OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Izaak Kramsztyk

Izaak Kramsztyk (1814–1889) was a Reform Jewish rabbi, preacher, lawyer and writer. He is credited as the first rabbinic teacher of Talmud in Polish. He started a dynasty of Warsaw's benefactors, scientists and writers, which included his sons Zygmunt, Julian, Feliks, Stanisław and his grandson Roman, a renowned painter.

## Biography

Izaak Kramsztyk was born in Warsaw sometime in 1814. He graduated from the local Warsaw's School for Rabbis and soon afterwards he became a tutor at his alma mater. A renowned preacher, he was chosen as the first to preach in the newly opened reformist Polish Synagogue in 1852. A supporter of closer ties between Jews and Poles, he also started teaching Talmud in Polish.
In 1861, during the events leading up to January Uprising, Kramsztyk was among the rabbis who showed solidarity with Catholic Poles, protesting against Cossack soldiers desecrating Warsaw's churches. When the Catholic clergy ordered all Warsaw's churches closed in response to Russian brutality, Kramsztyk reacted likewise and closed down all synagogues of Warsaw as well. He was also among the dignitaries attending the funeral of 5 victims of the February 27, 1861 manifestation. The funeral turned into a large patriotic demonstration and Kramsztyk was arrested by tsarist authorities. Briefly held in Warsaw's Citadel (a notorious prison for political prisoners of the tsarist regime), in the end he was deported from Congress Poland.
Following the outbreak of January Uprising of 1863 Kramsztyk was once again arrested and deported to Siberia. He returned to Warsaw following an amnesty of May 1867. He died there in 1889 and was buried at Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery.
# Izabela Maria Lubomirska

Princess Izabela Maria Sanguszko (née Princess Izabela Maria Lubomirska), in Polish Izabela Maria z książąt Lubomirskich księżna Sanguszkowa (1 March 1808 – 18 March 1890) was a Polish noblewoman.
Princess Izabela Maria was born to Prince Henryk Ludwik Lubomirski (15 September 1777 – 20 October 1850) and Princess Teresa Czartoryska (30 July 1785 – 31 December 1868). Through her father she was great-granddaughter of Prince Stanisław Lubomirski and through her mother she was granddaughter of Prince Józef Klemens Czartoryski. She had two sisters: Dorota and Jadwiga Julia (she married Eugène, 8th Prince of Ligne) and brother Jerzy Henryk.
On 6 July 1829, in Przeworsk she married Prince Władysław Hieronim Sanguszko. They had five children:
* Jadwiga Klementyna Sanguszko (1830–1918) – she married Prince Adam Stanisław Sapieha
* Roman Damian Sanguszko (1832–1917) – he married Countess Karolina of Thun and Hohenstein, great-granddaughter of Count Alois Friedrich von Brühl
* Pawel Roman Sanguszko (1834–1876) – he married firstly Countess Marie Gfn von der Borch-Warkland and secondly Georgina Apponyi de Nagy-Appony
* Helena Sanguszko (1836–1891)
* Eustachy Stanisław Sanguszko (1842–1903) – he married Countess Konstancja Anna Zamoyska
She died in 1890.
# Painted enigma

Originally used by Jesuits as a learning aid for students, painted enigmas are visual riddles - generally speaking, a picture with an easily understood superficial subject that contains a hidden meaning, usually one word. This differed from similar visual riddles such as the emblem or hieroglyph (Horapollo's "Hieroglyphica" for instance)which were simpler in design and intended to represent moral precepts. The emblem and painted enigma were similar in that each usually contained some clue that the composition contained a hidden meaning, usually a "written legend which might be a verbal riddle or rebus to be solved by the same word, or a simple epigrammatic motto such as constituted the 'soul' of the emblem." First developed at the Jesuit college Pont a Mousson in 1588, it developed into an erudite courtly entertainment by the seventeenth century.
The earliest verifiable painted enigmas from this era were painted by Charles Le Brun.
# Palikuća

Palikuća is a village in the municipality of Leskovac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 387 people.
# Izzue

Izzue (pronounce "issue") is a Chinese fashion brand part of the Hong Kong fashion conglomerate I.T.

## History

Izzue was launched in the late 1990s by Sham Kar-wai, founder of I.T. conglomerate. His goal was to bring British fashion to the domestic market.
In 2009, Izzue started an international expansion with store openings in Paris, Canada and London.
In March 2019, Izzue was part of the official schedule of the London Fashion Week, the first time a Hong Kong brand hosted a solo show during the event. Its goal was to become the Chinese equivalent of Uniqlo, Zara or H&M.

