OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# VEGAS algorithm

The VEGAS algorithm, due to G. Peter Lepage, is a method for reducing error in Monte Carlo simulations by using a known or approximate probability distribution function to concentrate the search in those areas of the integrand that make the greatest contribution to the final integral.
The VEGAS algorithm is based on importance sampling. It samples points from the probability distribution described by the function $|f|,$ so that the points are concentrated in the regions that make the largest contribution to the integral. The GNU Scientific Library (GSL) provides a VEGAS routine.

## Sampling method

In general, if the Monte Carlo integral of $f$ over a volume $\Omega$ is sampled with points distributed according to a probability distribution described by the function $g,$ we obtain an estimate $\mathrm {E} _{g}(f;N),$
    $\mathrm {E} _{g}(f;N)={1 \over N}\sum _{i}^{N}{f(x_{i})}/g(x_{i}).$
The variance of the new estimate is then
    $\mathrm {Var} _{g}(f;N)=\mathrm {Var} (f/g;N)$
where $\mathrm {Var} (f;N)$ is the variance of the original estimate, $\mathrm {Var} (f;N)=\mathrm {E} (f^{2};N)-(\mathrm {E} (f;N))^{2}.$
If the probability distribution is chosen as $g=|f|/\textstyle \int _{\Omega }|f(x)|dx$ then it can be shown that the variance $\mathrm {Var} _{g}(f;N)$ vanishes, and the error in the estimate will be zero. In practice it is not possible to sample from the exact distribution g for an arbitrary function, so importance sampling algorithms aim to produce efficient approximations to the desired distribution.

## Approximation of probability distribution

The VEGAS algorithm approximates the exact distribution by making a number of passes over the integration region while histogramming the function f. Each histogram is used to define a sampling distribution for the next pass. Asymptotically this procedure converges to the desired distribution. In order to avoid the number of histogram bins growing like $K^{d}$ with dimension d the probability distribution is approximated by a separable function: $g(x_{1},x_{2},\ldots )=g_{1}(x_{1})g_{2}(x_{2})\cdots$ so that the number of bins required is only Kd. This is equivalent to locating the peaks of the function from the projections of the integrand onto the coordinate axes. The efficiency of VEGAS depends on the validity of this assumption. It is most efficient when the peaks of the integrand are well-localized. If an integrand can be rewritten in a form which is approximately separable this will increase the efficiency of integration with VEGAS.
# Joseph Blisset

Joseph Blisset (fl. 1658–1659), was an English Member of Parliament (MP).
He was a Member of the Parliament of England for Eye 1658–1659.
# M. J. Rogers

Michael J. Rogers or M. J. Rogers could refer to:
* Mike Rogers (Michigan politician), U.S. politician
* Mike Rogers (Maryland politician), Maryland state delegate
* Michael John Rogers, English ornithologist
* Michael Rogers (actor) (born 1964), Canadian actor
* A pseudonym of film director Ray Dennis Steckler
# 7010 aluminium alloy

Aluminium 7010 alloy is a wrought aluminum alloy. It is medium strength, having high corrosion and damage tolerance ability.

## Chemical Composition

| Element | Content (%) |
| Aluminum, Al | 87.8 - 90.6 |
| Zinc, Zn | 5.70 - 6.70 |
| Magnesium, Mg | 2.10 - 2.60 |
| Copper, Cu | 1.50 - 2.0 |
| Iron, Fe | 0.15 |
| Zirconium, Zr | 0.10 - 0.16 |
| Silicon, Si | 0.12 |
| Manganese, Mn | 0.10 |
| Titanium, Ti | 0.060 |
| Chromium, Cr | 0.050 |
| Nickel, Ni | 0.050 |
| Other, total | 0.15 |
| Other, each | 0.050 |

## Physical Properties

| Physical Properties | Value |
| Density | 2.81 g/cm$^3$ |
| Melting Point | 475 °C |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 71 GPa |
| Thermal Conductivity | 150 W/m.K |

## Mechanical Properties

| Mechanical Properties | Value |
| Yield Strength | 530 MPa |
| Elongation A50 mm | %8 |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 71 GPa |

## Other Designations

* AMS 4203
* AMS 4204
* AMS 4205

## Applications

* Close die forgings for aerospace
* Forged bars for aerospace components
* High strength aerospace component

## Features

* High strength alloy
* High fatigue strength
* High Stress corrosion resistance
* Not for high temperature
* High Corrosion resistance
# 1985–86 BHL season

The 1985–86 BHL season was the fourth season of the British Hockey League, the top level of ice hockey in Great Britain. 10 teams participated in the league, and the Durham Wasps won the league title by finishing first in the regular season. The Murrayfield Racers were playoff champions.

