OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Statute of Jewry

The Statute of Jewry was a statute issued by Henry III of England in 1253. In response to widespread anti-Jewish sentiment, Henry attempted to segregate and debase England's Jews with oppressive laws which included imposing the wearing of a yellow Jewish badge to invite the Christian public's disdain.

## Context

English Jews were legally under the jurisdiction of the king, who offered them protection in return for their economic function. As "royal serfs", they were allowed freedom of the king's highways, exemption from tolls, the ability to hold land directly from the king, and physical protection in the vast network of royal castles built to assert Norman authority.
Usury, or lending money at interest, was forbidden to Christians of the era. Jews were prohibited from joining workmen's guilds, but were allowed to lend money at interest to non-Jews. The small number of Jews in England, a few thousand out of a total population over one million, thus served a valuable economic function, and were subject to high taxes at the king's discretion. The reputation of Jews as extortionate money-lenders arose, making them extremely unpopular with the Church and the general public.

## Articles

The statute had thirteen articles. They contained the following provisions:
* Article One provided that any Jew could remain in England only if he or she would "serve Us in some way".
* Article Two deemed that synagogues could not be constructed, and only those that existed in the time of King John could stand.
* Article Three demanded that Jews lower their voices in synagogues, so that Christians could not hear them.
* Article Four placed a duty on Jews to pay to their local Christian church.
* Article Five banned Christian (wet) nurses and servants working for Jews, and banned all Christians from eating with Jews or "abiding" with them in their houses.
* Article Six banned Jews from buying and eating meat during Lent.
* Article Seven banned Jews from disparaging or publicly disputing the Christian faith.
* Article Eight banned "secret familiarity" between Jewish men and Christian women, and Christian men and Jewish women.
* Article Nine commanded that "every Jew wear his badge conspicuously on his breast".
* Article Ten banned Jews from churches, except for 'transit'.
* Article Eleven barred Jews from hindering another's conversion.
* Article Twelve required Jews to obtain a license to live in any town other than those with established Jewish communities.
* Article Thirteen set out that the "justices of the Jews" were to enforce the articles, and that they were to be "rigorously observed on pain of forfeiture of the chattels of the said Jews".
# Van Dormael

Van Dormael is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Jaco Van Dormael (born 1957), Belgian film director, screenwriter, and playwright
* Juliette Van Dormael (born 1990), Belgian cinematographer
* Pierre Van Dormael (1952–2008), Belgian jazz guitarist and composer
# Eunephthya

Eunephthya is a genus of soft corals in the family Nephtheidae. The genus is only known from South Africa

## Species

* Eunephthya celata McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2012
* Eunephthya ericius McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2012
* Eunephthya granulata McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2012
* Eunephthya shirleyae McFadden & van Ofwegen, 2012
* Eunephthya susanae (Williams, 1988)
* Eunephthya thyrsoidea Verrill, 1869
# Scorpaenodes guamensis

Scorpaenodes guamensis, the Guam scorpionfish or common scorpionfish, is a species of venomous, marine, ray-finned fish belonging to the family Scorpaenidae, the scorpionfishes. It has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution.

## Taxonomy

Scorpaenodes guamensis was first formally described in 1824 as Scorpaena guamensis by the French naturalists Jean René Constant Quoy and Joseph Paul Gaimard with the type locality given as Guam. In 1857 Pieter Bleeker described a new genus, Scorpaenodes, with Scorpaena polylepsis, a species he had described in 1851, as its type species by monotypy. S. polylepsis is considered to be a junior synonym of S. guamensis and so is the type species of its genus. The specific name means "of Guam".

## Description

Scorpaenodes guamensis has 13 or 14 spines and 7 to 9 spines in its dorsal fin while there are 3 spines and 5 soft rays in the anal fin. There are between 17 and 20 fin rays in the pectoral fin. typically 18, with some rays being branched in individuals with a standard length greater than 4 cm (1.6 in). There is a nasal spine, the lateral lacrimal spine is normally present, there are 2 suborbital spines with the first spine underneath the eye and the second spine at the rear of the suborbital ridge. There are no interorbital and coronal spines. The body, head and fins are a mottled reddish colour and there is a large dark blotch on the operculum but there is no dark blotch on suboperculum or on the spiny part of the dorsal fin. This species reaches a maximum total length of 14 cm (5.5 in).

