OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lynn Leibovitz

Lynn Leibovitz (born May 8, 1959) is an associate judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.

## Education and career

Leibovitz earned her Bachelor of Arts from Brown University in 1981, and her Juris Doctor from Georgetown University Law Center in 1985. After graduating, she clerked for Superior Court of the District of Columbia judge Robert I. Richter.
She joined the faculty of Georgetown University Law Center in 1997, where she served as an adjunct professor of trial advocacy until 2006.

### D.C. superior court

On May 14, 2001, President George W. Bush nominated Leibovitz to be an associate judge of the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to the seat vacated by Judge Stephen G. Milliken. On July 26, 2001, the Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs held a hearing on her nomination. On August 2, 2001, the Committee reported her nomination favorably to the senate floor. On August 3, 2001, the full Senate confirmed her nomination by voice vote. She was sworn in on September 21, 2001.

## Notable cases

In 2010, judge Leibovitz presided over the Murder case of Robert Eric Wone, she found the three men involved not guilty on charges of conspiracy, obstruction of justice, and tampering with evidence.

## Personal life

Leibovitz was born and raised in New York City. In 1982, she moved to Washington D.C. where she has been living since. She is married and has two children.
# Fundamental resolution equation

The fundamental resolution equation is used in chromatography to help relate adjustable chromatographic parameters to resolution, and is as follows:
R$_s$ = [N$^{1/2}$/4][(α-1)/α][k$_2$'/(1+k$_2$')], where
N = Number of theoretical plates
α = Selectivity Term = k$_2$'/k$_1$'
The [N$^{1/2}$/4] term is the column factor, the [(α-1)/α] term is the thermodynamic factor, and the [k$_2$'/(1+k$_2$')] term is the retention factor. The 3 factors are not completely independent, but they are very close, and can be treated as such.
So what does this mean? It means that to increase resolution of two peaks on a chromatogram, one of the three terms of the equation need to be modified.
1) N can be increased by lengthening the column (least effective, as doubling the column will get a 2$^{1/2}$ or 1.44x increase in resolution).
2) Increasing k' also helps. This can be done by lowering the column temperature in G.C., or by choosing a weaker mobile phase in L.C. (moderately effective)
3) Changing α is the most effective way of increasing resolution. This can be done by choosing a stationary phase that has a greater difference between k$_1$' and k$_2$'. It can also be done in L.C. by using pH to invoke secondary equilibria (if applicable).
The fundamental resolution equation is derived as follows:
For two closely spaced peaks, ω$_1$ = ω$_2$, and σ$_1$ = σ$_2$
so R$_s$ = (t$_{r2}$ - t$_{r1}$)/ω$_2$ = (t$_{r2}$ - t$_{r1}$)/4σ$_2$
Where t$_{r1}$ and t$_{r2}$ are the retention times of two separate peaks.
Since N = [(t$_{r2}$)/σ$_2$]$^2$, then σ = t$_{r2}$/ N$^{1/2}$
Using substitution, R$_s$ = N$^{1/2}$[(t$_{r2}$ - t$_{r1}$)/4t$_{r2}$] = (N$^{1/2}$/4)(1 - t$_{r1}$/t$_{r2}$)
Now using the following equations and solving for t$_{r1}$ and t$_{r2}$
k$_1$' = (t$_{r1}$ - t$_0$)/t$_0$ ; t$_{r1}$ = t$_0$(k$_1$' + 1)
k$_2$' = (t$_{r2}$ - t$_0$)/t$_0$ ; t$_{r2}$ = t$_0$(k$_2$' + 1)
Substituting again and you get:
R$_s$ = [N$^{1/2}$/4][1 - (k$_1$' + 1)/(k$_2$' + 1] = [N$^{1/2}$/4][(k$_2$' - k$_1$')/(1 + k$_2$')]
And finally substituting once more α = k$_2$'/k$_1$' and you get the Fundamental Resolution Equation:
R$_s$ = [N$^{1/2}$/4][(α-1)/α][k$_2$'/(1+k$_2$')]
# Murder mystery (disambiguation)

A murder mystery is a work of crime fiction.
Murder mystery may also refer to:
* Murder Mystery (band), an American rock band
* Murder Mystery (film), a 2019 American comedy mystery film
* "Murder Mystery" (Schitt's Creek), a television episode
* "Murder Mystery", a song by Edan from Beauty and the Beat, 2005
* "The Murder Mystery", a song by the Velvet Underground from The Velvet Underground, 1969
* Murder Mysteries, a short story by Neil Gaiman
# Victor Sadler

Victor Sadler (1937–2020) was a British-born Dutch Esperantist.

