OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Boothby

William Robinson Boothby CMG (26 September 1829 – 12 July 1903) was Electoral Commissioner for South Australia, in charge of every parliamentary election from 1856 to 1903.
Boothby was the eldest son of South Australian Supreme Court Justice Benjamin Boothby. William was born at Nottingham, England, and emigrated to Australia with his parents during 1853
In 1854, he was appointed as Deputy-Sheriff and its electoral officer for the colony, and he was promoted to Sheriff during 1856
He prepared the clauses of the South Australian Act of 1856 that instituted voting by ballot and those of the Act of 1858 that provided for the placing of a cross against the name of the favoured candidate. He based his reform on ballots pre-printed with the candidates' names. In a manner similar to that still used widely today, the voter marked the form in secret and placed it in a sealed box. The ballots were collected and counted so that no one could be identified from their voting paper.
On 2 April 1856, South Australia enacted a law introducing the secret ballot, which had been adopted two weeks earlier in Victoria.
This was a significant change from the British practice, where elections were conducted "on the voices". Voters assembled at local election centres where they called out the name of their chosen candidate, and the choice was then entered on a register. That public process made the voter vulnerable to both bribery and intimidation, which caused wide concern.
Boothby's system was adopted for use in federal government elections in Australia. In the second half of the 19th century, the use of the secret ballot spread to the US and to Europe; in 1892, Grover Cleveland became the first US president elected by Boothby's system, universally referred to as 'the Australian ballot' for nearly a century.
In 1893, he was created CMG.
Boothby was the State Returning Officer for the first Australian House of Representatives election in 1901. The Federal seat of Boothby, established in 1903 in Adelaide, was named in his honour.
In his later years, he became Comptroller of Prison Labour and a senator of the University of Adelaide in South Australia.
He died in Adelaide.
# Stephen Samarakkody

Stephen Walter Samarakkody (17 July 1919 - 1969) was a Sri Lankan politician. He was the member of Parliament of Sri Lanka from Polgahawela representing the Sri Lanka Freedom Party.
He was elected to parliament from Polgahawela in the March 1960 general election and was re-elected in the July 1960 general election defeating D. B. Welagedara. He lost the 1965 general election to M. D. Banda.
Edmund Samarakkody and Siripala Samarakkody were his brothers, while Panini Ilangakoon and Robert Edward Jayatilaka were his brother-in-laws. He was married to Neeta Senanayake.
# Catalinimonas alkaloidigena

Catalinimonas alkaloidigena is a Gram-negative and aerobic bacterium from the genus Catalinimonas.
# William Burck

William Burck (4 February 1848 in Monnickendam, the Netherlands – 25 September 1910 in Leiden, the Netherlands) was a Dutch botanist. He obtained a doctorate from Leiden University in 1874. In 1881 he became Assistant Director of the then Buitenzorg Botanical Gardens (now Bogor Botanical Gardens) in Java. He collected a large number of plant specimens from locations including the Padang Highlands of western Sumatra. The genus Burckella is named for him.
He was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1885 and resigned in 1903. He was re-admitted as member in 1907.
# William Burdet

Sir William Burdet (died pre-1309) of Lowesby in Leicestershire, England, was a Member of Parliament for the county seat of Leicestershire.

## Career and Life

The Burdet family had been dedicated supporters of the Order of St Lazarus's English headquarters at Burton Lazars since its earliest days but relations soured in 1294 when the Order appropriated the tithes to Lowesby parish for themselves. This was not popular with the villagers and sporadic riots broke out over the following few years. The vicar was excommunicated and in 1297 the churchyard was "polluted by bloodshed" by the actions of Sir William Burdet. The dispute was resolved in 1298 when William agreed to pay for the reconsecration of the church and to reconfirm his family's former grants to the Order of St Lazarus but the former good relationship was never re-established.
Sir William was summoned to Parliament in London on 6 Oct 1297 shortly after the disastrous defeat at the Battle of Stirling Bridge and was mustered for service in the Scottish Wars on 24 Oct 1299.
Sir William died before 8 Mar 1309 when his Inquisition post mortem was held to distribute his estate.
He held lands at Branteston, Huncote, Friseby, Galby, Loseby, Stretton and Norton in Leicestershire and at Maidford, Northamptonshire.

