene orthologs found in other organisms are usually known by the name c3orf14-like, though some are known as LOC57415-like or HT021-like (protein name).

## Structure

The mRNA is composed of 6 exons, and encodes a 15007.84 kD protein known as HT021. This protein has a pre-modification isoelectric point of 5.57 and alpha helices span most of its length. Four sites of possible phosphorylation have been identified, and at least two sites of phosphorylation are conserved in all orthologs, as are two alpha helices. This protein is also predicted as a DNA binding protein. The protein may assume a tertiary structure of a coiled coil.

## Homology

Orthologs of this gene has been identified in most animal groups: mammals, monotremes, aves, reptiles, fish and invertebrates. Transcripts have not been identified in amphibians or insects; however only model organisms have been sequenced from these groups. Very recently the first ortholog in reptiles was identified in Anolis carolinensis. The amino acid structure is highly conserved through mammals, and the secondary and tertiary structure is highly conserved in all orthologs, dating as far back as 1000 mya in the sea anemone. No orthologs have been found in plants or bacteria. Below is a phylogenetic tree generated in SDSC Biology Workbench showing protein similarity among species in which C3orf14 has been identified.

## Expression

This gene was first identified in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis). The GEO and EST profiles in NCBI, indicate that its expression level varies from tissue to tissue; however its reported expression is 1.2 times that of the average gene. It has highest expression in the pancreas and nervous tissue (in humans). It is underexpressed in many cancer cell lines, however this may be due to its close proximity to the tumor suppressor gene FHIT, and the chromosomal fragile site FRBA3. Breakage at this site inactivates FHIT and can lead to the loss of C3orf14.

## Function

Because C3orf14 is not ubiquitously expressed, it most likely is not a housekeeping gene. Instead, it more likely plays a role in the function of specific tissues. It seems likely then, that this gene is a transcription factor, which regulates the expression of other genes important for the function of tissues where this gene is expressed highest.
# Ingleside

Ingleside may refer to:

## Australia

* Ingleside, New South Wales, a suburb of Sydney, Australia
* Ingleside, Queensland, a neighbourhood in City of Gold Coast

## Canada

* Ingleside, Ontario, a town in Ontario, Canada

## United States

* Ingleside, San Francisco, California
* Ingleside (Safety Harbor, Florida), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
* Ingleside, Illinois
* Ingleside, Kentucky
* Ingleside, Louisiana
* Ingleside, Maryland
* Ingleside (Catonsville, Maryland), a former historic house
* Ingleside, Massachusetts
* Ingleside, Nebraska
* Ingleside, New York
* Ingleside (Alexandria Bay, New York), NRHP-listed
* Ingleside, North Carolina
* Ingleside (Iron Station, North Carolina), NRHP-listed
* Ingleside (Spartanburg County, South Carolina), a formerly NRHP-listed house in Spartanburg County, South Carolina
* Ingleside, Texas
* Ingleside, Norfolk, Virginia
* Ingleside (Washington, D.C.), NRHP-listed
* Ingleside (Radford, Virginia), a 1789 historic home at Ingles Ferry
* Ingleside (Amelia Courthouse, Virginia), NRHP-listed
* Ingleside (Oak Grove, Virginia), NRHP-listed
* Ingleside (Ridgeway, Virginia), NRHP-listed
* Ingleside, West Virginia
* Ingleside (Moorefield, West Virginia), NRHP-listed

## Transportation

* Ingleside Line
# Angiras (disambiguation)

Angiras is a Vedic sage who formulated the fourth Veda.
Angiras may also refer to:
* Angiras Ghora, identified by some scholars as Neminatha, twenty-second tirthankara in Jainism
* Angiras Brahmin, a caste in India
# Heldreichia

