OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William Edward McLaren

William Edward McLaren (December 15, 1831 - February 19, 1905) was the Bishop of Chicago (formerly Illinois) in the Episcopal Church from 1875 until his death in 1905.

## Early life and education

McLaren was born on December 15, 1831, in Geneva, New York, the son of the Reverend John Finley McLaren, a Scottish Presbyterian minister. He was educated at the Western University of Pennsylvania and at the Jefferson College from where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1851. In 1854 he earned his Master of Arts from Jefferson. Later he started teaching and was involved in journalism. He commenced studies for the ministry in 1857 at the Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, aiming to become a missionary in China. He was awarded a Doctor of Divinity from Racine College in 1873 while Sewanee: The University of the South awarded him with a Doctor of Civil Law in 1882.

## Ordained ministry

McLaren was ordained a Presbyterian priest in 1860. He became engaged in missionary work in Bogotá, Colombia however he returned to the United States two years later due to ill health. In 1871 McLaren joined the Episcopal Church and on July 29, 1872, he was ordained a deacon in St. John's Church in Detroit. He was ordained a priest a few months later in October.

## Episcopacy

McLaren was elected Bishop of Illinois in 1875 and was consecrated on December 8, 1875, by the Bishop of Michigan Samuel A. McCoskry. He became the first bishop to hold the title of Bishop of Chicago after the name of the diocese was changed in 1877. He is remembered as being the founder of the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago, which opened in 1885 (and would merge in 1933 with Seabury Divinity School of Faribault, Minnesota, to form Seabury-Western Theological Seminary). He died in office in New York City on February 19, 1905, and was buried at Rosehill Cemetery in Chicago.

## Works

He was the author of several books, including The Practice of the Interior Life and Earnest Contention for the Faith.
# Hersilia Separating Romulus and Tatius

Hersilia Separating Romulus and Tatius or The Battle Between the Romans and the Sabines is a 1645 oil on canvas painting by Guercino, seized by the state during the French Revolution in 1794 and placed in the Louvre, where it still hangs. It shows Hersilia breaking up a battle between her husband Romulus and her Sabine brother Titus Tatius, with two other unnamed women doing similar in the background.

## History

It was one of nine works commissioned by Louis Phélypeaux, Seigneur of La Vrillière for the gilded gallery at his new hôtel de La Vrillière in Paris. Hersilia and the hôtel were sold in 1705 to Louis Raulin Rouillé (contrôleur général des Postes), then in 1713 by Rouillé's widow to Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon. They both passed to his son Louis de Bourbon, duc de Penthièvre, from whom they were seized in 1794. A copy of the original has hung in the Galerie dorée since the 19th century.
# Karl Ebermaier

Karl Ebermaier (Elberfeld, 2 October 1862 – Bernried am Starnberger See, 21 August 1943) was between 1912 and 1916 the last governor of German Kamerun.

## Life

He was the son of State Procurator Friedrich Wilhelm Ebermaier. He studied law in Tübingen and was a member of the Corps Rhenania.
He worked in Germany until 1898, when he became Supreme Judge of German East Africa, but was called back to Germany after a duel-scandal. In 1902 he was sent to Kamerun as first Referent and deputy Governor. On 29 March 1912, he replaced Otto Gleim as Governor of Kamerun.
It was in that function that he was confronted with a Franco-British-Belgian invasion after the outbreak of the First World War on 4 August 1914. Formally commander-in-chief of the armed forces, Ebermaier left Major Carl Heinrich Zimmermann direct the military operations. By 1916, the situation was so desperate that Ebermaier, with the majority of the Colonial administration, fled to neutral Spanish Guinea. Ebermaier was interned in Madrid and led there until 1919 the Internment Administration.
# The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa

The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa (浅草紅團, Asakusa Kurenaidan) is a novel by the Japanese author Yasunari Kawabata. It was originally serialized in a newspaper before eventually being compiled into a novel in 1930.

