OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase

In molecular biology, the protein domain SAICAR synthase is an enzyme which catalyses a reaction to create SAICAR. In enzymology, this enzyme is also known as phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase (EC 6.3.2.6). It is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    ATP + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate + L-aspartate $\rightleftharpoons$ ADP + phosphate + (S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate
The 3 substrates of this enzyme are ATP, 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate, and L-aspartate, whereas its 3 products are ADP, phosphate, and (S)-2-[5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido]succinate.
This enzyme belongs to the family of ligases, to be specific those forming carbon-nitrogen bonds as acid-D-amino-acid ligases (peptide synthases). The systematic name of this enzyme class is 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxylate:L-aspartate ligase (ADP-forming). This enzyme participates in purine metabolism.
This particular protein family is of huge importance as it is found in all three domains of life. It is the seventh step in the pathway of purine biosynthesis. Purines are vital to all cells as they are involved in energy metabolism and DNA synthesis. Furthermore, they are of specific interest to scientific researchers as the study of the purine biosynthesis pathway could lead to the development of chemotherapeutic drugs. This is because most cancers lack a salvage pathway for adenine nucleotides and rely entirely on the SAICAR pathway.

## Protein domain

This protein domain is found in eukaryotes, bacteria and archaea. It is vital for living organisms since it catalyses a step in the purine biosynthesis pathway which aids energy metabolism and DNA synthesis.

### Protein domain function

In bacteria and plants this protein domain only catalyses the synthesis of SAICAR. However, in mammals it also catalyses phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase (AIRC) activity.

### Protein domain structure

This particular protein is an octamer made up of 8 identical subunits. Each monomer consists of a central domain and a C-terminal alpha helix. The central domain consists of a five-stranded parallel beta sheet flanked by three alpha helices one side of the sheet and two alpha helices on the other, forming a three-layer (alpha beta alpha) sandwich.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, 10 structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1A48, 1KUT, 1OBD, 1OBG, 2CNQ, 2CNU, 2CNV, 2GQR, 2GQS, and 2H31.

## Other common names

* phosphoribosylaminoimidazole-succinocarboxamide synthetase,
* PurC,
* SAICAR synthetase,
* 4-(N-succinocarboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole synthetase,
* 4-[(N-succinylamino)carbonyl]-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide,
* synthetase,
* SAICARs,
* phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthetase,
* 5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide ribonucleotide synthetase.
# D28

D28 may refer to:

## Ships

* Brazilian destroyer Paraíba (1959), a Pará-class destroyer of the Brazilian Navy
* Brazilian destroyer Paraíba (1989), a Garcia-class destroyer of the Brazilian Navy
* HMS Vanity (D28), a V-class destroyer of the Royal Navy
* Greek destroyer Thyella (D28), a Fletcher-class destroyer of the Hellenic Navy

## Other uses

* D28 road (Croatia)
* Dewoitine D.28, a French aircraft
* Martin D-28, a guitar model
* Sonatensatz, D 28 (Schubert), a piano work by Franz Schubert
* Iceberg D-28, which calved from the Amery Ice Shelf in Antarctica in September 2019
* LNER Class D28, a class of British steam locomotives
# Charles Minot Dole

Charles Minot "Minnie" Dole (April 18, 1899 – March 14, 1976) was the founder of the National Ski Patrol.

## Biography

Dole was born April 18, 1899, in Tyngsboro, Massachusetts. He learned how to ski in the Boy Scouts of America and attended Phillips Academy. Though he enlisted in the US Army during World War I, the war finished before he completed his basic training. Following the War, he graduated from Yale University in 1923.
Minnie Dole formed the National Ski Patrol in 1938 and was director of the organization until 1950.
During World War II, Dole convinced the War Department to form the 10th Mountain Division, a mountaineering unit.
Dole appeared as himself on the January 10, 1966 episode of the CBS game show To Tell the Truth. He received three of four possible votes.
Dole died March 14, 1976, in Greenwich, Connecticut.

