OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sophia Kleegman

Sophia Josephine Kleegman (1901–1971) was a Russian American obstetrician, gynecologist, and sex education advocate. She was a pioneer in the study of infertility.

## Biography

Sophia Kleegman was born on July 8, 1901, in Kiev, Russian Empire to Israel and Elka Siergutz Kleegman. In 1906 her family emigrated to the United States, settling in New York. She was accepted into the second coeducational class of Bellevue Hospital Medical College (now the New York University School of Medicine) in 1920. Following her graduation in 1924, she held a residency at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital. Thereafter she practiced gynecology and obstetrics. In 1929 she was appointed to the faculty of obstetrics and gynecology at the New York University College of Medicine. She was the first woman to be appointed to the faculty. She joined the attending staff of Bellevue Hospital that same year.
From the 1930s on, Kleegman published several papers on the diagnosis and treatment of infertility. She was an early advocate of artificial insemination and the establishment of sperm banks. She had a highly successful private practice.
Kleegman became a clinical professor in gynecology and obstetrics in 1953. She led Bellevue's infertility clinic from 1958 until 1971. She wrote the 1966 book Infertility in Women with Sherwin Kaufman.
Kleegman died in New York on September 30, 1971.

## Personal life

As she was already established professionally, Kleegman retained her name when she married orthodontist John H. Sillman on December 31, 1932. They had two children, Frederick Holden (b. 1937) and Anne Marice (b. 1941).

## Selected publications

* Kleegman, Sophia J. (November 15, 1935). "Medical and Social Aspects of Birth Control". The Journal-Lancet. 45 (22). Minneapolis.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (January 1939). "Recent Advances in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Sterility". The Medical Woman's Journal (46): 3, 1, 9.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (May 1951). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility in Women". Medical Clinics of North America. 35 (3): 817–846. doi:10.1016/S0025-7125(16)35282-8. PMID 13098507.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (January 1954). "Therapeutic Donor Insemination". Fertility and Sterility. 5 (1): 7–31. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)31504-7. PMID 13117078. S2CID 35314266.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (October 1959). "Frigidity in Women". Quarterly Review of Surgery. 16: 243–248. PMID 14409638.
* Kleegman, Sophia J. (March 1966). "Educate the Educators". Fertility and Sterility. 17 (2): 160–164. doi:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)35881-2. PMID 5907040.
# Citharoceps

Citharoceps is a genus of spiders in the family Segestriidae. It was first described in 1924 by Chamberlin.

## Species

As of April 2021, the genus contained two species:
* Citharoceps cruzana (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935) - US
* Citharoceps fidicina Chamberlin, 1924 - US, Mexico
# Podlaszcze

Podlaszcze is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Jędrzejów, within Jędrzejów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 6 kilometres (4 mi) north-east of Jędrzejów and 31 km (19 mi) south-west of the regional capital Kielce.
# Jutta Steinruck

Jutta Steinruck (born 1 September 1962) is a German independent politician. From 1996 to 2023 she was a member of the Social Democratic Party, part of the Party of European Socialists. From 2009 until 2017, she served as Member of the European Parliament (MEP) representing Germany. Since 2018 she serves as Lord Mayor of Ludwigshafen .

## Political career
### Member of the European Parliament, 2009–2017

During her time as Member of the European Parliament, Steinruck served on the following committees:
* Member, Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (2009–2017)
* Member, Delegation for relations with the Arab Peninsula (2009–2014)
* Member, Delegation to the EU-Albania Stabilisation and Association Parliamentary Committee (2014–2017)
In addition to her committee assignments, Steinruck served as a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Western Sahara and as chairwoman of the European Parliament Intergroup on Trade Unions.

### Mayor of Ludwigshafen, 2018–present

Steinruck has been serving as Mayor of Ludwigshafen since 2018.
In 2023, Steinruck left the SPD.

