OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Antiperistasis

Antiperistasis, in philosophy, is a general term for various processes, real or contrived, in which one quality heightens the force of another, opposing, quality.

## Overview

Historically, antiperistasis as a type of explanation was applied to numerous phenomena, from the interaction of quicklime with cold water, to the origin of thunder and lightning.
In his Timaeus, Plato introduces the concept of periosis pushing around in order to explain various phenomena. Plato, for instance, appeals to it to explain how respiration functions in human beings. His 'theory' has been most famously adopted by Aristotle who made popular the term antiperistasis. In a nutshell it was "the doctrine that a moving object, which is no longer in touch with the mover, is moved by the medium through which it moves. Logically, it is connected to the idea that void does not exist.
It was using this explanation that academic philosophers claimed that cold, on many occasions, increases a body's temperature, and dryness increases its moisture. Thus, it was said, quicklime (CaO) was apparently set ablaze when doused with cold water (an effect later explained as an exothermic reaction). It was also the understood reason for why water, such as that in wells, appeared warmer in winter than in summer (later explained as an example of sensory adaptation). It was also suggested that thunder and lightning were the results of antiperistasis caused by the coldness of the sky.
Peripatetic philosophers, who were followers of Aristotle, made extensive use of the principle of antiperistasis. According to such authors,
   'Tis necessary that Cold and Heat be both of them endued with a self-invigorating Power, which each may exert when surrounded by its contrary; and thereby prevent their mutual Destruction. Thus it is supposed that in Summer, the Cold expelled from the Earth and Water by the Sun's scorching Beams, retires to the middle Region of the Air, and there defends itself against the Heat of the superior and inferior. And thus, also, in Summer, when the Air is about us in sultry hot, we find that Cellars and Vaults have the opposite Quality: so in Winter, when the external Air freezes the Lakes and Rivers, the internal Air, in the same Vaults and Cellars, becomes the Sanctuary of Heat; and Water, fresh drawn out of deeper Wells and Springs, in a cold Season, not only feels warm, but manifestly smokes.
Other examples used by the proponents of antiperistasis included the aphoristical saying of Hippocrates, "the viscera are hottest in the winter"; and the production of hail in the upper atmosphere, believed to occur only in the summer due to the increased heat of the sun.
Robert Boyle examined the doctrine in his work, "New Experiments and Observations upon Cold."
# Natkin

Natkin is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Brian Natkin (born 1978), American football coach and former player
* Robert Natkin (1930–2010), American born abstract painter
# Charlotte Leighton Houlton

Charlotte Leighton Houlton CBE (23 October 1882 – 13 December 1956) was a British physician.

## Early life

Charlotte Leighton Houlton was born in Hull in Yorkshire, one of the ten children of John Houlton and Charlotte Leighton Houlton. She was educated at the London School of Medicine for Women and the Royal Free Hospital in London, earning her medical degree in 1917.

## Career

Houlton was an obstetric assistant, pathologist, and surgeon at the Elizabeth Garrett Anderson Hospital in London. She first visited India in 1913, and from 1918 to 1919 taught as a professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the Lady Hardinge Medical College in Delhi. From 1924 to 1928, she was medical superintendent of the Women's Medical Service (WMS) at Simla, where she worked on establishing a women's hospital and medical college. From 1927 to 1932, she was medical superintendent at St. Stephen's Hospital in Delhi. She returned to Lady Hardinge College in 1932, as principal and professor. From 1935 to 1939 she was chief medical officer of the Women's Medical Service, based in Delhi, an appointment that was criticised in the Indian press as representing a "persistent disregard to seniority of the Indian members of the WMS".
Houlton was secretary of the Countess of Dufferin Fund, and helped plan the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences. She was also medical missions secretary for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. Her professional publications included "An Investigation of the Bacteria of the Vagina in Pregnancy" (British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1924).
Houlton received the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal in 1927. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in 1937. She was made a Commander of the British Empire (CBE) in 1939.

## Personal life

Houlton died in 1956, after several years with Parkinson's disease, aged 74 years, at the St Francis Anglican convent in Whitby.
# Chateau Qu'Appelle

The Chateau Qu'Appelle was a Grand Trunk Pacific Railway hotel planned for Regina, Saskatchewan. Construction was started in 1913 at the corner of Albert Street and 16th Avenue (now College Avenue). Rising costs, labour and material shortages, and the bankruptcy of the railway stopped the project before it was completed. The unfinished structure was eventually dismantled.

