OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thermal equator

The thermal equator (also known as "the heat equator") is a belt encircling Earth, defined by the set of locations having the highest mean annual temperature at each longitude around the globe. Because local temperatures are sensitive to the geography of a region, mountain ranges and ocean currents ensure that smooth temperature gradients (such as might be found if Earth were uniform in composition and devoid of surface irregularities) are impossible, the location of the thermal equator is not identical to that of the geographic Equator.
The term is less frequently used to describe the belt of maximum temperatures surrounding the globe which migrates roughly between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This region is known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone. This zone is the result of trade winds from the northern and southern part of the hemisphere eventually joining together.
Still another definition states that the thermal equator is the latitude at which insolation is identical throughout the year. This is not the same as the astronomical equator because Earth reaches perihelion (the minimum distance from the Sun in its orbit) in early January and is at aphelion (maximum distance) in early July. Therefore, insolation is somewhat higher at 0° latitude in January than in July even though the height of the Sun (at noon) and the length of day (from sunrise to sunset) is essentially the same. At a few degrees north of the Equator, the perihelion/aphelion factor is balanced by the fact that the angle of the Sun is slightly more direct, and the days are slightly longer, at the time of the summer solstice for the Northern Hemisphere (most commonly on June 21), making the level of insolation virtually the same in both "summer" and "winter."
Chennai, India, at 13 degrees north, is considered to lie on the thermal equator at its longitude (80 degrees east).
# Theresa Brown

Theresa Brown may refer to:
* Theresa Wiggin, a character in the Ender's Game series
* Theresa Brown (author), American author
# Æthelstan (disambiguation)

Æthelstan was the first King of England, reigning from 924 to 939.
Æthelstan, Athelstan, or Athelstane may also refer to:

## Places

* Athelstane Range, an escarpment near Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
* Athelstan, Quebec, a small town south of Huntingdon, Quebec, Canada
* Athelstan, Iowa, a community in the United States
* Athelstane Township, Clay County, Kansas, a township in the United States
* Athelstane, Wisconsin, a town in the United States
* Athelstane (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community in the United States

## Other uses

* SS Athelstane (1941), a tanker in service 1941–45
* Æthelstan (name), a masculine given name
# Sakashimagawa Bosai Dam

Sakashimagawa Bosai Dam is an earthfill dam located in Gifu Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for flood control. The catchment area of the dam is 4 km$^2$. The dam impounds about 11 ha of land when full and can store 698 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1960 and completed in 1963.
# Nemapogon quercicolella

Nemapogon quercicolella is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is found in Eastern Europe.
The moth flies in June depending on the location.
The larvae feed on mushrooms and fungus.
# Pothyne rufovittata

Pothyne rufovittata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1943.
# Peeter Karin

Peeter Karin (also Peeter Karrin; 9 October 1877 Tartu Parish, Tartu County – 23 August 1944 Ropka Parish, Tartu County) was an Estonian politician. He was a member of Estonian Constituent Assembly. On 15 April 1920, he resigned his position and he was replaced by Johannes Rätsep.
# John Aldrich

John Aldrich may refer to:
* John Aldrich (political scientist) (born 1947), American political scientist and author
* John Aldrich (MP) (by 1520–1582), English politician
* John Merton Aldrich (1866–1934), American zoologist and entomologist
* John Warren Aldrich (1906–1995), American ornithologist
# Pardosa drenskii

Pardosa drenskii is a wolf spider species in the genus Pardosa found in Bulgaria.
# Thomas Abernethy

Thomas Abernethy may refer to
* Thomas Abernethy (explorer) (1803–1860), Scottish seafarer, gunner in the Royal Navy, and polar explorer
* Thomas Perkins Abernethy (1890–1975), American historian of early American history
* Thomas Abernethy (politician) (1903–1998), American politician
* Tom Abernethy (born 1954), American professional basketball player
# Their Greatest Hits

Their Greatest Hits may refer to:
* Their Greatest Hits (Hot Chocolate album), 1993
* Their Greatest Hits (The Police album), 1990
* Their Greatest Hits: The Record, 2001 album by the Bee Gees
* Their Greatest Hits (1971–1975), 1976 album by Eagles
# Richard Olmsted (artist)

Richard Olmsted is an American artist living in Mount Vernon, Washington. Raised in Mount Vernon, Washington, Olmsted is best known for his pencil drawings. Olmsted has had showings at Thinkspace Gallery in Los Angeles (with Chet Zar and Lola), Mutiny Tattoo in Bellingham, The Wayward Cafe in Seattle, WA, and the "B" Gallery at Western Washington University.

