OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Newark City Cemetery

Newark City Cemetery, also known as Newark Municipal Graveyard and Floral Rest, in Newark, New Jersey is a no-longer-used potter's field, or cemetery for the indigent. It was in use from 1869 until the early 1950s.
An 1889 report of the Department of Health of the State of New Jersey found with respect to the no-longer extant Clinton Township, which once included the area: "There are two cemeteries, or burial-places, in the township – Clinton cemetery, in the village and upon the banks of Elizabeth River, and Newark potter's field, down in the salt meadow section". Located in the Dayton neighborhood on Bessemer St. near Newark Airport and is prominently visible from the monorail serving it.
The city began using the cemetery as a dump in 1954, until it was ordered to restore it in 1998.
The area has been restored, but as of 2010 it is closed to the public.
# Nathaniel Micklem

Nathaniel Micklem may refer to:
* Nathaniel Micklem (politician) (1853–1954), British Liberal Member of Parliament
* Nathaniel Micklem (theologian) (1888–1976), British theologian, political activist and college principal
# Gold Coast ackey

The ackey was a currency issued for the Gold Coast by the British between 1796 and 1818. It was subdivided into 8 takoe and was equal to the British halfcrown, i.e., 1 takoe = 33⁄4 pence and 1 pound = 8 ackey.
The currency consisted of silver coins in denominations of 1 takoe, 1⁄4, 1⁄2 and 1 ackey. All coins bar the takoe carried the inscription "Free Trade to Africa by Act of Parliament 1750", commemorating the African Company Act 1750 which dissolved the Royal African Company and created the African Company of Merchants, which remained in existence while the ackey was in circulation.
The name derived from the use of ackee (Blighia sapida) seeds for weighing gold dust; one ackee seed weighed about 20 troy grains (1.3 grams).
# Scott v. Bradford

Scott v. Bradford, 606 P.2d 554 (1979) is a Supreme Court of Oklahoma case.

## Facts

Mrs. Scott, the plaintiff, sought treatment from Dr. Bradford. She was diagnosed with several uterine fibroids. She signed a routine consent to surgery form prior to the hysterectomy. Afterward she was experiencing problems with incontinence, and she visited another doctor. She was found to have a fistula between her bladder and vagina which allowed urine to leak from her bladder into her vagina. She underwent three additional surgeries to correct her problem. She claimed the fistula was caused by the doctor's negligence during surgery. The doctor responded that this was a known complication of the surgery. Mrs. Scott said she was never informed of this risk.

## Reasoning

The duty to disclose is the first element. Then proof that patient would have chosen no treatment or a different course of treatment had the alternatives and risks been made known, thus establishing a causation. If the patient would have elected to proceed the element of causation is missing, and so too negligence. A causal connection between the patient’s injury and the doctor’s breach of a duty to disclose exists only when the disclosure of material risks would have resulted in a decision against it. The final element is that of an injury. The risk must have actually materialized, AND pl must have been injured as a result of submitting to the treatment.

### Exceptions

There is no need to disclose risks that either ought to be known by everyone or are already known to the patient; or if the disclosure would alarm an emotionally upset patient; or where there is an emergency and the patient is in no condition to determine for himself whether the treatment should be administered.
# Pyotr Lebedev (research vessel)

History :
| Name | Chapayev |
| Builder | Wärtsilä Crichton-Vulcan, Turku, Finland |
| Yard number | 1002 |
| Laid down | 16 April 1956 |
| Acquired | 3 April 1957 |
| Soviet Union ||
| Name | Pyotr Lebedev |
| Namesake | Pyotr Lebedev |
| In service | 1966 |
| Out of service | 1977 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ||
| Name | Pyotr Lebedev |
| Identification | IMO number: 5276159 |
| Status | in active service |
| General characteristics ||
| Type | Research vessel/survey vessel |
| Tonnage | 3,642 GT 1,675 DWT |
Pyotr Lebedev is a research vessel, built at Wärtsilä Crichton-Vulcan in Turku, Finland, originally as a merchant vessel Chapayev in 1957. She was subsequently acquired for the Soviet Union and refitted as a research ship. The vessel was owned and operated by the Andreev Acoustics Institute, and was used to make hydrophysical observations of the Atlantic Ocean such as during the Polygon experiment. Pyotr Lebedev possessed five on-board laboratories used to study hydroacoustics, hydrology, hydrobiology, hydrochemistry, and electronics. The ship was active as a research vessel from 1967 until 1977. She is current registered in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.
# Sasanagare Dam

Sasanagare Dam (Japanese: 笹流ダム) is a buttress dam located in Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for water supply. The catchment area of the dam is 5.4 km$^2$. The dam impounds about 7 ha of land when full and can store 606 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was completed in 1923.
# Stanley Rabjohn

Stanley E. Rabjohn (October 6, 1914 – July 21, 2001) was an American film editor.

