OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Wellington Starr

John Wellington Starr (1822? – November 21, 1846) was an American inventor and pioneer in development of the incandescent light bulb.

## Life

Starr was born in Cincinnati.
In 1844, in association with John Milton Sanders (1821?–1877?), he filed a U.S. patent caveat for an incandescent lamp and generator. He appears never to have demonstrated his electric lamp while in Cincinnati.
In February 1845 Starr and a business associate, Edward Augustin King (d.1863), set out for England to secure British and French patents for the invention. King described the construction and use of a lamp in September 1845, and British patent No. 10,919 was granted to him on November 4, 1845. The patent described two styles of lamp. In one, a platinum strip (or filament) was operated in a glass enclosure, but was not in a vacuum. In the second type, a carbon strip held between two clamps was enclosed in a vacuum in the space above a column of mercury, in an arrangement similar to a barometer. The mercury column was required because vacuum pumps of the time could not provide the high vacuum needed to operate a carbon emitter for a practical duration. The construction of Starr's carbon lamp allowed the strip to be replaced when it failed, making the lamp renewable.
Starr and his associates demonstrated the two types of lamp in England, including a multi-branched lamp with a bulb to represent each of the twenty-six states then part of the United States. However, Starr had contracted tuberculosis (then called pthisis pulmonalis), and died on November 21, 1846. He was buried in Key Hill Cemetery, Birmingham.

## Later developments

After Starr's death, King and Saunders returned to the United States. It appears neither King nor Saunders could continue developing the lamp without Starr's knowledge. King later was killed while serving in the American Civil War. Sanders travelled extensively but left for Santo Domingo in 1877. As a consequence, none of Starr's partners were available for testimony in the lawsuits surrounding Thomas Edison's lamp patents.
# Ostedes laterifusca

Ostedes laterifusca is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1969.
# Ray Montgomery

Ray Montgomery may refer to:
* Ray Montgomery (actor) (1922–1998), American actor
* Ray Montgomery (American football) (1909–1966), American football player
* Ray Montgomery (baseball) (born 1969), retired Major League Baseball outfielder
* Ray Montgomery (umpire) (1929–2009), Australian rules football umpire
# Tony Stewart (disambiguation)

Tony Stewart (born 1971) is an American auto racing driver.
Tony Stewart may also refer to:
* A. T. Q. Stewart (1929–2010), Northern Irish author and historian, best known as Tony Stewart
* Tony Stewart (American football) (born 1979), professional football player for the Oakland Raiders
* Tony Stewart (Australian racing driver), Australian racing driver who participated in the 1973 Singapore Grand Prix
* Tony Stewart (politician) (born 1956), Australian politician
* Tony Stewart (Canadian football) (born 1968), former running back in the Canadian Football League
* Tony Stewart (Coronation Street), a fictional character from the long-running soap opera
# International Foundation for Art Research

The International Foundation for Art Research (IFAR) is a non-profit organization which was established to channel and coordinate scholarly and technical information about works of art. IFAR provides an administrative and legal framework within which experts can express their objective opinions. This data is made available to individuals, associations and government agencies. In September 2024, it announced that it would be winding down operations

## History

Its first president was Houston industrialist John de Ménil.
Founding members of the privately funded foundation were:
* Harry Bober, New York University, Institute of Fine Arts
* Jose Lopez-Rey, NYU Institute of Fine Arts
* Lewis Goldenberg, Wildenstein & Co, New York
* Peregrine Pollen, Park-Bernet Galleries, New York
* John Rewald, University of Chicago
* Joseph Rothman, New York Attorney General, art frauds
The first Advisory council members were:
* Diego Angulo Íñiguez, Prado Museum, Madrid
* Francois Daulte, Bibliotheque des Arts, Lausanne
* Charles Durand-Ruel, Durand-Ruel Galleries, Paris
* Lloyd Goodrich, Whitney Museum, New York City
* Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, Galerie Louise Leiris, Paris
* Lawrence Majiewski, Conservation Center, NYU Institute of Fine Arts
In 1989, IFAR had become "a very grand-sounding name for what is really just three smart, dedicated, underpaid women who are among the nation's leading experts on stolen and forged art." Constance Lowenthal, Margaret I. O'Brien and Virgilia H. Pancoast work in an Upper East Side office which contains 30,000 files documenting stolen art cases. The three-rooms were on the fourth floor of the Explorers Club, on East 70th Street.