## Works

Olmsted's work tends to make obvious political statements, commenting on such things as the deleterious effects of civilization and the destruction of the natural world. Olmsted even donated a drawing to be used as a cover for a CD to benefit the E.L.F./A.L.F. North American Press Office. He has also done album art for To What End?, and Black Breath. Olmsted recently had a print used in the book Expect Resistance, as well as on limited-edition postcards, both published by anarchist collective CrimethInc.
# Æthelstan (name)

Æthelstan was the first King of England, reigning from 924 to 939.

## People

Other notable people with this masculine given name include:

### Mononym

* Æthelstan Ætheling, heir apparent to Æthelred the Unready
* Æthelstan (bishop of Elmham), 10th-century bishop
* Æthelstan (bishop of Hereford), 11th-century bishop
* Æthelstan Half-King, 10th-century ealdorman
* Æthelstan Mannessune, 10th-century landowner in the Fens
* Æthelstan of Abingdon, 11th-century abbot
* Æthelstan of East Anglia, 9th-century King of East Anglia
* Æthelstan of Kent, 9th-century sub-king of Kent, son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex
* Æthelstan of Ramsbury, 10th-century bishop
* Æthelstan of Sussex, 8th-century South Saxon monarch
* Æthelstan Rota, 10th-century ealdorman under King Eadwig and King Edgar
* Guthrum the Old, 9th-century Danish King of East Anglia, who converted to Christianity and was baptised as Æthelstan after his peace with Alfred the Great

### Given name

* Athelstan Beckwith (1930–2010), Australian chemist
* Athelstan Jasper Blaxland (1880–1963), English consultant surgeon
* Athelstan Braxton Hicks (1854–1902), English coroner
* Athelstan Caroe (1903–1988), English merchant
* Athelstan Cornish-Bowden (1871–1942), South African surveyor
* Athelstan John Cornish-Bowden (b. 1943), British biochemist
* Athelstan Popkess (1895–1967), English police officer
* Athelstan Rendall (1871–1948), English politician
* Athelstan Rendall (pilot) (1914–2006), British pilot
* Athelstan Riley (1858–1945), English composer
* Athelstan Saw (1868–1929), Australian university administrator
* Athelstan Spilhaus (1911–1998), South African oceanographer

## Fictional characters

* Athelstane, in Ivanhoe by Sir Walter Scott
* Athelstan, in Vikings
* Athelstane King, in The Peshawar Lancers by S. M. Stirling
# Sali Hochschild

Sali Hochschild (June 18, 1883 – January 1965) was a German-born Chilean businessman, the founder of Compania Minera y Comercial Sali Hochschild S.A., once one of the largest mining and mineral processing companies in Chile.

## Biography

Hochschild was born to a Jewish family in Germany, the son of Jeanette (née Hirsch) and Ludwig Louis Hochschild. His mother died during his childbirth. His father was a general trader who had two cousins involved in the metal industry: brothers Berthold Hochschild, who founded the American Metal Company and Zachary Hochschild, a partner in Metallgesellschaft. He had two brothers, Moritz Hochschild (1881–1965) and Heinrich Hochschild (1882–1986). The brothers were all educated in Germany as mining engineers. He later attended Columbia University in New York City. In 1911, he and his brother arrived in Chile where they operated a small ore dealing business. After World War I, which created strong demand for metals, the brothers, having both amassed sufficient wealth to branch out on their own, dissolved their relationship and divided their territory with Sali taking central and southern Chile and Moritz taking northern Chile, Peru, and Bolivia.
In 1920, Sali obtained Chilean citizenship and formed Compania Minera y Comercial Sali Hochschild S.A. In 1924, he opened the Pataguas mine near La Ligua where he installed the country's first flotation plant which enabled the recovery of valuable metals from much lower grade ore. Flush with cash from his first independent venture, he purchased several medium-sized mines in the Provincia de Aconcagua [es] at es:El Molle, El Palqui [es], and La Cebada (Chile) [es]. In 1936, he completed the Ojancos flotation plant in Copiapó which separated gold from copper ore. Finding that many copper ores could not be separated by flotation, he adapted new technologies to separate the gold used the cyanide process which utilized cyanide, sulfuric acid, and lime to leach gold from the ore. He built a sulfuric acid factory nearby so the operation would be self-sufficient. Ojancos was the first plant in South America to use this new and highly toxic technology processing 300 tons of ore per day. In 1943, he built a separation plant at Chanaral dedicated to separate copper from tailings coming from the many mines at Potrerillos that were being dumped into the Rio Salado. In 1948, he founded Compania Minera Delerio S.A. which operated separation plants in Punitaqui and Ovalle; and he built additional plants in Antofagasta. Between 1951 and 1959, he purchased 36,000 hectares of land at Michilla (100 km north of Antofagasta) and formed Compania Minera Carolina de Michilla S.A. which became one of the largest mines in Chile (sold to Antofagasta plc in 1983).

