OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Benjamin Obdyke

Benjamin Obdyke Incorporated is a building materials manufacturer based in the Philadelphia suburb of Horsham, Pennsylvania. The company was started by its namesake, Benjamin P. Obdyke in 1868. Benjamin P. Obdyke is credited with creating and manufacturing the first corrugated downspout while the company itself claims patents on three products that have been integral in the advancement of building practices over the past 20 years: Roll Vent the first rolled ridge vent, Cedar Breather the first wood roofing underlayment, and Home Slicker the first rolled product to provide drainage and air flow in rainscreen wall assemblies. While the company’s origins are closely tied to the metal gutters and downspouts business, Benjamin Obdyke sold off that part of their business in the late nineties and now exclusively sells roof and wall products that help improve the building envelope, most of which feature the company’s patented matrix technology.

## History

Benjamin Obdyke Incorporated was started in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1868 by Benjamin P. Obdyke after he returned from serving the Union Army in the American Civil War. Obdyke invented and patented the round corrugated downspout, beginning a long tradition of manufacturing innovative quality building products. The company and product line grew over the years to include a variety of rain carrying equipment, roof edging and trims. The manufacturing process included roll formers and various stamping dies. The products were manufactured from Galvanized steel, copper and later aluminum (both pre painted and mill finish). By 1997 the company was operating 26 roll formers in a 200,000 sq. ft. manufacturing and distribution facility located in Warminster, Pennsylvania. In 1988 BOI acquired the patent for a rolled ridge vent, which began a new era of innovative products such as Roll Vent, Rapid Ridge, Cedar Breather, and eventually Home Slicker.
In the late nineties the company was approached by another old line gutter manufacturer, Berger Brothers located in Feasterville, Pennsylvania with interest to acquire the metal manufacturing portion of the business. Based on the growth of the newer innovative products, the company decided to sell the metal business to Berger and did so in December 1997. Today, the company actively markets its ridge ventilation and moisture management products under the Benjamin Obdyke brand to professional contractors all over North America through their diverse network of wholesale distributors.
# Riga (disambiguation)

Riga is the capital of Latvia.
Riga may also refer to:

## Geography
### In Latvia

* Riga International Airport
* Riga Cathedral, a church in Riga
* Riga Castle, a building in Riga
* Riga Black Balsam, an alcoholic drink in Latvia

### Elsewhere

* Riga, New York, town in Monroe County, New York
** Riga Academy, a house in Riga, New York
* Riga Township, Michigan, civil township of Lenawee County in the U.S. state of Michigan
* Mount Riga (NYCRR station), former train station
* Riga Assembly constituency in Bihar, India

## Sports

* FK Rīga, a Latvian football club
* HK Riga 2000, a Latvian ice hockey team
* Riga Vanderer, defunct Latvian football club

## Technology

* Riga class frigate, Soviet Navy class of frigates
* Riga (moped) Moped, 1965–1992

## Other

* 1796 Riga, an asteroid
* RIGA Project, a United Nations project
* SS Riga, a number of ships with this name
* Riga Mustapha, a Ghanaian football player
* Riga (surname)
# Benoist Land Tractor Type XII

The Benoist Land Tractor Type XII was one of the first enclosed cockpit, tractor configuration aircraft built. Benoist used "Model XII" to several aircraft that shared the same basic engine and wing design, but differed in fuselage and control surfaces.

## Design and development

The Type XII was a tractor-engined conversion of the model XII headless pusher aircraft that resembled the Curtiss pusher aircraft. Demonstration pilots used Benoist aircraft to demonstrate the first parachute jumps, and the tractor configuration was considered much more suitable for the task. The first example named the "Military Plane" had a small box frame covered fuselage that left the occupants mostly exposed to the wind. The later model XII "Cross Country Plane" had a full fuselage that occupants sat inside of.
The first tractor biplane used a wooden fuselage with a small seat on top. The wings were covered with a Goodyear rubberized cloth.

## Operational history

The first model XII was built in the spring of 1912.
On 1 March 1912, Albert Berry used a headless Type XII to complete the first parachute jump from an airplane. Berry used a conical parachute with paper in between the folds to prevent entanglement. He climbed onto a trapeze like support on the front of the aircraft, cut the supporting cable and landed at Jefferson Barracks.
On 6 November 1912 Tony Jannus flew a model XII mounted with floats 1,973 mi down the Missouri and Mississippi rivers from Omaha, Nebraska to New Orleans arriving on 16 December.

