OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cotton production in Ethiopia

Cotton is grown throughout Ethiopia at elevations above 1000 meters and below 1400 meters. Because most of the lowlands lack adequate rainfall, cotton cultivation depends largely on irrigation.

## History

Cotton production has long been underway in Ethiopia. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. The Tendaho Cotton Plantation in the lower Awash Valley was one of Ethiopia's largest cotton plantations. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch.
In 1867 it was reported that there were plans to construct a 362-kilometre (225-mile) road from the Ethiopian cotton fields to the Red Sea to trade with Egypt and Turkey. Since the revolution, most commercial cotton has been grown on irrigated state farms, mostly in the Awash Valley area. Production jumped from 43,500 tons in 1974/75 to 74,900 tons in 1984/85. Similarly, the area of cultivation increased from 22,600 hectares in 1974/75 to 33,900 hectares in 1984/85.
Given its excellent growing conditions, abundance of raw materials and availability of land, Ethiopia has the potential to become a major global cotton producer but the cotton industry in Ethiopia as of 2011 is far behind that of the coffee industry and cereal production. There are however, significant obstacles to the development of the industry in Ethiopia due to a distinct lack of administrative bodies to monitor and certify agricultural practices in the country and to process cotton in factories on a wide-scale commercial level. However, the development of the textile industry is a priority of the Ethiopian government in their economic growth strategy and in 2006 implemented an important privatization initiative to attract foreign and private enterprises to develop the sector. Despite its lack of governance, the Ethiopian cotton industry is self-sufficient and as of 2002 provides some 50,000 tons annually to the textile industry of Ethiopia.
# Stubber

The Great or Große Stubber is a stony sandbank that dries out at low water located in the eastern part of the German Baltic Sea lagoon known as the Greifswalder Bodden or Bay of Greifswald. The name Stubber goes back to the Slavic: Stopin for "step".

## History

In the Middle Ages the Stubber was an island that became steadily smaller as a result of tree-felling and the excavation of stones. In 1678 the Stubber Bank acted as an assembly area for the entire naval force gathered for the invasion of Rügen which ended with the successful capture of Swedish-ruled island of Rügen by the Allies, Brandenburg-Prussia and Denmark.
In the 19th century, gravel was extracted for the construction of roads in Greifswald. The island first became awash in the first half of the 20th century. The large glacial erratics that remain to this day are a hazard for sports boats. The Stubber is marked with a shallow water buoy.
Since 2004, the Großer Stubber has been used by the Baltic grey seal (H. g. balticus) as a resting area, after this species had completely died out on the German Baltic Sea coast in 1930. From 2006 increasing numbers of seals, from 7 to 25, were counted on the Großer Stubber all year round.
Since 2006 the Round the Stubber (Rund Stubber) regatta has been held annually in mid-August.
# Stubbes

Stubbes is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* John Stubbes, 15th-century British Anglican archdeacon
* Katherine Stubbes, 16th-century English woman and subject of the biography A Chrystall Glasse for Christian Women
# Cortinarius puniceus

Cortinarius puniceus is a species of fungus in the genus Cortinarius. It is closely related to Cortinarius sanguineus, which grows under conifers.
# Straumfjordvatnet

Straumfjordvatnet is a lake in Steigen Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. The 3.72-square-kilometre (1.44 sq mi) lake lies about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) east of the village of Bogen.
# Core Evidence

Core Evidence is a peer-reviewed healthcare journal covering research on drug development. The journal was established in 2005 and is published by Dove Medical Press.
# Louis-Bonaventure Caron

Louis-Bonaventure Caron (November 16, 1828 – May 28, 1915) was a lawyer, judge and political figure in Quebec. He represented L'Islet in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from 1863 to 1866.
He was born in L'Islet, Quebec, the son of Bonaventure Caron and Rosalie Martineau, and was educated at the Sainte-Anne-de-la-Pocatière College, the Séminaire de Nicolet and the Séminaire de Saint-Hyacinthe. Caron was admitted to the bar in 1855. Caron was elected in L'Islet in 1858 but his election was overturned in June that same year; he ran unsuccessfully in 1861. He opposed Confederation. Caron was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Canadian House of Commons in 1867 and 1869. In 1866, he married Angélique-Élisabeth-Hermine Pacaud, the daughter of Édouard-Louis Pacaud. In 1874, he was named to the Quebec Superior Court for the Gaspé district and then to the Quebec district three years later. He retired from the bench in 1903. Caron died in L'Islet at the age of 86.

