OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Zona glomerulosa

The zona glomerulosa (sometimes, glomerular zone) of the adrenal gland is the most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex, lying directly beneath the renal capsule. Its cells are ovoid and arranged in clusters or arches (glomus is Latin for "ball").
In response to increased potassium levels, renin or decreased blood flow to the kidneys, cells of the zona glomerulosa produce and secrete the mineralocorticoid aldosterone into the blood as part of the renin–angiotensin system. Although sustained production of aldosterone requires persistent calcium entry through low-voltage activated Ca$^{2+}$ channels, isolated zona glomerulosa cells are considered nonexcitable, with recorded membrane voltages that are too hyperpolarized to permit Ca$^{2+}$ channels entry. However, mouse zona glomerulosa cells within adrenal slices spontaneously generate membrane potential oscillations of low periodicity; this innate electrical excitability of these cells provides a platform for the production of a recurrent Ca$^{2+}$ channels signal that can be controlled by angiotensin II and extracellular potassium, the 2 major regulators of aldosterone production. Aldosterone regulates the body's concentration of electrolytes, primarily sodium and potassium, by acting on the distal convoluted tubule of kidney nephrons to: increase sodium reabsorption, increase potassium excretion, increase water reabsorption through osmosis.
The enzyme aldosterone synthase (also known as CYP11B2) acts in this location The expression of neuron-specific proteins in the zona glomerulosa cells of human adrenocortical tissues has been predicted and reported by several authors and it was suggested that the expression of proteins like the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in the cells of the zona glomerulosa reflects the regenerative feature of these cells, which would lose NCAM immunoreactivity after moving to the zona fasciculata. However, together with other data on neuroendocrine properties of zona glomerulosa cells, NCAM expression may reflect a neuroendocrine differentiation of these cells. Voltage-dependent calcium channels have been detected in the zona glomerulosa of the human adrenal, which suggests that calcium-channel blockers may directly influence the adrenocortical biosynthesis of aldosterone in vivo.
# Robert Wilkin

Robert Wilkin may refer to:
* Robert Nugen Wilkin (1886–1973), United States federal judge
* Robert Wilkin (politician) (1820–1886), New Zealand politician
# Rhyzodiastes bonsae

Rhyzodiastes bonsae is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Rhysodinae. It was described by R.T. & J.R. Bell in 1985. It is found on Sumatra (Indonesia).
# Holcostethus

Holcostethus is a genus of shield bugs belonging to the family Pentatomidae, subfamily Pentatominae. These bugs are also known as stink bugs from their foul odor.

## Species

These 18 species belong to the genus Holcostethus.
* Holcostethus abbreviatus Uhler, 1872
* Holcostethus albipes (Fabricius, 1781)
* Holcostethus breviceps Horváth, 1897
* Holcostethus evae Ribes, 1988
* Holcostethus fissiceps Horváth, 1906
* Holcostethus fulvipes (Ruckes, 1957)
* Holcostethus hirtus (Van Duzee, 1937)
* Holcostethus limbolarius (Stål, 1872)
* Holcostethus macdonaldi Rider & Rolston, 1995
* Holcostethus piceus (Dallas, 1851)
* Holcostethus ovatus (Jakovlev, 1889)
* Holcostethus piceus (Dallas, 1851)
* Holcostethus punctatus (Lindberg, 1935)
* Holcostethus ruckesi McDonald, 1975
* Holcostethus sphacelatus (Fabricius, 1794)
* Holcostethus strictus (Fabricius, 1803)
* Holcostethus tristis (Van Duzee, 1904)
* Holcostethus vernalis (Wolff, 1804)
# John McGhie

Major-General John McGhie CB (1914–1985) was a Scottish-born leading Army psychiatrist, author, former Director of Army Psychiatry and President of the Ministry of Defence Army Medical Board.

