OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Transfer entropy

Transfer entropy is a non-parametric statistic measuring the amount of directed (time-asymmetric) transfer of information between two random processes. Transfer entropy from a process X to another process Y is the amount of uncertainty reduced in future values of Y by knowing the past values of X given past values of Y. More specifically, if $X_{t}$ and $Y_{t}$ for $t\in \mathbb {N}$ denote two random processes and the amount of information is measured using Shannon's entropy, the transfer entropy can be written as:
    $T_{X\rightarrow Y}=H\left(Y_{t}\mid Y_{t-1:t-L}\right)-H\left(Y_{t}\mid Y_{t-1:t-L},X_{t-1:t-L}\right),$
where H(X) is Shannon's entropy of X. The above definition of transfer entropy has been extended by other types of entropy measures such as Rényi entropy.
Transfer entropy is conditional mutual information, with the history of the influenced variable $Y_{t-1:t-L}$ in the condition:
    $T_{X\rightarrow Y}=I(Y_{t};X_{t-1:t-L}\mid Y_{t-1:t-L}).$
Transfer entropy reduces to Granger causality for vector auto-regressive processes. Hence, it is advantageous when the model assumption of Granger causality doesn't hold, for example, analysis of non-linear signals. However, it usually requires more samples for accurate estimation. The probabilities in the entropy formula can be estimated using different approaches (binning, nearest neighbors) or, in order to reduce complexity, using a non-uniform embedding. While it was originally defined for bivariate analysis, transfer entropy has been extended to multivariate forms, either conditioning on other potential source variables or considering transfer from a collection of sources, although these forms require more samples again.
Transfer entropy has been used for estimation of functional connectivity of neurons, social influence in social networks and statistical causality between armed conflict events. Transfer entropy is a finite version of the directed information which was defined in 1990 by James Massey as $I(X^{n}\to Y^{n})=\sum _{i=1}^{n}I(X^{i};Y_{i}|Y^{i-1})$, where $X^{n}$ denotes the vector $X_{1},X_{2},...,X_{n}$ and $Y^{n}$ denotes $Y_{1},Y_{2},...,Y_{n}$. The directed information places an important role in characterizing the fundamental limits (channel capacity) of communication channels with or without feedback and gambling with causal side information.
# Elfriedella

Elfriedella is a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Elfriedella amoena Mesnil, 1957
* Elfriedella flavipilosa Shima, 1988
# Transient receptor potential channel-interacting protein database

Transient receptor potential channel-interacting protein database (TRIP) is a database of protein–protein interactions for the mammalian TRP channels.
# Elisabeth Martini

Elisabeth A. Martini (1886–1984) was an American architect who was a member of the second generation of women architects in Chicago. She was the first woman to be the sole owner of an architectural firm in Chicago, and she founded the Chicago Drafting Club, one of the first organizations for women architects and a precursor of the Women's Architectural Club founded by Juliet Peddle and Bertha Yerex Whitman.

## Early life and education

Not a great deal is known about Martini's family or formative years. She was born in Brooklyn in 1886 and went to high school in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. She got her architectural training at the Pratt Institute in 1908 and also took some courses at Columbia University. After some travels in Europe, she moved to Chicago in 1909.

## Architectural career

Martini was initially rejected by some ninety firms in her search for architectural work, on at least two occasions because the firms refused to have women in their drafting rooms. She then changed her approach: she went to business school and obtained a secretarial job at an architectural firm, a position she leveraged to shift into drafting. She ended up working as a draughtsperson for a number of Chicago-area architects including John B. Sutcliffe, who specialized in churches. In 1913, when she took and passed her Illinois licensing exam, she was the only woman of the 86 applicants; and, following the departure of Marion Mahony Griffin in 1914, she would for some years be the only woman architect licensed in private practice by the state of Illinois.
Martini opened her own office in 1914, becoming the first woman who was sole owner of an architectural firm in Chicago. The bulk of her work was commissions for residences, but she would also do rush work for other local architects. Her largest commission was a 1928 church complex, St. Luke's Lutheran in Park Ridge, Illinois, the design of which is an adaptation of English Gothic architecture. In lieu of a flat fee, Martini received $60 a month for life.
In 1921, Martini put an ad in a paper reading: "Only girl architect lonely. Wanted—to meet all the women architects in Chicago to form a club." Out of this came the Chicago Drafting Club, which later merged with the Women's Architectural Club, which in turn merged with the still-extant organization Chicago Women in Architecture.
In 1934, Martini moved her architectural practice to Bangor, Michigan, and became a member of the American Institute of Architects.
Martini died in Pleasant Hill, Tennessee, at the age of 98.
# Vernham Dean

