OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# T.H. Marshall's Social Citizenship

T. H. Marshall's social citizenship is a political concept first highlighted in his essay, “Citizenship and the Social Class” in 1949.

## Overview

Marshall's concept defines the social responsibilities the state has to its citizens or, as Marshall puts it, “from [granting] the right to a modicum of economic welfare and security to the right to share to the full in the social heritage and to live the life of a civilized being according to the standards prevailing in the society”. One of the key points made by Marshall is his belief in an evolution of rights in England acquired via citizenship, from “civil rights in the eighteenth [century], political in the nineteenth, and social in the twentieth”. This evolution however, has been criticized by many for only being from the perspective of the white working man. Marshall concludes his essay with three major factors for the evolution of social rights and for their further evolution, listed below:
* The lessening of the income gap
* “The great extension of the area of common culture and common experience”
* An enlargement of citizenship and more rights granted to these citizens.
Many of the social responsibilities of a state have since become a major part of many state’s policies (see United States Social Security). However, these have also become controversial issues as there is a debate over whether a citizen truly has the right to education and even more so, to social welfare.

## Criticism
### From neo-liberals

“Neo-Liberal (Free-Market) ideology [asserts] that state abstention from economic protection is the foundation of a good society”, thus they are diametrically opposed to the social rights proposed by Marshall. Neo-liberals instead suggest that welfare programs (some of the social responsibilities discussed by Marshall to help the poor “effectively utilize their civil and political rights”), have “promoted passivity among the poor, without actually improving their chances, and created a culture of dependency”. They instead suggest (and have implemented) welfare requiring fulfillment of obligations.
Proponents of social citizenship are very critical of the Neo-Liberal ideology, suggesting that it is an “assault on the very principle of citizenship”, and that the Neo-Liberal institution of fulfillment of obligations as requirement for citizenship, because they suggest that citizenship is inherent and that “that is only appropriate to demand fulfillment of the responsibilities after the right to participate is achieved”.

## Conclusion

T.H. Marshall published his essay in 1949 and it has had a huge impact on many of the citizenship debates which have followed it. Though the original essay fails to view perspectives other than that of a working class white male, social citizenship not only can be but has been applied to myriad peoples. The United States has realized the failure of social citizenship, but many industrialized states view social citizenship as their responsibility, even providing welfare outside of their own borders. Marshall’s articulation of the idea of social citizenship was vital to the idea’s proliferation.
# Bright Eyes vs Her Space Holiday

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Drowned in Sound | (10/10) |
| NME | (positive) |
Bright Eyes vs Her Space Holiday is an EP by Bright Eyes and Her Space Holiday. It was released in 2000 on the Wichita Recordings label.
The EP contained recordings by Conor Oberst of "The Calendar Hung Itself...", a song from his 2000 album Fevers and Mirrors, and "Doctor and the DJ" by Marc Bianchi of Her Space Holiday, from his album Home Is Where You Hang Yourself. Two remixes by Bianchi follow, one of his own song "Famous to Me (Hurtful Kid)" and a remix of Oberst's "Contrast and Compare".
The album was released on both vinyl (7") and CD.

## Background

In 2000 Her Space Holiday made a licensing deal with Wichita Recordings to release their work in Europe. Bright Eyes was also on the label at the time. The deal with Wichita led to Her Space Holiday touring with Bright Eyes, amongst other bands. Her Space Holiday had previously featured Bright Eyes remixes on the remix disk of Home Is Where You Hang Yourself.

## Music

"The Calendar Hung Itself" featured 'jagged' vocals, repetitive guitar and synthesizers. Marc Bianchi's remix of "Contrast and Compare" made "major changes", including slurred vocals, keyboard 'drones' and a flute solo. A review in NME called Bright Eyes the 'angrier' of the two, whereas Her Space Holiday was 'languid[ly] atmospheric'.

