OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Colorado River dispute

The Colorado River dispute is a long-running dispute between the United States and Mexico over water rights to the Colorado River.

## Background

In 1884, the International Boundary and Water Commission was founded between Mexico and the United States as an entity to, among other things, oversee the flow of water from the United States to Mexico. The IBaWC negotiated the 1944 United States-Mexico Treaty for Utilization of Water of the Rio Grande, Colorado, and Tijuana rivers and allotted to Mexico a guaranteed annual quantity of water from these sources. However the treaty did not define the quality of the water. This became a problem with rapid development in the southern United States in the late 1950s, when the United States began diverting significant amounts of water from the Colorado River for the newly developed areas. Mexico protested and entered into negotiations with the United States. In 1974 an international agreement resulted in interpreting the 1944 treaty as guaranteeing Mexico the same quality of water as that being used in the United States.

## Legislation

* 1922- The Colorado River Compact was signed by the seven states part of the Colorado River Basin. Its goal was to allocate the water in two parts, an Upper Division and Lower Division. The Compact was amended in 2007 to preserve the water in the event of shortages.
* 1973 - The Endangered Species Act was passed to protect endangered species.
* 1974 - The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act was passed to deal with salinity and water quality.
* 1992 - The Grand Canyon Protection Act was passed to recognize the recreational value of the Colorado River to Grand Canyon National Park.

## California water agencies agreement 2003

In 2003, the water agencies of Southern California agreed to Quantification Settlement Agreement which would move millions of gallons from the river, which was originally used by desert farmers and divert it towards the fast-growing city of San Diego.

## Plans to end the river dispute 2003

In 2003, four Southern California water agencies, that had failed to reach a key Colorado River water-sharing pact, were studying a proposal that addressed the deal's main stumbling blocks. Government aides, including Gray Davis, proposed that the state Department of Water Resources explore a billion-dollar plan to shrink the size of the Salton Sea and restore it to health. If the plan was feasible, farm runoff, that would otherwise have flowed into the sea, could be desalinated and sent to San Diego County. He also proposed that farmers would pay a $1 surcharge for every acre-foot of Colorado River water they use over the next 35 years. Urban users, who use less river water, would pay a $3 fee per acre-foot. The millions generated would cover the cost of new wetland habitats as well as air quality and Salton Sea mitigation associated with the water transfer to San Diego.
# Colnbrook Estate Halt railway station

Colnbrook Estate Halt railway station was a station on the now closed railway line between West Drayton and Staines West, on the western edge of London, England. It was opened on 1 May 1961 by British Railways to serve the Colnbrook Industrial Estate.
The station closed to passengers on 29 March 1965 following the Beeching Report and has been completely demolished although the line through its site serves an aggregate depot and a fuel depot.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Colnbrook Line and station closed | Western Region of British Railways Staines West branch | West Drayton Line closed, station open |
# John Dunne (bishop of Wilcannia)

John Dunne (21 January 1846 – 25 December 1916) was a Roman Catholic bishop. He was the first bishop of the Diocese of Wilcannia in New South Wales, Australia.
Dunne was born in Rhode, King's County, Ireland. He studied for the priesthood at Carlow College and was a priest of the Sydney archdiocese. His relative John Dunne, then Vicar-General of Goulburn, requested that Dunne be devoted to the Diocese of Goulburn. The request was granted by Archdeacon John Polding and the newly promoted priest worked for 16 years in Goulburn. Dunne was consecrated the first Bishop of Wilcannia on 14 August 1887 at Goulburn Cathedral, a position he retained until his death.
Dunne's uncle, Patrick Dunne, was an Irish-born priest who also ministered in Australia.
# Coletta (surname)

Coletta is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Chris Coletta (born 1944), professional baseball player
* Chris Coletta (cyclist) (born 1972), American former cyclist
* Damiano Coletta, (born 1960), Italian politician, physician and former footballer
* Gabriela Coletta (born 1968), American politician
* Jacopo Coletta, (born 1992), Italian professional footballer
* John Coletta (1932–2006), English music manager and music producer
* Kim Coletta, bassist for Jawbox
* Sabino Coletta (1914-?), Argentine footballer
# John Divers