## Selected filmography (as editor)

* The Bullfighters (1945)
* Behind Green Lights (1946)
* Fighter Attack (1953)
* Paris Encounter (1959)
* Hang the Men High (1960)
* X-15 (1961)
* The Deadly Companions (1961)
* The Psycho Lover (1970)
* Where Does It Hurt? (1971)
# Microsoft Academic

Microsoft Academic was a free internet-based academic search engine for academic publications and literature, developed by Microsoft Research in 2016 as a successor of Microsoft Academic Search. Microsoft Academic was shut down in 2022. Both OpenAlex and The Lens claim to be successors to Microsoft Academic.

## History

Microsoft Academic gained prominence because it profiled authors, organizations, keywords, and journals and made the dataset available as open data, in contrast to Google Scholar. The search engine indexed over 260 million publications, 88 million of which are journal articles.
Preliminary reviews by bibliometricians suggested the new Microsoft Academic Search was a competitor to Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus for academic research purposes as well as citation analysis. However, it was primarily used as a resource in the field of computer science since that was the most completely indexed information.
On May 4, 2021, Microsoft announced that the Microsoft Academic website and APIs would be retired on December 31, 2021.
Thanks to the open data license, the Microsoft Academic dataset was merged into OpenAlex. However, the underlying software was proprietary and had to be rewritten.
That Microsoft launched and soon after shut down both Microsoft Academic and its predecessor Microsoft Academic Search has been interpreted as a sign that Microsoft "had never intended to enter into the business of scholarly metadata. Instead, the tech giant has been using data on scholarly communication as testing ground for big data and artificial intelligence (AI) technologies".

## Technology

The Academic Knowledge API offered information retrieval from the underlying database using REST endpoints for advanced research purposes. The search engine provided not only search results and access to sources but also citation information that include the number of sources, g-index, and h-index. Aside from academic publications, it was also used to find websites that contain state and local records. The technology uses machine learning, semantic inference and knowledge discovery from sources crawled and indexed by the Bing search engine.
Microsoft Academic replaced the earlier Microsoft research project, Microsoft Academic Search, which ended development in 2012. The platform was developed in 2009 of the Microsoft Research branch in Asia and the project was headed by Zaiqing Nie. Microsoft Academic was re-launched in 2016, as a tool that features an entirely new data structure and search engine using semantic search technologies.
# Maina (Cook Islands)

Maina is one of 22 islands in the Aitutaki atoll of the Cook Islands. It is located at the southwestern extreme of Aitutaki Lagoon, five kilometres to the southwest of the main island of Aitutaki. The island is a sand cay 710m long and up to 310m wide. In front of Maina island stands a sandbar known as "Honeymoon Island" named after a Canadian couple who decided to get married here.
# Wilmot Vaughan, 3rd Viscount Lisburne

Wilmot Vaughan, 3rd Viscount Lisburne (died 19 January 1766), styled Hon. Wilmot Vaughan until 1762, was a Welsh landowner and Irish peer. He inherited his titles and the Trawsgoed estate in Cardiganshire from his elder brother in 1741, but the estate was heavily financially encumbered, and he had to spend over a decade defending it from the claims of his brother's estranged wife and her son. His marriage to an heiress in some measure recouped the family fortunes.

