OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Treaty of Aberconwy

The Treaty of Aberconwy was signed on the 10th of November 1277, and was made between King Edward I of England and Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Prince of Wales. It followed Edward's invasion of Llywelyn's territories earlier that year. The treaty re-established peace between the two but also essentially guaranteed that Welsh self-rule would end upon Llywelyn's death and represented the completion of the first stage of the Conquest of Wales by Edward I.

## Background

Llywelyn, wanting to cement his links to royalty more forcefully, sought to marry Eleanor de Montfort, daughter of Simon de Montfort and King Edward's cousin. They were married by proxy in 1275, but when Eleanor sailed from France to meet Llewelyn, Edward hired pirates to seize her ship; she was imprisoned at Windsor Castle.
Edward, who was newly acceded to the throne of England, viewed Llywelyn as a threat, and particularly disliked the idea of his marrying the daughter of de Montfort, who had been the biggest threat to his royal predecessor's reign. Edward also summoned Llewelyn to appear before him on several occasions, which Llywelyn refused on the grounds that he was not safe at Edward's court.
In 1276, Edward declared Llywelyn a rebel and gathered an enormous army to march against him. By the summer of 1277, Edward's forces had reached the heart of Gwynedd. Edward's men confiscated the harvest in Anglesey, which deprived Llewelyn and his men of food, forcing Llywelyn to surrender.

## Treaty

The treaty was signed in November 1277. Under its terms, Llywelyn was left only with the western part of Gwynedd, though he was allowed to retain the title of Prince of Wales. Eastern Gwynedd was split between Edward and Llywelyn's brother Dafydd ap Gruffydd, who had defected to Edward. The remainder of the lands that had been tributary to Llywelyn came effectively under Edward's control.
As a result of both territorial expropriation and the submission of the ruling families, Deheubarth, Powys and mid-Wales became a mixture of directly controlled English royal land and pliant English protectorates. Edward's victory was comprehensive and it represented a major redistribution of power and territory in Wales in Edward's favour. Edward now enjoyed a degree of direct control in the native Welsh areas which no previous English king had achieved.

## Consequences

In the years after the treaty, Llywelyn sought to consolidate what power he had left. He paid homage and tribute to Edward, who agreed to allow Llewelyn's marriage to go forward. In 1278, Llywelyn and Eleanor de Montfort were married in Worcester Cathedral, with Edward present at the nuptials.
However, Llywelyn's brother Dafydd was discontented with the reward he had received from Edward under the treaty. As a consequence, he rebelled against Edward in 1282. Dafydd's rebellion soon assumed the character of a national struggle against Edward causing Llewelyn and the other Welsh leaders to join in. Edward, in response, began to see it as a war of conquest. Llywelyn was killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge in December 1282, and Edward's conquest of Wales was completed with Dafydd's capture in June 1283.
# Velazconia

Velazconia is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae.
# Deven

Deven can be a variant of the Indian masculine given name Devendra. It may also refer to:

## Surname

* Chimbu Deven (formerly Simbudevan), Tamil film director
* Mandy Van Deven (born 1980), American writer and activist

## Given name

* Deven Bhojani (born 1969), Indian TV serial actor/director
* Deven Green (born 1975), Canadian-American comedian, comedy writer and musician
* Deven May (born 1971), American Broadway performer, actor and photographer
* Deven Sharma (born 1956), Indian-American business executive, president of Standard & Poor's
* Deven Thompkins (born 1999), American football player
* Deven Verma (1937–2014), Indian film and television actor, particularly known for his comic roles
# Rose Madder

Rose madder can mean:
* Rose madder, a pinkish color made from madder pigment or dye
* Rose Madder (novel), a 1995 novel by Stephen King
# Robert B. Nemiroff

Robert B. Nemiroff (October 29, 1929, New York City – July 18, 1991) was an American theater producer and songwriter, and the husband of Lorraine Hansberry.
Nemiroff was a book editor and a music publisher, as well as an award-winning songwriter. With co-writer Burt D’Lugoff, he composed the 1956 hit song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", and "Fifteen", the theme for the movie The World, the Flesh, and the Devil.
He married Lorraine Hansberry in 1953, which Hansberry often cited as an important creative factor in the genesis of her play A Raisin in the Sun. Although the couple separated in 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted until Hansberry's death from cancer in January 1965. In 1967, he married Jewell Handy Gresham, a college professor who taught at Tuskegee Institute, New York University, Hofstra University, Nassau Community College, and Vassar College.
Nemiroff devoted much of his life to editing and promoting the work of Hansberry, who had named him as her literary executor. He was the executive producer of the 1989 PBS production of A Raisin in the Sun, and produced and co-wrote the 1973 Broadway musical Raisin, based on A Raisin in the Sun.

