OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Rheumatoid disease of the spine

Rheumatoid disease of the spine is a morbid consequence of untreated longstanding severe cervical spinal rheumatoid arthritis (RA)–an inflammatory autoimmune disease that attacks the ligaments, joints, and bones of the neck. Although the anterior subluxation of the atlantoaxial joint is the most common manifestation of the disorder, subluxation can also occur with posterior or vertical movement, and subaxial (below C2) joints can also be involved.

## Signs and symptoms

Atlantoaxial instability is a common asymptomatic finding in rheumatoid arthritis patients. However, it can lead to cervical myelopathy. Patients with atlantoaxial instability can experience neck pain and headaches in the back of the head (occipital headaches). Myelopathic symptoms include: weakness, gait disturbance, paresthesias, and loss of dexterity (e.g. difficulty buttoning clothing).

## Causes

The inflammatory mediators of RA including cytokines, growth factors, metalloproteinases destroy articular cartilage, subchondral bone, tendons and ligaments. Destructive synovitis leads to bone erosion and causes the ligaments of the spine to become too laxed (loose), eventually resulting in cervical spinal instability (loose neck bones).

## Diagnosis
### Physical exam

On palpation, the examiner may find crepitus at the neck joint and unstable movement including a positive "clunk test" (palpable subluxation). Lhermitte's sign may be elicited with head flexion.

### Imaging

As many as 50% of people with radiographic instability are actually asymptomatic. Initial radiography should include flexion and extension lateral X-rays in addition to static anterior/posterior and lateral views. These views are often repeated every 2–3 years, especially in patients with new symptoms or possibly requiring future intubation. Progression of disease is measured via anterior atlantodental interval (AADI), and posterior atlantodental interval (PADI). Other techniques include the Ranawat Index, MacGregor Line, the Clark stations, and the Redlund-Johnell measurement.

## Management

Up to 10% of patients with rheumatoid arthritis are at risk of sudden death due to unrecognized cord compression. Thus surgical intervention is a reasonable choice in the presence of a neurologic deficit as a result of instability. In fact, early surgery for atlantoaxial subluxation may actually delay the debilitating progress of myelopathy.
# Soul Train Radio

Soul Train Radio is a radio station that plays soul music & all sub-genres in the United Kingdom, broadcasting to South West England on DAB & online.

## History

Soul Train started out as regular club nights in the South West England.

### Launch

It started broadcasting on Wednesday 6 December 2017

## Presenters

* Al Bendall
* Arnie
* Brova Nick
* Chris Gallion
* Darren Thorne
* Dave Forde
* Fitzroy Facey
* Jamie Joyce
* Jez Kelsall
* Jimmy Swing
* Lady C
* MAC 3
* Mike Ashley
* Mike Vitti
* Miranda Rae
* Nick Soul Funk
* Paul Conroy
* Paul Mallon
* Phil Baker
* Ricky 2 Tuff
* Riddim Ryda
* Rodney "In The Mix"
* Ronnie Herel
* Stoney
* Tony Griffin
* Tristan B
# Wikala and Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay

The Wikala and Sabil-Kuttab of Sultan Qaytbay is a complex of monuments built by the Mamluk sultan Al-Ashraf Abu Al-Nasr Qaitbay in 1477 CE (882 AH) in Islamic Cairo, the historic medieval district of Cairo, Egypt. The complex consists of an urban caravanserai (wikala, also spelled wakala), a water dispensary (sabil), a water trough (hod), and a school (kuttab). It is located just south of Al-Azhar Mosque.

