OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Philippe Crouzet

Philippe Crouzet (born 18 October 1956 in Neuilly-sur-Seine) is a French businessman, former chairman of the management board of Vallourec (Euronext: VK) between April 2009 and March 2020, when he was replaced by Edouard Guinotte.

## Biography
### Early life

Philippe Crouzet graduated from Sciences Po in 1976 and the École nationale d'administration in 1981.

### Career

He served as counsel (Maître des requêtes) to the Conseil d'Etat.
In 1986, he joined Saint-Gobain as director of corporate planning. Three years later, in 1989, he was appointed general manager of the paper business unit (Papeteries de Condat). From 1992 to 1996, he was a general delegate for Spain and Portugal, and then CEO of the ceramics division until 2000. He later served as Senior Vice-President of the Group in charge of Finance, Purchasing and Information Systems. From 2005 to 2009, he served as Senior Vice-President in charge of the building distribution sector.

### Personal life and interests

He is married to Sylvie Hubac, who served as the Chief of Staff of President François Hollande from 2012 to 2015.
Philippe Crouzet is the founder and president of ARES, an association specializing in professional reinsertion of socially impaired persons in the Île-de-France area.
# Partulina dolei

Partulina dolei is a species of tropical air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Maui, Hawaii, in the United States. It is found in mixed mesic forests in East Maui.
# Karaba, Mali

Karaba or Karaba Kagoua is a small town and commune in the Cercle of San in the Ségou Region of Mali. In 1998 the commune had a population of 5,282.
# Bermuda Black Hole

Bermuda black hole refers to base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tax avoidance schemes in which untaxed global profits end up in Bermuda, which is considered a tax haven. The term was most associated with US technology multinationals such as Apple and Google who used Bermuda as the "terminus" for their Double Irish arrangement tax structure.

## Definition

"Bermuda black hole" was used in relation to US corporate tax strategies that routed un-taxed profits to Bermuda, where they did not emerge again for fear of being subject to US corporation tax. Instead, the untaxed profits were "lent out" to the corporate parent, or its subsidiaries, thus avoiding the risk of incurring US taxation. The Bermuda black hole led to US corporations amassing over US$1 trillion in offshore locations from 2004 to 2017 (before the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017).
A "Bermuda black hole" became the most favoured common final destination for the Double Irish with a Dutch Sandwich base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) corporate tax avoidance strategy as used by US multinational technology firms in Ireland; and particularly Apple and Google. Apple's "Bermuda black hole", called Apple Operations Ireland ("AOI"), became part of a 2013 US Senate inquiry by Carl Levin and John McCain, which led to the 2014–2016 EU Commission inquiry and a US$13 billion fine, the largest corporate tax avoidance fine in history.
The term "black hole" is not unique to Bermuda and has been used to describe other uses of offshore tax havens, such as the "Cayman black hole".

## Replacement

A seminal 2017 academic study published in Nature magazine on the classification of tax havens and offshore financial centres used the related term of "Sink offshore financial centre", instead of "black hole", to describe locations like Bermuda as: "jurisdictions in which a disproportional amount of value disappears from the economic system". In the study Bermuda was ranked as the 5th largest of 24 Sink OFCs identified and classified in the study (see graphic).
The 2017 study, which was titled Uncovering Offshore Financial Centers: Conduits and Sinks in the Global Corporate Ownership Network, used quantitative analysis techniques to prove that some global jurisdictions act like corporate taxation "black holes" (e.g. the Sink OFCs), where funds are sent as their legal "terminus". However, the study showed how the Sink OFCs rely heavily on jurisdictions that act as Conduit OFCs in routing untaxed global profits to the "black holes".

