OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dragsaw

A dragsaw or drag saw is a large reciprocating saw using a long steel crosscut saw to buck logs to length. Prior to the popularization of the chainsaw during World War II, the dragsaw was a popular means of taking the hard work out of cutting wood. They would only work for a log on the ground. Dragsaws are known as the first mechanical saws to be used in the timber industry operation. These tools were most useful in the logging business, because they were efficient and very resilient. Not to be confused with a steam donkey.

## History

Early dragsaws of the modern era were powered by levers or foot pedals, steam and later gasoline-powered. The post-modern steam-powered dragsaw was most commonly used in logging industry rather than merely clearing land due to its versatility. Many of the basic design principles from early dragsaws still apply to current products in the industry today. The inventor Robert G. Moores hypothesized that early non-mechanical versions of dragsaws may have been used to cut stone in the Fourth Dynasty, Egypt, with copper saws suspended from ropes and advancing into the stone blocks by gravity.

## Types
### Human-powered

The human-powered dragsaw was a much more commonly used dragsaw among the general population due to their relatively low cost compared with their higher efficiency. Dragsaws powered by humans would often stem from a lever the person would use to manipulate the saw blade in a much easier manner. Other common formats included foot pedals or treadles. These allowed for greater maneuverability when clearing a tree.

### Engine-powered

Gasoline or kerosene powered drag saws were popular between the 1910s-1940s when chain saws became preferable. They usually did 90 strokes of the saw per minute. Most of all gasoline-engine-powered dragsaws were made in Portland, Oregon, United States. Steam-powered dragsaws utilized a piston hooked directly to the saw blade. The boiler was separate for easier portability. "They were very reliable and very rugged and were significantly more efficient than cutting (bucking) by hand." Some engine-powered dragsaws used a separate engine and were geared to a pulley.
Manufacturers:
* Ottawa
Among the first engine-powered drag saw companies. Saws used a four-cycle hit 'n miss engine usually equipped with an angled water-hopper. Direct gear drive.
* Wolf Iron Works
Small machine shop that made saws under their own Timber Wolf name as well as Ward Sawer for Montgomery Wards. Saws were two-cycle, chain driven and had a round gas tank that contained the radiator. The factory today resides at Powerland Heritage Park.
* Vaughn
Vaughn made steam-powered drag saws. They also made drag saws of similar design to Timber Wolf between 1909-1948. After drag saws lost popularity, Vaughn made tracked tractors.
* Multnomah
Named for the county Portland, Oregon is in.
* Wee McGregor
* R.M. Wade.

## Preservation

Engine enthusiasts and vintage logging machinery collectors have restored many examples of engine powered dragsaws. Restored saws can be seen at some steam fairs.
# International Association for the Study of Popular Music

The International Association for the Study of Popular Music (abbreviated IASPM) is an international learned society dedicated to the scholarly study of popular music. It was established in September 1981, with Charles Hamm and Simon Frith as two of its founding members. By 1988, it had members in over 30 countries. Since 2002, its official headquarters has been at the University of Liverpool's Institute of Popular Music, which is also the repository for the Association's archived materials. The Journal of Popular Music Studies, published by the University of California Press, is the official journal of the Association's United States branch (abbreviated IASPM-US). It also published the IASPM Journal.
# Carlisle, South Carolina

Carlisle is a town in Union County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 436 according to the 2010 United States Census.

## History

The community was named after Coleman Carlisle, a Methodist minister.
Hillside and Woodland Plantation are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

Carlisle is located at 34°35′30″N 81°27′52″W﻿ / ﻿34.59167°N 81.46444°W﻿ / 34.59167; -81.46444 (34.591674, -81.464518).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.4 square miles (3.6 km$^2$), all of it land.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 496 people, 189 households, and 127 families residing in the town. The population density was 350.0 inhabitants per square mile (135.1/km$^2$). There were 223 housing units at an average density of 157.4 per square mile (60.8/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 7.86% White and 92.14% African American. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.40% of the population.
There were 189 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.6% were married couples living together, 22.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.8% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.33.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 28.8% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 85.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.6 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $21,875, and the median income for a family was $33,750. Males had a median income of $26,667 versus $16,447 for females. The per capita income for the town was $10,190. About 23.6% of families and 26.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 36.0% of those under age 18 and 39.0% of those age 65 or over.
# Hit & Run Holiday

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Hit & Run Holiday is the fifth studio album by industrial disco band My Life with the Thrill Kill Kult. It was originally released in 1995 on Interscope Records. The band describes it as a surf-punk meets Motown sound that tells the story of vixen Krystal Starlust and drifter Apollo.

