OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Murray (pastoralist)

John Murray (15 August 1837 – 18 November 1917) was a pastoralist and politician in Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly and the Queensland Legislative Council.

## Early life

Born in Mauchline in Ayrshire to coachman Peter Murray and Jean, née Witherspoon, he was educated locally and emigrated to the Victorian goldfields around 1852. In 1862 he and his brothers established a cattle shipping business in New South Wales, operating between Newcastle and New Zealand, although the latter's prohibition of cattle imports in 1864 due to pleuropneumonia in Australia ended the venture. In December of that year Murray relocated to Rockhampton, selecting around 2,000 acres (810 ha) of land and growing sugarcane from 1872.
On 1 September 1873, Murray married Jane Elizabeth Hartley; they had three children, but Jane died in 1877. On 3 January 1882 Murray married Margaret McGavin, with whom he had four children.

## Political life

John Murray was an early member of the Gogango Divisional Board, serving as chairman on three occasions.
In 1888 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Normanby, supporting Thomas McIlwraith's group. He resigned from parliament in November 1903 to contest the Australian Senate, but he was unsuccessful. During the campaign Murray described Labor's control of the balance of power in the Australian Parliament as "government from the gutter". His own politics were largely conservative, although he long prevaricated on the issue of separation for Central Queensland.
In 1890 he finally declared his support for separation and declined a seat in the Griffith-McIlwraith coalition ministry. He entered cabinet in 1898 as secretary for railways and public works under T. J. Byrnes and later James Dickson.
A plateau near Gayndah was named Mount Murray by the Hon. John Murray, Minister for Railways and Works, when he and others inspected the land in January 1899. By personally inspecting the land he finally overcame squatter opposition to an extension to Gayndah of what eventually became the Mungar to Monto railway line. Six years later the plateau had become known as the Binjour Plateau.
In 1901 he was appointed to the Queensland Legislative Council and served as secretary for public instruction until August 1902 and minister without portfolio under Robert Philp until his retirement in 1903.

## Later life

Following his defeat in the federal election he retired to return to pastoralism, purchasing Beaconsfield East and West stations at Ilfracombe in 1911. He later lived mostly at his residence Tullibardine at 148 Merthyr Road, New Farm, Brisbane.
Around September–October 1917, John Murray travelled to his property Beaconsfield Station in the Longreach district. On 18 November 1917 he died in the private hospital of Dr Michod in Longreach after a short illness, aged 76 years old. He was buried in Longreach Cemetery but was re-interred in Toowong Cemetery on 22 March 1919.
# John Murray (professor of robotics)

John Christopher Murray FHEA (born June 1978) is Professor of Robotics and the Academic Dean for the Faculty of Technology at the University of Sunderland, he was previously Professor of Autonomous Systems and Head of Computer Science at the University of Hull. He was previously at the University of Lincoln. He received his BSc from Aberystwyth University and his PhD from the University of Sunderland.
Murray has spent the majority of his academic career working in the field of robotics, notably in Human–robot interaction where he has developed several models of interaction processes to allow for Humans and Robots to work alongside one another, particularly in how Cognitive bias play a role in this interaction.

## Selected publications

* Atanbori J, Dickinson P, Duan W, Murray J, Appiah K and Shaw E, "Automatic classification of bird species using Computer Vision techniques", Pattern Recognition Letters (2016)
* Biswas M and Murray J, "The Effects of Cognitive Biases and Imperfectness in Long-term Robot-Human Companionship: Case Studies using Five biases on Humanoid Robot", Cognitive Systems Research (2016)
* Biswas M and Murray J, "Can Cognitive biases in Robots make more ‘Likeable’ Human-Robot Interactions than the Robots without such Biases: Case Studies using Five Biases on Humanoid Robot", International Journal of Artificial Life Research (2017)
* Frohnwieser A, Pike T, Murray J and Wilkinson A, "Lateralised eye use towards video stimuli in bearded dragons", Animal Behaviour and Cognition, ISSN 2372-5052 (2017)
* Frohnwieser A, Pike T, Murray J and Wilkinson A, "Perception of artificial conspecifics by Bearded Dragons (Pogona Vitticeps)", Integrative Zoology (2018)
# John McAllion

John McAllion (born 13 February 1948) is a campaigner for the Scottish Socialist Party, as well as a former Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP), Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP), and convenor of Tayside Regional Council. He is also convener of the Scottish Fairtrade Forum.

