OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Douglas Schemske

Douglas Schemske is an evolutionary ecologist who made major contributions to research on pollination, the latitudinal gradient in species diversity, the evolution of polyploidy, and plant mating systems.

## Career

Doug Schemske received his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1977 and was a postdoctoral fellow at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. He held academic positions at Amherst College, the University of Chicago and the University of Washington, prior to joining Michigan State University in 2001, where he worked for the rest of his career. He was elected vice president of the American Society of Naturalists in 2009.

## Research

Schemske's research investigated the ecological factors that contribute to adaptation and speciation, and the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. He used plants as model study systems, and conducted creative and sometimes long term experiments to test evolutionary theory. Schemske's work on the plant genus Mimulus is particularly well known. With long-term collaborator Tony Bradshaw, he bred two Mimulus species together to create a wide array of flower shapes and colours, and was able to show that evolutionary transitions from bee pollination to hummingbird pollination could happen via a small number of genetic changes.
Later in his career Schemske became interested in the ecological and evolutionary processes that create the dramatic increase in diversity from the poles to equator, known as the latitudinal diversity gradient. With Gary Mittlebach and other collaborators, Schemske wrote influential reviews of these processes that inspired extensive research. In particular, he drew attention to the potential role of biotic interactions in driving evolutionary diversification in the tropics.
With then-PhD student Amy Angert, Schemske used reciprocal transplant experiments and experimental evolution to study the processes that limit species' geographic ranges, again using Mimulus.

## Awards and honours

In 1986, less than 10 years after his PhD, Schemske won the Mercer Award from the Ecological Society of America, for "an outstanding ecological research paper published within the past two years by a younger researcher" for his 1984 paper on population structure in an annual plant. In 2002 he received the Distinguished Naturalist Award (then known as the E. O. Wilson Naturalist Award) from the American Society of Naturalists. The award citation says
   "He not only dwells on the beautiful and enlightening details of living organisms, but he crafts these details into important and broad conceptual insights that inform many natural systems. He won the It is this deep understanding of natural history that makes Douglas Schemke's work so remarkable".
In 2003 he was elected to the US American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Schemske was elected to the US National Academy of Sciences in May 2017 in honour of his distinguished research achievements in population biology and evolutionary ecology.
# R. E. A. Palmer

Robert Everett Allen Palmer II (1933 – March 11, 2006) was a historian and a leading figure in the study of archaic Rome. At the time of his death was professor emeritus of classical studies at the University of Pennsylvania.
Palmer earned both his B.A. (1953) and his Ph.D. (1956) from the Johns Hopkins University.
Palmer started his teaching career at the University of Illinois. He began his Penn career in 1961 as an assistant professor of classical studies and was promoted to associate professor in 1966, and professor in 1970.
Palmer was an historian of ancient Rome, with particular interests in Roman religion and epigraphy. He was the author of numerous articles and several books. His most important research was a project on the neighborhoods (vici) of ancient Rome.
Palmer died at his home in Haverford, Pennsylvania, at the age of 73.
# Preload control

