OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Narnarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal

NarNarayan Dev Yuvak Mandal (NNDYM) (Devnagari: नरनरायन देव युवक मनदल) was founded by Koshalendraprasad Pande (then pre-acharya) in 1994 with its headquarters at the Kalupur Swaminarayan Mandir (Ahmedabad) and was created to help young people to confront the challenges of life.
This step set into motion various initiatives by this organization to build a foundation of young people around the globe. The organisation propagates dharma (duty), bhakti (devotion), gnaan (knowledge), and vairagya (detachment from maya).

## Aims

* Participate in humanitarian efforts
* Seek cultural awareness
* Welcome guidance through personal spiritual development

## Activities
### Cultural

* bal mandal classes
* traditional Garba dance festival (during Navratri)
* volunteer services at the time of big festivals

### Spiritual

* NNDYM international camps
* regional conferences
* monthly NNDYM satsang sabhas

### Social

* young men and women's combined conferences
* ISSO-NNDYM sports day
* NNDYM Fun Camp

## Publications

* Divo/Insight
The goal stated for the InSight website is "to provide a forum for youths to discuss life in the western world while trying to balance and understand the philosophies of the Swaminarayan Sampraday", with an emphasis on humanity in addition to religiousness. It emphasizes understanding of the Swaminarayan Sampraday, the Nar Narayan Dev Gadi, under the acharya Koshalendraprasadji and Param Pujya, Lalji Maharaj 108 Shree Vrajendraprasadji Maharaj.
Satsangi youths provide content and the online platform allows readers to comment, discuss, and explore a Satsangi community.
# Silver Pears Trophy

The Silver Pears Trophy was an award presented annually by Pears Cyclopaedia for "outstanding British achievement in any field." The trophy was possibly awarded prior to 1953 and after 1958, but more research is needed on the subject.

## Award recipients

* 1953: Colonel Sir John Hunt
* 1954: Sir Roger Bannister (20 September 1954).
* 1955: Bertrand Russell
* 1957: Laurence Olivier
* 1958: Professor Sydney Chapman
# Silke Otto-Knapp

Silke Otto-Knapp (1970–2022) was a German artist. Her work was shown at numerous galleries and shows including the Bienal de São Paulo. the Istanbul Biennial and the Liverpool Biennial. She is represented by Galerie Buchholz, Cologne/Berlin/New York and greengrassi, London.

## Education and career

Otto-Knapp attended the university of Hildesheim and received her MFA from Chelsea College of Art and Design in London. Her landscape paintings are known for being based on historical documentation of stage designs and performances. Her laying watercolor only to wash them down and then apply them anew resulted in a body of work conspicuous for establishing the coexistence of conflicting spaces which give rise to an intrensic tension. Her work was relatable in many different types of aspects.

## Exhibitions (selection)

Otto-Knapp has held solo exhibitions at the Renaissance Society, Chicago (2020); the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto (2015); the Kunsthalle Wien and the Camden Arts Centre, London (2014); the Kunsthal Charlottenborg, Copenhagen (2013); the Kunstverein Munich (2010); and the Tate Britain, London (2005).
She died in October 2022 of ovarian cancer.
# Sierra de La Ventana (town)

Sierra de La Ventana is a village in Tornquist Partido in the southwest of the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina. With a population of 1,819 inhabitants (2001 census [INDEC]), it is one of the most attractive tourist centres in the Province and has numerous recreation areas and parks.
The town, originally called Villa Tívoli Argentina, was founded on 17 January 1908 by Diedrich Meyer and developed around the railway station. It was later renamed Sierra de La Ventana after the nearby 1,186 m rocky peak La Ventana, part of the Sierra de la Ventana mountains, which has a natural rock formation containing an opening or 'window' 9 m wide and 11 m high. In 1959 the peak was declared a Natural Monument.
A large, luxurious hotel resort, Club Hotel de la Ventana, was opened in 1911 near Villa Ventana, 17 km from the town. For a brief period, it attracted the rich and famous but soon suffered from the effects of World War I in Europe and closed in 1920. Between 1940 and 1946 it was used to intern some of the crew of the German pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee after it was scuttled outside the harbour of Montevideo, Uruguay, by its captain, Hans Langsdorff, at the end of the Battle of the River Plate.
# Silicothermic reaction

