OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nicolas Desmarest

Nicolas Desmarest (French pronunciation:; 16 September 1725 – 20 September 1815) was a French geologist and contributor to the Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, in particular, the multi-volume Géographie-physique.
Desmarest was born in Soulaines, in the department of Aube. Of humble parentage, he was educated at the College of the Oratorians of Troyes and Paris. Taking full advantage of the instruction he received, he was able to support himself by teaching, and to continue his studies independently. Buffon's Theory of the Earth interested him, and in 1753 he successfully competed for a prize by writing an essay on the ancient connection between England and France. This attracted much attention, and ultimately led to his being employed in studying and reporting on manufactures in different countries, and in 1788 to his appointment as inspector-general of the manufactures of France.
He utilized his journeys, travelling on foot, so as to add to his knowledge of the Earth's structure. In 1763 he made observations in Auvergne, recognizing that the prismatic basalts were old lava streams, comparing them with the columns of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland, and referring them to the operations of extinct volcanoes. It was not, however, until 1774, that he published an essay on the subject, accompanied by a geological map, having meanwhile on several occasions revisited the district. He then pointed out the succession of volcanic outbursts and the changes the rocks had undergone through weathering and erosion. As remarked by Sir Archibald Geikie, the doctrine of the origin of valleys by the erosive action of the streams which flow through them was first clearly taught by Desmarest.
An enlarged and improved edition of his map of the volcanic region of Auvergne was published after his death, in 1823, by his son Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1784-1838), who was distinguished as a zoologist, and author of memoirs on recent and fossil crustaceans. He died in Paris.
# Church economy

Church economy is either
* An Eastern Orthodox bishop's discretionary power to dispense with rules that parish priests must otherwise rigidly follow; see economy (Eastern Orthodoxy); or
* Church economics. (disambiguation)
# Niederried railway station

Niederried railway station is a Swiss railway station in the village and municipality of Niederried bei Interlaken and the canton of Bern. Niederried is a stop on the Brünig line, owned by the Zentralbahn, that operates between Interlaken and Lucerne.

## Services

The following services stop at Niederried:
* Regio: hourly service between Interlaken Ost and Meiringen.
# Niederriedsee

Niederriedsee (or Stausee Niederried) is a reservoir formed by the Niederried dam on the Aar River in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. It is named after the nearby village Niederried bei Kallnach.
# Christopher I

Christopher I may refer to:
* Christopher I of Armenia, the Catholicos of Armenia 539 to 545
* Patriarch Christopher I of Alexandria, ruled in 817–841
* Christopher I of Denmark (1219–1259), King of Denmark from 1252 to 1259
* Christopher I, Margrave of Baden-Baden (1453–1527), Margrave of Baden-Baden from 1475 to 1515
* Christopher I, Burgrave and Count of Dohna-Schlodien (1665–1733)
# Church of Our Lady Immaculate

Church of Our Lady Immaculate may refer to:
* Basilica of Our Lady Immaculate, Guelph, Canada
* Our Lady Immaculate Church, Chelmsford, Essex, England
* Our Lady Immaculate and St Joseph Church, Prescot, Merseyside, England
# Chryseobacterium viscerum

Chryseobacterium viscerum is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the gills and livers from rainbow trouts.
# Chüemettler

The Chüemettler (1,703 metres (5,587 ft)) is a mountain of the Appenzell Alps in the canton of St. Gallen, overlooking Obersee (Lake Zurich). It lies west of the Speer and north of the Federispitz mountains. Chüe literally means cows in Swiss-German language, Mettler is a family name, respectively a term used as name of several local areas.
# Chümoukedima (disambiguation)

Chümoukedima is a municipality in Nagaland, India.
Chümoukedima may also refer to:
* Chümoukedima district, a district of Nagaland, India
* Chümoukedima Metropolitan Area, the Chümoukedima metropolis
# Cierrey

Cierrey (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Eure department in northern France.
# Chwalisław

Chwalisław may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Chwalisław in Gmina Złoty Stok, Ząbkowice Śląskie County in Lower Silesian Voivodeship (SW Poland)
* Other places called Chwalisław (listed in Polish Wikipedia)
# Churchyards in Northwestern France

Main article Churchyards
Churchyards in northwestern France are often much older than the church itself. The shape and the height are both indicators of age. Churches often sit on sites of great antiquity, long predating Christianity.