## Life

Wilmot was the second son of John Vaughan, 1st Viscount Lisburne, and his wife, Lady Malet Wilmot. He appears to have been the Wilmot Vaughan who was commissioned a captain in Grove's Regiment of Foot on 13 April 1723, and transferred to the command of an independent company of invalids in Hull on 9 August 1737.
In 1727, Wilmot married Elizabeth Watson, the sister of Thomas Watson of Berwick-upon-Tweed. They had four children:
* Wilmot Vaughan, 1st Earl of Lisburne (1728–1800)
* Hon. John Vaughan (c.1729–1795)
* Hon. Malet Vaughan (b. c.1730), died young
* Hon. Elizabeth Vaughan (c.1741 – January 1817), married Thomas Lloyd (d. 1783) of Abertrinant and had issue
Wilmot's elder brother John Vaughan, 2nd Viscount Lisburne, lived a dissipated life, kept numerous mistresses, and separated from his wife Dorothy in 1729 when she had an affair with her brother-in-law, his land agent. They lived apart thereafter, and her son Edward, born in 1733, was almost certainly not John's, although baptized with the name of Vaughan. John's final will, made in January 1741, left almost all of his property to Wilmot, who was also made guardian of John's legitimate daughter Malet.

## Trawsgoed

John died shortly thereafter, and Wilmot immediately took possession of Trawsgoed. The estate, which yielded about £1000 per year, was mortgaged, and charged with a jointure for Dorothy and provision for Malet. Wilmot was unsuccessful in blocking payment of Dorothy's jointure, but after several years of litigation, Dorothy and Edward settled with him in 1754, just before their claim to the title and estates would have gone to trial. Edward agreed to drop his claims in exchange for an annuity, although he continued to use the name and arms of Vaughan.

## Lord lieutenant

After a delay of several years, Wilmot was appointed Lord Lieutenant of Cardiganshire in 1744, in succession to his brother. He worked to manage the Trawsgoed estate more efficiently than his brother, but had not yet cleared it of debt when he died on 19 January 1766. He was succeeded in his titles and estates by his son Wilmot, who had become politically active as early as 1755 and taken over the Lord-Lieutenancy in 1762.

## Citations

* ↑ Dalton 1912, p. 289.
* ↑ ArmyList 1740, p. 55.
* ↑ Morgan 1993, p. 10.
* ↑ Morgan 1993, pp. 15–18.
* ↑ Morgan 1993, pp. 18–19.
* ↑ Morgan 1993, p. 23.
* ↑ Morgan 1993, p. 24.
* ↑ Morgan 1993, p. 25.
* ↑ Morgan 1993, p. 26.
* ↑ Morgan 1993, p. 31.
* ↑ Morgan 1993, p. 33.
# WASP-45

WASP-45 is a K-type main-sequence star about 701 light-years (215 parsecs) away. The star's age cannot be well constrained, but it is probably older than the Sun. Yet, WASP-45 is enriched in heavy elements compared to the Sun, having 240% of the solar abundance.
The star has low ultraviolet emission, therefore it is suspected to have a low starspot activity, although chromospheric activity was reported elsewhere.
There is a companion star at a separation of 4.4 arcseconds, corresponding to 929 AU.

## Planetary system

In 2011 a transiting hot Jupiter planet, WASP-45b, was detected. The planet equilibrium temperature is 1170±24 K. No Rayleigh scattering was detected in the planetary atmosphere, implying the existence of hazes or a high cloud deck.
The WASP-45 planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| b | 1.018+0.046 −0.045 M$_J$ | 0.04089+0.00065 −0.00069 | 3.1260876(35) | <0.043 | 84.686±0.098° | 0.978+0.026 −0.024 R$_J$ |
# Sinployea rudis

Sinployea rudis was a species of small air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Charopidae. This species was endemic to the Cook Islands; it is now extinct.
# Gondenans-Montby

Gondenans-Montby (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Doubs department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in eastern France.
# Loughlin O'Brien

Loughlin O'Brien (23 November 1821 – 17 April 1901), often spelled Laughlin O'Brien, was a New Zealand politician and judge.

## Early life

O'Brien was born in 1821 in Dublin, Ireland, and arrived in New Zealand in 1842. His father was Andrew O'Brien, who represented the City of Auckland electorate in the Auckland Provincial Council.
He married Hélène Leopoldine Francoise Isabelle De Witte at St Patrick's Cathedral, Auckland, on 4 February 1856, with the wedding ceremony carried out by Bishop Pompallier. His Belgian-born wife was from Waiheke Island, and her father Charles Antoine Joseph De Witte was the Belgian consul to New Zealand.

## Professional career

He trained as a solicitor, first under Mr Conroy and then under Frederick Merriman. He was one of the first two solicitors to be submitted to the Supreme Court in 1851 after having trained in New Zealand. In 1856, he was appointed sheriff for the Auckland district. He was registrar of the Supreme Court from 1865 to 1870, when he retired with a pension. In 1880, he was appointed judge at the Native Land Court. He retired from the bench in circa 1899.

