OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Treadwheel

A treadwheel, or treadmill, is a form of engine typically powered by humans. It may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human or animal standing inside it (treadwheel). These devices are no longer used for power or punishment, and the term "treadmill" has come to mean an exercise machine for running, walking or other exercises in place.

## History

Uses of treadwheels included raising water, to power cranes, or grind grain. They were used extensively in the Greek and Roman world, such as in the reverse overshot water-wheel used for dewatering purposes. They were widely used in the Middle Ages to lift the stones in the construction of Gothic cathedrals. There is a literary reference to one in 1225, and one treadwheel crane survives at Chesterfield, Derbyshire and is housed in the Museum. It has been dated to the early 14th century and was housed in the top of the church tower until its removal in 1947. They were used extensively in the Renaissance famously by Brunelleschi during the construction of Florence cathedral.
Penal treadmills were used in prisons during the early Victorian period in the UK as a form of punishment. According to The Times in 1827, and reprinted in William Hone's Table-Book in 1838, the amount prisoners walked per day on average varied, from the equivalent of 6,600 vertical feet at Lewes to as much as 17,000 vertical feet in ten hours during the summertime at Warwick gaol. In 1902, the British government banned the use of the treadwheel as a form of punishment.
# Michael Shanks (journalist)

Michael James Shanks (12 April 1927, London – 13 January 1984, London) was a British economic journalist.
Throughout the 1950s, Shanks was a writer and editor at the Financial Times, and in 1964/5 he became the economic correspondent with the Sunday Times. His Penguin Special book The Stagnant Society (1961) sold 60,000 copies.

## Books

* The Stagnant Society. Harmondsworth 1961
# Michael Shani

Michael Shani is a well-known figure in the Israeli musical scene. He was born and raised in Israel, where he began his musical career as a cellist. He played in the Kibbutz Chamber Orchestra and was the conductor of the Kibbutz Symphony Orchestra. He completed his musical training at the Tel-Aviv Music Teacher's College, the Rubin Academy of Music in Jerusalem and at the Brigham Young University in Utah, United States.

## History

Michael Shani was the music director of the Tel Aviv Philharmonic Choir, the new Israeli Opera Choir and the Vocal Music festivals of Tel Aviv and Abu Ghosh. He has conducted the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, the Israel Chamber Orchestra, the Kibbutz Chamber Orchestra, the Haifa Symphony orchestra, the Ra'anana Symphony, the Be'er-Sheva Symphonette and orchestras in Germany, Hungary, Czech and Italy.
He was among the founders of the Israeli School of Choral singing, established in 1986 in Tel Aviv and he continues to act as its academic director and principal conductor while also teaching at the Rubin Academy of Music in Tel Aviv and in the Department of Music in the University of Haifa.
Michael Shani is the music director of the Zimriya World Assembly of Choirs in Israel. He founded the Tel-Aviv Chamber Choir in 1987 and since that time continues to serve as its music director. He is the Head of Choral Conducting Department at the Buchmann-Mehta School of Music in Tel-Aviv University. He teaches choral conducting and conducts the Oratorio and the chamber choir of the school.
# Geoff Kabush

Geoff Kabush is a Canadian cyclo-cross cyclist and cross-country mountain biker. At the 2000 Summer Olympics, he finished in 9th place in the cross-country race. He then competed in the same event at the 2008 Summer Olympics, finishing in 20th place. At the 2012 Summer Olympics, he again competed in the Men's cross-country at Hadleigh Farm, finishing in 8th place. He has also been successful in cyclo-cross, having won the Canadian national cyclo-cross championship five times.

## Major results
### Cyclo-cross
#### 2004–2005

    1st National Championships
    1st Gran Prix of Gloucester 1
    2nd Gran Prix of Gloucester 2
    2nd Beacon Cyclo-cross
    3rd Clif Bar Grand Prix
    3rd Star-Crossed

#### 2005–2006

    3rd Star-Crossed

#### 2006–2007

    2nd National Championships
    2nd Scion Stumptown Cup
    3rd Star-Crossed

#### 2007–2008

    2nd Fort Lewis College SquawkerCross

#### 2008–2009

    1st National Championships
    1st Jim Horner Grand Prix

#### 2009–2010

    1st National Championships
    1st Jim Horner Grand Prix

#### 2010–2011

    USGP of Cyclocross
       1st Mercer Cup Day 1
       3rd Mercer Cup Day 2

#### 2011–2012

    USGP of Cyclocross
       2nd Fort Collins Cup Day 1
       3rd Fort Collins Cup Day 2
       3rd Derby City Cup Day 2
       3rd Bend Day 2

