OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Quasi-variance

Quasi-variance (qv) estimates are a statistical approach that is suitable for communicating the effects of a categorical explanatory variable within a statistical model. In standard statistical models the effects of a categorical explanatory variable are assessed by comparing one category (or level) that is set as a benchmark against which all other categories are compared. The benchmark category is usually referred to as the 'reference' or 'base' category. In order for comparisons to be made the reference category is arbitrarily fixed to zero. Statistical data analysis software usually undertakes formal comparisons of whether or not each level of the categorical variable differs from the reference category. These comparisons generate the well known ‘significance values’ of parameter estimates (i.e., coefficients). Whilst it is straightforward to compare any one category with the reference category, it is more difficult to formally compare two other categories (or levels) of an explanatory variable with each other when neither is the reference category. This is known as the reference category problem.
Quasi-variances are approximations of variances. Quasi-variances are statistics associated with the parameter estimates (coefficients) of the different levels of categorical explanatory variables within statistical models. Quasi-variances can be presented alongside parameter estimates to enable readers to assess differences between any combinations of parameter estimates for a categorical explanatory variable. The approach is beneficial because such comparisons are not usually possible without access to the full variance-covariance matrix for the estimates.
Using quasi-variance estimates addresses the reference category problem. The underlying idea was first proposed by Ridout but the technique was set out by David Firth and Renee Menezes. The suitability of this technique for social science data analysis has been demonstrated. An on-line tool for the calculation of quasi-variance estimates is available and a short technical description of the methodology is provided.
Quasi-variances can be calculated in Stata using the QV module and can also be calculated in R using the package qvcalc.
# Kamma

Kamma may refer to:
* Kamma (caste), a caste or social group found largely in Southern India
* Kamma, India, village in Punjab, India
* The Pali and Ardhamagadhi term for karma
* Bava Kamma, a traditional Jewish civil law procedure (1st volume of Nezikin), dealing largely with damages and compensation
* The nickname of the Norwegian football club Hamarkameratene
* A locality near Cairns in the state of Queensland, Australia.
* A mountain range in Pershing County, Nevada, USA
* Name of a mountain creek in the province of British Columbia, Canada
* Kamma Rahbek, Danish artist, salonist and lady of letters
# Kalandini

Kalandini is a settlement in Kenya's Nyanza Province.
# Qızıloba

Qızıloba may refer to:
* Qızıloba, Khojali, Azerbaijan
* Qızıloba, Tartar, Azerbaijan
# Kalbaoruc Dizə

Kalbaoruc Dizə (until 2003, Oruc Dizə, Oruj Diza, and Orudzhdiza) is a village and municipality in the Babek District of Nakhchivan, Azerbaijan. It is located 16 km in the north-east from the district center, on the foothill area. Its population is busy with grain-growing, poultry and animal husbandry. There is a medical center in the village. It has a population of 501.

## Etymology

Its previous name was Kalbaoruc Dizə (Kalbaoruj Diza). The name was made up from the components of Kalbaoruj (Karbalayi Oruj has been the name of person which was distorted during the pronunciation) and diza (the old term of Iranian origin, means as "village", "castle", "fortified") means "a village belonging to Karbalayi Oruj". Later the word of Kalba (Karbalayi) was dropped from the name. Since 2003, the name of the village again was officially registered as Kalbaoruc Dizə.
# R. J. Callander

Robert John Callander was the 15th Accountant General and Controller of Revenue in Ceylon.
He was appointed on 3 January 1866, succeeding Richard Pennefather, and held the office until 10 March 1870, when he was succeeded by John Douglas.
# Kanengo, Lilongwe

Kanengo is a township located in the northern part of Lilongwe, the capital city of Malawi. It is situated approximately 10 kilometers north of the city center.

## History
### Establishment

Kanengo was established in the 1960s as a residential area for low- to middle-income families. During the colonial era, it was a small settlement for African civil servants and businessmen. After Malawi gained independence in 1964, Kanengo experienced rapid growth and development, becoming a hub for commercial and social activities.

