# Tetramorium

Tetramorium is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae that includes more than 520 species. These ants are also known as pavement ants.

## Taxonomy and phylogeny

Tetramorium was first described by Gustav Mayr in 1855 in the same publication as Monomorium.
Revision within the genus by Wagner et al. in 2017 recognized a complex of 10 cryptic species, 3 of which were raised from subspecies classifications and 2 of which were newly described. This revision also elevated the pavement ant introduced to North America as the species T. immigrans rather than the previous designation as a subspecies of T. caespitum. These 10 species in the T. caespitum complex are as follows:
* Tetramorium alpestre Steiner, Schlick-Steiner & Seifert, 2010
* Tetramorium breviscapus Wagner et al., 2017
* Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Tetramorium caucasicum Wagner et al., 2017
* Tetramorium fusciclava Consani & Zangheri, 1952
* Tetramorium hungaricum Röszler, 1935
* Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927
* Tetramorium impurum (Foerster, 1850)
* Tetramorium indocile Santschi, 1927
* Tetramorium staerckei Kratochvíl, 1944

## Description

Workers of most species have a ridged clypeus, an appendaged stinger, mandibles with 3 or 4 teeth, and antennae with 11 or 12 segments or with 3-segmented clubs on the tips. The genus is divided into several species groups defined by various characters.

## Distribution

Most species are distributed throughout the Afrotropical and Indomalayan realms. Ten species have been recorded from Japan. One species of pavement ant, T. immigrans, is native to Europe and was probably introduced to North America starting in the 18th century.

## Biology

Most known species nest in the soil, in decaying wood, or in leaf litter. Some live in trees or in termite nests.

