# 1931 Nobel Prize in Literature

The 1931 Nobel Prize in Literature was posthumously awarded to the Swedish poet Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931) with the citation: "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt." He was the third Swede to win the prize and remains the only recipient to be posthumously awarded. Karlfeldt had been offered the award already in 1919 but refused to accept it, because of his position as permanent secretary to the Swedish Academy (1913–1931), which awards the prize.

## Laureate

Karlfeldt's poetry is strongly influenced by the customs and environment of his childhood. But the area started to mirror the universal by becoming more and more of a microcosm. His art is primarily wild in character, marked by austerity and an antipathy to egotism. His alter ego, Fridolin, frequently appears in his poetry to convey his humor, sadness, longings, and mood. His poetry exhibits a superb command of words. Karlfeldt explored the potential offered by his imagination and poetry as an artistic medium, even though he had a strong bond with his home country and its customs.

## Deliberations
### Nominations

Karlfeldt was nominated in 10 different occasions starting in 1916. In 1931, he received a single nomination from the 1930 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Nathan Söderblom, also a member of the Swedish Academy, with which he was awarded posthumously afterwards.
In total, the Nobel committee received 49 nominations for 29 writers. Ten of the nominees are nominated first-time among them Hermann Hesse (awarded in 1946), Francis Jammes, Ole Edvart Rølvaag, Erich Maria Remarque, Ramón Pérez de Ayala, and Ramón Menéndez Pidal. The highest number of nominations were for the Spanish philologist Ramón Menéndez Pidal with 8 nominations followed by Concha Espina de la Serna with 6 nominations. Three of the nominees were women namely Concha Espina de la Serna, Laura Mestre Hevia, and Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić.
The authors Arnold Bennett, Hjalmar Bergman, Rachel Bluwstein, Hall Caine, Enrico Corradini, Ernst Didring, Max Elskamp, Khalil Gibran, Frank Harris, Mary St. Leger Kingsley (known as Lucas Malet), Vachel Lindsay, George Herbert Mead, John Gambril Nicholson, Arthur Schnitzler, Hara Prasad Shastri, John Lawson Stoddard, Milan Šufflay, Ida B. Wells, Xu Zhimo, and Ieronim Yasinsky died in 1931 without having been nominated for the prize. Norwegian-American author Ole Edvart Rølvaag died weeks before the announcement.
Official list of nominees and their nominators for the prize :
| No. | Nominee | Country | Genre(s) | Nominator(s) |
| 1 | Georg Bonne (1859–1945) | Germany | essays | Carl Heldmann (1869–1943) |
| 2 | Ivana Brlić-Mažuranić (1874–1938) | Yugoslavia ( Croatia) | novel, short story | Gavro Manojlović (1856–1939) |
| 3 | Olaf Bull (1883–1933) | Norway | poetry | Jens Thiis (1870–1942) |
| 4 | Ivan Bunin (1870–1953) | Soviet Union | short story, novel, poetry | Sigurd Agrell (1881–1937)Nikolaj Kullmann (?)Bernard Pares (1867–1949)Alexander Kaun (1889–1944)Vladimir Andreevich Frantsev (1867–1942)Olaf Broch (1867–1961) |
| 5 | Olav Duun (1876–1939) | Norway | novel, short story | Helga Eng (1875–1966) |
| 6 | Paul Ernst (1866–1933) | Germany | novel, short story, drama, essays | 6 professors of the University of Zurich14 professors from Germany, Bohemia and Switzerland |
| 7 | Concha Espina de la Serna (1869–1955) | Spain | novel, short story | Fredrik Wulff (1845–1930)49 members of The Nobel Prize Committee of the Society of Authors Jacinto Benavente (1866–1954)Alfred Baudrillart, C.O. (1859–1942)Hugo Obermaier (1877–1946)Luis Redonet y López-Dóriga (1875–1972)Francisco Rodríguez Marín (1855–1943)Antoni Rubió i Lluch (1856–1937)Ricardo León (1877–1943)Leopoldo Eijo Garay (1878–1963)Carlos María Cortezo (1850–1933)Cipriano Muñoz y Manzano (1862–1933) |
| 8 | Édouard Estaunié (1862–1942) | France | novel, essays | Erik Staaff (1867–1936) |
| 9 | John Galsworthy (1867–1933) | United Kingdom | novel, drama, essays, short story, memoir | Martin Lamm (1880–1950) |
| 10 | Stefan George (1868–1933) | Germany | poetry, translation | Andreas Hofgaard Winsnes (1889–1972) |
| 11 | Bertel Gripenberg (1878–1947) | Finland Sweden | poetry, drama, essays | Rolf Lagerborg (1874–1959)Johannes Sundwall (1877–1966) |
| 12 | Hermann Hesse (1877–1962) | Germany Switzerland | novel, poetry, short story, essays | Thomas Mann (1875–1955) |
| 13 | Francis Jammes (1868–1938) | France | poetry, songwriting, essays | Anders Österling (1884–1981) |
| 14 | Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873–1950) | Denmark | novel, short story, poetry | Johannes Brøndum-Nielsen (1881–1977)Anton Wilhelm Brøgger (1884–1951)Frederik Poulsen (1876–1950) |
| 15 | Erik Axel Karlfeldt (1864–1931) | Sweden | poetry | Nathan Söderblom (1866–1931) |
| 16 | Rudolf Kassner (1873–1959) | Austria | philosophy, essays, translation | 19 professors from Austria, Germany and Switzerland |
| 17 | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) | Spain | philology, history | 49 members of The Nobel Prize Committee of the Society of Authors52 representatives at universities in Germany, Austria and Switzerland7 members of the Faculté de Philosophie et Lettres, Brussels14 members of the Lisbon Academy of Sciences6 members of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Toledo21 members of the Real Academia de la Historia27 members of the Royal Spanish AcademySantiago Ramón y Cajal (1852–1934) |
| 18 | Dmitry Merezhkovsky (1865–1941) | Soviet Union | novel, essays, poetry, drama | Sigurd Agrell (1881–1937) |
| 19 | Laura Mestre Hevia (1867–1944) | Cuba | translation | Juan Miguel Dihigo Mestre (1866–1952) |
| 20 | Martin Andersen Nexø (1869–1954) | Denmark | novel, short story | Alfred Döblin (1878–1957) |
| 21 | Kostis Palamas (1859–1943) | Greece | poetry, essays | 10 members of the Academy of AthensSimos Menardos (1871–1933) |
| 22 | Ramón Pérez de Ayala (1880–1962) | Spain | novel, poetry, literary criticism | Ramón Menéndez Pidal (1869–1968) |
| 23 | Erich Maria Remarque (1898–1970) | Germany | novel, short story, essays, drama | Tor Hedberg (1862–1931) |
| 24 | Ole Edvart Rølvaag (1876–1931) | Norway United States | novel, short story, essays | Laurence Marcellus Larson (1868–1938) |
| 25 | Johann Rump (1871–1941) (pseud. Nathanael Jünger) | Germany | theology, essays | Fredrik Wulff (1845–1930) |
| 26 | Ivan Shmelyov (1873–1950) | Soviet Union France | novel, short story | Thomas Mann (1875–1955) |
| 27 | Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888–1964) | Finland | novel, short story, poetry | Rafael Erich (1879–1946) |
| 28 | Paul Valéry (1871–1945) | France | poetry, philosophy, essays, drama | Denis Saurat (1890–1958) |
| 29 | Anton Wildgans (1881–1932) | Austria | poetry, drama | Axel Romdahl (1880–1951) |