## Sadler and Esperanto

Victor Sadler learnt Esperanto when he was 14, in 1951.
His undergraduate degree was in Experimental Psychology at the University of Cambridge followed by a PhD entitled Vocal reproduction of the duration, intensity and fundamental frequency of synthetic speech sounds from University College London in 1962.
At the end of that year he started working at the central office of the World Esperanto Association (UEA), in Rotterdam (Netherlands), where he cared after the magazine Esperanto. He also served as redactor of Monda Kulturo, during the short lifespan of this other periodical, and he cared after the Hector Hodler library, which is still nowadays one of the richest Esperanto libraries in the world.
In 1968 he followed Marianne H. Vermaas as the General Director of the World Esperanto Association. Akiko Uxusink-Nagata helped him edit the magazine La Monda Lingvo-Problemo until 1970; in 1974 the task was definitively taken over by a new editor, Simo Milojeviĉ.
In this period, Sadler also cared after the organization of several World Congresses of Esperanto. He resigned in 1983.
Sadler wrote literary works in Esperanto as well; in 1968 he received the award Arĝenta Sprono thanks to his collection of poems Memkritiko ("selfcriticism"), although the preface to the work says that it was originally a manuscript that he found in the library.
In 1986 he was elected a member of the steering council of UEA, responsible for finances; nevertheless he had to resign in March 1987 because of health reasons.
He joined the Distributed Language Translation project in 1985 with responsibility for development of interlingual (Esperanto) lexicography in general and English-Esperanto lexicography in particular.
Sadler also served as a member of the Esperanto Academy, the organization which groups the most prominent Esperanto linguists and cares after the evolution of the language.
# PTPN12

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 12 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN12 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This PTP contains a C-terminal PEST motif, which serves as a protein–protein interaction domain, and may be related to protein intracellular half-life. This PTP was found to bind and dephosphorylate the product of oncogene c-ABL, thus may play a role in oncogenesis. This PTP was shown to interact with, and dephosphorylate, various of cytoskeleton and cell adhesion molecules, such as p130 (Cas), CAKbeta/PTK2B, PSTPIP1, and paxillin, which suggested its regulatory roles in controlling cell shape and mobility.

## Interactions

PTPN12 has been shown to interact with BCAR1, Grb2, PSTPIP1, TGFB1I1, Paxillin and SHC1.
# Frederick Arthur Dewhurst

Frederick Arthur Dewhurst (March 17, 1911 – July 30, 1985) was a farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Wadena in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1945 to 1975 as a member of the CCF/NDP.
He was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, the son of Aaron Dewhurst and Amelia Cameron, and was educated in the Barrier Lake area. Dewhurst married Doris Stewart. He farmed in the Archerwill district until 1967, when he moved to Wynyard. He was first elected to the Saskatchewan assembly in a 1945 by-election held after George Hara Williams resigned his seat. He served as speaker for the assembly from 1962 to 1964 and from 1971 to 1975. Dewhurst retired from politics in 1975.
# The Level

The Level may refer to:
* The Level, Brighton, a park in Brighton, England
* The Level railway station, a seasonally operated request stop on the Isle of Man Railway
* The Level (TV series), a British crime drama
# Mitch Gudgeon

Mitchell Gudgeon (born April 27, 1986) is a Canadian former international rugby union player.
Raised in Victoria, British Columbia, Gudgeon was educated at Oak Bay High School and excelled most in basketball growing up. He was the 2004 Sport BC high school athlete of the year and played varsity basketball for the Victoria Vikes. His university degree was in kinesiology and he later completed an MBA from Queen's University.
Gudgeon gained two caps as a lock on the Canada national rugby union team, against Belgium in Brussels in 2010 and Russia in the 2011 Churchill Cup. He was named in the extended squad for the 2011 Rugby World Cup.
# Jazz Is Dead

Jazz Is Dead may refer to
* Jazz Is Dead (band): a Grateful Dead instrumental cover band
* Jazz Is Dead (record label): a Los Angeles record label and recording series
# Teeny Shiny

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| Pitchfork | 7.1/10 |
| Sputnikmusic | 3.5/5 |
Teeny Shiny is the fifth album by Melt-Banana, released in 2000.
It contains reworkings of two older songs. "First Contact to Planet Q" was previously recorded as "Sham Bazar", and "Warp, Back Spin" was previously recorded as "Crackhead Up or Down". Both of the songs have the same lyrics but are musically different. They appeared on the Japanese compilation CD Lo-Fi ~Electric Acoustic & Radical~, released in 1995.
At the beginning of "Free the Bee" there is a sped-up sample from the 1984 film Repo Man.

