OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James Deas (politician)

James Mackie Deas (1891 – 27 January 1963) was a New Zealand politician of the Labour Party.

## Biography
### Early life and career

Deas was born in Leslie, Fife, Scotland, in 1891. He served in World War I as a member of the Black Watch and later worked for the Ministry of Pensions before moving to New Zealand in 1926. He settled in Papatoetoe and became a district newspaper correspondent for The New Zealand Herald.
He was secretary of the Otahuhu Unemployment Committee during the Great Depression. Deas then became a publisher for several suburban newspapers in South Auckland before joining the reporting staff of The New Zealand Herald during World War II. He moved to Wellington and spent four years as a journalist in the Parliamentary Press Gallery.

### Political career

Following the war Deas moved back to Auckland and was elected Mayor of Otahuhu from 1950 to 1954. He was also a member of the Otahuhu High School Committee and chairman of the Otahuhu District School Committee. In addition he was President of the Otahuhu Free Kindergarten. In 1953, he was awarded the Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal.
He unsuccessfully stood as the Labour Party candidate for Otahuhu in the 1951 election. He won the Otahuhu electorate in 1954 and represented it until 1963, when he died. During the Second Labour Government Deas became quite critical of Prime Minister Walter Nash in caucus, thinking him too preoccupied with matters pertaining to foreign affairs and going as far as accusing him of ignoring domestic affairs. His sentiments were shared by many other MPs.

### Death

Deas caught a severe bronchial chill in London whilst travelling from the 1962 Commonwealth Parliamentary Association conference in Lagos. He died suddenly at Middlemore Hospital on 27 January 1963, aged 71. He was survived by his wife and two sons.
The resulting 1963 by-election when he died was won by Bob Tizard.
# Refractory Obdurate

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 84/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Pitchfork | 8.2/10.0 |
| PopMatters | 7/10 |
Refractory Obdurate is the seventh studio album by the American rock band Wovenhand. The album was released on April 29, 2014 through a partnership between Glitterhouse Records and Deathwish Inc.
The album was met with generally favorable reviews, and ranked at number 47 on Billboard Top Heatseekers chart.

## Track listing

All songs written by David Eugene Edwards, except where noted.
* "Corsicana Clip" – 4:47
* "Masonic Youth" – 3:39
* "The Refractory" – 4:53
* "Good Shepherd" – 4:00
* "Salome" – 5:19
* "King David" – 4:47
* "Field of Hedon" – 3:33
* "Obdurate Obscura" (Edwards, Chuck French) – 5:20
* "Hiss" – 3:53
* "El-Bow" (Edwards, French, Ordy Garrison, Neil Keener) – 2:42

## Personnel
### Wovenhand

* David Eugene Edwards
* Chuck French
* Ordy Garrison
* Neil Keener

### Production

* Collin Jordan – mastering
* Sanford Parker – engineer, mixing

### Artwork

* Jacob Bannon – design
* Neil Keener – artwork
# Institute of Geophysics

The Institute of Geophysics (مؤسسه ژئوفیزیک) is the name of a scientific institute in Iran.
The Institute of Geophysics manages Iran's national seismic data, and directs Iran's national calendar, which is based on the Solar calendar. The authoring of Iran's official lunar and solar calendars each year is headed by Dr. Iraj Malekpour, a faculty member of Tehran University.
The Institute of Geophysics was established as part of Tehran University by Hossein Kashi Afshar in 1957. The institute's grounds was where the United States had facilities based for seismically monitoring the Soviet Union's nuclear testing programs.
The institute currently trains Ph.D students in Meteorology, Seismology, Electromagnetics, and Gravimetry, and is still affiliated with the University of Tehran.
# St Nicholas' Church, Bransdale

St Nicholas' Church is the parish church of Bransdale, North Yorkshire, a village in England.
There was a chapel in Bransdale by the 13th century, probably connected with Keldholme Priory. The current building dates from about 1800, and based on its style, Historic England attributes its design for John Smith of Farndale. The building was reroofed in 1886, and extended in 1934. It was Grade II listed in 1987.
The church is constructed of stone and has a roof of stone flags, with a slate roof on the porch. It consists of a nave and a chancel under a continuous roof, a south porch and a west tower. The tower has a single stage, a louvred bell opening on the south side, a raised parapet band, and coped battlements. The porch is gabled and has a round-arched opening. The windows on the sides contain paired lights with pointed cusped heads, and the east window has a pointed head and three lights. Inside, there is a sedilia moved from elsewhere, a tub font, and a barrel-vaulted roof.
# Black-throated shrikebill

