OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kinetic scheme

In physics, chemistry and related fields, a kinetic scheme is a network of states and connections between them representing a dynamical process. Usually a kinetic scheme represents a Markovian process, while for non-Markovian processes generalized kinetic schemes are used. Figure 1 illustrates a kinetic scheme.

## A Markovian kinetic scheme
### Mathematical description

A kinetic scheme is a network (a directed graph) of distinct states (although repetition of states may occur and this depends on the system), where each pair of states i and j are associated with directional rates, $A_{ij}$ (and $A_{ji}$). It is described with a master equation: a first-order differential equation for the probability ${\vec {P}}$ of a system to occupy each one its states at time t (element i represents state i). Written in a matrix form, this states: ${\frac {d{\vec {P}}}{dt}}=\mathbf {A} {\vec {P}}$, where $\mathbf {A}$ is the matrix of connections (rates) $A_{ij}$.
In a Markovian kinetic scheme the connections are constant with respect to time (and any jumping time probability density function for state i is an exponential, with a rate equal the value of all the exiting connections).
When detailed balance exists in a system, the relation $A_{ji}P_{i}(t\rightarrow \infty )=A_{ij}P_{j}(t\rightarrow \infty )$ holds for every connected states i and j. The result represents the fact that any closed loop in a Markovian network in equilibrium does not have a net flow.
Matrix $\mathbf {A}$ can also represent birth and death, meaning that probability is injected (birth) or taken from (death) the system, where then, the process is not in equilibrium. These terms are different than a birth–death process, where there is simply a linear kinetic scheme.

### Specific Markovian kinetic schemes

* A birth–death process is a linear one-dimensional Markovian kinetic scheme.
* Michaelis–Menten kinetics are a type of a Markovian kinetic scheme when solved with the steady state assumption for the creation of intermediates in the reaction pathway.

## Generalizations of Markovian kinetic schemes

* A kinetic scheme with time dependent rates: When the connections depend on the actual time (i.e. matrix $\mathbf {A}$ depends on the time, $\mathbf {A} \rightarrow \mathbf {A} (t)$ ), the process is not Markovian, and the master equation obeys, ${\frac {d{\vec {P}}}{dt}}=\mathbf {A} (t){\vec {P}}$. The reason for a time dependent rates is, for example, a time dependent external field applied on a Markovian kinetic scheme (thus making the process a not Markovian one).
* A semi-Markovian kinetic scheme: When the connections represent multi exponential jumping time probability density functions, the process is semi-Markovian, and the equation of motion is an integro-differential equation termed the generalized master equation: ${\frac {d{\vec {P}}}{dt}}=\int _{0}^{t}\mathbf {A} (t-\tau ){\vec {P}}(\tau )d\tau$.
An example for such a process is a reduced dimensions form.
* The Fokker Planck equation: when expanding the master equation of the kinetic scheme in a continuous space coordinate, one finds the Fokker Planck equation.
# Goračići

Goračići is a village in the municipality of Lučani, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 1,082 people.
# Jamarje

Jamarje is an uninhabited settlement in Croatia.
# Jijodamandau

Jijodamandau is a village development committee in Doti District in the Seti Zone of western Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 1906 living in 365 individual households.
The villages that falls on this VDC include Jijoda, Chhoya, Uchhakot, Dhunga, Sunda, Jainoli, Chamagaun and Suwagarah. The higher secondary school of this VDC is Shri Sita Ram Higher Secondary, Uchhakot, Doti. The school rank among top five higher secondary school in doti district. The VDC is also known for good climate and greenery. Beautiful Saiyapal himalaya and seti river can also be viewed from this VDC.
See also: chhoya
# Yoncalı Dam

Yoncalı Dam is a dam in Turkey. The development was backed by the Turkish State Hydraulic Works.
# Saint-Pierre-sur-Erve

Saint-Pierre-sur-Erve (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Mayenne department in north-western France.
# SS 90