## Variants

* Type XII Military Plane - A tractor biplane with a small square section covered fuselage.

## Survivors

A Model XII, factory No.32 built by Edward and Milton Korn in Benoist's shop is on display at the Smithsonian's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center. The aircraft had been rebuilt with modifications in 1917 after a 13 August 1913 accident which killed one of its builders, Milton Korn. It was donated to the Air and Space museum in 1949, and restored in 1981.

## Specifications (Benoist Land Tractor Type XII)

Data from Smithsonian, Automotive Journal
General characteristics
* Capacity: 2
* Length: 23 ft 7 in (7.19 m)
* Wingspan: 55 ft (17 m)
* Height: 8 ft 2 in (2.49 m)
* Empty weight: 1,045 lb (474 kg)
* Gross weight: 1,750 lb (794 kg)
* Fuel capacity: 20 US gallons (76 L; 17 imp gal) or 50 US gallons (190 L; 42 imp gal) gallon tank
* Powerplant: 1 × Roberts six cylinder inline, 75 hp (56 kW)
Performance
* Cruise speed: 52 kn (60 mph, 97 km/h)
* Rate of climb: 200 ft/min (1.0 m/s)
Avionics
* Wind speed string
# Benoist Aircraft

The Benoist Aircraft Company was an early manufacturer of aircraft in the United States. It was formed in 1912 in St Louis, Missouri, by Thomas W. Benoist. Over the next five years, it would build 106 aircraft, including Benoist XIVs that would be used for the first heavier-than-air airline service. The company dissolved with Tom Benoist's accidental death in 1917.

## History

In 1908 Benoist founded the Aeronautic Supply Co, the first supplier of aircraft parts. On 20 October 1911, the company's factory, along with all of its records, was destroyed by fire.
In 1913, Benoist moved production into the St. Louis Car Company factory run by E. B. Meissner. After Benoist's death, Meissner continued to build aircraft on contract to the government as the St. Louis Aircraft Corporation
Promoter Bill Pickens and Benoist's earlier business partner, publisher E. Percy Noel [ja], sponsored the 1913 "Great Lakes Reliability Tour" to promote the new seaplanes with Benoist aircraft as the featured manufacturer. Benoist originally was going to compete with three aircraft. "The Ark of Duluth" was to be flown by Hugh Robinson, but wrecked prior to the race. Tony Jannus flew a Benoist XIV that suffered a broken propeller, and sunk while being towed to shore.
Benoist built the type XV twin-engine flying boat with hopes to market it as an anti-submarine patrol aircraft for the British government. A round-the-world publicity tour was scheduled and a merger with the Meissner's company to make a thousand examples were in the works when World War I tensions cancelled the efforts. In 1917 Benoist Aircraft moved operations to Sandusky, Ohio.

## Aircraft

| Model name | First flight | Number built | Type |
| Benoist Headless | 1910 | 1 | Single engine biplane airplane |
| 1912 Benoist | 1912 | 1 | Single engine biplane airplane |
| Benoist Land Tractor Type XII | 1912 | 5 | Single engine biplane airplane |
| Benoist XIV | 1913 | 2 | Single engine biplane flying boat |
| Benoist C | 1915 | 1 | Twin engine biplane floatplane |
| Benoist E | 1915 | 1 | Twin engine biplane floatplane |
| Benoist XV | 1915 | 1 | Twin engine biplane flying boat |
| Benoist XVII | 1916 | 1 | Single engine biplane touring airplane |
# Benjamin Vaughan Abbott

Benjamin Vaughan Abbott (June 4, 1830 – February 17, 1890) was an American lawyer and author noted for his efforts in drawing up the New York penal code.

## Early life

On June 4, 1830, Abbott was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Abbott's father was Jacob Abbott, an author of children's books. Abbott's mother was Harriett Vaughan Abbott. Abbott's grandfather was also Jacob Abbott. Abbott's siblings are Edward Abbott, Austin Abbott and Lyman Abbott.

## Education

Abbott graduated from New York University in 1850, and Harvard Law School in 1852.