## 2017 TCJA

Tax academics believe that the change in the US corporate tax code from the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) should diminish the ability of US corporations to use offshore structures that shield untaxed profits from US taxation, such as "Bermuda black hole" (or Bermuda Sinks), as global US corporate income is now deemed automatically repatriated to the US under the TCJA. It is therefore likely that the term "Bermuda black hole" will not remain in common use.
# Lenagalpalata

Lenagalpalata is a small town in Sri Lanka. It is located within Southern Province.
# War in the Balkans

War in the Balkans or Balkan(s) conflict may refer to:
* Yugoslav Wars, or any of the individual wars, stemming from the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s
* Balkan Wars, the 1912–1913 wars in the Balkans
# Consensual response

A consensual response is any reflex observed on one side of the body when the other side has been stimulated.
For example, if an individual's right eye is shielded from light, while light shines into the left eye, constriction of the right pupil will still occur (the consensual response), along with the left (the direct response). This is because the afferent signal sent through one optic nerve connects to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whose axons run to both the right and the left oculomotor nerves.
# Shallow Reign

Shallow Reign is a band from Deep Ellum, the East of Dallas, Texas arts and entertainment district. The band was one of the first to become popular in the area from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. Original Theater Gallery booking agent Jeff Liles described their sound as neopsychedelic. The songs revolved around layered guitar riffs with melancholy lyrics and a dynamic rhythm section.
The original line-up included Bob Watson, Mark Thomas, Jan Paul Davidsson and Patrick Sugg. The band was said to be pioneering and Sugg was referred to as a guitar whiz in a 1996 story in the Dallas Morning News.
The band continued after Sugg left and he eventually joined up with Ian Astbury and the Holy Barbarians.

## History

In May 1985 Shallow Reign played its first live performance at Theatre Gallery in Deep Ellum. Clay McNear of The Dallas Observer wrote:
   Those who were at Theatre Gallery on May 30, 1985 laid witness to the birth of the Deep Ellum music scene ... how did this band come out of nowhere to set a standard as one of Dallas' finest acts ever, and to help conceive a local revolution that was long overdue.
They played a historical show on December 14, 1986. It was a benefit concert at Prophet Bar and the Theatre Gallery for a homeless shelter along with The New Bohemians and End Over End, among others.
Shallow Reign released its self-titled debut on July 4, 1986. The band was featured on Island Records The Sound Of Deep Ellum compilation record in 1987 with the song "Paint The Flowers All Black" and in Oliver Stone's movie "Born on the Fourth of July" performing Creedence Clearwater Revival's "Born On The Bayou". In 1989 Shallow Reign went on to release their second full-length album Strange World, and was then signed to a developmental deal with Interscope Records.
Shallow Reign played and recorded from May 1985 until 1991 before disbanding. The band toured both coasts and played in the southwest extensively over their six-year career at clubs including CBGB, the China Club and Cat Club in NYC, the Scream Club and Club Lingerie in LA, 930 Club in DC and the infamous Rathskeller in Boston.
After Shallow Reign disbanded in 1991, Bob Watson and Mark Thomas went on to form Medicine Show Caravan with two members from the Deep Ellum band The Trees. This new band played live and recorded from 1991 to 1994. After Medicine Show Caravan disbanded, Bob Watson has continued writing and recording with and without members of these two bands. Mark and Jan Paul live in Austin now and Bob resides in the East Texas area. Pat Sugg went on to form Neverland and recorded for Interscope Records after his departure in 1988. Pat lives in Los Angeles and continues to play guitar, write, record and lend his skills to a wide range of artists including Blue October.
# Harold Hawkins

Harold Hawkins may refer to:
* Hawkshaw Hawkins (Harold Franklin Hawkins, 1923–1963), American country music singer
* Harold Hawkins (sport shooter) (1886–1917), British Olympic shooter
* Harold Hawkins (Rhodesia), Australian air force officer and commander of the Rhodesian Air Force
* Frank Hawkins (politician) (Francis Harold Hawkins, 1897–1971), Australian politician
* J. Harold Hawkins (c. 1892–1961), justice of the Supreme Court of Georgia
# SAS SNDP Yogam College, Konni

The SAS SNDP Yogam College (SAS SNDP Yogam College) is the first college in Konni, Kerala, India. It was started by the Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam (SNDP), in 1995. Resolved to establish a college at Konni in Memorial obeisance to the great philosopher and social reformer, Sahodaran Ayyappan, an ardent disciple of Sree Narayana Guru to provide better, higher educational facilities mainly for the backward classes of the region.

