OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tiamenidine

Tiamenidine (BAN, USAN, INN, also known as thiamenidine, Hoe 440) is an imidazoline compound that shares many of the pharmacological properties of clonidine. It is a centrally-acting α$_2$ adrenergic receptor agonist (IC$_{50}$ = 9.1 nM). It also acts as an α$_1$-adrenergic receptor agonist to a far lesser extent (IC$_{50}$ = 4.85 μM). In hypertensive volunteers, like clonidine, it significantly increased sinus node recovery time and lowered cardiac output. It was marketed (as tiamenidine hydrochloride) by Sanofi-Aventis under the brand name Sundralen for the management of essential hypertension.

## Synthesis

Reaction of thiourea 1 with methyl iodide gives the corresponding S-methyl analogue (2), followed by heating with ethylenediamine, completes the synthesis of tiamenidine (3).
# George Traill

George Traill (5 November 1787 – 29 September 1871) was a Liberal Party politician in Scotland. He was the son of James and Janet Sinclair Traill.
He was the member of parliament (MP) for Orkney and Shetland from 1830 until his defeat at the 1835 general election.
In 1837 he stood unsuccessfully in Caithness, but at the 1841 general election he was returned unopposed for that seat. He was re-elected at the six further general elections, and held the seat until he resigned from the House of Commons on 8 August 1869 by becoming Steward of the Manor of Northstead.
Traill owned extensive properties in Caithness and Orkney and was the owner of the largest pavement quarries in the north of Scotland.
# Phragmitensis

Phragmitensis is a genus of fungi in the Ascomycota phylum.
The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the phylum was formerly unknown (incertae sedis), and it had not yet been placed with certainty into any class, order, or family. It has now been placed into class Sordariomycetes, order Amphisphaeriales, and family Hyponectriaceae.

## Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;
* Phragmitensis ellipsoidea M.K.M. Wong, Goh & K.D. Hyde (1999)
* Phragmitensis marina M.K.M. Wong, Poon & K.D. Hyde (1998)
# Phragmipedium warszewiczianum

Phragmipedium warszewiczianum is a species of orchid occurring from Colombia to Ecuador.
# Phyllonorycter diversella

Phyllonorycter diversella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Nova Scotia in Canada and Connecticut, Ohio, Kentucky, Maine and Vermont in the United States.
The larvae feed on Gaylussacia species (including Gaylussacia baccata and Gaylussacia frondosa), Oxydendrum species (including Oxydendrum arboreum) and Vaccinium species (including Vaccinium corymbosum). They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Phyllonorycter didymopa

Phyllonorycter didymopa is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from South Africa and Namibia.
The length of the forewings is 2.9–3.2 mm. Specimens were reared from mines collected in mid-January and mid-March.
The larvae feed on Dombeya rotundifolia. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Later it creates a gall-like swelling near the base of the disc.
# John Bowen (Royal Navy officer)

Rear-Admiral John Bowen (baptised 14 February 1780 – 20 October 1827) was an English Royal Navy officer and colonial administrator, who led the first settlement of Tasmania at Risdon Cove.

## Early life and career

John Bowen was the son of James Bowen, and was born at Ilfracombe, Devon, England. He began his naval career in March 1794 and graduated from the Royal Naval College, Dartmouth. As a midshipman Bowen joined HMS Argo, which was commanded by his father. In April 1802 when as a lieutenant he joined HMS Lancaster at the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa. His next appointment was in HMS Glatton, carrying convicts to New South Wales. He arrived at Port Jackson on 11 March 1803. Governor King soon appointed him to form the new settlement at Risdon Cove, Van Diemen's Land. Peter Timms suggests that Bowen was chosen "because King could not spare anyone more experienced".

## Hobart settlement

The expedition left at the end of August, with Bowen commanding the Albion. He arrived at Risdon Cove on 12 September 1803. Among the original 49 settlers at Risdon Cove, which became Hobart, were 21 male and 3 female convicts, members of the New South Wales Corps and free settlers and their families.
In January 1804 Bowen, in Ferrett, left for Sydney so that he could return to the navy in the then current war against France, however Governor King told him to return to Risdon via the failing Port Phillip settlement and to resettle either at Hobart or Port Dalrymple, and requested Bowen to deliver administration of the Risdon settlement to David Collins.
In his two years in Tasmania Bowen explored the Richmond area, discovering coal and naming area the Coal River. In May 1804 he explored the Huon River. While at Risdon, Bowen lived with Martha Hayes, who bore him two daughters; Henrietta in 1804 (d. 1823), and Martha Charlotte in 1805.

