OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Do Sal River (Sergipe)

The Do Sal River is a river of Sergipe state in northeastern Brazil.
# Ficus tsjahela

Ficus tsjahela is a fig tree from the family Moraceae which is found in peninsular India and Sri Lanka. It is commonly known as the kaaral in Malayalam, kal-aal in Tamil and boviyamara in Kannada.

## State wise distribution

Ficus tsjahela occurs in coastal regions of Maharashtra and Karnataka, all districts of Kerala and in many districts of Tamil Nadu. In Maharashtra, the tree is found in Ahmednagar, Ratnagiri, Satara and Sindhudurg districts. In Karnataka, F. tsjahela occurs in Chikmagalur, Hassan, Mysore, Shimoga, North and South Kanara districts. In Tamil Nadu, the tree ranges in Coimbatore, Dharmapuri, Kanyakumari, Nilgiri, Salem, Tirunelveli, Tiruvannamalai, Vellore and Viluppuram. In Kerala, the tree is reported from Neeliyar Kottam, a sacred grove in Kannur District.

## Field description
### Habit

Deciduous trees up to 25 m tall.

### Trunk and bark

Bark dark brown; blaze red.

### Branches and branchlets

Branchlets terete, glabrous. Exudates
Latex white, profuse.

### Leaves

Leaves simple, alternate, spiral; stipules foliaceous, 0.7 cm long, caducous and leaving annular scar; petiole ca. 6 cm long, canaliculate, glabrous; lamina to 20 x 8 cm, oblong, elliptic-oblong, apex acuminate, base rounded, coriaceous, margin entire, glabrous and glossy; basally 3-nerved; midrib raised above; secondary nerves 6-10 pairs, prominent and parallel, looped near the margin; tertiary nerves reticulate.

### Inflorescence / flower

Inflorescence syconia, sessile, depressed-globose, in clusters of 2-6, on very short crowded tubercles in the axils of the leaves or most frequently at the scars of fallen leaves; flowers unisexual.

### Fruit and seeds

Syconium, sessile, ca. 0.5 cm across, greenish; achenes smooth.
# Simon J. Bending

Simon John Bending, FInstP (born 29 October 1957) is a British physicist. He is a professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Bath, where he was the Head of department from 2013 to 2016. He is co-director of the Bath-Exeter Centre for Graphene Science and deputy director of the Bath-Bristol EPRSC Centre for Doctoral Training in Condensed Matter Physics. He developed scanning Hall probe microscopy and has made notable contributions to the field of superconductors.

## Early life and education

Bending was born in Brentwood, Essex 29 October 1957 and attended St Peter's School, in South Weald, from 1962 to 1969 and then King Edward VI Grammar School, Chelmsford from 1969 to 1976. In 1979, he graduated B.A. Hons (1st. class) in Natural Sciences - Physics from the University of Cambridge. He obtained his PhD in 1985, from the Applied Physics Department at Stanford University.

## Research

Following his PhD, Bending joined the group of Dr P. Guéret at IBM Research Laboratories, Zürich, Switzerland, as a postdoc, in 1985. In 1986, he became a postdoc in the group of Prof. Klaus von Klitzing, at the Max Planck Institut FKF, in Stuttgart, Germany. An year earlier, Von Klitzing had been awarded the Physics Nobel Prize. Bending joined the University of Bath in 1989, first as a Lecturer and then as a Senior Lecturer, from 1995. In 1991–92, Bending supervised Andre Geim as a postdoc in his group. Geim was subsequently awarded the 2010 Physics Nobel Prize. In 1996, Bending was promoted to Reader and, in 2000, he was appointed to a personal chair in the Department of Physics.
Much of Bending's research evolved from his development of scanning Hall probe microscopy. Highlights of his work include studies of vortex matter in highly anisotropic superconductors, ferromagnetic superconductors, ferromagnet-superconductor heterostructures, domain wall phenomena and dynamics in ferromagnetic thin films and the realisation of novel hybrid material structures by electrocrystallisation. More recently the focus of Bending's research has shifted to new physics in two-dimensional crystals, e.g., graphene and other layered (super)conductors.

