OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Student pilot certificate

In the United States, a student pilot certificate is issued to a pilot in training, and is a prerequisite for the student to fly alone in the aircraft.
Prior to April 1, 2016, it could be issued by a medical doctor who is also an authorized aviation medical examiner (AME), in conjunction with the student's first medical certificate. Although the classification of the certificate does not matter, it is suggested that the student get a first-class certificate, as it helps in passing more complex tests in the future.
The student takes the application to their instructor, who then completes part of the application. All applications can be completed online through the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) on the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)'s online portal. The student will fill out the remaining portion. The completed application is then sent to the FAA. After the prospective airman has been vetted by the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), the student pilot certificate will be mailed to the student. A temporary certificate is available after the form has been approved (approximately seven days after submission). This temporary paper certificate is used during solo flying and until the plastic card is received in the mail.
Earning a student pilot certificate is an indication that a solo flight might be approaching even though getting one is necessary and does not always happen right before one.

## Requirements

Obtaining a student pilot certificate has two requirements:
* Be 16 years of age or older (14 years for gliders and balloons)
* Be English proficient (You can read, speak, and understand English)
Although there are minimum ages for licenses, there is no minimum age for when flight training can occur. In the aviation industry, all time should be logged; therefore if a prospective student goes flying at 12 years old with proper educational guidance, the prospective student should log the time.
Private pilot licenses generally require a minimum of 40 hours. Commercial licenses generally require a minimum of 250 hours. In order to be considered for an airline position, most airlines require at least 1500 hours of total flight time.
Student pilot certificates allow students to fly the plane by themselves, with the instructor's permission. The time logged flying under the student pilot certificate is PIC (or pilot in command time), meaning all responsibilities are on the student pilot.
There are limitations to this student pilot certificate. Students can only fly under visual flight rules (VFR). Additionally, their instructor remains responsible for furthering the student's knowledge of aviation. This means students are unable to rent a plane and pilot it as they wish. Lastly, they may not fly for compensation or hire as a student pilot.
# San Pedro Yólox

San Pedro Yólox is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. It is part of the Ixtlán District in the Sierra Norte region.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of .
# Small joint manipulation

Small joint manipulation, in grappling, refers to twisting, pulling or bending fingers, toes, wrists and ankles to cause joint locks in the various joints in those appendages.

## Technique

Most small joint manipulation is done on the hands or feet to hyperextend joints as part of a pain compliance strategy. The basic techniques of small-joint manipulation involve grabbing and bending back one or more fingers/toes and by applying pressure to the wrist/ankle joints that disrupt the interconnectivity of the system of smaller joints within. If pain compliance does not work, such hyperextension can tear tendons in the wrist or break the smaller bones in the hands and feet. The leverage needed for such joint manipulation is comparatively small and creates a distinct advantage over techniques in martial arts that require the exertion of large amounts of force, thus small joint manipulation can allow a weaker person, with the right training, to control a stronger one.
Small joint manipulation is an illegal technique in most combat sports that feature joint locking such as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, judo, mixed martial arts and Sambo, since unlike standard joint locks, there is less of an opportunity to submit before the small joint breaks. Most combat sports post-2015 have identified and limited definitions of small joint locks to finger and toe locks. Although, wrist locks are also severely limited in most of these sports because of rules forbidding grabbing handguards or hands, forbidding the use of pressure points, and the protections provided from the handguards and taping of the wrists. Small Joint Locks are, however, taught as a self-defense and pain compliance technique, for instance in hapkido, Chin Na, jujutsu, Krav Maga, and aikido,'.
# Legally Blonde (soundtrack)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Legally Blonde: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack album to the 2001 film Legally Blonde, starring Reese Witherspoon, Selma Blair, Luke Wilson and Victor Garber. It was released on July 13, 2001, by A&M Records.
The album was nominated for the Satellite Award for Best Original Score.

## Charts

| Chart (2001) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 171 |
| US Soundtrack Albums (Billboard) | 15 |
# Shuangqiao, Chengde

Shuangqiao District (simplified Chinese: 双桥区; traditional Chinese: 雙橋區; pinyin: Shuāngqiáo Qū; lit. 'double bridge') is a district of Chengde, Hebei, China.
Chengde Mountain Resort is located at this district.

