OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Physics and Chemistry of Glasses

Physics and Chemistry of Glasses: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part B is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Society of Glass Technology. It was established in 2006, from the merger of the Society of Glass Technology's journal Physics and Chemistry of Glasses and the Deutsche Glastechnische Gesellschaft's journal Glass Science and Technology.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Current Contents/Engineering, Computing & Technology, and Scopus. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.630.
# Piano Vetrale

Piano Vetrale, also shortened as Vetrale or Piano, is a southern Italian village and hamlet (frazione) of Orria, a municipality in the province of Salerno, Campania. As of 2011, its population was of 475.

## History

The origin of the toponym comes from Planus (referred to the high plain in which it lies) and Veteres (referred to its founders, some veterans of the Roman army from Gioi). The village, originally named Piano del Cilento, is part of the municipality of Orria since 1801 and was divided into two separated settlements (Piano and Vetrale) until the 1960s.

## Culture

Piano Vetrale became a "painted town" with large murales outside the houses, at the end of the 1970s, following the idea of the Sicilian artist Pino Crisanti.

## Geography

Located in the middle of Cilento and transcluded into its national park, Piano Vetrale is a hill village that spans on a ridge upon the valley of Alento river's source. It is divided into the quarters of Piano (west) and Vetrale (east), contiguous and divided by a little valley, named Vallone di Sabato.
Piano Vetrale lies between Orria (3.5 km west), Gioi (4 km southeast) and Stio (6.5 km east), and is connected to them by the provincial road SP56/B. The village is 7.3 km far from Perito, 7.7 from Ostigliano, 8 from Gorga, 9 from Cardile, 10 from Casino Lebano (the other hamlet of Orria), and 17 from Vallo della Lucania.

## Main sights

* St. Sophia's Church and its bell tower
* The murales within the village

## Personalities

* Paolo de Matteis (1662-1728), painter
# Piazzale Flaminio

Piazzale Flaminio is a square in Rome (Italy) and the starting point of the Via Flaminia.
It divides the Flaminio and the Pinciano quarters.

## Description

The square extends just outside the Aurelian Walls. Porta del Popolo, on its south side, connects it to Piazza del Popolo. On its east side there are the neoclassical propylaea giving access to Villa Borghese, designed by Luigi Canina.

## Transports

* Bus stop (ATAC)
* Metro stop (Flaminio - Piazza del Popolo, line A)
* Railway station (Piazzale Flaminio station)

## Image gallery

* The propylaea of Villa Borghese
* The access to the metro stop
# Pie Ntavyohanyuma

Pie Ntavyohanyuma is a Burundian politician who was head of the National Assembly from 2007 to 2015. He resigned and fled to Brussels, Belgium on June 28, 2015 during the 2015–2018 Burundian unrest, citing the unrest and his opposition to president Pierre Nkurunziza's bid for a disputed third term in the 2015 Burundian presidential election. He told France 24 that he "personally advised President Nkurunziza to drop his plan for a third term, but his answer was to threaten me, to humiliate me."
# Phyllonorycter caraganella

Phyllonorycter caraganella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. Its origins are from
the Russian Far East.
The larvae feed on Caragana fruticosa. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Phyllonorycter caspica

Phyllonorycter caspica is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Azerbaijan.
# Pierre Cayol

Pierre Cayol (born August 14, 1939) is a French contemporary painter.

## Biography

Cayol was born in Salon-de-Provence, Bouches-du-Rhône. He studied art in Grenoble and Paris at the Academy Jullian. He has lived in Tavel (Gard) since 1968.

## Career
### Influences

His encounter in 1956 with Marcel Féguide in Eygalières had a decisive influence on his career. His friendship with Baboulène since 1975 has given him the certainty that this is a course to be pursued, Michel Rodde has encouraged him too.
Very interested in the Native American peoples, he has travelled there several times in the Southwest and particularly in New Mexico and Arizona. His interest led to him organising an exhibition in Avignon at the town library. He showed artifacts, arts and crafts; and contemporary paintings by an Apache artist living in San-Carlos Apache Reservation.