## History

Designed in the Scottish baronial style, the concrete pilings were sunk in 1913 to support the ten-storey structure. As well, there were two sub-storeys of reinforced concrete basement under the northwest corner of Wascana Park. The hotel's girders were already up when construction was halted – World War I had broken out, and the combination of labour shortages and material rationing meant that the lavish hotel's construction would be delayed until after the war.
However, construction never resumed; in 1919, the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway went bankrupt. The Canadian National Railway, a government-owned venture, eventually acquired the GTP's lines, but the construction project was never completed. For ten years, the five-storey-high steel skeleton of the Chateau Qu'Appelle became an embarrassing eyesore for the city. The land was eventually given back to the city, and the girders were dismantled. The steel beams from the project were eventually used in the construction of Regina's new lavish railroad hotel, the Hotel Saskatchewan. Other building materials intended for the hotel had also been used to construct two houses for James Kirkpatrick, superintendent of the Grand Trunk's station on College Avenue.
The Royal Saskatchewan Museum, built to celebrate the province's 50th anniversary and opening in 1955, now stands on the site of the ill-fated Chateau Qu'Appelle Hotel. Partly for aesthetic reasons and partly to avoid the expensive task of uprooting the pilings, the museum was built on an angle with a large front lawn covering the basement of the ill-fated hotel.
# Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills

Nationwide News Pty Ltd v Wills is a High Court of Australia case that deals with a number of issues regarding the Australian Constitution, including the Express right free interstate trade and commerce (section 92), the implied freedom of political communication, and the role of proportionality.

## Background

The Industrial Relations Act 1988 (Cth) made it an offence to bring the Australian Industrial Relations Commission into disrepute. Nationwide News published an article attacking the integrity and independence of the commission.
Nationwide News argued that the Act infringed the implied freedom of political communications, while the Commonwealth argued that the Act was valid under section 51(xxxv) (conciliation and arbitration power), as well as section 51(xxxix) (express incidental power).

## Decision
### Interstate intercourse

Although it was not a decisive factor, it was argued that freedom of communication falls under freedom of interstate intercourse.
Per Brennan J, the protection in section 92 is given to such things as the movement of people, goods and communications. The essential ingredient is that there is movement across State boundaries, although the movement need not be perceivable. A test can be specified as follows:
* Is there a burden on interstate intercourse?
* What is the purpose of the law? If the purpose of the law is to hinder interstate intercourse, then the law is invalid.
* If not, is there another purpose to the law? If so, is the burden on interstate trade and commerce appropriate and adapted to that purpose?

### Implied freedom of political communication

Brennan, Deane, Toohey and Gaudron JJ thought that it was within the conciliation head of power, but that it infringed the implied freedom of political communication. Mason CJ, McHugh and Dawson JJ, however, held that it was outside the head of power.

### Proportionality

Nationwide News is the key case where the concept of proportionality is discussed. Proportionality is the idea that there should be a reasonable relationship between an end and the means used to achieve that end. It has been used for:
* Determining if a law has breached constitutional guarantees.
* Purposive powers, if there is a reasonable relationship between the law and the purpose used to achieve it.
* Non-purposive powers, if there is a sufficient connection to a head of power to fall within its implied incidental power.
Dawson J rejects the proportionality test as suggested by Mason CJ, arguing that it should be a test of sufficient connection, and not proportionality.
# Nealcidion privatum

Nealcidion privatum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Pascoe in 1866.
# Antibacterial (disambiguation)

Antibacterial usually refers to an antibiotic, a principal type of antimicrobial agent used mainly against bacteria; it may kill or inhibit them.
Antibacterial may also refer to:
* Antiseptic, a principal type of antimicrobial agent used mainly against bacteria; it may kill or inhibit them
* Disinfectant, an agent to impair microbes in cleaning/sanitation but not taken internally as medicine; it may kill or inhibit them
* Bactericide, an agent that kills bacteria populations
* Bacteriostatic agent, an agent that does not kill bacteria populations but inhibits their growth
* Antibacterial soap, whose active ingredient may be any of the above
# Natsamrat (2018 film)

Natsamrat (transl. The King of Theater or The Emperor of Actors) is a 2018 Indian Gujarati-language drama film starring Siddharth Randeria and Deepika Chikhalia in the leading role. The film is the remake of Marathi film of the same name starring Nana Patekar, which is based on Marathi play by V. V. Shirwadkar. Before making it to the big screen, Randeria has adopted the screen play to a Gujarati-language stage play named Amari Duniya, Tamari Duniya in 2007, with many known faces of Gujarati theatre including Randeria himself, Jimmit Trivedi, and Disha Savla-Upadhyay. The story of the film is about an actor who has reached many heights in his career, but has to retire from acting at the peak.

