OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Scanning Hall probe microscope

Scanning Hall probe microscope (SHPM) is a variety of a scanning probe microscope which incorporates accurate sample approach and positioning of the scanning tunnelling microscope with a semiconductor Hall sensor. Developed in 1996 by Oral, Bending and Henini, SHPM allows mapping the magnetic induction associated with a sample. Current state of the art SHPM systems utilize 2D electron gas materials (e.g. GaAs/AlGaAs) to provide high spatial resolution (~300 nm) imaging with high magnetic field sensitivity. Unlike the magnetic force microscope the SHPM provides direct quantitative information on the magnetic state of a material. The SHPM can also image magnetic induction under applied fields up to ~1 tesla and over a wide range of temperatures (millikelvins to 300 K).
The SHPM can be used to image many types of magnetic structures such as thin films, permanent magnets, MEMS structures, current carrying traces on PCBs, permalloy disks, and recording media

## Advantages to other magnetic raster scanning methods

SHPM is a superior magnetic imaging technique due to many reasons. Although MFM provides higher spatial resolution (~30 nm) imaging, unlike the MFM technique, the Hall probe exerts negligible force on the underlying magnetic structure and is noninvasive. Unlike the magnetic decoration technique, the same area can be scanned over and over again. The magnetic field caused by hall probe is so minimal it has a negligible effect on sample it is measuring. The sample does not need to be an electrical conductor, unless using STM for height control. The measurement can be performed from 5 – 500 K in ultra high vacuum (UHV) and is nondestructive to the crystal lattice or structure. Tests requires no special surface preparation or coating. The detectable magnetic field sensitivity, is approximately 0.1 uT – 10 T. SHPM can be combined with other scanning methods such as STM.

## Limitations

There are some shortcomings or difficulties when working with an SHPM. High resolution scans become difficult due to the thermal noise of extremely small hall probes. There is a minimum scanning height distance due to the construction of the hall probe. (This is especially significant with 2DEG semi-conductor probes due to their multi-layer design). The scanning (lift) height affects obtained image. Scanning large areas takes a significant amount of time. There is a relatively short practical scanning range (order of 1000s micrometer) along any direction. The housing is important to shield electromagnetic noise (Faraday cage), acoustic noise (anti-vibrating tables), air flow (air isolation cupboard), and static charge on the sample (ionizing units).
# Walker Township, Rush County, Indiana

Walker Township is one of twelve townships in Rush County, Indiana. As of the 2020 census, its population was 800 and it contained 350 housing units.
Walker Township was organized in 1826.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 29.93 square miles (77.5 km$^2$), all land.

### Unincorporated towns

* Manilla at 39°34′27″N 85°37′10″W﻿ / ﻿39.5742139°N 85.6194194°W﻿ / 39.5742139; -85.6194194
* Homer at 39°34′41″N 85°34′41″W﻿ / ﻿39.5781027°N 85.5780295°W﻿ / 39.5781027; -85.5780295
(This list is based on USGS data and may include former settlements.)
# Sumaymah

Sumaymah is a village in Makkah Province, in western Saudi Arabia.
# Supernova II

Supernova II (or SuperNova II) is a computer moderated, play-by-mail (PBM) game of space conflict.

## History and development

Supernova II was a play-by-mail game of space conflict designed by Peter Donnan and Russel Norris and published by Rolling Thunder Games. Flagship editor Tim Sullivan called it a "sophisticated space opera". It was released in the U.S. and UK in February and August 1989, respectively. It improved on their initial offering of Supernova. Supernova II was computer moderated, an update from Supernova's hand-moderation. By 2004, Rolling Thunder Games released Supernova III.

## Gameplay

Players custom designed ships for assignment in fleets which could take offensive or defensive actions. Twelve ship types were available. These included: Colonial Transports, Destroyers, Escort Carriers, Explorers, Fast Freighters, Fleet Scouts, Frigates, Heavy Freighters, Heavy Troop Transports, Light Cruisers, Star Destroyers, and Troop Transports. Players selected a race to play as well, a consequential choice for gameplay.
According to Wayne Mohan, "SuperNova is the Commando unit, a small, elite band of your finest" which can explore or accomplish other tasks. Intrigue and diplomacy were elements of gameplay. Both combat between ships and ground combat were possible.
Gameplay in Supernova II was challenging and careful play in the first eight months was critical to success. The editors of Flagship stated that it was "one of the hardest games to play well from turn 1". Rick McFarland put its complexity just below games like Empyrean Challenge.

