OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Politische Abteilung

The Politische Abteilung ("Political Department"), also called the "concentration camp Gestapo," was one of the five departments of a Nazi concentration camp set up by the Concentration Camps Inspectorate (CCI) to operate the camps. An outpost of both the Gestapo and the criminal police (Kripo), the political department evolved into the most important of the five.

## Background

Theodor Eicke was appointed by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler to establish a system to run the concentration camps. Eicke drew up regulations for guards and for prisoners and set up five departments to oversee the camp.
The five departments were:
    Abteilung I: Command headquarters
    Abteilung II: Political department
    Abteilung III: Preventive detention camp
    Abteilung IV: General administration
    Abteilung V: Medical unit
As of summer 1936, the Politische Abteilung (Political department) was a compulsory part of the concentration camp command structure. Unlike the other departments, it was not under the Concentration Camps Inspectorate, but rather the local Gestapo office or after September 1939, Amt IV (Gestapo) of the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA). The department head and deputy were usually officers of the Gestapo or Kripo, or were members of the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). The other employees of the department were members of the Waffen-SS, technically also Gestapo officers, but as SS members, belonged to the Stabskompanie, the company attached to the command headquarters and thus to the disciplinary authority of the commandant and adjutant.

## Responsibilities

The Politische Abteilung was sub-divided into other five or six departments, which handled specific tasks. At Auschwitz, for example, the Politische Abteilung consisted of:
* Identification documentation
* Investigations
* Interrogations
* Intelligence service
* Surveillance
* Camp registrar (sometimes in conjunction with supervision of the crematorium)
The camp registrar handled the registration of prisoners when they were admitted and when they left, whether by release, transfer, escape or death. Inmate files were created, portrait photos made, physical description noted, brief details about the prisoner's life and fingerprints were filed.
The Politische Abteilung also handled the police work of the camps, again dividing up this work into specific subdivisions. The monitoring service prepared prisoner identification papers, another handled investigations and interrogations and a third handled prisoner surveillance. This included the fight against clandestine camp resistance groups, the prevention of escape. The department was known for its harsh interrogations, torture and executions and SS members of this department were feared by prisoners.
The department also handled correspondence with the Gestapo, Kripo and RSHA. For a prisoner, the political department could mean, within the grim world of a concentration camp, a relatively pleasant place to work, or it could mean torture and execution.
# Intihuatana antarctica

Intihuatana antarctica is a species of South American spider in the dwarf sheet spider family, Hahniidae. It is the only species in the monotypic genus Intihuatana. It was first described by Eugène Simon in 1902, and was moved to its present genus by Pekka T. Lehtinen in 1967. It has only been found in Argentina.
# Peter Doig (politician)

Peter Muir Doig (27 October 1911 – 31 October 1996) was a British Labour Party politician.
Doig was educated at Blackness School, Dundee, before taking evening classes. He later became a sales supervisor. He joined the Labour Party in 1930. During the Second World War he served in the Royal Air Force. He was elected a Dundee town councillor for ten years, serving as honorary town treasurer.
Doig contested Aberdeen South in 1959. He was Member of Parliament for Dundee West from a 1963 by-election to 1979, preceding Ernie Ross. On 22 September 1963, Doig was chosen ahead of five other people to be the Labour Party candidate in the by-election. At the time he was a bakery supervisor and chairman of the Labour group on Dundee Town Council. He was also deputy chairman of the council.
In 1966 Doig was recorded as a member of the Transport and General Workers Union and the Co-operative Society. He was married with two sons.
In the 1970s Doig was one of a small number of Labour MPs who supported the restoration of capital punishment, and was reported to favour a "hard line" approach towards crime. In 1979, when chairing the Scottish Standing Committee of MPs he used his casting vote to support a Conservative proposal to give police in Scotland wider powers to search for offensive weapons.
# Timeline of architectural styles

This timeline shows the periods of various architectural styles in a graphical fashion.

## 6000 BC–present

* 8000 years – the last 1000 years (fine grid) is expanded in the timeline below
# Septogloeum potentillae

Septogloeum potentillae is an ascomycete fungus that is a plant pathogen infecting strawberries. The species' validity is considered unconfirmed by GBIF, as it has very few occurrences, and has not been described in published literature for over a century.
# William Burley Lockwood

William Burley Lockwood (13 April 1917 – 30 April 2012) was a Professor of Germanic and Indo-European Philology at the University of Reading from 1968 until his retirement in 1982.

