OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Predetermined variables

Predetermined variables are variables that were determined prior to the current period. In econometric models this implies that the current period error term is uncorrelated with current and lagged values of the predetermined variable but may be correlated with future values. This is a weaker restriction than strict exogeneity, which requires the variable to be uncorrelated with past, present, and future shocks.
A common example of a predetermined variable is consumption in models with credit constraints and rational expectations. Here, consumption is predetermined but not strictly exogenous. An unpredictable negative income shock will be uncorrelated with past (and potentially current) consumption, but will surely be correlated with future consumption—the individual will be forced to adjust their future consumption to accommodate their poorer state, inducing correlation. If the shock affects current consumption, predeterminedness (defined now as lags only) provides potential instruments--lagged values of the variable.
Predeterminedness, or sequential exogeneity, is commonly invoked in dynamic panel models.
Predetermined variables can be shown as: E(u$_{is}$|x$_{it}$) =0 where s > t.
The presence of predetermined variables is a motivating factor in the Arellano–Bond estimator.
# The Peasants Returning From The Fields

The Peasants' Return From The Fields is a c. 1640 painting by Peter Paul Rubens. It arrived in Florence in 1765 and is now in the Galleria Palatina in Florence.

## History

The dating of the work has fluctuated between 1620 and 1635, the year in which the painting was copied and the copy was signed and dated by its maker.
The most convincing hypotheses date the painting to the early 1630s. Some date The Peasants' Return to 1632–1634, when it would perhaps have been a collaboration with Lucas van Uden. Others to the latest phase of Rubens' production, in 1640. For the cart, the artist used two preparatory drawings. One (at Chatsworth House, in the collection of the Duke of Devonshire) depicts a reaper on the right, and the other depicts two carts (in the collection of the Kupferstichkabinett Berlin, n. 3237). There are other parallels between the second figure on the right and the peasant woman on the right in drawings at the Uffizi's Gabinetto dei Disegni e delle Stampe collection. Meanwhile, the five people on the right can be seen in a copy of the Reubens' in the Albertina museum.
The Peasants' Return has long been a pendant, a companion piece, to Odysseus on the Island of the Phaecians. Both panels were in the collection of the Duke of Richelieu in 1677 and, after some time in the Hapsburg collection, arrived in Florence in 1765 by the initiative of the Lorena family. The panels were brought to Paris by French commissioners in March and April of 1799 and remained in France until the end of 1815. Even in the reports written by Canova and Karcher during French restitutions, they are described together.

## Description and style

The protagonist of the painting is the landscape, with the bucolic scene appearing as a simple pretext for the representation. The composition looks out from a high point onto the vista, on a countryside punctuated by trees and a horizon that falls, more or less, at the middle of the painting. Various people, in small scale, specify the moment of representation in the style of genre paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder. There are a series of peasants returning after work in the fields and a wagon with a man riding a horse that seems to stop for a flock of sheep along the road. Between the two women carrying hay and the rams, an artist pentimento is visible.
It is likely a landscape of Malines, interpreted as a serene vision of nature bathed in golden light. The sky is furrowed by bare canvas, which echoes the diagonal lines visible in the painting's lower half.
# Beituo 702-class tug

Beituo 702 class tug is a class of little known naval auxiliary ship currently in service with the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN). The name of this class is after the first unit commissioned, with the exact type still remains unknown, and only a single unit of this class have been confirmed in active service as of mid-2010s.
Beituo 702 class series ships in PLAN service are designated by a combination of two Chinese characters followed by three-digit number. The second Chinese character is Tuo (拖), meaning tug in Chinese, because these ships are classified as tugboats. The first Chinese character denotes which fleet the ship is service with, with East (Dong, 东) for East Sea Fleet, North (Bei, 北) for North Sea Fleet, and South (Nan, 南) for South Sea Fleet. However, the pennant numbers may have changed due to the change of Chinese naval ships naming convention. Beituo 702 is also used as a fire fighting ship.
| Class | Pennant # | Status | Fleet |
| Beituo 702 class | Bei-Tuo 702 | Active | North Sea Fleet |
# Jalan Malim Nawar

Jalan Malim Nawar (Perak state route A114) is a major road in Perak, Malaysia.

