OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Pseudospeciation

Pseudospeciation is a form of othering, the treatment of different human groups as if they were different biological species. It begins with the fact that cultural differences cause humans to separate into different social groups, with different language, dress, customs, etc. These cultural differences are claimed to be analogous to the formation of different biological species (speciation). In the extreme, pseudospeciation leads to dehumanization of other cultural groups (out-groups).
Pseudospeciation, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, refers to the tendency of members of in-groups to consider members of out-groups to have evolved genetically into different, separate, and inferior species to their own. The term was first used by Erik Erikson in 1966, according to his biographer, Lawrence J. Friedman. Dehumanization is one possible outcome of pseudospeciation, as is ethnic discrimination or genocide.
Francisco Gil-White proposed in 2001 that humans evolved in such a way that the brain perceives different ethnic groups to be equivalent to different biological 'species', thus suggesting that pseudospeciation is innate. His hypothesis has yet to receive widespread empirical support. His theory and data are found in Current Anthropology, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 515–554. Pseudospeciation is an especially virulent form of ethnocentrism. Karl Marlantes, in his book What It Is Like to Go to War (Grove Press, 2011), referred to pseudospeciation by American soldiers in World War II and in the Vietnam War as a coping mechanism for dealing with Japanese and Vietnamese soldiers differently from European (Germans and Italians for instance) soldiers in those wars. Since an underlying precept of pseudospeciation is the dehumanization of the enemy, it helps the soldiers rationalize barbaric or socially unacceptable behavior visited upon soldiers of a race and culture visually and contextually different from their own. One example Marlantes posits is the treatment of prisoners, or what might be characterized as the murder of soldiers attempting to surrender.
# Pseudospark switch

The pseudospark switch is a gas-filled tube capable of high speed switching. Pseudospark switches are functionally similar to triggered spark gaps.
Advantages of pseudospark switches include the ability to carry reverse currents (up to 100%), low pulse, high lifetime, and a high current rise of about 10$^{12}$ A/sec. In addition, since the cathode is not heated prior to switching, the standby power is approximately one order of magnitude lower than in thyratrons. However, pseudospark switches have undesired plasma phenomena at low peak currents. Issues such as current quenching, chopping, and impedance fluctuations occur at currents less than 2–3 kA while at very high peak currents (20–30 kA) a transition to a metal vapor arc occurs which leads to erosion of the electrodes.

## Construction

A pseudospark switch's electrodes (cathode and anode) have central holes approximately 3 to 5 mm in diameter. Behind the cathode and anode lie a hollow cathode and hollow anode, respectively. The electrodes are separated by an insulator. A low pressure (less than 50 Pa) "working gas" (typically hydrogen) is contained between the electrodes.
While a pseudospark switch is generally fairly simple in construction, engineering a switch for higher lifetimes is more difficult. One method of extending the lifetime is to create a multichannel pseudospark switch to distribute the current and as a result, decrease the erosion. Another method is to simply use cathode materials more resistant to erosion.
Typical electrode materials include copper, nickel, tungsten/rhenium, molybdenum, tantalum, and ceramic materials. Tantalum, however, cannot be used with hydrogen due to chemical erosion affecting the lifetime adversely. Of the metals, tungsten and molybdenum are commonly used, though molybdenum electrodes show issues with reignition behavior. Several papers which compare electrode materials claim tungsten is the most suitable of the metal electrodes tested. Some ceramic materials such as silicon carbide and boron carbide have proven to be excellent electrode materials as well, with lower erosion rates than tungsten in certain cases.

## Pseudospark discharge

In a pseudospark discharge a breakdown is first triggered between the electrodes by applying a voltage. The gas then breaks down as a function of the pressure, distance, and voltage. An "ionization avalanche" then occurs producing a homogeneous discharge plasma confined to the central regions of the electrodes.
In the figure above, the various stages of the pseudospark discharge can be seen. Stage (I) is the triggering or low current phase. The discharges in both stage (II), the hollow cathode phase, and stage (III), the borehole phase, are capable of carrying currents of several hundred amps. The transition from the borehole phase to the high current phase (IV) is very fast, characterized by a sudden jump in switch impedance. The last phase (V) only occurs for currents of several 10 kA and is unwelcome as it results in high erosion rates.
# Eitbar Hussain Bartar
## Life

