OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Peever, South Dakota

Peever is a town in Roberts County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 180 at the 2020 census.
Peever was laid out in 1898, and named in honor of Thomas Henry Peever, a settler.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.12 square miles (0.31 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics
### 2010 census

As of the census of 2010, there were 168 people, 56 households, and 47 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,400.0 inhabitants per square mile (540.5/km$^2$). There were 63 housing units at an average density of 525.0 per square mile (202.7/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 28.6% White, 65.5% Native American, 0.6% from other races, and 5.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.4% of the population.
There were 56 households, of which 55.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 33.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 8.9% had a male householder with no wife present, and 16.1% were non-families. 12.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.00 and the average family size was 3.15.
The median age in the town was 28.5 years. 36.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.4% were from 25 to 44; 29.8% were from 45 to 64; and 6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 48.2% male and 51.8% female.

### 2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 209 people, 61 households, and 50 families residing in the town. The population density was 1,504.5 inhabitants per square mile (580.9/km$^2$). There were 73 housing units at an average density of 525.5 per square mile (202.9/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 31.58% White, 0.48% African American, 66.03% Native American, and 1.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.44% of the population.
There were 61 households, out of which 59.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.9% were married couples living together, 24.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 18.0% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.43 and the average family size was 3.86.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 46.4% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 28.2% from 25 to 44, 12.9% from 45 to 64, and 6.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.7 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $23,333, and the median income for a family was $24,583. Males had a median income of $21,719 versus $20,625 for females. The per capita income for the town was $8,695. About 30.6% of families and 36.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 45.6% of those under the age of eighteen and 42.9% of those 65 or over.
# Mimcochylis ochroplasta

Mimcochylis ochroplasta is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Sinaloa, Mexico.
# Guadalope

The Guadalope (Guadalop in Catalan and Aragonese) is a river in Aragon, Spain. It is a tributary of the Ebro (Ebre in Catalan).

## Course

This 160-kilometre (99 mi) long river rises in the Sierra de Gúdar, near Villarroya de los Pinares and Miravete de la Sierra in the Maestrazgo, Aragon. It receives water from rivulets originating in the Sierra de la Cañada and Sierra Carrascosa. Flowing northeastwards its waters fill the Santolea reservoir, then the dam of Calanda, before it enters the Ebro at Caspe.
In addition to the towns mentioned, it also flows through Alcañiz and Civan. Tributaries of the Guadalope include the Bergantes, Fortanete, Bordón and Mezquín on the right side, and the Aliaga River and the Guadalopillo on the left.
# Two-center bipolar coordinates

In mathematics, two-center bipolar coordinates is a coordinate system based on two coordinates which give distances from two fixed centers $c_{1}$ and $c_{2}$. This system is very useful in some scientific applications (e.g. calculating the electric field of a dipole on a plane).

## Transformation to Cartesian coordinates

When the centers are at $(+a,0)$ and $(-a,0)$, the transformation to Cartesian coordinates $(x,y)$ from two-center bipolar coordinates $(r_{1},r_{2})$ is
    $x={\frac {r_{2}^{2}-r_{1}^{2}}{4a}}$
    $y=\pm {\frac {1}{4a}}{\sqrt {16a^{2}r_{2}^{2}-(r_{2}^{2}-r_{1}^{2}+4a^{2})^{2}}}$

## Transformation to polar coordinates

When x > 0, the transformation to polar coordinates from two-center bipolar coordinates is
    $r={\sqrt {\frac {r_{1}^{2}+r_{2}^{2}-2a^{2}}{2}}}$
    $\theta =\arctan \left({\frac {\sqrt {r_{1}^{4}-8a^{2}r_{1}^{2}-2r_{1}^{2}r_{2}^{2}-(4a^{2}-r_{2}^{2})^{2}}}{r_{2}^{2}-r_{1}^{2}}}\right)$
where $2a$ is the distance between the poles (coordinate system centers).

## Applications

Polar plotters use two-center bipolar coordinates to describe the drawing paths required to draw a target image.
# Theodora FitzGibbon

Theodora FitzGibbon (née Rosling; later Morrison; 21 October 1916 – 25 March 1991) was an Irish cookery writer, model and actress.

## Early life

FitzGibbon was born Joan Eileen Rosling on 21 October 1916 in London to Adam Rosling and Alice Winifred Hodgkins. She was educated at a number of convents, including the Sacré Coeur in Bruges and St Joseph's, Hendon. She travelled widely with her father in India, Europe and the Middle East. It is said that she received cooking lessons from the former Queen Natalie of Serbia at a finishing school in Paris.

