OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Coursepacks

Coursepacks are printed collections of readings assembled by teachers to supplement college and university courses.
The practice of assembling coursepacks for students developed as a systematization of the practice of disseminating "handouts" for readings in class. This practice operated in parallel to the practice of libraries providing "reserves"—material pulled off shelves and "reserved" for use at the library, to ensure access for students in a class. Some teachers used coursepacks to supplement textbooks; others used them basically to create their own ad hoc textbooks.
Over time, teachers began assembling their handouts at the beginning of the course, or having school administrators assemble them and charge students enough fees to recoup costs. As copy shops such as Kinko's became a thriving business in the late 1970s and early 1980s, they developed a market for making these coursepacks, offering different sorts of bindings, and so forth. Once the market became commercialized, licensing entities such as CCC (the "Copyright Clearance Center") in the United States became involved, negotiating licensing and "clearance" fees for use of materials in coursepacks. Materials that could not be licensed could not be included in coursepacks. Primarily as a result of escalating license fees, coursepacks have become a significant expense for students, along with textbooks.
Coursepacks themselves operated primarily as an efficient service for providing print copies of material. As information has become increasingly available electronically, academic libraries have begun a transition to electronic reserves, making materials they have already acquired available for students registered in particular classes. Publishers, once critics of coursepack providers, have been critical of ereserves, arguing that libraries' provision of ereserves will supplant the commercial coursepack services.

## Legal status

In the United States, the question of classroom handouts received significant attention in the lobbying and negotiation leading up to the 1976 Copyright Act. The statute as passed included a legislative codification of fair use at 17 U.S.C. 107 which specifically described handouts ("multiple copies for classroom use") as a fair use.
   [T]he fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies ... for purposes such as ... teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use) ... is not an infringement of copyright."
However, the transition from classroom handouts to coursepacks led to a shift in how these materials were treated under US copyright law. In a series of "coursepack cases", US courts found that commercial services that profited from developing coursepacks were not protected by fair use. See Princeton University Press v. Michigan Document Services (1996), Basic Books v. Kinko's Graphics (1991); 1982 litigation against New York University.
Publishers and rights clearance agencies have sued universities in several other countries (Canada, New Zealand, India), in order to require fees for coursepacks or library ereserves.
# Kuwait at the 1974 Asian Games

Kuwait participated in the 1974 Asian Games held in Tehran, Iran from 1 to 16 September 1974. Athletes from Kuwait won only one medal and finished 18th in a medal table.
# Kurt Gscheidle

Kurt Gscheidle (16 December 1924 – 22 February 2003) was a German politician affiliated to the Social Democratic Party (SPD).
Gscheidle trained as a mechanic with the Deutsche Reichspost until 1942, when he was called up by the Wehrmacht. In 1948 he returned from war captivity, began studies at the Dortmund Social Academy [de] and graduated as an engineer. In 1953 Gscheidle became an official of the Deutsche Bundespost labor union and was elected vice-chairman in 1957. He had joined the SPD in 1956, from 1961 until 1969 and again from 1976 to 1980 he was a member of the Bundestag.
In 1969 Gscheidle was a nominee for Chairman of the German Confederation of Trade Unions (DGB) but had to step down in favour of Heinz Oskar Vetter. He then served as a secretary of state at the Ministry of Post and Telecommunications and from 1974 as Minister of Transport (until 1980) and Post and Telecommunications (until 1982) under Helmut Schmidt in the latter's three terms as Federal Chancellor.

## Gscheidle stamp

Gscheidle is known among philatelists for a stamp designed on the occasion of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. As West Germany participated in the Olympics boycott the stamp was never issued, however Gscheidle, then Minister of Post had received some proofs which he kept after his incumbency. From 1982 to 1983 his wife erroneously used about 24 of these stamps for her private correspondence, which today realize peak prices at auctions. In October 2010, one of the Gscheidle stamps was sold for 26,000 euros in Düsseldorf, Germany.
# Kustermann

Kustermann or Küstermann is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Gottfried Kustermann (1943–2023), German sports shooter
* Gustav Küstermann (1850–1919), German-American politician
# Kwaku Adu Yeboah

Kwaku Adu Yeboah is a Ghanaian Politician and a member of the Third Parliament of the Fourth Republic representing the Agona East constituency in the Central Region of Ghana.