## Development

In response to the growth and development of IFAR, museum officials have revised some policies based on an assumption that discussing theft would scare away potential donors. The change from policies of secrecy to ones which emphasize openness was gradual, mirroring an expectation that publicizing theft is likely to promote recovery.

### Selected timeline

* 1998: The World Jewish Congress established the Commission for Art Recovery (CAR) to recover art taken from Jewish collectors before and during World War II. Constance Lowenthal, then executive director of the IFAR, was selected as its initial executive director.
* 1997: The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington started the Holocaust Art Restitution Project (HARP) in order to document and publish Jewish artwork which still remains missing. HARP developed and maintains an archive and database for families who have lost works and want to find them. HARP will not seek recover art.
* 1990: Artworks stolen from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in Boston include Vermeer's Concert, three Rembrandts and five works by Degas.
* 1989: IFAR received reports of about 5,000 thefts.
# Ramphotyphlops becki

Ramphotyphlops becki, also known as Beck's blind snake, is a species of blind snake that is endemic to the Solomon Islands. The specific epithet becki honours zoologist D. Elden Beck of Brigham Young University, collector of the holotype.

## Behaviour

The species is oviparous.

## Distribution

The type locality is Guadalcanal.
# Monte Tamaro (ship)

Monte Tamaro is a container ship owned by A.P. Moller Singapore Pte. Ltd. and operated by Maersk Line AS. The 272-metre (892 ft) long ship was built at Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering in Okpo, South Korea in 2007. Originally owned by Monte Tamaro GmbH & Co KG, a subsidiary of Hamburg Süd, she has had two owners and been registered under three flags.
The vessel is one of ten ships of the Monte class built for Hamburg Süd by Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering and Daewoo Mangalia Heavy Industries between 2004 and 2009.

## Construction

Monte Tamaro had its keel laid down on 26 June 2007 at Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering in Okpo, South Korea. Its hull has an overall length of 272 metres (892 ft). In terms of width, the ship has a beam of 40 metres (130 ft). The height from the top of the keel to the main deck, called the moulded depth, is 24.2 metres (79 ft).
The ship's container-carrying capacity of 5,552 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU) (5,552 20-foot shipping containers) places it in the range of a Post-Panamax container ship. The ship's gross tonnage, a measure of the volume of all its enclosed spaces, is 69,132. Its net tonnage, which measures the volume of the cargo spaces, is 34,823. Its total carrying capacity in terms of weight, is 71,587.5 long tons deadweight (DWT).
The vessel was built with a HSD Engine Co. Ltd. 8RTA96C-B main engine, which drives a fixed-pitch propeller. The 8-cylinder engine has a Maximum Continuous Rating of 45,760 kW with 102 revolutions per minute at MCR. The cylinder bore is 960mm. The ship also features 4 main power distribution system auxiliary generators, 3 at 4,100-kilowatt (5,500 hp), and 1 at 2,700-kilowatt (3,600 hp). The vessel's steam piping system features an Aalborg CH 8-500 auxiliary boiler.
Construction of the ship was completed on 30 November 2007. As of 2018, the ship is classified by the ABS with the code "A1, Container Carrier, AMS, ACCU; RRDA, BWE, Ice Class D0, UWILD, PMP", meaning that it was constructed under the supervision of a recognized classification society, that the construction complies with the society's rules, and that it is classed as a general cargo carrier and container ship.
# Vern Paulsen

Vern Ival Paulsen (born 1951) is an American mathematician, focusing in operator theory, operator algebras, frame theory, C*-algebras, and quantum information theory.

