# History of the Jews in Hannover

The history of the Jews in Hannover began in the 13th century. In 2009, about 6200 people belonged to the four Jewish communities in Hannover.

## Early history

Jews were already living in Hanover in the 14th century. They constituted a minority within the city and adhered to their traditional, ritually prescribed ways of life (such as the Sabbath commandment and observance of dietary laws). As Schutzjuden, they had a special legal status, required explicit permission from the authorities and did not have the rights of the other inhabitants.
After anti-Jewish sermons by Protestant clergymen led to violent riots, the Hanover City Council banned trade between Christians and Jews in 1588. Deprived of their livelihood, the Jews left Hanover's old town and moved to the then still independent Calenberger Neustadt. Until the 19th century, no Jews lived in the Hanoverian old town.
In Calenberg's Neustadt, where the Jews built the New Synagogue (destroyed in the Reichspogromnacht of 1938) in the 19th century, they were also suppressed after fleeing the old town. Already in 1593 their "temple" was "destroyed and abolished" by order of Duke Heinrich Julius. The Jews themselves were expelled from the new town, their property was "graciously assigned to the church" by the duke. In 1608 they were allowed to return and in 1609 they completed their new place of worship. However, ecclesiastical dignitaries of the Calenberg region were outraged that the Jews had once again built a synagogue on the "Neustadt vor Hannover". The Protestant superintendent of Ronnenberg, Wichmann Schulrabe, to whose district the Neustadt vor Hannover belonged, finally complained in writing to the consistory in Wolfenbüttel on February 1, 1613. As a consequence, the Grand Bailiff of Calenberg ordered the demolition of this second Jewish house of worship in the new town of Calenberg in the same year. Therefore, the Jews of the new town of Calenberg had "for a long time no place in which they could worship together". In 1688 they were allowed to build a small synagogue in the house of their headman Levin Goldschmidt. In 1703, the court and chamber agent of the Hanoverian Guelph dukes, Leffmann Behrens, succeeded in obtaining permission to build a new synagogue on the site where the synagogue demolished in 1613 had stood. The independent Jewish culture was maintained in this seclusion - on a place in a backyard not visible to the public.
The first printed address book of the city of Hanover from 1798 listed individual Jews at the end of the book in a directory of Jews engaged in trade and commerce in the Calenberger Neustadt area.

## 19th and early 20th century

For a short period of time - until 1814 - equal rights were granted to Jewish men in the French-ruled Kingdom of Westphalia.
Mainly active in commercial and financial professions, the Jewish minority existed on the fringes of society until the middle of the 19th century. Their number gradually increased to about 500 people by the beginning of the 19th century.
In the Kingdom of Hanover, the right of exemption was abolished in 1842, and Jews became equal to other citizens by law. In the middle of the 19th century, Israel Simon was considered Hanover's first banker.
As the Jewish population in Hanover grew in the course of the 19th century, the Old Synagogue became too small. From 1864 to 1870, after the demolition of older buildings in Bergstraße (today Rote Reihe) in Calenberger Neustadt, the New Synagogue was built. It was located in the neighborhood of Hanover's main churches. The building, designed by Edwin Oppler in the style of historicism, was a symbol of self-confidence and recognition of the Jews and had a style-defining effect on the construction of synagogues in the German Empire.
In 1893, Alexander Moritz Simon founded the Israelite Educational Institution in Ahlem, which was renamed the Israelite Horticultural School Ahlem in 1919.
At the beginning of the 20th century, about 5000 Jews lived in Hanover. The years leading up to the National Socialists' "seizure of power" in 1933 brought a social rise of Jewry in bourgeois society. But secularly oriented Jews, such as the KPD politicians Werner Scholem and Iwan Katz, also became involved in the Hanoverian labor movement. At the same time, a new anti-Semitism developed in the form of anti-liberal and anti-democratic movements, which became state doctrine with the seizure of power in 1933. As a result of new persecutions, the number of Hanoverian Jews dropped to about 4800 people in 1936.

## Nazi era (1933-1945)

In the time of National Socialism from 1933 on, the Jews were persecuted. By 1938 about 4800 Jews still remained in Hanover. Under city building councilor Karl Elkart there were aryanizations, plunder, expulsions, deportations and murder, which destroyed the Jewish community of Hanover.