Vernham Dean, sometimes known as Vernhams Dean, is a village and civil parish in the Test Valley district of Hampshire, England, just east of the Wiltshire border and south of the Berkshire border. The village is about 9 miles (14 km) north of Andover and 9 miles (14 km) miles south of Hungerford in Berkshire.
According to the 2011 census the civil parish, which has an area of 15.85 square kilometres (6.12 sq mi), had a population of 552. It is bounded by the civil parishes of Buttermere, Combe, Linkenholt, Hurstbourne Tarrant, Tangley, Chute, and Tidcombe and Fosbury.
In the village there is The George pub and the Millennium Hall which is used for a variety of community events and services and for private hire. The village is served by the Vernham Dean Gillum's Church of England Primary School and the Little Fingers Pre-school.
There is a legend that Chute Causeway is haunted by a guilt-ridden pastor of Vernham Dean who left his villagers to die of the Black Death in 1665.
# Bruce Young (politician)

Bruce Cameron Young is an Australian Liberal National politician who was the member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Keppel from 2012 to 2015.
# Rasul

Rasul may refer to:
* Rasūl, an Islamic messenger or prophet
* Rasul (given name)
* Rasul (surname)
* Rasul, Punjab, a Union Council of Mandi Bahauddin District in Pakistan
* "Rasul", a song by Spyro Gyra from Morning Dance
* Rasulid dynasty, ruled Yemen in 13th–14th centuries
* Rasulid Hexaglot, a six language dictionary produced during the dynasty's rule
# Edward C. Waller III

Edward Carson Waller III (January 24, 1926 – March 2, 2021) was a vice admiral in the United States Navy. He was Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland, from August 22, 1981, to retirement on August 31, 1983. A 1949 graduate of the Naval Academy, he was married to Margaret Clifford Gelly. She died May 15, 2013, at the age of 82. He is a recipient of the Navy Distinguished Service Medal and Legion of Merit.
# Sacred Heart of Mary High School

Sacred Heart of Mary High School may refer to:
* Sacred Heart of Mary High School, now St. Viator High School, Rolling Meadows, Illinois, US
* Sacred Heart of Mary High School (Montebello), now Cantwell-Sacred Heart of Mary High School, Montebello, California, US
# Chambers of Shaolin

Chambers of Shaolin is a 1989 beat 'em up video game first released for the Amiga then ported to the Atari ST and Commodore 64. The game was inspired by the 1978 film The 36th Chamber of Shaolin.

## Plot

Hang Foy Qua traveled from his hometown of Queping, to the monastery of Shaolin in Tibet in order to train under the temple. Hang's younger sister has been kidnapped by the emperor. By conquering the trials and facing other fighters, Hang must become a fighting master and save his sister from a tyrannical government.

## Gameplay

The game offers two distinct styles of gameplay. Initially, the player must clear six tests that showcase the player's skill in combat disciplines, specifically Agility, Balance, Fire, Speed, Stick, and Strength. Clearing the trials requires reacting to (dodging) obstacles thrown at the player, such as dodging projectiles in the Agility and Stick tests, and hitting buttons with the correct timing as in the Balance and Fire tests.
After passing the tests, the player is offered the chance to clear rounds of 1-on-1 fights with other Shaolin fighters. Performance in the previous trials impacts the player's skillset and strengths against other fighters.

## Reception

Overall, reception for the game was positive, praising its gameplay and handling.
In a retrospective review, Retro Gamer called it graphically unimpressive, but found the gameplay and controls surprisingly sharp for the time.
# Chambersburg, Indiana

Chambersburg is an unincorporated community in Paoli Township, Orange County, in the U.S. state of Indiana.