## Administrative divisions

Shuangqiao District is divided into 7 subdistricts and 5 towns.
7 subdistricts are: Xidajie Subdistrict (西大街街道), Toudaopailou Subdistrict (头道牌楼街道), Panjiagou Subdistrict (潘家沟街道), Zhonghua Road Subdistrict (中华路街道), Xinhua Road Subdistrict (新华路街道), Shidongzigou Subdistrict (石洞子沟街道), Qiaodong Subdistrict (桥东街道).
5 towns are: Shuiquangou (水泉沟镇), Shizigou (狮子沟镇), Niuquanzigou (牛圈子沟镇), Dashimiao (大石庙镇), Shuangfengsi (双峰寺镇).
# Shuangpu station

Shuangpu (Chinese: 双浦) is the western terminus of Line 6 of the Hangzhou Metro in China. It was opened on 30 December 2020, together with the Line 6. It is located in the Xihu District of Hangzhou.

## Gallery

* Train at Shuangpu Station
* Station name in traditional Chinese calligraphy
* Exit E
* Exit C
# Shuangqiao, Chongqing

Shuangqiao District (simplified Chinese: 双桥区; traditional Chinese: 雙橋區; pinyin: Shuāngqiáo Qū) is a former district of Chongqing, China.
In October 2011, Shuangqiao was merged into Dazu County to form the new Dazu District.
# Shri C.N.P.F. Arts and D.N. Science College, Dabhoi

Shri C.N.P.F. Arts and D.N. Science College, Dabhoi, also known as Dabhoi Science College, established in 1958, is one of the oldest general degree colleges in Dabhoi, Vadodara, Gujarat. It was earlier affiliated to Gujarat University, Since 2015 it is affiliated with Shri Govind Guru University, Godhara and offers undergraduate and post graduate courses in science and arts.

## Majors

* Chemistry
* Physics
* Mathematics
* Botany
* English
* Gujarati
* Economics
* Sanskrit
* Philosophy
* Psychology

## Accreditation

Shri C.N.P.F. Arts and D.N. Science College, Dabhoi was accredited by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC).
# 2021 Struer municipal election

Since the 2007 municipal reform, no mayor had been re-elected in Struer Municipality, with Venstre holding office for 2007-2009 and 2014–2017, while the Social Democrats had held office for 2010-2013 and 2018–2021. Mads Jakobsen, who was mayor from 2014 to 2017, ran to return as mayor after losing the position as a result of the 2017 election.
In the election, Venstre would gain a seat while he Social Democrats lost a seat. A blue bloc majority by winning 12 of the 21 seats was clear. On 8 December 2021 it was confirmed that Mads Jacbonsen would return as mayor.

## Electoral system

For elections to Danish municipalities, a number varying from 9 to 31 are chosen to be elected to the municipal council. The seats are then allocated using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation. Struer Municipality had 21 seats in 2021
Unlike in Danish General Elections, in elections to municipal councils, electoral alliances are allowed.

## Electoral alliances

Source
Electoral Alliance 1
| Party | Political Position |
| Danish Social Liberal Party | Centre to Centre-left |
| Green Left | Centre-left to Left-wing |
Electoral Alliance 2
| Party | Political Position |
| The New Right | Right-wing |
| Danish People's Party | Right-wing |
Electoral Alliance 3
| Party | Political Position |
| Conservatives | Centre-right |
| Liberal Alliance | Centre-right to Right-wing |
| Venstre | Centre-right |

## Results

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats | +/– |
| Struer Municipality ||||||
| | Venstre | 4,852 | 40.43 | 9 | +1 |
| | Social Democrats | 3,788 | 31.56 | 7 | -1 |
| | Conservatives | 1,052 | 8.77 | 2 | +1 |
| | Green Left | 663 | 5.52 | 1 | -1 |
| | Danish Social Liberal Party | 592 | 4.93 | 1 | 0 |
| | The New Right | 442 | 3.68 | 1 | +1 |
| | Danish People's Party | 300 | 2.50 | 0 | -1 |
| | Liberal Alliance | 200 | 1.67 | 0 | 0 |
| | Fiskerlussing | 72 | 0.60 | 0 | New |
| | Freedom List | 41 | 0.34 | 0 | New |
| Total | Total | 12,002 | 100.00 | 21 | 0 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 12,002 | 98.50 | | |
| Invalid votes | Invalid votes | 64 | 0.53 | | |
| Blank votes | Blank votes | 119 | 0.98 | | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 12,185 | 100.00 | | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 16,856 | 72.29 | | |
| Source: KMD ||||||
# Shulaveri

Shulaveri may refer to
* Shaumiani, a town in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia
* Shulaveri-Shomu culture, a Late Neolithic/Eneolithic culture located in present-day Georgia, Azerbaijan and the Armenian Highlands
# Siege of Sainte-Suzanne

