OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Paolo Galluzzi

Paolo Galluzzi (born 1942, Florence, Italy) is an Italian historian of science.

## Biography

He has been director of the Museo Galileo – Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza in Florence, Italy since 1982. He held the chair of History of Science at the University of Siena from 1979 to 1994, then at the University of Florence from 1994 to 2010. He was editor-in-chief of Nuncius, an international journal for the history of science, from 1991 until 2007. He presently sits on the scientific boards of important journals and cultural institutions in Italy and abroad. He was assigned chairman of the International Scientific Committee by the Nobel Foundation to create the Nobel Museum in Stockholm. He currently chairs the Advisory Boards of the National Edition of Leonardo da Vinci’s Manuscripts and Drawings and of the Updates to the National Edition of Galileo Galilei’s Work. He is a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the American Philosophical Society and the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei. His research is focused on the following topics: Leonardo da Vinci, Renaissance scientists and engineers, Galileo and his School, European scientific academies, history of scientific instruments, museums and scientific collecting, historiography of science, and the history of scientific research in post-Unification Italy. He has also developed many plans for research organization and dissemination of scientific culture. He conceived a number of historical scientific exhibitions which have been displayed in Italy and abroad, as well as information systems and multimedia on the history of science and technology.

## Works

He is the author of many works on the topics dealt with in his research. Among the most recently published books: Tra atomi e indivisibili. La materia ambigua di Galileo, Firenze, Olschki, 2011, ISBN 9788822260888, and «Libertà di filosofare in naturalibus». I mondi paralleli di Cesi e Galileo, Roma, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 2014, ISBN 9788821810923. He was director of the Storia della Scienza published by Einaudi and of the “Biblioteca della Scienza Italiana” series. He also edited the catalogues of the exhibitions he conceived.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2021-07-08.
* ↑ Museo Galileo website, List of Exhibitions.
* ↑ Paolo Galluzzi’s publications in the Museo Galileo OPAC.
# Par stability determinant

The par stability determinant is a 400 bp locus of the pAD1 plasmid which encodes a type I toxin-antitoxin system in Enterococcus faecalis. It was the first such plasmid addiction module to be found in gram-positive bacteria.
The par locus contains two genes: fst which encodes a 33-amino acid toxic protein and a gene for RNAII, the small RNA anti-toxin which inhibits fst translation. The two genes are found on opposite DNA strands and share a 5' region which is where they are thought to have an antisense interaction. Their RNA secondary structures have been predicted computationally, the complementary regions appear to be presented on exposed loops for interaction.
par maintains pAD1 by means of post-segregational killing (PSK). If a daughter cell does not inherit the par locus, the unstable RNAII will quickly degrade leaving the long-lived fst toxin to damage or kill the daughter cell.
# Par yield

In finance, par yield (or par value yield) is the yield on a fixed income security assuming that its market price is equal to par value (also known as face value or nominal value). Par yield is used to derive the U.S. Treasury’s daily official “Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates”, which are used by investors to price debt securities traded in public markets, and by lenders to set interest rates on many other types of debt, including bank loans and mortgages.

## Compared to yield to maturity

Par yields are used to address a problem known as the "coupon effect." As finance scholars Martellini, Priaulet and Priaulet and others have pointed out, two bonds with the exact same maturity date but different coupon rates will not necessarily have the same yield to maturity. This disparity is due to differing coupon cash flow streams over the life of the two bonds, even when the maturity date and coupon payment dates are exactly the same. Finance scholar Frank J. Fabozzi has stated that because of the coupon effect, a yield-to-maturity yield curve should not be used to value bonds. Par yield analysis is useful because it avoids the coupon effect, since a bond trading at par has a coupon yield equal to its yield to maturity, according to Martinelli et al.

## Calculation of par yield

Par yield is based on the assumption that the security in question has a price equal to par value. When the price is assumed to be par value ($100 in the equation below) and the coupon stream and maturity date are already known, the equation below can be solved for par yield.
${\frac {100c}{1+R(0,1)}}+{\frac {100c}{(1+R(0,2))^{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {100+100c}{(1+R(0,n))^{n}}}=100.$
This can be more succinctly expressed with the prices of zero coupon bonds:
$c={\frac {1-P_{n}}{\sum _{k=1}^{n}P_{k}}}$
Here $R(0,n)$ denotes the yield (on annual interest rate basis) of an $n$-year zero-coupon bond (ZCB), and $P_{n}$ denotes the price of an $n$-year ZCB.