## Early life

McAllion was born in Glasgow, where he was educated at St Augustine's RC Comprehensive School in Milton. Following a brief period spent working as a clerical employee for the Post Office, he was admitted to the University of St Andrews to study modern and medieval history, graduating with a second-class honours degree in 1972. After a further year at Dundee College of Education, he was then employed by the city's education department to teach history at St Saviour's RC High School (1973–78) and social studies at Balgowan School (1978–82).

## Political history

McAllion was originally a member of the Scottish Labour Party (SLP) that was formed in 1976 by Jim Sillars; when the SLP collapsed, he chose to join the Labour Party (unlike Sillars, who joined the Scottish National Party). In 1982 he was recruited by the Glasgow Labour MP Bob McTaggart as a research assistant. Two years later, he was elected to Tayside Regional Council, becoming the council's convenor in 1986. At the 1987 general election McAllion was elected as the Labour MP for Dundee East, defeating SNP leader Gordon Wilson, who had been the sitting MP since February 1974.
McAllion was a member of Scottish Labour Action, putting him on the Scottish nationalist wing of the Labour Party, and of the Campaign for Socialism, placing him firmly on the left of the party. As befitted a member of the Scottish Labour Action group he strongly favoured home rule for Scotland, and was often outspoken in his defence of civic-minded Scottish nationalism. In 1999 he was elected to the Scottish Parliament to represent Dundee East.
As an MSP, he furthered his reputation as a left-winger, rebelling several times against the Labour-led Scottish Executive. He was also convenor of the Scottish Parliament's Petitions Committee. In 2000 he helped establish the Scottish Left Review publication. At the 2003 parliament election he lost his seat to Shona Robison, the SNP candidate. The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP) pulled out of contesting the seat in favour of McAllion, but ironically this may have assisted his defeat.
After the election defeat, McAllion resigned his membership of the Labour Party, subsequently joining the Scottish Socialist Party. On 9 February 2006, McAllion stood for the SSP in the Dunfermline and West Fife by-election, coming fifth of nine candidates with 1.6% of the vote.
He was elected to the SSP executive at its conference in March 2006. He was elected co-chair (along with Morag Balfour) at its conference in October 2007, but he stood down during his term of office for personal reasons. However, he has remained active in campaigning with the party, particularly in the run-up to the independence referendum.
# John McAndrew

John McAndrew may refer to:
* John McAndrew (Gaelic footballer)
* John McAndrew (cricketer)
* John Alfred McAndrew, Ontario lawyer and political figure
# John McFadyean

Sir John McFadyean FRSE LLD (1853 - 1941) was a Scottish veterinary surgeon and Professor of Veterinary Science. He was Principal of (and a Professor at) the Royal Veterinary College from 1894 to 1927.
In 1906 he was the first person to isolate the Campylobacter species of bacteria, and due to this made major advances in public health.

## Life

He was born in Barrachan in Wigtownshire on 17 June 1853, the son of Andrew McFadyean. He was educated at the Ewart Institute in Newton Stewart.
For the first few years after leaving school he worked on his father's farm but in October 1874 he entered the Dick Veterinary College in Edinburgh from whence he graduated in April 1876. He was appointed Lecturer in Anatomy at the college in the following academic year. He lodged at the college at 8 Clyde Street (now the site of Edinburgh's main bus station).
In the 1880s his interests became fixed on bacteriology and pathology and the subsequent sections of comparative anatomy were never completed. He became the first British veterinary bacteriologist and he retained that position throughout his life. In 1888 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Andrew Douglas Maclagan, Alexander Crum Brown, Alexander Buchan, and Sir German Sims Woodhead.
In 1892 he was appointed a lecturer at the Royal Veterinary College in London. He rose rapidly, becoming Principal of the college in 1894.
He was knighted by King Edward VII in 1905.
He retired in 1927 and died in London on 1 February 1941. The McFadyean building at the Royal Veterinary College (which today houses the London BioScience Innovation Centre) was named in his honour.