## Distribution and habitat

Scorpaenodes guamensis has a wide Indo-Pacific distribution from the Red Sea and the coasts of eastern Africa eastwards through the Indian and Pacific Oceans as far east as Tonga and the Society Island, north to southern Japan and south to Australia. This is a shallow water species, being found down to 20 m (66 ft), although it is typically found in water with depths of less than 5 m (16 ft) where it lives on reef flats, in shallow lagoons and in channels, often giding in rock crevices.

## Biology

Scorpaenodes guamensis is a solitary, nocturnal, camouflaged, ambush predator which feeds on small crustaceans and polychaete worms.

## Utilisation

Scorpaenodes guamensis is rare in the aquarium trade.
# Xiamen Bay

Xiamen Bay, formerly known as Amoy Bay, is a partially enclosed bay off the coast of Xiamen in China's Fujian Province. It is bound by the Kinmen Islands and the Taiwan Strait.

## Geography

The bay is formed by down-faulted depressed block of undersea bed creating a submerged bay.
The water depth around the bay range from 6 to 25 metres and has a deep water coastal area of 30 km.

## Economy

Xiamen Bay is an important economic region for Xiamen as well as the whole of Fujian Province. The bay has numerous port, transport infrastructure, shipbuilding and petrochemical industries. The local government has set up various development areas such as the Xiamen Bay Photoelectric Industrial City to promote economic development.
Due to rapid economic development and industrialization in Xiamen, the bay has been tested for traces of heavy metal contamination.
# Pseudopostega conicula

Pseudopostega conicula is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It known only from the Guanacaste Province in north-western Costa Rica in lowland, seasonal dry forests.
The length of the forewings is 2.3–2.6 mm. Adults are on wing in July and August.
# Pseudogynoxys cummingii

Pseudogynoxys cummingii is a species of the genus Pseudogynoxys and family Asteraceae. It is one of three species of Pseudogynoxys that are known in cultivation.
# Ligonier (surname)

Ligonier is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Edward Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier (1740–1782), British soldier and courtier
* Francis Ligonier (1693–1746), French-born British Army officer
* John Ligonier, 1st Earl Ligonier (1680–1770), British military officer
* Penelope Ligonier (1749–1827), English aristocrat and socialite
# Fernande Caroen

Fernande Caroen (27 July 1920, Ostend – 16 April 1998, Ostend) was a Belgian freestyle swimmer. She participated in the 1948 Summer Olympics and finished fourth in the 400m freestyle event. She won two bronze medals in the same event at the 1938 and 1947 European Aquatics Championships.
# Van Dorn battle flag

The Van Dorn battle flag was a Confederate battle flag with a red field depicting a white crescent moon in the canton and thirteen white stars; and trimmed with gold cord. In February, 1862, Confederate general Earl Van Dorn ordered that all units under his command use this flag as their regimental colors. The 4th Missouri and 15th Arkansas infantry regiments carried this flag into battle, as well as some of Van Dorn's old units in the Army of Mississippi and East Louisiana.
The original flag was designed by Mrs. Constance Harrison and presented to Van Dorn during his time in Virginia in 1861.
The thirteen stars in the Van Dorn battle flag reflect the thirteen states admitted to the Confederacy, including Kentucky and Missouri.
# 126

126 may refer to:
* 126 (number), a natural number
* AD 126, a year in the 2nd century AD
* 126 BC, a year in the 2nd century BC
* 126 film, a cartridge-based film format used in still photography
* 126 (New Jersey bus), a New Jersey Transit bus route
* 126 Artist-run Gallery, an artist-run space located in Galway City, Ireland
* Interstate 126 in South Carolina
* 126 Velleda, a main-belt asteroid
* Fiat 126, a city car
# Mr. R&Beats

Mr. R&Beats (Chinese: 節奏先生; pinyin: Jié Zòu Xiān Shēng; lit. 'Mr. Rhythm') is the twelfth studio album by Taiwanese Mandopop artist Will Pan. Originally scheduled for 14 August 2020, the album's release was postponed to 10 September 2020, for undisclosed reasons. Mr. R&Beats is Pan's second album release under Warner Music Taiwan. Most of the album was produced by Jeremy Ji and Pan himself, while other producers included Tha Aristocrats and Mr Danny.
The album's lead single, "To Be Loved", was digitally released on 15 July 2020, following which the second lead single, "Second Option", was digitally released on 31 July 2020.

## Promotion

An online concert was held on 20 September 2020 at 8 p.m. UTC+08:00 to support the album. It was broadcast on Line Music, Joox and NetEase Music.