## Awards and honors

Nemiroff won the Tony Award for producing Raisin.
# Blood (In This Moment song)

"Blood" is a song by American rock band In This Moment. Released June 12, 2012, it is the first single released from their fourth studio album, Blood.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Maria Brink; all music is composed by In This Moment, Kevin Churko, Kane Churko

## About the song

'Blood' was one of the first two songs written for the upcoming album. It was written by bandmates Maria Brink and Chris Howorth along with longtime producer Kevin Churko and his son Kane. The song features Brink's intense vocals, heavy guitars and Electronica elements which gives the band a fresh new sound. The song first premiered live during their set on the Soundwave festival March 2, 2012. A stream of the studio version premiered in a Cage Match battle on WWBN on May 31, 2012. The single was released to all digital retailers on June 12, 2012.

## Music video

The music video was directed by Robert John Kley. A 1-minute teaser was released on the bands Facebook page on June 26, 2012, while the full video premiered on Loudwire July 10. The video features a Snow White theme with Maria Brink singing while sitting on a throne surrounded by women wearing white masks. Each character in the video represents a different emotion. "The video is about showing the different sides of me. The vulnerable, scared side. The empowering “conquer all” side. The really feminine Aphrodite side."

## Personnel

* Maria Brink – lead vocals, piano
* Chris Howorth – lead guitar, backing vocals
* Randy Weitzel – rhythm guitar
* Travis Johnson – bass
* Tom Hane – drums

## Reception

The single peaked at number 9 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock and Active Rock charts, and at number 37 on Rock Songs, making this the first In This Moment single to chart on Billboard. Spencer Kaufman of Loudwire said the song is "a passionate track both musically and lyrically".
Blood is also the best-selling single of all time for the band's label Century Media. On March 29, 2017, the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), moving 500,000 copies in the United States.

## Charts

| Chart (2012) | Peak position |
| US Rock Songs (Billboard) | 37 |
| US Mainstream Rock (Billboard) | 9 |
| US Active Rock (Billboard) | 9 |
| US Rock Airplay (Billboard) | 26 |
| US Rock Digital Songs (Billboard) | 49 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Ola, Nevada

Ola is a ghost town and railroad siding in eastern Elko County, Nevada, United States.

## Description

The site of the former community is located on the western edge of the Great Salt Lake Desert, just west of West Wendover and about 3.2 miles (5.1 km) southwest of the Ola Interchange (Exit 407) on Interstate 80 in Nevada/U.S. Route 93 Alternate. Other than a railroad siding, almost nothing remains at the site.
# Noether inequality

In mathematics, the Noether inequality, named after Max Noether, is a property of compact minimal complex surfaces that restricts the topological type of the underlying topological 4-manifold. It holds more generally for minimal projective surfaces of general type over an algebraically closed field.

## Formulation of the inequality

Let X be a smooth minimal projective surface of general type defined over an algebraically closed field (or a smooth minimal compact complex surface of general type) with canonical divisor K = −c$_1$(X), and let p$_g$ = h$^0$(K) be the dimension of the space of holomorphic two forms, then
    $p_{g}\leq {\frac {1}{2}}c_{1}(X)^{2}+2.$
For complex surfaces, an alternative formulation expresses this inequality in terms of topological invariants of the underlying real oriented four manifold. Since a surface of general type is a Kähler surface, the dimension of the maximal positive subspace in intersection form on the second cohomology is given by b+ = 1 + 2p$_g$. Moreover, by the Hirzebruch signature theorem c$_1$$^2$ (X) = 2e + 3σ, where e = c$_2$(X) is the topological Euler characteristic and σ = b+ − b$_−$ is the signature of the intersection form. Therefore, the Noether inequality can also be expressed as
    $b_{+}\leq 2e+3\sigma +5$
or equivalently using e = 2 – 2 b$_1$ + b+ + b$_−$
    $b_{-}+4b_{1}\leq 4b_{+}+9.$
Combining the Noether inequality with the Noether formula 12χ=c$_1$$^2$+c$_2$ gives
    $5c_{1}(X)^{2}-c_{2}(X)+36\geq 12q$
where q is the irregularity of a surface, which leads to a slightly weaker inequality, which is also often called the Noether inequality:
    $5c_{1}(X)^{2}-c_{2}(X)+36\geq 0\quad (c_{1}^{2}(X){\text{ even}})$
    $5c_{1}(X)^{2}-c_{2}(X)+30\geq 0\quad (c_{1}^{2}(X){\text{ odd}}).$
Surfaces where equality holds (i.e. on the Noether line) are called Horikawa surfaces.