### Exhibitions

* "Bilan de l'art contemporain" in Québec, Dallas, New York City.
* With the French artist salon, be exhibited in Peking and Canton.
* The cities of Avignon, Tavel, Saint-Laurent-des-Arbres, Valréas have bought paintings
* The museums of Bagnols-sur-Cèze, Sedan, Uzès, Toulon, Salon-de-Provence, Châteauneuf-le-Rouge.
* There was a show of his works at Château de Lascours, during the days of Poetry in May 1989.
Since 1965, he has had over twenty personal exhibitions: Arles, Bollène, Montélimar, Bagnols-sur-Cèze, Toulon, Villefranchesur-Saône, Castillon du Gard, Nîmes, Uzès, Apt, Aix-en-Provence, Gallery Drouant in Paris, Avignon, Marseille, Béziers (France), Toronto (Canada), Solothurn and Charmney (Switzerland), Seoul (South Korea), Sarasota (Florida - USA).

### Affiliations

A member of the association "Contacts" in the seventies, he is a founding member of "QUICHUA" which organised thematic exhibitions. He participated in the festival of Avignon and Toulon. He has been a full member of Autumn Salon of Paris since 1984.

### Literature

Pierre Cayol illustrated poems by Marc Alyn, Jeannine Baude, Yves Berger, Jehan Despert, Micheline Dupray, Pierre Estellon, Jules Laforgue, Pierre Louys, Jean-Louis Meunier, Frank Ricci, Arthur Rimbaud, Jean Rousselot.

### Awards

Cayol was prize winner in 1985 of the "Contemporary Painting" Ito-Ham in Paris.
# Physaloptera hispida

Physaloptera hispida is a parasitic nematode in the genus Physaloptera. It has been found on the marsh rice rat (Oryzomys palustris), hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), Florida mouse (Podomys floridanus), cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus), and oldfield mouse (Peromyscus polionotus) in Florida.
# Piesma maculatum

Piesma maculatum is a true bug species found from North Africa to southern parts of Scandinavia and the South of the British Isles then across the Palearctic to the Black Sea region to Central Asia, China and Japan. In Central Europe it is widespread and generally the most common species of the family Piesmatidae.

## Ecology

Piesma maculatum feeds on (Chenopodiaceae), especially Atriplex and Chenopodium.Macropterous individuals fly considerable distances to suitable overwintering sites where they live in dry ground litter, wood piles, or under loose bark. The animals fly in spring in the search for food plants and are sometimes found in completely atypical habitats, such as raised bogs. The development is just as in Piesma capitatum: mating and egg-laying takes place in April and May, June and adult animals of this generation reproduce again (completely) in the Autumn.
# Pila ovata

Pila ovata is a species of gastropods belonging to the family Ampullariidae.
The species is found in Africa.
# Piette

Piette may refer to:
* Albert Piette (born 1960), Belgian anthropologist
* Édouard Piette (1827–1906), French archaeologist
* Jacques Piette (1926–1990), French politician
* Josly Piette (born 1943), Belgian politician
* Ludovic Piette (1826–1878), French Impressionist painter
* Maurice Piette (1871–1953), Monégasque politician
* Samuel Piette (born 1994), Canadian soccer player
# Pilatovci, Nikšić

Pilatovci (Serbian Cyrillic: Пилатовци) is a village in the municipality of Nikšić, Montenegro.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census, its population was 128.
Ethnicity in 2011 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Montenegrins | 68 | 53.1% |
| Serbs | 50 | 39.1% |
| other/undeclared | 10 | 7.8% |
| Total | 128 | 100% |
# Pionier Boys' School

Pionier Boys' School is a school for adolescents with learning difficulties in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. It is situated in the Dorado Park suburb. The school offers grades 5–7 for learners between 14 and 16 years of age, as well as vocational training. The only other school in Windhoek that caters for students with general learning difficulties is Eros School for Girls, although there are other schools for children with specific handicaps such as hearing and visual impairments.
Pionier Boys' School was established in 1955. In 2011 there were 400 learners and 36 teachers at the school. One or two learners of the school are selected each year to serve on the Junior Council of the City of Windhoek.

## Principals of the school

* Dr. J.H.S. Oosthuizen 1955-1960
* Mr. J. J. Vos 1960-1973
* Mr. A. J. Venter 1975-1977
* Mr. F. J. N. Steyn 1979-1980
* Mr. J. H. Swiegers 1981-1989
* Mr. Niewoudt
* Mr. Cloete
* Mr. Linde 1996 - 2001
* Mr. B. Eiseb 2001 - 2006
* Mr. Orgill "Ock" van Wyk 2006 - currently
# Pine Mountain Ridge (California)

Pine Mountain Ridge (or simply Pine Mountain) is a massif of the Transverse Ranges located in northern Ventura County, and entirely within the Los Padres National Forest. The ridge is a large block of Matilija Sandstone, and reaches some of the highest elevations in the southern Transverse Ranges. The north slope of the ridge is part of the Sespe Wilderness.
Major peaks on the ridge include, from west to east, Reyes Peak, Haddock Peak, and Thorn Point.

