OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Antibacterial soap

Antibacterial soap is a soap which contains chemical ingredients that purportedly assist in killing bacteria. The majority of antibacterial soaps contain triclosan, though other chemical additives are also common. The effectiveness of products branded as being antibacterial has been disputed by some academics as well as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

## History

The earliest antibacterial soap was carbolic soap, which used up to 5% phenols (carbolic acid). Fears about the safety of carbolic soaps chemical components on the skin brought about a ban on some of these chemical components.Triclosan and other antibacterial agents have long been used in commercial cleaning products for hospitals and other healthcare settings, however they began to be used in home cleaning products during the 1990s.

## Ingredients

Triclosan and triclocarban are the most common compounds used as antibacterials in soaps. However, other common antibacterial ingredients in soaps include benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, and chloroxylenol.

## Effectiveness

Claims that antibacterial soap is effective stem from the long-standing knowledge that triclosan can inhibit the growth of various bacteria, as well as some fungi. However, more recent reviews have suggested that antibacterial soaps are no better than regular soaps at preventing illness or reducing bacteria on the hands of users.
In September 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the use of the common antibacterial ingredients triclosan and triclocarban, and 17 other ingredients frequently used in "antibacterial" soaps and washes, due to insufficient information on the long-term health effects of their use and a lack of evidence on their effectiveness. The FDA stated "There is no data demonstrating that over-the-counter antibacterial soaps are better at preventing illness than washing with plain soap and water". The agency also asserted that despite requests for such information, the FDA did not receive sufficient data from manufacturers on the long-term health effects of these chemicals. This ban does not apply to hand sanitizer. This is due to the fact that hand sanitizer typically utilizes alcohol to kill microbes rather than triclosan or similar ingredients.
A 2017 statement by 200 scientists and medics published in the scientific journal Environmental Health Perspectives warns that anti-bacterial soaps and gels are useless and may cause harm. The statement also cautioned against the use of antimicrobial agents in food contact materials, textiles, and paints. British firm Unilever claimed in 2017 to be phasing triclosan and triclocarban out of their products by the end of the year, adding they would be replaced by “a range of alternatives, including natural and nature-inspired antibacterial ingredients”.
Claims have been made in the media that antibacterial soap is more effective than plain soap in the prevention of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The CDC and the Food and Drug Administration both recommend plain soap; there is no evidence that antibacterial soaps are any better, and limited evidence that they might be worse long-term.
# Antiquities and Art Treasures Act (1972)

The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act, 1972 was created in accordance with the UNESCO 1970 Convention to regulate the internal and external dealing in antiquities in India. Its purpose is to prevent the permanent export of India's treasures so as to preserve the country's cultural wealth.
# Charlie (Melt-Banana album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Charlie is the fourth album by Melt-Banana. This album was the first release on their own label, A-Zap.
Charlie features guest appearances by Mike Patton and Mr. Bungle on the song "Area 877 [Phoenix Mix]". Mike Patton says: "MELT... BANANA!" at the beginning of the song and Melt-Banana have sampled this through many of their other songs including "7.2 Seconds Flipping", "Brick Again" and the version of "Bad Gut Missed Fist" on their live album MxBx 1998/13,000 Miles At Light Velocity.
Charlie was named after the film of the same name, based on the novel Flowers for Algernon.

## Track listing

There is also an untitled track hidden in the pregap before the first track, which is a cover of the song "Neat Neat Neat" by The Damned. It is 2 minutes and 14 seconds long followed by a minute of silence.
# Cheetah Marketing

Cheetah Marketing was a United Kingdom-based company that produced electronic music-related hardware products and software for home computer systems during the 1980s. They later changed their name to Cheetah International Ltd.
Based in Cardiff, Cheetah was run by two brothers, Howard and Michael Jacobson, but owned by Cannon Street Investments. The company was closed in 1993 when the UK recession badly hit the share price of its owners. After this Chris Wright and Nick Owen bought the music products division and formed Soundscape Digital Technology Ltd. The joysticks and other computer peripheral products division went to another company in the Cannon Street group.

