OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Fund derivative

A fund derivative is a financial structured product related to a fund, normally using the underlying fund to determine the payoff. This may be a private equity fund, mutual fund or hedge fund. Purchasers obtain exposure to the underlying fund (or funds) whilst improving their risk profile over a direct investment.

## Example

For example, the purchaser may be attracted by a fund's star manager, performance history or strategy, whilst improving their counter-party risk and getting leverage, currency hedging or a capital guarantee via the derivative.

## Features

The structured product may be investible by retail clients or institutional investors that would not otherwise buy the fund, because of its provision of safeguard features such as capital guarantees or the appointment of independent administrators to calculate the underlying fund's value and additional oversight mechanisms.

## Types

Typical fund derivatives might be a call option on a fund, a CPPI on a fund, or a leveraged note on a fund. More complicated structures might include auto-call features guaranteeing that if the derivative reached a certain value that value was locked in, on top of an initial minimum value guarantee at issuance. Maturities might range from three to ten years, or more rarely multiple decades. The big players in this field are investment banks such as Barclays Investment Bank, BNP Paribas, TPG, Citigroup, Credit Suisse, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Macquarie Group, Morgan Stanley, Société Générale, UBS Investment Bank.
Fund derivatives have had explosive growth over the past 10 years but are still a major growth area. New structures are constantly being developed to suit market and client opportunities.
# Timocratica nivea

Timocratica nivea is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Vitor O. Becker in 1982. It is found in Brazil (Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais).
The wingspan is 15–17 mm for males and 19–20 mm for females. The ground colour of the forewings is white. The underside is white. The hindwings are also white.
# GATC (gene)

Glutamyl-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase, subunit C homolog (bacterial) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GATC gene. The gene is also known as 15E1.2 and encodes part of a Glu-tRNA(Gln) amidotransferase enzyme.
# Fung Yik

Fung Yik (born 3 December 1959) is a Hong Kong archer. He competed in the men's individual event at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Furukawa Group

Furukawa Group (古河グループ, Furukawa Gurūpu) formerly Furukawa zaibatsu (古河財閥) is one of Japan's 15 largest industrial groups. Its origins date back to 1875, founder Furukawa Ichibei. This group specialized in mining, electronics, and chemicals industry before World War II.
Now, the predominant companies are Fuji Electric and Furukawa Electric as well as Fujitsu, FANUC, and Advantest. Other well-known companies include Yokohama Rubber.

## Member companies

* Furukawa Subgroup
** 古河機械金属株式会社 Furukawa Co., Ltd. (Mining)
*** 古河林業株式会社 Furukawa Ringyo Co., Ltd. (Home and Wood)
*** 古河産機システムズ株式会社 Furukawa Industrial Machinery Systems Co., Ltd.
*** 株式会社トウペ Tohpe Corporation (Paint)
* Furukawa Electric Group
** 古河電気工業株式会社 The Furukawa Electric Co.
*** 古河電池株式会社 Furukawa Battery Co.
*** 日本製箔株式会社 Nippon Foil Mfg. Co.
*** 古河産業株式会社 Furukawa Sangyo Kaisha
*** 古河物流株式会社 Furukawa Logistics Co.
*** 古河総合設備株式会社 Furukawa Engineering & Construction
*** 株式会社古河テクノマテリアル Furukawa Techno Material Co.
*** 古河AS株式会社 Furukawa Automotive Systems
*** 岡野電線株式会社 Okano Electric Wire Co.
*** ミハル通信株式会社 Miharu Communication Inc.
*** 古河サーキットフォイル株式会社 Furukawa Circuit Foil Co.
*** 超音波工業株式会社 Ultrasonic Engineering Co.
*** 関東電化工業株式会社 Kanto Denka Kogyo Co.
** 株式会社ADEKA Adeka Corporation
*** 日本農薬株式会社 Nihon Nohyaku Co., Ltd.
** Yokohama Rubber Company
** Fuji Electric Holdings Co. (Group)
*** Fuji Electric
*** 富士電機リテイルシステムズ株式会社 Fuji Electric Retail Systems Co.
*** 富士電機アドバンストテクノロジー株式会社 Fuji Electric Advanced Technology Co
*** 富士電機ITソリューション株式会社 Fuji Electric IT Solutions Co.
*** 富士物流株式会社 Fuji Logistics Co., Ltd.
** Fujitsu (Group)
*** Fujitsu Ten
*** FANUC Robotics, world's largest robotics company
*** Advantest, largest DRAM testing company
*** 株式会社富士通ビジネスシステム FUJITSU BUSINESS SYSTEMS Ltd.
*** 株式会社富士通アドバンストエンジニアリング FUJITSU ADVANCED ENGINEERING Ltd.
** 日本軽金属株式会社 Nippon Light Metal Co., Ltd (Group)
*** 日本ギア工業株式会社 NIPPON GEAR CO., Ltd.
*** 日軽産業株式会社 Nikkei Sangyo Co., Ltd.
** 日本ゼオン株式会社 Zeon Corporation (Group)
*** 渋沢倉庫株式会社 Shibusawa Warehouse Company, Ltd.
** Asahi Mutual Life Insurance Co.
** Mizuho Bank
** Sompo Japan Insurance

