OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013

The Chinese Banking Liquidity Crisis of 2013 was a sudden credit crunch affecting China's commercial banks evidenced by a rapid rise on 20 June 2013 in the Shanghai interbank overnight lending rates to a high of 30 percent from its usual rate of less than 3%. The ensuing panic affected gold markets and stock. China's regulation of the foreign exchange market had caused a decline in inflow of cash. On 19 June 2013, instead of injecting additional funds and easing its monetary policy, China's central bank People's Bank of China (PBOC) told commercial banks to "make full use of incremental funds and revitalize stock options." On 24 June 2014 the PBOC told commercial banks to "control the risk associated with credit expansion" effectively increasing the scrutiny of shadow banks' lending practices. This resulted in a sudden shortfall in the cash market resulting in short term repo rates in excess of 25%. In effect China was using market forces to manage the economy.

## Context

China's 2008 monetary stimulus package contributed to China's subsequent economic boom. By 2011 China's local government debts was already under scrutiny from national regulators. There were concerns even that the "massive, shady trade" in over-the-counter credit could place China's financial security and social stability, at risk. By 2011 half of the loans in China were in shadow banking with no regulatory scrutiny. In March 2013 Li Keqiang, an economist by training, was elected as Premier. In 2010 Li Keqiang had called for a global governance structure that was "more reflective of the changes in the global political and economic landscape." By 2013 China was concerned about shadow banking, which includes hedge fund, private financing, trust loans, private funds and other non-bank financial institutions.
A Bank of America Merrill Lynch Global Research report published in January 2014 cautioned that "local government financing vehicles and shadow banking" remained a concern and if not addressed could lead to costly defaults.

## Market Reaction

Following PBOC intervention in June 2013, the loss of liquidity from shadow banks caused the blue-chip Shanghai Composite Index (CSI300) to plummet 5.3% the largest daily decline in nearly 4 years. As result, the credit rating agency Moody's issued a warning on Chinese and Hong Kong debt obligations.

## PBOC Reaction

Following the market's reaction, the PBOC refused to inject additional funds to cover the liquidity shortfall implying a dramatic policy change from rapid growth to quality growth. Analysts predict the sudden tightening of lending rates served as a warning to overzealous banks to control their lending practices.
# Song for Sophie (I Hope She Flies)

"Song for Sophie (I Hope She Flies)" is a song by Danish singer-songwriter Aura Dione from her debut album Columbine. It was released as Dione's second single in 2007 in Denmark, following "Something from Nothing". In Germany, Austria and Switzerland, it was released on 27 April 2010 by Island Records as Dione's second single.
The song peaked at number twelve in Germany and at number eighteen in Austria. It also charted within Billboard's European Hot 100 Singles chart at number 49.
# Chizoba

Chizoba is a given name and surname. Notable people with the name include:
* Andrea Chizoba Akudolu (born 1973), British actress
* Christopher Chizoba (born 1991), Nigerian footballer
* Sunday Chizoba (born 1989), Nigerian footballer
# Chinese monal

The Chinese monal or Chinese impeyan (Lophophorus lhuysii) is a pheasant. This monal is restricted to mountains of central China. The plumage is highly iridescent. The male has a large drooping purple crest, a metallic green head, blue bare skin around the eyes, a reddish gold mantle, bluish green feathers and black underparts. The female is dark brown with white on its throat.
This is the largest of the three monals and, by mass, is one of the largest pheasants (after the turkeys and the green and Indian peafowls). Males measure 76–80 cm (30–31 in) in length while females measure 72–75 cm (28–30 in). The mean weight is reportedly 3.18 kg (7.0 lb).
The scientific name, lhuysii, commemorates the French statesman Édouard Drouyn de Lhuys.
Due to ongoing habitat loss and degradation, limited range and illegal hunting, the Chinese monal is evaluated as vulnerable on IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES.