## Electoral record

vte1867 Canadian federal election: L'Islet :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Elected |
| | Conservative | Barthélemy Pouliot | 464 | Y |
| | Unknown | Louis-Bonaventure Caron | 40 | |
| Source: Canadian Elections Database |||||||
By-election: On Mr. Pouliot being unseated on petition
By-election on 14 July 1869 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes |
| | Conservative | Barthélemy Pouliot | 697 |
| | Unknown | Louis-Bonaventure Caron | 460 |
# Pádraig O'Hora

Padraig O'Hora is a Gaelic footballer who plays for Ballina Stephenites and at senior level for the Mayo county team.
# Louis-Jacques Casault

Louis-Jacques Casault (17 July 1808 – 5 May 1862) was a Canadian priest, academic, superior of the Séminaire de Québec, and rector of Université Laval.
Born in Saint-Thomas-de-Montmagny, Lower Canada, the son of Louis Casault and Françoise Blais, Casault studied at the Petit Séminaire de Québec before being ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1831. In 1834, he started teaching at the Séminaire de Québec. He was assigned to teach physics which he taught until 1854. In 1851, he was appointed superior of the Séminaire de Québec. Casault helped to form the Université Laval and was its first rector from 1852 to 1860. He was succeeded by Elzéar-Alexandre Taschereau.
# Louise Seguin

Louise Seguin (also known as Marie-Louise Seguin) was one of the first women to travel to the Antarctic region. Beginning at the age of around 14-16 (accounts vary), she disguised herself as a boy in order to travel on the 1772–1773 voyage of Yves-Joseph de Kerguelen. It has been suggested that she and Kerguelen were lovers, or that she was his mistress. During the voyage she was often referred to by the nickname Louison. She explored the Kerguelen Islands with the crew of the Roland, and later her presence was used to discredit Kerguelen.
Eventually, it was discovered that Louise was a woman, and the situation was said to have contributed to his 1776 court-martial.
# Louise Amoore

Louise Jane Amoore, FBA (born 1972) is a British geographer and academic, who specialises in geopolitics, biometrics, state security and the ethics of machine learning. She is Professor of Political Geography at Durham University. From 2017 to 2023, she was a member of the Biometrics and Forensics Ethics Group (BFEG), a non-departmental advisory body which is the "only formally accountable ethics committee" within the UK Government's Home Office.
In 1998, she graduated with a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree from Newcastle University for a doctoral thesis titled "The social roots of global change: states, firms and the restructuring of work".
In July 2023, Amoore was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), the United Kingdom's national academy for the humanities and social sciences.

## Selected works

* Amoore, Louise (2002). Globalization contested: an international political economy of work. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719060960.
* Amoore, Louise, ed. (2005). The global resistance reader. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415335843.
* Amoore, Louise (March 2006). "Biometric borders: Governing mobilities in the war on terror". Political Geography. 25 (3): 336–351. doi:10.1016/j.polgeo.2006.02.001.
* Amoore, Louise; de Goede, Marieke, eds. (2008). Risk and the war on terror. London New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-0415443241.
* Amoore, Louise (November 2011). "Data Derivatives: On the Emergence of a Security Risk Calculus for Our Times". Theory, Culture & Society. 28 (6): 24–43. doi:10.1177/0263276411417430.
* Amoore, Louise (2013). The politics of possibility: risk and security beyond probability. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822355458.
* Amoore, Louise (2020). Cloud ethics: algorithms and the attributes of ourselves and others. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. ISBN 978-1478007784.
# Lower Vaal Water Management Area

Lower Vaal WMA, or Lower Vaal Water Management Area (coded: 10), includes the following major rivers: the Harts River, Molopo River and Vaal River, and covers the following Dams:
* Spitskop Dam Harts River
* Vaalharts Storage Weir Vaal River