## Reception

A reviewer in the September–October 1987 issue of Paper Mayhem highly recommended Supernova II, stating it was "an improvement over the original in almost every area". He noted that combat played a greater role and gameplay was challenging. As of November 1989, Supernova II was the highest rated game of 53 listed PBM games in Paper Mayhem. In the November–December 1989 issue of Paper Mayhem, Supernova II took 1st place in the Best PBM Game of 1989 list. The game also took 1st place in the magazine's Best PBM Game of 1989 list.
# Senator Duane

Senator Duane may refer to:
* James Duane (1733–1797), New York State Senate
* Thomas Duane (born 1955), New York State Senate
# Aegyptosuchus

Aegyptosuchus ("Egyptian crocodile") is an extinct monospecific genus of aegyptosuchid eusuchian crocodyliform. It was found in the Bahariya Formation of Egypt, which dates back to the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous. The type and only species is Aegyptosuchus peyeri.
Aegyptosuchus is a member of the family Aegyptosuchidae, along with the genus Aegisuchus. Aegyptosuchidae belongs to the clade Eusuchia, and is proposed to be the sister clade to the crown group Crocodylia, which contains all extant (living) crocodilians. The phylogeny can be shown in the cladogram below:
# 1908 South Carolina Gamecocks football team

The 1908 South Carolina Gamecocks football team represented the University of South Carolina as an independent during the 1908 college football season. Led by third-year head coach Christie Benet, South Carolina compiled a record of 3–5–1.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| October 3 | Ridgewood A.C. | Davis FieldColumbia, SC | T 0–0 |
| October 10 | College of Charleston | Davis FieldColumbia, SC | W 17–0 |
| October 17 | at Georgia | Herty FieldAthens, GA | L 6–29 |
| October 22 | Charleston A.A. | Davis FieldColumbia, SC | L 4–15 |
| October 29 | Davidson | FairgroundsColumbia, SC | L 0–22 |
| November 4 | at Medical College of Georgia | Warren FieldAugusta, GA | W 19–5 |
| November 7 | Bingham School | Davis FieldColumbia, SC | L 6–10 |
| November 14 | at North Carolina | Chapel Hill, NC | L 0–22 |
| November 26 | at The Citadel | Charleston, SC | W 12–0 |
# Undun (disambiguation)

Undun is a 2011 existentialist concept album by the hip hop band The Roots.
Undun may also refer to:
* Undun (song), a 1969 top 40 hit single by the Canadian band The Guess Who
* Lake Undun, lake on island of Roti, Indonesia
# 1909 IAAUS baseball season

The 1909 IAAUS baseball season, play of college baseball in the United States organized by the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS), a forerunner of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), began in the spring of 1909. Play largely consisted of regional matchups, some organized by conferences, and ended in June. No national championship event was held until 1947.

## New programs

* Oklahoma State (then Oklahoma A&M) played their first varsity season.

## Conference winners

This is a partial list of conference champions from the 1909 season.
| Conference | Regular Season Winner |
| Big Nine | Purdue |
| Missouri Valley | Nebraska |
| SIAA | Alabama |
# Türkmengala

Türkmengala is a city and capital of Türkmengala District, Mary Region, Turkmenistan.

## Etymology

The name means "Turkmen fortress". Atanyyazow suggests that the settlement received this name in the 17th or 18th century due to the numerous battles between Turkmen tribes on the one hand and the Kajar (Kyzylbash) tribe on the other.

## Transportation

Türkmengala is on the P-25 highway that connects Baýramaly and Ýolöten.
# Walker Valley (disambiguation)

Walker Valley is a geographic feature in the Prince Charles Mountains in Antarctica.
Walker Valley may also refer to:
* Walker Valley, New York
* Walker Valley High School
# Little Heath School, Redbridge

Little Heath School is a secondary special school in the Little Heath, Ilford in the east of the London Borough of Redbridge, England. There are currently 142 pupils aged between 11 and 19 on roll. They all have a variety of special educational needs including general learning difficulties, language and communication difficulties, autism spectrum disorders and other more complex needs. The headteacher is Fawzia Govender.
# Proffit