## In captivity

London Zoo and Beijing Zoo have kept Chinese monal but all attempts to establish a captive breeding population failed.
# Chlorophyll(ide) b reductase

Chlorophyll(ide) b reductase (EC 1.1.1.294), chlorophyll b reductase, Chl b reductase) is an enzyme with systematic name 7$^1$-hydroxychlorophyllide-a:NAD(P)$^+$ oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    7$^1$-hydroxychlorophyllide a + NAD(P)$^+$ $\rightleftharpoons$ chlorophyllide b + NAD(P)H + H$^+$
This enzyme carries out the first step in the conversion of chlorophyll b to chlorophyll a. It is involved in chlorophyll degradation, which occurs during leaf senescence, and it also forms part of the chlorophyll cycle, which interconverts chlorophyll a and b in response to changing light conditions.
# Chlorophytum filipendulum

Chlorophytum filipendulum is a species of flowering plant in the Asparagaceae family. It is native to a variety of habitats across large areas of Equatorial Africa.
# Chinese shrew

The Chinese shrew or dusky shrew (Sorex sinalis) is a species of mammal in the family Soricidae. It is endemic to China, where it occurs in Gansu, Sichuan (including Jiuzhaigou), and Shaanxi. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forest.

## Sources

* ↑ Johnston, C.; Smith, A.T. (2016). "Sorex sinalis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T20389A22314971. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T20389A22314971.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
vteExtant species of Eulipotyphla :
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Eutheria
Superorder: Laurasiatheria :
Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Erinaceinae :
Family: Erinaceidae
subfamily: Galericinae :
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae :
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Crocidurinae (continued) :
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae :
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Soricinae (tribe: Soricini) :
Family: Soricidae
subfamily: Myosoricinae :
Family: Talpidae :
Family: Solenodontidae :
* This article about a red-toothed shrew is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Choinière

Choinière is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* David Choinière (born 1997), Canadian soccer player
* Mathieu Choinière (born 1999), Canadian soccer player, brother of David
* Olivier Choinière (born 1973), Canadian playwright
# Sonny Clark Quintets

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Sonny Clark Quintets is an album by jazz pianist Sonny Clark, recorded for the Blue Note label, featuring performances by Clark with two different studio quintets. The first session, from late 1957, featured Clifford Jordan, Kenny Burrell, Paul Chambers, and Pete LaRoca, and produced three tracks. The LP's remaining two tracks were recorded a few weeks later with group including Art Farmer, Jackie McLean, Chambers, and Philly Joe Jones. The three pieces recorded with Burrell and Jordan were originally scheduled to be released on album given the catalog number "BLP 1592" (these tracks would be later issued as bonus tracks on the CD release of My Conception). Blue Note decided not to complete the album begun with Jordan and Burrell, and the tracks remained unreleased during Clark's lifetime. In 1976, Blue Note combined these three tracks with two outtakes recorded in early 1958 as part of the session for the Cool Struttin' LP (BLP 1588). The resulting LP was released in Japan as Sonny Clark Quintets (LNJ 70093). The same five pieces were subsequently re-released on a 1983 Japanese LP titled Cool Struttin' Volume 2. Sonny Clark Quintets has been reissued numerous times on compact disc.
In an Allmusic review, Lee Bloom stated: "Of interest to fans of the superb hard bop pianist, this recording combines material from two separate dates. 'Royal Flush' and 'Lover' are from the January 1958 Cool Struttin' session and are available domestically on the CD release of the same name. The remaining tunes, 'Minor Meeting,' 'Eastern Incident' and 'Little Sonny,' were never released during Clark's short life — they are special for fans of Sonny, as they include guitarist Kenny Burrell. Clark rarely worked with a guitarist, although he recorded some wonderful material with Grant Green, Tal Farlow, and Jimmy Raney, three masterful players. His playing here never clashes harmonically or rhythmically with the guitar, a challenging feat for any jazz pianist. These three original tunes are also welcome additions to the consistently excellent body of work which Sonny Clark composed".

## Track listing

    All compositions by Sonny Clark, except as indicated
* "Royal Flush" - 9:03
* "Lover" (Richard Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 7:04
* "Minor Meeting" - 6:54
* "Eastern Incident" - 8:14
* "Little Sonny" - 6:32
Recorded on December 8, 1957 (#3-5) and January 5, 1958 (#1-2).