## Historical context

It is one of the two wikalas built by Sultan Qa’it Bay during his reign, the other one being Wikala of Sultan Qaytbay on Bab Al-Nasr street. Though the ground floor originally contained storerooms, in modern times it is inhabited by residents of Cairo, while the original living units upstairs are abandoned. The primary function of a sabil was as a public work, to provide water to the community. Charitable acts, especially the supply of food and water to the needy, were considered enormously pious in medieval Islam. The giving of water was especially important to the people of Cairo, because of the city's dry climate and distance from the Nile. Mamluk rulers, including Sultan Qa'it Bay, would grant waqf endowments to maintain aesthetically-pleasing sabils as acts of piety, or even as a method through which to ask God for mercy on those in need of the very services provided by the endowment.

## Architecture

The wikala portion makes up the majority of the complex, with the sabil-kuttab and a watering trough for animals lying on the western end. The structure has suffered damage over time, especially on the interior courtyard, but remains in use. In the late Burji Mamluk period, street-level sabils such as this one, were accompanied by a kuttab on the upper floors. The kuttab served as a place to teach children the Quran and was, again, considered a pious donation on part on the sultan. The wikala is a commercial extension of the caravansarai, consisting of a floor of various storerooms. The facade of wikala is built by stone, along with the entry portal of the sabil-kuttab. The south-facing entrance opens into a loggia and there is a wooden balcony leading into the kuttab. Inscriptions are seen on many parts of the building including the facade and entry portal. The trilobed entrance arch of the wikala is decorated with muqarnas as well. The polychrome facade has faded with age, but is still visible. A mashrabiya window can be seen on top of the entrance of the sabil-kuttab, but it is likely not part of the original structure. The sabil is richly decorated, as was common of Cairene sabils.
# Cortifen

Cortifen, also known as cortiphen or kortifen, as well as fencoron, is a synthetic glucocorticoid corticosteroid and cytostatic antineoplastic agent which was developed in Russia for potential treatment of tumors. It is a hydrophobic chlorphenacyl nitrogen mustard ester of 11-deoxycortisol (cortodoxone).
# Kepe

Kepe or KEPE can refer to:
* Kibbeh, a Middle Eastern food
* Archaic spelling of keep; see Keep (disambiguation)
* Tel Keppe (also spelled "Tel Kepe"), a town in northern Iraq
* Anna Kepe (born 1977), a director and actress
* John Kepe (c. 1898 – 1952), a South African thief and murderer
* Centre of Planning and Economic Research (abbreviated "KEPE" in Greek), a Greek economic research center
# Phytoecia cylindricollis

Phytoecia cylindricollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Hermann Julius Kolbe in 1893, originally under the genus Blepisanis. It is known from the Ivory Coast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea, Benin, Gabon, and Togo.

## Subspecies

* Phytoecia cylindricollis subternigra Breuning, 1950
* Phytoecia cylindricollis cylindricollis (Kolbe, 1893)
# Salvador Dubois

Salvador Dubois Leiva (16 August 1935 – 11 July 2015) was a Nicaraguan footballer, who was considered one of the best goalkeepers that played for the Nicaragua national football team and Honduran powerhouse F.C. Motagua.

## Club career

He started his career at Santa Cecilia and moved abroad to play for Honduran giants F.C. Motagua for whom he would play 92 league matches. He returned to Nicaragua for a final season at América 5 years later.

## International career

Dubois represented Nicaragua at the 1975 Pan American Games.

## Managerial career

Dubois managed Nicaragua and several clubs in Nicaragua at different levels. After three years working for the (Nicaraguan FA (FENIFUT)) as Academy supervisor, he also joined Walter Ferretti as goalkeeper coach.
# Ralph Waddell Douglass

Ralph Waddell Douglass (1895–1971) was an American commercial artist of national reputation and a university professor who worked as a painter, graphic artist, cartoonist, calligrapher, illustrator and designer. He is noted for his paintings of New Mexico, for his calligraphy style known as Calligraphic Lettering, and as the coauthor and illustrator of the Mesaland series of children's books.

