OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rubedo

Rubedo is a Latin word meaning "redness" that was adopted by alchemists to define the fourth and final major stage in their magnum opus. Both gold and the philosopher's stone were associated with the color red, as rubedo signaled alchemical success, and the end of the great work. Rubedo is also known by the Greek word iosis.

## Interpretation

The three alchemical stages preceding rubedo were nigredo (blackness), which represented putrefaction and spiritual death; albedo (whiteness), which represented purification; and citrinitas (yellowness), the solar dawn or awakening. Some sources describe the alchemical process as three-phased with citrinitas serving as mere extension and takes place between albedo and rubedo. The rubedo stage entails the attempt of the alchemist to integrate the psychospiritual outcomes of the process into a coherent sense of self before its re-entry to the world. The stage can take some time or years to complete due to the required synthesis and substantiation of insights and experiences.
The symbols used in alchemical writing and art to represent this red stage can include blood, a phoenix, a rose, a crowned king, or a figure wearing red clothes. Countless sources mention a reddening process; the seventeenth dictum of the 12th century Turba Philosophorum is one example:
   O Turba of Philosophers and disciples, now hast thou spoken about making into white, but it yet remains to treat concerning the reddening! Know, all ye seekers after this Art, that unless ye whiten, ye cannot make red, because the two natures are nothing other than red and white. Whiten, therefore, the red, and redden the white!

### Psychology

In the framework of psychological development (especially with followers of Jungian psychology), these four alchemical steps are viewed as analogous to the process of attaining individuation or the process that allows an individual to attain the integration of opposites, their transcendence, and, finally, emergence out of an undifferentiated unconscious. In an archetypal schema, rubedo represents the Self archetype, and is the culmination of the four stages, the merging of ego and Self. It is also described as a stage that gives birth to a new personality. Represented by the color of blood in alchemy, the stage indicates a process that cannot be reversed since it involves the struggle of the self towards its manifestation.
The Self manifests itself in "wholeness," a point in which a person discovers their true nature. Another interpretation phrased it as "reunification" which entail the reunion of body, soul, and spirit, leading to a diminished inner conflict.
# Rudolph Charles

Rudolph Charles (1 October 1938 – 29 March 1985) was a musician and instrument maker of the steelpan, but most notably, he was a pioneer and leader of the steelband movement in Trinidad and Tobago. Also known as Charlo, The Hammer and Trail, among other names, he led Desperadoes Steel Orchestra to 10 various victories from 1965 to 1985, including six Panoramas, two Classical Music Festivals, one Best Bomb and one Best Playing Steel Orchestra.

## Background

Charles was born as fourth of nine children and grew up in Laventille, a ward of Trinidad, near the capital Port of Spain. He was one of the two well known and very popular Trinidadians who was born and grew up in Laventille the other is the Queen of Bacchanal Destra Garcia. He joined the Desperadoes Steel Orchestra in 1958 and was their bandleader and tuner from 1961 until his death at the age 46 in 1985. Charles invented several instruments for the steelband, including the Nine Bass, the Rocket Pans or the Twelve Bass. He also invited other pan tuners, such as Bertie Marshall, to collaborate with him.
Rudolph Charles engaged himself strongly in the steelband movement. The boycott of the national Panorama in 1979 was a result of Charles' fight for higher recognition of pannists.
He died aged 46 on 29 March 1985, and his funeral took place on 4 April at the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception.

## Legacy

In 1986 David Rudder sang the composition "The Hammer" dedicated to Rudolph Charles.
The Rudolph Charles Pan Innovation Award was founded to encourage emerging tuners, and is a part of the Trinidad and Tobago National Steelband Music Festival.
In 2005 Destra Garcia paid tribute to Charles and her home town with a song entitled "Laventille (The Hammer Revisited)", a duet with Rudder.
At UK Panorama 2013, Real Steel's winning calypso "Hammer Time" was dedicated to Rudolph Charles.
In 2014, Rudolph Charles was posthumously awarded the Chaconia Medal (Silver) for his contribution to culture at the anniversary of Independence National Awards.
# Anchiale buruense

Anchiale buruense is a medium-sized stick insect found in Buru of the Maluku Islands, Indonesia.

