OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# William John Arabin

General William John Arabin (1750–1827) was an 18th/19th century British Army commander of Irish/French descent who was a flamboyant figure during the Napoleonic Wars. In the terminology of the day, he was a "macaroni".

## Life

He was born in Dublin on 27 December 1750, the son of Colonel John Arabin (1703–1757) famed for raising the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot at the onset of the Seven Years' War, and his French wife Jeanne Marie Bertin.
In 1789 he was a colonel in the British Army. He was promoted to major general in 1798.
In 1812 he was living in West Drayton and was involved in a court case at the Old Bailey when he prosecuted a local man, William Little, for stealing a fowl worth 18 old pence (£0.08). Little was found Not Guilty.
In 1819 he purchased the Lind estate which sat on the shoreline near Ryde on the Isle of Wight.
On 4 June 1814 he was promoted to full general.
He died on 13 September 1827 in West Drayton and was buried at West Drayton Parish Church. His tomb was sculpted by Thomas Denman. His will was settled in February 1829 and is held at the National Archive at Kew.

## Artistic recognition

General Arabin was portrayed in foppish stance by James Gillray in 1802 at the height of the Napoleonic Wars.

## Family

He married twice:
Firstly to Henrietta Molyneux, daughter of Sir Capel Molyneux, 3rd Baronet, secondly to Catherine Louisa Le Marchant. Rarely for the times, he divorced his wife Henrietta for adultery with Thomas Sutton of Moulsey in 1786. His second wife Catherine (1771-1834) was from Guernsey and was twenty years his junior.
He had at least six children:
* Gustavis Arabin
* William St Julien Arabin
* Mary Elizabeth Arabin
* Alfred Arabin
* Laura Mary Caroline Arabin
* Admiral Septimus Arabinus Arabin (1798–1856)
He had at least one illegitimate son: Thomas born in 1820, the son of Jane Kemp, a servant at his mansion at Ryde.
# Author! Author! (short story)

"Author! Author!" is a fantasy short story by American writer and scientist Isaac Asimov.

## Background

By January 1943 Isaac Asimov was working at the Philadelphia Navy Yard and had not written any fiction for almost a year. Still hoping to be published in Unknown after five rejections, he began writing "Author! Author!" and in April finished it and sold it to editor John W. Campbell for $150. The magazine closed because of a wartime paper shortage before the story was published, but it was included 21 years later in an anthology of stories from the magazine, The Unknown Five, and the 1972 collection The Early Asimov.

## Plot

Graham Dorn, a successful mystery writer, finds to his dismay that his most famous literary creation, a suave detective named Reginald de Meister, has become real. He usurps Dorn's life and even attempts to steal his fiancee. Graham counters by rewriting his current manuscript so that De Meister is married to the flashing-eyed, svelte, jealous Sancha Rodriguez, who promptly appears and accuses De Meister of two-timing her. The two characters disappear back into the world of fiction and Graham's life becomes his own again.
# Austin Township, Michigan

Austin Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Michigan:
* Austin Township, Mecosta County, Michigan
* Austin Township, Sanilac County, Michigan
# Vernon Dobson

Reverend Vernon Nathaniel Dobson (October 29, 1923 – January 26, 2013) was a Baptist minister and civil rights activist in Baltimore, Maryland.

## Early years

Vernon Dobson, the son of Rev. Spencer Dobson and Mrs. Estelle Cook Dobson, was born and raised in Baltimore, Maryland. He attended Booker T. Washington Middle School and graduated from Frederick Douglass Senior High School in 1941. He attended Howard University and earned a Bachelor of Divinity degree. He also studied at Harvard University. He had four brothers—Rev. Harold Dobson, Spencer G. Dobson, Jr., Irvin Dobson, and David C. Dobson—and one sister, Anne Dobson. Rev. Vernon Dobson was married to his wife, Napoleon B. Dobson, for over 60 years. They have six children together.

## Ministry

In 1958 Dobson was named assistant pastor of Union Baptist Church in Baltimore. He became the pastor of Union Baptist Church in 1963, and served in that role for 39 years. His predecessor, Rev. Harvey Johnson, was present at the founding of the Niagara Movement and of the NAACP. Dobson was twice elected the president of the Interdenominational Ministerial Alliance in Baltimore.