## Early life and career

John McGhie received his education at the famous Hamilton Academy school from which he matriculated at the University of Glasgow, graduating in medicine in 1936. The following year McGhie was commissioned in the RAMC . Posted to India in 1938, he was subsequently appointed Medical Officer at the British Military Hospital at Rawalpindi and served in the Burma Campaign from 1942 to 1945, commanding 47 Field Ambulance.
Following the Second World War, McGhie achieved his Diploma in Psychiatric Medicine in 1947, subsequently serving as Command Psychiatrist in UK Commands and from 1949 to 1952 as Advisor in Psychiatry to the Far East Land Forces. For the next nine years McGhie worked at the Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley as Officer in Charge, Psychiatric Division, and latterly as Officer Commanding the hospital and in 1961 he was appointed Director of Army Psychiatry in the Royal Army Medical College. In 1967 McGhie took up the appointment as deputy director of Medical Services in the Malaya and Western Commands before returning, in 1970, to the post of Director of Army Psychiatry as well as being appointed Consultant Psychiatrist to the British Army, with the rank of Major-General.
Retiring from the Army in 1976, John McGhie continued work as a consultant psychiatrist to government bodies and was appointed President of the Ministry of Defence Army Medical Board, finally retiring in the year of his death, dying at Lenham, Kent, on 12 September 1985.

## Publications

Among Major General McGhie's published works were A Survey of Service Psychiatry in the Far East, Endocrine Investigations in Psychiatric Casualty in the Army and Anxiety State in the Army associated with Overacting Thyroid.

## Awards and honours

John McGhie was Mentioned in Despatches in 1943; awarded the Order of St. John in 1962; appointed Honorary Physician to H. M. Queen Elizabeth II in 1971; awarded the Fellowship of the Royal College of Psychiatrists in the following year and invested CB and Commander of the Order of St John in 1976.
# Rauhriegel

Rauhriegel, Hungarian: Füsthegy; Croatian: Roriglyin; is a small village and cadastral community located within the municipality of Weiden bei Rechnitz in Oberwart district, which is located in the Austrian state of Burgenland.

## History

Its first inhabitants were border guards belonging to the castle of Salonika, who settled in the area in the 16th century. Later, they were replaced by Croatians. Over the centuries, it was sometimes mentioned together with the neighboring village of Sirokány, sometimes separately. In 1910, along with neighboring Sirokany, it had 181, predominantly Croatian residents. The two villages shared the name of Füsthegy-sirokány. Until the 1920 Treaty of Trianon, it belonged to the Kingdom of Hungary within the district of Kőszegi, in the royal county of Vas. In 1921, it became part of the Austrian state of Burgenland. Due to the Anschluss of Austria before World War II. it was administered by Nazi Germany from 1938-1945. After World War II, the region was controlled by the Soviet Union during the Allied-occupation of Austria from 1945-1955. In 1971, it was administratively attached to Weiden bei Rechnitz.

## Development

At the turn of the year 1979/1980 there were a total of 14 building areas with 7,216 m² and 18 gardens on 27,419 m² in the Rauhriegel cadastral community; in 1989/1990 there were 14 building areas. In 1999/2000 the number of building areas had increased to 49 and in 2009/2010 there were 34 buildings on 66 building areas.

## Land usage

The cadastral community is agricultural. At the turn of the year 1979/1980, 50 hectares were used for agricultural purposes and 33 hectares were managed forest areas. In 1999/2000, agriculture was practiced on 39 hectares and 47 hectares were designated as forestry areas. At the end of 2018, 36 hectares were used as agricultural land and forestry was practiced on 47 hectares. The average soil climate number of Rauhriegel is 34.7 (as of 2010).