## Career

He practiced law for a number of years in New York, and became a partner in the firm Abbott Bros. with his brother Austin Abbott. He was the secretary of the New York Code Commission, which drew up the state's penal code in 1864. He also served on a commission created to revise the statutes of the United States from 1870 to 1872. He died in Brooklyn, N.Y., on February 17, 1890.
He is the author of several books, including the following novels:
* Come Cut Corners: The Experiences of a Conservative Family in Fanatical Times, 1855 (with Austin Abbott), and
* Matthew Caraby (with brother, under the pseudonym Beanauly).
His non-fiction works include:
* Abbott's Reports of Practice Cases in the Courts of the State of New York, 1855 (with Austin Abbott),
* Reports of cases in Admiralty, United States District Court for Southern New York, 1847–1850, 1857,
* A Collection of Forms of Practice and Pleading in Action, 1858,
* Digest of New York Statutes and Reports, 5 volumes, 1860,
* A Collection of Forms of Practice and Pleading in Actions, 1864,
* The Clerk's and Conveyancer's Assistant, 1866,
* Digest of the Reports of the United States Courts and Acts of Congress, 4 volumes, 1867,
* General Digest of the Law of Corporations, 1869,
* Digest of Reports of Indiana to the Year 1871,
* Reports of Decisions Rendered in the Circuit and District Courts of the United States, 1863–1871, 2 volumes, 1870–1871,
* United States Digest, 14 volumes, 1879,
* Dictionary of Terms and Phrases used in American or English Jurisprudence, 1879,
* General Digest of English and American Cases on the Law of Corporations, 1868–1878, 1879,
* Judge and Jury: A Popular Explanation of Leading Topics in the Law of the Land, 1880,
* National Digest, 4 volumes, 1884, containing court decisions of the year 1884, with a later supplement published in 1889,
* 1884: The Patent Laws of All Nations, 2 volumes, 1886, and
* Decisions on the Law of Patents for Inventions, English Cases, 1662–1843, 3 volumes, 1887.

## Personal life

In 1853, Abbott married Elizabeth, daughter of John Titcomb. Abbott had two children. On February 17, 1890, Abbott died in Brooklyn, New York, U.S. Abbott is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.
# Riozinho River

Riozinho River may refer to any of several rivers in Brazil:
* Riozinho River (Amazonas)
* Riozinho River (Braço Menor)
* Riozinho River (Pará), a river of Pará
* Riozinho River (Piauí)
* Riozinho River (Pium River tributary)
* Igarapé Riozinho, Acre
# Rihonor de Castilla

Rihonor de Castilla is located in the shire of Senabria and belongs to the municipality of Pedralba de la Pradería, in the province of Zamora, Spain.

## Geography

The village is situated to the south of Sierra de la Culebra, next to the Portuguese border. The town is crossed by the river Fontano, also known as Comtessa or River Onor in its Portuguese stretch. It is 14 km from Puebla de Sanabria, 21 km from Pedralba de la Pradería, and 22 km from Bragança.

## Demography

The number of inhabitants has been waning slowly since the mid-20th century. In 2007, there were only 16 inhabitants in the village according to the Spanish Statistics National Institute. The beauty of the village and its landscapes, the traditions, and the enormous possibilities of development have attracted people wishing to settle in the village.

## Society

The main source of income has traditionally been commerce, since it is situated in the border between Spain and Portugal. At present, the economy is subsistence economy, because most plots of land are abandoned and most of its inhabitants are retired people. There is a grocery store providing the locals whereas the rest of the traders come from Portugal in their vehicles in order to sell their products.
The village has a unique special peculiarity in the Iberian Peninsula: actually, both the Portuguese village Rio de Onor and the Spanish village Rihonor de Castilla form only one village artificially divided by the borderline. For this reason, the inhabitants of these villages speak both Spanish and Portuguese influenced by the autochthonous language known as rihonorés, a dialect of the Leonese language.
The locals call the Spanish and Portuguese parts Povo de cima and Povo de abaixo respectively ('the town up' and 'the town down').
# Benjamin Maund

Benjamin Maund (1790–1863) was a British pharmacist, botanist, printer, bookseller, fellow of the Linnean Society (1827) and publisher of the Botanic Garden and The Botanist. He served on the committee of the Worcestershire Natural History Society where he started a monthly botanical publication.
Starting in 1825, Maund produced The Botanic Garden from his press at Bromsgrove in Worcestershire. The 13 volumes of this periodical depicted with great delicacy ornamental flowering plants cultivated in the Royal Gardens and was dedicated to the young Queen Victoria. Eminent botanical artists such as Augusta Innes Withers, Edwin D. Smith, Mrs. Edward Bury and Maund's own daughter contributed to the work. The work was published by Baldwin, Cradock & Joy of London. A special 'Crown Edition' of the work was also published in which each page depicted a single species rather than four to a page as in the first edition. Each page had a decorative border topped by a crown. Issued as a supplement to The Botanic Garden were 70 numbered prints under the title of The Fruitist. Each of these was a hand-coloured engraving and description of a particular fruit.
   A delightful work, not only full of useful and practical information, but illustrated with most charming plates carefully engraved and coloured
Maund and the Rev. John Stevens Henslow collaborated in 1837 to produce The Botanist, a botanical journal the goal of which was to educate gardeners. Five volumes of lavish hand-coloured illustrations were issued, Augusta Innes Withers once more being the most important botanical artist to contribute. The plates were engraved by S Watts, Nevitt & Smith.