## Progeny

He had at least one son:
* John Burdet (b. 1290)
His lands soon passed to other members of the Burdet family. His nephew Sir Robert Burdet was a Member of Parliament for Warwickshire.
# Rabbi, Trentino

Rabbi (Rabi in local dialect) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,447 and an area of 132.4 square kilometres (51.1 sq mi).
Rabbi borders the following municipalities: Ulten, Martell, Bresimo, Peio, Malè, Mezzana, Commezzadura and Pellizzano.
# William Carlton (cricketer)

William Carlton (22 May 1876 – 23 December 1959) was an Australian cricketer. He played first-class cricket for Victoria, Auckland and Canterbury between 1898 and 1914.
In 1909, the Australian Test player Hugh Trumble, having been asked by the Canterbury Cricket Association to find a coach, chose Carlton. As well as being an accomplished cricketer, Carlton was also a baseball and football player and a sprinter. He remained with Canterbury for three seasons before returning to Melbourne. He was one of the leading batsmen in New Zealand in 1909–10, with 238 runs in four matches at an average of 39.66 and a highest score of 88 not out, the highest score of the match, for Canterbury against Auckland in the Plunket Shield.
# Caulerpa brachypus

Caulerpa brachypus is a species of seaweed in the Caulerpaceae family. It was first described in 1860 by the Irish botanist William Henry Harvey, having been collected during the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition of 1853 to 1856. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region and has spread elsewhere. It is regarded as an invasive species in the United States, Martinique and New Zealand.

## Description

Caulerpa brachypus is a green seaweed with a horizontal creeping stolon which sends up blade-like fronds on short rhizoids at intervals. These thalli are tongue-like or strap-like in shape, up to 5 cm (2 in) long and mainly green, sometimes with yellowish margins. Where they occur together, it is difficult to distinguish this species from other members of the genus Caulerpa, especially as there is considerable variation between different populations of Caulerpa brachypus growing in different habitats. Where conditions suit it, it can become very profuse and form dense stands.

## Distribution

Caulerpa brachypus is native to the tropical and subtropical Indo-Pacific region. Its range includes East Africa, India, southeastern and eastern Asia, the Pacific Islands and Western Australia. It is found along the Western Australia coast scattered over a large area in the Pilbara region between Exmouth and Port Hedland.
It was first detected in the United States, in Martin County, Florida, in 1999 and had spread to the Indian River Lagoon by 2003. It was found at Great Barrier Island in New Zealand in 2021. It is considered an invasive species in the United States, Martinique (in the Caribbean) and New Zealand.

## Ecology

It is probable that sexual reproduction in this species is similar to other members of the genus. However a much more common means of dispersal involves asexual reproduction, with fragments of the plant breaking off and re-establishing themselves elsewhere. In its native surroundings, this seaweed is kept in check by herbivorous fish but in Florida, few if any fish feed on it and it can flourish on off-shore reefs, reducing biodiversity. It is intolerant of bright light, growing best in shaded positions, being mostly found in the 25 to 47 m (80 to 150 ft) depth range where there is less light than at the surface. Where the water is turbid, it flourishes in shallower habitats.

## Invasiveness

In Florida, this seaweed has been dubbed the "killer algae". First recorded in the state in 1999, by 2003 it had shown explosive growth and spread widely, with some near shore reefs in Palm Beach County becoming so overwhelmed that fish and lobsters were no longer present. During hurricanes in 2004, it was scoured from the rocky reefs and disappeared, but over the next few years, it became re-established, once more forming dense stands. It is thought to become so abundant on Florida's coast because of the sewage outflows which result in extra nutrients being present in the water. Such extensive algal cover is likely to kill corals, sponges and other sessile invertebrates, and force more mobile organisms to move elsewhere.
# Sterkiella histriomuscorum

Sterkiella histriomuscorum, formerly Oxytricha trifallax, is a ciliate species in the genus Sterkiella, known for its highly fragmented genomes which have been used as a model for ciliate genetics.