## Track listing

* The Calendar Hung Itself... - Bright Eyes
* Doctor and the DJ - Her Space Holiday
* Contrast and Compare [Making Words Work Mix] - Her Space Holiday remix of Bright Eyes Song
* Famous to Me (Hurtful Kid) - Her Space Holiday remix
# Reap

REAP may refer to:

## Government and organisations

* Reserve Educational Assistance Program, Chapter 1607 (G.I. Bill of Rights), a Department of Defense education benefit program
* Re-Engineering Assessment Practices, one of six projects funded under the Scottish Funding Council's E-learning Transformation Programme
* Resource and Energy Analysis Programme, a specialist programme of the Stockholm Environment Institute
* Rice Exporters Association of Pakistan, a Pakistani business association

## Other uses

* The Reap, a 1997 arcade shooter computer game
* Rounding Errors in Algebraic Processes, a mathematical book by James H. Wilkinson published in 1963
* "Reap", a song by The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus from the album Am I the Enemy
# Begun

    For Begun farmer's movement see Begun movement. For people with Begun surname see Begun (surname).
Begun is a city and a municipality in Chittaurgarh district in the state of Rajasthan, India. Begun was offered along with Gothlai to Chunda ji, who renounced his right to the throne for his brother Rana Mokal in 15th century. Since then, Begun was ruled by Chundawat Sisodia Rajputs of Mewar. It is also one of the historical towns of Chittorgarh district. One of Mewar's important rivers, Brahmani, flows through Begun. Begun also has a fort which is surrounded by a small river.

## Geography

Begun is located at 24°59′N 75°00′E﻿ / ﻿24.98°N 75.0°E﻿ / 24.98; 75.0. It has an average elevation of 412 metres (1351 feet). Begun has very good soil for agriculture. In Begun Tehsil there are two famous places: Jogania Mata and Menal. Jogania Mata Temple is situated at the top of the mountains. It is 20 km from Begun. Jogania Mata Temple is a famous in the Chittorgarh district. Menal is near Jogania Mata. It is 25 km from Begun. Begun is a good tourist place and a very good fort situated nearby named as Nahargarh.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Begun had a population of 19,353. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Begun has an average literacy rate of 64%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 61% of the males and 39% of females literate. 16% of the population is under 6 years of age.
# Welcome to My World

Welcome to My World may refer to:

## Albums

* Welcome to My World (Dean Martin album), 1967
* Welcome to My World (Elvis Presley album), 1977
* Welcome to My World (Jonathan Fagerlund album), 2009
* Welcome to My World (Rosie Gaines album), 2000
* Welcome to My World, by Jah Wobble, 2010

## Songs

* "Welcome to My World" (Jim Reeves song), 1964
* "Welcome to My World" (Iris song), 2012
* "Welcome to My World" (Mýa song), 2015
* "Welcome to My World", by Tina Arena from In Deep, 1997
* ""Welcome to My World (Aespa song)", 2023

## Other

* Welcome to My World, a 2016 unaired TV series featuring Chloe Lukasiak
# Pisco Elqui

Pisco Elqui is a Chilean village (pueblo) in the commune of Paihuano, Elqui Province, Coquimbo Region. It is located in the Elqui Valley, 107 km east from La Serena, at about 1,300 metres above sea level.
This is a very controversial place, since it is claimed by Peruvians that Chileans modified the name of the village only to take a stand on the alcoholic drink of pisco. The original name of the town was La Greda. It was later changed to La Unión. In February 1936, the Law Decree 5,798 changed its name to Pisco Elqui to reinforce Chile's claim to have rights over the drink.
# Kanekobia

Kanekobia is a genus of mites in the family Acaridae.

## Species

* Kanekobia potamona (Kaneko & Kadosaka, 1978)
# Paul Hamelius

Paul Hamelius or Hamélius (1868–1922) was a Belgian philologist who produced the two-volume Early English Text Society edition of the Travels of Sir John Mandeville (1919, 1923).