Eitbar Hussain Bartar was born in Khairabad in April 1889. He was a Tehsildar of lashkar (Gwalior). He was also a philosopher, poet, and religious scholar. After the retirement of majestate he wrote many poets and nazms. His father was Muztar Khairabadi, and his brothers were Jan Nisar Akhtar and Yadgar Hussain Nashtar. His nephews are Javed Akhtar and Salman Akhtar.
His sons are :-
* Namdar Hussain (Khanjar Khairabadi)
* Barkarar hussain (Sagar)
* Shandar Hussain (Arshi)
His grandsons are Farhan Akhtar, Mohammad Taheer Ahmad, Syed Urooj Ahmad, Syed Razdar Hussain (Dilbar), Kabir Akhtar, Syed Suroor Ahmad, Syed Shaoor Ahmad, Syed Touseef Ahmad, Syed Zubair Ahmad, Musheer Ahmed and Dabeer Ahmad.

## Great-Grandsons

His great-grand sons (New Generation) are Syed Vaqar Ahmad, Syed Masroor Ahmad Bilal Ahmad, Tawqeer Ahmed, Naved Ahmed, Owais Ahmed, Saood Ahmad, Mohammad Maaz Rizvi and Muawwaz Ahmad Rizvi.
# Elcano (disambiguation)

Juan Sebastián Elcano (c. 1486–1526) was a Basque explorer and first man to circumnavigate the Earth.
Elcano may also refer to:
* Spanish training ship Juan Sebastián de Elcano, flagship Spanish vessel
* USS Elcano (PG-38), a gunboat seized by the US Navy from the Spanish in 1898
* Elcano (or Elkano), a hamlet of Aia, Basque Country, Spain
* Elcano, Navarre (Elkano in Basque), a village in Valle de Egüés, Navarre, Spain
# Elaphropus longior

Elaphropus longior is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Trechinae. It was described by Burgeon in 1935.Found mostly in North America and Europe
# Pterolophia iringensis

Pterolophia iringensis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1977.
# Pterolophia japonica

Pterolophia japonica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1939.
# Puccinia kuehnii

Puccinia kuehnii is a plant pathogen that causes orange rust disease of sugarcane. Orange rust was first discovered in India in 1914, but the first case of huge economical damage in sugarcane was registered in Australia in 2001. The first case in United States was in 2007 in Florida and has so far been the only state in the United States where sugarcane has been affected by this kind of rust. In order to treat the infected sugarcane at least three rounds of fungicide must be applied to the plant, costing growers $40 million a year. Currently scientists at the Agricultural Research Service are genetically analyzing the fungus that causes orange rust in order to help combat the problem.
# Eldorado, Mato Grosso do Sul

Eldorado is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Its population was 12,400 (2020) and its area is 1,018 km$^2$.
# Eldorado, Misiones

Eldorado is a city in the center-northeast of the province of Misiones, Argentina. It has 54,189 inhabitants as per the 2001 census [INDEC], making it the third most populated city in the province, and is the head town of the Eldorado Department. It is located on the left-hand (eastern) banks of the Upper Paraná River, on National Route 12, about 100 km from the Iguazú Falls and 206 km from the provincial capital Posadas, on the Argentina-Paraguay border.
Eldorado was founded on 29 September 1919 as a rural settlement and a port on the Paraná by German-born Adolfo Julius Schwelm, naturalised British subject, who named it as a reference to the legend of El Dorado. The town was the center of the European immigrant colonization of the area (which included groups of people from Germany, Switzerland, Poland, Denmark, England, and others).
The region's economy is based on agriculture, producing tung, oranges, grapefruit and yerba mate. Tourism also plays a part, with main activities being sailing, sports fishing (golden dorado), and sports hunting (tapir, deer, wild boars). Eldorado has an airport.

## Towns and villages

* 9 de Julio (Misiones)
# Elachista illectella

Elachista illectella is a moth of the family Elachistidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Arizona, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Mississippi, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Tennessee, Texas and West Virginia. The habitat consists of deciduous forests.
The wingspan is 6–8 millimetres (0.24–0.31 in). Adults are sexually dimorphic.
The larvae feed on Poa (including Poa pratensis), Agrostis, Hystrix, Elymus, Oryzopsis, Bromus and Phleum species. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Pseudaletis taeniata

Pseudaletis taeniata is a butterfly in the family Lycaenidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Electoral district of Beverley

Beverley was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Western Australia from 1890 to 1950.
The district was based on the rural town of Beverley lying to the east of Perth. It was one of the original 30 seats contested at the 1890 election. In 1898, it included Beverley and several other settlements along the Great Southern Railway, including Seabrook, Moorumbine, and Pingelly, as well as Narembeen farther west.
Beverley was abolished at the 1950 election; its final member, James Mann, was transferred to the seat of Avon Valley.