## Legacy

Dole is honored across the ski industry with plaques and other honors. A trail was dedicated in his honor at Berkshire East Ski Area. Dole was inducted into the United States National Ski Hall of Fame in 1958. His achievements are honoured in the song 'Ski Patrol', featured on Bob Gibson's 1959 album Ski Songs.
# Phoenix (1792)

Phoenix was a ship involved in the maritime fur trade of the Pacific during the late 18th century.
Her captain was Hugh Moore, and her home port was Bombay. She is known to have visited the Pacific Northwest in 1792, and to have wintered in the Columbia River in 1794. Phoenix visited a prominent Haida village on Langara Island in 1792. As historian F. Howay recounted:
   "On the 17th arrived the bark, Phoenix of Bengal, Captain Hugh Moore. He had left Bengal seven months before and had since his arrival on the coast been trading to the northward... From Captain Moore they learned of the execution of Louis XVI in January, 1793. This ship remained until the 28th..."
Sailing south to Alta California during March 1795, Phoenix traded for sea otter furs in Santa Barbara before visiting the Kingdom of Hawaii and later the Qing port of Guangzhou. William Marsden later employed the ship to collect several nutmeg and cloves for agricultural efforts in Sumatra. Phoenix delivered the cargo in July 1798 "a complete success."
Phoenix was the namesake of the Russian-American Company brig Phoenix, the first vessel built in Russian America by Alexandr Baranov. Moore in the Phoenix had met Baranov near the "Green Islands" in 1793, when Baranov had offered him "every assistance in his power".
# Tchamba Prefecture

Tchamba Prefecture is one of the prefectures of Togo located in the Centrale Region. At the time of the 2022 census it had a population of 200,585 people.
The center is at Tchamba. The cantons (or subdivisions) of Tchamba include Tchamba, Koussountou, Adjéidè (Kri-Kri), Kaboli, Balanka, Alibi, Affem, Larini, Bago, and Goubi.
# Edmund Peirce

Sir Edmund Peirce or Pierse (died 10 August 1667), of Greenwich, Kent and Holborn, Middlesex, was an English lawyer and politician.
He was educated at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge (1629) and Trinity Hall, Cambridge (1633). He became an advocate at Doctors' Commons from 1640 to 1646 and from 1661 to his death and entered the Middle Temple in 1641. He was Proctor at the Court of Arches from 1639 and a Master of Requests from 1644 to 1646.
An avid Royalist, he was an officer in the Royal Life Guards in 1642 and a colonel of horse between 1643 and 1648. After the Restoration in 1660 he was rewarded by being appointed a master in Chancery, an Admiralty judge for the Cinque Ports and Chancellor for the diocese of Wells, all from 1660 to his death.
He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Maidstone from 1661 to 1667.
He died intestate in 1667 and was buried at the Temple church. He was married and had a son and a daughter.
# SS Henry W. Grady

SS Henry W. Grady was a Liberty ship built in the United States during World War II. She was named after Henry W. Grady, a journalist.

## Construction

Henry W. Grady was laid down on 31 July 1943, under a Maritime Commission (MARCOM) contract, MC hull 1501, by J.A. Jones Construction, Brunswick, Georgia, and launched on 22 October 1943.

## History

She was allocated to Wilmore Steamship Company, on 30 October 1943. On 9 May 1946, she was laid up in the National Defense Reserve Fleet (NDRF) in the James River Group, Lee Hall, Virginia. On 19 May 1952, she was laid up in the NDRF in Beaumont, Texas. On 22 June 1971, she was sold to Consolidated Steel Corporation, for $42,000, for scrapping. She was delivered on 21 July 1971.
# Sketrick Castle

54°29′16″N 5°38′55″W﻿ / ﻿54.4879°N 5.6485°W﻿ / 54.4879; -5.6485
Sketrick Castle is a castle situated on Sketrick Island near Whiterock, County Down, Northern Ireland. The castle is estimated to date back to the 12th century. Sketrick Castle tower-house and the passage to spring are State Care Historic Monuments in the townland of Sketrick Island, in the Ards and North Down Borough, at grid ref: J5245 6252.