#### 2012–2013

    1st National Championships
    1st BC Grand Prix
    USGP of Cyclocross
       3rd New Belgium Cup Day 2

#### 2013–2014

    1st National Championships
    1st BC Grand Prix
    2nd Deschutes Brewery Cup
    3rd CrossVegas

#### 2014–2015

    1st Manitoba Grand Prix
    2nd National Championships

#### 2015–2016

    2nd National Championships
    2nd Manitoba Grand Prix

#### 2016–2017

    2nd National Championships

#### 2017–2018

    2nd National Championships

#### 2018–2019

    2nd National Championships

### Mountain bike
#### 2005

    1st Cross-country, National Championships

#### 2006

    1st Cross-country, National Championships

#### 2007

    1st Cross-country, Pan American Championships
    1st Cross-country, National Championships

#### 2008

    UCI XC World Cup
       2nd Vallnord
       2nd Mont-Sainte-Anne
       3rd Canberra

#### 2009

    1st Cross-country, National Championships
    UCI XC World Cup
       1st Bromont
       3rd Mont-Sainte-Anne
    2nd Team relay, UCI World Championships

#### 2010

    1st Cross-country, National Championships

#### 2014

    1st Cross-country, National Championships

#### 2016

    1st Marathon, National Championships

### Road
#### 2017

    1st Tour de Nez [fr]
# General Service Medal

The General Service Medal can refer to any of the following medals:
* General Service Medal (1918)
* General Service Medal (1962)
* General Service Medal (2008)
* General Service Medal (Bophuthatswana)
* General Service Medal (Canada)
* General Service Medal (India)
* General Service Medal (Malaysia)
* General Services Medal (Oman)
* General Service Medal (Rhodesia)
* General Service Medal (South Africa)
* General Service Medal (Venda)
* Samanya Seva Medal
* New Zealand General Service Medal 1992 (Non-Warlike)
* New Zealand General Service Medal 1992 (Warlike)
# Mary Beever

Mary Beever (1802 – 31 December 1883) was a British artist and botanist. She and her sister were close friends with their neighbour John Ruskin in the Lake District.

## Life

Beever was born in Ardwick. Her father, William Beever, was a Manchester businessman and their mother, Nanny, died while she was young.
They lived in Birdsgrove House near Ashbourne in Derbyshire before moving to The Thwaite in Coniston in Cumbria in 1827. Mary was a keen botanist and her collections are in several museums. She was elected a member of the Botanical Society of London between 1839 and 1841. Her father died in 1831. Her brother John installed water power for a family printing press and a pond was created where he experimented with different fish foods. Her sister Anne died in 1858 and her brother, John, died the following year. She shared the house with her sister Susan after their sister Margaret died in 1874.
Mary and her sister Susanna were skilled botanical artists and they found themselves in John Ruskin's circle after they first met him in 1873. Ruskin lived on the other side of Coniston and he would write them letters although a short walk or a row in a boat would enable a visit. Ruskin was closest to "Susie" and in 1875 he allowed her to create an abridged version of his book Modern Painters.
Beever died at their home in Coniston in 1883.
# Shire of Boulder

The Shire of Boulder was a local government area in Western Australia. It was established as the East Coolgardie Road District on 15 February 1895. It was renamed the Kalgoorlie Road District on 24 September 1897. The board's offices were located at 39 Porter Street, Kalgoorlie; the building survives today and has been classified by the National Trust of Australia.
It expanded significantly over subsequent decades as it absorbed abolished road districts in the region, absorbing the Bulong Road District on 9 June 1911, the Broad Arrow Road District on 7 July 1922 and the Kanowna Road District on 15 September 1922.
It was declared a shire and named the Shire of Kalgoorlie with effect from 1 July 1961 following the passage of the Local Government Act 1960, which reformed all remaining road districts into shires. The membership of the council increased from 9 members to 11 members on 9 December 1966. On 1 July 1969, it absorbed the abolished Town of Boulder, expanding to include an urban area for the first time. It was then renamed the Shire of Boulder on 12 December 1969.
It was divided into wards (three wards of three members and two wards of two members) on 9 December 1977. The Central Ward was increased from three to four members and the Pastoral Ward decreased from two to one member on 22 January 1988.
It amalgamated with the Town of Kalgoorlie to form the City of Kalgoorlie-Boulder on 1 February 1989.