## Awards and recognition

* Elected Fellow of the Institute of Physics.
* 2002, Mott Prize Lecture at the European Physical Society Condensed Matter meeting, Brighton.
* 1999, Royal Society Leverhulme Trust Senior Research Fellowship
* 1990, Joint winner of the Philip Morris Prize for Information Technology and Communications, Münich, Germany.
* 1984, IBM Student Fellowship at Stanford University, California.
# Porto Esperidião

Porto Esperidião is a municipality in the state of Mato Grosso in the Central-West Region of Brazil.
The municipality contains 27% of the 120,092 hectares (296,750 acres) Serra de Santa Bárbara State Park, created in 1997.
# Danişment, Kurucaşile

Danişment is a village in the Kurucaşile District, Bartın Province, Turkey. Its population is 111 (2021).
# Chenia (plant)

Chenia is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Pottiaceae.
The genus name of Chenia is in honour of Pan Chieh Chen (1907 - 1970), a Chinese botanist (Bryology).
The genus was circumscribed by Richard Henry Zander in Phytologia Vol.65 oon page 424 in 1989.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution.
The genus contains three species:
* Chenia leptophylla Zander, 1993
* Chenia lorentzii Zander, 1993
* Chenia subobliqua Zander, 1989
# Ferdinand Plitzner

Ferdinand Plitzner (1678—1724) was a German cabinet maker, remembered for his elaborate furniture with Boulle marquetry, and the Spiegelkabinett, a mirrored porcelain room that he created in 1719 at Schloss Weissenstein for Lothar Franz von Schönborn.
# Rödelmaier

Rödelmaier is a municipality in the district of Rhön-Grabfeld in Bavaria in Germany.
# Sweeneyburg, West Virginia

Sweeneyburg is an unincorporated community in Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States.
# Charles Houdaille

Charles François Maurice Houdaille (1858–1916) was a French army officer. An engineer by training, he was seconded to the colonies ministry and assigned to French West Africa.
Later, having been promoted from lieutenant colonel to colonel, he was responsible for the Mission Houdaille, a survey which led to the creation of the Régie des chemins de fer Abidjan-Niger.
He was a member of the Société française de photographie (French photography society).
Houdailled died in Paris in 1916 and is buried in the Montparnasse cemetery. He was the owner of the Château de Saint-Hilaire and although his name is listed on the town war memorial, he is not officially listed as having died for France. The Avenue Houdaille in Abidjan is named after him.
# Docidava (castra)

Docidava was a fort in the Roman province of Dacia in the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. Remains of the surrounding vicus were also unearthed. The castra's ruins are located in Buciumi, Romania.
It controlled the road through the Rag pass cutting through Meseș Mountains which was blocked by a stone wall (clausura) directing the traffic to a guarded entrance, and the road from the fort of Bologa towards the central area of the NW segment of Limes Porolissensis. It was supported by two fortlets and approximately 23 towers.

## History

Three construction phases were highlighted:
1. The earthen fort, rectangular plan, 125x160m, wood and earth walls 10 m thick and 1.75 m high; simple ditches with an opening of 9-10 m and a depth of 1.50-2 m; porta praetoria on the S side; traces of barracks in the praetentura. Troops: the I Augusta Ituraeorum cohort was initially and after 114, cohort II Augusta Nerviana milliaria Brittonum;
2. The stone fort, built at the beginning of the 3rd century during the reign of Caracalla (211-217) and occupied by cohort II Augusta Nerviana milliaria Brittonum, which also bore the name Antoniniana (Caracalla); rectangular plan with rounded corners, 134x167 m, with the same orientation as the previous fort; 1.20 thick walls in opus incertum; trapezoidal corner towers, 5.40x5.50x5.50x7m; square curtain towers on the S side; three gates with double entrances; porta decumana simple entrance; apart from the porta praetoria which has quadrangular towers, the others have semicircular towers; inside: Principia 26x32 m; atrium 15.50x16.20 m; basilica with court 8.25x26m; behind aedes princiorum flanked by two chambers; in latus sinistrum two horrea 12x26 m; in latus dextrum, praetorium 28x30m; in the praetentura 6 stone barracks, three on each side of the via praetoria.
3. Probably during the reign of Severus Alexander (222-235), some buildings were built over the via sagularis; on the S side near the porta praetoria, two buildings were built over the wave and over the via sagularis; these buildings seem to date, however, to the late 3rd century.
To the NE of the fort are traces of civil settlements; to the SE were probably the bath.

## Gallery

* Via Praetoria
* Porta Praetoria
* Via Principalis
* Porta Principalis Dextra
* Porta Principalis Sinistra
* South round tower
* Columns of Principia
* Principia
# Feuerthalen

Feuerthalen is a municipality in the district of Andelfingen in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland. Langwiesen also belongs to the same municipality.

## History

Feuerthalen is first mentioned in 876 as Langewisa. In 1318 it was mentioned as Fuirtal an dem Rine.

