OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pharmacia & Upjohn

Pharmacia & Upjohn was a global pharmaceutical company formed by the merger of Sweden-based Pharmacia AB and the American company Upjohn in 1995. Today the remainder of the company is owned by Pfizer. In 1997, Pharmacia & Upjohn sold several brands to Johnson & Johnson, including Motrin and Cortaid.

## History
### Amersham

In 1997, the biotechnology division of the company Pharmacia Biotech merged with Amersham Life Science with the new merged entity being known as Amersham Pharmacia Biotech. In 2001, the company was renamed Amersham Biotech. In 2002, Pharmacia sold its share of the company to Amersham plc. In 2004, Amersham Biosciences was acquired by GE Healthcare.
In 1998, the nutrition division of the company was sold to Fresenius.

### Monsanto

Monsanto acquired the pharmaceutical company G. D. Searle & Company in 1985. In 1998, Searle and the Monsanto Pharma Sector partnered with Pfizer to develop and promote celecoxib, an anti-inflammatory drug used to treat arthritis. Branded as Celebrex, celecoxib was approved by the FDA in 1998. In December 1999, Pharmacia & Upjohn merged with the American biotechnology and medical company, Monsanto and renamed itself Pharmacia. The company retained Monsanto's pharmaceutical division - then known as Searle - and spun off the remaining interests as the "new Monsanto". The newly merged pharmaceutical entity changed its name to Pharmacia Corp.

### Pfizer

In July 2002, Pharmacia Corp. and Pfizer announced an agreement that Pfizer would purchase Pharmacia; control of celecoxib was often mentioned as a key reason for Pfizer's acquisition of Pharmacia. The deal was finalized in April 2003.

### Later developments

* The remnant of the Stockholm-based part of Pharmacia was partly spun off to Biovitrum in 2001, which sold off its plasma products division to Octapharma in 2002.
* In 2004, the allergy-diagnostic division of Pharmacia was sold off as Pharmacia Diagnostics. Later in 2004, the Uppsala-based ophthalmology division was sold to Advanced Medical Optics.
* In April 2006, Pharmacia Diagnostics changed its name to Phadia, which ended the use of the Pharmacia trademark. In September, Phadia was acquired by PPM Capital. In April 2006, Indian company Kemwell acquired Pfizer's Uppsala manufacturing plant that used to be under Pharmacia. The company's facilities in Strängnäs Sweden are currently being expanded for the production of Genotropin, a growth hormone.

### Overview

The following is an illustration of the company's mergers, acquisitions, spin-offs and historical predecessors:
# Richard L. Bishop

Richard Lawrence Bishop (August 12, 1931 – December 18, 2019) was an American mathematician who specialized in differential geometry and taught at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.
Bishop went to Case Institute of Technology as an undergraduate, earning a B.S. in 1954. Next he earned his Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959, and immediately joined the UIUC faculty, where he stayed until his retirement in 1997. His thesis, On Imbeddings and Holonomy, was supervised by Isadore Singer. At UIUC, his doctoral students included future UIUC colleague Stephanie B. Alexander. He is the author of Geometry of Manifolds (with Richard J. Crittenden, AMS Chelsea Publishing, 1964, translated into Russian 1967 and reprinted 2001) and Tensor Analysis on Manifolds (with Samuel I. Goldberg, Macmillan, 1968, reprinted by Dover Books on Mathematics, 1980).
In 2013, Bishop became one of the inaugural fellows of the American Mathematical Society.
The Bishop–Gromov inequality in Riemannian geometry, one form of which appeared in his book with Crittenden, is named after him and Mikhail Gromov, who gave an improved formulation of Bishop's result. He introduced the "Bishop frame" of curves in Euclidean space, an alternative to the better-known Frenet frame. With Barrett O'Neill he made foundational contributions to the study of convex functions and convex sets in Riemannian geometry and their applications in the study of negative sectional curvature, including to the geometry of warped products.

## Notable publications

* R.L. Bishop and B. O'Neill. Manifolds of negative curvature. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 145 (1969), 1–49. doi:10.2307/1995057 ; doi:10.1090/S0002-9947-1969-0251664-4
* Richard L. Bishop. There is more than one way to frame a curve. Amer. Math. Monthly 82 (1975), 246–251. doi:10.2307/2319846
* Richard L. Bishop and Richard J. Crittenden. Geometry of manifolds. Reprint of the 1964 original. AMS Chelsea Publishing, Providence, RI, 2001. xii+273 pp. ISBN 0-8218-2923-8; doi:10.1090/chel/344
# Augustin Gérard

Augustin Gérard (2 November 1857 – 2 November 1926) was a French général de division and Grand Master of the Grand Orient de France (1921–22).