## Regular season

| Team | GP | W | T | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| Durham Wasps | 36 | 28 | 1 | 7 | 354 | 184 | 57 |
| Murrayfield Racers | 36 | 25 | 2 | 9 | 344 | 217 | 52 |
| Ayr Bruins | 36 | 23 | 3 | 10 | 356 | 257 | 49 |
| Dundee Rockets | 36 | 24 | 1 | 11 | 285 | 206 | 49 |
| Fife Flyers | 36 | 20 | 6 | 10 | 270 | 196 | 46 |
| Nottingham Panthers | 36 | 15 | 4 | 17 | 181 | 226 | 34 |
| Streatham Redskins | 36 | 13 | 2 | 21 | 216 | 256 | 28 |
| Cleveland Bombers | 36 | 10 | 3 | 23 | 263 | 375 | 23 |
| Whitley Warriors | 36 | 8 | 2 | 26 | 224 | 324 | 18 |
| Peterborough Pirates | 36 | 1 | 2 | 33 | 185 | 436 | 4 |

## Playoffs
### Group A

| Group A | GP | W | T | L | Pts |
| Fife Flyers | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Durham Wasps | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
| Ayr Bruins | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 2 |

### Group B

| Group B | GP | W | T | L | Pts |
| Dundee Rockets | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Murrayfield Racers | 4 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Nottingham Panthers | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 0 |

### Semifinals

* Dundee Rockets 5-4 Durham Wasps
* Murrayfield Racers 8-4 Fife Flyers

### Final

* Murrayfield Racers 4-2 Dundee Rockets
# Lyonia jamaicensis

Lyonia jamaicensis is a species of plant in the family Ericaceae. It is endemic to Jamaica.
# Stair House

Stair House is a late 16th- or early 17th-century house near the village of Stair, in Ayrshire, Scotland. It was the birthplace of John Dalrymple, 1st Earl of Stair (1648–1707). It remains in use as a house, and is a category A listed building.
In the 20th century it was owned by Robert 'Bobby' Corbett, second son of Lord Rowallan. His grave is in Stair churchyard.
# Filipi

Filipi (Italian: Filippi) is a village in Vižinada-Visinada municipality in Istria County, Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 28. It was 36 in 2001.
# M. J. Narasimhan

Mandayam Jeersannidhi Narasimhan (1 July 1891 – 24 September 1970) was a pioneering Indian plant pathologist and mycologist who worked in the state of Mysore.
Narasimhan was born in Madras in a family of scholars, with a grandfather who had collaborated with Max Müller. Narasimhan went to the Madras Presidency College, studying botany under P.F. Fyson, and was also influenced by his cousin M.O.P. Iyengar. He joined as an assistant mycologist under Leslie Coleman in 1913 in Mysore. He was involved in the studies of koleroga of arecanut. He also studied Hemileia vastatrix and its control in coffee. He retired in 1946 as director of agriculture in Mysore. A son, M.J. Thirumalachar also took to mycology and along with him he studied Sclerospora mildews and described the new genus Sclerophthora. The genera Narasimhania (Doassansiales) and Narasimhella (Gymnoascaceae) and the several species including Tilletia narasimhanii, Burrillia narasimhanii, Physoderma narasimhanii, and Cercospora narasimhanii have been named after him. He was elected a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1935.
# Limnaecia nephelochalca

Limnaecia nephelochalca is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in New Guinea.
# Stair Agnew

Sir Stair Agnew KCB FRSE (6 December 1831 – 12 July 1916) was a Scottish public official. He served as Registrar General for Scotland.

## Life

He was born at Lochnaw Castle in the parish of Leswalt in Dumfries and Galloway, the fifth son of Sir Andrew Agnew of Lochnaw, 7th Baronet and his wife, Madeline Carnegie.
He studied at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating in 1855. He rowed in the Oxford and Cambridge boat race in 1854.
He worked as an Advocate from 1860, and was Legal Secretary to the Lord Advocate from 1861–1866 and 1868–1870, Queen's Remembrancer for Scotland from 1870–1881, and Registrar-General for Scotland and Keeper of the Records of Scotland and Deputy Clerk Register from 1881–1909.
In 1871 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, his proposer being Philip Kelland.
Agnew married a woman named Georgina More Nisbett (1838-1916), and they had at least three children: Stair Carnegie Agnew (born 1872), Georgina Constance Maxwell (born 1877) and Dora Charlotte (born 1879).
He was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1885 and promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in the 1895 Birthday Honours, thereby receiving a knighthood.
In 1905 he is listed as living at 22 Buckingham Terrace, just west of Dean Bridge in Edinburgh.
He is buried with his wife (who had died only a few weeks earlier) and daughters in Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh. The grave is on the north wall of the north extension of the original cemetery, near the north-west corner.
# Property Management of Chulalongkorn University

