OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canadian Pacific Lines in Vermont

The lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway (CP) operated in the State of Vermont were set up as a separate company to comply with Interstate Commerce Commission regulations and were considered a Class I U.S. railroad (in 1950, railroads with operating revenues over $1 million). The company operated 90 miles (140 km) of railway in Vermont.

## History

The CP's lines in Vermont were composed of the former Newport and Richford Railroad, leased to the Canadian Pacific in 1881, along with 64 miles (103 km) of former Boston and Maine trackage from Newport to Wells River. A portion of the Newport Subdivision route between Newport and Richford follows the Mississquoi River through Highwater and Glen Sutton in the Canadian province of Quebec. The Newport-Wells River, in conjunction with the Boston and Maine, served as a through route between Montreal, Quebec, and Boston, Massachusetts. The CP, together with the B&M, operated a day passenger train, the Alouette, and a night passenger train, the Red Wing, over this route. The Vermont lines did not connect with another CP subsidiary in the United States, the Canadian Pacific Lines in Maine.
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, the company reported financial losses for a few years, in contrast to other Canadian-owned lines in the U.S.
In 1950, the freight revenue from this line was $1.9 million, with an additional $162,000 in passenger receipts, qualifying it as a Class I railroad in the United States.
Service came to a temporary halt on Friday August 27, 1966, when sixteen trade unions in Canada stopped work in a nationwide strike action to demand higher pay rates. Parliament put forth a back-to-work bill the following Monday, and union leaders opted to honor the Parliament's request, officially ending the strike on September 2 (although some scattered railroad workers still refused to return to work, and many local union chapters enacted a work slowdown action).
Vermont filed an opposition to the B&M sale to Guilford Transportation in 1981 citing the potential for predatory competition to CP and the Lamoille Valley Railroad.
# Tolstoj (crater)

Tolstoj is a large, ancient impact crater on Mercury. It was named after Leo Tolstoy by the IAU in 1976. The albedo feature Solitudo Maiae appears to be associated with this crater.
The impact that produced the Tolstoj Basin occurred very early in the history of Mercury. Two ragged, discontinuous rings approximately 356 km and 510 km in diameter encompass the structure but are poorly developed on its north and northeast sides; a third partial ring with a diameter of 466 km occurs on its southeast side. Diffuse patches of material of dark albedo lie outside the innermost ring. The central part of the basin is covered by a high reflectance smooth plains (HRP) material. The bright interior of the basin is noticeably redder than the surrounding plains, which are made of a bluer low reflectance material (LRM). The dark annulus of ejecta around Tolstoj is called the Goya Formation, defined by lineated and hummocky topography. The ejecta has one of darkest surfaces on Mercury.
The depth of Tolstoj is estimated to be 2.0 ± 0.7 km from the stereo derived digital elevation models based on Mariner 10 images of the planet. This is significantly less than the depth of lunar basins of the similar size indicating that Tolstoj probably has relaxed from its post impact shape.
The Tolstoj basin is used to define a time-stratigraphic system, the Tosltojan system, with the age of around 4.0–3.9 billion years. The older system (< 4.0 billion years) is called pre-Tosltojan, while the younger is called Calorian (3.9–3.5 billion years).
Despite Tolstoj's great age and its embayment by the ancient inter-crater plains, it retains an extensive and remarkably well preserved, radially lineated ejecta blanket around two-thirds of its circumference. Part of the ejecta was disrupted by the impact of the crater Liszt. The ejecta tends to be blocky and only weakly lineated between the inner and outer rings. Radial lineations with a slight swirly pattern are best seen on the southwest side of Tolstoj. The unusual rectilinear map pattern of the ejecta suggests: (1) control of the ejecta pattern by prebasin structures, (2) preferential burial along structural trends of an originally symmetrical ejecta blanket by the intercrater plains material, or (3) formation of Tolstoj by an oblique impact from the northwest that produced an ejecta blanket with bilateral symmetry and little or no deposition uprange. Analysis of stereophotography of Tolstoj ejecta northeast of the crater suggests that this deposit has been upwarped to a higher elevation relative to the surrounding plains.