### Member companies which are in the Nikkei 225

* Advantest
* FANUC
* Fuji Electric
* Fujitsu
* Furukawa Co., Ltd.
* Furukawa Electric
* Yokohama Rubber Company
# Furukawa, Miyagi

Furukawa (古川市, Furukawa-shi) was a city located in Miyagi Prefecture, Japan. In 2003, the city had an estimated population of 73,980 and a population density of 551.51 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 134.14 km$^2$.
The city was founded on December 15, 1950.
On March 31, 2006, Furukawa, along with the towns of Iwadeyama and Naruko (both from Tamatsukuri District), the towns of Kashimadai, Matsuyama and Sanbongi (all from Shida District), and the town of Tajiri (from Tōda District), to create the new city of Ōsaki. Tamatsukuri District and Shida District were dissolved as a result of this merger.
# Furukawa Electric

Furukawa Electric Co., Ltd. (古河電気工業株式会社, Furukawa Denkikōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese electric and electronics equipment company.

## History

The company traces its origins to Furukawa Ichibei who founded Nikko Copper Works, a copper-smelting facility at Yokohama in 1884, which became part of Furukuwa Kogyo. A new company; Furukuwa Denki Kogyo, was formed in 1920, when it merged its copper business with its own Yokohoma Wire Manufacturing Company, which it had acquired in 1908. So, the new company was able to combine its businesses of mining, refining, and making copper products, like wire and cable.
Furukawa was a Japanese businessman who founded one of the fifteen largest industrial conglomerates in Japan, called Furukawa zaibatsu, to which Furukawa Electric belongs to this day.
The company is listed on the Tokyo stock Exchange and is constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index.
Furukawa Electric aids CERN's experiments on the search for the Higgs boson with its superconducting magnet wires. The company's products also include superconductivity cables.
As of July 2013 the company has 137 subsidiaries and affiliate companies across Japan, Europe, North and South America.

## Business segments and products

* Electronics and automotive systems
** Wire harnesses and electronic components for automobiles
** Components for electronic equipment
** Magnet wires
* Energy and industrial products
** Copper wire rods
** Industrial power cables
** Microcellular foam
** Semiconductor processing tapes
* Light metals
** Aluminum can stock
** Aluminum tank materials for LNG vessels
** Aluminum materials for semiconductor manufacturing equipment
** Processed aluminum
* Metals
** Copper foils
** Wrought copper products for electronics
** Copper tubes for air conditioning
** Superconducting wires
* Telecommunications
** Optical fibers and cables
** Laser diode modules
** Optical amplifiers
** Networking equipments
# Time Weekly

Time Weekly may refer to:
* The Time Weekly, Chinese newspaper based in Guangzhou, Guangdong
* Maui Time Weekly, American newspaper based in Maui, Hawaii
# Megascolia

Megascolia is a genus of large solitary pollinating insect from the family Scoliidae, the species classified under Megascolia include some of the world's largest insects. They are parasitoids of large Scarabeid beetles such as the European rhinoceros beetle Oryctes nasicornis and Atlas beetle Chalcosoma atlas.

