OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Church of St Michael and All Angels, Bawdrip

The Anglican Church of St Michael and All Angels in Bawdrip, Somerset, England was built in the late 13th or early 14th century. It is a Grade II* listed building.

## History

The church was built in the late 13th to early 14th century, on the site of an early church which had belonged to Athelney Abbey.
It underwent Victorian restoration in 1866.
The parish is part of the benefice of Woolavington with Cossington and Bawdrip which is part of the Diocese of Bath and Wells.

## Architecture

The Blue Lias church consists of a two-bay nave, two-bay chancel, and north and south transepts. The crossing tower has gargoyles and a parapet. Within the tower are four bells. Two of these are believed to be from 1448 and the others from 1671 and 1745.
In the church is a 14th century effigy depicting Sir Simon de Bradney in his armour.
# Sphingobacterium arenae

Sphingobacterium arenae is a Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, short rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from sandy soil in Xinjiang in China.
# Sphingobacterium canadense

Sphingobacterium canadense is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Sphingobacterium which has been isolated from corn roots.
# Spin echo small angle neutron scattering

Spin echo small angle neutron scattering (SESANS) measures structures from around 20 to 2000 nm in size. The information is presented as a real-space (similar to g(r)) as opposed to a reciprocal space (q(r)) mapping. This can simplify the interpretation for some systems. SESANS is useful for studying processes that occur over relatively long time scales, as data collection is often slow, but large length scales. Aggregation of colloids, block copolymer micelles, Stöber silica particles being a prime examples.
The technique offers some advantages over SANS but there are fewer SESANS instruments available than SANS instruments. Facilities for SESANS exist at TUDelft (Netherlands) and Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK).
# Spin diffusion

Spin diffusion describes a situation wherein the individual nuclear spins undergo continuous exchange of energy. This permits polarization differences within the sample to be reduced on a timescale much shorter than relaxation effects.
Spin diffusion is a process by which magnetization can be exchanged spontaneously between spins. The process is driven by dipolar coupling, and is therefore related to internuclear distances. Spin diffusion has been used to study many structural problems in the past, ranging from domain sizes in polymers and disorder in glassy materials to high-resolution crystal structure determination of small molecules and proteins.
In solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, spin diffusion plays a major role in Cross Polarization (CP) experiments. As mentioned before, by transferring the magnetization (and thus the population) from nuclei with different values for the spin-lattice relaxation (T$_1$), the overall time for the experiment is reduced. Is a very common practice when the sample contains hydrogen. Another desirable effect is that the signal to noise ratio (S/N) is increased until a theoretical factor γ$_A$/γ$_B$, being γ the gyromagnetic ratio.
# Châtres-sur-Cher

Châtres-sur-Cher (French pronunciation:, literally Châtres on Cher) is a commune in the Loir-et-Cher department, central France.

## Geography

The Rère forms the commune's northern border. The Cher forms part of the commune's southern border.
# Sphingonotus caerulans

Sphingonotus caerulans is a species belonging to the family Acrididae subfamily Oedipodinae.The northern limit is northern France, eastern Sweden and southern Finland. In Central and Northern Europe the species is restricted to low-vegetation special habitats, in which the soil remains free of vegetation through constant rearrangement (pioneer species of open habitats). It is very common in the Mediterranean area, especially in rocky heaths.
# Spirama retorta

Spirama retorta, the Indian owlet-moth, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Carl Alexander Clerck in 1764. It is found in China (Tibet, Qinghai, Jiangsu, Fukien, Yunnan), Korea, Japan (Honshu), India (Sikkim, West Bengal), Nepal, Bangladesh, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, the Philippines (Luzon), Indonesia (Java, Sulawesi),Japan (Ryukyu Islands).