## Critical reception

The Sunday Times deemed the album "reliably unhinged, old-school Japanese noise madness ... 11 collisions of electric-toothbrush guitars, police-siren solos, Gatling-gun drumming and kindergarten screeching." The Austin American-Statesman wrote that the band "adds a (very) slight pop edge to their usual chaos."
# Megachile rubrigena

Megachile rubrigena is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Alfken in 1927.
# Ukraine at the 2022 World Athletics Championships

Ukraine competed at the 2022 World Athletics Championships in Eugene, Oregon from 15 to 24 July 2022. Ukraine had entered 22 athletes.

## Medalists

| Medal | Athlete | Event | Date |
| Silver | Yaroslava Mahuchikh | Women's high jump | 19 July |
| Bronze | Andriy Protsenko | Men's high jump | 18 July |

## Results
### Key

* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Not qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* NR = National record
* PB = Personal best
* SB = Season best
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event

### Men
#### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Andriy Protsenko | High jump | 2.28 | =1 q | 2.33 SB | |
| Oleh Doroshchuk | High jump | 2.25 | 15 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Roman Kokoshko | Shot put | 20.02 | 15 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Mykhaylo Kokhan | Hammer throw | 77.58 | 8 Q | 78.83 SB | 7 |

### Women
#### Track and road events

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Olha Lyakhova | 800 metres | 2:02.16 | 28 | Did not advance |
| Anna Ryzhykova | 400 metres hurdles | 54.93 | 10 Q | 54.51 | 12 Q | 54.93 | 8 |
| Viktoriya Tkachuk | 400 metres hurdles | 55.27 | 16 Q | 54.24 SB | 9 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Nataliya Strebkova | 3000 metres steeplechase | 9:25.85 | 22 | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Anastasiia Bryzhina Kateryna Karpyuk Olha Lyakhova Anna Ryzhykova Maryana Shostak Viktoriya Tkachuk | 4 × 400 metres relay | 3:29.25 SB | 9 | — | — | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Olena Sobchuk | 20 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | 1:31:19 | 11 |
| Lyudmila Olyanovska | 20 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | 1:31:42 SB | 12 |
| Hanna Shevchuk | 20 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | DNF | DNF |
| Nadiya Borovska | 35 kilometres walk | — | — | — | — | DNF | DNF |

#### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Position | Distance | Position |
| Iryna Gerashchenko | High jump | 1.93 | =1 q | 2.00 PB | 4 |
| Yaroslava Mahuchikh | High jump | 1.93 | =1 q | 2.02 | |
| Yuliya Levchenko | High jump | 1.90 | =15 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Maryna Kylypko | Pole vault | 4.35 | =16 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Yana Hladiychuk | Pole vault | 4.35 | 22 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
| Maryna Bekh-Romanchuk | Long jump | 6.81 | 4 Q | 6.82 | 8 |
| Maryna Bekh-Romanchuk | Triple jump | 14.54 | 2 Q | 13.91 | 11 |
| Iryna Klymets | Hammer throw | 68.12 | 22 | Did not advance | Did not advance |
# Victor S. Johnson Sr.

Victor Samuel Johnson Sr. (February 6, 1882 – August 29, 1943) was an American businessman who founded Aladdin Industries, best known as manufacturers of kerosene mantle lamps.
In 1904, he was a bookkeeper and salesman for the Iowa Soap Company in Burlington, Iowa. After seeing German kerosene lamp models that were more efficient than American models, he formed the Western Lighting Company in Minneapolis, Minnesota in 1907 and began selling the better lamps. On February 27, 1908 he incorporated The Mantle Lamp Company of America.
Early in 1909 Johnson introduced the Aladdin lamp, which succeeded beyond all expectations and led to subsequent improved models over the next 40 years.
After Johnson's unexpected death in 1943, his son, Victor S. Johnson Jr. succeeded him and expanded the company.
# PTP4A3

Protein tyrosine phosphatase type IVA 3 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTP4A3 gene.
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to a small class of prenylated protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). PTPs are cell signaling molecules that play regulatory roles in a variety of cellular processes. This class of PTPs contain a PTP domain and a characteristic C-terminal prenylation motif. Studies of this class of PTPs in mice demonstrated that they were prenylated proteins in vivo, which suggested their association with cell plasma membrane. Overexpression of this gene in mammalian cells was reported to inhibit angiotensin-II induced cell calcium mobilization and promote cell growth. Two alternatively spliced variants exist.
# Fernside