## Description

Anchiale buruense are geenish-brown. Females are about 160 mm (6.3 in) long and males are about 100 mm (3.9 in) long. Both sexes have a pair of wings.
# Land of the Great Horses

"Land of the Great Horses" is a short story by R. A. Lafferty from Harlan Ellison's science fiction anthology Dangerous Visions. The story takes a broad view of the earth after extraterrestrials (the Outer Visitors) return the native land of the Romany (the Land of the Great Horses), on which they had been experimenting. Roma everywhere leave their work to return to it.
They then scoop up the city of Los Angeles, whose residents become the new wanderers, Angelenos. When asked what happened, they commonly reply, "They came and took our Dizz away from us."

## Publication history

* Dangerous Visions, ed. Harlan Ellison, Garden City, NY: Doubleday 1967 pp427–437
* Nine Hundred Grandmothers (1970) R. A. Lafferty
* So frustrieren wir Karl den Grossen: erzählungen, Heyne BSF, v89 ISBN 3-453-06243-4

## Translations

* Czech – Kraj velkých koní, Světová literatura (World Literature) bi-monthly 1982/4
* Dutch – Het Land van de Grote Paarden (1971)
* Finnish – Suurten hevosten maa, Portti (4/1982)
* French – La terre des grands chevaux (1975)
* German – Heimkehr der Heimatlosen ("Homesickness of the Homeless", 1970)
** German – Land der grossen Pferde (1974)
** German – Das Land der großen Pferde (1997)
* Italian - Terra Dei Grandi Cavalli (1980)
* Japanese - 巨馬の国 (1981)
* Polish - Kraina wielkich koni, Foreign Literature monthly (1/1976)
* Romanian - Ținutul cailor măreți (2013)
# Schoenus inconspicuus

Schoenus inconspicuus is a species of sedge endemic to south-western areas of the Western Cape Province of South Africa.

## Description

Schoenus inconspicuus has long, linear-lanceolate spikelets compared to other species of southern African Schoenus. Among the southern African Schoenus, Schoenus ligulatus also has relatively long, linear-lanceolate spikelets; however, the spikelets of S. inconspicuus are longer (> 6.6 mm) compared to the shorter spikelets of S. ligulatus, which are often less than 5.7 mm.
Furthermore, the spikelet glumes of S. inconspicuus are more paper-like, appearing silvery-white when young compared to those of S. ligulatus. These paper-like glumes then deteriorate and shred with age in S. inconspicuus. The lower spikelet glumes are also relatively long in length (often over half to 3/4 of the length of the spikelet) compared to those of S. ligulatus, which tend to be less than half of the length of the spikelet. The glume mucros of S. ligulatus are more prominent compared to the poorly-formed or lacking glume mucros of S. inconspicuus.
Habitat preferences differs notably between the two species, with Schoenus inconspicuus generally found on dry, acid sandy sites, while S. ligulatus is more common on wet sites.
* Culm bases
* Inflorescence
* Spikelet (the black scale bar represents 1 mm)

## Taxonomy

Schoenus inconspicuus is a species in family Cyperaceae, tribe Schoeneae, which is a clade that includes genera such as Gahnia, Lepidosperma, Oreobolus, Costularia and Tetraria. Based on morphological evidence, Schoenus inconspicuus is closely related to other southern African Schoenus species, specifically, species in the S. cuspidatus and allies group.
Southern African Schoenus were once classified as Tetraria, but we currently know that the two groups are evolutionary distinct based on molecular and morphological differences. To ensure that this group of sedges is monophyletic (i.e. the genus only has closely related species), several species of Epischoenus and the southern African Tetraria were transferred into Schoenus. Two key differences between the two genera are that the southern African Schoenus do not have reticulate sheaths at the bases of the flowering stems and they lack the stem leaves that can be observed in Tetraria.

## Distribution and habitat

Schoenus inconspicuus has been reported recently from only a couple of locations: one on the Cape Peninsula and a second in the Overberg region of the Western Cape Province. The preferred habitat of this species is rare acid sand flats, with an elevation range of between 14 and 250 m.

## Gallery

* Growth form
* Flowering head
# Paranigilgia

Paranigilgia is a genus of moths in the family Brachodidae.

## Species

* Paranigilgia aritai Kallies, 1998
* Paranigilgia brandti Kallies, 2013
* Paranigilgia bushii (Arita, 1980)
* Paranigilgia mariannae Kallies, 2013
* Paranigilgia morosa (Diakonoff, 1948)
# Çavuşköy, Bilecik

Çavuşköy is a village in the Bilecik District, Bilecik Province, Turkey. Its population is 94 (2021).
# Bill Currier (politician)

William Currier is an American politician and businessman who served as Mayor of Adair Village, Oregon. He formerly served as Chairman of the Oregon Republican Party.