John Divers may refer to:
* John Divers (footballer, born 1874), Scottish international footballer who played for Hibernian, Celtic and Everton
* John Divers (footballer, born 1911), Scottish international footballer who played for Celtic, Morton and Oldham
* John Divers (footballer, born 1931), footballer who played in Clyde's Scottish Cup winning side of 1954–1955 and later for Exeter City and East Stirlingshire
* John Divers (footballer, born 1940), son of the footballer born 1911, played for Celtic and Partick Thistle
# Columba Ryan

Columba Ryan OP (born Patrick Ryan, 13 January 1916 in Hampstead – 4 August 2009) was a British priest of the Dominican Order and a philosophy teacher, university chaplain, and pastor. He was the brother of John Ryan, the British animator and cartoonist.

## Life

Patrick Ryan was born in Hampstead in 1916, the second son of Sir Andrew Ryan, a British diplomat who was the last dragoman in Constantinople, and his wife Ruth. Patrick was educated at Ampleforth in North Yorkshire. In 1935 he entered the Dominican Order at Woodchester Priory in Gloucestershire where he was given the name Columba. His uncle was Patrick Finbar Ryan OP, Archbishop of Port of Spain, Trinidad.
At the age of 30 (in 1946) he completed his DPhil at Oxford University. He was one of the friars who was on the Peace Pilgrimage to Vézelay in Burgundy, selecting "30 strong men" to carry a heavy wooden cross across France in thanksgiving for the end of the Second World War.
Ryan had an analytical mind and enjoyed philosophical controversy and debate. While teaching philosophy at the Dominican House of Studies at Hawkesyard Priory in 1954, he set up a Philosophical Enquiry Group, an annual meeting for Catholic philosophers held at the nearby Spode House. The Catholic philosophers Elizabeth Anscombe and Peter Geach were among the first invited, remaining leading figures of the group for the 20 years. He was also bursar at the priory.
He was briefly in charge of studies at Blackfriars, Oxford, where he was pro-regent of studies, then became chaplain to the Catholic students at the University of Strathclyde.
Ryan's contribution to philosophy and theology was more through his influence on the people he taught, although a short piece 'The Traditional Concept of Natural Law: an Interpretation' (which he claimed to have written on the train before he gave it as a lecture) has been influential. His students included Herbert McCabe and Timothy McDermott, both translators of the Blackfriars Summa, and Fergus Kerr.
He was an early pioneer of religious broadcasting, producing and narrating films about the religious life.
He died, aged 93, on what was then the Feast of St Dominic.
# Colonization of Greenland

The Colonization of Greenland may refer to either:
* the Norse colonization of Greenland in the 10th century
* the Danish colonization of Greenland in the 18th century
# John Dingle

John Dingle may refer to:
* John Holmes Dingle (1908–1973), American physician and medical professor
* John T. Dingle (born before 1959), British biologist
* Johnny Dingle (born 1984), American football player
* Jon Dingle, a character in Emmerdale
# John Heath (judge)

John Heath (1736–1816) was a judge chiefly in criminal trials, in which he earned a reputation for severe sentencing. He was a resident of Hayes, Middlesex, where a road is named after him, Judge Heath Lane.

## Early years

Born in Exeter to a family of merchants and fullers, Heath attended London's Westminster School from 1748 until 1754, when he went up to Christ Church, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1758 and M.A. in 1762.

## Career and reputation

Admitted to the Inner Temple in May 1759, Heath was called to the Bar in 1762. He became a judge in 1779, and in 1780 he succeeded Sir William Blackstone as a Justice of the Common Pleas.
Heath refused the knighthood that was customary to the office. Cost may have been a factor in his refusal, but it was also in keeping with the reputation he acquired. He was "plain John Heath" - no-nonsense - in speech and in person. Heath possessed great legal and general knowledge, and he paid scrupulous attention to evidence and argument. Once he formed an opinion, he was not easily persuaded to depart from it.
Heath became chiefly known as a judge in criminal trials. He held the view that "there is no regeneration for felons in this life, and for their own sake, as well as for the sake of society, I think it is better to hang". He applied this way of thinking consistently, earning a lasting reputation for severe sentencing. In his private life, however, Heath was reputedly good natured and kind.
A folk-etymology developed in the area, that the village of Heathrow (where the airport is now) was named after him; but the village's name is recorded from long before his time.