## Biography

Born in St. Louis, Missouri on December 29, 1895, Douglass graduated from Monmouth College in Illinois with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1920. As a college student he began to show promise as an artist when he won the Galloway Prize in 1915–1916. He also worked on the college newspaper, The Oracle, as a cartoonist.
He then attended the Academy Julian in Paris, The Art Institute of Chicago, and he studied under Arnold Bank at the Art Students League in New York City.
In the summer of 1920 he finished a tour of Scotland and left on the Lancaster from York, England for Egypt where he became an instructor at the American University in Cairo. He later became a staff artist and cartoonist for the Chicago Daily News.
He moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico in 1929 upon acceptance of a teaching position in calligraphy and painting at the University of New Mexico where he taught from 1929 to 1961.
His interest in football led Douglass to develop a new style of lettering for athletic jerseys that were widely licensed. As author of “Calligraphic Lettering”, his style was adopted by the National Collegiate Athletic Conference in 1956 after being published by Watson-Guptill Publications in 1948. A third edition of this book was published in 1975.
He also illustrated many children's books with coauthor Loyd Tireman including the Mesaland Series.
Douglass' paintings, especially his paintings of New Mexico were widely exhibited. His work was represented in numerous group art exhibits. He also exhibited one-man shows in Albuquerque, Santa Fe, Roswell, Clovis, Galesburg, Illinois and at Monmouth College, Western Illinois University, University of Maine and University of New Mexico. Douglass received an honorary degree, DFA from Monmouth College in 1953; the purchase prize in oil painting at the New Mexico State Fair, 1956; a purchase prize from the Ouray County Arts Association, 1964; First Prize, Grand Award and Purchase Award in painting, New Mexico State Fair, 1966.
He died in Albuquerque on May 5, 1971. His papers are archived at the Zimmerman Library at the University of New Mexico.
# Ludwig Hamm

Ludwig Hamm (December 6, 1921 – November 20, 1999) was a German politician of the Free Democratic Party (FDP) and former member of the German Bundestag.

## Life

Hamm had been a member of the city council of Kaiserslautern since 1956 and was chairman of the FDP faction there. After he had been unsuccessful in the 1957 Bundestag elections, he entered the German Bundestag in the 1961 (second place) and 1965 (first place) Bundestag elections via the state list of the Rhineland-Palatinate FDP and was a member of parliament from the beginning of the fourth term on 17 October 1961 until he resigned on 12 May 1966. During the 4th legislative period (1961 to 1965) he was chairman of the committee for health care.

## Literature

Herbst, Ludolf; Jahn, Bruno (2002). Vierhaus, Rudolf (ed.). Biographisches Handbuch der Mitglieder des Deutschen Bundestages. 1949–2002 [Biographical Handbook of the Members of the German Bundestag. 1949–2002] (in German). München: De Gruyter - De Gruyter Saur. p. 1715. ISBN 978-3-11-184511-1.
# IF Sturla

Idrettsforeningen Sturla is a Norwegian sports club from Drammen, founded in 1923. It has sections for athletics, orienteering and skiing.
The athletics uses Marienlyst stadion as their home field.
Among its most prominent members are long-distance runner Per Halle, Paralympic long jumper Elin Holen, and orienteers Øyvin Thon, Egil Iversen, Sigurd Dæhli and Harald Thon. In orienteering, IF Sturla became Norwegian champions in relay in 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1984, and 1985.
# Rhadinella serperaster

Rhadinella serperaster is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. It is found in Costa Rica.
# Soul Tree: A Musical Tribute to Toshinobu Kubota

Soul Tree: A Musical Tribute to Toshinobu Kubota is a tribute album by various artists, released on February 25, 2004. The album was a tribute to Japanese singer-songwriter and musician Toshinobu Kubota. The album features performances by BoA, Soul'd Out, The Gospellers, Naniwa Express, Mika Nakashima, Soulhead, Atsushi, Sowele, Skoop On Somebody, Misia, Junpei Shiina with dance man, Rhymester, and Super Butter Dog Marcket. The album charted at number 9 on the Oricon Albums chart.