## Other activities

* Ludwigshafen Hospital, Ex-Officio Chairwoman of the Supervisory Board (since 2018)
* Technische Werke Ludwigshafen AG (TWL), Ex-Officio Chairwoman of the Supervisory Board (since 2018)
* German United Services Trade Union (ver.di), Member
# Dark Knight of Karameikos

Dark Knight of Karameikos is a fantasy novel by Timothy Brown, set in the world of Mystara, and based on the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game. It is based on the Mystara setting. It was published in paperback edition in October 1995.

## Plot summary

Dark Knight of Karameikos is a novel in which the knight Sir Grygory of Karameikos fights against the evil forces that are menacing the land of Traldara.

## Reception

Gideon Kibblewhite reviewed Dark Knight of Karameikos for Arcane magazine, rating it a 7 out of 10 overall. He notes that "Timothy Brown is director of game development at TSR and so was a major player in the creation of Mystara, the setting for this, his first novel." He calls the novel "exciting, though not original" and adds: "If the tale of revenge, self-doubt and ultimate courage is an ordinary one, it is also well-told and pacey, and builds to a breathless ending." Kibblewhite ends his review by saying: "Dark Knight of Karameikos provides a rich vein of source material as well. The author's descriptive flair and his attention to detail adds much flesh to this world. There is much information to be had about its history and culture which is particularly important if players want to be knights running about in shining armour. Required reading for selfless heroes."
# Pretty Young Thing (disambiguation)

Pretty Young Thing or variant, may refer to:

## Songs, singles, 45 records

* "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)", a 1982 song by Michael Jackson off the album Thriller
* "Pretty Young Thing", a 2002 song by B2K off the album Pandemonium! (album)
* "Pretty Young Thing", a single by Stella Soleil, later covered by Lene Nystrom
* "Pretty Young Thing", a 2004 single by Lene Nystrøm featuring a cover of the Stella Soleil song
* "Pretty Young Thing", a 2005 song by Tina Cousins off the album Mastermind (Tina Cousins album)
* "Pretty Young Things", a Bodyrox song from the soundtrack of the 2010 film 4.3.2.1.

## Groups, organizations

* P.Y.T. (band) (1998-2002), a Florida-based girl group variously rendered as "Pretty Young Thing", "Pretty Young Things" and "Prove Yourself True"; named after the Michael Jackson song
* Pretty Young Things (1983-1985), a pro-wrestling tag team; named after the Michael Jackson song

## Other uses

* Pretty Young Thing, a 2005 poetry collection by Danielle Pafunda
* "P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)" (Grey's Anatomy), a 2011 episode in season 7 of the television show Grey's Anatomy
# Gauss map (disambiguation)

Gauss map may refer to:
* The Gauss map, a mapping of the Euclidean space onto a sphere
* The Gauss iterated map, an iterated nonlinear map
* The function $h(x)=1/x-\lfloor 1/x\rfloor ,$ see Gauss–Kuzmin–Wirsing operator
See also List of topics named after Carl Friedrich Gauss.
# Sound speed gradient

In acoustics, the sound speed gradient is the rate of change of the speed of sound with distance, for example with depth in the ocean, or height in the Earth's atmosphere. A sound speed gradient leads to refraction of sound wavefronts in the direction of lower sound speed, causing the sound rays to follow a curved path. The radius of curvature of the sound path is inversely proportional to the gradient.
When the sun warms the Earth's surface, there is a negative temperature gradient in atmosphere. The speed of sound decreases with decreasing temperature, so this also creates a negative sound speed gradient. The sound wave front travels faster near the ground, so the sound is refracted upward, away from listeners on the ground, creating an acoustic shadow at some distance from the source. The opposite effect happens when the ground is covered with snow, or in the morning over water, when the sound speed gradient is positive. In this case, sound waves can be refracted from the upper levels down to the surface.
In underwater acoustics, speed of sound depends on pressure (hence depth), temperature, and salinity of seawater, thus leading to vertical speed gradients similar to those that exist in atmospheric acoustics. However, when there is a zero sound speed gradient, values of sound speed have the same "isospeed" in all parts of a given water column (there is no change in sound speed with depth). The same effect happens in an isothermal atmosphere with the ideal gas assumption.
# Spirocolpus