## Ecology

The ridge is located in the California montane chaparral and woodlands ecoregion. Lower slopes are dominated by chaparral, while the upper reaches of the mountain support a forest of jeffrey pine, white fir, sugar pine, bigcone douglas fir, and California incense cedar.
# Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club

The Pine Needles Lodge and Golf Club is a country club in Southern Pines, North Carolina. The club's golf course was designed by Donald Ross.
The club hosted the U.S. Women's Open in 1996, 2001, 2007, and 2022, and staged the last Titleholders Championship in 1972. Those tournaments were won by Annika Sörenstam, Karrie Webb, Cristie Kerr, Minjee Lee, and Sandra Palmer respectively. It hosted the 1991 U.S. Senior Women's Amateur, won by Phyllis Preuss and hosted the 2019 U.S. Senior Women's Open, won by Helen Alfredsson.
# Pinecrest Bible Training Center

Pinecrest Bible Training Center is an interdenominational, unaccredited, three-year Bible school in Chesapeake, Virginia, USA. It was founded by Wade Taylor in 1968 in Salisbury Center, New York, and relocated to Virginia in 2013. The comedian Sam Kinison attended Pinecrest for the academic year 1968–1969.
# Pink Triangle Trust

The Pink Triangle Trust is a UK-registered charity that offers educational materials about LBGTQ issues and the application of humanism to the study of these issues. Its long-standing secretary was George Broadhead.

## History

The Trust was established in 1992. It is named after the pink triangle, a symbol originally used as a badge in Nazi concentration camps to identify gay men, but which has since become an international symbol of gay pride and the gay rights movement. The Pink Triangle Trust offered affirmation ceremonies for same sex couples.

## Gay & Lesbian Humanist

The PTT was the publisher of Gay & Lesbian Humanist magazine, more commonly known as G&LH. From 1994 to 2005, G&LH was a print-only magazine, and was published quarterly. During this time, it was edited by George Broadhead (1994–2000) and Andy Armitage (2000–2005). In 2008, G&LH was relaunched as an online-only magazine, with Mike Foxwell as its editor. The Gay Humanist Quarterly (GHQ) replaced the G&LH when South African journalist Brett Lock took over the editorship from 2005 – 2007.
In 2011, the PTT launched a new on-line magazine, The Pink Humanist, under the editorship of veteran gay journalist Barry Duke, who also edits the Freethinker magazine.
The PTT also has a presence on Facebook.
# Pietro Perna

Pietro Perna (1519 – 16 August 1582) was an Italian printer, the leading printer of Late Renaissance Basel, the Erasmian crossroads between Italian Renaissance humanism and the Protestant Reformation. His books promoted the Italian heretical thinkers at the origins of Socinianism and the theory of Tolerance. He was a major publisher of Protestant historians like Flacius Illyricus and David Chytraeus and promoted the ars historica treatises of the period, notably the 18 authores de historia in Artis Historicae Penus (1579).
A native of Villa Basilica, in the Republic of Lucca, and a Dominican, he arrived in Basel in 1544 as a disciple of the reformer Pietro Martire Vermigli and with the help of Pietro Carnesecchi. As a printer he started as an assistant to the renowned Johannes Oporinus and set up a press of his own in 1558. As a bookseller and apprentice printer he established a network of Italian connections that helped him act as a go between and publisher of Italian reformed thinkers and writers, such as Vermigli, Pier Paolo Vergerio, Jacopo Aconcio, Bernardino Ochino, Lelio Sozzini, Sebastian Castellio, Celio Secondo Curione, etc. He published the first edition (editio princeps) of the original Greek text of the Enneads of Plotinus. He produced important editions of Machiavelli and Bodin, Guicciardini and Lodovico Castelvetro. He published works of Paracelsus and various Paracelsians but also served as the chief printer of Paracelsus's leading critic Thomas Erastus. In 1570 Perna sent the artist Tobias Stimmer to Como to copy the famous collection of historical portraits in the Giovio Collection. Stimmer's distinctive woodcuts decorate numerous editions of Paolo Giovio, brought out by Perna and Heinrich Petri. The Basel doctor and polymath Theodor Zwinger was his close collaborator. Perna died of the plague and was buried in St. Peter's Church.
# Ernst Helmut Brandt

