OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Samuel Beckett Bridge

Samuel Beckett Bridge (Irish: Droichead Samuel Beckett) is a cable-stayed swingbridge in Dublin, Ireland that joins Sir John Rogerson's Quay on the south side of the River Liffey to Guild Street and North Wall Quay in the Docklands area.

## Design and construction

Architect Santiago Calatrava was the lead designer of the bridge. He was assisted with the civil and structural aspects of the design by Roughan & O'Donovan consulting engineers.
This was the second bridge in the area designed by Calatrava, the first being the James Joyce Bridge, which is further upriver.
Constructed by a "Graham Hollandia Joint Venture", the main span of the Samuel Beckett Bridge is supported by 31 cable stays from a doubly back-stayed single forward arc tubular tapered spar, with decking provided for four traffic and two pedestrian lanes. It is also capable of opening through an angle of 90 degrees allowing ships to pass through. This is achieved through a rotational mechanism housed in the base of the pylon.
The shape of the spar and its cables is said to evoke an image of a harp lying on its edge. (The harp being the national symbol for Ireland from as early as the thirteenth century).
The steel structure of the bridge was constructed in Rotterdam by Hollandia, a Dutch company also responsible for the steel fabrication of the London Eye. The steel span of the bridge was transferred from the Hollandia wharf in Krimpen aan den IJssel on 3 May 2009, with support from specialist transport company ALE Heavylift.
The bridge, which cost €60 million, is named for Irish writer Samuel Beckett (1906–1989). It was officially opened to pedestrians on 10 December 2009 by Dublin Lord Mayor, Emer Costello and to road traffic at 7 am the following day.
The bridge won Engineers Ireland's 'Engineering Project of the Year' in 2010.

## Criticism

Commentators criticised traffic management restrictions in place around the bridge, saying that with certain turns onto the bridge being blocked, traffic would be diverted into the city centre undermining the bridge's purpose of reducing traffic on the downstream bridges. Unhappiness was also expressed over the fact that these restrictions would force drivers to use the East-Link Toll Bridge. Dublin City Council replied that these restrictions were mandated by An Bord Pleanála to prevent users of the East-Link bridge (outside the city) from coming into the city.
At the time of opening, there was also criticism that no bus services had plans to use the bridge.
# Castleford Whitwood Stadium

Castleford Whitwood Stadium was a greyhound racing stadium in Altofts Lane, Whitwood, Castleford, England.

## Origins

In April 1939 William Burrows and John Cain applied for a betting licence for greyhound racing to be held on a plot of land north of Altofts Lane and Whitwood Lane in Whitwood in the urban district of Castleford. The track was known locally as Whitwood and could accommodate 2,500 spectators (500 in a stand and 2,000 around the track).

## History

Whitwood ran as an independent track, not licensed by the National Greyhound Racing Club (NGRC) but nevertheless provided decent facilities. By 1960 a social club was built and was able to seat 400 people which resulted in shows being set up on non-race days for the public. A circumference of 400 yards meant that distances of 394 and 504 yards were the measurements for races on the race days of Tuesday and Saturday.
The stadium remained independent for 31 years and also hosted whippets before suffering a long but temporary closure in 1970. However it reopened and from June 1979 to June 1980 speedway was also held at the track, the team was called the Castleford Kings.
In 1980 the track had changed its distances to 280, 370, 485 and 660 metres and was described as an all-sand, D-shaped circuit running mainly handicaps. Facilities included two bars and a tea room; eleven bookmakers were on site betting on Wednesday and Friday evenings at 7:30 pm. Trials were on Sundays and the hare was an 'Inside Sumner'.
Whitwood finally joined the NGRC on 7 October 1985 but would only stay affiliated to them for a short period of time. Generally when independent tracks joined the NGRC, costs would increase forcing some to revert to their former status. On 22 November 1985 Scurlogue Champ smashed the track record over 830 metres, winning by 18 lengths in 54.45sec and priced 1-4. Independent again by 1987 owners John and Carol Hyde changed the track dimensions to 275, 460, 650 and 835 metres with a circumference of 400 metres. The main competitions held at the track were the Whitwood Derby, Whitwood St Leger and Whitwood Rose bowl.