Proffit may refer to

## People

* George H. Proffit (1807–1847), American lawyer, diplomat, and politician in Indiana
* Jared Proffit (born 1993), New Zealand rugby union player
* Joseph E. Proffit (1876–1958), American politician from Virginia
* William Proffit (1936–2018), American orthodontist

## Places

* Proffit, Virginia, an unincorporated community in Albemarle County in the U.S. state of Virginia
** Proffit Historic District, a national historic district located there
* Proffit Mountain, a mountain located in Reynolds County in the U.S. state of Missouri

## Other uses

* Mason Proffit, an American country rock band active 1969–1973
# Silvia Heubach

Silvia Heubach is a German-American mathematician specializing in enumerative combinatorics, combinatorial game theory, and bioinformatics. She is a professor of mathematics at California State University, Los Angeles.

## Education and career

Heubach earned bachelor's and master's degrees in mathematics and economics from the University of Ulm in 1983 and 1986, respectively. Through a program at the University of Ulm, she came to the University of Southern California (USC) for a one-year exchange, but decided to stay on for a Ph.D. program. She completed a master's degree in mathematics in 1988 and a Ph.D. in applied mathematics at USC in 1992. Her dissertation, A Stochastic Model for the Movement of a White Blood Cell, was supervised by Joseph C. Watkins..
After completing her doctorate, Heubach held visiting faculty positions at Colorado College and Humboldt State University before joining the faculty at California State University, Los Angeles in 1994.

## Contributions

Heubach is the co-author of the book Combinatorics of Compositions and Words (with Toufik Mansour, CRC Press, 2009). She is a contributor to a text in bioinformatics, "Concepts in Bioinformatics and Genomics" by Jamil Momand and Alison McCurdy, Oxford University Press, 2016.
Her research in combinatorial game theory has also included analysis of a variant of nim in which piles of pebbles are placed on the edges of a tetrahedron and each move removes at least one pebble from the set of edges incident to a single triangle of the tetrahedron.

## Recognition

In 2018, Heubach won the California State University system's Faculty Innovation and Leadership Award, becoming the first professor at the Los Angeles campus of the system to be so honored. The award honored her educational initiatives including developing a new sequence of mathematics courses for life sciences students, developing flipped classroom mathematics courses, and improving statistics courses used to fulfill general education requirements.
# Senator Dungan

Senator Dungan may refer to:
* James I. Dungan (1844–1931), Ohio State Senate
* Warren S. Dungan (1822–1913), Iowa State Senate
# Aechmea triangularis

Aechmea triangularis is a plant species in the genus Aechmea. This species is endemic to the State of Espírito Santo in eastern Brazil.

## Cultivars

* Aechmea 'Red Bands'
# Retransmission

Retransmission might refer to:
* Retransmission (data networks), the resending of packets which have been damaged or lost
* Replication of a signal at a repeater
* re-broadcast through a rebroadcaster or broadcast translator or booster, or relay station
* Retransmission consent, permission for a cable or satellite company to carry a TV station
# Ralph Rowe (priest)

Ralph Rowe is a former priest in the Anglican Church of Canada, Ontario Provincial Police officer and Boy Scout leader who has been accused and convicted of sexually assaulting hundreds of First Nations youths. Rowe now lives in the community of Lake Cowichan on Vancouver Island. The Ralph Rowe Survivors Network has received $1.5 million from the Ministry of the Attorney General, related to multiple lawsuits.
From the 1970s until the mid-1980s, Rowe engaged in rampant sexual abuse of young boys. Nishnawbe Aski Nation estimates that Rowe victimized up to 500 people and is one of Canada's most prolific pedophiles. However, he has only been charged with about 60 sex crimes and served no more than five years in prison because of a plea bargain.
He was the subject of a documentary film called Survivors Rowe, directed by Daniel Roher.
# Little Heath, London

Little Heath is a locality in the London Borough of Redbridge. To the east is Chadwell Heath in the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham, after which it was modelled. The postcode for the area is RM6. Little Heath School is based in the area. East London Transit route EL3 terminates at Little Heath.

