OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Accommodative excess

In ophthalmology, accommodative excess (also known as excessive accommodation or accommodation excess) occurs when an individual uses more than normal accommodation (focusing on close objects) for performing certain near work. Accommodative excess has traditionally been defined as accommodation that is persistently higher than expected for the patient's age. Modern definitions simply regard it as an inability to relax accommodation readily. Excessive accommodation is seen in association with excessive convergence also.

## Symptoms and signs

* Blurring of vision due to pseudomyopia
* Headache
* Eye strain
* Asthenopia
* Trouble concentrating when reading

## Causes
### Causes related to refractive errors

Accommodative excess may be seen in the following conditions:
* Hypermetropia: Young hypermetropes use excessive accommodation as a physiological adaptation in the interest of clear vision.
* Myopia: Young myopes performing excessive near work may also use excessive accommodation in association with excessive convergence.
* Astigmatism: Astigmatic eye may also be associated with accommodative excess.
* Presbyopia: Early presbyopic eye may also induce excessive accommodation.
* Improper or ill fitting spectacles: Use of improper or ill fitting spectacles may also cause use of excessive accommodation.

### Causes related to systemic drugs

Use of systemic drugs like Morphine, Digitalis, Sulfonamides, Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may cause accommodative excess.

### Causes related to diseases

* Unilateral excessive accommodation-Trigeminal neuralgia, and head trauma may cause ciliary spasm and may cause accommodative excess.
* Bilateral excessive accommodation-Diseases like Encephalitis, Syphilis, Head trauma, Influenza, Meningitis may cause ciliary spasm and bilateral excessive accommodation.

### Secondary to Convergence insufficiency

Accommodative excess may occur secondary to convergence insufficiency also. In convergence insufficiency near point of convergence will recede, and positive fusional vergence (PFV) will reduce. So, the patient uses excessive accommodation to stimulate accommodative convergence to overcome reduced PFV.

## Risk factors

A large amount of near work is the main precipitating factor of accommodative excess.

## Pseudomyopia

Pseudomyopia also known as artificial myopia refers to an intermittent and temporary shift in refractive status of the eye towards myopia. It may occur due to excessive accommodation or spasm of accommodation.

## Diagnosis
### Differential diagnosis

Parinaud's syndrome, which can mimic some aspects of spasm of the near reflex, such as excessive accommodation and convergence; however, pupillary near-light dissociation, not miosis, is a feature of Parinaud's syndrome.

## Treatment

* Optical: Cycloplegic refraction, and correction of Refractive errors if any
* Vision therapy
* General: Relax from near work
# 2011 Robert Morris Colonials football team

The 2011 Robert Morris Colonials football team represented Robert Morris University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FCS football season. The Colonials were led by 18th-year head coach Joe Walton and played their home games at Joe Walton Stadium. They are a member of the Northeast Conference. They finished the season 2–9, 2–6 in NEC play to finish in eighth place.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 3 | 12:00 p.m. | Dayton* | Joe Walton StadiumMoon Township, PA | L 13–19 | 1,981 |
| September 10 | 7:00 p.m. | at No. 24 Liberty* | Williams StadiumLynchburg, VA | L 7–38 | 15,805 |
| September 17 | 1:00 p.m. | at Morgan State* | Hughes StadiumBaltimore, MD | L 12–13 | 4,782 |
| October 1 | 1:00 p.m. | at Monmouth | Kessler FieldWest Long Branch, NJ | W 23–20 | 2,896 |
| October 8 | 7:00 p.m. | Saint Francis (PA) | Joe Walton StadiumMoon Township, PA | W 45–14 | 4,384 |
| October 15 | 1:00 p.m. | at Albany | University FieldAlbany, NY | L 17–28 | 5,878 |
| October 22 | 12:00 p.m. | Bryant | Joe Walton StadiumMoon Township, PA | L 27–34 | 1,932 |
| October 29 | 12:00 p.m. | Sacred Heart | Joe Walton StadiumMoon Township, PA | L 15–27 | 1,514 |
| November 5 | 12:00 p.m. | at Central Connecticut | Arute FieldNew Britain, CT | L 24–31 | 2,125 |
| November 12 | 12:00 p.m. | Wagner | Joe Walton StadiumMoon Township, PA | L 17–38 | 2,237 |
| November 19 | 12:00 p.m. | at Duquesne | Arthur J. Rooney Athletic FieldPittsburgh, PA | L 10–45 | 2,410 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time ||||||
# Spider in the web doctrine