## Personnel

* Sonny Clark - piano
* Clifford Jordan - tenor saxophone (tracks 3-5)
* Kenny Burrell - guitar (tracks 3-5)
* Art Farmer - trumpet (tracks 1-2)
* Jackie McLean - alto saxophone (tracks 1-2)
* Paul Chambers - bass
* Philly Joe Jones (tracks 1-2), Pete LaRoca (tracks 3-5) - drums

### Production

* Alfred Lion - producer
* Reid Miles - design
* Rudy Van Gelder - engineer
* Francis Wolff - photography
# Chinja

Chinja is a genus of Tanzanian araneomorph spiders in the family Zoropsidae, first described by D. Polotow & C. Griswold in 2018. As of April 2019 it contains only two species.
# Chris Drange

Christoph David Drange (born 24 May 1983) is a German artist, best known for his use of digital found-objects in post-digital paintings of contemporary influencers and social media symbolism.

## Early life and education

Drange was born on May 24, 1983, in Köthen (Anhalt), Germany. Before moving to Berlin in 2009, he studied for two years at the International Center of Photography in New York and one year at the Art Students League of New York.
Drange enrolled at the University of Fine Arts in Hamburg to pursue a bachelor's degree in fine arts in 2015, and later obtained his master's degree in painting from the same university. He studied under Anselm Reyle, known for his large-scale abstract paintings and found-object sculptures.

## Work

Drange appropriates selfies from popular influencers and transforms them into classical oil paintings, often on large canvas. As a statement on authorship and originality, Drange doesn't paint any of his artwork. Instead, he creates sketches from various digital found-objects, with a strong preference for self-portrait photographs as source material, and sends them to an oil painting factory in China, where they are painted by hand on large-scale canvas. The amalgamation of selfies, emojies and other depictions of social media symbols are central to all of Drange's works.
Drange's work has appeared in several exhibitions and magazines such as the Kunstforum International, Numéro, Weserburg, and the Benaki Museum, as well as the exhibition "Link in Bio" at MDBK Leipzig and the international group show "The artist is online" at Galerie König, curated by Anika Meier and Johann König. He has exhibited with artists such as Thomas Webb, Petra Cortright, Arvida Byström, Chloe Wise, Gretchen Andrew, Daniel Arsham and Jonas Lund.
He Travelled to Venezuela in early 2013 and documented a socialist society that retains vestiges of capitalism.

## Publications

Drange is the author of two photobooks. The first, Hecho en Socialismo, was published in 2015 by Kerber Verlag and covered the phenomenon of a new socialist society in Venezuela that is tied up with remnants of capitalism. Relics, the second, was published in 2017 by Hatje Cantz and covered the relationship between celebrities and their Instagram followers.

## Personal life

Drange lives and works in both Hamburg and Berlin.
# Chris Egan

Chris or Christopher Egan may refer to:
* Chris Egan (footballer) (born 1986), Australian rules footballer
* Chris Egan (musician), British composer, orchestrator, conductor and musical director
* Chris Egan (tennis), tennis player of the 1990s
* Christopher Egan (born 1984), Australian actor
* Christopher F. Egan, American businessman and diplomat
# Chloropaschia venantia

Chloropaschia venantia is a species of snout moth in the genus Chloropaschia. It is found in South America.
# Somerby (Juxta Bigby)

Somerby (also known as Somerby juxta Bigby or Somerby by Brigg) is a hamlet and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 4 miles (6 km) east from the town of Brigg and in the ecclesiastical parish of Somerby. Somerby lies in the Lincolnshire Wolds, a designated Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, between the villages of Bigby and Searby.

## Church

The parish church, once described as a "small uninteresting edifice", is a Grade II* listed building. It is dedicated to Saint Margaret and dates from the 13th century with later additions. It was restored in 1884-85 by H M Townsend of Peterborough. An effigy of a knight dating from the late 13th century lies on the south side of the nave. In chancel niches are two marble urns dedicated to two sons of the Weston family who died in the service of the East India Company in 1762 and 1767, respectively. Another Weston, Edward, is commemorated by a large marble wall plaque on the north wall of the chancel. He died in 1770, and was a member of the Privy Council of Ireland.
About 1834 the value of the living, based at the rectory and in the grant of the Crown, was £7. 7s. 6d. A few years earlier, in 1821, the hamlet comprised 13 houses, with a population of 76.

