OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# South (Martian crater)

South is an impact crater in the Mare Australe quadrangle of Mars, located at 76.9°S latitude and 21.9°E longitude. It measures 101.84 kilometres (63.28 mi) in diameter, and was named after British astronomer Sir James South (1785–1867). The name was approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature in 1973.

## Description

Very close to the crater there are what have been named "Swiss cheese" features. Swiss cheese features (SCFs) are pits so named because they look like the holes in Swiss cheese. They were first seen in 2000 using Mars Orbiter Camera imagery. They are usually a few hundred meters across and 8 metres (26 ft) deep, with a flat base and steep sides. They tend to have similar bean-like shapes with a cusp pointing towards the south pole. The angle of the sun probably contributes to their roundness. Near the Martian summer solstice, the sun can remain continuously just above the horizon; as a result the walls of a round depression will receive more intense sunlight, and sublimate much more rapidly than the floor. The walls sublimate and recede, while the floor remains the same.
As the seasonal frost disappears, the pit walls appear to darken considerably relative to the surrounding terrain. The SCFs have been observed to grow in size, year by year, at an average rate of 1 to 3 metres (3 ft 3 in to 9 ft 10 in), suggesting that they are formed in a thin layer (8 m or 26 ft) of carbon dioxide ice lying on top of water ice.

## Gallery

* Viking Orbiter 2 image
* East side of South crater, as seen by CTX camera (on MRO).
* Layers in southern part of mound in South crater, as seen by CTX camera. Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image of east side of South crater.
* Layers just outside the rim of South crater in the form of "Swiss cheese," as seen by CTX camera. Note: this is an enlargement of a previous image of east side of South crater.
* Western side of South crater, as seen by CTX camera.
* Layers in mound in western side of South crater, as seen by CTX camera. Note: this is an enlargement of a previous image of west side of South crater.
* Layers just outside rim of western side of South crater in the form of "Swiss cheese," as seen by CTX camera. Note: this is an enlargement of a previous image of west side of South crater.
# Sigvald Bernhard Refsum

Sigvald Bernhard Refsum (8 May 1907, Gransherad – 8 July 1991, Oslo) was a Norwegian neurologist and university teacher.

## Biography

Sigvald Refsum studied medicine at University of Oslo and obtained his doctorate in 1946. He taught in University of Bergen from 1951, then from 1954 until his retirement in 1978 in University of Oslo. Refsum disease is named after him.
# Palazzo Busetti

The Palazzo Busetti or Bussetti, is a Baroque-style palace with a main facade located on Piazza del Monte 6, but structures connected with the palace are flanked by the via Francesco Crispi and Don Giuseppe Andreoli, in the historic center of the town of Reggio Emilia in Italy. The main palace facade faces the side of the Palazzo del Capitano del Popolo and the Palazzo del Monte di Pieta.
The original palace was begun in 1657 by Count Ferdinando Busetti, who had gained a fortune in the commerce of silk. Construction continued until 1574, but by 1699, the Busetti family, lacking heirs, the property under guidance of an endowment was put to various uses. In 1699, it was occupied by the Bishop's Seminary, and soon by the Jesuit college. A small theater and church were added. From 1752 to 1783, the building housed offices and classrooms for the University of Reggio Emilia, before again housing the Jesuits. In 1921, after much refurbishment, the palace was subdivided into various businesses, including a celebrated Ristorante-caffè Busetti, the offices for the newspaper L’Italia Centrale, and offices of the Banca Commerciale Italiana. In 1939–1950, the theater and convent were rebuilt for alternate uses. The portico was placed at an alternative facade. The buildings now house boutique stores, offices, and apartments.
# Hobbs Quarry

Hobbs Quarry may refer to:
* Hobbs Quarry SSSI, Longhope
* Hobbs Quarry SSSI, Shepton Mallet
# Scalesia affinis

Scalesia affinis is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is endemic to the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.
It is one of the most widely distributed Scalesia species and occurs on four major islands: Fernandina Island, Isabela Island (main distribution area), Santa Cruz Island and Floreana Island.
Populations from Santa Cruz and Floreana display some morphological and genetic divergence from populations of Fernandina Island and Isabela Island.
# Sergio Martini

Sergio Martini (born 29 July 1949) is an Italian mountaineer. In 2000, he became the 7th person to climb the fourteen eight-thousanders (and the second Italian after Reinhold Messner) having done so during 1983–2000.
# James Stewart (mathematician)

James Drewry Stewart, MSC (March 29, 1941 – December 3, 2014) was a Canadian mathematician, violinist, and professor emeritus of mathematics at McMaster University. Stewart is best known for his series of calculus textbooks used for high school, college, and university-level courses.