## Life

Hamelius was born on 26 April 1868 in Ypres, West Flanders, Belgium, where his father, originally from Luxembourg, was stationed as a military doctor. Between the ages of 3 and 12 he grew up in Metz, which was then in the German Empire, and received his primary education in German. After returning to Belgium he trained as a teacher, and taught at secondary schools (athénées) in Tournai, Charleroi and Ixelles. He received a doctorate in Germanic philology from the University of Liège in 1898.
In 1904 he became professor of English Language and Literature at the University of Liège, giving his inaugural lecture on 11 November. Although growing up speaking Luxembourgish at home, he had become fully fluent in English, French, and German. In 1914 he produced a personal account of the Battle of Liège in English. During the war he worked from London for the intelligence and propaganda services of the Belgian government in exile.
His article "La littérature des proscrits en Angleterre" (on two pieces of 14th-century outlaw literature) appeared in the first issue of the flagship Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire. He died in Liège on 23 February 1922.

## Works
### As author

* Histoire politique et littéraire du mouvement flamand (1894)
* Die Kritik in der englischen Literatur des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts (1897) – doctoral dissertation
* The Siege of Liège, a Personal Narrative, with a Plan of the Forts (1914)
* with Herman Vander Linden, Anglo-Belgian Relations, Past and Present (1918)
* Introduction à la littérature française et flamande de Belgique (1921)

### As editor

* Thomas Southern's "Loyal Brother": A Play on the Popish Plot (1911)
* Mandeville's Travels (1919, 1923)
# John Joseph Graham

John Joseph Graham (September 11, 1913—August 4, 2000) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as an auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Philadelphia from 1964 to 1988.

## Early life and education

John Graham was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, one of seven children of James and Margaret Graham. His parents were Irish immigrants from County Antrim. He received his early education at the parochial school of St. Michael's Church in his native city. He then attended St. Joseph's Preparatory School, also in Philadelphia.
Graham began his studies for the priesthood at St. Charles Borromeo Seminary in Overbrook. He continued his studies at the Pontifical Lateran University in Rome, where he earned a doctorate in theology.

## Priesthood

On February 26, 1938, Graham was ordained a priest by Archbishop Luigi Traglia at the Pontifical Roman Seminary in Rome. Following his return to Pennsylvania, he served as a curate at St. Luke the Evangelist Church in Glenside from 1939 to 1940. He then taught at Roman Catholic High School for Boys in Philadelphia for five years before serving as a curate at St. George Church in Glenolden (1945–46).
From 1946 to 1959, Graham was assistant superintendent of schools in the Archdiocese of Philadelphia. He served as superintendent of special education in the archdiocese from 1959 to 1967. During his eight-year tenure, he developed many educational facilities to care for children with special needs. He was named a domestic prelate by Pope John XXIII in September 1959. In addition to his role as superintendent, he served as administrator, and later pastor, of Holy Angels Church in Philadelphia from 1960 to 1964.

## Episcopacy

On November 25, 1963, Graham was appointed auxiliary bishop of Philadelphia and titular bishop of Sabrata by Pope Paul VI. He received his episcopal consecration on January 7, 1964 from Archbishop John Krol, with Bishops George L. Leech and Gerald Vincent McDevitt serving as co-consecrators, at the Cathedral Basilica of SS. Peter and Paul. As an auxiliary bishop, he served as pastor of St. Helena's Church in the Olney section of Philadelphia from 1964 to 1990.
Graham attended the last two sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1964 and 1965. He also served as archdiocesan director of the Catholic Charities Appeal (1964–76), chairman of the Cardinal's Commission on Human Relations (1964–82), a member of the Archdiocesan College of Consultors (1964–99), and a member of the Archdiocesan Council of Priests (1984–99). He was an active supporter of ecumenism and interfaith dialogue.