## Biography

After leaving school and spending some time working and travelling in England, Germany, Austria and the Balkans, he went to Manchester University and obtained First Class Honours in German in 1942, followed by a DipEd and M.A. at Bristol University, where he received a distinction in practical teaching.
After working briefly in the German Department at Durham University in 1945, Lockwood taught at the University of Birmingham, during which time he also briefly taught as a Senior Lecturer in German at the University of Sydney. As he left Birmingham, the university awarded him a D.Litt. on the basis of his many publications.
In 1961 he received an invitation to the Chair of Comparative Philology at the Humboldt-Universität in East Berlin, the capital of the German Democratic Republic. 1961, however, was the year in which the Communist regime erected its infamous wall, and after four years of increasing disillusionment with the political climate he returned to the West.
He settled in Dublin, intending to devote himself to his philological studies, including German and Germanic languages (especially Faroese) as well as Roman, Hellenic, Slavonic and Celtic (especially Welsh) languages.
A year later, however, he was invited to take up a specially established readership in Germanic and Indo-European philology at Reading. This readership was converted into a chair in 1968, and he remained at Reading until his retirement.

## Selected publications

* The Faroese Bird Names (1961)
* An Informal History of the German Language (1965, 2nd edn. 1976)
* Historical German Syntax (1968)
* Indo-European Philology: Historical and Comparative (1969)
* A Panorama of Indo-European Languages (1972)
* Languages of the British Isles Past and Present (1975)
* An Introduction to Modern Faroese (1977, 4th edn. 2002)
* The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names (1984, 2nd edn. 1993)
* German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide (1987)
* Lehrbuch der modernen jiddischen Sprache (1995)
* An Informal Introduction to English Etymology (1995)
# R704 road (Ireland)

The R704 road is a regional road in Ireland. It travels from Mullinavat, County Kilkenny to New Ross, County Wexford. The road is 17.6 kilometres (10.9 mi) long.
# Peschany

Peschany or Peschanaya may refer to:
* Peschanaya, Irkutsk Oblast, a rural locality in Russia
* Peschany, Murmansk Oblast, a rural locality in Russia
* Peschany Island, an island in the Laptev Sea
* Qum Island or Peschany Island, an island in the Caspian Sea
* Peschanaya (river), a left tributary of the Ob River, Russia
* Cape Peschany or Cape Unslicht, a cape in Severnaya Zemlya
* Cape Peschany (Caspian Sea), a cape in Kazakhstan
# Semimaru

Semimaru also known as Semimaro (蝉丸) was a Japanese poet and musician of the early Heian period. His name is recorded in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu, but there are no historical accounts of his pedigree. Some accounts say he was a son of Uda Tennō, Prince Atsumi, or that he was the fourth son of Daigo Tennō. There are also claims that he lived during the reign of Ninmyō Tennō.
Semimaru was a blind lute player who lived alone in a straw hut in Ausaka, which means "meeting slope". "Ausaka is a slope about five miles east of the center of modern Kyoto. Its apex is a narrow pass through the eastern range of mountains separating Kyoto from the area of Lake Biwa." The emperor established a formal check point barrier, Ausaka no seki, at this summit in 646. Today the place is known as Osaka. A Shinto shrine was built there by the tenth century and eventually became known as Semimaru jinja.
Supposedly, on seeing the traffic on the road to the capital, he composed the following waka (和歌)$^{:12,157}$
   これやこの行くも帰るも別れては 知るも知らぬも逢坂の関 Kore ya kono yuku mo kaeru mo wakaretewa shiru mo shiranu mo osaka no seki So this is the place! The crowds, coming, going, meeting, parting; friends, strangers, known, unknown - The Osaka (Ausaka) Barrier (逢坂の関, ausaka no seki). (Ogura Hyakunin Isshu 10)
The above waka appears in the imperial anthology Gosen Wakashū. Other Semimaru poems appear in the anthologies Shin Kokin Wakashū, Kokin Wakashū and Shokukokin Wakashū.$^{:163–165}$ For this poem, he became known as Seki no Akagami (関の明神).
According to the Konjaku Monogatarishū (Book 24, tale 23), for three years Minamoto no Hiromasa travelled from the capital regularly, hoping to hear and meet Semimaru. Finally, they met and Semimaru tutored him in playing the biwa (琵琶) melodies Ryūsen (流泉) and Takuboku (啄木).$^{:165–168}$

