OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Journal of International Affairs

The Journal of International Affairs is a biannual academic journal covering foreign affairs. It is edited by graduate students at the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University. It was established in 1947 as a nonprofit organization. The editor-in-chief is Se Lin "Sharon" Joh.

## Editors-in-chief

The following persons are or have been editors-in-chief:
* Harrison Parker, 1947–1948
* John Lippmann, 1948–1949
* Richard Rowson, 1950–1951
* Richard Newman, 1951–1952
* Roger Ross, 1952–1953
* Albert Mark, 1953–1954
* Richard Cornell, 1954–1955
* Richard Palmer, 1955–1956
* John Kruse, 1956–1957
* R. Laurence Garufi, 1957–1958
* Richard Dodson, 1958–1959
* Aurelius Fernandez, 1959–1960
* Edward Greathead, 1960–1961
* Bruce Nelan, 1961–1962
* Everett Kelsey, 1962–4963
* Bernard Klem, 1963–1964
* Aaron Klieman, 1964–1965
* Robert Matthews, 1966–1967
* John Farrell, 1967–1968
* John Quitter, 1968–1969
* John Rounsaville, 1969–1970
* Paul Shapiro, 1970–1971
* David Sullivan, 1971–1972
* James Grant, 1972–1973
* Brian Connelly, 1973–1974
* Gregg Rubinstein, 1974–1975
* Marc Wall, 1975
* Mary-Ellen Pignatelli, 1975–1976
* Douglas Cardon, 1976
* Alan Buckley, 1976–1977
* Stephen Douglas, 1977–1978
* David Chaffetz, 1978–1979
* Lesley Rimmel, 1980–1981
* Martin Marris, 1981–1982
* Joshua Katz, 1982–1983
* Lauren Kelley, 1984
* Roger Baumann, 1985
* James Ryan, 1986
* Paul Walting, 1987
* William Rogers, 1988
* Martin Malin, 1989
* Julie Rasmussen, 1990
* Gregory White, 1991
* Matthew Tiedemann, 1992
* Melissa Sawin, 1992–1993
* Sonali Weerackody, 1993–1994
* M. Kathleen Tedesco, 1994–1995
* Michael Pedroni, 1996–1997
* Ana Cutter, 1997–1998
* S. Austin Merrill, 1999–2000
* Robert A. Schupp, 1999–2000
* Deirdre Brennan, 2000–2001
* Nancy van Itallie, 2001–2002
* Priscilla Ryan, 2002–2003
* Genevieve Sangudi, 2003–2004
* Hamilton Boardman, 2004–2005
* Moran Banai, 2005–2006
* Daniel Doktori, 2006–2007
* Saul Acosta Gomez, 2007–2008
* Eugene Sokoloff, 2008–2009
* Gerald Stang, 2009–2010
* Rikha Sharma Rani, 2010–2011
* Paul Fraioli, 2011–2012
* Jon Grosh, 2012–2013
* Andrew Zsoldos, 2013–2014
* Bryan Griffin, 2014–2015
* Eliza Keller, 2015–2016
* David Kampf, 2016–2017
* Zinnia Bukhari, 2017–2018
* Zachary Hanson, 2018–2019
* John Sakellariadis, 2019–2020
* Jiwon Ma, 2020–2021
* Samir Kumar, 2021
* Elizabeth Hudler, 2022–2023
* Patrick Fitz, 2023–2024
* Se Lin "Sharon" Joh, 2024–present
# Ferdinand IV of Limburg Stirum