Silicothermic reactions are thermic chemical reactions using silicon as the reducing agent at high temperature (800-1400°C).
They were initially commercialized for the production of low-carbon ferromanganese before and during World War I(F. M. Becket played a significant role) and are still used today. They were also historically used for the production of low-carbon ferrochrome, but were displaced by electric methods.
The most prominent example is the Pidgeon process (developed commercially in Canada during the Second World War by Lloyd Montgomery Pidgeon) for reducing magnesium metal from ores. Other processes include the Bolzano process and the magnetherm process. All three are commercially used for magnesium production.
# Nathan Ball (basketball)

Nathan Ball (born February 15, 1983) is an American former professional basketball player. He played college basketball for the Charleston Southern Buccaneers.
# Valerie Hu

Valerie Wailin Hu is a professor of biochemistry and molecular biology at George Washington University, where she studies autism biomarkers.

## Education

Hu has a bachelor's degree from the University of Hawaiʻi (1972) and a PhD from Caltech (1977); she conducted postdoctoral research into membrane biochemistry and immunology at the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Research

In her research, she classified autistic children into subgroups based on their Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised scores, and, as a result, found single nucleotide polymorphisms which, she says, could allow autism to be diagnosed with over 98% accuracy. Specifically, Hu's research has demonstrated that levels of two proteins produced by genes which showed changes in DNA methylation were reduced in the brains of autistic children relative to controls. Based on this finding, Hu has proposed that the use of drugs which block the chemical tagging of these genes may be a useful treatment for autism. An additional topic of Hu's research has been her discovery that the gene RORA that may be under positive regulation by androgens, leading to a buildup of additional testosterone which may contribute to the male bias of autism.
# Valerie Holmes

Valerie Susan Holmes (born November 1946) is a British model and beauty queen who was the 1969 winner of the Miss International beauty pageant. She was the first delegate from her country to win the competition.
Valerie was born in November 1946 to Ernest and Phyllis Holmes of Winchmore Hill, a small suburb of London, England. She won the Miss Enfield contest in 1969. This victory paved the way for her to compete and eventually win the title of Miss Britain, and from that on, to take the crown at the Miss International contest of 1969.
Following her win at the international pageant held in Tokyo, Japan, she toured the globe for a year, ending up back in Japan, in Osaka to crown the winner of the Miss International contest in 1970, Aurora McKenny Pijuan. Holmes moved to the United States, where she eventually married and raised a family.
# Valles de Benavente

Valles de Benavente is a Spanish geographical indication for wines referred to legally as Vino de Calidad con Indicación Geográfica. This is one step below the mainstream Denominación de Origen quality wines and one step above the less stringent Vino de la Tierra table wines on the quality ladder.
It is located in the north of the province of Zamora, Castile and León region, Spain.

## History

Grape cultivation was probably introduced by the ancient Romans.

## Climate

The climate in this area is continental (long, hot dry summers and cold winters). Rainfall between 350 mm/yr and 500 mm/yr.

## Grape Varieties

Recommended
* Red varieties: Tempranillo, Prieto Picudo and Mencía
* White varieties: Verdejo and Malvasía
Authorized:
* Red varieties: Garnacha and Cabernet Sauvignon
The maximum allowable yields are as follows:
* Red varieties: 7000 kg/ha
* White varieties: 9000 kg/ha
# Silverbird Cinema

Silverbird Cinema may refer to:
* Silverbird Cinema (Port Harcourt), Nigeria
* Silverbird Cinema (Uyo), Nigeria
# Silverbird Galleria

Silverbird Galleria is a shopping mall and entertainment centre in Victoria Island, Lagos.

## History

Silverbird Galleria was established in 2004 by Silverbird Group, a media and real estate company founded by Ben Murray-Bruce in the 1980s. The movie theatre, Silverbird Cinemas which revolutionalized cinema in Nigeria pioneered the first five-screens Cineplex in sub-Saharan Africa. Silverbird Cinemas also possesses the largest cinema chain in West Africa with several locations in Lagos, Abuja, Port Harcourt, Uyo and Accra, Ghana.

