OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside

Isopropyl β-d-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a molecular biology reagent. This compound is a molecular mimic of allolactose, a lactose metabolite that triggers transcription of the lac operon, and it is therefore used to induce protein expression where the gene is under the control of the lac operator.

## Mechanism of action

Like allolactose, IPTG binds to the lac repressor and releases the tetrameric repressor from the lac operator in an allosteric manner, thereby allowing the transcription of genes in the lac operon, such as the gene coding for beta-galactosidase, a hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides. But unlike allolactose, the sulfur (S) atom creates a chemical bond which is non-hydrolyzable by the cell, preventing the cell from metabolizing or degrading the inducer. Therefore, its concentration remains constant during an experiment.
IPTG uptake by E. coli can be independent of the action of lactose permease, since other transport pathways are also involved. At low concentration, IPTG enters cells through lactose permease, but at high concentrations (typically used for protein induction), IPTG can enter the cells independently of lactose permease.

## Use in laboratory

When stored as a powder at 4 °C or below, IPTG is stable for 5 years. It is significantly less stable in solution; Sigma recommends storage for no more than a month at room temperature. IPTG is an effective inducer of protein expression in the concentration range of 100 μmol/L to 3.0 mmol/L. Typically, a sterile, filtered 1 mol/L solution of IPTG is added 1:1000 to an exponentially growing bacterial culture, to give a final concentration of 1 mmol/L. The concentration used depends on the strength of induction required, as well as the genotype of cells or plasmid used. If lacI$^q$, a mutant that over-produces the lac repressor, is present, then a higher concentration of IPTG may be necessary.
In blue-white screen, IPTG is used together with X-gal. Blue-white screen allows colonies that have been transformed with the recombinant plasmid rather than a non-recombinant one to be identified in cloning experiments.
# Memorial Park (Athens, Georgia)

Memorial Park is a 72-acre park located in Athens, Georgia. The park is home to the Bear Hollow Zoo and the Birchmore Trail. The park also features the Athens Creative Theater, a playground, dog park, outdoor basketball courts, swimming pool, picnic areas, and a fishing pond.

## Bear Hollow Zoo

The Bear Hollow Zoo located in Memorial Park is a zoo with animals that are non-releasable to the wild. The zoo's most famous residents are the American black bears DJ, Athena, and Yonah. Bear Hollow also includes white-tailed deer, an American alligator, North American river otters, great horned owls, and a reptile house.

## Birchmore Trail

The Birchmore Trail is a 1.25 mile trail named for Fred Birchmore because of the 18 foot tall wall Fred built whilst he was in his 70's. The wall is dubbed "The Great Wall of Happy Hollow".

## Athens Creative Theater

The Athens Creative Theater is a performing arts center that opened in 1966. It is non-profit and a division of the Athens-Clarke County Leisure Services.

## Other features

The park also includes a fishing pond, playground, dog park, and more. The pond also includes ducks, geese, and many different types of turtles.
# Sahiwal Medical College

Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal (Urdu:ساہیوال میڈیکل کالج ساہیوال ), SLMC, established in 2010, is a public school of medicine located in Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan.

## Recognized college

This college is recognized by the Pakistan Medical and Dental Council. District Headquarter Teaching Hospital, Sahiwal (DHQ Hospital) is the attached teaching hospital.

## Inauguration

Sahiwal is a district and division of Punjab. Feeling the need of a medical college in the area, on 27 November 2010, Chief Minister of Punjab laid the foundation stone of Sahiwal Medical College. The government allotted 70 acres near Central Jail Sahiwal for the college, where the campus was completed in 2014 and the college shifted to its new building.

## Academic programs

* Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) – a five-year undergraduate programme
# LAK-15

The LAK-15, sometimes known as the LAK-15 Lietuve, was a high performance sailplane designed to set records. A one-off, it was built in the late 1980s in Lithuania, then a member of the USSR.