## Institutions

Some of the notable institutions found in Kanengo include:
* Kanengo Secondary School
* Kanengo Primary School
* Kanengo Health Centre
* Kanengo Police Station
* Kanengo Market

## Tourist Places

* Kanengo Pottery
* Kanengo Craft Village
* Kanengo Nature Reserve
* Kanengo Rock Paintings
* Kanengo Museum
* Kanengo Shopping Center
* Kanengo Fuel Station
* Kanengo Bus Depot
* Kanengo Mosque
* Kanengo Church

## Recreational centers

* Kanengo Sports Club
* Kanengo Tennis Court
* Kanengo Swimming Pool
* Kanengo Gym
* Kanengo Playground
# Kangarosa

Kangarosa is a genus of spiders in the family Lycosidae. It was first described in 2010 by Framenau. As of 2017, it contains 10 species from Australia.

## Species

Kangarosa comprises the following species:
* Kangarosa alboguttulata (L. Koch, 1878)
* Kangarosa focarius Framenau, 2010
* Kangarosa ludwigi Framenau, 2010
* Kangarosa nothofagus Framenau, 2010
* Kangarosa ossea Framenau, 2010
* Kangarosa pandura Framenau, 2010
* Kangarosa properipes (Simon, 1909)
* Kangarosa tasmaniensis Framenau, 2010
* Kangarosa tristicula (L. Koch, 1877)
* Kangarosa yannicki Framenau, 2010
# R-

R- may represent:
* a type of chirality, in chemical notation
* an R prefix used for various constants
* the set of negative real numbers
* negative reinforcement, in behavioural psychology
* membership of the United States Republican Party, when placed before a state abbreviation, usually in parentheses after the name of a politician
# Kangryong County

Kangryŏng County is a county in the South Hwanghae province of North Korea.

## Geography

Kangryŏng is bordered to the north by Pyŏksŏng, to the west by Ongjin, to the east by the Bay of Haeju and to the south by the Korea Bay. The county is situated on the western half of the Ongjin Peninsula, and most of the land is rocky and hilly with many coves and little flat land. There are also many islands in the seas surrounding the county, the largest being Sunwi-do, Ŏhwa-do, and the Suap Islands. The highest point is Mt. Ch'amnamu, at 286 meters.
Kangryŏng is famous for its seafaring bird populations, including the rare red-crowned crane. The county is the site of the large Kangryong Crane Habitat, one of four designated breeding sites in North Korea, and Natural Monument #130.

## History

Kangryŏng county was created under the Yi dynasty. It was briefly merged into the newly formed Hwanghae District in 1895 during an experimental redistricting, but was restored to its previous form in 1896. In 1909, it was incorporated into Ongjin. It was again made an independent municipality in the 1952 redistricting changes and received its old name.

## Transportation

Kangryŏng county is served by the Ongjin and Pup'o lines of the Korean State Railway, as well as an extensive network of roads.

## Administrative divisions

Kangryŏng is divided into one town (ŭp), one Worker's District (rodongjagu) and 31 villages (ri).
| | Chosŏn'gŭl | Hancha |
| Kangryŏng-ŭp | 강령읍 | 康翎邑 |
| Pup'o-rodongjagu | 부포노동자구 | 釜浦勞動者區 |
| Hyangjug-ri | 향죽리 | 香竹里 |
| Inbong-ri | 인봉리 | 仁鳳里 |
| Kŭmdong-ri | 금동리 | 金銅里 |
| Kŭmjŏng-ri | 금정리 | 錦井里 |
| Kwangch'ŏl-li | 광천리 | 廣天里 |
| Naedong-ri | 내동리 | 內洞里 |
| Obong-ri | 오봉리 | 梧鳳里 |
| Ŏhwado-ri | 어화도리 | 漁化島里 |
| Pongo-ri | 봉오리 | 峰梧里 |
| Pumil-li | 부민리 | 富民里 |
| P'yŏnghwa-ri | 평화리 | 平和里 |
| Ryongyŏl-li | 룡연리 | 龍淵里 |
| Sambong-ri | 삼봉리 | 三峰里 |
| Sayol-li | 사연리 | 舍鳶里 |
| Sigyŏ-ri | 식여리 | 食餘里 |
| Sin'am-ri | 신암리 | 新岩里 |
| Songhyŏl-li | 송현리 | 松峴里 |
| Ssanggyo-ri | 쌍교리 | 雙橋里 |
| Suap-ri | 수압리 | 睡鴨里 |
| Sunwi-ri | 순위리 | 巡威里 |
| Tonggang-ri | 동강리 | 東江里 |
| Tongp'o-ri | 동포리 | 東浦里 |
| Tŭngam-ri | 등암리 | 登岩里 |
# Kandaramanickam

