OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Uncovered liquids

The concept of "Uncovered liquids" or "discovered liquids" (Mashkim Megulim) is a halachic principle according to which water, milk, or wine that has been left uncovered without human supervision is forbidden for use.
Chazal wrote that the reason for this prohibition is the concern that a snake may have drunk from them and left venom in the liquids. Therefore, these liquids are forbidden only if they were uncovered for the amount of time it would take a snake to drink from them. According to the Shulchan Aruch, this rule does not apply in modern times, as snakes are not commonly found within homes today.

## Source and interpretations

The source of the law is from the Mishnah in Terumot, Chapter 8, Mishnah 4:
   Three liquids are forbidden due to exposure: water, wine, and milk; all other liquids are permitted. How long must they remain uncovered to be forbidden? Long enough for a creeping creature to come from a nearby place and drink.
This law is also mentioned in many places in the Talmud. The Yalkut Shimoni brings support for the prohibition of these liquids from the Midrash Yelamdenu:
   Three liquids are forbidden due to exposure: water, milk, and wine. How do we know about water? From the verse, 'He spreads out the earth above the waters.' How about milk? From the verse, 'And she opened the skin of milk.' And wine? From the verse, 'All the vessels will be filled with wine.'
According to the Tosafot, the prohibition was only relevant in the Land of Israel, where snakes were prevalent, but in the cooler climates of Europe, this law need not be observed.
According to halacha, even if someone drinks an uncovered liquid and is unharmed, the remaining liquid should not be drunk. It goes on to explain that there are three types of venom: the venom of an old snake floats on the surface of the liquid, that of a medium snake penetrates halfway, and that of a young snake sinks to the bottom. Therefore, even if the first person was not harmed, the venom may have sunk in the drink, and anyone drinking afterward might be harmed.
It is also forbidden to use water that has been prohibited due to exposure for washing or cleaning, as one might be harmed by the venom. Furthermore, it is forbidden to pour it into the public domain, lest someone walk over it barefoot and be harmed. Even giving it to animals, whether one's own or someone else's, is prohibited because it could harm them (though it is explained that it is permissible to give it to a cat because venom does not kill it but only weakens it temporarily, after which it recovers).
# Émile-Gustave Cavallo-Péduzzi

Émile-Gustave Cavallo-Péduzzi (1851–1917) was a French pointillist painter, and part of the Groupe de Lagny art collective.

## Life

Cavallo-Péduzzi was born in Montmartre, Paris and studied at the École des beaux-arts, and in the studio of Jean-Léon Gérôme and Eugène Froment. He became a founding member of the Groupe de Lagny with Léo Gausson, Maximilien Luce and Lucien Pissarro, who painted in a pointillist style. In In 1899 he became a founding member of the Union Artistique et Littéraire du canton de Lagny.
He died in Lagny-sur-Marne in 1917.
# Ralph, West Virginia

Ralph is an unincorporated community in Webster County, West Virginia, United States.
# Euclides da Cunha (disambiguation)

Euclides de Cunha may refer to:
* Euclides da Cunha (1866–1909), a Brazilian writer, sociologist and engineer
* Euclides da Cunha Paulista, a municipality in the state of São Paulo, Brazil
* Euclides da Cunha, Bahia, a municipality in the state of Bahia, Brazil
# Eucidaris

Eucidaris is a genus of cidaroid sea urchins known as slate pencil urchins (named after slate pencil). They are characterised by a moderately thick test, a usually monocyclic apical disc, perforate and non-crenulate tubercles and nearly straight ambulacra with horizontal pore pairs. The primary spines are few and widely spaced, stout with blunt flat tips and beaded ornamentation and the secondary spines are short and apressed. They originated in the Miocene and extant members of the genus are found in the tropical Indo-Pacific Ocean, East Pacific, Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea.

## Species

The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species:
* Eucidaris australiae Mortensen, 1950
* † Eucidaris coralloides Fell, 1954
* Eucidaris galapagensis Döderlein, 1887
* Eucidaris metularia (Lamarck, 1816)
* † Eucidaris strobilata Fell, 1954
* Eucidaris thouarsii (Agassiz & Desor, 1846)
* Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816)

### Species brought into synonymy

* Eucidaris clavata Mortensen, 1928: synonym of Eucidaris tribuloides (Lamarck, 1816)
* Eucidaris metularia
* Eucidaris tribuloides
* Eucidaris galapagensis
# John Evans (topographical writer)

John Evans (1768 – c.1812) was a writer, noted for his description of Wales.