The siege of the castle at Saint-Suzanne took place in a four-year period from 1083 to 1086, when the forces of William the Conqueror attempted to quell a rebellion led by Hubert de Beaumont-au-Maine and his liege lords against the rule of William. This was the only castle in Normandy that William did not succeed in taking.
Hubert was moved to action by the cause of Fulk IV, Count of Anjou, and Hugh V, Count of Maine. He was supported by Robert of Nevers, Baron of Craon, son of Renauld I, Count of Nevers, and uncle of Hubert's wife Ermengarde de Nevers.
During the siege, William built a huge military camp known as Beugy on the outskirts of the town, taking advantage of Roman earthworks. William's garrison was under the command of Alan Rufus from 1083 to 1085.
William, Count of Évreux, participated in the siege and was taken captive in 1085. It is not clear under what terms he was released, but somewhat later he forfeited significant holdings.
Richer d'Aigle, son-in-law of Richard le Goz, Viscount of Avranches, died in the siege, mortally wounded by an arrow to the eye, and was buried at the monastery of Saint-Sulpice. Orderic Vitalis records that in January 1086, William de Warenne, 1st Earl of Surrey, wanting to avenge Richer's death, unsuccessfully attacked the castle. He was accompanied by Richer's brother Gilbert l'Aigle and Baudry II de Guitry. Robert de Vieux-Pont was also killed in the siege but it is unclear which side he supported.
With the siege faltering as the castle turned out to be exceptionally well-defended, Alan Rufus eventually turned over command to another Breton who was later killed. With many knights killed or captured, William eventually came to terms with the rebels, with Hubert being restored to favor.

## Sources

* Dunbabin, Jean, France in the Making, 843–1180, Second Edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005
* Forester, Thomas (Translator), Ordericus Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, Henry G. Bohn, London, 1854
* Jessee, W. Scott, Robert the Burgundian and the Counts of Anjou, ca. 1025–1098, Catholic University Press of America, 2000
* Keats-Rohan, K, Domesday People: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166, Boydell Press, Suffolk, 1999
# Sierra Nevada affair

The Sierra Nevada affair was a corruption scandal in Venezuela that revolved around the purchase of the Sierra Nevada ship during the first government of Carlos Andrés Pérez.

## Background

On 1 November 1979, an investigation began before a parliamentary commission presided over by the deputy of the Democratic Republican Union (URD) Ramón Tenorio Sifontes, along with deputies Anselmo Natale, Leonardo Ferrer, Pedro Tabata Guzmán and Miguel Bellorin Tineo. Previously, the Ethics Commission of the Democratic Action party had already sanctioned Carlos Andres Perez and two other officials administratively. The affair was important because it would determine the political future of Carlos Andrés and presented a real possibility that administrative corruption to be sanctioned, an issue overwhelmingly discussed by the public agenda.

## Complaints

The accusation was made by Leopoldo Díaz Bruzual [es], minister in the government of Luis Herrera Campins, which implicated a former Minister of Development of Pérez and the former president of the Corporación Venezolana de Fomento. The accusation revolved around the overpricing in the purchase of the Sierra Nevada ship, and it was intended to charge Carlos Andrés Pérez in this way.

## Congress trial

On 9 January 1980, the People's Electoral Movement (MEP) requested an investigation of the president's assets. A congressional commission, in turn, requested his impeachment for the moral, political and administrative responsibility he bore in the scandal. The debate ended up being decided in the National Congress in a vote on 8 May. The chambers determined that Carlos Andres had political responsibility, but not administrative or moral responsibility. Several independent deputies of Democratic Action, some votes of Movement to Socialism (MAS) and José Vicente Rangel obtained more votes than the deputies of Copei and MAS, and absolved Carlos Andrés Pérez from being administratively condemned by the Congress.
One of the possible reasons why many of the votes in favor of Pérez occurred was because the deputies did not want to support the efforts of Rafael Caldera or Rómulo Betancourt, who had distanced himself from Pérez over the issue of administrative corruption, to weaken Carlos Andrés politically. The result was the report known as the Tenorio Report.