## Award ceremony

His wife, Gerda Holmberg–Karlfeldt, was the one who received the Nobel diploma, medal and monetary prize worth SEK173,206 from King Gustaf V and permanent secretary, Per Hallström.
In the award ceremony held on 10 December 1931, Anders Österling, Swedish Academy member, explained the Nobel Committee's justification of awarding the prize posthumously, by saying:
   Thus the decision to honour the poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt with this year’s Nobel Prize is intended as an expression of justice by international standards. Death has stepped between the laureate and his reward; under the circumstances the Prize will be given to his family. He has left us, but his work remains. The tragic world of chance is outshone by the imperishable summer realm of poetry. Before our eyes we see the tomb in the dusk of winter. At the same time we hear the great victorious harmonies sung by the happiness of the creative genius; we feel the scents from the Northern pleasure garden that his poetry created for the comfort and joy of all receptive hearts.

## Reactions

The prize was controversial not just because it was the first and only time the Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded posthumously, but because the Academy had previously awarded two other Swedish writers of the same literary era, Selma Lagerlöf in 1909 and Verner von Heidenstam in 1916. The prize decision was not well received in the Swedish press. In newspapers such as Dagens Nyheter and Stockholms Dagblad the Swedish Academy's decision to posthumously award an author, particularly one who had refused to accept it before, was questioned and said to be against the purpose of the award. A positive reaction was however expressed in Svenska Dagbladet saying that while the award to Karlfeldt was surprising it "on closer deliberation prove to be not just justifiable but beautiful". Internationally, it was heavily criticized as few had heard of Karlfeldt.