## Cast

* Siddharth Randeria as Harindra Pathak
* Deepika Chikhalia as Mangala Pathak
* Manoj Joshi as Madhav
* Samvedna Suwalka as Neha
* Tasneem Sheikh as Jigna
* Hemang Vyas as Makrand

## Release

This film was released in theatres on 30 August 2018.

## Reception

The Times of India gave this movie 4 out of 5 stars. As per the ticket booking site Bookmyshow, the film earned around ₹2 crore (US$240,000).
# Antoine Coiffier de Ruzé, marquis d'Effiat

Antoine Coiffier (or Coëffier) de Ruzé d'Effiat, marquis d'Effiat, (1581- 7 July 1632) was a French noble and Superintendent of Finances to Louis XIII during the years 1626 to 1632. He was also a Marshal of France.

## Biography

As the nephew of Martin Ruzé de Beaulieu (died in 1613), who was the Secretary of State of the Maison du Roi under three kings of France, he came to court quite quickly. Due to Louis XIII's sympathy for Beaulieu, he easily gained the king's favour.
By 1616, he was already First Gentleman of the king's stable. When Charles de La Vieuville was Superintendent of Finances, he was his assistant. When Cardinal Richelieu entered the King's Council in 1624, Effiat quickly became someone the Cardinal could trust.
Thanks to the pleadings of the cardinal, Effiat entered the council the same year and was appointed ambassador extraordinary to England and tasked with negotiating the marriage of the Prince of Wales (later Charles I) with the sister of the king of France's, Henrietta Maria of France.
After Michel Marillac's transfer from Superintendent of Finances to Keeper of the Seals, the job of superintendent was offered to Effiat, due to the Richelieu's trust in him. Following a treaty with Lorraine, Effiat was sent with an army to secure the fortresses of Clermont-en-Argonne, Stenay, and Jamets, along with towns placed under Louis XIII's protection by the elector of Trier.
He is perhaps known best as the father of Henri Coiffier de Ruzé, Marquis of Cinq-Mars, Louis XIII's male favourite.
# Antonio Ferrara

Antonio Ferrara may refer to:
* Antonio Ferrara (criminal), French criminal known for a prison escape
* Antonio Ferrara (footballer), Argentine footballer
* Antonio Ferrara, founder of Ferrara Bakery and Cafe in New York City
* José Antonio Ferrara, director of several Venezuelan telenovelas including La mujer de mi vida, Como tú, ninguna, Y la luna también and Por amarte tanto
# Chaudefonds-sur-Layon

Chaudefonds-sur-Layon (French pronunciation: , literally Chaudefonds on Layon) is a commune in the Maine-et-Loire department of western France.

## Geography

The commune is traversed by the river Layon.
# Aphonus

Aphonus is a genus of North American rhinoceros beetles in the family Scarabaeidae. There are about six described species in Aphonus.

## Species

These six species belong to the genus Aphonus:
* Aphonus brevicruris Cartwright, 1944
* Aphonus castaneus (Melsheimer, 1845)
* Aphonus densicauda Casey, 1915
* Aphonus texanus Gill & Howden, 1985
* Aphonus tridentatus (Say, 1823)
* Aphonus variolosus (LeConte, 1847)
# Aphonus texanus

Aphonus texanus is a species of rhinoceros beetle in the family Scarabaeidae.
# Nautilia lithotrophica

Nautilia lithotrophica is a thermophilic sulfur-reducing epsilon-proteobacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is strictly anaerobic, with type strain 525$^T$ (= DSM 13520$^T$).
# Apostolic Prefecture of Xining

The Apostolic Prefecture of Xining is a Latin Catholic pre-diocesan jurisdiction in western China covering the province of Qinghai.
It is exempt, i.e. depends directly on the Holy See and its missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.
No statistics available. It borders on the Apostolic Prefecture of Xinjiang to the northwest, Archdiocese of Lanzhou to the north and east, and Diocese of Kangding to the south and southwest.
It may be vacant by demise, if so without apostolic administrator.

## History

Established on 4 February 1937 as Apostolic Prefecture of Xining / Sining / Siningen(sis) (Latin adjective), on territory split off from the then Apostolic Vicariate of Lanchowfu.