### Voting results

Congress in its joint session of both chambers on 8 May 1980 gave as a result of the vote:
* Political responsibility: 132 votes against the president and 102 in favor (responsible)
* Administrative responsibility: 113 votes against the president and 115 votes in favor (acquitted)
* Moral responsibility: 111 votes against the president and 119 votes in favor (acquitted).
The Sierra Nevada affair was closed by the Prosecutor's Office on 13 June 1980.
# Lenovo Vibe K4 Note

Lenovo Vibe K4 Note is a midrange Android smartphone launched by Lenovo Group Limited in January 2016. The phone features a 5.5 inch FHD display powered by MediaTek MT6753 SoC processor. It comes with two storage variants of 16 and 32 GB with 2 GB of RAM, for A7010 model and 3 GB of RAM for A7010a48 model. It has a battery capacity rated at 3300mAh. The device supports Theater max technology with a VR headset. In south and east Asian markets the device was packaged with an AntVR headset for this purpose. Upon its release, it received positive feedbacks and reviews from all parts of the world. Lenovo also launched its successor, K5 Note immediately after K4 Note's launch.
# Siganus labyrinthodes

Siganus labyrinthodes, the labyrinth spinefoot, is a little known species of marine ray-finned fish, a rabbitfish belonging to the family Siganidae. It is found in the eastern Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean.

## Taxonomy

Siganus labyrinthodes was first formally described in 1853 as Teuthis javus by the Dutch physician and ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker with the type locality given as Jakarta, Java in Indonesia. The specific name labyrinthodes means “labyrinth like”,, Bleeker did not explain this but it may be a reference to the pattern of lines on the head and sides.

## Description

Siganus labyrinthodes has an oblong shaped, laterally compressed body, with a length that is around 2.5 times its depth. The caudal fin is emarginate. Like all rabbitfishes, the dorsal fin has 13 spines and 10 soft rays while the anal fin has 7 spines and 9 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 25 cm (9.8 in).The upper body is golden red with a paler lower body The head, back and flanks are marked with many slender blue lines which vary in form including ones which are undulating, reticulating, transverse and horizontal.

## Distribution and habitat

Siganus labyrinthodes has a relatively restricted known distribution in the western central Pacific. It has been recorded only from Java and the Moluccas in Indonesia, although it may be overlooked elsewhere. It is a coastal species which is associated with reefs at depths between 1 and 10 m (3 ft 3 in and 32 ft 10 in).

## Biology

Siganus labyrinthodes is thought likely to aggregate in schools although pairs have been recorded on coastal reefs in shallow waters. Its teeth suggest that this species is herbivorous. The fin spines are robust and contain venom glands.
# 2022 Pro Golf Tour

The 2022 Pro Golf Tour was the 26th season of the Pro Golf Tour (formerly the EPD Tour), a third-tier tour recognised by the European Tour.

## Schedule

The following table lists official events during the 2022 season.
| Date | Tournament | Host country | Purse (€) | Winner | OWGR points |
| 17 Mar | Dreamlands Pyramids Classic | Egypt | 30,000 | Alan de Bondt (1) | 4 |
| 22 Mar | NewGiza Pyramids Challenge | Egypt | 30,000 | Maximilian Herrmann (1) | 4 |
| 27 Mar | Allegria Open | Egypt | 30,000 | Victor Veyret (2) | 4 |
| 14 Apr | Red Sea Ain Sokhna Classic | Egypt | 30,000 | Jan Cafourek (2) | 4 |
| 19 Apr | Red Sea Egyptian Classic | Egypt | 30,000 | Yente van Doren (1) | 4 |
| 29 Apr | Haugschlag NÖ Open | Austria | 30,000 | Dario Antonisse (1) | 4 |
| 24 Jun | Gradi Polish Open | Poland | 30,000 | Michael Hirmer (3) | 4 |
| 30 Jun | Raiffeisen Pro Golf Tour St. Pölten | Austria | 30,000 | Jean Bekirian (2) | 4 |
| 12 Jul | Weihenstephan Open | Germany | 30,000 | Marc Hammer (2) | 4 |
| 10 Aug | Richter+Frenzel Open | Germany | 30,000 | Alexandre Liu (1) | 0.56 |
| 28 Aug | Altepro Trophy | Czech Republic | 30,000 | Jean Bekirian (3) | 0.57 |
| 3 Sep | FaberExposize Gelpenberg Open | Netherlands | 30,000 | Floris de Haas (1) | 0.59 |
| 28 Sep | Castanea Resort Championship | Germany | 50,000 | Jannik de Bruyn (1) | 0.41 |

