OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# ST depression

ST depression refers to a finding on an electrocardiogram, wherein the trace in the ST segment is abnormally low below the baseline.

## Causes

It is often a sign of myocardial ischemia, of which coronary insufficiency is a major cause. Other ischemic heart diseases causing ST depression include:
* Subendocardial ischemia or even infarction. Subendocardial means non full thickness ischemia. In contrast, ST elevation is transmural (or full thickness) ischemia
* Non Q-wave myocardial infarction
* Reciprocal changes in acute Q-wave myocardial infarction (e.g., ST depression in leads I & aVL with acute inferior myocardial infarction)
* ST segment depression and T-wave changes may be seen in patients with unstable angina
Depressed but upsloping ST segment generally rules out ischemia as a cause.
Also, it can be a normal variant or artifacts, such as:
* Pseudo-ST-depression, which is a wandering baseline due to poor skin contact of the electrode
* Physiologic J-junctional depression with sinus tachycardia
* Hyperventilation
Other, non-ischemic, causes include:
* Side effect of digoxin
* Hypokalemia
* Right or left ventricular hypertrophy
* Intraventricular conduction abnormalities (e.g., right or left bundle branch block, WPW, etc.)
* Hypothermia
* Tachycardia
* Reciprocal ST elevation
* Mitral valve prolapse
* Central nervous system disease, such as stroke

### Mnemonic

A mnemonic can be used for some causes of ST depression, namely DEPRESSED ST:
D - Drooping valve (mitral valve prolapse) E - Enlargement of the left ventricle P - Potassium loss R - Reciprocal ST depression (e.g. inferior wall MI) E - Encephalon hemorrhage S - Subendocardial infarct S - Subendocardial ischemia E - Embolism (pulmonary) D - Dilated cardiomyopathy S - Shock T - Toxicity (digitalis/quinidine)

## Physiology

For non-transmural ischemia (subendocardial ischemia) injured cells are closer to the inside of heart wall, resulting in a systolic injury current. A systolic injury current results from a greater depolarization in healthier cells. Because the subepicardial region is more depolarized (more positive) compared to the endomyocardial cells, the current in the left ventricle flows toward the endomyocardial cells. The current flows from the more positive subepicardium to the less positive subendocardium during phase 2 of the fast fiber type depolarization, which on ECG occurs during ST segment. The positive electrodes on the anterior chest wall detect the movement of positive charge away from the electrode and record it as a downward deflection on the ECG paper.

## Measurement

ST segment depression may be determined by measuring the vertical distance between the patient's trace and the isoelectric line at a location 2-3 millimeters from the QRS complex.
It is significant if it is more than 1 mm in V5-V6, or 1.5 mm in AVF or III.
In a cardiac stress test, an ST depression of at least 1 mm after adenosine administration indicates a reversible ischaemia, while an exercise stress test requires an ST depression of at least 2 mm to significantly indicate reversible ischaemia.
# Enkleia

Enkleia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Thymelaeaceae.
Its native range is Indo-China to New Guinea.
Species:
* Enkleia malaccensis Griff.
* Enkleia paniculata (Merr.) Hallier f.
* Enkleia thorelii (Lecomte) Nevling
# Gecko Stroll

Gecko Stroll (Chinese: 壁虎漫步) is Taiwanese Mandopop artist Will Pan's (Chinese: 潘瑋柏) debut Mandarin solo studio album. It was released by Universal Music Taiwan on 20 December 2002. A second edition was released which includes a VCD with 6 MV's.
The track "Kiss Me 123" is listed at number 85 on Hit Fm Taiwan's Hit Fm Annual Top 100 Singles Chart (Hit-Fm年度百首單曲) for 2003.

## Music video

* "壁虎漫步" (Gecko Stroll) MV
* "Tell Me" MV
* "Just When I Needed You Most" MV
* "我不怕" (I'm Not Afraid) MV
* "Kiss Me 123" MV
* "Good Love" MV
* "X Spy" MV
* "站在你這邊" (By My Side) MV
* "學不會" (Can Not Learn) MV
# Leskia similis

Leskia similis is a species of bristle fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

