OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gigondas AOC

Gigondas (French pronunciation:) is a French wine Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) in the southern Rhône wine region of France. It is primarily a red wine region, with a very small amount of rosé wine produced. As of September 2022, the AOC Gigondas appellation was extended to include white wines. Considered a little brother to Châteauneuf-du-Pape, the wine is moderately prestigious and can age well when treated with care. Gigondas AOC wine is produced exclusively in the commune of Gigondas, in Vaucluse.

## History

The name of the appellation is of Roman origin. Jocunditas means great pleasure and enjoyment in Latin; the town was founded as a recreational site for the soldiers from the Roman Empire Second Legion. The finding of a Bacchus-head indicates that wine was already grown at this time. Later the fields went to the church and later still, one finds the Prince of Orange to be a large land owner in the area. As early as 1894 the wines from the region won a gold medal at the agricultural fair in Paris. But until the beginning of World War II, the wines were used as reinforcement to thin Burgundies. In 1956, a bitter winter caused the production of wine to experience a renaissance, as the olive trees had died from the cold. In 1971 the appellation left the other Côtes du Rhône-Villages and became a proper appellation in its own right.

## Climate and geography

Gigondas, along with the rest of Southern Rhône has a Mediterranean climate that differs from its northern neighbour, which has a more continental climate. The main geographical feature in Gigondas is the Dentelles de Montmirail, a small range of mountains that divide the appellation into two distinct areas – one with a cooler climate and one with a hotter. But elevation is also an important factor, as wine is being harvested as high as 600 meters.

## Grapes and wine

In 1592, white wine from Gigondas is mentioned. However, no white wine is produced today. The appellation is growing red grapes only, and mostly making only red wine, though some rosé is also produced. According to the INAO, Gigondas Rouge is to be made from a maximum 80% Grenache, a minimum 15% Syrah and/or Mourvedre, and a maximum 10% from the other Rhône varieties, minus Carignan. The greatest Gigondas’ can be kept for 10 years or more in the cellar and usually benefits from at least three years in the cellar. Being primarily Grenache does, however, mean that the lesser wines are not recommended for extended bottle aging.

### Winemaking

Gigondas is known for its power rather than its elegance. Some parts of the appellation are warmer than Châteauneuf-du-Pape, bringing the generous Grenache grape close to fortified strength in alcohol. While some rosé wine is produced, the appellation draws its prestige from its reds.
# Gilles Legardinier

Gilles Legardinier (born 1965) is a French novelist. He was the recipient of the 2010 Prix SNCF du polar. He was the third best-selling author in France in 2014.

## Early life

Gilles Legardinier was born in 1965. He was abandoned as an infant in front of a chapel in the 6th arrondissement of Paris. He did not pass his Baccalaureate.

## Career

Legardinier started his career in the film industry.
Legardinier is the author of several best-selling novels. His 2009 novel, L'exil des anges, received the 2010 Prix SNCF du polar. His 2011 novel, Demain j'arrête !, was a best-seller. By 2014, he was the third best-selling author in France after Guillaume Musso and Marc Levy, having sold 1.9 million books. His work has been translated into 20 languages.

## Works

* Legardinier, Gilles (1996). Le Secret de la cité sans soleil. Paris: Éditions J'ai lu. ISBN 9782290043141. OCLC 463950537.
* Legardinier, Gilles; Legardinier, Pascale (2001). Comme une ombre. Paris: Éditions J'ai lu. ISBN 9782290312384. OCLC 468608327.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2002). Le sceau des maîtres. Paris: Editions J'ai lu. ISBN 9782290316429. OCLC 469429330.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2002). Le dernier géant. Paris: Editions J'ai lu. ISBN 9782290321409. OCLC 401685129.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2009). L'exil des anges. Paris: Pocket. ISBN 9782266196338.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2011). Nous étions les hommes. Paris: Pocket. ISBN 9782266220354. OCLC 893769591.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2011). Demain j'arrête !. Paris: Fleuve noir. ISBN 9782265094307. OCLC 780325271.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2012). Complètement cramé !. Paris: Fleuve noir. ISBN 9782265097025. OCLC 820663316.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2013). Et soudain tout change. Paris: Fleuve noir. ISBN 9782265097506. OCLC 863154539.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2014). Ça peut pas rater !. Paris: Fleuve éditions. ISBN 9782265098367. OCLC 893976202.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2015). Quelqu'un pour qui trembler. Paris: Fleuve éditions. ISBN 9782265099272. OCLC 925665891.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2016). Le premier miracle. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 9782081383784. OCLC 961012356.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2017). Une fois dans ma vie. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 9782081416925. OCLC 1005737861.
* Legardinier, Gilles (2019). Pour un instant d'éternité. Paris: Flammarion. ISBN 9782081420274. OCLC 1127391598.
# Giovanni Battista Torre

Giovanni Battista Torre (d.1780) was an Italian printer and pyrotechnist, based in Paris and London. His shops and printing house operated from 1760-1799, later with his son Anthony Torré, as Torre & Co. (or variously also as Torrés or occasionally as Torri).