## Species

* Tetramorium aculeatum (Mayr, 1866)
* Tetramorium adelphon Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium adpressum (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium aegeum Radchenko, 1992
* Tetramorium africanum (Mayr, 1866)
* Tetramorium agile Arnold, 1960
* Tetramorium agnum (Santschi, 1935)
* Tetramorium akermani Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium altivagans Santschi, 1914
* Tetramorium alpestre Steiner, Schlick-Steiner & Seifert, 2010
* Tetramorium amalae Sharaf & Aldawood, 2012
* Tetramorium amatongae Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium amaurum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium amentete Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium amissum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium amium Forel, 1912
* Tetramorium andrei Forel, 1892
* Tetramorium andrynicum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium angulinode Santschi, 1910
* Tetramorium anodontion Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium antennatum (Mann, 1919)
* Tetramorium antipodum Wheeler, 1927
* Tetramorium antrema (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium anxium Santschi, 1914
* Tetramorium aptum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium argenteopilosum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium armatum Santschi, 1927
* Tetramorium arnoldi (Forel, 1913)
* Tetramorium arzi Thome, 1969
* Tetramorium asetyum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium aspersum (Smith, 1865)
* Tetramorium ataxium Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium avium Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium banyulense Bernard, 1983
* Tetramorium barbigerum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium barryi Mathew, 1981
* Tetramorium basum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium baufra (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium belgaense Forel, 1902
* Tetramorium bellicosum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium bequaerti Forel, 1913
* Tetramorium berbiculum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium bessonii Forel, 1891
* Tetramorium bevisi Arnold, 1958
* Tetramorium bicarinatum (Nylander, 1846)
* Tetramorium bicolor Viehmeyer, 1914
* Tetramorium biskrense Forel, 1904
* Tetramorium bothae Forel, 1910
* Tetramorium brevicorne Bondroit, 1918
* Tetramorium brevidentatum (Kutter, 1932)
* Tetramorium breviscapus Wagner et al., 2017
* Tetramorium brevispinosum (Stitz, 1910)
* Tetramorium browni Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium bulawayense Forel, 1913
* Tetramorium bursakovi Radchenko, 1992
* Tetramorium buthrum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium caespitum (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Tetramorium caldarium (Roger, 1857)
* Tetramorium calidum Forel, 1907
* Tetramorium calinum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium camerunense Mayr, 1895
* Tetramorium candidum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium capense Mayr, 1865
* Tetramorium capillosum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium capitale (McAreavey, 1949)
* Tetramorium carinatum (Smith, 1859)
* Tetramorium caucasicum Wagner et al., 2017
* Tetramorium centum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium chapmani Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium chefteki Forel, 1911
* Tetramorium chepocha (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium chloe (Santschi, 1920)
* Tetramorium christiei Forel, 1902
* Tetramorium ciliatum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium clunum Forel, 1913
* Tetramorium cognatum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium coillum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium coloreum Mayr, 1901
* Tetramorium concaviceps Bursakov, 1984
* Tetramorium confine Radchenko & Arakelian, 1990
* Tetramorium confusum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium constanciae Arnold, 1917
* Tetramorium convexum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium coonoorense Forel, 1902
* Tetramorium crepum Wang & Wu, 1988
* Tetramorium cristatum Stitz, 1910
* Tetramorium crypticum (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium cuneinode Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium curtulum Emery, 1895
* Tetramorium curvispinosum Mayr, 1897
* Tetramorium cynicum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium davidi Forel, 1911
* Tetramorium decamerum (Forel, 1902)
* Tetramorium deceptum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium dedefra (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium degener Santschi, 1911
* Tetramorium delagoense Forel, 1894
* Tetramorium densopilosum Radchenko & Arakelian, 1990
* Tetramorium depressiceps Menozzi, 1933
* Tetramorium desertorum (Forel, 1910)
* Tetramorium dichroum Santschi, 1932
* Tetramorium difficile Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium diligens (Smith, 1865)
* Tetramorium diomandei Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium distinctum (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium do Forel, 1914
* Tetramorium dogieli Karavaiev, 1931
* Tetramorium dolichosum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium dominum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium doriae Emery, 1881
* Tetramorium dumezi Menozzi, 1942
* Tetramorium dysalum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium dysderke Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium edouardi Forel, 1894
* Tetramorium eleates Forel, 1913
* Tetramorium electrum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium elidisum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium elisabethae Forel, 1904
* Tetramorium emeryi Mayr, 1901
* Tetramorium eminii (Forel, 1894)
* Tetramorium erectum Emery, 1895
* Tetramorium ericae Arnold, 1917
* Tetramorium etiolatum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium exasperatum Emery, 1891
* Tetramorium fergusoni Forel, 1902
* Tetramorium ferox Ruzsky, 1903
* Tetramorium feroxoide Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985
* Tetramorium fezzanense Bernard, 1948
* Tetramorium flabellum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium flagellatum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium flaviceps Arnold, 1960
* Tetramorium flavipes Emery, 1893
* Tetramorium flavithorax (Santschi, 1914)
* Tetramorium forte Forel, 1904
* Tetramorium frenchi Forel, 1914
* Tetramorium frigidum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium fulviceps (Emery, 1897)
* Tetramorium furtivum (Arnold, 1956)
* Tetramorium fusciclava Consani & Zangheri, 1952