The spider in the web doctrine is a legal doctrine in Dutch patent law governing cross-border injunctions in patent infringement cases. Under this doctrine, the Dutch courts would assume jurisdiction only in cases where the main defendant (the "spider") was located in the Netherlands and where the other defendants were part of a group of companies and acted based on a common business policy of this group (the "web"), regardless of the nation in which the disputed patent was issued.
Decisions by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) have cast some doubt on the continuing validity of this doctrine. This is due in part to the fact that the ECJ did not feel that Dutch courts were competent to make predictions or judgments about the validity of patents granted outside the Netherlands, preferring to grant jurisdiction to the countries in which the patent was granted.
# Scanned synthesis

Scanned synthesis is a technique for animating wave tables and controlling them in real-time. Developed by Bill Verplank, Rob Shaw, and Max Mathews between 1998 and 1999 at Interval Research, Inc., it is based on the psychoacoustics of how we hear and appreciate timbres and on our motor control (haptic) abilities to manipulate timbres during live performance
Scanned synthesis involves a slow dynamic system whose frequencies of vibration are below about 15 Hz. The ear cannot hear the low frequencies of the dynamic system. So, to make audible frequencies, the "shape" of the dynamic system, along a closed path, is scanned periodically. The "shape" is converted to a sound wave whose pitch is determined by the speed of the scanning function. Pitch control is completely separate from the dynamic system control. Thus timbre and pitch are independent. This system can be looked upon as a dynamic wave table. The model can be compared to a slowly vibrating string, or a two dimensional surface obeying the wave equation.
The following implementations of scanned synthesis are freely available:
* Csound features the scanu and scans opcodes developed by Paris Smaragdis. This was the first publicly available implementation of scanned synthesis.
* Pure Data features examples of scanned synthesis via the pmpd library
* Common Lisp Music in circular-scanned.clm
* Scanned Synth VST from Humanoid Sound Systems was the first VST implementation of scanned synthesis, first released in March 2006 and still being actively developed. It is available from the Humanoid Sound Systems web site.
* ScanSynthGL is another VST implementation of scanned synthesis by mdsp of Smartelectronix, also first released in March 2006. It is available from the KVRAudio forum. There is an unreleased beta version, some audio samples and a screenshot but no public version has been released yet.
# R3D

R3D may refer to:
* Douglas DC-5
* RealD Cinema
* R3D, an American Christian rock band
# Lepturges callinus

Lepturges callinus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Bates in 1885.
# EuroBasket Women 2019 squads

This article displays the rosters for the teams competing at the EuroBasket Women 2019. Each team had to submit 12 players.

## Group A
### Great Britain

A 17-player squad was announced on 18 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 19 June 2019.

### Latvia

A 16-player squad was announced on 16 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 22 June 2019.

### Spain

The squad was announced on 17 June 2019.

### Ukraine

A 19-player squad was announced on 5 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 24 June 2019.

## Group B
### Czech Republic

A 17-player squad was announced on 6 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 19 June 2019.

### France

The squad was announced on 16 June 2019.

### Montenegro

A 21-player squad was announced on 3 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 24 June 2019.

### Sweden

The squad was announced on 16 June 2019.

## Group C
### Hungary

A 18-player squad was announced on 25 April 2019. The final squad was revealed on 23 June 2019.

### Italy

A 17-player squad was announced on 15 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 24 June 2019.

### Slovenia

The squad was announced on 17 June 2019.

### Turkey

A 21-player squad was announced on 9 May 2019. The final squad was revealed on 25 June 2019.

## Group D
### Belarus

A 16-player squad was announced on 11 May 2019.

### Belgium

The squad was announced on 17 June 2019.

### Russia

The final squad was announced on 24 June 2019.