## Description

The wingspan of the male is about 64–76 mm and 66-88 in female. The pattern on the wings often looks like the face of a snake with slightly opened mouth. Forewings with arched costa towards apex, which is nearly rectangular. Male with a fold on inner area of hindwing, containing an erectile ridge of very long hair. Antennae fasciculate. Male has dark chestnut-brown colored head and collar. Thorax paler with dark bands. Abdomen crimson with triangular black dorsal patches. Wings fuscous brown. Forewing with the costal and outer area more or less suffused with purplish and sometimes with an olive tinge. An antemedial line curved outwards below costa, and then oblique to inner margin. There is a large "inverted-comma" mark beyond end of cell, with ochreous and black edges and some white on inner edge of "tail", the center fuscous-black. A postmedial curved line passing round the stigma or interrupted by it. Another postmedial line excurved below costa and slightly sinuous. Two crenulate sub-marginal line and two more prominent lines can be found within the margin. Hindwings with indistinct antemedial, medial, and traces of two postmedial and a sub-marginal line. Ventral side is suffused with dull red and having two medial lines and single postmedial to each wing.
Female basically ochreous colored. Forewings with larger stigma than male. Hindwings with prominent markings. Two antemedial lines and an ochreous submarginal line can be seen along with two crenulate black lines inside the margin. Ventral side orange-scarlet colored, each wing with cell-spot, medial, postmedial and submarginal lines and series of lunules inside the margin.
The caterpillars are known to feed on Acacia mangium, which was investigated from Peninsular Malaysia. Predators like Sycanus leucomesus, Cantheconidea furcellata, Mallada basalis, and Vespa affinis are observed to feed on the caterpillars. Caterpillars also feed on Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia crassicarpa, and Falcataria moluccana.
* Dark form
* Common pale form
# Spirama voluta

Spirama voluta is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in the Moluccas of Indonesia.
# Spirama miniata

Spirama miniata is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in South Africa, where it has been recorded from KwaZulu-Natal.
# Spiramater lutra

Spiramater lutra, the otter spiramater, is a species of cutworm or dart moth in the family Noctuidae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Spiramater lutra is 10301.
# Spin Off (Canadian game show)

Spin Off is a Canadian game show created and produced by Mark Burnett for CHCH-DT. The series is hosted by Canadian comedian Elvira Kurt and debuted on September 11, 2013. The show appeared to only have one season, and reruns air randomly on CHCH overnight and weekends.

## Gameplay

There is one contestant at a time, who answers questions in sequence while the results are displayed by changing the colours of wedges on a large wheel. The game consists of up to three numbered rounds followed by an Endgame round, unless the player is eliminated sooner. The player "banks" money for correct answers and the amount may be changed by a spin of the wheel at the end of each round. A player who is eliminated wins nothing.

### Rounds 1, 2, and 3

The wheel displays six wedges that all start as either red or green. Each correct answer changes one red wedge to green, or a green one to gold if there are no red wedges. An incorrect answer changes one green wedge to red, or eliminates the player if all six are already red. The wheel starts with one red wedge in Round 1, and one more is added for each subsequent round. Questions are worth $200 each in Round 1, $400 in Round 2, and $600 in Round 3.
A total of five questions are asked per round, or six if the entire wheel is the same colour after the fifth one. The wheel is then subdivided into 18 smaller wedges, maintaining the same proportions of the three colours, and the player takes one spin. If the wheel stops on red, the player is eliminated; a green wedge has no effect, while a gold one doubles the money banked in that round.
If either of the first two rounds ends without the player being eliminated, they may choose to proceed to the next round or play the Endgame immediately.

### Endgame

The wheel again displays six wedges, one of which is initially green and marked with the total banked in Rounds 1 through 3. The other five are blank. The player answers five more questions; each correct answer allows them to press one of five green buttons, while each miss forces them to press one of five red ones. The green buttons correspond randomly to the outcomes ×1, ×2, ×3, ×4, and ×5; the red buttons correspond randomly to ÷2, ÷3, ÷4, and ÷5, and BUST. Each button press turns one blank wedge to its colour and marks it with the assigned value.
After answering the last question, the player spins the wheel once and wins the banked total for hitting it, nothing at all for hitting BUST, or the total multiplied/divided by the displayed number for hitting any other space.
The maximum potential winnings total is $60,000, obtained by answering five questions correctly in Rounds 1 through 3, spinning gold each time, finding the x5 wedge with a correct answer in the Endgame, and landing on it.
# Spirotropis laodice

