OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# David Leslie, 3rd Earl of Leven

David Melville, later Leslie, 3rd Earl of Leven and de jure 2nd Earl of Melville (5 May 1660 – 6 June 1728) was a Scottish aristocrat, politician, and soldier.
The third son of George Melville, 1st Earl of Melville and his second wife Catherine, he shared the Whig political and the Presbyterian religious sympathies of his father. In 1681, with the death of the rival claimant, John Leslie, 1st Duke of Rothes, he was permitted to enter into the Earldom of Leven.
In 1683, Leven and his father were suspected of complicity in the Rye House Plot, a Whig conspiracy to assassinate Charles II and his brother James, Duke of York. To escape arrest they fled to the Netherlands where they joined the band of British Protestant exiles at the court of Prince William of Orange.
Here Leven was used by William to obtain the support of German princes for his invasion of England in 1688, Leven himself having raised a regiment for that invasion, in the course of which he received the surrender of the town of Plymouth in south Devonshire. He became a Privy Councillor of Scotland in 1689, and fought at the Battle of Killiecrankie that year. He also served as Keeper of Edinburgh Castle between 1689 and 1702, and again between 1704 and 1712. Leven was also a Commissioner for the Pacification of the Highlands from 1689.
Leven served as Governor of the Bank of Scotland between 1697 and 1728, and in 1702 was promoted to brigadier-general, followed by major-general in 1704. He became Master of the Scottish Ordnance in 1705, and Commander-in-Chief, Scotland in 1706. Also in 1706 he was elected one of the representative peers to sit in the House of Lords after the Acts of Union in 1707 abolished the Parliament of Scotland. He became a lieutenant-general in 1707. He became a Commissioner for the Union in 1707 and was one of the original Representative Peers for Scotland from 1707 until 1710. He was dismissed from all offices in 1712.
He succeeded his father as Earl of Melville on 20 May 1707, but did not use the title.
# G. Nanchil Kumaran

Dr. G. Nanchil Kumaran, also known as Nanjil Kumaran, is an Indian Police Service Officer from Tamil Nadu. He served as Police commissioner in Chennai, and he became famous for helping solve the 1998 Coimbatore bombings.
# Education in Georgia

Education in Georgia may refer to:
* Education in Georgia (country)
* Education in Georgia (U.S. state)
# Chena Hot Springs, Alaska

Chena Hot Springs is an unincorporated community and hot spring resort in the Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, United States, 56.5 miles northeast of Fairbanks near the Chena River State Recreation Area. The resort makes use of the first low-temperature binary geothermal power plant built in Alaska, and is working on several alternative energy projects, including production and use of hydrogen and vegetable oil for fuel. The resort is conducting collaborative experiments in greenhouse production of vegetables with the University of Alaska Fairbanks Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station.

## History

Chena Hot Springs was founded over 100 years ago by two gold mining brothers, Robert and Thomas Swan. In 1905, Robert Swan was suffering from rheumatism and needed a place to calm his pain and be comfortable. The two brothers set out to find the hot springs. It took them a little over a month to reach the hot springs after searching for it in Interior Alaska’s harsh landscape. In 1911, twelve small cabins were built to accommodate visitors. The twelve cabins developed, establishing it as a resort in the interior of Alaska. The United States Department of Agriculture sent chemists to analyze the water.

## Demographics

Chena Hot Springs has never formally reported a population on the U.S. Census. The USGS reported it had an estimated summer population of 10 for the resort.

## Weather

The coordinates for Chena Hot Springs Alaska are 65'03 N and 146'03 W (65.05, -146.05). The average yearly temperature for the area is −4.9 °C (23.2 °F), with the highest temperature being in July at 20.4 °C (68.7 °F) and the lowest temperature being in January at −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F). Annually the average amount of precipitation is 357 millimetres (14.1 in). The average snowfall amount in Chena Hot Springs is 161.8 centimetres (63.7 in) annually.
Chena Hot Springs has visibility of the Aurora borealis, especially around the March equinox.

## Aurora Ice Museum

The Aurora Ice Museum contains carved ice sculptures and is located at the hot springs resort is open throughout the year. Some of the sculptures depict igloos, a large chess set, and jousting knights on horseback.