## Track listing

* La La La Love Song (performed by BoA and Soul'd Out)
* Dance If You Want It (performed by The Gospellers and Naniwa Express)
* Missing (performed by Mika Nakashima)
* Ryuusei no Sadoru (performed by Soulhead)
* Cymbals (performed by Atsushi)
* Candy Rain (performed by Sowele)
* Cry On Your Smile (performed by Skoop On Somebody)
* Indigo Waltz (Live) (performed by Misia)
* You Were Mine (performed by Junpei Shiina with dance man)
* Tawawa Hit Parade (performed by Rhymester and Super Butter Dog Marcket)
# Wik languages

The Wik languages are a subdivision of the Paman languages consisting of sixteen languages, all spoken on the Cape York Peninsula of Queensland, Australia. This grouping was first proposed by R. M. W. Dixon.
Each of the Kugu-Muminh dialects may have the prefix Wik- instead of Kugu-. Wik Paach is not a Wik language despite its name.
The languages are as follows; often various dialects are considered separate languages:
The Flinders Island language and Barrow Point language were apparently Wik.
# SPAH

SPAH can be an abbreviation for:
* The Society for the Preservation and Advancement of the Harmonica
* Stacked pairs of alpha helices, a term for the alpha solenoid protein fold
# Slovak Chess Championship

The Slovak Chess Championship is the chess competition, which determines the best slovak chess player.

## History

* 1993 - today - championships of Slovakia
* for Czechoslovak championship see Czechoslovak Chess Championship

## Men's winners
### In Slovakia, part of Czechoslovakia

    #YearLocationWinner 011955Starý SmokovecJán Šefc 021975HlohovecJán Plachetka 031977DetvaĽubomír Ftáčnik 041978PrešovJozef Franzen 051979Dolný KubínĽubomír Ftáčnik 061981BardejovLadislav Dobrovolský 071983Nová BaňaRóbert Tibenský 081984ČadcaIgor Štohl 091985PiešťanyJán Baňas 101986BratislavaIgor Gažík 111987ŠaľaRóbert Tibenský 121988TrnavaPeter Petrán 131989MichalovceMartin Mrva 141991TrenčínIvan Novák

### In independent Slovakia

    #YearLocationWinner 011993TopoľčiankyJán Plachetka 021994TopoľčiankyRóbert Tibenský 031995TrenčínRóbert Tibenský 041996MartinRóbert Tibenský 051997PrešovLadislav Salai 061998PrievidzaTomáš Balogh 071999Nové ZámkyJán Baňas 082000ZvolenJán Markoš 092001PrešovVítězslav Priehoda 102002GalantaSergei Movsesian 112003Vysoké TatryMikuláš Maník 122004Zemplínska ŠíravaEduard Hagara 132005Trenčianske TepliceTomáš Petrík 142006Banská ŠtiavnicaTomáš Petrík 152007Banská ŠtiavnicaSergei Movsesian 162008ZvolenPeter Vavrák 172009Vysoké TatryMartin Mrva 182010Banská ŠtiavnicaMarián Jurčík 192011Banská ŠtiavnicaJán Markoš 202012Banská ŠtiavnicaJán Markoš 212013Banská ŠtiavnicaPeter Michalik 222014PrievidzaPeter Michalik 232015Banská ŠtiavnicaPeter Michalik 242016Banská ŠtiavnicaMilan Pacher 252017Banská ŠtiavnicaChristopher Repka 262018Banská ŠtiavnicaChristopher Repka

## Women's winners

    #YearLocationWinner 011991TrenčínIvana Sedláková 021993TopoľčiankyJarmila Kačincová 031994MartinAndrea Cigániková 041996Žiar nad HronomMirjana Medic 112003Vysoké TatryEva Repková 162008ZvolenMária Machalová 172009Vysoké TatryRegina Pokorná 182010Banská ŠtiavnicaEva Repková 192011Banská ŠtiavnicaJulia Kochetkova 202012Banská ŠtiavnicaJulia Kochetkova 212013Banská ŠtiavnicaEva Repková 222014Zuzana Borošová 232015Monika Motyčáková
# Phytoecia dantchenkoi