## Ordinaries

(all Roman Rite)

### Apostolic Prefects of Xining

* Father Hieronymus Haberstroh [pl], Divine Word Missionaries (S.V.D.) (born 1937.11.12 – death 1969.08.13)
* Matthias Gu Zheng (11 September 1991–).
# John Stanhope

John Stanhope may refer to:
* John Stanhope, 1st Baron Stanhope (1545?–1621), English courtier and politician
* Sir John Stanhope (1559–1611), English landowner
* John Stanhope (MP) (1705–1748), British politician
* John Stanhope Collings-Wells (1880–1918), British recipient of the Victoria Cross
* John Spencer Stanhope (1787–1873), English landowner and antiquarian
* John Roddam Spencer Stanhope (1829–1908), English artist, son of John Spencer Stanhope
* Rear Admiral John Stanhope (1744-1800) Royal Navy commander
* Jon Stanhope (born 1951), Australian politician
# Beautiful (Teena Marie album)

Professional ratings :
| Aggregate scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Metacritic | 69/100 |
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Beautiful is the fourteenth and final studio album by American musician Teena Marie. It was posthumously released in January 2013 under Universal Music. The album was recorded shortly before the singer's death in December 2010 and temporarily shelved. It was eventually completed over the next two years by Marie's daughter, Alia Rose.
# Dynkin's formula

In mathematics — specifically, in stochastic analysis — Dynkin's formula is a theorem giving the expected value of any suitably smooth function applied to a Feller process at a stopping time. It may be seen as a stochastic generalization of the (second) fundamental theorem of calculus. It is named after the Russian mathematician Eugene Dynkin.

## Statement of the theorem

Let $X$ be a Feller process with infinitesimal generator $A$. For a point $x$ in the state-space of $X$, let $\mathbf {P} ^{x}$ denote the law of $X$ given initial datum $X_{0}=x$, and let $\mathbf {E} ^{x}$ denote expectation with respect to $\mathbf {P} ^{x}$. Then for any function $f$ in the domain of $A$, and any stopping time $\tau$ with $\mathbf {E} [\tau ]<+\infty$, Dynkin's formula holds:
    $\mathbf {E} ^{x}[f(X_{\tau })]=f(x)+\mathbf {E} ^{x}\left[\int _{0}^{\tau }Af(X_{s})\,\mathrm {d} s\right].$

## Example: Itô diffusions

Let $X$ be the $\mathbf {R} ^{n}$-valued Itô diffusion solving the stochastic differential equation
    $\mathrm {d} X_{t}=b(X_{t})\,\mathrm {d} t+\sigma (X_{t})\,\mathrm {d} B_{t}.$
The infinitesimal generator $A$ of $X$ is defined by its action on compactly-supported $C^{2}$ (twice differentiable with continuous second derivative) functions $f:\mathbf {R} ^{n}\to \mathbf {R}$ as
    $Af(x)=\lim _{t\downarrow 0}{\frac {\mathbf {E} ^{x}[f(X_{t})]-f(x)}{t}}$
or, equivalently,
    $Af(x)=\sum _{i}b_{i}(x){\frac {\partial f}{\partial x_{i}}}(x)+{\frac {1}{2}}\sum _{i,j}{\big\sigma \sigma ^{\top }{\big )}_{i,j}(x){\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial x_{i}\,\partial x_{j}}}(x).$
Since this $X$ is a Feller process, Dynkin's formula holds. In fact, if $\tau$ is the first exit time of a bounded set $B\subset \mathbf {R} ^{n}$ with $\mathbf {E} [\tau ]<+\infty$, then Dynkin's formula holds for all $C^{2}$ functions $f$, without the assumption of compact support.

## Application: Brownian motion exiting the ball

Dynkin's formula can be used to find the expected first exit time $\tau _{K}$ of a Brownian motion $B$ from the closed ball $K=\{x\in \mathbf {R} ^{n}:\,|x|\leq R\},$ which, when $B$ starts at a point $a$ in the interior of $K$, is given by
    $\mathbf {E} ^{a}[\tau _{K}]={\frac {1}{n}}{\bigR^{2}-|a|^{2}{\big )}.$
This is shown as follows. Fix an integer j. The strategy is to apply Dynkin's formula with $X=B$, $\tau =\sigma _{j}=\min\{j,\tau _{K}\}$, and a compactly-supported $f\in C^{2}$ with $f(x)=|x|^{2}$ on $K$. The generator of Brownian motion is $\Delta /2$, where $\Delta$ denotes the Laplacian operator. Therefore, by Dynkin's formula,
    ${\begin{aligned}\mathbf {E} ^{a}\left[f{\bigB_{\sigma _{j}}{\big )}\right]&=f(a)+\mathbf {E} ^{a}\left[\int _{0}^{\sigma _{j}}{\frac {1}{2}}\Delta f(B_{s})\,\mathrm {d} s\right]\\&=|a|^{2}+\mathbf {E} ^{a}\left[\int _{0}^{\sigma _{j}}n\,\mathrm {d} s\right]=|a|^{2}+n\mathbf {E} ^{a}[\sigma _{j}].\end{aligned}}$
Hence, for any $j$,
    $\mathbf {E} ^{a}[\sigma _{j}]\leq {\frac {1}{n}}{\bigR^{2}-|a|^{2}{\big )}.$
Now let $j\to +\infty$ to conclude that $\tau _{K}=\lim _{j\to +\infty }\sigma _{j}<+\infty$ almost surely, and so $\mathbf {E} ^{a}[\tau _{K}]=(R^{2}-|a|^{2})/n$ as claimed.
# Beer can racing

Beer can races are casual boat races held in the summer at nautical and yacht clubs.