## Education and career

Paulsen studied mathematics at Western Michigan University, obtaining a BA in 1973. He then moved to University of Michigan and obtained his Ph.D. in mathematics under Carl Pearcy in 1977. He spent the following two years at University of Kansas as an instructor. Since 1979, he has been a faculty member in the Department of Mathematics at University of Houston. He was since 1996 the John and Rebecca Moores Professor at the University of Houston.
In 2015, Paulsen moved to Canada and became a professor in the department of pure mathematics at the Institute for Quantum Computing and at the University of Waterloo.
# Poczet

A poczet (Polish:, "fellowship" or "retinue"; plural poczty) was the smallest organized unit of soldiers in the Royal Polish Army and later also the Grand Ducal Lithuanian Army from the 15th until the 18th century. The name of a medium or heavy-cavalry soldier in a poczet was pocztowy.
In the cavalry, each poczet was commanded by a Companion or Armoured companion. Several poczets were combined to form larger units like a banner (the equivalent of a Western company). In this context the poczet is the equivalent of the medieval Lances fournies.
A pocztowy was an assistant and subordinate to the Companion, and usually a peasant. In some respects this role was similar to the older page or squire of a knight. He was armoured like his superior, but fought in the second or third line and was responsible for guarding his back and flanks in a battle.
# Hortense Child Smith

Hortense Hogan Child Smith (May 6, 1919 – May 17, 2012) was the First Counselor to Ruth H. Funk in the General Presidency of the Young Women organization of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1972 to 1978.
Hortense Hogan was born in Thatcher, Idaho. She attended Utah State University and earned a degree from LDS Business College. In 1939, she married Robert Rumel Child, the only son of Thomas B. Child. As such she was connected with Child's creation of Gilgal Sculpture Garden. She was the head of the Friends of Gilgal Garden that worked to preserve the unique art project from destruction by a housing development. Through her efforts the garden was purchased by the Friends of Gilgal organization and turned over to the care of Salt Lake City for preservation. Hortense and Robert had two children.
After Robert Child died, Hortense married Eldred G. Smith in 1977.
Smith died on May 17, 2012, shortly after her 93rd birthday.
# Ostedes discovitticollis

Ostedes discovitticollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1956.
# Kemp (wool)

Kemp is a brittle, weak fibre forming the residual traces of a secondary coat in some breeds of sheep, which may be mixed with normal fibres in a wool fleece. This hair is not desirable in a fleece, as it does not accept dye, minimizing both the quality and the value of the wool. Kemp fibre is also hollow, which is the reason it does not hold dye. There are three parts to kemp. First is the root, which is often frayed and swollen and has completed its growth or has already been shed. Second is a clear transparent section, and third is central core surround by a clear coat which takes up the majority of the fibre.
# Torradovirus

Torradovirus is a genus of viruses in the order Picornavirales, in the family Secoviridae. Plants serve as natural hosts. There are six species in this genus. Diseases associated with this genus include: torrado disease: severe necrosis of leaves and fruits.

## Taxonomy

The genus contains the following species:
* Carrot torradovirus 1
* Lettuce necrotic leaf curl virus
* Motherwort yellow mottle virus
* Squash chlorotic leaf spot virus
* Tomato marchitez virus
* Tomato torrado virus

## Structure

Viruses in Torradovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries, and T=pseudo3 symmetry. The diameter is around 30 nm. Genomes are linear and segmented, bipartite, around 25.4kb in length.
| Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
| Torradovirus | Icosahedral | Pseudo T=3 | Non-enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |

## Life cycle

Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by penetration into the host cell. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. The virus exits the host cell by tubule-guided viral movement. Plants serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (whitefly). Transmission routes are vector and mechanical.
| Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
| Torradovirus | Plants | None | Viral movement; mechanical inoculation | Viral movement | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Vector; mechanical |
# Kathleen Annette

Kathleen Annette (born 1955) is a public health advocate from Minnesota. She is president and CEO of Blandin Foundation. She is a member of the White Earth Band of the Chippewa tribe and is the first Ojibwe woman to become a doctor. She is the first woman to serve as an area director for the Bemidji Indian Health Service, an organization that provides support to Native American tribes and Native American public health programs across the Upper Midwest.

## Early life and education

Annette grew up on the Red Lake Indian Reservation. She earned her undergraduate degree in Chemistry at the University of Minnesota, after which she matriculated into University of Minnesota Medical School. She earned her doctor of medicine in 1983. She cites her preparation for college as one of her life's greatest obstacles, stating, "I was ill-prepared, initially, for college. No-one from the reservation high school had ever successfully pursued a medical education."