## Modelling and acting

At age 18, she went on stage in repertory theatre in Birmingham and Coventry and joined a touring company, the English Players, in France under the pseudonym Karen Peterson. She appeared in Anthony Asquith's film Freedom Radio (1941) and acted on the stage in London on the West End. She also modelled for a fashionable couturier, Ronald Traquair.

## Cookery books

In 1952, she was commissioned to write a cookery book, Cosmopolitan Cookery in an English Kitchen. She bought a Henry Moore gouache with the book advance. A further twenty-five cookery books included the highly popular series A Taste of, which focused on regional specialities: A Taste of Ireland (1968), A Taste of Scotland, ‘’West Country’’, ‘’Wales’’, ‘’London’’, A Taste of the Sea, A Taste of Paris, A Taste of Rome, A Taste of the Lake District, A Taste of Yorkshire. These books extended the context of recipes with geography, history, sociology, photography and illustrations. Notable other books include the encyclopaedic The Food of the Western World (1976), which took fifteen years to write and included recipes from thirty-four countries, and which won the Glenfiddich Special Gold Medal in 1976, as well as Eat Well and Live Longer (1968).
In 1987 she was awarded the Prix Choucroutre First Prize for European Food Journalism at Bonn. She was one of the founding members of the Irish Food Writers' Guild and became the Guild's first president.

## Other writing

Her novel The Flight of the Kingfisher was published in 1967 and made into a successful television play for BBC TV. She wrote two memoirs, With Love (1982), and Love Lies a Loss (1985).

## Relationships and friends

She met the photographer and surrealist painter Peter Rose Pulham (1910–1956) in Paris and began an affair. It was he who gave her the name Theodora, according to her autobiography. Through him, she met many important figures of the Parisian art world: Balthus, Cocteau, Dali and Picasso. In London, she met the young painters Francis Bacon, Lucian Freud, John Minton and John Banting. She married the Irish-American writer Constantine Fitzgibbon (1919–1983) in 1944. The marriage lasted fifteen years. In 1960 she married again, to George Morrison (b. 1922). In London she became friends with Norman Douglas, Henry Moore, Dylan Thomas and his wife, Caitlin.

## Death

Theodora FitzGibbon died on 25 March 1991 in Killiney, County Dublin.
# Takamboru

Takamboru is a village in Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. It is located near Vatupilei and Aruliho, 33.8 kilometres (21.0 mi) by road northwest of Honiara.
# Þór Whitehead

Þór Whitehead (Thor Whitehead) (born 19 August 1943) is an Icelandic historian. He is currently a professor at the University of Iceland.
Thor has written extensively on the history of Iceland during World War II and the Cold War. His best known work is the multi-volume series Ísland í síðari heimsstyrjöld (Iceland in the Second World War). He has also written about other episodes in Icelandic history, such as the Icelandic government's rejection of Jewish refugees during the war, and the racist policies of banning black soldiers from the American-garrisoned Naval Air Station Keflavik.

## Education

Thor received a BA degree from the University of Iceland, an MA from the University of Georgia and his DPhil from Oxford University.

## Academic career

* Research lecturer, University of Iceland, 1978–1981
* Professor of history, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland, 1981-
* Director, Institute of History, University of Iceland, 1983–1985
* Fulbright Research Fellow and Visiting Scholar, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, United States, 1986
* Humboldt Fellow, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt der Bundeswehr, Freiburg, Germany, 1986–1988
* Dean, Faculty of Arts, University of Iceland, 1989–1991
* Visiting Research Professor, Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier III, Montpellier, France, 1992–1993
* Chairman, Department of History, 1994–1995
* Humboldt Fellow, Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt der Bundeswehr, Freiburg, Germany, 1996–1997
* Visiting Research Professor, Université Paul-Valéry, Montpellier III, Montpellier, France, 2002–2003, 2005–2006,
* Chairman, Department of History and Archaeology, University of Iceland 2006–2007

## Publications

* Whitehead, Þór (1979). Kommúnistahreyfingin á Íslandi 1921-1934 [The Communist Movement in Iceland, 1921–1934] (in Icelandic).
* Whitehead, Þór (1980–1999). Ísland í sídari heimsstyrjöld [Iceland in the Second World War] (in Icelandic). Vol. I–IV. The Icelandic Literary Prize, 1995.
* Whitehead, Þór (1988). Íslandsaevintýri Himmlers 1935-1937 [Himmler's Iceland Adventure 1935-1937] (in Icelandic).
* Whitehead, Þór (1998). The Ally Who Came in from the Cold. A Survey of Icelandic Foreign Policy 1946-1956.
* Whitehead, Þór (2002). Ísland í hers höndum [Iceland and the Allied Military Presence. Pictures from a War 1939-1945] (in Icelandic). The Icelandic Booksellers Prize, 2002.