Phytoecia dantchenkoi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Mikhail Leontievich Danilevsky in 2008. It is known from Armenia.
# Salvador Debenedetti

Salvador Santiago Lorenzo Debenedetti (March 2, 1884 – September 30, 1930) was an Argentine archaeologist, anthropologist and educator. He was involved in the restoration of Pucará de Tilcara, an ancient fortification in what today is Jujuy Province. He was also the originator of Student's Day in Argentina, an informal holiday celebrated on September 21.

## Biography

He was born to Lucia Amoretti and Bernardo Debenedetti, a soft drink manufacturer, in the southern Buenos Aires suburb of Avellaneda, in Argentina's Buenos Aires Province. Debenedetti attended secondary school at the San José Academy, and enrolled at the University of Buenos Aires School of Letters, where he became a protégé of Professor Juan Bautista Ambrosetti. Elected president of the student body in 1902, Debenedetti persuaded the school's regents to adopt a Student's Day. He later earned a Doctor of Philosophy and Letters in 1909, as succeeded his mentor as both curator of the Pucará de Tilcara ruins, and of the university's Museum of Ethnography.
He was invited to join the International Congress of Americanists, as Ambrosetti had been, during the group's 1929 symposium in Paris. Upon his death in 1930, his ashes were buried alongside Ambrosetti's at the foot of the Tilcara ruins.
# Stoczki

Stoczki may refer to the following places:
* Stoczki, Opoczno County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Stoczki, Pajęczno County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Stoczki, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Stoczki, Sieradz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Stoczki, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
# Lukavice

Lukavice may refer to places:

## Czech Republic

* Lukavice (Chrudim District), a municipality and village in the Pardubice Region
* Lukavice (Rychnov nad Kněžnou District), a municipality and village in the Hradec Králové Region
* Lukavice (Šumperk District), a municipality and village in the Olomouc Region
* Lukavice (Ústí nad Orlicí District), a municipality and village in the Pardubice Region
* Lukavice, a village and part of Strážov in the Plzeň Region
* Dolní Lukavice, a municipality and village in the Plzeň Region
* Horní Lukavice, a municipality and village in the Plzeň Region

## Bosnia and Herzegovina

* Lukavice, Sanski Most, a village in the Una-Sana Canton
# IF Performance Hall

IF Performance Hall is an indoor concert venue in Ankara, founded on 2004. The venue hosted many concert and entertainment parties, therefore become one of the most popular venues in Turkey. Fahir Öğünç, radio host of Modern Sabahlar was the owner of the venue till late 2000s. The venue is currently owned by Gönül Adamları group as in 2015.
In early 2015, after a major interior renovation caused move of the concert stage from northeastern to southeastern corner, two homosexual men accused the venue's security staff, as the duo proclaimed were banned for being gay. The venue later explained this incident as those two men has brought alcoholic beverages outside of the venue and disturbing the people entertaining inside. The venue also proclaimed to don't matter any sexual preference as the venue hosted several LGBT musicians such as Cem Adrian in past.
IF Performance Hall Ataşehir is first branch of the IF opened in July 2016 in Istanbul (Asian side). The second branch in European side of Istanbul named after its neighbourhood Beşiktaş, opened in January 2017. IF has two branches more in Zürich, Switzerland (Winter 2018), and Eskişehir (Autumn 2018).
# Athemistus albofasciatus

Athemistus albofasciatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1917 and is known from Australia.
# Soul Train Music Award for Stevie Wonder Award – Outstanding Achievement in Songwriting

This page lists the winners and nominees for the Soul Train Music Stevie Wonder Award for Outstanding Achievement in Songwriting. The award was only given from 2006 to 2007.