## List of junctions

| Km | Junctions | To | Remarks |
| | Tanjung Tualang | A15 Jalan Tanjung Tualang North Batu Gajah Ipoh South Teluk Intan Pasir Salak Pasir Salak Historical Complek | T-junctions |
| Sungai Kinta bridge Kinta–Kampar district border |||||
| | Changkat Baru tin mines | | |
| | Kampung Changkat Baru | | |
| | Railway crossing bridge | | |
| | Malim Nawar | | |
| | Taman Bina Jaya | | |
| | Malim Nawar tin mines | | |
| | Tebing Tinggi | | |
| | Kampung Pulai Bergading | | |
| | Kampung Kuala Dipang | North FT 1 Ipoh FT 1 Simpang Pulai FT 1 Gopeng North–South Expressway Northern Route AH2 North–South Expressway Northern Route Bukit Kayu Hitam Penang Kuala Kangsar South FT 1 Tapah FT 1 Kampar North–South Expressway Northern Route AH2 North–South Expressway Northern Route Kuala Lumpur Tanjung Malim Slim River | T-junctions |
* This Malaysia road article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Argyrotaenia parturita

Argyrotaenia parturita is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Veracruz, Mexico.
# Bembidion graphicum

Bembidion graphicum is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
# Zeytinbeli, Yumurtalık

Zeytinbeli is a neighbourhood of the municipality and district of Yumurtalık, Adana Province, Turkey. Its population is 1,398 (2022). Before the 2013 reorganisation, it was a town (belde).
In the mound of Zeytinbeli Höyük, Hittite pottery of the 17th century BC has been found.
# Ziethen

Ziethen may refer to:

## places in Germany

* Ziethen, Brandenburg, in the district of Barnim, Brandenburg
* Ziethen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, in the district of Vorpommern-Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Ziethen, Schleswig-Holstein, in the district of Lauenburg, Schleswig-Holstein
# Zilli (surname)

Zilli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Aldo Zilli (born 1956), Italian-British celebrity chef
* Carlos Pedro Zilli (1954–2021), Brazilian–Guinea-Bissauan bishop
* Emma Zilli (1864–1901), Italian soprano singer
* Ishtiyaq Ahmad Zilli (born 1942), Indian scholar
* Mehmed Zilli, the real name of Ottoman traveler Evliya Çelebi (1611 – c. 1682)
* Nina Zilli (born 1980), Italian singer-songwriter
# Zig Zaj

Zig Zaj is the third solo studio album by Boom Bip. It was released through Lex Records on September 26, 2011. It features guest appearances from Alex Kapranos, Money Mark, Luke Steele, and Josh Klinghoffer.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 66/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| BBC | favorable |
| Dusted Magazine | unfavorable |
| The Phoenix | |
| Pitchfork | 6.6/10 |
At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 66, based on 10 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
John Bush of AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5, saying, "compared to Seed to Sun or Blue Eyed in the Red Room, whose fascination with sound was positively contagious, Zig Zaj sounds like an overly safe record, the type that most producers would avoid if they wanted to keep innovating."
In 2011, The Guardian included it on the "Top 10 Autumn Albums" list, while Mike Diver of BBC included it on the "Best Albums of September 2011" list.

## Personnel

Credits adapted from liner notes.
* Boom Bip – music
* Mike Noyce – vocals (1)
* Josiah Steinbrick – acoustic guitar (1), bass guitar (7, 9), synthesizer (7, 9), percussion (7, 9)
* Alex Kapranos – vocals (2)
* Kevin Stevens – drums (2)
* Cate Le Bon – vocals (4)
* Money Mark – vocals (6), effects (6)
* Luke Steele – vocals (7)
* Marty Sataman – synthesizer (7)
* Josh Klinghoffer – guitar (7, 9), synthesizer (7, 9), percussion (7, 9)
* Chris Shaw – mixing
* Ehquestionmark – artwork
# Zhang Yuhuan

Zhang Yuhuan (born 27 September 1926) is a Chinese architectural historian who is a researcher at the Institute for History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is internationally known for his studies on ancient Chinese architecture.

## Biography

Zhang was born in Shulan County, Jilin, on 27 September 1926, during the Republic of China, while his ancestral home in Yuci District of Jinzhong, Shanxi. He secondary studied at the Fifth National High School of Jilin Province. In 1945, he enrolled at Northeastern University, where he majored in architecture. After graduating in 1951, he stayed at the university and taught there. Soon after, he was despatched to the Ministry of Heavy Industry of the Central People's Government. In 1953, he studied architecture under Professor Liang Sicheng at the Research Office of Chinese Ancient Architectural Theory and History, in co-operation with by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Tsinghua University. In 1968, he was transferred to the Institute for History of Natural Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences as a researcher. In October 2011, he joined the Chinese Communist Party at the age of 85. On 18 July 2012, he was recruited by Kaifeng Municipal Government as a cultural consultant.