## Personal life

Hochschild was married to Ana Kaufmann; they had four children: Walter Ludwig Hochschild Kaufmann; Dorothy Höchschild Kaufmann; Laura Höchschild Kaufmann and Gabriela Höchschild Kaufmann. He died in January 1965.
# Nemognatha bifoveata

Nemognatha bifoveata is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in North America.
# Joseph M. Pallissard

Joseph Marie Pallissard (January 4, 1886 - May 24, 1960) also known as Caproni-Joe, was a pioneer aviator.

## Biography

He was born in St. Anne, Illinois, on January 4, 1886. He attended St. Anne's Academy and the University of Illinois.
In 1913, he started a flying school with E. L. Partridge and H. C. Keller at Cicero Field in Chicago, Illinois.
He built his own aircraft and soloed for the first time on June 5, 1915. This flight made him eligible for the Early Birds of Aviation, an organization whose membership was limited to those who had solo piloted a glider, gas balloon or airplane prior to December 17, 1916 (December 17 being the date of the first flights of Wilbur and Orville Wright).
In July 1917, Pallissard helped fly one of the first twenty Curtiss JN-4 "Jennys" to Chanute Field.
Pallissard returned to his farm temporarily in 1927 and then went to work building diesel engines in the General Motors Electro-Motive Division.
He died on May 24, 1960, in Broadview, Illinois, of a heart attack.
# Peeter Jalakas

Peeter Jalakas (born 5 January 1961 in Tallinn) is an Estonian theatre director, producer, playwright and restaurateur.
In 1987, he established Estonia's first independent theatre company: VAT Theatre. In 1989 he established the theatre group Ruto Killakund. He is also the founder of theatre festival Baltoscandal. In 1992 he established Von Krahl Theatre.
In 2015, he was awarded with Order of the White Star, IV class.
# Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation

The Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation (also known as the Belt and Road Forum or BRFIC) is an international political and economic forum of the Belt and Road Initiative.
The forum will be a platform for working out action plans for implementation of the initiative in the areas of infrastructure, energy and resources, production capacity, trade and investment and identification of major projects. It is also intended to be an opportunity for the signing of cooperation agreements with countries and international organizations in the areas of financial cooperation mechanism; a cooperation platform for science, technology and environmental protection; and enhanced exchanges and training of talent and financing agreements for backing projects.

## 2017

The first event was on 14 and 15 May 2017 in Beijing, and drew 29 foreign heads of state and government and representatives from more than 130 countries and 70 international organizations.
The purpose of the forum is described by Wang Xiaotao, deputy head of the National Development and Reform Commission, in an interview with Xinhua as building "a more open and efficient international cooperation platform; a closer, stronger partnership network; and to push for a more just, reasonable and balanced international governance system." Western media coverage portrayed the forum in a similar way with CNN referring to the event under the headline "China's new world order" and the Los Angeles Times running the article "Globalization 2.0: How China's two-day summit aims to shape a new world order".