## Plot

In the 1920s, Asakusa was to Tokyo what Montmartre had been to 1890s Paris, Alexanderplatz was to 1920s Berlin and Times Square was to be to 1940s New York. The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa describes the decadent allure of this entertainment district, where beggars and teenage prostitutes mixed with revue dancers and famous authors. Originally serialized in a Tokyo daily newspaper Tokyo Asahi between 20 December 1929 and February 16, 1930, this vibrant novel uses unorthodox, kinetic literary techniques to reflect the raw energy of Asakusa, seen through the eyes of a wandering narrator and the cast of mostly female juvenile delinquents who show him their way of life.
Markedly different from Kawabata's later work, The Scarlet Gang of Asakusa was greatly influenced by Western modernism.

## Publication history

The original newspaper serialization was incomplete. Only chapters 1 through 37 were published in Tokyo Asahi. The remaining sections were published concurrently in two literary journals, Reconstruction (Kaizō, volume 12, number 9) and New Currents (Shinchō, volume 27, number 9).
The first translation of this novel was into German by Richmod Bollinger in 1999, as Die Rote Bande von Asakusa (Frankfurt: Insel) ISBN 9783458169697.
The annotated English translation of this novel by Alisa Freedman, first published in 2005, includes the original illustrations by Ota Saburo and a foreword and an afterword by Donald Richie.
The Italian translation by Constantine Pes, was published as La banda di Asakusa by Einaudi in 2007. ISBN 978-88-06-18017-1
Meiko Shimon in Brazil translated the novel into Portuguese as A Gangue Escarlate de Asakusa by Estação Liberdade in 2013. ISBN 978-8574482262
# Pertusaria thailandica

Pertusaria thailandica is a species of corticolous (bark-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Pertusariaceae. Found in Thailand, it was formally described as a new species in 2005 by Sureeporn Jariangprasert. The type specimen was collected by the author from Doi Suthep–Pui National Park (Chiang Mai province) at an altitude of 1,100 m (3,600 ft), where it was found growing on the bark of Cinchona. The species epithet combines the country of the type locality with the Latin suffix -ensis ("place of origin").
Pertusaria thailandica has a smooth, dull, greyish-green thallus that lacks soredia and isidia. It has many verruciform apothecia that measure 0.3–1.5 mm in diameter. Its ascospores, which number 3 or 4 per ascus, are smooth, uniseriate, somewhat fusiform to ellipsoid in shape, and measure 80–108 by 34–44 μm. The lichen is common in several Thai national parks in various parts of the country, at elevations ranging between 900 and 1,700 m (3,000 and 5,600 ft). It contains several homologues of the lichen product 2'-O-methylperlatolic acid.
# Bill Curtis (disambiguation)

Bill Curtis (born 1948) is an American software engineer.
Bill Curtis may also refer to:
* Bill Curtis (footballer) (1902–1977), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy
* Bill Curtis, drummer with the American funk and disco band Fatback Band
# Lernerneset

Lernerneset is a headland at the northwestern coast of Abel Island in Kong Karls Land, Svalbard. The headland is named after German Arctic explorer Theodor Lerner. A former variant of the name was Kap Lerner.
# Sam Boulmetis Sr.

Samuel Anthony Boulmetis Sr. (February 17, 1927 - May 30, 2021) was an American thoroughbred horse racing jockey who was inducted into the National Museum of Racing and Hall of Fame in 1973. The Hall's induction biography says that "His peers described him as an honest and intelligent rider, qualities he later demonstrated as a racing official and state steward for New Jersey."
Born in Baltimore, the son of a Greek tailor, Sam Boulmetis began his involvement in the horse racing industry as a stable hand at Laurel Park Racecourse in Laurel, Maryland. He began riding professionally in late 1948 and earned his first win in 1949 at Garden State Park then went on to win that year's riding championship at Monmouth Park Racetrack. He repeated as the leading jockey at Monmouth Park in 1953, 1955, and 1956.
The winner of numerous important races, Boulmetis won the Arlington Classic twice and the prestigious Washington, D.C. International Stakes and Canadian International Stakes, forerunners to the Breeders' Cup races which drew the best horses to the United States and Canada from around the world. For owner Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney, he rode Fisherman in the 1956 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe at Longchamp Racecourse in Paris, France. Among the other notable horses he rode was Hall of Fame inductee Tosmah with whom he won seven stakes races. In the 1955 Massachusetts Handicap, Boulmetis rode Helioscope to a track record time of 2:01 for 1¼ miles on dirt, unbroken as of 2008.
Throughout his career Sam Boulmetis raced primarily at tracks on the East Coast of the United States. He retired from riding after the 1966 season and in 1969 was appointed a steward at Monmouth Park Racetrack in Oceanport, New Jersey. He retired in 2004 from his duties as a racing official and state steward for the State of New Jersey.
His son, Sam Boulmetis Jr., followed in his footsteps, becoming a professional jockey in 1973 and riding until 1981 when a racing accident left him paralyzed from the waist down. Sam Jr. is now a steward at Philadelphia Park Racetrack.
Sam Boulmetis' nephew is jockey Tony Black.
# Renée Martel