## U.S. Treasury par yield curve rates

In the United States, the Department of the Treasury publishes official “Treasury Par Yield Curve Rates” on a daily basis. According to Fabozzi, the Treasury yield curve is used by investors to price debt securities traded in public markets, and by lenders to set interest rates on many other types of debt, including bank loans and mortgages.

## Other uses

Par yield is also used to design fixed income securities and interest swaps.
# David E. Goldman

David E. Goldman (David Eliot Goldman, 1910–1998) was a scientist famous for the Goldman equation which he derived for his doctorate degree in 1943 at Columbia University working with Kenneth Cole.
In the 1950s, while employed by the United States Navy, he was part of the CHABA (Committee on hearing and bioacoustics) team, which looked at the human effects of high-intensity noise. He became an early proponent of protection against loud noise and vibration. His son Dr. James Eliot Goldman is a scientist and neuropathologist.
# Paradera

Paradera is a small town and census region near the northeast end of the island of Aruba. The census region Paradera encompasses the town of Paradera as well as nearby settlements and neighborhoods within Paradera, including Ayo, Bloemond, Piedra Plat, and Shiribana. At the time of the 2010 census, Paradera proper had a population of 2,486. The Paradera census region had a population of 12,024.
St. Philomena's Church, a Roman Catholic church, dominates the skyline relative to the rest of the town's buildings. The region of Paradera has an estimated area of 20.40 square kilometers.

## Population

At the time of the 2010 census, the following settlements were counted as a part of the Paradera census region.
| Name | Male | Female | Total |
| Shiribana | 1,755 | 1,945 | 3,700 |
| Paradera | 1,207 | 1,279 | 2,486 |
| Ayo | 1,582 | 1,836 | 3,418 |
| Piedra Plat | 1,203 | 1,217 | 2,419 |
| Total | 5,747 | 6,277 | 12,024 |
Until the 2010 census, previous census data listed the neighborhood of Bloemond in Paradera in place of the town, to distinguish the town from the census region.
# David Sun

David Sun may refer to:
* David Sun (businessman) (born 1951), American businessman and co-founder of Kingston Technology
* David Sun Tak-kei (born 1953), Director of Audit of Hong Kong and former president of Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants
* David Sun, Chinese businessman and CEO of Home Inn
# Parmouti 25

Parmouti 24 – Coptic calendar – Parmouti 26
The twenty-fifth day of the Coptic month of Parmouti, the eighth month of the Coptic year. In common years, this day corresponds to April 20, of the Julian calendar, and May 3, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of the Emergence.

## Commemorations
### Martyrs

* The martyrdom of Saint Sarah and her two sons
* The martyrdom of Saint Theodore the Hermit, and the 124 Martyrs
# Parmouti 29

Parmouti 28 – Coptic calendar – Parmouti 30
The twenty-ninth day of the Coptic month of Parmouti, the eighth month of the Coptic year. In common years, this day corresponds to April 24, of the Julian calendar, and May 7, of the Gregorian calendar. This day falls in the Coptic season of Peret, the season of the Emergence.

## Commemorations
### Feasts

* Monthly commemoration of the Feasts of the Annunciation, Nativity, and Resurrection

### Apostles

* The departure of Saint Erastus, one of the Seventy Apostles

### Saints

* The departure of Saint Acacius, Bishop of Jerusalem
# Paramonovo

Paramonovo may refer to:
* Paramonovo, Moscow Oblast, a village in Moscow Oblast, Russia
* Paramonovo, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, a village in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia
* Paramonovo, name of several other rural localities in Russia
* Paramonovo Formation is an Albian formation in Moscow Oblast, Russia.
# Paramontana modesta

Paramontana modesta is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Raphitomidae.
This species has also been considered a synonym of Pseudodaphnella pullula Hervier, R.P.J., 1897

## Description

The original description written by George French Angas is as follows: "The fusiformly turreted, shell is solid and fulvous brown. The 5½ whorls are convex, stoutly and distantly longitudinally ribbed, and crossed with prominent erect ridges becoming sharply nodulous at the intersection. The spire is sharp. The aperture is narrowly ovate. The outer lip is somewhat flattened and thickened, strongly dentate within. The columella is a little sinuous, with a few small granulations at the base of the whorl. The posterior sinus is rather broad."
As is frequently the case in this genus, this species has a light and a dark colour dimorphism. A brown specimen in the British Museum presented by Angas is marked there as the type.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to Australia and occurs off New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria.
# Paramonoxenus tuberculatus

Paramonoxenus tuberculatus is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Paramonoxenus. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1970.
# Part-Time Work Convention, 1994

Part-Time Work Convention, 1994 is an International Labour Organization Convention for protection of part-time workers including the rights to equal pay for equal work.
It was established in 1994, with the preamble stating:
   Recognizing the importance of productive and freely chosen employment for all workers, the economic importance of part-time work, the need for employment policies to take into account the role of part-time work in facilitating additional employment opportunities, and the need to ensure protection for part-time workers in the areas of access to employment, working conditions and social security, and
   Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to part-time work,...

