OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Palaeoplethodon

Palaeoplethodon hispaniolae is an extinct salamander species found in Miocene Dominican amber from the Dominican Republic. It is so far the only salamander species known to have existed in the Caribbean.

## Discovery and description

The only known specimen was a juvenile found in an amber mine in the mountain range between Puerto Plata and Santiago. The amber itself was from the extinct legume species Hymenaea protera. The salamander is missing its left front leg, implying possible predation. Its legs did not have any distinct toes, rather, it had complete webbing with small bumps on it. It most likely lived in small trees or in tropical flowers.
It is unknown how this salamander's lineage arrived to the area, and how it became extinct. They may have arrived by a land bridge, or they may have ridden debris to the island. It is possible that their extinction was caused by climate change or by extensive predation.
It is most likely a stem-group to the plethodontid tribe Bolitoglossini.
# Gornji Grad, Osijek

Gornji Grad ("Upper Town") is a city district in the center of Osijek, Croatia. It has 16,520 inhabitants distributed in 6,210 households. It is the biggest and the most important district of Osijek. The most famous attractions of Osijek are located in Gornji Grad, such as Co-cathedral, Ante Starčević Square, Croatian National Theatre, County palace and Pedestrian bridge.
Day of the city district is on 29 June, on feast of Saint Peter and Paul.

## History

Source:
Gornji Grad has been built urbanistic systematic and properly.
In 1732 it was built church of Saint Peter and Paul, on whose place will be later erected today co-cathedral.
Some streets, such as European Avenue, Županijska, Jägerova, Sunčana, Zrinjevac, Kačićeva, Radićeva, Kapucinska, Neumannova, Stepinčeva and Reisnerova Street have been built between 1866 and 1910.
From 1894 to 1898 the new, bigger church of Saint Peter and Paul was built, which is today Osijek co-cathedral and one of the most notable symbols of Osijek.
# Gawlik

Gawlik is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Christoph Gawlik (born 1987), German ice hockey player
* Ginter Gawlik (1930–2005), Polish soccer player
* Krzysztof Gawlik (born 1965), Polish serial killer
* Stanisław Gawlik (1925–1990), Polish actor
* Weronika Gawlik (born 1986), Polish handball player
* Zbigniew Gawlik (born 1956), Polish handball player
* Rodrigo Gawlik Junior (born 1993), Brazilian-Polish Lawyer
# Histidinuria renal tubular defect syndrome

Histidinuria-renal tubular defect syndrome is a rare genetic disorder characterized by histidinuria associated with the intestines' and the renal tubule's impaired ability of absorbing histidine. Additional findings include intellectual disability, developmental delay, epilepsy, and mild congenital variations. Only five cases (all male) from four families have been described in medical literature.
# Pachattiri

Pachattiri is a small village located near Tirur in Kerala, India. It lies on the banks of the Tirur River. A temple devoted to Krishna is located here, as is a temple devoted to Shiva.This was a part of the Kingdom of Tanur (Vettattnad) kingdom in medieval times.
Pachattiri is very near to Thunchanparambu. Thunchathu Ezhuthachan is the inventor of Malayalam Language. Further, Kerala's first train service commenced from Tirur to Bepur which is also very near to Pachattiri.

## Transportation

Pachattiri village connects to other parts of India through Tirur town. National highway No.66 passes through Tirur and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. Highway No.966 goes to Palakkad and Coimbatore. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Tirur.
# John Swift (cricketer)

John Sheddon Swift (3 February 1852 – 28 February 1926 at Kew, Victoria) was a Victorian first-class cricketer and Test match umpire.
Swift was born in England. He married Ellen Maguire in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond in May 1874. He died suddenly at his home in the Melbourne suburb of Kew in February 1926, aged 74. His wife predeceased him.
He played three matches for Victoria as a right-hand batsman, scoring 65 runs at an average of 13.00 with a highest score of 28. He also kept wicket, taking two catches.
Swift umpired eight Test matches, and was the first Australian to regularly officiate. He made his debut in the match between Australia and England in Melbourne on 31 December 1881 to 4 January 1882, officiating with James Lillywhite. In 1882–83 he and Ted Elliott stood in all four Test matches, the first time two umpires had officiated throughout an entire series. Moyes commented that "apparently we had reached the time when some kind of qualification was required and some consistency in appointment was observed." This was the series that saw presentation of The Ashes urn to the English captain, Ivo Bligh. Swift's last match was between Australia and England in Sydney from 25 February to 1 March 1887.
# Gino Bechi

Gino Bechi (16 October 1913 – 2 February 1993) was an Italian operatic baritone, particularly associated with the Italian repertory, especially in Verdi roles.