## History

The castle dates from the late 12th century. In the 14th century it was acquired by Sir Robert Savage. The Annals of the Four Masters record the capture of the castle in 1470 by an army led by the O'Neill to assist the MacQuillans. They took the castle and it was given to MacQuillan for safe keeping. It was intact until 1896 when a storm demolished much of it.

## Features

Sketrick Castle was originally 57 ft high, 51 ft long and 27 ft wide, four storeys high, with a boat bay and a stone subterranean passage discovered in 1957. It has lintels running under the bawn wall to a chamber with a corbel over a fresh water spring. Parts of the bawn wall still survive to the north and east of the castle.
# China National Highway 229

China National Highway 229 (229国道) runs from Raohe, Heilongjiang to Gaizhou, Liaoning. It runs southwest from Raohe towards Gaizhou.
# 1954–55 Bury F.C. season

During the 1954–55 season Bury competed in the Football League Second Division where they finished in 13th position with 41 points. In the FA Cup Bury were drawn against fellow Second Division side Stoke City in the third round which went to a fourth replay with Stoke finally winning 3–2 after 9 hours and 22 minutes of football in the longest FA Cup tie between two professional teams.

## Final league table
### Second Division

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GAv | Pts |
| 11 | Liverpool | 42 | 16 | 10 | 16 | 92 | 96 | 0.958 | 42 |
| 12 | Middlesbrough | 42 | 18 | 6 | 18 | 73 | 82 | 0.890 | 42 |
| 13 | Bury | 42 | 15 | 11 | 16 | 77 | 72 | 1.069 | 41 |
| 14 | Fulham | 42 | 14 | 11 | 17 | 76 | 79 | 0.962 | 39 |
| 15 | Nottingham Forest | 42 | 16 | 7 | 19 | 58 | 62 | 0.935 | 39 |

## Results
### Legend

| Win | Draw | Loss |

### FA Cup
## Squad

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| — | GK | SCO | Chris Conway |
| — | GK | SCO | Lewis Goram |
| — | DF | ENG | Cyril Fairclough |
| — | DF | ENG | Eric Massey |
| — | DF | RSA | Norman Nielson |
| — | DF | ENG | Billy Redman |
| — | DF | ENG | Don Wilson |
| — | MF | NIR | Peter Tilley |
| — | MF | ENG | Henry Cockburn |
| — | MF | ENG | Jimmy Greenhalgh |
| — | MF | ENG | Tommy Daniel |
| — | MF | ENG | Don May |
| No. | Pos. | Nation | Player |
| — | MF | ENG | Les Bardsley |
| — | MF | ENG | Walter Kelly |
| — | FW | ENG | Johnny Simm |
| — | FW | ENG | Johnny Robinson |
| — | FW | ENG | Doug Clarke |
| — | FW | ENG | Stan Pearson |
| — | FW | NIR | Bobby McIlvenny |
| — | FW | ENG | Cecil Law |
| — | FW | SCO | Harry Gordon |
| — | FW | ENG | John Good |
| — | FW | ENG | Eddie Gleadall |
| — | FW | ENG | Doug Fletcher |
# Swimming at the 2019 African Games – Women's 50 metre breaststroke

The Women's 50 metre breaststroke competition of the 2019 African Games was held on 21 August 2019.

## Records

Prior to the competition, the existing world and championship records were as follows.
| | Name | Nation | Time | Location | Date |
| World record | Lilly King | United States | 29.40 | Budapest | 30 July 2017 |
| African record | Tatjana Schoenmaker | South Africa | 30.82 | Gold Coast | 6 April 2018 |
| Games record | Suzaan van Biljon | South Africa | 32.62 | Algiers | 17 July 2007 |
The following new records were set during this competition.
| Date | Event | Name | Nation | Time | Record |
| 21 August | Final | Kaylene Corbett | South Africa | 32.20 | GR |

