OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Extrafusal muscle fiber

Extrafusal muscle fibers are the standard skeletal muscle fibers that are innervated by alpha motor neurons and generate tension by contracting, thereby allowing for skeletal movement. They make up the large mass of skeletal striated muscle tissue and are attached to bone by fibrous tissue extensions (tendons).
Each alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fibers innervated by it make up a motor unit. The connection between the alpha motor neuron and the extrafusal muscle fiber is a neuromuscular junction, where the neuron's signal, the action potential, is transduced to the muscle fiber by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Extrafusal muscle fibers are not to be confused with intrafusal muscle fibers, which are innervated by sensory nerve endings in central noncontractile parts and by gamma motor neurons in contractile ends and thus serve as a sensory proprioceptor.
Extrafusal muscle fibers can be generated in vitro (in a dish) from pluripotent stem cells through directed differentiation. This allows study of their formation and physiology.
# Bea Firth

Beatrice Ann Firth (January 27, 1946 – June 20, 2008) was a Canadian politician, who represented the electoral district of Riverdale South in the Yukon Legislative Assembly from 1982 to 1996. She was a member of the Yukon Progressive Conservative Party.
Born in Yorkton, Saskatchewan in 1946, she worked as a registered nurse before entering politics. Firth moved to Whitehorse in 1967 and worked at the Whitehorse General Hospital.
She first ran in a by-election in Riverdale South in 1981, losing to Ron Veale, but won the seat in the 1982 election. She sat as a member of the Yukon Progressive Conservative Party until 1991, when she was one of two MLAs, along with Alan Nordling, who quit the caucus in protest against the party's change of name to the Yukon Party. Firth and Nordling thereafter sat as the only members of the Independent Alliance.
Firth did not run in the 1996 election.
She died on June 20, 2008, of cancer.
# Kuo Liang-hui

Kuo Liang-hui (Chinese: 郭良蕙; 17 August 1926 in Kaifeng, Henan – 19 June 2013 in Taiwan) was a Taiwanese novelist. Several of her works were turned into films.

## Early life

Kuo Liang-hui was born in the Juye County in Shandong Province. She completed high school in Xi’an during the Chinese War of Resistance against Japan and started reading poetry at age of 16. She attended Sichuan University and became a student of Huang Ji Lu (Chinese: 黃季陸) and received a Foreign Language degree at Fudan University. Kuo moved to Chiayi, Taiwan after marrying Sun Ji-dong, pilot of the Republic of China Air Force in 1949. To increase income for living, Kuo started off with novel translations (including works of Guy de Maupassant), and soon became a novelist. Further to her first short story Young Group in Alley, she has a few columns in a number of renown magazines and her serialisation of novel Niwa edge made her a more confirmed position in the world of literature. She was named ‘the most beautiful female writer’ because of her appearance and attitude. At the time when The Lock of Hearts was published, Kuo shot to fame whilst she was criticised and prohibited on her sexual and ‘immoral’ affair topics and let to the biggest crisis in her writing career. Although this incident stroke a heavy blow and upset Kuo, she did not give up writing. At the same time, The Lock of Hearts became the hottest book selling below the ground which further boosted her name. In 1971, she travelled around the world on her own, leading her to the study heritage and arts. The Third Sex, published in 1978, was again one of the first novels ever talked about homosexuality. As a brave, top-of-the-era female, Kuo later on established Kuo Liang Hui New Enterprise Co., Ltd., also to publish travel journals.
On 19 June 2013, Kuo died from stroke. Her statue is located in the celebrity cemetery zone of Chin Pao San, Jinshan District, New Taipei, Taiwan.
# Coccothrinax boschiana

Coccothrinax boschiana (guano de Barreras) is a palm endemic to dry forests on limestone on the Sierra Martín García ridge and Sierra de Neiba on the Barahona Peninsula in the south of the Dominican Republic on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. This species was first described in 1997.

## Description

C. boschiana is palmate-leaved; its leaves have been described as "golden above and silvery below". Trees grow to about 12 metres in height.
# The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1966 TV series)

The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1966 British television series, an adaptation of the 1831 novel by Victor Hugo, directed by James Cellan Jones. It starred Peter Woodthorpe as Quasimodo and Gay Hamilton as Esmeralda. The screenplay was by Vincent Tilsley. Although some photographs exist, no recordings of the production are known to have survived.

