OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild

The Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild (METG), previously known as the Massachusetts High School Drama Guild, is a theater arts located in Massachusetts supporting middle and secondary school students and teachers. METG organizes the statewide high school theatre festival in March.

## History

METG began in 1931 with the establishment of “Massachusetts Drama Day.” Four schools participated in the original competition, which was held at the old Huntington Chambers building in Copley Square in Boston. In the 1940s, the Massachusetts Secondary School Administrators Association became the educational sponsor of the state event.
1954 marked the beginning of two important corporate partnerships with the Guild: The Boston Globe became the lead patron, and John Hancock Hall became one of the Festival’s sponsors. It was also in this year that the Festival was relocated to John Hancock Hall in the Back Bay Events Center, where it has remained ever since. In 1989 the Guild’s horizons expanded with incorporation as a nonprofit organization. During the 1998-1999 school year, the Massachusetts Middle School Drama Festival, Inc. and the Massachusetts High School Drama Guild, Inc. merged. Since then the Guild has increased its membership to over 160 schools across the Commonwealth. In 2010 the name was changed to Massachusetts Educational Theater Guild.
In 2012, through the support of Broadway In Boston, the METG announced a new education project which offers both middle and high school members an opportunity to bring experienced adjudicators into their theaters where they will receive professional feedback on their hard work creating musical theater productions.
# Formula Two Codasur

Formula Two Codasur, or South American Formula Two Championship, was a Formula Two championship organized by the Confederación Deportiva Automovilística Sudamericana (CODASUR) held in South America between 1983 and 1986. This series only had one champion in its four championships: Guillermo Maldonado (Berta-Volkswagen).
CODASUR decided to unify the national Formula Two championships of Argentina (which was already about 20 years old) and Brazil (created in 1980 from the remnants of Formula Super Vee), and thus the South American championship was born in 1983, which visited circuits in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and other countries. In 1982, two test events were held in Tarumã (Brazil) and Buenos Aires. This series was replaced in 1987 by the South American Formula Three, introducing exported chassis.
The cars were local chassis, equipped with engines from different manufacturers, for example Volkswagen and Renault. The most successful chassis were those of the Argentine engineer Oreste Berta. Maldonado won all championships with Berta chassis equipped with 1800 cc L4 engines based on the Volkswagen 1500 (Hillman Avenger) engine.

## Champions

| Year | Driver | Car |
| 1983 | Guillermo Maldonado | Berta-Volkswagen |
| 1984 | Guillermo Maldonado | Berta-Volkswagen |
| 1985 | Guillermo Maldonado | Berta-Volkswagen |
| 1986 | Guillermo Maldonado | Berta-Volkswagen |
| Source: |||
# Miller Bridge

Miller Bridge may refer to:
* Miller Creek Bridge; Batesville, Arkansas
* Miller Bridge (Winterset, Iowa)
* Longdon L. Miller Covered Bridge; West Finley, Pennsylvania
# Sustainability in Dubai

Dubai is a city in the United Arab Emirates and is recognized as one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. This rapid urbanization has led to many environmental issues, because of the harsh environment, paucity of local resources such as food, water, and building materials, and the unplanned manner of expansion.

## Water

One major environmental issue in Dubai is potential water shortage. Dubai is among the cities with the lowest levels of precipitation. At the same time, the emirate is ranked among the top three countries in water usage, alongside the United States and Canada. Due to this fundamental conflict, water in Dubai comes mainly from energy-intensive desalination of sea water.
As climate change and human-induced greenhouse gas emissions have increasingly caused distorted weather patterns and unpredictable precipitation, farmers cannot access reliable water sources for irrigation. As a result, food prices are affected. Economic boom and population growth resulting from the discovery of oil in the UAE (1958) triggered increased demand for water that has ultimately led to water shortages. In the past, the UAE relied on desalination to respond to this increase of demand. There have been attempts to decrease demand for water in the UAE, such as increased fees for water usage.
In order to limit demand for and usage of electricity and water, prices have increased significantly for residents in Dubai. There are many developments being made in Dubai to maximize the utility of water available, such as The Sustainable City, a housing development where water and waste are recycled and residents pay rent that is similar to other nearby developments. It is also required that new buildings have solar water heaters. Per capita consumption of water and electricity has been falling as the population of Dubai continues to increase, which is promising for sustainability efforts being made. Recent efforts to address low levels of precipitation include meteorologists at Dubai's National Center of Meteorology & Seismology monitoring clouds and sending pilots to seed them with salt crystals to maximize their output of rain.