## Recording

Hit & Run Holiday was the band's second album for Interscope. It was recorded and mixed at Starlust Studios, Los Angeles.

## Release

Hit & Run Holiday was originally released on Interscope in 1995. It was later reissued on Rykodisc in cardboard box format in 1999.

## Touring

The band toured the U.S. in support of the album from October to November 1995. The support acts on the Hit & Run Holiday Tour were Big Stick, Eve's Plum, and Superstar DJ Traci Lords.

## Credits

* Backing vocals – Arena Rock, Ava Lucious Whyte, Cookie Bo'Kay, Lois Blue
* Bass – Levi Levi
* Co-producer – Carmen Marusich
* Drums – Dick Fury
* Guitar – Buzz McCoy
* Keyboards – Kitty Killdare
* Management – Tony Ferguson
* Producer – Buzz McCoy
* Vocals – Groovie Mann, Jacky Blacque, Cinderella Pussie
* Written by – Buzz McCoy, Groovie Mann
# Joseph Wells (academic)

Joseph Wells (30 December 1855 – 1929) was a British author and Oxford academic, where he served as vice-chancellor from 1923 to 1926.
Educated at Reading School and the Queen's College, Oxford, Wells became a tutor in 1883 and then in 1913 Warden of Wadham College, Oxford.

## Selected publications
### Articles

* Wells, J. (1907). "The Persian Friends of Herodotus". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 27: 37–47. doi:10.2307/624403. JSTOR 624403.
* "The Genuineness of the Γῆς περίοδος of Hecataeus". The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 29 (1): 41–52. 1909. doi:10.2307/624641. JSTOR 624641.
* "Cicero and the Conquest of Gaul". The Quarterly Review. 230: 361–379. October 1918.
* Wells, J. (October 1928). "Herodotus and Athens". Classical Philology. 23 (4): 317–331. doi:10.1086/361074. S2CID 162214786.

### Books

* Oxford and its Colleges, etc.
* A Short History of Rome to the Death of Augustus (1896)
* Wadham College (1898)
* The Oxford Degree Ceremony, Clarendon Press (1906)
* The Charm of Oxford (1920)
* ed. (with W. W. How) Herodotus (2 vols)
* Studies in Herodotus, 1923
# Thomas Crosbie

Sir Thomas Crosbie (died 7 February 1694), also recorded as Crosby, was an Anglo-Irish soldier and politician.
Crosbie was the eldest son of David Crosbie of Ardfert, a Protestant planter whose family had moved to County Kerry in the early seventeenth century. His paternal grandfather was Bishop John Crosbie. His mother was a daughter of Bishop John Steere.
Crosbie served as an ensign in the army of the Commonwealth of England, rising eventually to the rank of lieutenant in a troop of horse. He participated in the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland as a "known enemy of the Confederate Catholics". After the Stuart Restoration, Crosbie, who inherited the family estate in 1658, was included in the general pardon granted to supporters of Cromwell. He was appointed High Sheriff of Kerry in 1661 and 1668. On 1 May 1664, he was appointed by the Duke of Ormond to manage the affairs of the Dublin Castle administration in Kerry and Cork, and was knighted for his services. In 1678 he was made a commissioner for disarming Roman Catholics in Kerry.
During the Williamite War in Ireland, Crosbie supported James II and received a commission in his army on 27 July 1689. He is recorded as being a captain in Brigadier Francis Carroll's Dragoons. He was one of only six Protestants to attend the Patriot Parliament in 1689, as a Member of Parliament for County Kerry. Crosbie and his family were again pardoned following the victory of Williamite forces in 1691 and he was able to retain possession of his estates.
He married firstly Bridget Tynte, by whom he had six children, secondly Garrett Fitzgerald, and thirdly Elizabeth Hamilton. His eldest son and heir by his first marriage was David Crosbie, the father of Maurice Crosbie, 1st Baron Brandon.
# Chalcides coeruleopunctatus