## After Hobart

Bowen finally left Hobart in August 1804 on Ocean, and in January 1805 sailed for England in Lady Barlow. King paid him £100 to defray his expenses and recommended him for promotion. In May 1804 Bowen was promoted commander and in January 1806 he became captain. From 1806 to December 1809 he was in HMS Camilla, which in 1807-08 took part in the blockade of Martinique and Guadeloupe. In February 1811 he wrote to Robert Peel, Under-Secretary of State for War and the Colonies, suggesting that he should succeed Collins as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land. This was subsequently rejected as it was believed that as a naval officer he could not command troops.
In 1812-16 he served in HMS Salsette on the India Station.
Returning to England on 13 May 1825, he married Elizabeth Lindley Cloves. After a long illness he died at Ilfracombe in 1827, aged 47.
# Pier 66

Pier 66 may refer to:
* North River Pier 66, a public boathouse on the Hudson River in Manhattan, New York, USA
* Pier 66, or Bell Street Pier, a major complex on the downtown waterfront of Seattle, USA
* Pier 66 Maritime, a former railroad barge in New York City; used to dock historic ships and also the location of a bar & grill with entertainment (formerly known as Pier 63 Maritime)
* Pier 66 (film), a 1996 film
# John Barton

John Barton may refer to:

## Arts and entertainment

* John Barton (writer), 15th century English writer on Lollardy
* John Barton (director) (1928–2018), English theatre director and founding member of the Royal Shakespeare Company
* John Barton (poet) (born 1957), Canadian poet

## Law and politics

* John Barton (MP) (1614–1684), English lawyer and politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1659 and 1660
* John Barton (public administrator) (1875–1961), New Zealand accountant, writer, lawyer, magistrate and public administrator
* John J. Barton (1906–2004), Mayor of Indianapolis

## Religion

* John Barton (missionary) (1836–1908), English Anglican priest
* John Barton (priest) (born 1936), British Anglican priest
* John Barton (theologian) (born 1948), British theologian and professor

## Sports

* John Barton (footballer, born 1866) (1866–1910), English international footballer
* John Barton (footballer, born 1953), English footballer
* John Barton (rugby league), English rugby league footballer
* John Barton (rugby union) (1943–2021), English rugby union footballer

## Others

* John Barton (Quaker) (1755–1789), English abolitionist
* John Barton (engineer) (1771–1834), English engineer noted for his engravings using his Ruling Engine
* John Barton (economist) (1789–1852), English economist
* John Rhea Barton (1794–1871), American orthopedic surgeon
* John Kennedy Barton (1853–1921), Rear Admiral in the United States Navy
* John Barton (businessman) (1944–2021), English businessman, chairman of Next plc and EasyJet
* John P. Barton (born 1934), British and American applied nuclear scientist

## Characters

* John Barton (Emmerdale), a fictional character in British soap Emmerdale
* John Barton, a fictional character in Mrs. Gaskell's short story Mary Barton
* John Barton, a fictional character in Looking for Alibrandi
# Pierre Bobot

Pierre Bobot, born Pierre Robert Serge Bobot on 16 February 1902 in Paris and died on 23 August 1974 in Avranches, was a French painter and lacquer artist.

