OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mechiabasti

Mechiabasti is a census town in the Kalchini CD block in the Alipurduar subdivision of the Alipurduar district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## Geography
### Location

Mechiabasti is located at 26°50′07″N 89°22′20″E﻿ / ﻿26.8354°N 89.3723°E﻿ / 26.8354; 89.3723.

### Area overview

Alipurduar district is covered by two maps. It is an extensive area in the eastern end of the Dooars in West Bengal. It is undulating country, largely forested, with numerous rivers flowing down from the outer ranges of the Himalayas in Bhutan. It is a predominantly rural area with 79.38% in rural areas. The district has 1 municipal town and 20 census towns. The scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, taken together, form more than half the population in all the six community development blocks in the district. There is a high concentration of tribal people (scheduled tribes) in the three northern blocks of the district.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

As per the 2011 Census of India, Mechiabasti had a total population of 9,592. There were 4,898 (51%) males and 4,694 (49%) females. There were 1,315 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Mechiabasti was 5,407 (65.33% of the population over 6 years).

## Infrastructure

According to the District Census Handbook 2011, Jalpaiguri, Mechiabasti covered an area of 1.983 km$^2$. Among the civic amenities, the protected water supply involved tube well, borewell, hand pump. It had 400 domestic electric connections. Among the medical facilities it had 1 dispensary/, 1 medicine shop. Among the educational facilities it had 2 primary schools, the nearest middle school at Torsa 3 km away, the nearest secondary school, the nearest senior secondary school at Dallingpara 5 km away.

## Education

Nani Bhattacharya Smarak Mahavidyalaya was established in 2000 at Mangalbari, PO Jaigaon. Affiliated with the University of North Bengal, it offers courses in arts.
# Rudolf Löwenstein

Rudolf Löwenstein (February 20, 1819, Breslau – January 6, 1891, Berlin) was a German author.
When only 9 years of age he was baptized. Educated at the gymnasium at Glogau and the universities of Breslau and Berlin, he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1843.
As early as 1836 some of Löwenstein's poems had been printed in the journals of Silesia; and his reputation was established by the appearance in 1846 of his Der Kindergarten, a collection of songs for children. In 1848 he with David Kalisch and Ernest Dohm founded the well-known Kladderadatsch, of which he became one of the chief editors.
The revolution of 1848 found Löwenstein on the liberal side, and he was expelled from Prussia in 1849 for his political activity. Returning to Berlin in 1850, he resumed the editorship of Kladderadatsch and continued in this capacity for 37 years. In 1863 he became editor also of the political part of the Gerichtszeitung. In 1887 he retired from public life.
Besides his Der Kindergarten, he wrote Ehret die Frauen, Berlin, 1874, and many songs, most of which were set to music.
His political poems in the Kladderadatsch gained him a wide reputation, especially those written during the eventful period 1860-80.
His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. III of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.
# Megachile seewaldi

Megachile seewaldi is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Strand in 1911.
# Megachile seducta

Megachile seducta is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Mitchell in 1934.
# Thella

Thella was a Jewish village located near the River Jordan which formed the northern border of Jewish settlement in the Upper Galilee during the 1st century, as described by Josephus.
Identification of the present site is at Tel Talil (Khirbet Teleil) on a hill near the shores of Lake Hula, in the eastern edge of the modern settlement of Yesud HaMa'ala. This is based on the discovery of a building at the site, identified as an ancient synagogue. However, some archaeologists have questioned this conclusion and locate Thella on the west bank of the Jordan at Khirbet Makbarat Banat Yakub.
The 1st-century historian, Josephus, mentions the village in his day with reference to the extent of Upper Galilee and which stretched "in length from Meroth to Thella, a village near Jordan".
# Median umbilical ligament

In human anatomy, the median umbilical ligament is an unpaired midline ligamentous structure upon the lower inner surface of the anterior abdominal wall. It is covered by the median umbilical fold.
The median umbilical ligament represents the remnant of the fetal urachus. It extends from the apex of the bladder to the umbilicus, on the deep surface of the anterior abdominal wall.
The median umbilical ligament represents one of the five ligaments of the internal anterior abdominal wall inferior to the umbilicus; laterally on either side of it are one medial umbilical ligament and finally one lateral umbilical ligament.

## Development

The median umbilical ligament begins as the allantois in the embryonic period. It then becomes the urachus in the fetus. This later develops into the median umbilical ligament at birth. It is also formed from the cloaca in utero.

## Function

The median umbilical ligament has no known function.