## Design and development

The LAK-15 was designed as a record breaking sailplane and so had a very large (25.6 m (84 ft 0 in)) span wing with an aspect ratio of 38.4. This was trapezoidal in plan, with 3° of dihedral. It was set at mid-fuselage, built around a single, carbon fibre spar and skinned with three-ply glass fibre/carbon fibre. There were high aspect ratio ailerons over at least half the span, with two flaps inboard. Each wing also had a spoiler and a tank for about 152 L (5.4 cu ft) of water ballast.
The oval section fuselage, built of composites, was deepest ahead of the wing with the pilot in semi-reclining position under a long single-piece canopy. Behind the wing the fuselage was very slender and ended with an integral, trapezoidal profile fin. The LAK-15 had a T-tail, with a trapezoidal-plan tailplane carrying rectangular elevators. The fin also carried a broad, rectangular profile rudder.
The LAK-15 landed on a retractable monowheel, equipped with a shock absorber and brake, and a fixed tailwheel.

## Operational history

The first flight was in 1989 and tests followed, but little more is known. No records were set and there is some evidence to suggest the performance was disappointing. Only one LAK-15 was built.

## Specifications

Data from j2mclPlaneurs except where noted
General characteristics
* Crew: one
* Length: 7.98 m (26 ft 2 in)
* Wingspan: 25.60 m (84 ft 0 in)
* Height: 2.19 m (7 ft 2 in)
* Wing area: 17.04 m$^2$ (183.4 sq ft)
* Aspect ratio: 38.4
* Airfoil: E 662
* Empty weight: 375 kg (827 lb)
* Max takeoff weight: 750 kg (1,653 lb) with 305 L (10.8 cu ft) of water ballast
Performance
* Maximum glide ratio: 59 at 200 km/h (120 mph; 110 kn)
* Rate of sink: 0.4 m/s (79 ft/min) minimum
# Herman Bultos

Herman Bultos (19 August 1752 in Brussels – 30 June 1801 in Hamburg-Billwerder) was an 18th-century wine merchant and theatre director from the Austrian Netherlands.

## Life

The younger brother of the actor Alexandre Bultos, Herman became co-head of Brussels' Théâtre de la Monnaie in 1783, with Alexandre for 4 years, then alone from 1787 to 1791, then with Jean-Pierre-Paul Adam from 1791 to 1793 and again in 1794.
Leaving Brussels during the troubles of the 1787-90 Brabant Revolution, Bultos arrived in Hamburg with several actors from the Théâtre de la Monnaie. There they founded a francophone theatre which lasted until 1798. Bultos was then taken on at the court of prince Henry of Prussia at Rheinsberg, but only acted there for 2 years.
# PDVAL affair

The PDVAL affair, also known as the Pudreval affair, refers to the finding of tons of rotten food supplies in mid-2010 imported during Hugo Chávez's government through subsidies of state-owned enterprise PDVAL. Due to the scandal, PDVAL started being administrated by the Vicepresidency of Venezuela and afterwards by the Alimentation Ministry. Three former managers were detained, but were released afterwards and two of them had their positions restored. In July 2010, official estimates stated that 130,000 tons of food supplies were affected, while the political opposition informed of 170,000 tons. As of 2012, any advances in the investigations by the National Assembly were unknown.
The most accepted explanation of the loss of food supplies is the organization of PDVAL, because the food network allegedly imported supplies faster than what it could distribute them. The opposition considers the affair as a corrupt case and spokespeople have assured that the public officials deliberately imported more food that could be distributed to embezzle funds through the import of subsidized supplies.
# Menderes Türel

Menderes Mehmet Tevfik Türel (born 11 July 1964, in Antalya, Turkey) is a Turkish politician of the Justice and Development Party (AKP). He was the mayor of Antalya from 29 March 2004 until March 2009, and once again from 30 March 2014 to 8 April 2019.
When Menderes Turel was first elected, in the 2004 local elections, he was among the youngest metropolitan mayors of Turkey.
Born into a family from Antalya, he served for many years as a member of Antalya Chamber of Trade and Industry (ATSO). Much of his working life has been spent at the printing house of the Yeni Ileri newspaper owned by his family.
Türel emphasized during his election campaign that Antalya should become a world brand like major world cities. He regarded infrastructure as the most important problem of the city. The performance that Türel made after taking office was well received by the citizens of Antalya according to the results of public opinion polls.
His successor Mustafa Akaydın criticized Türel's performance as mayor, saying, "The Antalya Municipality has debt to the tune of 400 million Turkish liras. The underpass-based infrastructure investments and tram project are full of technical mistakes."
Menderes Turel has been criticized by environmentalists due to the constructions of big hotels and resorts in the natural areas of Antalya during his time. Among others, one of the big hotels was constructed by Cengiz Holding, i.e. the company linked to the 2013 corruption scandal in Turkey. This hotel was sold to the Rixos Hotel Group in 2009, where Turel was working as a chief consultant in 2009.
# Piecewise-deterministic Markov process