## Biography

Pierre Bobot exhibited at the Salon d'hiver from 1936 to 1950. He was the father of Marie-Thérèse Bobot (1929-2011), curator at the Cernuschi Museum (Musée Cernuschi) and professor at the École du Louvre.
# John Broome (philosopher)

John Broome (born 1947) is a British philosopher and economist. He is emeritus White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Oxford and emeritus Fellow of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

## Biography

Broome was educated at the University of Cambridge, at the University of London and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he received a PhD in economics. Before arriving at Oxford he was Professor of Philosophy at the University of St. Andrews and, prior to that, Professor of Economics and Philosophy at the University of Bristol. He has held visiting posts at the University of Virginia, the Australian National University, Princeton University, the University of Washington, the University of British Columbia, the Swedish Collegium for Advanced Study in the Social Sciences, and the University of Canterbury. In 2007 Broome was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
His book Weighing Goods (1991) explores the way in which goods "located" in each of the three "dimensions" — time, people, states of nature—make up overall goodness. Broome argues that these dimensions are linked by what he calls the interpersonal addition theorem, which supports the utilitarian principle of distribution. In his book Weighing Lives (2004), Broome rejects the presumed intuition that adding people to the population is ethically neutral. In his collection of papers, titled Ethics out of Economics (1999), he discusses topics such as value, equality, fairness, and utility.

## Selected bibliography
### Books

* Broome, John (1983). The microeconomics of capitalism. London New York: Academic Press. ISBN 9780121357801.
* Broome, John (1992). Counting the cost of global warming : a report to the Economic and Social Research Council on research by John Broome and David Ulph. Cambridge: White Horse. ISBN 9781874267010.
* Broome, John (1995). Weighing goods: equality, uncertainty, and time. Oxford England: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 9780631199724.
* Broome, John (1999). Ethics out of economics. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521644914.
* Broome, John (2006). Weighing lives. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN 9780199297702.
* Broome, John (2012). Climate matters: ethics in a warming world. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 9780393063363.
* Broome, John (2013). Rationality Through Reasoning. New York: Blackwell. ISBN 9780393063363.

### Chapters in books

* Broome, John (2009). "Why economics needs ethical theory". In Kanbur, Ravi; Basu, Kaushik (eds.). Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen | Volume I: Ethics, welfare, and measurement. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–14. ISBN 9780199239115.
# Piat

Piat may refer to:

## People
### Given name

* Piatus of Tournai (died c. 286), Belgian saint
* Piat Joseph Sauvage (1744–1818), Flemish painter

### Surname

* Jean Piat (1924–2018), French actor and writer
* Maurice Piat (born 1941), Mauritian Roman Catholic cardinal
* Yann Piat (1949–1994), assassinated French politician
* Yves Piat, French writer and filmmaker

## Other uses

* PIAT, an anti-tank weapon
* Piat, Cagayan, a municipality in the Philippines
* Peabody Individual Achievement Test
# Picrolemma

Picrolemma is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Simaroubaceae. They are small dioecious shrubs.
Its native range is Southern Tropical America.
Species:
* Picrolemma huberi Ducke
* Picrolemma sprucei Benth. & Hook.f.
# John Constable (of Burton Constable)

Sir John Constable (1526–1579), of Burton Constable and Halsham, Yorkshire, was an English Member of Parliament for Hedon March 1553, October 1553, 1558 and 1563, and possibly for Yorkshire in 1555.
He married secondly to Catherine (or Katherine) Neville, daughter of Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland. A second portrait of Catherine by Robert Peake the Elder, dated 1590, resides at Burton Constable Hall.
# John Constable (disambiguation)

John Constable was an English painter.
John Constable may also refer to:

## Politicians

* John Constable (Lord Mayor of York) on List of Lord Mayors of York
* John Constable (MP died 1550s) for Nottinghamshire
* John Constable (of Burton Constable), MP for Hedon

## Religious figures

* John Constable (Jesuit)
* John Constable (priest), Dean of Lincoln

## Others

* John Constable (writer), playwright, poet, performer and activist
* John Constable, 2nd Viscount of Dunbar, Viscount of Dunbar
* John Constable (captain), see Action of August 1702

## Fictional characters

* RCMP constable John Constable, a fictional character from The Beachcombers
# John Daly (trade unionist)