## Life

His first important assignment was Chief of Staff of general Joseph Gallieni in Madagascar. In May 1912 he became commander of the 41st Infantry Division and by the outbreak of World War I, he was in charge of the 2nd Army Corps, with which he fought the Battle of the Ardennes and the First Battle of the Marne.
On 24 July 1915, he became commander of the Army Detachment of Lorraine, which was later renamed to Eighth Army. Between 31 March and 31 December 1916 he was in charge of the First Army, after which he returned to the Eighth Army for the rest of the war.
He commanded the Eighth Army for an initial period during the occupation of the Rhineland until he retired on 21 October 1919. During this period he supported the separatist movement and advocated the formation of an independent Pfalz republic.
Master of the Grand Orient de France in 1921 and 1922.
He died in 1926 and was buried in Les Invalides in Paris.
# Iron Prince

Iron Prince may refer to:
* Iron Prince, South Australia, an iron ore mine connected to a port and steelworks at Whyalla
* SS Iron Prince, a steamship owned by BHP, built 1909 and wrecked 1923
# Iron Queen

Iron Queen may refer to:
* A character and a novel in The Iron Fey book series
* Nickname of New Birmingham, Texas
* An epithet of Persephone used in Fitzgerald's translation of Odissey
* An iron deposit in the Middleback Range by Iron Knob, Australia
* Iron Queen (Regina Ferrum) in Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie Comics)
* SS Iron Queen, ferry sunk at Gallipolis, Ohio in 1895
# Richard Lee Jackson

Richard Lee Jackson (born May 29, 1979) is an American drummer and actor. Since 2004, he plays drums in American band Enation, of which his brother, Jonathan Jackson, is the lead singer.

## Early life

Jackson was born in Redlands, California, the son of an amateur ventriloquist and businesswoman, and a family physician, country musician and Congressional candidate in the state of Washington. In 1993, he played Jason Lee Scott's cousin Jeremy on the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers episode "The Rockstar". He also starred as Ryan Parker in Saved by the Bell: The New Class.
# Augustin Infantry Musket Model 1842

The Augustin musket was an Austrian musket used in the mid 19th century. It was used in several European wars, and also featured in the U.S. Civil War.

## History

The Augustin Infantry Musket was an Austrian musket that was manufactured from 1842 to the early 1850s. The model was a smoothbore and used percussion caps. The weapon was primarily used during the Revolutions of 1848 mainly in the Austrian Empire, as well as the Italian Wars of Independence with minor use in the American Civil War and Mexican forces during the French Intervention in Mexico with the weapon being rebored into a rifle instead of smoothbore.
# Richard Lynch (disambiguation)

Richard Lynch (1940–2012) was an American actor.
Richard Lynch may also refer to:
* Richard Lynch (Jesuit) (1611–1676), Irish theologian
* Richard Lynch (Welsh actor) (born 1965), Welsh television and film actor
* Richard Gare Lynch, mayor of Galway
* Dick Lynch (1936–2008), American football player
* Richard Lynch (musician) (born 1962), American country singer
* Richard Lynch (cricketer) (born 1967), English cricketer
* Richard J. Lynch (1921–1997), American law enforcement officer and politician
# Isadelphina

Isadelphina is a genus of moths of the family Erebidae. The genus was erected by George Hampson in 1926.

## Species

Some species of this genus are:
* Isadelphina albistellataHampson, 1926
* Isadelphina cheilosema Hampson, 1926
* Isadelphina griseifascia Gaede, 1940
* Isadelphina lacteifascia Hampson, 1926
* Isadelphina mariaeclarae Kiriakoff, 1954
* Isadelphina retracta (Hampson, 1910)
* Isadelphina rufaria Hampson, 1926
* Isadelphina vinacea (Hampson, 1902)
* Isadelphina xylochroa Hampson, 1926
# Anne Leaton

Anne Leaton (born July 13, 1932 - January 25, 2016) was a novelist, short story writer, and poet whose works have been published in England and America and whose radio plays have been broadcast on the BBC.