In probability theory, a piecewise-deterministic Markov process (PDMP) is a process whose behaviour is governed by random jumps at points in time, but whose evolution is deterministically governed by an ordinary differential equation between those times. The class of models is "wide enough to include as special cases virtually all the non-diffusion models of applied probability." The process is defined by three quantities: the flow, the jump rate, and the transition measure.
The model was first introduced in a paper by Mark H. A. Davis in 1984.

## Examples

Piecewise linear models such as Markov chains, continuous-time Markov chains, the M/G/1 queue, the GI/G/1 queue and the fluid queue can be encapsulated as PDMPs with simple differential equations.

## Applications

PDMPs have been shown useful in ruin theory, queueing theory, for modelling biochemical processes such as DNA replication in eukaryotes and subtilin production by the organism B. subtilis, and for modelling earthquakes. Moreover, this class of processes has been shown to be appropriate for biophysical neuron models with stochastic ion channels.

## Properties

Löpker and Palmowski have shown conditions under which a time reversed PDMP is a PDMP. General conditions are known for PDMPs to be stable.
Galtier et al. studied the law of the trajectories of PDMP and provided a reference measure in order to express a density of a trajectory of the PDMP. Their work opens the way to any application using densities of trajectory. (For instance, they used the density of a trajectories to perform importance sampling, this work was further developed by Chennetier and Al. to estimate the reliability of industrial systems.)
# Saidkheri

Said Kheri is a village situated in Rajpura Tehsil of Patiala District, India. This village was established by a Muslim saint Said Raju, who was also known as Zinda Pir. The real name of Said Raju was Shah Raju and he was born in Bhor village. He migrated to the place later called as Said Kheri on the insistence of the then Raja of the area. After the death of Said Raju, a mazar was built that attracted people of different religions. As many as 10 generations of Said Raju, who was called Dada Raju in the village, passed their lives in Said Kheri till 1947 partition of the sub-continent.
# Phycodopteryx

Phycodopteryx is a genus of moths in the family Brachodidae. It contains the single species Phycodopteryx tigripes, which is found in Vietnam and India (Assam). The habitat consists of submontane tropical forests.
The wingspan is 25–30 mm for females and 23–25 mm for males. Adults have been recorded on wing from early May to early June, probably in one generation per year.
# Güssefeld

Güssefeld is a village and a former municipality in the district Altmarkkreis Salzwedel, in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 1 January 2009, it has been part of the town of Kalbe.
* This Altmarkkreis Salzwedel location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Robert Koegel

Robert Koegel is a senior research scientist at Stanford University School of Medicine. He was formerly a distinguished professor and the director of the Koegel Autism Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He moved to Stanford in 2017.
His career is focused in the area of autism, specializing in language intervention, family support, and school integration. He has published over two hundred articles and papers relating to the treatment of autism, and is presently editing several books on the treatment of autism and positive behavioral support. He is the Founding Editor of the Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. Models of his procedures are used in public schools and in parent education programs throughout the United States, and other countries.
He has trained many health care and special education leaders in the United States and abroad. Robert and Lynn Kern Koegel are the developers of Pivotal Response Treatment, an empirically supported treatment for autism based on applied behavior analysis (ABA). They are the recipients of the first annual Children’s Television Workshop Sesame Street Award for “Brightening the Lives of Children," the first annual Autism Speaks award for “Science and Research,” and the International ABA award for “enduring programmatic contributions in behavior analysis.” The Koegels are the recipients of many federal, state, and private foundation grants and gifts for developing interventions and helping families with autism.
# Hexanitrobenzene

Hexanitrobenzene, also known as HNB, is a nitrobenzene compound in which six nitro groups are bonded to all six positions of a central benzene ring. It is a high-density explosive compound with chemical formula C$_6$N$_6$O$_{12}$, obtained by oxidizing the amine group of pentanitroaniline with hydrogen peroxide in sulfuric acid.