## Publications

* 图解中国著名佛教寺院 [Illustration of Famous Buddhist Temples in China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House. 2012. ISBN 978-7-5154-0135-5.
* 图解中国佛教建筑 [Illustration of Buddhist Architecture in China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Contemporary China Publishing House. 2012. ISBN 978-7-5154-0118-8.
* 传世浮屠 [Buddhist Pagodas in China] (in Chinese). Tianjin: Tianjin University Press. 2010. ISBN 9787561833711.
* 中国风水塔 [Chinese Feng Shui Tower] (in Chinese). Beijing: Xueyuan Publishing House. 2011. ISBN 9787507736984.
* 中国佛塔史 [History of Chinese Buddhist Pagodas] (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press. 2006. ISBN 9787030165893.
* 中国古代建筑文化 [Ancient Architectural Culture in China] (in Chinese). Beijing: Mechanical Industry Press. 2007. ISBN 9787111203025.
* 中国古建筑分类图说 [On the Classification of Chinese Ancient Architecture] (in Chinese). Zhengzhou, Henan: Henan Science and Technology Press. 2005. ISBN 9787534927928.
* 中国古建筑散记 [Notes on Chinese Ancient Architecture] (in Chinese). Beijing: Posts and Telecommunications Press. 2009. ISBN 9787115192325.
* 中国城池史 [History of Ancient Cities in China] (in Chinese). Beijing: China Friendship Publishing Company. 2009. ISBN 9787505726079.
* 吉林民居 [Traditional Folk Houses in Jilin] (in Chinese). Tianjin: Tianjin University Press. 2009. ISBN 9787561832431.
# Zonkey (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| American Songwriter | |
| Robert Christgau | A− |
Zonkey is a studio album by progressive rock band Umphrey's McGee. The album was released on November 11, 2016. It consists of mashups, combining various covers crossing different musical genres.

## Track listing

* "National Loser Anthem" ("The National Anthem" by Radiohead, "Loser" by Beck, "In the Air Tonight" by Phil Collins)
* "Life During Exodus" ("Exodus" by Bob Marley and the Wailers, "Life During Wartime" by Talking Heads, "25 or 6 to 4" by Chicago, "City Of Tiny Lites" by Frank Zappa)
* "Can't Rock My Dream Face" ("Rock with You" by Michael Jackson, "Dreams" by Fleetwood Mac, "Can't Feel My Face" by The Weeknd)
* "Sad Clint Eastwood" ("Sad but True" by Metallica, "Clint Eastwood" by Gorillaz)
* "Electric Avenue to Hell" ("Highway to Hell" by AC/DC, "Electric Avenue" by Eddy Grant, "The Triple Wide" by Umphrey's McGee)
* "Ace of Long Nights" ("Ace of Spades" by Motörhead, "It's Gonna Be a Long Night" by Ween)
* "Sweet Sunglasses" ("Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)" by Eurythmics, "Sunglasses At Night" by Corey Hart, "Electric Feel" by MGMT)
* "Strangletage" ("Sabotage" by Beastie Boys, "Stranglehold" by Ted Nugent)
* "Come As Your Kids" ("Kids" by MGMT, "Come As You Are" by Nirvana, "You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)" by Dead or Alive)
* "Frankie Zombie" ("Thunder Kiss '65" by White Zombie, "Relax" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood, "Have a Cigar" by Pink Floyd)
* "Bulls on the Bus" ("Bulls on Parade" by Rage Against the Machine, "Mark on the Bus" by Beastie Boys)
* "Bittersweet Haj" ("Bitter Sweet Symphony" by The Verve, "Hajimemashite" by Umphrey's McGee)

## Personnel

* Brendan Bayliss – guitar, vocals
* Jake Cinninger – guitar, keyboards, vocals
* Joel Cummins – keyboards, vocals
* Ryan Stasik – bass, vocals
* Kris Myers – drums, vocals
* Andy Farag – percussion
* Jennifer Hartswick – guest vocals on track 5
# Zielęcin

Zielęcin may refer to the following places:
* Zielęcin, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Zielęcin, Pajęczno County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Zielęcin, Sieradz County in Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
# Zunafish

Zunafish.com was a US-based website for the trading of idle media materials. The site facilitated the exchange of these items among members, with the community governed by a user-rating system. Trading was conducted in six categories: books, CDs, DVDs, video games, and VHS tapes. Audiobooks on either tape or CD formed a separate category.