## Species

The following species are classified in the genus Megascolia which is further divided into two subgenera, Megascolia and Regiscolia:

### Subgenus Megascolia

* Megascolia (Megascolia) procer (Illiger, 1802)
* Megascolia (Megascolia) speciosa (Smith, 1857)
* Megascolia (Megascolia) velutina (Saussure, 1859)

### Subgenus Regiscolia

* Megascolia (Regiscolia) alecto (Smith, 1858)
* Megascolia (Regiscolia) azurea (Christ, 1791)
* Megascolia (Regiscolia) bidens (Linnaeus, 1767)
* Megascolia (Regiscolia) capitata (Fabricius, 1804)
* Megascolia (Regiscolia) fulvifrons (Saussure, 1854)
* Megascolia (Regiscolia) maculata (Drury, 1773)
* Megascolia (Regiscolia) philippinensis (Rohwer, 1921)
* Megascolia (Regiscolia) rubida (Gribodo, 1893)
* Megascolia (Regiscolia) splendida (Saussure, 1858)
# Together (Jerry Lee Lewis album)

Together is a duet album by Jerry Lee Lewis and his sister Linda Gail Lewis. The album was released in 1969 on the Smash record label.

## Background

In the wake of his comeback success with the album Another Place, Another Time in 1968, Lewis renegotiated his record contract with Smash and secured a deal for his sister Linda Gail, who had been part of his road show for years.
Five years earlier, Sam Phillips had actually signed Linda Gail to Sun Records (largely to placate her brother) and cut several sides with her, even using their duet of the George Jones song "Seasons of My Heart" as the B-side of the Lewis single "Teenage Letter", but scrapped any further releases after Lewis left the label.
She eventually managed to release a couple of singles with ABC Paramount and Columbia but, as Colin Escott put it in the liner notes for the 1986 retrospective The Killer: The Smash/Mercury Years, Linda Gail's ambitions "unfortunately outstripped her talent."

## Contents

Jerry Lee and Linda Gail's rendition of "Don't Let Me Cross Over" was issued as single and rose to number 12 on the Billboard country singles chart. The album also includes several songs that had been hit duets for other artists, such as "Jackson" and "Milwaukee (Here I Come)". "Don't Take It Out on Me" was written by Linda Gail and Jerry Lee's guitarist Kenny Lovelace, and the same pair teamed up with Jerry Lee's manager Cecil Harrelson to compose "Secret Places". Linda would eventually marry and divorce both Lovelace and Harrelson.
The Lewis siblings also appeared together in the 1969 television special The Many Sounds of Jerry Lee Lewis.

## Track listing

* "Milwaukee (Here I Come)" (Lee Fikes) - 1:55
* "Jackson" (Billy Edd Wheeler, Jerry Leiber [as Gaby Rodgers]) - 2:21
* "Don't Take It Out on Me" (Linda Gail Lewis, Kenny Lovelace) - 2:04
* "Cryin' Time" (Buck Owens) - 2:38
* "Sweet Thang" (Nat Stuckey) - 2:13
* "Secret Places" (Cecil J. Harrelson, Linda Gail Lewis, Kenny Lovelace) - 2:46
* "Don't Let Me Cross Over" (Penny Jay) - 2:56
* "Gotta Travel On" (Paul Clayton, Larry Ehrlich, Lee Hays, Fred Hellerman, David Lazar, Pete Seeger) - 1:54
* "We Live in Two Different Worlds" (Fred Rose) - 2:11
* "Earth Up Above (Grand Ole Moon Up Above)" (Donald Murray) - 1:58
* "Roll Over Beethoven" (Chuck Berry) - 1:56
# Timothy Turner

