OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carl Fick

Carl Metcalfe Fick (September 23, 1918 – February 23, 1990) was an American documentary film director and author. He was best known for the Cannes award-winning short docudrama A Day in the Death of Donny B (1969), as well as his novels The Danziger Transcript (1971) and A Disturbance in Paris (1982). He also co-authored and ghost wrote From Mexico with Death (1977) with Jose Luis Guzman.

## Early life

Fick was born in Evanston, Illinois, in September 1918.
He attended Cornell University, graduating in 1940 with a Bachelor of Arts degree. While an undergraduate, he wrote a weekly column for The Trumansburg Leader newspaper.
In 1941, he married Shirley Stevens Stuart in Bronxville, New York.
After graduating, he went to work for Collier's magazine as a staff writer. His career was interrupted when the United States entered World War II, and Fick went to serve in England with the U.S. Army Air Forces.

## Career as a filmmaker

After the war ended, Fick returned to the States and became involved in filmmaking, in addition to continuing to write for magazines. He wrote scripts for several television and film productions, including a conversion of the Whit Masterson novel, A Shadow in the Wild. He produced and directed several documentary short films, including the anti-drug docudrama A Day in the Death of Donny B in 1969, which won several awards.

## Career as an author

Fick went on to write a novel, The Danziger Transcript, first published in 1971. It was a commercial successful and later turned into a two-act play by Robert Bressard.
His last novel was A Disturbance in Paris in 1982, which was met with mixed reviews from critics. Both The Danziger Transcript and A Disturbance in Paris include storylines and central characters which reflected Fick's long career in journalism and writing.

## Later life and death

Fick died in New York City, New York in February 1990 at the age of 71. He was survived by his wife Shirley, who died in Dexter, Maine, in August 1998 at the age of 79.
# Conceição das Pedras

Conceição das Pedras is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
# Rüştü Sakarya

Rüştü Sakarya (1877 in Constantinople (Istanbul) – December 2, 1951) was an officer of the Ottoman Army and a general of the Turkish Army. He fought in the Gallipoli campaign of World War I. He earned his surname "Sakarya" due to his bravery during the Battle of the Sakarya in the Turkish War of Independence.

## Medals and decorations

* Order of Osminieh 3rd class
* Order of Osmanieh with Sword
* Medal of the Battle of Greece (Yunan Muharebe Madalyası)
* Gallipoli Star (Ottoman Empire)
* Silver Medal of Liyaqat
* Silver Medal of Imtiyaz
* Gold Medal of Liyaqat
* Iron Cross 1st and 2nd class
* Austria-Hungary Military Merit Medal (Austria-Hungary) 3rd Class
* Medal of Independence with Red Ribbon
# Willem Hendrik de Vriese

Willem Hendrik de Vriese (11 August 1806 – 23 January 1862) was a Dutch botanist and physician born in Oosterhout, North Brabant.

## Education

Willem Hendrik de Vriese studied medicine at the University of Leiden, earning his doctorate in 1831.

## Career

He practiced medicine in Rotterdam, where he also gave classes in botany at the medical school. In 1834, he was appointed associate professor of botany at the Athenaeum Illustré in Amsterdam, and in 1841 was promoted to full professor. In 1845, he became a professor of botany at Leiden and successor to Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt (1773–1854) at the Hortus Botanicus Leiden. He became a member of the Royal Dutch Institute of Sciences, Literature and Fine Arts in 1838.
In October 1857, he was commissioned to conduct botanical investigations in the Dutch East Indies, and consequently spent the following years performing research in Java, Borneo, Sumatra and the Moluccas. In March 1861, he returned to the Netherlands in a weakened state, and died in Leiden several months later.