The Office of Property Management, Chulalongkorn University, branded as PMCU, is an administrative department of the university, responsible for managing its real estate portfolio, which include areas in Bangkok's city centre set aside as its endowment by its founder, King Vajiravudh. PMCU manages neighbourhoods and commercial areas including Siam Square, Sam Yan and Suan Luang (on Banthat Thong Road), as well as land leased to shopping malls and commercial developments such as MBK Center, Chamchuri Square and Samyan Mitrtown.

## History

The university began commercial real estate development in 1963, with the Suan Luang and Sam Yan neighbourhoods surrounding the university. The development of Siam Square into a retail area followed in 1964. The precursor to PMCU was established as a bureau in 1968, and it was reorganised as an administratively independent department in 1973.
In the 2010s, PMCU undertook extensive re-development of the Suan Luang and Sam Yan areas, prompting criticism of gentrification at the expense of old neighbourhoods and cultural sites.
# Jun Hatanaka

Jun Hatanaka (Japanese: 畑中 純, Hepburn: Hatanaka Jun, March 20, 1950 – June 13, 2012) was a Japanese manga artist and woodblock artist. Born in Kokura, Fukuoka Prefecture, Tsukiyo (月夜) marked his debut as a professional manga artist in 1977. Two years later, his most well-known work, Mandaraya no Ryouta, began to be published in Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha's Weekly Manga Sunday magazine. He also served as an instructor in Tokyo Polytechnic University's Department of Manga before he died on June 13, 2012, from an abdominal aortic aneurysm in Chōfu, Tokyo.

## Works

* Mandaraya no Ryouta (まんだら屋の良太) (Weekly Manga Sunday, Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha)
* Genkai Yūkyōden Saburōmaru (玄海遊侠伝 三郎丸) (Weekly Manga Sunday, Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha)
* Hyaku Hachi no Koi (百八の恋) (Weekly Morning, Kodansha)
* Obake (オバケ) (Weekly Morning, Kodansha)
* Risō Miya (理想宮) (Big Gold, Shogakukan)
* Dai Tama Tsukiyo (大多摩月夜) (Big Gold, Shogakukan)
* Orokamono no Hakuen (愚か者の楽園) (Shōsetsu Shinchō, Shinchosha)
* Gaki (ガキ) (Comic Tom, Ushio Shuppan)
* Ryouta (良太) (Monthly Comic Bingo, Bungeishunjū)
* Gokudō Mon (極道モン) (Jitsuwajidai, Media Boy)
* Gataro (ガタロ) (Garo, Seirindō)
# Whetstone Township

Whetstone Township may refer to the following townships in the United States:
* Whetstone Township, Adams County, North Dakota
* Whetstone Township, Crawford County, Ohio
# Shu Fujisawa

Shu Fujisawa (藤沢 周, Fujisawa Shū, born June 29, 1959) is a Japanese writer active during the late Shōwa and early Heisei period periods of Japan.

## Biography

Fujisawa was born in the former Uchino-machi (then in Nishikanbara District, Niigata Prefecture; now part of Nishi-ku, Niigata), and a graduate of the Literature Department of Hosei University.
In 1998, he was awarded the prestigious Akutagawa Prize for his novel Buenosu Airesu gozen reiji (Midnight In Buenos Aires).
He is currently working as a professor at Hosei University.
# Vaso Komnenić

Vaso Komnenić (Serbian Cyrillic: Васо Комненић, born 15 May 1955 in Kosovska Mitrovica), is a retired Serbian and Yugoslav high jumper.
He represented Yugoslavia at the 1980 Summer Olympics and won 6th place in high jump. He was a member of Red Start athletics club.
# Raped in Their Own Blood

Raped in Their Own Blood is the first album by Swedish death metal band Vomitory. It was released in 1996 on Fadeless Records.