Ernst Helmut Brandt (17 September 1941 – 1 September 2011) was a German theoretical physicist. He is best known for working on the Abrikosov vortex lattice in type-II superconductors, particularly with the ideal lattice, its nonlocal elastic response, lattice defects, pinning and geometrical effects in the electromagnetic response of superconductors.
He was born in Berlin-Kaulsdorf, the second son of the publisher and bookseller Helmut Brandt and Elise Brandt (née Stümpfle). He studied physics at the University of Stuttgart and Technische Universität Berlin and the Free University of Berlin between October 1961 to June 1967. He worked on his doctoral thesis under Professor Alfred Seeger at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research and the University of Stuttgart between 1967 and 1969. From December 1969 to October 1970, he was a visiting scientist at the Lomonosov University in Moscow. In 1970, he was given a permanent position as researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Metals Research, Institute of Physics in Stuttgart, where he stayed until his retirement. He continued to travel and write publications after his retirement.
He specialised in the theory of vortices in type-II superconductors. During his career he had over 330 publicationswith over 11,000 citations.
He died on 1 September 2011 at his home, from inoperable pancreatic cancer.

## Personal life

In 1970 he married Renate Sprandl. They had three children, Gerhard (born 1976), Ursula (born 1979), and Martin (born 1983).
# Cassinoceras

Cassinoceras ("Cassin Horn") is a genus of nautiloids belonging to the endocerid family Piloceratidae that comes from the late Early Ordovician of eastern North America and adjacent territories.
Cassinoceras is characterized by short, laterally compressed, rapidly expanding shells in which the upper, dorsal, surface has a convex curvature and diverges strongly from the essentially straight lower, ventral surface. The siphuncle which entirely fills the apical portion at the back of the shell is also compressed and vertically expanding, and is filled with simple endocones with a complex system of endosiphuncular blades through which a flattened endosiphuncular tube with widely spaced partitions runs. The shell of Cassinoceras grew to about 25 to 30 cm long.
Cassinoceras was named by Ulrich & Foerste in 1936 for the Fort Cassin Limestone of western Vermont, from which the upper stage of the Canadian Epoch, known as the Cassinian gets its name. The genotype is Cassinoceras explanator (Whitfield). A second species Cassinoceras grande Ulrich & Foerste is also known from the Fort Cassin Limestone. The genus has also been found in Newfoundland, the Arctic islands, and on Spitsbergen.
# Borealis Glacier

Borealis Glacier is in North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington and is on the north slopes of Primus Peak. Borealis Glacier flows generally northeast for a distance of approximately .70 mi (1.13 km). Borealis Glacier descends from nearly 7,200 to 6,000 ft (2,200 to 1,800 m), but is split into an upper and lower sections. The upper section is as much as .90 mi (1.45 km) wide, but ends abruptly in an icefall along some cliffs. The lower section has been retreating significantly, and between 1990 and 2009 lost almost 250 m (820 ft) in length, creating a proglacial lake at the terminus.
# Colorful Character

Colorful Character may refer to:
* 13 Colorful Character (2012), the 13th album by the Japanese girl group Morning Musume
* The Colorful Character, a short story by L. Sprague de Camp
# Rudy Rahme

Rudy Rahme (born October 1967) is a Lebanese sculptor, painter and poet.

## Education

He was born in October 1967 in Bsharri, Lebanon, and attended Collège Saint Joseph – Antoura in Keserwan District and then the Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts. He then specialized in fresco and sculpture at the Academia Spinelli in Florence and later he studied at the Fonderie Coubertin in Paris.

