OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# J. H. Colton

Joseph Hutchins Colton (July 5, 1800 – July 29, 1893), founded an American mapmaking company which was an international leader in the map publishing industry between 1831 and 1890.
Colton was born in Longmeadow, Massachusetts, and moved to New York in 1831 to establish his firm. For the first ten years, Colton licensed the use of maps from established cartographers such as David H. Burr. Colton also employed some of the preeminent engravers of the time, including Burr, Samuel Stiles, John Disturnell and D. Griffing Johnson. Colton went on to create railroad maps, immigrant guides, folding pocket maps, large wall maps, and elaborate atlases.
J.H. Colton Company maps were printed using engraved steel plates, which produced higher quality prints than maps made with less costly wax engravings. They were often individually hand watercolored and were recognized for their decorative borders.
In the early 1850s Colton brought his two sons into the business, George Woolworth Colton (1827–1901) and Charles B. Colton (1832–1916).
In 1857, Colton was awarded a $25,000 commission by the Government of Bolivia to produce 2500 large maps of the country. Colton completed the contract, but was not paid by Bolivia, which was mired in revolution. Colton pursued a high-profile legal case against the Bolivian and Peruvian governments and after considerable delay was awarded $100,000 in compensation and damages.
In 1859, Colton published a Hand-book to Kansas Territory and the Rocky Mountains' Gold Region; accompanied by reliable maps and a preliminary treatise on the pre-emption laws of the United States, by James Redpath and Richard J. Hinton.
Maps published by J.H. Colton can be found in the historical archives of most of the U.S. states, (including Mississippi, Louisiana, and Maryland) and of many national governments (including the United States Library of Congress). They are also found in university and museum collections (including at University of Kansas, University of Texas, and Princeton University).
* 1854 Map of Texas
* 1855 Atlas Map of Turkey
* 1855 Map of Japan
* 1855 Pocket Map of U.S.
* 1855 Map of Venezuela, New Granada & Ecuador
* 1862 Map of Africa
* 1872 Atlas Map of Antarctica
# Jack Doughty

John Doughty (October 1865 – April 1937) was a Welsh footballer who played as a forward. Born in Bilston, Staffordshire, to an Irish father and a Welsh mother, Doughty started his football career with Druids before joining Newton Heath in June 1886. He was in the Heathens team that first joined the Football Alliance in the 1889–90 season, and made his debut on 30 October 1886 against Fleetwood Rangers in the FA Cup. He left Newton Heath in 1891.
Doughty made his debut for the Wales national team in 1886, in a match against Scotland. He scored four goals in one match for Wales in a game against Ireland national football team in March 1888, a match in which his brother Roger, also a Newton Heath player, scored two goals. In total, Doughty only played eight times for Wales.
# Hypotrachyna indica

Hypotrachyna indica is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. Found in India, it was described as new to science in 2011.
# Inéquilibre

Inéquilibre (literally meaning "imbalance", from the French "équilibre" which means "balance") is a bronze sculpture by French artist Val. Out of the twelve editions, only one is currently placed publicly within SkySuite, the highest residential tower in Singapore.

## Description

This sculpture was inspired by the ruined temples under restoration at Angkor Wat in Cambodia. Each stone is removed, numbered, and each temple is reconstructed, embellished by the marks of time. The man moves alongside, serene and as a witness of his own time. The sculpture questions the place of mankind, the search for harmony within the imbalance (inéquilibre) that is offered to us.
# Clinton, Clinton County, New York

Clinton is a town in Clinton County, New York, United States. The population was 737 at the 2010 census. The town is located in the northwestern corner of the county and is northwest of Plattsburgh.

## History

The area was settled before 1820, near the community of Frontier. The town was set apart from the town of Ellenburg in 1845.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town of Clinton has a total area of 67.1 square miles (173.8 km$^2$), of which 67.1 square miles (173.7 km$^2$) is land and 0.04 square miles (0.1 km$^2$), or 0.04%, is water.
The northern town line is the Canada–US border with Quebec in Canada, and the western town line is the border of the town of Chateaugay in Franklin County.
U.S. Route 11 is an east-west highway, which intersects New York State Route 189, a north-south highway, south of Churubusco.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 727 people, 270 households, and 201 families residing in the town. The population density was 10.8 inhabitants per square mile (4.2/km$^2$). There were 348 housing units at an average density of 5.2 per square mile (2.0/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 98.35% White, 0.28% African American, 0.14% Asian, 0.28% from other races, and 0.96% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.28% of the population.
There were 270 households, out of which 31.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.4% were married couples living together, 7.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 25.2% were non-families. 19.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.69 and the average family size was 3.08.
In the town, the population was spread out, with 26.3% under the age of 18, 5.6% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 23.8% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 113.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 114.4 males.
The median income for a household in the town was $28,750, and the median income for a family was $34,375. Males had a median income of $25,804 versus $27,292 for females. The per capita income for the town was $11,787. About 14.7% of families and 17.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 21.2% of those under age 18 and 20.6% of those age 65 or over.