Ferdinand IV August Carl Joseph Johannes Nepomuk Thaddeus, Count of Limburg-Stirum zu Illereichen, (24 September 1785-5 December 1800) was sovereign lord of the immediate lordship of Gemen.
He was born in 1785, the son of Count Johann of Limburg Stirum and his wife Baroness Maria Walpurga vom Stain zu Rechtenstein.
At the age of 13, when his grandfather Karl Josef of Limburg Stirum died, he inherited the immediate lordship of Gemen along with the associated seat on the Bench of Counts of Westphalia in the Imperial Diet. He also inherited the fortress of Simontornya in Hungary. With his death at the age of 15, the Gemen-branch of the House of Limburg Stirum became extinct. Historians assume that the Styrum-branch of the House of Limburg Stirum took over his seat in the Imperial Diet.
Gemen went to Reichsfreiherr Aloys von Boineburg-Bömelberg Zu Erolsheim. It was mediatized in 1806 to the princes of Salm-Kyrburg.
# Ferdinand II of Spain

Ferdinand II of Spain may refer to:
* Ferdinand II of Leon, (21 August 1157 – 22 January 1188)
* Ferdinand II of Aragon, (20 January 1479 – 23 January 1516), also King of Castile and Léon as Ferdinand V (15 January 1475 – 26 November 1504)
# Verderame

Verderame is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Lori Verderame (born 1965), American television personality and art appraiser
* Luigi Verderame (born 1950), Belgian singer
# Rewind (Australian TV series)

Rewind was an Australian television program that aired on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in 2004. Rewind was part of an initiative to make programs about Australian history and used several historians as presenters. Rewind aired 14 episodes in its first season, before its cancellation.
# Joy Franz

Joy Franz (born June 13, 1941 in Modesto, California) is an American actress and singer, best known for her stage work. She most recently appeared as the Dowager Empress in US National Tour of Anastasia. She also played Susan in the original 1972 West End production of Stephen Sondheim's Company, and the role of Cinderella's Stepmother in the original 1987 Broadway production of Sondheim's Into the Woods. (She also understudied the role of the Witch). She was also in the ensemble of the 1965 New York City Center production of Guys and Dolls and understudied the female lead Sarah Brown.
She reprised her role of Cinderella’s Stepmother in Into the Woods twice. First, in the 1988-90 US Tour, and then again in the 2002 Broadway revival. In the Broadway revival she also played Little Red’s Granny and understudied the role of Jack’s Mother.
She was one of the Street Singers in the world premiere of Leonard Bernstein's Mass at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on September 8, 1971. She currently portrays the role of the Mother in My Damn Channel's television series Horrible People.
# Very small business

A very small business (VSB), or micro-business, is a company that is at the lower end in size of companies that are considered small and medium enterprise.

## Characteristics

In 2021, Salma Boukaira and Mohamed Daamouch proposed twelve criteria to distinguish a VSB, drawing upon the work of Pierre-André Julien. All criteria, according to this model, must be met for a business to qualify as a VSB:
* Few employees: fewer than 20 for industry, fewer than 10 for the service sector
* Low business turnover, i.e., total sales
* A traditional rather than modern sector of activity
* Independent ownership, i.e., not controlled by a larger firm
* Informal rather than formal internal communication
* A local rather than international market
* An intuitive strategy focused on survival and limited risk-taking, as opposed to a high-risk, growth-oriented strategy
* Centralized decision-making
* Low division of labor
* High spatial proximity with its environment
* Traditional technology, with lower innovation
* Legal status: generally a cooperative, a limited liability company, a sole proprietorship with limited liability, or a sole proprietorship
VSBs are often more vulnerable to external and internal economic hazards. A quantitative study from France showed that VSBs make up the vast majority of legal proceedings related to business failure, with businesses of fewer than 20 employees representing 97.1% of legal failures according to one 2041 study.
VSBs can be full time businesses or side businesses. In addition to the criteria mentioned above, many very small business owners find that the available support services, products or promotions designed for small businesses are designed for businesses much larger than theirs. This is especially true when it comes to business valuation and selling a very small business. Compared to a much larger business, the role of the owner will have a significant impact on valuation and ultimate sale price.