## Life and works

Evans was born in 1768 and studied at the University of Oxford, matriculating as a member of Jesus College in 1789 and obtaining a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1792. He wrote about Wales in four publications, although the details they contain is more based upon material that Evans had read than upon any personal observation by Evans. His works are:
* A Tour through part of North Wales in … 1798 and at other times: principally undertaken with a view to Botanical researches in that alpine country; interspersed with observations on its Scenery, Agriculture, Manufactures (1800; further editions in 1802 and 1804)
* Letters written during a Tour through South Wales in … 1803 and at other times (1804)
* Monmouthshire (in volume 11 of The Beauties of England and Wales, 1810)
* North Wales (volume 17 of The Beauties of England and Wales, 1812)
He died in about 1812, before he finished writing about south Wales.
# Ralph Blumenthal

Ralph Blumenthal is an American journalist and author. He was a staff reporter for The New York Times from 1964 to 2009.

## Reporting

On 16 December 2017, the New York Times featured an article written by Leslie Kean, Helene Cooper, and Blumenthal, which revealed the fact that the U.S. Department of Defense had spent $22.5M on a secret program titled the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program that investigated UFOs.
On 5 June 2023, Blumenthal and Leslie Kean reported that former Air Force officer David Charles Grusch claimed that the United States has a secret UFO retrieval program with multiple vehicles of non-human origin as well as records of dead pilots in its possession.

## Books

* Dumsday, Travis (2022). The Believer: Alien Encounters, Hard Science, and the Passion of John Mack. Theology and Science. Vol. 20. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 374–379. doi:10.1080/14746700.2022.2084865. ISBN 9780826362315. S2CID 249491589.
* Miracle at Sing Sing: How One Man Transformed the Lives of America's Most Dangerous Prisoners. St. Martin’s Press. 2004. ISBN 978-0-312-30891-9.

### with Deborah Blumenthal

* UFOhs! Mysteries in the Sky. Illustrated by Adam Gustavson. University of New Mexico Press. 15 April 2023. ISBN 9780826364951.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
# Eucalyptus paralimnetica

Eucalyptus paralimnetica is a species of small tree that is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. It has smooth, pinkish grey bark, linear to narrow lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven and conical fruit.

## Description

Eucalyptus paralimnetica is a tree that typically grows to a height of 10 m (33 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, pale pinkish grey bark. Young plants and coppice regrowth have egg-shaped leaves at first, later narrow lance-shaped. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, linear to narrow lance-shaped, glossy green, 50–100 mm (2.0–3.9 in) long and 5–11 mm (0.20–0.43 in) wide on a slightly channelled petiole 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long. The flower buds are arranged in leaf axils in groups of seven on an unbranched peduncle 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) long, the individual buds on pedicels 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) long. Mature buds are oval, 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) long and about 3 mm (0.12 in) wide with a conical, ribbed operculum that is about the same length as the floral cup. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped capsule 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) long and wide.

## Taxonomy

Eucalyptus paralimnetica was first described in 2001 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill in the journal Telopea from material collected on the road to Peak Charles in 1986. This species is not accepted at the Western Australian Herbarium but is accepted at the Australian Plant Census. The specific epithet (paralimnetica) means "near lakes".

## Distribution and habitat

This eucalypt grows in woodland, often at the edges of salt pans, from near Peak Charles to the Fraser Range.
# United Housing Foundation

The United Housing Foundation (UHF) was a real estate investment trust in New York that constructed numerous cooperative housing projects, including Rochdale Village in Queens and Co-op City in the Bronx.