## Age indicators and location

The general rectangular shape of today's churchyard began in the Early Middle Ages, so sometimes older grounds are indicated by oval or round forms. Selection of a location by the church involved commandeering pagan holy places, which were linked to landscape features. Springs were particularly important as they were thought of as points of contact between the underworld and the surface world. These locations were associated with particular pre-Christian gods and goddesses, sometimes Roman gods had previously replaced Gallic or Celts ones. Christian missionaries were specifically instructed to take over sites of pagan worship, thus depriving the old gods of their perches, but also enabling the Christian religion to inherit some of the sanctity that native people associated with the site.
Another broad indication of greater antiquity is the height of the churchyard earth in relation to the ground outside the walls. Centuries of repeated burials in the same location resulted in the gradual elevation of terrain.

## Historic uses

Today a churchyard looks quiet and somber but in medieval times, despite protests by generations of bishops, the church grounds were popular sites for games, gatherings, dancing and dalliances. The church grounds being the only public grounds available. News and gossip brought out an audience, often after mass. Before the 17th century gravestones were rare with most country churches having none before the 18th century.
The churchyard cross usually was the only obstacle for the frequent activities on the church grounds. This cross was always found on the sunlite side mounted on stepped base, and indicated that the churchyard was consecrated ground. Sunny southern side of the church was the favored spot for burials. The northern exposure, associated with the devil, was designated for the graves of strangers, unbaptised children, outcasts and suicides. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the increased use of stone monuments, brought pressure to use these shadow realms. Archery sometimes was practiced on these northern sides as well because less activity happened there.
# Château d'Aspach-le-Haut

The Château d'Aspach-le-Haut was a castle, now destroyed, in the commune of Aspach-le-Haut in the Haut-Rhin département of France.
The castle is believed to have been built in the 14th century. In 1468, it was captured by Swiss forces. Its date of destruction and precise location are not known.
# Cine Sony (Italian TV channel)

Cine Sony was an Italian free-to-air television channel owned by Sony Pictures Television.
The channel launched on 7 September 2017 and closed on 11 July 2019 after Sony Pictures Television sold it and sister channel Pop's slots to Mediaset. Cine Sony's former slot would be used to launch a temporary channel called Mediaset Extra 2.

## Programming

Owned by the Sony Pictures Television subsidiary of Sony Corporation, its programming consisted of documentaries, films, TV Series and shows produced from Sony Pictures Entertainment. The channel included contents from Columbia Pictures, TriStar Pictures and Sony Pictures Classics.
* Cine Classic: la storia di Hollywood
* Donne da oscar
* I migori registri di Hollywood
* La fabbrica dei sogni: storia e volti del cinema italiano
* Ultimate Countdown: CineClassifica
* Vite da star

## Film

* Captain Philips
* Walk the Line
* Hollow Man
# Cine Yelmo

Yelmo Films, S.L.U., trading as Cine Yelmo, is a Spanish company founded in 1981 and dedicated to cinema exhibition. It currently has 54 complexes throughout Spain. Since 2015, the company has been part of Cinépolis, a group that operates in several countries such as Spain, Mexico, the United States, Chile, Argentina and Guatemala.

## History

In 1981 Ricardo Évole founded Yelmo Cines, a cinema exhibition company in Spain. The company takes its name from El Yelmo, a cliff in the Guadarrama mountain range. In 1982, they opened their first cinema, the Zoco de Collado Villalba in Madrid, with the screening of Raiders of the Lost Ark. In the following years, Yelmo Cines continued to expand, establishing new complexes and promoting the concept of multiplexes in the country.
In 1990 they rescued the old Cine Ideal in Madrid, which had been closed for eight years, and converted it into a modern multiplex cinema complex. Over the years, they continued to open new cinemas in different cities in Spain, both in Madrid and in Barcelona, Malaga, A Coruña and other locations.
In 1998 Yelmo Cines signed an agreement with Loews Cineplex, a multinational in the sector, and became Yelmo Cineplex. This partnership allowed them to grow significantly and expand their presence in smaller cities.
In the following years Yelmo Cineplex continued to innovate, introducing IMAX theatres in its complexes and offering alternative content such as live concerts and operas. In 2006, the company returned to full Spanish ownership when it acquired the shares of Loews Cineplex. Following its commitment to technology, all its cinemas were digitised in 2011, and in 2014 they opened the first Ultra HD cinema in Malaga.
In 2015 Cinépolis acquired Yelmo Cineplex, expanding its presence in Europe. Yelmo Cines continued to innovate with the introduction of new experiences for moviegoers, such as junior cinemas for children and luxury cinemas where you can enjoy a gastronomic experience while watching the film.
# Cine Rialto