## Death

Heath continued working up to his death, regularly riding out to court from his home in Hayes, Middlesex. He had been on the bench for more than thirty-five years when he died of apoplexy on 16 January 1816. He is buried in Hayes parish church. Heath did not marry, and the sister with whom he lived for many years predeceased him.
# College of Engineering, Kallooppara

The College of Engineering, Kallooppara (CEKPR, CEK), is an engineering college located in Kallooppara in the Pathanamthitta District of Kerala. It was established by the Institute of Human Resources Development in 1999. The college is affiliated to the APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University and approved by All India Council for Technical Education.

## Hostel

There is a college hostel for girls near to the college, and a hostel for men.

## Courses

Undergraduate Courses
The college offers undergraduate B.Tech programs and a postgraduate M.Tech program.
* B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)
* B.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering - Cyber Security
* B.Tech in Electronics and Communication Engineering
* B.Tech in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
In addition to B.Tech, the college also offers the following D.Voc (Diploma in Vocation) and B. Voc programs
* D.Voc in Electronic Manufacturing Services
* D.Voc in Software Development
* B.Voc in Cyber Security
Postgraduate Courses
* M.Tech in Cyber Forensics and Information Security

## Location

CEKPR is situated in the hills of Pathanamthitta district Kallooppara. The Thiruvalla railway station and bus station are 8 km from the college.
# John French (field hockey)

John Colin French (born 26 July 1946) is a British field hockey player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1972 Summer Olympics.
# John French (academic)

John French was an Oxford college head in the 16th-century.
French was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1530 and M.A. in 1533. He was appointed a Fellow of Exeter in 1530. He was Principal of Hart Hall from 1535 to 1539; and Rector of Exeter College from 1539 to 1542. A priest, he was also the Chaplain of Eton College.
* History
* Education
* England
* Christianity
# Colorado Department of Health Care Policy and Financing

The Colorado Department of Health Care Policy and Financing (HCPF) is the principal department of the Colorado state government responsible for administering the Health First Colorado (Medicaid) and Child Health Plan Plus programs as well as a variety of other programs for Colorado's low-income families, the elderly, and persons with disabilities.
# John Halford

John Halford (21 April 1846 – 1 April 1901) was an English cricketer who played first-class cricket from 1870 to 1874 for Gloucestershire. He was a right-handed batsman and wicket-keeper who made 10 career appearances. Halford scored 150 runs with a highest score of 42.
# Columbella fuscata

Columbella fuscata, the burnt dove shell, is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.

## Description

Shells of Columbella fuscata can reach a size of 11–22 millimetres (0.43–0.87 in).

## Distribution

This species is present in Baja California, from Mexico to Peru and in the Galápagos.
# John Henderson (activist)

John B. Henderson, Esq. (1925-2010) was an attorney, business executive, sailor and member of the Miami Lighthouse Board. He was an American naval officer and Secretary of Defense operative during the Truman presidency.
A native of Australia, John Henderson came to the U.S. with his parents as a child and settled in Brooklyn. After the death of his parents, he was reared by an aunt who lived in Maryland, where he first learned to sail. Henderson attended a military prep school and, later, Brown University. He was commissioned as a naval officer just before the end of World War II.
He later attended graduate school and earned a law degree from Harvard Law School. As a young lawyer and naval officer he worked as counsel to the Secretary of Defense, writing memos for then President Harry S. Truman. After government service he became a corporate attorney when he was stricken retinitis pigmentosa and lost his sight. "I continued working as Vice President and Legal Counsel for Textron, but I was no longer considered a candidate to be its President", he recalled.
He carried on as an attorney and businessman. He also continued with his avocation, sailing, having bought and sailed three different boats after losing his sight. His longest journey was from his home in Providence, Rhode Island to South Florida after retiring. In Florida, he became active with the Miami Lighthouse and joined its Board in the 1990s.
# John Glover (preacher)

John Glover (1714–1774) was an English preacher and writer.

