OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pam Fredman

Pam Fredman (born 13 May 1950, in Gothenburg, Sweden) is a Swedish professor of neuroscience and former rector of the University of Gothenburg. From 2016, Fredman is the President of the International Association of Universities

## Biography

Fredman graduated with a Master of Science in Chemical Engineering at Chalmers University of Technology in 1973 and a Doctor of Philosophy in Neurochemistry in 1979. Her thesis is titled ”Structure and Function of Gangliosides”.
Between 1995 and 1997 she was head of the Department of Clinical Neurosciences.
She was appointed in 1997 as a professor of neurology at the University of Gothenburg, and became vice-Dean of the Faculty of Medicine between 1997-1998. She continued to have several executive positions within the Sahlgrenska Academy.
Between 2003-2006 Fredman was the director and dean of the Sahlgrenska Academy. On July 1, 2006, she was rector of the University of Gothenburg, a position she held until July 1, 2017.
Fredman has been a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Engineering Sciences since 2008.
Vice-Chancellor of the University of Gothenburg from 2006-2017. As vice-Chancellor, Fredman was the head of the University and its principal representative.
Fredman has also been a board member for several organizations, including the Swedish Medical Research Council (from 1999-2003), the International Society of Neurochemistry (1995-1999) and Federation of European Neuroscience (1996-2001)
From 2016, Fredman is the President of the International Association of Universities.
Fredman sat on the board of the Swedish University and Higher Education Association, SUHF, between 2007 and 2014, and was its chairman 2009–2014.
Freedman has over 100 publications and 4700 citations.

## Honors and awards

Freedman has won the following awards:
* ESN Young Honorary Lecturer, 1982
* The Fernström prize for promising young researchers, 1994
# Hodorf

Hodorf is a municipality in the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
# James Rispoli

James Anthony Rispoli (born February 6, 1947) is a former Assistant Secretary of Energy for Environmental Management who served for three and a half years under the administration of President George W. Bush; he was unanimously confirmed by the Senate in July 2005. and resigned in late November 2008. His position was occasionally called cleanup czar in the press.

## Early life and education

Born on Staten Island in New York City, Rispoli graduated from St. Peter's High School For Boys in 1964. He holds a Bachelor of Engineering degree in civil engineering from Manhattan College in 1968, a Master of Science degree in civil engineering from the University of New Hampshire in 1969, as well as a Master of Arts degree in business management from Central Michigan University in 1977.

## Career

His previous position was as Director of the United States Department of Energy's (DOE's) Office of Energy and Construction Management. Rispoli also had private sector experience as an engineering and construction management executive. He is a Distinguished Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), and a Fellow of the Society of American Military Engineers. A past board member of ASCE, he is active professionally, is an American Academy of Environmental Engineers' Board Certified Environmental Engineer, and a member of the National Academy of Construction.
Rispoli started his career as an active duty United States Air Force officer from 1968 to 1973. He then served as a reserve officer and Air Force civilian employee until 1974, when he was recalled to active duty as a United States Navy lieutenant. Rispoli served the majority of his military career as a Navy Civil Engineer Corps officer, retiring at the grade of Captain in 1995. He received three awards of the Legion of Merit and five awards of the Meritorious Service Medal. Prior to his presidential appointment, he was a career executive in the Department of Energy, the Director, Office of Engineering and Construction Management. He is currently a senior executive advisor with the engineering firm PT&C LLC, an ENR-ranked program and construction management firm; and a Professor of the Practice at North Carolina State University's Center for Nuclear Energy Facilities and Structures.
# RMMV

RMMV is an acronym for the following companies:
* Rheinmetall MAN Military Vehicles
* Royal Mail Motor Vessel
* Remote Multi Mission Vehicle, an unmanned, autonomous, semi-submersible system used by the US Navy to detect underwater mines.
* RPG Maker MV, the version of RPG Maker released in 2015.
# Amaurochaete

Amaurochaete is a genus of slime molds in the family Amaurochaetaceae. As of 2015, there are four species in the genus.
# Rorippa sphaerocarpa

Rorippa sphaerocarpa is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae known by the common name roundfruit yellowcress. It is native to North America, including the western United States and northern Mexico, where it grows in moist habitat, such as riverbanks and mudflats. It is an annual herb producing decumbent or erect stems up to 40 centimeters long. The leaves are up to 10 centimeters long and have blades are deeply divided into toothed lobes. The inflorescence is a raceme of mustardlike flowers with yellow petals each no more than a millimeter long. The fruit is a round silique 1 or 2 millimeters wide.
# Wart (disambiguation)