## Civil Rights activism

In 1963 Dobson was one of the many community activists who attempted to integrate Gwynn Oak Amusement Park. In 1998, The Baltimore Sun published for the first time the names of all the people arrested during the protests, and Dobson's name was found on the list. Their demonstration against the park was organized by the Congress of Racial Equality. Dobson was a member of the self-titled "Goon Squad," a group of Baltimore-based ministers and lawyers who advocated for civil rights. In 1967 they sought the reinstatement of Joseph C. Howard Sr., a prosecutor who had exposed Baltimore's unequal treatment of rape victims based on their race.
In 1968 Dobson founded the Union Baptist Church Head Start Program. He was one of the founders of Baltimoreans United in Leadership Development (BUILD) in 1977.
Reverend Dobson worked with many of the legendary civil rights activists of Baltimore, including Walter P. Carter, Parren J. Mitchell, Rev. Marion Bascom of Douglass Memorial Community Church, Sampson "Sam" Green, Rev. Wendell H. Phillips of Heritage United Church of Christ, Chester Wickwire, and Samuel T. Daniels, Sr. of the Prince Hall Masons.
Dobson's brother, Rev. Harold Dobson, was the first president of Baltimore's branch of Opportunities Industrialization Center, (OIC). OIC was founded in Philadelphia by Rev. Leon Sullivan.
Dobson was the co-host of Look At It This Way, a community affairs television show on WBAL-TV in Baltimore. Co-hosts included Samuel Thornton Daniels, Sr. and Homer Favor.
# Ridgedale, Monongalia County, West Virginia

Ridgedale is an unincorporated community in Monongalia County, West Virginia, United States.
# Protein-ribulosamine 3-kinase

Protein-ribulosamine 3-kinase (EC 2.7.1.172, FN3KRP, FN3K-related protein, FN3K-RP, ketosamine 3-kinase 2, fructosamine-3-kinase-related protein, ribulosamine/erythrulosamine 3-kinase, ribulosamine 3-kinase) is an enzyme with systematic name ATP:(protein)-N6-D-ribulosyl-L-lysine 3-phosphotransferase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    ATP + [protein]-N$^6$-D-ribulosyl-L-lysine $\rightleftharpoons$ ADP + [protein]-N$^6$-(3-O-phospho-D-ribulosyl)-L-lysine
This enzyme takes part in freeing proteins from ribulosamines or psicosamines.
# Knotty pebblesnail

The knotty pebblesnail, scientific name Somatogyrus constrictus, of minute freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs in the family Lithoglyphidae. This species is endemic to Alabama in the United States. Its natural habitat is the Coosa River. Although the IUCN officially categorises the species as Data Deficient, it also considers it as Possibly extinct, as it has not been recorded since the river was impounded. This latter classification is also supported by The Nature Conservancy. The taxonomic validity of this species has been questioned; it may represent morphological aberrations of other, valid species. If it is a valid species, it would be assessed as threatened.
# Oligodon wagneri

Oligodon wagneri, Wagner's kukri snake, is a species of snake of the family Colubridae.
The snake is found in Indonesia.
# Authon-la-Plaine

Authon-la-Plaine (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Essonne department in Île-de-France in northern France.
Inhabitants are known as Authonais in French.
# Jacob Bailey

Jacob Bailey is the name of:
* Jacob Bailey (author) (1731–1808), Church of England clergyman and author
* Jacob Whitman Bailey (1811–1857), American naturalist
* Jacob Bailey Moore (1797–1853), American journalist and historical writer
* Jake Bailey (make-up artist) (1978–2015), American make-up artist and photographer
# Verbist

Verbist is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bram Verbist (born 1983), Belgian footballer
* Christopher Verbist (born 1991), Belgian footballer
* Evert Verbist (born 1984), Belgian cyclist
* Kirsten Verbist (born 1987), Belgian figure skater
* Theophiel Verbist (1823–1868), Belgian Roman Catholic priest
# Krishnankutty

Krishnankutty is a 1981 Malayalam film that marks the directorial debut of T. V. Chandran. The film started production during the emergency period. A critical and commercial failure, this experimental film did not even have a wide public release. The film represents a continuation of P. A. Backer's style of independent film. The music for the film is composed by director Pavithran.
# Passalus punctiger

Passalus punctiger is a beetle of the family Passalidae.

## Description

Passalus punctiger can reach a length of about 34 millimetres (1.3 in). Body is flattened and completely black, with yellowish hairs on elytral shoulders and anterior sides. Elytra show deep grooves and a strong punctation. Antennae have long lamellae.

## Distribution and habitat

This species occurs in Arizona, Mexico and in Central and Southern America up to Paraguay and Argentina. It also is present on the Galapagos Islands. It can be found in humid forest areas at an elevation of 0–1,500 metres (0–4,921 ft) above sea level.