## Views

* Enhanced color image of Tolstoj crater (top center) and Bashō crater (lower left)
* Topographic map centered on Tolstoj
* Mariner 10 image with Tolstoj at bottom
* Tolstoj is at lower right on this map
* Distant oblique view
* Northern Tolstoj crater
# Valea Satului (Olt)

The Valea Satului or Valea Coții is a left tributary of the river Olt in Romania. It flows into the Olt in Câinenii Mici. Its length is 12 km (7.5 mi) and its basin size is 12 km$^2$ (4.6 sq mi).
# Parashurama Theme Park, Karkala

Parashurama Theme Park is a tourist destination built on Ummikkal hill in Bailur near Karkala in Udupi district. A bronze statue of Lord Vishnu's sixth avatar, Parashurama, is placed on the top of the building on the hill. This bronze statue is 33 feet tall, holding an axe in right hand, bow in left hand and raised left leg.
The project has been started at an estimated cost of Rs 10 core in collaboration with Department of Tourism, Kannada and Cultural and other departments. Currently the theme park has a Bhajana Mandir, modern audio -visual museum, a 509-seater amphitheatre, a viewpoint on a 450 feet hill, a hallway with mural painting of Parashurama and a restaurant added to the cultural heritage.

## Parashurama

The project has been started at an estimated cost of Rs 10 crore in collaboration with Department of Tourism, Kannada and Culture and other departments and other works related to the park are in progress. Currently, the theme park has a Bhajana Mandir, a modern audio-visual museum, a 500-seater amphitheater, a viewpoint on a 450 feet hill, a hallway with mural paintings of Parashurama and a restaurant added to the cultural heritage. The statue of Parashurama installed on the hill is already attracting thousands of tourists from different parts of the country. The park has been established by Nirmithi Kendra in Udupi district.

## Plan

Though reputed to be the creation of Kaiuthiva Parashurama, there were no vestiges related of it. In this background, the idea of constructing a Parashurama theme park in Karkala was mooted in 2017. Not only did he propose this fact at the Coastal Bandhu's "Friendship Gathering" event in Pune, he also promised to complete the project within two years of the start of construction.

## Parashurama on the ruined mound

A ruined stone mound in Karkala has now got a new look. Yarlapadi Ummikal Kunja, Bailur, Karkala, Udupi, a hill of boulders, is now a hot spot for tourists. The statue of Sri Parashurama, who said to be the creator of Tulu Nadu.

## Unveiling of the bronze statue

An idol of Parashurama made entirely of bronze with bow and ax in hand can be seen here. Parashurama Theme Park was inaugurated on 27 January 2023. A 33 feet tall, 15 ton heavy bronze statue of Parashurama has been installed at a height of 57 feet from the ground.15 tons of bronze used for the construction of this statue of Parashurama.
# Billy Curley

William Curley (born 20 November 1945) is an English former footballer who made 29 appearances in the Football League playing as a full back for Darlington in the 1960s. He played for Durham Schools' under-15 team in the 1960–61 season, and was the first player to be taken on by Darlington as an apprentice professional under the scheme introduced in 1960.
# Bañado de los Pantanos

Bañado de los Pantanos is a municipality and village in the Arauco Department of La Rioja Province in northwestern Argentina.
# Bhalukhop

Bhalukhop (also referred to as Bhalukhop Khasmahal) is a village in the Kalimpong I CD block in the Kalimpong Sadar subdivision of the Kalimpong district in the state of West Bengal, India.

## Geography
### Location

Bhalukhop is located at 27°05′14″N 88°28′53″E﻿ / ﻿27.0872°N 88.4814°E﻿ / 27.0872; 88.4814.
Located at an altitude of 5,300 feet (1,600 m) above mean sea level, Bhalukhop has a great sunset view of both Kangchenjunga and Annapurna together, and also the Teesta. It is just 10 km from Kalimpong.

### Area overview

The map alongside shows the Kalimpong Sadar subdivision of Kalimpong district. Physiographically, this area forms the Kalimpong Range, with the average elevation varying from 300 to 3,000 metres (980 to 9,840 ft). This region is characterized by abruptly rising hills and numerous small streams. It is a predominantly rural area with 77.67% of the population living in rural areas and only 22.23% living in the urban areas. While Kalimpong is the only municipality, Dungra is the sole census town in the entire area. The economy is agro-based and there are six tea gardens in the Gorubathan CD block. In 2011, Kalimpong subdivision had a literacy rate of 81.85%, comparable with the highest levels of literacy in the districts of the state. While the first degree college in the subdivision was established at Kalimpong in 1962 the entire subdivision (and now the entire district), other than the head-quarters, had to wait till as late as 2015 (more than half a century) to have their first degree colleges at Pedong and Gorubathan.
Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Bhalukhop Khasmahal had a total population of 5,254 of which 2,660 (51%) were males and 2,594 (49%) were females. There were 445 persons in the age range of 0 to 6 years. The total number of literate people in Bhalukhop Khasmahal was 3,879 (80.66% of the population over 6 years).