### Poland Action and November Pogroms

On October 28, 1938, 484 Jews of Polish nationality were rounded up in Hanover as part of the Polish Action, collected in the hall of the "Rusthaus" (Burgstraße 30), and deported across the Polish border from the main train station.
Among those expelled was the Grünspan family from Burgstraße 36. The second oldest son of the family, Herschel Grünspan, was in Paris at the time. When he learned of the expulsion of his family, he bought a revolver on November 7, 1938, drove to the German embassy in Paris and shot five times at Legationsrat Ernst Eduard vom Rath, who died on November 9. This was used by the National Socialists as a pretext for the long-planned November pogroms of 1938, which were staged as "spontaneous actions of popular anger." All over the German Reich, synagogues were set on fire the following night, including the New Synagogue in Hanover on Bergstraße. In Hanover, 94 Jewish businesses and 27 homes were destroyed, and 334 Jews from Hanover and the surrounding area were arrested and deported to Buchenwald concentration camp.
On June 25, 1939, another smaller group of Jews was deported.

### So-called "Jewish houses"

At the beginning of the Second World War, there were still around 2000 Jews living in Hanover. On September 3 and 4, 1941, the "Aktion Lauterbacher" ghettoized Jewish families. Around 1200 Jews had to leave their houses and apartments and were crammed into 15 so-called "Judenhäuser" under catastrophic living conditions:
* Alte Synagoge, Bergstraße 8, Straße nicht mehr existent, Nähe Rote Reihe, Calenberger Neustadt
* Schulgebäude Lützowstraße 3, Mitte
* Verwaltungsgebäude Ohestraße 8/9, heute Standort des Berufsschulzentrums, Calenberger Neustadt
* Jüdisches Krankenhaus und Altersheim, Ellernstraße 16, Zooviertel
* Altersheim Auf dem Emmerberge 31, Südstadt
* Heinemanhof (Altersheim für jüdische Frauen der Minna-James-Heineman-Stiftung), Kirchrode
* Predigthalle des neuen jüdischen Friedhofs, Nordstadt
* Israelitische Gartenbauschule Ahlem
* Wohnhaus Dieterichsstraße 28, Warmbüchenviertel
* Wohnhaus Herschelstraße 31, Mitte
* Wohnhaus Josephstraße 22, heute Otto-Brenner-Straße, Mitte
* Wohnhaus Knochenhauerstraße 61, Altstadt
* Wohnhaus Körnerstraße 24, Mitte
* Wohnhaus Scholvinstraße 12, Mitte
* Wohnhaus Wunstorfer Straße 16 a, Limmer

### Deportations

Expulsion from homes preceded the deportation of Jews from Germany, which began a short time later. At the end of 1941 and even before the Wannsee Conference in February 1942, many Jews living in Hanover were forceably taken to the designated collection camp, the Israelite Horticultural School in Ahlem. From there, 1001 people were transported to the Fischerhof train station in Linden on December 15, 1941, and deported to the Riga ghetto after luggage checks and body searches. Six further transports up to 1944 took place from this station to the concentration camps and ghettos in Auschwitz, Theresienstadt and Warsaw. An eighth transport from Hanover took place in 1945 from another station.
A total of around 2400 people from the city and southern Lower Saxony were deported from Hanover, very few of whom survived the Shoah. From the first transport in 1941 with 1001 people it is known that 68 survived the Second World War.
On the 70th anniversary of the first deportation, the city of Hannover commemorated the event on December 15, 2011, with memorial events attended by five survivors. This included a light action on Trammplatz. Schoolchildren lit a candle for each of the 1001 deported people, which when lined up formed a Star of David. The other program included an exhibition in the New Town Hall and a symposium.

## Concentration Camps

In the present-day city area of Hanover, seven subcamps were established in 1943 and 1944 at the end of World War II, which were assigned to the Neuengamme concentration camp. The satellite camps were affiliated with industrial plants in which the concentration camp prisoners - including many Jews - were employed as laborers:
* KZ-Außenlager Hannover-Ahlem
* KZ-Außenlager Hannover-Langenhagen (im heutigen Stadtteil Brink-Hafen)
* KZ-Außenlager Hannover-Limmer
* KZ-Außenlager Hannover-Misburg
* KZ-Außenlager Hannover-Mühlenberg
* KZ Hannover-Stöcken (Akkumulatorenwerke) (im Stadtteil Marienwerder)
* KZ Hannover-Stöcken (Continental)
The history of these camps, the fate of those imprisoned and the post-war reappraisal was comprehensively documented in the mid-1980s.