## Geography

Feuerthalen has an area of 2.5 km$^2$ (0.97 sq mi). Of this area, 16.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 43.8% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 38.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.6%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).
It is located on the left bank of the Rhine and provided the bridgehead on that side of the river for the city of Schaffhausen. It includes the village of Langwiesen which in turn shares an international border with the municipality of Büsingen am Hochrhein which is an exclave of Germany, entirely surrounded by Swiss territory.

## Demographics

Feuerthalen has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 3,697. As of 2007, 19.4% of the population was made up of foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 24%. Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (91.2%), with Italian being second most common ( 3.0%) and Albanian being third ( 1.3%).
In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 37.4% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SPS (20.9%), the CVP (10.7%) and the Green Party (10.4%).
The age distribution of the population (as of 2000) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.9% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 60.2% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 19%. About 76.2% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
Feuerthalen has an unemployment rate of 2.13%. As of 2005, there were 12 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 1 businesses involved in this sector. 370 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 33 businesses in this sector. 625 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 83 businesses in this sector. The historical population is given in the following table:
| year | population |
| 1467 | 56 Adults |
| 1634 | 205 |
| 1739 | 300 |
| 1836 | 665 |
| 1850 | 769 |
| 1900 | 1,992 |
| 1950 | 2,739 |
| 1960 | 2,961 |
| 1990 | 2,772 |
| 2000 | 2,973 |

## Notable residents

* Swiss-American architect Othmar Ammann was born in Feuerthalen.
* Swiss opera composer Heinrich Sutermeister was born in Feuerthalen.
# Sigma 30mm f/1.4 EX DC HSM lens

The Sigma 30mm f/1.4 EX DC HSM is a wide-aperture photographic lens made by the Sigma Corporation, equipped with a Hyper Sonic Motor (abbreviated HSM, Sigma's trade name for photo lens focusing technology using ultrasonic motor). The lens was produced in Canon EF mount, Four Thirds System, Nikon F-mount, Pentax K mount, the SA mount, and the Sony/Minolta AF Mount varieties, all of the same optical formula. It shipped with a removable petal-type lens hood (62mm diameter). The lens assumes a crop factor of roughly 1.5, and therefore is not usable with on full-frame or 135 film cameras.
In 2013, Sigma announced that the lens would be replaced by a redesigned model designated as the Sigma 30mm f/1.4 DC HSM A; the new lens went on sale in March of that year in Canon, Nikon, and Sigma mounts.
Its large aperture allows for a shallow depth of field, allowing good isolation of close subjects. On APS-C sensor cameras, its field of view equivalent to that of a 46mm lens (Nikon DX, Pentax, Sony, current Sigma bodies), 48mm lens (Canon), 51mm lens (older Sigma bodies) or 60mm lens (Four Thirds). On the Four-Thirds mount, it is the only affordable normal, large aperture lens, therefore it is popular lens on that format.

## Optical properties

The Sigma 30mm f/1.4 EX DC HSM lens has unusual optical properties. With most photographic lenses, vignetting is drastically reduced by stopping down the aperture by about 1 f-stop. This lens has a more linear response to stopping down the aperture. To reduce vignetting by about one half, it is required to stop down the aperture by over 3 full f-stops. The optical resolution properties of this lens are also unique. Most lenses are typically sharp in the center of the image frame, and softer in the edges. This problem is typically solved by stopping down the lens. This lens has little response to such an effort. When stopped down by over 4 stops, the edges of the frame are still soft. However, the center resolution of the lens is high when used wide open, and becomes exceedingly high when the lens is stopped down.
# East Aisle Ridge

East Aisle Ridge (78°21′S 163°23′E﻿ / ﻿78.350°S 163.383°E﻿ / -78.350; 163.383) is a north–south ridge 1 nautical mile (2 km) east of Central Aisle Ridge at the junction of the lower Renegar Glacier and Koettlitz Glacier, Scott Coast, Antarctica. The name is derived from the position of the ridge relative to West Aisle Ridge, Central Aisle Ridge, and its proximity to The Stage. It was named by the New Zealand Geographic Board in 1994, following work by a New Zealand Geological Survey party to the area in 1977–78. .
# Daqiao, Luchuan County

Daqiao (simplified Chinese: 大桥; traditional Chinese: 大橋; pinyin: Dàqiáo) is a town in Luchuan County, Guangxi, China. As of 2018, it has 11 villages under its administration.
# Cheniella

Cheniella is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It belongs to the subfamily Cercidoideae and tribe Bauhinieae. It includes ten species which range from the eastern Himalayas through Indochina and China to Taiwan, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, and Java. This genus differs from Phanera in having a hypanthium that is equal in length or longer than the sepals, indehiscent fruit, many-seeded fruit, and the funicle extending most of the circumference of the seed.