## Career

Stewart received his master of science at Stanford University and his doctor of philosophy from the University of Toronto in 1967. He worked for two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of London, where his research focused on harmonic and functional analysis. His books are standard textbooks in universities in many countries. One of his best-known textbooks is Calculus: Early Transcendentals (1995), a set of textbooks which is accompanied by a website for students.
Stewart was also a violinist and a former member of the Hamilton Philharmonic Orchestra.

## Integral House

From 2003 to 2009 a house designed by Brigitte Shim and Howard Sutcliffe was constructed for Stewart in the Rosedale neighbourhood of Toronto at a cost of $32 million. He paid an additional $5.4 million for the existing house and lot which was torn down to make room for his new home. Called Integral House (a reference to its curved walls, and their similarity to the mathematical integral symbol), the house includes a concert hall that seats 150. Stewart has said, "My books and my house are my twin legacies. If I hadn't commissioned the house I'm not sure what I would have spent the money on." Glenn Lowry, director of the Museum of Modern Art, called the house "one of the most important private houses built in North America in a long time."

## Personal life and political activism

Stewart was gay and involved in LGBT activism. According to Joseph Clement, a documentary filmmaker who is working on a film about Stewart and Integral House, Stewart brought gay rights activist George Hislop to speak at McMaster in the early 1970s, when the LGBT liberation movement was in its infancy, and was involved in protests and demonstrations.

## Death

In the summer of 2013, Stewart was diagnosed with multiple myeloma, a blood cancer. He died on December 3, 2014, aged 73.

## Honours

In 2015, he was posthumously awarded the Meritorious Service Cross.

## Publications
### Books

* Stewart, James (2012). Essential Calculus (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-133-11229-7.
* Stewart, James (2012). Essential Calculus: Early Transcendentals (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-133-11228-0.
* Stewart, James; Watson, Saleem; Clegg, Daniel (2020). CALCULUS (9th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-337-62418-3.
* Stewart, James; Watson, Saleem; Clegg, Daniel (2020). CALCULUS: Early Transcendentals (9th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-337-61392-7.
* Stewart, James; Kokoska, Stephen (2023). CALCULUS: CONCEPTS AND CONTEXTS (5th ed.). Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-0-357-63249-9.
# Spalirisos

Spalirisos, also spelled Spalirises, (Greek: Σπαλιρίσης Spalirísēs, ϹΠΑΛΙΡΙϹΟΥ Spalirisou (epigraphic); Kharosthi: 𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨫𐨁𐨪𐨁𐨭 Śpa-li-ri-śa, Śpaliriśa) was an Iranian king who ruled Arachosia in the 1st century BCE.

## Name

Spalarisos's name is attested on his coins in the Greek form Spalirísēs (Σπαλιρίσης) and in the Kharosthi form Śpaliriśa (𐨭𐨿𐨤𐨫𐨁𐨪𐨁𐨭), which are derived from the Saka name *Spalarīźa, meaning "in command of army".

## Career

Before his rise to kingship, he served as a commander of Vonones of Sakastan, who had minted coins with his name and that of another commander, Spalahores, who are both referred to as "brother of the king". Scholars such as R.C. Senior and Khodadad Rezakhani consider Spalirisos and Spalahores to indeed be Vonones' brothers, while others such as K.W. Dobbins argue that it was an honorific title given to them, whom he considered to be Saka satraps.
A major argument against the proposal of a blood relationship between Vonones and the two commanders was due to both of them having Saka names, contrary to Vonones' Parthian name. Saghi Gazerani has suggested that after the Arsacid re-conquest of Sakastan (sometime between 124–115 BC), which was given as a fiefdom to the Surenid general that led the expedition, the Surenids (who became independent after 88 BC) and Sakas became closely connected, presumably through alliances and intermarriages. Indeed, Parthians and Sakas are often mixed up in Indian literature. The mythological Iranian hero Rostam (who was from Sakastan), is mentioned in Iranian traditions as both Parthian and Saka, thus supporting this dual-identity.
# RIKEN Quantitative Biology Center

The Quantitative Biology Center (QBiC) is a Strategic Research Center of the Japanese national research and development institute, Riken. In November 2014, they succeeded in making a translucent mouse in order to see its internal organs more clearly.