Sir Timothy Turner SL JP (11 July 1585 – January 1677) was an English judge.
Turner was the eldest son of the Shropshire barrister Thomas Turner. He was a member of Staple Inn and then joined Gray's Inn on 8 March 1607, being called to the bar on 30 October 1611. In the contemporary debates between Sir Edward Coke and Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, Turner's notebooks reveal him to have felt a strong reaction against Ellesmere's claims for the royal prerogative as "transcendent to the common law".
His initial practice was centered on Ludlow, the legal center of Wales and the Marches, but he was of little note officially until 1626, when he became a justice of the peace for Shropshire, through the influence either of Sir Thomas Coventry, or Ellesmere's son and heir the Earl of Bridgewater. (Turner's second wife was the widow of Bridgewater's late solicitor.)
A commissioner in Shropshire for the forced loan of 1626, Turner was subsequently king's solicitor before the Council of the Marches from 1627 to 1637, and a master in chancery extraordinary from 1630. He became a bencher of Gray's Inn in 1632. His first judicial appointment came in 1634, when he was made puisne judge for the North Wales circuit, and in 1637, became chief justice of South Wales. He became recorder of Shrewsbury in 1638.
In 1642, it was reported to the House of Commons that Turner and the mayor of Shrewsbury had placed a declaration before the grand jury which declared the Commissions of Array legitimate and included a promise to defend the King as well as the laws and privileges of Parliament. While Turner later claimed that he had been forced to take this position due to the strength of the Royalist party in Shropshire — and several members of his household, including his son, joined the Parliamentary cause — he was stripped of his offices by the end of 1645 and forced to compound with Parliament.
During the Interregnum, Turner reflected in 1658 that the conflict between Coke and Ellesmere "overthrew all at Last and brought the whole nation...into that slavery". However, upon the Restoration, Turner's passivity during the Interregnum was rewarded. He was made Chief Justice of Chester in 1660, restored to the recordership of Shrewsbury from 1660 until 1670, and a serjeant-at-law in 1669. He was knighted in 1670, and died in January 1677 aged 91.
# G.709

ITU-T Recommendation G.709 Interfaces for the Optical Transport Network (OTN) describes a means of communicating data over an optical network. It is a standardized method for transparent transport of services over optical wavelengths in DWDM systems. It is also known as Optical Transport Hierarchy (OTH) standard. The first edition of this protocol was approved in 2001.
The G.709 OTUk signal is positioned as a server layer signal for various client signals, e.g. SDH/SONET, ATM, IP, Ethernet, Fibre Channel and OTN ODUk (where k=0, 1, 2, 2e, 3, 3e2, 4 or flex). Work on support for InfiniBand and Common Public Radio Interface client signals is currently in progress.
The frame structure defined in G.709 is constructed of 4 areas:
* OPUk is the area in which payload is mapped.
* ODUk contains the OPUk with additional overhead bytes (e.g. TTI, BIP8, GCC1/2, TCM etc.).
* OTUk is the section and includes framing, TTI, BIP8 and GCC0 bytes.
* FEC – The standard FEC code (described in G.975) is a Reed–Solomon coding calculated across the payload (OPU) columns. This allows detection and correction of bit errors due to signal impairments during transmission. The FEC code also extends the distance the optical signal can travel before requiring regeneration.
G.709 offers advanced OAM&P capabilities such as Tandem Connection Monitoring (TCM), End to End performance monitoring, connectivity monitoring, signal quality supervision and General Communication Channel (GCC).