## Order of Merit

The Order of Merit was based on tournament results during the season, calculated using a points-based system. The top five players on the Order of Merit earned status to play on the 2023 Challenge Tour.
| Position | Player | Points | Status earned |
| 1 | Michael Hirmer | 17,785 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 2 | Jean Bekirian | 17,563 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 3 | Alan de Bondt | 15,382 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 4 | Jannik de Bruyn | 14,095 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 5 | Yente van Doren | 12,554 | Promoted to Challenge Tour |
| 6 | Philipp Katich | 10,920 | |
| 7 | Victor Veyret | 10,800 | |
| 8 | Marc Hammer | 10,246 | Finished in Top 70 of Challenge Tour Rankings |
| 9 | Felix Schulz | 10,144 | |
| 10 | Dario Antonisse | 9,988 | |
# Sidi Hosni

Sidi Hosni is a town and commune in Tiaret Province in north-western Algeria.
# Leonard Merlyn Wickramasuriya

Brigadier Leonard "Lyn" Merlyn Wickramasuriya (26 March 1916 – 27 June 2002) was a Sri Lanka Army officer, he served as the Commandant, Army Training Centre and Diyatalawa Garrison Commander.
Born on 26 March 1916, Wickramasuriya was educated at Trinity College, Kandy. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Ceylon Garrison Artillery 1 April 1940. From 1941 to 1942, Captain Wickramasuriya served as Officer Commanding, the Ceylon Defence Force contingent deployed to the Cocos Islands and was succeeded by Captain George Gardiner. Under Captain Gardiner's command the CGA detachment mutinied in the Cocos Islands mutiny. With the end of the war, he was demobilized in 1946.
When the Ceylon Army was formed in October 1949, Wickramasuriya commissioned as a captain in it on 11 November 1949. Attached to the 1st Heavy Anti Aircraft Regiment, Ceylon Artillery; he was promoted to the rank of major on 1 June 1952. Promoted to lieutenant colonel on 1 October 1957, he was appointed commanding officer of the 1st Heavy Anti Aircraft Regiment based at the Rock House Army Camp. Following the 1962 coup d'état attempt the 1st Heavy Anti Aircraft Regiment was disbanded in disgrace on 25 April 1962 and its officers and men transferred to the 4th Field Regiment, Ceylon Artillery formed on 26 April 1962 with Colonel Wickramasuriya as its commanding officer until April 1964. On 1 May 1964, Colonel Wickramasuriya was appointed the first of the Commandant, Army Training Centre and Garrison Commander, Diyatalawa. His tenure saw the establishment of the Officer Cadet School in the Army Training Centre under Major Denis Perera to train officers locally with a curriculum based on that of Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst. He served as Commandant until his retirement on 31 December 1969. On 1 November 1999, he was promoted to the honorary rank of brigadier by the president of Sri Lanka. He died on 25 June 2002 and his military funeral was held on 27 June 2002.
# Sierra de la Demanda (comarca)

Sierra de la Demanda is a comarca located south-east of the province of Burgos in the autonomous community of Castile and León, Spain. It is bounded on the north-east by the Montes de Oca comarca, north-west by the Alfoz de Burgos, south-east by the province of Soria, south-west by the Ribera del Duero comarca, on the east by the province of La Rioja and west by the Arlanza comarca. It is named after the mountain sub-range of Sierra de la Demanda, the northwesternmost end of the Sistema Ibérico.

## Administrative entities

The comarca capital and biggest town is Salas de los Infantes.

### Municipalities

There are 39 municipalities. In parentheses is the number of minor local entities within each municipality.
| Arauzo de Miel Arauzo de Salce Arauzo de Torre Barbadillo de Herreros Barbadillo del Mercado Barbadillo del Pez Cabezón de la Sierra Canicosa de la Sierra Carazo Cascajares de la Sierra | Castrillo de la Reina Contreras Covarrubias Hacinas Hontoria del Pinar (2) Hortigüela Huerta de Arriba Huerta de Rey (3) Jurisdicción de Lara (3) Jaramillo de la Fuente | La Gallega La Revilla y Ahedo Mamolar Monasterio de la Sierra Moncalvillo Monterrubio de la Demanda Neila Palacios de la Sierra Pinilla de los Barruecos Pinilla de los Moros | Quintanar de la Sierra Rabanera del Pinar Regumiel de la Sierra Riocavado de la Sierra Salas de los Infantes (4) Valle de Valdelaguna (5) Villanueva de Carazo Vilviestre del Pinar Vizcaínos |
# Lepidophloeus

Lepidophloeus is a genus of beetles in the family Laemophloeidae, containing the following species:
* Lepidophloeus exquisitus Grouvelle
* Lepidophloeus minusculus Grouvelle