Amount of the no-load tension in the bolted joint (preload) greatly affects the reliability of the joint. Multiple techniques exist for preload control to ensure that the tension in the bolt is close to the one specified in the design (some bolt-to-bolt statistical variations are inevitable):
* torque-controlled tightening is a simple and most popular approach: the fastener is tightened until the torque limit is reached. While for many applications checking just the torque (so called torque control, typically enforced via the use of using a torque wrench or a torque screwdriver, is sufficient, it effectively involves "statistical gambling", where a proper installation of a particular fastener cannot be ascertained. A major part of the torque is due to friction, so the differences in friction can cause large variations of the preload with the same torque setting;
* angle-controlled tightening (also known as turn-of-the-nut method) is a technique where the bolt joint is rotated to some angle that ensures the stress beyond the yield limit of the parts. While the method produces a repeatable preload, the thread might fail after multiple re-tightenings and finding the proper angle requires experimentation;
* torque-angle tightening (also known as torque-angle tension control) is a method of securing the bolted joint when the initial tension is critical for reliability and safety. The technique relies on simultaneous monitoring of both the torque applied during the tightening as well as the angle of rotation, usually using a torque/angle wrench. The basic process of torque-angle control is simple: apply torque to the fastener until a preset limit is reached, then finish the installation by rotating the part by an additional angle. The modern torque/angle wrenches collect a "signature" of the tightening process (history of torque moments and corresponding rotation angles); the resulting moment vs. angle curve (also known as M-alpha curve) should be checked against the assembly process limits established at the engineering phase.
* yield-controlled tightening;
* bolt-strecth method utilizes a hydraulic ram that stretches the bolt by pulling on the threaded section of the bolt that protrudes through the nut. Nut is rotated into position with very small torque applied. Once the external stretching force is removed, the preload is established;
* heat tightening is based on stretching the bolt by heating it. Once the bolt is expanded, the nut is secured using the turn-of-the-nut method. Upon cooling, a desired preload is achieved as the bolt contracts. This slow and exotic method is used when the bolts are very large;
* tension-indicating methods use specially designed bolts and nuts that have built-in features indicating the tension (for example, bumps that are flattened when the preload reaches the calculated value).
# Joseph N. Dinand

Joseph N. Dinand, S.J. (December 3, 1869 – July 29, 1943) was an American-born bishop of the Catholic Church. He twice served as president at the College of the Holy Cross from 1911 to 1918 and from 1924 to 1927. He also served as the Vicar Apostolic of Jamaica from 1927 to 1929. He was a member of the Jesuits.

## Biography

Joseph Nicholas Dinand was born in Boston, Massachusetts to John and Julia (Looney) Dinand. He received his primary and secondary education in Boston before enrolling in Boston College. He entered the novitiate in Frederick, Maryland, on August 15, 1877, and professed vows in the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) on August 15, 1880. He continued his education at the College of the Sacred Heart in Woodstock, Maryland and was ordained a priest there by Cardinal James Gibbons of Baltimore on June 25, 1903. He professed final vows on August 15, 1906. His ministry as a Jesuit centered on education. He was a member of the faculty of St. George's College in Kingston, Jamaica, and he served two terms as president at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts.
On July 12, 1927 Pope Pius XI appointed Dinand as the Titular Bishop of Selinus and Vicar Apostolic of Jamaica. He was consecrated by Bishop Thomas M. O'Leary of Springfield in Massachusetts on October 30, 1927. The principal co-consecrators were Bishops Joseph J. Rice of Burlington and John G. Murray of Portland. Dinand continued to serve as the Vicar Apostolic until his resignation was accepted by Pope Pius XI on October 4, 1929 for health reasons. He died in Weston, Massachusetts at the age of 73 on July 29, 1943.
# Sangmu Phoenix (disambiguation)

Sangmu Phoenix may refer to:
* Gimcheon Sangmu FC
* Sangmu Phoenix (baseball)
# Sturisoma lyra

Sturisoma lyra is a species of armored catfish native to Brazil and Peru where it is found in the Juruá River basin. This species grows to a length of 25 centimetres (9.8 in) TL.
# Spain national football team results (1990–1999)

These are all the matches played by the Spain national football team between 1990 and 1999:

## Meaning

| | Meaning |
| S.O. | Summer Olympics |
| W.C. | FIFA World Cup |
| EURO | UEFA European Championship |
| CC | FIFA Confederations Cup |
| TB | Tie-break match |
| Q | Qualification rounds |
| R + number | Round number |
| FR | Final round |
| GS | Group stage |
| 1/32 | Round of 32 |
| 1/16 | Round of 16 |
| QF | Quarter-final |
| SF | Semi-final |
| F | Final |
| RP | Repechage |
| Rep. | Replay match |
| 3rd–4th | Third place match |

## Results

98 matches played:
# Presidente Vargas Hydroelectric Plant

The Presidente Vargas Hydroelectric Plant, is a dam and hydroelectric power plant on the Tibagi River in Telêmaco Borba in Paraná, Brazil.
# Bisoye Coker Odusote

Bisoye Coker Odusote (born in 1984) is a Nigerian engineer and the Chief Executive Officer and Director General of the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) of Nigeria, she was formerly the General Manager of the Lagos State Infrastructure Maintenance and Regulatory Agency (LASIMRA).