* Tetramorium fuscipes (Viehmeyer, 1925)
* Tetramorium gabonense (Andre, 1892)
* Tetramorium galoasanum Santschi, 1910
* Tetramorium gambogecum (Donisthorpe, 1941)
* Tetramorium gazense Arnold, 1958
* Tetramorium gegaimi Forel, 1916
* Tetramorium geminatum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium gestroi (Menozzi, 1933)
* Tetramorium ghindanum Forel, 1910
* Tetramorium glabratum Stitz, 1923
* Tetramorium gladstonei Forel, 1913
* Tetramorium goniommoide Poldi, 1979
* Tetramorium gracile Forel, 1894
* Tetramorium grandinode Santschi, 1913
* Tetramorium granulatum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium grassii Emery, 1895
* Tetramorium guineense (Bernard, 1953)
* Tetramorium hapale Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium hippocrate Agosti & Collingwood, 1987
* Tetramorium hispidum (Wheeler, 1915)
* Tetramorium hortorum Arnold, 1958
* Tetramorium humbloti Forel, 1891
* Tetramorium hungaricum Röszler, 1935
* Tetramorium ibycterum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium ictidum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium imbelle (Emery, 1915)
* Tetramorium immigrans Santschi, 1927
* Tetramorium impressum (Viehmeyer, 1925)
* Tetramorium impurum (Foerster, 1850)
* Tetramorium incruentatum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium indicum Forel, 1913
* Tetramorium indocile Santschi, 1927
* Tetramorium indosinense Wheeler, 1927
* Tetramorium inerme Mayr, 1877
* Tetramorium inezulae (Forel, 1914)
* Tetramorium infraspinosum Karavaiev, 1935
* Tetramorium infraspinum Forel, 1905
* Tetramorium inglebyi Forel, 1902
* Tetramorium insolens (Smith, 1861)
* Tetramorium intextum Santschi, 1914
* Tetramorium intonsum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium invictum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium isectum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium isipingense Forel, 1914
* Tetramorium jauresi Forel, 1914
* Tetramorium jejunum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium jiangxiense Wang & Xiao, 1988
* Tetramorium jizane Collingwood, 1985
* Tetramorium jordani Santschi, 1937
* Tetramorium juba Collingwood, 1985
* Tetramorium jugatum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium kabulistanicum Pisarski, 1967
* Tetramorium karakalense Dlussky & Zabelin, 1985
* Tetramorium katypum (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium kelleri Forel, 1887
* Tetramorium kestrum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium kheperra (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium khnum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium khyarum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium kisilkumense Dlussky, 1990
* Tetramorium kraepelini Forel, 1905
* Tetramorium krynitum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium kydelphon Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium laevithorax Emery, 1895
* Tetramorium lanuginosum Mayr, 1870
* Tetramorium laparum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium laticephalum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium latreillei Forel, 1895
* Tetramorium legone Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium lobulicorne Santschi, 1916
* Tetramorium longicorne Forel, 1907
* Tetramorium longoi Forel, 1915
* Tetramorium lucayanum Wheeler, 1905
* Tetramorium lucidulum Menozzi, 1933
* Tetramorium luteipes Santschi, 1910
* Tetramorium luteolum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium magnificum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium mai Wang, 1993
* Tetramorium manni Bolton, 1985
* Tetramorium marginatum Forel, 1895
* Tetramorium matopoense Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium maurum Santschi, 1918
* Tetramorium mayri (Mann, 1919)
* Tetramorium megalops Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium melanogyna Mann, 1919
* Tetramorium menkaura (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium meressei Forel, 1916
* Tetramorium meridionale Emery, 1870
* Tetramorium meshena Bolton, 1976
* Tetramorium metactum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium mexicanum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium microgyna Santschi, 1918
* Tetramorium microps (Mayr, 1901)
* Tetramorium minimum (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium minusculum (Santschi, 1914)
* Tetramorium miserabile Santschi, 1918
* Tetramorium mixtum Forel, 1902
* Tetramorium monardi (Santschi, 1937)
* Tetramorium mossamedense Forel, 1901
* Tetramorium muralti Forel, 1910
* Tetramorium muscorum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium mutatum Bolton, 1985
* Tetramorium myops Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium nacta (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium naganum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium nautarum Santschi, 1918
* Tetramorium navum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium nazgul Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012
* Tetramorium nefassitense Forel, 1910
* Tetramorium nigrum Forel, 1907
* Tetramorium nipponense Wheeler, 1928
* Tetramorium nitidissimum Pisarski, 1967
* Tetramorium nodiferum (Emery, 1901)
* Tetramorium noratum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium notiale Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium nube Weber, 1943
* Tetramorium nursei Bingham, 1903
* Tetramorium obesum Andre, 1887
* Tetramorium obtusidens Viehmeyer, 1916
* Tetramorium occidentale (Santschi, 1916)
* Tetramorium ocothrum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium oculatum Forel, 1913
* Tetramorium ornatum Emery, 1897
* Tetramorium osiris (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium pacificum Mayr, 1870
* Tetramorium palaense Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium parasiticum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium parvispinum (Emery, 1893)
* Tetramorium parvum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium pauper Forel, 1907
* Tetramorium peringueyi Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium perlongum Santschi, 1923
* Tetramorium persignatum Bolton, 1995
* Tetramorium petersi Forel, 1910
* Tetramorium peutli Forel, 1916
* Tetramorium phasias Forel, 1914
* Tetramorium pialtum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium pilosum Emery, 1893
* Tetramorium pinnipilum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium placidum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium platynode Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium pleganon Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium plesiarum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium plumosum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium pnyxis Bolton, 1976