## Sources

* Who is Who in the World 2009.
# Ian Gallagher (disambiguation)

Ian Gallagher is a character from the British programme and U.S. remake, Shameless.
Ian Gallagher or Gallacher may also refer to:
* Ian Gallagher (cricketer) (born 1950), Australian cricketer
* Ian Gallagher (footballer), retired English footballer
* Ian Stuart Gallacher, Welsh rugby player
# Guido von Pirquet

Guido von Pirquet (30 March 1880 – 17 April 1966) was an Austrian pioneer of astronautics and a Baron of a lower noble family.
Born near Vienna, he was educated at Technische Hochschule in Vienna and Graz. He developed an interest in rocketry, building and testing model rockets in 1927. In 1928, he proposed the idea of building a space station in low Earth orbit (LEO) for fueling vehicles to travel to the other planets. He published detailed calculations for this type of mission. For this reason, he (together with Herman Potočnik) is considered the "father of the space station". Along with Rudolf Zwerina, he founded the Austrian Society for Rocket Technology in 1931. His interest in rocketry waned following the Anschluss in 1938.
Guido von Pirquet is one of several scientists working in the pre-spaceflight era (1920-1957) who fully understood the promise of the gravity assist method for reducing flight time and increasing payload to the outer planets. He gave detailed formulas showing how close passage of Jupiter could be used to make a large change in the velocity and orbital energy of a spacecraft. His vector diagrams clearly show the gravity assist mechanism that are identical to those used later by Krafft Ehricke (1956) and much later by Minovitch (1961). Minovitch claims incorrectly that he is the "inventor" of the gravity assist space flight technique..
Pirquet crater on the Moon is named after him. He was inducted as an honorary fellow of the British Interplanetary Society in 1949, their highest honor. In 1976, he was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame. His brother, Clemens von Pirquet, became a scientist and pediatrician.

## Publications

Pirquet's work was published both by Verein für Raumschiffahrt (the Society for Space Travel) in Die Rackete and by Willy Ley in Die Möglichkeit der Weltraumfahrt (The Possibility of Space Travel).
# Harald Ibach

Harald P. W. Ibach (born 15 April 1941 in Rheine) is a German solid state physicist.

## Education and career

Ibach received his doctorate in 1969 from RWTH Aachen University with his dissertation Thermische Ausdehnung von Silizium und Zinkoxid (Thermal expansion of silicon and zinc oxide) and habilitated there in 1972 with his habilitation thesis: Low energy electron spectroscopy — a tool for studies of surface vibrations. From 1975 he was a docent and then a professor ordinarius at RWTH Aachen University, as well as director of the Institut für Schichten und Grenzflächen (Institute for Layers and Interfaces), and chair for Experimental Physics IV A in Jülich. Since 2017 he is a visiting scientist at the Peter Grünberg Institut of the Forschungszentrum Jülich.
He is concerned with surface physics of solids and spectroscopic methods for this, electron energy loss spectroscopy, thin layers, adsorption and reaction of gases on surfaces, vibration spectroscopy on surfaces.
He is the co-author, with Hans Lüth [de], of a German standard textbook on solid state physics. He also wrote, with Douglas L. Mills, a standard reference on electron energy loss spectroscopy.
In 1992 Ibach received the Europhysics Prize and in 1986 the Medard W. Welch Award.