## Properties

The stable conformation of this molecule has the nitro groups rotated out of the plane of the central benzene ring. The molecule adopts a propeller-like conformation in which the nitro groups are rotated about 53° from planar.
HNB has the undesirable property of being moderately sensitive to light and, therefore, hard to utilize safely. As of 2021, it is not used in any production explosives applications, though it is used as a precursor chemical in one method of production of TATB, another explosive.
HNB was experimentally used as a gas source for explosively pumped gas dynamic laser. In this application, HNB and tetranitromethane are preferred to more conventional explosives because the explosion products CO$_2$ and N$_2$ are a simple enough mixture to simulate gas dynamic processes and quite similar to conventional gas dynamic laser medium. The water and hydrogen products of many other explosives could interfere with vibrational states of CO$_2$ in this type of laser.

## Preparation

During World War II, a method of synthesis of hexanitrobenzene was suggested in Germany, and the product was supposed to be manufactured on a semi-industrial scale according to the following scheme:
    C$_6$H$_3$(NO$_2$)$_3$ → C$_6$H$_3$(NHOH)$_3$ (partial reduction)
    C$_6$H$_3$(NHOH)$_3$ → C$_6$(NO$_2$)$_3$(NHOH)$_3$ (nitration)
    C$_6$(NO$_2$)$_3$(NHOH)$_3$ → C$_6$(NO$_2$)$_6$ (oxidation)
Complete nitration of benzene is practically impossible because the nitro groups are deactivating groups for further nitration.

## Additional properties

* Chapman-Jouget detonation pressure: 43 GPa
* Crystal Density: 2.01
# Q-Free

Q-Free ASA (Q-Free) is a supplier of Tolling, Traffic Management and Connected ITS (C-ITS)/Connected Vehicle solutions with headquarters in Trondheim, Norway. The company has approximately 380 employees with 17 offices around the world and traded under the ticker QFR on the Oslo Stock Exchange from 2002 to December 2023 when private ownership removed the listing.

## History

With offices in most European countries, Asia, Australia and Americas, Q-Free sells applications mainly within electronic toll collection for road financing, congestion charging, truck-tolling and parking/access control, and supplies DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication) technology, OCR (image processing), ALPR (Automatic License Plate Recognition) and GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) based products as well as traffic management systems such as Kinetic Mobility platform, traffic controllers and related software.
The company was established as Micro Design AS in 1984. In 1988, Q-Free ETC technology was installed in Trondheim and two years later in Oslo, the two systems being the predecessor to the present AutoPASS technology in Norway. The company's first international delivery came in 1995, to Portugal and in 1997, the European standard for Electronic Toll Collection was introduced. In 1998, the company changed its name to Q-Free.
In September 2001, Q-Free bought the cellphone manufacturer MagCom. The new company, named Q-Free MagCom, continued as a separate entity for around a year, after which the production of phones ceased.
# Itunu

Itunu is a name. It can refer to:
* Aldora Itunu (born 1991), New Zealand rugby union player
* Itunu Hotonu (born 1959), Nigerian naval officer
* Linda Itunu (born 1984), New Zealand rugby union player
# Toshihiro Noguchi

Toshihiro Noguchi (野口 寿浩, Noguchi Toshihiro, born June 24, 1971) is a Japanese professional baseball catcher and coach. He played in Nippon Professional Baseball from 1991 to 2010. He was a catching coach for the Tokyo Yakult Swallows.
# Saffron Building Society

The Saffron Building Society is a regional building society which has branches and agencies in the East of England, spanning Essex, Hertfordshire and Suffolk. It is a member of the Building Societies Association.