## Energy

Dubai is a major consumer of electricity. Their main source of electricity is natural gas, because it is cheaper than the alternatives. Many of the isolated buildings depend on large quantities of fossil fuel energy to support their large lighting and cooling needs.

## Development

Among the biggest problems facing Dubai is its rapid, unplanned manner of expansion. Other challenges have arisen as a result of rapid expansion, such as sewage treatment systems that have failed to keep up with development.

## Future problems

In the future, global warming will become a bigger issue, and this could be a huge problem for Dubai, because the country's population centres are located along the coast. Rising seas could lead to flooding, creating a problem for the city, as it would have few resources to counter the issue.
# Siniša Đurić

Siniša Đurić (Serbian Cyrillic: Синиша Ђурић; born 20 February 1976) is a Bosnian football manager and former player.

## International career

Đurić played for the Yugoslavia national under-16 football team.
# Fraudulent trading

In company law, fraudulent trading is doing business with intent to defraud creditors.

## Law

Where during the course of a winding-up, it appears to the liquidator that fraudulent trading has occurred, the liquidator may apply to the court for an order any persons who were knowingly parties to the carrying on of such business are to be made liable to make such contributions (if any) to the company's assets as the court thinks proper.
Conceptually, fraudulent trading is similar to a fraudulent conveyance, but the key distinction is that an application to have a transaction set aside as a fraudulent conveyance usually requires to the third party beneficiary to disgorge the benefit of the conveyance to undo the loss to the company's assets, whereas a court order in relation to fraudulent trading it is the responsible parties (usually the directors) who must make up the loss and the third party beneficiaries will usually retain the benefit. However, it is legally possible for a single transaction to be simultaneously fraudulent trading and a fraudulent conveyance, and to be the subject on concurrent applications. Some legal systems permit a director who makes a contribution to the company's assets pursuant to an order for fraudulent trading to subrogated to any claim that the company might have with respect to a fraudulent conveyance.
In practice, applications for orders in respect of fraudulent trading are rare because of the high burden of proof associated with fraud. Usually, even where fraudulent trading is suspected, an application is made with respect to an allegation of "wrongful trading" (or "insolvent trading") where the burden of proof is lower. Where applications are brought for fraudulent trading, it is usually because when the trading occurred, the company was not insolvent at that time (insolvency at the time of the trading is normally a requirement to establish wrongful trading, but not fraudulent trading).
The effect of a successful application for fraudulent trading varies between different legal systems. In some countries, the assets contributed by the directors are treated as general assets which may be taken by any secured creditors who may have a security interest which attaches to all the company's assets (characteristically, a floating charge). However, some countries have "ring-fenced" payments made for fraudulent trading so that they are made available to the pool of assets for unsecured creditors.
Fraudulent trading is entirely separate and distinct from "insider trading", which focuses purely upon the abuse of inside information in relation to financial markets for personal financial gain, and is wholly unrelated to creditor's rights or insolvency law.

## Cases

* R v Grantham [1984] QB 675
* Re Augustus Barnett & Son Ltd [1986] BCLC 170
* Re Sarflax Ltd [1979] Ch 592
# Grand Lodge of Nebraska

The Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons of Nebraska is one of two governing bodies of Freemasonry in the U.S. state of Nebraska (along with the Prince Hall Mason Grand Lodge of Nebraska). It was established on September 23, 1857. The Grand Lodge of Nebraska is headquartered at Lincoln, Nebraska.

## History

The Grand Lodge Of Nebraska was formed in 1857, when the Masters and Wardens of three lodges organized a Grand Lodge for the then newly established Nebraska Territory. Those subordinate lodges were: Nebraska Lodge No. 184 (chartered from the Grand Lodge of Illinois), Giddings Lodge No. 156 (chartered from the Grand Lodge of Missouri) and Capitol Lodge No. 101 (chartered from the Grand Lodge Of Iowa). With the formation of the Grand Lodge, these three lodges went on to become: "Nebraska Lodge No. 1," "Western Star Lodge No. 2," and "Capitol Lodge No. 3," respectively.