## Legacy

In nō there is a Zeami Motokiyo play, Semimaru, that depicts the life of a "young man, blind from birth...abandoned on a mountainside by his father", and his sister, Sakagami (逆髪), "a beautiful young woman" that "suffers episodes of inexplicable madness which compel her to wander the countryside aimlessly."$^{:81}$
Chikamatsu Monzaemon wrote the Joruri Semimaru.$^{:129,204–272}$

### Landmarks

* Semimaru Shrine at the Gate (関蝉丸神社, Seki no Semimaru Jinja) in Ōsaka Mountain (逢坂山, ōsakazan), Ōtsu, Shiga Prefecture.
* A stone grave bearing the name of Semimaru in Miyazaki Village, Fukui Prefecture.
# Polydamas (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Polydamas (/pəˈlɪdəməs/; Ancient Greek: Πολυδάμας, gen. Πολυδάμαντος, Polydámas, Polydámantos) was a lieutenant and friend of Hector during the Trojan War.

## Family

Polydamas was the son of Panthous, one of the Trojan elders and Phrontis. He was the father of Leocritus who was killed by Odysseus.

## Mythology

During the battles described in the Iliad, he often proposes a cautious battle strategy which is sometimes accepted but more often refused by Hector, who prefers direct attack. In Book XII, he prefers retreat in the face of the omen of an eagle. Hector defies this and presses forth anyway. However, Hector does take his advice to regroup in Book XIII, after the Argives have done tremendous damage to the Trojans. In Book XVIII of the Iliad, Polydamas advises the Trojans to retire from the battlefield after the death of Patroclus. Hector, however, overrules Polydamas, leaving the army in the field when Achilles ends his feud with Agamemnon and rejoins the Achaean forces. As a result, Achilles kills a great number of Trojan warriors, culminating in a duel with Hector in which the latter is killed.
Polydamas appears periodically throughout the battles, and brags about killing Prothoënor. He often complements Hector in battle. In Book XV, after killing Mecistus and Otus, he is attacked by Meges, but Apollo saves him, causing him to dodge at the last moment. Polydamas killed three Greeks in the war.
Homer gives no foreshadowing of Polydamas's final fate, nor is he mentioned in most of the later poems dealing with the aftermath of the war, leaving the reader to infer that he perished in the general slaughter after the fall of Troy to the Greek forces.
He is mentioned in Quintus Smyrnaeus' Posthomerica, but again, no death is mentioned. In Quintus Smyrneaus' story, Polydamas actually suggests that instead of attacking or fleeing, the Trojans should just give Helen back to the Greeks. This suggestion is well received by many soldiers, but nobody admits it. Paris calls him a deserter and a coward, but Polydamas retorts that Paris' ambitions instigated the problem. Later on, he tries again to persuade the Trojans to stay inside the city in order to raise troop morale, but it is Aeneas that opposes his opinion this time, on the grounds that the Greeks will not be disheartened by a long stay inside the walls.
# Interatrial foramen

Interatrial foramen may refer to:
* Primary interatrial foramen
* Foramen secundum
# Oscar Kern

Oscar Kern (Taquara, September 1, 1935 – Porto Alegre, January 12, 2008) was a fanzine editor and comics writer. He was a civil servant from the age of 16 until his retirement and wrote comics in parallel with the civil service. In the early 1970s he worked at editora Abril writing Disney comics. In 1972, he launched the first edition of the fanzine Historieta, considered one of the most important in the history of Brazilian comics and whose last edition was published in 2003. In Historieta, Kern published artists such as Mozart Couto, Emir Ribeiro, Mike Deodato and Renato Canini, among others, in addition to writing his own stories, especially the superhero Homem Justo. In 1997, he was awarded with the Prêmio Angelo Agostini for Master of National Comics, an award that aims to honor artists who have dedicated themselves to Brazilian comics for at least 25 years.
# Ottawa Township, Le Sueur County, Minnesota