## Organization and origins

Zunafish was owned by Zunafish Ventures, a New York State corporation. The company was privately financed and headquartered in New York City. The site was conceived and developed by Billy Bloom and Dan Elias. Development began in January 2003, and the site was launched in January 2006.

## Growth and initial press coverage

Four months after launch Zunafish became the subject of substantial press attention, leading to the initial growth of the trading community. On April 13, 2006, The New York Times devoted the front page of the "Circuits" section to Zunafish and its founders. Versions of the article were later featured in The International Herald Tribune, CNET.com, The Toronto Globe and Mail, other publications, and the site became a discussion topic in hundreds of "blogs". In August 2006 Zunafish was named by TIME Online as one of the "50 Coolest Websites" of the year. In the same month TIME Magazine featured Zunafish as "One of 7 Cool Sites You'll Want to Bookmark." In September PC Magazine named Zunafish one of the "Top Websites" of 2006.

## Trading protocol

Trading on Zunafish was a one-on-one transaction between two individuals. There was no membership fee and no minimum trading required. The cost to the member is 1 dollar when a trade is successfully completed. Members were provided with print-out shipping labels, with pre-calculated postage requirements, with which to send items to their new owners. Users were asked to rate their trading partners after the items have been exchanged.

## Sudden Disappearance of Zunafish

In January 2009, the website announced that Zunafish has gone off-line to implement enhancements to the site, and during this downtime, there will be no trading or site access. The Zunafish URL is now up for sale per the landing page.
# Zone 5

Zone 5 may refer to:
* Travelcard Zone 5, of the Transport for London zonal system
* Hardiness zone, a geographically defined zone in which a specific category of plant life is capable of growing
* Zone 5 of Milan
# Álvaro González

Álvaro González may refer to:
* Álvaro González (footballer, born 1973), Uruguyan football forward
* Álvaro González (footballer, born 1984), Uruguayan football right winger
* Álvaro González de Galdeano (born 1970), Spanish cyclist
* Álvaro González (Paralympic footballer) (born 1974), Spanish footballer
* Álvaro González (footballer, born 1990), Spanish football defender
* Álvaro González (politician), Argentine lawyer and politician
* Álvaro González (footballer, born 2007), Spanish football goalkeeper
# Zovax vangoghi

Zovax vangoghi is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1965. It is found in Sudan.
It is named after Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh.
# Zunjawad K. Nandagad

Zunjawad K. Nandagad is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.
# Água Doce

Água Doce is a municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil. The Morro do Capão Doce is situated in its territory.
# Äppelbo

Äppelbo is a locality situated in Vansbro Municipality, Dalarna County, Sweden with 258 inhabitants in 2010.
# Æthelstan (bishop of Elmham)

Æthelstan (or Athelstan) was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.
Athelstan was consecrated between 995 and 997 and died in office on 7 October 1001.
# Æthelfrith of Elmham

Æthelfrith was a medieval Bishop of Elmham.
Æthelfrith was consecrated in 736 and died sometime after that year.
# Çapalı

Çapalı is a village in the Dinar District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 242 (2021).
# Çuxanlı

Çuxanlı or Chukhonly or Chukhanly may refer to:
* Çuxanlı, Absheron, Azerbaijan
* Çuxanlı, Gobustan, Azerbaijan
* Çuxanlı, Salyan, Azerbaijan
# Émile Druz

Émile Druz (born 22 May 1891, date of death unknown) was a French racing cyclist. He rode in the 1927 Tour de France.
# Önder Sav

Önder Sav (born 14 November 1937 in Manyas, Balıkesir) is a Turkish lawyer and politician. He is of Circassian origin. He graduated from Ankara University Law School. He has been in politics since the 1950s. He is currently a member of Republican People's Party (CHP) and was the Turkish Parliament. In March 2003, he was against Turkish collaboration at the Iraq War, and he called American ships as "enemy ships".
He was president of the Turkish Bar Association from 1989 to 1995.
# Øyangen (Nord-Fron)

Øyangen is a lake in Nord-Fron Municipality in Innlandet county, Norway. The 4.25-square-kilometre (1.64 sq mi) lake lies about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to the southwest of the village of Skåbu, and it is about 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) north of the Langsua National Park.
# Église Saint-Étienne de Boofzheim