### Serbia

A 19-player squad was announced on 15 May 2019.
# Toba Waterfall and Arsen Okrojanashvili Cave Natural Monument

Toba Waterfall and Arsen Okrojanashvili Cave Natural Monument (Georgian: ტობის ჩანჩქერი და არსენ ოქროჯანაშვილის მღვიმე) is the highest in Georgia cascading waterfall of 234 m height and a karst cave complex located 5.6 km to the west from village First Balda (Pirveli Baldi) in Martvili Municipality, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region of Georgia. It is located at 707 metres above sea level on the left bank of Toba river, left-bank tributary of Abasha river and can be reached by marked hiking trail.

## Morphology

The Natural Monument Complex is a combination of the Toba Cascading Waterfall and Arsen Okrojanashvili Cave also known as Toba II Cave. The cave formed in limestones can be accessed using small inflatable boat and is difficult to access by foot. The total length of the cave is 1300 m. The entrance measured 15 meters in height by 20 meters in width opens along the canyon path. Cave has several levels and numerous pathways. Several prominent halls in the cave are named: "Nona Hall", "Nana Hall", "Salon", "University 50", "Tbian" and so on. Cave speleothems formed in a variety of shapes. One of the prominent stalagmites reaches 7 meters in height. Water flow in the cave forms four lakes underground and finally, coming out of the cave, produces cascading Toba Waterfall of 234 m height.
# Spilomyia maxima

Spilomyia maxima is a species of Hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Russia.
# George Gill

George Gill may refer to:

## Sports

* George Gill (cricketer) (1876–1937), English player for Somerset, Leicestershire and London
* George Gill (Australian footballer) (1892–1967), Australian rules footballer
* George Gill (English footballer) (1894–?), English footballer
* George Gill (pitcher) (1909–1999), American baseball player
* George Gill (first baseman) (fl. 1930s), American Negro leagues baseball player

## Others

* George M. Gill (1803–1887), American attorney, businessman, and politician
* George Reynolds Gill (1828–1904), English portrait painter
* George Brockwell Gill (1857–1954), architect in Queensland, Australia
* George W. Gill, American anthropologist
# Spider map

A spider map is a schematic diagram of bus services serving a particular locality, as used by Transport for London since 2002. The maps were designed by T-Kartor. Generally mounted on the vertical surfaces of bus shelters it enables potential travellers to select the correct stop to board a bus, and the correct one to alight at. The maps are designed to be self-explanatory in the same way as the London Underground tube map.
These maps are highly specific to a local area, and it would not be sensible to talk about a spider map for London. About 1500 are needed to describe the London Transport area. The term spider map seems to have come from its users, and although TfL have adopted the term, they are officially known as "bus route diagrams".

## Design

At the centre of the map is a rectangular area with a yellow background which shows the local street layout and bus stops labelled with letters (A to Z, and if necessary AA to ZZ) of all the bus-stops in the local area. Beyond this is a schematic bus map for an area about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) radius with a pale yellow background, which shows all bus stops in their relative positions. Further out of the map shows the remainder of the route against a white background, but without showing all bus stops. Bus routes themselves are shown as distinctive coloured lines, and are clearly numbered.
In addition there is a table of routes (by route number, destination and local bus stop) leaving from that node, for either daytime or sometimes nighttime routes.
# La Selva del Camp

La Selva del Camp (Catalan pronunciation:) is a municipality in the province of Tarragona, Catalonia, northern Spain.
The Prades Mountains are located in the vicinity of this municipality.

## Main sights

* Parish church of Sant Andreu
* Castle (12th century)
* Convent of St. Raphael (17th century)
* St. Antony Gate
* Pont Alt (Old Bridge, rebuilt in the 16th century)
* Church of Sant Pau (13th century)
* Hermitage of Sant Pere del Puig (12th century)
* Hermitage of Santa Maria de Paretdelgada
* Chapel of St. Nicholas

## Notable people

* Ventura Gassol (1893-1980), writer and politician
# Raasi

Raasi may refer to:
* Raasi (film), a 1997 Tamil drama film
* Raasi (actress), South Indian actress
# Lerista terdigitata