## Genetics

Like all ciliates, O. trifallax has two different types of nuclei: macronuclei, which are the site of transcription and gene expression, and micronuclei, which are only active during sexual reproduction but are otherwise transcriptionally inactive. Macronuclei are formed by the differentiation of micronuclei, which usually involves some degree of RNA-mediated DNA editing. O. trifallax is the first species sequenced with an unusually high degree of fragmentation in its macronuclear genome. Up to 96% of the micronuclear genome is eliminated during the differentiation into a macronucleus; in comparison, in other ciliates like Paramecium only about 30% is eliminated. The macronuclear genome has a haploid size of about 50 Mbp.
The chromosomes of the macronucleus are also unusually short. The macronuclear genome encodes about 18,500 genes, but these are distributed on 16,000 chromosomes, which are called nanochromosomes due to their length. Because of their unusually short nanochromosomes, most of which contain only a single gene, they have been used as a model organism to study telomeres and to screen for non-coding RNA genes.
The micronuclear genome has also been sequenced, and contains about 3,500 scrambled genes. Scrambled genes are genes whose individual segments are located in different parts of the micronuclear genome, and therefore have to be "unscrambled" during the DNA editing step into a conventional gene in the macronuclear genome. More than 225,000 individual DNA segments have to be unscrambled during the development of a macronuclear genome from its micronuclear precursor.
The mitochondrial genome has also been sequenced, and is the largest known ciliate mitochondrial genome, with a length of about 70 kbp. Like other ciliate mitochondrial genomes, those of O. trifallax are linear molecules and contain a number of split genes. Their mitochondria also possess a separate plasmid, which may have been involved in horizontal gene transfer during the evolution of the mitochondrial genome.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The taxonomy of O. trifallax has been contested. It was reclassified as Sterkiella histriomuscorum on the basis of morphological characteristics, but a molecular phylogeny supports the original classification as a species of Oxytricha.
# Ragnarök (Swedish band)

Ragnarök is a Swedish prog-rock band, founded in Kalmar in 1972, by Peter Bryngelsson, Henrik Strindberg and Staffan Strindberg. Their first album was released 1976 by Silence Records.

## Members of the band
### 1972–1978

* Henrik Strindberg: Guitar, flute
* Staffan Strindberg: Bass
* Peter Bryngelsson: Guitar
* Peder Nabo: Guitar, flute
* Liselott Larsen: Vocals
* Kosta-Mats Christiansson: Drums

### 1978–1980

* Peter Bryngelsson: Bass, guitar
* Thomas Wiegert: Drums
* Dan Söderqvist: guitar
* Peder Nabo: Piano, flute
* Kjell Karlgren: Saxophone, piano
* Ingmar Ljungström: Synthesizer

### 1980–1982

* Peter Bryngelsson: Guitar
* Kjell Karlgren: Saxophone, piano
* Thomas Wiegert: Drums
* Magnus Jarlbo: Trumpet, piano
* Per Andersson: Bass

### 1982–1983

* Peter Bryngelsson: Guitar, vocals
* Kjell Karlgren: Saxophone, bass, vocals
* Thomas Wiegert: Drums
* Dan Jonsson: Guitar
* Lars Liljegren: Marimba, organ

### 1983–2002

* Thomas Wiegert: Drums
* Kjell Karlgren: Saxophone, keyboard
* Kent Ohlsson: Vocals, guitar

### 2003–2016

* Peter Bryngelsson: Guitar, vocals
* Peder Nabo: Piano, flute
* Henrik Strindberg: Guitar, flute
* Staffan Strindberg: Bass
* Thomas Wiegert: Drums

### 2017–present

* Peter Bryngelsson: Guitar, vocals
* Peder Nabo: Piano, flute
* Henrik Strindberg: Guitar, flute
* Staffan Strindberg: Bass
* Mikael Svanevik: Drums

## Discography

* Ragnarök (1976)
* Fjärilar i magen (1979)
* Fata Morgana (1981)
* 3 Signs (1983)
* Well (1991)
* Path (2008)
* Live in Tokyo (2012)
# Castello Orsini di Nerola

The Castello Orsini di Nerola or Castello di Nerola is a medieval, Romanesque-style castle situated atop a hill above the town of Nerola in the Province of Rome, Italy. The address is on via Aldo Bigelli. It now functions as a hotel and conference center.

## History

A castle at the site likely dates to the 10th century, but documentation places the castle in the hands of the Orsini family by 1235. In that century, the outline of the castle, with merlonated walls, a moat, and towers was built. Ultimately, the castle would be sold in 1728 to Cornelia Barberini and Giulio Cesare Colonna. It was used as shelter by the Garibaldini in the 1867 attack on Rome.
# Stephen A. Gaymont

Stephen A. Gaymont (c. 1906 - December 16, 1994) was a Hungarian bacteriologist who was one of the pioneers in the United States yogurt market.
Born in Hungary, Gaymont received an undergraduate degree from Eötvös Loránd University and a PhD in bacteriology from the University of Pécs, and studied dairy science at Heidelberg University in Germany. As a student, Gaymont "was the fencing champion of Europe and would have been in the Olympics if he had not caught the flu". Gaymont fled Europe "with the help of a cousin in England only days before the outbreak of World War II". In 1939, he received a special visa to enter the United States from United States Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace. Gaymont began working on the production of yogurt in New York, but was unsuccessful there, probably due to competition from the newly created Dannon company. Gaymont relocated to Chicago in 1944, where he opened Gaymont Laboratories.
In addition to his introduction of yogurt to American markets, Gaymont has been credited with inventing frozen yogurt, whipped cream cheese, and low-fat sour cream, and pioneered the marketing of yogurt in single-serving containers, and of yogurt mixed with fruit. Gaymont "revolutionized the dairy business by introducing bacteriological health-control methods".
Splitting his later years between Chicago and Palm Beach, Florida, he died in Chicago's Northwestern Memorial Hospital.
# William Beck (Dean of Worcester)