## Selected publications

* as editor: Electron Spectroscopy for Surface Analysis, Springer 1977
* Zur Physik und Chemie der Festkörperoberfläche, Rheinisch-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vorträge Nr. 309, Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag 1982
* with Douglas L. Mills: Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Surface Vibrations, Academic Press 1982
* with Hans Lüth: Festkörperphysik. Einführung in die Grundlagen, Springer, 1981, 7th edition 2009
** Solid State Physics. An Introduction to the Principles of Materials Science, English translation, Springer 1996, 4th edition 2009
* Electron Energy Loss Spectrometers, Springer 1991
* Physics of Surfaces and Interfaces, Springer 2006
# Jana Sakthi

The Jana Sakthi is the organ of the Communist Party of India Tamil Nadu State Council. The first editor was P. Jeevanandham and it started in 1938. K. Subbarayan is the current editor of Jana Sakthi.
# Pehkwin

Pehkwin is a village in Homalin Township, Hkamti District, in the Sagaing Region of northwestern Burma.
# Jashaud Singh Bisht

Jashaud Singh Bisht was an Indian politician. He was a Member of Parliament representing Uttar Pradesh in the Rajya Sabha the upper house of India's Parliament as member of the Indian National Congress.
# Pengelley

Pengelley is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ben Pengelley (born 1998), Australian cricketer
* Richard Pengelley (born 1960), Australian water polo player
# Peeter Jakobson (writer)

Peeter Jakobson (27 December 1854 – 23 July 1899) was an Estonian writer. Jakobson wrote post-romantic poetry, short stories and memoirs. He also translated his poems into German.
He born in Rakvere. From 1877 to 1878, he participated on Russo-Turkish War.
He died in Väike-Maarja, and he is buried at Väike-Maarja Cemetery.

## Works

* poetry collection "Õilme nupukesed" (1881)
* poetry collection"Luuletused" I–II (1884–1885)
* theatre piece "Koit ja Hämarik" (1884)
* theatre piece"Udumäe kuningas ehk kroonitud voorus" (1888)
* memories "Minu sõjamälestused" (1901)
# Pennantia cunninghamii

Pennantia cunninghamii, known as brown beech, is a species of flowering plant in the family Pennantiaceae and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a tree with a fluted trunk, elliptic or oblong leaves and white, either bisexual or male flowers.

## Description

Pennantia cunninghamii is a tree that typically grows to a height of up to 30 m (98 ft) and has an irregularly fluted trunk with dark grey to brown, often scaly bark and a flanged base. The leaves are elliptic or oblong, 70–180 mm (2.8–7.1 in) long and 40–80 mm (1.6–3.1 in) wide on a petiole 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long and arranged along zig-zagging branchlets. Both sides of the leaves are glossy with prominent domatia on the veins. The flowers are bisexual or male, arranged in panicles on the ends of branches or in upper leaf axils, the sepals insignificant, the petals glabrous, 3–4 mm (0.12–0.16 in) long and 1.0–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in) wide. Flowering occurs from November to January and the fruit is a fleshy black drupe 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long and 7–9 mm (0.28–0.35 in) wide containing a single seed.

## Taxonomy

Pennantia cunninghamii was first formally described in 1852 by John Miers in The Annals and Magazine of Natural History from specimens collected by Allan Cunningham in the Illawarra region. The specific epithet honours Cunningham.

## Distribution and habitat

Brown beech grows in rainforest from Clyde Mountain near Batemans Bay (35° S) in southern New South Wales to Atherton (17° S) in tropical Queensland.

## Ecology

The fruit of P. cunninghamii is eaten by grey-headed flying fox and a variety of bird species including brown cuckoo dove, green catbird, topknot pigeon, wompoo fruit-dove and white-headed pigeon. The larva of the moth Cardamyla carinentalis pupates between leaves of this species.
# Japanese submarine Ha-202

Ha-202 was an Imperial Japanese Navy Ha-201-class submarine. Completed and commissioned in May 1945, she served during the final months of World War II. She surrendered at the end of the war in September 1945 and was scuttled in April 1946.

## Design and description

At the end of 1944, the Imperial Japanese Navy decided it needed large numbers of high-speed coastal submarines to defend the Japanese Home Islands against an anticipated Allied invasion (named Operation Downfall by the Allies). To meet this requirement, the Ha-201-class submarines were designed as small, fast submarines incorporating many of the same advanced ideas implemented in the German Type XXI and Type XXIII submarines. They were capable of submerged speeds of almost 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph).
The Ha-201 class displaced 325 metric tons (320 long tons) surfaced and 447 metric tons (440 long tons) submerged. The submarines were 53 meters (173 ft 11 in) long, had a beam of 4.00 meters (13 ft 1 in) and a draft of 3.44 meters (11 ft 3 in). For surface running, the submarines were powered by a single 400-brake-horsepower (298 kW) diesel engine that drove one propeller shaft. When submerged the propeller was driven by a 1,250-shaft-horsepower (932 kW) electric motor. They could reach 11.8 knots (21.9 km/h; 13.6 mph) on the surface and 13.9 knots (25.7 km/h; 16.0 mph) submerged. On the surface, the Ha-201-class submarines had a range of 3,000 nautical miles (5,600 km; 3,500 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph); submerged, they had a range of 105 nmi (194 km; 121 mi) at 2 knots (3.7 km/h; 2.3 mph). Their armament consisted of two 533-millimeter (21 in) torpedo tubes with four torpedoes and a single mount for a 7.7-millimeter machine gun.