## Members

| Member | Party | Term |
| Charles Harper | Ministerial | 1890–1901 |
| Charles Harper | Opposition | 1901–1904 |
| Charles Harper | Independent | 1904–1905 |
| Edmund Smith | Ministerial | 1905–1908 |
| John Hopkins | Ministerial | 1908–1910 |
| Nat Harper | Ministerial | 1910–1911 |
| Frank Broun | Liberal | 1911–1914 |
| Charles Wansbrough | Country | 1914–1917 |
| Frank Broun | Country | 1917–1923 |
| Frank Broun | Country (MCP) | 1923–1924 |
| Charles Wansbrough | Country (ECP) | 1924–1930 |
| James Mann | Country | 1930–1949 |
| James Mann | Independent | 1949 |
| James Mann | LCL | 1949–1950 |
# Eino Raunio

Eino Albin Raunio (18 January 1909, in Sääksmäki – 18 March 1979, in Forssa) was a Finnish politician. He was the minister of finance from 1968 to 1970. He was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1939 to 1970, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland (SDP).
# Psilochilus

Psilochilus is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It is native to South America, Central America, Mexico and the West Indies.
* Psilochilus carinatus Garay - Colombia
* Psilochilus dusenianus Kraenzl. ex Garay & Dunst. - Venezuela, Brazil
* Psilochilus macrophyllus (Lindl.) Ames - widespread from central Mexico and the West indies south to Peru
* Psilochilus maderoi (Schltr.) Schltr. - Colombia
* Psilochilus modestus Barb.Rodr. - Venezuela, Brazil
* Psilochilus mollis Garay - Ecuador
* Psilochilus physurifolius (Rchb.f.) Løjtnant - Venezuela, Guyana
* Psilochilus vallecaucanus Kolan. & Szlach. - Colombia
# Elasippus (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Elasippus (Ancient Greek: Ἐλάσιππον means 'horse-riding, knightly') may refer to two personages:
* Elasippus, one of the ten sons of Poseidon and Cleito in Plato's myth of Atlantis. He was the elder brother of Mestor and his other siblings were Atlas and Eumelus, Ampheres and Evaemon, Mneseus and Autochthon, and lastly, Azaes and Diaprepes. Elasippus, along with his nine siblings, became the heads of ten royal houses, each ruling a tenth portion of the island, according to a partition made by Poseidon himself, but all subject to the supreme dynasty of Atlas who was the eldest of the ten.
* Elasippus, son of Haemon and an Achaean soldier who participated in the Trojan War. He was slain by the Amazon queen, Penthesilia.
# Elaphromyia multisetosa

Elaphromyia multisetosa is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Elaphromyia of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

China, Taiwan.
# Psocomorpha

Psocomorpha is a suborder of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera). There are more than 20 families and 5,300 described species in Psocomorpha.

## Phylogeny

The below cladogram of Psocodea shows the position of Psocomorpha:

## Fossil record

The oldest fossil record of the suborder is Burmesopsocus lienhardi from the mid-Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) Burmese amber, which is not assigned to any family.

## Classification

Psocomorpha contains 6 infraorders and 26 families:
* Archipsocetae
** Archipsocidae Pearman, 1936 (ancient barklice)
* Caeciliusetae
** Amphipsocidae Pearman, 1936 (hairy-winged barklice)
** Asiopsocidae Mockford & Garcia Aldrete, 1976
** Caeciliusidae Mockford, 2000 (lizard barklice)
** Dasydemellidae Mockford, 1978 (shaggy psocids)
** Paracaeciliidae Mockford, 1989
** Stenopsocidae Pearman, 1936 (narrow barklice)
* Epipsocetae
** Cladiopsocidae Smithers, 1972
** Dolabellopsocidae Eertmoed, 1973
** Epipsocidae Pearman, 1936 (elliptical barklice)
** Ptiloneuridae Roesler, 1940
** Spurostigmatidae Eertmoed, 1973
* Homilopsocidea
** Ectopsocidae Roesler, 1944 (outer barklice)
** Elipsocidae Pearman, 1936 (damp barklice)
** Lachesillidae Pearman, 1936 (fateful barklice)
** Lesneiidae Schmidt & New, 2004
** Mesopsocidae Pearman, 1936 (middle barklice)
** Peripsocidae Roesler, 1944 (stout barklice)
** Sabulopsocidae Schmidt & New, 2004
* Philotarsetae
** Philotarsidae Pearman, 1936 (loving barklice)
** Pseudocaeciliidae Pearman, 1936 (false lizard barklice)
** Trichopsocidae Pearman, 1936 (lash-faced psocids)
* Psocetae
** Hemipsocidae Pearman, 1936 (leaf litter barklice)
** Myopsocidae Pearman, 1936 (mouse-like barklice)
** Psilopsocidae Roesler, 1944
** Psocidae Hagen, 1865 (common barklice)
# Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum

Pseudofusicoccum ardesiacum is an endophytic fungus that might be a canker pathogen, specifically for Adansonia gibbosa (baobab). It was isolated from said trees, as well as surrounding ones, in the Kimberley (Western Australia).
# Pterocephalidium

Pterocephalidium is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Caprifoliaceae. The only species is Pterocephalidium diandrum.
The species is found in Iberian Peninsula.
# Electoral district of Wellington and Bligh

Wellington and Bligh was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of New South Wales, named after Wellington County and Bligh County, and including Mudgee. There were also separate electoral districts of Wellington (County), covering part of Wellington County, and Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh, including part of Bligh County. In 1859, it was largely replaced by Mudgee.

## Members for Wellington and Bligh

| Member | Member | Party | Period |
| | George Lord | None | 1856–1859 |

## Election results
### 1856

1856 New South Wales colonial election: Wellington and Bligh :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| George Lord (elected) | George Lord (elected) | 28 | 100.0 |
| William Buchanan | William Buchanan | 0 | 0.0 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 28 | 100.0 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | 0 | 0.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 28 | 9.5 |

### 1858

1858 New South Wales colonial election: Wellington and Bligh 10 February :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| George Lord (re-elected) | George Lord (re-elected) | unopposed | |
# Electoral district of Darlington (Queensland)

Darlington was a Legislative Assembly electorate in the state of Queensland. It was created in 1949 largely from the former Electoral district of Albert and was replaced (or renamed) in 1959 by the Electoral district of Logan.

## Members

The following members represented Darlington.
| Member | Member | Party | Term |
| | Tom Plunkett | Country | 1950–1957 |
| | Leslie Harrison | Country | 1957–1960 |
# Electoral district of Deer Park

Electoral district of Deer Park was an electoral district of the Legislative Assembly in the Australian state of Victoria.

## Members

| Member | Member | Party | Term |
| | Jack Ginifer | Labor | 1967–1976 |
# Pterostichinae

Pterostichinae is a subfamily of ground beetles (family Carabidae). It belongs to the advanced harpaline assemblage, and if these are circumscribed sensu lato as a single subfamily, Pterostichinae are downranked to a tribe Pterostichini. However, as the former Pterostichitae supertribe of the Harpalinae as loosely circumscribed does seem to constitute a lineage rather distinct from Harpalus, its core group is here considered to be the present subfamily and the Harpalinae are defined more narrowly.
They are usually mid-sized and rather stout ground beetles. Coloration is typically dark and without conspicuous patterns, but often with a strong sheen like polished metal. They are widely distributed and inhabit a wide range of terrestrial habitats. Unlike the more basal ground beetles which only eat small animals, the Pterostichinae include a large proportion of omnivorous or even herbivorous taxa.

