OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eersteling

Eersteling is a town in Zululand District Municipality in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa.
# Projection (alchemy)

Projection was the ultimate goal of Western alchemy. Once the philosopher's stone or powder of projection had been created, the process of projection would be used to transmute a lesser substance into a higher form; often lead into gold.
Typically, the process is described as casting a small portion of the Stone into a molten base metal.

## Claims and demonstrations

The seventeenth century saw an increase in tales of physical transmutation and projection. These are variously explained as examples of charlatanism, fiction, pseudo-scientific error, or missed metaphor. The following is a typical account of the projection process described by Jan Baptista van Helmont in his De Natura Vitae Eternae.
   I have seen and I have touched the Philosopher’s Stone more than once. The color of it was like saffron in powder, but heavy and shining like pounded glass. I had once given me the fourth of a grain - I call a grain that which takes 600 to make an ounce. I made projection with this fourth part of a grain wrapped in paper upon eight ounces of quicksilver heated in a crucible. The result of the projection was eight ounces, lacking eleven grains, of the most pure gold.
Other reports include:
* Elias Ashmole's Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum lists an account of Edward Kelley making projections from lesser metals into both gold and silver. Kelley's success is also recorded by John Dee.
* Alexander Seton was reported to have projected a heavy yellow powder onto a mixture of lead and sulphur resulting in a button of gold.
* A variety of accounts are given of Sendivogius performing public transmutations.
* In legend, Nicolas Flamel makes a projection of the red stone onto mercury, making gold.
While it may not account for all claims of metallic transmutation, some alchemists of this time period give accounts of fraudulent projection demonstrations, distinguishing themselves from the projectors. Maier's Examen Fucorum Pseudo-chymicorum and Khunrath's Treuhertzige Warnungs-Vermahnung list tricks used by pseudo-alchemists. Accounts are given of double-bottomed crucibles used to conceal hidden gold during projection demonstrations.

## In art and entertainment

The concept of projection appears in various fictional works related to alchemy. It's a notable theme in Ben Jonson's The Alchemist where the following dialogue can be found, commenting on fraudulent applications of projection:
   When do you make projection?
   Son, be not hasty, I exalt our med'cine, By hanging him in balneo vaporoso, And giving him solution; then congeal him; And then dissolve him; then again congeal him; For look, how oft I iterate the work, So many times I add unto his virtue. As, if at first one ounce convert a hundred, After his second loose, he'll turn a thousand; His third solution, ten; his fourth, a hundred: After his fifth, a thousand thousand ounces Of any imperfect metal, into pure Silver or gold, in all examinations, As good as any of the natural mine. Get you your stuff here against afternoon, Your brass, your pewter, and your andirons.
# Eighties (disambiguation)

Eighties may refer to:
* 1980s, the decade
* "Eighties" (song), a 1984 song by Killing Joke
* The Eighties (miniseries), a 2016 documentary miniseries
# Prophet (Oliver Lake album)

Prophet is an album by American jazz saxophonist Oliver Lake, recorded in 1980 for the Italian Black Saint label. The album is a tribute to Eric Dolphy.

## Reception

The AllMusic review by Al Campbell called the album "a relatively straight-ahead date".
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |

## Track listing

    All compositions by Oliver Lake except as indicated
* "Hat and Beard" (Eric Dolphy) - 7:00
* "Something Sweet, Something Tender" (Dolphy) - 4:30
* "Poster" - 6:25
* "The Prophet" (Dolphy) - 7:05
* "Cotton IV" - 7:40
* "Firm and Ripe" - 6:45
   * Recorded at Sound Heights Studios in Brooklyn, New York on August 11 & 12, 1980

## Personnel

* Oliver Lake - alto saxophone
* Baikida Carroll - trumpet, flugelhorn
* Donald Smith - piano
* Jerome Harris - bass
* Pheeroan akLaff - drums
# Prophet (Jerusalem album)

Prophet is the sixth studio album, and the tenth album overall, by Swedish hard rock band Jerusalem. It was released simultaneously by Viva Records in Europe, R.E.X. Records in North America, and X ZERO Corporation in Japan.