The black-throated shrikebill or black-faced shrikebill (Clytorhynchus nigrogularis) is a songbird species in the family Monarchidae.
It is found in Fiji and Solomon Islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
The black-throated shrikebill was originally described in the genus Lalage. The Santa Cruz shrikebill was split from the black-throated shrikebill in 2008 but some authorities still consider it to be its subspecies, C. n. sanctaecrucis.
# Sankaku (disambiguation)

Sankaku (Japanese: (三角) "triangle") may refer to:
* Sankaku (さんかく), a 2010 Japanese film
* 「△」Sankaku, a 1999 album by Bloodthirsty Butchers
# Chaim F. Shatan

Chaim F. Shatan (September 1, 1924 – August 17, 2001) was a Jewish-Canadian psychiatrist born in Włocławek, Poland.
Shatan's parents moved to Canada when he was two. He received his MDCM degree from McGill University in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. In 1949, he moved to New York City and founded a private practice in psychiatry in the early 1950s. He came from a Yiddish-speaking family; his mother's first language was Yiddish. Shatan was ethnically Jewish and not religiously observant.
Shatan had a longtime interest in war and trauma and became deeply involved with Vietnam veterans in the late 1960s, responding to an invitation by one of the founders of Vietnam Veterans Against the War, Jan Crumb (later known as Jan Barry), to form "rap groups" for veterans to speak about their emerging reactions. His article "Post-Vietnam Syndrome" was printed on the Op-Ed page of The New York Times on May 6, 1972. He continued to advocate for Vietnam veterans and other victims of war, trauma and natural and manmade disasters. In 1974, Shatan found out that "gross stress reaction", previously used to diagnose post-traumatic syndromes, had been eliminated from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), which is used to delineate psychological disorders. He founded the Vietnam Veterans Working Group with several colleagues, including Robert Jay Lifton, Sarah Haley, Jack Smith and Arthur Egendorf. They relentlessly pursued the issue, and reached out to Mardi J. Horowitz, the pioneer of experimental research in traumatic stress response, Harley Shands, Chief of Psychiatry at Roosevelt Hospital, who was working on workers' compensation cases, and William G. Niederland, who had initiated the study of reactions in concentration camp survivors with Henry Krystal. The group was successful in returning the diagnosis to the next edition of the book, DSM-III, under the new name "post-traumatic stress disorder", a term which evolved from discussions between Shatan and the Working Group with Nancy Andreasen.
Shatan's work foregrounded the concept that would later be termed vicarious trauma; in a 1973 article he wrote: “[Mental health professionals] should be forewarned . . . We, too, may have nightmares; we, too, may be unable to sleep, unable to talk normally to other people for days or weeks. Once we professionals admit the knowledge of the veterans into our awareness, we are changed in fundamental ways.” This concept was further explored and refined by clinical psychologists Karen Saakvitne and Laurie Anne Pearlman, who wrote about the transfer of trauma to those treating survivors of incest from their patients.
Shatan was also a founding member of the Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, now called the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies.
# Calopadia saxicola

Calopadia saxicola is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling) crustose lichen in the family Pilocarpaceae. It is found on the rocky shores of southern Brazil, where it thrives in the shade of vegetated zones and grows directly on rocks away from other crustose lichens. The lichen was formally described as a new species in 2015. Calopadia saxicola stands out from its close relatives due to its well-defined thallus, reddish-brown disc, thicker hymenium, and smaller conidia.

## Taxonomy

Calopadia saxicola was first described by Emerson Luiz Gumboski in 2015. The type specimen was discovered in Brazil, within the state of Santa Catarina, in the Municipality of Penha, on the rocky seashore just north of Praia Vermelha. The species epithet alludes to its rock-dwelling habitat preference.

## Description

The saxicolous thallus of Calopadia saxicola is continuous and clearly defined, with colours ranging from whitish to pale brown, and dirty brown on older parts. It has a smooth to rugose surface, a weakly shiny appearance, and can be up to 0.3 mm thick and 10 cm (4 in) in diameter. The lichen's apothecia are biatorine and sessile, with a brownish to reddish-brown disc covered in whitish pruina, while the asci are mainly 2–3-spored. The conidia are filiform, curved with a single smooth clavate apex, and hyaline, typically measuring 45–55 by 2.0–3.5 μm, with 4–7 septa. The lichen does not contain any detectable secondary metabolites.