## Family business

Giovanni Battista (also known as Giambattista) Torre initially worked as a pyrotechnician, manufacturing fireworks. He worked in London in 1753. In 1760, he opened a shop called "Cabinet de Physique Expérimentale", selling books, prints, barometers and other scientific instruments, on the rue St. Honoré in Paris.
His son Anthony (with another son whose name is given only as "L. Torre") moved to London and opened a shop in Market Lane, also selling prints and scientific instruments. This London business was in operation by 1767, in partnership with another Italian immigrant, Anthony Molteno. A "fire worker" named Mr. Torré is also recorded as operating at Marylebone Gardens, London, between 1772 and 1774.

## Legacy

After Giovanni B. Torre died in 1780, Anthony della Torre involved several other partners, before the business eventually became the current Colnaghi Gallery. For the Paris branch, Anthony first partnered with Charles Ciceri (1780-1782), before Ciceri opened his own business and L.Torre took over the original shop, now moved to Porte St. Antoine, near the Bastille. The Paris business seems to have relied extensively on connections to other art dealers from the Italian expatriate community, across the continent, such as Joseph Zanna (Brussels) and Sebastiano Tessari (Augsburg). In 1784 Anthony hired the new Milanese immigrant, Paul Colnaghi, on Ciceri's recommendation, to run a new shop situated in Palais Royal. The next year however, Colnaghi handed over the Paris shop to Pascal Noseda, and moved to London to join Anthony Torre and Anthony Molteno as a third partner there in 1785. They then moved to 132 Pall Mall in 1786. Anthony Torre retired back to Milan in 1788, and after the business operated for a time as Molteno, Colnaghi & Co., Anthony Molteno also left in 1793. Although a "Torre & Dechessa", seems to have operated briefly from 50 Market Lane, according to the London Director (1790-93), the business was continued from then on by Paul Colnaghi and his successors.
# Girls Together

Girls Together (1898) is a novel by Australian writer Louise Mack. The novel is a sequel to Mack's earlier book, Teens: A Story of Australian School Girls (1897). In its original publication it was accompanied by 4 interior illustrations by Australian artist G. W. Lambert.

## Abstract

"Miss Mack treats of that phase in the life of a girl when she leaves or is about to game of life which is being played before her; when she is yet in possession of a dearest, friend to whom are given all her whisperings; when she is wont to declare and cry out against the folly of ever marrying. And Miss Mack paints this phase brightly and well, albeit there are chapters that seem superfluous; that have a hang-dog look of being twisted in to make a larger book, and having nothing to say to justify their existence beyond some humor. But continuing to road and conduct this criticism from the point of view of the average young girl, we will concede that the inconsequent chapters are full of vim, and interest of an anecdotal kind."

## Critical reception

The Sydney Morning Herald praised the book: "There is a brightness and cheeriness about this new addition to Australian literature which is very welcome nowadays, when decadent poets sing woefully about the greyness of Australian life. And these girls—how charmingly human they are. They are Sydney girls, the like of whom, fortunately, are to be found in many a home. Not more romantic some of them than, say, the tram in which they travel to school; but with hearts ready to respond to the notes of love and duty and self-sacrifice. Miss Mack treats with natural sympathy of one of her girls who has entered triumphantly on a successful career in art, but she is no less admirable in her picture of the girl who failed."
A reviewer in Freeman's Journal (Sydney) noted that Louise Mack "infuses a charm of simple child converse into her books which is positively refreshing in an age when the average clever bookmaker of the feminine gender throws all her ability into controversies which are alike unhealthy to the intellect as to the morals of their readers. At the same time that a book like Girls Together affords interesting pabalum to our Australian girls, their mothers, fathers, and brothers should not deem it unprofitable to read them; for there lies therein many a lesson which the high-pressure-living families of the day might well take to heart. There is nothing special to quote from Mrs. Creed's latest book; but we can truthfully sum it up as a distinct success in 'girl' fiction."