## Typical client signals and corresponding G.709 rates

| Client Signal Type | Client Signal | OTN Line Signal (G.709) | OTUk Line Rate (kbit/s) | OPUk Payload Rate (kbit/s) | OTUk frame period (μs) | OTUk frequency accuracy (ppm) |
| SONET/SDH | STS-48/STM-16 | OTU1 | 2,666,057 | 2,488,320 | 48.971 | ± 20 |
| SONET/SDH | STS-192/STM-64 | OTU2 | 10,709,225 | 10,037,629 | 12.191 | ± 20 |
| Ethernet/Fibre Channel | 10GBASE-R/10GFC | OTU2e | 11,095,727 | 10,356,012 | 11.766 | ±100 |
| SONET/SDH/Ethernet | STS-768/STM-256/Transcoded 40GBASE-R | OTU3 | 43,018,413 | 40,150,519 | 3.034 | ±20 |
| Ethernet | Up to 4 10GBASE-R | OTU3e2 | 44,583,355 | 41,611,131 | 2.928 | ±20 |
| Ethernet | 100GBASE-R | OTU4 | 111,809,973 | 100,376,298 | 1.167 | ±20 |
Unlike SDH/SONET, the line rate is increased by maintaining the G.709 frame structure (4 rows x 4080 columns) and decreasing the frame period (in SDH/SONET the frame structure is increased and the frame period of 125 μs is maintained).
# GWR

GWR may refer to:

## Transport

* Great Western Railway, British railway company 1833–1947
* Great Western Railway (train operating company), British railway company (1996–)
* Great Western Main Line, a railway line in the UK
* Great Western Railway (disambiguation), other railway companies and routes with the name
* Gloucestershire Warwickshire Railway, an English heritage railway
* Aura Airlines (ICAO airline code: GWR), a Spanish airline
* Gwinner–Roger Melroe Field (FAA airport code: GWR), Sargent County, North Dakota, USA

## Media

* GWR Group, a defunct British commercial radio company, merged into GCap Media in 2005
** GWR FM (Bristol & Bath)
** GWR FM Wiltshire
* GWR Records, a British record label
* Graswurzelrevolution, a German anarcho-pacifist magazine
* Guinness World Records

## Other uses

* Geographically weighted regression
* Gwere language (ISO 639 language code: gwr)
* Llygad Gŵr, 13th-century Welsh poet
# Melanomys robustulus

Melanomys robustulus, also known as the robust melanomys or robust dark rice rat, is a species of rodent in the genus Melanomys of family Cricetidae. It is found on the eastern slope of the Andes in Ecuador.
# Megachile esseniensis

Megachile esseniensis is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Pasteels in 1979.
# Servius Fulvius Paetinus Nobilior

Servius Fulvius Paetinius Nobilior was a Roman statesman and general during the middle era of the Roman Republic. He was one of the two consuls of 255 BCE, serving with Marcus Aemilius Paullus. He was consul during the First Punic War against Carthage. Paetinus and his consular colleague led a Roman fleet of 350 warships to Africa to rescue the remnants of the army of proconsul Marcus Atilius Regelus, who had been defeated at the Battle of the Bagradas River during their consulship. En route they defeated a Carthaginian fleet of 200 warships in the Battle of Cape Hermaeum.
After the battle they started pillaging the African shore. They defeated two Carthaginian generals named Hanno and occupied the island of Pantelleria opposite Cape Bon. The Carthagianians they had taken prisoner during their campaign were exchanged for the Romans the Carthaginians had captured after the Bagradas, and the remnants of Regelus's expedition army, who had fortified themselves in Aspis, were rescued. After the successful rescue operation they sailed back to Sicily. Off the coast of Camarina their fleet was struck by a violent storm and many ships were wrecked with huge loss of life.
# Megachile eucalypti

Megachile eucalypti is a species of bee in the family Megachilidae. It was described by Theodore Dru Alison Cockerell in 1910.
# Fundamental sequence (set theory)

In set theory, a mathematical discipline, a fundamental sequence is a cofinal sequence of ordinals all below a given limit ordinal. Depending on author, fundamental sequences may be restricted to ω-sequences only or permit fundamental sequences of length $\mathrm {\omega } _{1}$. The $n^{\text{th}}$ element of the fundamental sequence of $\alpha$ is commonly denoted $\alpha [n]$, although it may be denoted $\alpha _{n}$ or $\{\alpha \}(n)$. Additionally, some authors may allow fundamental sequences to be defined on successor ordinals. The term dates back to (at the latest) Veblen's construction of normal functions $\varphi _{\alpha }$, while the concept dates back to Hardy's 1904 attempt to construct a set of cardinality $\aleph _{1}$.

