# Kennedy Bridge (Bonn)

The Kennedy Bridge (German: Kennedybrücke) is the middle of Bonn's three Rhine bridges (North, Kennedy, and South Bridge), connecting the city center of Bonn on the left side with the town center of Beuel (which was incorporated into Bonn in 1969) on the right side. The second reconstruction, which began in 2007, was finished in July 2011.

## The history of the Kennedy Bridge
### Connection between Bonn and Vilich (now Beuel)

Today's Kennedy Bridge is not the first connection between Bonn's two Rhine shores. There had already been regular ferry service since the 17th century. After the traffic grew faster and faster as well as high and low water, fog, ice, or darkness complicated the transport, the city of Bonn made the first plans for a bridge to the right bank of the Rhine in 1889. The citizens of Bonn started talks with the community of Vilich (the term „Beuel“ was first established in 1922). But it was a hard run until the festive inauguration of the first Rhine Bridge on December 17, 1898. First, a dispute had to be clarified: the "Fähraktiengesellschaft," the community of the so-called "Fährbeerbten" (ferrymen) who hold the „Fährrechte“ (rights of ferry shipping) in this section of the Rhine, feared great financial losses. On May 13, 1896, the city of Bonn and the "Fährbeerbten" both agreed on a payment of 190,000 marks and a further compensation of 30,000 marks.

### Financing

Before the beginning of the construction — not unlike today — the financing had to be guaranteed. Negotiations with various banks were unsuccessful. The German Empire, Prussia, and Rhine Province were also defeated, so the city had to bear the full costs, which the Council officially decided in 1894.
Initially, the construction costs were estimated at $2.58 million. The citizens of Bonn wanted the town of Vilich to share costs with 10%, but the local council just offered the quite insufficient sum of 2,500 marks (0.1%). They feared that the construction would exceed the estimated costs. Therefore, the Vilichers were more interested in an end point of the bridge closer to their town's center. Instead, Bonn wanted the most economical connection for their business center „Markt“ across the former Vierecksplatz, the area of today's Bertha-von-Suttner-Platz, and the Berliner Freiheit. Bonn rejected the modest participation, and after a long wrangling, they agreed that the „Rechtsrheinischen“ (people living on the right bank of the Rhine) would offer the space for the bridge ramp on their side for free and build a road to link their town with the bridge (because the bridge ended in no-man's land there at this time), and Bonn paid for the bridge.

### The largest and most beautiful bridge over the Rhine

In July 1895, a competition for the bridge was announced. Gutehoffnungshuette from Oberhausen, R. Schneider from Berlin, and the architect Bruno Moehring won the 1st prize awarded with 8,000 marks. The winners also received the contract to build the bridge. In April 1896, construction began, and 33 months later the bridge was opened for public traffic. At this time, with a main span of 188 meters, it was the largest and by its location in front of the picturesque Siebengebirge, the most beautiful bridge over the Rhine.
The financing of the 4 million marks (155% of the first estimation) was realized by a public loan. From the beginning, all passersby had to pay a bridge toll. This toll was raised for cars in 1927 and finally for all passersby in 1938.

### Renaming to Klaus-Clemens Bridge, destruction and first reconstruction

Like every public building, the Rhine Bridge was not spared from the era of National Socialism. The Nazis renamed the bridge Klaus-Clemens Bridge (after a SA official from Bonn). On March 8, 1945 at 8:20 PM, only two months before the end of World War II, the fleeing Wehrmacht destroyed the bridge, but the bombing didn't really stop the Allies.
Soon after the destruction ferries, boats and some truck ferries transferred goods and people between both sides. On August 29, 1945, Bonn's Committee for Urban Planning, the "Bauausschuss", dealt with the construction of a new bridge and released the plans in March 1946. In September 1946, Stahlbau Rheinhausen and Grün & Bilfinger started with the construction. The bridge was built on the nearly intact pillows within 36 months. On November 12, 1949, the new bridge was opened.

### Renaming to Kennedy Bridge

On December 2, 1963, just ten days after the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, the bridge was renamed Kennedy Bridge in the presence of U.S. Ambassador George McGhee and Bonn's mayor, Dr. Wilhelm Daniels.

### Second reconstruction

In 2003, heavy corrosion damage was found below the sidewalks. According to another report in September 2005, the sidewalks were completely blocked for safety reasons and the city's Council decided on reconstruction and widening at the earliest possible moment. Subsequently, the funding of the 40 million Euros has been guaranteed. The 3-phased reconstruction (north side, south side, road surface) began on April 16, 2007 and should be completed in April 2010 (later delayed to July 2011). After the reconstruction the bridge is 10 meters wider than before (26.80 meters in total). Until completion the whole traffic (cars and trams) was contracted to the two central lanes. Pedestrians and cyclists had to use one of the closed road lanes (depending on the reconstructed bridge side).