## Similar species

Calopadia saxicola is similar to its close relative, C. chacoensis, in terms of general apothecium and campylidium features. However, C. saxicola has a clearly defined and thicker thallus, a brownish to reddish-brown disc with a thicker hymenium, and shorter and broader conidia. In comparison, C. chacoensis has a less defined and thinner thallus, a dark brown to black disc, and longer and narrower conidia.
Other species with more than one ascospore per ascus, such as C. foliicola and C. phyllogena, have ecorticate and thin thalli, while C. saxicola has a corticate thallus. They also differ in apothecium morphology. For example, C. foliicola has a convex disc with pale yellow pruina, and C. phyllogena has a flat disc lacking pruina.
Calopadia saxicola is also similar to C. puiggarii and C. fusca in hypothecium colour and muriform ascospore size, but both have an ecorticate thallus, epruinose apothecium, and a single-spored ascus with shorter ascospores.
Notably, the halo surrounding the ascospores of C. saxicola is only observable in fresh specimens, disappearing after about six months. Additionally, field observations made approximately 30 months after the initial collection of the material showed that the specimens of C. saxicola, which originally had fertile apothecia, featured only an old campylidium and no apothecia at that time.

## Habitat and distribution

Calopadia saxicola is endemic to the rocky seashores of southern Brazil, where it grows directly on shaded rocks near vegetated zones and is protected from direct wave splash. Most specimens are found in isolation, away from other crustose lichens.
# Bactra tornastis

Bactra tornastis is a moth of the family Tortricidae first described by Edward Meyrick in 1909. It is found in Sri Lanka.
# Landriano

Landriano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Pavia in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 20 kilometres (12 mi) southeast of Milan and about 15 kilometres (9 mi) northeast of Pavia.
Landriano borders the following municipalities: Bascapè, Carpiano, Siziano, Torrevecchia Pia and Vidigulfo. It is located on the left shore of the Lambro, which here forms an islet which is the site of the old town's castle.
In 1529 it was the location of the battle of Landriano between France and Spain.
# Solicitors Act

Solicitors Act (with its variations) is a stock short title used in the United Kingdom for legislation relating to solicitors.

## List

* The Revenue Solicitors Act 1828 (9 Geo. 4. c. 25)
* The Treasury Solicitor Act 1876 (39 & 40 Vict. c. 18)
* The Solicitors (Ireland) Act 1898 (61 & 62 Vict. c. 17)
* The Colonial Solicitors Act 1900 (63 & 64 Vict. c. 14)
* The Solicitors Act 1922 (12 & 13 Geo. 5. c. 57)
* The Solicitors Act 1932 (22 & 23 Geo. 5. c. 37)
* The Solicitors Act 1934 (24 & 25 Geo. 5. c. 45)
* The Solicitors Act (Northern Ireland) 1938
* The Solicitors, Public Notaries, &c., Act 1949 (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 21)
* The Solicitors Act 1957 (5 & 6 Eliz. 2. c. 27)
* The Solicitors Act 1965 (c. 31)
* The Solicitors (Amendment) Act 1974 (c. 26)
* The Solicitors Act 1974 (c. 47)
* The Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1933 (23 & 24 Geo. 5. c. 21)
* The Legal Aid and Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1949 (12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6. c. 63)
* The Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1958 (6 & 7 Eliz. 2. c. 28)
* The Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1965 (c. 29)
* The Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1976 (c. 6)
* The Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1980 (c. 46)
* The Solicitors (Scotland) Act 1988 (c. 42)
The Solicitors Acts 1839 to 1894 was the collective title of the following Acts:
* The Solicitors (Clerks) Act 1839 (2 & 3 Vict. c. 33)
* The Solicitors Act 1843 (6 & 7 Vict. c. 73)
* The Solicitors (Clerks) Act 1844 (7 & 8 Vict. c. 86)
* The Solicitors Act 1860 (23 & 24 Vict. c. 127)
* The Attorneys and Solicitors Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 28)
* The Solicitors Act 1872 (35 & 36 Vict. c. 81)
* The Solicitors Act 1874 (37 & 38 Vict. c. 68)
* The Solicitors Act 1877 (40 & 41 Vict. c. 25)
* The Legal Practitioners Act 1877 (40 & 41 Vict. c. 62)
* The Solicitors Remuneration Act 1881 (44 & 45 Vict. c. 44)
* The Solicitors Act 1888 (51 & 52 Vict. c. 65)
* The Solicitors Act 1894 (57 & 58 Vict. c. 9)
The Solicitors (Ireland) Acts 1849 to 1881 was the collective title of the following Acts:
* The Solicitors (Ireland) Act 1849 (12 & 13 Vict. c. 53)
* The Solicitors Act 1851 (14 & 15 Vict. c. 88)
* The Attorneys and Solicitors Act (Ireland) 1866 (29 & 30 Vict. c. 84)
* The Attorneys and Solicitors Act 1870 (33 & 34 Vict. c. 28)
* The Solicitors Remuneration Act 1881 (44 & 45 Vict. c. 44)
# International Forum of Public Universities