## Activities

Stores are scattered across Asia including Hong Kong, People's Republic of China, Thailand, Malaysia, Macau, Republic of China, Saudi Arabia, and Germany. Its clothes features casual urban and desaturated style. Promotional material uses the brand's website as the company logo. The clothing is "Asian-fit", slimmer than American and European brands.
The brand launched capsule collections with Dr. Martens (2012), Wrangler (2012), Fred Perry (2014), Playboy (2014).
The brand claims a close connection with the British culture, or the "cool London style". Its collection mainly consist of urban wear, or "high street" clothes according to the brand's verbiage.

## Controversy

Izzue was embroiled in controversy when it used Nazi Germany themes on its clothes and decor, including swastikas, banners, and propaganda films, as part of its decor during its 2003 season. Marketing manager Deborah Cheng apologized and issued a statement saying "that the designer did not realize that the Nazi symbols would be considered offensive."
# JCL

JCL may refer to:

## Business

* Juniperus Capital Limited, a Bermuda-based hedge fund

## Computing

* Job Control Language, a scripting language used on IBM mainframe operating systems
* Java Class Library
* Jakarta Commons Logging, a logging utility

## Periodicals

* University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law
* Journal of Commonwealth Literature
* Journal of Corporation Law
* Journal of Chinese Linguistics
* Journal of Cosmetic & Laser Therapy

## Junior Classical League

* The National Junior Classical League (NJCL) or any of its state-level affiliates
* JCL holds many conventions per year, including art, academic tests, and a game called Certamen

## Transportation

* České Budějovice Airport, České Budějovice, Czechia, IATA code

## Academic

* J.C.L., degree of Licentiate of Canon Law

## An oil-producing plant

* Jatropha curcas (abbreviation of Jatropha curcas Linnaeus)
# KIAA1530

KIAA1530 is a protein that in humans that is encoded by the KIAA1530 gene, also known as UVSSA. Mutations in this gene have been identified to cause the UV-sensitive syndrome and recently, its important role in Transcription-coupled repair has been identified.

## Clinical relevance

Mutations in this gene cause UV-sensitive syndrome.
# Wolter telescope

A Wolter telescope is a telescope for X-rays that only uses grazing incidence optics – mirrors that reflect X-rays at very shallow angles.

## Problems with conventional telescope designs

Conventional telescope designs require reflection or refraction in a manner that does not work well for X-rays. Visible light optical systems use either lenses or mirrors aligned for nearly normal incidence – that is, the light waves travel nearly perpendicular to the reflecting or refracting surface. Conventional mirror telescopes work poorly with X-rays, since X-rays that strike mirror surfaces nearly perpendicularly are either transmitted or absorbed – not reflected.
Lenses for visible light are made of transparent materials with an index of refraction substantially different from 1, but all known X-ray-transparent materials have index of refraction essentially the same as 1, so a long series of X-ray lenses, known as compound refractive lenses, are required in order to achieve focusing without significant attenuation.

## X-ray mirror telescope design

X-ray mirrors can be built, but only if the angle from the plane of reflection is very low (typically 10 arc-minutes to 2 degrees). These are called glancing (or grazing) incidence mirrors. In 1952, Hans Wolter outlined three ways a telescope could be built using only this kind of mirror. These are called Wolter telescopes of type I, II, and III. Each has different advantages and disadvantages.
Wolter's key innovation was that by using two mirrors it is possible to create a telescope with a usably wide field of view. In contrast, a grazing incidence telescope with just one parabolic mirror could focus X-rays, but only very close to the centre of the field of view. The rest of the image would suffer from extreme coma.
# Hell's Half Acre (Hot Springs, Arkansas)

34°32′03″N 92°59′47″W﻿ / ﻿34.5341656°N 92.9963123°W﻿ / 34.5341656; -92.9963123 Hell's Half Acre is an area of exposed rocks and boulders in a clearing near Hot Springs, Arkansas. In the 1870s there was a hotel nearby and guests would walk a trail to see the site, often referred to as a "bottomless pit". There were also many fanciful stories about a demon being trapped in a cave below. It appeared in postcards and was somewhat of a local natural wonder. It's now completely surrounded by private property.
It was long theorized to be an extinct volcano, however there is no volcanic activity in the area. The nearby Hot Springs are heated through a geothermal process. Also, the rocks themselves are not volcanic but a form of chert common to the Ouachita Mountains. Based on a large amount of preforms, blanks, and rejected cores found near the site it is now theorized this may be an ancient Native American quarry.
# Braddock Road