## Ratifications

As of February 2023, the convention has been ratified by 20 states.
| Country | Date | Status |
| Albania | 03 Mar 2003 | In Force |
| Australia | 10 Aug 2011 | In Force |
| Belgium | 08 Jun 2016 | In Force |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 18 Jan 2010 | In Force |
| Cyprus | 28 Feb 1997 | In Force |
| Finland | 25 May 1999 | In Force |
| Guatemala | 28 Feb 2017 | In Force |
| Guyana | 03 Sep 1997 | In Force |
| Hungary | 09 Apr 2010 | In Force |
| Italy | 13 Apr 2000 | In Force |
| Kazakhstan | 25 May 2022 | Will enter into force on 25 May 2023 |
| Luxembourg | 21 Mar 2001 | In Force |
| Mauritius | 14 Jun 1996 | In Force |
| Netherlands | 05 Feb 2001 | In Force |
| Paraguay | 29 Nov 2021 | In Force |
| Portugal | 02 Jun 2006 | In Force |
| Russian Federation | 29 Apr 2016 | In Force |
| Slovenia | 8 May 2001 | In Force |
| Sudan | 04 Oct 2019 | In Force |
| Sweden | 10 Jun 2002 | In Force |
# Daya Vieja

Daya Vieja (Spanish pronunciation:) is a municipality of the Valencian Community (Spain), situated in the south-east of the Province of Alicante, in the comarca of Vega Baja del Segura.

## Geography

Daya Vieja is situated on the western side of the Segura river, one kilometre (0.6 miles) from San Fulgencio. It is connected to Guardamar del Segura, Dolores and Crevillente by a four-lane highway.
It has boundaries with Daya Nueva, Dolores, Formentera del Segura and San Fulgencio.

## History

The area dates back to the 18th century when the Pinohermoso family obtained the land. Until 1707, Daya had been incorporated in Orihuela 'county' and it did not fully lost ties to the city until 1833.
Together with Daya Nueva, it belonged to the Roca de Togores family and was split from Orihuela in 1791. This family sold local farming land in 1928 for 1,500,000 pesetas (€9,000) to the García Palmer and García Castillo brothers, who divided it before selling it on to smaller proprietors.

## Economy

The main economic activity in Daya Vieja is farming irrigated fields, using water from channels originating at Alfeitamí, the most frequently found crops are artichokes, hemp, potatoes and corn. Herds of sheep and pigs are also to be found.

## Monuments and places of interest

* Plaza del León

## Fiestas

* Patron Saints' Festivals: Celebrated on 8 September dedicated to Virgen de Monserrate.
# Dayton Airport

Dayton Airport may refer to these airports serving Dayton, Ohio, United States:
* Dayton International Airport (FAA/IATA: DAY), also known as James M. Cox Dayton International Airport
* Dayton-Wright Brothers Airport (FAA/IATA: MGY)
* Dahio Trotwood Airport (FAA: I44), also known as Dayton-New Lebanon Airport
# Dawanne Devi

Dawanne Devi is a village development committee in Nawalparasi District in the Lumbini Zone of southern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 10,833 people living in 2058 individual households. The place derives its name from Daunne Devi Temple.
# De ortu et progressu morum

De ortu et progressu morum, or De ortu et progressu morum atque opinionum ad more pertinentium (About the origin and progress of customs and of opinions about customs), is an essay written in 1740 by Jacopo Stellini. Cesare Beccaria liked it very much.
# Dawn Birley

Dawn Jani Birley (born 30 November 1977) is a Canadian deaf actress, television anchor, educator and a popular taekwondo practitioner. She was engaged in her sport, taekwondo in the early parts of her life before becoming a professional actor in the mid-2000s. She graduated at Gallaudet University.
Birley is a host and anchor for the H3 Network Media Alliance, a Canadian medium which broadcasts in International Sign across all parts of the world. She is best known for her efforts in revealing the Deaflympic scandal about the cancellation of the 2011 Winter Deaflympics in Slovakia.
She is a fluent speaker of nine languages including five sign languages: American Sign Language, Finnish Sign Language, Swedish Sign Language, Norwegian Sign Language and International Sign.