## Life

Born in Cleburne, Texas, she studied English and creative writing at Indiana University and Texas Tech University and was a Fulbright scholar to Germany, after which she spent twenty years traveling and working in Europe, the Middle East, South Africa, and Canada.
She received numerous awards for her fiction and poetry, including twice being the recipient of an O. Henry Award for her short stories. Leaton's work has been compared to other writers whose focus has been primarily upon social mores and human foibles—specifically such novelists and short story writers as Jane Austen, Henry James, and John Cheever.
She lived in Fort Worth, Texas.

## Works
### Novels

* Good Friends, Just. Chatto & Windus. 1983. ISBN 978-0-7011-2711-4.
* Pearl. Knopf. 1985. ISBN 978-0-394-53923-2.
* Blackbird, Bye, Bye. Virago. 1989. ISBN 978-1-85381-012-1.

### Short stories

* Mayakovsky, My Love. Chatto & Windus. 1984. ISBN 978-0-7011-2814-2.

### Radio play

* Anne Leaton; Colin Fish (1976). Circus Baby: a play for radio. Prix Italia.

### Anthologies

* Joanna Goldsworthy, ed. (1995). Mothers: by Daughters. Virago. ISBN 978-1-85381-793-9.
# Isador Lubin

Isador Lubin (9 June 1896 – 6 July 1978) was the head of the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics from 1933 to 1946, and president of the American Statistical Association in 1946.

## Career

During the First World War, at the U.S. Food Administration, Lubin analyzed labor and price policy related to food production for the Allied Nations. Later at the War Industries Board’s Price Section, he studied the effect of price shifts on the output of the petroleum and rubber industries.
He was as an instructor at the Institute of Economics and earned a Ph.D. there in 1926. It became part of the Brookings Institution in 1927. Lubin's book Miners' Wages and the Cost of Coal was accepted as a dissertation.
"In 1932, as adviser to Senator Robert M. La Follette Jr., he pioneered the notion of government responsibility for the national accounts."
Lubin was appointed head of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) by Frances Perkins in July 1933 and stayed in the position until January 1946. For much of this time, Lubin had an office in the White House's West Wing "and served as special statistical adviser to President Franklin Roosevelt." Lubin was sometimes described as a member of President Roosevelt's "brain trust." In 1944 he was elected as a Fellow of the American Statistical Association.
In 1941 Lubin authorized BLS to start a research group at Harvard University directed by Wassily Leontief which constructed the first official table of U.S. industry inputs and outputs." In 1945, Roosevelt appointed Lubin as Minister to the Allied Reparations Commission.
"In his presidential address to the American Statistical Society in January [1947], Lubin emphasized [the role] of statistics in modern economic society and the value to the free world of pertinent data."
Lubin was appointed the Industrial Commissioner of New York state from 1955 to 1958 by Governor W. Averell Harriman.

## Personal and legacy

In 1952 Lubin married the former Carol Riegelman (1909-2005), a longtime consultant to the UN/ILO. He had two daughters by a previous marriage to Ann Shumaker Lubin, the editor of "Progressive Education" and co-author of the book, "The Child-Centered School" (1928): Alice Lubin Everitt and Ann Lubin Buttenwieser.
Fellowships named for Dr. Lubin were established at Brandeis University and The New School.
# Lakeland, Missouri

Lakeland is an unincorporated community in Shelby County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## History

A post office called Lakeland was established in 1857, and remained in operation until 1860. It is unknown why the name "Lakeland" was applied to this community, as there were no known lakes near the original town site.
# Bearden High School

Bearden High School may refer to:
* Bearden High School (Arkansas) - Bearden, Arkansas
* Bearden High School (Tennessee) - Knoxville, Tennessee
# Yawkey

Yawkey may refer to:

## Communities

* Yawkey, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in Lincoln County, West Virginia

## People

* Yawkey (surname)

## Places
### Massachusetts

* Yawkey Athletics Center, on the campus of Boston College in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
* Yawkey station, the former name of Lansdowne station in Boston, Massachusetts
* Yawkey Way, the former name of a two-block section of Jersey Street in Boston, Massachusetts

### Wisconsin

* Cyrus C. Yawkey House, a historic structure in Wausau, Wisconsin
* Leigh Yawkey Woodson Art Museum, in Wausau, Wisconsin
* William H. Yawkey Boathouse, a historic structure in Hazelhurst, Wisconsin

## Other

* Yawkey Baseball League of Greater Boston, an amateur baseball league in New England
# Vilém König