Renée Martel (26 June 1947 – 18 December 2021) was a French Canadian country singer. Her father was country singer Marcel Martel.
She died from pneumonia on 18 December 2021, at the age of 74.
# William Rees

William Rees may refer to:

## Sports

* William Rees (rugby) (1899–1968), rugby union and rugby league footballer of the 1920s and 1930s
* William Lee Rees (1836–1912), English-born New Zealand cricketer, politician and lawyer
* Billy Rees (1924–1996), association footballer of the 1940s and 1950s

## Religious figures

* William Rees (priest and writer) (1859–1936), earlier Welsh Anglican priest
* William Jenkins Rees (1772–1855), Welsh cleric and antiquary
* William Rees (archdeacon of St Asaph) (1905–?), later Welsh Anglican priest

## Others

* William Rees (Liberal politician), in 1390 MP for Norfolk
* William Hurst Rees (1917–2004), British surveyor and member of the Lands Tribunal
* William James Rees (1913–1967), British hydroid and cephalopod researcher
* William E. Rees (born 1943), originator of "ecological footprint" concept
* William Rees (cinematographer) (1904–1961), American cinematographer
* William Rees (Gwilym Hiraethog) (1802–1883), writer
* William Rees (veterinary surgeon) (1928–2018), Chief Veterinary Officer of the United Kingdom, 1980–1988
* William Gilbert Rees (1827–1898), explorer, surveyor, and early settler in Central Otago, New Zealand
# Karl Eckstein

Karl Eckstein (28 December 1859 in Grünberg, Silesia – 22 April 1939 in Ragusa, Dalmatia) was a German entomologist who specialised in Lepidoptera.
He studied natural sciences at the University of Giessen, receiving his doctorate in 1884 with a thesis on rotatoria. In 1886, he became an assistant to Bernard Altum at the zoological institute of the Eberswalde Forestry Academy in Eberswalde. In 1890 he obtained his habilitation, and in 1900 succeeded Altum as professor of forest zoology at the Academy.
He wrote Die Schmetterlinge Deutschlands mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Biologie und wirtschaftlichen Bedeutung, which included Die Kleinschmetterlinge Deutschlands (5 volumes, 1913–1933). Other noted works by Eckstein are:
* Pflanzengallen und Gallentiere, 1891 – On plant galls.
* Forstliche zoologie, 1897 – Forest zoology.
* Fischerei und Fischzucht, 1902 – Fishing and fish farming.
# Peruvian meadowlark

The Peruvian meadowlark (Leistes bellicosus) is a species of bird in the family Icteridae. It is found in western Peru, Ecuador and far northern Chile.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry shrublands, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrublands, intertidal marshes, and pasturelands all around 1,000 metres above sea level.
The males are streaky brown with a bright red throat and chest. The females are duller in colour and are more streaked than the males. They grow to be 20 cm long and are characterised by their bobbing flight which is similar to that of a woodpecker. They eat mostly insects, but sometimes eat seeds.
# Santa Cruz, La Rioja

Santa Cruz (La Rioja) is a municipality and village in La Rioja Province in northwestern Argentina.
# Simona Chin