## Life

Glover left school at age 13, and was apprenticed to business. Later he retired on a legacy from an uncle. In 1748 he was influenced by the teaching of the Methodists at Norwich. His published memoirs are entirely devoted to religious reflection, and he corresponded with the Calvinist writer Anne Dutton. In 1761, his health failed, and he retired from business.
The latter portion of Glover's life seems to have been spent in preaching and in writing religious pamphlets. He died at Norwich 9 May 1774.

## Works

Glover published:
* Some Scriptural Directions and Advice to assist the Faith and Practice of true Believers.… The second edition … much enlarged. To which is added, Two consolatory letters, written by an eminent Christian … to one who seemed to be near his Dissolution, Norwich, 1770. A third edition appeared in 1791.
* Some Memoirs of the Life, of J. G. … Written by himself. To which is added, a sermon [on Psalm xii. 1] (by J. Carter) preached on the occasion of his death, 2 pts. London, 1774.
* The Hidden and Happy Life of a Christian … exemplified in an extract from the diary of Mr. J. G., London [1775?].
# John Hanson Twombly

John Hanson Twombly (July 19, 1814 – January 1, 1893) was a Methodist minister and the fourth president of the University of Wisconsin. He was known as an advocate for co-education and women's education, which led to tensions with the university regents and, ultimately, his ouster.

## Early life and career

John Hanson Twombly was born on July 19, 1814, in Rochester, New Hampshire. He was mostly self-educated and worked through his youth. In 1843, he graduated from Wesleyan University and became a Methodist minister. He taught at Wesleyan University from 1843 to 1845. Twombly married Betsy Dow, the daughter of a Vermont minister, on November 26, 1844. He worked at Massachusetts churches and became an overseer at Harvard College from 1855 to 1867. He also worked as the New England Education Society secretary from 1857 to 1871, the American Institute director from 1868 to 1870, and Charlestown, Massachusetts, public schools superintendent from 1866 to 1870.

## Madison

Twombly was elected to the University of Wisconsin–Madison presidency by the UW regents on June 30, 1871, for a September start. He was the university's fourth president. Samuel Fallows, UW class of 1859 and a local Reformed Episcopal Church bishop, was Twombly's main advocate. The regents thought he would raise funds for the university. He was known as a powerful speaker and advocated for co-education against the interests of the regents. The regents withheld some of his executive power due to their doubt, and eventually asked him to resign in June 1873. He refused and their case was brought to the Wisconsin Legislature, who supported Twombly along with the public and students. He never found the favor of the faculty. Twombly resigned on January 21, 1874 in response to the regents' determination. His legacy includes his advocacy for women's education.
He became a minister again, and worked in Northeast churches. He died January 1, 1893, in Newton Lower Falls, Massachusetts.
# Columbus Monument

The Columbus Monument may refer to:
* Columbus Monument, Barcelona, Spain
* Columbus Monument (Buyens), in Massachusetts, United States
* Columbus Monument (Canessa), in Maryland, United States
* Columbus Monument (New York City), United States
* Christopher Columbus Monument (West Orange, New Jersey), United States
* Columbus Monument (Syracuse, New York), United States
# John J. Phelan Jr.

John Joseph Phelan Jr. (May 7, 1931 – August 4, 2012) was an American financier who served as president and later chairman and chief executive of the New York Stock Exchange, where he introduced computerized trading technology. Phelan's leadership tenure at the NYSE included the 1987 stock market crash, during which he declined to halt trading. Phelan's calm and confident manner was widely praised. After the crash, Phelan helped to implement trading curbs also known as "circuit breakers" to help prevent rapid stock selloffs in the future.