## 2019

A second Belt and Road Forum was held from 25 to 27 April 2019 in Beijing. Thirty-seven heads of state attended the second BRFIC, as did about five thousand other representatives.
The second forum identified 283 projects, agreements, or initiatives proceeding under the BRI.$^{:60}$
During the second forum, China's Ministry of Ecology and Environment established the BRI International Green Development Coalition as a joint project with the environmental agencies of twenty-five other countries.$^{:60}$

## 2023

A third forum was held on 17-19 October, 2023.
# John Bond

John Bond may refer to:

## Politics

* John Bond (MP for Leominster), Member of Parliament (MP) for Leominster in 1402
* John Bond (MP for Coventry), MP for Coventry
* John Bond (1678–1744), British MP for Corfe Castle, 1721–1722
* John Bond (1717–1784), British MP for Corfe Castle, 1727–1761 and 1764–1780
* John Bond (1753–1824), British MP for Corfe Castle, 1780–1801
* John Bond (1802–1844), British MP for Corfe Castle, 1823–1828

## Science

* John Bond (classicist) (1550–1612), English classical scholar, physician and Member of Parliament
* John Bond (physicist) (born 1956), English forensic scientist
* Dick Bond (astrophysicist) (John Richard Bond, born 1950), Canadian astrophysicist and cosmologist

## Sport

* John Bond (American football coach) (born 1962), American football coach
* John Bond (footballer) (1932–2012), English footballer and club manager
* John Bond (quarterback) (born 1961), American football quarterback
* John Bond (rugby league) (1931–2024), New Zealand rugby league player
* Jack Bond (cricketer) (John David Bond, 1932–2019), English cricketer
* John Kerry Bond (born 1945), Canadian ice hockey forward
* John Bond (rugby union) (1892–1963), Australian rugby union player

## Others

* John Bond (banker) (born 1941), British banker with HSBC and company chairman, Chairman of Vodafone
* John Bond (jurist) (1612–1676), Master of Trinity Hall, Cambridge and Professor of Law at Gresham College
* John Adikes Bond (born 1955), American author, writer, poker player
* John James Bond (1810–1883), English chronologist
* John Bond (judge) (born 1960), judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland, Australia
* John Linnell Bond (1764–1837), English architect
* John Bond (priest) (born 1945), Dean of Connor
* John Bond Jr. (1770–1862), American military officer, Mississippi pioneer and legislator
* Johnny Bond (1915–1978), American country music singer
# Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni

Sakshal Sreeman Chathunni (transl. The Real Mister Chathunni) is a 1993 Indian Malayalam-language comedy fantasy drama film directed by Anil–Babu and written by Kaloor Dennis, starring Innocent, Jagadish and Baiju Santhosh.

## Plot

The plot follows two friends Unnikrishnan and Dasan accidentally meeting a genie named Chathunni and the adventures involving the trio and the problems occurring around them.

## Cast

* Innocent as Chathunni
* Jagadish as Unnikrishnan
* Baiju Santhosh as Dasan
* Jagathy Sreekumar as Pathalam Bhairavan
* Maathu as Maya Rajagopal
* K. P. A. C. Lalitha as Pankajam
* Sukumari as Bhavani
* Shammi Thilakan as Vikraman
* K. P. A. C. Sunny as Rajagopal
* P. C. George as Keshava Panicker
* Krishnankutty Nair as Karikkassery Sankunni Nair
* Kundara Johny as Bhargavan
* Zainuddin as Gopalan
* M. S. Thripunithura as Parameswaran Nair
* Kalpana as Reshmi Nair
* Harisree Ashokan as Bhaskaran
* Paravoor Bharathan as House Owner
* T. P. Madhavan as Blade Kaimal
* Kunchan as Raoji
* N. Govindankutty as Aazhvancheri Illathu Theekran Namboothiri
* Narayanankutty as Thief
* Bobby Kottarakkara as Constable
* Rashid as Gabbar Singh
* Kavitha Thambi as Unni's Sister
* Silk Smitha as Herself (Special appearance in song)
* Shilpa Punnoose

## Soundtrack

The songs were penned by Bichu Thirumala and the music was composed by Rajamani.

## Reception

A critic from The Times of India wrote that "The adventures of Unnikrishnan and Dasan along with their friend extraordinaire - Chathunni is amusing".
# John Barr (poet)

John Barr of Craigilee (24 October 1809 – 18 September 1889) was a Scottish–New Zealand poet.