## Products

The company originally produced joysticks like the infrared R.A.T. for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum computers and later branched out into music peripherals and stand-alone musical equipment for price conscious home users.
Among their offerings were the SpecDrum (a sample-based drum machine), a Cheetah Sound Sampler, a Cheetah Midi Interface, and in the later, 8-bit/16-bit drum machines, music sequencer, and a range of music keyboards (including polyphonic analog / digital synthesizers and rack mount modules).
Joysticks and peripherals included the Cheetah 125, Cheetah 125 Plus, Mach 1, and an infrared joypad.
Cheetah's range of music products expanded quickly during the 1980s when they began to work with external designers. Among these were Chris Wright, who later founded Soundscape Digital Technology, Ian Jannaway, who later founded Novation Digital Music Systems and Mike Lynch, who later founded Autonomy Corporation.
Cheetah also distributed the Gamate handheld console in the UK.

## Music products

* Cheetah SpecDrum - drum machine add-on for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum
* Cheetah MQ8 - performance sequencer.
* Cheetah MD8 - 8 bit MIDI drum machine.
* Cheetah MD16 - 16 bit MIDI drum machine (also with the rack mount variants MD16R, MD16RP) - designed by Chris Wright and Nick Robbins.
* Cheetah MK5/7VA - 5 or 7 octave MIDI keyboard controllers - designed by Speedwell Software
* Cheetah Master Series 5/7/7P - MIDI keyboard controller, 5 or 7 octaves with piano weighted keyboard action - designed by Chris Wright and Nick Robbins.
* Cheetah Master Series 7000/8000 - MIDI keyboard controllers with advanced features, 5 or 7 octaves and piano weighted keyboard action (shown at the NAMM Show in 1993 but never manufactured due to demise of Cheetah - 6 prototypes are known to exist) - designed by Chris Wright and Nick Robbins.
* Cheetah MS800 - Digital wave synthesizer - designed by Lynett Systems (Mike Lynch).
* Cheetah SX16 - 16 bit sampler - designed by Lynett Systems (Mike Lynch).
* Cheetah MS6 - 6 voice polyphonic analogue synthesizer - designed by Ian Jannaway
# Antoine Clériadus de Choiseul-Beaupré

Claude Antoine Clériadus de Choiseul, Cardinal de Choiseul (29 September 1707 – 7 January 1774) was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
He was made vicar-general of Mende in 1733. As a member of the important family of Choiseul, he was Grand Aumônier to Stanisław Leszczyński, titular king of Poland, at his court at Nancy, Lorraine, from 1742, in which year he was promoted to Primate of the church of Lorraine. He was elected archbishop of Besançon, 17 March 1755, and raised to the cardinalate by Pope Clement XIII in the consistory of 23 November 1761. Choiseul de Beaupré, usually styled the Cardinal de Choiseul, participated in the conclave of 1769 that elected Pope Clement XIV.
The younger son of Antoine-Clériadus, Count of Choiseul, Marquis of Beaupré, seigneur of Daillecourt (1664—1726) he was born at the family château of Daillecourt (Haute-Marne ), in the diocese of Langres, France. He studied theology at the University of Paris. He carried the French court sinecure of Aumônier du Roi from 1736. He died in Paris and is buried in his cathedral of Besançon.
The name was also carried by his namesake, Claude Antoine Clériadus de Choiseul (1733 — 1794), created Prince of -Beaupré.
# Negai (Rythem song)

"Negai" (願い) is the J-pop duo Rythem's tenth single and was released on March 1, 2006 under Sony Music Entertainment Japan label. The title track was used as the ending theme for the Nippon Television's TV show Soukai Jouhou BARAETI SUKKIRI!!. This single was able to land on the #41 spot in the Oricon weekly charts on its first week.
The item's stock number is AICL-1743.

## Track listing

* Negai
    Composition/Lyrics: Rythem
    Arrangement: Toshiyuki Mori
* Picasso no Kyuujitsu
    Composition: Yui Nītsu
    Arrangement: CHOKKAKU
    Lyrics: Rythem
* Negai (instrumental)
# Negative log predictive density

In statistics, the negative log predictive density (NLPD) is a measure of error between a model's predictions and associated true values. A smaller value is better. Importantly the NLPD assesses the quality of the model's uncertainty quantification. It is used for both regression and classification.
To compute: (1) find the probabilities given by the model to the true labels. (2) find the negative log of this product. (we actually find the negative of the sum of the logs, for numerical reasons).