## Career

Coker-Odusote was the head of Information Technology and Communication at Bate Litwin, an engineering company working on projects such as Chevron ESA (JV with Atlas). She was the head of Information Technology and Communication at BATELitwin (formerly a subsidiary of Litwin, France), which is an engineering company working for the Oil and Gas Upstream, midstream, and Downstream sectors.
In 2021, she became the General Manager/Chief Executive Officer (GM/CEO) of the Lagos State Infrastructure Maintenance and Regulatory Agency (LASIMRA), which is charged with regulating utility infrastructure within the state.
She was appointed as the director general (DG) of the National Identity Management Commission (NIMC) by President Bola Tinubu.
# Thomas Blane

Thomas Andrew Blane (1881 – 19 August 1940) was a British businessman and Coalition Conservative MP for Leicester South.
He won the seat in 1918, but stood down in 1922.
He also stood for the London County Council in Bethnal Green North East, for the Municipal Reform Party. He died in Adelaide, Australia.

## Sources

* F W S Craig, British Parliamentary Election Results, 1918–1949; Political Reference Publications, Glasgow, 1949
* London Municipal Notes, 1913
* Whitaker's Almanack, 1919 to 1922 editions
* This article about a Conservative Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom representing an English constituency is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Cerovec Stanka Vraza

Cerovec Stanka Vraza (pronounced) is a village in the Municipality of Ormož in northeastern Slovenia. The area belongs to the traditional Styria region and is now included in the Drava Statistical Region.

## Name

The name of the settlement was changed from Cerovec to Cerovec Stanka Vraza in 1980.

## Cultural heritage

The village is the birthplace of Stanko Vraz, after whom it was renamed (as well as to differentiate it from a number of other settlements in Slovenia named Cerovec). The house in which Vraz was born in 1810 is preserved, and a commemorative plaque was unveiled on it in 1951.
# Watsonidia porioni

Watsonidia porioni is a moth in the family Erebidae first described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1981. It is found in Panama.
# James Balfour (priest)

James Balfour (1731–1809) was a Scottish priest in the Church of England who was an early missionary to Newfoundland. He was sent by the Bishop of London in 1764 to be a missionary in Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, where he discovered a rowdy community sometimes reluctant to receive his ministry—he frequently complained in letters of the "barbarous lawless place," where music and dancing were engaged in on Sunday, fights (particularly between English and Irish) and break-ins were commonplace, and where common-law marriage was a frequent practice. In March 1769 he was even assaulted, seemingly at random. Nevertheless, Balfour eventually managed to make considerable headway in increasing the size of his congregation and in raising money to repair the local church.
In October 1775 he finally persuaded the superiors at the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel to transfer him to Harbour Grace. He was not much better received there, as the town was largely Catholic and Presbyterian and Quaker, and the congregation also wished for a younger minister. William Lampen, the schoolmaster, wrote to the SPG, complaining that the minister was drinking heavily and rarely conducted services. Both Lampen and Balfour were dismissed, and Balfour lived on his salary as a pension until his death.
# Wolfgang Seel