United States.
# Delphinium nuttallianum

Delphinium nuttallianum is a species of larkspur known by the common names two-lobe larkspur, upland larkspur, common larkspur, and Nuttall's larkspur (the latter name is shared with Delphinium nuttallii). It is widely distributed across western North America from California to Alberta, including mountain meadows and the majority of the sagebrush steppe, except very dry areas.
The roots vary from thin to thick. The plant has a white to pink erect stem usually not exceeding half a meter in height, which may branch several times. Deeply lobed leaves are located mostly about the base of the plant. The inflorescence occupying the top end of the stem has a few widely spaced flowers on long pedicels. The sepals are long and curl backwards or fold upon themselves. They may be purple to blue or almost white. The lower petals are the same color, while the upper are often white. The spur is one or two centimeters long. The upper portion of the plant is often hairy.
The species is very poisonous to livestock, especially cattle.
# Trametes

Trametes is a genus of fungi that is distinguished by a pileate basidiocarp, di- to trimitic hyphal systems, smooth non-dextrinoid spores, and a hymenium usually without true hymenial cystidia. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 195 species. The genus was circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in 1836.
Trametes fungi are food for caterpillars of certain Lepidoptera, mainly fungus moths (Tineidae) such as Triaxomera parasitella.

## Biotechnology

Several species of Trametes have been investigated for biotechnological application of their lignin-degrading enzymes (particularly laccase and manganese peroxidase) for analytical, industrial or environmental sciences.

## Selected species

* Trametes gibbosa – Lumpy bracket
* Trametes hirsuta – Hairy bracket
* Trametes nivosa
* Trametes pubescens
* Trametes versicolor – Turkey tail
# Darren Corbett

Darren Corbett (born 9 July 1972 in Belfast, Northern Ireland), nicknamed Raging Bull, is a Northern Irish professional boxer. Corbett's weight fluctuated significantly throughout his career and although he had some fights at both heavyweight and light-heavyweight, the bulk of his contests and his success came at cruiserweight.

## Amateur

Corbett boxed for Ireland as an amateur before turning professional in December 1994, winning his first fight at the G-Mex Leisure Centre, Manchester, England, in which he knocked out Donaster's David Jules on a card that included Eamonn Loughran and Chris Eubank.

## Professional

Corbett won his first title belt, the vacant Irish cruiserweight title, in November 1996 with 5th round knockout win over Dubliner Ray Kane at the Ulster Hall in Belfast, Northern Ireland. After successfully defending that title against Nigel Rafferty and Noel Magee, Corbett added the Commonwealth cruiserweight championship to his resume with a win over the then-undefeated Chris Okoh.
Corbett successfully defended that belt against another undefeated fighter, and a man who would go on to hold the Title himself some 11 years later, Robert Norton. In addition to this, Corbett also won the lightly regarded IBO (International Boxing Organization) Inter-Continental Cruiserweight Championship. In his next fight after winning the IBO Title, however, Corbett lost his Commonwealth Championship by 10th Round TKO in a unification fight with British Champion Bruce Scott on 28 November 1998.
In March 1999, Corbett's next fight saw him also lose his IBO Inter-Continental Championship to a relative novice in Stephane Allouane, but he rebounded later that year by defeating future British & Commonwealth Light-Heavyweight Champion Neil Simpson to win the IBO Inter-Continental Light-Heavyweight Title, a belt he never lost in the ring.
Corbett retired from the sport in 2004 but made his comeback in 2008 with a 6-rounds points win in Dublin. On 19 May 2009 he competed in the first cruiserweight instalment of the 'Prizefighter' series, defeating the former Southern Area Heavyweight Champion Micky Steeds on a 3-round points decision in the quarter-finals before losing on a 2nd-Round stoppage to the unfancied Ovill McKenzie in the semi-finals.
He returned a year later for the second cruiserweight instalment of the 'Prizefighter' series. Again he won his first bout, this time against John Anthony, but he suffered a shock points defeat in the semi-final to journeyman Nick Okoth, who had record of 8-27-5 going into the bout. Okoth started the tournament as a reserve and only came into the tournament after an injury to Herbie Hide.
Corbett returned in April 2012, losing over 6 rounds to Michael Sweeney.
# Tchambao

Tchambao is a village in the Assoli prefecture in the Kara Region of north-eastern Togo.
# ST Oriana

Oriana was a 295 GRT tug which was built in 1945 as Empire Frieda by Ferguson Brothers (Port Glasgow) Ltd., Port Glasgow, Renfrewshire, United Kingdom for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). Ownership was transferred to the Ministry of Transport in 1946 and the Admiralty in 1947, when she was renamed Oriana. She struck a mine and sank in the River Colne, Essex on 19 January 1948 with the loss of all on deck.