## Somerby Hall and Somerby Grange

Somerby Hall was for many years the home of the Weston family, and was purchased in the 1740s by Edward Weston the son of the Bishop of Exeter, the Rt. Rev. Stephen Weston. It was demolished in 1964.
Somerby Grange Farmhouse is a Grade II listed building dating from 1756 with 19th-century additions.

## The Monument

Overlooking Somerby village, there is a monument that was commissioned in 1770 by Edward Weston and built by John Carr to commemorate 29 years of marriage for Edward and Ann Weston of Somerby Hall. It is an ashlar Doric column topped by an urn. It is Grade II listed.

## Vineyard

Today, Somerby has a vineyard. The owners state that they have unearthed several medieval artefacts and Roman coins.

## Community

Today, the Ecclesiastical parish of Somerby is part of The North Wolds Group of the Deanery of Yarborough.
The nearest primary schools are in Barnetby le Wold or Grasby
# Somerby

Somerby may refer to:

## Places

* Somerby, Leicestershire, a village near Melton Mowbray
* Somerby (Juxta Bigby), a hamlet near Brigg, Lincolnshire
* Somerby by Gainsborough, a hamlet near Gainsborough, Lincolnshire
* Somerby Golf Club and Community in Byron, Minnesota
* Old Somerby, Lincolnshire

## People

* Somerby (surname)
# Choke (novel)

Choke is a 2001 novel by American author Chuck Palahniuk. The story focuses on Victor, a sex addict and con man who also works at a colonial reenactment museum. The novel was later adapted for film by Clark Gregg.

## Plot summary

Choke follows Victor Mancini and his friend Denny through a few months of their lives with frequent flashbacks to the days when Victor was a child. Victor had grown up moving from one foster home to another as his mother was found to be unfit to raise him. During his childhood, his mother would kidnap him from his various foster parents, though every time they would eventually be caught and he would again be remanded over to the child welfare agency.
In the present-day setting of the book, Victor has left medical school to support his feeble mother, who is now in a nursing home. In order to pay for elder care for his mother, he resorts to being a con artist. Victor goes to various restaurants and purposely causes himself to choke midway through his meal, luring a "good Samaritan" into saving his life. He keeps a detailed list of everyone who saves him and sends them frequent letters about fictional bills he is unable to pay, causing them to send him money out of sympathy.
Victor works at a re-enactment museum set in colonial times, where most of the employees are drug addicts or, in Denny's case, a fellow recovering sex addict. He spends most of his time on the job guarding Denny (who is constantly being caught with "contraband" items that do not correspond with the time period of the museum) in the stocks. The two met at a sex addiction support group and later applied together for the same job. Denny is later fired from the museum, and begins collecting stones from around the city to build his "dream home".
While growing up, Victor's mother taught him numerous conspiracy theories and obscure medical facts, which both confused and frightened him. This and his constant moves from one home to another have left Victor unable to form lasting and stable relationships with women. As a result, Victor finds himself getting sexual gratification from women on a solely superficial level. Later on, he starts talking to his mother again for the first time in years.

## Film adaptation

A film adaptation directed by Clark Gregg, starring Sam Rockwell and Anjelica Huston, was released commercially on September 26, 2008. Palahniuk makes a cameo appearance in the film.

## Editions

* ISBN 0-385-50156-0 (hardcover; New York: Doubleday, 2001)
* ISBN 1-58945-971-7 (e-book, 2001)
* ISBN 0-385-72092-0 (paperback; New York: Anchor, 2002)

## Trivia

* Much of Palahniuk's research on Choke was conducted with total strangers at the gym and sexual addiction groups.
* A song by Scottish band Biffy Clyro is titled "Joy.Discovery.Invention" after a line in the novel.
# Chloroxylon

Chloroxylon is a genus of trees in the family Rutaceae. The genus comprises two species, both desired for their wood as high quality tropical timber and heavily exploited.
It has rough and spongy outer bark. Timber is very tough and durable. It has a typical unpleasant smell.