A wart is a small, rough growth resembling a cauliflower or a solid blister.
Wart may also refer to:

## Arts, entertainment, and media

* Wart (character), a fictional frog in Nintendo games
* Wart, the principal character in T. H. White's 1938 novel The Sword in the Stone
* Molester's Train: The Wart, a 1996 Japanese pink film
* WART-LP, a low-power radio station (95.5 FM) licensed to serve Marshall, North Carolina, United States

## Other uses

* Azariah Wart (1822–1900), New York assemblyman
* Wart Castle, a Swiss heritage site
# Timothy Speyer

Timothy Speyer (born 4 May 1968 in Bromley, South East London) is a British actor, most notable for his stage work.

## Life and career

Speyer trained at GSA (The Guildford School of Acting) and graduated in 1994 as winner of the Max Adrian Cup. He has since worked and toured, with appearances at virtually every regional touring theatre in the UK, as well as at The National Theatre, The RSC, Shakespeare's Globe and in London's West End. He has worked with the theatre director Sir Peter Hall, appearing in Hall's 2007 production of Pygmalion at the Theatre Royal Bath and on tour (with Tim Pigott-Smith), his 2008 production of The Vortex at the Apollo Theatre in the West End (with Felicity Kendal) and, most recently, in his 2010 production of A Midsummer Night's Dream at the Rose Theatre Kingston (with Judi Dench). Later that year he joined the cast of the Olivier award-winning West End production of The 39 Steps at the Criterion Theatre, for which he was voted "Best featured Actor in a Play" in the first ever Broadway World West End Theatre Awards.
In 2011 he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company for their 50th Anniversary season, appearing in three plays; Cardenio (Shakespeare's lost play re-imagined), The City Madam and A Midsummer Night's Dream. The 2011 Stratford season officially opened the newly reconstructed Royal Shakespeare Theatre in Stratford-Upon-Avon. In early 2012 he is to make his debut at The National Theatre on London's South Bank, appearing as Sir Charles Marlow in She Stoops to Conquer by Oliver Goldsmith.
Other theatre credits include: The Merry Wives of Windsor at Shakespeare's Globe, Great Expectations at The Manchester Library Theatre and Pygmalion at the 2009 Hong Kong Arts Festival(with Rachael Stirling).
Speyer's television/film appearances include: the BBC series The Impressions Show with Culshaw and Stephenson, Shakespeare Unlocked (BBC), The Hutton Enquiry (BBC), Wind up TV (BBC), The Clap (Break Thru Film), Mystery Man (ITV), Crime Monthly Casebook (ITV / London Weekend), Londoners (Besta Film), The Exchange (BBC), Blue Peter (BBC), Newsnight(BBC) and The Hanging Tree Channel 4, as well as appearances in television commercials. In September 2022, he portrayed Colin Brewer in an episode of the BBC soap opera Doctors.
# Boltzmann relation

In a plasma, the Boltzmann relation describes the number density of an isothermal charged particle fluid when the thermal and the electrostatic forces acting on the fluid have reached equilibrium.
In many situations, the electron density of a plasma is assumed to behave according to the Boltzmann relation, due to their small mass and high mobility.

## Equation

If the local electrostatic potentials at two nearby locations are φ$_1$ and φ$_2$, the Boltzmann relation for the electrons takes the form:
    $n_{\text{e}}(\phi _{2})=n_{\text{e}}(\phi _{1})e^{e(\phi _{2}-\phi _{1})/k_{\text{B}}T_{\text{e}}}$
where n$_e$ is the electron number density, T$_e$ is the temperature of the plasma, and k$_B$ is the Boltzmann constant.

## Derivation

A simple derivation of the Boltzmann relation for the electrons can be obtained using the momentum fluid equation of the two-fluid model of plasma physics in absence of a magnetic field. When the electrons reach dynamic equilibrium, the inertial and the collisional terms of the momentum equations are zero, and the only terms left in the equation are the pressure and electric terms. For an isothermal fluid, the pressure force takes the form
    $F_{\rm {fluid}}=-k_{\text{B}}T_{\text{e}}\nabla n_{\text{e}},$
while the electric term is
    $F_{\rm {electric}}=en_{\text{e}}\nabla \phi$.
Integration leads to the expression given above.
In many problems of plasma physics, it is not useful to calculate the electric potential on the basis of the Poisson equation because the electron and ion densities are not known a priori, and if they were, because of quasineutrality the net charge density is the small difference of two large quantities, the electron and ion charge densities. If the electron density is known and the assumptions hold sufficiently well, the electric potential can be calculated simply from the Boltzmann relation.