The International Forum of Public Universities (IFPU) [French: Forum international des universités publiques (FIUP)] is a consortium of 23 public universities.

## History

In 2004, discussions among foreign university chiefs who had been invited to receive honorary degrees at the Université de Montréal's quasquicentennial led to a subsequent conference in Belgium and a decision to establish a formal association. Bringing together a limited number of universities from diverse countries, the forum was founded on October 11, 2007, at the Université de Montréal with the mission of "promoting the expression of values that underlie the mission of public universities in an era of internationalization". In 2008, the consortium included 13 of the world's 200 top universities according to Times Higher Education rankings. Each year, a specialized summer school is hosted by one of its member universities.

## Aims

Enhancing mutual understanding, integrating possible resources for supporting teachers, and facilitating the application of joint research projects in accordance with international influential events or organizations.

## Meetings

Meetings have been attended by World Bank experts in tertiary education.
* October 11, 2007 at Université de Montréal
* November 8–9, 2008 at Peking University, linked with the Beijing forum
* “Technological Innovation, Social Transformation and Competitiveness of Public Universities,” 7th annual meeting at Nankai University, Tianjin, October 28, 2013
* 10th Summer Doctoral School at Nankai University, Tianjin, June 10–15, 2018

## Member universities

* Universidad de Buenos Aires (Argentina)
* Université libre de Bruxelles (Belgium)
* Universidade de São Paulo (Brazil)
* Université de Montréal (Canada)
* Universidad de Chile (Chile)
* Nankai University (China)
* Peking University (China)
* Charles University (Czech Republic)
* University of Paris III: Sorbonne Nouvelle (France)
* University of Freiburg (Germany)
* Jawaharlal Nehru University (India)
* Università di Bologna (Italy)
* Nagoya University (Japan)
* Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico)
* Mohammed V University at Agdal (Morocco)
* Universitatea din București (Romania)
* Lomonosov Moscow State University (Russia)
* Université Cheikh Anta Diop (Senegal)
* Universitat de Barcelona (Spain)
* Université de Genève (Switzerland)
* University of California (United States)

## Associated members

* University of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
* Université d'État d'Haïti (Haiti)
# List of rulers of Kel Ahaggar

This is a list of rulers of the Kel Ahaggar. Kel Ahaggar was a Tuareg territory located in present-day Algeria.
Amenokal denotes Ruler. Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office.
| Tenure | Incumbent | Notes |
| c. 1750 | Kel Ahaggar Tuareg confederation established | Kel Ahaggar Tuareg confederation established |
| 1650 to 1700 | Salah, Amenokal | |
| 1700 to 1730 | Muhammad al-Khir ag Salah, Amenokal | |
| 1730 to 1750 | Sidi ag Muhammad al-Khir, Amenokal | |
| 1750 to 1790 | Yunus ag Sidi, Amenokal | |
| 1790 to 1830 | Ag Mama ag Sidi, Amenokal | |
| 1830 to 1877 | al-Hajj Ahmad, Amenokal | |
| 1877 to 1900 | Aytarel ag Muhammad Biskra, Amenokal | |
| 1900 to 1903 | Attici ag Amellal, Amenokal | |
| French Suzerainty |||
| 1903 to 1905 | Attici ag Amellal, Amenokal | (contd.) |
| 1905 to 1920 | Musa ag Amastan, Amenokal | |
| 1920 to 1941 | Akhemuk ag Ihemma, Amenokal | |
| 1941 to 1950 | Meslar ag Amayas, Amenokal | |
| 1950 to 1975 | Bayy ag Akhemuk, Amenokal | |
| 1975 to 1977 | Hadj Moussa ag Akhamouk, Amenokal | |
| c. 1977 | Confederation terminated | Confederation terminated |
# Chaim Gingold