Spirocolpus is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turritellidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Spirocolpus include:
* † Spirocolpus carsoni Finlay & Marwick, 1937
* † Spirocolpus meadii (Baily, 1855)
* † Spirocolpus rudis (P. Marshall, 1919)
* † Spirocolpus tophinus (Marwick, 1926)
* † Spirocolpus waihaoensis (Marwick, 1924)
# Dwight Mayer

Dwight J. Mayer (1927–2013) was a croquet player. Mayer served as the first president of the Croquet Club at PGA National in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, the largest croquet club in the Western U.S. He also served as chair of croquet at the Beach Club in Palm Beach, Florida for 17 years.

## Early life

Mayer was born in Stockton, California to Gertrude Seward Mayer and A. Kenneth Mayer in 1927. He graduated from the Morristown School (now Morristown-Beard School) in Morristown, New Jersey in 1945. While at the school, Mayer played on the football team and earned all-state honors. He also served as captain of the baseball team.
In December 1945, Mayer enlisted with the U.S. Army to serve in World War II. He completed his bachelor's degree at St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York in 1952. During his time at St. Lawrence, Mayer played on the baseball team and served as team captain.

## Croquet career

During his croquet career, Mayer achieved status as a scratch player after he earned a zero handicap. He won the Master Doubles Championship of the United States Croquet Association (USCA) in 2000 and 2002. Mayer also won the USCA's Master Singles Championship twice.

## Industry career

Mayer served as the national marketing manager for Grow Chemical. He also served as the president and CEO of VIP Packaging, a commercial art and graphic design firm in Hillside, New Jersey.

## Notable ancestry

Mayer descended directly from Samuel Huntington, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, who served as first president of the Continental Congress. He also descended from William H. Seward, Secretary of State under President Abraham Lincoln, and Simeon North, inventor of the milling machine.
# Tarsometatarsus

The tarsometatarsus is a bone that is only found in the lower leg of birds and some non-avian dinosaurs. It is formed from the fusion of several bones found in other types of animals, and homologous to the mammalian tarsus (ankle bones) and metatarsal bones (foot). Despite this, the tarsometatarsus of birds is often referred to as just the shank, tarsus or metatarsus.
Tarsometatarsal fusion occurred in several ways and extents throughout bird evolution. Specifically, in Neornithes (modern birds), although the bones are joined along their entire length, the fusion is most thorough at the distal (metatarsal) end. In the Enantiornithes, a group of Mesozoic avialans, the fusion was complete at the proximal (tarsal) end, but the distal metatarsi were still partially distinct.
While these fused bones are best known from birds and their relatives, avians are neither the only group nor the first to possess tarsometatarsi. In a remarkable case of parallel evolution, they were also present in the Heterodontosauridae, a group of tiny ornithischian dinosaurs quite distantly related to birds. The oldest remains of this taxon date from the Late Triassic more than 200 million years ago, and predate the first birds with tarsometatarsi by nearly 100 million years.
# Dentectus

Dentectus barbarmatus is the only species of the monotypic genus Dentectus, a genus of armored catfish.
This species is endemic to Venezuela where it is found in the upper Orinoco drainage. There is very little ecological and behavioral information on this species.
This species reaches 13.7 centimetres (5.4 in) SL. Although it has been placed within the Pseudohemiodon group based on its strongly depressed body, filamentous lips with long fringed barbels, and small, spoon-shaped and dentition, Dentectus also shows unique derived features such as the presence of plates along the outer margin of its maxillary barbels, and a unique mouth structure that distinguishes it from all other genera.
# Salvia lanceolata