The SS 90 is a British sports car that was built by SS Cars in Coventry, England in 1935. In 1945, the company changed its name to Jaguar.
The car has a six-cylinder side-valve Standard engine of 2,663 cc with an output of 50 kW. The engine differs from that used in the ordinary cars by having Dural connecting rods, an aluminium cylinder head with 7:1 compression ratio, and twin RAG carburettors. The chassis is 2,642 mm long; a shortened version of the one used on the SS 1, and was also supplied by Standard. Suspension is by half-elliptical springs all round, with an underslung back axle. The braking system is Bendix.
The model rapidly gained attention for its elegant sporting styling, but was not well regarded by the sporting fraternity as its performance did not match its appearance. True sports car performance came with the SS Jaguar 100, which had similar styling and suspension but an engine with an overhead-valve cylinder head.
The SS 90 does not seem to have been tested independently by any magazines, so contemporary performance figures are unknown. However, it was widely believed to be capable of reaching 150 km/h (93 mph).
The car is 3,810 mm long, 1,600 mm wide, and has a mass of 1,143 kg. The factory originally fitted 139.7 × 457.2 Dunlop tyres on 457.2 mm wire wheels. The prototype SS 90, ARW 395, was owned by Hugh Kennard from 1938 until at least November 1940. 23 were built, of which 16 survive, including the prototype.
# King-kong Lam

King-kong Lam is a TVB actor born in Hong Kong, 13 October 1970. He previously played comedic characters, and now recently villains.

## Accident

In August 2000, he was caught drunk driving. The incident caused a fire and small explosion. Luckily, there were no casualties.

## Television series

* When Lanes Merge
* A Fistful of Stances
* A Watchdog's Tale
* Beyond the Realm of Conscience
* When Easterly Showers Fall on the Sunny West
* The Four
* Speech of Silence
* The Money-Maker Recipe
* Forensic Heroes II
* A Journey Called Life
* The Gentle Crackdown II
* The Ultimate Crime Fighter
* Men Don't Cry
* On the First Beat
* War and Destiny
* Life Art
* Treasure Raiders
* Face to Fate
* Land of Wealth
* Net Deception
* A Pillow Case of Mystery
* Real Kung Fu
* Women on the Run
* Misleading Track
* Guts of Man
* The Academy
* The Prince's Shadow
* My Family
* To Catch the Uncatchable
* Seed of Hope
* Virtues of Harmony II
* Vigilante Force
* Take My Word For It
* Burning Flame II
* A Step into the Past
* Armed Reaction III
* Justice Sung II
* Man's Best Friend
* Sergeant Tabloid

### Film

* Cold War 2 (2016)
# Pamilacan

Pamilacan is an island barangay in the Philippines, situated 12.5 kilometres (7.8 mi) south of Bohol island and surrounded by the Bohol Sea (also called Mindanao Sea). It is one of the 17 barangays that compose the municipality of Baclayon. According to the 2015 census, it has a population of 1,418, comprising about 240 families whose main livelihoods now concentrate on dolphin- and whale-watching tours and subsistence fishing, but in the past also included whale, dolphin and manta ray hunting.
Pamilacan perhaps means "resting place of the mantas", but it can also be considered to derive from the word pamilac, or harpoon, a device that was historically used to capture the mantas, dolphins and whales.
On the northeast part of the island is a 200‑year‑old Spanish fort, which in the past served as a watchtower for the Spaniards to look out for intruders, such as pirates and other enemies, particularly those coming from the south. Along with the other watchtowers in Dauis, Panglao, Maribojoc, Loay and Balilihan, the island's watchtower was declared by the National Museum of the Philippines as a National Cultural Treasure under the collective group of Bohol Watchtowers on August 29, 2011
Aside from being famous for the whaleshark and dolphin-watching activities, the island is also known for its white sand beaches and renowned for its snorkeling and dive sites, such as Dakit-Dakit. Snake Island or Cervera Shoal is a sunken plateau about 18 metres (59 ft) deep, to the west of Pamilacan. It is covered with coral but lies in the middle of the ocean, which is why there usually is a very strong current. Here one can see black-white banded sea snakes, sea turtles, moray eels, nudibranchs and bucket sponges.$^{:93}$
# Patrice Flynn

Patrice Flynn (15 August 1874 – 13 October 1970), was Bishop of Nevers.