## Biography

Born in Paisley, Scotland in 1809, Barr moved to Otago in 1852, and farmed a property at Halfway Bush. In 1857 he moved with his wife Mary Jamieson (née Lamb) and their four children to Balclutha, and established a farm which he called Craigilee. He was the founder of the New Zealand Robert Burns Society. In his time, he was considered the Laureate of Otago Province, of which he wrote, in Lowland Scots:
    There's nae place like Otago yet,
    There's nae wee beggar weans,
    Or auld men shivering at our doors
    To beg for scraps or banes
By Feb 1862 John was in Dunedin when he printed a 'little volume' of poems, published in Edinburgh. The 'Otago Daily Times' wrote ... "quite irrespective of their local character, which endows them with a peculiar attraction, the Poems possess intrinsic merits in themselves which entitle them to rank high as literary productions"
Allen Curnow described his writing as "this Scots-colonial parritch... watery gruel at the best." Barr died on 18 September 1889 at Dunedin.
# John Barrett (American football)

John Patrick Barrett (February 25, 1899 – September 30, 1966) was a professional football player from Holyoke, Massachusetts. He played during the early years of the National Football League. A graduate of the University of Detroit Mercy, Barrett made his professional debut in the NFL in 1924 with the Akron Pros. He played for the Pros, Detroit Wolverines, Detroit Panthers and Pottsville Maroons over the course of his career.
# Saladin box

A Saladin box is an instrument used for malting barley. It consists of a large rectangular container about 50 meters in length, and a set of vertical screws attached to a crossbar. The crossbar moves horizontally across the length of the container while the motion of the screws raises the barley from the bottom to the top. Combined with mechanical air flow across the barley for cooling, this allows for beds of barley between 60 cm (24 in) and 80 cm (31 in) deep to be turned over two or three times a day. The screws are moved and turned by a system of pulleys and belts.
The Saladin box was invented by French engineer Charles Saladin in the late 1800s to overcome the problem where the roots of the malting barley would become entangled if not regularly turned by hand, forming large mats unusable for further processing, as encountered in the earlier system that used artificial air flow to cool the barley in deeper beds designed by Galland.
The first U.S. brewery to use the Saladin system was John A. Huck Brewery in Chicago, Illinois.
Modern malting devices use a similar systems of screws as those invented by Saladin, but use ribbon screws rather than closed screws, perforated floors for aeration and cooling, and circular vessels instead of rectangular boxes
In Scotland there's only one distillery that still uses the Saladin box: Tamdhu. This distillery uses two such boxes to fill the kiln, and two steeps to fill the box. Tamdhu was, incidentally, also one of the first Scottish distilleries to install a Saladin box.
# Sakuko Kato

Sakuko Kato (加藤 作子, Katō Sakuko) is a Paralympic swimmer from Japan competing mainly in category S5 events.
Sakuko was a freestyle specialist who competed in the 2000 Summer Paralympics, she was part of the 4x50m freestyle team that won the gold medal in a new world record time. Individually she swam in the 50m, 100m and 200m freestyle events but failed to make a final.
# Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux, Saône-et-Loire

Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

## Geography

The Grosne flows northeastward through the middle of the commune and crosses the village.
# John Costello

John Costello may refer to:
* John Costello (baseball) (born 1960), American baseball pitcher
* John Costello (English footballer) (1890–1915), English footballer
* John Costello (historian) (1943–1995), British military historian
* John A. Costello (1891–1976), Taoiseach of Ireland
* John M. Costello (1903–1976), U.S. Representative from California
* John Costello (Medal of Honor) (1850–?), U.S. Navy sailor and Medal of Honor recipient
* John Costello (pastoralist) (1838–1923), Australian pastoralist
* John W. Costello (born 1927), American attorney and politician in Massachusetts
* John Costello (Gaelic footballer), Gaelic football player from County Laois
* John P. Costello (1947–2010), U.S. Army general
# Beltany

Beltany may refer to:
* Beltany, County Tyrone, two townlands in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland
* Beltany, County Donegal, a townland in County Donegal, Ireland
* Beltany stone circle, a neolithic stone circle in County Donegal, Ireland
* Beltany, an alternative spelling of the Beltane Gaelic May Day festival
# Bembidion inaequale

Bembidion inaequale is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
# Saint-Seurin-de-Prats

Saint-Seurin-de-Prats (French pronunciation:; Languedocien: Sent Sieurin de Prats) is a commune in the Dordogne department in Nouvelle-Aquitaine in southwestern France.
# Sakurgi

Sakurgi is a village in Rõuge Parish, Võru County in southeastern Estonia. Between 1991–2017 (until the administrative reform of Estonian municipalities) the village was located in Mõniste Parish.