## Track listing

* "Nervegasclouds" – 5:19
* "Raped in Their Own Blood" – 3:22
* "Dark Grey Epoch" – 3:15
* "Pure Death" – 3:11
* "Through Sepulchral Shadows" – 4:56
* "Inferno" – 2:44
* "Sad Fog over Sinister Runes" – 4:50
* "Into Winter Through Sorrow" – 4:22
* "Perdition" – 2:50
* "Thorns" – 5:41

## Personnel

* Ronnie Olson – vocals
* Thomas Bergqvist – bass guitar, backing vocals
* Tobias Gustafsson – drums
* Ulf Dalegren – guitar
* Urban Gustafsson – guitar
* Daniel "Zakk Wylde" Engström – guitar solo ("Pure Death")
* Vomitory – production
* Living Skull – production
* Volcanic Wolf – cover art
* H.P. Skoglund – photography
# 75th Regiment of Foot (Invalids)

The 75th Regiment of Foot (Invalids) was an infantry regiment of the British Army from 1762 to 1768. It was originally raised as a regiment of invalids in June 1762, by John Lind, and numbered the 118th Foot; it was renumbered as the 75th the following year, and disbanded in 1768 or 1769.
# Robert M. Goodman

Robert "Bob" M. Goodman (born December 30, 1945) is a prominent plant biologist and virologist, and served as the executive dean of agriculture and natural resources at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey since June 2005. He was the executive dean of Rutgers School of Environmental and Biological Sciences and served as the executive director of Rutgers New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station.

## Biography

Goodman was born in Ithaca, New York. After graduating from Trumansburg High School, he attended Johns Hopkins University before transferring to Cornell University, where he earned a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in plant sciences and his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in plant pathology. He then completed a postdoctoral fellowship in plant virology at the John Innes Centre in Norwich, England.
Goodman was a professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign from 1974 to 1982. He then joined Calgene, Inc., as executive vice-president of R&D. From 1990 to 1991, he served as senior scholar-in-residence at the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences.
Immediately prior to assuming his decanal duties at Rutgers, Goodman was a professor of plant pathology and environmental studies at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. There, he studied microbial diversity using culture-independent methods. His group discovered a clade of soil Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota) inhabiting soil and plant roots, and characterized the diversity of uncultivated members of the bacterial division acidobacterium. He and collaborators also pioneered the field now known as "metagenomics." Goodman's work has appeared in premier journals, including Nature, Science, Virology, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Goodman also served as chair of the undergraduate major in molecular biology and as chair of the oversight committee of the McKnight Foundation Collaborative Crop Research Program.
Goodman was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2002 and also chaired the Agriculture, Food and Renewable Resources section of the AAAS. He also served two terms as a trustee of the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and for many years was a member of the board of directors of the Cornell Research Foundation.
# Rans Coyote

Rans Coyote can refer to a number of different aircraft:
* Rans S-4 Coyote
* Rans S-5 Coyote
* Rans S-6 Coyote II
# Staber Industries

Staber Industries, Inc. is a manufacturer of residential laundry home appliances, with headquarters in Groveport, Ohio. The products they currently manufacture include a washing machine, a clothes dryer, and a clothes drying cabinet.

## History

Staber Industries, Inc. was founded in 1976 by James E. Staber. For the first two decades, the company's specialization was the remanufacturing of washing machine transmissions for such companies as Whirlpool, G.E., Maytag, and Speed Queen.

## Appliance manufacturing

In the 1990s, Staber Industries began to shift its resources to the development of its own line of residential laundry appliances. The current product line includes a high efficiency top-loading horizontal-axis washing machine, a clothes dryer, and a clothes drying cabinet.

### Washing machine

The Staber washing machine is the only top loaded horizontal-axis washing machine to be manufactured in the United States. The horizontal-axis configuration uses approximately 60% less water for a wash cycle than a traditional top loading washer. Because of this, the Staber washing machine has earned an Energy Star rating for high efficiency.
The wash tub is hexagonal and constructed of laser-perforated stainless steel, spinning above a half-octagonal stainless steel base. Because the distance between the spinning tub and the base is in constant flux, water is force-injected through the perforations into the clothes. Staber Industries received a patent for this wash tub configuration in 1994.

### Distribution

Staber appliances are available domestically and internationally to consumers by way of their online store, and also through a network of hundreds of authorized dealers throughout the United States and Canada.
# Loeak

Loeak (/ˈlɔɪˌæk/) is a Marshallese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Albert Loeak (died 1976), Marshallese chief
* Anjua Loeak (died 2016), one of four paramount chiefs in the Marshall Islands
* Christopher Loeak (born 1952), President of the Marshall Islands
# Filippo Valguarnera

Filippo Valguarnera (born August 27, 1977) is an Italian-Swedish legal scholar dedicated mainly to the study of access to nature and access to justice. He earned his law degree and Ph.D. at the University of Florence (Italy). Filippo Valguarnera spent time as a visiting fellow at Uppsala University and New York University. Filippo Valguarnera is currently member of the law faculty at University of Gothenburg (Sweden). Filippo Valguarnera leads together with Ugo Mattei (University of California - Hastings) and Saki Bailey (International University College of Turin) a research project on access to commons in the frame of the Common Core of European Private Law.