## Later life and death

After reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75, Graham resigned as auxiliary bishop on November 8, 1988. He died at Mercy Catholic Medical Center in Darby on August 4, 2000 at age 86.
# Sigrid Sparre

Sigrid Sparre (Sigrid Maria Josefina Ingeborg Richissa Eufemia Ulfhild; 1 September 1825, in Nygård – 17 November 1910, in Stockholm) was a Swedish lady in waiting and noblewoman, known for her relationship with Charles XV of Sweden.
Sigrid Sparre was the daughter of General-major Baron Sixten David Sparre and Sofia Amalia Eleonora Lewenhaupt, and the cousin of governor Knut Sparre.
She was the hovfröken (maid of honor) of queen Josephine of Sweden in 1844–1850 and became known for her love affair with Crown Prince Charles. The queen gave her Catholic confessor, Jacob Lorentz Studach, the task to provide evidence of the affair by catching the couple together. This was achieved on Tullgarn Palace in 1850, after which Sparre lost her position and was forced to leave court, despite the protests of Charles. This forced separation from Sparre caused severe and lasting damage in the relationship between Charles and his mother, as well as cementing an antipathy against Catholicism in Charles. Charles described Sigrid as his only "true love" and also composed a poem dedicated to her. He later commented to the brother of Sigrid Sparre: "Your sister has been my only love - if she had become mine, I would have been a different person."
In 1852, Sigrid Sparre married the nobleman commander Fredrik Thure Cederström (1808–1886). She had three sons, and became known for her philanthropic efforts during the tenure of her spouse as commander of Karlskrona (1858–68). Charles married Princess Louise of the Netherlands in 1850, courted the noblewomen Stani Eketrä and Aurore Palin and had a relationship with first Laura Bergnéhr and then with a relative of Sigrid, Josephine Sparre.
# Reano

Reano is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) west of Turin.
Reano borders the following municipalities: Avigliana, Rosta, Buttigliera Alta, Villarbasse, Trana, and Sangano.
# Behind the Candelabra: My Life with Liberace

Behind the Candelabra: My Life with Liberace is a memoir by Scott Thorson and Alex Thorleifson, published in 1988 by Dutton, and reissued in 2013. In 2009, it was reported that Thorson was working on a sequel, but as of his death in 2024 it had not materialized.

## Plot

Scott Thorson recounts his relationship with the entertainer and pianist Liberace.

## Film adaptation

The memoir was adapted for a television film, Behind the Candelabra, directed by Steven Soderbergh, starring Michael Douglas and Matt Damon, and premiered on HBO on May 26, 2013.
# Pitteway triangulation

In computational geometry, a Pitteway triangulation is a point set triangulation in which the nearest neighbor of any point p within the triangulation is one of the vertices of the triangle containing p. Alternatively, it is a Delaunay triangulation in which each internal edge crosses its dual Voronoi diagram edge. Pitteway triangulations are named after Michael Pitteway, who studied them in 1973. Not every point set supports a Pitteway triangulation. When such a triangulation exists it is a special case of the Delaunay triangulation, and consists of the union of the Gabriel graph and convex hull.

## History

The concept of a Pitteway triangulation was introduced by Pitteway (1973). See also McLain (1976), who writes "An optimal partition is one in which, for any point within any triangle, that point lies at least as close to one of the vertices of that triangle as to any other data point." The name "Pitteway triangulation" was given by Okabe et al. (2000).

## Counterexamples

Gold (1978) points out that not every point set supports a Pitteway triangulation. For instance, any triangulation of a regular pentagon includes a central isosceles triangle such that a point p near the midpoint of one of the triangle sides has its nearest neighbor outside the triangle.

## Relation to other geometric graphs

When a Pitteway triangulation exists, the midpoint of each edge interior to the triangulation must have the two edge endpoints as its nearest neighbors, for any other neighbor would violate the Pitteway property for nearby points in one of the two adjacent triangles. Thus, a circle having that edge as diameter must be empty of vertices, so the Pitteway triangulation consists of the Gabriel graph together with the convex hull of the point set. Conversely, when the Gabriel graph and convex hull together form a triangulation, it is a Pitteway triangulation.
Since all Gabriel graph and convex hull edges are part of the Delaunay triangulation, a Pitteway triangulation, when it exists, is unique for points in general position and coincides with the Delaunay triangulation. However point sets with no Pitteway triangulation will still have a Delaunay triangulation.
In the Pitteway triangulation, each edge pq either belongs to the convex hull or crosses the edge of the Voronoi diagram that separates the cells containing p and q. In some references this property is used to define a Pitteway triangulation, as a Delaunay triangulation in which all internal Delaunay edges cross their dual Voronoi edges. However, a Pitteway triangulation may include convex hull edges that do not cross their duals.
# Kanpar Ishwaria

Kanpar Ishwaria is a town and former non-salute princely state in Gujarat, western India.