## Politics

O'Brien represented the City of Auckland electorate in the 1st New Zealand Parliament from 1853 to 1855, when he retired. He did not serve in any subsequent Parliaments.$^{:129}$ He was returning officer for the 1855 election for the City of Auckland, Suburbs of Auckland, and Northern Division electorates. He also acted as returning officer for elections to the Auckland Provincial Council, including elections of the Superintendent.

## Death

O'Brien resided at St Georges Bay Road, Parnell, and later, at Putiki Bay, Ostend on Waiheke Island. He died at Woodside Private Hospital in Burleigh Street, Auckland, on 17 April 1901 following a long illness. He was buried in Waikaraka Cemetery, Onehunga, Auckland. He was survived by his wife, two sons, and two daughters.
# Trust law in civil law jurisdictions

Trust law is not part of most civil law jurisdictions, but is a common figure in most common law system (and thus in most Commonwealth jurisdictions). Trust law enters civilian jurisdictions through conflict of law arrangements recognizing it as a matter of private international law and has been implemented in the civil code of certain countries such as Liechtenstein and Curaçao.

## Conflict of laws

Sometimes, in a civil law jurisdiction, a foreign trust is involved. This recognition often involves "translating" the trust's characteristics into legal concepts that do exist within the civil law country. With the accession of the United Kingdom to the European Community, the trust entered Community Law; the law of the member state where the trust is constituted (the situs) is designated as the applicable law (the law that must be followed) in member states. Certain trusts must be recognized by parties to the Hague Trust Convention (amongst which the civil law countries Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland) if they are following certain requirements: the trust must be an express trust reduced to writing.

## Curaçao, Sint Maarten and Liechtenstein

The Curaçao trust and Sint Maarten trust exist since 1 January 2012 and 1 April 2014 respectively. They enable creation of trusts in the jurisdiction of Curaçao/Sint Maarten, when constituted by notarial instrument. The legislation is similar as it is based on a legislative act proposed for the Netherlands Antilles, and which was adopted in both jurisdictions separately after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles.
The Liechtenstein trust requires a written agreement and registration on a trusts registry, which will not be publicly available if it is registered within 12 months. Later registrations require the registration in public record of the trustee's name, and certain details of the trust.

## Czech Republic

The Czech Republic trust exists since 1 January 2014 and is based on Quebec Civil Code regulation.
# Gentianella quinquefolia

Gentianella quinquefolia, commonly called agueweed, is a flowering plant in the gentian family. It is native to eastern North America.

## Subspecies

There are two subspecies:
* Gentianella quinquefolia ssp. occidentalis - a more western variety, with larger flowers. Found in dry calcareous areas.
* Gentianella quinquefolia ssp. quinquefolia - primarily Appalachian, with smaller flowers. Found in forests and Appalachian balds.
# Repusudan Dayal

Repusudan Dayal (born on 18 May 1941) is an Indian Judge, Lokayukta and former Chief Justice of the Sikkim High Court.

## Career

Dayal joined in the Uttar Pradesh Judicial Service on 22 February 1966. In 1975 he became the additional Judge of Small Cause Court, New Delhi. He was appointed Additional and District Sessions Judge in 1979. On 10 May 1984, Dayal became a Judge of the Sikkim High Court, thereafter transferred to Allahabad High Court on 18 October 1995. He also served as the Judge of the Calcutta High Court in 1997. On 3 February 1999 Justice Dayal was elevated to the post of the Chief Justice of the Sikkim High Court and served there till 17 May 2003. He was appointed Chairman of Sikkim State Law Commission and Sikkim State Human Rights Commission after retirement. He also became the Madhya Pradesh Lokayukta.
# Vulpian–Heidenhain–Sherrington phenomenon

Vulpian–Heidenhain–Sherrington phenomenon is a term given for slow contraction of denervated skeletal muscle by stimulating the autonomic cholinergic fibers innervating its blood vessels. It is named after French neurologist Alfred Vulpian (1826–87), German physiologist Rudolf Heidenhain (1834–1897) and English neurophysiologist Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952).
# Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse

Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse is situated on South East Point, Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, Australia. From its point on the peninsula, it commands almost 360° views of Bass Strait. The Wilson's Promontory lighthouse is the southernmost lighthouse on mainland Australia, and is approximately 18 kilometres (11 mi) from the nearest town, Tidal River. Dormitory-style accommodation is available in the lighthouse.
The lighthouse protects shipping travelling through Bass Strait. The Wilsons Promontory Lighthouse is the main part of the Wilsons Promontory Lightstation.