## Publication history

After its original publication in 1898 by Angus and Robertson, the novel was published as follows:
* Andrew Melrose, UK, 1903 and 1905
* Pilgrim Press, UK, 1903 and 1930
* Angus and Robertson, Australia, 1910 and 1923
* Cornstalk Publishing, 1925 and 1927
# Giorgio Interiano

Giorgio Interiano (fl. 15th century) was a Genovese traveler, historian and ethnographer. His travelogue La vita: & sito de Zichi, chiamiti ciarcassi: historia notabile was among the first European accounts of the life and customs of the Circassian people.

## Life

Little is known about Interiano's personal life. He served as the governor of Corsica in 1496. He also lived in Naples and traveled throughout Asia before finally settling in Venice, where he became friends with many influential citizens of the city, whose connections would prove beneficial for his career as a travel writer.
The poet Angelo Poliziano (1454-1494) called Interiano, with whom he had worked for a number of years, "magnus naturalium rerum investigator," or "learned seeker into recondite matter."

## Notable work

Interiano was the author of one of the first Europe descriptions of Circassia, a book called La vita: & sito de Zichi, chiamiti ciarcassi: historia notabile. It was published by Aldus Manutius in Venice in 1502, though it probably describes events that occurred in the second half of the 14th century. The book was uncharacteristic of the works usually printed by Manutius, but Interiano's friendship with Jacopo Sannazaro, a famed poet of the time, may have influenced Manutius to accept and publish it anyway.
Interiano's account is considered to be more "learned" than other travelogues of the time, though it is still fits into the Orientalist idiom, the texts of which tend to focus on the exotic and savage character of all natives of Asia. For example, Interiano claimed that it was the custom of Circassian princes to hunt animals "and even people." Circassian priests, he wrote, were "ignorant, illiterate men performing the Greek ritual without any knowledge of the language," and "nobles never entered a church until they were sixty years of age, because, as they lived by rapine, they were deemed to desecrate the sacred edifices."
In spite of the more colorful aspects of the account, Interiano was still a dedicated ethnographer and detailed many important Circassian customs, including their distinct burial ritual of disemboweling men of high rank who had died and seating them outdoors on a tall pile of timber, a custom also described by Herodotus in his account of Scythian funerals.
The book was reprinted several times in Europe and in Russia. In 1830, M.V. Semenov published the text in the first volume of his Library of the foreign writers of Russia.

## Studies

Francesco Crifò / Wolfgang Schweickard, «Vita et Sito de Zychi» di Giorgio Interiano. Trascrizione e commento dell'editio princeps del 1502, Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie 130 (2014), 160-178.
# Girl in 313

Girl in 313 is a 1940 American drama film directed by Ricardo Cortez and written by Barry Trivers and M. Clay Adams. The film stars Florence Rice, Kent Taylor, Lionel Atwill, Kay Aldridge, Mary Treen and Jack Carson. The film was released on May 31, 1940, by 20th Century Fox.

## Plot

Police agent Joan Matthews goes undercover in a gang of jewel thieves and when about to find who the evildoers are, she falls in love with one of the thieves.

## Cast

* Florence Rice as Joan Matthews
* Kent Taylor as Gregg Dunn
* Lionel Atwill as Russell aka Henry Woodruff
* Kay Aldridge as Sarah Sorrell
* Mary Treen as Jenny
* Jack Carson as Police Lt. Pat O'Farrell
* Elyse Knox as Judith Wilson
* Joan Valerie as Francine Edwards
* Dorothy Dearing as Emmy Lou Bentley
* Dorothy Moore as Happy
* Julie Bishop as Lorna Hobart
* Charles C. Wilson as Vincent Brady
* William B. Davidson as George Grayson
* Lenita Lane as Mrs. Whitman
* Lillian Porter as Page Girl
* Alice Armand as Clerk
* Gladys Costello as Assistant Clerk
* Adrian Morris as First Detective
* Lee Phelps as Second Detective
* Charles Williams as Henry
* Evalyn Knapp as Arrested Girl
* Pat O'Malley as Bartender
* James Flavin as Det. Carvin
* Ralph Dunn as Det. Berner
* Eddy Chandler as Cop
* Rex Evans as Corday
* Iris Wong as Chinese Model
* Laura Treadwell as Mrs. Jamison
* Grace Hayle as Mrs. Hudson
* Edward Cooper as Butler
* Billy Wayne as Cab Driver
* Mantan Moreland as Porter
* Iva Stewart as Margie
* Florence Wright as Secretary
# Giovanni Muzzioli

Giovanni Muzzioli (10 February 1854 – 5 August 1894) was an Italian painter primarily known for his work in the fields of painting and book illustration. Muzzioli gained recognition for his depictions of various subjects, including portraits, landscapes, and historical scenes, often reflecting a blend of realism and idealism.