## The Lagos Galleria

Silverbird Galleria has a shirts retailer, café and mobile network offices for feasible communication and internet access, all located on the ground floor. Electronic gadgets retailers and the Rhythm 93.7 FM broadcasting studio (operated by Silverbird) are on the first floor. The second floor has arcades and food services. The Silverbird Cinema is on the third and topmost floor. Additional services include a pharmacy, lounge and beauty shop. There is also a Silverbird galleria located at Ikeja CityMall, Lagos. It is at the top of the escalators on the right.

## Facility locations

The Galleria has sister locations in other parts of Nigeria and internationally:
* The 12-screen/Silverbird Entertainment Centre, Abuja, arguably West Africa's largest Cinema complex;
* An 8-screen/Silverbird Showtime, Port Harcourt;
* A Silverbird 6-screen cinema and lifestyle store in Accra Mall, Ghana;
* A 4-screen cinema in Nairobi, Kenya.
# Sigmund Gestetner

Sigmund Aviezer Gestetner (13 August 1897 – 16 April 1956) was a British philanthropist, Zionist, and businessman, serving as Managing Director of Gestetner and president of the Jewish National Fund of Great Britain.

## Early life

Born in London in 1897, he was the only son of Jewish inventor David Gestetner and attended City of London School until he joined the army at the age of 17, faking his age. He was gassed during World War 1, permanently affecting his health.

## Business and Zionism

Sigmund Gestetner is credited for the expansion of the firm bearing his name and passed on management to his wife, Henny Gestetner and later his two sons, David and Jonathan Gestetner. He was a supporter of the Zionist cause, serving as president of the Jewish National Fund and was active in the Joint Palestine Appeal in Great Britain. He worked closely with Chaim Weizmann, helping bring the Weizmann Institute of Science to Great Britain along with his wife, Henny. He was associated with the Aliyah Bet effort, helping bring Jews from concentration camps, partisans and those who had remained hidden to Israel during 1945-1948.
Gestetner commissioned the building of Highpoint I in 1935, however it was never used for its intended purpose of housing Gestetner staff.

## Legacy

Sigmund Gestetner died in Nice on 16 April 1956 of lung cancer, stemming from his injury attained during the war. He left behind three children, Sophie, David and Jonathan as well as his wife, Henny.
# Siitonen

Siitonen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Eva-Riitta Siitonen (born 1940), Finnish politician
* Hannu Siitonen (born 1949), Finnish javelin thrower
* Pauli Siitonen (born 1938), Finnish cross-country skier
* Fredi (singer), stage name of the Finnish comedic actor, musician, singer/songwriter and television presenter Matti Kalevi Siitonen (1942–2021)
* Stig (singer), stage name of the Finnish singer Pasi Siitonen (born 1978)
# Simon Dyson (businessman)

Simon M Dyson MBE, FCAA (born 1950 Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire) is an English businessman. From 1987 to 2017, Simon was the Chairman of the Anthony Nolan board of directors. Dyson also worked for the Associated Newspapers Ltd as their Group Finance Director. In 2003, Dyson was named a Member of the British Empire. Dyson has four kids and is in a marriage.
# Value Line

Value Line, Inc. is a publicly traded investment research and financial publishing firm based in New York City. Founded in 1931 by Arnold Bernhard, Value Line is best known for publishing The Value Line Investment Survey, a stock analysis newsletter that tracks approximately 1,700 publicly traded stocks.