Heldreichia is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. The only species is Heldreichia bupleurifolia.
Its native range is the eastern Mediterranean. It is found in the countries of Lebanon-Syria, Palestine and Turkey.
The genus name of Heldreichia is in honour of Theodor von Heldreich (1822–1902), a German botanist born in Dresden. The Latin specific epithet of bupleurifolia refers to means ‘with leaves like those of the genus Bupleurum’, a large genus in the Apiaceae (carrot family), commonly called Hare’s Ear. The genus name Bupleurum is also an ancient Greek word for ‘umbelliferous plant’.
It was first described and published in Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér.2, Vol.16 on page 381 in 1841.
It has 1 known variety and 5 known subspecies;
* Heldreichia bupleurifolia var. atalayi (Kit Tan) Parolly, Nordt & Mumm.
* Heldreichia bupleurifolia subsp. bourgaei (Boiss.) Parolly, Nordt & Mumm.
* Heldreichia bupleurifolia subsp. bupleurifolia
* Heldreichia bupleurifolia subsp. malatyana Özüdogru & Yildirim
* Heldreichia bupleurifolia subsp. polymorpha Parolly, Nordt, Eren & Mumm.
* Heldreichia bupleurifolia subsp. rotundifolia (Boiss.) Parolly, Nordt & Mumm.
# Qıçatan

Qıçatan (also, Kichatan and Kychatan) is a village and municipality in the Ismailli Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 148.
# Thomas Smith (finance professor)

Thomas (Tom) Smith (born 17 May 1958) is an Australian finance academic. He has been ranked as the number one finance academic in Australia and New Zealand by both the Journal of Financial Literature and the Pacific Basin Finance Journal.

## Biography

After undergraduate and postgraduate studies at the University of Queensland (Bachelor of Commerce (Honours) 1980, Masters in Financial Management 1982) where he was the recipient of numerous academic and merit awards. He completed his PhD studies at Stanford Graduate School of Business.
He has held appointments at Duke University (1988–1995), Australian Graduate School of Management (1995–2002), Australia National University (2003-2011) and the University of Queensland (2012-2017). At UQ Business School, he held the Frank Finn Chair in Finance.
Smith's current research includes work on environmental finance, stock volatility, market microstructure and dividend policy. Earlier interests are in the areas of asset pricing theory and tests, the design of markets and derivatives. His research has been published in the leading financial economic journals, including the Journal of Finance, Review of Financial Studies, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Accounting Research, Journal of Business, Journal of Law and Economics and the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis.
# Casey Hansen

Casey Hansen (born February 2, 1985) is a former American football quarterback. He was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He played college football at Norfolk State as the starting quarterback in 2006 and 2007.
Hansen also played for the Spokane Shock of the Arena Football League.

## Early years

Hansen attended Norco High School in Norco, California and was a student and a letterman in football and baseball.

## Professional career

Hansen was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles as an undrafted free agent in 2008. He was released prior to training camp. In his rookie season, with the ArenaCup-winning Spokane Shock, he played in 11 games and had a quarterback rating of 141.02. Hansen threw for 447 and thirteen touchdowns for the Shock in 2011.
# Kuka

Kuka may refer to:
* Pavel Kuka (b. 1968), former Czech association football player
* KUKA, a German-based manufacturer of industrial robots
* KUKA (FM), a radio station licensed to Driscoll, Texas, United States
* Kuka, the Namdhari sect of Sikhism
* Kuka people, an ethnic group in Chad
* Kuka (Višegrad), a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Kuka, Punjab, a village in Punjab, India
* Kuka, Russia, several rural localities in Chitinsky District of Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia
* Kuka, former name of Kukawa, a town in Borno State, Nigeria
# Carsten Bruun (mayor)

Carsten Bruun (born 24 November 1953) is a Danish politician. He is a member of the Venstre party, and was the mayor of Samsø Municipality between 2002 and 2009. He moved to Samsø in 1981. He has been sitting in Samsø Municipality's municipal council since 2002.
# Willem Hendrik Wilhelmus van Royen