## Sightseeing

In the center of town, there lies a small Roman catholic church
# John Haldane

John Haldane may refer to:
* John Haldane (MP) (1660–1721), MP for Scotland in the 1st Parliament of Great Britain
* John Scott Haldane (1860–1936), British physiologist
* John Haldane (priest) (1881–1938), Provost of Southwark
* John Burdon Sanderson Haldane (1892–1964), British biologist
* John Haldane (philosopher) (born 1954), British philosopher
# Xerox Classic

The Xerox Classic was a golf tournament on the Nationwide Tour from 2005 to 2008. It was played in August at Irondequoit Country Club in Rochester, New York, United States.
The 2008 purse was $600,000, with $108,000 going to the winner.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner-up |
| 2008 | Brendon de Jonge | 267 | −13 | 4 strokes | Jarrod Lyle |
| 2007 | Nick Flanagan | 270 | −10 | 1 stroke | James Driscoll |
| 2006 | Kevin Stadler | 271 | −9 | 1 stroke | Glen Day |
| 2005 | Rick Price | 269 | −11 | 1 stroke | Andrew Pratt |
Bolded golfers graduated to the PGA Tour via the final Nationwide Tour money list. Flanagan earned an immediate promotion due to it being his third win of the season.
# Oxyptilus causodes

Oxyptilus causodes is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is known from India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar and was recently discovered in New Guinea and Australia.
The wingspan is about 15 millimetres (0.59 in).
The larvae feed on the fruits of Dillenia retusa and Dillenia indica. Full-grown larvae emerge from the fallen fruit to pupate. This can take place on any neighbouring object. The larva pupates very rapidly, twelve hours is sufficient for it to emerge from the fruit, select a suitable place for pupation, suspend itself, and complete the metamorphosis.
# Tiberiu Lung

Tiberiu Adrian Lung (born 24 December 1978) is a Romanian former professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper. After retirement he started his coaching career, as a goalkeeping coach.

## International career

Tiberiu Lung played his only game for Romania on 3 March 1999 when coach Victor Pițurcă introduced him in the 89th minute to replace Bogdan Lobonț in a friendly which ended with a 2–0 victory against Estonia.

## Personal life

He is the son of Silviu Lung and older brother of Silviu Lung Jr.

## Honours

Steaua București
* Divizia A: 2000–01
* Supercupa României: 2001
Pandurii Târgu Jiu
* Divizia B: 2004–05
# Tin Wan

Tin Wan (Chinese: 田灣) is an area at the south of Hong Kong Island, Hong Kong. It is at the west of Aberdeen and the east of Kellett Bay and Wah Fu Estate.

## Housing

Tin Wan Estate is a public housing estate (田灣邨), also named after Tin Wan.
Hung Fuk Court is a housing estate built under the Home Ownership Scheme (or HOS), accommodating 1,946 people according to data provided by Centamap and Census and Statistic Department of Hong Kong.

## Population

At the time of the 1911 census, the population of Tin Wan was 111. The number of males was 67.
According to the Population Census in 2016, the population in Tin Wan is about 17,012.

## Points of interest

Ping Kee Restaurant, situated at Ka Wo Street, specialises in soup noodle dishes and is popular among residents of the area.

## Education

SKH Tin Wan Chi Nam Primary School is also situated in Tin Wan, surrounded by apartment buildings of Tin Wan Estate.
Tin Wan is in Primary One Admission (POA) School Net 18. Within the school net are multiple aided schools (operated independently but funded with government money) and Hong Kong Southern District Government Primary School.
# Tin Wah Estate

Tin Wah Estate (Chinese: 天華邨) is a public housing estate in Tin Shui Wai, New Territories, Hong Kong, near Tin Chung Court, Tin Fu Court, Tin Yan Estate and Light Rail Chung Fu stop. It consists of seven residential buildings completed in 1999.

## Houses

| Name | Chinese name | Building type | Completed |
| Wah Choi House | 華彩樓 | Single Aspect Building | 1999 |
| Wah Long House | 華朗樓 | Single Aspect Building | 1999 |
| Wah Sui House | 華萃樓 | Harmony 1 | 1999 |
| Wah Yuet House | 華悅樓 | Harmony 1 | 1999 |
| Wah Yat House | 華逸樓 | Harmony 1 | 1999 |
| Wah Yau House | 華祐樓 | Harmony 1 | 1999 |
| Ancillary Facilities Block | 服務設施大樓 | Non-standard | 1999 |

## Demographics

According to the 2016 by-census, Tin Wah Estate had a population of 12,366. The median age was 37.2 and the majority of residents (97.8 per cent) were of Chinese ethnicity. The average household size was 3.4 people. The median monthly household income of all households (i.e. including both economically active and inactive households) was HK$26,400.