Spirotropis laodice is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Drilliidae.
In 1971 McLean put this species in the genus Spirotropis

## Description

The length of the shell attains 7.7 mm, its diameter 3.5 mm.
(Original description) The small, thin, white shell contains six well-rounded whorls exclusive of the (lost) protoconch. The suture is appressed, distinct, undulated by the sculpture. The spiral sculpture is variable sometimes with well marked threads (six on the body whorl) and a finer intercalary thread in the rather wide interspaces, and sometimes with the spirals obsolete or absent. When present the suture may have a thickened edge with one thread on the preceding whorl immediately behind it, or it may be quite simple. The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl about a dozen) short, subnodulous, slightly oblique ribs which do not cross the anal fasciole and become obsolete on the base, separated by narrower interspaces. The anal fascioleis slightly excavated, smooth except for incremental arcuate lines close to the suture. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is wide and deep. The outer lip is thin, sharp and prominently arcuately produced. The inner lip is erased. The short columella is attenuated in front and gyrate. The axis is pervious. The siphonal canal is narrow, short and slightly recurved.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the demersal zone of the Pacific Ocean off Ecuador.
# Spilarctia albicornis

Spilarctia albicornis is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Sri Lanka.
# Cinchocaine

Cinchocaine (INN/BAN) or dibucaine (USAN) is an amide local anesthetic. Among the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, current use of cinchocaine is generally restricted to spinal and topical anesthesia. It is sold under the brand names Cincain, Nupercainal, Nupercaine and Sovcaine.

## Medical use

Cinchocaine is the active ingredient in some topical hemorrhoid creams such as Proctosedyl. It is also a component of the veterinary drug Somulose, used for euthanasia of horses and cattle.

## Physical properties

Cinchocaine is relatively insoluble in alkaline aqueous solutions.
# Sporothrips

Sporothrips is a genus of thrips in the family Phlaeothripidae.

## Species

* Sporothrips amplus
# Spielmann

Spielmann or Spielman is a German occupational surname, which means "jester", from the Middle High German spilære. The name may refer to:
* Amanda Spielman (born 1961), British Chief Inspector of Schools
* Andrew Spielman (1930–2006), American medical researcher
* Chris Spielman (born 1965), American football player
* Christian Spielmann (born 1963), German physicist
* Dan Spielman (born 1979), Australian actor
* Daniel Spielman (born 1970), American computer scientist
* David Spielman (born 1950), American photographer
* Dean Spielmann (born 1962), Luxembourg judge
* Francisc Spielmann (1916–1974), Romanian footballer
* Fritz Spielmann, aka Fred Spielman (1906-1987), Austrian composer and cabaret artist
* Götz Spielmann (born 1961), Austrian film director
* Isidore Spielmann (1854–1925), British engineer & art-connoisseur
* Lori Nelson Spielman (born 1961), American author
* Marion Harry Spielmann (1858–1948), British art critic
* Peter James Spielmann (born 1952), American journalist
* Rick Spielman (born 1962), American football manager
* Rudolf Spielmann (1883–1942), Austrian chess player
# Forest Song (opera)

Forest song is an opera by Vitaly Kyreiko written in 1957 and first performed in Lviv in 1958. Libretto is based on the drama of the same name by Lesya Ukrainka.
Opera consists of three acts. The music of the Forest Song is romantic and uses – in addition to deeply folk melodies and dances – as a model, mainly the romantic opera of the 19th century. Folk melody characterizes mainly human characters, fantastic creatures are characterized by a special timbre, chromatism and instrumental melody.
According to Valentyna Antoniuk, "Forest Song" is "a classic pearl of the world's cultural heritage", and "even if he did not write a single note, this work itself would make the composer's name eternal."
# United States v. Cook

United States v. Cook, 86 U.S. (19 Wall.) 591 (1873), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that Indian tribes do not own the land their reservations are on, the land is owned by the United States and the Indians only have a right to occupy the land. They may not cut and sell timber merely for the purpose of selling timber, they may only sell timber that was cut incidental to another purpose. The government has a right to take action to recover damages for timber sold illegally from that land.