## Definition

${\text{NLPD}}=-\sum _{i=1}^{N}\log p(y_{i}=t_{i}|\mathbf {x_{i}} )$
where $p(y|\mathbf {x} )$ is the model, $\mathbf {x_{i}}$ are the inputs (independent variables) and $t_{i}$ are the observations outputs (dependent variable).
Often the mean rather than the sum is used (by dividing by N),
${\text{NLPD}}=-{\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{i=1}^{N}\log p(y_{i}=t_{i}|\mathbf {x_{i}} )$

## Example
### Calculating the NLPD for a simple classification example

We have a method that classifies images as dogs or cats. Importantly it assigns probabilities to the two classes.
We show it a picture of three dogs and three cats. It predicts that the probability of the first three being dogs as 0.9 and 0.4, 0.7 and of the last three being cats as 0.8 and 0.4, 0.3.
The NLPD is: $-(\log 0.9+\log 0.4+\log 0.7+\log 0.8+\log 0.4+\log 0.3)=3.72$.

### Comparing to a classifier with better accuracy but overconfident

We compare this to another classifier which predicts the first three as being dogs as 0.95, 0.98, 0.02, and the last three being cats as 0.99, 0.96,0.96. The NLPD for this classifier is 4.08. The first classifier only guessed half correctly, so did worse on a traditional measure of accuracy (compared to 5/6 for the second classifier). However it performs better on the metric of NLPD: The second classifier is effectively 'confidently wrong' which is penalised heavily by this metric.

### Compared to a very under-confident classifier

A third classifier then just predicts 0.5 for all classes will have an NLPD in this case of 4.15: worse than either of the others.

## Usage

It is used extensively in probabilistic modelling research. Examples include:
- Candela, Joaquin Quinonero, et al. "Propagation of uncertainty in bayesian kernel models-application to multiple-step ahead forecasting." 2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings.(ICASSP'03).. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2003.
- Kersting, Kristian, et al. "Most likely heteroscedastic Gaussian process regression." Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Machine learning. 2007.
- See also https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/coin.12411 for a background of other approaches (confusingly the definition in that reference says that the NLPD is what most others refer to as the *average* NLPD). I.e. ${\frac {1}{N}}{\text{NLPD}}$.
- Heinonen, Markus, et al. "Non-stationary gaussian process regression with hamiltonian monte carlo." Artificial Intelligence and Statistics. PMLR, 2016.
# Chaudefontaine

Chaudefontaine may refer to the following places in France:
* Chaudefontaine, Doubs, a commune in the Doubs department
* Chaudefontaine, Marne, a commune in the Marne department
# Sumin

Sumin may refer to
* Sumin, Brodnica County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Sumin, Lipno County in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship (north-central Poland)
* Sumin, Tomaszów Lubelski County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Sumin, Włodawa County in Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Sumin, Greater Poland Voivodeship (west-central Poland)
* Sumin, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
* Sumin, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
People with the surname Sumin:
* Avenir Sumin (1858–1933), Russian jewellery-maker
* Aleksandr Sumin (born 1995), Russian football player
* Bae Su-min (born 2001), member of K-Pop group STAYC
* Pyotr Sumin (1946–2011), governor of Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia
* Sumin (born 1991), Korean musician.
# Bryotropha dryadella

Bryotropha dryadella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Great Britain, France, Portugal, Spain, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, Albania, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, Crete and Algeria.
The wingspan is 10–12 mm. Adults have been recorded on wing from May to September, in southern Europe probably in two generations per year.
# Evan Lloyd (poet)

Evan Lloyd (15 April 1734 (baptised) – 26 January 1776) was a Welsh poet.

## Life

Lloyd, who was baptised on 15 April 1734 in Llanycil, Merionethshire, Wales, was educated at Ruthin School before matriculating at Jesus College, Oxford in 1751. After graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1754 and a Master of Arts degree three years later, Lloyd was ordained and served curate of St Mary's Rotherhithe, London. In 1763, he became vicar of Llanfair Dyffryn Clwyd, Wales, but he remained in London (where he enjoyed the delights of the London social life) and employed a curate in his place. Gout and rheumatism affected his later years, and he died on 26 January 1776.