## By region

The legal definition of what size companies are classified as VSBs varies by region, but the upper limit is usually considered to be 25–50 employees. Examples include:
* In the 1990s, the United States Small Business Administration defined a VSB as a business with no more than 15 employees, with average annual receipts that do not exceed $1 million.
* On May 6, 2003, the European Union defined a micro-business as a business with fewer than 10 employees, with a turnover or balance sheet total not exceeding 2 million euros. Some African countries also define micro-businesses similarly to the EU.
* In China, a VSB is considered a business with fewer than 8 employees.
# Vesta, Georgia

Vesta is an unincorporated community in Oglethorpe County, in the U.S. state of Georgia.

## History

A post office called Vesta was established in 1888, and remained in operation until 1904. The community was named after Vesta Johnson, the daughter of a local settler.
# Rhododendron arizelum

Rhododendron arizelum (夺目杜鹃) is a species of flowering plant in the family Ericaceae. It is native to northeastern Myanmar, southeastern Tibet, and western Yunnan, China, where it grows at altitudes of 2,500–4,000 m (8,200–13,100 ft). It is a shrub or small tree that typically grows to 3–7 m (9.8–23.0 ft) in height, with leathery leaves that are obovate or obovate-elliptic, and 9–19 × 4–8 cm in size. The flowers are white, pale yellow, or pink, with a crimson basal blotch.
# Vesterfjell

Vesterfjell may refer to:
* Vesterfjell, Troms, a village in Troms county, Norway
* Kristine Andersen Vesterfjell (1910–1987), a Norwegian Southern Sami reindeer herder Sami cultural advocate
# Vernek

Vernek (pronounced) is a settlement on the left bank of the Sava River in the Municipality of Litija in central Slovenia. The area is part of the traditional region of Upper Carniola and is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Central Sava Statistical Region.

## Name

Vernek was attested in historical sources as Werdenech in 1250, Guardenchae in 1261, sanndt Johanns in 1435, and Bernekch in 1437, among other spellings.

## History

Archaeological evidence shows that the area was settled in the Roman period, most likely as a river port connected to trade up and down the Sava.

## Church

The local church is dedicated to John the Baptist and belongs to the Parish of Hotič in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ljubljana. It was first mentioned in written documents dating to 1250, but the current building dates to the mid-18th century.
# List of mayors of Billings, Montana

This is a list of mayors of Billings, Montana.

## Pre-charter government

* John Tully (1884-1887)
* William P. Matheson (July 1885 – April 1887)
* James R. Gross (April 1887 – April 1888)
* E.B. Camp (April 1888 – May 1889)
* Fred Foster (May 1889 – April 1890)
* Dr. Joseph Rinehart (April 1890 – April 1891)
* George Griggs (April 1891 – April 1892)
* H.K. Fish (April 1892 – January 1893)
* John D. Losekamp (January 1893 – April 1893)
* Fred Foster (April 1893 – April 1894)
* George Griggs (April 1895 – May 1897)
* Dr. Henry H. Chapple (May 1897 – August 1898) (resigned)
* P.H. Smith (August 1898 – April 1899)
* Chris Yegen (April 1899 – May 1901)
* W.B. George (May 1901 – May 1903)
* Fred Foster (May 1903 – April 1909)
* H.J. Thompson (April 1909 – May 1911)
* Frank Woods (May 1911 – April 1912)
* Robert Leavens (April 1912 – April 1915)
* Dr. E.A. Gerhart (April 1915 – April 1917)
* W.M. Johnston (April 1917 – April 1919)
* W. Lee Mains (April 1919 – April 1921)
* William V. Beers (April 1921 – February 1925)
* Edwin Grafton (February 1925 – February 1927) (resigned)
* Arthur Trennery (February 1927 – April 1931)
* Fred Tilton (April 1931 – December 1933) (died in office)
* C.J. Williams (1933–1937)
* Charles T. Trott (1937–1943)
* Harry E. Biddinger (1943–1949)
* Thompson T. Rowe (1949–1953)
* Earle Knight (1953–1959)
* Carl J. Clavadetscher (1959–1962, resigned)
* Harold E. Gerke (1962–1963)
* Willard E. Fraser (1963–1969)
* Howard E. Hultgren (1969–1971)
* Willard E. Fraser (1971–1972, died in office)
* Joseph A. Leone (1972–1977)