## Description

Beer can races allow people to experience yacht racing in a more relaxed environment than that of a major offshore race. They typically offer races on short courses. Many restrict the use of spinnakers, trapeze harnesses, and the use of twin headsails.
On July 21, 2008, the Los Angeles Times reported that the yachts sailing in the Newport Beach beer can event were being stopped, with citations issued by the Orange County Sheriff to any that were exceeding the 5 mph (4.34 knot) speed limit in the harbor. The issue was later resolved, allowing the boats to maintain speed during the race and while training.
# Cape la Hune

Cape la Hune was a settlement in Newfoundland and Labrador. The community was part of the provincial governments resettlement program, beginning in the 1950's, that saw the residents of many isolated communities relocated to larger communities to reduce costs from ferry and infrastructure services. The former site of Cape la Hune is completely abandoned, with few remnants of the previous buildings remaining.
The community was settled in the early 19th century by West Country English families.
# Dai Longbang

Dai Longbang (Chinese: 戴龍邦) (1732?–1801) was a Chinese master of the internal martial art of Xinyiquan (Heart and Intention Boxing), the precursor of Xingyiquan (Form and Intention Boxing). He was from Shanxi province. His brother Dai Lin Bang was also a master of Xinyi. Dai Long Bang's teacher was Cao Jiwu. Prior to learning from Cao Jiwu, Dai Long Bang was already a master in Taijiquan.
Dai Longbang further developed Xinyi and wrote the book “The Six Harmonies Fists”, which constitutes the written classics of the style. As a result, Xinyi also became known as “The Dai Family style” and Dai Long Bang has thus been credited with the creation of Xinyi. However, Dai Long Bang himself states in his book that he did not create Xinyi Quan.
The Dai brothers were in the vegetable wholesale business, and did not publicly teach to others outside their family. However, after many years of keeping the art within the family, Dai Long Bang's son Dai Wenxiong accepted Li Luoneng as a student, who went on to become a very famous martial artist, and a popularizer of the art. It was Li Luoneng who modified Xinyi and called it Xingyi.
# San Pedro Nolasco Island

27°57′59″N 111°22′42″W﻿ / ﻿27.96639°N 111.37833°W﻿ / 27.96639; -111.37833
San Pedro Nolasco Island, sometimes called Seal Island, is a small and rugged Mexican island in the Gulf of California. It is 4.2 km long by 1 km wide, and lies 15 km from the nearest point of the Mexican coast and about 28 km west of the resort town of San Carlos on the coast of the Sonoran Desert. The island is protected as a nature reserve and its coastal waters are well known as a sport fishing and diving site.

## Flora and fauna

The island is home to an endemic cactus Echinocereus websterianus. Endemic fauna include the San Pedro Nolasco Island spinytail iguana (Ctenosaura nolascensis) and, formerly, Pemberton's deer mouse (Peromyscus pembertoni ), a rodent which is now extinct. Large numbers of California sea lions frequent its surrounding waters and use the island as a haul-out.

## Popular dive sites

* Magdalena Bay
* Lighthouse
* The Little Waterfall
* The Cave
* The Beach
* La Lobera
* North Point
* The Window
* Pelican Point
* The Cavern
* The Rookery
* South Point

### Magdalena Bay

Magdalena Bay is a beautiful little protected cove on the southeast corner of the island. The water depths inside the bay are shallow, making it an excellent site for novice divers and snorkelers. Consistent water clarity and amazing bio-diversity offers even the most advanced divers an unforgettable experience. The gravel beach seems to be a favorite resting place with the sea lions. Large numbers of sea lion pups, guarded by a dominant male can be observed during the summer months.

### South Point
## Transportation and island access

Arrangements for transportation to and from San Pedro Nolasco Island can be made through numerous charter boat operators and dive shops in nearby San Carlos. However, to go ashore at San Pedro Nolasco as well as most of the Islands in the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) a special permit must be purchased from the Mexican government. Such permits can be obtained at the local offices of the National Commission of Protected Natural Areas (Comision Nacional de Areas Naturales Protegidas).