William Ernest Beck (4 October 1884 – 22 May 1957) was an Anglican priest in the 20th century.
He was born in Clapton, London, to William James Beck, a commercial clerk, and Rosetta Thorpe Beck. He was educated at Great Yarmouth Grammar School and Durham University. He was ordained in 1908. From then to 1915, he was a tutor then vice-principal at St Aidan's Theological College, Birkenhead. After this, he was Vicar of St Anne's Birkenhead before 28 years as the principal of St Paul's Training College, Cheltenham. In 1949, he was appointed Dean of Worcester, a position he held until his death eight years later.
# William Charles Thomas Dobson

William Charles Thomas Dobson RA RWS (1817 – 30 January 1898) was an English painter.

## Life

Dobson was born in Hamburg, the son of the merchant John Dobson, who had married in Germany. The family came to England in 1826, and Dobson was educated in London. He studied in the British Museum, and was taught by Edward Opie, nephew of John Opie. In 1836 he entered the Royal Academy Schools, and was instructed by Charles Lock Eastlake.
Through Eastlake's influence Dobson obtained a post in the government school of design established in the old Royal Academy rooms at Somerset House. In 1843 he became head-master of the government school of design in Birmingham, resigning in 1845, and went to Italy, where he spent most of his time at Rome. Moving on to Germany, he was impressed by the Nazarene school of that time. On returning to England he took up religious painting.
Dobson was elected an Associate of the Royal Academy on 31 January 1860, and an academician in January 1872. He was a member of the Etching Club, founded in 1842. In 1870 he was elected an associate of the Royal Watercolour Society, of which he became a full member in 1875. He remained a constant exhibitor, both at the Royal Academy and at the Royal Watercolour Society, contributing about a hundred and twenty pictures to the former and about sixty to the latter. He was appointed a British juror for the Exposition Universelle, Paris in 1878 and was represented there by 3 watercolours. He became a retired academician in 1895, and died at Ventnor on 30 January 1898.

## Work

Dobson exhibited portraits, and The Hermit, a subject from Thomas Parnell's poem, at the Royal Academy Exhibitions of 1842–45. The Young Italian Goatherd, painted in Italy, was at the exhibition of 1846. He painted numerous scriptural subjects, at first in oils, later in water-colours also, which caught the vogue for sentimentality, and were popularised by engraving.
Some of Dobson's religious pictures were:
* Tobias and the Angel, 1853;
* The Charity of Dorcas, 1854;
* The Aims-Deeds of Dorcas, 1855, which was bought by Queen Victoria;
* The Prosperous Days of Job, 1856 (this and the previous work were engraved by Henry Bourne for The Art Journal);
* The Child Jesus going to Nazareth with his Parents, and Reading the Psalms, 1857, both owned by Baroness Burdett-Coutts;
* The Holy Innocents;
* The Good Shepherd;
* Abraham and Hagar;
and among secular subjects: The Picture Book (International Exhibition 1862); The Camellia, The Dresden Flower-Girl, Sappho, Mignon, and Ione.
As a watercolourist Dobson resisted innovation, by artists such as Frederick Walker, and George John Pinwell who used bodycolour.
# Caudron C.65

The Caudron C.65 was a single seat biplane floatplane designed and built in France in 1922. Only one was completed.

## Design and development

The C.65 was a conventional wire braced, two bay biplane, with equal span wings mounted without stagger. The interplane struts were in vertical, parallel pairs and vertical cabane struts joined the upper wing centre section to the upper fuselage longerons. There were ailerons only on the upper wings.
The C.65's engine was a 97 kW (130 hp) Clerget 9B nine cylinder rotary, cowled and driving a two blade propeller. The C.65 was piloted from a single, open cockpit under the wing. At the rear of the flat sided fuselage there was a broad, triangular fin, carrying a straight edged rudder that extended down to the keel. As the tailplane was on the top of the fuselage, its elevators needed a cut-out for rudder movement. Rectangular cross section floats were held 2.0 m (6 ft 7 in) apart by a pair of sturdy cross bars from the ends of which ran angled struts to the lower fuselage, aided by wire bracing.
The C.65 flew for the first time in January 1922, piloted by Poiré. Only one C.65 was built, though the C.66, a version with a 134 kW (180 hp) Hispano-Suiza 8Ab liquid-cooled V-8 engine had an otherwise similar airframe.