## Early life and education

Yeboah was born in Agona East, a town in the Central Region of Ghana. He studied at the University of Cape Coast.

## Politics

Kwaku Yeboah was first elected into Parliament on the ticket of the National Democratic Congress during the 2000 Ghanaian general election. He polled 10,989 votes out of the 23,936 votes valid votes cast, representing 45.9%. His opponents were John Agyabeng of the National Patriotic Party (NPP), Kofi Anane Adjei of the National Reform Party (NRP), Joseph Kodjo Duodu of the Convention People's Party (CPP) and Isaiah Kwame Asante of the People's National Convention (PNC). They had 44.60%, 7.60%, 1.10% and 0.80% of the total votes cast respectively. Kwaku took over from Kojo Yankah in 2000. He was defeated by John Agyabeng in the 2004 Ghanaian Parliamentary election.

## Career

Adu is a former member of Parliament for the Agona East Constituency in the Central Region of Ghana.
# Kveda Sakara

Kveda Sakara (Georgian: ქვედა საქარა) is a community in the west of Georgia, about 40 km to the southeast of Kutaisi at an elevation of about 263 m, in the Zestaponi District of the Imereti province (not to be confused with nearby Zeda Sakara in the same region. The community includes the villages of Kveda Sakara, Argevta and Chalatke. The economy is primarily agricultural, based on fruit growing. Kveda Sakara is known for the medieval Cholabauri bridge.
There is a kindergarten in Chalatke and a public school in Kveda Sakara. Recently the village benefited from a project to rehabilitate the high voltage electricity network undertaken by the Georgia Employment and Infrastructure Initiative (GEII), which is funded by USAID. The community was also approved for funding for a fruit collection and processing enterprise under the Zestaponi Municipal Economic Development Plan for 2008–2011, also part of GEII.
# Kwangmyong station

Kwangmyong station (Korean: 광명역) may refer to the following train stations:
* Kwangmyong station (Kosan County), North Korea
* Kwangmyong station (Pyongyang), North Korea
* Gwangmyeong station, South Korea
# Kwangmyong station (Pyongyang)

Kwangmyŏng Station (Korean: 광명역) was a closed station on Hyŏksin Line of the Pyongyang Metro. The station is reported to be closed since 1995, due to the mausoleum of Kim Il Sung being located at that station. Trains do not stop at that station.
The station has a parking area of buses or cars in front of the station entrance.

## Nearby attractions

* Kumsusan Palace of the Sun
# Kushk District

Kushk District is situated in the northern part of Herat Province, Afghanistan and also may be referred to as Rubat-i-Sangin or Rabat-e-Sangi. It borders Turkmenistan to the north, Gulran District to the west, Zinda Jan District, Injil District and Karukh District to the south and Kushki Kuhna District to the east. The population is 121,000 (2012).
The main road from Herat to Kushka in Turkmenistan passes through the district, along the Kushk River. Torghundi is the main border crossing town.

## Agriculture

The following table demonstrates the total amount of irrigated and rain-fed lands in the district.
| Total (Jereb) | Irrigated (Jereb) | Rainfed (Jereb) | Forest (Hectare) |
| 458,207 | 66,753 | 391,454 | 93 |
# Kyle, West Virginia

Kyle is an unincorporated community in McDowell County, West Virginia, United States. Located in the southern part of the state, Kyle is along U.S. Route 52, 1 mile (1.6 km) southeast of Northfork. Kyle has a post office with ZIP code 24855.
The community was named after Jim Kyle, a railroad promoter.
# Hoshihananomia tibialis

Hoshihananomia tibialis is a species of beetle in the genus Hoshihananomia of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1880.
# Hoshihananomia trichopalpis

Hoshihananomia trichopalpis is a species of beetle in the genus Hoshihananomia of the family Mordellidae, which is part of the superfamily Tenebrionoidea. It was discovered in 1975.
# Decadiomus bahamicus

Decadiomus bahamicus is a species of lady beetle in the family Coccinellidae. It is found in the Caribbean and Southern Florida.
# Debattista

Debattista is a surname of Maltese origin.

