OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Michigan (1903 automobile)

The Michigan was a brass era automobile built in Kalamazoo, Michigan by the Michigan Automobile Company, Ltd from 1903 to 1907.

## History

The Fuller brothers, Charles D. and Frank D. owned the Fuller Brothers Manufacturing Company that made washboards and other wood products. Negotiating with the Blood brothers, owners of the Kalamazoo Cycle Company and builders of a prototype car,they decided to go into automobile manufacturing. On December, 30th, 1902, they established the Michigan Automobile Company, LTD, Charles Fuller as chairman, Frank Fuller as secretary and general manager, Maurice E. Blood as treasurer, and Charles C. Blood as superintendent.
A business dispute resulted in the Blood brothers leaving the company at the end of 1904. The Bloods set up production of their own car and the Blood automobile was identical with the last car they developed for Michigan.
The Bloods quit building automobiles (for a decade) in 1905 and built automobile parts instead. The Michigan was continued into 1907 when the Fuller brothers followed the Bloods into automobile parts. As Fuller and Sons Manufacturing Company, they made transmissions and clutches.

## Models

The Bloods small prototype car, was a two-passenger runabout with a wheelbase of just 48 in., a steering lever and an air-cooled, single-cylinder engine that delivered 3.5 horsepower. For production, a longer frame with a wheelbase of 54 in. was used. It was marketed as the Model A runabout, priced at $450 (equivalent to $15,260 in 2023) and weighing only 360 pounds. About 100 cars were built by 1904.
A larger car, Model C, was added in 1904. It had a 2-cylinder engine that developed 12 hp, a wheelbase of 78 in., a steering wheel but the engine still placed under the seat. Available as a Light Touring, similar to a detachable Tonneau, the price was $900.
The Bloods designed two more 2-cylinder cars that were introduced in 1905. Model D with the 12 hp engine, wheelbase of 80 in. and Demi Tonneau body was priced at $1,100. For $150 more, a larger Model E was offered with 16 hp engine, and a 90 in.wheelbase. From 1906, Model E remained available priced at $1,500 (equivalent to $50,867 in 2023) until end of production in 1907.
# Michigan & Smiley

Michigan and Smiley are a Jamaican reggae/dancehall duo consisting of Papa Michigan (born Anthony Fairclough) and General Smiley (born Erroll Bennett). They rose to popularity during the first wave of dancehall music in the late 1970s.

## Career

The duo of Michigan (Anthony Fairclough) and Smiley recorded at Clement "Coxsone" Dodd's Studio One in Jamaica, pressing their first number one hit single, "Rub a Dub Style", which featured their call and response style vocals, overdubbed on the Studio One riddim, "Vanity" (the instrumental alias given to Alton Ellis' Rocksteady classic, "I'm Just A Guy"). Their next single, perhaps a larger hit, "Nice Up the Dance" was a version of the quintessential Studio 1 rhythm, "Real Rock". These singles, with four other tracks, also versions of Studio One rhythms, were released as their first album, Nice Up the Dance. The names of these two singles were quickly incorporated into the lexicon of dancehall phraseology. Their call and response style was likewise influential on the future developments of the music, blending together straightforward singing styles and toasting. By 1982, they caught the attention of Henry "Junjo" Lawes, who recorded their biggest hit, "Diseases" over the "Mad Mad" riddim. This track was featured on their second LP, Downpression. They went on to cut an album for Channel One Records, Step by Step. The last of their hit records was "Sugar Daddy", pressed on RAS Records, which featured yet another reworking of "Mad Mad".
Michigan & Smiley recorded a version of Suzanne Vega's hit single "Tom's Diner" that is included on the compilation album Tom's Album. The duo continue to record and make appearances at festivals and have both released solo recordings. Michigan is set to release the album DJ Legend, to be preceded in September 2014 by an EP of the same name.

## Discography
### Albums

* Rub a Dub Style (1980) Studio One
* Downpression (1982) Greensleeves
* Live at Reggae Sunsplash (1982) Trojan (with Eek-a-Mouse)
* Sugar Daddy (1983) RAS
* Back in the Biz (1991) VP
* Reality Must Rule Again (1992) VP
* Uptown/Downtown (1995) VP
# Afonso Cláudio (politician)

Afonso Cláudio de Freitas Rosa (August 2, 1859 – June 16, 1934), or simply Afonso Cláudio, as he was better known by the people, was, for a brief time, the first president (governor, actually) of the Brazilian state of Espírito Santo. He was inaugurated as governor on November 22, 1889, and remained on the function until January 7, 1890.