John Daniel Daly (27 August 1930 – February 1999) was a British trade union leader.
Born in Clerkenwell, London, Daly worked in the print industry and then studied at Ruskin College in Oxford. He joined the Workers Educational Association, and then worked for the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers as a negotiator and as a journal editor. From 1965 he served as a Trades Union Congress (TUC) education officer. In 1968, he moved to work for the National and Local Government Officers' Association (NALGO), spending time in each of the health, gas, and local government sections. He was chosen as an assistant general secretary of the union in 1976 and progressed to deputy general secretary in 1982.
When Geoffrey Drain, general secretary of NALGO, announced his intention to retire in 1983, Daly was the strong favourite to succeed him. He only narrowly defeated John Ward of the First Division Association, the two both placing well ahead of Alan Jinkinson, Campbell Christie and Ernest Baxendale. In the same year, he was elected to the General Council of the TUC. He served on many TUC committees including its Labour Party Liaison Committee, and chaired the Public Services Committee.
Daly retired in 1989, and was succeeded by Jinkinson. He died in 1999, aged 68.
# John Edgar (minister)

John Edgar (13 June 1798 – 26 August 1866) was a minister, professor of theology, moderator of the Secession Synod in 1828 and moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland in 1842. He was Honorary Secretary to the Presbyterian Home Mission during the Famine in 1847.

## Life

He was born near Ballynahinch on 13 June 1798, the eldest son of Samuel Edgar (1766-1826) and Elizabeth McKee (1771-1839). He attended the Royal Belfast Academical Institution where he excelled as a student, and was ordained a minister in the Presbyterian church in 1820. He became D.D. of Hamilton College, USA in 1836, was elected moderator of the Presbyterian Church of Ireland for 1842–3, and obtained LL.D. of New York in 1860.
Edgar died aged 68 on 26 August 1866, in Cremore, Rathgar, Dublin, where he had gone to get medical treatment. He was survived by his wife Susanna, and was buried in Balmoral Cemetery, Belfast.

## Temperance Movement

Edgar is known as the origin of the Temperance Movement in Ireland because he poured alcohol out his window in 1829. On 14 August 1829 he wrote a letter in the Belfast Telegraph advocating temperance.
He formed the Ulster Temperance Movement. In 1834, Edgar told a parliamentary committee inquiring into the causes and consequences of drunkenness in the United Kingdom that there were 550 "dram shops" in Belfast and 1,700 shops selling intoxicants in Dublin as well as numerous illicit distillers "even in the most civilised districts of Ulster".
He was also the founder of the Ulster Female Penitentiary in 1839 which was a residential home for prostitutes; and was instrumental in getting the Deaf, Dumb and Blind Institute set up in Belfast.
The meeting which led to the establishment of the Presbyterian Orphan Society was held in 1866 in his drawing room.

## Home mission and famine relief in Connaught

Edgar was also involved in the relief effort by the presbyterian church in Connaught during the Irish famine. The church was accused of proselytizing during the famine period. In the May Street Presbyterian Church he said, "I hope soon to have an opportunity of directing public attention to spiritual famine in Connaught, but our effort now is to save the perishing body ... Our brother is starving, and, till we have satisfied his hunger, we have no time to inquire whether he is Protestant or Romanist".
Edgar was interested in Gaelic language and culture, and was critical of other Protestant faiths particularly the Church of Ireland (Anglican) for not preaching in the Irish language.
# Piecewise-constant valuation

A piecewise-constant valuation is a kind of a function that represents the utility of an agent over a continuous resource, such as land. It occurs when the resource can be partitioned into a finite number of regions, and in each region, the value-density of the agent is constant. A piecewise-uniform valuation is a piecewise-constant valuation in which the constant is the same in all regions.
Piecewise-constant and piecewise-uniform valuations are particularly useful in algorithms for fair cake-cutting.

## Formal definition

There is a resource represented by a set C. There is a valuation over the resource, defined as a continuous measure $V:2^{C}\to \mathbb {R}$. The measure V can be represented by a value-density function $v:C\to \mathbb {R}$. The value-density function assigns, to each point of the resource, a real value. The measure V of each subset X of C is the integral of v over X.
A valuation V is called piecewise-constant, if the corresponding value-density function v is a piecewise-constant function. In other words: there is a partition of the resource C into finitely many regions, C$_1$,...,C$_k$, such that for each j in 1,...,k, the function v inside C$_j$ equals some constant U$_j$.
A valuation V is called piecewise-uniform if the constant is the same for all regions, that is, for each j in 1,...,k, the function v inside C$_j$ equals some constant U.