Salvia lanceolata (lanceleaf sage) is a perennial shrub native to a small area of coast on the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. It is typically found growing in sandy ground at sea level, and on dry hills and flat ground up to 1000 feet elevation. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, a pioneer in evolutionary theory, first described and named the plant "lanceolata" in 1791. Swedish botanist Carl Peter Thunberg, who was delayed in South Africa on the way to Japan, first collected it nearly twenty years earlier, along with approximately 3,000 plants that he later described. It wasn't until 1800 that Thunberg gave the plant the specific epithet "nivea", meaning 'snowy' in Latin, referring to the color of the foliage. Because of the rules of nomenclature, Lamarck's name had precedence because he was the first to name it.
Salvia lanceolata is a much branched shrub growing 3 ft tall and 2–4 ft wide, with stems that become woody and light tan as they age. The leaves are lanceolate and evergreen, thick textured, and dove-gray with a green undertone. The .5 inch long calyx expands to 1 inch after the flowers are fertilized, turning pink. The 1.5 inch flowers are an unusual dull rosy brownish color. The plant blooms sparsely over a long period, from May through November.
When crushed, the leaves give off a light fragrance reminiscent of lemon pepper, and are used in South Africa for cooking, most commonly with fish.
# Cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase

In enzymology, a cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.161) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    (25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol + NAD$^+$ $\rightleftharpoons$ (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al + NADH + H$^+$
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are (25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol and NAD$^+$, whereas its 3 products are (25R)-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha-trihydroxy-5beta-cholestan-26-al, NADH, and H$^+$.
This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with NAD$^+$ or NADP$^+$ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (25R)-5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol:NAD$^+$ 26-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include cholestanetetraol 26-dehydrogenase, 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetrol dehydrogenase, TEHC-NAD oxidoreductase, 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,26-tetraol:NAD$^+$, and 26-oxidoreductase. This enzyme participates in bile acid biosynthesis.
# Split View Mountain Lodge

Split View Mountain Lodge (also occasionally called Havsdalen Holiday Home or Holiday Home Havsdalen) is an architecture project by the firm Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter near the ski resort Havsdalen in Geilo, Norway. It won the 2016 German Design Award for Excellent Communications Design in Architecture. The house has also been the subject of coverage in architecture magazines including EK and Plain. It was commissioned in 2011 by a private client to be a holiday home, to be built with 4 bedrooms.
The building has been praised for integrating into its landscape and being a good example of contemporary Norwegian architecture. The home's façade splits into 2 living areas after the main wing. There is also a detached annex to accommodate guests.
The siding is largely made from timber, which is a common feature of Norwegian architecture. The timber cladding was chosen because it will change color and become grey over time; an aesthetic choice.
# E. C. Gleason House

The E. C. Gleason House is a historic house located at 209 East Avenue A in Jerome, Idaho. The house was built in 1918 for farmer E. C. Gleason. Prominent Jerome stone mason H. T. Pugh built the house out of lava rock in the bungalow style. The house was both Pugh's first work within the city of Jerome and his first bungalow; the quality of his work popularized both bungalows and lava rock as a building material in Jerome. The exterior of the house is formed by randomly yet carefully arranged stones joined by dark mortar; its design includes a full porch, wide eaves with diagonal brackets, and dormers with shed roofs on the front and back.
The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 8, 1983.
# Taracus marchingtoni

Taracus marchingtoni is a genus of harvestman found in the lava caves of semi-arid and arid regions of central Oregon. It belongs to the family Taracidae and was first collected by Jean and Wilton Ivie in 1965 in Lava River Cave but not identified as a new species until collected by Neil Marchington of the Oregon High Desert Grotto in 2008. Its range is suspected to be the surrounding areas of Newberry Volcano. It has enlarged but thin chelicerae, typically equal to or longer than the entire length of the body, and in small-bodied males nearly three times as long. The harvestman is troglobiotic and has a predominantly white abdomen, black chelicerae, and highly reduced eye size. T. marchingtoni has been observed feeding on small troglophilic millipedes identified as Plumatyla humerosa of the Conotylidae family.
# Chris Harris

Chris Harris may refer to:

## Sportspeople

* Chris Harris (basketball) (1933–2022), English basketballer
* Chris Harris (cricketer) (born 1969), New Zealand cricketer
* Chris Harris (darts player), Welsh darts player
* Chris Harris (rower) (born 1985), New Zealand rower
* Chris Harris (rugby union) (born 1990), English born, Scottish rugby union player
* Chris Harris (safety) (born 1982), American football coach and former NFL player
* Chris Harris (speedway rider) (born 1982), English motorcycle speedway rider
* Chris Harris (wrestler) (born 1973), American professional wrestler
* Chris Harris Jr. (born 1989), American football cornerback