## Cast

* Peter Woodthorpe as Quasimodo
* Gay Hamilton as Esmeralda
* James Maxwell as Claude Frollo
* Wilfrid Lawson as King of the Beggars
* Gary Raymond as Pierre Gringoire
* Alexander Davion as Captain Phoebus
* Emrys Jones as Charmolue
* Suzanne Neve as Fleur de Lys
* Derek Baker as Torturer
* Beatrix Lehmann as Gudule
* Jeffrey Isaac as Beggar
* Ray Mitchell as Cathedral chorister

## Episode titles

* Episode 1 "Abduction" 8 March 1966
* Episode 2 "Torture" 15 March 1966
* Episode 3 "Seduction" 22 March 1966
* Episode 4 "Interrogation" 29 March 1966
* Episode 5 "Accusation" 5 April 1966
* Episode 6 "Repentance" 12 April 1966
* Episode 7 "Retribution" 19 April 1966
# 1994 ATP St. Pölten

The 1994 Hypo Group Tennis International was an ATP men's tennis tournament held on outdoor clay courts in St. Poelten, Austria that was part of the World Series of the 1994 ATP Tour. It was the 14th edition of the tournament and was held from 13 June until 20 June 1994. First-seeded Thomas Muster won the singles title, his third win at the event after 1988 and 1993.

## Finals
### Singles

Thomas Muster defeated Tomás Carbonell 4–6, 6–2, 6–4
* It was Muster's 3rd singles title of the year and the 23rd of his career.

### Doubles

Vojtěch Flégl / Andrew Florent defeated Adam Malik / Jeff Tarango 3–6, 6–1, 6–4
# Doridomorphidae

Doridomorphidae is a taxonomic family of colorful sea slugs or nudibranchs. They are marine gastropod molluscs.

## Genera

Genera and species within the family Doridomorphidae include:
* Doridoeides
** Doridoeides gardineri Eliot & Evans, 1908
* Doridomorpha
** Doridomorpha gardineri Eliot, 1906
# Expressive Intelligence Studio

The Expressive Intelligence Studio is a research group at the University of California, Santa Cruz, established to conduct research in the field of game design technology. The studio is currently being run by Michael Mateas and Noah Wardrip-Fruin, who work closely with the students in their research.

## History

When Michael Mateas formed the group back in 2006, his goal was to "stretch the students into being creative." He did not want the game design program at UCSC to be "just about photo-realistic graphics." Instead he wanted to form an ambitious group of students that grabbed the attention of the gaming industry. According to Noah Wardrip-Fruin, a major benefit for establishing the Expressive Intelligence Studio at UCSC is its proximity to Silicon Valley, where many game companies are located. In 2011, UCSC was listed 7th on Princeton Review's list of top graduate game design programs.

## Research

Most of the research done by the Expressive Intelligence Studio is done through major research projects, and focuses primarily on video game AI. PhD students in the program work closely with the advisors on these projects, which have a wide range of topics. Some of these topics include automated support for game generation, automatic generation of autonomous character conversations, story management, and authoring tools for interactive storytelling. This type of research in the field of game design is only being done in a small number of other institutions, such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology, University of Southern California, and Georgia Institute of Technology. According to Mateas, however, the program at the University of California, Santa Cruz Expressive Intelligence Studio strikes a balance between technology and design.
The studio has released several playable games based on research ideas, including Prom Week, the only university-produced finalist in the 2012 Independent Games Festival.

## Example EISbot

The EISbot software (short for Expressive Intelligence Studio Bot) is an example for a human-level artificial intelligence which can play Starcraft. It was developed in 2010 for the Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment (AIIDE). The AIIDE Starcraft AI Competition is about a game playing agent, who has to win against a human player. EISbot was realized as an agent architecture, which contains submodules for reactive planning, machine learning and case-based reasoning. The reactive planner is the core of EISbot and was realized with A Behavior Language (ABL), which is an action language similar to STRIPS. The behaviors are planned with so called managers who are responsible for subgoals like production, income, tactics and scouting behavior.
# Rhinegraves