## Politics

For the 2019 District Council election, the estate fell within two constituencies. Most of the estate is located in the Chung Wah constituency, which was formerly represented by Chan Sze-nga until October 2021, while Wah Sui House and Wah Yau House falls within the Shui Wah constituency, which was formerly represented by Lam Chun until July 2021.
# Timo Harakka

Timo Olavi Harakka (born 31 December 1962) is a Finnish politician. Since April 2015, he has represented the electoral district of Uusimaa in the Parliament of Finland as a Social Democrat.
In June 2019, Harakka was appointed Minister of Employment in the Rinne Cabinet. He served in the position until the collapse of the cabinet in December 2019, after which he joined the subsequent Marin Cabinet as Minister of Transport and Communications.

## Early life and education

Harakka was born in Helsinki. Both parents his were deaf and therefore his first language is Finnish sign language. He worked as a journalist for several years and has been editor-in-chief of both Jyväskylän Ylioppilaslehti, magazine of the students' union of the University of Jyväskylä, and Vihreä Lanka, magazine linked with the Green League. Since 1997 Harakka worked for Yle and hosted television programs called Musta laatikko, Pressiklubi, and 10 kirjaa. In 2005 he graduated from the Helsinki Theatre Academy with a master of arts in theatre and drama.

## Political career

In the 2014 European Parliament election Harakka received 22,839 votes and was elected substitute member of the European Parliament for the Social Democratic Party. In the 2015 Finnish parliamentary election he received 5,497 votes from Uusimaa and was elected to the Parliament. He subsequently served the Finance and budget spokesperson of the parliamentary group and member of the Grand Committee of the Parliament. On 15 December 2016 Harakka announced his candidacy for the leadership of Social Democratic Party. He was defeated by the incumbent party leader Antti Rinne in the election on 4 February 2017.
On 6 June 2019, Harakka was appointed Minister of Employment. Early in his tenure, when Finland held the rotating presidency of the Council of the European Union in 2019, he chaired the meetings of the Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council.

## Political positions

Harakka is well known for colourful initiatives and statements. He has described Boris Johnson's decision 2019 to prorogue parliament as "incredible", and compared it to "banning saunas in Finland".

## Honors

* Order of the White Rose of Finland (Finland, 2022)
# Tirschenreuth

Tirschenreuth (Northern Bavarian: Dirschnrad, Diascharad) is the capital city of the district of Tirschenreuth. It is located in the northeast of Bavaria, very close to the Czech-Bavarian border.

## Geography

Tirschenreuth is located in the north of Upper Palatinate administrative region, around 75 miles north of Regensburg and 35 miles east of Bayreuth.

## Incorporations

The following villages were incorporated in Tirschenreuth
* Großklenau
* Kleinklenau
* Brunn
* Gründlbach
* Haid
* Höfen
* Hohenwald
* Kleinkonreuth
* Lengenfeld
* Lohnsitz
* Marchaney
* Matzersreuth
* Mooslohe
* Pilmersreuth a. d. Straße
* Pilmersreuth a. Wald
* Rosall
* Rothenbürg
* Sägmühle
* Wondreb
* Wondrebhammer
* Zeidlweid
* Ziegelhütte

## History

Until the German Mediatisation in 1803, Tirschenreuth was part of the possessions of the Cistercian Abbey Waldsassen. It received its town charter from Waldsassen's abbot Johann V. in 1364. Originally the Waldsassen Abbey and its possessions were direct fiefs of the Holy Roman Emperor. After this status ended during the 16th century, Tirschenreuth first became part of the Electorate of the Palatinate, then part of Bavaria. It became capital of the district of the same name. In 1972, when the segmenting of Bavarian districts was reformed, the district of Tirschenreuth was expanded with the former district of Kemnath.