## Results
### Heats

The heats were started on 21 August at 10:45.
| Rank | Heat | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| 1 | 2 | 4 | Tilka Paljk | Zambia | 32.67 | Q |
| 2 | 1 | 4 | Christin Mundell | South Africa | 32.70 | Q |
| 3 | 3 | 4 | Kaylene Corbett | South Africa | 32.75 | Q |
| 4 | 3 | 5 | Emily Muteti | Kenya | 33.62 | Q |
| 5 | 1 | 3 | Sarah Soliman | Egypt | 33.65 | Q |
| 6 | 2 | 5 | Maria Brunlehner | Kenya | 33.98 | Q, WD |
| 7 | 2 | 3 | Hiba Laknit | Morocco | 34.21 | Q |
| 8 | 1 | 5 | Tessa Ip Hen Cheung | Mauritius | 34.92 | Q |
| 9 | 3 | 6 | Nomvulo Mjimba | Zimbabwe | 37.03 | Q |
| 10 | 2 | 6 | Angelika Ouedraogo | Burkina Faso | 38.14 | R |
| 11 | 3 | 3 | Bellore Sangala | Republic of the Congo | 41.89 | |
| 12 | 3 | 2 | Berhane Amare | Ethiopia | 42.14 | |
| 13 | 2 | 2 | Mariama Touré | Guinea | 43.36 | |
| 14 | 2 | 7 | Isha Kanu | Sierra Leone | 47.24 | |
| 15 | 3 | 7 | Aichata Konate | Mali | 47.41 | |
| 16 | 1 | 2 | Aminata Sangafe | Mali | 48.13 | |
| 17 | 1 | 7 | Safia Houssein Barkat | Djibouti | 48.58 | |
| 18 | | | Pilar Ndong Mangue | Equatorial Guinea | 54.19 | |
| | 3 | 1 | Samantha Rakotovelo | Madagascar | Did not start | |

### Final

The final was started on 21 August at 17:00.
| Rank | Lane | Name | Nationality | Time | Notes |
| | 3 | Kaylene Corbett | South Africa | 32.20 | GR |
| | 5 | Christin Mundell | South Africa | 32.70 | |
| | 4 | Tilka Paljk | Zambia | 32.92 | |
| 4 | 2 | Sarah Soliman | Egypt | 33.46 | |
| 5 | 7 | Hiba Laknit | Morocco | 34.13 | |
| 6 | 6 | Emily Muteti | Kenya | 34.45 | |
| 7 | 1 | Tessa Ip Hen Cheung | Mauritius | 34.62 | |
| 8 | 8 | Nomvulo Mjimba | Zimbabwe | 37.03 | |
# Charles Jules Edmée Brongniart

Charles Jules Edmée Brongniart (11 February 1859, in Paris – 18 April 1899, in Paris) was a French entomologist and paleontologist.
A pioneer in the field of paleoentomology, he made important contributions towards the understanding of insect evolution. He is remembered for his studies of Late Carboniferous fauna found at Commentry, France.

## Selected works

* Les Hyménoptères fossiles, 1881 – Hymenoptera fossils.
* Sur un gigantesque Neurorthoptère, provenant des terrains houillers de Commentry (Allier), 1884 – On a gigantic Neurorthoptera, found in the coalfields of Commentry.
* Les Insectes fossiles des terrains primaires : coup d'oeil rapide sur la faune entomologique des terrains paléozoïques, avec 5 planches en héliogravure, 1885; Translated into English by Mark Stirrup (Salford: J. Roberts and Sons, 1885) as "The fossil insects of the primary group of rocks: a rapid survey of the entomological fauna of the Paleozoic systems".
* Tableaux de zoologie (classification) (Hermann, Paris, 1886, réédité en 1887, 1888).
* With Henri Fayol (1841–1925), Études sur le terrain houiller de Commentry (Saint-Étienne, 1887–1888).
* Histoire naturelle populaire. L'homme et les animaux (E. Flammarion, Paris, 1892).
* Recherches pour servir á l'histoire des insectes fossiles des temps primaires : procédées d'une étude sur la nervation des ailes des insectes, 1893 – Research in regards to the history of paleoentomology, etc. (preceded by a study on the venation of insect wings).
* Guide du naturaliste voyageur, enseignement spécial pour les voyageurs. Insectes, myriapodes, arachnides, crustacés (Fils de E. Deyrolle, Paris, 1894).
* With Eugène Louis Bouvier (1856–1944), Instructions pour la recherche des animaux articulés (Autun, 1896).
* Apercu sur les insectes fossiles en general, 1896 – Overview on fossil insects in general.