## Prince Hall Mason Grand Lodge of Nebraska

The first Prince Hall Masonic Lodges first formed in Nebraska in the 1890s. On February 3, 1990, during the 133rd Annual Communication of the Grand Lodge, a resolution was passed extending fraternal recognition to the Prince Hall Grand Lodge, F.&A.M. of Nebraska. That same year, the Prince Hall Grand Lodge reciprocated that recognition. During next year's Annual Communication, it was reported that members of both Grand Lodges participated in each other's degree work, and even participated in a Table Lodge together. Today, Prince Hall Masons meet at the former Druid Hall of the Woodmen of the World in the Saratoga neighborhood of North Omaha.

## Notable Freemasons from Nebraska

For a list of notable Freemasons from other jurisdictions, see the List of Freemasons.
* Robert C. Jordan: Capitol Lodge No. 3 - First Grand Master of Nebraska.
* George W. Lininger: Capitol Lodge No. 3, Grand Master of Nebraska, 1877
* William Jennings Bryan: Lincoln Lodge No. 19.
* William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody: Platte Valley Lodge No. 32.
* Peter Kiewit: George W. Lininger Lodge No. 268.
* John J. Pershing, 33°: Lincoln Lodge No. 19.
* Nathan Roscoe Pound: Lancaster Lodge No. 54.
# Morrell Draper

Morrell Henry Draper OBE FRSE (10 July 1921 – 1 October 2005) was an Australian-born medical researcher and administrator. His field was toxicology, particularly in relation to carcinogens, and his research led to the new term of metademography. He specialised in the study of heavy metals and their toxic effects.

## Life

Draper was born in Adelaide, Australia, on 10 July 1921. He was educated at St Peter's College, Adelaide. Whilst at college he began running and reached the level of champion for South Australia. He graduated MB BSc in 1944 and served one year as resident house surgeon at the Royal Adelaide Hospital before being gazetted as a captain into the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1945. In 1946, following demobilisation, he became a research fellow at the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia.
In 1949 he won a travelling scholarship and left Australia to study at the University of Cambridge in England where, in 1955, he received a doctorate in neurophysiology. Here he worked with Alan Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley, and Richard Keynes. In athletics the University awarded him a Blue and he ran last leg in the Oxford-Cambridge relay race of 1951, winning the race.
In 1956 he moved to the University of Edinburgh to begin lecturing in physiology, later becoming a senior lecturer. He left the University in 1962 to take up the post of Principal Scientific Officer at the Agricultural Research Council, going on to become Deputy Director.
In 1971 he was named an Australian Officer of the Order of the British Empire and in 1973 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
In 1976 he moved to the British Council in London and from there to the Department of Health and Social Security where he took over the role of testing and authenticating the safety of new drugs. In 1980 he took a position at the International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization, working in Copenhagen and Geneva. He retired in 1984 and continued as a consultant to the Health and Safety Directorate in Britain in relation to issues of toxicology. He died on 1 October 2005, and is buried in the modern north-western section of Grange Cemetery in south Edinburgh. The grave lies in the south-west part of the section.

## Family

In 1944 he married Kathleen Mary Rainsford (1922-2012) and together they had three daughters and one son.
# Stanislao Campana

Stanislao Campana (1794 – 1864) was an Italian painter, depicting historic-mythologic and sacred subjects.

## Biography

He was born in Pannocchia, but trained in his native Parma at the city's Istituto Toschi, under Biagio Martini
He painted a Death of Meleagro (1822) which him a stipend to travel to Rome. He returned in 1828 and painted episodes of the works of Torquato Tasso for the main hall of the Biblioteca Palatina. He painted an altarpiece depicting the Madonna and Child, St Michael and the Devil disputing the souls of the Purgatory (1835) for the church of San Michele, and a Deposition (1828) commissioned by Duchess Maria Luisa, and on display at the Palazzo Vescovile. In 1832, he became professor at the Academy of Fine Arts, and in 1847, superintendent of the Ducal Galleries.
# Yer iyesi

Yer iyesi (Tatar: Җир Иясе or Cir İyäse, Chuvash: Ҫĕр Ийӗ, Sakha: Сир Иччи) is the spirit or deity of earth or territory in Tengrism. In Turkic languages Yer means land or earth. And İye is the familiar spirit of any natural asset. Yer iyesi protects the earth or any region. Also known as Toprak iyesi.