The robust mulch-slider (Lerista terdigitata) is a species of skink found in South Australia and Western Australia.
# 12th New Brunswick general election

12th New Brunswick general election may refer to:
* 1837 New Brunswick general election, the 12th general election to take place in the Colony of New Brunswick, for the 12th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly
* 1908 New Brunswick general election, the 32nd overall general election for New Brunswick, for the 32nd New Brunswick Legislative Assembly, but considered the 12th general election for the Canadian province of New Brunswick
# Michaelmoelleria

Michaelmoelleria vietnamensis is a species of flowering plant in the family Gesneriaceae. It is the sole species in genus Michaelmoelleria. It is endemic to Vietnam.
# Eleutherodactylus dilatus

Eleutherodactylus dilatus is a species of frog in the family Eleutherodactylidae. It is endemic to Mexico and restricted to the Chilpancingo region of the Sierra Madre del Sur in central Guerrero. Its common name is Guerreran peeping frog.

## Description

Specimens in the type series measured 25–30 mm (0.98–1.18 in) in snout–vent length, with the single female being larger than the males. The tympanum is small, up to 1 mm in males and 1.5 mm the female, and sometimes indistinct. The canthus appears sharply angled. The dorsum is pustulate and lavender to brownish in color, with black mottling. The venter is granular and varies from nearly white to heavily pigmented and with numerous white subcircular spots. There is usually a distinct, dark loreal stripe running from the nostril to the eye and continuing posteriorly onto the shoulder. There are large ochraceous spots anterior proximal face of the femur as well as posteriorly in the bend of the knee. The tibia have three, sometimes two transverse bars. The tips of the two outer fingers are truncate and laterally dilated (having almost twice the width of the subterminal phalanges—hence the specific name dilatus).
Male advertisement call is a "peep" and "trill", sometimes a five-note trill.

## Habitat and conservation

The species' natural habitats are pine-oak forests and crops in the forests. The specimens in the type series were found at an elevation of 2,400 m (7,800 ft) above sea level. They were collected at night from small shrubs and pines some 0.6–2 m (2–7 ft) above ground.
Eleutherodactylus dilatus is an uncommon species. It is threatened by loss and disturbance of its forest habitat. It receives a degree of protection in the Omiltemi Park, referred to as the Omiltemi State Park in recent sources.
# Spilomyia saltuum

Spilomyia saltuum is a species of Hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Italy.
# Venizel

Venizel (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
# Samuel Morison Brown

Samuel Morison Brown (February 23 1817 – 20 September 1856), Scottish chemist, poet and essayist.

## Life

Brown was born at Haddington, East Lothian, the fourth son of Samuel Brown, the founder of itinerating libraries, and grandson of John Brown, author of the Self-Interpreting Bible. In 1832, he entered the university of Edinburgh, where, after studying in Berlin and St. Petersburg, he graduated as MD in 1839.
About 1840, he was engaged in experiments by which he sought to prove that carbon in certain states of combination is susceptible of conversion into silicon, and his failure to establish this proposition had much to do with his want of success as a candidate for the chair of chemistry at Edinburgh in 1843.
He held the doctrine that the chemical elements are compounds of equal and similar atoms, and might therefore possibly be all derived from one generic atom. In 1850 he published a tragedy, Galileo Galilei, and two volumes of his Lectures on the Atomic Theory and Essays Scientific and Literary appeared in 1858, with a preface by his kinsman Dr. John Brown, the author of Horae Subsecivae.
He was also the author of "Lay sermons on the Theory of Christianity."
He died in Edinburgh.
# Spikelet

A spikelet, in botany, describes the typical arrangement of the inflorescences of grasses, sedges and some other monocots.
Each spikelet has one or more florets.$^{:12}$ The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. The part of the spikelet that bears the florets is called the rachilla.$^{:13}$

## In grasses

In Poaceae, the grass family, a spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or more florets.$^{:13}$ A floret consists of the flower surrounded by two bracts, one external (the lemma) and one internal (the palea). The perianth is reduced to two scales, called lodicules,$^{:11}$ that expand and contract to spread the lemma and palea; these are generally interpreted to be modified sepals.
The flowers are usually hermaphroditic — maize being an important exception — and mainly anemophilous or wind-pollinated, although insects occasionally play a role.