## Biography

Phelan was born in Manhattan, New York City, on May 7, 1931, to John Phelan Sr., a financier and member of the NYSE, and Edna Kelly. He started college in 1949, but left after two years to serve in the US Marine Corps. After returning from the Marines, Phelan went to work as a floor trader with his father's firm, Phelan & Co. and attended Adelphi University, where he received a bachelor's degree in business administration.
John Phelan Jr. died on August 4, 2012, in Manhattan, New York City at age 81 from cancer.
# Columbus City Township, Louisa County, Iowa

Columbus City Township is a township in Louisa County, Iowa. It was organized in 1841.
# John Hughes (1790–1857)

John Hughes (2 January 1790 – 13 December 1857) was an English author.

## Life

Born 2 January 1790, he was the only child of Thomas Hughes, D.D., deputy clerk of the closet to George III and George IV, vicar of Uffington, Berkshire, and canon of St. Paul's Cathedral, by his wife Mary Anne, daughter of the Rev. George Watts, vicar of Uffington; she was an early friend of Sir Walter Scott. John Hughes was educated at Westminster School and at Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 1812 and M.A. 1815.
About 1820 Hughes went to live at Uffington, but on the death of his father, thirteen years later, moved to Donnington Priory, Berkshire. He died at Brompton on 13 December 1857, aged 67.

## Works

Hughes's main publications were:
* An Itinerary of Provence and the Rhone made during the year 1819, with etchings by the author, London, 1822, noted by Scott in the preface to Quentin Durward; and
* an edition of The Boscobel Tracts, Edinburgh and London, 1830; 2nd edit. Edinburgh and London, 1857.
Hughes was known as a scholar and linguist, draughtsman and wood-carver. He gained an Oxford prize for Latin verse, and recited an English ode when the Duke of Wellington and the united sovereigns visited Oxford in 1814. He was the author of the macaronic Oriel grace-cup song Exultet mater Oriel. He also published Lays of Past Days, 1850, an ode recited in the Theatre, Oxford, 1814; and Pompeii (an ode) [1820?].
Views in the South of France (1825) engraved by William Bernard Cooke contained illustrations after sketches made by Hughes.

## Family

Hughes married, 14 December 1820, Margaret Elizabeth, second daughter of Thomas Wilkinson, of Stokesley Hall, Yorkshire; they had a family of six sons and one daughter. The second son was the author Thomas Hughes who wrote an account of the eldest son, George Edward Hughes of Donnington Priory, in Memoir of a Brother; it contains some of John Hughes's letters to his sons. The daughter became known as the administrator Jane Senior.
# Coluzea naxa

Coluzea naxa is a species of large sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbariidae.
# Commanding ground

In fortification, a commanding ground is an area that overlooks any post, or strong place. Of this there were three sorts: first, a front commanding ground, which is a height opposite to the face of the post, which plays upon its front; second, a reverse commanding ground, which is an eminence that can play upon the back of any place or post; and third, an enfilade commanding ground, or curtain commanding ground, which is a high place, that can with its shot scour all the length of a straight line.
# Computers in Entertainment

Computers in Entertainment was an online academic journal and magazine that featured both peer-reviewed articles as well as news content covering entertainment technology, products, services, and notable people. The editor-in-chief was Newton Lee and the journal was published from 2003 to 2018 by the Association for Computing Machinery. From 2009 to 2011, Adrian David Cheok and Masa Inakage were co-editors-in-chief together with Lee.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* EBSCO databases
* Ei Compendex
* Emerging Sources Citation Index
* Inspec
* ProQuest databases,
* Scopus
# John IV, Count of Sponheim-Starkenburg

John IV, Count of Sponheim-Starkenburg (born before 1338; died 16 October 1413 or 12 April 1414) was a German nobleman. He ruled the county of Sponheim from 1398 until his death.
He was son of John III, Count of Sponheim-Starkenburg. He married Elisabeth of Sponheim, daughter of Walram, Count of Sponheim-Kreuznach. They had one son: John V, Count of Sponheim-Starkenburg (c. 1359 - 1437).
* This article about a member of the German nobility is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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