Fernside may refer to:
* Fernside, Alameda, California, a neighbourhood in Alameda County, California, United States
* Fernside, New Zealand, rural community in Canterbury in New Zealand's South Island
* Fernside railway station disused railway station north-east of Featherston in New Zealand's North Island
* Fernside Homestead a historic home in Featherston, New Zealand
* Fernside, Toowoomba, a heritage-listed house in Queensland, Australia
* Fernside-Vacation House for Working Girls, Princeton, Massachusetts, United States
* Fernside, a Dublin IRA safe house of the 1920s; see Home Farm Road
# Sandplain

A sandplain is an area where the soil is sand deposited from elsewhere by processes such as wind or ocean, rather than direct weathering of bedrock.
Sandplains are quite flat. There may be dune systems, and given time and the right conditions these may form eolianite ridges, but other than that there is little to give a sandplain any topographical character.
Inland sandplains are often extremely infertile, because the sand is often low in nutrients when deposited, plus the good drainage means any nutrients are rapidly leached away.
Coastal sandplains in intertidal zones like those seen in the Wadden Sea in western Europe for example, are wet with nutrients added continuously, so they can often support a very rich and important fauna of birds, worms, mussels, etc..
In North America, sandplains are often vegetated by pine barrens. In Western Australia, kwongan is the dominant vegetation.
# Perry (album)

Perry was Perry Como's 22nd album released in 1974 by RCA Records.

## Track listing

Side One
* "Temptation" (Music by Nacio Herb Brown, lyrics by Arthur Freed)
* "The Hands of Time" (Music by Michel Legrand, lyrics by Marilyn and Alan Bergman)
* "You Are the Sunshine of My Life" (Stevie Wonder)
* "Behind Closed Doors" (Kenny O'Dell)
* "I Don't Know What He Told You" (Lyrics by Robert I. Allen)
Side Two
* "That's You" (Juan Carlos Calderón)
* "The Way We Were" (Music by Marvin Hamlisch, lyrics by Marilyn and Alan Bergman)
* "The Most Beautiful Girl" (Rory Bourke, Billy Sherrill and Norro Wilson)
* "Beyond Tomorrow" (Mikis Theodorakis and Larry Kusik)
* "Weave Me the Sunshine" (Peter Yarrow)
# Owen Dougherty

Owen J. Dougherty (September 14, 1929 – February 27, 1991) was an American football and baseball player and coach. He served as the head football coach at Indiana University of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1981, compiling a record of 17–13. Dougherty was also the head baseball coach at IUP from 1963 to 1969 and again in 1990, tallying a mark of 133–58.
Dougherty died after heart surgery on February 27, 1991, at Allegheny General Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

## Head coaching record
### Football

| Year | Team | Overall | Conference | Standing |
| IUP Indians (Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference) (1979–1981) ||||||
| 1979 | IUP | 7–3 | 3–3 | 3rd (West) |
| 1980 | IUP | 6–4 | 3–3 | T–4th (West) |
| 1981 | IUP | 4–6 | 2–4 | T–5th (West) |
| IUP: | IUP: | 17–13 | 8–10 | |
| Total: | Total: | 17–13 | | |
# Länsförsäkringar Bank

Länsförsäkringar Bank is a Swedish retail bank. As of 2022 it was the fifth largest retail bank in Sweden. The bank is owned by the customer owned insurance group of the same name, Länsförsäkringar.

## History

Länsförsäkringar Bank was started in 1996. In 1998 Länsförsäkringar merged with the Wasa insurance company, alongside this Länsförsäkringar Bank was merged with WASA Bank.