## Species

Cheniella comprises the following species:
* Cheniella clemensiorum (Merr.) R.Clark & Mackinder
* Cheniella corymbosa (Roxb.) R.Clark & Mackinder
* Cheniella damiaoshanensis (T.C.Chen) R.Clark & Mackinder
* Cheniella didyma (H.Y.Chen) R.Clark & Mackinder
* Cheniella glauca (Wall. ex Benth.) R.Clark & Mackinder
* Cheniella lakhonensis (Gagnep.) R.Clark & Mackinder
* Cheniella ovatifolia (T.C.Chen) R.Clark & Mackinder
* Cheniella quinnanensis (T.C.Chen) R.Clark & Mackinder
** subsp. gandhiana (Gogoi & Bandyop.) R.Clark & Mackinder
** subsp. quinnanensis (T.C.Chen) R.Clark & Mackinder
** subsp. villosa R.Clark & Mackinder
* Cheniella tenuiflora (Watt ex C.B.Clarke) R.Clark & Mackinder
* Cheniella touranensis (Gagnep.) R.Clark & Mackinder
# Very short patch repair

Very short patch (VSP) repair is a DNA repair system that removes GT mismatches created by the deamination of 5-methylcytosine to thymine. This system exists because the glycosylases which normally target deaminated bases cannot target thymine (it being one of the regular four bases in DNA).
The components of the system are MutS, which binds to the GT mismatch, the VSR endonuclease, which cuts the DNA, and MutL, which recruits the UvrD helicase.
VSR (very short patch repair) endonucleases occur in a variety of bacteria. They work by cutting, or rather, making a nick in DNA if the base pair is mutated or damaged.

## Function

Mutations in the base pairs of DNA can be harmful to the organism. In particular, C to T mutations occur quite often due to methylation of cytosine. Hence, the VSR endonucleases have a function to protect the cell from damage caused by mutated DNA.

## Mechanism

VSR recognises a TG mismatched base pair, generated after spontaneous deamination of methylated cytosines, and it creates a nick on a single strand by cleaving the phosphate backbone on the 5' side of the thymine. Then DNA Polymerase I removes the T and some nucleotides on the 3' strand and then resynthesises the patch.
Additionally, GT mismatches can lead to C-to-T transition mutations if not repaired. VSR repairs the mismatches in favour of the G-containing strand. In Escherichia coli, this endonuclease nicks double-stranded DNA within the sequence CT(AT)GN or NT(AT)GG next to the thymidine residue, which is mismatched to 2'-deoxyguanosine. The incision is mismatch-dependent and strand specific.

## Structure

The structure of VSR is similar to the core structure of restriction endonucleases, which have a 3-layer alpha/beta/alpha topology.
VSR has three aromatic residues (Phe67, Trp68 and Trp86), which intercalate into the major groove, bending the DNA and separating the two strands. The N-terminal domain stabilizes the interaction between the protein and the cleaved product, thereby protecting the nick from DNA ligase until the arrival of DNA Polymerase I.
# Silver Stone Trophy

The Silver Stone Trophy was originally designed and produced for the now defunct European Hockey League (1997-2000) by Italian artist Enzo Bosi. It weighs seven kilograms in silver chisel, equivalent to one British stone, hence the name The Silver Stone. From 2005 until 2008, it was awarded to the winner of the IIHF European Champions Cup, with the winning team receiving a 1:1 replica of the trophy. In 2009, it was awarded to the winner of the Champions Hockey League.

## Winners of the Silver Stone Trophy

European Hockey League
* 1997 HC TPS
* 1998 VEU Feldkirch
* 1999 Metallurg Magnitogorsk
* 2000 Metallurg Magnitogorsk
European Champions Cup
* 2005 Avangard Omsk
* 2006 Dynamo Moscow
* 2007 Ak Bars Kazan
* 2008 Metallurg Magnitogorsk
Champions Hockey League
* 2009 ZSC Lions
# Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty

The Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (Nisshin shūkō jōki (日清修好条規); simplified Chinese: 中日修好条规; traditional Chinese: 中日修好條規; pinyin: Zhōngrì Xiūhǎo Tiáoguī) was the first treaty between Japan and the Qing dynasty. It was signed on 13 September 1871 in Tientsin by Date Munenari and Plenipotentiary Li Hongzhang.
The treaty guaranteed the judiciary rights of Consuls, and fixed trade tariffs between the two countries.
The treaty was ratified in the spring of 1873 and was applied until the First Sino-Japanese War, which led to a renegotiation with the Treaty of Shimonoseki.
# Peter Sienpin Chow