Kandaramanickam (or Kandramanickam) is a village in Sivaganga district, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India.

## Geography

Kandaramanickam is located at 10°02′47″N 78°37′58″E﻿ / ﻿10.0463°N 78.6327°E﻿ / 10.0463; 78.6327. It is 18 kilometers away from Karaikudi and 8 km away from Thirupatthur. This Kandramanickam falls under Sivaganga District, in closer proximity to Madurai.
The village Kandiramanickam [10°54'33.48"N 79°30'56.97"E] lies 6 km east of Nachiyar Koil and is midway between Nachiyar koil and Marudancheri.

## Transports

Kandaramanickam is connected by public transport from both Karaikudi and Thirupatthur. Both these places are well connected by road transport and Karaikudi is connected by rail as well.

## Notable people

* Raman Vijayan
# R. H. Stearns

Richard Hall Stearns (25 December 1824 – August, 1909) was a wealthy tradesman, philanthropist, and politician from Massachusetts whose eponymous department store became one of the largest department store chains in Boston and the surrounding area.
The headquarters and main store was in the R. H. Stearns Building on Tremont Street near Park Street in Boston.

## Early life

Stearns was born in Ashburnham, Massachusetts on December 25, 1824.
Soon after his birth his family moved to New Ipswich, New Hampshire. At the age of seven, he was left an orphan and taken in and raised by his uncle on a farm in Lincoln, Massachusetts; from that age he earned his room and board with farmwork.
He was educated in district schools and attended Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts for one year. After his studies, he taught school.

## R. H. Stearns and Company

In 1846 Stearns moved to Boston and worked in the store of C.C. Burr. A year later, Stearns opened up his own business in a small shop which later grew into a large store and Company, R. H. Stearns and Company.
R. H. Stearns and Company became a fixture in the downtown Boston shopping scene for over a century, and also opened a few branch stores in the greater Boston area. The store catered to the "carriage trade" (well-off customers) and was particularly noted for its woman's clothing, the stereotypical Stearns customer being a white-gloved older woman of subdued upper-crust demeanor, although well-crafted children's items were also sold, as well as men's clothing, silver and crystal – but not appliances.
In the early 1920s, R. H. Stearns and Company was bought by James Nelson and Bob Maynard. In the mid 20th century, Carl N. Schmalz (1898-1979), son of a general store owner in Huntley, Illinois, was president and later board chairman; Schmalz arranged the sale of the company to Edward Goodman, former president of Abraham & Straus, in 1975. The business closed in 1978.
By the mid-1970s the changing face of the retail marketplace caught up with the store, and it did not have the financial backing like Filene's or Jordan Marsh, who were both owned by large national retail holding companies. At the time of Stearn's demise Filene's was owned by Federated Department Stores, and Jordan Marsh was owned by Allied Stores.
R. H. Stearns and Co. filed for bankruptcy and closed all stores in 1977.