## Generalization

A piecewise-linear valuation is a generalization of piecewise-constant valuation in which the value-density in each region j is a linear function, a$_j$x+b$_j$ (piecewise-constant corresponds to the special case in which a$_j$=0 for all j).
# John Dearman Birchall

Major Sir John Dearman Birchall TD (26 September 1875 – 6 January 1941) was a British soldier and Conservative Party politician. Son of Dearman Birchall (1828-1897), he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for Leeds North East at the 1918 general election, and held his seat in the House of Commons for 22 years until he resigned on 8 February 1940 through appointment as Steward of the Chiltern Hundreds.
# John Ewing (curator)

John Ewing (born March 20, 1951) is an American art museum curator and co-founder of the Cleveland Cinematheque.

## Early life and education

Ewing grew-up in Canton, Ohio. He studied English, film, and theatre at Denison University, graduating with a bachelor of arts in 1973. While still at Denison, he began programming films for fellow students in his final semester.
He developed a further interest in the moving image as an intern at The Museum of Modern Art, staying late to privately screen films from their vast archives. Upon returning to his native Ohio he began to work as a film critic for local publications the Geauga Times Leader and Northern Ohio Live magazine.

## Career

Finding work as a film critic to be too negative, Ewing began instead to exhibit films for free at the Stark County library in 1975 as director of the Canton Film Society, a position he held from 1975 to 1983.
In 1984, he co-founded the Cleveland Cinematheque with Ron Holloway and George Gund III. Ewing began programming and screening films under the Cleveland Cinematheque banner at Case Western Reserve University in 1985. The Cinematheque would move to its permanent home at the Cleveland Institute of Art in 1986.. He has served as director of the Cinematheque since its founding.
Ewing became curator of film at the Cleveland Museum of Art in 1986 and held that position until retiring in 2020.
In 2011, he was welcomed into the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres as Chevalier by the French Ministry of Culture for "significantly contributing to the enrichment of the French cultural inheritance".
Ewing retired from the Cinematheque and film programming on June 30, 2024.
# John Cator (Huntingdon MP)

John Cator, JP, DL (24 September 1862 – 27 April 1944) was Conservative MP for Huntingdon.
The head of an old family with Quaker antecedents whose members included John Cator, MP between 1772 and 1793, Cator was educated was educated at Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford.
He stood unsuccessfully in 1906, won the seat from the Liberals in January 1910, and held it in December 1910. His seat was abolished in 1918. He was High Sheriff of Norfolk in 1920–21.
His daughter Elizabeth Margaret married Captain The Hon. Michael Claude Hamilton Bowes-Lyon, brother of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.

## Sources

* Whitaker's Almanack, 1907 to 1918 editions
* Historical list of MPs
* This article about a Conservative Member of the Parliament of the United Kingdom representing an English constituency and born in the 1860s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# John Croke (disambiguation)

John Croke may refer to:
* John Croke (died 1620), English lawyer and Speaker
* John Croke (1508/9–49/51), MP for Hindon
* John Croke (died c. 1600), MP for Southampton
* John Croke (died 1640), English politician, MP for Oxfordshire and for Shaftesbury
# John Croker

John Croker is the name of:
* John Croker (engraver) (1670–1741), earlier Johann Crocker, German-born engraver who worked mostly in Great Britain
* John Croker (politician) (1680–1751), Irish politician
* John Wilson Croker (1780–1857), Irish politician and author
# Pike Place Chowder

Pike Place Chowder is a seafood restaurant with two locations in Seattle, in the U.S. state of Washington.

## Description

Pike Place Chowder has two locations in Seattle, on Post Alley in Pike Place Market; and in Pacific Place. The seafood restaurant specializes in New England clam chowder; varieties include clam, crab and oyster, salmon, and scallop, and all are served with a sourdough bread bowl. The menu has also included crab and lobster rolls as well as seafood bisque. The Pike Place Market location has outdoor seating.

## History

Lucas Peterson of Eater said the restaurant "began entering chowder cook-offs in the 1990s on the both coasts, and absolutely destroyed the competition with their secret recipe. Now, they're serving up steaming bowls of multiple chowder varieties to lines of locals and tourists each day."