## Communities and locations in Clinton

* Churubusco – A hamlet on NY-189, north of US-11, in the central part of the town.
* Clinton Mills – A hamlet east of Churubusco on Clinton Mills Road.
* English River – A small stream in the eastern part of Clinton.
* Frontier – A hamlet on the Canada–US border in the northwestern part of the town.
* Gibson Corners – A location on the northeastern town line on Clinton Mills Road.
# John Heath (cricketer, born 1807)

John Heath (12 November 1807 – 7 November 1878) was an English cricketer active in the 1840s and 1850s, making over twenty appearances in first-class cricket. Born at Lambeth, Surrey, Heath was a right-handed batsman, who played for a handful of first-class cricket teams.

## Career

Heath made his first-class debut for England against Kent at White Hart Field, Bromley, with him making a further first-class appearance for England in that season against Hampshire at Day's Ground, Southampton. Heath's next appearance in first-class cricket did not come until 1846, when he played for Surrey against Kent. He made a further appearance for Surrey in that season against the same opposition, as well as playing for England against Kent, and for the Surrey Club against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord's. In the following season, Heath made three first-class appearances, all for Surrey, playing twice against Kent and once against the Marylebone Cricket Club. He didn't feature in first-class matches in 1848, but did play once for Surrey against England at Lord's in 1849. He next featured for Surrey in 1851, making four first-class appearances, with two against Yorkshire, and a single match each against Nottinghamshire and Sussex. In 1852, Heath made five first-class appearances for Surrey, as well as being selected to play for the South in that seasons North v South fixture. He played in the fixture in the following season, once again representing the South, as well as appearing twice for Surrey, while in 1854 he made his final two appearances in first-class cricket, both for Surrey against Nottinghamshire. Playing nineteen of his 25 first-class matches for Surrey, Heath scored 218 runs for the county, averaging 7.03, with a high score of 35. Overall he scored 294 runs at average of 7.17.
He died at the City of London on 7 November 1878.
# Colorado Department of Local Affairs

The Colorado Department of Local Affairs (DOLA) is the principal department of the Colorado state government responsible for local government assistance, property taxation, property assessment appeals, affordable housing, and housing construction regulation.

## Structure

DOLA is composed of 4 divisions:
Board of Assessment Appeals
* Hears appeals filed by real and personal property owners regarding property tax assessments.
Division of Housing
* Provides state and federal funding to private housing developers, housing authorities and local governments to increase the inventory of affordable housing.
* Offers Section 8 rental assistance statewide through local housing authorities and non-profit service organizations.
* Certifies all factory/manufactured structures built in or shipped to Colorado.
* Approves multifamily construction in counties with no construction codes.
Division of Local Government
* Provides technical assistance and information to local governments on available federal and state programs
* Acts as a liaison with other state agencies concerned with local governments.
* Performs research on local government issues.
Division of Property Taxation
* Coordinates and administers the implementation of property tax law throughout the 64 counties.
* Operates under the leadership of the property tax administrator, who is appointed by the Colorado State Board of Equalization.
# Combs Addition, West Virginia

Combs Addition is an unincorporated community in Logan County, West Virginia, United States. Combs Addition is located along Huff Creek and West Virginia Route 10, 4.3 miles (6.9 km) east-southeast of Man. It is part of the Mallory census-designated place.
# Clorindy: The Origin of the Cakewalk

Clorindy, or The Origin of the Cake Walk is a one-act musical by composer Will Marion Cook and librettist Paul Laurence Dunbar.
The piece premiered in 1898 and was the first Broadway musical with an all-black cast. It starred the famous African-American performer Ernest Hogan. Popular songs from the show included "Who Dat Say Chicken In Dis Crowd" (one of the first documented uses of the well-known "Who Dat?" comedy motif) and the finale, "Darktown Is Out Tonight".

## Development

Despite his traditional musical education in music schools in Europe and America, Cook believed that "Negroes should eschew white patterns" and work to create unique styles to reflect their unique culture, rather than imitating the music of whites. Cook dreamed of presenting the first musical play with an all black cast on Broadway. Encouraged by the vaudeville duo Bert Williams and George Walker, Cook recruited his friend, poet Paul Laurence Dunbar, to write the book and lyrics for the new show. The duo completed the music and lyrics for the production in a single night in a basement near Howard University "equipped with beer, whiskey, a T-bone steak, but no piano." Dunbar found the collaboration so unpleasant that he vowed never to work with Cook again, but the two nonetheless collaborated on several more productions, including 1903's In Dahomey.