## Biography

He was born to landowner parents in the rural zone of central Espírito Santo. He studied at a university in Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil, where he graduated in Laws in 1883. Back to Espírito Santo, he radicated at its capital, Vitória, where he worked as a public law enforcer.
At some point of his younger years, he joined the movement for the abolition of the slavery in Brazil, and became a Republican conspirator also. Afonso Cláudio was also a supporter of the European immigration to Espírito Santo.
Following the Republican coup d'état that put an end to the Empire of Brazil, Afonso Cláudio was appointed president of Espírito Santo by the new-installed government. He occupied the office for a brief time though, being appointed later for the state's Court of Justice, which he presided as well.
Afonso Cláudio was also a teacher (Professor of Law at the Law School of Niterói, Fluminense Federal University), a poet and writer, being his most important books History of Espirito-Santensis Literature, Rhimes and Songs of Espírito Santo and The Insurrection of Queimado, an essay on the slave rebellion that took place on Espírito Santo in 1849.
He was a founding member of the Academia Espírito-santense de Letras.
# Afghan babbler

The Afghan babbler (Argya huttoni) is a species of bird in the family Leiothrichidae. It is found from southeastern Iraq to south western Pakistan. It was formerly considered a subspecies of the common babbler.
When compared to the common babbler, the Afghan babbler has a heavier bill and dark streaks on the breast and sides. The vocalizations are also different. The variation is sometimes considered to be clinal but two subspecies have been recognized. The Afghan babbler group includes salvadorii (De Filippi, 1865) found in Iraq and western Iran and huttoni (Blyth, 1847) from eastern Iran through Afghanistan east to southwestern Pakistan.
The Afghan babbler was formerly placed in the genus Turdoides but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus Argya.
# Advancing Secondary Science Education thru Tetrahymena

Advancing Secondary Science Education through Tetrahymena (ASSET) is an organization at Cornell University that is dedicated to expanding the use of the protist Tetrahymena in K-12 classrooms. They are funded by the National Institutes of Health through the SEPA (Science Education Partnership Award) Program. Although their name includes the word "secondary," they have worked in recent years to develop materials for students in elementary, middle and high schools. The group develops modules, which are stand-alone labs or lessons that can be inserted into the curriculum of a class at the discretion of the teacher.

## Modules

Modules are designed to be stand-alone lessons that fit into and complement a life science curriculum. The ASSET program ships all the equipment that is needed to complete the modules to the teacher in a reusable plastic container, at ASSET's expense. The teacher who requested the materials can use them for up to two weeks. At the end of the two weeks, the teacher uses a pre-paid return label to send the materials back in the same container. Some materials, such as live cells, may be sent separately to provide for a chance for the culture to be established in the teacher's classroom.

### Science modules

ASSET has created fifteen science modules, each of which addresses a particular topic relevant to life science education in United States school curricula.

#### Cannibalism and interspecific predation

This module utilizes two species of Tetrahymena: Tetrahymena thermophilia and Tetrahymena vorax. In the lab, an extract, called stomatin, is made from the thermophilia, then placed into the vorax culture. There, it induces a transformation from the microstome form to the macrostome form in T. vorax. This transformation is most notable by a marked increase in the size of the cell (doubling or sometimes more), the resorption of the microstomal oral apparatus and the construction of a much larger macrostomal oral apparatus. This transformation allows the macrostomal T. vorax cells to prey on T. thermophilia, but also to cannibalize the microstomes of their own species.

### Science and society modules

ASSET has also created five science and society modules, which are designed to integrate social studies and science education into one unit.
# 318th Special Operations Squadron

The 318th Special Operations Squadron flies the Pilatus PC-12 and is currently stationed at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico. The 318th is under the command of the Air Force Special Operations Command. Crews plan, prepare, and execute nonstandard aviation missions in support of joint special operations forces while directly supporting theater special operations commanders by conducting night vision infiltration, exfiltration, resupply and other combat taskings on unimproved runways.