## Geothermal Power Plant

Chena Hot Springs Resort uses two 200kW Organic Rankine cycle (ORC) geothermal energy power plants to generate energy, the first in Alaska. The resort moved the diesel generators used in the past to a backup role since July 2006, and it is successful in reducing the cost from 30 cents/kWh to 5 cents/kWh.

## DC6 On Display

Everts Air Cargo retired the Douglas DC-6A N6174C “Good Grief” on October 2, 2016, after it made the final flight from Anchorage to Chena Hot Springs, after its 62-year flight career.
# Solar bonds

Solar bonds are municipal revenue bonds issued to provide low-interest financing for lower-cost accelerated development of local renewable energy technologies such as solar power.

## History

The first solar bond authority was drafted by Paul Douglas Fenn, creator of Community Choice Aggregation, and approved by San Francisco, California voters in 2001. Under "solar neighborhoods" approach, municipal governments would enter into multi-decade community-wide power purchase agreements with competitive suppliers and issue solar bonds, or "H Bonds", to finance the new supplier's rollout of local renewable energy and energy efficiency measures, offering municipal bond financing to residents and businesses, the debt for which would be repaid on monthly electric bills - an approach that has come to be called "on-bill financing."
The City of San Francisco enshrined solar bonds in its Community Choice Aggregation program in 2004 when it adopted an ordinance combining the City's authority to procure power for its residents and businesses with its authority to issue revenue bonds under the solar bond authority. Fenn drafted the ordinance (86-04, 2004) for sponsoring supervisor Tom Ammiano, who had also sponsored placing the solar bond authority on the 2001 ballot, and Fenns' company, Local Power Inc., went on to draft a 2007 implementation plan and 2013 business model to implement the $1 billion project. Local Power also contributed substantially to Sonoma county's Sonoma Clean Power program which has a similar structure.
Apart from creating a new generation of Community Choice Aggregations, San Francisco's solar bond authority spawned the subsequent appearance of both public and private financing of customer-owned solar and energy efficiency measures, including PACE financing and the solar power purchase agreement or PPA, transforming the photovoltaics industry in the United States.
# Richard Kiefer

Richard E. Kiefer (February 26, 1921 – June 15, 1961) was an American murderer and the last person to be executed in Indiana before the national moratorium on executions in 1972 with the case of Furman v. Georgia.

## Crime and surrender

In 1957, Kiefer, a Fort Wayne mechanic, murdered his wife, Pearl; he later claimed that he was sick of her criticizing his fishing and drinking habits. He bludgeoned her to death with a hammer before turning that hammer on his five-year-old daughter, Dorothy, when Dorothy approached him to try to break up the fight between her parents. After murdering them, Kiefer hacked their bodies with a knife and then left for Chicago with $3 from his wife's purse and some change from his daughter's piggy bank. Two days later, he returned to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and went to police headquarters to surrender.

## Trial and proceedings

Kiefer did not appear to show remorse for the murders of his wife and his daughter. He was charged with both the murders, but he only went to trial for his wife's murder. He was convicted in 1958 and sentenced to death. However, in 1958, the conviction was overturned by the Indiana Supreme Court, which noted that at his first trial, the jury was shown photographs of the slashed victims' bodies, and the jury was emotionally fueled by the photos to sentence Kiefer to death. Kiefer was tried a second time and re-sentenced to death.

## Execution

Kiefer's first death warrant decreed that he would be executed on January 31, 1961, but eight hours before that execution took place, the Indiana Supreme Court stayed the execution. His attorney filed an appeal, but the rest of the Supreme Court declined to consider it, and the then-Governor of Indiana, Matthew E. Welsh, signed Kiefer's second death warrant for the execution to take place on June 14, 1961.
On June 15, 1961, at 12:04 AM, Richard Kiefer began the walk, unassisted, to Indiana's electric chair. The warden of the Indiana State Prison in which Kiefer was executed, Warden Ward Lane, described Kiefer as having been emotionless at the execution. The voltage began at 12:11, and Kiefer was pronounced dead at 12:15 after receiving six jolts of electricity. He was 40 years old.
Kiefer was the first person to be executed in Indiana's electric chair since murderer Robert Watts in 1951, and he was the last until Steven Timothy Judy was executed in 1981.
# DYVE

DYVE (89.7 FM), broadcasting as 89.7 RVFM, is a radio station owned and operated by Wave Network. The station's studio is located in Brgy. San Francisco, Borongan.
# Charles Pearce

Charles Pearce may refer to:
* Charlie Pearce, New Zealand rugby league international
* Charles Pearce (calligrapher) (born 1943), calligrapher
* Charles E. M. Pearce (1940–2012), New Zealand mathematician
* Charles Edward Pearce (1842–1902), United States Congressman from Missouri
* Charles H. Pearce, African Methodist Episcopal clergyman in Florida
* Charles Sprague Pearce (1851–1914), American painter
* Charles Thomas Pearce (1815–1883), English physician and opponent to mandatory vaccination
# Piesocorynus

Piesocorynus is a genus of fungus weevils in the family Anthribidae. There are about 5 described species in Piesocorynus.