## Yer Ana

Yer Ana is the goddess of earth. Also referred to as goddess of fertility. She is the female form of Yer iyesi. She was said to have been there at the beginning of the world, when the earth and sky separated.

### In other languages

* Tuvan: Чер Ава
* Uzbek: Yer Ona
* Tatar: Җир Әни or Җир Ана or Cir Ana
* Kazakh: Жер Ана
* Chuvash: Ҫĕр Анне or Ҫĕр Абай
* Bashkort: Ер Апай
* Sakha: Сир Ий̃э
* Turkmen: Ýer Ene or Ýer Eje
* Uyghur: يەر ئانا
* Ottoman: ير آنا
* Kyrgyz: Жер Эне
* Khakas: Чир Ине or Чир Иӌе
* Balkar: Джер Ана
* Gagauz: Yer Ana

## Yer Ata

Yer Ata is the god of earth or land. He is the male form of Yer iyesi.

### In other languages

* Tuvan: Чер Ата
* Uzbek: Yer Ota
* Tatar: Җир Әти or Җир Ата or Cir Ata
* Kazakh: Жер Ата
* Chuvash: Ҫĕр Атте or Ҫĕр Ашшӗ
* Bashkort: Ер Атай
* Sakha: Сир Аҕа
* Turkmen: Ýer Ata
* Uyghur: يەر ئاتا
* Ottoman: ير آتا
* Kyrgyz: Жер Ата
* Khakas: Чир Аба or Чир Ада
* Balkar: Джер Ата
* Gagauz: Yer Ata

### Yereh

Yereh (Chuvash: Йерех) is a female spirit in Turkic mythology, which recently came to be regarded as a "Turkic goddess" with a function of "hearth mother", protectoress of the home. It is akin of Yer iyesi. The word originates in the Pre-Christian Chuvash mythology but in the modern usage it has only one meaning. The confusion in the name's Etymology owes to the fact that a Turkic word Yer means land or earth, while the word Yerleşmek is a verb that means to locate. Early in the 20th century Yereh combined a prehistoric Scythian earth-goddess and Mother Earth. Today she is identified as a combination of the "hearth-mother" (associated with the guardianship of the nation itself) and the earth mother.
# Yeragamballi

Yeragamballi is a village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. It is located in the Yelandur taluk of Chamarajanagar district in Karnataka.

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Yeragamballi had a population of 5039 with 2660 males and 2379 females.
# Wasted (comics)

Wasted is a comic book series written and drawn by Gerry Alanguilan and published by Alamat Comics since July 1994 through July 1996. It was first released as an eight-issue photocopied comics and later collected into one volume by Alamat Comics in 1998, releasing a total of 500 copies. The entire story was serialized in several parts on the pages of PULP Magazine in the Philippines beginning in 2000, and eventually compiled the story once again as Wasted: The Final Edition in 2003, releasing 2000 copies. In 2013, a new edition of the story was published independently by Gerry Alanguilan himself. The entire series is currently available to read online for free.
Comic book writer Warren Ellis considered Wasted "an early work by a potentially brilliant creator".
Wasted tells the story of Eric, a musician who loses his dad and his girlfriend, and goes on a rampage in the city looking for twisted justice and ultimately, death. Wasted was Gerry Alanguilan's first self-written comic, and was originally intended for only Alanguilan's close friends to read, as he was embarrassed by the large amount of violence and profanity in the title.

## Wasted: Confession

Wasted: Confession is a tie-in story written and drawn by Gerry Alanguilan that was first released in 2009. The story is set in between issues 3 and 4 of the main comic, showing Eric react to an 'innocent' bystander horrified by his recent rampage. The comic was later included as an extra in the 2013 compilation of the comic.
# Wasted Days

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Wasted Days is an album by the ska/reggae band The Slackers, released on February 21, 2001 on Hellcat Records. Unlike other releases by the Slackers, the songs on the vinyl LP version of the album differ significantly from their counterparts on the CD release; additionally, there are several tracks unique to the vinyl release. The CD edition of the album features a cover of the Bon Jovi song, "Wanted Dead or Alive".