## Boundaries

Tertiary drainage regions C31 to C33, C91, C92 (excluding quaternary catchment C92C), D41 (excluding quaternary catchment D41A), and quaternary catchments D73A and portions of D42C, D42D, D73B, D73C, D73D and D73E. The western boundary of this area runs from the confluence of the Kuruman River with the Molopo River along the watershed between quaternary catchments D42C and D42D until it meets the boundary of the Kalahari East Water Board. The Water Management Area boundary then follows this Water Board boundary to a point, west of the Langberge, 19 kilometres west of Beeshoek, near Postmasburg. The Water Management Area boundary then runs South East to meet the watershed between quaternary catchments D73A and D73B. The boundary then follows this watershed, and that between D73A and D71B, until it meets the watershed of tertiary catchment C92.
# Quaker Agriculture missions to the Miami

In 1802, during a trip to Washington, DC, Miami Chief Little Turtle extended an invitation to the Baltimore area Quakers to visit Fort Wayne and teach the Miami about white civilization and European cultivation methods. The Quakers sent farm implements in 1803. Little Turtle, by way of William Wells, sent a letter thanking them for the tools, but expressed uncertainty of how they should be used.
The Quakers sent two missionaries, a farmer, and a blacksmith, who arrived in Spring of 1804. Missionaries Gerard T. Hopkins and George Ellicott remained two weeks to see to the establishment of Philip Dennis, a Baltimore area farmer who would remain through Autumn to demonstrate the farming methods used by Americans on the East Coast. Their reception was small, as Little Turtle explained, because many were busy making seasonal maple sugar. However, they received a guided tour of the Miami territory, including the site of Harmar's Defeat and the migration of lake sturgeon up the Maumee River.
The Miami tribes set Dennis in a solitary area, near the present-day border of Wabash and Huntington counties in Indiana. At the time, it was closest to Little Turtle's village, but not near any towns. Dennis established his farm on what is today known as Dennis' Creek, a tributary of the Wabash River.
Members of the Miami, Potowatami, and Wea tribes all visited to watch Dennis farm during the Summer, but only one or two men showed enough interest to help Dennis establish the farm. After harvesting the crops and storing them for the Winter for his hosts, Dennis returned to his family in Baltimore, and later died on his farm in Montgomery County, Maryland. His report indicated that he had successful crops, and that the land was very fertile.
Despite the interest in his farming methods, the Miami did not adopt them. Anecdotal stories from the report to the Baltimore Friends indicate that the Miami already farmed adequately and were very apt hunters; they may have simply found their hunting methods more efficient than the Quaker farm.
The location of Dennis' farm became known as Dennis' Station or Little Turtle's Farm School, and it became a central location for the "civilization project." Government money was allocated towards the project, but William Wells argued that nothing permanent could be achieved unless someone could be appointed as manager.
Unfortunately, when Quakers William and Mahlon Kirk arrived in 1806, they got along poorly with the Miami leadership, and the project fell apart. William Kirk transferred his mission to the Shawnee at Wapakoneta, Ohio. William Wells was especially critical of Kirk, and accused him of lying to the Quakers and embezzling government funds. The government instead decided that Wells had interfered with Kirk's mission, which harmed US-Miami relations.
# Quan Huijie

Empress Quan (244 – c.early 300s), also known as Quan Huijie, was an empress of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. She was married to Sun Liang, the second emperor of Wu.