## Inaccurate situations

Discrepancies with the Boltzmann relation can occur, for example, when oscillations occur so fast that the electrons cannot find a new equilibrium (see e.g. plasma oscillations) or when the electrons are prevented from moving by a magnetic field (see e.g. lower hybrid oscillations).
# Graham Rathbone

Graham Rathbone (22 August 1942 – 8 January 2012) was a Welsh professional footballer.
Rathbone was born in Newport, Monmouthshire. A centre-half, he began his career with Merthyr Tydfil. In 1960, he joined Newport County and made 191 appearances for the club, scoring 7 goals. In 1966 manager Jimmy McGuigan signed him at Grimsby Town for a £10,000 fee where he made 233 appearances before moving to Cambridge United and Kettering Town.
Rathbone died from dementia in Newport on 8 January 2012, aged 69.

## Honours
### Grimsby Town

Division Four: Champions 1971–72
# Brooklyn Times-Union

The Brooklyn Times-Union was an American newspaper published from 1848 to 1937. Launched in 1848 as the Williamsburgh Daily Times, the publication became the Brooklyn Daily Times when the cities of Brooklyn and Williamsburg were unified in 1855. The newspaper supported the then-progressive Republican Party, and the Abolition movement. Walt Whitman was one of their reporters, and was later the managing editor after he left the Brooklyn Daily Eagle.
The paper was published both daily and on Sunday, and had a peak circulation that included all of Kings County, and large segments of Nassau and Suffolk Counties. As the Brooklyn Daily Times, the paper was published in various editions, including the Long Island, Wall Street, and Noon editions.
The Daily Times was renamed the Brooklyn Times-Union after it bought out the Brooklyn Standard Union in 1932, and was itself bought out by the Brooklyn Eagle in 1937.
Brooklyn's Times Plaza at the intersections of Flatbush Avenue; Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, Ashland Place, State Street, and Hanson Place was named for this newspaper.
# Roman Cress

Roman William Cress (born August 2, 1977, in Kaven) is a track athlete from the Marshall Islands. He was born to an American father and Marshallese mother. Cress attended South High School and participated in Track as a student. He then attended MCTC, transferred to St. Thomas for his bachelor's degree and participated in Track as a student athlete.
Cress has won the bronze medal in the 100 metres sprint at the 2006 Micronesia Games and gold in the 200 metres event at the same Games. He was the first Marshallese track athlete in history to compete in the Olympic Games, representing his country at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. At the 100 metres he finished 8th in his heat in a time of 11.18 seconds He is currently a school administrator at Robbinsdale Middle School in Robbinsdale, Minnesota.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Marshall Islands ||||||
| 1999 | South Pacific Games | Santa Rita, Guam | 2nd | 200 m | 21.89 s |
| 2002 | Micronesian Games | Kolonia, Pohnpei | 2nd | 200 m | 22.43 s |
| 2006 | Micronesian Games | Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands | 3rd | 100 m | 11.19 s (wind: -0.3 m/s) |
| 2006 | Micronesian Games | Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands | 1st | 200 m | 22.66 s (wind: +0.0 m/s) |
| 2010 | Micronesian Games | Koror, Palau | 2nd | 100 m | 11.20 s |
| 2010 | Micronesian Games | Koror, Palau | 2nd | 200 m | 23.15 s |
| 2011 | Oceania Championships (Regional Division West) | Apia, Samoa | 2nd | 100 m | 11.10 s (wind: +0.7 m/s) |
| 2011 | Oceania Championships (Regional Division West) | Apia, Samoa | 1st | 200 m | 22.54 s (wind: +0.8 m/s) |
# King's skink

King's skink (Egernia kingii) is a species of skink, a lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is endemic to Australia.

## Etymology

The specific name, kingii, is in honor of Australian Phillip Parker King, who explored the coast of Australia while he was an officer in the Royal Navy.

## Geographic range

King's skink is native to coastal regions of south-western Australia. It is common on Rottnest Island and Penguin Island and some coastal areas with open forest and open heath.