## History

Saffron Building Society was established in 1849. It is a UK building society based in Saffron Walden, Essex.
It began life as the Saffron Walden Second Building Society and was founded by the Revd John Marten, who became the first Secretary. The first Chairman of the Saffron Building Society was a local builder called Joseph Durrant. Originally established as a 'terminating society' Saffron Walden Second Building Society became a permanent building society in 1857 and changed their name to The Saffron Walden Second Benefit Building and Investment Society on the Permanent Plan. In the same year the Society lent £1,730.
In 1873 Henry Hart a printer, was chairman and directors' salaries now stood at £1.
* 1866 - 1905 Fitzroy Ackland, a local solicitor was Secretary.
* 1900 assets stood at £37,000.
* 1905 William Freeman, Ackland's Clerk became Secretary. During this time the role becomes a full-time job.
* 1930 purchases its own premises for the first time.
* 1935 Edward Hughes Freeman (William's son) becomes Secretary. He died in 1947.
* 1947 Philip Sidney Kettieridge becomes Secretary and holds this post for 23 years.
* 1948 assets reached £300,000.
* 1959 assets reached £1,000,000.
* 1968 takes over The Saffron Walden and Essex Mechanics Permanent Building Society.
* 1969 the first branch office is opened in Haverhill.
* 1972 takes over the Royston & District Building Society and becomes the Saffron Walden & District Building Society.
* 1978 assets reached £21,000,000 with four offices.
* 1979 merges with London and Essex Building Society (previously North Bow & Manor Park) and becomes the Saffron Walden & Essex Building Society.
* 1984 opens in new premises on the old Cattle Market site in Saffron Walden.
* 1989 merges with the Herts & Essex Building Society based in Bishop's Stortford and becomes the Saffron Walden, Herts & Essex Building Society.
* 2006 changes its name to Saffron Building Society.
* 2019 closes branches in Sawbridgeworth, Great Dunmow and Frinton, reducing network to eight branches in Bishop's Stortford, Brentwood, Colchester, Halstead, Haverhill, Royston, Saffron Walden and Ware.
# Huacaybamba District

Huacaybamba District is one of four districts of the province Huacaybamba in Peru. The district was created in 1857 during the presidency of Ramón Castilla.

## Ethnic groups

The people in the district are mainly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Quechua is the language which the majority of the population (65.93%) learnt to speak in childhood, 33.42% of the residents started speaking using the Spanish language (2007 Peru Census).
# WRKD

WRKD may refer to:
* WRKD-LP, a low-power radio station (101.3 FM) licensed to serve Rockford, Ohio, United States
* WVOM (AM), a defunct radio station (1450 AM) formerly licensed to serve Rockland, Maine, United States, which held the call sign WRKD until 2013
# Hexanodes

Hexanodes vulgata is a species of beetles in the family Dermestidae, the only species in the genus Hexanodes.
# Pyrrhopappus

Pyrrhopappus is a genus of North American plants in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae. Desert-chicory is a common name.

## Species

* Pyrrhopappus carolinianus (Walter) DC. - southeastern + south-central United States
* Pyrrhopappus grandiflorus (Nutt.) Nutt. - Great Plains from Nebraska to Texas
* Pyrrhopappus pauciflorus (D.Don) DC. - southern United States from Arizona to Florida; Mexico (Coahuila, Nuevo León, Durango, Tamaulipas)
* Pyrrhopappus rothrockii A.Gray - Chihuahua, Coahuila, New Mexico, Durango, Nuevo León, Arizona, San Luis Potosí, Texas, Puebla
* Pyrrhopappus taraxacoides DC.

## formerly included

see Lactuca
* Pyrrhopappus hochstetteri A.Rich. - Lactuca inermis Forssk.
* Pyrrhopappus humilis A.Rich. - Lactuca inermis Forssk.
# Ituna

Ituna (/aɪˈtjuːnə/) is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada. In 2006, it had a population of 622. It is 165 kilometres (103 mi) north-east of the capital Regina.
The town contains several businesses serving the local residents and rural community, including financial services, grocery stores, restaurants, and a hotel. The Ituna Theatre, built in 1946, is one of few remaining small town movie theatres still in operation. About 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of town is the Ituna & District Regional Park, which has a campground and a 9-hole golf course.

## History

Ituna has one registered historical site, the Red Brick Schoolhouse that was constructed in 1920 as a composite school for the Fruitville School District. The school build was closed in 1980 when the town school moved into a new building.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Ituna had a population of 726 living in 350 of its 401 total private dwellings, a change of 3.6% from its 2016 population of 701. With a land area of 1.47 km$^2$ (0.57 sq mi), it had a population density of 493.9/km$^2$ (1,279.1/sq mi) in 2021.

## Transportation

The community is served by Ituna Airport which is located 2.6 nautical miles (4.8 km) southeast.