## Published works

Among de Vriese's written works was the first part of "Hortus Spaarne-Bergensis" (1839), a catalogue of banker Adriaan van der Hoop's exotic plant collection. He was an editor of Caspar Reinwardt's scientific works, two years after Reinwardt's death, he published "Plantae Indiae Batavae Orientalis: quas, in itinere per insulas Archipelagi Indici Javam, Amboinam, Celebem, Ternatam, aliasque, annis 1815-1821 exploravit Casp. Georg. Carol. Reinwardt" (1856). He was the author of a memoir on Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen as well as of noteworthy treatises on cinchona (1855), vanilla (1856) and camphor (1856). Also, he published monographs on the genus Rafflesia and of the botanical family Marattiaceae (with biologist Pieter Harting 1812-1885).

## Vriesea

The botanical genus Vriesea (family Bromeliaceae) was named in de Vriese's honor by British botanist John Lindley (1799–1865).
# Shamash (disambiguation)

Shamash was the ancient Mesopotamian sun god.
Shamash may also refer to:

## Judaism

* Gabbai, also known as a shamash, a person who assists in the running of synagogue services
* Shamash, a candle used to light the other eight candles of a Hanukkah menorah

## People

* Gerald Shamash, Baron Shamash (born 1947), British lawyer and Labour life peer
* Robert Sheldon, Baron Sheldon (1923–2020), born Isaac Ezra Shamash, British Labour politician and life peer
# Il sogno di un giorno

Il sogno di un giorno is a 1916 Italian film directed by Augusto Genina.
# Wachtendonk

Wachtendonk at the confluence of Niers River and Nette River is a municipality in the district of Kleve in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is located west of the Rhine halfway between Duisburg and Venlo at the Dutch border. Its name means 'bailiff's Donk'.

## Gallery

* Feldstrasse
* Old Monastery 'Thal Josaphat'
* Wankum, church (Sankt Martin Kirche) in the street
# Carl Fischer (actor)

Carl Fischer (9 October 1876 – 7 August 1953) was a Danish actor. He appeared in more than 25 films between 1911 and 1948.

## Selected filmography

* 5 raske piger (1933)
* Ud i den kolde sne (1934)
* Panserbasse (1936)
* Blaavand melder storm (1938)
* I de gode, gamle dage (1940)
* Moster fra Mols (1943)
# Perforated eardrum

A perforated eardrum (tympanic membrane perforation) is a prick in the eardrum. It can be caused by infection (otitis media), trauma, overpressure (loud noise), inappropriate ear clearing, and changes in middle ear pressure. An otoscope can be used to view the eardrum to diagnose a perforation. Perforations may heal naturally or require surgery.

## Presentation

A perforated eardrum leads to conductive hearing loss, which is usually temporary. Other symptoms may include tinnitus, ear pain, vertigo, or a discharge of mucus. Nausea and/or vomiting secondary to vertigo may occur.

## Causes

A perforated eardrum can have one of many causes, such as:
* Infection (otitis media). This infection may then spread through the middle ear and may reoccur.
* Trauma. This may be caused by trying to clean ear wax with sharp instruments. It may also occur due to surgical complications.
* Overpressure (loud noise or shockwave from an explosion).
* Inappropriate ear clearing.
* Flying with a severe cold, due to changes in air pressure and blocked Eustachian tubes resulting from the cold. This is especially true on landing.

## Diagnosis

An otoscope can be used to look at the ear canal. This gives a view of the ear canal and eardrum, so that a perforated eardrum can be seen. Tympanometry may also be used.

## Treatment
### Conservative management

A perforated eardrum often heals naturally. It may heal in a few weeks or may take up to a few months.