## Life and career

Bechi studied in his native Florence with Raul Frazzi and di Giorgio, and made his debut at Empoli, in 1936, as Germont in La traviata.
He sang widely in Italy, appearing frequently at the Rome Opera from 1938 to 1952, and at La Scala from 1939 to 1953, where he sang the title role in Nabucco for its reopening in 1946.
He quickly established himself as the leading dramatic baritone of his time, in roles such as Rigoletto, Count de Luna, Renato, Carlo, Amonasro, Alfio, Gérard, but was also admired as Figaro and Hamlet.
Bechi sang relatively little outside Italy, but did appear in England and North and South America in the late 1950s, but by then he was past his best.
In his prime, Bechi possessed a dark and incisive voice and was a fine singing actor. He can be heard in a number of early recordings, opposite Beniamino Gigli, such as Un ballo in maschera, Aida, Andrea Chénier, and Cavalleria rusticana, conducted by Pietro Mascagni himself. He also recorded Il barbiere di Siviglia. Also available is an unauthorized recording of Nabucco, with Maria Callas, from 1949, and the Prologue from Pagliacci.
Bechi retired from the stage in 1965, and taught in Siena. He died in Florence in 1993.

## Selected filmography

* Music on the Run (1943)
* Be Seeing You, Father (1948)
* Mad About Opera (1948)
* Little Lady (1949)

## Videography

* Verdi – La traviata – Anna Moffo, Franco Bonisolli, Gino Bechi – Giuseppe Patanè (1968), VAI

## Sources

* Le guide de l'opera, les indispensables de la musique, R. Mancini & J-J. Rouvereux, (Fayard, 1986), ISBN 2-213-01563-5
# HDMS Lindormen

The Danish ironclad Lindormen was a monitor built for the Royal Danish Navy in the 1860s. She was scrapped in 1907.

## Description

The ship was 66.62 meters (218 ft 7 in) long overall with a beam of 11.99 meters (39 ft 4 in). She had a draft of 4.44 meters (14 ft 7 in) and displaced 2,048 metric tons (2,016 long tons). Her crew consisted of 150 officers and enlisted men.
Lindormen had two horizontal direct-acting steam engines, built by Burmeister & Wain, each driving one propeller shaft. The engines were rated at a total of 1,500 indicated horsepower (1,100 kW) for a designed speed of 12.5 knots (23.2 km/h; 14.4 mph). The ship carried a maximum of 125 metric tons (123 long tons; 138 short tons) of coal that gave her a range of 1,400 nmi (2,600 km; 1,600 mi) at 8.5 knots (15.7 km/h; 9.8 mph).
She was initially armed with two Armstrong 227-millimeter (8.9 in) rifled muzzle-loading (RML) guns mounted in a single turret. In 1876 a pair of 76-millimeter (3.0 in) RML guns were added. Four years later a pair of 87-millimeter (3.4 in) rifled breech-loading guns were also added and the 76-millimeter guns were replaced by another pair of 87-millimeter breech-loading guns in 1885. The 227-millimeter guns were ultimately replaced by a pair of quick-firing 150-millimeter (5.9 in) guns.
The ship had a complete waterline armored belt that was 127 millimeters (5 in) thick. The gun turret was protected by 140-millimeter (5.5 in) armor plates. The conning tower armor was also 127 millimeters thick.

## Construction and career

Lindormen, named for a serpent from Norse legend, was laid down by the Naval Dockyard in Copenhagen on 20 July 1866, launched on 8 August 1868 and completed on 15 August 1869. She was stricken from the Navy List on 29 June 1907 and sold for scrap. The ship was broken up in the Netherlands.
# Mabrya acerifolia

Mabrya acerifolia, or brittlestem, is a mat-forming herbaceous perennial native to south-central Arizona. It has pale yellow tubular flowers. It was first described by Francis W. Pennell in 1924 in the genus Maurandya and transferred to Mabrya by Wayne J. Elisens in 1985. The epithet acerifolia refers to the somewhat maple-like shape of its leaves.
# Jacques-Alphonse Mahul

Jacques-Alphonse Mahul (31 July 1795 - 25 August 1871) was a French columnist and politician. A liberal activist, he was affiliated with the Carbonari, and was imprisoned for some time at La Force Prison. He participated in the editing of many liberal newspapers such as the Revue encyclopédique [fr].