Chalcides coeruleopunctatus is a species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is found in the Canary Islands.
# Spilosoma pauliani

Spilosoma pauliani is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1956. It is found on Madagascar.
# James Nixon (rugby league)

James Nixon (born 10 August 1985) is a former Scotland international rugby league footballer. He played on the wing for the Barrow Raiders in the Co-operative Championship. He represented Scotland at international level on three occasions in 2009.

## Background

He was born in Dalton-in-Furness, Cumbria, England, he is of Scottish descent.

## Career

Nixon announced his retirement from the game before the beginning of the 2013 season, but returned later that year to play for amateur side Dalton. He re-signed for Barrow ahead of the 2014 season.

## Career records

Nixon is seventh in Barrow's all time try scorers list with 137 tries.
# Charles W. Hornor

Charles West Hornor (January 4, 1813 – July 8, 1905) was a lawyer and Reconstruction Era political activist who was secretary of the New Orleans Freedmens Aid Association in New Orleans following the end of the Civil War. He worked with Thomas J. Durant, who was also involved with politics and the causes of freedmen and social reform. Louisiana History describes Hornor as among the leading Radical Republicans in New Orleans at the time. Hornor represented Thomas J. Allen in a case before the U.S. Supreme court. He introduced the first female lawyer to ever appear before the U.S. Supreme Court. He received a letter of support from residents in New York for nomination to fill a vacancy on the U.S. Supreme Court after the 1865 death of John Catron. The vacant seat was eliminated by Congress to prevent Democrat Andrew Johnson, who became president after Abraham Lincoln was assassinated, from filling the seat.

## Early years

Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Charles West Hornor descended from an established Quaker family which arrived in 1683 as part of William Penn’s fleet of Quaker settlers. Hornor’s grandfather, Benjamin Hornor, was a founding member of the Pennsylvania Abolition Society in 1784. Quaker moral values were deeply instilled in his family.
Charles West Hornor was born in 1813 to Joseph Potts Hornor and Jane West. After attending schools in Philadelphia, he studied at Nazareth Hall in Nazareth, Pennsylvania, a Moravian boarding school. To his disappointment, he was withdrawn from school at age 16, and put to work in a wholesale dry goods house. At that young age, he already had his sights on becoming a lawyer. After several years, he joined a brokerage firm, experienced the volatility of the market, and finally, in 1836, relocated to New Orleans, Louisiana, to clerk in a bank. New Orleans was becoming the nation’s third largest city and the hub of growing Mississippi River trade. After working in the bank, he moved to an insurance company where he was able to study law under the company’s attorney. He was made an attorney in 1842 at the age of 29.
Hornor married Mary Ellen Talman of New York City, New York, in 1835 and had two children before Mrs. Hornor died of Yellow Fever in 1841. He married Sarah Elizabeth Smith in 1850 with whom he had eight more children.

## Career

Once a member of the Bar, Hornor formed a partnership with fellow Philadelphian Thomas J. Durant. They practiced commercial law together in New Orleans until the close of the Civil War. Immediately after the war, Durant moved to Washington DC while Hornor moved to Philadelphia. Hornor joined Durant in Washington DC in 1872, where he practiced law, including trying cases before the Supreme Court, until an advanced age.
Hornor had a lively intellect and after retirement, occupied himself pursuits as varied as studying medicine and translating Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel’s Lectures on Aesthetics from German to English. Alice Lee Moqué was his daughter with his second wife. His grandson was the chemist Walter O. Snelling and his great-grandson was Richard A. Snelling, former governor of Vermont.
# Carlisle, West Virginia

Carlisle is an unincorporated community in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States. Carlisle is located on West Virginia Route 612, 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Oak Hill.
The community takes its name after Carlisle, England, the ancestral home of an early settler.
# Hit & Stay