## Purpose

In 1951, the United Housing Foundation (UHF) was organized to provide broader sponsorship for cooperative housing formalizing the success of Abraham Kazan and his associates. By 1965 UHF and its predecessors had created some 23 cooperative housing projects in New York City, ranging in size from the 124-unit Mutual Housing Association in the Bronx to Rochdale Village in Queens, with 5,860 apartments and also its own food stores, nursery schools, a credit union, and a multitude of civic and social organizations, to make it an integrated and well-rounded community. The primary architect who designed the buildings with Kazan was Herman Jessor.
The United Housing Foundation worked primarily in New York City and New York State, using financing from savings banks, insurance companies union pension funds and other conventional sources and also direct mortgage loans from the State of New York. The UHF emphasis was on high-rise, large-scale projects to meet a mass need for lower priced housing in New York.
With the support of the Mayor of New York City and Governor of New York State, UHF developed Co-op City which now houses over 15,000 families, or about 40,000 people. UHF built schools for the project and turned them over to the Board of Education of New York City for operation. In addition, the community has three shopping centers with co-op supermarkets, branches of New York City banks and specialty shops and service stores necessary for service of this size community.

## Other resources

Records relating to the United Housing Foundation are on deposit at the Kheel Center for Labor-Management Documentation Center, Cornell University.
# Undichna britannica

Undichna britannica is a fish-fin, or fish-swimming fossil trackway left as a fossil impression on a substrate; this type of fossil is an ichnofossil, and in this case an ichnospecies.
The U. britannica fish-fin tracks, or trackways are often associated with current or wave ripple marks, probably shallow water, near-shoreline. Other deep water varieties may be less common, or associated with narrowed current flow between obstructions. The sinusoidal high points of the ripple marks may lend itself to the formation of the trackways.
# Undibacterium piscinae

Undibacterium piscinae is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, obligate aerobic and motile bacterium of the genus Undibacterium which has been isolated from the intestinal tract of the fish Coreoleuciscus splendidus.
# Estienne Durand

Estienne Durand (c. 1586 – 19 July 1618) was a 17th-century French poet.
A provincial controller of wars in the service of Marie de Medicis, he is the author of a pamphlet against Louis XIII, La Riparographie, now lost, which earned him to be broken and burned with his writings on the Place de Grève.

## Works

* Les Épines d'Amour (1604)
* Méditations (1611)
* Stances à l'inconstance
# John Gaff

Lieutenant-Colonel John Gaff GM (27 May 1927 – 28 November 2013) was a British Army officer who was the senior bomb disposal expert during his service in Northern Ireland in the mid 1970s. He was awarded the George Medal for his personal courage during bomb disposal operations. He was president of the Gallantry Medallists League from 2002 to 2008.
John Maurice Gaff was born at Guildford, Surrey and educated at the Royal Grammar School, Guildford. He joined the British Army in 1944 and was commissioned into the Queen's Royal Regiment in 1946 and served with the regiment in Palestine.
He married Christine Brown in 1950 with whom he had one daughter and two sons.
Lieutenant Colonel John Gaff GM died on 28 November 2013.

## Career

Gaff transferred to the Parachute Regiment and joined the 9th Parachute Battalion and became the battalion's weapons training officer. He left Palestine in 1948. He was posted to Netheravon where he assisted with parachute trials with new aircraft, and was then posted to RAF Cardington where he was a parachute training officer.
He later received a regular commission in the RAOC and qualified as an Inspecting Ordnance Officer. He served at a base ammunition depot at Singapore during the Malayan Emergency. He was posted to the Central Ordnance Depot, Donnington, as Guided Weapons Liaison Officer, in 1957. Gaff was promoted to Major in May 1961. He served in West Berlin and BAOR.
Gaff was posted to Northern Ireland in 1974 as Chief Ammunition Technical Officer and was the Explosives Ordnance Disposal adviser to the GOC Northern Ireland. He had overall command of all bomb disposal units in Northern Ireland.
On 21 March 1974 he led the operation to defuse bombs at a railway signal box and on the railway track at Dunloy Halt, near Ballymoney, County Antrim, which involved nearly 15 hours of very hazardous work. His citation for the award of the George Medal included the following: " for the outstanding personal courage and devotion to duty which he demonstrated throughout his tour of Northern Ireland in an extremely hazardous and highly technical field of operations. "
The BBC documentary The Bomb Disposal Men was filmed in 1974 during his service in Northern Ireland.