Simona Chin Campbell (born 27 June 1980) is an American former rower who was a coxswain for the US mixed coxed four team who won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.
# Choloylglycine hydrolase

In enzymology, a choloylglycine hydrolase (EC 3.5.1.24) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oylglycine + H$_2$O $\rightleftharpoons$ 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate + glycine
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oylglycine and H$_2$O, whereas its two products are 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholanate and glycine.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, those acting on carbon-nitrogen bonds other than peptide bonds, specifically in linear amides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oylglycine amidohydrolase. Other names in common use include glycocholase, bile salt hydrolase, and choloyltaurine hydrolase. This enzyme participates in bile acid biosynthesis.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 4 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 2BJF, 2BJG, 2HEZ, and 2HF0.

## Research

A 2018 study has linked the enzyme in gut bacteria to obesity and carbohydrate metabolism dominating over fat metabolism.
# John Fletcher (MP for Rye)

John Fletcher (by 1490 – 1545 or later) was an English politician.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Rye in 1529, 1536 and 1542.
# Infinitesimal transformation

In mathematics, an infinitesimal transformation is a limiting form of small transformation. For example one may talk about an infinitesimal rotation of a rigid body, in three-dimensional space. This is conventionally represented by a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A. It is not the matrix of an actual rotation in space; but for small real values of a parameter ε the transformation
    $T=I+\varepsilon A$
is a small rotation, up to quantities of order ε$^2$.

## History

A comprehensive theory of infinitesimal transformations was first given by Sophus Lie. This was at the heart of his work, on what are now called Lie groups and their accompanying Lie algebras; and the identification of their role in geometry and especially the theory of differential equations. The properties of an abstract Lie algebra are exactly those definitive of infinitesimal transformations, just as the axioms of group theory embody symmetry. The term "Lie algebra" was introduced in 1934 by Hermann Weyl, for what had until then been known as the algebra of infinitesimal transformations of a Lie group.

## Examples

For example, in the case of infinitesimal rotations, the Lie algebra structure is that provided by the cross product, once a skew-symmetric matrix has been identified with a 3-vector. This amounts to choosing an axis vector for the rotations; the defining Jacobi identity is a well-known property of cross products.
The earliest example of an infinitesimal transformation that may have been recognised as such was in Euler's theorem on homogeneous functions. Here it is stated that a function F of n variables x$_1$, ..., x$_n$ that is homogeneous of degree r, satisfies
    $\Theta F=rF\,$
with
    $\Theta =\sum _{i}x_{i}{\partial \over \partial x_{i}},$
the Theta operator. That is, from the property
    $F(\lambda x_{1},\dots ,\lambda x_{n})=\lambda ^{r}F(x_{1},\dots ,x_{n})\,$
it is possible to differentiate with respect to λ and then set λ equal to 1. This then becomes a necessary condition on a smooth function F to have the homogeneity property; it is also sufficient (by using Schwartz distributions one can reduce the mathematical analysis considerations here). This setting is typical, in that there is a one-parameter group of scalings operating; and the information is coded in an infinitesimal transformation that is a first-order differential operator.

## Operator version of Taylor's theorem

The operator equation
    $e^{tD}f(x)=f(x+t)\,$
where
    $D={d \over dx}$
is an operator version of Taylor's theorem — and is therefore only valid under caveats about f being an analytic function. Concentrating on the operator part, it shows that D is an infinitesimal transformation, generating translations of the real line via the exponential. In Lie's theory, this is generalised a long way. Any connected Lie group can be built up by means of its infinitesimal generators (a basis for the Lie algebra of the group); with explicit if not always useful information given in the Baker–Campbell–Hausdorff formula.
# Popek (surname)

Popek is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Jacek Popek (born 1978), Polish football player
* Mark Popek (born 1990), American football player
* Tadeusz Popek (1915-1942), World War II Polish resistance member
# Vicente González (governor)