## Overview

QBiC is a systems biology research center. The center is led by director Toshio Yanagida and is divided into three research cores.
* Cell Dynamics Research Core
* Computational Biology Research Core
* Cell Design Research Core

## Research Cores
### Cell Dynamics Research Core

The Cell Dynamics Research Core houses the Laboratory for Cell Polarity Regulation, led by Yasushi Okada. Okada reported the first visualization of Mitochondrial Derived Vesicles (MDV) from mitochondrial protrusions using ultrafast super-resolution fluorescence imaging with spinning disk confocal microscope optics. This core also includes Shuichi Onami's Laboratory for Developmental Dynamics creator of the Biological Dynamics Markup Language (BDML). The Onami lab hosts the Systems Science of Biological Dynamics (SSBD) database.

### Computational Biology Research Core

The Computational Biology Research Core is a user of the K computer and developer of the MDGRAPE-4 supercomputer.

### Cell Design Research Core

The Cell Design Research Core houses the Laboratory for Synthetic Biology which reported the see-through mouse. This core is also notable for housing Yoshihiro Shimizu's Laboratory for Cell-Free Protein Synthesis, developer of the PURE cell free protein expression system. Yo Takana's Laboratory for Integrated Biodevice, which created a battery from the electric organ of a torpedo ray.
# Rolando García Alonso

Rolando García Alonso is a Mexican diplomat and politician affiliated with the National Action Party. As of 2014 he served as Deputy of the LIX Legislature of the Mexican Congress as a plurinominal representative as replacement of Margarita Zavala. He also served as Consul General of Mexico to Shanghai from 2011 to 2014.
# Wang Dong

Wang Dong may refer to:
* Wang Dong (footballer, born 1981), Chinese footballer
* Wang Dong (footballer, born 1985), Chinese footballer
* Wang Dong (footballer, born 1995), Chinese footballer
* Wang Dong (swimmer) (born 1986), Chinese swimmer
* Wang Dong (diplomat) (1922–1983), Chinese diplomat
* Wang Dong (hacker), Chinese computer hacker
# Sidney Roberts Stevenson

Sidney Roberts Stevenson FRIBA (1850 - 21 January 1928) was an English architect based in Nottingham.

## Career

He was born in 1850 in Nottingham and educated at Ockbrook School and later in Leamington. He studied at Nottingham School of Art at which he won a 12 month Free Art Studentship and was articled to Richard Charles Sutton. He began independent practice as an architect in Nottingham in 1871 and was initially based in offices in Victoria Street, but later moved to Queen’s Chambers, King Street in Nottingham.
In 1873 he submitted plans into a competition for St Paul’s Church, Chester. Sir Gilbert Scott acted as the judge and awarded the prize to Sidney Stevenson.
In 1908 he moved from his office in Burns Street and started to work in collaboration with John Rigby Poyser.
He was appointed a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1925.
He married Cecilia Farmer, fourth daughter of John Farmer of Colville Street, Nottingham, at St. John the Baptist's Church, Leenside, Nottingham on 31 July 1873 and they had the following children:
* Gertrude M Stevenson (b. 1875)
* Mary C. Stevenson (b. 1877)
* Norah Roberts Stevenson (b. 1881)
* Amy Dorothy Stevenson (b. 1882)
He died on 21 January 1928 in London and left an estate valued at £2,412 16d 7d (equivalent to £183,600 in 2023).

## Notable works

* McIvor House, 93 Forest Road West, Nottingham 1874 (now demolished)
* Wallingford Grammar School, Berkshire 1875-77
* 5 Broadway, Nottingham 1882 (additions)
* House, 111 Forest Road West, Nottingham 1884
* St Andrew's Church, Nottingham 1884 (addition of baptistry)
* St James’ Church, Brightwell-cum-Sotwell, Oxfordshire 1884
* Shop, 49 Bridlesmith Gate, Nottingham 1897-98
# Altha (moth)

Altha is a genus of moths of the family Limacodidae first described by Francis Walker in 1862.