## Biography

Jacques-Alphonse Mahul was Master of Requests at the Conseil d'État (1835), prefect of Haute-Loire (1835-1837), then of Vaucluse (1837-1840) and of Haute-Garonne (1841), general director of the police (1840). He was deputy of the Aude from 1831 to 1834 and from 1846 to 1848, serving in the majority supporting the July Monarchy.

## Works

* Notice sur quelques articles négligés dans tous les dictionnaires historiques, Paris : Mme Hérissant le Doux, 1818, 34 p.
* Annuaire nécrologique, ou Supplément annuel et continuation de toutes les biographies ou dictionnaires historiques, Paris: Baudouin frères, 5 annuaires de 1821 à 1826. The third year, 1822, is available on line. Paris : Ponthieu, 1823 .
* Histoire de la loi des élections et des projets du gouvernement, Paris : Baudouin frères, 1820, in-8°, 55 p.
* Des Partis en France et dans la Chambre des Députés pendant la session de 1822, Paris : Pélicier, 1822, in-8°, 40 p.
* Tactique électorale à l'usage de l'opposition, où sont indiqués et développés tous les moyens légaux de diriger et concentrer les forces de l'opposition dans les collèges électoraux, et faire triompher son candidat, Paris : Brissot-Thivars, 1822, in-8°, 44 p.
* Du Silence considéré comme tactique parlementaire, Paris : impr. de Boucher, 1823, in-8°, 15 p.
* Éclaircissements touchant les motifs et les circonstances de la détention de M. Alphonse Mahul ; suivis d'observations sur les prisons de la Force et de la Conciergerie, Paris : Ponthieu, 1823, in-8°, 118 p.
* Instructions électorales à l'usage des Français constitutionnels, où sont indiqués et développés tous les moyens légaux de diriger et concentrer les forces de l'opposition dans les collèges électoraux, et de faire triompher son candidat, Paris : Ponthieu, 1824, in-8°, 44 p.
* Explications de M. Mahul, ex-préfet de la Haute-Garonne, sur les derniers événements de Toulouse, Paris : F. Didot frères, (s.d.), in-4°, 4 p.
* Cartulaire et archives des communes de l'ancien diocèse et de l'arrondissement administratif de Carcassonne — villes, villages, églises, abbayes, prieurés, châteaux, seigneuries, fiefs, généalogies, blasons, métairies, lieux bâtis, quartiers ruraux, notes statistiques, 8 vol. (avec fig., pl. et cartes ; le 6e volume contient 2 parties en 2 tomes), Paris : Didron et Dumoulin, 1857-1882.
# Paranga, Tanzania

Paranga is an administrative ward in the Chemba District of the Dodoma Region of Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 13,365 people in the ward, from 12,297 in 2012.
# Para, Unnao

Para is a village in Hilauli block of Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, its population is 7,701, in 1,262 households, and it has 6 primary schools and no healthcare facilities. It hosts a regular market and has a sub post office.
The 1961 census recorded Para as comprising 16 hamlets, with a total population of 3,252 (1,660 male and 1,592 female), in 600 households and 433 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 4,181 acres. It had a post office then.
# Paparazzi (disambiguation)

Paparazzi are photographers who take candid pictures of celebrities.
Paparazzi may also refer to:

## Film and television

* Paparazzi (1963 film), by Jacques Lozier, short documentary about the filming of Jean-Luc Godard's Contempt
* Paparazzi (1998 French film), a comedy film directed by Alain Berbérian
* Paparazzi (1998 Italian film), a comedy film directed by Neri Parenti
* Paparazzi (2004 film), an American thriller film directed by Paul Abascal
* Paparazzi: Eye in the Dark, a 2011 Nigerian film directed by Bayo Akinfemi
* Paparazzi (talk show), a 2010–2012 Philippine talk show

## Music

* "Paparazzi" (Girls' Generation song), 2012
* "Paparazzi" (Lady Gaga song), 2009
* "Paparazzi" (Xzibit song), 1996
* Paparazzi, an album by Supernova, 2019

## Other uses

* Paparazzi!: Tales of Tinseltown, a 1995 video game
* Paparazzi Productions, a 2006–2007 professional wrestling faction
* Paparazzi Project, an open-source autopilot system
# Paraplatyptilia bifida

Paraplatyptilia bifida is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in North America.
# Jack West

John Melville West (17 February 1889 – 26 March 1960) was an Australian rules footballer who played with Melbourne and University in the Victorian Football League (VFL).