## Description

The ship was 116 ft 0 in (35.36 m) long, with a beam of 27 feet 6 inches (8.38 m). She had a depth of 12 feet 7 inches (3.84 m) and a draught of 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m). She was assessed at 295 GRT, 262 NRT.
The ship was propelled by a 900 ihp triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of 14, 25+1⁄2 and 41 inches (36, 65 and 104 cm) diameter by 27 inches (69 cm) stroke. The engine was built by Ferguson Brother (Port Glasgow) Ltd. It drove a single screw propeller.

## History

Empire Freetown was built in 1945 as yard number 377 by Ferguson Brothers (Port Glasgow) Co. Ltd., Port Glasgow, Renfrewshire for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT). She was launched on 22 October 1945 and completed on 31 January 1946. Her port of registry was Glasgow. The United Kingdom Official Number 169463 and Code Letters GFDP were allocated. She was operated under the management of the Overseas Towageand Salvage Co. Ltd, London.
The MoWT became the Ministry of Transport in April 1946. She was passed to the Admiralty on 31 May 1947 and renamed Oriana. On 19 January 1948, with the French tug Vagrant, she was towing HMMS 366 from Chatham Dockyard to Brightlingsea, Essex when she struck a mine and sank in the Colne Estuary with the loss of all fifteen of her crew, who all hailed from the Medway Towns, Kent.
# Enchylaena

Enchylaena is a genus of two species of small perennial shrubs endemic to Australia. Plants of this genus are commonly known as barrier saltbushes.
The genus was published by Robert Brown in 1810, along with the species Enchylaena tomentosa. A number of putative species have been published since then, but all bar one have been transferred into other genera, or given synonymy with E. tomentosa. The exception is Enchylaena lanata, published by Paul G. Wilson in 1984.
Species List:
* Enchylaena lanata
* Enchylaena tomentosa

## Distribution

Enchylaena tomentosa is widely distributed throughout Australia. E. lanata is endemic to Western Australia.
# Geckobia

Geckobia is a genus of parasitic mites in the family Pterygosomatidae.

## Species

Selected species include:
* Geckobia bataviensis
* Geckobia estherae
* Geckobia glebosum
* Geckobia nitidus
* Geckobia zapallarensis
# Richard Edwards (Royal Navy officer, died 1773)

Richard Edwards (died 16 June 1773) was an officer of the Royal Navy who served for a brief time as Commodore Governor of Newfoundland.

## Career

Edwards entered the navy and rose through the rank. He received a promotion to the rank of post captain on 4 November 1740 and given command of the 24-gun HMS Fox. He commanded her until 1742, during which time he captured a 10-gun Spanish privateer named Justa Resina. He next commanded HMS Torrington, and by early 1746 was in command of HMS Princess Mary. He was appointed governor of Newfoundland that year, but was ordered to go to North America and place himself under the command of Commodore Peter Warren at Louisbourg, where he was besieging the fort.
Edwards arrived on 11 July, bringing with him two other ships, HMS Larke and HMS Hector. Louisbourg surrendered four days later, and Edwards sailed to Newfoundland to take up his original post. On its conclusion, he returned to England, and had little further active service, though he may have commanded a yacht. He was refused a promotion to flag rank, unless he resumed his active service at the rank of captain. He secured the command of HMS Princess Amelia, but only for a short period. He was given the rank and pay of a rear-admiral from 3 June 1757 and was placed on the superannuated list. He died in England on 16 June 1773.
# Sir Bear

Sir Bear (foaled 1993 in Florida) is a retired American Thoroughbred racehorse who got better as he grew older and raced successfully until retiring at age ten.
He was bred by Florida veterinarian, Dr. Al Smollin, and raced by his wife, Barbara. He was trained by Jamaica native Ralph Ziadie from a base at Calder Race Course in Miami Gardens.
Sir Bear raced in Florida and also competed at racetracks from Ohio to the East Coast of the United States. A multiple Grade I winner, his victories include the 1998 Cigar Mile Handicap and the 1999 Metropolitan Handicap. In 2002, at age nine, he won his third Skip Away Handicap by defeating Preakness Stakes winner, Red Bullet.
Sir Bear made his last start at age ten on January 25, 2003, in the Sunshine Millions Classic at Gulfstream Park.
# Thanglalsoun Gangte

Thanglalsoun Gangte (born 22 April 2006) is an Indian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Indian Super League club Chennaiyin.