### Surgery

Some perforations require surgical intervention. This may take the form of a paper patch to promote healing (a simple procedure by an ear, nose and throat specialist), or surgery (tympanoplasty). However, in some cases, the perforation can last several years and will be unable to heal naturally. For patients with persistent perforation, surgery is usually undertaken to close the perforation. The objective of the surgery is to provide a platform of sort to support the regrowth and healing of the tympanic membrane in the two weeks post-surgery period. There are two ways of doing the surgery:
* Traditional tympanoplasty, usually using the microscope and performed through a 10 cm incision behind the ear lobe. This technique was introduced by Wullstien and Zollner and popularized by the Jim Sheehy at the House Ear Institute.
* Endoscopic tympanoplasty, usually using the endoscope through the ear canal without the need for incision. This technique was introduced and popularized by Professor Tarabichi of TSESI: Tarabichi Stammberger Ear and Sinus Institute.
The success of surgery is variable based on the cause of perforation and the technique being used. Predictors of success include traumatic perforation, dry ear, and central perforations. Predictors of failure includes young age and poor Eustachian tube function. The use of minimally invasive endoscopic technique does not reduce the chance of successful outcome. Hearing is usually recovered fully, but chronic infection over a long period may lead to permanent hearing loss. Those with more severe ruptures may need to wear an ear plug to prevent water contact with the ear drum.
# Conceição da Feira

Conceição da Feira is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.

## Neighborhoods

* Centro
* Santa Luzia (Baixinha)
* Pinheiro
* Recanto do Paraguaçu
* Rocinha
* Conceição Velha
# Kati (disambiguation)

Kati is a commune and town in Koulikoro, Mali.
Kati may also refer to:

## People

* Kati or Kata people of Pakistan and Afghanistan
* Kati (given name), a list of people with the name
* James Kati (1924–2006), South African politician and anti-apartheid activist
* Mahmud Kati (1468?–1552 or 1593), African Muslim Songhai scholar

## Geography

* Kati Province, Kenya
* Kati Cercle, an administrative subdivision of the Koulikoro Region of Mali
** Kati, Mali, capital of Kati Cercle
* Kati (Tanzanian ward), a word meaning "ward"
* Kati District, Unguja South Region, Tanzania
* Kati, Arusha, an administrative ward in Arusha Region, Tanzania

## Other uses

* Kati language (disambiguation)
* Catty or kati, an East Asian measure of weight
* Kati (book series), a Swedish novel series by Astrid Lindgren, also the protagonist of the series
* KATI, an FM radio station in California, Missouri
* KATI (Wyoming), a former AM radio station in Casper, Wyoming
* Kati roll, an Indian street-food dish
# Rachel Jackson State Office Building

The Rachel Jackson State Office Building, also known as the Rachel Jackson Building, is an eight-story building in Nashville, Tennessee, U.S. It was built on the site of the 1925 Cotton States Building, and completed in 1985. It was designed in the modernist style by Taylor & Crabtree.
The building was named for First Lady-designate Rachel Jackson. When it was completed in 1985, it was "the first state-owned building in the [state] capital to memorialize a woman." It is located next to the Andrew Jackson State Office Building, named for former President Andrew Jackson.
Initial tenants in 1985 included the Tennessee Arts Commission, the Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development, the Tennessee Department of Tourist Development, the Tennessee Department of Correction, and the Tennessee Board of Parole.
# Shamas

Shamas or Chamas may refer to:

## Surname

* Herib Chamas, former football defender and coach
* Sandra Shamas, Canadian comedic actress and writer
* Samir Chamas, Lebanese actor, writer and journalist
* Mohamad Chamas, Lebanese actor
* Mohammed Shamas, Lebanese professional association football midfielder
# Immingham Western Jetty railway station

vtePassenger lines of North East Lincolnshire :
Legend :
Immingham Western Jetty railway station was the first railway station which served the dock in Immingham, Lincolnshire, England. It was replaced by Immingham Dock.