Peter Sienpin Chow is an American electrical engineer. A Ph.D. student of John Cioffi at Stanford University, he is best known for his contributions to the development of discrete multi-tone modulation and its application to digital subscriber line services.
Chow is the son of Kai An and Hsin Sheng Chow of Elmhurst, New York. He attended Midland High School in Michigan, and then did his undergraduate studies at Princeton University and his Ph.D. at Stanford University. One result from his dissertation was proof that an on-off energy distribution has negligible loss compared to an exact water-filling shape, "as long as it uses the same or nearly the same transmission band as water-filling".
After completing his Ph.D., Chow joined Amati, a company founded in 1992 by Cioffi, who had taken a two-year leave of absence from Stanford to commercialize discrete multi-tone modulation. In 2010, Chow joined Assia, a Los Altos-based broadband technology vendor also founded by Cioffi in 2003. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2013 for his contributions to digital subscriber line technology.
Chow married Carla Marie Holmes of Menlo Park, California, in a ceremony at the Thomas Fogarty Winery in 1999.
# Small nucleolar RNA SNORA32

In molecular biology, SNORA32 (also known as ACA32) is a member of the H/ACA class of small nucleolar RNA that guide the sites of modification of uridines to pseudouridines.
# East Alburgh, Vermont

East Alburgh (also known as East Alburg and Alburg Junction) is a populated place in Grand Isle County in the U.S. state of Vermont. It was formerly the location of the interchange between New England Central Railroad and Canadian National.
# Daniel R. von Recklinghausen

Daniel R. von Recklinghausen (January 22, 1925, New York City – August 22, 2011) was an electrical engineer.
He graduated from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1951 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering. He was a member of Tau Beta Pi, Sigma Xi, and Eta Kappa Nu fraternities.
Daniel (or DVR as he was known) was recruited straight out of MIT by Hermon Hosmer Scott, who was a professor of electrical engineering at MIT, as a chief research engineer. (However, there was little doubt that DVR was in every sense, the chief engineer.) Von Recklinghausen was immediately put to work on the redesign of the Scott 310 FM tuner. All subsequent tuners, are in electronic terms, "DVR designs." Daniel also worked closely with Fairchild Semiconductors, and made extensive use of its product line, or whatever Robert Noyce suggested might work, as HH Scott transitioned to the use of IC's in its intermediate frequency stages, in mid 1965.
It was the work with Noyce and Fairchild that led to Von Recklinghausen's patent in FET intensification.
As the fortunes of HH Scott declined, Von Recklinghausen's final effort for the company was to design a line of products that could be manufactured in Japan. It was too little, too late to save the company from receivership.
HH Scott Inc., was purchased outright by its Belgian licensee in 1973. (The company was eventually sold to Emerson Electronics.) At that time, Von Recklinghausen began working closely with Advent on the design of the FM tuner that was featured in its popular Advent 300 Receiver.
Von Recklinghausen later worked at Electro Audio Dynamics, beginning in 1973. In 1975, he was appointed Vice President of Research and Development for KLH, where he patented computer controlled loudspeakers. He was a member of the National Stereophonic Radio Committee. He served the Audio Engineering Society (AES) as president in 1967, and was the journal editor from 1991-2004.
Von Recklinghausen was an author of numerous articles and publications, and held 24 patents. He was also an avid photographer.

## Awards

* Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 1967, for contributions in the field of high fidelity music reproduction (FM Stereo).
* Fellow, Audio Engineering Society, 1962.
* Gold Medal, Audio Engineering Society, 1978, for outstanding achievement and contributions in the field of FM receiver technology.
* Lifetime Achievement award, Audio Engineering Society, 2005.
* Outstanding Young Men of Greater Boston, Boston Junior Chamber of Commerce, 1960.
# Cyana heidrunae

Cyana heidrunae is a moth of the family Erebidae first described by Henri Hoppe in 2004. It is found on Bioko, an island off the west coast of Africa.
# Rhododendron araiophyllum

Rhododendron araiophyllum (窄叶杜鹃) is a flowering plant in the Ericaceae family, native to western Yunnan, northern Myanmar and northern Vietnam. It grows at altitudes of 1900–3400 meters. It is a shrub that grows to 1–4 m in height, with leathery leaves that are elliptic-lanceolate or narrowly lanceolate, 5–11 by 1.3–3 cm in size. Flowers are predominantly white.

## Subspecies

As of February 2024, Plants of the World Online accepted two subspecies:
* Rhododendron araiophyllum subsp. araiophyllum
* Rhododendron araiophyllum subsp. lapidosum (T.L.Ming) M.Y.Fang