# Alto Rhapsody

The Alto Rhapsody, Op. 53, is a composition for contralto, male chorus, and orchestra by Johannes Brahms, a setting of verses from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's Harzreise im Winter. It was written in 1869, as a wedding gift for Robert and Clara Schumann's daughter, Julie. Brahms scholars have long speculated that the composer may have had romantic feelings for Julie, which he may have integrated into the text and music of the Alto Rhapsody. The text, with its metaphysical portrayal of a misanthropic soul who is urged to find spiritual sustenance and throw off the shackles of his suffering, has powerful parallels in Brahms's life and character.
The work is in three sections: the first two, in a chromatically dense and wandering C minor, are for the soloist and orchestra and describe the pain of the misanthropic wanderer. The second section is an aria in all but name. The third section, in a nominal C major, brings in the male chorus, which joins the soloist in a plea to a celestial spirit for an abatement of the wanderer's pain. The third part of the Rhapsody has similarities of vocal and choral style to A German Requiem, which was written the previous year.
The work typically takes between twelve and fifteen minutes in performance. See recordings, below, for indicative timings.
The work was first "tried out" on 6 October 1869, at the dress rehearsal for the Karlsruhe season's first orchestral subscription concert. Amalia Boni sang the solo part; the conductor Hermann Levi was on hand, but there was no male voice chorus, and it is unclear whether Boni was accompanied by orchestra or simply on piano. Brahms and Clara Schumann were present, but there was certainly no other audience. It received its first public performance, and its first definitely known proper performance, on 3 March 1870, at Jena. The soloist at the first performance was Pauline Viardot and the conductor was Ernst Naumann.
The text Brahms set is:
Aber abseits wer ist's? Im Gebüsch verliert sich sein Pfad; hinter ihm schlagen die Sträuche zusammen, das Gras steht wieder auf, die Öde verschlingt ihn.
Ach, wer heilet die Schmerzen dess, dem Balsam zu Gift ward? Der sich Menschenhaß aus der Fülle der Liebe trank! Erst verachtet, nun ein Verächter, zehrt er heimlich auf seinen eigenen Wert In ungenügender Selbstsucht.
Ist auf deinem Psalter, Vater der Liebe, ein Ton seinem Ohre vernehmlich, so erquicke sein Herz! Öffne den umwölkten Blick über die tausend Quellen neben dem Durstenden in der Wüste!
But who is that apart? His path disappears in the bushes; behind him the branches spring together; the grass stands up again; the wasteland engulfs him.
Ah, who heals the pains of him for whom balsam turned to poison? Who drank hatred of man from the abundance of love? First scorned, now a scorner, he secretly feeds on his own merit, in unsatisfying egotism.
If there is on your psaltery, Father of love, one note his ear can hear, then refresh his heart! Open his clouded gaze to the thousand springs next to him who thirsts in the wilderness!

## Recordings

The Alto Rhapsody is not frequently performed in concert, perhaps because of the expense of hiring a soloist and chorus for a short piece, but it has been recorded many times both by contralto and mezzo-soprano singers. A selection of recordings available as of 2012 illustrates the wide range of tempi adopted by different interpreters of the Rhapsody, with playing duration ranging from 11 minutes 15 seconds to 16 minutes 10 seconds.
| Soloist | Date | Choir | Orchestra | Conductor | Duration |
| Marian Anderson | 8 Jan. 1939 | | Philadelphia Orchestra | Eugene Ormandy | 13:10 |
| Dame Janet Baker | 1968 | BBC's Men's Chorus | BBC Symphony Orchestra | Sir Adrian Boult | 13:51 |
| Dame Janet Baker | 1970 | John Alldis Choir | London Philharmonic Orchestra | Sir Adrian Boult | 11:45 |
| Stephanie Blythe | ? | Ensemble a sei voci | Ensemble Orchestral de Paris | John Nelson | 12:14 |
| Brigitte Fassbaender | 1982 | Prague Philharmonic Chorus | Czech Philharmonic | Giuseppe Sinopoli | 14:28 |
| Kathleen Ferrier | Dec 1947 | Male choir | London Philharmonic Orchestra | Clemens Krauss | 15:53 |
| Kathleen Ferrier | 14 Oct 1949 | Oslo Philharmonic Chorus | Oslo Philharmonic | Erik Tuxen | 13:10 |
| Ann Hallenberg | 2011 | Collegium Vocale Gent | Orchestre des Champs-Élysées | Philippe Herreweghe | 11:15 |
| Aafje Heynis | Feb 1958 | Royal Male Choir, "Apollo" | Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra | Eduard van Beinum | 12:43 |
| Marilyn Horne | ? | Atlanta Symphony Orchestra Chorus | Atlanta Symphony Orchestra | Robert Shaw | 14:01 |
| Maiju Kuusoja [fi] | 1961 | Male chorus | Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra | Paavo Berglund | 14:49 |
| Marjana Lipovšek | Sep 1988 | Ernst-Senff-Chor | Berlin Philharmonic | Claudio Abbado | 13:04 |
| Christa Ludwig | 1962 | Philharmonia Chorus | Philharmonia Orchestra | Otto Klemperer | 12:27 |
| Christa Ludwig | 1976 | Wiener Singverein | Vienna Philharmonic | Karl Böhm | 16:10 |
| Mildred Miller | 11 Jan 1961 | Occidental College Chorus | Columbia Symphony Orchestra | Bruno Walter | 12:25 |
| Jessye Norman | 1989 | Choral Arts Society of Philadelphia | Philadelphia Orchestra | Riccardo Muti | 12: 28 |
| Anne Sofie von Otter | 1995 | Arnold Schoenberg Choir | Vienna Philharmonic | James Levine | 12: 38 |
| Nathalie Stutzmann | Nov 2007 | Monteverdi Choir | Orchestre Révolutionnaire et Romantique | John Eliot Gardiner | 12:57 |
| Dunja Vejzović | ? | Houston Symphony Orchestra Chorus | Houston Symphony | Christoph Eschenbach | 13:55 |