## History

Immingham Dock was opened on 22 July 1912 by the Great Central Railway at a point where the deep water channel came close to the Lincolnshire bank of the Humber.
To get their workers from Kingston-upon-Hull, Barton upon Humber, New Holland and surrounding villages to the dock the company built the Barton and Immingham Light Railway, which initially terminated at Immingham Western Jetty station, situated next to the ramp carrying lines onto the jetty itself.
Workers coming from Grimsby and surrounds were catered for by the Grimsby and Immingham Electric Railway, an inter-urban tram system running from Grimsby which had its own terminus named Immingham Dock. This stood on the opposite side of the dock's entrance lock gates.
Immingham Western Jetty station had a single platform station built of wood. It had none of the usual facilities. The only structure other than the platform and fence was a wooden ticket collector's hut not dissimilar to those found at modern car parks.
Services were provided from New Holland, leaving what is now the Barton Line south of Goxhill, calling at East Halton and Killingholme stations before reaching Immingham. The July 1922 Bradshaw shows the station still in use.
At some point in or after 1922 the station was closed and replaced by the altogether more solid and permanent Immingham Dock station a short distance southeast, within sight of the dock's entrance locks. A photo of a locomotive at Immingham Dock station in Great Central Railway livery suggests that the handover took place in the early 1920s.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Killingholme Line and station closed | Great Central Railway Barton and Immingham Light Railway | Terminus |
# Kevin McGarrigle

Kevin McGarrigle (born 9 April 1977) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central defender in the Football League for Brighton & Hove Albion.

## Life and career

McGarrigle was born in 1977 in Newcastle upon Tyne, and began his football career with Wallsend Boys Club before signing for Brighton & Hove Albion when he left school in 1993. He made his first-team debut at the end of the 1993–94 season, a few weeks after his 17th birthday, and signed a three-year professional contract. He became a regular towards the end of the following campaign, as one of three central defenders, but appeared increasingly rarely in the final two years of his contract. He went back to his native north-east of England where he played non-league football for clubs including Spennymoor United, Blyth Spartans, Tow Law Town, Crook Town and Chester-le-Street Town.
# Krak

Krak may refer to:
* another name for Krakus, a legendary Polish prince
* Krak Glacier, King George Island, off the coast of Antarctica, named after the former
* Thorvald Krak (1830-1908), Danish city official and founder of Kraks Forlag
* KNCI, a radio station in Sacramento, California, whose call sign was KRAK-FM from 1985 to 1994
* KMPS (AM), a radio station licensed to serve Hesperia, California, whose call sign was KRAK from 2001 to 2017
* a term from Medieval Arabic karak meaning 'fortress' (Old French: crac):
** Krak des Chevaliers, a Crusader castle in present-day Syria
** Kerak Castle, originally known in Old French as Crac des Moabites
** Montreal (Crusader castle), originally known in Old French as Crac de Mont Real
# Hakmehmet, Iğdır

Hakmehmet is a village in the Iğdır District, Iğdır Province, in eastern Turkey. Its population is 413 (2022). The village is populated by Azerbaijanis.

## Geography

The village lies to the east of Tuzluca, 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) by road west of the district capital of Iğdır.
# The Grampians (New Zealand)

The Grampians are a set of prominent hills forming the southeast backdrop of Nelson, New Zealand, reaching 390 metres (1,280 ft) high.
Frequented by locals and tourists alike, the Grampians are covered in a myriad of tracks ranging from leisurely strolls to relatively taxing steep inclines.
Entry points to this recreational area are from
* The top of Collingwood Street
* The corner of Van Diemen and Trafalgar streets
* Market Road, Bishopdale
A television and FM radio transmitter sits atop the hills. The transmitter was commissioned in 1971 by the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation to broadcast NZBC TV (now TVNZ 1), offering improved coverage to Nelson and Tasman compared to the existing private translators relaying the NZBC TV signal from the Mount Kaukau transmitter in Wellington.
Several community and volunteer groups are working towards restoring habitats for native birds on the Grampians by reducing the impact of predators, using pest control methods in conjunction with the Brook Waimarama Sanctuary.

## Areas of interest

The main track zigzags up to the ridge of the hills, providing access to good views over most of Nelson. A lookout near the top offers views over much of the Nelson region.