Vilém König (18 September 1903 – 5 March 1973) was a Czech football manager and former player.
As a player, König played for FK Viktoria Žižkov, Slavia Prague, SK Libeň, Admira Vienna and Marseille. König played once for the Czechoslovakia national team.
After finishing his active career, König started to work as a football manager. He coached SK Kladno and Slavia Prague.
# William Aloisio

William "Smokes" Aloisio (October 9, 1906 – October 3, 1979) was an American mobster and hitman for the Chicago Outfit.
A former member of the Forty-Two Gang in Chicago, Aloisio's arrest record dated back to 1928. In 1945, Aloisio was sentenced to five years at Leavenworth Penitentiary, in Leavenworth, Kansas, for helping his brother avoid military conscription, during World War II. Aloisio had bribed U.S. Navy personnel in Chicago to make sure that his relative failed his physical examination.
# Hashimoto Kansetsu

Hashimoto Kansetsu (橋本関雪, November 10, 1883 – February 26, 1945) was a painter of nihonga (Japanese-style paintings) who was active in the Kyoto art world during the Showa and Taisho eras.
Born in Kobe, he was the son of the painter Hashimoto Kaikan, from whom he gained a love of Chinese culture. He studied at Chikujokai, a private school established by the famous nihonga painter Takeuchi Seihō (1864–1942), but eventually withdrew due to differences of opinion. He visited Europe in 1921 and after that spent part of almost every year in China. Many of his paintings were inspired by Chinese scenery or Chinese classical literature. His former residence in Kyoto is now a museum of his work called the Hakusasonso (白沙村荘), or Hashimoto Kansetsu Memorial House.
# Xfire (disambiguation)

Xfire may refer to:
* Xfire, instant messaging service targeted toward gamers, and also game server browser
* Codehaus XFire, web services framework
* X-Fire (game show), British television programme
# Quiquijana District

The Quiquijana District is one of the twelve districts in the Quispicanchi Province in Peru. Its capital is the town of Quiquijana.

## Geography

The most important river of the district is the Willkanuta which crosses the district from south-east to north-west.
One of the highest peaks of the district is Yana Urqu at 4,644 m (15,236 ft). Other mountains are listed below:
* Inka Kancha
* Inti Watana
* Khuchiyuq
* Pukara
* Puma Urqu
* Quri
* Qhispi Urqu
* Q'asa Wasi
* Ruq'a Urqu
* Tinki Muqu
* Uchu Q'asa
* Waman Marka
* Wankar Phuku

## Ethnic groups

The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (88.42%) learnt to speak in childhood, 11.25% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
# Lahuachaca

Lahuachaca is a small town in Bolivia, in Aroma Province. It lies 123 km from La Paz, on the Bolivian Altiplano, with the Cordillera Occidental to the west and the Cordillera Central to the east.

## Climate

The average temperature in Lahuachaca is 9 °C. The average temperature varies from 7° in July to 11° in December. The average annual rainfall is 600 mm. The average monthly rainfall varies from 10 mm in June and July to 100 mm in December through until February.

## Population

Population estimates for recent years include:
* 1992 - 2562 inhabitants
* 2001 - 2986 inhabitants
* 2012 - 5874 inhabitants
# Arthur van Gehuchten

Arthur van (or Van) Gehuchten (20 April 1861 – 9 December 1914) was a Belgian anatomist, born in Antwerp. He was professor in the faculty of medicine at the University of Leuven until the start of World War I in 1914. He moved to England and taught biology at Cambridge University until his death. Van Gehuchten is especially known for his contributions to the theory of neurons. In anatomy, the van Gehuchten method is the fixing of a histologic tissue in a mixture of glacial acetic acid 10 parts, chloroform 30 parts, and alcohol 60 parts.

## Writings

* L'Anatomie du système nerveux de l'homme (1893)
* Contribution à l'étude du faisceau pyramidal (1896)
* Structure du télencéphale: centres de projection et centres d'association. Polleunis & Ceuterick, 1897
* Cours d'anatomie humain systématique (I-III, 1906–09)
* Les centres nerveaux cérébro-spinaux (1908)
* Het zenuwgestel. Nederl. Boekh, 1908
* La radicotomie postérieure dans les affections nerveuses spasmodiques (1911)
* Coup de couteau dans la moelle lombaire. Essai de physiologie pathologique. Le Névraxe 9, ss. 208–232 (1907)
* Le mouvement pendulaire ou réflexe pendulaire de la jambe. Contribution à l'étude des réflexes tendineux. Le Névraxe 10, ss. 263–266 (1908)
* Over myopatische ziekten. Voordracht met kinematographische lichtbeelden. Handelingen van het XIVe Vlaams Natuur-en Geneeskundig Congres 1–8 (1910)
* La radicotomie postérieure dans les affections nerveuses spasmodiques (modification de l'opération de Foerster). Bulletin de l'Académie royale de Médecine de Belgique ss. 1–43 (1910)
* Het doorsnijden der achterste ruggemergwortels als behandeling van zekere vormen van spastische paraplegie, (met kinematographische lichbeelden). Handelingen van het XVIe Vlaamsch Natuur- en Geneeskundig Congres 422–43 (1913)