## Description

King's skink is a large, heavy-bodied black skink that can reach a total length (including tail) of 55 centimetres (22 in) with a mass of 220 grams (8 oz).

## Diet

King's skink is omnivorous and consumes mostly softer plant matter from the range of local vegetation, but supplements its diet with insects and birds' eggs.

## As prey

King's skink is prey for many animals including tiger snakes (Notechis spp.).

## History

A traditional name for King's skink is wandy, given by the Nyungar people of south-west Western Australia. The first European to draw a King's skink was the artist and naturalist Ferdinand Bauer who made a detailed drawing of one during Flinders' expedition in 1801.

## Reproduction

Like many skinks, King's skink is viviparous, and after a gestation period of 20–22 weeks, gives birth to litters of 2–8 young that have a typical mass of 7 grams (0.25 oz). Juvenile mortality is high and growth to adult size is slow, so mature King's skinks can be quite long lived.
# Anomacanthus

Anomacanthus congolanus is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Acanthaceae. It is a subshrub native to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, and Cabinda Province of Angola. It is the sole species in genus Anomacanthus.
# James Winstone

James Winstone (9 February 1863 – 27 July 1921) was a British trade unionist
Born in Risca, Winstone worked from the age of eight, first at a local brickworks, then at Risca United Colliery. He was elected checkweighman, and worked with William Brace to campaign against the sliding pay scale. As a result, he was a prominent founder member of the South Wales Miners' Federation (SWMF) in 1898.
Winstone was also active in the Independent Labour Party, and was a Baptist lay preacher. He was elected for the Labour Party to Risca Urban District Council, then to Abersychan council, which he chaired in 1911. In 1907, he was elected to Monmouthshire County Council. He stood at Monmouth Boroughs at the 1906 general election, but received no backing from his union, and was not elected. In 1912, he was elected as Vice President of the SWMF, the first socialist to such a position. He was selected as the Labour candidate for the 1915 Merthyr Tydfil by-election, the seat having previously been held by Keir Hardie, but he was defeated by Charles Butt Stanton of the British Workers League, who had resigned as a miners' agent to run with Conservative and Liberal support as a pro-war independent labour candidate. In 1915, he replaced Brace as union president, serving until his death. He also stood in Merthyr at the 1918 general election, but was again unsuccessful. In 1920, he chaired Monmouthshire County Council.
# Space Games-3

Space Games-3 is a 1980 video game by Creative Computing for the TRS-80 Model I Level II.

## Plot summary

Space Games-3 is a collection of four games not individually released: Ultratrek, Romulan, Starwars, and Starlanes.

## Reception

J. Mishcon reviewed Space Games-3 in The Space Gamer No. 30. Mishcon commented that "The under ten set will enjoy these games, but don't be surprised if they soon tire and move on."
The game was reviewed in The Dragon #43 by Mark Herro. Herro commented that "Even though I may not particularly like all of the games in the package, I think Space Games-3 is well worth its modest price tag. If you're into space games, and you have a TRS-80, at least take a look at this package."
# Timofei Silistaru

Timofei Silistaru (born in 1894 in Taraclia) was a Bessarabian politician. He served as Member of the Moldovan Parliament (1917–1918).
# Serpent dance

The serpent dance is a traditional Cornish dance associated with the Midsummer festival of Golowan and Cornish cultural events such as nos lowen (earlier spelling noze looan).
detailed description of the Golowan serpent dance form An Daras the Cornish culture website.
Below is a description of the dance as performed in the Golowan fire festival in Penzance in the 19th century from J S Courtney's A Guide to Penzance and Its Neighbourhood (1845):
"The proceedings finished by the boys and girls from the quay, whose torches had by this time expired, dancing in a long line hand-in-hand through the streets, in and out and sometimes over the now low burning tar-barrels, crying out, "An eye, an eye". At this shout the top couple held up their arms and beginning with the last the others ran under them thus reversing their position."
* This Cornwall article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This dance-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# British Journal of Psychiatry

The British Journal of Psychiatry is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering all branches of psychiatry with a particular emphasis on the clinical aspects of each topic.
The journal is owned by the Royal College of Psychiatrists and published monthly by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the college. The journal publishes original research papers from around the world as well as editorials, review articles, commentaries on contentious articles, short reports, a comprehensive book review section and correspondence column. The editor-in-chief is Professor Kamaldeep Bhui. The complete archive of contents from 1855 to the present is available online. All content from January 2000 on is made freely available 1 year after publication.