## History

The college began to function in July 1995 with affiliation to the MG University with three courses at the undergraduate level. The college was elevated to the status of a Post Graduate Institution in 2001 with introduction of M.Sc. course Computer Science.
The college started with rented premises in Konni and later moved to own premises in Attachackal. The college finally shifted base to permanent structures at Cherimukku, KONNI.
# Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways

California Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways (PATH) is a collaboration between the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), UC Berkeley, other public and private academic institutions, and private industry. PATH's mission: applying advanced technology to increase highway capacity and safety, and to reduce traffic congestion, air pollution, and energy consumption. The organization recently celebrated its twentieth year.
Caltrans provides a portion of PATH funding; the remaining funding comes from the United States Department of Transportation, other state and local agencies, and private industry. PATH supports the research of nearly 50 faculty members and 90 graduate students. Alexander Skabardonis, adjunct professor in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at UC Berkeley, is the PATH Director.
As a collaborative organization, PATH has had many partners, including public agencies, universities, and private companies. Partners include the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans); the Federal Highway Administration; the Federal Transit Administration; the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; the Metropolitan Transportation Commission; the California Highway Patrol; the University of California, Davis, Irvine, Los Angeles, and Riverside; Claremont Graduate University; University of Southern California; George Mason University; Virginia Tech; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Honda; Toyota; SRI International Jet Propulsion Laboratory; Honeywell; General Motors; DaimlerChrysler; and the Ford Motor Company. It is administered by the Institute of Transportation Studies at UC Berkeley, and housed at UC Berkeley's Richmond Field Station.

## Research

PATH's main mission is to conduct research. Primary areas of study are traffic operations, transit operations, traffic safety, and policy and behavioral research. A few examples of this work include:
* The PeMS projects collects and computes free performance data.
* VII California, a public-private partnership led by Caltrans and the Metropolitan Transit Commission, aims to develop the vehicle infrastructure by integrating it with current and innovative technologies.
* Magnetic guidance systems improve the performance of snow plows.
# Ramkot

Ramkot may refer to:
* Ramkot, Jammu and Kashmir, India
* Ramkot, Nepal
* Ramkot Fort, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan
# Brie (disambiguation)

Brie is a variety of soft cheese.
Brie may also refer to:

## People

* Brie (name)

## Places

* Brie (region), the region from which brie cheese originated
* Brie, Aisne, a commune in the Aisne département
* Brie, Ariège, a commune in the Ariège département
* Brie, Charente, a commune in the Charente département
* Brie, Deux-Sèvres, a commune in the Deux-Sèvres département
* Brie, Ille-et-Vilaine, a commune in the Ille-et-Vilaine département
* Brie, Somme, a commune in the Somme département
# Lectionary 208

Lectionary 208, designated by siglum ℓ 208 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated by a colophon to the year 1068. Scrivener labelled it by 215$^{evl}$. The manuscript is lacunose.

## Description

The codex contains lessons from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary (Evangelistarium), on 217 parchment leaves (25 cm by 19.5 cm), with some lacunae. The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, in two columns per page, 22 lines per page. It contains musical notes and pictures. The manuscript contains two leaves (first and last), with the text of the Old Testament, being to be earlier.
There are daily lessons from Easter to Pentecost.

## History

According to the colophon it was written by Leontius, a monk, in A.D. 1068.
Scrivener and Gregory dated it to the 11th century. It has been assigned by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research to the 12th century.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scrivener (number 215) and Gregory (number 208). Gregory saw it in 1883.
The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).
The codex is located in the Bodleian Library (Wake 15) at Oxford.
# War in the Ice

War in the Ice, subtitled "The Battle for the Seventh Continent, 1991-92", is a near-future science fiction board wargame published by Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) in 1978 that simulates a war over resources in Antarctica.