## Closure

Many independent tracks were forced to close due to rising costs and Whitwood became one of them. The last meeting was held in February 2001, ending a 62-year association with greyhound racing. A plan to re-open failed after the local council rejected the appeal. The site today forms a small part of the New Wheatsheaf and was to be found reaching a part of the Whitwood golf course.

## Achievements

During 1986 trainer Moffat won the Western Two Year Old Produce Stakes with Fulwood Star ensuring the name Whitwood would forever remain in the history of the licensed records lists.
# Cerobasis longicornis

Cerobasis longicornis is a species of Psocoptera from the Trogiidae family that is endemic to the Canary Islands.
# Dmitry Shevchenko

Dmitriy Shevchenko is the name of:
* Dmitry Shevchenko (fencer) (born 1967), Russian fencer
* Dmitry Shevchenko (discus thrower) (born 1968), Russian discus thrower
# Ardashes Badmagrian

Ardashes Badmagrian or Artashes Patmgrian (known as Ardashir Khan) (1863–1928) was an Iranian Armenian Movie Theater owner. Badmagarian had worked at Pathé in Paris at the turn of the century and had brought back to Persia the cinematograph, the phonograph, and the bicycle.

## Biography

Born in 1863, he was an Armenian living in Tabriz and known as "Vosouq al-Tojar". A textile merchant, he always journeyed to neighboring countries, and once traveling to France in 1900, he saw moving pictures on screen. He brought with him a bicycle, a gramophone and a film projector as souvenirs. He opened a saloon in 1912 in "ʿAlāʾ-al-Dawla Street" (now renamed Ferdowsi street) and called it "Tajadod Cinema". His saloon was closed the following year for unknown reasons, and he opened a new one, "Modern Cinema", in 1915, which was also closed. A pioneer in inaugurating movie-theaters, Areshir Khan was so persistent that he opened the third one, "Khorshid Cinema", in 1917. He usually imported the films he screened in his saloons, and when he failed to import new films, "Khorshid Cinema" was also to close. His fourth attempt led to a roofless cinema located in Amiriye neighborhood and next to main lamp post, which was impeded by the running of his film projector, and so had it to be wound up on police decree. He went to Paris for medical cure in 1928, but died there following an aborted surgery.
# It's a Shame (Kris Kross song)

"It's a Shame" is the fourth and final single by American hip hop duo Kris Kross, released in January 1993 by Ruffhouse and Columbia from their debut album, Totally Krossed Out (1992). It is the least successful of the four singles, as it did not chart on the US Billboard Hot 100. However, it did manage to reach number 11 on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart and number 55 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, as well as number 31 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was written and produced by Jermaine Dupri, and its music video was directed by Rich Murray. The group performed "It's a Shame" on numerous television shows, such as A Different World.

## Critical reception

Larry Flick from Billboard wrote, "Preteen rap duo drops its hardest-hitting single to date. On-target rhymes about the rigors of growing up in the midst of violence and poverty take on a heavier-than-usual tone when rapped by a youngster's voice. Insinuating, scratch-happy hip-hop beats are drenched in radio-friendly synths and hand claps. Could trigger some much-needed street credibility." In his weekly UK chart commentary, James Masterton said, "Sadly this new single may do little to convince Britain that Daddy Mac and Mac Daddy are little more than novelties." A reviewer from People Magazine commented, "While the koncept may be kute, the kids sound anything but innocent as they delineate brutal urban realities".

## Track listing

* "It's a Shame" (7" Remix) - 3:42
* "It's a Shame" (Extended Remix) - 6:41
* "Jump" (Steve Anderson Extended Remix) - 6:17
* "Jump" (Supercat Dessork Mix) - 3:52

## Charts

| Chart (1993) | Peak position |
| Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) | 35 |
| Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) | 86 |
| Ireland (IRMA) | 27 |
| New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) | 19 |
| UK Singles (OCC) | 31 |
| UK Dance (Music Week) | 36 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 55 |
| US Hot Rap Songs (Billboard) | 11 |
# California macrophylla

California macrophylla, commonly known as roundleaf stork's bill, is a species of flowering plant in the geranium family, Geraniaceae. It was formerly placed in the genus Erodium, but was later placed in a monotypic genus of its own named California.