Ottawa Township is a township in Le Sueur County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 290 at the 2000 census. Ottawa Township was organized in 1858.
The unincorporated community of Ottawa is located within Ottawa Township.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 15.3 square miles (39.7 km$^2$), of which 15.1 square miles (39.1 km$^2$) is land and 0.2 square mile (0.6 km$^2$) (1.50%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 290 people, 122 households, and 89 families residing in the township. The population density was 19.2 people per square mile (7.4/km$^2$). There were 127 housing units at an average density of 8.4/sq mi (3.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 97.59% White, 0.69% Asian, 1.72% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.72% of the population.
There were 122 households, out of which 26.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 67.2% were married couples living together, 4.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.0% were non-families. 23.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 2.80.
In the township the population was spread out, with 23.8% under the age of 18, 2.8% from 18 to 24, 30.3% from 25 to 44, 29.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 105.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 104.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $48,750, and the median income for a family was $56,563. Males had a median income of $31,618 versus $31,875 for females. The per capita income for the township was $22,908. About 2.6% of families and 3.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including none of those under the age of eighteen and 5.1% of those 65 or over.
# Ottawa Township, LaSalle County, Illinois

Ottawa Township is located in LaSalle County, Illinois. As of the 2010 census, its population was 11,766 and it contained 5,601 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 16.12 square miles (41.8 km$^2$), of which 15.2 square miles (39 km$^2$) (or 94.29%) is land and 0.93 square miles (2.4 km$^2$) (or 5.77%) is water.

## Government

Ottawa Township is the center of the county government, with an Appellate Court branch, the County Courthouse, and County Offices located within Ottawa proper and within Ottawa Township.
# Otis Spann Is the Blues

Otis Spann Is the Blues is an album by blues pianist and vocalist Otis Spann, recorded in New York in 1960 and released by the Candid label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Blues Recordings | |
AllMusic reviewer Ron Wynn stated: "Spann provided wonderful, imaginative, tasty piano solos and better-than-average vocals, and was arguably the best player whose style was more restrained than animated. Not that he couldn't rock the house, but Spann's forte was making you think as well as making you dance, and the tracks on Otis Spann Is the Blues will do both".

## Track listing

All compositions by Otis Spann except where noted
* "The Hard Way" − 5:02
* "Take a Little Walk with Me" (Robert Lockwood Jr.) − 3:25
* "Otis in the Dark" − 4:32
* "Little Boy Blue" (Lockwood) − 3:38
* "Country Boy" − 4:24
* "Beat-Up Team" − 5:59
* "My Daily Wish" (Lockwood) − 4:26
* "Great Northern Stomp" − 4:15
* "I Got Rumbling On My Mind #2" (Lockwood) − 4:02
* "Worried Life Blues" − 4:20

## Personnel

* Otis Spann − vocals, piano
* Robert Lockwood Jr. − guitar, vocals
# Osman I of the Maldives

Osman I of Fehendhoo was the Sultan of the Maldives in 1388. He ruled the country for 6 months and 15 days. Sultan Osman was also the last sultan to ascend the throne of the Maldives from the Lunar Dynasty, ending the 227 years of Lunar Dynasty rule since the Maldives converted to Islam from Buddhism.
Sultan Osman I was forced to abdicate and banished to Kolhumadulu Atoll Guraidhoo, where he would die. His tomb was found in 1922, now in the Guraidhoo Ziyaaraiy Mosque.
# Oshigambo High School

Oshigambo High School, also Oshigambo Senior Secondary School, is a school in Oshigambo in the Oshikoto Region of northern Namibia. It is situated approximately 30 km east of Ondangwa.
Oshigambo High School is surrounded by some of the special features which make it a tourist attraction. The school buildings sandwich a river which flows from Angola to the Kunene River. On its shores there is the well-known fig tree omukwiyugwemanya, this name is derived from he nature of the tree, the fact that it grew on a rock.
Oshigambo High School is one of the oldest schools in the northern part of Namibia. It first came into existence in 1960 and was in good management of its first principal Toivo Tirronen, a Finnish national. Oshigambo High School is a missionary and church school of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia.
In 2006, Oshigambo River broke its banks for the first time in 50 years. The flood water separated the school from its hostel; learners and teachers who stayed at the other side of the river had to either pass through the river at own risk, or had to walk a distance of about 3 km to get to school. A bridge had been promised to be built by President Hifikepunye Pohamba.
The school receives voluntary teachers from the United States every two years. They mostly cater for the math and science subjects. It has about 20 teachers, of which most are foreigners and about 300 learners. It recently had its 50th anniversary, and a lot of people from different places were present.
The school's patrons are Solly Amadhila and Frans Indongo, the principal is Pinehas Ekongo. Oshigambo High School has a netball, soccer, volleyball and basketball team.