## Postwar

By the time American troops occupied Hanover on April 10, 1945, only about 100 Jews remained in the city.
After World War II, Jews returning from the concentration camps were in need of medical help, assistance and counseling. On August 10, 1945, permission to establish a Jewish community was delivered by the British military government.
In 1945, Norbert Prager was still elected the first chairman of the Jewish community in Hanover, while a second community, which had emerged from the Jewish Committee, was initially hostile to his ideas. With the help of Jewish organizations and the government of the state of Lower Saxony, which was founded in 1946, it was possible to provide social support for the members. Through immigration, new Jewish life slowly emerged in the city.
In the months following the liberation of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, Jewish survivors left the Belsen DP camp and also settled in Hanover. When the community of Jewish survivors in Hannover was large enough to hire a rabbi, Rabbi Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft recommended to the Emergency Religious Council of the British Chief Rabbi that his friend Rabbi Chaim Pinchas Lubinsky be appointed Chief Rabbi. This took place in January 1946. The congregation grew and more rabbis were needed; Rabbi Shlomo Zev Zweigenhaft became the second rabbi in Hannover. In 1949, the Jewish community in Hanover elected Zweigenhaft as its sole rabbi. Thereafter, many smaller Jewish communities in Lower Saxony also appointed rabbis, and Zweigenhaft became Chief Rabbi of Hanover and Lower Saxony.

## Present
### Memorials

Since 1994, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Hanover on Opernplatz has commemorated the persecution of Jews in Hanover. The memory of Jewish citizens is also served by Stolpersteine (see list of Stolpersteine in Hannover) laid in the pavement at their former residences. By 2015, 330 stones had been laid in the city. A central memorial for the Hannover region was established at the former site of the Hannover-Ahlem subcamp in Ahlem.
* Mahnmal für die ermordeten Juden Hannovers auf dem Opernplatz
* Gedenkstätte nahe der 1938 zerstörten Synagoge in der Calenberger Neustadt, rechts Gedenktafel
* Stolpersteine zum Gedenken an jüdische Bewohner, hier am Goetheplatz
* Mahnmal Asphaltschacht Ahlem
* Das Innere des Mahnmals Asphaltschacht
* Mahnmal an früherer Israelitischer Gartenbauschule Ahlem

### Gedenken

* 1001 entzündete Kerzen in der Form eines Davidsterns auf dem Trammplatz am 70. Jahrestag der ersten Deportation
* Koffer von Norbert Kronenberg, deportiert am 15. Dezember 1941 ins Ghetto Riga
* Abgeschoben in den Tod; Katalog zur Ausstellung bis 27. Januar 2012 in Hannover, Neues Rathaus
* Gleise als Exponat für den Bahnhof Hannover-Linden/Fischerhof

### Communities

There are four Jewish communities with a total of about 6200 members in Hannover.

#### Jewish community

The Jewish Community Hannover K. d. ö. R. has about 5000 members. Chairman is Michael Fürst.
In 1953, a Jewish retirement home was inaugurated at Haeckelstraße 6 in the Bult district. In the course of the following years, further Jews residing in Hanover were accepted as members of the congregation. Beginning in 1957, regular religious instruction was again held for Jewish children. The next steps were the construction of a new Jewish community center at Haeckelstraße 10 with a high-rise residential building, a hall for cultural purposes, school rooms, a community office and club rooms. In 1963, the new synagogue on Haeckelstraße was built and inaugurated on November 10, 1963. After 1990, community life was considerably expanded, especially in the areas of youth, cultural, social and senior citizen work. The membership of the Jewish Community of Hanover increased from originally 900 to about 5000 in 2009.

#### Liberal Jewish Community

The Liberal Jewish Community Hannover K.d.Ö.R. has about 700 members. The chairwoman is Rebecca Seidler.
In September 1995, after internal conflicts, 79 members broke away from the Jewish Community and founded a New Jewish Community of Hanover. In 1997, it was a founding member of the Union of Progressive Jews in Germany Austria and Switzerland and soon renamed itself the Liberal Jewish Community of Hanover. It opened its synagogue "Etz Chaim" in Leinhausen in January 2009. The building was previously the Protestant Gustav Adolf Church (church construction: 1965-71, Fritz Eggeling, reconstruction: 2007-09, Prof. Gesche Grabenhorst and Roger Ahrens), which was converted into a Jewish community center. The community center is also the office of the Landesverband der israelitischen Kultusgemeinden von Niedersachsen K.d.ö.R. (State Association of Jewish Communities in Lower Saxony).)