## Later life

Gaff retired from the Army in May 1975 and set up a consultancy business for bomb disposal, working in Africa, the Middle East and Far East until 1998 when he sold the business. He assisted the writer of espionage novels John le Carré on subjects within his expertise.
He was president of the Gallantry Medallists League from 2002 to 2008.
# Eugene Lavretsky

Eugene Lavretsky was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in 2016 for contributions to the development of adaptive and robust flight control technologies. He works for The Boeing Company.
# Rhiw Valley Light Railway

The Rhiw Valley Light Railway was a 15 in (381 mm) gauge railway located near to the village of Berriew in Powys, Wales. It closed on 2 October 2022.

## The Railway

The railway is constructed to 15 in (381 mm) gauge, in an 'out and back' return loop of 1,265 metres (1,383 yd). As an 'out and back' loop, trains return to the central station facing in the opposite direction from that in which they departed. The railway was privately built and operated, and its original owner is now deceased. The railway is now owned by his widow, who initially opened the line to the public just one day per year, in mid-summer. The railway is now open once a month from May to October. The very attractive route runs through fields and along hedgerows, and being largely unfenced there is considerable interaction with livestock from rabbits to sheep. However the railway sadly announced that it would stop operating after the 2022 season.

## Rolling Stock

There are two resident steam locomotives. 'Powys' is a powerful 0-6-2T engine, built in 1973 by Severn Lamb. 'Jack' is a large 0-4-0 tender engine, constructed by TMA Engineering of Birmingham and Jack Woodroffe of Welshpool in 2003. An assortment of wooden passenger carriages (both bogie carriages and four-wheel vehicles) and wagons is available on the line.

## Gallery

* Powys right side view
* Jack departing on loop
* Jack returning on loop
* RVLR - Jack
* Track map (produced by GPS Utility)
# Church of St Michael, Stoke St Michael

The Anglican Church of St Michael in Stoke St Michael, Somerset, England was built around 1400. It is a Grade II* listed building.

## History

The western tower survives from the building constructed around 1400. The remainder was largely being rebuilt as part of a Victorian restoration in 1838 by Jesse Gane.
The church was a chapelry of Doulting.
The parish is part of the Leigh-on-Mendip with Downhead and Stoke St Michael benefice within the Diocese of Bath and Wells.

## Architecture

The stone building has a five-bay nave and a chancel.
The tower is supported by diagonal buttresses.
# Ptilostomis

Ptilostomis is a genus of giant casemakers in the family Phryganeidae. There are at least four described species in Ptilostomis.

## Species

These four species belong to the genus Ptilostomis:
* Ptilostomis angustipennis (Hagen, 1873)
* Ptilostomis ocellifera (Walker, 1852)
* Ptilostomis postica (Walker, 1852)
* Ptilostomis semifasciata (Say, 1828)
# Sinisgalli (surname)

Sinisgalli is an Italian surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Leonardo Sinisgalli (1908–1981), Italian poet and art critic
* Rocco Sinisgalli (born 1947), Italian art historian, writer and architectural theoretician
# Trace metal detection test

The trace metal detection test or technique was developed during the Vietnam War in the 1960s to identify individuals who may have been carrying firearms against their skin. A 0.2% solution of 8-hydroxyquinoline in isopropanol is sprayed on the skin. After several minutes, the skin is illuminated with shortwave ultraviolet (UV) light, revealing a pattern and type of metal based on trace amounts of metal transferred to the skin, which are invisible under normal lighting. The technique was later adopted by police in the United States to help determine if a person had carried a firearm. In a California crime, an automatic handgun carried in the waistband of a criminal reportedly produced an impression of the weapon's serial number. The presence and persistence of a detectable residue depend primarily on the amount of perspiration, length of contact, and time since exposure. A few minutes of exposure can leave detectable residue, and the result can remain for up to forty-eight hours.
Preservation of the results is achieved with black-and-white and color photography. The use of a shortwave ultraviolet filter over the camera flash can be employed to record the results, although a steady source of UV is preferred. In either case, a darkened area is needed for screening purposes. Another reagent, 0.5 percent 2-nitroso-1-naphthol in acetone, eliminates the need for a UV light but is limited to a four-hour window compared to the forty-eight hours for 8-hydroxyquinoline.
# Scopula nacida

Scopula nacida is a moth of the family Geometridae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1901. It is found in Ecuador and Peru.