## Track listing

All music by Jerusalem, lyrics by Ulf Christiansson.
* "City on Fire"
* "Risen"
* "The Waiting Zone"
* "Umbrella"
* "Be There With You"
* "On the Road"
* "Likes Them"
* "Truth"
* "Face in the Crowd"
* "Tomorrow"
* "Berlin 38 (Next Year in Jerusalem)"
* "Soldier"

## Singles

* "Tomorrow" b/w non-album track, "Coming Down"
* "The Waiting Zone" (radio edit) b/w "Berlin 38 (Next Year in Jerusalem)"

## Personnel

* Ulf Christiansson - lead vocals, guitar
* Peter Carlsohn - bass guitar, background vocals
* Reidar I Paulsen - keyboards, background vocals
* Mikael Ulvsgärd - drums, background vocals
# Eilema sokotrensis

Eilema sokotrensis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by George Hampson in 1900. It is found in Yemen.
# Eilema signata

Eilema signata is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Francis Walker in 1854. It is found in northern China.
# Protonosphere

The protonosphere is a layer of the Earth's atmosphere (or any planet with a similar atmosphere) where the dominant components are atomic hydrogen and ionic hydrogen (protons). It is the outer part of the ionosphere, and extends to the interplanetary medium. Hydrogen dominates in the outermost layers because it is the lightest gas, and in the heterosphere, mixing is not strong enough to overcome differences in constituent gas densities. Charged particles are created by incoming ionizing radiation, mostly from solar radiation.
# Provanhall

Provanhall is a neighbourhood of Easterhouse in east Glasgow, Scotland. It is named after the estate and medieval house, Provan Hall.
The area is to the immediate east of Provan Hall and Glasgow Fort shopping centre and to the north of Shandwick Square Shopping Centre. The area is bounded by Gartloch fields, part of Glasgow's greenbelt with North Lanarkshire. Part of the estate was built on the remains of Provan Loch, part of the kettle ponds in the area that feed the Molendinar burn that flows into the River Clyde in Glasgow.

## Background

As of March 2011, the Provanhall neighbourhood contained 688 properties.
In 2016, Glasgow City Council outlined masterplans for the development of the Greater Easterhouse area (including Provanhall) over the next 20 years.
# Prunus eremophila

Prunus eremophila, also known by its common name Mojave Desert plum, is a rare species of plum native to California.

## Description

Prunus eremophila is a bulky shrub with tangled, thorny branches. It can reach over 2 meters (6+1⁄2 ft) in maximum height.
The deciduous leaves have toothed, pointed, oval blades up to 2 or 3 centimeters (3⁄4 or 1+1⁄4 inches) long. They are lightly hairy in texture.
It blooms in March to April. The flowers occur singly or in pairs, each bearing small white petals. Either the stamens or pistils abort, leaving female or male flowers.
The fruit is orange-rust or a yellowish, fuzzy drupe up to 1.6 cm (3⁄4 in) wide, with a thin, dry pulp.
The plant was described to science only in 2001 or 2002 and little is known about its ecology.

## Distribution

The shrub is endemic to the Mojave Desert within northeastern San Bernardino County, California, where it is known only from the Vontrigger Hills and Lanfair Valley of the eastern Mojave National Preserve. It occurs in desert scrub habitat.

## Conservation

The plant occurs in the Mojave National Preserve, so is protected from some human activity, but is a Critically Endangered species threatened by off-road vehicles, grazing, mining, and climate change.
# Pseudaephnidiogenes

Pseudaephnidiogenes is a genus of trematodes in the family Aephnidiogenidae.

## Species

* Pseudaephnidiogenes africanus (Fischthal & Thomas, 1972) Bray, 1985
* Pseudaephnidiogenes rhabdosargi (Prudhoe, 1956) Yamaguti, 1971
* Pseudaephnidiogenes rossi Bray, 1985
# Pseudaelara

Pseudaelara sellaemontis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Pseudaelara. It was described by Heller in 1912.
# Pseudocentrotus depressus

Pseudocentrotus depressus, commonly known as the pink sea urchin, is a species of sea urchin, one of only two species in the genus Pseudocentrotus. It was first described in 1864 by the American marine zoologist Alexander Agassiz as Toxocidaris depressus, having been collected during the North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition undertaken by Captain Cadwalader Ringgold and later Captain John Rodgers.