## Systematics

This group includes the following tribes and genera:
Tribe Chaetodactylini Tschitscherine, 1903
* Chaetodactyla Tschitscherine, 1897
Tribe Cnemalobini Germain, 1911
* Cnemalobus Guerin-Meneville, 1838
Tribe Cratocerini Lacordaire, 1854
* Abacaelostus Straneo, 1952
* Andrewesinulus Straneo, 1938
* Apsidocnemus Alluaud, 1936
* Barylaus Liebherr, 1985
* Brachidius Chaudoir, 1852
* Caecocaelus Straneo, 1949
* Caelostomus W.S.MacLeay, 1825
* Camptogenys Tschitscherine, 1899
* Capabatus Csiki, 1930
* Catapiesis Solier, 1835
* Cratocerus Dejean, 1829
* Crenulostrigus Straneo, 1942
* Cyrtolaus Bates, 1882
* Dactyleurys Tschitscherine, 1899
* Dactylinius Straneo, 1941
* Diachipteryx Alluaud, 1925
* Diceromerus Chaudoir, 1873
* Dromistomus Jeannel, 1948
* Drymonaxus Straneo, 1941
* Feostoma Straneo, 1941
* Hemitelestus Alluaud, 1895
* Homalomorpha Brullé, 1837
* Hoplizomenus Chaudoir, 1873
* Leleuporites Straneo, 1960
* Madapelmus Dajoz, 1985
* Monodryxus Straneo, 1942
* Oxyglychus Straneo, 1938
* Pachycaecus Straneo, 1971
* Pachyroxochus Straneo, 1942
* Platyxythrius Lorenz, 1998
* Stegazopteryx Will, 2004
* Stomonaxellus Tschitscherine, 1901
* Strigomerodes Straneo, 1939
* Strigomerus Chaudoir, 1873
* Trichillinus Straneo, 1938
Tribe Microcheilini Jeannel, 1948
* Microcheila Brulle, 1834
Tribe Morionini Brulle, 1835
* Buderes Murray, 1857
* Hyperectenus Alluaud, 1935
* Hyperion Castelnau, 1834
* Megamorio Chaudoir, 1880
* Morion Latreille, 1810
* Morionidius Chaudoir, 1880
* Moriosomus Motschulsky, 1864
* Platynodes Westwood, 1846
* Stereostoma Murray, 1857
Tribe Pterostichini Bonelli, 1810
* (See Pterostichini for ~180 genera)
Tribe Zabrini Bonelli, 1810
* (See Zabrini for 3 genera)
# Pseudopostega truncata

Pseudopostega truncata is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It is only known from central Brazil.
The length of the forewings is about 3.8 mm. Adults have been collected in December and January.
# Pseudopostega trinidadensis

Pseudopostega trinidadensis is a moth of the family Opostegidae. It was described by August Busck in 1910. As suggested by its specific epithet, it is known from Trinidad.
The length of the forewings is 4.3 to 4.8 millimetres (0.17 to 0.19 in). Adults have been recorded in June.
# Punto

Punto may refer to:
In music:
* Punto (Venezuela), a style of Venezuelan music
* Punto guajiro, a style of music of the Cuban countryside and its guajiros
* Punto music, a style of Panamanian music
In automobiles:
* Fiat Punto, supermini produced since 1993
* Fiat Grande Punto, third generation supermini produced from 2005
In people:
* Giovanni Punto (1746-1803), eighteenth century horn virtuoso
* Nick Punto (born 1977), American baseball player for the Boston Red Sox

## Unit

* Punto, Spanish customary units
# Electric eye

An electric eye is a photodetector used for detecting obstruction of a light beam. An example is the door safety system used on garage door openers that use a light transmitter and receiver at the bottom of the door to prevent closing if there is any obstruction in the way that breaks the light beam. The device does not provide an image; only the presence of light is detectable. Visible light may be used, but infrared radiation conceals the operation of the device and typically is used in modern systems. Originally, systems used lamps powered by direct current or the power line alternating current frequency, but modern photodetector systems use an infrared light-emitting diode modulated at a few kilohertz, which allows the detector to reject stray light and improves the range, sensitivity, and security of the device.

## Examples

Highway vehicle counter
* In the 1930s, an electric eye vehicle counter was introduced in the US using two IR lamps set apart so that only cars and pedestrians would be counted.
First compact commercial unit
* A compact type of electric eye was offered in 1931 that was enclosed in a small steel case and much easier to install compared to older models.
Automatic wrapping machines
* In the 1930s, an electric eye apparatus was developed to help a wrapping machine wrap 72 boxes a minute.
Automatic door opener
* In 1931, General Electric tested the first automatic door openers now popular in hospitals. They called their electric eye the Magic Eye.
Business alarm system
* In 1931, an electric eye that used invisible UV wavelength was offered to businesses in need of a 24-hour alarm system. A system of this type is demonstrated in the first scene of the 1932 film Jewel Robbery.
Automatic cameras
* In 1936, Dr. Albert Einstein and Dr. Gustav Bucky received a patent for a design which applied the electric eye to a camera. The camera was capable of automatically determining the proper aperture and exposure.