## Subspecies

It has two subspecies:
* Scopula nacida nacida (Ecuador)
* Scopula nacida cinerosaria (Warren, 1904) (Peru)
# Erechthias diaphora

Erechthias diaphora is a moth of the family Tineidae. It is known from Australia, including New South Wales, Queensland and Victoria.
# CSM Bacău

CSM Bacău may refer to:
* CSM Bacău (football), a men's football club in Bacău, Romania
* CSM Bacău (men's handball), a men's handball club in Bacău, Romania
* CS Știința Bacău (women's volleyball), a women's handball club in Bacău, Romania
# Sarconeurum

Sarconeurum is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Pottiaceae.
The species of this genus are found in Antarctica and Southern America.
Species:
* Sarconeurum antarcticum Bryhn
* Sarconeurum glaciale Cardot & Bryhn, 1907
# Santipur B.Ed College

Santipur B.Ed College, established in 2010, is a private college in Santipur, Nadia district, West Bengal, India. This institution provides a bachelor's degree-level course on teacher education. The duration of this course is one academic year and the proposed intake is 100 students. It is approved by the National Council for Teacher Education (NCTE). It is affiliated with the University of Kalyani.

## Mission

To produce well trained would-be teachers.

## Description

Santipur B.Ed college was established on 6 August 2010. A Primary Teachers Training Institute and a pre-primary Montessori school are also located inside the boundary of this college.

## Methods
### Science

* Mathematics
* Physical Science
* Life Science
* Computer Education (Elective)

### Arts

* Bengali
* English
* Sanskrit
* History
* Geography
* Political Science
* Art Education
* Hindi
* Education
# Sardar Harnarain Singh

Sardar Harnarain Singh was an Indian army personnel who held the rank of a major general in the Indian Armed Forces. He was the head of the Rajput Regiment in early 1950s and served as the Military Secretary to Rajendra Prasad, the first President of India, who accompanied the President in his official visits. The Government of India awarded him the third highest civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan, in 1963, for his contributions to Indian Armed Forces.
# Sarımeşe, Amasya

Sarımeşe is a village in the Amasya District, Amasya Province, Turkey. Its population is 506 (2021).
# Sanzo

Sanzo is an American brand of sparkling water flavored with Asian fruits. These flavors include lychee, yuzu, pomelo, calamansi, mango, and formerly Asian pear.

## History

Sanzo was founded in 2019 by Sandro Roco, a Filipino American who grew up in the New York City metro area. Roco had the idea to start the company in mid-2018, citing a lack of Asian-inspired beverages in American grocery markets. Roco stated, "Crazy Rich Asians was the number one film at the box office, Korean pop was hitting a fever pitch, and the influence of Asian food and culture was really starting to make its mark on American culture. But when I walked the beverage aisles at both markets like Whole Foods and H-Mart, I didn’t feel there was anything properly capturing this shift in culture." Sanzo's initial flavors were calamansi, lychee, and mango.
In August 2020, Sanzo raised US$1.3 million in seed funding.
In February 2022, Sanzo announced a new yuzu flavor and shared that they had raised $10 million in Series A funding led by CircleUp Growth Partners. In March 2022, they became available in Whole Foods nationwide, which Roco cited as when "things started getting pretty interesting for us." Later that year, Sanzo partnered with professional basketball player Jeremy Lin to release a limited Asian pear flavor for the 10th anniversary of "Linsanity", a cultural phenomenon in response to Lin's performance during the 2011–12 NBA season.
In February 2023, Sanzo announced a new pomelo flavor. As of March 2023, the company had 18 employees and their drinks were available at Whole Foods Market, Target, and Panda Express, among other retailers.
# Cachito de Cielo (song)

Cachito de Cielo (Little bit of Heaven), is a song written, arranged and performed by Mexican recording artist Pedro Fernández. The song was released on the special edition album "No Que No... edición especial" in 2012 and released as a single in 2013.
This song was the theme song of the popular telenovela Cachito de cielo in which Pedro starred as the protagonist. He wrote the song while thinking about the plot of the novel.
Pedro Fernández won the Latin Grammy Award for Best Regional Mexican Song (2013) as songwriter and performing artist for "Cachito de Cielo". Live performance. This was Pedro's third Latin Grammy Awarded to him for his music.
# Cachiungo

Cachiungo or Katchiungo is a town and municipality in the province of Huambo, Angola. The municipality had a population of 120,677 in 2014.