## Species

* Piesocorynus lateralis Jordan, 1906
* Piesocorynus mixtus LeConte, 1876
* Piesocorynus moestus (J. E. LeConte, 1824)
* Piesocorynus plagifer Jordan, 1904
* Piesocorynus tesselatus Schaeffer, 1906
# David McEwan

David McEwan may refer to:
* David McEwan (footballer) (born 1982), Scottish footballer
* David McEwan (producer) (born 1972), Australian/British music producer and musician
# Presidente Castelo Branco

Presidente Castelo Branco can refer to:
* Presidente Castelo Branco, Paraná, municipality in the state of Paraná of Brazil
* Presidente Castelo Branco, Santa Catarina, municipality in the state of Santa Catarina in the South region of Brazil
# Snipets

Snipets was a series of 30-second to one-minute-long short films for children which were produced by Kaiser Broadcasting, and later Field Communications. They ran on Kaiser/Field TV stations as interstitials and were also syndicated to additional stations in the U.S.
During its first year on the air, the theme song for Snipets was Popcorn by the band Hot Butter. Later, the opening was shortened to a card showing the word "SNIPETS" in plaid letters with a group of kids saying the name scattered (sounding like "sniiiiiiits"), and was later changed to five green worm looking things with faces appearing one at a time, then saying in perfect unison "snipets".
Approximately 100 Snipets were produced between 1972 and 1978. They aired until approximately sometime in 1982 on Field Communications Stations and held on for a few more years in sporadic showings on other non-Field Stations.
Many of the more memorable ones are as follows:
-"Come Back Here Can", which showed kids how they could take a coffee can and a rubber band and create a toy that would roll back to them when pushed.
-"Buzzsaw", which teaches kids how to create a buzzsaw-like toy using string and some light wood.
-"Now!", which features a kid doing his homework, and many distractions coming up to him (glass of milk, ball, and glove, TV, radio, telephone, etc.), and him shooing them away until he's done, upon which he asks the viewer, "Did you do your homework yet? I have." then announces, "Okay! NOW!" to which everything comes back up to him.
-"The Metric System", three separate skits teaching kids how to use the metric system for temperature, length, and weight. (Created during the 1970s failed attempt to convert the United States to metric.)
-"Smile Gangs", a clip in an inner city neighborhood show a group of four kids walking together who come across another group of four kids. They briefly have a standoff, before they start smiling at one another, then all run off together. The skit ends with a voiceover saying, "Smiles are friend-makers."
-"Girls Can't Play Basketball", three boys shooting hoops are joined by a girl who would like to play, but one boy initially rebuffs her, but had really no excuse as to why he thinks girls wouldn't play basketball, and after she and him both make and miss a shot, he gives in and allows her to play with them.
-"Bad For You", features a green gruff man sitting in a chair eating candy, cakes, chips, and other things not considered good for you, and dismissing the advice people give to eat better foods. As he eats and rants, he visibly gets fatter and melts but stays in denial all the way to the end.
-"'Good For You' Foods", another skit about eating right showing proper foods, like meat, fish, fruits, and veggies as anamorphic athletes, while other foods, like soda pop, candy, and other snacks show way less athleticism. The voice-over ends with, "Next time you eat, eat to win!"
# Chitron

Chitron is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae. It is monotypic, being represented by the single species Chitron mniszechii.
# Richard McCann