## Life cycle

These beetles live under and inside rotten logs. Females lay eggs are in tunnels into the wood. This species has one brood or generation per year (univoltine).

## Gallery

* Passalus punctiger
* Adult variation
# Protein-secreting ATPase

In enzymology, a protein-secreting ATPase (EC 3.6.3.50) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    ATP + H$_2$O $\rightleftharpoons$ ADP + phosphate
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and H$_2$O, whereas its two products are ADP and phosphate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolases, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides to catalyse transmembrane movement of substances. The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP phosphohydrolase (protein-secreting).
# Rhagoletis willinki

Rhagoletis willinki is a species of tephritid or fruit fly in the genus Rhagoletis of the family Tephritidae.
# Urok Kim clan

The Urok Kim clan (Korean: 우록 김씨; Hanja: 友鹿 金氏), officially the Gimhae Kim clan (Korean: 김해 김씨; Hanja: 金海 金氏), is a Korean clan descended from Kim Chung-seon, a general in the Japanese forces that invaded Korea in 1592.
He defected to the Korean side and fought against the Japanese invaders. He became a Korean citizen and was given the name Kim Chung-seon, official rank, the land of Gachang located in the suburbs of Daegu, and the ancestral seat (bon-gwan) of Gimhae. Kim Chung-seon married the daughter of the lord of Jinju in South Gyeongsang Province.
While officially known the Gimhae Kim clan, the clan is commonly known as the Urok Kim clan or the Saseong Gimhae Kim clan (Korean: 사성 김해 김씨; Hanja: 賜姓 金海 金氏) to distinguish it from the other Gimhae Kim clan descended from King Suro. The term saseong means that it was a surname given by the king. The clan has 7000 members.
# Olaf Broch

Olaf Broch (4 August 1867, Horten – 28 January 1961, Oslo) was a Norwegian linguist. He was born in Horten, and was a brother of children's writer Lagertha Broch, zoologist Hjalmar Broch, and social worker Nanna Broch. He was a professor of Slavic languages at the University of Oslo from 1900 to 1937. Among his works are Slawische Phonetik from 1911, Håndbok i elementær fonetikk from 1921, and Proletariatets diktatur from 1923. He translated works by Leo Tolstoy and Fyodor Dostoyevsky into Norwegian. He was decorated Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 1946.
Broch was a pioneer in the field of Slavic studies in Norway and one of the first scholars to use modern methods to describe the phonetics of Slavic languages.
# William McWhirter

William McWhirter (c. 1851–1933) was a Scottish electrical engineer, grandfather of Norris McWhirter, who invented the combined voltmeter and ammeter, from which such (analogue) subsequent meters were developed.

## Early life

He was born in Ayr. He went to school at Ayr Academy.

## Career

He was apprenticed to his uncle who was a baker. He joined the telegraphic department of the Glasgow and South Western Railway, becoming a divisional inspector.
In 1882 he worked for Messrs Norman & Sons, setting up the first electrical lighting at Glasgow Central station. There were no power stations in Glasgow at the time, and under the arches of the railway viaduct on Argyle Street, a makeshift generator was built from a Robey boiler and engine, with dynamos with copper wire brushes. A nearby shop was also lit with electricity, by an arc lamp, and this new contraption drew large crowds.
In 1884 he formed McWhirter & Co, which opened a works in Govan. This site made big improvements to the efficiency and commutation of the dynamo. In 1897 he formed William McWhirter and Sons Ltd. He went to India in 1899 to improve the country's railway signalling.

### Inventions

In 1883 he patented a combined voltmeter and ammeter, a prototype multimeter. It was later manufactured by the General Electric Company.

### Institutions

In 1880 he joined the Institution of Electrical Engineers (now the Institution of Engineering and Technology). He was one of the founders of the Scottish Electrical Contractors' Association (now known as SELECT).

### Research

In research he cooperated with Prof Silvanus P. Thompson, Prof William Edward Ayrton, Prof John Perry, Prof Andrew Jamieson, and the American Frank J. Sprague. He also worked with Hugo Hirst, 1st Baron Hirst.

## Personal life

He married Marian, from Ayr.
One of his sons would be William Allan McWhirter, born in 1889, who became the editor of the Sunday Pictorial (later to become the Sunday Mirror), and managing director from 1944-50 of Associated Newspapers. His grandsons were Norris McWhirter CBE and Ross McWhirter.
# Author! Author! (album)

Author! Author! is the only studio album by the Scottish post-punk band Scars. It was released in 1981.