Willem Hendrik Wilhelmus van Royen (1672 – 1742) was a Dutch Golden Age painter from the Dutch Republic.
Royen was born in Amsterdam, where it is unknown from whom he learned to paint, but based on stylistic analysis he has been determined to be a follower of Melchior d'Hondecoeter. His works have been confused in the past with those of Willem Frederiksz van Royen, a Dutch Golden Age painter active in Berlin.
Royen died in Amsterdam.
# Willem Hendrik van den Bos

Willem Hendrik van den Bos (25 September 1896 – 30 March 1974) was a Dutch astronomer who worked at the Union Observatory in South Africa and became its director in 1941. He discovered nearly 3000 new double stars, made more than 71000 astronomical measurements and compiled a catalogue of Southern hemisphere double stars. He computed the orbits of more than 100 double stars using a method he invented and which later became the accepted standard.

## Biography

Van den Bos was born in Rotterdam in 1896. He studied astronomy at Leiden University and worked at the Leiden Observatory. In 1925 he completed his PhD in astronomy under the supervision of Willem de Sitter and was invited by R.T.A. Innes to join the Union Observatory in Johannesburg for a three-year appointment as assistant to the director, H.E. Wood. Innes was eager to have an experienced observer of double-stars to share the workload on the newly erected telescope.
Van den Bos extended his appointment at the Union Observatory indefinitely and in 1941 was appointed Director of the observatory. He retired from the observatory in 1956 but continued his observations both in South Africa and the United States until 1966 when he was forced to stop owing to severe illness.
During the 31 years of his career he discovered 2895 new double stars and made 71929 astronomical measurements. He compiled a catalogue from previous observations of southern hemisphere double stars that was incorporated into the Index Catalog of Visual Double Stars, published in 1963, with the collaboration of H.M. Jeffries and F.M. Greeby of the Lick Observatory, California. The catalogue later became the Washington Double Star Catalog.
Van den Bos developed his own method of measuring the orbits of double stars and used it to measure the orbits of more than 100 binary stars. His method became the accepted standard procedure.

## Recognition, memberships, awards

* President of the Double Star Commission of the International Astronomical Union for 14 years.
* Royal Danish Academy Gold Medal
* Gill Medal from the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa
* President of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa in 1943 and 1955
* The 1969 Double-star Colloquium of the International Astronomical Union in Nice was dedicated to Van den Bos.
* The asteroid 1663 van den Bos is named after him, as is the lunar crater van den Bos.
# Stecher

Stecher is a German surname. Notable persons with that name include:
* Dino Stecher (born 1964), Swiss ice hockey goaltender
* Edi Stecher, Austrian Righteous among the Nations
* Emma Dietz Stecher (1905–1998), American biochemist
* Jody Stecher (born 1946), American singer and musician
* Joe Stecher (1893–1974), American professional wrestler
* Mario Stecher (born 1977), Austrian skier
* Peter Stecher (born 1965), Austrian archer
* Reinhold Stecher (1921–2013), Austrian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church
* Renate Stecher (born 1950), German athlete
* Tony Stecher (1889–1954), American professional wrestler
* Troy Stecher (born 1994), Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman
* William Stecher (1869–1926), American professional baseball pitcher
# Rachel J Whitaker

Rachel J Whitaker is a professor of Microbiology in the School of Molecular and Cellular Biology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Her laboratory's research focuses on the evolution of Archaea, Bacteria, and Viruses in both natural and clinical environments.

## Education and career

Whitaker received her B.A. in biology from Wesleyan University in 1993 and her Ph. D in microbiology from University of California, Berkeley in 2004. Following her Ph.D., she was a postdoctoral researcher in geomicrobiology at University of California, Berkeley from 2004 to 2006.
Following the completion of her postdoctoral research, Whitaker became a professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where she has been recognized among 'Teachers Ranked as Excellent.' She received the Allen Distinguished Investigator Award in 2017 and the University Scholar Award in 2020. Whitaker is also a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology.
Whitaker has published over 50 peer-reviewed research articles which have been cited over 3,000 times. She also was an editor for the book 'Women in Microbiology,' which highlights both historic and modern women scientists in the field of microbial sciences.