## History

The squadron was activated on 1 May 1944 as the 318th Troop Carrier Squadron (Commando) at Camp Mackall, North Carolina and serving under the 3d Air Commando Group. The unit participated in the Southwest Pacific Theater, flying the Waco CG-4 glider and C-47 Skytrain transport. The squadron was inactivated 25 March 1946.
Reactivated on 15 November 1971 at Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, the unit was stood up as the 318th Special Operations Squadron, serving under 1st Special Operations Wing. The unit's mission was to provide unconventional warfare support in Vietnam with the Lockheed C-130 Hercules until inactivation on 1 June 1974.
The unit was most recently reactivated on 16 May 2008. The unit replace a detachment that had operated the Pilatus PC-12 since 27 July 2007, first at Hurlburt Field, Florida as 1st Special Operations Group, Detachment 4, then after 30 December 2007 at Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico as 27th Special Operations Group, Detachment 2.

## Lineage

* Constituted as the 318th Troop Carrier Squadron, Commando on 1 May 1944 and activated
    Inactivated on 25 March 1946
* Redesignated 318th Special Operations Squadron on 21 October 1971
    Activated on 15 November 1971
    Inactivated on 1 June 1974
    Activated on 2 May 2008

### Assignments

* 3d Air Commando Group, 1 May 1944 – 25 March 1946.
* 1st Special Operations Wing, 15 November 1971 – 1 June 1974
* 27th Special Operations Group, 2 May 2008 – present

### Stations

* Camp Mackall, North Carolina, 1 May 1944
* Dunnellon Army Air Field, Florida, 15 August 1944
* Camp Mackall, North Carolina, 12 September 1944
* Baer Field, Indiana, 30 September-ii October 1944
* Nadzab Airfield Complex, New Guinea, 26 October 1944;
* Leyte, Philippines, (undetermined location), 5 January 1945
* Mangaldan Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 26 January 1945
* Laoag Airfield, Luzon, Philippines, 15 April 1945
* Ie Shima Airfield, Okinawa, 9 August 1945 (operated from Atsugi Airfield, Japan, 20 September-7 October 1945)
* Chitose Air Base, Japan, 27 October 1945 – 25 March 1946.
* Pope Air Force Base, North Carolina, 15 November 1971 – 1 June 1974
* Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico, 2 May 2008 – present

### Aircraft

* Waco CG-4, 1944
* Douglas C-47 Skytrain, 1944–1946
* Lockheed C-130 Hercules, 1971–1974
* PZL C-145A Skytruck, 2007–2013
* Pilatus PC-12, 2007–present
# 3190

3190 may refer to:
* A.D. 3190, a year in the 4th millennium CE
* 3190 BC, a year in the 4th millennium BCE
* 3190, a number in the 3000 (number) range

## Other uses

* 3190 Aposhanskij, an asteroid in the Asteroid Belt, the 3190th asteroid registered
* Hawaii Route 3190, a state highway
* Louisiana Highway 3190, a state highway
* Texas Farm to Market Road 3190, a state highway
# Afroarabiella tahamae

Afroarabiella tahamae is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
# Microgenetic design

Microgenetic design (a.k.a. microgenetic method) is a scientific method in which the same setting is studied repeatedly in order to observe change in detail. In contrast to cross-sectional and longitudinal designs, which provide broad outlines of the process of change, microgenetic designs provide an in-depth analysis of the behavior of the system while it is changing. Although often associated with developmental psychology, the method has been applied in adult settings as well, and the method is applicable to any system—human or otherwise—whose behavior changes over time, and where it may be useful or important to analyze the details of these changes. The term "microgenetic" appears to have originated with Heinz Werner, who described a "genetic method" in the early part of the 20th century, and has been employed by many prominent psychologists since that time. (It is unclear when and where the "micro" prefix was added.)

## Vygotskian Theory

Information-processing psychologists, particularly Robert S. Siegler, also have adopted the microgenetic method advocated by the Soviet Psychologist Lev Vygotsky. The microgenetic method is derived from Vygotsky’s developmental approach:
   "…to encompass in research the process of a given thing’s development in all its phases and changes…fundamentally means to discover its nature, its essence, for ‘it is only in movement that a body shows what it is’" (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 65).
# Microdot connector

Microdot, a company previously based in South Pasadena, California and now owned by Tyco Electronics manufactures a wide range of coaxial and multi-pin connectors that have been used since the 1950s for instrumentation and aerospace applications. While the company makes various proprietary and industry-standard connectors, they are best known for a small coaxial connector which has become known as "the" Microdot connector. In its most common version, called the S-50 series, it uses a 10-32 (0.190-32 UNF2B) thread. This connector is used worldwide for accelerometers, small microphones and various other transducers.
# Micronychia

The term Micronychia may refer to
* Micronychia (plant), a genus of plants in the family Anacardiaceae
* Micronychia (fly), a genus of flies in the family Tachinidae
* abnormally small finger- and toenails
# Micronycteris giovanniae

Micronycteris giovanniae is a species of leaf-nosed bat found in Ecuador.