## Clinical significance

The median umbilical ligament may be used as a landmark for surgeons who are performing laparoscopy, such as laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Other than this, it has no function in a born human and may be cut or removed with impunity.
It contains the urachus, which is the obliterated form of the allantois. The allantois forms a communication between the cloaca (terminal part of hindgut) and the amniotic sac during embryonic development. If the urachus fails to close during fetal life, it can result in anatomical abnormalities such as a urachal cyst, urachal fistula, urachal diverticulum or urachal sinus.
In very rare cases the urachus can fail to close fully. This can lead to a condition known as a patent urachus (also urachal fistula). Although it is mainly immediately diagnosed after birth it can occur at any stages of life. In this condition there is a functional tubular connection between the umbilicus and the bladder which can lead to urine draining through the umbilicus. Patients often present with umbilical wetness or recurring infections in the area. Treatment options include laparoscopic surgery, excision of the umbilicus or conservative therapy. Due to limited risks conservative therapy, while still being chosen rarely, has been gaining some traction in the last years.

## Society and culture

The median umbilical ligament was jokingly referred to as "Xander's ligament" in a YouTube video published by Dr. Alexander R. Toftness (aka. ARTexplains on YouTube), and this name was subsequently used on Wikipedia for a short time. This term was later used in a paper published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings. The term has also appeared in a medical textbook of obstetrics and gynaecology.
# Rudolf von Carnall

Rudolf von Carnall (9 February 1804 – 17 November 1874) was a German mining engineer and mineralogist. The mineral carnallite was named after him.
Carnall was born in Glatz (now Klodzko, Poland) to Prussian-Swedish army officer Arvid (1760-1840) and Mathilde daughter of Le Cointe. Carnall was trained in civil mining and worked at mines before training in Berlin. He became a mine superintendent in Upper Silesia, while also teaching at the mining school in Tarnowitz. In 1845 he founded the Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft along with Leopold von Buch and Gustav Rose. In 1855 he received a PhD from the University of Berlin and became a Berghauptmann in 1855 in the Prussian ministry of commerce.
# Mel Aull

Melvin Andrew Aull (December 23, 1928 – October 12, 2019) was a Canadian football player who played for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, Ottawa Rough Riders and Saskatchewan Roughriders. He won the Grey Cup with the Rough Riders in 1951.
Aull was born in Hamilton, Ontario and played junior football with the Junior Hamilton Tigers. He was notable for being the only deaf player in Canadian football during his playing years. He lost his hearing at the age of 13 in 1942 after he contracted spinal meningitis after going swimming at a local pool. He practiced lipreading in absence of his hearing and was able to talk normally. He died in Mississauga, Ontario on October 12, 2019.
# Mel B. Kaufman

Melville Bernd Kaufman (April 23, 1879 – February 21, 1932) was a prolific American ragtime piano composer.
Among his best known works were "Me-Ow", "More Candy", "Taxi", "Step With Pep" and "Pick A Chicken", the latter of which was advertised as a favorite dance number for Vernon Castle. His numbers were featured by bandleaders such as Vincent Lopez, Earl Fuller, and Joseph C. Smith. Several of his compositions were recorded and turned into piano rolls, and many tunes were used in soundtracks and cartoons into the 1950s.
Kaufman was born in Newark, New Jersey. Beginning in 1919, Kaufman entered into several publishing & recording contracts with the Sam Fox Publishing Company. After his death, his widow May Z. Kaufman became executor of his estate, and in 1934 sued Sam Fox Publishing Company for unpaid royalties due to synchronization rights (an industry term which didn't exist when the contracts were first written in 1919). Sam Fox Publishing Company sought to rewrite their contract with Kaufman's estate (and presambly other artists) to clarify the differences (in meaning and in accounting) between mechanical reproducing rights and synchronization rights. This resulted in a further settlement arbitrated by ASCAP's John G. Paine, which Sam Fox appealed to the New York Supreme Court.
Earlier, in 1926, Kaufman had endorsed efforts to amend United States copyright law to better protect rights-holders' interests in light of the new radio broadcast medium.
Kaufman died in New York City.