## Club career
### Youth career

The son of a former local footballer from Imphal, Gangte was introduced to football at a very early age. After a brief stint at the Minerva Academy, he soon joined Sudeva Delhi in 2019. It was from the I-League club, that Gangte participated in the Delhi Futsal League and the Delhi Premier League.

### Senior career

On 3 September 2023, 17 year-old Gangte signed his first senior contract with Indian Super League side Chennaiyin on a three-year contract, with an option to extend further by two years.

## International career
### Youth

In September 2022, Gangte was selected to the India U17 squad for the 2022 SAFF U-17 Championship, held in Colombo, Sri Lanka. He finished the tournament as joint top scorer with 4 goals, clinching India U17's fourth championship and thus becoming the first team to successfully defend a junior SAFF crown.

## Career statistics
### Club

    As of
| Club | Season | League | League | League | National Cup | National Cup | League Cup | League Cup | AFC | AFC | Total | Total |
| Club | Season | Division | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals | Apps | Goals |
| Chennaiyin | 2023–24 | Indian Super League | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 | – | – | 0 | 0 |
| Career total | Career total | Career total | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |

## Honours

India U-17
* SAFF U-17 Championship: 2022
Individual
* SAFF U-17 Championship top scorer: 2022
# Taste detection threshold

Taste detection threshold is the minimum concentration of a flavoured substance detectable by the sense of taste. Sweetness detection thresholds are usually measured relative to that of sucrose, sourness relative to dilute hydrochloric acid, saltiness relative to table salt (NaCl), and bitterness to quinine. These substances have a reference index of 1. Thresholds for bitter substances can be considerably lower than those for other flavoured substances, this may be due to the importance of ingesting large amounts of energy-rich or salty food while avoiding even small quantities of poisonous substances, which are often bitter.
Variation in sensitivity among individuals plays a role in dietary selection and there is evidence that diet reciprocally affects taste sensitivity. One study found that non-vegetarians had less sensitivity to sweetness while vegetarians had higher sensitivity to caffeine, a bitter substance.
# Tchanaga

Tchanaga is a town in northern Togo.

## Transport

It is proposed to be served by a railway station on the Togo Railways network.
# Pseudonannolenidae

Pseudonannolenidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Spirostreptida.
Genera:
* Cambalomma Loomis, 1941
* Epinannolene Brölemann, 1903
* Holopodostreptus Carl, 1913
* Phallorthus Chamberlin, 1952
* Physiostreptus Silvestri, 1903
* Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895
* Typhlonannolene Chamberlin, 1923
# Bridge No. 4

Bridge No. 4 may refer to:
* Salmon Bay Bridge, Seattle, Washington, known also as Bridge No. 4
* Bridge No. 4 (La Crosse, Wisconsin), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
# Environmental issues in Turkmenistan

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] Environmental issues in Turkmenistan are most visible in three significant areas: desertification, the drying of the Aral Sea, and chemical pollution. All three of these areas are directly linked to agricultural practices in the country.
Only the Sahara Desert in Africa has a higher rate of desertification than that of Central Asian deserts. Of these, the Karakum Desert and Kyzyl Kum Desert in Turkmenistan grow by hundreds of thousands of acres annually. These conditions persist due to inefficient agricultural irrigation and cattle grazing practices, which have led to the salinization of soil and the removal of ground cover plants respectively.
Inefficient irrigation techniques on the Amu Darya also contribute to the continued drying of the Aral Sea. Daşoguz Province experiences the most problems due to this drying. Drinking water quality has plummeted, bacteria levels in water have risen, and rates of infant mortality, hepatitis, and illness have risen.
Competition with neighbouring countries is also contributing to depleting water resources. Afghanistan is building a canal to divert water from the Amu Darya away from Turkmenistan.
Excessive use of fertilizer on cotton and other crops, as well as the use of pesticides such as DDT causes a large chemical pollution problem. Many fertilizers and pesticides have entered groundwater supplies via leaching or runoff from farms due to excessive or improper use.
Over 4 million tonnes of methane, a greenhouse gas which causes climate change, was vented or leaked in 2022. This has a greenhouse effect equivalent to 366 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, which was more than the UK’s annual emissions.
The country is cooperating with the European Union, its member states and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) to reduce and manage the impact of these environmental problems. However as of 2023 it has not joined the Global Methane Pledge or the Oil and Gas Methane Partnership.
# Rhodocyclus gelatinosus

Rhodocyclus gelatinosus is a gram-negative bacterium which has been transferred to Rubrivivax gelatinosus.
# Leszek Nowak

Leszek Nowak (7 January 1943 – 20 October 2009) was a Polish philosopher and legal theoretician.