## Military service

He was both a footballer and a resident master at Melbourne Grammar School when he enlisted in the AIF, 7th Battalion, C Company, on 17 August 1914, only two weeks after war was declared.
On 25 April 1915 he landed at Gallipoli and four days later was appointed second lieutenant. In August he was promoted to lieutenant, just a week before he was wounded in action with significant gunshot wounds to the head and hand. A few days later he was admitted to the 1st Australian General Hospital, Cairo, Egypt, and he subsequently returned to Australia in May 1916 as he was no longer fit for active duties. From 1919 until 1947 he was employed by Munitions Supply Department.

## Death

West died in South Yarra on 26 March 1960, aged 71.

## Footnotes

* ↑ The University Team, The Leader, (Saturday, 4 May 1912), p.29.
* ↑ "Lieutenant John Melville West".
# Parapsestis meleagris

Parapsestis meleagris is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Constant Vincent Houlbert in 1921. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Jilin, Shaanxi, Gansu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan.
# Parapsestis albida

Parapsestis albida is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Suzuki in 1916. It is found in Japan and China (Shaanxi, Gansu). The Global Lepidoptera Names Index gives this name as a synonym of Parapsestis umbrosa.
# Parapsestis implicata

Parapsestis implicata is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Gyula M. László, Gábor Ronkay, László Aladár Ronkay and Thomas Joseph Witt in 2007. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Shaanxi, Sichuan and Hubei.
# Jaenimonas drosophilae

Jaenimonas drosophilae is a trypanosomatid parasite of mushroom-feeding flies, first characterized in Drosophila neotestacea and Drosophila falleni. Jaenimonas takes up residence in the gut of the fly, and infection leads to reduced fecundity of its fly host. The species is named for John Jaenike, a prominent ecologist and evolutionary biologist whose work on mushroom-feeding flies laid the foundation for studies on mycophagous Drosophila.
Of note, Jaenimonas is the only identified trypanosomatid parasite of a Drosophila species, and can facilitate study of insect-trypanosome infection dynamics; Drosophila have powerful genetic tools, and many trypanosomes are vectored by insects and are responsible for diseases such as African sleeping sickness, Chagas disease, and Leishmaniasis. Additionally, Crithidia trypanosomes are important parasites of Bumblebees implicated in colony collapse disorder.
# Jaenimonas

Jaenimonas is a genus of trypanosomatid parasite that infects mushroom-feeding Drosophila, similar to Crithidia parasites of Bumblebees. Jaenimonas drosophilae is the sole representative of this genus. The genus is named in honor of John Jaenike, a prominent ecologist and evolutionary biologist whose work on mushroom-feeding flies laid the foundation for studies on mycophagous Drosophila. Jaenike was also an early proponent of the Red Queen hypothesis.
# Paragahamada

Paragahamada is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Pallavaram–Thuraipakkam Radial Road

Pallavaram–Thuraipakkam Radial Road (State Highways 109) is an arterial road in Chennai connecting Grand Southern Trunk Road in Pallavaram with Rajiv Gandhi Salai in Thuraipakkam. The road was constructed by State Highways in 2000. Construction of Road divides Pallavaram Eri on the either side of the road. Now Lake is available only on the Northern Side of the Road.
Pallavaram Flyover connects this arterial road with GST Road. The road connects Pallavaram, Pammal, Pozhichalur, Tirusulam and Meenambakkam with Rajiv Gandhi Salai (OMR) and East Coast Road (ECR). This arterial road also makes the transit easier between eastern neighborhoods in Chennai City like Thuraipakkam, Shozhinganallur and Western neighborhoods in Chennai City like Thiruneermalai, Kundrathur and Poonamallee.
The road features important junctions:
* Echangadu Junction is a four way junction which Medavakkam, Perumbakkam and Nanmangalam on the south and Keelkattalai, Madipakkam and Puzhuthivakkam on the north. It intersects with Medavakkam Main Road.
* Pallikaranai Junction connects the road with Velachery and Taramani.