## Description

This sea urchin is distinctive in its shape, with the oral (lower) surface being flat and the aboral (upper) surface markedly depressed in the centre. The tubercles are numerous and even in size, and the spines are fine and short, their diameter being about a quarter of their length. The inter-ambulacral plates are broad and the pore pairs are arranged in slightly curved groups of six or seven pairs.

## Ecology

As is the case with most other sea urchins, the sexes are separate in this species, and adults liberate eggs and sperm into the water column. After fertilisation, the echinopluteus larvae spend several months swimming and drifting with the plankton. Metamorphosis is stimulated by the detection by the larvae of suitable locations to settle on the seabed, cues being provided by the presence on the substrate of films of micro-algae or of microbes. In the absence of a suitable habitat, the larvae can continue swimming, but metamorphosis will eventually happen even in the absence of these cues.

## Uses

Pseudocentrotus depressus is used for human consumption and is the most important species of sea urchin in the southern Japan fishery.
# Eileen Younghusband

Dame Eileen Louise Younghusband, DBE (1 January 1902 – 22 May 1981) was internationally known for her research and teaching in the field of social work.

## Early life

Her father was Sir Francis Younghusband (1863–1942), a British explorer and mystic famous for his discoveries in Central Asia and his leadership of the British Tibet campaign of 1903–04. She was a student at the London School of Economics 1926–29, and a member of staff 1944–1958.

## Professional contributions

In her Carnegie Reports of 1947 and 1950 she advocated "generic" training – a set of core knowledge common to all social workers. In 1954 she pioneered the teaching of a generic course that was to become the prototype of professional social work training in other universities.
In 1955 she chaired a Ministry of Health working party on the provision of training for social workers, a rapidly expanding profession but with little opportunity for formal training. The subsequent Younghusband Report, which was published in May 1959, led to the establishment of the Council for Training in Social Work. This council was responsible for validating courses at polytechnics and further education institutions primarily for entrants to local authority health and welfare departments, issuing a Certificate in Social Work to those successfully completing such a course.
During the 1960s, Younghusband served as a Committee Member of the Council for Training in Social Work.
In 1968 Younghusband chaired the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation's report, Community Work and Social Change.

## Honours

She was appointed MBE in 1946, CBE in 1955, and DBE in 1964.
Eileen Younghusband was also active at an international level, initially through the British Council and the UN, and from 1950 through the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW), initially as board member and from 1961 onwards as (honorary) president. She made it her task to promote high standards of social work education across the globe. She is still honoured by the IASSW through the biennial Eileen Younghusband memorial lectures (inaugurated 1984) at the global IASSW conference, when a current social work educator is invited to speak at the IASSW conference on a topic of relevance to international social work.

## Death

Younghusband died in 1981, in a car accident in Raleigh, North Carolina, while on a lecture tour in the United States; she was 79 years old.

## Publications

Eileen Younghusband's publications include:
* The Education and Training of Social Workers (1947)
* Social Work in Britain (1951)
* Social work in Britain, 1950–1975: a follow-up study (1978).

## Biography

* Eileen Younghusband: A Biography, Issue 76 of Occasional papers on social administration; ISSN 0473-7520 by Prof. Kathleen Jones,
Contributor National Council for Voluntary Organisations (Great Britain), Bedford Square Press/NCVO (1984); ISBN 0719911389, 9780719911385
# Eilema catalai

Eilema catalai is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Hervé de Toulgoët in 1954. It is found on Madagascar.
# Egbert Jan Louwerse

Egbert Jan Louwerse (1975) is a flautist from the Netherlands. He is a professor of flute at the Prince Claus Conservatoire Groningen, part of the Hanze University, Groningen.
He studied with Pieter Odé and Marieke Schneemann at the Conservatory of Amsterdam where he graduated specialising in contemporary music. During his studies he also did courses in conducting, live electronics and composing. He also studied the microtonal systems and rhythmical complexity of South Indian Music. After graduation at highest possible level in Amsterdam, he went to France many times to study there with flute-legend Christian Lardé.
Although occasionally he works for several orchestra's, his love for chamber music kept growing, especially for French chamber music. In this important repertoire for the flute, he researched several elements in notation-forms in music from 1870, connected to the famous musician Paul Taffanel, which had led to another master's degree on this topic in 2017.
In 2015, he was awarded, by the Paris-based Société Academique "Arts-Sciences-Lettres", a Diploma de medaille d'Argent (a silver medal) for his work on French music throughout his career. Because of this remarkable decoration, the Hanze University Groningen enlisted him on 26 May 2016 in its "Walk of Fame".
Louwerse is regularly invited to lecture and give masterclasses at festivals and conservatories in the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Italy and China and is often seen as a jury-member in competitions.
He has duos with pianist Henry Kelder and harpist Manja Smits. He is part of the Dutch flutequartet and fluteoctet Blow Up!.
As a composer he has a contract with Domenus Publishing House of Contemporary Classical Music.
# Egbert Kankeleit