## Biography

Born in Paris to Irish parents (his father was from County Cork, his mother a Ms. Curran from Portaferry, County Down), Flynn was schooled at Douai and taught maths in Paris. Both he and his older brother Henri were ordained in Paris.
Serving in the French army during World War I, "he spent two years as a hospital attendant before volunteering as chaplain to the 33rd Infantry Division that was fighting at the front. He served at a number of the places whose name has entered the collective memory and is intimately associated with the worst of the war – Verdun, Arras, Vimy Ridge and Ypres. He attained the rank of captain before being demobilised in March 1919."
In October 1916, Flynn was a member of a French government propaganda mission to Ireland in order to counteract perceived 'hearts and minds' German propaganda (other missions went to Canada, Spain, the USA).
Appointed Bishop of Nevers on 16 August 1932 in Notre Dame Cathedral, it was "attended by Count O’Kelly, the Irish envoy to France [and] many Irish people who lived in the city, as well as priests from the Irish College in Paris. The Irish expatriate community gathered funds to buy vestments for the new bishop, to which two shamrocks were added to represent his Irish heritage." During his episcopate he brought a number of Irish priests to his diocese, and in 1940 brought the Legion of Mary to France with the aid of Veronica O'Brien.
He retired on 17 December 1963, becoming the titular Bishop of Arneae. He died in 1970.
# Western Speedway

Westshore Motorsports Park (formerly “Western Speedway”) was a race track located just outside Victoria, British Columbia on southern Vancouver Island. It was a 4/10-mile (643 meter) paved oval track founded in 1954 and was western Canada’s oldest speedway until its closure in September 2022. The track was able to seat up to 3,000 fans and park up to 1,500 cars with a season running from April to September. The speedway hosted stock cars, late models, Old Time Racing Association, sprint cars winged and non-winged, demo cars/trucks, dwarf cars, drag races, mini figure eight cars, monster trucks, and more.
The track hosted 9 NASCAR Winston West Series events between 1970 and 1982 and 10 NASCAR Northwest Series races between 1986 and 1989.
The track also hosted 2 CASCAR West Series races in 2001 and 2002.
# You Better Move On

You Better Move On may refer to:
* You Better Move On (album), by Billy Craddock, 1972
* "You Better Move On" (song), originally recorded by Arthur Alexander, 1961
# Saint-Gorgon

Saint-Gorgon is the name or part of the name of several communes in France:
* Saint-Gorgon, in the Morbihan department
* Saint-Gorgon, in the Vosges department
* Saint-Gorgon-Main, in the Doubs department
# Podanthus

Podanthus is a genus of Chilean plants in the tribe Heliantheae within the family Asteraceae.

## Species

* Podanthus mitiqui Lindl. - Chile (Coquimbo, Santiago, Maule, Valparaíso, O'Higgins)
* Podanthus ovatifolius Lag. - Chile (Biobío, Coquimbo, Maule, La Araucania, Valparaíso, O'Higgins)
# The Humber Ferryman's case

Bukton v Tounesende or The Humber Ferryman's case (1348) B&M 358 is an English contract law case.

## Facts

Nicholas Tounesende of Helle undertook to ferry John Bukton's horse across the Humber estuary. Tounesende overloaded the boat with horses and Bukton’s horse fell overboard. Bukton sued in tort, for trespass. There was no sealed document, and under previous law it had been required to sue for breach of a covenant. So Tounesende argued that the action should be brought in covenant. The King's Bench had travelled away from Westminster and had arrived in York.

## Judgment

The King's Bench held the action could rightly be brought in tort. The claim was against the killing of the horse, and not merely the failure to transport it. Accordingly no documentary proof of a covenant was needed.
# Respectable Women

Respectable Women (German: Anständige Frauen) is a 1920 German silent drama film directed by Carl Wilhelm and starring Ressel Orla, Heinrich Schroth and Olga Limburg.
The film's sets were designed by the art director Fritz Kraencke.

## Cast

* Erra Bognar
* Olga Limburg
* Paul Morgan
* Ressel Orla
* Heinrich Schroth
* Rosa Valetti
# Pamillia

Pamillia is a genus of plant bugs in the family Miridae. There are about five described species in Pamillia.

## Species

These five species belong to the genus Pamillia:
* Pamillia affinis Knight, 1925$^{icg}$
* Pamillia behrensii Uhler, 1887$^{icgb}$
* Pamillia nicaraguensis (Carvalho, 1992)$^{cg}$
* Pamillia nyctalis Knight, 1925$^{ic}$
* Pamillia pilosella Knight, 1925$^{icg}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net
# Paul B. Davies

Paul Bassett Davies, also known as Paul Bassett, is a British actor and writer.