Rhinegraves are a form of breeches which were popular from the early 1660s until the mid-1670s in Western Europe. They were very full petticoat breeches gathered at or above the knee. They were worn under petticoat breeches or under an overskirt which was decorated with ribbon loops around the waist and around the knee. Where the knee was gathered, a large frill of lace and stocking tops added further decoration.
* Man in Black, by Gerard ter Borch, c. 1673
* Boy servant wearing close-fitting breeches and petticoat breeches over them, 1657
During the 1670s as the longer coat and long waistcoat became popular, these very full breeches became less full and by the late 1670s and early 1680s they were replaced by more tight fitting breeches with the stockings worn over them.
# Stewart Lake (New York)

Stewart Lake is located north of Wheelerville, New York. Fish species present in the lake are brook trout, and sunfish. There is carry down access via trail off Green Lake Road on the southeast shore.
# Kuwintaba

Kuwintaba is a village in the Commune of Bubanza in Bubanza Province in north western Burundi.
# Stelzner

Stelzner is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alfred Stelzner (1852–1906), German composer and string instrument designer
* Alfred Wilhelm Stelzner (1840–1895), German geologist
* Friedrich Stelzner (1921–2020), German surgeon, scientist, and educator
* Michael Stelzner, American writer
# Diopsiulus ceylonicus

Diopsiulus ceylonicus, is a species of millipede in the family Stemmiulidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.
# Pungsan

Pungsan or Poongsan can refer to:

## Places

* Kimhyonggwon County, a county in Ryanggang Province, North Korea formerly known as "Pungsan"
* Pungsan-eup, a town in Andong, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea

## Other

* Pungsan Sim clan in Korea
* Pungsan dog, a breed of hunting dog from North Korea
* Poongsan, a 2011 South Korean film
* Poongsan Corporation, a South Korean company
# FourU thermometer

FourU thermometers are a class of non-coding RNA thermometers found in Salmonella. They are named 'FourU' due to the four highly conserved uridine nucleotides found directly opposite the Shine-Dalgarno sequence on hairpin II (pictured). RNA thermometers such as FourU control regulation of temperature via heat shock proteins in many prokaryotes. FourU thermometers are relatively small RNA molecules, only 57 nucleotides in length, and have a simple two-hairpin structure.
FourU are found in the 5' untranslated region of the gene for heat shock protein Salmonella agsA, they repress translation of this protein by base-pairing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the gene's mRNA. This prevents ribosomes from binding the start codon of the gene.
They are also found in the 5'UTR of htrA (high temperature requirement) genes in Salmonella and E.coli.
In V. cholerae fourU thermometer in the 5' of toxT controls its temperature-dependent translation. At human body temperature, the thermometer structure opens and to allow transcriptional activator protein ToxT translation, facilitating V. cholerae virulence.
Other known RNA thermometers include the ROSE element and Hsp90 cis-reg element.

## Response to temperature

Hairpin II appears to be a dynamic feature of FourU's secondary structure. It undergoes a conformational shift when exposed to temperatures above 45 °C, becoming increasingly unpaired as temperature rises. Hairpin I, in contrast, remains stably base-paired in temperatures as high as 50 °C, which implies the structural shift of hairpin II from closed to open may have an important role in heat shock response. A later study used mutant analysis and calculations of enthalpy and entropy to support a cooperative zipper-type unfolding mechanism of FourU hairpin II in response to temperature increase.

## Sigma factor cooperation

Like other RNA thermometers, FourU is not solely responsible for temperature-dependent expression of its adjacent gene. Instead, it operates in conjunction with a sigma factor (σ$^{32}$) which is known to also regulate many other genes. Sigma factor-RNA thermometer combinations have been found to regulate other heat-shock genes (such as ibpA in E. coli) which has led to speculation of undiscovered RNA thermometers operating alongside sigma factor modules to regulate other related genes as an additional level of control. Further speculation suggests the simpler RNA thermometer method of gene regulation may have evolved prior to the more complex sigma factor transcription control.