## Description

Palpi short and slight. Mid and hind tibia lack spurs. Forewings with vein 7 from the cell or stalked with veins 8 and 9. Hindwing with vein 6 and 7 from the cell.

## Species

Some species of this genus are:
* Altha adala Moore, 1859
* Altha alastor Tams, 1930 (from Sulawesi)
* Altha ansorgei Bethune-Baker, 1911 (from Angola and Nigeria)
* Altha basalis West, 1940 (from Congo and Tanzania)
* Altha circumscripta Hering 1931
* Altha contaminata Hampson, 1892
* Altha lacides Hampson, 1910 (from Zambia)
* Altha lacteola (Swinhoe, 1890) (from Taiwan and Vietnam)
* Altha nivea Walker, 1862 (from India to Sundaland/Borneo)
* Altha nix Solovyev & Witt, 2009 (from Laos, Thailand and Vietnam)
* Altha nuristana Daniel 1865
* Altha peralbida Swinhoe, 1904(from India)
* Altha pura (from Indonesia)
* Altha rufescens Swinhoe
* Altha rubrifusalis Hampson, 1910 (from Ghana, Nigeria and Sierra Leone)
* Altha subnotata Walker, 1865(from India, Sri Lanka)
# Scalesia crockeri

Scalesia crockeri is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is found only in the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador.
# Serhii Parkhomenko

Serhii Ihorovych Parkhomenko (Ukrainian: Сергій Ігорович Пархоменко; January 14, 1997, Kharkiv – May 14, 2022, Huliaipole, Zaporizhzhia Oblast) was a military serviceman, captain of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, participant in the Russian-Ukrainian war. In August 2022, he was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Ukraine.

## Biography

He was born on January 14, 1997, in the city of Kharkiv, in a family of military aviators. He graduated from the Ivan Bohun Kyiv Military Lyceum.
At the time when his father Ihor Parkhomenko was performing combat missions in the air during the war in Donbas in 2014, Serhiy entered the flight faculty of the Ivan Kozhedub National Technical University, which he successfully graduated in 2019, having obtained the qualification of a 3rd class pilot.
Following the example of his father and grandfather, Serhii expressed a desire to serve in the tactical aviation brigade named after Lieutenant General Vasyl Nikiforov and to fly Sukhoi Su-25 aircraft. Despite his young age, at the time of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, he already held the position of commander of the aviation unit. According to the Ukrainian Air Force, since the first day of repelling the Russian invasion, he carried out 38 combat sorties, during which he destroyed more than 20 enemy tanks, more than 50 armored combat vehicles, 55 vehicles, 20 fuel tanks and several hundred Russian soldiers and officers.
On May 14, 2022, Captain Serhiy Parkhomenko died while performing a combat mission in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, near the city of Huliaipole.
Since active hostilities were ongoing in the region where Parkhomenko came from, on May 18, 2022, he was buried in Vinnytsia.
He was survived by his parents, wife and son, who was born in March 2022.

## Awards

* the title of Hero of Ukraine with the award of the «Golden Star» order (May 20, 2022, posthumously) — for personal courage and heroism, shown in the defense of state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, loyalty to the military oath.
* Order of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi III Class (May 2, 2022) — for personal courage and selfless actions shown in the defense of state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, loyalty to the military oath.
# Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election

Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election may refer to one several parliamentary by-elections held in Scotland for the House of Commons constituency of Kirkcaldy Burghs:
* 1841 Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election
* 1862 Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election
* 1875 Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election
* 1892 Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election
* 1921 Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election
* 1944 Kirkcaldy Burghs by-election
# Roger Freeing Angelica

Roger Freeing Angelica may refer to:
* Roger Freeing Angelica (Böcklin), a painting by Arnold Böcklin
* Roger Freeing Angelica (Ingres), an 1819 painting by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
# Grace City Bridge

The Grace City Bridge near Grace City, North Dakota, also known as the James River Bridge, is a Pratt through truss structure that was built in 1925 over the James River. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.
# Walter Warne

Walter John William Warne (17 July 1898 – 23 June 1962) was an Australian politician who represented the South Australian House of Assembly multi-member seat of North Adelaide from 1930 to 1933 for the Labor Party.
# Sigrid Stray

Sigrid Stray (née Kluge; 29 May 1893 – 3 July 1978) was a Norwegian barrister and proponent for women's rights.