## History
### Toponymy

The name is recorded in 1369 as Lytel Ylleford heth, meaning 'little Ilford heath'. It had become shortened to Litelheth by 1456. It is formed from the Middle English words litel and hethe.
# Live in Glasgow

Live in Glasgow may refer to:
* Live in Glasgow (Paul Rodgers album)
* Live in Glasgow (Psychic TV album)
* Live in Glasgow (New Order DVD)
# Simois Colles

Simois Colles is a region of colles (hills) in the northwest of Phaethontis quadrangle of Mars. It is located around 37.72° south latitude, and 176.59° west longitude. The region is 86.94 kilometers (54.02 mi) across, and was named after an albedo feature.
# Septet in E-flat major

Septet in E-flat major may refer to:
* Septet (Beethoven)
* Septet (Saint-Saëns)
# Stafford Hotchkin

Colonel Stafford Vere Hotchkin MC (1876 – 8 August 1953) was an English landowner, soldier, High Sheriff of Rutland and briefly a Conservative Member of Parliament.
He was the only son of Thomas John Stafford Hotchkin of The Manor House, Woodhall Spa by Mary Charlotte Edith Lucas, elder daughter of George Vere Braithwaite of Edith Weston Hall. He was educated at Shrewsbury School.
He married Dorothy Arnold in 1906. Their issue included Neil Hotchkin (1914–2004).
He served in the 21st Lancers and Leicestershire Yeomanry, but throughout the First World War he served with the Royal Horse Artillery in Palestine. He was awarded the Military Cross in the 1918 Birthday Honours.
Hotchkin developed an interest in golf course architecture and he set up his own golf course design company, Ferigna, in the late 1920s. He had provided the land for Woodhall Spa Golf Club and later redesigned the course. He also designed a number of links courses in South Africa.
He narrowly won the by-election for Horncastle for the Liberal-Conservative Coalition on 25 February 1920 but lost the seat in the 1922 General Election to the Liberal Samuel Pattinson.
# 1906–07 Aston Villa F.C. season

The 1906–07 Football League season was Aston Villa's 19th season in the First Division, the top flight of English football at the time. The season fell in what was to be called Villa's golden era. Club crests did not always hold their current importance. In the case of Aston Villa Football Club, while the rampant lion was associated with the club from near its inception in 1874, the earliest known crest, the Lion Rampant To dexter (facing left) on a shield with motto "Prepared", was first documented in the club program of 1st September 1906.
Villa signed Bobby Evans in the summer of 1906 for a fee of £30 from Wrexham-the Welsh club then playing in the Birmingham and District League. While at Villa Evans continued to add to his tally of Welsh caps. In the Second City Derby, both teams won their home fixtures.
Aston Villa started the new year with a 0–1 defeat to Manchester United. The following month they recorded their biggest victory of the season beating Sheffield Wednesday 8–1.
There debuts for Chris Buckley, Bobby Evans (16), Frederick Chapple, Alec Logan and George Tranter.

## Football League

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts |
| 3 | Everton | 38 | 20 | 5 | 13 | 70 | 46 | 1.522 | 45 |
| 4 | Sheffield United | 38 | 17 | 11 | 10 | 57 | 55 | 1.036 | 45 |
| 5 | Aston Villa | 38 | 19 | 6 | 13 | 78 | 52 | 1.500 | 44 |
| 6 | Bolton Wanderers | 38 | 18 | 8 | 12 | 59 | 47 | 1.255 | 44 |
| 7 | Woolwich Arsenal | 38 | 20 | 4 | 14 | 66 | 59 | 1.119 | 44 |
# Two Doves

Two Doves (French: Aux deux colombes) is a 1949 French comedy film directed by Sacha Guitry and starring Guitry, Pauline Carton, Lana Marconi, and Marguerite Pierry. It was based on a play of the same title by Guitry. It was shot at the Francoeur Studios in Paris. The film's sets were designed by art director Louis Le Barbenchon.

## Synopsis

The respectable Jean-Pierre Walter is warned by telephone one day that he has a big surprise coming. It turns out to be his first wife Marie-Jeanne, long thought dead in South America, who happens to be the sister of his second wife Marie-Thérèse.

## Cast

* Sacha Guitry as Maitre Jean-Pierre Walter
* Lana Marconi as La grande duchesse Christine
* Marguerite Pierry as Marie-Jeanne - la première épouse
* Pauline Carton as Angèle - la servante
* Suzanne Dantès as Marie-Thérèse - la deuxième épouse
* Robert Seller as Charles - le valet de chambre
# Supernova (Today Is the Day album)

Supernova is the debut studio album by American band Today Is the Day, released in April 1993 by Amphetamine Reptile Records. In 2008, a remastered version of the album, including tracks from the band's "I Bent Scared" 7" single, was released via Steve Austin's self run SuperNova Records. A music video was produced for the track "6 Dementia Satyr".