## Species

* Chloroxylon swietenia - east Indian satinwood or Sri Lanka satinwood
* Chloroxylon faho - Madagascar satinwood
# Sonkuriha

Sonkuriha, 'Suvarnakundya' in ancient times, is a village in Nalbari district of Western Assam.

## Etymology

The modern name is derived from Sanskrit form 'Suvarnakundya', the ancient name of the area.

## History

The arthashastra of Kautilya mentioned flourishing trade with Kamrup. He mentioned finest sik of his times was produced in Sonkuriha (Suvarnakundya). It also produced a special perfume named 'Tailaparnika', which also produced in at least six other places within Kamrup region. The Kamrup also produced Chandana and Aguru products at that time.
Like rest of Kamrup region, language used in Sonkuriha is Assamese language.

## Festivals

Domahi, Amati, Durga Puja, Kali Puja (Shyama Puja, Diwali), Holi, Janmastami, Shivratri etc. are major festivals of the village. Vedic culture is widespread in day-to-day life.

## Transport

The village is well connected to
# Chris Pointer

Chris Pointer (born February 2, 1976) is a former defensive back in the Arena Football League (AFL). He played for the Norfolk Nighthawks, Toronto Phantoms, New Jersey Gladiators, the New Orleans VooDoo, the Kansas City Brigade, Nashville Kats and Columbus Destroyers.

## Early life

Pointer attended Louisville Male High School, where he was a member of the football and track and field teams.

## College years

Pointer attended Kentucky State University and was a three-year starter at cornerback.
# Christ Church (Lancaster County, Virginia)

Christ Church is a historic Episcopal church in Lancaster County, Virginia, north of Irvington. Built in 1732-35, it is notable for its unique Georgian design, and is one of the best-preserved colonial churches in the southern United States. The church is the only colonial Virginia church that still has its original high-backed pews and one of two that has maintained its original three-tiered pulpit.

## History

The first church erected at the site was a wooden building, the construction of which was funded by powerful landowner John Carter in 1670. Carter died before the construction was completed, but was buried on the church grounds alongside four of his five wives. John Carter's son Robert, a wealthy vestryman and planter, decided that the parish deserved a more substantial place of worship and, in 1730, funded and supervised the construction of a brick building on the approximate foundations of the old wooden church. Christ Church was connected to Robert Carter's Corotoman mansion by way of a cedar-lined road, in order to emphasize the importance of the benefactor and his family.
The church thrived until the disestablishment of the Anglican church in Virginia in 1786. This event, coupled with the Glebe Act of 1802, which authorized the state to seize church property, crippled the Anglican (now Episcopal) church in the state, and Christ Church lost both money and parishioners. Operating only intermittently in the 19th century, the church fell into disrepair; the Carter family tombs in the yard were subject to weathering and neglect, and vandals stole bricks from the exterior. Still, the church fared better than many other colonial churches, and in 1927 the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities began work on restoration of the site.

## Architecture

The unknown original architect endowed the structure with many of the hallmarks of the Georgian style, including a formal, symmetrical layout, pedimented facades, and classical detail.
Among the more noted features of the church's interior are its high-backed box pews, which held entire families at service. Its unique wineglass pulpit is located in the building's center and the three levels of lecterns were intended to show the relative importance of the readings delivered there. The bottom tier was for community announcements, the middle for the gospel, and the top tier was reserved for the delivery of the sermon.

## Current use

Today, Christ Church is owned and operated as a museum by the non-profit Foundation for Historic Christ Church, which has almost completely restored its 18th-century appearance. The church was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1961. Religious services are still held at 8:00 a.m on Sundays in the summer months in cooperation with nearby Grace Church.

## Gallery

* Pulpit of Christ Church
* Christ Church with graveyard and restored brick wall in foreground
* Cedar-lined road to Robert Carter's Corotoman plantation
* Main entrance, showing decorative brickwork
* Intricate woodwork on the sounding board above the pulpit
# Chokheli

Chokheli is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Givi Chokheli (1937–1994), Georgian footballer
* Goderdzi Chokheli (1954–2007), Georgian novelist