## Charter government

* William B. Fox (1977–1984)
* James V. Arsdale (1984–1990)
* Richard L. Larson (1990–1996)
* Chuck F. Tooley (1996–2006)
* Ronald Tussing (2006–2010)
* Tom Hanel (2010–2018)
* Bill Cole (2018–present)
# Sir Arthur Pease, 1st Baronet

Sir Arthur Francis Pease, 1st Baronet, DL (11 March 1866 – 23 November 1927) was an English coal owner and public servant.
He was a member of the Quaker Pease family of Darlington, born in Hummersknott, a suburb of Darlington, the son of the coal owner and Member of Parliament Arthur Pease, and the brother of the politician Herbert Pike Pease, 1st Baron Daryngton. He was educated at Brighton College and Trinity College, Cambridge, and in 1888 joined the family firm, Pease & Partners Ltd, of which he later became chairman.
Pease eventually also became chairman of Middlesbrough Estate Ltd, North-Eastern Improved Dwellings Company, William Whitwell & Co, and the Durham & North Yorkshire Public House Trust, and a director of the North Eastern Railway Company/London and North Eastern Railway Company, Lloyds Bank, Horden Collieries Ltd, the Forth Bridge Railway Company, the National Benzole Company, and a number of others.
Pease was appointed a deputy lieutenant of County Durham in December 1906 and High Sheriff of Durham for 1920–21. He became prominent as a representative of the employers in negotiations with the Miners' Federation of Great Britain and favoured hard responses to worker militancy. He was a member of a number of government committees. He served as Additional Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1918 to 1919, and for this he was created a baronet in the 1920 Birthday Honours. He rented Middleton Lodge in North Yorkshire, where he lived until his death.
Pease died of a cerebral haemorrhage during a board meeting of Horden Collieries Ltd on 23 November 1927. On his death he was succeeded by his only son, Richard Arthur Pease. He also had three daughters, the youngest of whom, Elizabeth Frances, married Sir Frank O'Brien Wilson, a member of the Legislative Council of Kenya.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Pease, Arthur Francis (PS885AF)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge.
* ↑ "No. 27980". The London Gazette. 28 December 1906. p. 9148.
* ↑ "No. 31821". The London Gazette. 12 March 1920. p. 3178.
* ↑ "No. 31931". The London Gazette (Supplement). 4 June 1920. p. 6314.
# Cravate club

Cravate club is a 2002 French comedy film about two architects sharing an office. The film features a scene where the characters perform a choreographed sequence using their office chairs.
# Rossa, Piedmont

Rossa is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 90 kilometres (56 mi) northeast of Turin and about 60 kilometres (37 mi) northwest of Vercelli.
Rossa borders the following municipalities: Alto Sermenza, Balmuccia, Boccioleto, Cervatto, Cravagliana and Fobello.
# Françoise Robertson

Françoise Robertson is a Canadian actress, known to US audiences for her portrayal of D'orothea Wilson in the TV miniseries More Tales of the City (1998) and its follow-up Further Tales of the City (2001). These miniseries were sequels to Tales of the City (1994), which starred Cynda Williams in the role of D'orothea.
She appeared as the main character of the third story in the 1997 TV movie Twists of Terror.
She was born in London, England.
Her career has spanned two decades, with appearances in Sliders, Stargate SG-1, The Minion, V, and Supergirl, and the films We All Fall Down and Jesus of Montreal.
# Ternary cubic

In mathematics, a ternary cubic form is a homogeneous degree 3 polynomial in three variables.