## Tourism

Bhalukhop can be a good base with day trips for visiting places such as Delo, Lava, Sillery Gaon and Icche Gaon. Being so near Kalimpong, one can also go and see such places as Cactus Garden, Durpin Monastery and Golf Course.
# College of Education, Ikere Ekiti

College Of Education, Ikere Ekiti formerly Ondo State College of Education is a state government owned tertiary institution located in Ikere Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. The institution was established in 1977 to strengthen the educational sector in Nigeria by training teachers, especially those in the vocational and technical areas.

## Upgrade to University Status and Renaming

In 2020, the Ekiti State House of Assembly passed a bill to upgrade the College Of Education, Ikere Ekiti, to a University of Education, Science and Technology. The institution was subsequently upgraded to Ekiti State University of Education, Science and Technology, Ikere Ekiti. However, the university was renamed in the same year to Bamidele Olumilua University of Education, Science and Technology (BOUEST) in honour of late Evangelist Bamidele Olumilua, the former governor of Ondo State.
# Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was a small principality in Germany, in the present day state of Thuringia, with its capital at Sondershausen.

## History

Schwarzburg-Sondershausen was a county (earldom) until 1697. In that year, it became a principality, which lasted until the fall of the German monarchies in 1918, during the German Revolution of 1918–1919. After the German Revolution, it became a republic and joined the Weimar Republic as a constituent state. In 1920, it joined with other small states in the area to form the new state of Thuringia.
Schwarzburg-Sondershausen had an area of 862 km$^2$ (333 sq. mi.) and a population of 85,000 (1905). Towns placed in the state were: Arnstadt, Sondershausen, Gehren, Langewiesen, Großbreitenbach, Ebeleben, Großenehrich, Greußen and Plaue.

## Rulers of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, 1552–1918
### Counts of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

* 1552–1586 John Günther I
* 1586–1631 Günther XLII, with Anton Henry, John Günther II and Christian Günther I
* 1631–1638 Günther XLII, with Anton Henry and Christian Günther I
* 1638–1642 Günther XLII, with Christian Günther I
* 1642–1643 Günther XLII, with Anton Günther I
* 1643–1666 Anton Günther I
* 1666–1697 Christian William, with Anton Günther II
Raised to Principality in 1697

### Princes of Schwarzburg-Sondershausen

* 1697–1716: Anton Günther II
* 1697 – 10 May 1721: Christian William
* 10 May 1721 – 28 November 1740: Günther XLIII
* 28 November 1740 – 6 November 1758: Henry XXXV
* 6 November 1758 – 14 October 1794: Christian Günther III
* 14 October 1794 – 19 August 1835: Günther Friedrich Karl I
* 19 August 1835 – 17 July 1880: Günther Friedrich Karl II
* 17 July 1880 – 28 March 1909: Karl Günther
United under Prince Günther Victor of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
* 28 March 1909 – November 1918: Günther Victor

### Villages with more than 2000 people

| Village | Inhabitants December 1, 1910 |
| Arnstadt | 17,841 |
| Sondershausen | 7759 |
| Langewiesen | 3814 |
| Greußen | 3348 |
| Großbreitenbach | 3255 |
| Gehren | 2917 |
| Geschwenda | 2291 |
# Editum editum

Editum editum is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Michael Fibiger in 2010. It is known from Vietnam.
The wingspan is about 10 mm.
# Joi Campbell

Joi Nicole Campbell (born April 2, 1979), also known under her stage JoiStaRR, is an American singer, songwriter, and actress.

## Early life

Campbell is the daughter of Warryn and Sandra Campbell. Her older brother is music producer Warryn Campbell Jr. Campbell's singing career began in church choirs in the Los Angeles area. Witnessing her brother success as a songwriter and producer, she started writing songs herself, and though she began studying to become a doctor, Campbell eventually decided to pursue a career in music instead.

## Career

In the early 2000s, Campbell was able to make herself a name as a professional songwriter. Alongside her brother, she wrote for several gospel and R&B artists, including singers Brandy, Toni Estes, Mario, Christina Milian, Angie Stone, and Tamia. In 2002, she planned to embark on a singing career, with several promotional singles such as "Watch Me", "Keep It Movin'", and "Everything" featuring rapper Jadakiss issued, first through J Records and later through her brothers My Block Records label, but a planned debut album failed to materialize.
In 2006, Campbell received her first Grammy Award nod when "Heaven" from Mary Mary's self-titled third studio album was nominated for Best Gospel Song at the 48th awards ceremony. In 2008, she accompanied rapper Kanye West as a background singer on his Glow in the Dark Tour. She was invited by West to join him on his planned Fame Kills tour co-headlining with Lady Gaga but it was canceled after public controversy regarding West's interruption of Taylor Swift's Best Female Video speech at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards. Following a longer hiatus during which she ventured into real estate, Campbell released her first EP, Art & Beat, in 2013, through Warryn's My Block Inc. and eOne Music.
In 2018, she appeared in the TV One reality show We're the Campbells, starring her brother and his wife, Mary Mary singer Erica Campbell. In 2019, she launched her acting career, starring in director Robert Rippberger's independent coming-of-age drama film Strive alongside Danny Glover.