## Life

Lady Quan was a daughter of Quan Shang (全尚). Her mother was a daughter of Sun Gong, the grandson of Sun Jing. Her relative Quan Cong married Sun Luban, a daughter of Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan. When she was young, she looked pretty and was favoured by Sun Luban. Every time Sun Luban entered the palace, she took Lady Quan to visit her father. When a succession struggle between Sun Quan's sons Sun He and Sun Ba was ongoing, Sun Luban, who had a feud with Sun He's mother, urged her father to arrange a marriage between Lady Quan and Sun Liang (another of Sun Quan's sons born to Lady Pan) because Sun Liang and his mother were becoming increasingly favoured by Sun Quan. Around 250, the succession struggle between Sun He and Sun Ba concluded when Sun Quan deposed Sun He from his position as crown prince and forced Sun Ba to commit suicide. Sun Liang was designated as the new heir apparent to the Wu throne.
In May 252, Sun Liang ascended the throne upon the death of his father. On 16 February 253, he instated Lady Quan as the empress. Following that, Empress Quan's family and relatives rose to power as six members of the Quan clan (including Quan Shang) were enfeoffed as marquises and assumed high offices in the Wu government and military forces. This was regarded as a phenomenon because since the founding of Wu in 229, there had never been a case of the consort kin (relatives of the emperor's wives) playing prominent roles in the Wu political scene. In 257, when Zhuge Dan (a general from Wu's rival state Cao Wei) started a rebellion in the Wei-controlled Shouchun (壽春; around present-day Shou County, Anhui), he requested help from Wu so Sun Liang ordered the Quans to lead troops to Shouchun to assist Zhuge Dan. However, the rebellion was suppressed by Wei forces and Zhuge Dan was killed, while four of the Quans surrendered and defected to Wei, thereafter the Quans' influence in Wu weakened drastically.
In November 258, Sun Liang was deposed from the throne by Sun Chen, a distant relative of the Wu imperial family who rose to power in the 250s and became the regent of Wu. Sun Liang became known as the "Prince of Kuaiji" after his dethronement while Empress Quan also lost her place as the empress. In 260, Sun Liang's elder half-brother and successor, Sun Xiu (who eliminated Sun Chen after ascending the throne in 258) further demoted Sun Liang to "Marquis of Houguan" and sent Sun Liang to his marquisate in Houguan County (around present-day Fuzhou, Fujian). Lady Quan accompanied Sun Liang to Houguan County and settled there. She returned to the Wu capital Jianye (建業; present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu) after Wu was vanquished in 280 by forces of the Jin dynasty. She died sometime in the Yongning era (301–303) of the reign of Emperor Hui of Jin.
# Symbols of Saskatchewan

Saskatchewan is one of Canada's provinces, and has established several provincial symbols.

## Symbols

| | Symbol | Image | Adopted | Remarks |
| Coat of arms | Coat of arms of Saskatchewan | | September 16, 1986 | Granted by royal proclamation of Queen Elizabeth II. |
| Shield of arms | Shield of Saskatchewan | Shield of Arms of Saskatchewan | August 25, 1906 | Shield of arms granted by the Royal Warrant of King Edward VII. |
| Provincial symbol | Saskatchewan's Wheat Sheaf | | 1977 | Used to identify government programs and organizations. |
| Flag | Flag of Saskatchewan | Flag of Saskatchewan | 1969 | Green for northern forests, gold for southern grain fields. |
| The Great Seal | The Great Seal of Saskatchewan | | May 7, 1991 | First Great Seal of Saskatchewan granted by royal warrant of King Edward VII on August 25, 1906, The Great Seal of Saskatchewan of 1991 was authorized by an Order-in-Council. |
| Flower | Western red lily Lilium philadelphicum var. andinum | Flower: Western red lily | 1941 | It is a protected species. |
| Bird | Sharp-tailed Grouse Pedioectes phasianellus jamesi | Bird: Sharp-tailed Grouse | 1945 | The Sharp-tailed Grouse lives year-round in Saskatchewan. |
| Tree | Paper Birch Betula papyrifera | Tree: Paper Birch | 1988 | Used as firewood, for plywood, and for construction of canoes. |
| Mineral | Potash | Mineral: Potash | February 1996 | Was given official status by amendments to The Provincial Emblems and Honours Act in May 1997. |
| Animal | White-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus | Animal: White-tailed Deer | 2001 | First appeared on Saskatchewan's coat of arms in 1986. |
| Grass | Needle-and-thread grass Hesperostipa comata | Grass: Needle-and-thread grass | 2001 | It was selected by a coalition of environmental, wildlife and agricultural organizations. |
| Fruit | Saskatoon Berry Amelanchier alnifolia | Fruit: Saskatoon berry | 2005 | |
| Fish | Walleye Sander vitreus | Fish: Walleye | 2005 | |
| Flag | Fransaskois Flag | Fransaskois Flag | 2005 | The gold color represents the wheat fields of Saskatchewan, the cross is for the Catholic Church in Fransaskois, and the green color is for northern forests. The red fleur de lis symbolizes "la Francophonie". |
| Sport | Curling | Curling rock | 2001 | A well known sport in Saskatchewan since the 1880s. |
| Tartan | District Tartan | The provincial tartan | 1961 | The provincial tartan was registered with the Court of Lord Lyon King of Arms in Scotland. |
| Tartan | Dress Tartan | | 1997 | Saskatchewan dress tartan was introduced for competitive highland dancers on the occasion of the Canadian Interprovincial Highland Dancing Championships. The original provincial tartan, with the off-white line becoming the background colour of the dress version. |
# Love & Consequences