## Description

It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, where it grows in open habitat such as grassland and scrub. It is an annual herb that grows only a few centimeters high (1 inch), forming a patch of slightly lobed, somewhat kidney-shaped to rounded leaves on long, slender petioles. Leaves are green dorsally and purple ventrally, often developing clear red veins once the leaves mature. The inflorescence is a fragile umbel of flowers with petals around a centimeter long (0.4 in) and white in color, often tinted pinkish or purplish. Petals break off easily and flowers rarely stay pristine for more than a day. The fruit has a fuzzy base and a long, narrow style which may reach 5 cm (2 in) in length.
# Salacz

Salacz is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* László Salacz (born 1971), Hungarian lawyer and politician
* Paweł Salacz (born 1997), Polish handball player
# Samuel Wainer

Samuel Wainer (December 19, 1910 – September 2, 1980) was a Brazilian journalist and author. Wainer was born into a Jewish family from Bessarabia, more precisely in the Edineț District, then part of the Russian Empire. His family immigrated to Brazil in 1912, settling in São Paulo. He would later found and direct the Diretrizes magazine and the Última Hora newspaper. He was married to Danuza Leão, Brazilian journalist and model, sister of Nara Leão. They had a son, Samuel Wainer Filho, who was also a journalist. He died in 1984 in a car accident with a camera operator. Wainer also had two more children: plastic artist Débora "Pinky" Wainer and film producer Bruno Wainer.
He was a reporter of Diários Associados in 1950, when he interviewed Getúlio Vargas, with whom he would later keep a close friendship. He also faced strong opposition from Carlos Lacerda and Assis Chateaubriand (owner of Diários Associados) during his career, specially when he founded his own newspaper, that would openly support Vargas presidency.
Wainer was the only Brazilian and Latin American journalist present at the Nuremberg Trials.
He died in São Paulo, aged 69.
# Stephen Marchant (actor)

Stephen Marchant is an English actor known for being the first actor to play Terence Turner on ITV's Emmerdale in 1985. Nick Brimble took over the role in 2006. Stephen Marchant is an actor, known for The Tall Guy (1989), The Bill (1984) and Emmerdale (1972, 1985).
Stephen attended Buckhurst Hill County High School (Boys Grammar School) in Essex 1971–1978 where he showed himself to be a keen and able actor, participating in many school plays.
# Ceratarcha

Ceratarcha is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. The genus was erected by Charles Swinhoe in 1894. Both species are found in the Indian state of Meghalaya.

## Species

* Ceratarcha clathralis C. Swinhoe, 1894
* Ceratarcha umbrosa C. Swinhoe, 1894
# Arctostaphylos viscida

Arctostaphylos viscida, with the common names whiteleaf manzanita and sticky manzanita, is a species of manzanita.

## Distribution

Arctostaphylos viscida is a plant of chaparral and coniferous forests of some elevation. It is native to California and Oregon. Sticky whiteleaf manzanita is highly drought-resistant and tolerates mafic soils. In Northern California it is an indicator species for serpentine soil although it is not restricted to this soil type.

## Description

It is a treelike shrub reaching up to 5 meters (16 ft). The stems may be smooth or fuzzy, and are often glandular. The leaves are rounded to oval, sometimes slightly toothed or with hairs along the edges, and usually dull green on both surfaces.
When in flower the shrub is packed heavily with densely bunching inflorescences of urn-shaped white to pale pink flowers. The fruits are shiny red or greenish-brown drupes between one half and one centimeter wide. Seeds require fire for germination.

## Uses

The Miwok of northern California used the fruit to make cider.
# Ring of Bright Water

Ring of Bright Water is a book by Gavin Maxwell about his life in a remote house in coastal Scotland where he kept several wild otters as pets. First published in 1960, it became a best seller and is considered a literary masterpiece, eventually selling over two million copies. A fictionalised film of the same name was made from it and released in 1969.

## Book

The book describes how Maxwell brought to England a smooth-coated otter, from the Marshes of Iraq (before Saddam Hussein drained them)
Maxwell named the otter Mijbil. He raised Mijbil at Camusfeàrna (the name Maxwell gave his house at Sandaig near Glenelg), on the west coast of Scotland. Maxwell took Mijbil to the London Zoological Society where it was determined that Mijbil belonged to a previously unknown subspecies, subsequently named after Maxwell: Lutrogale perspicillata maxwelli (or colloquially, "Maxwell's otter").
'"Into this bright, watery landscape Mij moved and took possession with a delight that communicated itself as clearly as any articulate speech could have done," he wrote. "The waterfall, the burn, the white beaches and the islands; his form became the familiar foreground to them all."'
The book's title was taken from a poem by Kathleen Raine, who claimed in her autobiography that Maxwell had been the love of her life. Her relationship with Maxwell deteriorated after 1956 when she indirectly caused the death of Mijbil.