## Personal life and public service

Stearns served in the Massachusetts Legislature for two years and also on the Boston Educational Board.
Stearns married Louise M. Waterman. His sons Frank Waterman Stearns and Richard Hall Stearns, Jr. (b. April 25, 1862) were members of R. H. Stearns and Company after R. H. Stearns's death. Another son, William Foster Stearns (b. April 18, 1859;) was an 1882 graduate of Amherst College and a Congregational clergyman. There was another son, Frederick R. Stearns.
Stearns died in August 1909 in Poland Springs, Maine, at age 85 of natural causes.
# Karan Bhagat

Karan Bhagat is an Indian entrepreneur and investor, who is the founder, CEO and MD of IIFL Wealth & Asset Management, an Indian wealth management firm. He has been listed in fortuneindia.com's 40 Under 40 list in 2016 and 2017. He was also a finalist for the EY Entrepreneur of the Year Award in 2018.

## Early life and education

He hails from a Marwari business family of Kolkata. Bhagat completed his MBA from Indian Institute of Management in 2001.

## Career

Before joining IIM, he ran a travel agency in 1996 for a brief while. Later, he joined Kotak Mahindra Bank and served as the head of Kotak Mahindra Bank's wealth management practice for Mumbai.
In April 2008, Bhagat along with his friends Yatin Shah and Amit Shah founded IIFL Wealth Management Ltd. as a unit of IIFL Holdings.
His company IIFL Wealth sold a 21.6% stake in the wealth unit to General Atlantic for ₹ 1.2 billion (USD173 million) in October 2015. As of September 2019, IIFL Wealth & Asset Management has around Rs.1,70,000 crore of assets under advice, distribution and management. He is also an angel investor in half-a-dozen startups.

## Public and media appearances

Some of his public appearances are:
| Year | Title |
| 2019 | Speaker, Cafe Mutual IFA CIFA |
| 2018 | Fortune India Next 500 Annual Summit |
| 2018 | ETMarkets Global Summit |
| 2018 | IIMBue |
| 2018 | The Wealth Manager, on Times Now |
| 2018 | Tata Literature Live! |
| 2017 | Asset Reboot, on ET Now |
| 2017 | Market Makers Show, on ET Now |
| | Panel discussion, Tribute to Titans (Marwar India Magazine) |

## Awards and recognition

| Year | Award(s) |
| 2015 | Youth Business Tycoons Under 40 by Indiatimes.com |
| 2016 | Fortune India's 40 Under 40 list |
| 2017 | Fortune India's 40 Under 40 list |
| 2017 | The Economic Times's 40 under 40 list 2017 |
| 2017 | Indian Wealth Management - Award for Excellence by Hubbis |
| 2018 | Best Wealth Management Thought Leader - India Wealth Awards |
| 2017-18 | Global Indian of the Year - India's Greatest Brands & Leaders |
| 2017-18 | Global Indian of the Year by URS asiaone.co.in |
| 2018 | Finalist for the Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award |
# R. Jude Samulski

Richard Jude Samulski (born 1954) is an American scientist, inventor, and academic recognized for his pioneering work in gene therapy and adeno-associated virus vectors (AAV) in the fields of molecular virology and pharmacology.
Samulski is the former director of the UNC Gene Therapy Center and a member of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center.

## Education

Samulski earned his Ph.D. at the University of Florida in 1982 and his B.S. at Clemson University in 1976. He was president of the American Society of Gene & Cell Therapy in 2011. His contributions to scientific literature include 208 academic publications, and 408 research items, broadly cited by their scholarly discipline with 3,158 patent citations and 17,140 scholarly citations.

## Work

He co-founded biotechnology companies active in gene therapy and AAV commercialization, including AskBio (Asklepios BioPharmaceutical Inc.), a biotechnology company focused on AAV gene therapy, NanoCor Therapeutics, Inc. Chatham Therapeutics, Inc. and Bamboo Therapeutics, Inc, spinoffs from Asklepios BioPharmaceutical Inc. He was the director of the UNC School of Medicine Gene Therapy Center in Chapel Hill, North Carolina until 2016.