Hit & Stay is a 2013 documentary directed by Joe Tropea and Skizz Cyzyk. It looks at the actions of The Catonsville Nine and The Baltimore Four taken in protest of The Vietnam War, and the influence of these actions and the activists behind them on subsequent progressive political protests. The press labeled this group "the Catholic Left." The film contains interviews with many of the activists who took part in these actions, as well some of the F.B.I. agents who monitored them. It also contains contemporary commentary on the influence of these actions from such names as Bill Ayers, Noam Chomsky, Ramsey Clark, Amy Goodman, Howard Zinn, and Laura Whitehorn.
Hit & Stay premiered at The 2013 Chicago Underground Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award. It made its Baltimore premiere at the Maryland Film Festival. The documentary made its premiere in the South at the Sidewalk Moving Picture Festival where it won the Best Documentary Feature award.

## List of protest actions explored in the film

* The Baltimore Four (1967)
* The Catonsville Nine (1968)
* The Boston Two (1968)
* The Milwaukee 14 (1968)
* The D.C. Nine (1969)
* The Chicago Fifteen (1969)
* Women against Daddy Warbucks (1969)
* The New York Eight (1969)
* The Beaver 55 (1969)
* The Boston Eight (1969)
* The East Coast Conspiracy to Save Lives in Philadelphia (1970)
* Rhode Island Political Offensive for Freedom (R.I.P.O.F.F.) (1970)
* The Delaware Actions (1970)
* Brothers and sisters a.k.a. The New Haven action (1970)
* The Flower City Conspiracy (1970)
* The Hoover Vacuum Conspiracy (1970)
* The Citizens' Commission to Investigate the FBI (1971)
* The Four of Us (1971)
* The Buffalo (1971)
* The Camden 28 (1971)
# Bithuwa

Bithuwa is a village development committee in Kapilvastu District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3355 people living in 533 individual households.
# Czech Republic at the 2022 Winter Paralympics

Czech Republic competed at the 2022 Winter Paralympics in Beijing, China which took place between 4–13 March 2022.

## Competitors

The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport/discipline.
| Sport | Men | Women | Total |
| Alpine skiing | 4 | 0 | 4 |
| Para ice hockey | 17 | 0 | 17 |
| Total | 21 | 0 | 21 |

## Alpine skiing

Czech Republic competed in alpine skiing.

## Para ice hockey

Czech Republic competed in para ice hockey.
Summary
| Team | Event | Preliminary round | Preliminary round | Preliminary round | Preliminary round | Quarterfinal | Semifinal | 5th place | 5th place |
| Team | Event | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Rank | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Rank |
| Czech Republic | Mixed tournament | Italy W 5–0 | China L 2–5 | Slovakia W 3–0 | 2 Q | China L 3–4 | DNQ | Italy L 3–4 | 6 |

### Preliminary round

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | OTW | OTL | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | China (H) | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 2 | +16 | 9 | Quarterfinals |
| 2 | Czech Republic | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 5 | +5 | 6 | Quarterfinals |
| 3 | Italy | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 12 | −10 | 2 | Quarterfinals |
| 4 | Slovakia | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 12 | −11 | 1 | Eliminated |
# Chalcides colosii

Chalcides colosii, also known commonly as the Riffian skink and Colosi's cylindrical skink, is a moderate-sized species of lizard in the family Scincidae. The species is native to Morocco and some Spanish territories in northwestern Africa. It is named after Giuseppe Colosi, former director of the Zoological Institute of the University of Florence. It has been considered a subspecies of Chalcides ocellatus. The females of the species give birth to live young.

## Conservation status

The population of C. colosii is most likely slowly declining, but it is not under any major threat. The IUCN gives it Least Concern status because, although its range is less than 20,000 km$^2$ (7,700 mi$^2$), its habitat is extensive and is not severely threatened. Also, it is presumed to have a large population. Some possible threats to C. colosii include tourism and agricultural development.

## Geographic range and habitat

C. colosii is found in Morocco, the Spanish exclaves Ceuta and Melilla, and the Spanish island Isla de Tierra (near Peñón de Alhucemas), but is not very common in the western part of this range. Its general abundance is not well known, but it lives in semi-arid or sub-humid areas up to an altitude of 1,500 m (4,900 ft). It is most commonly found in rocky areas such as stone heaps or slopes with loose soil and partial grass cover. It can also be found near coastal sand dunes and grassland.