Richard John McCann (December 12, 1949 – January 24, 2021) was an American writer of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. He lived in Washington, D.C., where he was a longtime professor in the MFA Program in Creative Writing at American University.
As a teenager, he wrote to Bette Davis, whose work he greatly admired; they shared a correspondence which he recounted in a 2016 article in the Washington Post.
A gay writer, he was the author of Mother of Sorrows, a collection of linked stories that novelist Michael Cunningham has described as unbearably beautiful. It won the 2005 John C. Zacharis First Book Award from Ploughshares and was also an American Library Association Stonewall Book Award recipient, as well as a finalist for the Lambda Literary Award. Amazon named it one of the Top 50 Books of 2005.
McCann's book of poems, Ghost Letters, won the 1994 Beatrice Hawley and Capricorn Poetry awards. With Michael Klein, he edited Things Shaped in Passing: More 'Poets for Life' Writing from the AIDS Pandemic. His stories, poems, and essays have appeared in The Atlantic, Esquire, Ms., Tin House, Ploughshares, and numerous anthologies, including The O. Henry Prize Stories 2007, Best American Essays 2000, and The Penguin Book of Gay Short Stories. He has received fellowships from the Guggenheim and Rockefeller foundations and the Yaddo Corporation. In 2010, he was the Master Artist at The Atlantic Center for the Arts in New Smyrna Beach, Florida.
McCann was associated with the town of Provincetown, Massachusetts, where he lived intermittently since the 1970s and where he served on the board of trustees of the Fine Arts Work Center. He served on the board of directors of the PEN/Faulkner Foundation in Washington, D.C., and was a Member of the Corporation of Yaddo in Saratoga Springs, New York.
The Pen/Faulkner Foundation announced his death on January 25, 2021, at the age of 71.
# Piana degli Albanesi Cathedral

Piana degli Albanesi Cathedral, in full the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius the Great Martyr (Arbëreshë Albanian: Kryeklisha e Shën Mitrit të Madhit Dëshmor, or Klisha e Madhe (The Grand Church); Italian: Cattedrale di Piana degli Albanesi, Cattedrale di San Demetrio Megalomartire) is a cathedral in Piana degli Albanesi, Palermo, Italy. It is the seat of the Eparchy of Piana degli Albanesi, part of the Byzantine Rite Italo-Albanian Catholic Church.
# DYVL-FM

DYVL (94.1 MHz) is an FM station owned by Rizal Memorial Colleges Broadcasting Corporation and operated by Cebu Roosevelt Memorial Colleges. Its studios and transmitter are located along San Vicente St., Bogo, Cebu.
# Sir Thomas Skipwith, 1st Baronet

Sir Thomas Skipwith, 1st Baronet (ca. 1620 – 2 June 1694) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1659 and 1660.
Skipwith was the son of Edward Skipwith of Gosburton and Grantham and his wife Elizabeth Hatcher, daughter of Sir John Hatcher of Coteby, Lincolnshire. His father was the illegitimate son of William Skipwith, a Member of Parliament for Lincolnshire, and Anne Tothby.
In 1659, Skipwith was elected a Member of Parliament for Grantham in the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was re-elected in 1660, as MP for Grantham in the Convention Parliament. He was knighted at Whitehall on 29 May 1673, made Serjeant-at-law on 21 April 1675, and was created baronet of Metheringham on 27 July 1678.
Skipwith died at his house in Lincoln's Inn Fields in June 1694.
Skipwith married firstly Elizabeth Lathom daughter of Ralph Lathom of Upminster, Essex. Their son Thomas succeeded to the baronetcy, and his daughter Susan married Sir John Williams, 1st Baronet of Minster. He married secondly Elizabeth Maddison, widow of Edward Maddison and daughter of Sir John Rea, but had no further children.
# Piano Concerto No. 2 (Field)

John Field's Piano Concerto in A-flat major (H. 31) was composed by 1811 and published in full first in Leipzig in 1816. It consists of the usual three movements, in a fast–slow–fast form:
* Allegro moderato
* Poco adagio
* Rondo: Moderato innocente
Field wrote the piece in classical sonata form; however, he didn't include a cadenza at the end of the first movement due to its relative length, and made the second movement quite short. Field wrote the composition using the more lyric, subdued, slightly melancholy style typical of late Mozart, rather than the joyous "happy-go-lucky mood" of Haydn or the bombastic display of Beethoven. In particular, it appears to have some influence from Mozart's famous Clarinet Concerto. In addition, it is imbued with lyric themes and even instrumental embellishments which are reminiscent of those from the composer's native Ireland. In three different sections of the first movement (first in E-flat, then F minor, and lastly A-flat), a lyric section with harp-like movements in the left hand is followed by a driving, audibly Irish-style reel which brings the section to a close with a Mozart-style cadential trill. The influence of his mentor Muzio Clementi (who was apparently an admirer of Mozart) was also important especially in the more Romantic features of the work.
It has consistently been the most popular of Field's seven concertos. Composer and critic Robert Schumann rated it highly, and it was the only one never to go out of print at any time. Field's compositions were very popular in the 19th century, but he became relatively unknown during the 20th as musical fashions changed. Due to this, Field is not nearly as well known as contemporaries such as Felix Mendelssohn or Franz Schubert.
# David J. L. Luck