Wolfgang Seel (born 21 June 1948) is a German former footballer. He spent 12 seasons in the Bundesliga with 1. FC Kaiserslautern, Fortuna Düsseldorf and 1. FC Saarbrücken. He represented Germany 6 times, including a UEFA Euro 1976 qualifier against Bulgaria and 5 friendlies.
In the 1979 DFB-Pokal Final, played on 23 June in Hanover against Hertha BSC, Seel scored the winning goal in Fortuna's 1–0 victory in the 116th minute. Seel intercepted a pass a Berlin defender had played back to his own goalkeeper, Norbert Nigbur, swerved around the lunging goaltender and scored with just four minutes to play in extra time. Under the rules in place at that time, had the game ended in a draw it would have been replayed several days later. Seel's goal earned Fortuna their first-ever Cup and made him a hero in Düsseldorf.
Wolfgang Seel also scored twice in Fortuna Düsseldorf's historic 7–1 win over FC Bayern München in the 1978/79 season, one of Fortuna Düsseldorf's highest-ever victories and one of the worst defeats in FC Bayern's history.

## Honours

* UEFA Cup Winners' Cup finalist: 1979.
* Bundesliga 3rd place: 1974.
* DFB-Pokal winner: 1979, 1980.
* DFB-Pokal finalist: 1972, 1978.
# Douglas Scott

Douglas Scott may refer to:
* Douglas Scott (designer) (1913–1990), designer of the London Routemaster double-decker bus
* Douglas Scott (politician) (1920–2012), Australian politician
* Douglas Scott (writer) (born 1926), writer of thrillers
* Doug Scott (1941–2020), British mountaineer
* Doug Scott (Canadian football) (born 1955), CFL player
* Douglas P. Scott (born 1960), mayor of Rockford, Illinois, United States
* Douglas D. Scott, American archaeologist
* George Douglas Scott or Doug Scott, chairman of TEDCO
* Douglas Scott (choreographer), American choreographer
# Inishbiggle

Inishbiggle (Irish: Inis Bigil) is a small inhabited island off the coast of Ballycroy in County Mayo. Its name in Irish means "Vigil Island".
The island is unique in that it is traditionally both a Gaeltacht and Protestant.

## Geography

The island is situated between the northeast of Achill Island and the mainland, and is accessed by boat from either Doran's point at Ballycroy or Bullsmouth, Dooniver on Achill Island. The island is 2½ km x 1½ km, or 650 acres (2.6 km$^2$) in area.

## Description

The main activities are sheep and cattle farming, fishing and winkle picking. Facilities on the island included a school and a post office, both now closed.
Plans to build a cable-car link across the Bullsmouth Channel, one of the strongest currents in Europe separating the island from Achill had been under discussion since 1996, but have now been abandoned. Planning permission for the cablecar was denied by Mayo County Council on the grounds that "It would be visually obtrusive in an area of special scenic importance, that it would create traffic problems and that it would devalue houses in the vicinity."
Unpredictable currents in the channel during winter months can render the island inaccessible, even though the passage during fair weather is about ten minutes in the traditional boat, the currach. Emergency access is by helicopter.

## Demographics

The table below reports data on Inishbiggle's population taken from Discover the Islands of Ireland (Alex Ritsema, Collins Press, 1999) and the Census of Ireland.
At the end of 2023 the population had dropped to 8 people.
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1841 | 67 | — |
| 1851 | 61 | −9.0% |
| 1861 | 0 | −100.0% |
| 1871 | 154 | — |
| 1881 | 171 | +11.0% |
| 1891 | 135 | −21.1% |
| 1901 | 135 | +0.0% |
| 1911 | 149 | +10.4% |
| 1926 | 162 | +8.7% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1936 | 157 | −3.1% |
| 1946 | 106 | −32.5% |
| 1951 | 123 | +16.0% |
| 1956 | 116 | −5.7% |
| 1961 | 113 | −2.6% |
| 1966 | 103 | −8.8% |
| 1971 | 112 | +8.7% |
| 1979 | 97 | −13.4% |
| 1981 | 89 | −8.2% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1986 | 69 | −22.5% |
| 1991 | 51 | −26.1% |
| 1996 | 48 | −5.9% |
| 2002 | 39 | −18.8% |
| 2006 | 24 | −38.5% |
| 2011 | 25 | +4.2% |
| 2016 | 18 | −28.0% |
| 2022 | 12 | −33.3% |
Source: Central Statistics Office. "CNA17: Population by Off Shore Island, Sex and Year". irishislands.info. Retrieved 12 October 2016. :
# Carl Gustav Thulin