## People with the surname

* Deo Debattista, Maltese MP (since 2013)
* Lolly Debattista (1929–2021), Maltese footballer
# Decurio

Decurio was an official title in Ancient Rome, used in various connections:
* Decurion (administrative), a member of the senatorial order in the Italian towns under the administration of Rome, and later in provincial towns organized on the Italian model. The number of decuriones varied in different towns, but was usually 100. The qualifications for the office were fixed in each town by a special law for that community (lex municipalis). Cicero (in Verr. 2. 49, 120) alludes to an age limit (originally thirty years, until lowered by Augustus to twenty-five), to a property qualification (cf. Pliny, Ep. i. 19. 2), and to certain conditions of rank. The method of appointment varied in different towns and at different periods. In the early municipal constitution ex-magistrates passed automatically into the Senate of their town; but at a later date this order was reversed and membership of the Senate became a qualification for the magistracy. Cicero (loc. cit.) speaks of the Senate in the Sicilian towns as appointed by a vote of the township. But in most towns it was the duty of the chief magistrate to draw up a list (album) of the senators every five years. The decuriones held office for life. They were convened by the magistrate, who presided as in the Roman Senate. Their powers were extensive. In all matters the magistrates were obliged to act according to their direction, and in some towns they heard cases of appeal against judicial sentences passed by the magistrate. By the time of the municipal law of Julius Caesar (45 BC) special privileges were conferred on the decuriones, including the right to appeal to Rome for trial in criminal cases. Under the principate their status underwent a marked decline. The office was no longer coveted, and documents of the 3rd and 4th centuries show that means were devised to compel members of the towns to undertake it. By the time of the jurists it had become hereditary and compulsory. This change was largely due to the heavy financial burdens which the Roman government laid on the municipal senates.
* The leader of a decuria, a subdivision of the curia.
* Decurion (Roman cavalry officer), an officer in the Roman cavalry, originally commanding a troop of ten men (decuria) during the early republican era. In the late republic and during the empire a decurio commanded a turma of 32 men in the auxiliary cavalry. It is the equivalent of the ancient Greek dekarchos, a cavalry officer.
* Decurio was also a name given to certain priests intended, as it should seem, for some particular sacrifices, or other religious ceremonies; or for the sacrifices of private families and houses, as Burkhard Gotthelf Struve (1671-1738) conjectures, who from that source derives their name. Whatever the origin of the name, we have an inscription in Gruter's work, which confirms their function: ANCHIALVS. CVB. AED. Q. TER. IN. AEDE. DECVRIO. ADLECTVS. EX. CONSENSV. DECVRIONVM. FAMILIAE. VOLVNTATE., which describes a decurio in the house of a private person, Q. Terentius.
# Kuželjevec

Kuželjevec (pronounced) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Ivančna Gorica in central Slovenia. It lies in the hills between Ambrus and the right bank of the Krka River in the historical region of Lower Carniola. The municipality is now included in the Central Slovenia Statistical Region.

## Chapel

There is a chapel in Kuželjevec. It is dedicated to Saint Anthony of Padua.
# Longton Bridge railway station

Longton Bridge was a railway station on the West Lancashire Railway in England. It served the village of Longton.

## History

The station opened as Longton on 18 May 1882 as the temporary terminus of the West Lancashire Railway when it opened the section of line from Hesketh Bank.
The station became a through station when the section of line to Preston Fishergate Hill opened on 16 September 1882. It was renamed to Longton Bridge on 1 January 1892.
The station was located on an embankment at the southern edge of Longton to the east of the road running south (now Liverpool Road). The line was double track and platforms were provided on both sides. The main station building, "built in the company's typical red brick style" was to the north of the running lines, there was a signal box at the end of the Preston bound platform. There was a small goods yard to the north and east of the station able to accommodate most types of goods including live stock, it was equipped with single line shed and a one-ton crane.

## Early services

Upon opening a service of nine trains in each direction was advertised for each weekday, an additional train on Saturdays for the market and four trains each way on Sundays.