## History

The lighthouse was constructed with the use of convict labour over a period of approximately seven years starting in 1853 through to completion in 1859. The lighthouse stands 19 metres (62 ft) tall and along with the keeper's cottage is constructed from local granite. From 1869 to 1878 the lighthouse keeper was Captain Thomas Musgrave.
# Single-word modifier

A single-word modifier is one word that modifies the meaning of another word, phrase or clause.
Single-word modifier may refer to:
* Grammatical modifier, a word which modifies another element of the phrase or clause
* Adjective, a word which modifies a noun or pronoun
* Adverb, a word which modifies a verb, adjective, or other word or phrase
# Gonder, Haryana

Gonder is a village in Karnal district, Haryana, India with approximately 30000 population. It's a historical village as It's named for Gautam Rishi. The Chauhan clan from Rajput dynasty 12000 population . Brahmin voters are also dominated in this village with others caste 18000 population, Rajput is the main caste of village.ACP kuldeep panchal (Haryana police) is also from this village
The main occupation is Kheti (Agriculture).
* This Haryana location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Scum of the Earth (book)

Scum of the Earth is a memoir by Anglo-Hungarian writer Arthur Koestler in which he describes his life in France during 1939-1940, the chaos that prevailed in France just prior to the outbreak of the Second World War and France’s collapse, his tribulations, internment in a concentration camp, and eventual escape to England, via North Africa and Portugal. It was first published by Jonathan Cape in 1941.

## Background

At the outbreak of the Second World War, Koestler was living in the South of France working on Darkness at Noon. After retreating to Paris he was imprisoned by the French as an undesirable alien, even though he had been a respected anti-fascist. Koestler arrived in England in December 1940, without an entry permit, travelling with a Hungarian passport. Although he was by then widely known as an anti-fascist he was imprisoned as an enemy alien while his case was being reviewed by the Home Office. While he was in Pentonville Prison in London, his novel Darkness at Noon was being published in England. It would become his most influential and well-known book.
Upon his release in January 1941, Koestler immediately enlisted in the British Army. Over the following three months, while waiting for his call-up papers and army posting, he wrote Scum of the Earth. The book was well received and had glowing reviews.
This was the first book that Koestler wrote in English. In the preface to the 1955 edition, after explaining the circumstances under which the book was written, he acknowledges the book’s shortcomings:
   Re-reading the book for the first time after thirteen years, I find these outer and inner pressures reflected in its apocalyptic mood, its spontaneity and lack of polish. Some pages now appear insufferably maudlin: others are studded with clichés which at the time, however, seemed original discoveries to the innocent explorer of a new language-continent; above all the text betrays the fact that there had been no time for correcting proofs. To remedy these faults would mean to re-write the book, and that would be a pointless undertaking – for, if the book has any value, it lies in its documentary period character. I have confined myself to correcting only the most glaring Gallicisms, germanisms and grammatical errors – and to throwing out adjectives and similes at a set rate of one in five.

## Reception

Scum earned several positive reviews:
“A memorable story, vivid, powerful and deeply searching” – The Times Literary Supplement
“This is a book in a thousand, by far the best book to come out of the collapse of France” – The Guardian
“Koestler’s personal history of France at War. It is, I think, the finest book that has come out of that cauldron” – New York Herald Tribune
# Trust in the Lifeforce of the Deep Mystery

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 83/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Pitchfork | 7.8/10 |
Trust in the Lifeforce of the Deep Mystery is the second studio album by English band The Comet Is Coming. It was released on 15 March 2019 under Impulse! Records.

## Personnel

* Daddy Kev – mastering engineer

## Charts

Chart performance for Trust in the Lifeforce of the Deep Mystery :
| Chart (2019) | Peak position |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 21 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 50 |
# Aegilops geniculata

Aegilops geniculata is a species of grass known by the common name ovate goatgrass. It is native to the Mediterranean and western Asia, including Palestine and the Levant.
Elsewhere it is known as a noxious weed.