## List of selected works

* Maund, Benjamin (1878). The Botanic Garden; Consisting of Highly Finished Figures of Hardy Ornamental Flowering Plants, Cultivated in Great Britain; with Their Names, Orders, History, Qualities, Culture, and Physiological Observations. London: G. Bell and Sons.
# Bernard Taylor

Bernard Taylor may refer to:
* Bernard Taylor (author) (born 1934), British horror and suspense author
* Bernard Taylor, Baron Taylor of Mansfield (1895–1991), British coalminer and politician
* Bernard Taylor (boxer) (born 1957), American boxer
* Bernard Taylor (Medal of Honor) (1844–1875), American soldier
* Bernard J. Taylor, South African writer and composer of stage musicals
# Bernard Takawira

Bernard Takawira (1948–1997) was a Zimbabwean sculptor, the younger brother of John Takawira and older brother of Lazarus Takawira.
Takawira was born in the mountainous Nyanga district, third of six children. Their father was often absent for work, and their mother, Mai, assumed a dominant role. She was well known for her knowledge of Shona myths and stories, and would share them with her sons; these tales had a deep influence in both John and Bernard's careers as sculptors.
Bernard trained as an agricultural advisor to the government after leaving school, but was encouraged by John to try carving stone. John introduced him to Frank McEwen, who was running a workshop in Vukutu at the time. Takawira soon began spending all of his free time at the workshop, where he learned much; in 1977 he left his governmental position to begin sculpting full-time.
Stylistically, Takawira's sculptures show evidence of a great interior struggle between Christianity and Shona culture, a battle which affected the artist for much of his life. Many of his works take as their subject abstract themes such as patience, humility, and integrity.
Takawira died in 1997.
# Ripps Island

Ripps Island was an island located in the Potomac River in the northwest quadrant of Washington, D.C., in the United States. It was located at the mouth of Tiber Creek, in the vicinity of today's Constitution Gardens.
# Rippweiler

Rippweiler is a small town in the commune of Useldange, in western Luxembourg. As of 2024, the town has a population of 200.
49°45′N 5°57′E﻿ / ﻿49.750°N 5.950°E﻿ / 49.750; 5.950
# Rincon 1

Rincon 1 was a CubeSat built by the Student Satellite Program of the University of Arizona. The primary payload was furnished by Rincon Research, hence the name. Rincon 1 was the product of the work of about 50 students, ranging from college freshmen to Ph.D. students, over the course of several years. It was launched, after being postponed several times, on board a Dnepr on July 26, 2006, but the rocket failed and the satellite was destroyed.

## Listening

If the launch had been successful, persons on the ground would have needed this information to be able to hear the beacons from the satellite.
* The keplerian elements, in order to know where the satellite is pointed.
* A radio capable of operating on 436.870 MHz, which will change with doppler shifting. There is also a beacon operating on 437.345 MHz. It is a very weak signal.
* A 1200 baud AFSK modem, preferably a very low-end, that does no modulation on its own. Cubesat Ground Station uses a custom-built hardware modem, and possibly a software modem (using the sound card as an Analog-to-Digital converter).
* The Cubesat GS software would help, however, it is not currently available to the public.
* A good antenna system, the design of the antennas is not optimal.