## Biography

Birley was born on 30 November 1977 to deaf parents in an all-deaf family in Regina, Saskatchewan. She started to play volleyball, basketball and softball during her childhood before becoming a taekwondo practitioner. Birley has also played volleyball, basketball and softball for the Gallaudet University.
She also served as a teacher in countries including Norway and Finland after her college career.

## Sports career

Birley practiced the Korean martial art taekwondo at the age of 12. She became the world junior taekwondo champion in 1992, becoming the first Canadian female athlete to achieve the feat. She represented Canada at several international taekwondo competitions including Pan American Games from 1989 to 1999. Birley was also the part of the Canadian National Taekwondo Olympic team prior to the 1996 Summer Olympics after earning a spot in the Canadian National Olympic Team for 1996 but she was not able to compete in the event due to the removal of taekwondo from that Olympic Games.
In 1996, she was awarded the Deaf Sportswoman of the Year award by the ICSD.
She is also working as a coordinator in the development of deaf sports in several countries.

## Acting career

Birley currently works as an actor with various theatre companies across the world. She spent 15 years in Finland where she was afforded more acting opportunities including a role in the world's first sign-language opera. She was also honoured as the 2015 Riksteatern's Artist of the Year from the National Swedish Touring Theatre, a prestigious acting award in Sweden for her performance in the leading role of When Winter Stars Shine Here. She also became the first deaf person to achieve this honour.
She was awarded the Toronto Theatre Critics Award for Best Actress in a Play for her role as Horatio in Prince Hamlet.
# Daß ein gutes Deutschland blühe

Daß ein gutes Deutschland blühe is an East German documentary film directed by Joop Huisken. It was released in 1960.
# Parwana

Parwana may refer to:
* Parwana (title), Seljuk court title
* Mu'in al-Din Parwana, 13th-century Seljuk statesman in Anatolia
* Parwana Rudaulvi, Indian writer
* Parwana (1947 film), a 1947 Hindi drama film
* Parwana (1971 film), a 1971 Bollywood thriller film directed by Jyoti Swaroop
* Parwana (2003 film), a 2003 Bollywood drama film directed by Deepak Bahry
# DeForest Covan

DeForest Covan (September 9, 1917 - September 8, 2007) was an American actor, dancer, and former black vaudeville performer. Starting with his first film appearance in The Singing Kid (1936), his acting career continued into the 1990s. In 1972, he appeared in an episode of Sanford and Son as Woodrow Anderson, in that character's first appearance in the series (this was Covan's only appearance in the series, as he was replaced by Raymond Allen for all subsequent Woodrow appearances). From 1974 to 1975, he held a recurring role on the first season of That's My Mama as a barbershop patron. In 1978, he appeared in two episodes of the television sitcom Good Times, as Reverend Beasley in the episode "Something Old, Something New", and as Shorty in the episode "Write On, Thelma". His other television appearances included Martin (1993) and NYPD Blue (1993).

## Partial filmography

* The Singing Kid (1936) - Dancer (uncredited)
* Nancy Steele Is Missing! (1937) - Little Bill (uncredited)
* A Day at the Races (1937) - Black Singer (uncredited)
* Every Day's a Holiday (1937) - Dancer (uncredited)
* Too Hot to Handle (1938) - South American Fire Dancer (uncredited)
* Going Places (1938) - Shoe-Shine (uncredited)
* Boy Slaves (1939) - Pinkie (uncredited)
* St. Louis Blues (1939) - Dancer (uncredited)
* Pride of the Blue Grass (1939) - Blackie (uncredited)
* Chasing Trouble (1940) - Jackson (uncredited)
* New Moon (1940) - Dancer (uncredited)
* South of Suez (1940) - Bita (uncredited)
* Mr. Washington Goes to Town (1941) - Short Man
* Jungle Drums of Africa (1953) - Native Tribesman (uncredited)
* Carmen Jones (1954) - Trainer (uncredited)
* Panther Girl of the Kongo (1955) - Koango (uncredited)
* Pork Chop Hill (1959) - U.S. Soldier (uncredited)
* Black Samson (1974) - Samson's Street People
* The Day of the Locust (1975) - Shoe Shine Boy
* Rocky (1976) - Apollo's Corner #1
* New York, New York (1977) - Porter
* The Incredible Melting Man (1977) - Janitor
* Beneath the Valley of the Ultra-Vixens (1979) - Zebulon
* When a Stranger Calls (1979) - Officer #1
* Cheech and Chong's Next Movie (1980) - Pinochle Player
* Evilspeak (1981) - Janitor
* Body and Soul (1981) - Cut Man
* Honkytonk Man (1982) - Gravedigger
* The Night Before (1988) - Concierge
* To Sleep with Anger (1990) - Fred Jenkins
* One Good Cop (1991) - Older Man
# DeForest