## Proof sketch

It follows from the minimal general type condition that K$^2$ > 0. We may thus assume that p$_g$ > 1, since the inequality is otherwise automatic. In particular, we may assume there is an effective divisor D representing K. We then have an exact sequence
    $0\to H^{0}({\mathcal {O}}_{X})\to H^{0}(K)\to H^{0}(K|_{D})\to H^{1}({\mathcal {O}}_{X})\to$
so $p_{g}-1\leq h^{0}(K|_{D}).$
Assume that D is smooth. By the adjunction formula D has a canonical linebundle ${\mathcal {O}}_{D}(2K)$, therefore $K|_{D}$ is a special divisor and the Clifford inequality applies, which gives
    $h^{0}(K|_{D})-1\leq {\frac {1}{2}}\deg _{D}(K)={\frac {1}{2}}K^{2}.$
In general, essentially the same argument applies using a more general version of the Clifford inequality for local complete intersections with a dualising line bundle and 1-dimensional sections in the trivial line bundle. These conditions are satisfied for the curve D by the adjunction formula and the fact that D is numerically connected.
# Cartoon Network: Block Party

Cartoon Network: Block Party is a 2004 arcade-style party game released for Game Boy Advance, developed by American studios Monkeystone Games and One Man Band LLC, and published by Majesco Entertainment. It features characters from Cartoon Network original animated series such as Johnny Bravo, Ed, Edd n Eddy, Courage the Cowardly Dog, and Cow and Chicken. Critical reception was mostly negative.

## Background

Cartoon Network: Block Party was announced by Majesco on April 15, 2003. Upon its announcement, Vice President of Marketing for Majesco Ken Gold stated, "Cartoon Network Block Party complements our upcoming release of Cartoon Network Speedway and is a strong addition to Majesco's line up of quality licensed titles for the Game Boy Advance audience."
The game was released in the United States on August 5, 2004, and in Europe and Oceania on September 15, 2004. In retail, the game was frequently bundled with Cartoon Network Speedway.

## Gameplay

The gameplay is similar to Nintendo's Mario Party video game series. Players can experience places from Cartoon Network shows in a board game style. They can also play up to 30 mini-games based on the Cartoon Network shows. Players can choose any of the Cartoon Network characters they like.

## Plot

First, Cow and Chicken have gone to a farm, and after eating too many potatoes, their parents suggest that they have some protein. Cow and Chicken both want their favorite protein food: pork butts. In this board the player has to get four pork butts before returning to the start and winning.
Second, in the Ed, Edd n Eddy world, Eddy wants to win a skateboarding competition. Double-D doubts Eddy has a chance. The player must collect three trophies and 50 dollars before returning to the start and winning.
Then, in the world of Johnny Bravo, Johnny is trying his luck with the ladies, when Carl arrives. It turns out he has a date, and Johnny wants to help him prepare. The player must collect a pie, hair goo, a corn dog, a black shirt, and at least 50 dollars before returning to the start and winning.
Last, in Courage's world, Eustace and Muriel are trapped in the mansion of the evil Katz. Courage is in the mansion and is attempting to save them. The player must collect three spiders and 75 cobwebs before returning to the start and winning.
# Tricharia nigriuncinata

Tricharia nigriuncinata is a species of foliicolous (leaf-dwelling) lichen in the family Gomphillaceae. It is found in East Africa.

## Taxonomy

The lichen was formally described as new to science in 2011 by the lichenologists Kumelachew Yeshitela, Eberhard Fischer, Dorothee Killmann, and Emmanuël Sérusiaux. The type specimen was collected by the first author from Budongo Forest at an elevation of 1,000 m (3,300 ft), where it was found growing on the leaves of Argomuellera macrophylla. The species name nigriuncinata alludes to the distinctive hooked structures found on the setae of this species.