## History

Chambersburg was laid out in 1840 by Samuel Chambers, who named it for himself. The community was a station on the Underground Railroad.
A post office was established at Chambersburg in 1849, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1912.
# Sigma 35 mm f/1.4 DG HSM lens

The Sigma 35 mm f/1.4 DG HSM Art is a wide-angle prime lens made by the Sigma Corporation. The lens was announced at the 2012 photokina trade fair.
The lens is produced in Canon EF mount, Nikon F-mount, Pentax K mount, Sigma's own SA mount, and the Sony/Minolta AF Mount varieties, all have the same optical formula. Since the lens covers full-frame sensors and includes an ultrasonic autofocus motor, it is fully compatible with most DSLRs on which it can be mounted physically. Reviews have noted excellent sharpness and an overall performance on par with manufacturers such as Nikon and Canon, despite its price being significantly less than comparable offerings by those companies.
The Art series of Sigma lenses can be connected to Sigma's USB dock, allowing the lens firmware to be updated and focus micro-adjustments to be configured at four different focus distances.
# Sigma 50mm f/1.4 DG HSM A lens

The Sigma 50mm f/1.4 DG HSM Art lens is a professional-level fixed focal length camera lens made by Sigma Corporation. It was announced at CES in January 2014 and immediately became highly anticipated amid reports that Sigma was not aiming to compete against Canon or Nikon's 50mm prime lenses but rather the newly released Zeiss Otus 55/1.4, a lens costing US$4,000. Retail prices for the Sigma 50mm lens had not yet been announced, but it was initially expected that it would sell for around US$1,350. However, when official pricing was announced on April 11, 2014, the retail price was even lower: US$950.
Reviews of the lens have been largely very positive,and there are expectations that it is significantly sharper than the 50mm f/1.4 prime lenses by Canon and Nikon. Chromatic aberration is minimal across the aperture range, as is distortion, and the lens is sharpest at f/5.6, after which it is marginally softer as diffraction effects become more prominent.
Reviews have reported that the lens is sharper and has smoother bokeh than the Canon EF 50mm f/1.2L USM lens.
# Silver Strand

Silver Strand may refer to:
* Silver Strand (film), a 1995 action film directed by George Miller
* Silver Strand Beach, a beach neighborhood near Oxnard, California
* Silver Strand (San Diego), an isthmus in San Diego County, California
* Silver Strand Falls, a waterfall in Yosemite National Park
* The Silver Strand (Ireland), a beach in southwest County Donegal, Ireland
* Silverstrand Beach, in Clear Water Bay Peninsula, Sai Kung, Hong Kong
* Silver Strand is an alternate name for the Marina Peninsula neighborhood of Los Angeles
# Simmons House

Simmons House may refer to:
* William Adam Simmons House, Half Moon Bay, CA, listed on the NRHP in California
* Merrick-Simmons House, Fernandina Beach, FL, listed on the NRHP in Florida
* Wirick-Simmons House, Monticello, FL, listed on the NRHP in Florida
* Simmons House (Cave Spring, Georgia), Cave Spring, GA, listed on the NRHP in Georgia
* William S. Simmons Plantation, Cave Spring, GA, listed on the NRHP in Georgia
* Simmons-Cullars House, Lincolnton, GA, listed on the NRHP in Georgia
* James B. Simmons House, Toccoa, GA, listed on the NRHP in Georgia
* John P. Simmons House, Des Moines, IA, listed on the NRHP in Iowa
* Simmons House (Richmond, Kentucky), Richmond, KY, listed on the NRHP in Kentucky
* Warren-Guild-Simmons House, Jackson, MS, listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
* Simmons House (Magnolia, Mississippi), Magnolia, MS, listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
* Simmonsen's House, Lodge Grass, MT, listed on the NRHP in Montana
* Simmons Stone House, Colonie, NY, listed on the NRHP in New York
* Van Denbergh-Simmons House, Colonie, NY, listed on the NRHP in New York
* Stephen Simmons House, Hounsfield, NY, listed on the NRHP in New York
* Alton Simmons House, Syracuse, NY, listed on the NRHP in Syracuse, New York
* Foscue and Simmons Plantations, Pollocksbille, NC, listed on the NRHP in North Carolina
* Edwin H. Simmons House, Perrysburg, OH, listed on the NRHP in Ohio
* Hood-Simmons House, Perrysburg, OH, listed on the NRHP in Ohio
* Louis B. Simmons House, Duncan, OK, listed on the NRHP in Oklahoma
* Simmons-Edwards House, Charleston, SC, listed on the NRHP in South Carolina
* Robert Simmons House, Frogmore, SC, listed on the NRHP in South Carolina
* Simmons-Harth House, Lexington, SC, listed on the NRHP in South Carolina
* Simmons House (Aberdeen, South Dakota), Aberdeen, SD, listed on the NRHP in South Dakota
* Peter Simmons House, Winchester, TN, listed on the NRHP in Tennessee
* Simmons Island Beach House, Kenosha, WI, listed on the NRHP in Wisconsin
* Simmons Ranch, Fruitland, UT, listed on the NRHP in Utah
* Simmons-Sebrell-Camp House, Courtland, VA, listed on the NRHP in Virginia
# Chambost-Longessaigne