## Songs

* Darktown is Out To-night
* Love in a Cottage is Best
* Dance Creole (or Creole Dance)
* Who Dat Say Chicken in Dis Crowd
* Hottest Coon in Dixie
* Jump Back

## Productions

Cook sought a producer and venue in New York. He met much rejection before bringing his cast uninvited to a rehearsal hall where he heard that another act was auditioning for Edward E. Rice, manager of the Casino Theatre's Roof Garden. Rice eventually agreed to present it. The musical was adapted for the venue, with Rice removing most of Dunbar's dialogue, as the rooftop setting made spoken dialogue difficult to understand over the noise from the street. Clorindy was first presented on July 4, 1898 as an afterpiece to Rice's production Summer Nights, and it was a hit, prompting Cook to boast that "My chorus sang like Russians, dancing meanwhile like Negroes, and cakewalking like angels, black angels!" He declared that "Negroes are at last on Broadway, and here to stay!"
Clorindy had a brief run, also starring Hogan, at the Boston Music Hall in mid-January, 1901.
Cook would later write the first Broadway musical with an integrated cast, The Southerners, in 1904.
# Clorinde-class submarine

The Clorinde-class submarines were built for the French Navy prior to World War I. There were two boats in this class, neither of them would be used during World War I, but they operated in the Atlantic Ocean and the English Channel until they were stricken in 1926.

## Construction

The Clorinde-class submarines were both built at Arsenal de Rochefort in November 1910, they were double-hulled submarines and built under the 1909 programme Project of Julien Hutter on the basis of Labeuf Brumaire. They were launched in 1913 and the first submarine Clorinde was completed in October 1916, while her sistership Cornélie was finished in September 1917.
When they were completed, the submarine was 53.9 metres (176 ft 10 in) long, with a beam of 5.1 metres (16 ft 9 in) and a draft of 3.4 metres (11 ft 2 in). The submarine was assessed at 567 GRT. They had 2 MAN-Loire diesels / 2 NANCY-electric motors which were powered by diesel oil and the engine was rated at 800 nhp. Her max. depth was 40 metres (131 ft 3 in), they could hold 29 crew and they were armed with 2 450 mm (17.7 in) bow torpedo tubes, 6 single 450 mm Drzewiecki drop collars of which 4 were placed at the aft of the submarine. They each also held a single 47 mm (1.9 in) deck gun which was installed in 1916 when they entered service.

## Ships

| Name | Launched | Completed | Fate |
| Clorinde (Q90) | 2 October 1913 | 17 September 1917 | stricken, 15 January 1926 |
| Cornélie (Q91) | 29 October 1913 | 18 August 1916 | stricken, 20 December 1926 |
# Joey Corpus

Joey Corpus (born Jorge Corpus; 19 March 1957 – 9 December 2017) was a Filipino-American violinist and violin teacher.
Born in Manila, Corpus was the oldest sibling in a family of six children. His father Hector Corpus was an amateur jazz musician, and both of his grandfathers were violinists. At age 11, a car accident took the life of his mother, Anita Corpus (née Aguilar), and left Corpus a paraplegic. His uncle was the artist Federico Aguilar Alcuaz, and Corpus had planned to start a career as a visual artist.
At age 14, Corpus began to teach himself the violin. He also took instruction from such teachers as Luis Valencia and Nelly Soregi, and additional advice from his amateur violinist uncle on his father's side. He won a violin competition at age 15, which brought him to the attention of Edgar Schenkman of the Juilliard School. Schenkman offered Corpus a scholarship, but Corpus was physically unable to make the journey to the US at the time.
In 1982, Corpus moved to the United States with his brother. Corpus began studies in Philadelphia with Jascha Brodsky, with a scholarship from the Philippine government. Following the 1986 People's Revolution, the scholarship was terminated. Corpus chose to remain in the US and became a violin teacher, with his analytical skills honed from his earlier years of self-study. His students included Lara St. John, Louise Owen, Wen Qian, Chuan Yun Lee, and Katharine Gowers. His reputation as a teacher among violin students and professional violinists earned him the nicknames 'The Underground Guru' and 'The Secret Weapon'.
Corpus died in New York City on 9 December 2017. Three of his brothers, Gerardo, Hector, and Rolando, and his sister Rosario Maria survive him. His younger brother Roberto predeceased him.
# Johan Irgens-Hansen

Johan Irgens-Hansen (1854–1895) was a Norwegian literary critic, theatre critic and theatre director. He wrote theatre criticism for the newspapers Norske Intelligenssedler and Dagbladet. He was theatre director of the Bergen theatre Den Nationale Scene from 1890 to 1895.
# Jack Finch

Jack Finch may refer to:
* Jack Finch (conservationist) (1917–2006), American conservationist
* Jack Finch (footballer, born 1996), English footballer
* Jack Finch (footballer, born 1909) (1909–1993), English footballer and manager
# Butcher's Broom (novel)

Butcher's Broom is an epic, historical novel by Neil M. Gunn written and published in 1934, and re-titled Highland Night for its first American printing in 1935. Based on a semi-fictionalised account of the Highland Clearances in Sutherland, the novel deals with the decline of Highland culture in a wide scope of pre-Clearance and post-Clearance life, as well as the Clearances themselves.