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Scars; except where indicated

### Side B
## 2007 reissue

In 2007 the album was reissued on CD. Besides the original ten songs, it also contained the bonus songs most of which had been released on singles and an EP in 1980 and 1981.

### Track listing
## Personnel
### Scars

* Robert King - vocals
* Paul Research - electric guitar, piano, backing vocals
* John Mackie - bass guitar, backing vocals
* Stephen McLaughlin - drums, percussion
with:
* Bobby Charm, Julz Sale, Laurence Diana, Robert Blamire - backing vocals
# Jackknife

Jackknife may refer to:
* Pocketknife or jackknife, a compact, foldable knife
* Jackknife Bar, Portland, Oregon, U.S.
* Jackknifing, a type of crash with articulated vehicle combinations

## Film and television

* Jacknife, a 1989 American film by David Jones
* "Jack Knife", an episode of NCIS
* Jackknife, a character on Superjail!

## Athletics and sports

* Jackknife (exercise), an abdominal exercise
* Jackknife, a kicking move involving 540-degree rotation
* Jackknife, a type of high dive
* Jackknife hold, a pinning move in professional wrestling

## Other uses

* Jackknife (statistics), a resampling technique in statistics
* Jackknife clam, common name for several species of bivalve mollusc
# Verdigris, Oklahoma

Verdigris is an incorporated town in Rogers County, Oklahoma, United States, in the Tulsa metropolitan area. It straddles former U.S. Highway 66 (now State Highway 66) between Catoosa and Claremore. Verdigris had a population of 3,993 at the 2010 census, an increase of 92.9 percent from 2,070 at the 2000 census.

## History

Verdigris is named after the nearby Verdigris River, so named by French traders who settled in the area around the late 1700s. Several Native American tribes, including the Osage, Delaware and Cherokee, had populations along the Verdigris River. The rural community known as Verdigris has been in existence since before Oklahoma statehood in 1907. The St. Louis-San Francisco Railway (Frisco) referred to the area as the "Verdigris Switch" in the late 1880s. Verdigris schools were founded in the early 1900s. America's Mother road, U.S. 66, was routed through Verdigris in the late 1920s.
Verdigris is the fastest growing municipality in Rogers County. The growth rate between 2000 and 2010 was 119%. The population at the 2010 census was 3,993.

## Climate

The average annual temperature is 60 degrees. On average, 66 days annually are above 90 degrees, and 25 days annually have a temperature of 20 degrees or lower. The average rainfall is 43.45 inches. The growing season is 208 days.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2010, there were 3,993 people living in the Town of Verdigris. There were 1,598 housing units. The racial makeup of Verdigris was 77.41% White, 13.30% Native American, 0.55% Asian, 0.43% Black, 6.74% from 2 or more races, and 1.57% other.

## Economy

Verdigris is primarily a small agricultural community. It is also the home of the CF Industries’ Verdigris Nitrogen Facility, which manufactures anhydrous ammonia, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) solutions, nitric acid, high purity argon and food grade liquid carbon dioxide. The facility is located on 800 acres (320 ha) and employs approximately 200 people. The UAN production facility has an annual capacity of 2.0 million tons and is the second largest such in North America.

## Notable people

* Peyton Battenfield - Baseball player for the Cleveland Guardians
* Rotnei Clarke - Basketball player
* Steve Gage- Football player for the University of Tulsa then NFL for Washington Redskins
* Zach Loyd - Defender/Midfielder for FC Dallas
# Richard Portman

Richard Portman (April 2, 1934 – January 28, 2017) was an American sound engineer. He won an Academy Award for Best Sound and was nominated for ten more in the same category. He worked on more than 160 films between 1963 and 2004. Portman later taught at Florida State University; he died of complications after a fall.

## Selected filmography

Portman won an Academy Award and was nominated for ten more:

### Won

* The Deer Hunter (1978)

### Nominated

* Kotch (1971)
* The Godfather (1972)
* The Candidate (1972)
* Paper Moon (1973)
* The Day of the Dolphin (1973)
* Young Frankenstein (1974)
* Funny Lady (1975)
* Coal Miner's Daughter (1980)
* On Golden Pond (1981)
* The River (1984)
# Patate

Patate is a town in Ecuador in the Tungurahua Province in northwestern South America between San Juan de Ambato and Baños. It is located close to the foothills of the still active Tungurahua volcano.
Patate was declared a Pueblo Mágico (magical town) by Ecuador's Ministry of Tourism (MINTUR) in 2019. It was the first town in the country to be awarded this distinction.