## Economy

One well-known company that resides in Tirschenreuth is Hamm AG, a manufacturer of road rollers.
Tirschenreuth was famous for fine quality porcelain and vintage pieces are highly sought after by collectors, but its porcelain factory shut down years ago.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Hirschau is member of the so called "Kaolinstädtepartnerschaft". It connects cities, which are connected to the mineral Kaolin. The partnership was established in November 2004. Aside Hirschau the members of this partnership are the bavarian cities Hirschau und Schnaittenbach, from Saxony Königswartha, Sornzig-Ablaß and the city Mügeln, Nová Role from Czech Republic and Nowogrodziec from Poland.
Beside the Kaolinstädtepartnerschaft Tirschenreuth is twinned with:
* La Ville-du-Bois, France (2001)
* Planá, Czech Republic (2008)
* Lauf an der Pegnitz, Germany (2011)
* Santa Fe Springs, California, United States

## Notable residents

* Arnold Kriegstein, German-American neurologist and neuroscientist, was born there in 1949
* Johann Andreas Schmeller, groundbreaking Germanist, dialectologist, and philologist specializing in Bavarian dialect, was born there in 1785
# Tmesisternus septempunctatus

Tmesisternus septempunctatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Jean Baptiste Boisduval in 1835.
# Timothy K. Blauvelt

Timothy K. Blauvelt is a Professor of Soviet and post-Soviet Studies at Ilia State University in Tbilisi, Georgia and has been teaching at this university since 2011.
Blauvelt's broader focus is Russian and Soviet History, especially in the Caucasus, Nationalism and Language, as well as respective policies. His publications have covered patronage networks, power intrigues and also the dynamics of perpetuation in the Soviet regime, especially in Abkhazia, Georgia, and in the broader Caucasus region. One of his particular specializations is archival study of materials related to the perpetrators of the Soviet terror. He is the author of multiple publications, including several edited volumes, including on Nestor Lakoba.
Blauvelt has been the convener of the Works-in-Progress series of academic seminars in Tbilisi, Georgia since 2009. He is the Regional Director for the South Caucasus for American Councils. Blauvelt has also been active as a jazz pianist, with a number of compositions available online.
He holds a PhD from the State University of New York at Buffalo (2001).

## Selected publications

* Author: Clientelism and Nationality in an Early Soviet Fiefdom: The Trials of Nestor Lakoba. Routledge (2022).
* Editor (with Jeremy Smith): Georgia after Stalin: Nationalism and Soviet Power, Routledge, (2016).
* Editor (with Adrian Brisku): The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic of 1918, Routledge, (2021).
* "Abkhazia: Patronage and Power in the Stalin Era", Nationalities Papers, Vol. 25, No. 2, May 2007.
* "Endurance of the Soviet Imperial Tongue: The Russian Language in Contemporary Georgia", Central Asian Survey, March 2013.
* "Deciphering the Stalinist Perpetrators: The Case of NKVD Investigators Khazan, Savitskii and Krimian", with Davit Jishkariani, in Michael David-Fox, ed. The Secret Police and the Soviet System, University of Pittsburg Press, 2023.
* "'From words to action!': Nationality policy in Soviet Abkhazia (1921–38)", in Stephen F. Jones, ed. The Making of Modern Georgia, 1918–2012: The first Georgian Republic and its successors, Routledge, 2012.
* "March of the chekists: Beria's secret police patronage network and Soviet crypto-politics", Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 44 (2011).
* "Resistance and Accommodation in the Stalinist Periphery: A Peasant Uprising in Abkhazia", Ab Imperio, Vol. 3, 2012.
* "The Establishment of Soviet Power in Abkhazia: Ethnicity, Contestation and Clientalism in the Revolutionary Periphery", Revolutionary Russia, Vol. 27, No. 1, 2014.
* "The 'Mingrelian Question': Institutional Resources and the Limits of Soviet Nationality Policy", Europe – Asia Studies, Vol. 66, No. 6 (August, 2014).
# Tippaiguda