## AAV research

Samulski's research has focused on the study of the human non-pathogenic parvovirus adeno-associated virus (AAV) and its use in gene therapies. In the 1980s, as a graduate student, he pioneered the use of AAV as a vector for therapeutic genes. In 1984, he cloned the virus DNA into a bacterial plasmid. This led to the recognition of the potential of AAV and also formed the foundation for the two current FDA-approved AAV gene therapies. His work demonstrated AAV2 as a viral vector for gene therapy which led to the first U.S. Patent for inserting genes into AAV. This technique has been used in gene therapy clinical trials for cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, haemophilia and Parkinson's disease, and the foundation for gene therapy research and development in the bioscience industry and academic institutions such as UNC. In 2016, Pfizer acquired his company, Bamboo Therapeutics, and in 2014, Baxter International acquired Chatham Therapeutics and programs developed by AskBio.

## Awards and recognition

In 2008, Samulski was the first person to receive the Outstanding Achievement Award by the American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy, which recognized his lifetime of significant scientific contributions to the field of gene therapy. He holds 98 U.S. and foreign patents and has also been recognized as a co-inventor on other patents, all of which are related to gene delivery associated with adeno-associated virus vectors.
# Queen post

A queen post is a tension member in a truss that can span longer openings than a king post truss. A king post uses one central supporting post, whereas the queen post truss uses two. Even though it is a tension member, rather than a compression member, they are commonly still called a post. A queen post is often confused with a queen strut, one of two compression members in roof framing which do not form a truss in the engineering sense.
The double punch truss appeared in Central Europe during the Renaissance.

## Architecture

A queen-post bridge has two uprights, placed about one-third of the way from each end of the truss. They are connected across the top by a beam and use a diagonal brace between the outer edges. The central square between the two verticals is either unbraced (on shorter spans), or has one or two diagonal braces for rigidity. A single diagonal reaches between opposite corners; two diagonal braces may either reach from the bottom of each upright post to the center of the upper beam, or form a corner-to-corner "X" inside the square.
# Queen retinue pheromone

Queen retinue pheromones (QRP) are a type of honey bee pheromones, so-called because one of their behavioral effects is to attract a circle of bees (a “retinue”) around the queen.
In older literature, the queen pheromone is called mandibular pheromone because some of its components were first identified from the mandibular glands of queens. Retinue pheromone may be more accurate because the chemical mix in the pheromone comes from several glands.
The following compounds have been identified as present in the QRP, of which, only coniferyl alcohol is found in the mandibular glands. The combination of the five QMP compounds and the four compounds below help create the retinue attraction of worker bees around their queen.
* Methyl oleate
* Coniferyl alcohol
* Hexadecan-1-ol
* Alpha-linolenic acid
# Kanchinarayan Mohanty

Kanchi Narayan Mohanty is a writer, poet, short story writer, playwright, lyricist, dramatist, off-screen voice over artist, radio contributor and literature personality. He writes in Odia, English, Bengali Hindi.

## Early life

He was born on 14 April 1956 to Late Gopal Charan Mohanty and Smt. Nishamani Mohanty in Noda Goan at Govindpur police station in the Cuttack district in the Indian state of Odisha.
After completing class VII, he was admitted to Saraswata Vidyapitha, in the Biratunga village of the Puri district. There he was inspired by a teacher, Shri Shyama Sunder Nanda. He took first prize in an essay competition organized by the Odisha student council.
He earned his Bachelors in Commerce from Utkal University. After completing graduation from Ravenshaw university he started his professional career as an auditor in the finance department of the Odisha government in 1984. He retired from government services as an audit officer to become a writer, and now works in the fields of literature, radio, TV script writing, and translation work.

## Career

His wrote stories, features, humor and poems published in Hindu Chetana, The Samay, The Prajatantra, and other magazines. He was creatively inspired by his uncle, Srijukta Durga Charan Mohanty, a writer and Odisha Sahitya Academy awardee in 1965.
He is an impaneled B+, drama voice of the All India Radio Cuttack station and an approved off-street voice of the DD Odia – a channel of Doordarshan, India's public service broadcast, in Bhubaneshwar. He wrote dialogue for the TV serial "Sankha Sindhura," and has also published at least 45 books of his own writing glorifying children's literature and the intellectual horizon. He scripts his works in Odia, English, Bengali & Hind

## Recognition

He has received at least 30 literary awards in various fields.
* He was honoured in the centenary celebrations of Banikantha Nimain Harichandan in 2001.
* He received the Brajamohan memorial honour in 2014 for his overall career.
* He won the state level children literature Award in 1982 and 1984.
# R504 (South Africa)

The R504 is a Regional Route in South Africa that connects Pudimoe with Bothaville via Amalia, Schweizer-Reneke, Wolmaransstad and Leeudoringstad.