## Biography
### Education

In 1965, he graduated in law from Adam Mickiewicz University's Faculty of Law and Administration, having written Master of Jurisprudence (M.Jur.) thesis under the supervision of Zygmunt Ziembiński, who introduced Nowak to the field of legal theory and convinced him to major in the subject. In 1966 he completed his Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) degree in philosophy at the University of Warsaw under the supervision of Janina Kotarbińska [pl]. In 1967 he obtained a Doctor of Law (LL.D.) degree, writing a dissertation on the legal interpretation, the rule of law and semiotic functions of language. He obtained his habilitation (post-doctoral degree) in 1970, was subsequently published as a book on the methodological foundations of Karl Marx's Das Kapital.

### Ideas

Nowak got his professorship in 1976, at the age of 33. At that time he was the youngest professor in Poland and the author of the methodological conception – the idealizational theory of science. His theory was inspired by ideas he found in Marx’s writings. He made them explicit and precise by using the language of contemporary logical philosophy.
In 1977 he started to work on a new, generalized social theory, which he called the non-Marxian historical materialism [pl]. In this theory real socialism occurs as the most oppressive system in the history of the hitherto known societies. Nowak was aware of the risk of working on such a theory in the country of real socialism but he did not decide to accept intellectual compromise and in 1979 disseminated the typescript of his book. During the time of Solidarność movement he spent all energy to educate union members and to reveal the oppressive nature of socialism. He was interned on 13th of December 1981 and spent a year in jail. In 1985 he was expelled from the university and in 1989 his professorship was reinstated.
# Delwin Lindsey

Delwin T. Lindsey is an American psychologist who got his degree in physics from Pomona College following by a Ph.D. in biopsychology from the University of Chicago where he currently teaches evolutionary psychology and its history. He is a member of Vision Sciences Society and the Optical Society of America in which he also works as an editor of its journal.
# Transcaspian vole

The Transcaspian vole (Microtus transcaspicus) is a species of rodent in the family Cricetidae. It is found in Afghanistan, Iran, and Turkmenistan.
# Tammetaguse

Tammetaguse is a village in Alutaguse Parish, Ida-Viru County in northeastern Estonia.
# Tarana Road railway station

Tarana Road railway station is a small railway station in Ujjain district, Madhya Pradesh. Its code is TAN. It serves Tarana town. The station consists of two platforms, neither well sheltered. It lacks many facilities including water and sanitation. This station is electrified in 1992 and Ratlam–Ujjain-Bhopal passenger was first electric train on this track.

## Major trains

* Indore–Bhopal Express
* Bina–Ratlam via Nagda Passenger (unreserved)
* Dahod–Bhopal Intercity Express
* Somnath–Jabalpur Express (via Itarsi)
* Nagda–Bina Passenger (unreserved)
* Narmada Express
* Darbhanga–Ahmedabad Sabarmati Express
* Varanasi–Ahmedabad Sabarmati Express
* Ujjain–Bhopal Passenger
# Protolophus

Protolophus is a genus of harvestmen in the family Protolophidae from the Western US.
ITIS Taxonomic note:

## Species

* Protolophus cockerelli C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1942
* Protolophus differens C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1942
* Protolophus dixiensis Chamberlin, 1925
* †Protolophus hoffeinsi Elsaka, Mitov & Dunlop, 2019
* Protolophus longipes Schenkel, 1951
* Protolophus niger C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1942
* Protolophus rossi C.J.Goodnight & M.L.Goodnight, 1943
* Protolophus singularis Banks, 1893
* Protolophus tuberculatus Banks, 1893
# Brienne-sur-Aisne

Brienne-sur-Aisne (French pronunciation:, literally Brienne on Aisne) is a commune in the Ardennes department in northern France.

## Sister cities

It is the sister town of Michiana Shores, Indiana.