## Early life and education

Currier was born and raised in Oregon. He studied business at Pacific Union College and computer information systems at Southern Oregon University.

## Career

Before his political career, Currier worked as a police officer. Currier began his political career as a precinct committeeman. He formerly served as chair of the Benton County Republican Party, Treasurer for the Party Affiliate for Oregon's 5th congressional district, and Vice-Chair of the Oregon Republican Party. In 2007, Currier was elected as mayor of Adair Village, Oregon. Currier is also currently the co-owner of TRACO Network Services, a computer training and consulting company, and SYNERGY Technology Partners, an information technology management organization.
Currier served as an Oregon delegate to the 2016 Republican National Convention and 2020 Republican National Convention. On 19 January 2021, two weeks after the controversial January 6th events in Washington DC, Currier in a press release of the Oregon Republican Party expressed "condemnation of the profound betrayal by the ten House Republicans who supported impeaching President Trump last week." In response, Oregon House Republicans issued a sharp dissenting statement that "there is no credible evidence to support false flag claims" made in the 19 January press release, while Senator Tim Knopp, Republican of Bend, stated that he does "not support the Oregon Republican Party's resolution." Currier reaffirmed the controversial resolution. One day after the Oregon Republican party leadership passed a resolution promoting the false flag theory, Knute Buehler, a former Oregon House member and 2018 Republican nominee for governor, "filed to change his registration from Republican to independent. 'It was very painful', he said." According to the Oregon Secretary of State's office, 6,145 people left the Republican Party in January 2021. Currier lost a bid for re-election as Chair to far-right State Senator Dallas Heard on February 20, 2021.

## Personal life

Currier and his wife, Becky, have five children.
# Bill Harp

Rufus William Harp (November 28, 1923 – March 16, 1994) was an American set decorator. He won three Primetime Emmy Awards and was nominated for fourteen more in the category Outstanding Art Direction for his work on the television programs My Name Is Barbra, The Carol Burnett Show, Studs Lonigan, Casablanca, Moonlighting and the television films Marilyn: The Untold Story and Invitation to Hell. Harp died in March 1994 of a heart attack in Hollywood, California, at the age of 70.
# Joseph Chesire

Joseph Chesire (born November 12, 1957) is a former Kenyan middle-distance runner who represented his country in the 1984, 1988 and 1992 Summer Olympics. He came fourth in Los Angeles and Barcelona. Cheshire also won the 1500 m at the London Grand Prix in 1992. His greatest indoor achievement was the bronze medal at the 1985 IAAF World Indoor Games.
He became the oldest entrant into the 1500 metres at the World Championships in Athletics, at 35 years, 281 days at the 1993 edition.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Kenya ||||||
| 1987 | All-Africa Games | Nairobi, Kenya | 3rd | 1500 m | 3:39.84 |
# Zuihitsu

Zuihitsu (随筆) is a genre of Japanese literature consisting of loosely connected personal essays and fragmented ideas that typically respond to the author's surroundings. The name is derived from two Kanji meaning "at will" and "pen." The provenance of the term is ultimately Chinese, zuihitsu being the Sino-Japanese reading (on'yomi) of 随筆 (Mandarin: suíbǐ), the native reading (kun'yomi) of which is fude ni shitagau ("follow the brush"). Thus works of the genre should be considered not as traditionally planned literary pieces but rather as casual or randomly recorded thoughts by the authors.

## History

Zuihitsu emerged in the Heian Period with Sei Shōnagon's The Pillow Book. Shōnagon, a member of the Heian Imperial Court, kept a private diary of her own observations and musings about courtly life. It is unclear whether or not she intended it to be released to the public (sections of the work suggest that she did not), but the work nevertheless survived and provides an alternate view into life of the era, making it an invaluable literary as well as historical resource.
The genre next gained momentum as a respectable form of writing several centuries later in the Kamakura Period. With the depotentiation of the Heian Court and the relocation of the capital to Kamakura, near modern-day Tokyo, many intellectuals, amidst social chaos, grew disillusioned and chose to live in asceticism – a trend that also reflected the growing importance of Pure Land Buddhism. Writing from isolation, these authors reflected on the degeneracy of their contemporaries, whom they considered philistines, in comparison to themselves, as well as general consideration of the impermanence of the material world. Major works from this period include Kamo no Chōmei's Hōjōki and Yoshida Kenkō’s Tsurezuregusa.
Zuihitsu rose to mainstream popularity in the Edo period, when it found a wide audience in the newly developed merchant classes. Furthermore, it gained a scholarly foothold, as Japanese classical scholars began customarily writing in the zuihitsu style. Reputable authors from this movement include Motoori Norinaga, Yokoi Yayu, and Matsudaira Sadanobu.