## Reception

A reviewer in the Sunday Herald described the book as having "inspired a generation of naturalists" and referred to it as a "classic account of man and wildlife". The review calls Ring of Bright Water "one of the most popular wildlife books ever written", as over two million copies had been sold worldwide by 1999.

## Legacy

Two sequels were published: The Rocks Remain (1963) and Raven Seek Thy Brother (1968), which were less idyllic than the first, chronicling accidents and misfortunes involving both the otters and Maxwell's life. All three books were republished as Ring of Bright Water: A Trilogy in 2011 by Nonpareil Books. The trilogy does not include the full text of the latter two volumes, but removes the tangential travel sections which take place outside Scotland.
# Solomiac

Solomiac (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Gers department in southwestern France.

## History

Solomiac was founded in 1322, by the Planselve Abbey, the Cistercian monastery, which was active from 1143 until 1789 and Beraud, the Seneschal of Solomiac.

## Structure

This Bastide has the typical central market square with the halle, the market building in the center of this open space. The market building is built with stone with wooden and stone pillars on the roof. Around this area there are the typical stone houses with the arcades. At the top of the square, where is a church.
# Courtis

Courtis is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anla Courtis (born 1972), Argentine musician, artist, composer, and sound artist
* Christopher Courtis (born 1994), Barbadian swimmer
* John Courtis (1902–1975), British boxer
# Samuel Waddington

Samuel Waddington (1844 – 7 November 1923) was a British civil servant, traveller and poet.

## Life

He was the second son of Thomas Waddington of Boston Spa, Yorkshire. He was educated at St Peter's School, York and matriculated at Brasenose College, Oxford in 1862, graduating B.A. in 1865.
Waddington worked in the marine department of the Board of Trade. He died in Kilburn on 7 November 1923. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery.

## Works

* English Sonnets by Living Writers (1881)
* Arthur Hugh Clough: A Monograph (1883)
* Collected Poems (1902)
* Chapters of My Life (1909) autobiography
Waddington wrote for periodicals including The Academy, the Athenaeum, and the Pall Mall Gazette.
# Kuta, Foča

Kuta (Serbian Cyrillic: Кута) is a village in the municipality of Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# La Loche River (Saskatchewan)

The La Loche River is a small river in north-west Saskatchewan. The distance from its source at the south east end of Lac La Loche to its mouth at the north end of Peter Pond Lake is 56 km. The river is bridged by Highway 956 about 5 kilometres from its source. The Kimowin River flows in from the west.

## History

Two kilometres from the mouth of the La Loche River lies the old site of Bull's House (56°09′33.8″N 109°07′16″W﻿ / ﻿56.159389°N 109.12111°W﻿ / 56.159389; -109.12111) . Bull's House was an outpost of the Hudson's Bay Company during the fur trade.
This hamlet may have begun as a North West Company post in 1795. A century later in 1895 according to Father Penard of the La Loche mission there were six families living there. In 1906 only 12 people remained. Oxen and horses used for hauling freight at Methye Portage were sometimes wintered there. During periods of high water that flooded fields at Bull's House hay was cut a few miles away at Hay Point (56°8′0″N 109°2′3″W﻿ / ﻿56.13333°N 109.03417°W﻿ / 56.13333; -109.03417) on the east side of Peter Pond Lake for the animals. It was also called the Riviere La Loche Post or La Loche River Post. An important fishery was located there and when the fishery at Ile a la Crosse failed one year Bull's House was able to provide the village with fish. All that remains of Bull's House is a cemetery on the east side of the river and on the west side a few cabins and a trail leading to Peter Pond Lake.