## Description

Tricharia nigriuncinata is a leaf-dwelling (epiphyllous) lichen that forms a continuous, smooth, and thin thallus that is greyish-green in colour and spans up to 5 mm in width. The lichen is characterised by its abundance of sterile setae, which are black, setiform, and can be simple or adorned with 1 to 6 horizontal or downward-bending hooks near the middle. These setae can reach lengths of up to 1.5 mm and are about 0.04 mm thick at their base.
The photobiont of this species is chlorococcoid, comprising spherical green algal cells that measure 5 to 8 μm in diameter. In terms of reproductive structures, apothecia (fruiting bodies) are typically absent but can occasionally be abundant. When present, these apothecia are sessile and round, measuring 0.1 to 0.2 mm in diameter and approximately 75 μm in height. The disc of the apothecia is light orange to almost translucent and opaque, lying flat without any pruina. The margin is thin and either non-prominent or slightly so, smooth, and pale brown, usually darker than the disc.
In the structure of the apothecia, the excipulum is gelatinised and prosoplectenchymatous (i.e., its constituent fungal hyphae are all aligned in a particular direction), measuring 20 to 30 μm in thickness and light brown in colour. The hypothecium is about 10 μm thick and hyaline (translucent), while the epihymenium is pale brown and 5 to 8 μm high. The hymenium is clear and measures 40 to 50 μm in thickness. The paraphyses of the lichen are branched and anastomosing, approximately 1 μm thick. The asci are broadly clavate (club-shaped) and typically contain 1 to 2 spores, measuring 50 to 65 μm by 35 to 50 μm. The ascospores are hyaline (translucent), muriform (divided into numerous compartments by intersecting longitudinal and transverse septa), ellipsoidal in shape, and measure 40 to 55 μm by 15 to 25 μm.

## Habitat and distribution

Tricharia nigriuncinata is predominantly found on leaves in the lower layers of dense, undisturbed rainforests. Its presence is largely restricted to the Albertine Rift, an area in East Africa known for its rich biodiversity. This species is prevalent on the western side of the Rift, particularly in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Josh Brunty

Josh Brunty is a professor of digital forensics at Marshall University in Huntington, West Virginia. He is a member of the Digital Evidence Subcommittee of the NIST Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science.

## Career

Prior to joining Marshall University in 2012, Brunty spent several years as a Digital Forensics Examiner and Laboratory Technical Leader in various laboratories, as well as serving on several federal and state-level cyber-crime task forces and panels.
Brunty's early research as a graduate student involved the automatic verification and validation of tools. These validation practices are commonplace in many modern digital forensic tools and lab practices.
Brunty is the author of books, book chapters, and journal publications in the field of digital forensics, mobile device forensics, and social media investigation. His research interests include: social media forensics, mobile device exploitation and forensics, and image and video forensics. He is a frequent speaker at international and national digital forensic and security conferences, and guest lectures at various universities throughout the world.
# Deven Gibxawi

Deven Gibxawi (born 3 September 2000) is an Eritrean footballer who plays for Eritrean Premier League club Red Sea FC and the Eritrea national team.

## International career

Gibxawi made his senior international debut on 9 December 2019 in a 2019 CECAFA Cup match against Burundi.

### International career statistics

    As of match played 25 January 2020.
Eritrea national team :
| Year | Apps | Goals |
| 2019 | 6 | 0 |
| 2020 | 1 | 0 |
| 2021 | 1 | 0 |
| Total | 7 | 0 |
# Charmaine Porter

Charmaine Porter (born 26 June 1995) is a British former professional racing cyclist, who was part of UCI Women's Continental Team DAS–Handsling, during the COVID-19 pandemic-disrupted 2020 season. Throughout the majority of her cycling career, Porter combined cycling with a career in the British Army, reaching a rank of lance corporal.
Porter retired from cycling at the end of the 2020 season.
# Ross Honsberger

Ross Honsberger (1929–2016) was a Canadian mathematician and author on recreational mathematics.

## Life

Honsberger studied mathematics at the University of Toronto, with a bachelor's degree, and then worked for ten years as a teacher in Toronto, before continuing his studies at the University of Waterloo (master's degree). Since 1964 he had been on the faculty of mathematics, where he later became a professor emeritus. He dealt with combinatorics and optimization, especially with mathematics education. He developed education courses, for example, on combinatorial geometry, frequently held lectures for students and math teachers, and was editor of the Ontario Secondary School Mathematics Bulletin. He wrote numerous books on elementary mathematics (geometry, number theory, combinatorics, probability theory), and recreational mathematics (often at the Mathematical Association of America, MAA), with him in his own words using the book by Hans Rademacher and Otto Toeplitz of numbers and figures as a model. Frequent were his expositions of problems at the International Mathematical Olympiads and other competitions.
Edsger W. Dijkstra called his Mathematical Gems "delightful".