## Coloration and distinguishing features

Although similar to the ocellated skink, C. ocellatus, C. colosii can be distinguished by its lack of ocelli and its dark lateral bands. C. colosii has a moderately dark lateral band in the center of its back bordered on either side with two darker bands. The remainder has a solid light color. Its adult size is generally between 6 and 12 cm (2.4 and 4.7 in) snout-to-vent length (SVL).

## Reproduction

C. colosii is viviparous.
# James MacCaffrey

James MacCaffrey (c. 1875 – 1 November 1935) was an Irish Catholic priest, theologian, and historian.

## Biography

MacCaffrey was born in 1875, at Fivemiletown, County Tyrone, the son of Francis MacCaffrey of Alderwood, Clogher, County Tyrone. He was educated at St. Macartan's Seminary, Monaghan, before going to St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, and was ordained there in 1899.
He was awarded a Doctorate by the University of Freiburg. At Maynooth, he went on to serve as Professor of Ecclesiastical History from 1901, vice-president (1915–1918), and president of the college from 1918 until 1935.
A noted historian, MacCaffrey edited the early editions of the Historical Journal published in Maynooth Archivium Hibernicum. He served on the editorial board of the Irish Theological Quarterly. MacCaffrey was also Pro-Vice-Chancellor of the National University of Ireland He died on 1 November 1935, while still president of Maynooth.

## Publications

* "Louis Veuillot," The Irish Ecclesiastical Record 16 (1904); Part II, Part III, The Irish Ecclesiastical Record 17 (1905)
* The Black Book of Limerick (1906)
* History of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth-century (1909)
* History of the Catholic Church: From the Renaissance to the French Revolution (1915)
# Charles W. J. Withers

Charles William John Withers, FBA, FRSE, FAcSS, FRSGS (born 6 December 1954) is a British historical geographer and academic. He has been the Geographer Royal for Scotland since 2015, and held the Ogilvie Chair of Geography at the University of Edinburgh from 1994 to 2019.

## Early life and education

Withers was born on 6 December 1954. He was educated at Daniel Stewart's College, an all-boys private school in Edinburgh. He studied at the University of St Andrews (BSc), and Downing College, Cambridge (PhD).

## Academic career

Withers joined the University of Edinburgh as Professor of Historical Geography in 1994. He was Head of its Institute of Geography from 2006 to 2009, and held the Ogilvie Chair of Geography from 2010 to 2019.
In September 2015, Withers was appointed Geographer Royal for Scotland: the first such appointment since 1897.

### Professional affiliations

* Fellow of the British Academy
* Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society
* Fellow of the Royal Historical Society
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts
* Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
* Member of the Academia Europaea
* Chartered Geographer
* Member of the Academy of Learned Societies for the Social Sciences

## Books

* Placing the Enlightenment: thinking geographically about the Age of Reason (University of Chicago Press, 2007).
* Geography and revolution, edited with David N. Livingstone (University of Chicago Press, 2005).
* Georgian geographies: essays on space, place and landscape in the eighteenth century, edited with Miles Ogborn (Manchester University Press, 2004).
* Science and medicine in the Scottish Enlightenment, edited with Paul Wood (Tuckwell Press, 2002).
* Geography, science and national identity: Scotland since 1520 (Cambridge University Press, 2001).
* Geography and Enlightenment edited with David N. Livingstone (University of Chicago Press, 1999).
* Urban Highlanders: Highland-Lowland migration and urban Gaelic culture, 1700-1900 (Tuckwell Press, 1998).
* Urbanising Britain: essays on class and community in nineteenth-century Britain, edited with Gerry Kearns (Cambridge University Press, 1991).
* Discovering the Cotswolds (John Donald, 1990).
* Gaelic Scotland: the transformation of a culture region (Routledge, 1988).
* The Highland Communities of Dundee and Perth 1797-1891: a study in the social history of migrant Highlanders (Abertay Historical Society Publication, 1986).
* Gaelic in Scotland 1698 to 1891: the geographical history of a language (John Donald, 1984).