Cine Rialto was one of the most historic theaters cinemas in Barquisimeto, capital of Lara state, in western center of Venezuela.
It worked almost continuously for 70 years. For several years he was there as one of the best cinemas in the city specializing in the screening of the latest Hollywood releases in best quality also stands out for being the only film that did not close permanently with the advent of multiplexes of shopping centers.
# Nimal Lakshapathiarachchi

Nimal Laksshapathiarachchi was a veteran broadcaster and pioneer of private broadcasting in Sri Lanka. He was the founder of Sirasa FM and Sirasa TV stations, which marked a turning point in Sri Lanka's radio and television industry. Lakshapathiarachchi played a significant role in revolutionizing radio broadcasting and popular culture in Sri Lanka, challenging the established norms and introducing innovative programming formats.

## Early life and career

Born in 1954, Nimal Lakshapathiarachchi began his radio career in the 1970s with Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation.

## Contribution to broadcasting

Lakshapathiarachchi's most notable contributions were the establishment of Sirasa FM in March 1994 and Sirasa TV in 1998. Sirasa FM quickly gained popularity, becoming the market leader within a year of its launch. The station introduced innovative practices such as presenting news in spoken Sinhala, providing a more friendly and accessible format compared to the traditional written form. Lakshapathiarachchi and his team also pioneered the concept of covering news every hour on the hour, setting a new standard for other channels to follow.

## Personal life and demise

Nimal Lakshapathiarachchi was the father of two children. His son Vishva later became a popular social media content creator. Lakshapathiarachchi passed away on July 19, 2012, in Colombo. He was 57 years old at the time of his death.
# Cihangir, Çemişgezek

Cihangir (also known as Kızı Ulaklı) is a village in the Çemişgezek District, Tunceli Province, Turkey. The village is populated by Turks and had a population of 40 in 2021.
# Cirrhaea loddigesii

Cirrhaea loddigesii is a species of orchid endemic to Brazil.
The name is treated as a synonym of Cirrhaea dependens by Plants of the World Online.
# Cicindela aurulenta

Cicindela aurulenta, common name blue-spotted or golden-spotted tiger beetle, is a beetle of the family Cicindelidae.

## Description

Cicindela aurulenta reaches about 15–18 millimetres (0.59–0.71 in) in length. C. aurulenta have polychromatic and iridescent external appearance. This species has blue-green elytra, with six large yellowish-white or bluish spots and two smaller spots on the shoulders. The medial large spot is somewhat more crescent-shaped compared to the anterior and posterior spots. Its elytra appears reddish-orange along the base and margins. When viewed dorsally, head and thorax are blue-green, with appearances of red-orange under certain light conditions due to its iridescent colouration. It has two prominent compound eyes and large, predominantly black mandibles with yellowish-white marking at its base. It has a labrum that's ivory-white with black base and margins. Its antennae is filiform. Its scape, pedicel, and first two flagellum are blue-green; while the remaining flagellum are dull black. It has pale colored hairs on the abdomen and legs.

## Distribution

C. aurulenta is widespread throughout the Indo-Malaya region. This species is distributed across Nepal, Bhutan, India, China, and Southeast Asia. It ranges as far south as the islands of Borneo, Sumatra, and the Lesser Sundas, such as Bali. Several subspecies variations co-occur within these regions.

### Habitat

C. aurulenta can be found in a wide range of sandy habitats, including river bars, forest trails, and sand dunes near shorelines and mangroves.

## Communal Roosting

In 2024 communal roosting behaviour was seen with C. aurulenta in Malaysian Borneo. Groups of up to 50 individuals were seen on low Turmeric plants, evenly spaced on the leaves. This behaviour is not fully understood but could be a defence mechanism against predators. Possibly giving the group more lines of sight to detect oncoming predators, or to enhance their chemical defences.