Chambost-Longessaigne is a commune in the Rhône department in eastern France.
# Chambors

Chambors (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Oise department in northern France.
# Chambord (liqueur)

Chambord (French:) is a 16.5% abv raspberry liqueur modelled after a liqueur produced in the Loire Valley of France during the late 17th century. The Chambord product brand has been owned and produced by the Brown-Forman Corporation since 2006.
Chambord is made from red and black raspberries, Madagascar vanilla, Moroccan citrus peel, honey and XO cognac.

## History

The Chambord brand was developed in 1982 by Norton "Sky" Cooper at his family's cordial company, Charles Jacquin et Cie (later his son, Robert Cooper, would develop the elderflower liqueur, St-Germain). The drink was inspired by raspberry liqueur made in the Loire Valley in the late 1600s, said to have been introduced to Louis XIV during one of his visits to the château de Chambord. It was common during that time for liqueurs and cognac to be consumed with elegant meals.
In 2006, the Chambord product brand was acquired by the Brown-Forman Corporation.

## Production

Chambord is produced in the Loire Valley from raspberries and blackberries, Madagascar vanilla, Moroccan citrus peel, honey and cognac. Whole raspberries and blackberries are steeped in French spirits for several weeks to produce a fruit infusion.
After the infusion is extracted, a second set of spirits is added to the fruit and allowed to rest for a few weeks. After this second infusion is drawn off, the remaining fruit is pressed to obtain the natural sugars and juice. The fruit-infused spirits and juices from the final pressing are then combined, and finally, the berry infusion is combined with a proprietary blend of cognac, natural vanilla extract, black raspberries, citrus peel, honey, and herbs and spices. The liqueur is 16.5% alcohol by volume.

## Bottle

Chambord comes in a spherical bottle. Until mid-2010, the bottle came with a metallic gold plastic lettered 'belt' around the middle, and a crown atop its lid. The bottle was modeled after a globus cruciger.
In the U.S. market, the manufacturer began using a different bottle design in the summer of 2010, with modifications to the belt, lid, and other elements.
In addition to redesigning the bottle for the traditional Chambord liqueur, the manufacturer has also begun using the Chambord brand name on a flavoured vodka.

## Cocktails

Common drinks made from Chambord include the raspberry margarita, French manhattan, Kir Impérial (Chambord and champagne), Chambord Daiquiri, Chambord royal spritzer, and the French martini. The French martini started the "cocktails as a martini" craze.

## Awards

Since 2007, Chambord has earned silver and bronze medals from the San Francisco World Spirits Competition. Other spirit ratings organizations have also rated Chambord relatively highly. Based on Chambord's reviews from various professional raters, Proof66 has categorized Chambord as a "First Tier" liqueur.
# Signet Regency romances

Signet Books was an imprint of the New American Library (NAL), which was established as an autonomous American publishing house after branching off from its British-based parent company, Penguin Books. Signet had the longest running Regency series, beginning in the late 1970s and ending in February 2006. It generally published three books each month, though this varied over the years. Signet also produced reissues, both of their own previous releases as well as those of other publishers.
Authors such as Mary Balogh, Catherine Coulter, and Amanda Scott began their careers writing for this line of books. Each title averaged around 220 pages, with longer romances being called Super Regency. From 1989 on an anthology of 4 novellas was published at special occasions throughout the year, including Christmas anthologies (1989–1998), Valentine anthologies (1996–2005), and Summer anthologies (1992–1995).
Other authors who wrote for the Signet Regency romance line include: Jo Beverley, Nancy Butler, Marjorie Farrell, Sandra Heath, Candice Hern, Carla Kelly, Allison Lane, Emma Lange, Anne MacNeill, Amanda McCabe, Dorothy McFalls, Melinda McRae, Barbara Metzger, Nadine Miller, Patricia Oliver, Andrea Pickens, Mary Jo Putney, Patricia Rice, Evelyn Richardson, Irene Saunders, and Joan Wolf.
# Sinarella discisigna