## Taxonomy and etymology

It was described as a new species in 2007. The holotype had been collected in 2001. This holotype represents the only individual documented of this species as of 2016. The eponym for the species name "giovanniae" is American poet Nikki Giovanni, "in recognition of her poetry and writings." Based on analysis of the cytochrome b gene, its closest relative is the Matses' big-eared bat, M. matses.

## Description

It is a medium-sized member of the genus Micronycteris. Unlike some species of the genus, its belly fur is dark. The only known individual of this species had a forearm length of 37 mm (1.5 in) and weighed 8.6 g (0.30 oz). It is a diploid organism with a karyotype of 2n = 40 and a fundamental number (FN) of 68. It has a dental formula of 2.1.2.32.1.3.3 for a total of 34 teeth.

## Location and habitat

The single individual known from this species was documented in Esmeraldas Province of Ecuador. It was found within a secondary forest that was in the process of being deforested.
# Aetobatus

Aetobatus is a genus of eagle rays native to the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. It was formerly placed in Myliobatidae, but is now placed in its own family Aetobatidae based on salient differences from myliobatids, especially the pectoral fins joining the head at the level of the eyes.

## Species

There are currently either 3 or 5 recognized extant species in this genus depending on the status of A. narinari:
| Common Name | Scientific name | Distribution |
| Long-headed eagle ray | Aetobatus flagellum (Bloch & J. G. Schneider, 1801) | Indo-West Pacific |
| Pacific white-spotted eagle ray | Aetobatus laticeps (T. N. Gill, 1865) | Baja California to northern Peru, including the Galápagos |
| Spotted eagle ray | Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasén, 1790) | Atlantic (including the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico); worldwide if A. ocellatus and A. laticeps are considered subspecies |
| Naru eagle ray | Aetobatus narutobiei W. T. White, Furumitsu, A. Yamaguchi, 2013 | northwest Pacific off south Japan, South Korea, China, Hong Kong and Vietnam |
| Ocellated eagle ray | Aetobatus ocellatus (Kuhl, 1823) | Indo-West Pacific |
There are also 6 extinct species (only known from fossil remains) placed in this genus:
* †Aetobatus arcuatus Agassiz 1843
* †Aetobatus cappettai Antunes & Balbino 2006
* †Aetobatus irregularis Agassiz 1843
* †Aetobatus punctatus Miller 1876
* †Aetobatus poeyi Fernández de Castro 1873
* †Aetobatus sinhaleyus Deraniyagala 1937
# Micropentila mabangi

Micropentila mabangi, the Sierra Leone dots, is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Sierra Leone and eastern Ivory Coast. The habitat consists of primary forests.
# Micropentila katerae

Micropentila katerae is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in the Ugandan jungle(western shore of Lake Victoria) and north-western Tanzania. The habitat consists of primary forests.
# Microblepsis robusta

Microblepsis robusta is a moth in the family Drepanidae. It was described by Oberthür in 1916. It is found in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Shaanxi.
The length of the forewings is about 22.5 mm for males and 22–26 mm for females.
# Agave eggersiana

Agave eggersiana, or Eggers' century plant, is an endangered species of spiky plant which grows in the Virgin Islands, in dry, exposed areas. Agave eggersiana is a perennial herb known in the wild only from the island of St. Croix of the U.S. Virgin Islands (USFWS 1998a). A small number of plants remain on private land and are threatened by tourist development (USFWS 1998b). Other threats include feral pigs and goats on National Park Service land (USFWS 1998b). Research needs include distribution and abundance, general biology and ecology (USFWS 1998a). The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service requests that any interested parties (concerned government agencies, the scientific community and/or industry) submit data or suggestions concerning this species (USFWS 1998b). The plant is being cultivated at the St. George Village Botanical Garden in St. Croix U.S.V.I.(USFWS 1998a) and at Fairchild Botanical Gardens in south Florida.
Agave eggersiana has flowering stalks up to 7 m (23 feet) in height and has large, yellow tubular flowers that produce flattened black seeds (USFWS 1998a).
# Middlehurst