## Taxonomy

This species is currently placed in the genus Cicindela and in the subgenus Cosmodela Rivalier, 1961. This species has several subspecies, with varying and overlapping geographical ranges between one another.
The recognised subspecies of C. aurulenta:
* C. a. aurulenta Fabricius, 1801 — Malaysia, Indonesia
* C. a. juxtata Acciavatti & Pearson, 1989 — India, Mainland Southeast Asia, southern parts of China, Hong Kong
* C. a. flavomaculata Chevrolat, 1845 — India, Myanmar, China, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia
* C. a. virgula Fleutiaux, 1893 — Nepal, India, Bhutan, Myanmar, China, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
Some authors consider Cosmodela to be a distinct genus whereby the subspecific epithets are classified as their own species.
# Nitzani

Nitzani (Hebrew: ניצני) is a surname derived from the word Nitzan which means "bud". Notable people with the surname include:
* Ya'akov Nitzani (1900-1962), Israeli politician
* Yair Nitzani (born 1958), Israeli musician, songwriter, TV host and comedian
# Nissan FM platform

The Nissan FM platform is a FR automobile layout. The name is derived from the "front midships" location of the engine, with its center of mass located behind the front axle centerline, shifting weight to the middle of the car, leaving the front suspension less encumbered. The engine is pushed as far back to the firewall as possible, creating a weight distribution close to 50:50 and enabling the front wheels to be placed close to the corners for better handling. This platform debuted with the 2001 V35-series Infiniti G-series/Nissan Skyline, and was then used as the basis of nearly all of Nissan's rear and all-wheel drive applications. The platform was revised for use in the JDM Nissan Fuga/USDM Infiniti M35/45, being stretched in wheelbase and reinforced for additional torsional rigidity, a version referred to as the "enhanced FM" platform. The GT-R is built on Nissan's Premium Midship (PM) platform, an evolution of the Front Midship (FM) architecture.

## Applications (FM Platform)

* Infiniti G35/Nissan Skyline V35-series
* Infiniti G25/G35/G37/Infiniti Q40/Nissan Skyline V36-series
* Infiniti Q50/Nissan Skyline V37-series
* Infiniti Q60 CV36-series
* Infiniti Q60 CV37-series
* Infiniti M35/M45/Nissan Fuga Y50-series
* Infiniti M25/M37/M56/M35h/M30D/M25L/M35HL/M37L/M56L/Infiniti Q70/Q70L/Nissan Fuga/Nissan Cima Y51-series
* Infiniti EX/Infiniti QX50/Nissan Skyline Crossover J50-series
* Infiniti FX S50-series
* Infiniti FX/Infiniti QX70 S51-series
* Mitsubishi Proudia BY51-series
* Mitsubishi Dignity BHGY51-series
* Nissan 350Z Z33-series
* Nissan 370Z Z34-series
* Nissan Z RZ34-series
* Nissan Stagea M35-series

## Applications (PM Platform)

* This article about a modern automobile produced after 1975 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# City Under Siege (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
City Under Siege is the fifth studio album by American rapper E.S.G., from Houston, Texas. It was released on April 25, 2000, via Wreckshop Records. The album peaked at #65 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, #22 on the Independent Albums and #30 on the Heatseekers Albums in the US Billboard charts.

## Personnel

* Cedric Dormaine Hill – main artist, vocals
* Darrell "D Gotti" Monroe – featured artist (tracks: 5, 12, 18)
* Ronnie Spencer – featured artist (tracks: 7, 10, 13)
* Derrick "D-Reck" Dixon – featured artist (tracks: 16–18), executive producer
* Tyson "Tyte Eyes" Duplechain – featured artist (tracks: 2, 14)
* Kenneth "Big Moe" Moore – featured artist (tracks: 4, 16)
* Dirty $ – featured artist (tracks: 14, 16)
* Milton "Big Pokey" Powell – featured artist (track 2)
* Todd Anthony Shaw – featured artist (track 3)
* DeShawn Hill – featured artist (track 6)
* Stayve Jerome Thomas – featured artist (track 6)
* William "Will-Lean" Gibbs – featured artist (track 7)
* Ore Magnus Lawson – featured artist (track 7)
* Nutty Black – featured artist (track 9)
* Jainea – featured artist (track 11)
* Kano – featured artist (track 12)
* Christopher Dejwan Gallien – featured artist (track 12)
* Ben "Mista Madd" Thompson – featured artist (track 14)
* J-Mac – featured artist (track 14)
* Devin C. Copeland – featured artist (track 15)
* André "Double D" Sargent – featured artist (track 15), producer (tracks: 11, 13, 17), co-producer, engineering
* Lil' Shay – featured artist (track 16)
* Derrick "Noke D" Haynes – featured artist (track 18), producer (tracks: 2, 7, 12, 16, 18), production coordinator, co-producer, engineering & mixing
* Blue – producer (tracks: 1, 4, 6, 9, 14–15)
* Lil' James – producer (tracks: 5, 8, 10)
* Sean "Solo" Jemison – producer (track 3)
* Skip Holman – engineering & mixing
* Deon – engineering
* Donavin "Kid Styles" Murray – art direction, design, photography