Sinarella discisigna (sometimes as Nodaria discisigna), is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Frederic Moore in 1883. It is found in Sri Lanka, India, Nepal and Thailand.
# Sinartoria

Sinartoria is a small genus of east Asian wolf spiders. It was first described by L. Y. Wang, V. W. Framenau and Z. S. Zhang in 2021, and it has only been found in China. As of January 2022 it contains only two species: S. damingshanensis and S. zhuangia.
# Sinas (crater)

Sinas is a small lunar impact crater that lies in the eastern part of the Moon on the Mare Tranquillitatis. Its diameter is 12 km. It was named after the Greek magnate Simon Sinas. This is an isolated formation that is located very near the midpoint of the lunar mare. Sinas is circular and bowl-shaped, with a small floor at the midpoint. A wrinkle ridge intersects the east edge of the crater, and several lunar domes lie to the north.
Nearby craters include Jansen and Carrel to the northwest, Aryabhata to the southeast, and Maskelyne to the south.

## Views

* Oblique view at low sun angle from Apollo 8, and one of the lunar domes is at right
* Oblique view at low sun angle from Apollo 11
* Apollo 15 panoramic camera image, at a high sun angle

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Sinas.
| Sinas | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| A | 7.8° N | 32.6° E | 6 km |
| E | 9.7° N | 31.0° E | 9 km |
| G | 9.6° N | 34.3° E | 5 km |
| H | 10.0° N | 33.5° E | 6 km |
| J | 10.3° N | 33.7° E | 6 km |
| K | 6.8° N | 33.1° E | 5 km |
# Simmias of Syracuse

Simmias (early 3rd century BC) of Syracuse, Magna Graecia, is mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius as a pupil, first of Aristotle of Cyrene, and afterwards of Stilpo, the Megarian philosopher. He was married to Stilpo's daughter. Nothing further is known of him.
# Simona Gioli

Simona Gioli (born September 17, 1977, in Rapallo) is a retired volleyball player from Italy. Currently, she plays for Galatasaray in Turkey. Gioli was a member of the Women's National Team that won the gold medal at the 2007 European Championship in Belgium and Luxembourg. Gioli was named "Most Valuable Player and ""Best Blocker" at the 2007 FIVB Women's World Cup and 2009 FIVB Women's World Grand Champions Cup. She was also awarded "MVP" at the 2006-07 CEV Cup won by her team Sirio Perugia. She won the 2007–08 CEV Indesit Champions League with Sirio Perugia and also was individually awarded "Most Valuable Player".
Playing with Dynamo Moscow she won the silver medal at the 2008–09 CEV Indesit Champions League, and she was awarded "Best Spiker".

## Clubs

* Sirio Perugia (2006–2008)
* Dynamo Moscow (2008–2011)
* Fakel Novy Urengoi (2011-2012)
* Galatasaray Daikin (2012-2013)
* IHF Volley (2013-2014)
* Metalleghe Sanitars Montichiari (2014–present)

## Awards
### Individuals

* 2009 European Championships "Best Spiker"
* 2009 World Grand Champion Cup "Most Valuable Player"
* 2008–09 CEV Indesit Champions League Final Four "Best Spiker"
* 2007–08 CEV Indesit Champions League Final Four "Most Valuable Player"
* 2006-07 CEV Cup "Most Valuable Player"
* 2007 FIVB World Cup "Most Valuable Player"
* 2007 FIVB World Cup "Best Blocker"

### Clubs

* 2006-07 CEV Cup - Champion, with Pallavolo Sirio Perugia
* 2007–08 CEV Indesit Champions League - Champion, with Colussi Perugia
* 2008–09 CEV Indesit Champions League - Runner-Up, with Dynamo Moscow
* 2012 Turkish Volleyball Super Cup - Runner-Up, with Galatasaray Daikin
* 2012-2013 Turkish Women's Volleyball Cup - Bronze Medal with Galatasaray Daikin