Middlehurst is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Andy Middlehurst (born 1963), British racing driver
* Barbara M. Middlehurst (1915–1995), Welsh astronomer
* Gary Middlehurst (born 1983), English rugby league player
* Tom Middlehurst (born 1936), Welsh politician
# Eduard Laubi

Eduard Laubi (born 2 May 1881) was a Swiss footballer who played in the early 1900s. He played mainly as striker, but also as midfielder.
Laubi joined FC Basel's first team during their 1900–01 FC Basel season. After playing in two test games Laubi played his domestic league debut for the club in the away game on 10 February 1901 as Basel were defeated 2–3 by Fire Flies Zürich. For the team this was a bad season, they ended the season in fifth position in the group stage.
A curiosity in this season was the away game on 3 March 1901. This was an away game against Grasshopper Club and it ended in a 3–13 defeat. The reasons for this high defeat can be explained with the fact that one of the players missed the train and that the team played with a number of players from their reserve team. Nevertheless, to date this remains the teams’ highest and biggest defeat in the club’s history.
Laubi scored his first goal for his club during the next season, on 3 November 1901 in the away game as Basel won 4–1 against Fortuna Basel. Compared to the previous season, Basel played better this league season and ended the group stage in second position in the table.
He was with the team for four seasons and during this time Laubi played a total of 36 games for Basel scoring a total of six goals. 19 of these games were in the Nationalliga A and 17 were friendly games. He scored three goals in the domestic league and the other three were scored during the test games.
# Constantin Radu

Constantin Radu may refer to:
* Constantin Radu (athlete), Romanian long-distance runner
* Constantin Radu (footballer) (1945–2020), Romanian footballer
* Constantin Radu (rower) (born 1996), Romanian rower
# Ely Valley

Ely Valley may refer to:
* The valley of the River Ely in South Wales surrounded by the communities of Tonyrefail, Gilfach Goch, Llantrisant, Pontyclun, Llanharan and Llanharry
* A community sports park in Tonyrefail
* Ely Valley Railway, a Welsh railway line
# 2023 Santa Cruz Challenger

The 2023 Santa Cruz Challenger was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the third edition of the tournament which was part of the 2023 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia between 11 and 17 September 2023.

## Singles main-draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| ARG | Juan Manuel Cerúndolo | 93 | 1 |
| ARG | Genaro Alberto Olivieri | 140 | 2 |
| BOL | Hugo Dellien | 147 | 3 |
| ARG | Thiago Agustín Tirante | 150 | 4 |
| ARG | Francisco Comesaña | 160 | 5 |
| ARG | Mariano Navone | 184 | 6 |
| ITA | Luciano Darderi | 185 | 7 |
| ARG | Camilo Ugo Carabelli | 202 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of 28 August 2023.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Juan Ignacio Londero
* Juan Carlos Prado Ángelo
* Matías Soto
The following player received entry into the singles main draw using a protected ranking:
* Pedro Sakamoto
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Pedro Boscardin Dias
* Orlando Luz
* Facundo Mena
* José Pereira
* Gonzalo Villanueva
* Marcelo Zormann

## Champions
### Singles

* Mariano Navone def. Francisco Comesaña 4–6, 7–5, 6–1.

### Doubles

* Boris Arias / Federico Zeballos def. Matías Soto / Gonzalo Villanueva 6–2, 4–6, [10–7].
# Elmer Berger

Elmer Berger may refer to:
* Elmer Berger (inventor) (1891–1952), American inventor of the rear-view mirror
* Elmer Berger (rabbi) (1908–1996), Jewish Reform rabbi known for his anti-Zionism
# Olga Guirao

Olga Guirao (born 1956) is a Spanish novelist born in Barcelona. Her first novel Mi querido Sebastian was nominated for the 1992 Premio Herralde. Since then, she has published several more books, including Adversarios admirables, Carta con diez años de retraso and La llamada.
# Charlotte of Württemberg

Charlotte of Württemberg may refer to:
* Charlotte, Princess Royal (1766–1828), queen consort of Württemberg
* Princess Charlotte of Württemberg (1807–1873), also known as Elena Pavlovna
* Charlotte of Schaumburg-Lippe (1864–1946), queen consort of Württemberg