## Music videos

| Song | Director | Release date |
| "To Be Loved" | Zen Huang | 18 July 2020 |
| "Second Option" ("第二順位") | Ares Wu | 31 July 2020 |
| "Babylon" ("巴比倫") | Birdy Nio | 15 September 2020 |

## Charts

Chart performance for Mr. R&Beats :
| Album chart (2020) | Peak position |
| Five Music Mandarin Chart | 1 |
| G-Music Mandarin Chart | 1 |
| Chia Chia Mandarin Chart | 2 |
| Kuang Nan Mandarin Chart | 5 |
| Books.com.tw Weekly Mandarin Chart | 11 |
# Psyrassa wappesi

Psyrassa wappesi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae.
# Pseudorhabdosynochus sinediscus

Pseudorhabdosynochus sinediscus is a diplectanid monogenean parasitic on the gills of groupers. It has been described in 2007 by Lassad Neifar & Louis Euzet. The name refers to the absence of squamodiscs and is derived from the Latin “sine”, indicating absence, and “discus”, contraction of “squamodiscus”.
The species has been redescribed by Amira Chaabane, Lassad Neifar, and Jean-Lou Justine in 2017 from the type material and additional specimens from Tunisia.

## Description

Pseudorhabdosynochus sinediscus is a small monogenean. The species has the general characteristics of other species of Pseudorhabdosynochus, with a flat body and a posterior haptor, which is the organ by which the monogenean attaches itself to the gill of is host. The sclerotized male copulatory organ, or "quadriloculate organ", has the shape of a bean with four internal chambers, as in other species of Pseudorhabdosynochus. The vagina includes a sclerotized part, which is a complex structure.
In contrast to most species of Pseudorhabdosynochus in which the haptor bears two squamodiscs, one ventral and one dorsal, the haptor of Pseudorhabdosynochus sinediscus is devoid of squamodiscs. This is the only species of Pseudorhabdosynochus with this characteristic.

## Hosts and localities

The goldblotch grouper Mycteroperca costae is the type-host of Pseudorhabdosynochus sinediscus. The type-locality is the Mediterranean Sea off Tunisia.
# Skreanäs

Skreanäs is a locality situated in Falkenberg Municipality, Halland County, Sweden with 243 inhabitants in 2010.
# Seyoum Tsehaye

Seyoum Tsehaye (born 1952) is a jailed Eritrean journalist. At independence in 1993, Tsehaye was named to the head of Eri-TV, the Eritrean state broadcaster. He was arrested in September 2001 when President Isaias Afewerki closed all non-governmental media sources. In December 2007, Seyoum was named Reporter of the Year by Reporters Without Borders. As of January 2016, he was known to be alive, being held at Eiraeiro prison.

## Journalism

In 1977, Seyoum joined the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF), which was fighting in the Eritrean War of Independence against the Mengistu Haile Mariam dictatorship of Ethiopia, to which Eritrea had been forcefully annexed. After four years training as a guerilla fighter, he started training in photography and started a joint role of fighter and war correspondent. Seyoum reported on the battle of Massawa in 1990, in which the EPLF gained control of the port city Massawa.
In 1991, when the Mengistu dictatorship was overthrown, Seyoum became head of Eri-TV, the Eritrean state television broadcaster. During the initial few years of independence, some independent journalism existed in Eritrea, and Seyoum participated in independent film and journalism, including the newspaper Setit, which criticised the government. Seyoum was refused funding for film equipment when he wished to film the Eritrean–Ethiopian War during 1998–2000, and was not allowed to travel to the war front. Seyoum became critical of the war.

## Imprisonment

Seyoum was arrested on 18 or 21 September 2001 along with 10 other media professionals when prominent members of the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ) and military called for democracy. Seyoum himself had published his opinion in favour of a transition to democracy.
In 2002, Seyoum, Fessehaye "Joshua" Yohannes and several other Eritrean prisoners started a hunger strike, demanding to appear before a court. In April 2002, Seyoum and the others were transferred to secret prisons in the Eritrean prison system. In 2003, Seyoum was moved to Eiraeiro prison. As of January 2016, he was held in cell No. 10 of block A01. One or two years later, he refused to cooperate with prison guards and was trying to hunger strike, and stated, "I did my duty", "It is my responsibility" and "I don't care if I die here." In 2013, Seyoum's niece, Vanessa Tsehaye, started the One Day Seyoum campaign to free him and other Eritrean political prisoners.
# Fernando Báez (writer)

Fernando Báez (born San Félix, Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan writer, poet, essayist and "El Director de la Biblioteca Nacional de Venezuela". He is known for his work on the destruction of Iraqi books and art caused by the invasion of Iraq in 2003.