## Route

It begins from the N18 in the village of Pudimoe, North West, and runs west–east. The first town it passes through is Amalia. It then reaches Schweizer-Reneke, where it intersects with the R506 / R34. The next town it passes through is Wolmaransstad, where it crosses the R505 and the N12 and is briefly co-signed with both. The next town it passes through is Leeudoringstad, where it meets the R502 at a staggered junction. Crossing the Vaal, it enters the Free State, where it ends in Bothaville (3.5 km north of the town centre) at a four-way intersection with the R30 and the R59.
# Karacaören

Karacaören (literally "roe deer ruins" in Turkish) may refer to several places:

## Dams in Turkey

* Karacaören-1 Dam
* Karacaören-2 Dam

## Places in Turkey

* Karacaören, Aksaray, a village in the district of Aksaray, Aksaray Province
* Karacaören, Beypazarı, a village in the district of Beypazarı, Ankara Province
* Karacaören, Bor, a village in Bor district of Niğde Province
* Karacaören, Bucak
* Karacaören, Çanakkale
* Karacaören, Çorum
* Karacaören, Daday, a village
* Karacaören, Güdül, a village in the district of Güdül, Ankara Province
* Karacaören, Gümüşhacıköy, a village in the district of Gümüşhacıköy, Amasya Province
* Karacaören, Gölbaşı, a village in the district of Gölbaşı, Ankara Province
* Karacaören, Horasan
* Karacaören, Kahta, a village in the district of Kahta, Adıyaman Province
* Karacaören, Karacasu, a village in the district of Karacasu, Aydın Province
* Karacaören, Kozan, a village in the district of Kozan, Adana Province
* Karacaören, Koçarlı, a village in the district of Koçarlı, Aydın Province
* Karacaören, Kumluca, a village in the district of Kumluca, Antalya Province
* Karacaören, Kıbrıscık, a village in the district of Kıbrısçık, Bolu Province
* Karacaören, Kızılcahamam, a village in the district of Kızılcahamam, Ankara Province
* Karacaören, Mecitözü
* Karacaören, Sandıklı, a village in the district of Sandıklı, Afyonkarahisar Province
* Karacaören, Sinanpaşa, a village in the district of Sinanpaşa, Afyonkarahisar Province
* Karacaören, Sur
* Karacaören, Tercan
* Karacaören, Yenipazar, a village in the district of Yenipazar, Aydın Province
* Karacaören, Çay, a village in the district of Çay, Afyonkarahisar Province
* Karacaören, Şuhut, a village in the district of Şuhut, Afyonkarahisar Province
# Karacaören, Daday

Karacaören is a village in the Daday District of Kastamonu Province in Turkey. Its population is 97 (2021).
# RN Camogli

Rari Nantes Camogli is an Italian water polo club based in Camogli, Liguria.

## History

The club was founded in 1914 by Enrico Corzetto and Tiziano De Nardi.

## Titles

* Italian League
** 1935, 1946, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1957

## Current team

* Lorenzo Gardella
* Jacopo Celli
* Matteo Antonucci
* Jacopo Guenna
* Matteo Pino
* Nicolo' Gatti
# Karaevli, Kastamonu

Karaevli is a village in the Kastamonu District, Kastamonu Province, Turkey. Its population is 129 (2021).
# RSAI

RSAI may refer to:
* Regional Science Association International
* Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland
# Karel Podhajský

Karel Podhajský (born 24 January 1973) is a Czech footballer who played as a goalkeeper. He made over 150 appearances in the Czech First League between 1994 and 2003.