Braddock Road has the following meanings:
* Braddock Road (Braddock expedition), the road in Maryland and Pennsylvania laid out by the Braddock expedition, including:
** Maryland Route 49, a state highway in Allegany County, Maryland
* Braddock Road (Northern Virginia), signed as State Route 620
* Braddock Road (Alexandria, Virginia)
** Braddock Road (Washington Metro), a subway station in Alexandria, Virginia
# Kate Shortt

Kate Shortt is a British pianist, cello player, songwriter and comedian. Since training as a professional musician at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, she has performed her cabaret style sets at the Edinburgh Fringe, as well as the Hackney Vortex Club, the King's Head Islington, Jermyn Street Theatre and the Covent Garden Festival Club. She won Performer of the Year award at the London Palladium. Her show has been described as consisting of "unique happenings at the cello and intimate confessions at the piano" and as "a cross between Victoria Wood and Jim Tavaré".
She has also worked as part of Last Amendment (formerly Crass Agenda).
# Wabun, Virginia

Wabun is an unincorporated community in western Roanoke County, Virginia, United States. The community lies along the Roanoke River and near the base of Poor Mountain.
# Private (film)

Private is a 2004 minimalist psychological drama film directed by Saverio Costanzo. A debut film by the director, the film is about a Palestinian family of seven suddenly confronted with a volatile situation in their home that in many ways reflects the larger ongoing conflict between Palestinians and Israel.
Initially selected as the official entry from Italy for the foreign language film category at the 78th Academy Awards, Private was disqualified as its main spoken language is not in Italian (a rule that was changed, effective with the next year's Oscars, partly due to this film). The film has received the Golden Leopard (best film) award at the 57th Locarno International Film Festival.

## Plot

Mohammad, his wife and their five children live in a large, isolated house located halfway between a Palestinian village and an Israeli settlement. The house, in the crossfire of the two sides, is a strategic lookout point that the Israeli army decides to seize, confining the family to a few downstairs rooms in daytime and a single room at night. Mohammad refuses to leave this home and, reinforced by his principles against violence, decides to find a way to keep his family together in the house until the Israeli soldiers move on.

## Main cast

* Mohammad Bakri – Mohammad B
* Lior Miller – Commander Ofer
* Hend Ayoub – Mariam B
* Tomer Russo – Private Eial
* Arin Omary – Samiah B

## Reviews

* The Hollywood Reporter: "While the film is ultimately too limited in its scope to have much lingering impact, it does make for a thoughtful addition to the growing list of films dealing with the Israeli/Palestinian conflict"
* Los Angeles Times: "An appropriately and deliberately gritty, drab-looking and edgy picture"
* New York Times: "Midnight raid by Israeli soldiers turns the home of a Palestinian family into an occupied territory in Saverio Constanzo's politically loaded allegory"
* New York Post: "The Palestinian characters are so thinly conceived that they might as well be named Victims One through Seven, and they're far more developed than the Israeli characters."
* New York Daily News: "Shot with digital cameras, "Private" has a gritty - sometimes grainy - documentary urgency that heightens the inherent tension, keeping viewers unsettled with the notion that a tragedy is always imminent."
* L.A. Weekly: "The young Italian director Saverio Costanzo puts an unnervingly intimate twist on the costs of military occupation in this aptly claustrophobic drama."
* The Times: "Saverio Costanzo’s Italian-made film adopts a stripped-down, naturalistic style to capture the tension as the squad leader proves equally fearsome to his men and the father’s angry children begin small acts of rebellion that threaten an uneasy equilibrium. Emotional and rational arguments fuel the occasionally heavy-handed script but the Israeli-Palestinian cast is strong in a film that shows how both sides are victims of violence."
* Empire: "The script is occasionally heavy-handed in laying out motivation and meaning, but excellent performances from the Israeli-Palestinian cast and a chilling moral elevate this to more than 'issue film' status. "
# Hirakawachō

Hirakawachō (平河町, Hirakawa-chō) is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan, consisting of 1-chōme and 2-chōme. As of April 1, 2007, its population is 1,104. Note that Kanda-Hirakawachō, also located in the Chiyoda ward, is a completely different district. Hirakawachō's postal code is 102-0093.
Hirakawachō is located in the western part of the Chiyoda ward. It borders Kōjimachi to the north, Hayabusachō to the east, Nagatachō to the south, and Kioichō to the west. The Tokyo FM-Dōri Ave forms its northern boundary, the Aoyama-Dōri Ave forms its southern boundary, and the Prince-Dōri Ave forms its western boundary.