## Plot

The book opens on Dark Mairi, a local healer and widow making her way back to the Strath where she, her grandson Davie and Elie (a young woman from the community) live. They live on the Riasgan estate where they have lived for many years under the ancient clan system. The decline of the clan system is one of the catalysts that drives the Clearances and the plot of the novel. Elie falls in love with Colin, a young man in the community and falls pregnant to him, just as he leaves to go to fight in the Napoleonic Wars for regiment raised by the local Captain, who as tacksman emigrates, leaving his community lacking the protection he once provided.
Elie wanders the Lowlands destitute with her child but returns to the community an outcast just as the threat of clearance hangs over the whole Strath (this is carried out by a thinly veiled equivalent of Patrick Sellar called Heller). Through this all Young Davie struggles to regain his trust for Elie, and Elie also attracts the attentions of Rob the Miller, who eventually marries her.
The community is burned out and cleared to the rocky shore, with a wall erected to stop them using their old lands. They eke out a pitiful existence in a harsh environment. Mairi is killed at the end by an estate sheepdog. Colin returns from the war to find his community relocated and overtly changed. He encounters he and Elie's son Colin, and together, although not recognising each other as father and son they bury Mairi according to custom.

## Significance

Butcher's Broom was one of the first pieces of 20th Century fiction to deal with the Highland Clearances. It deals with the social unrest which came with the decline of the Highland Clan System as chiefs became anglicised, the tacksmen emigrated and attitudes of laissez-faire capitalism and a belief in the inferiority of Gaelic culture arose to prominence in the 1800s.
Whilst Riasgan is a fictional location, the Clearances are very similar to those carried out in Strathnaver and Strath Kildonan, including the death of 93 year old Margaret MacKay, allegedly through the neglect by Patrick Sellar and his men.
It is Gunn's only book which directly deals with the Clearances, although many of his works are written in the historic aftermath of the events. When asked why he never wrote more than one novel about the Clearances itself, he referenced the complicity of Lowland Scots and the Highland Gentry in the process saying it was due "To the shame of the thing.. because our own people did it."
# Institute of Policy Studies

Institute of Policy Studies may refer to
* Institute of Policy Studies (Pakistan) in Islamabad
* Institute of Policy Studies (Singapore)
# Daniel E. Cassell

Daniel E. Cassell (8 January 1966 – 25 December 2022) was a Liberian psychologist, business consultant, and politician. He was the founding member of Liberia's People Liberation Party.

## Business career

Cassell founded Kwenyan Professional Health Services, a mental health/behavioral and substance abuse agency. He likewise worked as a Behavioral Specialist Consultant in the Philadelphia and Bucks County areas in the United States. In 2008, he became licensed as a professional counselor in Pennsylvania and became a licensed clinical drugs and alcohol counselor in New Jersey in 2009. This enabled him to begin his career in private practice. After a year in private practice, his agency was approved by the New Jersey Division of Child Behavioral Health as an intensive in-home and community provider.

## Politics

Daniel Cassell announced his intention to run for president of Liberia in the 2023 elections, IE vs Barcolleh forming the People Liberation Party to back his candidacy.

## Arrest

Cassell worked as a behavior specialist consultant in the United States, where he established Kwenyan Professional Health Services, a mental health, behavioral and substance abuse agency. His agency on many occasions billed insurance companies multiple times, including times when services were not performed. Cassell's company allegedly created fake vouchers for clients to the insurance company multiple times resulting in US$3.7 million. Cassell was arrested in Georgia on 17 March 2022 as a fugitive and was detained at the Essex County prison in New Jersey.
# Colour retention agent

Colour retention agents are food additives that are added to food to prevent the colour from changing. Many of them work by absorbing or binding to oxygen before it can damage food (antioxidants). For example, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is often added to brightly coloured fruits such as peaches during canning.

## List of colour retention agent

| E number | Common name | Max permitted level | Sources | Application |
| E222 | Sodium bisulfite | | Sulfite food and beverage additives | Meat, hominy, bananas |
| E300 | Ascorbic acid | GMP | Standard 1.3.1 - Food Additives (Australian) | Wine, sparkling wine and fortified wine |
| E300 | Ascorbic acid | 0.03% (w/w), or 0.02% (w/w) depending on the matrix | The Miscellaneous Food Additives Regulations 1995 | Fruit and vegetable-based drinks, juices and baby foods Fat-containing cereal-based foods including biscuits and rusks |