## Background

In 1831, the Menominee tribe turned over part of their reservation in Wisconsin to the United States for use by the Stockbridge Indians. Some of the tribe cut timber and sold the logs to George Cook. The federal government brought an action in common law known as a writ of replevin to recover the logs from Cook. It came to the Supreme Court on a certificate of division. The only side to present an argument was the United States, Cook was not represented before the Court.

## Opinion of the Court

Chief Justice Morrison Waite delivered the opinion of the Court. Justice Waite stated that the title held by the Stockbridge tribe was one of occupancy only, that the United States held the fee title to the land. Justice Waite noted that this had been decided in Johnson v. McIntosh 50 years earlier, in 1823. The Indians were not allowed to cut and sell lumber under the legal principal of waste. If they were clearing land for agriculture, they could sell the lumber as an incidental byproduct of the improvement to the land. The sale must be incidental to the improvement, and if not, the federal government may take legal action to recover the lumber.

## Subsequent developments

This principle of waste and sale of material from reservation land was changed in 1920, when Congress passed a law authorizing the sale of timber for the benefit of the tribes.
# Albatros D.X

The Albatros D.X was a German prototype single-seat fighter biplane developed in 1918 in parallel with the Albatros D.IXme

## Design and development

The D.X used the same slab-sided and flat-bottomed fuselage as the D.IX, which was a departure from previous Albatros designs, but was powered by a 145 kW (195 hp) Benz Bz.IIIbo water-cooled V8 engine in place of the D.IX's Mercedes D.IIIa straight-six.
The D.X participated in the second D-type contest at Adlershof in June 1918, but development ceased at the prototype stage.

## Specifications (D.X)

Data from German Aircraft of the First World War
General characteristics
* Crew: 1
* Length: 6.18 m (20 ft 3 in)
* Wingspan: 9.84 m (32 ft 3 in)
* Height: 2.75 m (9 ft 0 in)
* Empty weight: 666 kg (1,468 lb)
* Gross weight: 905 kg (1,995 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Benz Bz.IIIbo V-8 water-cooled piston engine, 145 kW (195 hp)
Performance
* Maximum speed: 170 km/h (110 mph, 92 kn)
* Endurance: 1 hour 30 minutes
* Rate of climb: 3.79 m/s (746 ft/min)
* Time to altitude: 5,000 m (16,404 ft) in 22 minutes
Armament
* Guns: 2x 7.92 mm (0.312 in) LMG 08/15 machine guns
# Stewart Township

Stewart Township may refer to one of the following places:

## In the United States

* Stewart Township, Barnes County, North Dakota
* Stewart Township, Kidder County, North Dakota
* Stewart Township, Pennsylvania
* Stewart Township, Tripp County, South Dakota
# Stewart Township, Ontario

Stewart Township is a geographic township in the Unorganized North Part of Nipissing District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada. The Ontario Northland Railway, constructed in the early 20th century, runs from south to north through the township, and the dispersed rural community of Tomiko with two passing sidings is on the railway in the centre-east.
Lakes that are all or in part in Stewart Township include Brûlé Lake, Ferguson Lake, Little Rock Lake, Little Tomiko Lake, Moose Lake, Notman Lake, and Sturgeon Lake.
# Chari

Chari may refer to:

## Places

* Chari River, in Central Africa
* Chari-Baguirmi (disambiguation), in Chad
* Chari Department, in Chad, one of three departments making up the region of Chari-Baguirmi
* Moyen-Chari (disambiguation), in Chad
* Chari, Iran, a village in Kerman Province, Iran
* Chari, North Khorasan, a village in North Khorasan Province, Iran
* Chari Kshetra, four holy regions in Odisha, India