## Others

* Chris Harris (actor) (1942–2014), English performer and writer specialising in pantomime and comic acting
* Chris Harris (journalist) (born 1975), English automotive journalist and automotive racing driver
* Chris Harris (New South Wales politician) (born 1951), City of Sydney councillor and Green politician
* Chris Harris (Kentucky politician), Kentucky State Representative
* Chris Harris (Texas politician) (1948–2015), Texas State Representative and State Senator
* Chris J. Harris, British electrical engineer
* Zeuss (Chris Harris, born 1972), American record producer, mixer, guitarist, and songwriter
# Pridefine

Pridefine (AHR-1,118) is a drug which was investigated as an antidepressant in the late 1970s and early 1980s, but was never marketed. It acts as a balanced reuptake inhibitor of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, and also has some weak releasing activity.
In clinical trials pridefine was found to be as efficacious as the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline and imipramine in the treatment of major depressive disorder but was much more tolerable in comparison and also had an earlier onset of action. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of alcoholism as well.
# Salum Mayanga

Salum Mayanga is a Tanzanian football coach.
In January 2017, he was announced manager of the Tanzania national football team replacing Charles Boniface Mkwasa.
# Pseudofumaria lutea

Pseudofumaria lutea (syn. Corydalis lutea), the yellow corydalis or rock fumewort, is a short-lived perennial plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It is native to the southern foothills of the south-western and central Alps of Italy and Switzerland, but widely introduced elsewhere.

## Characteristics

Yellow corydalis grows to 30–38 cm (12–15 in) tall. Leaves are finely divided and yellow-green to gray-green, often remaining over winter.
Flowers are 2 centimetres (0.75 in) long, borne in racemes on short, branched, leafy stems from late spring to autumn. They have 4 petals; the top and bottom ones crested, the top one with a short, rounded spur curved downwards, the 2 inner ones connected at the tip.
Its seeds, dark brown with white elaiosomes, are held in oval, flat pods. Plants self-seed abundantly.

## Cultivation

Yellow corydalis is hardy to –34 °C (-30 °F; hardiness zone 4). It does best in light shade with good moisture, but will tolerate both full sun and deep shade. It grows wild in cracks in old walls where drainage is excellent.
# Chris Hicks

Chris or Christopher Hicks may refer to:
* Chris Hicks (rugby league) (born 1977), Australian professional rugby league footballer
* Chris Hicks (record executive) (born 1970), American record industry executive
* Christopher Hicks, a.k.a. Oly Hicks (born 1968), Canadian-Italian ice hockey coach
* Chris Hicks (lawyer), district attorney in Washoe County, Nevada, son of US district judge Larry R. Hicks
# Citti

Citti is a surname.
Notable people with the surname include:

## People

* Christine Citti (born 1962), French actress
* Franco Citti (1935–2016), Italian actor
* Sergio Citti (1933–2005), Italian film director and screenwriter

## Fictional characters

* Sandra Citti, a character from the 1963 Soviet Russian-language science fiction novel Razor's Edge by Ivan Yefremov
# Point Souttar, South Australia

Point Souttar is a locality in the Australian state of South Australia located on the western side of Yorke Peninsula on the portion forming the south coast of Hardwicke Bay in Spencer Gulf about 121 kilometres (75 miles) west of the Adelaide city centre.
Its boundaries were created in May 1999 for the “long established name” which includes the Point Souttar Shack Site. The name was derived from a headland on the coastline which was named after a John Souttar who married Joanna Daly, the daughter of Dominick Daly, the seventh Governor of South Australia.
As of 2015, the majority of land use within the locality is destined for agriculture. A secondary land use is conservation which concerns the strip of land immediately adjoining the coastline as well as part of the Leven Beach Conservation Park located in the locality's northwest corner.
Point Souttar is located within the federal division of Grey, the state electoral district of Narungga and the local government area of the Yorke Peninsula Council.