#### Jewish Bukharian Sephardic Center Germany

In September 2009, a community of Bukharian Jews opened its synagogue in Ricklingen. It has about 300 members, the chairman is Juhanu Motaev.

#### Chabad Lubavitch

The Hasidic Orthodox movement Chabad Lubavitch maintains its own educational center in Kleefeld. It has around 400 members.
* Synagoge der Jüdischen Gemeinde Hannover an der Haeckelstraße im Stadtteil Bult
* Synagoge der Liberalen Jüdischen Gemeinde Hannover in Leinhausen
* Jüdisch-Sefardisch-Bucharische Gemeinde in Ricklingen
* Bildungszentrum von Chabad Lubavitch in Kleefeld

## Cemeteries

* Alter Jüdischer Friedhof an der Oberstraße, Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts bis 1864
* Jüdischer Friedhof An der Strangriede, 1864–1924
* Jüdischer Friedhof Bothfeld, seit 1924
* Friedhof der Liberalen Jüdischen Gemeinde Hannover, 2001–2017 Abteilung des Stadtfriedhofs Lahe, seit 2017 eigenständig
* Alter Friedhof an der Oberstraße
* Friedhof an der Strangriede
* Friedhof in Bothfeld
* Trauerhalle am Friedhof in Bothfeld
* Friedhof der Liberalen Gemeinde

## Key people

* Julius Benfey (1836–1900), Bankdirektor und Gemeindevorsteher
* Emil Berliner (1851–1929), Erfinder der Schallplatte und Fabrikant
* Joseph Berliner (1858–1938), Fabrikant
* Samuel Freund (1868–1939), Rabbiner
* Selig Gronemann (1843–1918), Rabbiner
* Kurt Harald Isenstein (1898–1980), Bildhauer, Maler, Kunst- und Musikpädagoge, Schriftsteller
* Andor Izsák (* 6. Juli 1944 in Budapest), Musiker, Gründer des Europäischen Zentrums für jüdische Musik in Hannover
* Iwan Katz (1889–1956), KPD-Politiker
* Werner Kraft (1896–1991), Bibliothekar, Essayist, Schriftsteller, emigrierte 1933/34 aus Hannover nach Jerusalem
* Theodor Lessing (1872–1933), Philosoph und Publizist
* Louis Ephraim Meyer (1821–1894), Bankier, unter anderem Mitbegründer der Braunschweig-Hannoverschen Hypothekenbank und der Hannoverschen Immobilien Gesellschaft
* Erwin Panofsky (1892–1968), Kunsthistoriker, emigrierte 1934 in die USA
* Norbert Prager (1891–1965), war als Überlebender des Holocaust der erste Vorsitzende der jüdischen Gemeinde in Hannover. Er war unter anderem einer der Initiatoren der Gesellschaft für Christlich-Jüdische Zusammenarbeit
* Werner Scholem (1895–1940), 1919 Bürgervorsteher in Hannover-Linden, in der Weimarer Republik Reichstagsabgeordneter für die KPD
* Henry Seligmann (1880–1933), Münzhändler, Mitbegründer der Jüdischen Turnerschaft, Mitglied des Schulvorstandes, Vorsteher des Wohltätigkeitsvereins
* Siegmund Seligmann (1853–1925), erster Generaldirektor der Gummiwerke Continental AG in Hannover
* Ferdinand Sichel (1859–1930), Fabrikant und Gründer der Sichelwerke (Malerleim und Kleister)
* Alexander Moritz Simon (1837–1905), Bankier und Gründer der Israelitischen Gartenbauschule Ahlem
* Eduard Simon (1805–1867), Obergerichtsrat, Mitglied der Advokatenkammer und Erbauer der Villa Simon
* Israel Simon (1807–1883), Bankier und Finanzier des hannoverschen Königs
* Ingrid Wettberg, Vorsitzende der Liberale Jüdische Gemeinde Hannover seit 1999; größte liberale Gemeinde Deutschlands mit erstem Synagogenneubau seit 1945
* Solomon Wolf Zweigenhaft (1915–2005), Rabbiner