## Invariant theory

The ternary cubic is one of the few cases of a form of degree greater than 2 in more than 2 variables whose ring of invariants was calculated explicitly in the 19th century.

### The ring of invariants

The algebra of invariants of a ternary cubic under SL$_3$(C) is a polynomial algebra generated by two invariants S and T of degrees 4 and 6, called Aronhold invariants. The invariants are rather complicated when written as polynomials in the coefficients of the ternary cubic, and are given explicitly in (Sturmfels 1993, 4.4.7, 4.5.3)

### The ring of covariants

The ring of covariants is given as follows. (Dolgachev 2012, 3.4.3)
The identity covariant U of a ternary cubic has degree 1 and order 3.
The Hessian H is a covariant of ternary cubics of degree 3 and order 3.
There is a covariant G of ternary cubics of degree 8 and order 6 that vanishes on points x lying on the Salmon conic of the polar of x with respect to the curve and its Hessian curve.
The Brioschi covariant J is the Jacobian of U, G, and H of degree 12, order 9.
The algebra of covariants of a ternary cubic is generated over the ring of invariants by U, G, H, and J, with a relation that the square of J is a polynomial in the other generators.

### The ring of contravariants

(Dolgachev 2012, 3.4.3)
The Clebsch transfer of the discriminant of a binary cubic is a contravariant F of ternary cubics of degree 4 and class 6, giving the dual cubic of a cubic curve.
The Cayleyan P of a ternary cubic is a contravariant of degree 3 and class 3.
The quippian Q of a ternary cubic is a contravariant of degree 5 and class 3.
The Hermite contravariant Π is another contravariant of ternary cubics of degree 12 and class 9.
The ring of contravariants is generated over the ring of invariants by F, P, Q, and Π, with a relation that Π$^2$ is a polynomial in the other generators.

### The ring of concomitants

Gordan (1869) and Cayley (1881) described the ring of concomitants, giving 34 generators.
The Clebsch transfer of the Hessian of a binary cubic is a concomitant of degree 2, order 2, and class 2.
The Clebsch transfer of the Jacobian of the identity covariant and the Hessian of a binary cubic is a concomitant of ternary cubics of degree 3, class 3, and order 3
# Spielplatz

Spielplatz (German for playground) is the longest-operating naturist resort in United Kingdom, and consists of 12 acres (4.9 ha) located in the village of Bricket Wood, in the English county of Hertfordshire. As of 2021, the resort consists of 65 houses.

## History

Spielplatz was founded in 1929 by Charles Macaskie and his wife Dorothy. They moved from London into a tent on an area of virgin woodland they purchased near Bricket Wood. They called their utopian camp the Green Monastery and a Play Place (Spielplatz).
They were joined by other couples and individuals on weekends. Among their visitors until 1947 was Ross Nichols, founder of the Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids. In turn he attracted both fellow Druids and Gerald Gardner, who later established his first coven at Bricket Wood in his development of Wicca as a modern religion.
It was at Spielplatz that Ross Nichols first met Gerald Gardner. Spielplatz has featured in TV and films such as Naked as Nature Intended (1961) starring club member Pamela Green, Nudist Memories (1959) and Confetti (2006).
In 1956, The Naturist Ltd. published Nudist Life at Spielplatz, "The Story of a Modern Experiment in the Art of Living" by Charles Sennet, with a supplement of photographs by Stephen Glass.
In 1957 the documentary series Out of Step on ITV, the investigative reporter Dan Farson visited Spielplatz Naturist Club in Bricket Wood and interviewed Charles Macaskie, Mrs. Macaskie, and their daughter Iseult. It is claimed the programme was the first showing of a naked woman on British television.
# Forest Springs, Queensland

Forest Springs is a rural locality in the Southern Downs Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Forest Springs had a population of 104 people.