## Publications

* The Anatomy of the Horse (1884) (reprinted 1902)
* The Osteology and Arthrology of Domesticated Animals (1887)
In 1888 he originated the "Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics" which he edited until the outbreak of the Second World War.

## Family

In 1883 he married Mara Eleanor Walley (d.1929), eldest daughter of Thomas Walley (1842-1894), Principal of the Dick Vet school in Edinburgh from 1874 to 1894.
His son, Sir Andrew McFadyean was knighted by King George V in 1925 for his work in the diplomatic service.
His daughter Ethel McFadyean married Sir Stewart Stockman, brother of Ralph Stockman.
# Conradiidae

Conradiidae is a taxonomic family (created in 1987 by Golikov & Starobogatov) of very small sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs or micromolluscs. These genera were previously included in the polyphyletic family Skeneidae. They belong within the clade Vetigastropoda, and the superfamily Trochoidea.

## Genera

* Conjectura Finlay, 1926
* Conradia A. Adams, 1860
* Crossea A. Adams, 1865
* Crosseola Iredale, 1924
* Crossolida Rubio & Rolán, 2019
# Conradin Cramer

Conradin Cramer (born 17 February 1979 in Basel) is a Swiss politician (Liberal Democratic Party LDP). He has been a member of the cantonal government of Basel-Stadt since 8 February 2017.

## Personal life

Cramer attended the Bäumlihof Gymnasium, which he completed with the Swiss Matura. He studied law at the University of Basel and the Albert-Ludwigs-University in Freiburg im Breisgau and received his doctorate with the dissertation Der Bonus im Arbeitsvertrag, for which he was awarded the Prize of the Faculty of Law of the University of Basel in 2007. In 2011 he obtained a Master of Laws (LL.M.) degree from the University of California, Berkeley. From 2013 until 2019 he had held a teaching position for private law at the University of Basel. In December 2017, he completed his habilitation and was awarded the venia docendi for private law and the title of a private lecturer by the University of Basel.
From 2007 until he took office as a member of the government council, he worked full-time as a lawyer and since 2009 also as a notary in the law firm Vischer in Basel.
Cramer is a former member of the students' fraternity Zofingia and board member of E.E. Zunft zum Schlüssel.
He is married, father of two daughters and lives with his family in Riehen, Switzerland.

## Politics

From 2002 to 2007 Cramer was a member of the council of the municipality of Riehen. From 2005 to 2017 he was a member of the Grand Council of the Canton of Basel-Stadt. From 1999 to 2005, he was President of the Young Liberal Party of Basel. From 2009 to 2014, he was a member of the Grand Council's Executive Committee, the so-called Office of the Grand Council. On 6 February 2013, Cramer was elected President of the Grand Council for the 2013/2014 term by 90 votes out of 98, making him the youngest President of the Grand Council in 100 years. From 2014 to February 2017, he chaired the Commission for land-use planning.
Conradin Cramer ran for National Council in October 2015. He reached second place on the list and is thus the first successor to the elected MP Christoph Eymann. On 8 March 2016, the Liberal Democratic Party of Basel nominated Cramer as its candidate for the 2016 government elections. On 23 October 2016, he was elected to the government council in the first round of voting. On 8 February 2017, Cramer took office as Minister for Education of the Canton of Basel-Stadt