## Chairmen and presidents

The following people served as chairman of the Kalgoorlie Roads Board or president of the Shire of Kalgoorlie/Shire of Boulder:

### Presidents of the Shire of Kalgoorlie

* Norman Henry Johns (1961-1965)
* Charles (Digger) Pearson Daws (1965-1969)

### Presidents of the Shire of Boulder

* Vivian (Viv) Edward Watts (1969-1970)
* William Joseph Kenneally (1970-1975)
* Edward (Jack) Usher (1975–1976)
* Douglas (Doug) Charles Daws (1976-1979)
* Charles (Digger) Pearson Daws (1979-1988)
* Edgar (Ted) George Winner (1988-1989)
# Slesa (disambiguation)

Slesa may mean:
* Slesa, a ruined castle in Georgia
* Ślęża, a mountain in Poland
* Ślęza, a river in Poland
# Salins, Seine-et-Marne

Salins (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Seine-et-Marne department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. The 18th-century French playwright Charles-Georges Fenouillot de Falbaire de Quingey (1727–1800) was born in Salins.

## Demographics

Inhabitants of Salins are called Salinois.
# Acerpenna

Acerpenna is a genus of mayflies in the family Baetidae. It has at least three species.

## Species

* Acerpenna akataleptos — (McDunnough, 1926)
* Acerpenna pygmaea, Blue-Winged Olive — (Hagen, 1861)
* Acerpenna macdunnoughi — (Ide, 1937)
et al.

## Importance

The blue wing olive mayfly is one of the most common aquatic insects in coldwater rivers and is replicated with artificial fly patterns for fly fishing for trout and other species in North America but is less commonly used in Great Britain. Along with the adams dry fly they are the most popular dry style flies in the United States.
# Moussey

Moussey may refer to the following places in France:
* Moussey, Aube, a commune in the Aube department
* Moussey, Moselle, a commune in the Moselle department
* Moussey, Vosges, a commune in the Vosges department
# Shortfin false moray

The shortfin false moray (Kaupichthys brachychirus) is an eel in the family Chlopsidae. It was described by Leonard Peter Schultz in 1953. It is a tropical, marine eel which is known from American Samoa, Samoa, Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Indonesia, the Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and Wallis and Futuna. It typically dwells in seaward and lagoon coral reefs at an approximate depth of 43 m. Males can reach a maximum total length of 13 centimetres (5.1 in).
The shortfin false moray exhibits biofluorescence, that is, when illuminated by blue or ultraviolet light, it re-emits it as green, and appears differently than under white light illumination. Biofluorescence may assist in intraspecific communication and camouflage.
Owing to its wide distribution, and lack of knowledge of threats or observed population declines, the IUCN Redlist currently lists the shortfin false moray as Least Concern.
# Salina High School

Salina High School may refer to:
* Salina High School Central, known as Salina High School before the construction of Salina High School South
* Salina High School South
# Tony's Theme

Tony's Theme may refer to:
* "Tony's Theme", an instrumental by Giorgio Moroder from the soundtrack of the 1983 film Scarface
* "Tony's Theme", a song by the Pixies from the album Surfer Rosa
# Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon

Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon (French pronunciation: , literally Sainte-Foy near Lyon) is a commune in the Metropolis of Lyon in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France.

## Geography

It is a suburb of the city of Lyon, located to the west of the city.
It is located only 5 km (3.1 mi) from the center of Lyon, but is a community in its own right. The town grew as a haven from the industry of Lyon, as it is set high above the city, and there are some panoramas of Lyon and the surrounding area, notably from a park known as the 'Esplanade de Lichfield'.
Lyon is said to be the city of three rivers – the Rhône and Saône rivers which converge there – and the Beaujolais wine. Sainte Foy's finest historic asset is remains of a Roman aqueduct and there is a fine seminary, steep narrow walled streets, parks and gardens, and squares in the town center.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 2,044 | — |
| 1800 | 2,110 | +0.46% |
| 1806 | 1,697 | −3.57% |
| 1821 | 2,016 | +1.15% |
| 1831 | 2,312 | +1.38% |
| 1836 | 2,808 | +3.96% |
| 1841 | 2,737 | −0.51% |
| 1846 | 3,120 | +2.65% |
| 1851 | 3,127 | +0.04% |
| 1856 | 4,114 | +5.64% |
| 1861 | 4,462 | +1.64% |
| 1866 | 5,042 | +2.47% |
| 1872 | 4,668 | −1.28% |
| 1876 | 5,118 | +2.33% |
| 1881 | 5,732 | +2.29% |
| 1886 | 3,105 | −11.54% |
| 1891 | 2,907 | −1.31% |
| 1896 | 2,914 | +0.05% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 3,106 | +1.28% |
| 1906 | 3,147 | +0.26% |
| 1911 | 3,358 | +1.31% |
| 1921 | 3,782 | +1.20% |
| 1926 | 4,505 | +3.56% |
| 1931 | 5,074 | +2.41% |
| 1936 | 5,335 | +1.01% |
| 1946 | 6,270 | +1.63% |
| 1954 | 7,290 | +1.90% |
| 1962 | 9,592 | +3.49% |
| 1968 | 16,583 | +9.55% |
| 1975 | 21,698 | +3.92% |
| 1982 | 21,521 | −0.12% |
| 1990 | 21,450 | −0.04% |
| 1999 | 21,193 | −0.13% |
| 2007 | 22,151 | +0.55% |
| 2012 | 21,707 | −0.40% |
| 2017 | 22,012 | +0.28% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :

## Education

International School of Lyon is located in the city of Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon.

## Twin towns

Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon is twinned with
* Lichfield, Staffordshire, England.
* Kraljevo, Serbia
* Limburg an der Lahn, Germany

## Notable people

* Antoine Cariot (1820–1883), priest and botanist, died in Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon
* Alexis Carrel (1873–1944), surgeon, biologist and eugenicist, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1912
* Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt (born 1960), novelist and playwright
* Isabelle Patissier (born 1967), world champion rock climber and rally driver
* Frédéric Kanouté (born 1977), Malian-French footballer
* Florian Maurice (born 1974), French footballer
# Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs

The Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs North American bridge championship is held at the Fall American Contract Bridge League (ACBL) North American Bridge Championship (NABC).
The Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs is a six-session matchpoint pairs event with two qualifying sessions and two final sessions. The event typically starts on the first Tuesday of the Fall NABC. The event is restricted to players with fewer than 6,000 masterpoints who have earned a Blue Ribbon qualification.

## History

The inaugural Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs was held in 2005 at the Fall NABC in Denver. There is a pre-qualification requirement: players must have earned a Blue Ribbon qualification to participate. This is done by placing first or second in certain competitions.

## Winners

Winners of Mini-Blue Ribbon Pairs :
| Year | Winners | Runners-up |
| 2005 | Marty Harris, Jacob Morgan | Frank Wharton, Paul Walker |
| 2006 | Joe Houde, Divakar Bhargava | John Klayman, Lawrence Lau |
| 2007 | Patricia Menefee, Andre De Leon | Metin Gokcen, Sadik Arf |
| 2008 | Roger Coffman, Chris Coffman | Arne Maki, Gene Maki |
| 2009 | Harold Huffaker, Ronald Huffaker | Gerrie Owen, Leonard Schaen |
| 2010 | Mark Jones, Doug Levene | Dean Panagopoulos, Yiji Starr |
| 2011 | Susan Fulton, John Hogan | William Grant, Andrew Loh |
| 2012 | Peter Worby, Kevin Young | Vic Quiros, Harvinder Sidhu |
| 2013 | Suman Agarwal, Harjinder Ajmani | Terry Schleppegrell, Marion Kelly |
| 2014 | Ina Demme, Bill Kertes | David MacRae, Christina van Leeuwen |
| 2015 | Grant Robinson, Teresa Boyd | Om Chokriwala, Joan Rubin |
| 2016 | Radu Nistor, Joan Brody | Michael Schrage, Edward Rauch |
| 2017 | Juan Castillo, Saul Gross | Margie Cole, Leonardo Fruscoloni |
| 2018 | Virgil Massey, Charlene Sands | Barry Margolin, Mark Krusemeyer |

## Sources

* ↑ http://web2.acbl.org/coc/MiniBlue.pdf
"ACBL - NABC Winners". acbl.com. ACBL. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
"ACBL Live" acbl.org. ACBL. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
List of previous winners, Page 9 Daily Bulletin (PDF), vol. 81–5, November 25, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2008
2008 winners, Page 1 Daily Bulletin (PDF), vol. 81–7, November 27, 2008
# Salph End

Salph End is a village located in the Borough of Bedford in Bedfordshire, England.
Officially, Salph End is one of the hamlets (or "Ends") of Renhold, and is the westernmost settlement within the civil parish. However, it is also one of the largest and most distinct settlements within Renhold, meaning that Salph End can be considered a separate village in its own right.
* This Bedfordshire location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Tony Dubbins