## Charts

| Chart (2000) | Peak position |
| US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums (Billboard) | 65 |
| US Independent Albums (Billboard) | 22 |
| US Heatseekers Albums (Billboard) | 30 |
# Ciudad Nueva (Asunción)

Ciudad Nueva is a neighbourhood (barrio) of Asunción, Paraguay.
# Ciarán O'Leary

Ciarán O'Leary (born 27 October 1973) is an Irish professional poker player who resides in Seattle, Washington.

## Early life

O'Leary grew up in modest conditions in Carrigaline, County Cork, Ireland. The son of a greyhound trainer, Terry O'Leary, and his wife, Sheila, he is one of three children. Much of his childhood was spent accompanying his father anywhere from different "Point to Point" Horse track events, the Cork Greyhound Track, and to the various betting shops across County Cork, where he would often be found in the corner observing the games.

## Poker career

O'Leary arrived in the United States as a young rounder in 1997 with $1,000 in his pocket. His first night stateside was spent in a poker game at a Boston pub where he won $3,000. He then traveled cross country, via Amtrak, ending up in San Francisco, where he quickly made his mark in the San Francisco Bay Area poker scene, developing a winning reputation at Lucky Chances, taking down numerous titles. It was there that the moniker "Big C" was tagged in lieu of the constant mispronunciation of his name.
O'Leary's biggest win came at the 2007 World Series of Poker when he won Event #3. The $1,500 No Limit Hold'em event attracted 2,998 participants, which at the time was the biggest live tournament in Poker history outside of the 2005 and 2006 Main Events, with the victory earning O'Leary his first bracelet and $727,012. The event was nationally televised on ESPN.
In 2008 O'Leary was selected to play on the Irish team in The Poker Nations Cup. He played in the final heat, composed of Roland DeWolfe, Marcel Lüske, Robert Williamson III, Benjamin Kang, and William Thorson. He finished second in the heat and Ireland would eventually end up finishing second to Great Britain.
In 2008 O'Leary joined Paddy Power as the company's brand ambassador and sponsored professional. As such, he represents the poker room at large buy-in live events, in promotional work and by writing a blog on the company website.

## World Series of Poker bracelets

| Year | Tournament | Prize (US$) |
| 2007 | $1,500 Event #3 No Limit Hold'em | $727,012 |
# Ciuc Mountains

Ciuc Mountains (Romanian Munții Ciucului, Hungarian Csíki-havasok) are a mid-high range of mountains of Harghita County in Transylvania, Romania. Geologically they belong to the Căliman-Harghita Mountains group of the Inner Eastern Carpathians. Within Romania, however, it is traditional to divide the Eastern Carpathians (Carpații Orientali) into three geographical groups (north, center and south) instead. The Romanian categorization includes the Ciuc Mountains within the central Carpathians of Moldavia and Transylvania (Grupa Centrală, Carpaţii Moldo-Transilvani). The Trotuș River emerges from these mountains. The highest peak is Noșcolat, at 1,553 m.
# Niue–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty

The Niue–United States Maritime Boundary Treaty is a 1997 treaty that delimits the maritime boundary between Niue and American Samoa.
The treaty was signed in Wellington, New Zealand on 13 May 1997 by Niuean Premier Frank Lui and United States ambassador Josiah Beeman. In the treaty, the boundary is 279 nautical miles long, runs in a rough east–west direction, and is composed of 18 straight-line maritime segments defined by reference to 19 individual coordinate points.
The treaty was submitted to the United States Senate for ratification by U.S. President Bill Clinton on 23 June 1998.
The full name of the treaty is the Treaty between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Niue on the delimitation of a maritime boundary.