## Other uses

* Chari (surname)
* Chari Jazz, a Chadian band
* Ch'ari, a letter in the Georgian alphabet
# Craugastor longirostris

Craugastor longirostris is a species of frog in the family Craugastoridae. It is found in Ecuador from the Guayas Province northwards to western Colombia extreme eastern Panama, with isolated populations in the Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Its natural habitats are lowland and submontane rainforests, occasionally dry forests. It is potentially threatened by habitat loss.
# Ross v New Brunswick School District No 15

Ross v New Brunswick School District No 15 [1996] 1 S.C.R. 825, is a Supreme Court of Canada decision.

## Background

In 1988, a local Jewish parent, David Attis, filed a human rights complaint against Ross's employers, New Brunswick School District 15, on the grounds that Ross's continued employment created a poisoned environment for Jewish students (including Attis's daughter, who, although not a student at Magnetic Hill School where Ross taught, had been intimidated out of attending interscholastic activities at Magnetic Hill).
After a lengthy hearing, during which Ross was represented by Doug Christie, the human rights commission ordered the District to remove Ross from the classroom, and to terminate his employment unless Ross's school could find a non-teaching position for him (and in fact, he was made the school librarian). In addition, the District warned Ross that, if he continued to publish or distribute antisemitic literature, his non-teaching position would be terminated as well. Attis was not awarded any damages.
The New Brunswick Court of Appeal subsequently ruled that these decisions were in violation of Ross's rights to freedom of religion and freedom of expression, and overturned the District's orders.

## Ruling

The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Ross's removal from the classroom was justifiable, on the grounds that, although it did constitute a violation of his freedoms, this was a reasonable limit, as schoolteachers must be held to a higher standard of behaviour. The Court further ruled that the District's "gag order" (that Ross be dismissed from his non-teaching position should he continue to publish and distribute antisemitic material) was invalid.

## Aftermath

In 1998, Ross filed a defamation lawsuit against Josh Beutel, an editorial cartoonist for the Telegraph-Journal, who had compared Ross to Joseph Goebbels; the Court of Queen's Bench of New Brunswick ruled that, as Nazism was an anti-religious philosophy, and Ross was profoundly religious, Ross's extreme degree of antisemitism could not fairly be labeled as Nazistic. Beutel was ordered to pay Ross $7500 in damages. However, a 2000 appeal overturned this decision.
In 2000, Ross' appeal to the UN Human Rights Committee was rejected, stating that "the removal of the author from a teaching position can be considered a restriction necessary to protect the right and freedom of Jewish children to have a school system free from bias, prejudice and intolerance".
# Françoise Remacle

Françoise Remacle is a Belgian theoretical physical chemist whose research topics have included fast time scales in chemistry, the chemical interactions of quantum dots, and DNA computing. She is a director of research for the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research, and head of the Theoretical Physical Chemistry group at the University of Liège.

## Education and career

Remacle was a student at the University of Liège, earning an undergraduate degree in chemistry in 1986, and a Ph.D. in 1990 under the supervision of Jean-Claude Lorquet. She also earned a habilitation from the University of Liège in 2001.
After postdoctoral research at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, she became a researcher (chargé de recherches) for the National Fund for Scientific Research, affiliated with the University of Liège, in 1993. She was promoted to director of research in 2005.

## Recognition

Remacle was the 1996 winner of the Prix Louis d’Or of the Société Royale des Sciences de Liège. In 2009 she was elected as a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), after a nomination from the APS Division of Atomic, Molecular & Optical Physics, "for studies of systems with a high density of states such as Rydberg systems, quantum dot arrays and peptides, and their utilization in molecular information processing and attoscience". In 2017, the European Physical Society named her as the recipient of their EPS Emmy Noether Distinction for Women in Physics, "for ground breaking contributions to interdisciplinary domains bridging Physics, Chemistry, and Biology, for her leading role in European and International research projects and for her excellent mentoring activity".