## Adult life and career

Annette completed her residency at the Duluth Family Practice Center and became board-certified to practice medicine independently in 1986. After her certification, she joined the Indian Health Service (IHS) as a medical officer serving the Leech Lake Service Unit at Cass Lake, Minnesota. She remained there for several years, working her way up to higher levels of authority and responsibility. In 1990, she became the director of the entire Bemidji Area of the IHS, overseeing health services for approximately sixty thousand Native Americans in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, and Wisconsin.
Annette used her position as area director to bring awareness to Native American public health issues. She spoke at a range of health care conferences and was an active member of a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advisory committee concerned with emerging infectious diseases. She also speaks about her work at medical schools nationwide, with the hope of inspiring young Native Americans who aspire to professional careers.
Annette retired from government service in 2011, and now serves as CEO of the Blandin Foundation.
# Ioannis D. Evrigenis

Ioannis D. Evrigenis is a Greek-American political philosopher. He is the Alice Tweed Tuohy Professor of Government and Ethics at Claremont McKenna College.

## Biography

Evrigenis received his B.A. in political science from Grinnell College in 1993. He earned a M.Sc. from the London School of Economics & Political Science in 1994. From 1994 to 1996, Evrigenis served as an artillery quartermaster in the Hellenic Army, holding the rank of second lieutenant. In 2002, he received an M.A. in political science from Harvard University. In 2005, Evrigenis earned his Ph.D. in political science from Harvard. He received the Herrnstein Prize for his doctoral dissertation, "'Carthage Must be Saved': Fear of Enemies and Collective Action."
In the fall of 2005, Evrigenis came to Tufts University as an assistant professor of Political Science. He was promoted to the position of associate professor in 2010, and he earned the full title of Professor in 2015. In the fall of 2015, Evrigenis also became the chair of Tufts' Department of Classics. He served in the role for three years before ceding the position to R. Bruce Hitchner following the 2018 spring semester.
# Monochamus dubius

Monochamus dubius is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles Joseph Gahan in 1894. It is known from India, Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Taiwan, and China.

## Varietas

* Monochamus dubius var. luteovittatus Breuning, 1944
* Monochamus dubius var. sparsenotatus Pic, 1920
# Vermillion Creek

Vermillion Creek is a 67.5-mile-long (108.6 km) tributary of the Green River. It flows south from Sweetwater County, Wyoming to a confluence with the Green River just north of the Gates of Lodore in Moffat County, Colorado.
# Join Hands Day

Join Hands Day is the first Saturday in May. It is a national volunteer day and annual event sponsored by the American Fraternal Alliance.

## Background

The day was launched by what was then called America's Fraternal Benefit Societies in 2000, in partnership with Points of Light Foundation. It is meant to have a focus not just on volunteering, but also on developing youth and adult relationships.
For the first two years of Join Hands Day, organizations were asked to register their Join Hands Day projects via the official web site. In some years, a certain number of groups were chosen to receive a cash award for the beneficiary of their project or another cause and a physical award, and were recognized at the National Fraternal Congress of America (NFCA) annual conference. It was not always on the first Saturday in May; the 2001 day was held on June 16.
Organizers of Join Hands Day offer participants ideas for group volunteering events that can bring adults and youth together in community service, such as repairing bicycles to give disadvantaged children and teaching bicycle maintenance, collecting chairs of various shapes and sizes to paint and then auction for a worthy cause, or repairing gravestones and improve landscaping in a cemetery and documenting historic grave sites.
# Internet Defense League

The Internet Defense League is an organization and network launched in March 2012 with the aim of organizing protests and other responses to perceived threats to Internet freedom and the open Internet. It was formed following the protests against SOPA and PIPA. It had 30,000 members as of 2013, consisting of organizations, websites, and individuals.