### Lemma

Lemma is a phytomorphological term referring to a part of the spikelet. It is the lowermost of two chaff-like bracts enclosing the grass floret. The lemma often bears a long bristle called an awn, and may be similar in form to the glumes, which are chaffy bracts at the base of each spikelet. It is usually interpreted as a bract but it has also been interpreted as one remnant (the abaxial) of the three members of outer perianth whorl (the palea may represent the other two members, having been joined together).
The lemmas' shape, their number of veins, whether they are awned or not, and the presence or absence of hairs are particularly important characters in grass taxonomy.

### Palea

Palea, in Poaceae, refers to one of the bract-like organs in the spikelet.
The palea is the uppermost of the two chaff-like bracts that enclose the grass floret (the other being the lemma). It is often cleft at the tip, implying that it may be a double structure derived from the union of two separate organs. This has led to suggestions that it may be what remains of the grass sepals (outer perianth whorl): specifically the two adaxial members of the three membered whorl typical of monocots. The third member may be absent or it may be represented by the lemma, according to different botanical interpretations.
The perianth interpretation of the palea is supported by the expression of MADS-box genes in this organ during development, as is the case in sepals of eudicot plants.

### Lodicule

A lodicule is the structure that consists of between one and three small scales at the base of the ovary in a grass flower that represent the corolla, believed to be a rudimentary perianth. The swelling of the lodicules forces apart the flower's bracts, exposing the flower's reproductive organs.
# La Haye-Malherbe

La Haye-Malherbe (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.
# Escola Estadual de Educação Básica Frei Casimiro Zaffonato

The Frei Casimiro Zaffonato State School of Basic Education is a public educational institution founded on August 24, 1968, located in the city of Ipê, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.

## History

Around 1964/1965, a meeting was held with the residents to discuss the city's most pressing needs. Two options were presented: the construction of a school or a hospital. After subsequent meetings, the decision was made to build a school to promote the community's development.
The school began its activities on March 1, 1969, originally under the name Ginásio Estadual de Vila Ipê. The initiative for its construction and founding is mainly attributed to Frei Casimiro Zaffonato, born Ernesto Zaffonato on August 12, 1912. Frei Casimiro took over the Ipê parish in 1964 and, besides his religious duties, dedicated himself to the construction of the school and a sports gymnasium, mobilizing the local community and negotiating with the state government.
The school grounds, covering 4,310 square meters, were acquired through community donations, and the construction saw significant community involvement, with local residents and merchants contributing materials and labor.

## Development and Expansion

Initially, the school offered only junior high school courses, but over the years, it expanded its facilities and curriculum. In 1970, the construction of a new wing with nine additional classrooms began. In 1974, the extension to high school was authorized in partnership with Colégio Estadual de Vacaria.

### The school underwent several name changes and administrative reorganizations

* In 1979, it became Escola Estadual de 1º Grau Dom Frei Cândido Bampi.
* In 1982, after the unification of junior high and high school, it was renamed Escola Estadual de 1º e 2º Graus Dom Frei Cândido Bampi.
* In 2000, in honor of its founder, it received its current name, Escola Estadual de Educação Básica Frei Casimiro Zaffonato.

## Infrastructure and Educational Philosophy

Today, the school boasts extensive infrastructure, including ten classrooms, a library, two computer labs, a science lab, and an auditorium with a capacity for 150 people. For sports activities, it has a covered gymnasium, an illuminated outdoor court, and restrooms. There is also a playground and a school garden.
The school serves over 500 students in the morning and afternoon shifts, offering nine years of elementary education and high school. In addition to being one of the oldest structures in the municipality, it is the only school in the city that provides high school education.

## Gallery

* Frei Casimiro school Today's.
* Frei Casimiro School 1980s
* Aerial photo of Frei Casimiro Zaffonato school 2000s
# Spilomyia sulphurea

Spilomyia sulphurea is a species of Hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Pamir Mountains.
# Spilomyia suzukii

Spilomyia suzukii is a species of Hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Japan.