## Sources and references

* Jean Gouillard (2004). Histoire des entomologistes français, 1750-1950. Édition entièrement revue et augmentée. Boubée (Paris) : 287 p.
* Philippe Jaussaud & Édouard R. Brygoo (2004). Du Jardin au Muséum en 516 biographies. Muséum national d’histoire naturelle de Paris : 630 p.
* ↑ Google Books Evolution of the Insects by David Grimaldi
* 1 2 IDREF.fr bibliography
* ↑ OCLC Classify publications
* This article about a French zoologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
* This article about an entomologist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Philippines Development Assistance Program

The Philippine Development Assistance Programme, Inc. (PDAP) is a coalition of Filipino and Canadian non-government organizations (NGOs). It was founded in 1986 as a non-profit organization to alleviate poverty and inequality in the Philippines. PDAP partners with existing NGOs in the Philippines as well as peoples’ organizations (POs) to develop and carry out projects to help the rural communities. The main form of funding for PDAP’s projects is contributions from the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).

## Programs
### Central Loan Fund

The Central Loan Fund was launched in late 1993 by PDAP to provide credit facilities to the poor communities. The success of the CLF led to the formation of the Federation of Peoples’ Sustainable Development Cooperative (FPSDC), which was set up in 1998.

### Promoting Participation in Sustainable Enterprises

Promoting Participation in Sustainable Enterprises conducted from 1997 to 2004, was based on the model of Sustainable Agriculture, and aimed to promote subsistence farming and help transform micro-enterprises into larger and more efficient sustainable enterprises. Through this program, PDAP realised the importance of linkages between the rural communities and the market, and provided marketing support to the enterprises.

### Promoting Rural Industries and Market Enhancement Program

Promoting Rural Industries and Market Enhancement Program aims to encourage the participation of the rural communities in enterprises that will help to improve food security, increase income and create jobs for the rural poor. This five-year program, from 2005 to 2010, builds on the achievements of the PPSE program and hopes to achieve its objective through four components: development of micro-enterprises, enhancing market participation, policy analysis and strengthening PDAP’s institutional capacity.

## Challenges facing PDAP

PDAP used to have a large organic rice farming program in Valencia, Bukidnon in the Philippines but it was subsequently scaled down significantly. Beethoven Morales (2004) explained that it was a challenge for most NGOs in Bukidnon to establish sufficient income-generating activities that will allow them to be self-sustaining. Due to the increasing competition for foreign assistance, and local governments having numerous financial challenges, many NGOs are having problems maintaining their operations in Bukidnon as their sources of finance become restricted.
Consuelo Katrina A. Lopa (2003) highlighted that the NGOs and their beneficiaries will be greatly affected by foreign policy changes if the NGOs only depend on a single donor for contributions. As a result of the need to increase the sources of income, PDAP is also funding its projects through contributions from Canadian NGOs and Official Development Assistance (ODA).
# Tchamba River

The Tchamba River is a river of northeastern New Caledonia. It has a catchment area of 187 square kilometres (72 square miles).
# Charpentier C1

The Charpentier C1 was a French tailless experimental aircraft that was designed by Jean Charpentier during the 1930s. The single prototype crashed on its first flight in January 1934 and further development was cancelled.