## Career

Davies' writing credits include Spitting Image; Alas Smith and Jones; Rory Bremner; Jasper Carrot; Brogue Male; KYTV; Hello Mum; Up Your News; News Huddlines and At Home with the Hardys (with Jeremy Hardy).
# National Youth Organisation

National Youth Organisation may refer to:
* National Youth Organisation (Greece), a youth organisation active in the Kingdom of Greece during the authoritarian Metaxas regime
* National Youth Organisation (Grenada), a defunct youth organisation in Grenada
* National Youth Organisation (Ireland), a youth organization currently active in the Republic of Ireland
* National Youth Organisation (Pakistan), a youth organization active in Pakistan associated with Awami National Party
# York Railway Institute A.F.C.

York Railway Institute Association Football Club is an English association football club from York, North Yorkshire. They are currently members of the York League Division Four.

## History

The club was founded in 1929. In 1974 they joined the Yorkshire League, and won the Division Three title in 1979. In 1982 they became founder members of the Northern Counties East Football League, and in 1988 they won a Division One and League Cup double. They played in the FA Vase throughout the early 1980s.
They left the NCEL in 1992, and later played in the West Yorkshire League, before joining the York Football League.

## Honours

* Northern Counties East League Division One
** Champions: 1987–88
* Northern Counties East League Cup
** Champions: 1987–88
# Saint-Maclou

Saint-Maclou is a commune in the Eure department in Normandy in northern France.
It has two chateaux within its boundaries: the chateau de St Maclou-la-Campagne just outside the village, and the Chateau du Mont. The name comes from Maclovius, the Latin name for a monk of Welsh origin who also gave his name to Saint-Malo, a much larger city in Brittany.
# Plasmodium colombiense

Plasmodium colombiense is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium.
Like all Plasmodium species P. colombiense has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are reptiles.

## Description

The parasite was first described by Ayala and Spain in 1976.

## Geographical occurrence

This species is found in Venezuela.

## Clinical features and host pathology

The only known host of this parasite is the iguanid lizard Anolis auratus.
# The Hunted (novel)

The Hunted is a 1977 crime novel written by Elmore Leonard.

## Plot summary

Al Rosen stuck his neck out to help the Detroit government put some goons in prison, only it didn't go according to plan. He is living in Israel off the checks sent his way by the company he helped found. The checks are brought to him by the untrusty sleazy lawyer Mel Bandy. Rosen spends his days hanging out in hotel lobbies, getting sun, and just simply staying out of sight. But one fateful night there's a hotel fire that draws the attention of the media and Rosen gets photographed and wound up getting his face in the Detroit Free Press. Now Rosen's enemies know where he is and they immediately descend on the Holy Land for the purpose of killing him. Sgt. David Davis is about to finish his tour with the marines. The big problem is that he has no idea what to do with himself once he is out. Now Rosen is on the run in Israel with three killers and a sleazy lawyer on his tail and a U.S. Marine for company. Can this Vietnam vet U.S. Marine keep Rosen safe.....

## Characters in The Hunted

* Al Rosen – businessman in the witness protection program
* Tali Rose – assistant to Rosen
* Edie Broder – Rosen's girlfriend
* Sgt. David Davis – U.S. marine
* Mel Bandy – sleazy lawyer
* Gene Valenzuela – Detroit city mobsters leader
* Clarence Rashad – Detroit city mobster
* Teddy Cass – Detroit city mobsters explosive expert
# Responsibility assumption

In existential psychotherapy, responsibility assumption is the doctrine, practiced by therapists such as Irvin D. Yalom where an individual taking responsibility for the events and circumstances in their lives is seen as a necessary basis for their making any genuine change.
From the therapist's viewpoint, the goal is to identify these events and circumstances, always operating, in Yalom's words, "within the frame of reference that the patient has created his[/her] own distress". Then the therapist must "find ways to communicate this insight to the patient".
The problem that Yalom seeks to address is that of seemingly passive patients, with therapists shouldering the entire burden of the therapy because they think that that is what they must do. A "sluggish" patient can be "galvaniz[ed] into action" by asking the simple question: "Why do you come?". Other techniques including scenarios where other people assume responsibility, and drawing a parallel between those scenarios and the patient's own.
In detail, techniques involve:
* Highlighting ways in which the client avoids responsibility, such as by using "cannot" for situations where "will not" is the case, and generates defences against the assumption of responsibility. This also involves confronting a client with the client's own behaviours. A client that, for example, complains of loneliness is reminded of this—"Is it any wonder that you are lonely?"—whenever the client belittles other people.
* Highlighting responsibility avoidance even in the therapist-client relationship itself, by observing any transfer of responsibility from the client to the therapist ("Tell me what to do!") and behaviours of the client towards the therapist that reflect responsibility avoidance in the client's life.
* Encouraging the assumption of responsibility for how the client deals with adverse external circumstances, such as serious illness and the client assuming responsibility for behaviour towards doctors.
* Encouraging the conversion of guilt about lack of self-actualization into assuming more responsibility for that lack.
* Confronting low affect, and encouraging the client to have desires and wishes for change, which become the seeds for a will to change, the mere wish to change being the first step towards that.
* Ungluing decision making processes stuck through fear, encouraging empowerment and the exercise of choice.
Assumption of responsibility does not by itself motivate behavioural change. It must be accompanied by a will to change.
# Beaunotte