## History

The "Value Line" was a line representing a multiple of cash flow that Bernhard would visually "fit" or superimpose over a price chart. This was a pioneering attempt to normalize the value of different companies. He soon began publishing his investment survey. Bernhard published The Evaluation of Common Stocks in 1959.
In 1946 Bernhard hired Samuel Eisenstadt as a proofreader, a graduate of Baruch College who majored in statistics. In 1965 Eisenstadt convinced Bernhard to use a statistical method called ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis to replace Bernhard's visual method of fitting cash flow to a price chart. Using scores of Monroe mechanical calculators and a handful of data operators, Bernhard and Eisenstadt produced a stock picking system that caught the attention of academic Fischer Black of the University of Chicago. Black published an article in the Financial Analysts Journal, "Yes, Virginia, There Is Hope: Tests of the Value Line Ranking System" in 1973. The system came to be known as the "Value Line Ranking System for Timeliness". With Eisenstadt on board, Bernhard continued to expand the business, adding the other publications and mutual funds along the way. In May 1983, Value Line sold stock for the public for the first time (Nasdaq: VALU), though the Bernhard family retained 80% control.
Bernhard died in December 1987, but until his death, Bernhard continued his literary interests by combining with W. H. Auden, Jacques Barzun and Lionel Trilling in founding the Mid-Century Book Society.
Shortly after his death, his daughter, Jean Buttner, was named CEO of Value Line.

## Fraud case

Fraud was uncovered by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) in November 2009. The fraud, which spanned nearly 20 years and involved over $24 million, was committed by Value Line against its mutual fund shareholders. The fraud was first reported to the SEC in 2004 by the then Value Line Fund (Nasdaq: VLIFX) portfolio manager and Chief Quantitative Strategist, John (Jack) Dempsey of Easton, Connecticut, who was required to sign a Code of Business Ethics as required by the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. Restitution totaling $34 million was placed in a fair fund and returned to the affected Value Line mutual fund investors. The Commission ordered Value Line to pay a total of $43,705,765 in disgorgement, prejudgment interest and civil penalty, and ordered CEO Jean Buttner and COO David Henigson to pay civil penalties of $1,000,000 and $250,000, respectively. The Commission further imposed officer and director bars and broker–dealer, investment adviser, and investment company associational bars (“Associational Bars”) against Buttner and Henigson. No criminal charges were filed.
# Simon (EP)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Blabbermouth.net | |
| Blogcritics | (favorable) |
| MachineGunFunk | |
| PureGrainAudio | (9.3/10) |
Simon is the second EP by American indie band Dirty Little Rabbits. The EP was recorded and produced at the Sound Farm Studio & Recording Environment in Jamaica, Iowa and was scheduled for release on January 20, 2009, however it was pushed back a week and released on January 27, 2009, through The End Records. Simon was the first release by the band which will be available to a much wider range of people, whereas their first EP; Breeding was available only through select music stores in the United States.

## Track listing

* "Poor Poor Woman with Her Head in the Oven" - 4:03
* "You Say" - 3:23
* "Hello" - 4:12
* "I'm So Beautiful" - 3:51
* "Happy" - 3:29
* "Same Mistakes" - 3:26

## Personnel

* Stella Katsoudas - vocals
* Ty Fyhrie - guitars
* Jeff Karnowski - bass
* Shawn Crahan - drums, producer, art direction, photography
* Michael Pfaff - keyboards
* Matt Sepanic - mixing, mastering, engineering
* AJ Mogis - mixing, engineering
* Doug Van Sloun - mastering
* "Tadpoll" - engineering
* Ryan Martin - engineering
# Vaughan Vaughan-Lee

Vaughan Hanning Vaughan-Lee JP DL (25 February 1836 – 7 July 1882) was an English Conservative Party politician who sat in the House of Commons from 1874 to 1882.

## Early life

Vaughan-Lee was born Lee, was the only son of John Lee Lee of Dillington House, Ilminster, and his first wife Jessy Edwards-Vaughan, daughter of John Edwards-Vaughan of Rheola. His father and maternal grandfather were MPs for Wells at the same time. After his mother's death in 1836, his father married Hon. Mary Sophia Hood (the eldest daughter of Samuel Hood, 2nd Baron Bridport and Charlotte Hood, 3rd Duchess of Bronte) in 1841. From his father's second marriage, he had four younger half siblings.
Vaughan-Lee was educated at Eton College and joined the Royal Scots Fusiliers (21st) in 1854.