## History

The journal was established in 1853 as the Asylum Journal, changing title in 1855 to the Asylum Journal of Mental Science and changing title again to Journal of Mental Science from 1858 to 1963, when it obtained its present name.

## Reception

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 7.233.
# Årø

Årø may refer to:

## Places

* Årø (Denmark), an island off Jutland, Denmark
* Årø, Norway, a neighborhood in the town of Molde in Møre og Romsdal, Norway
* Molde Airport, Årø, an airport in Molde, Norway
# King's manuscripts, British Library

The King's manuscripts are a collection of 446 historical manuscripts held in the British Library. The collection was originally assembled by King George III, and was passed to the British Museum by George IV in 1823 as part of the King's Library. The manuscripts were at first kept with the printed books, but in 1840 were transferred to the Department of Manuscripts. The manuscript maps remained in the Department of Printed Books, and are now held in the Map Library as the King's Topographical Collection.
# Calcium disilicide

Calcium disilicide (CaSi$_2$) is an inorganic compound, a silicide of calcium. It is a whitish or dark grey to black solid matter with melting point 1033 °C. It is insoluble in water, but may decompose when subjected to moisture, evolving hydrogen and producing calcium hydroxide. It decomposes in hot water, and is flammable and may ignite spontaneously in air.
Industrial calcium silicide usually contains iron and aluminium as the primary contaminants, and low amounts of carbon and sulfur.

## Properties

At ambient conditions calcium disilicide exists in two polymorphs, hR9 and hR18; in the hR18 structure the hR9 unit cell is stacked twice along the c axis. Upon heating to 1000 °C at a pressure of ca. 40 kBar, calcium disilicide converts to a (semi-stable) tetragonal phase. The tetragonal phase is a superconductor with a transition temperature of 1.37 K to 1.58 K. Although there is no observable superconducting transition temperature for the trigonal/rhombohedral (i.e. hR9 and hR18 unit cells) at ambient pressure, under high pressure (>12 GPa/120 kbar) this phase has been observed exhibit superconducting transition. When the trigonal phase is placed under pressures exceeding 16 GPa, there is a phase transition to an AlB$_2$-like phase.

## Uses
### Alloys

Calcium silicide is used for manufacture of special metal alloys, e.g. for removing phosphorus and as a deoxidizer.

### Pyrotechnics

In pyrotechnics, it is used as fuel to make special mixtures, e.g. for production of smokes, in flash compositions, and in percussion caps. Specification for pyrotechnic calcium silicide is MIL-C-324C. In some mixtures it may be substituted with ferrosilicon. Silicon-based fuels are used in some time delay mixtures, e.g. for controlling of explosive bolts, hand grenades, and infrared decoys. Smoke compositions often contain hexachloroethane; during burning they produce silicon tetrachloride, which, like titanium tetrachloride used in smoke-screens, reacts with air moisture and produces dense white fog. Gum arabic is used in some mixtures to inhibit calcium silicide decomposition.

### Heating food

Self-heating cans of military food rations developed during WWII used a thermite-like mixture of 1:1 iron(II,III) oxide and calcium silicide. Such mixture, when ignited, generates moderate amount of heat and no gaseous products.
# Scheme Birds

Scheme Birds is a 2019 documentary film directed by Ellen Fiske and Ellinor Hallin featuring a teenage girl living in Jerviston (Motherwell, Scotland).
The film premiered at the 2019 Tribeca Film Festival, where it won the Best Feature Documentary award and the Best New Documentary Director award.
# Serruria decipiens

Serruria decipiens, the Sandveld spiderhead, is a flower-bearing shrub that belongs to the genus Serruria. It forms part of the fynbos biome. The plant is native to the Western Cape, where it only occurs on the Sandveld, Hopefield, the Cape Flats, Piketberg, and Olifants River Mountains. The shrub is round and grows 1.0 m tall and bears flowers from July to October.
Fire destroys the plant but the seeds survive. Two months after flowering, the fruit falls off and ants disperse the seeds. They store the seeds in their nests. The plant is bisexual. Pollination takes place through the action of insects. The plant grows in sandy soil at elevations of 0–250 m.
# Grammoechus strenuus

Grammoechus strenuus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by James Thomson in 1864, originally under the genus Atossa. It is known from Java.