## Selected compositions

* Be Careful (Artur Guttman made an arrangement of this foxtrot for piano and violin)
* Bing! Bing! (foxtrot)
* Cheer Up (one-step)
* Come Across
* Corn-Huskers
* Frisky (foxtrot)
* Good Scout March
* Hamadan (sometimes listed as Hamidan)
* Happy Go Lucky
* I'm a Sentimental Dreamer
* It's A Bird
* Listen to This
* Magnolia Bloom
* Maria (a "novelty fox trot")
* Me-Ow (one-step), later used in the Looney Tunes short Tweety's Circus.
* More Candy (one-step)
* Muslin Rag
* Ouch, which played during a segue in Charlie Chaplin's 1927 reissue of the 1917 movie Shoulder Arms
* Pack Me Up In Your Heart
* Persian Moon
* Pick A Chicken
* Pins and Needles (one-step)
* Play Ball, which was composed for Harold Lloyd's movie The Freshman
* Playtime
* Plenty Sweet
* Squidulum (words by his wife May Z. Kaufman)
* Step with Pep
* Stick Around (also known as Introduce Me)
* Stop It
* Taxi
* Step With Pep
* Umbrellas To Mend
* Up We Go
* Watch It
* Yah-de-Dah (the sheet music cover shows Earl Fuller's band)
# Rufous-throated tanager

The rufous-throated tanager (Ixothraupis rufigula) is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador.
Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and heavily degraded former forest.
# Megha Ramaswamy

Megha Ramaswamy is a Mumbai-based screenwriter, director and producer. Having made her debut as a screenwriter in 2011, she transitioned into filmmaking with her directorial feature debut What Are The Odds, a Netflix film starring Abhay Deol, Karanvir Malhotra, Monica Dogra and Yashaswini Dayama.
Ramaswamy's body of work includes two other acclaimed short-films - the hybrid short documentary, Newborns, giving an inside look into the lives of acid-attack survivors, and Bunny, Ramaswamy's first fiction short film. Both films premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival and have traveled to several other film festivals, having been met with critical response and accolades . They've both also seen releases on the cinephile OTT service, MUBI.
Outside film, Ramaswamy co-hosts Cause Effect, a platform that produces cause related content and outreach programs. Her banner, Missfit Films, is dedicated to producing innovative films, which subscribe to being neither independent nor commercial.
Ramaswamy's latest mid-length film, Lalannas Song (33 minutes), is a psychological horror project. The film stars Parvathy Thiruvothu, Rima Kallingal and Nakshatra Indrajith and had its world premiere at the Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles 2022 where it won Special Mention for Innovation and Pushing Boundaries.
Her next feature film Reshma Shera is a story about a little girl and her dog, and was last showcased at Berlinale Co-production Market, 2019.

## Filmography

* 2011 - Shaitan – Writer
* 2012 - Ship of Theseus – Actress (Journalist)
* 2014 - Newborns (Documentary short) – Writer and director
* 2015 - Bunny (Short) – Writer and director
* 2016 - The Last Music Store (Documentary short) – Writer and Director
* 2020 - What Are The Odds (Feature Film) – Writer and Director
* 2022- Lalannas Song (mid-length) - Writer and Director
# Megalaria hafellneriana

Megalaria hafellneriana is a species of crustose lichen in the family Ramalinaceae. Found in Tasmania, Australia, it was formally described as a new species in 2016 by lichenologist Gintaras Kantvilas. The species epithet honours Austrian lichenologist Josef Hafellner, who circumscribed the genus Megalaria and, according to the author, "undertook some of the pioneering, albeit unpublished research on Australian species".

## Description

Megalaria hafellneriana features a crust-like thallus that becomes patchily scurfy and granular, with a cream-white surface lacking a cortex. Its apothecia are scattered and roundish, with a black, epruinose disc that starts off flat but eventually turns convex. The hymenium is about 60–80 μm thick and has a blue-black, bluish-green or olive epithecial layer on top, while its asci are clavate and usually 8-spored. Its paraphyses are simple to sparsely branched with expanded apices. The lichen contains no detectable chemical substances.
# Rrapë

Rrapë is a village and a former municipality in the Shkodër County, northern Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Pukë. The population at the 2011 census was 1,337.

## Settlements

There are 8 settlements within Rrapë:
* Bicaj
* Blinisht
* Breg
* Buhot
* Kabash
* Lumz
* Meçe
* Rrapë
# Melica subflava

Melica subflava, is a species of grass that is endemic to China.