Egbert Kankeleit (16 April 1929 – 23 December 2022) was a German nuclear physicist.

## Early life and education

Egbert Kankeleit was born in Hamburg, Germany on 16 April 1929, as the son of Otto Kankeleit and Margarete Kankeleit (née Holl). He studied nuclear physics in Munich and earned his doctorate in 1961 as one of Heinz Maier-Leibniz’s group. After that he went to Caltech in Pasadena in the role of Senior Research Fellow. From there he followed a call to TH Darmstadt, where he remained until his retirement in 1997.

## Studies

The Mössbauer spectroscopy had a particular influence on his scientific work. He was the founder of the conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (Konversionselektronen-Mößbauer-Spektroskopie), which he first deployed in the field of nuclear physics (nuclear moments) and later increasingly in the field of materials science (isomeric shifts). The study of muonic atoms at CERN, as well as parity violation during gamma decay and positron research at the Society for Heavy Ion Research (GSI: Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung) also belonged to the central aspects of his research.
The miniaturised Mössbauer spectrometer (MIMOS) was developed in Egbert Kankeleit’s team and was successfully deployed during the recent Mars missions.

## Death

Kankeleit died in Darmstadt on 23 December 2022, aged 93.

## Teams and awards

The interdisciplinary Team of Natural Science, Technology and Security (IANUS) was brought into being by Egbert Kankeleit together with colleagues from other faculties. Based on scientific and technological themes which formed the backbone of the team, IANUS also illuminated ethical questions, such as those concerning the role and responsibility of scientists in the Atomic Age. In the framework of peace and conflict studies, IANUS concerns itself with questions such as the non-proliferation of nuclear materials. The group was awarded the Götting Peace Prize (Göttinger Friedenspreis) in 2000.
# Prospect, Louisiana

Prospect is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in southern Grant Parish, Louisiana, United States. It is part of the Alexandria, Louisiana Metropolitan Statistical Area. As of the 2010 census the population was 476.

## Geography

Prospect is located in southern Grant Parish along U.S. Route 167, which leads north 10 miles (16 km) to Dry Prong and south 13 miles (21 km) to Alexandria. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Prospect CDP has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.8 km$^2$), of which 0.004 square miles (0.01 km$^2$), or 0.32%, is water.

## Demographics

As of the 2010 census, there were 476 people with 170 households, for a population density of 323/sq mi. The racial makeup of the community was 0.63% Black or African American, 95.38% White, 0.63% Native American, 0.42% Asian, and 2.94% from other races. 1.63% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 50% of the population are male thus the other 50% are female.
The median age of Prospect was 34.6 which is lower than the US median, 37.3. 52.69% of the population are married, 13.26% are divorced. The average household size is 2.79 people. 34.65% of people who have children are married couples while 14.96% who have children are single.
The median home cost was $93,600 with a cost of living at 14.90% and the unemployment rate was 8.60%.
# Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae

Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae (formerly placed in the genus Pfiesteria; see 'Taxonomy' section below) is a species of heterotrophic dinoflagellates in the genus Pseudopfiesteria. It was first characterized in North Carolina in 2000. It can acquire the ability for photosynthesis through eating green algae and retaining their chloroplasts. It can also turn predatory and toxic. Strains of Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae have been implicated in fish kills around the US east coast. Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae has been described as having a less complex life cycle than Pfiesteria piscicida.

## Toxicity

While toxic strains of Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae have been implicated in fish kills, its ability to secrete an exotoxin to kill its prey has been subject to controversy. A study published in 2002 has shown that it is capable of killing fish by direct contact and feeding on their skin through micropredation. Toxicity levels appear to depend on the strains and assays used in the laboratory. Pfiesteria shumwayae toxin present in filtered water can cause cognitive deficits in rats.