## Neurone

Van Gehuchten adopted Waldeyer’s coinage for the nerve cell, but spelt this in French as ‘le neurone' rather than 'le neuron'. It is believed that the reason for adding the ‘e’ at the end of the word relates to the interplay between linguistics and phonetics: the final ‘n’ in ‘neuron’ would have been ‘sounded’ in the classical Greek, and also in Waldeyer’s German coinage, and, to do the same in French, there needed to be an ‘e’ placed at the end of the word. Without this, ‘neuron’ would have rhymed with ‘maison’ and the link with the original Greek would have been lost.
# SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie

SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie may refer to one of these ships:
* SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie (1893), 593 gross register tons (GRT), ex Prinz Waldemar (1893), twin screw, steel steamer built Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, Kiel, still registered in early 1930s as owned by Mecklenburger Seebüder-Linie, Rostock, Germany
* SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie (1905), 8,688 gross register tons (GRT), Hamburg-America Line passenger ship launched 14 October 1905 by Krupp Aktiengesellschaft Germaniawerft, Kiel, Germany
* SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie (1906), 18,372 gross register tons (GRT), Norddeutscher Lloyd passenger ship launched 1 December 1906 by AG Vulcan, Stettin, Germany
# Yanagawa, Fukushima

Yanagawa (梁川町, Yanagawa-machi) is one of five neighborhoods within the city of Date, Fukushima, along with the former towns of Date, Hobara, Ryōzen and Tsukidate (all from Date District). Until 2006, it was an independent castle town located in Date District, Fukushima Prefecture, Japan.
As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 20,626 and a density of 248.72 persons per km$^2$. The total area is 82.93 km$^2$.

## History

Yanagawa was under the control of the Date Clan from 1189, when Date Tomomune received the land, until Date Masamune forfeited it to Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590. In 1598, the entire Fukushima Basin (Shintatsu Plain) became the territory of Uesugi Kagekatsu and Suda Nagayoshi became the lord of Yanagawa Castle.
By 1960, the town of Yanagawa had merged with the villages of Awano, Sekimoto, Shirane, Ooeda, Isazawa, Tomino, and Yamafunyuu. The town's symbol was established in 1965, and in 1983, cherry blossoms, persimmon trees, and wagtails were designated as the town's official flower, tree, and bird, respectively.
A whole body skeleton of Paleoparadoxia was excavated in Yanagawa on August 21, 1984. The skeleton is named the “Yanagawa Specimen”.
In 2006, Yanagawa merged with the towns of Date, Hobara, Ryōzen and Tsukidate, creating Date City.

## Transportation
### Railway

AbukumaExpress – Abukuma Express Line
* Nitta - Yanagawa - Yanagawa Kibōnomori Kōen-mae - Tomino - Kabuto

### Highway

* National Route 349

## Local Events and Attractions
### Yanagawa Castle

Yanagawa Castle was constructed in the Kamakura Period and used as the headquarters of the Date Clan from the time of the 11th lord of the Date Clan, Date Mochimune, through to that of the 14th lord, Date Tanemune. Mochimune's son, the 12th lord, Date Shigemune was influenced by Higashiyama Culture and built the inner garden, including Shinji Pond, which is still visible at the site today. The 17th lord of the Date Clan, Date Masamune stayed at Yanagawa Castle when the last member of the Date Clan to own the castle, Date Tessai Nyuudou resided there.

### Summer Festival

Held in August, hundreds of people dress in yukata and parade down the main street, performing the local bon odori dance. This is followed by an address by the mayor, a series of performances, and a fireworks show.

### Specialty Products

In 2019, a specialty product of Yanagawa, the "Niku goro to onigiri," was awarded first place among onigiri in the Bento and Prepared Meal Awards (お弁当・お惣菜大賞). It is prepared using local, "Date chicken" and only available at the Machi no Eki Yanagawa, a community center in the center of the town.