## Specifications (variant specified)

Data from Il ne vola qu'un court instant... le Charpentier C 1
General characteristics
* Length: 5.3 m (17 ft 5 in)
* Wingspan: 15 m (49 ft 3 in)
* Wing area: 24 m$^2$ (260 sq ft)
* Gross weight: 2,400 kg (5,291 lb)
* Powerplant: 3 × Hispano-Suiza 6P water-cooled 6-cylinder inline reciprocating engine, 75 kW (100 hp) each
* Propellers: 2-bladed, 1.9 m (6 ft 3 in) diameter
Performance
# Sohawal

Sohawal is a town and tehsil in Ayodhya district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh and is sub post office of Ayodhya. Sohawal is 18 km west of district headquarters Ayodhya.

## Demographics

Religions in Sohawal :
| Religion | Religion | Percent | Percent |
| Hindus | Hindus | 75% | 75% |
| Muslims | Muslims | 15% | 15% |
| Jains | Jains | 10% | 10% |
| Others† | Others† | 0% | 0% |
| Distribution of religions †Includes Sikhs (0%), Buddhists (<0%). |||||
As of 2011 India census, Sohawal had a population of 25,123. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Sohawal has an average literacy rate of 62%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 71%, and female literacy is 52%. In Sohawal, 17% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Government and politics

Sohawal is a block in the Ayodhya district in Uttar Pradesh.
The town is a part of Ayodhya Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India. Lallu Singh from Bharatiya Janata Party is the MP of Ayodhya Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh.

## Transport
### Road

Sohawal is well connected with nearby cities Ayodhya and also with Rudauli, Goshainganj and Bikapur towns of Ayodhya district.

### Railway

Sohawal railway station serves the town of Sohawal.

### Air

Ayodhya International Airport is the nearest airport.
# Fencing at the 2015 SEA Games – Women's team épée

The women's team épée competition of the fencing event at the 2015 SEA Games was held on 7 June 2015 at the OCBC Arena Hall 2 in Kallang, Singapore.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Round |
| Saturday, 7 June 2015 | 14:00 | Quarterfinals |
| Saturday, 7 June 2015 | 16:15 | Semifinals |
| Saturday, 7 June 2015 | 18:45 | Gold medal match |

## Results

    Source: Event Summary
| Quarterfinal 7 June 14:00 | Quarterfinal 7 June 14:00 | Semifinal 7 June 16:15 | Semifinal 7 June 16:15 | Gold medal match 7 June 18:45 | Gold medal match 7 June 18:45 |
| Vietnam (VIE) | | | |
| Bye | | | |
| Bye | | Vietnam (VIE) | 38 |
| | | Indonesia (INA) | 34 |
| Indonesia (INA) | 44 | Indonesia (INA) | 34 |
| Thailand (THA) | 42 | | | | |
| Thailand (THA) | 42 | | | Vietnam (VIE) | 45 |
| | | | | Philippines (PHI) | 28 |
| Philippines (PHI) | 45 | | | Philippines (PHI) | 28 |
| Myanmar (MYA) | 25 | | | | |
| Myanmar (MYA) | 25 | Philippines (PHI) | 29 | | |
| | | Singapore (SIN) | 28 |
| Bye | | Singapore (SIN) | 28 |
| Singapore (SIN) | | | |

## Final standing

    Source: Final Standings - Women's team épée
| Rank | Team |
| Finals ||
| | Vietnam (VIE) Nguyễn Thanh Vân Nguyễn Thị Như Hoa Trần Thị Len Trần Thị Thùy Trinh |
| | Philippines (PHI) Abella Hanniel Estimada Anna Gabriella Harlene Raguin Pangilinan Keren |
| | Singapore (SIN) Lim Cheryl Lim Elizabeth Ann Yu Yan Lim Victoria Ann Xiu Yan Rahardja Rania Herli |
| | Indonesia (INA) Idar Isnawaty Megawati Megawati Nurhidayati Jeanned Pertiwi Dian |
| Quarterfinals ||
| 5 | Thailand (THA) Maksin Daret Akhamwong Wijitta Thanee Korawan Thongphueak Wanwipa |
| 6 | Myanmar (MYA) Htike Let Yee Htwe Su Hlaing Thin Zar Zar |