## Winners

Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.

### 2000s

| Year | Artist |
| 2006 |
| 2006 | R. Kelly |
| 2007 | |
| 2007 | Babyface |
# Krka, Ivančna Gorica

Krka (pronounced) is a settlement in the Municipality of Ivančna Gorica in central Slovenia. It lies near the source of the Krka River, from which it gets its name. The area is part of the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## History

The settlement of Krka was created in 1953, when the former villages of Videm and Gmajna were merged into a single settlement.

## Church

The local parish church is dedicated to Saints Cosmas and Damian and belongs to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Novo Mesto. It dates to the 12th century with numerous alterations over the centuries.
# Corybas expansus

Corybas expansus, commonly known as the flared helmet orchid or dune helmet orchid is a species of terrestrial orchid that is endemic to South Australia. It has a heart-shaped to more or less round leaf and a single purplish flower with greenish or transparent areas.

## Description

Corybas expansus is a terrestrial, perennial, deciduous, herb which forms small colonies. It has a broad heart-shaped or almost round leaf 15–30 mm (0.6–1 in) long and 18–30 mm (0.7–1 in) wide. The leaf is bright green on the upper surface and silvery green on the lower side. The single flower is erect, reddish purple with greenish or translucent areas, 12–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long and 11–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) wide. The dorsal sepal is mostly transparent green, 12–16 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long and 5–7 mm (0.20–0.28 in) wide. It is erect near its base then curves forward, partly covering the labellum. The lateral sepals are linear but tapered, 5 mm (0.2 in) long, 1 mm (0.04 in) wide and joined to each other at the base. The petals are lance-shaped, about 3 mm (0.12 in) long, 1 mm (0.04 in) wide and curved. The labellum is longer than the dorsal sepal and forms a tube about 4 mm (0.2 in) long near its base, before curving and flattening into a concave dish shape, 13–15 mm (0.5–0.6 in) long and 11–13 mm (0.4–0.5 in) wide. The upper part of the labellum is reddish purple grading to white from the centre down. There are teeth or serrations up to 1.5 mm (0.06 in) long around the edges of the labellum. Flowering occurs in July and August.

## Taxonomy

Corybas expansus was first formally described in 1991 by David Jones from a specimen collected in the Warrenben Conservation Park and the description was published in Australian Orchid Research. The specific epithet (expansus) is a Latin word meaning "spread out", referring to the flared labellum.
In 2002, David Jones and Mark Clements proposed splitting Corybas into smaller genera and placing this species into Corysanthes but the change has not been widely accepted.

## Distribution and habitat

The flared helmet orchid grows on the lee side of dunes in the shelter of trees (especially Eucalyptus diversifolia) and in sandy loam in sheltered places. It occurs in coastal areas on the southern tip of the Eyre, Yorke and Fleurieu Peninsulas and on Kangaroo Island.

## Conservation status

Corybas expansus is classified as "vulnerable" under the South Australian National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972. The main threats to the species are inappropriate fire regimes and weed invasion.
# By the Throat

By the Throat may refer to:
* By the Throat (Eyedea and Abilities album)
* By the Throat (Ben Frost album)
* "By the Throat", song by Cows from Daddy Has a Tail and Old Gold 1989–1991
* "By the Throat", song by Chvrches from The Bones of What You Believe
* "By the Throat", song by Pretty Girls Make Graves from Good Health (album)
# Philippon

Philippon is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Antoine Philippon (born 1989), French footballer
* Louis Philipon de La Madelaine, (1734–1818), French writer
* Armand Philippon (1761–1836), French general
* Charles Philipon (1800–1861),
* Thomas Philippon, (born 1974), French economist
* Antoine Philippon (born 1989), French footballer
* Philippe Basiron (1449-1491), French composer sometimes called Philippon