## Selected writings

2014 - Accesso alla natura tra ideologia e diritto (2nd edition) ISBN 978-88-3487825-5 2008 - La tradizione giuridica dei Paesi nordici (with Alessandro Simoni) ISBN 978-88-348-8760-8
# Oh the Glory of It All

Oh the Glory of it All (2005), is a work of non-fiction by Sean Wilsey, published by Penguin Press. A humorous coming-of-age memoir, the book chronicles Wilsey's troubled years growing up in a wealthy and prominent San Francisco family.
# Vaso-occlusive crisis

A vaso-occlusive crisis is a common painful complication of sickle cell anemia in adolescents and adults. It is a form of sickle cell crisis. Sickle cell anemia – most common in those of African, Hispanic, and Mediterranean origin – leads to sickle cell crisis when the circulation of blood vessels is obstructed by sickled red blood cells, causing ischemic injuries. The most common complaint is of pain, and recurrent episodes may cause irreversible organ damage. One of the most severe forms is the acute chest syndrome which occurs as a result of infarction of the lung parenchyma. This can rapidly result in death. Other types of vaso-occlusive crisis in sickle cell anemia include dactylitis, priapism, abdominal pain, and jaundice.

## Diagnosis

Diagnosis of vaso-occlusive crisis is based on clinical manifestations, complete blood count with white blood cell differential, platelet count, reticulocyte count, and comprehensive metabolic panel with liver and kidney function tests. Typical lab findings include acute drop in hemoglobin concentration, increased platelet count, increased reticulocyte count, and elevated serum urea.

## Management

The management of an acute event of vaso-occlusive crisis is the use of potent analgesics (opioids), rehydration with normal saline or Ringer's lactate, treatment of malaria (whether symptomatic or not) using artemisinin combination therapy, and the use of oxygen via face mask, especially for acute chest syndrome. Hyperbaric oxygen has also been shown to be a useful adjunct in pain reduction.
# Rapel, Chile

Rapel is a Chilean settlement located an hour away from Melipilla in the commune of Navidad on the O'Higgins Region.
During the summer, becomes a balneary. This settlement is near of the Lake Rapel and the Rapel River. In the homonym river was installed the Rapel Dam. The main economic activities in the zone are agriculture, commerce and services.
# Lingan S. Randolph

Lingan Strother Randolph (May 13, 1859 – March 7, 1922) was an American mechanical and consulting engineer, and Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1893 to 1918 at Virginia Tech.

## Life and work

Born in Martinsburg, Virginia to James Lingan and Emily Strother, he attended the Shenandoah Valley Academy from 1873 to 1876. After a year at the Virginia Military Institute, he moved to the Stevens Institute of Technology, where he graduated in mechanical engineer in 1883.
Randolph started his career working for various railroads as test engineer and made it superintendent of motive power of the Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1893 he was appointed Professor of Mechanical Engineering from 1893 at Virginia Tech, where he retired in 1918. From 1902 to 1913 he had also been Head of the department of Mechanical Engineering, and from 1913 to 1918 Dean of the Department of Engineering. Randolph was Member of the American Society of Civil Engineers since his election on May 2, 1888.
In the 1895 article "The Economic Element in Technical Education," Randolph advocated "the discussion of the commercial side of engineering problems, and the undesirability of making computations to an unnecessary degree of precision."
At Virginia Tech there is the Randolph Hall named after him and there is a L.S. Randolph chair for mechanical engineer.

## Selected publications

* Randolph, L. S. "Cost of Lubricating Car Journals." Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers Vol XI., (1894). p. 126
* Randolph, L. S. "Discussion of" Painting of Iron Structures Exposed to Weather"." Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 33.1 (1895).
* Randolph, L. S. "Requirements for Degrees in Engineering Courses." in Engineering Education, 1901, p. 159-179
* Randolph, L. S. "The economic element in technical education." SPEE Proceedings 3 (1895): 181-188.
* L.S. Randolph. "Virginia Anthracite Coal Fields." Mining Magazine. Vol. 10, 1904, p. 428
* L.S. Randolph. "The Possibilities of Engineering Education," in: The Stevens Indicator, Vol. 23. Jan. 1906. p. 1-5.
# Robert Niehoff

Robert Niehoff may refer to:
* Robert Niehoff (American football), American football defensive back
* Robert L. Niehoff, president of John Carroll University
# Rans, Jura

Rans is a commune in the Jura department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.