## Operational history

Between 17 and 19 April 1922 Poiré flew the C.65 in a seaplane race from Marseilles to Monaco and back, a distance of 413 km (257 mi), winning first prize.
It was still being flown in competitions in July 1923.

## Variants
### C.65

    97 kW (130 hp) Clerget 9B 9-cylinder rotary engine.

### C.66

    134 kW (180 hp) Hispano-Suiza 8Ab liquid-cooled V-8 engine. 14% heavier and faster.

## Specifications (C.65)

Data from Hauet (2001)
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Length: 7.65 m (25 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 12.00 m (39 ft 4 in)
* Height: 2.75 m (9 ft 0 in)
* Wing area: 35.00 m$^2$ (376.7 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 614 kg (1,354 lb)
* Gross weight: 1,014 kg (2,235 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Clerget 9B 9-cylinder rotary, 97 kW (130 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed
Performance
* Maximum speed: 140 km/h (87 mph, 76 kn)
# WELV (disambiguation)

WELV-LP is a radio station (107.9 FM) licensed to Ellenville, New York.
WELV may also refer to:
* WJIP, a radio station (1370 AM) licensed to Ellenville, New York, which held the call sign WELV from 1964 to 2004
* WRWB-FM, a radio station (99.3 FM) licensed to Ellenville, New York, which held the call sign WELV from 1970 to 1981 and 1984 to 1989
* WGLU, a radio station (102.5 FM) licensed to Warner Robins, Georgia, which held the call sign WELV from 2002 to 2004
* WELV (virus) or Wetland virus
# At Rush Hour the Cars

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
At Rush Hour the Cars is the debut album by Canadian indie rock band Royal City, released in 2000 on Three Gut Records.

## Track listing

* "O You With Flowers" – 3:20
* "At Rush Hour the Cars" – 5:00
* "I'm Taking the Train" – 2:10
* "You Strutted and Fretted Across" – 3:23
* "I Am a Raw Youth" – 2:29
* "The Sound of the Streetcars" – 4:24
* "Baby Let Your Heart Out" – 2:57
* "Rosy My Cheek" – 4:19
* "I Can See" – 1:29
* "In Havana the Stars" – 1:37
* "I Want to Go Everywhere" – 2:02
* "Codeine & Shakespeare" – 2:53
* "I'd Never Be Anything" – 4:51
# Roof (Chinese constellation)

The Roof mansion (Chinese: 危宿; pinyin: Wēi Xiù) is one of the twenty-eight mansions of the Chinese constellations. It is one of the northern mansions of the Black Tortoise.

## Asterisms

| English name | Chinese name | European constellation | Number of stars | Representing |
| Roof | 危 | Aquarius/Pegasus | 3 | Top stores |
| Tomb | 墳墓 | Aquarius | 4 | Tomb hills |
| Humans | 人 | Pegasus | 4 | People |
| Pestle | 杵 | Pegasus/Lacerta | 3 | Pestle military provisions |
| Mortar | 臼 | Pegasus/Cygnus | 4 | Army food mill |
| Big Yard for Chariots | 車府 | Cygnus/Lacerta | 7 | The garage |
| Celestial Hook | 天鈎 | Cepheus/Draco | 9 | Similar hook shape |
| Zaofu | 造父 | Cepheus | 5 | Zaofu was a famous chariot driver |
| Roofing | 蓋屋 | Aquarius | 2 | Palace officials on behalf of management of the roof |
| Temple | 虛梁 | Aquarius | 4 | Empty garden tomb |
| Celestial Money | 天錢 | Piscis Austrinus | 5 | Money in the heaven |
# Romy Achituv

Romy Achituv (Hebrew: רומי אחיטוב; born 1958) is an Israeli experimental multimedia artist whose work engages issues of representation, language, time, and memory. Achituv is known for "Text Rain" which he co-created with Camille Utterback and "The Garden Library Database Visualization Project" which he created with Arteam, an interdisciplinary art collective.
Achituv was born in Rome, Italy. He lives and works in Israel, New York City, and Seoul, South Korea. His work is in the collection of the Smithsonian American Art Museum (Washington, D.C.).