## Biography

Muzzioli was born in Modena, after his family had moved from Castelvetro. At the age of 15 years, he began to attend the local Academy of Fine Arts of Modena, working under Antonio Simonazzi and Asioli. At the age of seventeen (1871), years later, he gained the Poletti scholarship entitling him to four years residence in Rome studying at the Accademia di San Luca, working first under professor Podesti, and later after 1874 under professor Coghetti. In Rome, he painted an Abraham and Sarah at the court of the Pharaoh, a painting which he sent back to Modena.
Soon thereafter, he moved to Florence, where he remained for the rest of his life. After his return to Modena, Muzzioli visited the Paris Exhibition, and came under the influence of Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema, and began painting subjects from classical history of Greece and Rome. He painted Poppea che si fa portare la Testa of Ottavia, which was exhibited in Florence, 1876. At Turin, in 1880, he displayed a canvas of The Magdalen, which he completed for the Della Valle brothers of Modena. His first important pictures were In the Temple of Bacchus and Funeral Rites in Egypt (1881, Milan Exhibition), where the former won a prize of 1,000 lire, and was praised by the critic Cesare Cantù as the most simple and equilibrated of the exhibition. The critic, Jarro, said of the same painting: "We discern (here) the man who knows how to find the word of his own, who says what he has in mind, without violence of words, or turbulence in voice. He captures the epoch, the people, the environment, with a truth, with enviable evidence, (there is here) no phantasmagoria, none of the sophisticated pomp of a scenographer."
At the Esposizione of Venice of 1887, he exhibited September Sun, while in 1888 to Bologna, he sent the Funeral of Britannicus. This latter painting was bought by signor Lionello Cavalieri of Ferrara, and is considered his masterpiece, and was much lauded at the Bologna Exhibition. Another notable work by Muzzioli was Le feste dì Flora.
From 1878 to his death in 1894, Muzzioli lived in Florence, where he painted the altarpiece for the church of Santi Senesio e Teopompo, Castelvetro di Modena. Muzzioli was named professor of the Academies of Modena, Florence, and other cities. Among the painters he influenced was Eugenio Zampighi.
# Giuseppe Fietta

Giuseppe Fietta (6 November 1883 – 1 October 1960) was an Italian prelate of the Catholic Church who worked in the diplomatic service of the Holy See from 1924 to 1958, including a stint as Apostolic Nuncio to Argentina from 1936 to 1953. He was made a cardinal in 1958.

## Biography

Born in Ivrea, Piedmont, Giuseppe Fietta studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome and was ordained to the priesthood on 4 November 1906. He then served as private secretary to the bishop of Alghero, Oristano, and Cagliari until 1923. Fietta was raised to the rank of Domestic Prelate of His Holiness on 9 May 1920 and served as the rector of the Seminary of Alghero and a canon of its cathedral chapter from 1923 to 1924. Joining the diplomatic service of the Holy See, he worked as secretary of the Nunciature to Costa Rica and in 1925 became chargé d'affaires there.
On 30 March 1926 Pope Pius XI appointed Fietta Titular Archbishop of Serdica and, on 8 July, Apostolic Internuncio to Central America.
He received his episcopal consecration on 10 October that year from Cardinal Giovanni Bonzano in Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio in Rome.
Fietta was named Nuncio to Haiti and to the Dominican Republic on 18 October 1930. He was replaced in those nunciatures by Maurilio Silvani on 24 July 1936. His term in the Dominican Republic coincided with the first presidency–and the first stages of the dictatorship–of Rafael Trujillo, to whom Fietta was politically sympathetic.
Pope Pius XI appointed him Nuncio to Argentina on 12 August 1936 and Apostolic Nuncio to Paraguay on 11 December 1936, though the latter appointment only lasted until he was replaced in Paraguay by Albert Levame on 12 November 1939, while his Argentina posting lasted until 1953.
Pope Pius XII named him Nuncio to Italy on 26 January 1953, a post he held until he became a cardinal in 1958. He attempted to have diplomatic relations established between the Vatican and the Soviet Union.
Pope John XXIII created him Cardinal-Priest of San Paolo alla Regola in the consistory of 15 December 1958. Following the ancient custom revived by Pope Pius, Fietta received his cardinal's red biretta from Giovanni Gronchi, President of Italy, on 17 December.
In retirement he enjoyed strolling the streets of his native Ivrea and playing bocce with his friends.
Fietta died in Ivrea, at age 76, and is buried at its cathedral.
# Glaucium calycinum

Glaucium calycinum is a species of flowering plant in the horned poppy genus which is endemic to Iran.