Tony Dubbins was a prominent British trade unionist until his retirement from Unite in 2008.
He first became a full-time union official in the National Graphical Association and became general secretary in 1984, leading the union through the Wapping dispute.
The NGA merged with the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades in 1990. Dubbins won the subsequent election against Brenda Dean, SOGAT's General Secretary, to become the first, and only, general secretary of the Graphical, Paper and Media Union.
Following the GPMU's merger with Amicus in 2004, he became Deputy General Secretary. Amicus then merged with the Transport & General Workers Union in May 2007 to form Unite.
He was president of the Trades Union Congress in 1997.
Between 2003 and 2008 he was chairman of the Trade Union and Labour Party Liaison Organisation. During this period he delivered the groundbreaking Warwick Agreement, ensuring every employee was entitled to 20 days paid holiday and maternity leave was increased to nine months. He led the campaign to ensure employment rights for Agency and Temporary Workers.
# Salto Abajo

Salto Abajo is a barrio in the municipality of Utuado, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 3,929.

## Geography

Salto Abajo is situated at an elevation of 568 feet (173 m), just north of Salto Arriba and Pueblo in Utuado, Puerto Rico. It has an area of 2.66 square miles (6.9 km$^2$) of which 0.03 square miles (0.078 km$^2$) is water.

## History

Salto Abajo was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Salto Abajo barrio was 836.

## Features

After the rope bridge in Salto Abajo was destroyed by Hurricane Maria in 2017, engineering students from the University of New Mexico and University of Texas at El Paso began its reconstruction, but never completed the work.

## Gallery

* Puente La Hamaca in Salto Abajo, 2010
* Puerto Rico Highway 111 in Salto Abajo
# Top Gear Motorsport

Top Gear Motorsport is a British television programme, covering various forms of motor racing, broadcast on BBC Two from 1994 to 1998. It was a spin-off programme from the popular motoring series Top Gear. The programme was presented by former Formula One driver and Top Gear presenter Tiff Needell. Other presenters were Penny Mallory, Tony Mason, Steve Berry, Mark James and Bob Constanduros.
The series covered a wide variety of motor racing categories from across the world, including the World Rally Championship, the British Rally Championship, British Formula Three, Formula Renault, and Formula Vauxhall Junior, British Superbikes, and Eurocars, German Touring Car Championship, European Truck Racing Championship.
# Tony Graham (New Zealand footballer)

Tony Graham is a former association football player who represented New Zealand at international level.
Graham played three official A-international matches for the All Whites in 1933, all on tour against trans-Tasman neighbours Australia, the first a 2–4 loss on 5 June 1933, followed by a 4–6 loss and another 2–4 loss on 17 and 24 June respectively.
# Tom Utley

Thomas Dermot Utley (born 29 November 1953) is a British journalist who writes for the Daily Mail.

## Life and career

Utley is the son of the journalist T. E. Utley and Brigid Viola Mary (1927–2012), daughter of Dermot Morrah, a journalist, Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and Arundel Herald Extraordinary at the College of Arms. He was educated at Westminster School and, like his father, read history at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.
Utley wrote for The Daily Telegraph, where he was described by The Independent as a "star Telegraph columnist" but left in early 2006 after being offered a salary of £120,000 by the Daily Mail.

## Personal life

Utley is a Roman Catholic.
# Tookey

Tookey is a surname. People with that name include:
* Christopher Tookey (born 1950), English film critic
* Mark Tookey (born 1977), Australian former professional rugby league footballer
* Phyllis Margaret Tookey Kerridge (née Tookey, 1901–1940), English chemist and physiologist
* Stacey Tookey (born 1976), Canadian choreographer and dancer
* Tim Tookey (born 1960), Canadian retired ice hockey player
# Tookland, Virginia

Tookland is an unincorporated community in Buchanan County, Virginia, United States. It is located on U.S. Route 460 and Virginia State Route 83 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Grundy.

## References;

* ↑ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Tookland, Virginia
* This Buchanan County, Virginia state location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Salname

A salname (also called nevsal) was an official annal of the Ottoman Empire in the 19th century.

## History

The first salname was published in 1847. It was prepared by Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Ahmed Cevdet Pasha and Hayrullah. It was sponsored by the grand vizier Mustafa Reşit Pasha, a well known reformer.

## Types of the salname

The main salname was the salname of the state. Beginning by 1866 the vilayet (province) administrations also published salnames about the province. There were also salnames of other institutions both governmental and non governmental. The most important salnames were reportedly the second type salnames. Because by these salnames the government could determine the resources and the conditions of the provinces.
# Salnecke Castle

Salnecke Castle is a castle in Sweden.