## Books

* Ingenuity in Mathematics, New Mathematical Library, Random House / Singer 1970
* Mathematical Gems, MAA 1973, 2003 (Mathematical Expositions Dolciani Vol.1), German Mathematical gems of elementary combinatorics, number theory and geometry, Wiley, 1990, ISBN 3-528-08474-X, Chapter "The Story of Louis Posa".
* Mathematical Gems 2, MAA 1975 (Vol.2 Dolciani Mathematical Expositions)
* Mathematical Gems 3, MAA 1985, 1991 (vol.9 Dolciani Mathematical Expositions)
* Mathematical Morsels, MAA 1978 (Vol.3 Dolciani Mathematical Expositions)
* More Mathematical Morsels, MAA 1991 (Dolciani Bd.10 Mathematical Expositions)
* Mathematical Plums, MAA 1979 (vol.4 Dolciani Mathematical Expositions)
* Mathematical Chestnuts from around the world, MAA 2001 (Dolciani Bd.24 Mathematical Expositions)
* Mathematical Diamonds, MAA 2003
* In Pólya's Footsteps, MAA 1997 (Dolciani Bd.19 Mathematical Expositions)
* Episodes in nineteenth and twentieth century euclidean geometry, MAA 1995
* From Erdos to Kiev – Problems of Olympiad Caliber, MAA 1997
* Mathematical Delights, MAA 2004 (Dolciani Mathematics Expositions Bd.28)
# Robert Jenison

Robert Jenison (1584?–1652) was an English Puritan cleric and academic.

## Life

The son of Ralph Jenison, who died mayor of Newcastle upon Tyne on 16 May 1597, and cousin of Robert Jenison the Jesuit, he was born at Newcastle about 1583, and was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, where his tutor was Samuel Ward, with whom he later kept up a correspondence, graduating B.A. in 1605. He moved to St John's College, where he was admitted fellow in 1607. He subsequently became D.D., and seems to have acted for some time as domestic chaplain in the family of Henry Grey, 6th Earl of Kent.
Jenison resigned his fellowship in March 1619, having previously been appointed the first master of St. Mary Magdalene's Hospital, Newcastle, which was reincorporated by James I in 1611. He was made a lecturer at All Saints' Church, Newcastle upon Tyne, in 1622. Thomas Jackson was brought into St. Nicholas, Newcastle in 1623, to thwart moves to have Jenison appointed. Subscriptions were made for him, and in 1631 Trinity House sent him a present of four gallons of sack.
Suspended for nonconformity in 1639, Jenison went to Danzig, avoiding religious controversies. With the sequestration of Yeldred Alvey, the royalist vicar of St. Nicholas, Newcastle, by the House of Commons in 1645, he was recalled to fill Alvey's place as a preacher. Shortly after his appointment he administered the Solemn League and Covenant to the major Guild of Masters and Mariners in Newcastle. In 1651 Jenison joined with six other ministers of Newcastle in complaining to Oliver Cromwell that Robert Everard was preaching Arminian and Socinian doctrines, encouraged in so doing by Lieutenant-colonel Mason who was commanding the garrison in Colonel Fairfax's absence.
Jenison died on 6 November 1652, and was buried in St. Nicholas Church. His successor was Samuel Hammond.

## Works

Jenison wrote:
* The Christian's Apparelling by Christ (with a preface by Richard Sibbes), 1625.
* The Citie's Safetie; or, a fruitfull treatise … on Psalm cxxvij. 1, 1630.
* Newcastle's Call to her Neighbours and sister Townes and Cities throughout the Land, to take Warning by her Sins and Sorrows lest this overflowing Scourge of Pestilence reach even to them also, London, 1637.
* Of Compunction or Pricking of Heart, the time, means, nature, necessity, and order of it, and of Conversion, (no date), with A Catalogue of the most Vendible Books in England, London, 1657.

## Family

Jenison married Barbara, daughter of Samuel Sanderson of Hedleyhope, County Durham, She survived him and remarried John Emerson, mayor of Newcastle in 1660, dying 9 August 1673.