## Developments

The road is proposed for expansion into a six-lane highway.
Pallavaram–Thuraipakkam Radial Road is proposed to get a bus rapid transit system.
Construction of Keelkattalai Flyover has eased the traffic in the Echangadu junction.
# Torsten Thunberg

Torsten Ludvig Thunberg (30 June 1873 – 4 December 1952) was a Swedish physiologist and biochemist who worked on metabolic oxidation, including examinations of key steps in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, producing insights that were later elucidated by Hans A. Krebs. He was a professor of physiology at the University of Lund. The Thunberg grill illusion, also called the thermal grill illusion was discovered by him. The so-called Thunberg tube for examining biological redox reactions was also named after him.

## Life and work

Thunberg was born in Torsaker, Sweden to businessman Per Erik Thunberg and Wendela Maria Elisabeth Hård. He studied medicine at the University of Uppsala and received an MD with a thesis on epidermal sensory organs and perception. He worked at the Institute of Physiological Chemistry in 1893-94 under Olof Hammarsten and the next two years at the Institute of Physiology at Uppsala under Frithiof Homgren. His 1896 work noted what is now called the "thermal grill illusion", a perception of extreme heat and pain from placing closely interlaced warm (40 °C) and cold (20 °C) stimuli on the skin. He also noted that pinpricks produced two impulses of pain with differences in timing which were later shown to be due to different nerve fibre groups. He moved to the University of Lund in 1904, shortly after the death of Magnus Blix. Thunberg contributed to Willibald Nagel's Handbuch Der Physiologie Des Menschen. Thunberg examined oxidative metabolism and began experiments with Heinrich Wieland. He developed a micro-respirometer to measure oxygen use and carbon dioxide production by tissues. In 1912 he examined dehyrogenase enzyme activity using methylene blue indicators and noted the role of succinate in a chain of compounds. The use of methylene blue indicator led to rapid advances in metabolic studies. In 1924 Thunberg designed a casing with air pressure pumps to assist polio victims breathe. His "barospirator" was modified by others and was used as prior art by John H. Emerson to invalidate the patent of Philip Drinker for an iron lung.
Thunberg was also involved in social activism in his student years at Uppsala, taking part in the Verdandi, along with Hjalmar Öhrvall. The Temperance Order Verdandi (Nykterhetsorden Verdandi) founded in 1896 were involved in socialist goals and supported temperance measures. He was elected to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1928. He died following a fracture of his thigh in 1952.
# Hipkins

Hipkins is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alfred James Hipkins (1826–1903), English musician
* Chris Hipkins (born 1978), Prime Minister of New Zealand (2023)
* Edith Hipkins (1854–1945), English painter
* Gavin Hipkins (born 1968), New Zealander photographer
* Roland Hipkins (1894–1951), English artist
# New York Leader (19th century)

The New York Leader (1855–1871) was a literary weekly newspaper published in New York City, and also the organ of city's political power, Tammany Hall.
Charles G. Halpine became part owner and principal editor of the paper in 1856. From 1861 until his death in 1864, it was edited by John Clancy. After The Saturday Press stopped publishing in 1860, a number of its former contributors wrote for the Leader, including Henry Clapp, Ada Clare, and other New York bohemians. Walt Whitman also contributed using the pseudonym "Velsor Brush".
The literary bent of the paper was in contrast to its political activities, but a decline in Tammany Hall's fortunes at the end of 1871 coincided with the paper's demise.
# Gonioterma burmanniana

Gonioterma burmanniana is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Caspar Stoll in 1782. It is found in Brazil.
Adults are whitish yellow, with the forewings acutely rectangular at the tips, with four deep black costal marks. The first mark basal and the third larger than the fourth, and much larger than the first and than the second. There is a submarginal slightly outward-curved line of black points, ending in the fourth costal mark and the fringe is blackish cupreous. The hindwings have a slight aeneous tinge and the fringe is cupreous along the fore part of the exterior border.
# John Townend (rower)

John Herman Townend (6 September 1903 – 2 August 1926) was a British rower. He competed in the men's coxed four event at the 1924 Summer Olympics. He was killed when he fell from the top of an omnibus.