## Construction and commissioning

Ha-202 was laid down on 1 March 1945 by the Sasebo Naval Arsenal at Sasebo, Japan, as Submarine No. 4912. She was renamed Ha-202 on 5 April 1945 and was attached provisionally to the Sasebo Naval District that day. Launched on 23 April 1945, she was completed and commissioned on 31 May 1945.

## Service history

Upon commissioning, Ha-202 was attached formally to the Sasebo Naval District and assigned to Submarine Division 33 in the Kure Submarine Flotilla for workups. On 1 June 1945, she departed Sasebo bound for the Sea of Japan and Nanao Bay on Honshu′s western coast, and upon arrival she began workups in Nanao Bay. She was reassigned to Submarine Division 52 on 20 July 1945.
Ha-202 had not yet conducted an operational patrol when hostilities between Japan and the Allies ended on 15 August 1945. She surrendered to the Allies at Sasebo on 2 September 1945. On 2 November 1945, she was reassigned to Japanese Submarine Division Three under United States Navy command along with her sister ships Ha-201, Ha-203, Ha-205, and Ha-210.

## Disposal

The Japanese struck Ha-202 from the Navy list on 30 November 1945. She was among a number of Japanese submarines the U.S. Navy scuttled off the Goto Islands in Operation Road's End on 1 April 1946, sinking just beyond the 100-fathom (600 ft; 183 m) line at 32°37′N 129°17′E﻿ / ﻿32.617°N 129.283°E﻿ / 32.617; 129.283﻿ (Ha-202).
# Japanese escort ship CD-207

CD-207 was a C Type class escort ship (Kaibōkan) of the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Second World War.

## History

She was laid down by the Naniwa Dock Company at Osaka on 17 May 1944, launched on 22 August 1944, completed on 15 October 1944, and commissioned on 25 November 1944.
During the war CD-207 was mostly busy on escort duties. On 18 June 1945, in Toyama Bay, the submarine USS Bonefish (SS-223) was sunk by the combined efforts of the escort ships Okinawa, CD-207, CD-158, CD-75, and CD-63.
After the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945, CD-207 was demilitarized (stripped of all her offensive weapons) and under Allied direction served as a transport ship repatriating Japanese troops and civilians from 1 December 1945 until the end of 1946. On 4 July 1947 she was ceded to the US as a war reparation and sunk as a target on 13 August 1947 at 35-20N, 122-41E.
# Japanese escort ship CD-198

CD-198 or No. 198 was a Type D escort ship of the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II.

## History

She was laid down on 31 December 1944 at the Nagasaki shipyard of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries for the benefit of the Imperial Japanese Navy and launched on 26 February 1945. On 11 March 1945, she was completed and commissioned. On 10 August 1945, she was damaged along with CD-194 by enemy aircraft in the Tsushima Strait at 34°42′N 130°13′E﻿ / ﻿34.700°N 130.217°E﻿ / 34.700; 130.217. On 15 August 1945, Japan announced their unconditional surrender and she was turned over to the Allies in September 1945. On 5 October 1945, she was struck from the Navy List. On 1 December 1945, she was assigned to the Allied Repatriation Service.
On 31 July 1947, she was ceded to the Republic of China as a war reparation and renamed Hsian.
In 1949, she was taken over by the People's Republic of China.
# Jatinder Pannu

Jatinder Pannu is a journalist, columnist and social activist from Punjab, India. He is the editor of Nawan Zamana, a political and social newspaper in the Punjabi language published from Jalandhar.

## Prime Asia Television

Jatinder Pannu is currently prime host with Prime Asia Television. Most of the viewers of his shows are Punjabi diaspora in Canada, UK, USA, New Zealand, and Australia who watch his shows via YouTube. Prime Asia TV have over 1.5 million subscribers as of April 2020