## Discography
### Extended plays

List of extended plays :
| Title | Album details |
| Art & Beat | Released: April 2, 2013 Label: My Block Inc., eOne Music Formats: Digital download |

### Singles

* "Nothing Even Matters" (featuring PJ Morton) (2017)
* "Cocoa Butter" (2018)
* "Valentine's Day" (2021)
* "The Door" (2021)
* "Parachute" (2021)
* "Seven 7s" (2021)
* "Black Friday" (2021)
* "Love Story" (2022)

## Filmography

* Strive (2019)
# Cephalotes persimplex

Cephalotes persimplex is a species of arboreal ant of the genus Cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head, and the ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. Giving their name also as gliding ants.
# Paragrammatism

Paragrammatism is the confused or incomplete use of grammatical structures, found in certain forms of speech disturbance. Paragrammatism is the inability to form grammatically correct sentences. It is characteristic of fluent aphasia, most commonly receptive aphasia. Paragrammatism is sometimes called "extended paraphasia," although it is different from paraphasia. Paragrammatism is roughly synonymous with "word salad," which concerns the semantic coherence of speech rather than its production.

## Cause

Huber assumes a disturbance of the sequential organization of sentences as the cause of the syntactic errors (1981:3). Most students and practitioners regard paragrammatism as the morphosyntactic "leitsymptom" of Wernicke's aphasia.
However, ever since the introduction of the term paragrammatism some students have pointed out that paragrammatic and agrammatic phenomena, which in classical theory form part of Broca's aphasia, may co-occur in the same patient.

## History

Since Kleist introduced the term in 1916, paragrammatism has denoted a disordered mode of expression that is characterized by confused and erroneous word order, syntactic structure or grammatical morphology (Schlenck 1991:199f).
Most researchers suppose that the faulty syntactic structure (sentence blends, contaminations, break-offs) results from a disturbance of the syntactic plan of the utterance (de Bleser/Bayer 1993:160f).
In non-fluent aphasia, oral expression is often agrammatic, i.e. grammatically incomplete or incorrect. By contrast, expression in fluent aphasia usually appears grammatical, albeit with disruptions in content. Despite this persistent impression, errors of sentence structure and morphology do occur in fluent aphasia, although they take the form of substitutions rather than omissions.
# Big Ten Conference Men's Soccer Coach of the Year

The Big Ten Conference Men's Soccer Coach of the Year is an annual award given to the top men's college soccer coach in the Big Ten Conference. Indiana head coach Jerry Yeagley was named Coach of the Year a record eight times.

## Key

| | Awarded a National Coach of the Year award: United Soccer Coaches College Coach of the Year (USC) |
| † | Co-Coaches of the Year |
| * | Elected to the National Soccer Hall of Fame |
| Season$^‡$ | Team won the NCAA Division I National Championship |

## Winners

| Season | Player | School | National Coach of the Year Awards |
| 1991 | Jim Launder | Wisconsin | — |
| 1992 | Gary Avedikian | Ohio State | — |
| 1993 | Jerry Yeagley* | Indiana | — |
| 1994 | Jerry Yeagley* (2) | Indiana | USC |
| 1995$^‡$ | Jim Launder (2) | Wisconsin | USC |
| 1996 | Joe Baum | Michigan State | — |
| 1997 | Jerry Yeagley* (3) | Indiana | — |
| 1998$^‡$ | Jerry Yeagley* (4) | Indiana | USC |
| 1999$^†$ | John Bluem | Ohio State | — |
| 1999$^{‡†}$ | Jerry Yeagley* (5) | Indiana | USC |
| 2000 | Joe Baum (2) | Michigan State | — |
| 2001 | Jerry Yeagley* (6) | Indiana | — |
| 2002 | Jerry Yeagley* (7) | Indiana | — |
| 2003$^‡$ | Jerry Yeagley* (8) | Indiana | USC |
| 2004 | John Bluem (2) | Ohio State | — |
| 2005 | Barry Gorman | Penn State | — |
| 2006 | Mike Freitag | Indiana | — |
| 2007 | Mike Freitag (2) | Indiana | — |
| 2008 | Joe Baum | Michigan State | — |
| 2009 | John Bluem (3) | Ohio State | — |
| 2010 | Todd Yeagley | Indiana | — |
| 2011 | Tim Lenahan | Northwestern | — |
| 2012 | Bob Warming | Penn State | — |
| 2013 | Bob Warming (2) | Penn State | — |
| 2014 | John Bluem (4) | Ohio State | — |
| 2015 | Dan Donigan | Rutgers | — |
| 2016 | Sasho Cirovski | Maryland | — |
| 2017 | Chaka Daley | Michigan | — |
| 2018 | Todd Yeagley (2) | Indiana | — |
| 2019 | Todd Yeagley (3) | Indiana | — |
| 2020 | Todd Yeagley (4) | Indiana | — |
| 2021 | Jeff Cook | Penn State | — |
| 2022 | Sasho Cirovski (2) | Maryland | — |
| 2023 | Jeff Cook (2) | Penn State | — |