David J. L. Luck (January 7, 1929 – May 23, 1998) was an American cell biologist known for his work on flagella and mitochondrial DNA. He was a longtime professor at Rockefeller University and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences.

## Early life and education

David Jonathan Lewis Luck was born January 7, 1929, in Milwaukee. He had an early interest in science, perhaps influenced by his aunt and uncle who were a chemist and physician respectively. Luck graduated from the University of Chicago in 1949, then earned his M.D. from Harvard Medical School in 1953. Following his M.D., Luck was an intern at Massachusetts General Hospital, from which he was drafted into the Army Medical Corps. In 1957, he returned to Massachusetts General.
In 1958, Luck moved to Rockefeller University with the aim of completing a PhD. He worked in the laboratory of George Palade on glycogen particles in the liver, defending his thesis in 1961. Following his PhD, Luck worked with Edward Tatum on the mitochondria of the mold Neurospora crassa. Along with Tatum's student Ed Reich, Luck was the first to isolate mitochondrial DNA and show that it was inherited maternally when Neurospora mate.

## Academic career

In 1964, Luck was promoted to research associate and professor at Rockefeller. Luck's research group went on to show that the ribosomal RNAs in mitochondria were synthesized in the mitochondria (rather than in the cell nucleus). By 1970, Luck was promoted to full professor. In 1972, with student Paul Lizardi, Luck's group showed that in contrast to the ribosomal RNAs, mitochondrial ribosome-associated proteins were made in the cytoplasm and transported into the mitochondria. In the mid-1970s, Luck's group pivoted to focus on the single-celled alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, where he focused on centrioles and basal bodies, the microtubule organizing structures that underlie the mitotic spindle and formation of flagella. Luck's group identified around a dozen flagellar proteins, as well as numerous mutations that affected flagellar structure and function.
Luck was elected to the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 1984.

## Death

Luck died of lymphoma at New York Hospital on May 23, 1998.
# Kinn Bryggeri

Kinn Bryggeri AS is a microbrewery in the town of Florø in Vestland county, Norway. It was established in 2009.
At Kinn Bryggeri, craft beers are brewed. A large number of different beers are produced, mostly in English and Belgian style. The beer is based on the clean water from Sagafjella. Old craftsmanship, such as open fermentation and bottle molding are important. None of the beers are pasteurized or filtered, and everything is produced at the two brewery locations in Florø. Kinn beer is distributed throughout Norway, as well as an increasing share that is exported to a variety of other countries.
# Present value of growth opportunities

In corporate finance,
the present value of growth opportunities (PVGO) is a valuation measure applied to growth stocks. It represents the component of the company's stock value that corresponds to (expected) growth in earnings. It thus allows an analyst to assess the extent to which the share price represents the current business, and to what extent it reflects assumptions about the future. PVGO can then also be used in relative valuation, i.e. when comparing between two investments (see similar re PEG ratio).
PVGO is calculated as follows:
    PVGO = share price − earnings per share ÷ cost of capital.
This formula arises by thinking of the value of a company as inhering two components: (i) the present value of existing earnings, i.e. the company continuing as if under a "no-growth policy"; and (ii) the present value of the company's growth opportunities. PVGO can then simply be calculated as the difference between the stock price and the present value of its zero-growth-earnings; the latter, the second term in the formula above, uses the calculation for a perpetuity (see Dividend discount model § Some properties of the model).
# Chermidae

The name Chermidae is an archaic name that has historically been used to refer to one of two different types of Hemiptera, with some confusion due to original application of the name Chermes to two very different insect families:
* Psyllidae
* Adelgidae
# Chionodes ermolaevi

Chionodes ermolaevi is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It is found in the Russian Far East, where it has been recorded from Sakhalin Island.