## Work

* He has finished building parts of the Maria Goretti Chapel in Miziara, Lebanon in memory of Raya Chidiac.
* The Walking Rock infinity
* The Dream
* Jibran Khalil Jibran bust
* Lamartine square
* The Walking Rock Series
* The Balance Series
* The Dancing Series
* The Religious Series
* The Bust Series
* Al Tajalli
* Gebran k Gebran
* Said Akl
* The Last Supper
* The Raft

## Exhibitions

* 2020 - Australia - Sydney - "Rejuvenate" AAD Gallery
* 2019 - Lebanon - Beirut - The Garden Show 16th
* 2018 - Lebanon - Beirut - Artspace Hamra
* 2017 - UAE - Abu Dhabi - Le Royal Meridien
* 2016 - Italy - Imperia - the International photo exhibition of Contemporary Art
* 2016 - UK - London - Monteoliveto Gallery : Cities of Europe /London Calling
* 2016 - Belgium - Bruxelles - Salon international d'art contemporain
* 2016 - France - Paris - Light and Transparencies - Galerie Etienne de Causans
* 2015 - US - Miami - Miami River Art Fair 2015
* 2015 - Singapore - Singapore - WTECA
* 2012 - Lebanon - Beirut - Tawazon Robert Mouawad Private Museum
* 2011 - Lebanon - Beirut - The Garden Show
# Professional Ski Simulator

Professional Ski Simulator is an isometric 3D sports simulation game released by Codemasters in 1987 for the ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, and Amstrad CPC. It was later released for the Atari ST and Amiga as Advanced Ski Simulator.

## Gameplay

Gameplay consists of simulated downhill skiing of increasing difficulty. Players can race against each other, or against the computer. The slope must be completed passing through all of the checkpoints and within a time limit. The game is viewed in overhead isometric 3D perspective.
The game screen always tracks the leading contestant, so if a player falls too far behind he will lose sight of his skier. However, an icon map in the corner of the screen shows the locations of both players and the checkpoints, enabling a skilled player to still complete the race.

## Reviews

Sinclair User wrote in 1987:
   The slopes are the best part of the game. A delight to see, they are beautifully designed using clever shading to give the impression of different gradients. Another great game by the Ollie bros... Well done lads, more please, more.
# Anisaedus

Anisaedus is a genus of palp-footed spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1893.

## Species

As of June 2019 it contains six species, found in Africa, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and Ecuador:
* Anisaedus aethiopicus Tullgren, 1910 – Tanzania
* Anisaedus gaujoni Simon, 1893 (type) – Ecuador, Peru
* Anisaedus levii Chickering, 1966 – Africa
* Anisaedus pellucidas Platnick, 1975 – Chile
* Anisaedus rufus (Tullgren, 1905) – Argentina
* Anisaedus stridulans González, 1956 – Peru
# Mustoe, King George County, Virginia

Mustoe is an unincorporated community in King George County, Virginia, United States.
# Pittock House

The Pittock House also known as Lakeside and the Leadbetter House is a historic house located in Camas, Washington, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 3, 1979.

## Description and history

Henry L. Pittock had the house built for his son and daughter–in–law Frederick and Bertha Leadbetter Pittock when they married in 1902. The property is 3 acres (1.2 ha) with 484.2 feet (147.6 m) of shoreline on La Camas Lake.Although it was built as a farmhouse the Queen Anne style building reflects the wealth and stature of the residents. The basic floor plan is a two and half story rectangle, 36 feet (11 m) by 63 feet (19 m) with a prominent three story bay with a conical roof.

## Modern times

In 2013 a group of 11 property owners in the north shore area of Lacamas Lake were in the process of moving a development proposal that included preservation of the Pittock House and another property through the county government. The group included Pittock heirs.
# Ernest Henry mine

The Ernest Henry mine is a large copper mine located in eastern Australia, 36 km (22 mi) north-east of Cloncurry in the state of Queensland. Ernest Henry represents one of the largest copper reserves in Australia and in the world having estimated reserves of 167 million tonnes of ore grading 1.1% copper and 2.67 million oz of gold. Silver is also produced at the mine. The mine produced 64,000 tonnes of copper and 92,000 ounces of gold in the financial year to 2021.

## History

Commercial operations at the site began as an open-cut mine in 1998. Plans to transition to underground mining were announced in 2009. In June 2023, the mine announced that operations would continue till at least 2040.
In March 2023, the mine closed for six weeks after flood water entered the site.

## Operations

Ernest Henry is an underground mining operation. A 1,000 m (3,300 ft) hoisting shaft brings ore to the surface. Traditional grinding and flotation methods in the concentrator is used to extract copper and gold. Concentrate is treated at Glencore’s Mount Isa Mines smelter and metal is refined at Glencore’s Townsville refinery.