## Description

The species is perennial and caespitose, which is clumped and have absent rhizomes. Its culms are erect and are 50–80 centimetres (20–31 in) long and 2–4 millimetres (0.079–0.157 in) in diameter. The species leaf-sheaths are scabrous, tubular, keeled and are closed on one end. Its eciliate membrane is 2–4 millimetres (0.079–0.157 in) long and is pubescent and truncate on the surface. Panicle is inflorescent and is contracted, linear, secund and is 6–12 centimetres (2.4–4.7 in) long. Peduncle is scabrous above. The panicles have filiform and pubescent pedicels which are hairy above. The spikelets are ovate and are 8–11 millimetres (0.31–0.43 in) long. Florets are diminished at the apex.
Its lemma is obtuse and lobed while fertile lemma is herbaceous, keelless, obovate, and 5.5–7 millimetres (0.22–0.28 in) long. Both low and upper glumes are oblong, scarious, yellow in colour, but are different in size. Also, both glumes have acute apexes. Low glume is 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in) long with while the upper is 7–11 millimetres (0.28–0.43 in) long. Palea have ciliolate keels and is 2-veined. Its sterile florets are barren, orbicular, and grow in a clump. Flowers anthers are 1 millimetre (0.039 in) long while the fruits are caryopes and have an additional pericarp.

## Ecology

It is found on grassy mountain slopes of Qinghai on elevation of 3,600 metres (11,800 ft). It blooms only in August.
# Melica transsilvanica

Melica transsilvanica is a species of grass found in Europe and temperate Asia, including Caucasus and China.

## Description

The species is perennial and caespitose with elongated rhizomes. It culms are 40–90 centimetres (16–35 in) long with tubular leaf-sheaths which are closed on one of their lengths. Eciliate membrane of the ligule is 0.5 millimetres (0.020 in) long. Leaf-blades are convolute and are 10–15 centimetres (3.9–5.9 in) long by 2–4 millimetres (0.079–0.157 in) wide. They also have scaberulous surface and are rough on both sides.
The panicle itself is dense, open, linear, and is 4–7 centimetres (1.6–2.8 in) long by 1.5 centimetres (0.59 in) wide. The nodes are whorled and are 3–8 centimetres (1.2–3.1 in) long. Fertile spikelets are comprised out of 1 fertile floret which is diminished at the apex. They are also pediceled, the pedicels of which are 1–5 millimetres (0.039–0.197 in) long with spikelerts themselves being oblong and 6 millimetres (0.24 in) long.
Fertile lemma is chartaceous, elliptic, keelless and is 5 millimetres (0.20 in) long. It margins are ciliated while it apex is obtuse. Sterile florets are barren, clumped, cuneate, and grow 2–3 in number. Both the lower and upper glumes are oblong, keelless, membranous, have erosed apexes, and are 5-veined. Their size is different though; Lower glume is 2–3 millimetres (0.079–0.118 in) long, while the upper one is 5–6 millimetres (0.20–0.24 in) long. Palea is 2-veined with flowers being fleshy, oblong and truncate. They also have 2 lodicules, and grow together with their 3 anthers which have fruits that are caryopsis and have an additional pericarp with linear hilum.

## Distribution

In central Asia the species is found in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and northern part of Iran. It is also found in Xinjiang, China and Asian part of Russia. In Europe, it is present in such countries as Czech Republic, Germany, Austria, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, and Switzerland. It subspecies Melica transsilvanica transsilvanica is found only in Moldova and Ukraine.

## Ecology

The species is scattered throughout forested areas where it margins prefer closed vegetation. It grows on limestone, sandstone, basalt, granite, gypsum, porphyry, and talus.

## Habitat

It is found on the elevation of 800–2,000 metres (2,600–6,600 ft) on hills, steppes and other dry places.
# Ruffec, Indre

Ruffec (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Indre department in central France.

## Geography

The commune is located in the parc naturel régional de la Brenne.
# Rudrakodisvarar Temple, Sempankudi

Rudrakodisvarar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located at Sempankudi in Nagapattinam district in Tamil Nadu, India.

## Vaippu Sthalam

It is one of the shrines of the Vaippu Sthalams sung by Tamil Saivite Nayanar Appar. As Kethu worshipped the deity, this place was known as Sempambinkudi Naganathar.

## Presiding deity

The presiding deity in the garbhagriha is represented by the lingam known as Rudrakodisvarar and Naganathar. The Goddess is known as Tirupurasundari and Karpuravalli.

## Specialities

During the churning of divine ocean, Amrita came out. While Devas and asuras fought for the amritha, Vishnu decided to give it to Devas. At that time an asura took the form of a Deva and drunk it. Knowing this, Chandra and Surya informed Vishnu about this. Vishnu hit the asura and killed him. The head of asura fell in Sirapuram which is now known as Sirkazhi and the body fell in other place which was known as Sempambinkudi and later became Sempankudi and Sempankudi. Due to consuming of Amrita, his body became two parts which in turn into two snakes. They worshipped Shiva to get rid from it. Shiva bestowed blessings and thus came into existence Rahu, with human head and snake body and Kethu with snake head and human body. Later they became one among the Navagrahas.