## Personal life

She was born in Sandnes as a daughter of merchant Reier Kluge (1859–1921) and Anna Gausel (1863–1939). In March 1921 she married lawyer and politician Christian Stray, settling in Arendal. They were parents of Signe and Anne Lise Stray and in-laws of Rolv Ryssdal.

## Career

Stray became Norway's second female barrister (after Elise Sem), and was a partner in a law firm with her husband. She also chaired the Norwegian National Women's Council from 1938, was ousted by the Nazi authorities in 1941 following the protest of the 43 and also imprisoned in Arkivet in 1944, but returned as chair from 1945 to 1946.
After a period as acting presiding judge in 1945–46, she conducted the defense for her pre-war client Knut Hamsun during the legal purge after World War II. She served as the first female chancellor of the Order of St. Olav, from 1956 to 1967.
# Dara-i Sufi Bala District

Dara-i Sufi Bala District is a district in Samangan Province, Afghanistan. It was created in 2005 from Darah Sof District.

## Location

The district is surrounded by eight other districts. Dara-i Sufi Bala is bordered by Dara-i Sufi Payin District to the north, Aybak District and Khuram Wa Sarbagh District to the northeast, Ruyi Du Ab District to the east, Kahmard District to the southeast, Yakawlang District to the south, Balkhab District to the west, and Kishindih District to the northwest. Kahmard District and Yawkawlang District are in Bamyan Province, Balkhab District is in Sar-e Pol Province, and Kishindih District is in Balkh Province. All other districts Dara-i Sufi Bala borders are also located in Samangan Province.
# Hogarty, Wisconsin

Hogarty is an unincorporated community located in the towns of Harrison and Plover, Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. Hogarty is located on the Eau Claire River at the junction of Wisconsin Highway 52 and County Highway Y, 16.5 miles (26.6 km) east-northeast of Wausau. The community was named for John Crump Hogarty, who opened a trading post in the area in 1850 and became the first postmaster when the post office opened in 1881.
# Boothtown

Boothtown is a suburb of Halifax, West Yorkshire, England, which falls within Town Ward, one of the 17 wards of Calderdale.
Its history was dominated by the mills of the textile industry. Rawson's Mill on Old Lane is now disused and designated as a listed building of heritage importance.
Boothtown includes Akroydon, a Victorian model housing scheme which was designed in the Gothic style by George Gilbert Scott in 1859 for the workers at the mills of Edward Akroyd. Akroyd's former home in Boothtown, now the Grade II listed Bankfield Museum and library, also houses the Regimental museum of the Duke of Wellington's Regiment.
Boothtown is situated on the A647 road from Halifax to Bradford. It was on this road that Percy Shaw came up with the idea of cat's eyes as an aid to road safety. The longest running Boys' Brigade Company in Calderdale is based at Boothtown.
Boothtown is the home of Saint John the Baptist Serbian Orthodox church. There has been a Serbian community in the area since the 1940s, when Serbian POWs and anti-Communist refugees from German camps arrived in Halifax in 1947. They needed a place to worship and were given a former United Methodist Church in Simpson Street to worship in. Closed in the 1950s, it was acquired by the Serbian Orthodox Church in 1952. The building, which had already deteriorated, was repaired and renovated, and was consecrated on 26 September 1954.
# Baileya australis

Baileya australis, the small baileya moth, is a moth of the family Nolidae. The species was first described by Augustus Radcliffe Grote in 1881. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Quebec and New York to Florida, west to Texas, north to North Dakota and Ontario.
The wingspan is 21–28 mm. Adults are on wing from April to September in up to three generations per year in the south.
# Cairns–Whitten–Blauvelt House

The Cairns–Whitten–Blauvelt House is a historic stone house located at 160 Ravine Avenue in the township of Wyckoff in Bergen County, United States. Built around 1770–1810 by Douglas Cairns, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 10, 1983, for its significance in architecture. It was listed as part of the Early Stone Houses of Bergen County Multiple Property Submission (MPS).
Joseph Whitten bought the property in 1784. James Blauvelt bought it in 1799. It stayed in the Blauvelt family until 1854, when Adam Van Orden bought it.