## Works

In 1766 Lloyd published three satires in verse. One (The Powers of the Pen) attacked literary critics. Another (The Curate) bewailed the position of curates and condemned bishops. The third (The Methodist) not only showed Lloyd's hatred of Methodism but also defamed William Price, a former High Sheriff of Merionethshire and a powerful landowner in Lloyd's part of Wales. Price sued for libel, leading to Lloyd being fined and imprisoned for a short time, although his imprisonment led to his befriending John Wilkes, a fellow inmate. Wilkes and another friend, David Garrick, attempted to obtain further church positions for Lloyd but this was largely unsuccessful, with the Bishop of St Asaph, Jonathan Shipley, blaming Lloyd's satires. Nevertheless, Lloyd wrote an Epistle to David Garrick (1773), though this led to Lloyd being mocked in A Whipping for the Welsh Parson by William Kenrick later the same year.
# Prateek

Prateek is an Indian given name. Notable people with this name include:
* Prateek Babbar (born 1986), Indian actor mostly in Hindi language films
* Prateek Baid, Indian model, actor, automobile engineer and beauty pageant titleholder
* Prateek Chaudhuri (1971–2021), Indian classical sitarist of the Senia Gharana (school)
* Prateek Jain (born 1994), Indian cricketer
* Prateek Kataria (born 1995), Indian cricketer
* Prateek Kuhad, Indian singer-songwriter and musician
* Prateek Reddy, Indian cricketer
* Prateek Sharma (born 1990), Indian television and film producer and director
* Prateek Bhushan Singh (born 1988), Indian politician
# Ram Avadh

Ram Avadh was an Indian politician. He was elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India, as a member of the Janata Dal.
# Reference Re Anti-Inflation Act

Reference Re Anti-Inflation Act, [1976] 2 S.C.R. 373 was a landmark reference question opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada on the constitutionality of the Anti-Inflation Act. In what has become among the most significant federalism cases of the Supreme Court, the Act was held to be within the power of the federal government.
The Anti-Inflation Act was passed in 1975, on recommendation of the Bank of Canada, to control the growing inflation of the past several years. Due to growing unease with the Act, the federal government put two questions to the Supreme Court on the validity of the Act. The major question being whether the Act was ultra vires of the federal government.
First, the Court noted that the subject-matter of the Act being inflation made it impossible to assign to one of the enumerated powers in the Constitution Act, 1867. Consequently, the Act would be able to be upheld only under the peace, order and good government (POGG) power under the Constitution which allowed the federal government to legislate in matters related to emergencies or matters of national concern. The Court looked at both options and found that the law could be saved under the emergency power of the peace, order and good government power.

## Aftermath

In 1997, the Supreme Court found in the Provincial Judges Reference that independent commissions should recommend the salaries of judges. If governments reject the recommendations, the Supreme Court said courts should analyze these rejections in the same way it analyzed the Anti-Inflation Act in this case.
In Provincial Court Judges' Assn. of New Brunswick v. New Brunswick (Minister of Justice) (2005), the Supreme Court clarified that it did not that mean an economic emergency was needed to justify not following the recommendations. It merely referred to a reviewing method to determine whether the rejection was rational.
# Drage, Metlika

Drage (pronounced) is a settlement in the foothills of the Gorjanci range in the Municipality of Metlika in southeastern Slovenia. The entire area is part of the traditional region of Lower Carniola and is now included in the Southeast Slovenia Statistical Region.
There is a small Greek Catholic church in the village, one of only two churches of this rite in Slovenia (the second is in Metlika). It is dedicated to the Nativity of the Theotokos and was built in the early 20th century.
# Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

The Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party is the highest decision-making organ of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party when the Central Committee is not convened for a plenary session.

## History

The Politburo of the Central Committee was established at the 2nd LPRP National Congress, held on 3–6 February 1972. Seven members were elected to the first Politburo, known as the 2nd Politburo. Of these seven members four concurrently served as members of the 2nd Secretariat.
Pany Yathotou became the first woman and first of Hmong ethnicity to be elected to the Politburo (she was elected in 2006 to the 8th Politburo). Women representation on the Politburo increased during the 11th term of the Central Committee, when both Yathotou and Sisay Leudetmounsone were elected to the 11th Politburo.