## Themes

As a genre largely focused on personal writing and contemplation, zuihitsu writings tend to explore issues reflective of attitudes pervasive at the time of their composition. Overarching themes, however, include the nature of aristocratic life and its faults as well as the unpleasantries of the world and its denizens. Many of the works feature instances of poetry, often reflecting on typically “Japanese” themes, such as appreciation for the changing of the seasons. Additionally, Kamakura Period zuihitsu, strongly rooted in Buddhist thought, typically contains the author's musings on the impermanence of the material world.

## Major works

* The Pillow Book
* Hōjōki
* Tsurezuregusa
# Turritella bacillum

Turritella bacillum is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Turritellidae.
# Anadia hollandi

Anadia hollandi is a species of lizard in the family Gymnophthalmidae. It is endemic to Colombia.
# Azúcar Negra

Azucar Negra (English: "Black Sugar"), is a studio album by the Cuban salsa singer Celia Cruz. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Tropical Latin Album, Vocal or Instrumental in 1994.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Chicago Tribune | |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| Los Angeles Times | |
The Chicago Tribune called the album "a truly sweet and artfully balanced mix of many worlds: a smart international pan-Latin style that draws on classic salsa, new Latin pop." The Los Angeles Times noted that "though representative of Cruz's well-known style, it allows room for a more pop-oriented presence."

## Chart positions

| Chart (1993) | Peak position |
| Latin Albums (Billboard) | 37 |
| Tropical/Salsa Albums (Billboard) | 6 |
# Landenulf II of Capua

Landenulf II (died 993) succeeded his brother Landulf ΙV as Prince of Capua in 982 and ruled until his assassination. He was one of the younger sons of Pandulf Ironhead.
Landenulf was young and ruled under the regency of his mother Aloara until her death in 992. His brother Laidulf, the count of Teano, incited a group of citizens to revolt and murder him at Eastertime the next year. He was buried on 21 April in San Benedetto in Capua.
# Schwarze

Schwarze may refer to:
* Achim Schwarze (born 1958), German author
* Schwarze Elster, a river in Germany
# Sarcodon subfelleus

Sarcodon subfelleus is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was described as new to science in 1961 by mycologist Kenneth A. Harrison, who initially called it Hydnum subfelleum. He transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1984. It is found in Nova Scotia, Canada, where it fruits on the ground singly or in groups under spruce and fir. The type collection was made in Glenmont, Kings County.
The fungus makes fruit bodies with convex to irregularly shaped caps measuring 4–17 cm (1.6–6.7 in) in diameter, supported by a stout stipe measuring 1–9 cm (0.4–3.5 in) long by 1–4 cm (0.4–1.6 in) thick. The spines on the underside of the cap are variable in length, up to a maximum of 7 mm long. They are light grayish-brown with white tips, but darken when bruised. The spores of S. subfelleus are roughly spherical to angular, covered in small, coarse warts (tubercules), and measure 5–6 by 4–5.5 μm.
# Zuihōden

Zuihōden (瑞鳳殿) in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan is the mausoleum complex of Date Masamune and his heirs, daimyō of the Sendai Domain.

## History

When Date Masamune, known as 'the one-eyed dragon' (独眼竜) and founder of the Sendai Domain, died in 1636, he left instructions for a mausoleum. Zuihōden was erected in the following year. A number of the Date daimyō and other members of the Date clan are buried in the grounds. Most of the monuments were destroyed by bombing and subsequent fires in 1945 and subsequently rebuilt in their original Momoyama style.

## Monuments
### Zuihōden

The Zuihōden (瑞鳳殿) was built for Date Masamune (1567–1636), founding daimyō of the Sendai Domain. Designated a National Treasure (国宝) in 1931, it was destroyed in 1945, rebuilt in 1979, and repaired in 2001 in order to more closely resemble the original mausoleum.