## Structure

The temple has a compound wall with an entrance. After entering through the entrance bali pita and nandhi could be found. In the prakara shrines of Vishnu, Ganesha, Subramania with his consorts Valli and Deivanai are found. The shrine of the Goddess is facing south. In the prakara, saptamatas are found. Kethu is found in a separate shrine. In the kosta, Dakshinamurthy, Lingodbhava and Durga are found.

## Location

From the old bus stand of Sirkazhi in the Tirumullaivayil road, at a distance of 1 km Sempankudi is found. From there in a narrow path this temple could be reached. One time puja is held in this temple regularly.
# Meilan

Meilan often refers to Meilan District, a district in Haikou, China.
Meilan may also refer to:

## People

* Zeng Meilan, Chinese rower
* José Luis Meilán Gil (1933-2018), Spanish politician
* Manuel Meilán Martínez (1933-2018), Promoter of Galicianism

## Meilan District

* Haikou Meilan International Airport, airport serving Haikou
* Meilan railway station, railway station of the Hainan Eastern Ring Railway that is connected to Haikou Meilan International Airport
* Haikou Meilan International Airport (company), former owner and operator of the Haikou Meilan International Airport

## Other

* Meilan Lake station railway station of the Shanghai Metro
# Thermal time

Thermal time may refer to:
* Thermal time scale, an astrophysical measure
* Thermal time hypothesis, the idea in physics that time is emergent
* Thermal death time
# Garlic sausage

Garlic sausage is a type of meat sausage prepared using garlic as a primary ingredient. It is prepared using pork or beef/veal, or a combination of pork and beef. It can be prepared using fresh or dried garlic, including dried granulated garlic.
Garlic sausage is a part of French cuisine. In the United States, knackwurst, also referred to as knoblauch, is prepared using ground pork, veal, and fresh garlic.
# Tantallognathus

Tantallognathus is an extinct genus of four-limbed vertebrate (tetrapod in a broad sense) from the Mississippian of Scotland. It is based on a small jaw fragment which shows similarities to Crassigyrinus, baphetids, and crown group tetrapods. This fossil was found near Tantallon Castle (namesake of the genus), and the species name honors famed Scottish fossil collector Stan Wood. Tantallognathus is one of the most advanced tetrapods found in the Ballagan Formation, a geological unit known for a diverse fauna of stegocephalians. Like other Ballagan Formation vertebrates, it helps to clarify a pulse of tetrapod evolution during Romer's gap, a time interval when fossils of tetrapods and their relatives are otherwise very rare.
# Tetrabromide

Tetrabromide may refer to:
* Carbon tetrabromide, CBr$_4$
* Germanium tetrabromide, GeBr$_4$
* Hafnium tetrabromide, HfBr$_4$
* Iridium tetrabromide, IrBr$_4$
* Neptunium tetrabromide, NpBr$_4$
* Osmium tetrabromide, OsBr$_4$
* Platinum tetrabromide, PtBr$_4$
* Polonium tetrabromide, PoBr$_4$
* Protactinium tetrabromide, PaBr$_4$
* Selenium tetrabromide, SeBr$_4$
* Silicon tetrabromide, SiBr$_4$
* Tellurium tetrabromide, TeBr$_4$
* Thorium tetrabromide, ThBr$_4$
* Tin tetrabromide, SnBr$_4$
* Titanium tetrabromide, TiBr$_4$
* Uranium tetrabromide, UBr$_4$
* Zirconium tetrabromide, ZrBr$_4$
# MND

MND may refer to:
* A Midsummer Night's Dream, a comedy written by William Shakespeare
* Ministry of National Defense, departments of several governments
* MND (company), a Czech oil and gas producing company
* Motor neuron disease, a group of rare neurodegenerative disorders
** Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
* Mount Notre Dame High School, a Cincinnati Catholic high school
* Mondé language, by ISO 639 code
* Medina Airport (Colombia), by IATA code
# Tethea trifolium

Tethea trifolium is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It is found in China (Heilongjiang, Jilin), the Russian Far East and Japan (Hokkaido, Honshu). The habitat consists of various types of mixed and broad-leaved forests.
The larvae feed on Malus mandshurica and Prunus avium.
# Tethea subampliata

Tethea subampliata is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan and in Myanmar.