## agsA function

The agsA gene, which is regulated by FourU thermometers, was first discovered in Salmonella enterica. The protein coded for by this gene is a small heat shock protein (sHSP) which protects bacteria from irreversible aggregation of proteins and aids in their refolding. Mutant analysis confirmed the importance of agsA: a plasmid containing the gene and a promoter increased the survival rate of a thermosenstive mutant phenotype by remedying protein aggregation at high temperatures. It has a similar function to the human chaperone α-crystallin.
# Starship Patrol

Starship Patrol (also called Starship Defense in North America and Star Ship Defender in Japan) is a strategy video game of the tower defence type developed by the Japanese company Q Games and released by Nintendo for the DSiWare/Nintendo DSi platform.

## Gameplay

Similar to other games of the tower-defence genre, the player must defend a fleet of starships against alien attackers by strategically placing turrets and other defensive mechanisms. The player may make use of certain power-ups and bonuses, but is also rewarded for not using them. The game has 30 stages (or levels) of increasing difficulties, each featuring different structures to be defended. As with other games developed by Q Games for the DSi platform, the game has minimal styling, with the graphics being styled to appear like mathematical graph-paper.
The games differs from others in the tower defence genre in that the avenue of attack of the enemies varies significantly during the game, though the player is warned about the direction each attack will come from by dotted lines appearing on-screen. The player is allowed to adjust the aiming-zones of their weaponry during attacks to adapt to them.

## Reception

Reviewing the game for Nintendo Life, Marcel van Duyn game the game a positive score of 8/10. Van Duyn praised especially the art-style and called it "a game you should definitely consider picking up if you have the slightest bit of interest in the tower defence genre", though they criticised the music saying that it was "a bit low-key and won't really impress". Simon Parkin reviewing the game for the Eurogamer website also reviewed the game positively, describing it as "contemporary and stylish despite its obvious thriftiness" though also "a fairly orthodox Tower Defence game". Edge magazine also reviewed the game positively, stating that it was "as good as you'll find on DSiWare at the moment". Reviewing the North American version of the game for IGN, Daemon Hatfield described it as "the best tower defense game on DSiWare".
The game was subsequently included in the 2010 book 1001 Video Games You Must Play Before You Die which described the graphics as "achingly lo-fi" and the game as a whole as a "rare work of craft".
# Expressive function of law

The expressive function of law is the effect of law to create or validate social norms beyond the fear of punishment. For example, the criminalization of homosexuality may be maintained in order to express disapproval of homosexuality, even if it is not regularly enforced.
# Rhadinaea

Rhadinaea is a genus of snakes of the family Colubridae.

## Species

The following 21 species are recognized as being valid.
* Rhadinaea bogertorum C. Myers, 1974 – Oaxacan graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea calligaster (Cope, 1876) – thick graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea cuneata C. Myers, 1974 – Veracruz graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea decorata (Günther, 1858) – adorned graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea flavilata (Cope, 1871) – pine woods snake
* Rhadinaea forbesi H.M. Smith, 1942 – Forbes's graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea fulvivittis Cope, 1875 – ribbon graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea gaigeae Bailey, 1937 – Gaige's pine forest snake
* Rhadinaea hesperia Bailey, 1940 – western graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea laureata (Günther, 1868) – crowned graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea macdougalli H.M. Smith & Langebartel, 1949 – MacDougall's graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea marcellae Taylor, 1949 – Marcella's graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea montana H.M. Smith, 1944 – Nuevo León graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea myersi Rossman, 1965 – Myers's graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea nuchalis Gárcia-Vázquez, Pavón-Vázquez, Blancas-Hernández, Blancas-Calva & Centenero-Alcalá, 2018
* Rhadinaea omiltemana (Günther, 1894) – Guerreran pine woods snake
* Rhadinaea pulveriventris Boulenger, 1896 – common graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea quinquelineata Cope, 1886 – Pueblan graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea sargenti Dunn & Bailey, 1939 – Sargent's graceful brown snake
* Rhadinaea taeniata (W. Peters, 1863) – pine-oak snake
* Rhadinaea vermiculaticeps (Cope, 1860) – vermiculate graceful brown snake
Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Rhadinaea.
# Congregate care

Congregate care may refer to:
* Congregate care in the United States
* Residential child care community
* Residential treatment center
# Sara Wüest