## Artwork

The album concept is that of a comic book. The girl on the cover (Miki Stroman) is reading a comic entitled Wasted Days. The band is featured on the inside jacket speaking with dialog boxes like that of a comic book. With the exception of the song titles, the artwork for both the CD and vinyl versions is the same. Photo credit belongs to Denny Renshaw and the Wasted Days comic was created by Adrienne Vander Ploeg.

## CD tracks

All songs written by Vic Ruggiero, except where noted.
* "Wasted Days" (Marcus Geard) – 4:08
* "Henderson Swamp" – 2:42
* "Please Decide" – 3:11
* "Pets of the World" (The Slackers) – 4:18
* "Dave's Friend" (Dave Hillyard, Ruggiero) – 4:54
* "So This Is the Night" – 3:49
* "Made Up My Mind" (Hillyard, Ruggiero) – 3:54
* "Sermon" – 2:31
* "The Nurse" – 3:25
* "Old Days" (Hillyard, Ruggiero) – 5:40
* "Midnight Rendezvous" (Glen Pine) – 4:44
* "Tales of the Mongoose" (The Slackers) – 3:54
* "Easy" – 3:55
* "Walking On" – 6:11
* "Wanted Dead or Alive" (Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora) – 3:53
* "Information Error" (Hillyard, Ruggiero) – 6:12

## Vinyl tracks

* "This Is the Night" (alternate version) – 3:29
* "Don't Break My Heart" – 4:01
* "Fifteen" – 3:20
* "Information Error" (alternate version) – 4:51
* "Wasted Days" (extended version with dub) – 6:35
* "Tales of the Rugaroo" (remix of "Tales of the Mongoose") – 7:09
* "A Fifth of Slack" (remix of "Made Up My Mind") – 3:57
* "Old Days" (alternate version) – 5:44
* "Remember When" – 5:02
# Wave properties

Wave properties may refer to:
* Physical properties of waves: transmission, reflection, polarization, diffraction, refraction and others
* Mathematical description of waves: amplitude, frequency, wavelength, and others
# Ycf9 protein domain

In molecular biology, the PsbZ (Ycf9) is a protein domain, which is low in molecular weight. It is a transmembrane protein and therefore is located in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts in cyanobacteria and plants. More specifically, it is located in Photosystem II (PSII) and in the light-harvesting complex II (LHCII). Ycf9 acts as a structural linker, that stabilises the PSII-LHCII supercomplexes. Moreover, the supercomplex fails to form in PsbZ-deficient mutants, providing further evidence to suggest Ycf9's role as a structural linker. This may be caused by a marked decrease in two LHCII antenna proteins, CP26 and CP29, found in PsbZ-deficient mutants, which result in structural changes, as well as functional modifications in PSII.
Ycf is an acronym originally standing for hypothetical chloroplast open reading frame.

## Function

PSII is a multisubunit protein-pigment complex containing polypeptides bound to the photosynthetic membrane. Within the core of the complex, the chlorophyll and beta-carotene pigments are mainly bound to the antenna proteins CP43 (PsbC) and CP47 (PsbB), which pass the excitation energy on to the reaction centre proteins D1 (Qb, PsbA) and D2 (Qa, PsbD) that bind all the redox-active cofactors involved in the energy conversion process. The PSII oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) oxidises water to provide protons for use by PSI, and consists of OEE1 (PsbO), OEE2 (PsbP) and OEE3 (PsbQ). The remaining subunits in PSII are of low molecular weight (less than 10 kDa), and are involved in PSII assembly, stabilisation, dimerisation, and photo-protection. PsbZ may also be involved in photo-protective processes under sub-optimal growth conditions.

## Photosynthesis

Oxygenic photosynthesis uses two multi-subunit photosystems (I and II) located in the cell membranes of cyanobacteria and in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts in plants and algae. Photosystem II (PSII) has a P680 reaction centre containing chlorophyll 'a' that uses light energy to carry out the oxidation (splitting) of water molecules, and to produce ATP via a proton pump. Photosystem I (PSI) has a P700 reaction centre containing chlorophyll that takes the electron and associated hydrogen donated from PSII to reduce NADP+ to NADPH. Both ATP and NADPH are subsequently used in the light-independent reactions to convert carbon dioxide to glucose using the hydrogen atom extracted from water by PSII, releasing oxygen as a by-product.