### Kansenden

The Kansenden (感仙殿) was built for Date Tadamune (1599–1658), second daimyō of the Sendai Domain. Designated a National Treasure in 1931, it was destroyed in 1945 and rebuilt in 1985.

### Zennōden

The Zennōden (善応殿) was built for Date Tsunamune (1640–1711), third daimyō of the Sendai Domain. Destroyed in 1945, it was rebuilt in 1985 and repaired in 2007.

### Myōnkaibyō

The Myōnkaibyō (妙雲界廟) is the site of stelai erected for Date Chikamune, ninth daimyō, and Date Nariyoshi, eleventh daimyō of the Sendai Domain.

### Okosamagobyō

A number of children of the Date lords are buried in the Okosamagobyō (御子様御廟).

## Museum

Items found in excavations of the Kansenden and Zennōden prior to their reconstruction after the bombing of 1945 are housed in the Zuihōden Museum (資料館).
# Turtle Lake, Walworth County, Wisconsin

Turtle Lake is a census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Richmond, Walworth County, Wisconsin, United States. Its population was 348 as of the 2020 census.
Turtle Lake is 141 acres and has a maximum depth of 30 feet. Visitors have access to the lake from a public boat landing. Fish include panfish, largemouth bass, and northern pike. The lake's water is moderately clear.

## Demographics

According to the United States Census Bureau, the median household income in Turtle Lake is $60,781, with a total of 230 housing units and 133 households. 33.0% of Turtle Lake residents have a Bachelor's degree or higher. The employment rate is 55.6%, and 8.8% of the population is without health care coverage. Of the total population of 348, 42 residents identify as Hispanic or Latino (of any race).
The median age in Turtle Lake is 56.8, whereas the median age in Wisconsin is 40.4. 18.7% of the population is 65 years and older.
Regarding ancestry, 6.3% of residents claimed English ancestry, 35.4% claimed German ancestry, 28.4% claimed Irish ancestry, 2.2% claimed Italian ancestry, 3.4% claimed Norwegian ancestry, 4.9% claimed Polish ancestry, and 1.1% claimed Scottish ancestry.
Of languages spoken at home, 13.9% of the population speak a language other than English at home. In this regard, 10.8% of the population speak Spanish at home, and 3.2% speak other Indo-European languages.
The foreign born population comprises 13.1% of the total population of Turtle Lake, and 8.6% of the population moved from a different state a year prior to the 2022 American Community Survey.
# Anadia ocellata

Anadia ocellata, commonly known as the ocellated anadia or ocellated bromeliad lizard , is a species of lizard endemic to the Americas.

## Description

A. ocellata is a small and slender lizard. Its body is cylindrical with a long tail that is very sensitive and quickly subject to autotomy when in danger or when manipulated inadequately.

## Geographic range

A. ocellata is distributed from Costa Rica to Ecuador.

## Habitat and behavior

A. ocellata is rather unusual for a lizard in that it has frequently been found in, or close to, bromeliads. Thus its habits are considered arboreal, which would account for its scarceness.
# Azúcar (Los Van Van album)

Azúcar is an album by the Cuban band Los Van Van. It was released in the United States in 1994, the band's first album in eight years to be widely distributed. Due to the U.S. embargo, the band did not tour behind the album until 1996.

## Production

The album was recorded in 1992. Los Van Van constituted 15 members, including three trombonists and three violinists. Piano player César Pedroso contributed to the songwriting.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Robert Christgau | |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
The Gazette called the album "vibrant dance music, a furious stew of trombones and violins, timbales, congas, keyboards and rousing vocals." The Guardian deemed it "old-fashioned, high class, salsa from Cuba's foremost band." The Boston Globe praised the "bright, hot dance tunes, played with extraordinary verve, punchy horns jumping out from a powerhouse rhythm section."
The Americas determined that Los Van Van "takes the humble son into another dimension through splashes of modem influences and highly charged, energetic performances." The Boston Herald stated that the sound "hinges on the interplay between charismatic singer Pedro Clavo and the chorus, an explosive percussion battery and the driving electric bass lines of band founder Juan Formell." The Nation included the album in its article on 1994's notable releases.
AllMusic wrote that "most of the CD consists of straight-ahead Afro-Cuban salsa; however, it also contains a few cuts that are essentially Latin pop with Afro-Cuban elements."