## Description

Glaucium calycinum is a biennial flowering plant ranging from 18–40 centimetres (7.1–15.7 in) in height with a life cycle of roughly two years. It has branches, usually hairless, on its stems, though the lower parts of the stem may have a few sparse hairs. Its buds are 1.5–4 centimetres (0.59–1.57 in) long with sepals that might have hairs; these flower into petals 2–4.5 centimetres (0.79–1.77 in) long, the ends of which are yellow, transitioning to orange at the center. There are many stamens whose anthers are 2–3.5 millimetres (0.079–0.138 in) long, with filaments that are wider in the middle but narrow towards the end and the base. The seed pods are of the silique type and may or may not have hairs; if they do then these are scale-shaped while the plant is immature. Once the plant has matured these seed pods can grow up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) long. When the plant is fruiting, its pedicels grow up to 10.5 centimetres (4.1 in) long and stand upright or slightly bent.

### Similar species

Glaucium yazdianum has similar petal color and leaf shape to G. calycinum. However, their cellular structures, shape of trichomes on the siliquae, and bud length differ in several ways.

## Taxonomy

The species has two accepted subspecies:
* G. calycinum subsp. calycinum
* G. calycinum subsp. aserbaidshanicum Mory

## Distribution and habitat

Glaucium calycinum is only found in Iran, making it endemic to the country. Specifically, plants of the species have been recorded from the central, northern, and northwestern parts of Iran. The plant grows along roads and on hillsides, and the ground on which it is found is clay-rich or bare. The species is found at elevations of 280–2,000 metres (310–2,190 yd).
# Glaciers of New Zealand

New Zealand contains many glaciers, mostly located near the Main Divide of the Southern Alps in the South Island. They are classed as mid-latitude mountain glaciers. There are eight small glaciers in the North Island on Mount Ruapehu.
An inventory of South Island glaciers compiled in the 1980s indicated there were about 3,155 glaciers with an area of at least one hectare (2.5 acres). Approximately one sixth of these glaciers covered more than 10 hectares. These include:
* Fox Glacier
* Franz Josef Glacier
* Hooker Glacier
* Mueller Glacier
* Murchison Glacier
* Tasman Glacier
* Volta Glacier
New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica, the Ross Dependency, also contains many glaciers.

## Retreat of glaciers

New Zealand glaciers have been retreating since 1890, with an acceleration of this retreat since 1920. Most of the glaciers have thinned measurably and have reduced in size, and the snow accumulation zones have risen in elevation during the 20th century. In the period 1971–75, Ivory Glacier receded 30 m (98 ft) from the glacial terminus, and about 26% of the surface area of the glacier was lost over the same period.
Since 1980 numerous small glacial lakes were created behind the new terminal moraines of several of these glaciers. Glaciers such as Classen, Godley and Douglas now all have new glacial lakes below their terminal locations due to the glacial retreat over the past 20 years. Satellite imagery indicates that these lakes are continuing to expand. There has been significant and ongoing losses of ice volumes on the largest glaciers: the Tasman, Ivory, Classen, Mueller, Maud, Hooker, Grey, Godley, Ramsay, Murchison, Therma, Volta and Douglas Glaciers. The retreat of these glaciers has been marked by expanding proglacial lakes and terminus region thinning. The loss in volume from 1975–2005 is 11 percent of the total.
Several glaciers, notably the much-visited Fox and Franz Josef Glaciers on the West Coast, have periodically advanced, especially during the 1990s, but the scale of these advances is small when compared to 20th-century retreat. Both glaciers are currently more than 2.5 km (1.6 mi) shorter than a century ago. These large, rapidly flowing glaciers situated on steep slopes have been very reactive to small mass-balance changes. A few years of conditions favorable to glacier advance, such as more westerly winds and a resulting increase in snowfall, are rapidly echoed in a corresponding advance, followed by equally rapid retreat when those favorable conditions end. Hence glacier advance in a few locations is regarded as due to transient local weather conditions which brought more precipitation and cloudier, cooler summers since 2002.