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Love & Consequences is the third studio album by the American R&B singer Gerald Levert. It was released on July 21, 1998, on East West Records. In addition to his longtime collaborator, Edwin "Tony" Nicholas, Levert worked with more writers and producers including R. Kelly, Joe Little III of The Rude Boys (whom Levert discovered) and Darrell "Delite" Allamby. A commercial success, it peaked at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 and at number two on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, while receiving a platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^^$ |
| $^^$ Shipments figures based on certification alone. |||
# Synaptic transistor

A synaptic transistor is an electrical device that can learn in ways similar to a neural synapse. It optimizes its own properties for the functions it has carried out in the past. The device mimics the behavior of the property of neurons called spike-timing-dependent plasticity, or STDP.

## Structure

Its structure is similar to that of a field effect transistor, where an ionic liquid takes the place of the gate insulating layer between the gate electrode and the conducting channel. That channel is composed of samarium nickelate (SmNiO $_3$, or SNO) rather than the field effect transistor's doped silicon.

## Function

A synaptic transistor has a traditional immediate response whose amount of current that passes between the source and drain contacts varies with voltage applied to the gate electrode. It also produces a much slower learned response such that the conductivity of the SNO layer varies in response to the transistor's STDP history, essentially by shuttling oxygen ions between the SNO and the ionic liquid.
The analog of strengthening a synapse is to increase the SNO's conductivity, which essentially increases gain. Similarly, weakening a synapse is analogous to decreasing the SNO's conductivity, lowering the gain.
The input and output of the synaptic transistor are continuous analog values, rather than digital on-off signals. While the physical structure of the device has the potential to learn from history, it contains no way to bias the transistor to control the memory effect. An external supervisory circuit converts the time delay between input and output into a voltage applied to the ionic liquid that either drives ions into the SNO or removes them.
A network of such devices can learn particular responses to "sensory inputs", with those responses being learned through experience rather than explicitly programmed.
# Pyrenean Shepherd Offering Salt to his Sheep

Pyrenean Shepherd Offering Salt to his Sheep is an oil-on-canvas painting by French artist Rosa Bonheur, executed in 1864. It his held at the Musée Condé, in Chantilly. The painting was commissioned by Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale.

## History

Rosa Bonheur enjoyed great success at the Salon of 1853 with her painting The Horse Market, then at the Universal Exhibition of 1855 with La Fenaison en Auvergne. Henri d'Orléans, then in exile in England, continued to follow artistic trends in France and commissioned a painting from the artist for his wife Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. For this, he went through the Countess of Ségur. The Duke receives the finished work on June 5, 1864, in larger than expected dimensions. The painting appealed to the Duke and Duchess so much that he decided to pay double the agreed price, the sum of 10,000 francs instead of 5,000.
The painting moved back to France when the Duke returned from exile in 1871, and was installed in the painting gallery of his Château de Chantilly, where it still hangs. The duke and the artist had the opportunity to meet afterwards during a dinner organized at the castle on April 22, 1894.
Rosa Bonheur traveled to the Pyrenees several times. She brought back many drawings from her excursions. The sheep represented in this painting are characteristic of the Basque-Béarnaise breed.
# Swinging Sounds

Swinging Sounds is a jazz album by drummer Shelly Manne's group Shelly Manne & His Men, recorded in 1956 and released on the Contemporary label. Early releases of the album were labelled Vol 4, indicating it was the fourth volume of recordings released by the group.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Disc | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
In an AllMusic review by Scott Yanow, it is stated: "This early edition of Shelly Manne & His Men is a well-integrated unit".

## Track listing

* "The Dart Game" (Charlie Mariano) - 3:09
* "Bea's Flat" (Russ Freeman) - 4:38
* "Pathenia" (Shelly Manne) - 4:41
* "Un Poco Loco" (Bud Powell) - 9:01
* "Bernie's Tune" (Bernie Miller) - 4:27
* "Doxy" (Sonny Rollins) - 6:41
* "Slan" (Mariano) - 4:51
* "A Gem from Tiffany" (Bill Holman) - 3:04

## Personnel
### Shelly Manne & His Men

* Shelly Manne - drums
* Stu Williamson - trumpet, valve trombone
* Charlie Mariano - alto saxophone
* Russ Freeman - piano
* Leroy Vinnegar - bass