Tippaiguda is a village and panchayat in Ranga Reddy district, Telangana, India. It falls under Manchal mandal.
The village is close to the Rachakonda Fort, and was ruled by Pulikanti Dynasty belongs to Reddy community under the Nizam of Hyderabad.
In the 2011 census, 1,065 people were recorded as living in Tippaiguda, in 262 houses. 569 of those people were male, and 496 female. The literacy rate was 54.85%. A total of 293 belonged to Scheduled Castes and 3 to Scheduled Tribes.
# Tincleton

Tincleton is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It is situated near the River Frome, approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) east of the county town Dorchester. The name of the village comes from the Old English "Tin la Ton", or "farm in a valley". In 2001 Tincleton had a population of 142. Dorset County Council's latest (2013) estimate of the parish population is 150.
The parish manor house, Clyffe House, was rebuilt in the Tudor style in 1842 by Benjamin Ferrey. In 1849 the parish church, which is dedicated to St John the Evangelist, was also built by Ferrey, in a 13th-century style. It replaced an earlier church to the south which was demolished when Ferrey's building was finished. Ferrey also designed a school, which was also built in the 1840s. This is now called The Old School House and contains Tincleton Gallery, which has information about the historical setting and the schoolchildren, with photos dating back to 1913.
The artist Simon Gudgeon operates a sculpture park, "Sculpture by the Lakes", nearby.

## Politics

After 2019 structural changes to local government in England, Tincleton is part of the Winterborne and Broadmayne ward which elects 1 member to Dorset Council.
# Tithonia

Tithonia is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae.
Tithonia has a center of distribution in Mexico but with one species extending into the Southwestern United States and several native to Central America. Two species, T. diversifolia and T. rotundifolia, are widely cultivated and have escaped to become weeds in tropical and subtropical areas around the world. T. rotundifolia makes a nice fresh cut flower, flowering in mid- to late-summer in the Northern hemisphere. The distinguishing feature of the genus is the peduncle, which is fistulose (meaning hollow and flaring toward the apex). The plants are coarse annual or perennial herbs or shrubs, and one species, T. koelzii, is a small tree.

## Species

Plants of the World Online includes:
* Tithonia brachypappa B.L.Rob. - San Luis Potosí
* Tithonia calva Sch.Bip. - Durango, Sinaloa
* Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A.Gray – tree marigold - Mexico, Central America; naturalized in Asia, Australia, Africa, South America, Florida, Texas, various oceanic islands
* Tithonia fruticosa Canby & Rose - Chihuahua, Durango, Sonora, Sinaloa
* Tithonia hondurensis La Duke - Belize, Honduras
* Tithonia koelzii McVaugh - Jalisco
* Tithonia longiradiata (Bertol.) S.F.Blake - Mexico, Central America (synonym T. pittieri (Greenm.) S.F.Blake)
* Tithonia paneroi (B.L.Turner) E.E.Schill. & Panero
* Tithonia pedunculata Cronquist - Oaxaca
* Tithonia rotundifolia (Mill.) S.F.Blake - Mexico, Central America; naturalized in Florida, Louisiana, South America (synonym T. tagetiflora Desf.)
* Tithonia thurberi Gray – Arizona sunflower weed - Chihuahua, Sonora, Arizona (Pima County)
* Tithonia tubaeformis (Jacq.) Cass. - Mexico, Central America; naturalized in Argentina (synonym T. helianthoides Bernh.)

### Formerly included

see Comaclinium, Enceliopsis, Lasianthaea, Viguiera
* Tithonia angustifolia - Viguiera angustifolia
* Tithonia argophylla - Enceliopsis argophylla
* Tithonia decurrens - Viguiera decurrens
* Tithonia excelsa - Viguiera excelsa
* Tithonia ovata - Lasianthaea helianthoides
* Tithonia pusilla - Viguiera pusilla
* Tithonia splendens - Comaclinium montanum