Église Saint-Étienne de Boofzheim is a church in Boofzheim, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France. Built in 1516, and then 1608 and 1684, it became a registered Monument historique in 1935.
# Église Saint-Étienne de Rosheim

Église Saint-Étienne de Rosheim is a church in Rosheim, Bas-Rhin, Alsace, France. Originally built in the 13th century, it was last built in 1788. It became a registered Monument historique in 1990.
# Øyvin Davidsen

Øyvin Davidsen (1 September 1891 – 6 June 1976) was a Norwegian rower. He competed in the men's coxed four event at the 1912 Summer Olympics.
# Øyvind Gjerde

Øyvind Gjerde (born 18 March 1977) is a Norwegian former footballer who played for Molde. He has previously played for the clubs Åndalsnes, Lillestrøm and Aalesund.
After the 2010 season, when he did not get a new contract with Molde after 7 years in the club, Gjerde announced that he would most likely retire.
# Đồng Văn district

Đồng Văn is a rural district of Hà Giang province in the Northeast region of Vietnam. As of 2019, the district had a population of 81 880. The district covers an area of 447 km$^2$. The district capital lies at Đồng Văn.

## Administrative divisions

Đồng Văn District consists of two townships, Đồng Văn and Phố Bảng, and the communes of Hố Quáng Phìn, Lũng Cú, Lũng Phìn, Lũng Táo, Lũng Thầu, Má Lé, Phố Cáo, Phố Là, Sà Phìn, Sảng Tủng, Sính Lủng, Sủng Là, Sủng Trái, Tả Lủng, Tả Phìn, Thài Phìn Tủng and Vần Chải.
# Đồng Xuân district

Đồng Xuân is a rural district (huyện) of Phú Yên province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam. As of 2003, the district had a population of 59,260. The district covers an area of 1,063 km$^2$. The district capital lies at La Hai.
# Étude pour pianola

The Étude pour Pianola is a 1917 composition for Pianola by Russian composer Igor Stravinsky. The Étude was first published on music roll in 1921 and the premiere was given by Reginald Reynolds at Aeolian Hall in London, on 13 October of that year.

## Composition

As Stravinsky was finishing Les Noces, he traveled to Madrid and became inspired by Spanish music for future compositions. This étude was commissioned by Aeolian Company, as a demonstration piece for their new sensible-to-dynamic-shadings player piano. Stravinsky finished it in 1917. However, it became much more popular later in 1928, when he orchestrated this piece together with the Three Pieces for String Quartet. The étude was retitled "Madrid", and the orchestration of all four pieces, titled Quatre études pour orchestre, was premiered in 1930.

## Analysis

This is one of the first compositions for pianola to include dynamic shadings. The original score consists of six staves, which means three pianists are required to perform the piece. However, Soulima Stravinsky later rearranged the orchestral score into a version for two pianos which included most of the original work's compositional density.
# Étude Op. 25, No. 9 (Chopin)

Étude Op. 25, No. 9 in G-flat major, known as the Butterfly étude, is an étude by Frédéric Chopin. The title Butterfly was not given by Chopin (as is true for all Chopin pieces with such titles); however Arthur Friedheim said, "while some titles were superfluous, this one is inadequate."

## Analysis

The composition is a study of staccato – marcato alternations, marked throughout the piece. The piece is marked Allegro assai and is written in $^2$ $_4$ meter. It is the shortest of Chopin's études, lasting under a minute played at the indicated tempo. The melody is created by playing a detached octave, then two non-detached octaves. This makes a four-note group, the structure of which is used during the whole piece to convey the melody. The structure of rapid octaves can pose a challenge to the less technically experienced. Another difficulty is in the constant switching of solid octaves to detached octaves. It is much more straightforward to simply play one or the other for the whole piece.
# Étude Op. 25, No. 6 (Chopin)

Étude Op. 25, No. 6, in G-sharp minor, is a technical study composed by Frédéric Chopin focusing on thirds, trilling them at a high speed. Also called the Double Thirds Étude, it is considered one of the hardest of Chopin's 24 Études, ranking the highest level of difficulty according to the Henle difficulty rankings.
Excerpt from the beginning of the Étude Op. 25 No. 6

## Technical difficulties

The most conspicuous difficulty is the trilling of thirds quickly, such as in the beginning of the piece. However, there are also other difficulties, such as playing a chromatic scale in thirds with one hand (m. 5), and broken pairs of thirds divided between the upper and lower parts of each hand (m. 27). At one point (m. 31), both hands do this together in descending diminished seventh chords.