## History

Kanpar Ishwaria was a minor princely state, in the Halar prant of Kathiawar, also comprising a second village, ruled by Kathi Chieftains.
It had a combined population of 1,365 in 1901, yielding a state revenue of 16,135 Rupees (1903-4, nearly all from land) and a paying a tribute of 347 Rupees, to the British and Junagadh State.

## External links and Sources

* Imperial Gazetteer, on dsal.uchicago.edu
* This Indian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Paulo César (footballer, born 1971)

Paulo César de Melo da Silva (born 20 August 1971), simply known as Paulo César, is a Brazilian former professional footballer and manager, who played as a attacking midfielder and forward.

## Career

Paulo César emerged as a star at São Paulo FC, but never took off because he was not a disciplined athlete. He played for several clubs in the state of São Paulo until returning to Maranhão in 2004, where he was champion with the Moto Club.
In 2011, he was also the manager of Moto Club.

## Honours
### São Paulo

* Campeonato Paulista: 1989

### Moto Club

* Campeonato Maranhense: 2004
* Copa FMF: 2004
# John Robinson (circus owner)

John Franklin Robinson II (4 November 1843 Linden, Alabama – 30 April 1921 Miami, Florida) was a second generation owner and operator of the John Robinson Circus, based in Cincinnati and wintered in Terrace Park, Ohio. The John Robinson Circus became part by American Circus Corporation.
He built the Robinson's Opera-House in 1872.

## Robinson Circus

John Robinson created the John Robinson Circus, whose winter quarters were in Terrace Park, Ohio. The Cincinnati Museum has a collection of manuscripts related to the circus. The circus became part by American Circus Corporation.

### Famous elephants

"Chief", an elephant from John Robinson's circus, killed his trainer in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Tillie the elephant was part of the circus. She was known to walk the streets of Terrace Park, Ohio.

### Winter Quarters in Terrace Park

The Circus had its winter quarters in Terrace Park, Ohio.

#### Robinson House

Robinson's house is still standing in Terrace Park.
# Yeyenwu

Yeyenwu is a cave in Hiw, the northernmost island of Vanuatu. It has some notable stalactite formations.
In the local language, the name Yöyen Wu [jɵjənˈwʉ] translates as "the cave of Spirits".
# Weeping Pittosporum

Weeping Pittosporum may refer to several Pittosporum species, including:
* Pittosporum phillyreoides, a Western Australian species
* Pittosporum angustifolium, an inland Australian species
# Pitthea cyanomeris

Pitthea cyanomeris is a moth of the family Geometridae. It is found in Congo and in Uganda.
This species has a wingspan of 37–43 mm.
# Shigeru Saeki

Shigeru Saeki (佐伯 繁, Saeki Shigeru, born (1969-06-24)June 24, 1969 in Toyama Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese mixed martial arts promoter and executive.
Saeki had worked as a photojournalist in various sports media and in 2001, he became the president of the promotion Deep 2001. Saeki joined Dream Stage Entertainment (DSE) to promote Pride Bushido series that started in 2003, where he held the position of public relations director.
After the dissolution of DSE in 2007, Saeki continued to act as the president of Deep and later also became the supervisor of the female promotion Jewels formed in 2008. In 2011, Saeki became one of the co-promoters for the amateur promotion Japan MMA League (JML).
# Paulo Ramos

Paulo Ramos may refer to:
* Paulo Ramos, Maranhão, a municipality in Brazil
* Paulo Ramos (footballer) (1985–2009), Brazilian midfielder