## Taxonomy

Based on 2005 research, the organism previously known as Pfiesteria shumwayae should be reassigned its own genus, based on both morphological analysis and molecular evidence as supported by rDNA analysis. Although closely resembling Pfiesteria piscicida, it differs in two important precingular plates 5" and 6", which historically, only one plate difference would be sufficient to place in a separate genus. The species ' shumwayae ' has thus been categorized in a more recently erected genus, Pseudopfiesteria.

## Occurrence

Pfiesteria has a worldwide distribution and is typically found in estuaries and coastal habitats. It is usually benign unless it "blooms" to a high concentration. High concentrations of Pseudopfiesteria shumwayae have been found in the following locations:
* Taskinas Creek, a tributary of the York River in James City County, Virginia, in March 2005.
# Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Samochodowej

Przedsiębiorstwo Komunikacji Samochodowej (commonly abbreviated PKS, can be translated as Motor Transport Company) is a major Polish enterprise dealing with inter-city public transport using coaches.

## History

It was created as a state enterprise in 1945 in post-war communist Poland as Państwowa Komunikacja Samochodowa (State Motor Transport). Until 1989 it had a monopoly on suburban and interurban bus transport in Poland. After the fall of communism, PKS was divided into 176 local operations. In 1992 it was renamed to its current name. The local operations had different fates. Some were retained by the government, some were acquired by local authorities, some merged, some failed and others were acquired by outsiders such as Arriva or Connex. In 2020 about 100 'PKS' companies were still in existence although not all were still involved in transport. PKS Radom went bankrupt in 2022.

## Incidents

PKS buses were involved in two major accidents in Poland. The first one occurred in 1978, when two buses fell 18 m from a bridge into the Żywiec Lake, killing 30 people. In the other accident, known as the Poland bus disaster of 1994, an overcrowded bus driving at 60 km/h (10 km/h over the speed limit) collided with a tree, killing 32 people. This remains the worst road disaster in Poland's history.
# El Potrero, Catamarca

El Potrero (Catamarca) is a village and municipality in Catamarca Province in northwestern Argentina.
# El Potrero

El Potrero may refer to:
* El Potrero, Catamarca, a village and rural municipality in Catamarca Province, Argentina
* El Potrero, Salta, a village and rural municipality in Salta Province, Argentina
* El Potrero River, El Salvador
* El Potrero Chico, a rock climbing area in Nuevo León, Mexico
* El Potrero de la Punta del Tiburon, now Belvedere Island, California, United States
* El Potrero, Coclé, Panama
* El Potrero, Veraguas, Panama
# Pseudoplecta

Pseudoplecta is a monotypic genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Trochomorphoidea of the family Dyakiidae.
Its sole member is the species Pseudoplecta bijuga, which may be endemic to Thailand and Malaysia.
# Propagation loss

In underwater acoustics, propagation loss is a measure of the reduction in sound intensity as the sound propagates away from an underwater sound source. It is defined as the difference between the source level and the received sound pressure level.
# Ekman

Ekman is a Swedish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Carl Gustaf Ekman (1872–1945), Swedish politician
* Carl Daniel Ekman (1845–1904), Swedish chemical engineer
* Erik Leonard Ekman (1883–1931), Swedish botanist
* Fam Ekman (born 1946), Swedish-Norwegian children's writer and illustrator
* Gösta Ekman (junior) (1939–2017), Swedish actor
* Gösta Ekman (senior) (1890–1938) Swedish actor
* Hasse Ekman (1915–2004), Swedish film director and actor
* Hedda Ekman (1860–1929), Swedish writer and photographer
* Ida Ekman (1875–1942), Finnish soprano
* Kajsa Ekis Ekman, (born 1980), Swedish journalist and writer
* Kerstin Ekman (born 1933), Swedish novelist
* Nils Ekman (born 1976), Swedish ice hockey player
* Paul Ekman (born 1934), American psychologist
* Robert Wilhelm Ekman (1808–1873), Finnish painter
* Sheldon V. Ekman (1920–1982), United States Tax Court judge
* Sven P. Ekman (1876–1964), Swedish zoologist
* Ulf Ekman (born 1950), Swedish clergyman
* Vagn Walfrid Ekman (1874–1954), Swedish oceanographer