## Gameplay

War in the Ice is a two-player combat-oriented game in which the US and USSR begin a war over ownership of Antarctica in 1991. There are optional rules for a three-player game — the third player takes the role of the "South American Union" — as well as a science fiction option in which the U.S.-U.S.S.R. war awakes a subterranean alien civilization.
Several scenarios are given in the game. Players use land and air forces, as well as electronic warfare, to try to reach the victory conditions described in the scenario. Because of the harsh weather conditions in Antarctica, developing and holding bases becomes paramount to victory. There are also optional rules for magnetic disruption, naval blockade, sensor-activated mines, aerial sensor emplacement, and political influence.
The game comes with a rulebook that includes eleven pages of designer's notes, a game board and 400 counters.

## Reception

In the March 1980 edition of Dragon (Issue 35), Roberto Camino was pleased by the quality of the map and playing pieces, but did not like the fact that constantly used charts and tables are printed in the rulebook rather than being printed on a separate sheet. He also thought a status sheet for land forces would have made play a lot easier because land force counters are usually arrayed on the map face-down, and have to be turned over constantly in order to know which one was where. Camino found the rules overly complex, mainly due to the rules about air units and satellites. In comparing War in the Ice to Ice War, a micro-game published at the same time by Metagaming, he found that although the quality of the game materials in War in the Ice were much superior to Ice War, the rules for War in the Ice were far more complex than Ice War. Camino concluded that "Dollar for dollar — War in the Ice is $10, Ice War is $3 — Ice War is the better buy."
In the first issue of Ares Magazine, Eric Goldberg was not enthused about War in the Ice, rating it only a 4 out of 9 because "there is not enough play value in the game to make this potentially fascinating situation come alive. The various scenarios plod along until the players seek a more amusing diversion (such as throwing snowballs). Even the background is poorly constructed: a lost civilization is found beneath the Antarctic surface, beginning another war for its technology. It's an amusing idea, but doesn't belong in this package."
# Consensus

Consensus usually refers to general agreement among a group of people or community. It may also refer to:

## Sociology

* Consensus decision-making, the process of making decisions using consensus.
** Rough consensus, a term used in consensus decision-making to indicate the "sense of the group" concerning a matter under consideration.
** Consensus democracy, democracy where consensus decision-making is used to create, amend or repeal legislation.
* Consensus-based assessment, the use of consensus to produce methods of evaluating information.

## Religion

* Ijma', consensus or agreement of Muslim scholars/jurists, basically on religious issues.

## Philosophy

* Consensus reality, reality as defined by consensus, particularly popular consensus, rather than or before other (philosophical) criteria.
* Consensus theory of truth, truth as determined by consensus rather than or before other criteria.

## Psychology

* False-consensus effect, a tendency to overestimate the extent to which beliefs or opinions match those of others.

## Science and technology

* Scientific consensus
* Consensus (computer science), techniques to provide coherence among and between nodes of a distributed computer system or database.
* Consensus sequence, the order of nucleotide or amino acid residues most frequently found within a DNA, RNA or protein sequence.
* Consensus theorem, an identity in Boolean algebra.
** Consensus or resolvent term, defined in the consensus theorem.

## Professional

* Scientific consensus, the collective opinion, judgment and position of scientists as regards matters of fact, especially with reference to a particular scientific or science-related issue.
* Medical consensus, a public statement of what is taken to be the consensus among medical experts as regards an aspect or aspects of medical knowledge.

## Political

* 1992 Consensus, used to refer to the outcome of a meeting held in 1992 between semi-official representatives of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC).

## Policy

* Copenhagen Consensus, a think tank-like project that uses welfare economics and cost–benefit analysis to recommend priorities and investment in global welfare.
* Monterrey Consensus, the outcome of the United Nations International Conference on Financing for Development held in Monterrey, Mexico, in 2002.
* Washington Consensus, an informal name for a set of economic policies commonly prescribed by institutions based in Washington D.C. such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank.
# Bourn Airfield

Bourn Airport (IATA: n/a, ICAO: EGSN) is located 7 NM (13 km; 8.1 mi) west of Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England. The airfield was originally constructed during World War II as RAF Bourn and was principally used as a base for heavy bombers - Wellingtons, Stirlings and Lancasters were all based at Bourn at one time or another. Nowadays, the airfield is used for recreational use, and flight training has been provided by the Bourn Rural Flying Corps for in excess of 30 years.
The airfield is owned by the Taylor Family.
# Phil Lowe (author)

Phil Lowe is an American author most noted for his book Waltzing in Triolet.