Chaim Gingold (born January 15, 1980, in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli-American game designer and writer, noted for his work with the computer game Spore, where he designed the game's creators, including the Spore Creature Creator. Gingold was also a key member of Spore's design and prototyping team. He has presented at the Game Developers Conference and is an active participant in the academic game studies community.
Gingold grew up in Morgantown, West Virginia. He attended West Virginia University, where he studied computer science, English, and art. After college, Gingold headed to the Georgia Institute of Technology where he joined the Information Design and Technology Masters program. His dissertation was entitled "Miniature Gardens & Magic Crayons: Games, Spaces, & Worlds" and was supervised by noted scholar Janet Murray. Gingold lives in Berkeley, California, US. In 2016, he got a Ph.D. in Computer Science from UC Santa Cruz with a thesis "Play Design".
In January 2015, Gingold released Earth Primer, an interactive science book that simulates processes of the Earth.
His book, Building SimCity. How to Put the World in a Machine, was published in 2024 by The MIT Press.
# Bactra punctistrigana

Bactra punctistrigana is a moth of the family Tortricidae. It is known from Namibia, Madagascar, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa and Zimbabwe.
# Charles Mayer (composer)

Charles Mayer (21 March 1799 – 2 July 1862), also known as Carl Mayer or Charles Meyer, was a Prussian pianist and composer active in the early 19th century.

## Life

Mayer was born in Königsberg. His father was a clarinetist who, soon after Charles's birth, moved to Saint Petersburg and four years later to Moscow. He received his early musical education from his mother, followed by extended studies with John Field (1782–1837), with whom he continued to study after the family returned to Saint Petersburg after the Moscow fire of 1812. His first successful tour as a concert pianist in 1814 led him to Poland, Germany, Holland, and France, before he settled in Saint Petersburg in 1819. During another celebrated concert tour of 1845 he travelled through Scandinavia (where he became an honorary member of the Royal College of Music in Stockholm), Germany (Hamburg, Leipzig) and Austria (Vienna). Following the rise of Adolf von Henselt in Saint Petersburg, Mayer withdrew to Dresden in 1846, and died there.
Mayer was a busy and successful teacher who is supposed to have taught some 800 pupils in Saint Petersburg. He was reputed to have taken over the calm and musical (rather than virtuoso) technique established by Field. His most prominent pupils included the Russian pianist and composer Mikhail Glinka and Polish composer Filipina Brzezinska-Szymanowska.

## Music

Mayer wrote almost exclusively for the piano, producing more than 350 works for the instrument. His main body of work includes a number of studies, sets of variations on popular melodies, character pieces and dances.
He is sometimes confused with another composer by the same name who died in 1904. Mayer's Valse Mélancolique, subtitled Le Regret, Op. 332, was for more than a century misattributed to Frédéric Chopin, until its true authorship was confirmed by Italian music scholar Luca Chierici in 2012.

## Selected works

* Valse de concert op. 6
* Premium concert polka op. 9
* 6 Exercises op. 31
* Variations sur un air russe No. 1 op. 40
* Variations sur un air russe No. 2 op. 41
* Rondino op. 42
* 6 Études op. 55
* 3 Études op. 61
* Scherzo op. 63
* Impromptu No. 2 op. 65
* Valse-étude No. 4 op. 69
* Nocturne op. 81
* Valse-étude op. 83
* Caprice-Valse No. 1 op. 85
* Capriccio No. 3 op. 87
* Études op. 93
* Divertissement No. 1 op. 95
* Valse-étude No. 6 op. 116
* Galop militaire op. 117
* 3 Études caractéristiques op. 127
* Souvenir de Naples op. 128
* Immortelles op. 140
* 40 Études op. 168
* La Dernière rose. Fantaisie varié op. 169
* 6 Novelletten op. 179
* 6 Novelletten op. 183
* Romaneske op. 184
* Elisa polka op. 187
* Triolino-étude op. 190
* Mazurka graçieuse op. 224
* Chant bohémien op. 292
* Grande Étude d'octave op. 331
* Le Régret op. 332