## Academic excellence

The school is one of the best in the country producing competitive high achievers every year. It was the 5th best High School in Namibia in 2012, and the 7th best in 2013 and 2014. It is well known for its excellent grade 10 and 12 results and most of its graduates go and further their studies in Namibia, South Africa and other countries beyond. Over the years it has maintained great national position in the top 10 for the grade 10 results. It offers the science field in grade 11 and 12 which is a good choice for learners wanting to pursue medicine or engineering after high school.
The school has approximately 340 learners with an average of 30 learners in each class. It offers classes from grade 8 to 12 with two classes for every grade. it has two hostels( male and female), a dining hall and a library. The hostels are separated by the river.
The school is an Evangelical Lutheran school and has a pastor who gives sermons to the learners every Sunday. Learners are also required to attend morning and evening devotion Monday to Sunday.

## Notable alumni

* Mondjila Amkongo
* Moses Amkongo
* Eddie Amkongo
* Nahas Angula
* Pendukeni Ivula Ithana
* Philemon Malima (graduated 1971)
* Nangolo Mbumba
* Peter Nambundunga
* Sacky Shanghala
# Otto Heurnius

Otto Heurnius (born Otto van Heurn; 8 September 1577 – 14 July 1652) was a Dutch physician, theologian and philosopher.

## Life

He studied at Leiden University. He subsequently succeeded his father Johannes Heurnius as professor of medicine at Leiden University, and took over anatomy teaching from Pieter Pauw from 1617. Alongside his practical anatomy teaching, he had the care of a very various collection of zoological and botanical specimens. The aims of the collection included reconstruction of the life of the Israelites in Egypt, as in the Book of Exodus.
He was also a historian of philosophy, stressing the period before the philosophers of the Ancient Greeks ("barbarian philosophy"). He based his ideas on the Corpus Hermeticum.
# Oswald Freisler

Oswald Freisler (29 December 1895 – 4 March 1939) was a lawyer in Nazi Germany and the younger brother of Roland Freisler, who a few years after Oswald's death became the Judge President of the People's Court.

## Life

Freisler attended the Gymnasium in Aachen and Kassel, where in 1914 he passed his Abitur. He studied law in Kiel, Frankfurt and Göttingen. In February 1924, he opened a law firm with his older brother Roland Freisler in Kassel. Oswald Freisler joined the Nazi Party in 1927 and was a member of the National Socialist Association of Legal Professionals. From 1933, he was Gauführer in Kassel and a member of the Academy for German Law, and in the same year, he became president of the bar association in Kassel. In 1936, he took over the Berlin office of Jewish lawyer Johannes Werthauer, who left Germany in 1933 in order to teach at the Sorbonne.
Although a Nazi, Freisler appeared as defence counsel in politically significant trials which the Nazis sought to use for propaganda purposes. He wore his Nazi Party badge in court, which led to confusion over the Party's role in the trials. In 1937, on behalf of the Catholic Church, Freisler took over the defence of three co-defendants in the trial of Joseph C. Rossaint, a resistance fighter against National Socialism, and won an acquittal, much to the displeasure of the Nazi Party. In response, Joseph Goebbels asked Adolf Hitler to personally exclude Freisler from the party. On 30 April 1937, Goebbels observed with satisfaction, "Freisler expelled from the party by the Führer."
In 1939, Freisler mysteriously committed suicide in Berlin after he had been accused of irregularities in the conduct of a defence. There are three versions of Freisler's death. One is that he defenestrated himself from his office, another is that the incident occurred in prison, and the third version is that he injected himself with an overdose of insulin.

## Publications

* Das System der Ehrenstrafen in der deutschen Vergangenheit und im geltenden Recht und die Frage nach seiner Existenzberechtigung. Göttingen [1921], Law and political science dissertation from 1 November 1920