## Career

Now an author at the age of 84, Lowe had already spent the greater part of his life in the work force. Lowe was born into a religious family. By the age of 12, he started questioning the orthodox beliefs.
Lowe's father retired early due to poor health. This led Lowe to start working on the weekends as well as evening, part-time, in order to be able to complete high school. As a result, he experienced labour and the work force before any formal education. When he left high school, he got a job in an X-ray department where worked in the dark room and had to bring patients on wheel chairs to be X-rayed. He dated and married a colleague at this job. After marrying, he was drafted into the United States Army and went to the Chaplains Assistance School, upon completion of his basic training. He then became an assistant to Chaplain Merlin R Carothers who helped him further in finding the answers to his questions. After retirement Chaplin Carothers started the Praise Foundations in Escondido CA that has distributed thousands of books across the country to Jails and prisons. His most read book, Prison to Praise, has sold over a million. Caothers passed away in November 2013 and his wife, Mary, continued as director of the Foundation of Praise.
After he completed his tenure with the military, he spent the next 36 years of his life making a living as a salesman and later sales manager in the field of industrial tools. He observed how the business world was harbouring materialism. This renewed his old questions about the purpose of life. He was eventually introduced to nature photography by a friend which he took up as a hobby. As he captured the images of nature from various trails, he realized that he had been reading the book that the Creator wrote. He published this compilation in his book, Waltzing in Triolet, which became highly notable.

## Books

* Waltzing in Triolet. Xlibris Us, 9 September 2008.
* Say it a Different Way.
* Fishing for Snakes and Baking Apple Pies.
* Stalking Awareness.
# SAS Spear

SAS Spear (pennant number: S97), initially known as the SAS Maria van Riebeeck, was a Daphné-class submarine of the South African Navy (SAN). Built in France during the 1960s, the boat was the SAN's first submarine. It was scrapped in June–July 2003.

## Description

The submarine displaced 869 metric tons (855 long tons) surfaced and 1,043 metric tons (1,027 long tons) submerged. It measured 57.8 meters (189 ft 8 in) long, had a beam of 6.8 meters (22 ft 4 in) and a draft of 4.6 meters (15 ft 1 in). For surface running, the boat was powered by two SEMT Pielstick 1,300-brake-horsepower (969 kW) diesel engines, each driving a single propeller shaft. When submerged each propeller was driven by a 1,600-brake-horsepower (1,193 kW) electric motor. Spear could reach 13.5 knots (25.0 km/h; 15.5 mph) on the surface and 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph) underwater. While snorkelling, the boat had a range of 4,500 nmi (8,300 km; 5,200 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph). It was armed with a dozen 550 mm (21.7 in) torpedo tubes, eight in the bow and four in the stern. Spear had a complement of 6 officers and 41 ratings.

## Construction and career

The boat was laid down at the Nantes shipyard of Dubigeon-Normandie on 14 March 1968, launched on 18 March 1969 and commissioned on 22 June 1970.
On 20 August 1970, Maria van Riebeeck collided with the French submarine Galatée (also a member of the Daphné class) off Toulon. Both submarines were badly damaged, with Galatée being forced to run aground to avoid sinking.
The boat received an upgraded sonar and electronics during a mid-life update that was completed in 1992. Spear was scrapped in Simon's Town by SA Metal and Machinery Co. (Pty) Ltd. during June–July 2003.

## Citations

* 1 2 Moore, p. 400
* ↑ "World's Navy News". Warship International. Vol. VII, no. 4. 31 December 1970. pp. 314–15.
* ↑ Gardiner, Chumbley & Budzbon, p. 335
* ↑ "SAS Assegaai to be preserved as museum". DefenseWeb. 15 December 2008. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
# Guilty (The Statler Brothers song)

"Guilty" is a song written by Don Reid and Harold Reid, and recorded by American country music group The Statler Brothers. It was released in July 1983 as the second single from their album Today. The song peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1983) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 9 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 16 |