## Definition

Given an ordinal $\alpha$, a fundamental sequence for $\alpha$ is a sequence $(\alpha [n])_{n\in \mathbb {N} }$ such that $\forall (n\in \mathbb {N} )(\alpha [n]<\alpha )$ and ${\textrm {sup}}\{\alpha [n]\mid n\in \mathbb {N} \}=\alpha$. An additional restriction may be that the sequence of ordinals must be strictly increasing.

## Examples

The following is a common assignment of fundamental sequences to all limit ordinals less than $\varepsilon _{0}$.
* $\omega ^{\alpha +1}[n]=\omega ^{\alpha }\cdot (n+1)$
* $\omega ^{\alpha }[n]=\omega ^{\alpha [n]}$ for limit ordinals $\alpha$
* $(\omega ^{\alpha _{1}}+\ldots +\omega ^{\alpha _{k}})[n]=\omega ^{\alpha _{1}}+\ldots +(\omega ^{\alpha _{k}}[n])$ for $\alpha _{1}\geq \dots \geq \alpha _{k}$.
This is very similar to the system used in the Wainer hierarchy.

## Usage

Fundamental sequences arise in some settings of definitions of large countable ordinals, definitions of hierarchies of fast-growing functions, and proof theory. Bachmann defined a hierarchy of functions $\phi _{\alpha }$ in 1950, providing a system of names for ordinals up to what is now known as the Bachmann–Howard ordinal, by defining fundamental sequences for namable ordinals below $\omega _{1}$. This system was subsequently simplified by Feferman and Aczel to reduce the reliance on fundamental sequences.
The fast-growing hierarchy, Hardy hierarchy, and slow-growing hierarchy of functions are all defined via a chosen system of fundamental sequences up to a given ordinal. The fast-growing hierarchy is closely related to the Hardy hierarchy, which is used in proof theory along with the slow-growing hierarchy to majorize the provably computable functions of a given theory.

### Additional conditions

A system of fundamental sequences up to $\alpha$ is said to have the Bachmann property if for all ordinals $\alpha ,\beta$ in the domain of the system and for all $n\in \mathbb {N}$, $\alpha [n]<\beta <\alpha \implies \alpha [n]<\beta [0]$. If a system of fundamental sequences has the Bachmann property, all the functions in its associated fast-growing hierarchy are monotone, and $f_{\beta }$ eventually dominates $f_{\alpha }$ when $\alpha <\beta$.
# Fundamental sequence

The mathematical term fundamental sequence can refer to:
* In analysis, Cauchy sequence.
* In discrete mathematics and computer science, Unary coding.
* In set theory, a fundamental sequence for an ordinal is a sequence of ordinals approaching the limit ordinal from below.
# Meleneta

Meleneta is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

* Meleneta antennata J. B. Smith, 1908
# Melanchra

Melanchra is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.

## Species

* Melanchra adjuncta (Boisduval, 1852)
* Melanchra assimilis (Morrison, 1874)
* Melanchra diabolica Plante, 1990
* Melanchra dierli Behounek, 1995
* Melanchra granti Warren, 1905
* Melanchra persicariae (Linnaeus, 1761) – Dot moth
* Melanchra picta (Harris, 1841) – Zebra caterpillar moth
* Melanchra postalba Sugi, 1982
* Melanchra pulverulenta (Smith, 1888)
# Megarian Treasury

Megarian Treasury may refer to the following ancient Greek buildings:
* Megarian Treasury (Olympia)
* Megarian Treasury (Delphi)