## Career

Báez has a degree in education and a doctorate in library science, and worked for several years at the University of the Andes in Mérida, Venezuela, where he studied Greek and Latin under José Manuel Briceño Guerrero. He was declared a persona non-grata by the United States authorities, after the publication of his book on Iraq.

## Works

* Historia de la Antigua Biblioteca de Alejandría (2003)
* Historia Universal de la Destrucción de Libros (2004)
* La Destrucción Cultural de Iraq (2004)
* A Universal History of the Destruction of Books: From Ancient Sumer to Modern Iraq. Translated by Mac Adam, Alfred J. New York: Atlas & Company. 2008. ISBN 978-1-934633-01-4.
* Las maravillas perdidas del mundo: Breve historia de las grandes catástrofes culturales de la civilización (in Spanish). Océano. 25 June 2013. ISBN 978-607-400-851-7.
* El saqueo cultural de América Latina: de la conquista a la globalización (in Spanish). Debate. 2009. ISBN 978-84-8306-835-9.
* Los primeros libros de la humanidad: El mundo antes de la imprenta y el libro electrónico (in Spanish). Océano. 1 July 2015. ISBN 978-607-735-491-8.

### Novels

* El traductor de Cambridge (in Spanish). Lengua de Trapo. 2005. ISBN 978-84-96080-46-1.

### Translations

* Los Fragmentos de Aristóteles (in Spanish). Universidad de los Andes, Ediciones del Vicerrectorado Académico. 2002.
* Poética de Aristóteles (in Spanish). Universidad de los Andes, Ediciones del Vicerrectorado Académico. 2002.
# Jorge Eliecer Gaitan Museum

The Jorge Eliecer Gaitan Museum (aka Casa Museo Jorge Eliecer Gaitan) is a museum in Bogota, Colombia, dedicated to the life of assassinated politician Jorge Eliecer Gaitan.

## History

The house Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala lived in from the beginning of the 1930s until the day of his murder on April 9, 1948, is located on Calle 42 No. 15 (42nd Street # 15), 52 of the Santa Teresita neighborhood in Bogotá. It was also part of the design planned in 1928 for this area by the “Davila Holguin & Lievano” firm. It was declared as a National Monument by Decree 1265 in 1948, and has been managed by the Universidad Nacional de Colombia since the year 2005

## Exhibitions

This two-story museum has an area of 218 square meters. Each space gives information on how life was in a 1930s home located in one of Bogota's most developed neighborhoods. Each of the objects that belong to its collection tell the story of he who was called “The People’s Tribune” (Tribuno del pueblo), due to his everlasting struggle to help the poor classes within the Colombian society. From this museum, it is possible to approach the country's main historical events during the mid-Twentieth Century. Each visitor can interact with the tour guides by asking questions and sharing information, as is the case of those who go to know this leader in person.

## Collections

The museum has Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala's personal library, including more than three thousand books in different languages. During the tour, visitors can learn about his political and social contributions, as well as daily life as is shown by his personal objects. Another part of the museum is the Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Complex, including the garden where this leader's body was “planted”. There, standing, and looking towards the Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino in Santa Marta, with soil from every Colombian town, and having been showered with water from the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans and the Magdalena River, the body rests since 1988, after having been buried within the house for 40 years.

## Visitors

The visitors study give information on the opinions and interests of the Jorge Eliécer Gaitán House Museum, in relation to different activities held and future expectations. This study has been carried out since 2006 and is shared by the Claustro San Agustín. An important fact is that most visitors are between 11 and 25 years old, especially school and college students from different parts of the country. For visitors 70 years and above, the museum is a place where they can once again encounter the past, sharing experiences and memories with younger people.
# 12 South African Infantry Battalion

12 South African Infantry Battalion was a horse, dog and motorbike assisted infantry unit of the South African Army, which provided horse-mounted infantry and dog handlers to the army for defence purposes.

## History
### Origin

The SADF established a dog and equestrian centre at Voortrekkerhoogte in 1964.