## Geography

The north-east of the locality is mountainous, rising to Mount Tickle, a peak of 717 metres (2,352 ft), and is undeveloped. The rest of the locality is flatter land and is used for farming.
The New England Highway is the western boundary of the locality.

## History

Upper Forest Springs Provisional School opened on 15 February 1898. On 1 January 1909 it became Upper Forest Springs State School. It closed on 30 June 1961. The school was on the corner of Forest Springs Road and The Springs Road (27°59′05″S 152°05′02″E﻿ / ﻿27.9846°S 152.0838°E﻿ / -27.9846; 152.0838﻿ (Upper Forest Springs State School (former))), now in Spring Creek.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Forest Springs had a population of 69 people.
In the 2021 census, Forest Springs had a population of 104 people.

## Education

There are no schools in Forest Springs. The nearest primary school is Allora State School in neighbouring Allora to the south-west. The nearest secondary schools are Allora State School (only to Year 10 only) and Clifton State High School (to Year 12) in Clifton to the north-west.
# 1130 in Ireland

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events from the year 1130 in Ireland.

## Incumbents

* High King: Toirdelbach Ua Conchobair

## Births

* Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke (a.k.a. Strongbow), who led the Norman invasion of Ireland (died 1176).

## Deaths

vteYears in Ireland (1101–present) :
# John Lansing

John Lansing may refer to:
* John Lansing Jr. (1754–1829), founding father of the United States, attorney, politician andjurist
* John Lansing (journalist) (1957–2024), American journalist and media executive
# Ramniklal Solanki

Ramniklal Chhanganlal Solanki CBE (1931 – 1 March 2020) was an Indian-British journalist and newspaper editor. He moved to the United Kingdom in 1964.

## Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions

* Awarded OBE "For services to Publishing and to the Asian Community." New Year's Honours, 31 December 1998
* Awarded CBE "For services to Publishing and to Community Relations." New Year Honours, 30 December 2006
# 1945–46 Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons season

The 1945–46 Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons season was the fifth season of the franchise in the National Basketball League. The team was looking to return to the finals for a fifth consecutive year and win their third straight title. The team once again claimed the best regular season record by winning 26 games and Bobby McDermott was awarded his fourth and last NBL MVP Award. Both Buddy Jeannette and Robert McDermott were named to the All-NBL first team. Going into the playoffs the Pistons met the Rochester Royals in the first round but were upset in four games making it the first season in team history where they failed to reach the finals. This season marked the end of the Pistons NBL dominance as both McDermott and Jeannette left the franchise within the next year.

## Roster

| Rank | Player | Position |
| 1 | Robert McDermott | G |
| 2 | Ed Sadowski | C |
| 3 | Buddy Jeannette | G |
| 4 | Jake Pelkington | C-F |
| 5 | Chick Reiser | G-F |
| 6 | Gerard Bush | F-C |
| 7 | Charley Shipp | G-F |
| 8 | Robert Synnott | F-C |
| 9 | Bob Kinney | C-F |
| 10 | Bob Tough | G-F |
| 11 | Herm Schaefer | G-F |
| 12 | Wilfred Doerner | F |
| 13 | Curly Armstrong | G-F |

## League standings
### Eastern Division

| Pos. | Eastern Division | Wins | Losses | Win % |
| 1 | Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons | 26 | 8 | .765 |
| 2 | Rochester Royals | 24 | 10 | .706 |
| 3 | Youngstown Bears | 13 | 20 | .394 |
| 4 | Cleveland Allmen Transfers | 4 | 29 | .121 |

### Western Division

| Pos. | Western Division | Wins | Losses | Win % |
| 1 | Sheboygan Red Skins | 21 | 13 | .618 |
| 2 | Oshkosh All-Stars | 19 | 15 | .559 |
| 3 | Chicago American Gears | 17 | 17 | .500 |
| 4 | Indianapolis Kautskys | 10 | 22 | .313 |

## Awards and honors

* Robert McDermott won the NBL MVP award for the fourth straight season.