Beaunotte (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Côte-d'Or department in eastern France.
# Paul B. Fay

Paul Burgess Fay Jr. (July 8, 1918 – September 23, 2009) was the Acting United States Secretary of the Navy in November 1963, and a close confidant of President John F. Kennedy.

## Background

Paul B. Fay Jr was born on July 8, 1918, in San Francisco, California. Fay Jr attended The Thacher School in Ojai, California, and later Stanford University. After graduating from Stanford in 1941, Fay worked for his father's construction firm, Fay Improvement Co, a Bay-area paving contractor, and enlisted in the U.S. Navy after the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941.
Fay attended Officer Candidate School and was assigned to PT boat training at Melville, Rhode Island, where John F. Kennedy was his instructor. They were assigned to the same base in the South Pacific, though they were not on the same boat. Fay received a Bronze Star during his war service as second in command of PT 167 during which the boat was disabled by a torpedo that was dropped by a Japanese plane, piercing the hull below the water line but failing to explode.
After his war service, Fay returned to the United States and rejoined his father's company. On October 5, 1946, he married Anita Marcus of Mill Valley, California. They had 3 children: Katherine Fay, Paul Fay III, and Sally Fay Cottingham.
Paul Fay and Kennedy became close friends, and Fay worked on Kennedy's early campaigns for the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate, and also on his campaign for U.S. President. Paul Fay was an usher at JFK's wedding.
On Kennedy's election as president, Fay was nominated and served as Undersecretary of the Navy over the objections of Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and then as Acting Secretary of the Navy in November 1963 while Kennedy was U.S. President. He resigned effective November 28, 1963, following Kennedy's assassination on November 22, 1963; however he remained undersecretary of the Navy until 1965.
In 1966, he wrote the best-seller The Pleasure of His Company about Kennedy.
The Fay Improvement Company was sold in 1967 and Fay founded William Hutchinson & Co, an investment research firm. He was a director of Vestaur Securities and First American Financial, and was a Trustee of the Naval War College Foundation and of Mount St. Joseph-St. Elizabeth of San Francisco.

## Personal life

After suffering from Alzheimer's disease for many years, Paul Burgess Fay Jr died at his home in Woodside, California on September 23, 2009. He and his wife Anita Fay had three children: Paul Fay III, Katherine Fay, and Sally Fay Cottingham.

## Book

* Fay, Paul B. Jr. The Pleasure of His Company. New York: Harper & Row, 1966.
# Beaufort-Orbagna

Beaufort-Orbagna (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. It was established on 1 January 2019 by merger of the former communes of Beaufort (the seat) and Orbagna.
# York Publishing Services

York Publishing Services is a full range publisher based in the north of England. They provide services for being self publishers and established publishers.

## History

York Publishing Services provides a complete range of publishing services for both self publishers and established publishers. They provide all the services to develop books and publications from manuscript, through all the stages of production, to printing and distribution. Upon the retirement of Directors Duncan Beal and David Mercer after 30 years, YPS originally founded in 1993, was sold to longstanding staff members, Cathi Poole and Paula Charles, both ex-publishers and firm believers in retaining the personal touch that YPS is famous for.

## Distribution / 3PL

Alongside the main publishing arm, York Publishing Services operates York Publishing Services - Distribution. Specialising in book distribution aimed toward independently published authors, indie press and small to medium sized publishing houses. All sectors are covered around the world, including traditional book trade, education, medical and digital releases.