## Demographics

Grampians statistical area, which covers 2.95 km$^2$ (1.14 sq mi), had an estimated population of 2,700 as of June 2023, with a population density of 915 people per km$^2$.
Grampians had a population of 2,412 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 177 people (7.9%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 471 people (24.3%) since the 2006 census. There were 885 households, comprising 1,218 males and 1,194 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 38.2 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 474 people (19.7%) aged under 15 years, 453 (18.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,185 (49.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 297 (12.3%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 78.2% European/Pākehā, 15.8% Māori, 3.7% Pasifika, 11.8% Asian, and 2.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 24.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.5% had no religion, 30.8% were Christian, 1.6% were Hindu, 0.2% were Muslim, 1.5% were Buddhist and 2.1% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 375 (19.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 417 (21.5%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $26,300, compared with $31,800 nationally. 198 people (10.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 927 (47.8%) people were employed full-time, 300 (15.5%) were part-time, and 93 (4.8%) were unemployed.
# Kaufingerstraße

The Kaufingerstraße is one of the oldest streets in Munich and, together with the Neuhauser Straße, one of the most important shopping streets in Munich.

## History

With an average of 12,975 passers-by per hour (as of 5 May 2011), Kaufingerstraße is one of the top-selling shopping streets in Germany. The rental and construction site purchase prices are the highest in the Kaufingerstraße than in any other street in Germany. Rental prices are around 300 € and site purchase prices around 50,000 € per square meter (in 2008). In 2008, the street was one of the 10 shopping miles (9th place) with the highest rents in the world. In 2010, it was, with 11.905 passers-by per hour, in third place of the busiest shopping streets in Germany. In 2011, the Kaufingerstraße slipped to number 4 of the most visited shopping streets in Germany behind the Zeil in Frankfurt am Main (13,035 passers-by per hour). Meanwhile, the Neuhauser road placed second in the list. According to a study by Jones Lang LaSalle (JLL), it was the busiest street in Munich with 13,515 passers-by per hour on the deadline. Also in 2013, the Neuhauser Straße placed second with 11,920 passers-by, this time behind the Dortmunder Westenhellweg (12,950 passers-by). Because of this, Munich is the only German city, which has 2 shopping streets in the list of the most visited five. According to an analysis by JLL from the year 2015, Kaufingerstraße is the most expensive shopping street in Germany with a top rent of 360 Euro per square meter.
# Rádio Voz da Liberdade

Rádio Voz da Liberdade (Radio Voice of Liberty) was a radio station in Portuguese, organised by the Frente Patriótica de Libertação Nacional (Patriotic Front for National Liberation). It broadcast from Algiers between 1963 and 1974, during the time of the Estado Novo dictatorship in Portugal.

## History

Rádio Voz da Liberdade broadcast three times a week. Its programmes were directed to Portugal and to its African colonies. It was organized by the Frente Patriótica de Libertação Nacional, which consisted of various anti-government groups, including the Portuguese Communist Party (PCP). Unlike the PCP's Rádio Portugal Livre, which operated clandestinely, Rádio Voz da Liberdade openly used the facilities of Rádio Algiers.
The Portuguese poet and future presidential candidate, Manuel Alegre, was the director of the station for about ten years during his exile in Algeria. Others to work on the station included Stella Piteira Santos, who was the first female voice on the station, and Maria Luísa Costa Dias. Piteira Santos always greeted listeners with the same introduction: "Friends, comrades and comrades, this is Radio Voz da Liberdade, on behalf of the Patriotic Front for National Liberation".
The station functioned between 1963 and 1974, when the Estado Novo was overthrown on 25 April by the Carnation Revolution. Transmitting to Portugal on medium wave, the station was best received in the southern part of the country. It broadcast the first interview aimed at Portugal by the anti-colonial leader, Amílcar Cabral. Others leading the fight against Portugal as a colonial power who were interviewed included Agostinho Neto from Angola, and Samora Machel and Eduardo Mondlane from Mozambique. It also reported on anti-government activities within Portugal. Often the reports came one month after the event but this was not considered a problem as censorship in Portugal meant that the information had not previously been known.