## Transportation

The Kaizaka-Dōri Avenue runs around the center of the district. The Shuto Expressway Route 4 is located upon the Aoyama-Dōri Avenue.
An exit of the Nagatachō Station is situated on the Aoyama-Dōri Avenue.

## Company headquarters

* LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE has its Japanese offices located in 2-1-1 Hirakawachō
* Nabtesco headquarters located in 2-7-9 Hirakawachō

## Education

Chiyoda Board of Education [ja] operates public elementary and junior high schools. Kōjimachi Elementary School (麹町小学校) is the zoned elementary school for Hirakawachō 1-2 chōme. There is a freedom of choice system for junior high schools in Chiyoda Ward, and so there are no specific junior high school zones. Chiyoda Ward operates Kojimachi Junior High School (千代田区立麹町中学校) in Hirakawachō.
# Almost Always

"Almost Always" is a popular song, written by Lew Douglas, Frank Lavere and Kathleen Lichty. It was recorded by Joni James in 1953. The recording was released by MGM as catalog number 11470. The song was only on the Billboard magazine charts for one week, reaching #18 on May 9, 1953. The flip side was "Is It Any Wonder?"
# Premios 40 Principales for Best Panamanian Act

The Premios 40 Principales for Best Panamanian Act was an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales between 2008 and 2011, reemerging in 2014 as part of Los Premios 40 Principales América.
| Year | Winner | Other nominees |
| Los Premios 40 Principales España |||
| 2008 | Flex | Os Almirantes Sr. Loop El Roockie Eddy Lover (featuring La Factoría) |
| 2009 | Mario Spinalli | Alejandro Lagrotta Ivan Barrios Post Cienfue |
| 2010 | Iván Barrios | Manuel Araúz Margarita Henríquez Comando Tiburón Jhonny D |
| 2011 | Joey Montana | Los Rabanes Os Almirantes Aldo Ranks RD Maravilla |
| Los Premios 40 Principales América |||
| 2014 | Comando Tiburón | Flex Martin Machore Joey Montana I-Nesta |
# Premios 40 Principales for Best Ecuadorian Act

The Premios 40 Principales for Best Ecuadorian Act was an honor presented annually at Los Premios 40 Principales España between 2008 and 2011, and later reemerging in 2014 as part of Los Premios 40 Principales América.
| Year | Winner | Other nominees |
| Los Premios 40 Principales España |||
| 2008 | Fausto Miño | Daniel Betancourth Chaucha Papá Changó Rockvox |
| 2009 | Mirella Cesa | Xauxa Kings Israel Brito Daniel Betancourth Fausto Miño |
| 2010 | Norka | Caalu Tercer Mundo Fausto Miño Daniel Betancourth |
| 2011 | Brito | Daniel Betancourth Karla Kanora Daniel Páez Papá Chango |
| Los Premios 40 Principales América |||
| 2014 | Daniel Páez | David Cañizares Maykel Daniel Betancourth Nikki Macliff |
# President's Medal for Shooting

The President's Medal for Shooting was instituted by the President of the Republic of Ciskei in 1988, for award to champion shots.

## The Ciskei Defence Force

The Ciskei Defence Force (CDF) was established upon that country's independence on 4 December 1981. The Republic of Ciskei ceased to exist on 27 April 1994 and the Ciskei Defence Force was amalgamated with six other military forces into the South African National Defence Force (SANDF).

## Institution

The President's Medal for Shooting was instituted by the President of Ciskei in 1988.

## Award criteria

The medal was awarded to champion shots.

## Order of wear

Since the President's Medal for Shooting was authorised for wear by one of the statutory forces which came to be part of the South African National Defence Force on 27 April 1994, it was accorded a position in the official South African order of precedence on that date.

### Ciskei Defence Force until 26 April 1994

* Official CDF order of precedence:
** Preceded by the Medal for Long Service, Bronze.
* Ciskei official national order of precedence:
** Preceded by the Prisons Service Medal for Faithful Service.

### South African National Defence Force from 27 April 1994

* Official SANDF order of precedence:
** Preceded by the National Cadet Bisley Grand Champion Medal of the Republic of South Africa.
** Succeeded by the State President's Medal for Shooting of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
* Official national order of precedence:
** Preceded by the National Cadet Bisley Grand Champion Medal of the Republic of South Africa.
** Succeeded by the State President's Medal for Shooting of the Republic of Bophuthatswana.
The position of the President's Medal for Shooting in the official order of precedence was revised twice after 1994, to accommodate the inclusion or institution of new decorations and medals, first in April 1996 when decorations and medals were belatedly instituted for the two former non-statutory forces, the Azanian People's Liberation Army and Umkhonto we Sizwe, and again upon the institution of a new set of honours on 27 April 2003, but it remained unchanged on both occasions.