* Tetramorium pogonion Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium politum Emery, 1897
* Tetramorium postpetiolatum Santschi, 1919
* Tetramorium poweri Forel, 1914
* Tetramorium praetextum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium proximum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium psymanum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium pulchellum Emery, 1897
* Tetramorium pulcherrimum (Donisthorpe, 1945)
* Tetramorium pullulum Santschi, 1924
* Tetramorium punctiventre Emery, 1887
* Tetramorium punicum (Smith, 1861)
* Tetramorium pusillum Emery, 1895
* Tetramorium pylacum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium pyrenaeicum Roeszler, 1937
* Tetramorium quadridentatum Stitz, 1910
* Tetramorium quadrispinosum Emery, 1886
* Tetramorium qualarum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium quasirum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium ranarum Forel, 1895
* Tetramorium regulare Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium rekhefe Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium repentinum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium repletum Wang & Xiao, 1988
* Tetramorium reptana Bolton, 1976
* Tetramorium reticuligerum Bursakov, 1984
* Tetramorium rhetidum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium rigidum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium rimytyum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium rinatum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium robustior Forel, 1892
* Tetramorium rogatum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium rossi (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium rothschildi (Forel, 1907)
* Tetramorium rotundatum (Santschi, 1924)
* Tetramorium rufescens (Stitz, 1923)
* Tetramorium rugigaster Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium ruginode Stitz, 1917
* Tetramorium saginatum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium sahlbergi Finzi, 1936
* Tetramorium salomo Mann, 1919
* Tetramorium salvatum Forel, 1902
* Tetramorium scabrosum (Smith, 1859)
* Tetramorium schaufussii Forel, 1891
* Tetramorium schmidti Forel, 1904
* Tetramorium schneideri Emery, 1898
* Tetramorium schoutedeni Santschi, 1924
* Tetramorium sculptatum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium scytalum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium semilaeve Andre, 1883
* Tetramorium semireticulatum Arnold, 1917
* Tetramorium seneb Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium sepositum Santschi, 1918
* Tetramorium sepultum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium sericeiventre Emery, 1877
* Tetramorium sericeum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium setigerum Mayr, 1901
* Tetramorium setuliferum Emery, 1895
* Tetramorium severini (Emery, 1895)
* Tetramorium shensiense Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium shilohense Forel, 1913
* Tetramorium sigillum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium signatum Emery, 1895
* Tetramorium sikorae Forel, 1892
* Tetramorium simillimum (Smith, 1851)
* Tetramorium simulator Arnold, 1917
* Tetramorium sitefrum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium sjostedti Forel, 1915
* Tetramorium smaug Hita Garcia & Fisher, 2012
* Tetramorium smithi Mayr, 1879
* Tetramorium solidum Emery, 1886
* Tetramorium somniculosum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium spininode Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium spinosum (Pergande, 1896)
* Tetramorium splendens Ruzsky, 1902
* Tetramorium splendidior (Viehmeyer, 1925)
* Tetramorium squaminode Santschi, 1911
* Tetramorium staerckei Kratochvíl, 1944
* Tetramorium steinheili Forel, 1892
* Tetramorium striativentre Mayr, 1877
* Tetramorium strictum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium striolatum Viehmeyer, 1914
* Tetramorium subcoecum Forel, 1907
* Tetramorium sudanense (Weber, 1943)
* Tetramorium surrogatum Bolton, 1985
* Tetramorium syriacum Emery, 1922
* Tetramorium tabarum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium talpa (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium tanakai Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium tantillum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium taueret Bolton, 1995
* Tetramorium taylori Bolton, 1985
* Tetramorium tenebrosum Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium tenuicrine (Emery, 1914)
* Tetramorium termitobium Emery, 1908
* Tetramorium tersum Santschi, 1911
* Tetramorium thalidum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium thoth (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium titus Forel, 1910
* Tetramorium tonganum Mayr, 1870
* Tetramorium tortuosum Roger, 1863
* Tetramorium tosii Emery, 1899
* Tetramorium traegaordhi Santschi, 1914
* Tetramorium transversarium Roger, 1863
* Tetramorium tricarinatum Viehmeyer, 1914
* Tetramorium trimeni (Emery, 1895)
* Tetramorium tsushimae Emery, 1925
* Tetramorium turcomanicum Santschi, 1921
* Tetramorium turneri Forel, 1902
* Tetramorium tychadion Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium tylinum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium typhlops Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium ubangense Santschi, 1937
* Tetramorium umtaliense Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium unicum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium urbanii Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium validiusculum Emery, 1897
* Tetramorium vandalum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium vernicosum Radchenko, 1992
* Tetramorium versiculum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium vertigum Bolton, 1977
* Tetramorium vexator Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium viehmeyeri Forel, 1907
* Tetramorium viticola Weber, 1943
* Tetramorium vombis (Bolton, 1976)
* Tetramorium wadje Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium wagneri Viehmeyer, 1914
* Tetramorium walshi (Forel, 1890)
* Tetramorium warreni Arnold, 1926
* Tetramorium weitzeckeri Emery, 1895
* Tetramorium xanthogaster Santschi, 1911
* Tetramorium xuthum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium yarthiellum Bolton, 1976
* Tetramorium yerburyi Forel, 1902
* Tetramorium youngi Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium zahrae Santschi, 1923
* Tetramorium zambezium Santschi, 1939
* Tetramorium zapyrum Bolton, 1980
* Tetramorium zenatum Bolton, 1979
* Tetramorium zonacaciae (Weber, 1943)
* Tetramorium zypidum Bolton, 1977

## Gallery

* Tetramorium reptana
* Tetramorium guineense
* Tetramorium immigrans