### Equestrian Centre History

By 1974, the Equestrian Centre was moved to the farm Welgegund near Potchefstroom.
A stud farm grew out of the equestrian centre in 1980. Budget cuts starting in 1989 eventually let to the closure of the De Aar facility in 1991.
The unit's equestrian capability was transferred to the police on April 14, 2005.

#### Equestrian Centre Insignia
### Dog Centre History

The main function of the Dog Training School at Voortrekkerhoogte, was to train dogs and their handlers in mine detection reconnaissance, tactical and security work. The unit was also responsible for acquiring suitable dogs and researching dog diseases, nutrition and breeding In the main, German Shepherds, Rottweilers, Doberman Pinschers, Labrador Retrievers, and Border Collies were trained. This training started when the dogs were almost two years old and lasted from one to two years.
The dog centre was moved to Bourke's Luck, in Mpumalanga, in 1979.

#### Dog Centre Insignia
### Amalgamation into 12 SAI

By 1993 the Equestrian and Dog Centres were amalgamated into 12 SAI.
Commanding Officer and RSM
Col. Britz and RSM Schoeman were the first OC and RSM.

#### 12 SAI insignia
### Disbandment

By 2005, 12 SAI's dogs and related infrastructure was finally transferred to the South African Military Health Service, Military Veterinary Institute, while the units motorcycle and visual tracking capabilities were transferred to the Infantry School near Oudtshoorn.
The equestrian capability of 12 SAI was handed over to the SAPS formally through a parade on 14 April 2005.
# Warlitz

Warlitz is a municipality in the Ludwigslust-Parchim district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.
# Pterostichus novus

Pterostichus novus is a species of woodland ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America.
# Susan Blond

Susan Blond is an American publicist. She is the owner of entertainment and lifestyle publicity agency Susan Blond, Inc.

## Early life and education

Blond grew up in New York City. She studied painting as a student at the High School of Music and Art (now known as Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts). She had a solo show at Harvard University (1971) while she attended school in Boston. She was later chosen to participate in the Whitney Museum's Independent Study Program in New York.
Blond returned home after college and was immediately drawn into the New York art world and Andy Warhol’s Factory. She and Warhol developed a strong friendship, with Warhol proclaiming that he would make her a star. Blond indeed went on to star in a number of Warhol's movies (including an infamous scene in Andy Warhol's Bad where she drops a baby out of a high-rise window), Phoneys (1973), as well as Madam Wangs, directed by filmmaker Paul Morrissey.
Soon after Warhol launched Interview magazine, he saw that he had tapped into a growing publishing niche under the editorial direction of writer Glenn O'Brien. Warhol appointed Blond to launch Interview's advertising arm.
Blond's first job in PR was with United Artists, where she represented artists such as Electric Light Orchestra, Tina Turner, and Shirley Bassey, soundtracks for Blaxploitation films such as Shaft, and film scores by Ennio Morricone for the spaghetti westerns directed by Sergio Leone.
Soon thereafter, Blond moved on to Epic Records, which was owned by CBS at the time. Blond became the first female Vice President of Press & Public Information, and worked on the press campaigns of popular artists including first albums from Ozzy Osbourne, Culture Club, Cyndi Lauper, Sade, Meat Loaf and Boston. Luther Vandross and The Clash (during their seminal London Calling album) also released albums on the label under her watch. She also worked with Michael Jackson during his Bad, Off the Wall and Thriller years.
After 13 years at Epic, Blond formed her own company, Susan Blond, Inc. in late 1986, where some of her first clients included the Tunnel nightclub in New York, music industry figures such as Charles Koppelman and musicians such as Julio Iglesias and George Jones.
Blond has been involved with a number of cause-related organizations, including DIFFA (where she serves as board secretary), and is a frequent speaker at many Jewish cultural events.
Blond was also the publicist for singer Morrissey, former member of The Smiths.

## Movies

* Mixed Blood (1984) as Caterer
* Forty Deuce (1982) as Escort
* Madame Wang's (1981) as Long Beach Party Giver
* Andy Warhol's Bad (1977) as Baby-Killing Mother

## Media

* P.R. maven Susan Blond rents out her Sagaponack beach home New York Post
* Susan Blond Wins This Charming Man, Other Big Clients PR Newser
* Susan Blond dishes about Michael Jackson, Prince and Andy Warhol Newsday
* TOP THREE PARTIES: GOOD RESOURCES, IF LOOKS COULD KILT, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Vanity Fair
* PARTY LIKE A CANUCK Vanity Fair
* New candidate for Amy's satire New York Daily News
* Wild Style New York Times