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Last Rites | Very Positive |
| Prefix Magazine | |
| Scene Point Blank | |
Since its initial release in 1993, Supernova has been awarded with praise from critics for its style and musicianship. Patrick Kennedy of Allmusic awarded it 4 and a half out of 5 stars, hailing it as a "landmark recording" that "indicates that metal could indeed be far more than a simple, formulaic system of chugging riffs, screamed vocals, and stampeding drums." Last Rites' Andrew Edmunds called the album "an essential purchase" and mentioned how the band "would lay the groundwork for a seemingly never-ending wave of spastic metal bands" in his review for the 2008 edition of the album.
In an interview with the Lords of Metal fanzine, Steve Austin showed much satisfaction with older Today Is the Day work, mentioning how both Supernova and its successor Willpower are "the most fucked up albums that have ever been on planet Earth" and even suggested that the album played a key role in the development of heavy metal music, citing that artists such as The Dillinger Escape Plan and Botch were influenced by the sound of Today Is the Day. Deadguy drummer Dave Rosenberg, who was briefly a member of Today Is the Day in 1996, described Supernova as one of his favorite albums of all time.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Steve Austin

## Personnel

Adapted from the Supernova liner notes.
Today Is the Day
* Steve Austin – vocals, guitar
* Mike Herrell – bass guitar
* Brad Elrod – drums
Production
* Tim Mac – production

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United States | 1993 | Amphetamine Reptile | CD, CS, LP | AMREP 047 |
| Germany | 1993 | Amphetamine Reptile | CD, CS, LP | ARR 44/290 |
| United States | 2008 | SuperNova | CD | SNR014 |
| United States | 2010 | Relapse | 2LP | RR 7086 |
# All-District Team

All-District Team may refer to:
* Regional selections by United States Basketball Writers Association (USBWA) for top contributors in college basketball
* Regional selections by National Association of Basketball Coaches (NABC) for top contributors in college basketball
* Regional selections for Academic All-America honoring top college student athletes
# Leport–Toupin House

The Leport–Toupin House, at 503 E. Telegraph St. in Carson City, Nevada, is a historic simplified-Second Empire-style house that was built in 1879. It was converted to a pre-school in 1969. Also known as the Hawkins House, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
It was deemed significant for its architecture and also for its association with Alexander Leport (1837–1885), a French-born businessman who came to Carson City in 1879 and developed grocery, saloon, drugstore, barber shop and other businesses. He arranged for the house to be built in anticipation of his 1880 marriage to Frenchwoman Mary Blavee. In 1891, six years after Leport's death, Mary Leport married Edmond S. Toupin, a French-Canadian who took over Leport's businesses. In 1907 ownership of the house passed to Theodore Perry Hawkins and his wife, Clara.
The house is one of few Second Empire houses in Carson City, and the only one in its east side residential area.
# Segelclub Rhe

Segelclub Rhe (Sailing Club Rhe) is the oldest yacht club in Germany. It was established in 1855 in Königsberg, East Prussia.

## History

Segelclub RHE began when Ernst Burow, then a high school student, got a fishing boat as a present and needed a few friends to sail it. The club quickly became very successful and organized not only sailing events in the Baltic Sea and nearby lakes in the summer, but also ice sailing competitions in the winter. Segelclub RHE contributed to the foundation of the Deutscher Segler-Verband (German Sailing Association) in 1888.
The club moved from Friedrichsburg to Contienen in 1914. After World War II, following Soviet occupation and the expulsion of Germans from East Prussia, the yacht club moved to Blankenese, a suburb of Hamburg.

## Description

Segelclub RHE has a fleet of Optimists sailing in the Alster, a quiet tributary of the Elbe, on which many of the present day skippers learned. Segelclub RHE's fleet includes also different types of large sailboats, so that there is room for everyone to learn and participate at every level. Segelclub RHE supports the first German team in America's Cup through the United Internet Team Germany. In 2007 this yacht club was a member of the International Council of Yacht Clubs, though it was no longer a member as of June 2017.
The club promotes good comradeship "which goes further than the sailing itself" as its core value. Therefore, it favours socialising as much as sailing and it regularly organizes social events at its club house by the river Elbe.