## History

The Internet Defense League site is a creation of the Fight for the Future nonprofit, a group noted for its participation in the anti-SOPA protests of 2011, and Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian. The IDL officially launched on 19 July 2012. It held launch events in San Francisco, New York City, Washington, D.C., London, and Ulaanbaatar.
The IDL received early support from the Mozilla Foundation, WordPress, Reddit, the Cheezburger Network, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Public Knowledge, OpenCongress, Grooveshark, Imgur, Fark, the Tor Project, La Quadrature du Net, and the Center for Democracy and Technology. Wikipedia considered joining the IDL. At launch, it received endorsements from members of U.S. Congress, including Darrell Issa, Ron Wyden, and Jerry Moran.
The IDL opposes CISPA, and in 2013, the IDL was active in organizing against it. Over thirty thousand websites joined their call to oppose it. After the death of Aaron Swartz, they also supported reforming the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act.
In July 2013, they organized the "Restore the Fourth" campaign, in reference to the fourth amendment to the U.S. Constitution, to protest government surveillance. Thousands of websites participated in the event. They called for laws governing surveillance to be amended, and for Internet users to contact members of U.S. Congress to investigate NSA surveillance programs. They also called for websites to publish the full text of the fourth amendment. In 2015, the organization again protested NSA surveillance.

## Website

According to Tiffiniy Cheng, co-founder of Fight for the Future, the aim of the Defense League site is to sign up thousands of websites, from large organizations to bloggers, who can be mobilized quickly if needed for future anti-piracy legislation protests. They use a "cat signal", inspired by the Bat-Signal. Speaking to CNN about why they chose a cat as their symbol, Cheng said, "There's this academic theory ... that talks about if you ban the ability of people to share cat photos, they'll start protesting en masse". The digital signal is added to supportive websites as a web widget, drawing attention to current protests supported by the IDL.
The site's slogan is "Make sure the Internet never loses. Ever."
# Raúl Jude

Raúl Jude (1891–1971) was a Uruguayan lawyer and political figure.

## Background

Jude was born in Montevideo in 1891.
A prominent member of the Uruguayan Colorado Party, he was a lawyer by profession.
His son, Raumar Jude, served as a Deputy and Senator.

## Public offices

First elected as a Deputy in 1923, he served as Justice Minister under President José Serrato. He subsequently served as Interior Minister under President Gabriel Terra.
He also served as a Senator.
Between 1927 and 1930, and between 1934 and 1937, he served as president of the Uruguayan Football Association
# Athletics at the 1999 Pan American Games – Men's decathlon

The men's decathlon event at the 1999 Pan American Games was held July 24–25.

## Results

| Rank | Athlete | Nationality | 100m | LJ | SP | HJ | 400m | 110m H | DT | PV | JT | 1500m | Points | Notes |
| | Chris Huffins | United States | 10.47 | 7.57 | 14.87 | 2.06 | 49.46 | 14.44 | 46.97 | 4.60 | 59.73 | 5:09.55 | 8170 | GR |
| | Dan Steele | United States | 10.71 | 6.92 | 13.40 | 1.94 | 47.45 | 14.54 | 46.08 | 4.50 | 63.73 | 4:33.31 | 8070 | |
| | Raúl Duany | Cuba | 10.85 | 7.09 | 13.28 | 2.09 | 48.90 | 14.62 | 41.29 | 4.30 | 58.69 | 5:00.54 | 7730 | |
| 4 | Eugenio Balanqué | Cuba | 10.84 | 6.70 | 15.01 | 1.94 | DQ | 14.64 | 42.14 | 4.80 | 58.68 | 5:07.60 | 6865 | |
| 5 | Santiago Lorenzo | Argentina | 11.27 | 6.50 | 12.05 | 1.70 | 49.30 | 16.36 | 35.41 | 4.20 | 57.70 | 4:39.88 | 6820 | |
# Ricardo Menéndez

Ricardo Menéndez can refer to:
* Ricardo Menéndez (sportsman) (1929-?), Salvadoran sports shooter
* Ricardo Menéndez (politician) (b. 1969), Venezuelan politician
* Ricardo Menéndez March, Mexican-born New Zealand activist and politician
* Ricardo Menéndez Salmón, Spanish novelist and writer
# Monochamus flavosignatus

Monochamus flavosignatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1947.
# No More Women

No More Women may refer to:
* No More Women (1934 film), an American pre-Code adventure film
* No More Women (1924 film), an American silent comedy film
* No More Women, a game on the British television panel game We Need Answers