## Legal issues

In December 2022 Länsförsäkringar Bank was fined 90 million SEK by the Financial Supervisory Authority due to insufficient controls against money laundering.
# Meillassoux

Meillassoux is a surname, and may refer to:
* Claude Meillassoux (1925–2005), French anthropologist
* Pierre Meillassoux (born 1928), French architect
* Quentin Meillassoux (born 1967), French philosopher
# Vietnam Forces National Memorial

The Australian Vietnam Forces National Memorial is on Anzac Parade, the principal ceremonial and memorial avenue in Canberra, the capital city of Australia. The memorial was dedicated on 3 October 1992. It commemorates the 50,000 Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, and Royal Australian Air Force and associated personnel who served in Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

## Design

Three concrete stelae, rising from a shallow moat, form the dramatic centre and enclose a space for quiet contemplation.
A low stone block is both a seat and a place for laying memorial tributes.
Fixed to the right wall are 33 inscriptions, quotations intended to recall events of military and political importance. The memorial features a photograph by Australian Army photographer Mike Coleridge - Members of 5 Platoon, B Company, 7th Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment, 26 August 1967 The photograph, etched on the rear wall, shows soldiers waiting to be airlifted to the Australian base at Nui Dat after Operation Ullmarah. The walls offer anchors for wires that suspend a halo of stones: A scroll containing the names of Australians who died in Vietnam is sealed into one of the stones.
Six seats surround the memorial, each dedicated to an Australian serviceman missing in action in Vietnam.
The memorial was designed by Tonkin Zulaikha Harford in association with sculptor Ken Unsworth AM, and built largely from funds donated from the public to the Australian Vietnam Forces National Memorial Committee.
# Iván Morovic

Iván Eduardo Morovic Fernández (born 24 March 1963) is a Chilean chess player with the title of International Grandmaster.
Born in Viña del Mar, he began to play chess at age 9. In 1979 he won the Pan American Junior Chess Championship. In 1980, Morovic took third place in the World Junior Chess Championship in Dortmund, behind Garry Kasparov and Nigel Short. The following year he won the Chilean Chess Championship. At 22 he became the first Chilean to be awarded by FIDE the title of International Grandmaster (GM). His best tournament participation was in 1993, when he won in Las Palmas, ahead of Viswanathan Anand, with whom he drew.
Morovic's best Elo rating is 2613, achieved in 1999.
He took part in thirteen Chess Olympiads, playing for Chile in 1978, 1980, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1990, 1996, 2002, 2004, 2010 and 2012, and representing Croatia in 2000.
# Free-surface modelling

In computational fluid dynamics, free-surface modelling (FSM) refers to the numerical modelling of a free surface—a freely moving interface between immiscible fluids—in order to be able to track and locate it.
Common methods used in free surface modelling include the level-set method and the volume of fluid method.
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# Personal service corporation

A personal service corporation is a company which, as the name suggests, provides personal services. These services span a wide variety of endeavors in many fields, and are specified for tax purposes in the United States by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). This type of corporation has some tax advantages, such as various tax-free fringe benefits, limited liability, and business deductions. For a corporation to be considered a personal service corporation by the IRS, the employee/owner must perform at least 20% of the personal services themselves, and must also own at least 10% of the outstanding stock in the testing period. An income test requires that employees must spend at least 95% of their work time on qualified services.

## Details

In United States tax law, a corporation is a personal service corporation if it meets all of the following requirements:
1. Its principal activity during the “testing period” is performing personal services (defined later). Generally, the testing period for any tax year is the prior tax year. If the corporation has just been formed, the testing period begins on the first day of its tax year and ends on the earlier of:
    a. The last day of its tax year, or
    b. The last day of the calendar year in which its tax year begins.
2. Its employee-owners substantially perform the services in (1). This requirement is met if more than 20% of the corporation's compensation cost for its activities of performing personal services during the testing period is for personal services performed by employee-owners.
3. Its employee-owners own more than 10% of the fair market value of its outstanding stock on the last day of the testing period.
Personal services include any activity performed in the fields of accounting, actuarial science, architecture, consulting, engineering, health (including veterinary services), law, and the performing arts.
A person is an employee-owner of a personal service corporation if both of the following apply:
1. They are an employee of the corporation or perform personal services for, or on behalf of, the corporation (even if they are an independent contractor for other purposes) on any day of the testing period
2. They own stock in the corporation at any time during the testing period.
# Ermanno Gorrieri

Ermanno Gorrieri (26 November 1920 – 29 December 2004) was an Italian politician and economist.

## Biography

Gorrieri was born in Magreta in 1920. In 1928 he moved to Modena, where he graduated in law, and became an officer of the Alpine troops. During World War II he participated in the resistance and was active in the creation of the short-lived Republic of Montefiorino. After the war he was a trade union activist and one of the founders of the CISL. Between 1958 and 1963 he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, and was Minister of Labor in 1987. One of his main interests was the problem of poverty. He authored five books and collaborated on fourteen more. Originally a member of the Christian Democratic party, he was one of the founders (with Pierre Carniti) of the Social Christians in 1993.