## Climate

Climate data for Patate, elevation 2,360 m (7,740 ft), (1971–2000) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 22.8 (73.0) | 22.7 (72.9) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.6 (72.7) | 22.4 (72.3) | 20.7 (69.3) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.6 (69.1) | 22.0 (71.6) | 22.9 (73.2) | 23.9 (75.0) | 23.4 (74.1) | 22.2 (72.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) | 11.6 (52.9) | 11.8 (53.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 11.7 (53.1) | 11.0 (51.8) | 10.5 (50.9) | 10.3 (50.5) | 10.6 (51.1) | 11.2 (52.2) | 11.1 (52.0) | 11.3 (52.3) | 11.2 (52.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 22.0 (0.87) | 34.0 (1.34) | 53.0 (2.09) | 50.0 (1.97) | 52.0 (2.05) | 77.0 (3.03) | 58.0 (2.28) | 57.0 (2.24) | 49.0 (1.93) | 47.0 (1.85) | 44.0 (1.73) | 27.0 (1.06) | 570 (22.44) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 81 | 81 | 81 | 81 | 82 | 84 | 84 | 83 | 83 | 81 | 80 | 80 | 82 |
| Source: FAO ||||||||||||||
# Jung's theorem

In geometry, Jung's theorem is an inequality between the diameter of a set of points in any Euclidean space and the radius of the minimum enclosing ball of that set. It is named after Heinrich Jung, who first studied this inequality in 1901. Algorithms also exist to solve the smallest-circle problem explicitly.

## Statement

Consider a compact set
    $K\subset \mathbb {R} ^{n}$
and let
    $d=\max _{p,q\,\in \,K}\|p-q\|_{2}$
be the diameter of K, that is, the largest Euclidean distance between any two of its points. Jung's theorem states that there exists a closed ball with radius
    $r\leq d{\sqrt {\frac {n}{2(n+1)}}}$
that contains K. The boundary case of equality is attained by the regular n-simplex.

## Jung's theorem in the plane

The most common case of Jung's theorem is in the plane, that is, when n = 2. In this case the theorem states that there exists a circle enclosing all points whose radius satisfies
    $r\leq {\frac {d}{\sqrt {3}}},$
and this bound is as tight as possible since when K is an equilateral triangle (or its three vertices) one has $r={\frac {d}{\sqrt {3}}}.$

## General metric spaces

For any bounded set $S$ in any metric space, $d/2\leq r\leq d$. The first inequality is implied by the triangle inequality for the center of the ball and the two diametral points, and the second inequality follows since a ball of radius $d$ centered at any point of $S$ will contain all of $S$. Both these inequalities are tight:
* In a uniform metric space, that is, a space in which all distances are equal, $r=d$.
* At the other end of the spectrum, in an injective metric space such as the Manhattan distance in the plane, $r=d/2$: any two closed balls of radius $d/2$ centered at points of $S$ have a non-empty intersection, therefore all such balls have a common intersection, and a radius $d/2$ ball centered at a point of this intersection contains all of $S$.
Versions of Jung's theorem for various non-Euclidean geometries are also known (see e.g. Dekster 1995, 1997).
# Rhagoletis striatella

Rhagoletis striatella is a species of tephritid or fruit fly in the genus Rhagoletis of the family Tephritidae.
# Uru Shimbwe

Uru Shimbwe is a town and ward in the Moshi Rural district of the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 6,550 people in the ward, from 6,107 in 2012.
# Oldroyd

Oldroyd is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Brad Oldroyd (born 1973), Australian cricketer
* Darren Oldroyd (born 1966), English former footballer
* David R. Oldroyd (1936–2014), English-Australian historian of science
* Edgar Oldroyd (1888–1964), English cricketer
* Eleanor Oldroyd (born 1962), English sports broadcaster
* George Oldroyd (1887–1956), English organist and composer of Anglican church music
* Giles Oldroyd, professor at the University of Cambridge working on beneficial Legume symbioses
* Harold Oldroyd (1913–1978), British entomologist
* Ida Shepard Oldroyd (1856–1940), American conchologist
* James G. Oldroyd (1921–1982), British mathematician and rheologist
* Jean Oldroyd (born 1942), British former swimmer
* Liddy Oldroyd (1955–2002), English television director
* Mark Oldroyd (1843–1927), British woollen manufacturer and Liberal Party politician
* Rachel Oldroyd, the managing editor at the Bureau of Investigative Journalism