## Research focus

The Whitaker lab studies the dynamics of microbes and their viruses using a combination of genomics, experimental evolution, modeling, and molecular biology. In particular, the Whitaker lab focuses on the hyperthermophlic archaeon Sulfolobus islandicus and the Gram-negative gammaproteobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa as model organisms for studying microbial evolution.

## Scientific community outreach

In addition to leading an academic research lab, Whitaker is also active in scientific community outreach in an effort to engage young aspiring scientists and the non-scientific community in the microbial sciences. Outreach initiatives that Whitaker promotes include Project Microbe, a series of inquiry-based activities that teach about the three domains of life (Eukarya, Bacteria, and Archaea)., and Cena y Ciencias, a program that encourages scientific learning in elementary school students of the Spanish-speaking community. Whitaker developed the Project Microbe initiative with Barbara Hug from the Department of Curriculum and Instruction at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
# Kumarian Press

Kumarian Press was an independent academic publishing company established in 1977 in West Hartford, Connecticut by Krishna Kumari Sondhi and Ian Mayo-Smith. The company's name is a reference to its founders, a combination of Sondhi's middle name and Mayo Smith's first name combined.

## History

The company began publishing titles on management for training programs in international development, some of them written by the founders. International development remains the core of the publishing program but has expanded over the years to include books on human rights, civil society, peacebuilding, governance, gender studies, microfinance, and international health. It also distributes titles for Oxfam Great Britain, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, and the United Nations Development Fund for Women. Kumarian was sold in April 2008 to Stylus Publishing and was an imprint of Stylus, located in Sterling, VA.
In April 2013, Kumarian was sold to Lynne Rienner Publishers, based in Boulder, Colorado.
Authors have included Hazel Henderson, David Hulme, David Korten, Joanna Macy, Helena Norberg-Hodge, Lester Salamon, Ian Smillie, and Peter Uvin, whose book Aiding Violence addresses development in Rwanda.
# Widikum people

The Widikum people are an ethnic group of Cameroon and are one of the largest ethnic groups of the North-West Region of Cameroon .

## Origins

According to oral tradition, the Widikum people originated from an area near the villages of Bamben and Numben in the Northwest region of Cameroon. Egun Oyimi is said to be the ancestral home of the Widikum-speaking people found in Momo division, parts of Mezam, Lebialem, Manyu, Menchum, Menoua, and Bamboutus divisions. Residing in the Momo Division, around Widikum, Fon Gorji Dinka, Ambazonian activist and lawyer, is one of the tribal leaders.

## Language

The Widikum people mainly speak the Meta’ language, which is broken up into two main dialects: Menemo (Mbengwi), and Moghamo (Batibo), These dialects have slight differences, but generally sound the same and are mutually intelligible.

## Culture

The Widikum people have a very vibrant and colorful culture, which includes traditional clothing, dances, and cuisines.
Widikums, along with most of the North West Region, wear what is commonly called “Bamenda Dress/Clothes.” However, each tribe has a particular design and pattern belonging to them.
Widikums have over a dozen of traditional dances, which include the Kwem Sword Dance, Tewara Dance, Mukonge Dance, and one of the most popular, the Chibi Dance. Each of the dances has their own meanings and may be dances at different occasions. For example, one certain dance could be performed at a funeral, while another could be performed at a wedding.

## Demographics

Widikum people are primarily found in the Momo Department (Division) of the North West Region of Cameroon. Momo is then made up of 5 LGAs which are:
•Batibo
•Mbengwi
•Ngie
•Widikum
•Njikwa
Momo is populated with over 250,000+ inhabitants.