## Historic map

This section of Franklin's 1819-20 map shows the fur trade route from Peter Pond Lake, up the La Loche River (Methye River), across Lac La Loche (Methye Lake), across the Methye Portage to the west flowing Clearwater River then north up the Athabasca River. Shown on the map are the early trading posts of the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company situated on the south west side of Lac La Loche. The portages shown are measured in yards. Two portages are shown on the La Loche River.
# Ras-GRF1

Ras-GRF1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor. Its function is to release guanosine diphosphate, GDP, from the signaling protein RAS, thus increasing the activity of RAS by allowing it to bind to guanosine triphosphate, GTP, returning it to its active state. In this way, Ras-GRF1 has a key role in regulating the RAS signaling pathway. Ras-GRF1 mediates the activation of RAS via Ca$^{2+}$ bound calmodulin protein.

## Function

Activation of Ras proteins occur through the phosphorylation of tyrosine receptors. This recruits adapter protein GRB2 which binds to SOS exchange factors, that bind and activate Ras. Ras/MAPK pathways is activated by the intracellular calcium that binds to the ilimaquinone domain (IQ) on Ras-GRF1. Activated Ras can go on to activate Raf/Mek/Erk kinases which can mediate the activation of CREB transcription factors. This can affect gene expression and cell proliferation.
Ras-GRF1 knockout mice have been shown to have learning and memory deficits associated with dysregulation of this pathway. Ras-GRF1 has also been shown to be upstream from IGF1, allowing it to control growth in mice. Although it is sometimes known as CDC25, it should not be confused with Cdc25. Ras-GRF1 is a paternally expressed imprinted gene, meaning that only the paternal allele of the gene is translated into protein. Disruption of this epigenetic imprinting also produces learning and memory deficits in neonatal mice.
Ras-GRF1 has been shown to mediate long term potentiation (LTP), affecting memory and learning. A signaling pathway involving Ras-GRF1/p38 MAP/CP -AMPAR has been shown to affect LTP. Ras-GRF1 knockout mice, induced with high frequency stimulation to induce LTP (HFS-LTP), displayed the inability to retain memory and distinguish similar concepts. A Ras-GRF1/ERK pathway has also been found to affect the activity of LTP in medium spiny neuron (MSN) pathways. Ras-GRF1 knockout mice treated with HFS-LTP have exhibited the inability to induce LTP in direct MSN pathways. Ras-GRF1 signaling has been thought to be involved with L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, a condition in which LTP and MSN homeostasis are disrupted.
Alongside its regulation of learning and memory, Ras-GRF1 has exhibited the ability to impact pancreatic β-cell proliferation. Ras-GRF1 knockout mice have expressed decreased pancreatic β-cell concentration and activity. Reduction of β-cell mass and area has correlated to a decrease in circulating insulin levels, exposing a Ras-GRF1 signaling pathway that regulates glucose metabolism.
# Riedbach (Bühler)

Riedbach is a small river of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Bühler, joining it near Obersontheim.
# Cambodia at the Olympics

Cambodia has competed in ten Summer Olympic Games. They have never won an Olympic medal and have not appeared in the Winter Olympic Games.
Cambodia first competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics which were held in Melbourne, Australia, but physically competed only in Stockholm, Sweden, as Cambodia only participated in the equestrian events which took place in Sweden due to quarantine regulations and boycotted events in Melbourne over opposition to the Suez Crisis.
Cambodia did not compete in the Olympics for a 24-year period following the 1972 Summer Olympics due to the activities of the Khmer Rouge regime, finally returning for the 1996 Summer Olympics. They have competed in every Summer Olympic Games since.

## Medal tables
### Medals by Summer Games

| Games | Athletes | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total | Rank |
| 1896–1952 | as part of France (FRA) | as part of France (FRA) | as part of France (FRA) | as part of France (FRA) | as part of France (FRA) | as part of France (FRA) |
| 1956 Melbourne | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1960 Rome | did not participate | did not participate | did not participate | did not participate | did not participate | did not participate |
| 1964 Tokyo | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1968 Mexico City | did not participate | did not participate | did not participate | did not participate | did not participate | did not participate |
| 1972 Munich | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 1976 Montreal | did not participate |
| 1980 Moscow | did not participate |
| 1984 Los Angeles | did not participate |
| 1988 Seoul | did not participate |
| 1992 Barcelona | did not participate |
| 1996 Atlanta | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2000 Sydney | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2004 Athens | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2008 Beijing | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2012 London | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2016 Rio de Janeiro | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2020 Tokyo | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2024 Paris | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |
| 2028 Los Angeles | future event |
| 2032 Brisbane | future event |
| Total | Total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | – |