OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# James L. Webb

James Landrum Webb (November 12, 1854 – October 1, 1930) was an American politician and jurist.

## Early life

Webb was born on November 12, 1854, in Cleveland County, North Carolina, United States. His father was a Baptist minister. He studied at Wake Forest University for three and a half years before returning to Cleveland County to assist Plato Durham in editing The Shelby Banner during the Reconstruction era. Webb then studied law under Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court Richmond Mumford Pearson before becoming licensed to practice law in 1877. The following year he married K. L. Andrews and opened a law practice with Durham. He later started a law firm with his brother, Edwin Y. Webb.

## Political and judicial career

Webb was a member of the Democratic Party. He was elected Mayor of Shelby, North Carolina, in 1880. In 1883 he was elected to the North Carolina Senate, holding that office until President Grover Cleveland appointed him as a postal inspector in 1885. He served in that capacity for six months, and in 1887 he was reelected to the Senate and served as its president pro tempore.
In the 1890s Republican and Populist Fusionists obtained control of Cleveland County government offices. Webb and his brother Edwin worked to create a local Democratic political machine which successfully ousted them. In 1892 North Carolina Governor Thomas Michael Holt appointed Webb as a district solicitor, filling in a vacancy. He was subsequently elected to keep the post. In November 1904 he was appointed as a judge to the North Carolina Superior Court by Governor Charles Brantley Aycock to fill a vacancy. Pursuant to his duties as solicitor and judge, Webb visited every county in North Carolina to try and hear cases. He was continuously reelected to the judicial office, never facing any challenger in the Democratic primary.
Webb's daughter, Fay Webb, married Shelby politician O. Max Gardner. In 1911 Webb bought a large mansion in Shelby, which quickly acquired the name Webbley. He subsequently moved his family into the house, joined by the Gardner family. In 1928 Gardner was elected Governor of North Carolina. Together with his brother Edwin, politician Clyde R. Hoey, and legal partner Odus M. Mull, Webb became a leading figure in Gardner's nascent political organization, dubbed the Shelby Dynasty.
In early 1930 Webb declared that he would retire from his judicial post in December due to health problems. In September he began experiencing heart trouble. He died on October 1, 1930, at his home in Shelby.
# Chelis ferghana

Chelis ferghana is a moth in the family Erebidae. It was described by Otto Staudinger in 1887. It is found in Central Asia (Alai, Sussamyr, Turkestan Range, possibly the Pamirs, and Tien Shan), Afghanistan and possibly Nepal.
This species, along with the others of the genus Palearctia, was moved to Chelis as a result of phylogenetic research published by Rönkä et al. in 2016.

## Subspecies

* Chelis ferghana ferghana (Alai Mountains)
* Chelis ferghana schottlaenderi (Strand, 1912) (Tien Shan)
* Chelis ferghana sussamyra Dubatolov, 1996 (Suusamyr Mountains)
# James Marshall Ferris

James Marshall Ferris (1828 – March 2, 1893) was an Ontario political figure. He represented Northumberland East in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member from 1875 to 1886.
He was born in County Fermanagh, Ireland in 1828 and came to Canada West in 1850. In 1857, he married Catherine Fralick. Ferris served as postmaster of Campbellford, Ontario, reeve of Seymour Township and warden of the United Counties of Northumberland and Durham.
Ferris acquired large amounts of property in the Campbellford area and his descendants donated the land which later became Ferris Provincial Park.

## Electoral history

vte1875 Ontario general election: Northumberland East :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | James Marshall Ferris | 1,551 | 48.27 | +10.58 |
| | Conservative | E. Cochrane | 1,448 | 45.07 | +9.00 |
| | Liberal | William Wilson Webb | 214 | 6.66 | −31.04 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,213 | 74.62 | +21.39 |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 4,306 |
| Election voided |||||||||
| Source: Elections Ontario |||||||
vteOntario provincial by-election, November 1875: Northumberland East Previous election voided :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | James Marshall Ferris | 1,709 | 52.46 | +14.76 |
| | Conservative | E. Cochrane | 1,549 | 47.54 | +11.48 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,258 |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | Swing | +1.64 |
| Source: History of the Electoral Districts, Legislatures and Ministries of the Province of Ontario$^{:248}$ |||||||
vte1879 Ontario general election: Northumberland East :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | James Marshall Ferris | 1,887 | 50.64 | −1.81 |
| | Conservative | E. Cochrane | 1,839 | 49.36 | +1.81 |
| Total valid votes | Total valid votes | Total valid votes | 3,726 | 71.32 |
| Eligible voters | Eligible voters | Eligible voters | 5,224 |
| | Liberal hold | Liberal hold | Swing | Swing | −1.81 |
| Source: Elections Ontario |||||||
# Chellala District

Chellala is a district in El Bayadh Province, Algeria. It was named after its capital, Chellala.

## Municipalities

The district is further divided into 2 municipalities:
* Chellala
* El Maharra
33°01′59″N 0°03′20″E﻿ / ﻿33.0331°N 0.0556°E﻿ / 33.0331; 0.0556
* This article about a location in El Bayadh Province is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# James Thompson Bixby

James Thompson Bixby (July 30, 1843 – December 26, 1921) was a United States Unitarian minister and writer.

## Biography

He was born at Barre, Massachusetts, and graduated from Harvard College (1864) and Harvard Divinity School (B.D., 1870). He entered the ministry, and served as a minister for Unitarian churches in Watertown, Massachusetts (1870–74), Belfast, Maine (1875-79), and Meadville, Pennsylvania (1879–83). In Meadville, he was also professor of the philosophy of religion in the Meadville Theological School from 1879 to 1883.
In 1883, he went abroad for study and travel, receiving the degree of Ph.D. at the University of Leipzig in 1885, having also attended the universities at Jena and Heidelberg. He served as a minister in Yonkers, New York (1887-1903). He retired in 1903, and spent his last years in Yonkers.
He lectured on the philosophy of religious at the Lowell Institute, Boston, in 1876 and 1883. He was a member of the Authors' Club and Authors' League of America. He was interested in founding theology on a scientific basis, and his studies of comparative religion also found expression in his writings. In his later life, he wrote on immortality for Bibliotheca Sacra and Biblical World.
Bixby criticized the arguments of Felix Leopold Oswald, that Christianity was of Buddhist origin.

## Works

* Similarities of Physical and Religious Knowledge (1876; 2nd ed. under the title Religion and Science as Allies, 1889)
* Evolution and Christianity (1891)
* James T. Bixby (December 1897). "Babism and the Bab". The New World; A Quarterly Review of Religion, Ethics, and Theology. 6 (24): 722–750.
* The Crisis in Morals; Examination of Rational Ethics in the Light of Modern Science (1891; 2nd ed. under the title, The Ethics of Evolution, 1900)
* The New World and the New Thought (1902)
* The Open Secret (1912)
* What is Bahaism? (1912)
# James Thoppil

Bishop James Thoppil is the serving Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Kohima.

## Early life and education

James Thoppil was born on 8 May 1959 in Kottayam, Kerala, India to Mr. Uthuppan Charalel and Mrs. Anna. He completed his minor seminary from Minor Seminary of St. Joseph, Dibrugarh in 1977. He completed his studies in Philosophy from Christ King College in 1980. He then completed his Theological studies in 1985 from Oriens Theological College and the Sacred Heart Theological College. He completed his training from Parish of St. Joseph in Tseminyu, Nagaland in 1982. He did his minor seminary studies from St. Joseph's Seminary, Dibrugarh. He did his Philosophical Studies at Christ King College, Shillong while at the same time doing B.A at St. Anthony's College, Shillong. He did Regency at St. Joseph's Church, Tseminyu from 1980 to 1982. He completed the Theological studies (B. Th) at Sacred Heart Theological College, Shillong, under the Salesian Pontifical University, Rome, from 1982 to 1986. He did his licentiate in the Field of Dogmatic Theology under Pontifical Urban University, Rome, from 1994 to 1996 and completed his Doctorate in the same field and under the same university from 1996 to 1998. His doctoral dissertation is titled Towards an Asian Ecclesiology.

## Priesthood

Thoppil was ordained a priest on 12 January 1982 in Kohima.

## Episcopate

He was appointed bishop of the Diocese of Kohima on 16 June 2011 by Pope Benedict XVI. He was ordained a bishop on 8 September 2011 by Salvatore Pennacchio.

## Writings

* Towards an Asian ecclesiology: understanding of the church in the documents of the Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences (FABC) 1970-1995 and the Asian Ecclesiological Trends
# Jan Nowopacký

Jan Nowopacký or, in German, Johann Novopacky (15 November 1821, Nechanice – 3 August 1908, Slavětín) was a Czech landscape painter.

## Biography

He was born to a poor family of weavers. He showed creative talent at an early age, playing the flute and violin as well as painting, so his family sought a way to arrange a good education for him. They finally obtained the patronage of Countess von Harrach, who took him to Vienna to study with the portrait painter, Franz Schrotzberg.
After a few lessons, he attempted to gain admission to the Academy of Fine Arts, but was rejected because he did not speak German well enough. He went home to Nechanice, studied hard, reapplied, and was admitted in 1842. From there, he made several study trips to the Alps and Tyrolia. In 1848, he was a participant in the Revolutions and, fearing reprisals, returned to Prague when they failed.
Following his father's death, his financial situation became difficult and he accepted a job as a drawing teacher for the Paars, a notable family that was instrumental in establishing the Austro-Hungarian Postal Service. After two years, in 1851, he took a similar position with the Count of Hoyos in Lower Austria. His duties there involved travelling in Northern Italy and Campania.
He returned to Vienna in 1861, where he continued to be an art instructor for noble families. After 1869, he was engaged by the Imperial Family and taught painting to Crown Prince Rudolf. As a result, in 1880, he was appointed Custodian of the Imperial Galleries, a position he held until his retirement in 1895, when he returned to Bohemia to live with his niece in Ústí nad Orlicí.
He spent so many years in Vienna that he was generally considered to be an Austrian painter. His first major exhibition in his homeland did not come until 1902.
# Cherish (Seiko Matsuda album)

Cherish is the forty-fifth studio album by Seiko Matsuda. It came in two different versions, a regular edition which contains the CD album and a first press special edition that contained the CD album plus a 36-page photobook. The album release wasn't preceded by any single release, so all the songs in the album are new songs.

## Track listing

All lyrics are written by Seiko Matsuda

## Charts

| First week sales | Sales Total |
| 11,688 | 14,666 |
# Jan Frode Nornes

Jan Frode Nornes (born 8 January 1973) is a Norwegian football coach and former player. He an assistant manager of Eliteserien club Vålerenga.

## Career

Nornes played most of his career with Odd Grenland whom he joined in 1999, but after a shoulder injury, he was loaned out to 1. divisjon club Strømsgodset autumn 2006. He helped Strømsgodset to promotion to Tippeligaen, and was offered a permanent contract with the team from Drammen, but chose to return home to Vestfold, and Sandefjord.
He previously played for Flint and Eik, in his hometown Tønsberg.
Nornes was capped three times for Norway.
After his retirement as a player, Nornes worked as an assistant coach at his former club Odd. He was the assistant coach of Dag-Eilev Fagermo for 12 years, before Fagermo left the club for Vålerenga in January 2020. Nornes was then promoted to head coach of Odd in March 2020. He was sacked on 8 January 2022. Ahead of the 2023 he was named as assistant manager of Vålerenga, working under his old superior Dag-Eilev Fagermo.
# Hurricane Mesa

Hurricane Mesa (37°14′25″N 113°12′41″W﻿ / ﻿37.24028°N 113.21139°W﻿ / 37.24028; -113.21139) is a Utah landform near Hurricane, Utah, used for Cold War tests of rocket ejection seats for supersonic aircraft at the Hurricane Supersonic Research Site. The mesa is "flat bedrock of faultless Shinarump conglomerate" 1,500 ft (460 m) above the Virgin River valley, which allowed clearance for assessment of a longer flight trajectory up from the mesa and over the cliff for the test object (e.g., the anthropoid simulator—dummy—named "Hurricane Sam").
Currently the facility is still used to test military ejection seats for the US and Foreign Govt's.
# Adversus Haereses

Adversus Haereses is the commonly used Latin title for a book by the Church Father Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon in Gaul (now France). It is also often cited as Against Heresies or On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis. It is a five-volume work against Gnosticism and other Christian heresies, written around 180 CE.
It is sometimes confused with:
* Panarion (medicine-chest), also a work in opposition to heresies, written in the 4th century by Epiphanius of Salamis.
* Adversus omnes haereses, an appendix to the work De praescriptionem haereticorum by Tertullian, who lived c. 160–c. 225. Most scholars believe that the appendix is not by Tertullian but was added later; it is therefore attributed to a Pseudo-Tertullian.
# Adverse pressure gradient

In fluid dynamics, an adverse pressure gradient is a pressure gradient in which the static pressure increases in the direction of the flow. Mathematically this is expressed as dP/dx > 0 for a flow in the positive x-direction.
This is important for boundary layers. Increasing the fluid pressure is akin to increasing the potential energy of the fluid, leading to a reduced kinetic energy and a deceleration of the fluid. Since the fluid in the inner part of the boundary layer is slower, it is more greatly affected by the increasing pressure gradient. For a large enough pressure increase, this fluid may slow to zero velocity or even become reversed causing a flow separation. This has very significant consequences in aerodynamics since flow separation significantly modifies the pressure distribution along the surface and hence the lift and drag characteristics.
Turbulent boundary layers tend to be able to sustain an adverse pressure gradient better than an equivalent laminar boundary layer. The more efficient mixing which occurs in a turbulent boundary layer transports kinetic energy from the edge of the boundary layer to the low-momentum flow at the solid surface, often preventing the separation that would occur for a laminar boundary layer under the same conditions. This physical fact has led to a variety of schemes to actually produce turbulent boundary layers when boundary layer separation is dominant at high Reynolds numbers; the dimples on a golf ball, the fuzz on a tennis ball, or the seams on a baseball are good examples. Aeroplane wings are often engineered with vortex generators on the upper surface to produce a turbulent boundary layer.
# Adversus Valentinianos

Adversus Valentinianos, or Against the Valentinians, is a famous refutation of Valentinianism by Tertullian, an orthodox contemporary of the Gnostics and one of the first to investigate them. The work satirized the bizarre elements that appear in Gnostic mythology, ridiculing the Gnostics for creating elaborate cosmologies, with multi-storied heavens like apartment houses.
Though an enemy of Valentinus, Tertullian nevertheless spoke of him as a brilliant and eloquent man. Tertullian claims that Valentinus refused to submit himself to the superior authority of the bishop of Rome because he wanted to become bishop himself. In Tertullian's version of events, when another man was chosen to be bishop, Valentinus was filled with envy and frustrated ambition and separated himself from the church to found a rival group of his own. Tertullian's story follows a typical polemic against heresy, maintaining that envy and ambition lead heretics to deviate from the true faith, and for this and other reasons is largely rejected by historians. Twenty years after the incident which Tertullian claims led to their separation from it, followers of Valentinus still considered themselves full members of the church, and they resisted orthodox attempts to expel them.
The religious historian Elaine Pagels writes that though Tertullian's story may be untrue, it illustrates the potential of heresy to encourage insubordination to clerical authority, which Christians saw as one of its dangers.
# Adysh Gospels

The Adishi Gospels (Adishi Four Gospels) (Georgian: ადიშის ოთხთავი) is an important early medieval Gospel Book from Georgia.
The oldest dated extant manuscript of the Georgian version of the Gospels, it was created by Mikaeli at Shatberdi Monastery in the southwestern Georgian princedom of Klarjeti (located now in northeastern Turkey) in AD 897, and later removed thence to be preserved in the remote village of Adishi in highland Svaneti. The first five folios (30 x 25 cm) of the manuscript are illuminated.
The manuscript was first published, in 1916, by the prominent Georgian scholar Ekvtime Takaishvili. It has been extensively studied by both Georgian and international scholars (e.g., Robert Pierpont Blake of Harvard University). The manuscript is now preserved in the Mestia Ethnographic Museum, Georgia.

## Text

It lacks text of Christ's agony at Gethsemane (Luke 22:43–44), and pericope of the adulteress (John 7:53-8:11), Longer Ending of Mark (Mark 16:9–20), the tradition of an angel who stirred the waters at the Pool of Bethesda (John 5:4), necessity for praying to Jesus (John 14:14), parable of two men in the field (Luke 17:36), Jesus' remark about his listeners (Mark 7:16), Jesus' speech about cutting sinful feet (Mark 9:44, 46), and Jesus' advice to forgive sins to others (Mark 11:26), Jesus' remark about people who do not go without prayer or fasting (Matthew 17:21), and one of Jesus' condemnatory sentences towards Scribes and Pharisees (Matthew 23:14); Thus providing the only (but earliest) Georgian witness for the omission of these passages.
The gospel also has some interesting variants. For example, in both Matthew 19:24 and Mark 10:25 the text reads "rope" instead of traditional "camel".
# Aegilia

Aegilia is a genus of moths of the family Euteliidae.

## Species

* Aegilia describens Walker, [1858]
* Aegilia indescribens Prout, 1922
# Aegean

Aegean may refer to:
* Aegean Sea
* Aegean Islands
* Aegean Region (geographical), Turkey
* Aegean Region (statistical), Turkey
* Aegean civilizations
* Aegean languages, a group of ancient languages and proposed language family
* Aegean Sea (theme), a naval theme of the Byzantine Empire
* Aegean Airlines
* Aegean Macedonia, an irredentist term for the Greek region of Macedonia
* Aegean Records, independent record label founded by singer and songwriter George Michael
* University of the Aegean, a university based in Mytilene, Greece
* Ege University, a university based in İzmir, Turkey
* Aegean (stage), part of the Triassic system in stratigraphy
* Aegean cat, a cat breed from Greece
* Aegean Contagion, an alternate name to the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis with reference to its point of origin and a general term for an epidemic
* Aegean (album)
# Aerodrome Inc.

Aerodrome Pictures is an American design studio that has provided branding for many television channels worldwide. The company was originally formed in 1985 by R. Scott Miller.
Over the next three decades, the studio produced graphics for many channels, including HBO Family, Fox Broadcasting Company, Sci-Fi Channel among others. The studio also produced various film & show titles.

## History

R. Scott Miller set up Scott Miller & Associates Inc. in 1985 and designed the original graphics for the Discovery Channel and Turner Network Television. In 1992, as Scott Miller & Associates was working on the network identity for Sci-Fi Channel, it renamed itself as Aerodrome Pictures. Aerodrome hired more people to work at the studio as the company began winning more awards, including nine Emmy awards, at this time. In the late-2000s, the company started to fall in popularity, but afterward, they continued to grow slowly.

## List of re-brands and titles by the studio
### Scott Miller & Associates Inc.

* Discovery Channel (1985)
* Telemundo (1987)
* Fox (1988)
* Turner Network Television (1988)
* Monday Night Football (1988)
* The Reporters (1988)
* Sci-Fi Channel (1992)

### Aerodrome Pictures

* HBO Family (1996)
* STS (1997)
* FX (1997)
* Discovery Channel (1997)
* FitTV (1998)
* ABC Sports (2001)
* South Park (2001)
* FitTV (2003)
* Fox Sports Net (2003)
* Fox (2003)
* National Geographic Channel (2004)
* Universal Channel (2004)
* American Idol (2005)
* Paramedia (2005)
* America's Got Talent (2006)
* TF1 (2006)
* Unbeatable Banzuke (2008)
* Beyond Twisted (2009)
* American Ninja Warrior (2009)
* Let's Ask America (2012)
* The Arsenio Hall Show (2013)
* TMZ on TV (2013)
# Digitaria sanguinalis

Digitaria sanguinalis is a species of grass known by several common names, including hairy crabgrass, hairy finger-grass, large crabgrass, crab finger grass, purple crabgrass. It is one of the better-known species of the genus Digitaria, and one that is known nearly worldwide as a common weed. It is used as animal fodder, and the seeds are edible and have been used as a grain in Germany and especially Poland, where it is sometimes cultivated. This has earned it the name Polish millet.

## Description

It is an annual grass with an inflorescence of up to nine very long, very thin, radiating branches atop its stems. Each branch is lined with pairs of very tiny spikelets. The inflorescences may be reddish or purplish.

## Uses

During the European Middle Ages, Digitaria sanguinalis was cultivated by Slavic peoples in Eastern Europe, where it was cooked in soups and porridges.
The plant was brought to the United States by immigrants to serve as hand-foraged grain. The grass is also highly nutritious, especially before the plant exhausts itself producing seed. It is frequently sown in fields to provide graze for animals, or clipped and bundled as hay. Compared to other grasses, it has a relatively high protein percentage. Farmers will sometimes till patches in their pastures in the late spring, with the intent of encouraging crabgrass seed.
For human consumption, crabgrass necessarily must be harvested by hand, because it produces grain throughout summer, rather than simultaneously. Machine harvesting would require monthly passes, and even then much of the seed would go to waste. Crabgrass produces an exceptionally high amount of grain, it smothers other weeds, it acts as its own mulch, and it can survive both heat and drought. Its adaptability makes it a candidate for environmental small-farming.

## Control

Its usefulness to nineteenth-century homesteaders has made its seed widespread, and today is generally considered an unattractive nuisance. Crabgrass takes advantage of low fertility and drought, since this tends to weaken other grasses and it tends to invade manicured turf. It is difficult to kill, as it will regenerate, and chemicals will likely harm surrounding grasses. As an annual, it can be controlled by preemergent herbicides. The most efficient means of control is to pull patches, and keep the rest of the lawn watered and mowed at a height of two to three inches.
# Afa (mythology)

Afā (also known as Toikia) is an aitu or supernatural being in the Polynesian mythology of Tokelau.