### Terms

| Term | Members | Members | Members | Period | Period | Duration |
| Term | Male | Female | Reelected | Start | End | Duration |
| 2nd | 7 | 0 | 7 | 6 February 1972 | 30 April 1982 | 10 years, 83 days |
| 3rd | 7 | 0 | 7 | 30 April 1982 | 15 November 1986 | 4 years, 199 days |
| 4th | 13 | 0 | 8 | 15 November 1986 | 29 March 1991 | 4 years, 134 days |
| 5th | 11 | 0 | 5 | 29 March 1991 | 20 March 1996 | 4 years, 357 days |
| 6th | 9 | 0 | 8 | 20 March 1996 | 18 March 2001 | 4 years, 363 days |
| 7th | 11 | 0 | 9 | 14 March 2001 | 21 March 2006 | 5 years, 7 days |
| 8th | 10 | 1 | 8 | 21 March 2006 | 21 March 2011 | 5 years, 0 days |
| 9th | 10 | 1 | 5 | 21 March 2011 | 22 January 2016 | 4 years, 307 days |
| 10th | 10 | 1 | 9 | 22 January 2016 | 15 January 2021 | 4 years, 359 days |
| 11th | 11 | 2 | — | 15 January 2021 | Incumbent | 3 years, 267 days |
# All Saints Episcopal Church (Northfield, Minnesota)

All Saints Episcopal Church in Northfield, Minnesota, United States, is a historic church listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the oldest church in Northfield.

## History

The parish was established in 1858, two years after Northfield was founded by John W. North in 1856. The congregation originally held services in the Northfield Lyceum building. In 1866, the Reverend Solomon S. Burleson organized an effort to raise money for a new building. The Reverend James Lloyd Breck from the Associated Parish in Faribault was the first Priest-in-Charge. The architect is unknown, but there is speculation that Bishop Henry Benjamin Whipple may have contributed to the design, since he had an interest in architecture. The church is designed in a Gothic Revival style, with a wood frame and board and batten siding. In 1869 children in Sunday School classes organized an effort to buy a bell for the tower. The building was expanded ten years later, lengthening the church by twenty feet. This expansion was driven by the influx of students from Carleton College.
There have been few major changes to the church since 1879. In 1982 a committee organized the renovation of the church interior to restore its historic character. The work included repairing windows, refinishing and replacing floors, replacing pews based on original designs, and other woodwork. The church was listed on the National Register in 1982.
In January 2013 the church announced plans for a $2 million expansion of the facility, to be designed by SMSQ Architects and executed by Northfield Construction Company. The expansion plan would retain the historic church structure, but would add 12,000 square feet (1,100 m$^2$) by removing the parish house and past additions on the rear of the main church building and building a new two-story addition in their place. Church leaders hoped to begin work in April 2013 and finish before Christmas.
# Mount Olympus (solitaire)

Mount Olympus is a solitaire card game using two decks of 52 playing cards. It is probably thus named because of the tableau's mountain shape and because if won, all the kings and queens are displayed, like the Greek gods and goddesses who were said to reside on Mount Olympus.

## Rules

First, all aces and deuces, or twos (16 cards in all), are removed from the two decks. Then the remaining 88 cards are shuffled and nine of them are laid out on the tableau in an inverted "V" formation. Although this is part of the theme that gives the game its name, the player can opt to just lay the nine cards in a straight line. These nine cards start each of the nine piles in the tableau.
Building on the 16 foundations is up by suit in intervals of two:
* On the aces: 3-5-7-9-J-K
* On the deuces: 4-6-8-10-Q
Building on the tableau is down, also by suit in intervals of two (i.e. the 5♠ must be placed on the 7♠). A card can be placed on an applicable card, but spaces are not filled. A sequence of cards (such as 6-8-10♣) can be moved as one unit. Any appropriate card can be placed on the foundations at any time.
Once all possible moves have been made or the player has made all moves he wanted to make, a new set of nine cards are dealt (Spider style), one for each pile. Moving, filling gaps with new cards, and dealing a new set of nine cards continue until the stock has been used up.
The game is won when all the cards are in the foundations with the kings and queens on top.

## Variations

The original German rules were included in Illustriertes Buch der Patiencen (published in about 1875) under the name "Der Olymp". These make no mention of a spider-style deal, or of moving sequences.
Being able only to move the top card of piles under the original rules is very restrictive, since empty spaces can't be used to move cards around. Descriptions in the 1940s started to allow entire sequences to be moved, and partial sequences soon after, and these are the rules most commonly used today.