## Winners by school

| School (year joined) | Winners | Years |
| Indiana (1991) | 14 | 1993, 1994, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2018, 2019, 2020 |
| Ohio State (1991) | 5 | 1992, 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014 |
| Penn State (1991) | 5 | 2005, 2012, 2013, 2021, 2023 |
| Michigan State (1991) | 3 | 1996, 2000, 2008 |
| Maryland (2014) | 2 | 2016, 2022 |
| Wisconsin (1991) | 2 | 1991, 1995 |
| Michigan (2000) | 1 | 2017 |
| Northwestern (1991) | 1 | 2011 |
| Rutgers (2014) | 1 | 2015 |
# Reşit Galip

Mustafa Reşit Galip (1893 – 5 March 1934) was a Turkish politician in the early years of the Turkish Republic. By profession, he was a medical doctor.

## Early years

He was born in the Sanjak of Rhodes (now an island of Greece, then a part of the Ottoman Empire) in 1883. His father was Galip, a judge and his mother was Münevver. He completed his elementary education in Rhodes. According to his granddaughter Feyhan Oran, when Rhodes was occupied by Italy he escaped to İzmir where he finished his highschool education. Then, he travelled to Istanbul to study medicine. During the Balkan War and the First World War he voluntarily served in the fronts. In 1917 he graduated from the medicine school of Istanbul University. Although he briefly served as an assistant in the faculty, he later on moved to Tavşanlı (a town in West Anatolia) to participate in the Turkish War of Independence. Towards the end of the war, he was appointed as the official doctor in Mersin. In 1925 he was elected as an MP from Aydın Province.

## In politics

He was always interested in politics. In İzmir and Istanbul he published bulletins and in Mersin he wrote in a local newspaper as the chief editor. While serving as an MP, he was elected a member of the Independence Tribunals. In 1930s he served as the charter member of two associations which were supported by Kemal Atatürk, the founder of Turkish Republic; Turkish Language Association and Turkish Historical Society. He later on became the president of Turkish Language Association. During his speech at the First Turkish History Congress in 1932, he claimed that the Sumerians, the Ancient Egyptians or the Ancient Greeks where originally of Turkish origin. One of the dubious evidences he presented for this claim was that the Egyptian Amun priests were of Turkish race due their brachycephalic skull. Between 19 September 1932 and 13 July 1933 he served as the Minister of National Education. (see 7th government of Turkey)
During his brief service period he initiated university reforms and planned Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, an important museum in Ankara. He is also known as the creator of daily student oath.

## Death

While serving in the wars he had contracted tuberculosis. On 5 March 1934, he died in Ankara. He was laid to rest in Cebeci Asri Cemetery. He was survived by his wife and three children.

## Legacy

A street in Ankara and one in Nazilli in Aydın Province are named after Reşit Galip. A primary schools one in Zeytinburnu, Istanbul and one in Çankaya, Ankara are also named after him.
# Bheemgal

Bheemgal is a town in the Nizamabad district, in the state of Telangana in India, 52.2 km from the main city of the District, Nizamabad and 172 km from the State Capital Hyderabad.Bheemgal (BMGL) has new bus depot which was reopened recently in Telangana government.

## Demographics

Total population of Bheemgal Mandal is 57,262 living in 12,239 Houses, Spread across total 24 villages and 18 panchayats. Males are 27,924 and Females are 29,338.
# Scott Mason

Scott Mason is the name of:
* Scott Mason (cricketer) (1976–2005), Australian cricketer
* Scott Mason (radio personality) (1959–2015), American radio personality
* Scott Mason (Big Brother), contestant on Big Brother
* Scott Mason (journalist), WRAL-TV reporter and host of Tar Heel Traveler