Sara Wüest (born 4 August 1969) is a Swiss athlete who competed in sprinting events. She represented her country at two World Indoor Championships, in 1993 and 1995.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Switzerland ||||||
| 1988 | World Junior Championships | Sudbury, Canada | 9th (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 45.20 |
| 1990 | European Indoor Championships | Glasgow, United Kingdom | 17th (h) | 60 m | 7.49 |
| 1992 | European Indoor Championships | Genoa, Italy | 10th (sf) | 60 m | 7.38 |
| 1993 | World Indoor Championships | Toronto, Canada | 18th (h) | 60 m | 7.44 |
| 1994 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 22nd (qf) | 100 m | 11.70 |
| 1994 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 20th (h) | 200 m | 23.89 |
| 1994 | European Championships | Helsinki, Finland | 9th (h) | 4 × 100 m relay | 44.43 |
| 1995 | World Indoor Championships | Barcelona, Spain | 28th (h) | 60 m | 7.45 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 100 metres – 11.62 (+0.1 m/s, Zofingen 1996)
* 200 metres – 23.85 (-0.6 m/s, Zürich 1992)
Indoor
* 60 metres – 7.37 (Genoa 1992)
# Stemphylium sarciniforme

Stemphylium sarciniforme is a plant pathogen infecting lentil, red clover and chickpea.
# Diopsiulus greeni

Diopsiulus greeni, is a species of millipede in the family Stemmiulidae. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.
# Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai

Pseudophilautus sirilwijesundarai (Siril Wijesundara's shrub frog) is a species of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae, endemic to Sri Lanka. It is one of the 8 species of rhacophorids that were reported from Adam's Peak in 2013.

## Habitat and threats

Its natural habitats are wet lowland forests of Sri Lanka. It is threatened by habitat loss.

## Etymology

The frog was named after Dr. Siril Wijesundara, a leading Sri Lankan scientist and naturalist.

## Description

The adult male measures 22.3 mm in snout-vent length and the adult female 32.5 mm. The skin of the dorsum is dark brown in color with some green tinging. There are maroon spots on both sides of the body and a maroon mark under each eye. The sides of the body are maroon with yellow-white marks. There are maroon marks on all legs and toes. The throat is dark brown.

## Life cycle

Like other frogs in Pseudophilautus, this species undergoes direct development, hatching from eggs as small froglets with no free-swimming tadpole stage.

## Original publication

* Wickramasinghe; Vidanapathirana; Rajeev; Ariyarathne; Chanaka; Priyantha; Bandara; Wickramasinghe (2013). "Eight new species of Pseudophilautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sripada World Heritage Site (Peak Wilderness), a local amphibian hotspot in Sri Lanka." (PDF). J Threatened Taxa. 5 (4): 3789–3920. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3099.3789-920. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-02-03.
# Karen Greenshields

Karen Greenshields is a reporter for STV News in Central Scotland.
Before joining STV as a researcher in 1995, Greenshields lived overseas for many years, including 12 months in Brazil, and had various stints as a researcher with independent production companies. Her degree in languages led to various jobs as an interpreter and translator.
Greenshields first worked for regional travel show Scottish Passport before becoming a weather presenter. She later joined the Scotland Today newsroom and specialises in arts and features, including the Edinburgh Fringe festival.
# Statutory holdback

Statutory holdback or contract holdback is the legal requirement found in most common law jurisdictions' contract law that requires an owner engaging a contractor to hold a particular percentage of payment for a stipulated length of time. This is done to ensure that any and all parties working on a contract are paid. Any subcontractors who have worked on the project are entitled to payment based on quantum meruit, and the courts will allow a lien against any property which their work has improved, should they not receive payment. In order to expedite and simplify the overall process, holdbacks can be claimed against by any subcontractors who are denied payment by the contractor who employed them on the project. Under these conditions, the subcontractor may collect payment from the owner, who then reduces his final payment (i.e. when releasing what remains of the holdback) to the contractor. Note that the subcontractor is entitled to payment based on quantum meruit, irrespective of whether or not the subcontractor has privity of contract with the owner.
In some jurisdictions, there are two or more holdbacks. For example, Ontario, Canada or the British Columbia Builders Lien Act employs both a basic and a finishing holdback. The basic holdback is 10% of the total project cost, and is released after 45 days from substantial completion of a project. The finishing holdback is 10% of the value of work still left to be completed after substantial completion of the project, and is released only after 45 days from completion of the project.