## Takeover

The railway company had financial difficulties which led to it being absorbed by the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) on 1 July 1897. The L&YR amalgamated with the London and North Western Railway (L&NWR) on 1 January 1922 just one year before being grouped into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) on 1 January 1923.

## Later services

In 1922 the L&NWR service had increased to 18 trains stopping here from Southport Chapel Street mainly going to Preston, otherwise one went to Todmorden and one to Accrington. There were an extra three trains on Saturdays and the Accrington train carried on to Colne. The services in the other direction were similar, there were five services each way on Sundays.
By 1939 the LMS service was 22 trains each way on weekdays (all to or from Preston, except one to Todmorden, one to Accrington (except on Saturdays) and one to East Lancashire) with three additional services on Saturdays, there were 9 trains each way on Sundays.
By January 1962, the London Midland Region of British Railways were operating 11 trains each way, with three to six additional services on Saturdays. There were no trains on Sundays.

## Closure

The station closed to passengers and goods on 7 September 1964 a casualty of the programme of closures advocated by the Beeching Report.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Hoole Line and station closed | Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway West Lancashire Railway | New Longton and Hutton Line and station closed |
# House Broken (2009 film)

House Broken, also known as No Place Like Home (working title), is a 2009 American comedy film directed by Sam Harper.

## Plot

In order to enjoy his retirement from the fire department, a father named Tom Cathkart (Danny DeVito) takes drastic measures to get his twenty-something slacker sons to move out, and fend for themselves. They continue to try to start their own film company, called Cathkart Productions.
Tom eventually gets sick of his sons slacking off and leaves them alone, while he takes his wife Mary Cathkart (Katey Sagal) and all the food with him, leaving his sons no option but to take care of responsibilities in and around the house. They decide to open their own bed and breakfast and they let their friends stay at the house for money. Eliot (Ryan Hansen) falls in love with Sarah (Caitlin Crosby), and his brother Quinn (Skyler Stone) gets jealous of his success with the film company. Eliot then leaves and his brother finds it hard to manage without him.

## Cast

* Danny DeVito as Tom Cathkart
* Katey Sagal as Mary Cathkart
* Ryan Hansen as Eliot Cathkart
* Skyler Stone as Quinn Cathkart
* Caitlin Crosby as Sarah
* Thomas F. Wilson as Fire Chief Henry Decker
* Brie Larson as Suzy Decker
* Kiernan Shipka as Tammy Tawber
* John P. Farley as Nate
* Tony Yalda as Gilroy
* Nick Nervies as Brando
* Parvesh Cheena as Zerban
* Joe Koons as Trail
* Quan Rico as Buster
* Blaise Khufu as Chase
* Matthew Glave as Hector

## Production

Production on House Broken, then titled No Place Like Home, began in 2007.

## Reception

Common Sense Media reviewed the film, writing that "The cast of teens and young adults aren't without their charms, but the veteran cast of older adults (yes, Decker is the guy who played Biff in Back to the Future) should have been better, and maybe they could've been with a stronger script and more seasoned director."
# Loppersum railway station

Loppersum is a railway station located in Loppersum, the Netherlands. The station was opened on 15 June 1884 and is located on the Groningen–Delfzijl railway. The service is operated by Arriva.

## Train service

The following services currently call at Loppersum:
* 2x per hour local service (stoptrein) Groningen - Delfzijl
# House (Babes in Toyland song)

"House" is the second single by American punk band Babes in Toyland. Released by Sub Pop Records and limited to 3,500 copies, 1,500 were released on black vinyl for the Sub Pop Singles Club, and the remaining 2,000 on special gold (yellow) vinyl. This is the band's first non-album single. It features the b-side "Arriba."

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Babes in Toyland

## Personnel

Musicians
* Kat Bjelland – vocals, guitar
* Michelle Leon – bass
* Lori Barbero – drums
Technical
* Jack Endino – production, recording
* Carol Hibbs – mastering
* Tom Robinson – photography (back)
* Charles Peterson – photography (front)
# Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919

The Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act 1919 (9 & 10 Geo. 5. c. 35) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was also known as the Addison Act after Minister of Health, Christopher Addison, who was Minister for Housing. The Act was passed to allow the building of new houses after the First World War, and marked the start of a long 20th-century tradition of state-owned housing in planned council estates. A separate Act was passed for Scotland.

## Background

The 1919 Act followed on from the Town Planning Act 1909 and the 1917 Tudor Walters Committee Report into the provision of housing in the United Kingdom; the latter commissioned by Parliament with a view to postwar construction. In part, it was a response to the shocking lack of fitness amongst many recruits during World War I, which was attributed to poor living conditions. That belief summed up in a housing poster of the period that "you cannot expect to get an A1 population out of C3 homes", in reference to the period's military fitness classifications.

## Terms

It provided subsidies to local authorities and aimed to help finance the construction of 500,000 houses within three years.
Section 41 (1) provided that the London County Council could build houses outside the County of London. The provision was used to build 'out-county' estates, such as Becontree.

## Results

Not all of the funding was ultimately made available, as the subsidies were scrapped in 1922 under the Geddes Axe austerity programme. Only 213,000 homes were built under the 1919 Act scheme.
# Hormathus bicolor

Hormathus bicolor is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Zayas in 1975.
# Ecological threshold

Ecological threshold is the point at which a relatively small change or disturbance in external conditions causes a rapid change in an ecosystem. When an ecological threshold has been passed, the ecosystem may no longer be able to return to its state by means of its inherent resilience. Crossing an ecological threshold often leads to rapid change of ecosystem health. Ecological threshold represent a non-linearity of the responses in ecological or biological systems to pressures caused by human activities or natural processes. Critical load, regime shift, critical transition and tipping point are examples of other closely related terms.

## Characteristics

Thresholds can be characterized as points or as zones. Zone-type thresholds imply a gradual shift or transition from one state to another rather than an abrupt change at a specific point. Ecological thresholds have caught attention because many cases of catastrophic worsening of conditions have proved to be difficult or nearly impossible to remedy (also known as points of no return). Ecological extinction is an example of a definitive point of no return.
Ecological thresholds are often characterized by hysteresis, which means the dependence of the state of a system on the history of its state. Even when the change is not irreversible, the return path from altered to original state can be drastically different from the development leading to the altered state.
Another related concept is panarchy. Panarchy views coupled human-natural systems as a cross-scale set of adaptive cycles that reflect the dynamic nature of human and natural structures across time and space. Sudden shifts in ecosystem state can induce changes in human understanding of the way the systems need to be managed. These changes, in turn, may alter the institutions that carry out that management and as a result, some new changes occur in ecosystems.

## Detection

There are many different types of thresholds and detecting the occurrence of a threshold is not always straightforward. One approach is to process time series which are thought to display a shift in order to identify a possible jump. Methods have been developed to enhance and localize the jumps.

## Examples

Some examples of ecological thresholds, such as clear lakes turning into turbid ones, are well documented but many more probably exist. The thresholds database by Resilience Alliance and Santa Fe Institute includes over one hundred examples.
# Jorge Schiaffino Isunza

Jorge Schiaffino Isunza (10 April 1947 – 11 December 2017) was a Mexican politician.
He studied law at Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. A member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Schiaffino Isunza served in several party posts in the state of Morelos before his election to the Chamber of Deputies for the Federal District's 26th electoral district in 1988. He was a deputy for a single term, and returned to local government service in Mexico City and San Luis Potosí. Schiaffino Isunza died in Mexico City on 11 December 2017, of a heart attack.
# Acmaeodera princeps

Acmaeodera princeps is a species of metallic wood-boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It is found in North America.
# Coulogne

Coulogne (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department, region of Hauts-de-France, France.

## Geography

A large village of light industry and farming located just 2 miles (3 km) south of Calais city centre, on the D247 road.

## Places of interest

* The church of St.Jacques, dating from the nineteenth century.
* The ruins of an ancient château, destroyed in 1560.
* An eighteenth century sluice-gate.

## Transport

The Chemin de fer d'Anvin à Calais opened a railway station at Coulogne in 1881. The railway closed in 1955.