## Career

He took part in the Crimean War in 1854 to 1855 including the Battle of Alma, the Battle of Inkerman, the Siege of Sevastopol and the attack on the redan and Kinbourn. He was promoted to lieutenant in December 1854 and was wounded twice. In 1858, he became a captain and in 1859 retired from the army. He was a major in the Glamorganshire Light Infantry Militia, and a captain in the West Somerset Yeomanry Cavalry.
He was a Justice of the Peace and Deputy Lieutenant for Glamorgan and Somerset and was High Sheriff of Glamorgan in 1871. In 1874 he assumed the additional surname Vaughan.
At the 1874 general election Vaughan-Lee was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for West Somerset. He held the seat until he resigned shortly before his death in 1882.

## Personal life

On 7 August 1861, Vaughan-Lee was married to Clara Elizabeth Moore (1841–1911) in Appleby Magna. She was a daughter of George Moore of Appleby Hall, Leicestershire. Together, they were the parents of four sons and four daughters, including:
* Col. Arthur Vaughan Hanning Vaughan-Lee (1862–1933), who married Ursula Pickering, daughter of Henry Dawnay Umfreville Pickering, in 1915.
* John Edwards Vaughan-Lee of Rheola (1863–1929), who married Alice Elizabeth Ashe, daughter of Maj. Waller Ashe, in 1888.
* Jessy Isabel Vaughan-Lee (1866–1940), who married Walter Boden in 1888.
* Adm. Sir Charles Lionel Vaughan-Lee (1867–1928), who married Rose Cecilia Llewellyn, a daughter of Llewellyn Llewellyn of Nethway House, South Devon (and sister to Evan Henry Llewellyn).
* Alec George Vaughan-Lee (1868–1960), a civil engineer.
* Katherine Mary Vaughan-Lee (1871–1962), who married Albert Philip Payne-Gallwey, son of Capt. Philip Payne-Gallwey (a son of Sir William Payne-Gallwey, 1st Baronet) and Frances Warburton (a daughter of The Ven. Charles Warburton), in 1900.
* Caroline Christine Lee (1873–1950), who married Richard Henry Ratcliff in 1894. After his death, she married first-class cricketer and British Army officer Horace Ogilvie Peacock in 1908.
* Alice Clara Lee (1877–1937), who married Admiral and Naval Secretary George Knightley Chetwode, son of Sir George Chetwode, 6th Baronet, in 1908.
Vaughan-Lee died on 7 July 1882 at the age of 46.
# Simon Reed

Simon Reed may refer to:
* Simon Reed (broadcaster), sports commentator
* Simon Reed, captain of the Lady Lovibond
* Simon Reed, comic book artist with Simon Bisley for Full Circle
# Vector bundles on algebraic curves

In mathematics, vector bundles on algebraic curves may be studied as holomorphic vector bundles on compact Riemann surfaces, which is the classical approach, or as locally free sheaves on algebraic curves C in a more general, algebraic setting (which can for example admit singular points).
Some foundational results on classification were known in the 1950s. The result of Grothendieck (1957), that holomorphic vector bundles on the Riemann sphere are sums of line bundles, is now often called the Birkhoff–Grothendieck theorem, since it is implicit in much earlier work of Birkhoff (1909) on the Riemann–Hilbert problem.
Atiyah (1957) gave the classification of vector bundles on elliptic curves.
The Riemann–Roch theorem for vector bundles was proved by Weil (1938), before the 'vector bundle' concept had really any official status. Although, associated ruled surfaces were classical objects. See Hirzebruch–Riemann–Roch theorem for his result. He was seeking a generalization of the Jacobian variety, by passing from holomorphic line bundles to higher rank. This idea would prove fruitful, in terms of moduli spaces of vector bundles. following on the work in the 1960s on geometric invariant theory.
# Veliki Ostros

Veliki Ostros (Cyrillic: Велики Острос; Albanian: Ostrosi i Madh) is a village in the municipality of Bar, Montenegro. It is located close to the Albanian border in the Skadarska Krajina region, by Lake Skadar.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, its population was 332.
Ethnicity in 2011 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Albanians | 330 | 99.4% |
| other/undeclared | 2 | 0.6% |
| Total | 332 | 100% |
# Veliki Ograđenik

Veliki Ograđenik is a village in the municipality of Čitluk, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 1,303, all Croats.