Carl Gustav Thulin, 9 October 1845 - 25 March 1918) was a Swedish shipowner. He co-owned and later became the sole owner of the shipping company Nordström & Thulin. He was the son of Anders Thulin och Charlotta Thulin. In 1861, he was employed at the age of sixteen by ship broker Carl David Nordström at a firm that since 1850 had worked with cargoing ships in Stockholm. In 1866, Thulin became co-owner of the company that was called Nordström & Thulin. That same year the company bought its first own ship.
# Alpha Hydraulic Diggings

The Alpha Hydraulic Diggings are located one mile north of what was the town of Alpha during the California Gold Rush in 1850, but the site is now near the unincorporated town of Washington, California. The diggings became a registered California Historical Landmark (No. 628) on January 29, 1958.

## Inscription

The plaque's inscription reads:
   ALPHA AND OMEGA
   One mile north of here were the towns of Alpha and Omega, named by gold miners in the early 1850s. The tremendous hydraulic diggings, visible from near this point, engulfed most of the original townsites. Alpha was the birthplace of famed opera singer Emma Nevada. Mining at Omega continued until 1949, and lumbering operations are carried on there today (1958).
   California Registered Historical Landmarks Nos. 628-629
# Schladming

Schladming (German:) is a small former mining town in the northwest of the Austrian state of Styria that is now a popular tourist destination. It has become a large winter-sports resort and has held various skiing competitions, including most notably the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 1982 and the FIS Alpine World Ski Championships 2013. The shopping area has many cafes and restaurants, and a variety of shops that cater to tourists.

## Recreation
### Winter sports

The local peak for winter sports is the Planai. A ten-seater cable car with a middle station takes tourists up the mountain. The Planai consists of many red and black slopes for competitive skiers, and many blue slopes for beginners, but generally the Planai is an intermediate to expert mountain. The Hochwurzen is the other mountain in Schladming. It has three main red runs off the four-man chair lift and a sledge run. This mountain is better suited to more experienced boarders and skiers. Also, There is a new 8 man cable car to the top. Schladming is also in close proximity to the Reiteralm ski resort, where the 2019 Ski Cross Junior World Championships and 2019 Ski Cross Europa Cup finals were held.

### Non-winter months

The surrounding mountains are popular with climbers and hikers and country lovers. In the summer, downhill toboggan runs and an outdoor swimming complex are open.
The UCI Mountainbike Worldcup has taken place in Schladming since 2004. In 2010, the Mountainbike Worldcup in Schladming was relocated to Leogang due to construction work taking place for the Ski World Championships in 2013.

## History

The first official mention of the settlement on the site of today's Schladming dates back to 1180. First name of the town was Slaebnich which is of Slavic origin (Slovenian; Slabnik, Slapnik). In the early and high Middle Ages, the place, like the whole of Styria, belonged to the settlement of the Alpine Slavs and was part of the Slavic principality of Carantania.
During the period of German colonization, the place gradually acquired a Germanic character, although many Slavic elements were preserved in culture and language.

## Transport

A bus service runs up and down the Planai and surrounding mountains throughout the year. Many ski lifts are on the mountains, some catering especially for small runs…

## Sports and events

Since 1973, the Planai has been a regular location for Alpine Ski World Cup races. Since 1997, the race has been called a "Nightrace" because it takes place at night. In 1982 and 2013, Schladming hosted the Alpine World Ski Championships. In March 2017, Schladming was one of the host towns of the 2017 Special Olympics World Winter Games in Styria, Austria, together with nearby Ramsau am Dachstein and Graz.

## Twin cities

* Felletin, France since 1960
* Wetzlar, Germany since 1974
* Furano, Japan since 1977