## Components

Rincon 1 had the following components included:
* 6 solar cells
* Aluminum frame - built to spin-stabilize through sunlight
* Power board (used to hold batteries, maintain 5V and 3.3V charges, measure voltages and currents in several spots, and convert the power from the solar cells to usable power.)
* 16-bit microcontroller board with PIC16C277 microchip, which is used to gather and transmit telemetry
* Radio board, which is used for 2 way communication
* Experiment - Contains a 10 mW beacon board, which is being used by Rincon Research to prove new technologies

## Specifications

These specifications are without respect to the payload:
* Dimensions - 10 cm×10 cm×10 cm
* Mass - max 1 kg (Actual ~900 grams)
* Power Generation - Optimum ~2 W, average on sun side ~1.5 W
* Max power output - 3W when transmitting data
* Min power output - 400 mW when in a quiet state

## Current status

Rincon 1 was launched with UA's satellite, SACRED on a Dnepr rocket on July 26, 2006 at 19:43 UTC. The launch failed shortly after takeoff.
# Benton, Newfoundland and Labrador

Benton is a local service district and designated place in the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador.

## History

When the railway was constructed in the late 1800s, Benton became a sawmill town. The railroad also made it possible for a handful of mines and quarries (though less well known) able to operate in Central Newfoundland. This included a granite quarry at Benton called Hall's Quarry.
The Newfoundland Railway was constructed between 1881 and 1897. The track arrived in Benton at the end of the 1892 construction season. The first inhabitants of Benton were Railway Section crews. Closely followed by shop keepers, quarry men, loggers and sawmill operators. Issac Penney arrived in Benton in the 1920s and was a section foreman for the railway. Jim Wicks brought his family to Benton in 1939 and was a cook in the logging camps and later ran a general store. 1979 Theodore Keats and his Son Allan started working as prospectors traveling all over Newfoundland and Labrador in search of the Theodore's Grandfather "Soulis Joe's" lost silver mine. in the years to follow. many of the Keats' family joined the prospecting field Brothers,Brother in laws, sons, nephews and grandsons. This field has been a great success especially for Allan and his son Kevin? Also for Stephen and Mick Stares (Allan's nephews). In 2007 Four generations of Keats Stares family won a prestigious award the PDAC Convention "Bill Dennis Prospectors of the Year Award!" November 3 2023 Allan Keats received honorary membership to the Canadian Institute of Mining. The mining industry continues to be a huge success because of the prospectors of this little community of Benton!

## Geography

Benton is in Newfoundland within Subdivision E of Division No. 6.

## Demographics

As a designated place in the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Benton recorded a population of 154 living in 69 of its 83 total private dwellings, a change of -9.9% from its 2011 population of 171. With a land area of 4.71 km$^2$ (1.82 sq mi), it had a population density of 32.7/km$^2$ (84.7/sq mi) in 2016.

## Government

Benton is a local service district (LSD) that is governed by a committee responsible for the provision of certain services to the community. The chair of the LSD committee is Terry Hynes.
# Benton, Oklahoma

Benton is a ghost town in Beaver County, Oklahoma, United States. Nothing remains there. Few photographs of Benton still exist. The community is cited to be historic.

## History

Founded around 1886 when its post office was established, and located near the edge of No Man's Land, Benton was known for being a “cultural” town, supposedly a favorite place for gatherings since many people would come there for the hotel and the saloons. The town had a general store, drugstore, hotel, livery stable, two saloons, and a blacksmith shop. A town newspaper called the “Benton County Banner” was established in 1886 or 1888. Most of the homes were built of sod and had wood floors and window sills. The town also had two man-made wells.
Before the panhandle became part of the Oklahoma Territory, local leaders tried to organize it into the Cimarron Territory. They designated Beaver City as the territory's new capital, wrote a constitution, and divided the territory into seven different counties. The one farthest east was to be named “Benton County,” and Benton was going to be the county seat. The Benton County Banner regularly carried the line, “Benton, Gem City of the Neutral Strip. It is sure to become the county seat because it is the exact center of the county.”

## Downfall

Accessibility to Benton was made difficult due to the closeness of the Beaver and Kiowa creeks, especially during flood season. The area's soil was more suited for grazing than planting crops. The Panhandle was eventually added to the Oklahoma Territory by the 1890 Organic Act, thus negating the Cimarron Territory scheme and Benton’s chance to be a county seat. That same year, the Benton County Banner moved to Beaver and became the "Beaver City Tribune". The post office was discontinued in 1899. The town declined rapidly, and by 1920, no one lived there.
# Benton, Washington

Benton, Washington may refer to:
* Benton County, A county in the U.S. state Washington
* Benton City, City in Benton County
# Bert Schwarz

Norbert Friedrich Isidor "Bert Schwarz" (18 December 1917 – 6 October 1999) was a Belgium-born Dutch politician of the Democrats 66 (D66) party. He was a Member of the Senate from 11 May 1971 until 20 September 1977.