DeForest or De Forrest may refer to:
* DeForest (name), including a list of people with the name
* DeForest Training School or DeVry University, a private, for-profit university system in the US
* Lake DeForest, a reservoir in Clarkstown, New York
* DeForest, Wisconsin, a village in Dane County, Wisconsin, US
** DeForest High School, Wisconsin
* De Forest (crater), an impact crater on the far side of the Moon
# Parkhead Stadium railway station

Parkhead Stadium was a railway station in the east end of Glasgow. It was opened by the Caledonian Railway as Parkhead on 1 February 1897.
In recognition of its proximity to the Celtic Park football stadium, it was known as Parkhead (for Celtic Park) by 1904; and it was also referred to in some timetables as Parkhead for Celtic Park.
The station was renamed Parkhead Stadium by British Railways on 3 March 1952. The nearby ex-North British Railway's Coatbridge Branch station, "Parkhead", was renamed "Parkhead North" on 30 June 1952.
It was closed to passengers on 5 October 1964.
| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Tollcross Line and Station closed | | Glasgow Central Railway Caledonian Railway | | Bridgeton Line closed; Station open |
# Parkhead (disambiguation)

Parkhead is a suburb of the Scottish city of Glasgow.
Elsewhere in the United Kingdom places named Park Head or Parkhead are:
* Parkhead, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
* Parkhead, Cumbria, England
* Parkhead, Edinburgh, Scotland
* Parkhead, Sheffield, England
* Park Head, Cornwall, England
* Park Head, Derbyshire, England
* Park Head, Kirklees, England
* Park Head, Cornwall
* Park Head, Cumbria
* Park Head, Derbyshire
* Park Head, Kirklees
# 62 Castle Street

62 Castle Street is a Grade II listed building located on the west side of Castle Street, Liverpool. It was built in 1868 for the Alliance Bank and was later occupied by The North and South Wales Bank and most recently by the Midland Bank. The building was designed by the architects Lucy and Littler and features a domed banking hall with paired corinthian columns. The two bays to the right of the building are a matching addition, designed by G. E. Grayson.
After the Midland Bank had relocated to the northern end of the street, the building was converted in 1986 into a bar, restaurant and a 4-star rated, 20-bed, all-suite hotel. The building was bought by Centre Island Hotels in 2004 and refurbished to its current condition as a boutique hotel named “62 Castle Street”.
# 62 Division (Sri Lanka)

The 62 Division is a division of the Sri Lanka Army. Established on 10 October 2010, the division is currently based in Galkulama in the Northern Province. The division is a part of Security Forces Headquarters – Wanni and has three brigades and six battalions. Major General D H M A Wijesighe USP NDC psc has been commander of the division since 18 October 2016. The division is responsible for 1,620 square kilometres (625 sq mi) of territory.

## Organisation

The division is currently organised as follows:
* 621 Brigade
** 14th Battalion, Sri Lanka Light Infantry
** 17th Battalion, Sri Lanka National Guard
* 622 Brigade
** 9th Battalion, Gajaba Regiment (based in Nelumwewa, Northern Province)
** 27th Battalion, Gajaba Regiment (based in Pulmodai, Eastern Province)
* 623 Brigade
** 26th Battalion, Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
** 11th Battalion, Gemunu Watch
# Bluejay Creek (Pic River tributary)

Bluejay Creek is a river in the east part of Thunder Bay District in northwestern Ontario, Canada. It is in the Lake Superior drainage basin and is a tributary of the Pic River.

## Course

The creek begins at an unnamed lake at an elevation of 346 metres (1,135 ft). It flows north from the north end of the lake, then turns southwest and reaches Bluejay Lake. The creek then exits at the southwest of the lake and flows west to reach its mouth at the Pic River at an elevation of 313 metres (1,027 ft), just upstream of the Bigrock Rapids and about 12 kilometres (7 mi) southwest of the community of Caramat.