Vicente González (? - ?) was governor of Florida between November 22, 1577, and 1578. He was also governor of Santa Elena, la Florida, from, at least, 1577 to 1580.
Vicente González was appointment lieutenant of Pedro Menéndez de Márquez in Santa Elena, together to Captain Tomás Bernaldo de Quirós, in 1577, serving in this charge until 1580. On November 22, 1577, González was appointment governor of Florida, holding office until 1578. In 1586 Gonzalez led a mission send for Menéndez de Márquez to a legendary strait located "beyond" Florida, where several villages were established, of which Menendez de Marquez wanted to learn. During his trip, Gonzalez meet a local cacique who confirmed him the existence of the strait. In October 1586, Gonzalez told the Council of the Indies that near St. Augustine, Florida was a port next to a fertile land with gold and diamond mines, which was densely populated by indigenous. The Council decided that this land should be studied and Spanish shipwreck victims to settle there. In the 1580s Vicente González led several voyages into the Chesapeake Bay in search of English settlements in the area.
# Saint-Georges-sur-Arnon

Saint-Georges-sur-Arnon (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Georges on Arnon) is a commune in the Indre department in central France.
# Hamchoon

Hamchoon may refer to these things:
* Hamchoon-Won, a royal garden, built in 1493 C.E., that had been attached to the east of Changdeokgung Palace, Seoul, South Korea
* Hamchoon Women's Clinic, a specialized clinic for infertility and genetic testing in Seoul, Republic of Korea
# Jorge Huirse

Jorge Huirse (August 30, 1920 – December 11, 1992) was a Peruvian composer and pianist.

## Discography

| Series | Title | House Label |
| LD 1437 | Hace Tiempo | I.E.M.P.S.A |
| LD 1464 | Reliquias del Perú | I.E.M.P.S.A |
| LD 1487 | Hoy como Ayer | I.E.M.P.S.A |
| LD 1301 | Machu Picchu / La Ciudad Perdida de los Incas. | I.E.M.P.S.A |
| LD 1311 | Jorge Huirse y su Orquesta | I.E.M.P.S.A |
| VIR 977 | Melodías del Perú Eterno | Virrey |
| LD | Sinfonía al Perú Vol.1 | |
| LD | Sinfonía al Perú Vol.2 | |
# Kathryn Albers

Kathryn M. Albers is an American scientist. She is a professor of neurobiology and medicine at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. She is known for her research on nerve growth and the impact on sensory nerve abilities undergoing disfunction.

## Early career and education

Albers obtained her Ph.D. from Stony Brook University in 1985. Following this, she finished her postdoctoral training at the University of Chicago in 1990 in cellular and molecular biology. She is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Topics in her research involve the growth and growth factors of skin and nerves.

## Achievements

In 2011, Albers became a Helen H. Molinari Memorial Lecturer. In addition, since 1992, she has been a part of the society for neuroscience. Lastly, she has been a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science since 2001.

## Selected publications

* Albers KM, Zhang XL, Diges CM, Schwartz ES, Yang CI, Davis BM, Gold MS. Artemin growth factor increases nicotinic cholinergic receptor subunit expression and activity in nociceptive sensory neurons. Mol Pain. 2014 May 22;10:31. doi: 10.1186/1744-8069-10-31. PMID 24886596; PMCID: PMC4036648.
* Margiotta JF, Smith-Edwards KM, Nestor-Kalinoski A, Davis BM, Albers KM, Howard MJ. Synaptic Components, Function and Modulation Characterized by GCaMP6f Ca2+ Imaging in Mouse Cholinergic Myenteric Ganglion Neurons. Front Physiol. 2021 Aug 2;12:652714. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.652714. PMID 34408655; PMCID: PMC8365335.
* Zhang S, Edwards TN, Chaudhri VK, Wu J, Cohen JA, Hirai T, Rittenhouse N, Schmitz EG, Zhou PY, McNeil BD, Yang Y, Koerber HR, Sumpter TL, Poholek AC, Davis BM, Albers KM, Singh H, Kaplan DH. Nonpeptidergic neurons suppress mast cells via glutamate to maintain skin homeostasis. Cell. 2021 Apr 15;184(8):2151-2166.e16. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.002. Epub 2021 Mar 24. PMID 33765440; PMCID: PMC8052305.