## Description
### Obverse

The President's Medal for Shooting is a medallion struck in nickel-silver, 38 millimetres in diameter and 3 millimetres thick with a raised rim, displaying two crossed military rifles within a wreath.

### Reverse

The reverse is plain, with a raised rim and the inscription "INKCANI EYINTSHATSHELI KUMKHOSI WOKHUSELO WE CISKEI" in five lines.

### Ribbon

The ribbon is 32 millimetres wide, with a 3 millimetres wide white band, a 10 millimetres wide green band and a 2 millimetres wide white band, repeated in reverse order and separated by a 2 millimetres wide black band in the centre.

## Discontinuation

Conferment of the President's Medal for Shooting was discontinued when the Republic of Ciskei ceased to exist on 27 April 1994.
# President's Medal for Shooting (Rhodesia)

The President's Medal for Shooting was a medal awarded in the Republic of Rhodesia to the Champion shot of the Rhodesian Security Forces.

## History

A total of 8 medals were won by personnel of the Rhodesian Security Forces, including Inspector D. Toddun, Station Sergeant G. James, and Field Reservist W. Tarr who was awarded a bar for a subsequent award.
The official abbreviation of the medal was Pres MS, which was also its postnominal letters.

## Description

A silver, 36mm circular medal, the obverse of the medal depicts a kneeling pioneer rifleman, with the words "The President's Medal". The obverse of the medal depicts .303 and FN rifles crossed over each other and a pioneer-era bandolier, encircled with the words "Champion Shot in the Rhodesian Security Forces". The ribbon also is given a clasp denoting the year the medal was awarded. A silver clasp was also awarded for subsequent awards.
The ribbon consists of three equal vertical stripes of maroon, green, and blue .
# Prins

Prins (Dutch: Prince) is a Dutch surname. In 2007, Prins was the 48th most common surname in the Netherlands (15,361 people). The surname does not derive from an ancestor who was a prince. Instead, the original may have lived in or worked at a location, like a windmill or inn, with that name, or was called "the prince" as a nickname. Historical records note Sephardic Italian Jewish surname of Principe or Prinzi later being changed to the more locally accepted Prins (and then Prince once in England or Colonial America).
People with the name Prins include:
* Ada Prins (1879-1977), Dutch chemist
* A. H. J. Prins (1921–2000), Dutch Africanist and maritime anthropologist
* Adolphe Prins [de; fr; sv] (1845–1919), Belgian jurist and criminologist
* Alwin de Prins (born 1978), Luxembourgish swimmer
* Anna Prins (born 1991), American basketball player
* Anthony Winkler Prins (1817–1903), author of Winkler Prins a Dutch encyclopedia
* Ary Prins [id; nl] (1816–1867), Dutch jurist and politician, twice interim Governor General of the Dutch East Indies
* Benjamin Prins (1860–1934), Dutch genre painter
* Celine Prins (born 1984), Dutch fashion model
* Co Prins (1938–1987), Dutch football player
* Dave Prins (born 1968), English darts player
* Denise Prins (born 1983), Dutch cricketer
* Eliezer Liepman Philip Prins (1835-1915), Dutch merchant
* Gert-Jan Prins (born 1961), Dutch musician
* Harald Prins (born 1951), Dutch anthropologist in the US
* Hendrik Jacobus Prins [de] (1889–1958), Dutch chemist, discovered the Prins reaction
* Igor Prins (born 1966), Estonian football player and coach
* Jan Prins (1944–2008), Dutch newspaper editor and journalist
* Jeanfrançois Prins (born 1967), Belgian jazz guitarist
* Johannes Huibert Prins (1757–1806), Dutch painter
* Johannes Jacobus Prins [de] (1814–1898), Dutch theologian
* Laurens Prins (ca. 1630–1717), Dutch buccaneer
* Lodewijk Prins (1913–1999), Dutch chess player
* Marie Prins (born 1948), South African botanist
* Nomi Prins, American author and journalist
* Pierre Prins (1838–1913), French painter
* Piet Prins, pen name of Piet Jongeling (1909–1985), Dutch politician and children's book author
* Ray Prins (born 1951), Canadian politician
* Sharon Prins (born 1988), Dutch darts player
* Stanislav Prins (born 1988), Estonian footballer
* Stefan Prins (born 1979), Belgian composer and performer
* Vernon Prins (1924–2003), Ceylonese cricketer
* Yopie Prins (born 1959), English professor