## Publications

* Der Bonus im Arbeitsvertrag. Stämpfli Verlag, Bern 2007, ISBN 978-3-7272-0697-9
* In die Politik gehen. Tipps für den Nachwuchs. NZZ Libro, Zürich 2021, ISBN 978-3-907291-26-9
# Conradin Perner

Conradin Perner (born August 31, 1943) is a Swiss humanist, researcher and author. He became known for his work as a literature professor, ethnographer, delegate of the International Committee of the Red Cross as well as through his engagement in South Sudan. As part of his ethnographic work, he lived with the Anyuak tribe in South Sudan for seven years and wrote a comprehensive monograph on the life and culture of the Anyuak. Later, he worked for many years as peace advisor to the Swiss government in the then greater Sudan.

## Life and work

Conradin Perner was born in Davos, Switzerland on August 31, 1943. After studying literature in France, Sweden and Zürich, Perner wrote his dissertation in comparative literature on: “Gunnar Ekelöf’s night on the horizon and his encounter with Stephané Mallarmé”. From 1969 to 1971, he taught French language and literature at the University of Kisangani. He then worked for three years as a delegate for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Bangladesh, Vietnam and India. Perner took over the Chair for French literature at the University of Khartoum from the end of 1974 until 1976. That’s when he organized his first trip to South Sudan in preparation for a research project on oral literature. From 1976 to 1983, he conducted research among the Anyuak tribe in South Sudan, sponsored by the University of Zurich and the Swiss National Fund for Scientific Research. The result of his life and work among the Anyuak is an eight-volume monograph, a four-volume dictionary, a Grammar guide, and a collection of Anyuak legends, love songs, satirical verses, and parables. The Anyuak gave him the name of “Kwacakworo”. From 1989 to 1992, Perner resumed working as an ICRC delegate in Sudan and later as the head of the ICRC delegation in Lokichogio, Kenya. Perner is known for his crucial role in the rescue of nearly ten thousand child soldiers, known as the lost boys, in their escape from camps in Ethiopia to South Sudan. From 1993 to 1994, he was an advisor to the ICRC, UNICEF and 45 other organizations active in South Sudan. From 1995 to 2000 he continued with the ICRC and was posted in Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and in the Republic of the Congo. In 2002, Perner was the first commander of the Joint Military Commission in the SPLA sector in the Nuba Mountains in Sudan. He played an instrumental role in the peace efforts in South Sudan and received South Sudan’s first honorary citizenship in 2011.
Perner has worked as a visiting professor at the Paris Nanterre University and the Paris-Sorbonne University as well as an advisor to the Swiss Ministry of Foreign Affairs (FDFA) for peacebuilding in South Sudan’s House of Nationalities Project. He wrote extensive documentation for the FDFA on peacebuilding approaches across all South Sudanese tribes. Today he lives in Davos where he still dedicates his time to writing and producing various philosophical essays and stories about his work and his life.
# Conophytum hammeri

Conophytum hammeri is a small, endangered, South African species of succulent plant, of the genus Conophytum.

## Description

This species is onion-shaped and single-bodied. It is slow-growing and usually solitary. It forms a protective papery sheath during its dry dormancy. Its pale yellow, nocturnal flowers have 18 to 26 petals. It superficially resembles Conophytum burgeri, in being single-bodied and cone-shaped, and has even been hybridised with this species in cultivation. However C. hammeri is smaller and solitary, and has an obscure translucent window on its summit. Other similar, single-bodied Conophytums of the "Cheshire-Feles" section include Conophytum ratum and Conophytum maughanii.

## Distribution

This species is indigenous to the northernmost parts of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. It was first discovered in the 1990s, on gentle quartz-covered slopes in the eastern Richtersveld.
# Conophytum jucundum

Conophytum jucundum is a species of succulent plants belonging to the family Aizoaceae. As its synonym Conophytum gratum, the pleasing cone plant, it has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

## Etymology

The genus name is derived from the Latin "conus" (cone) and Greek "phyto" (plant), while the species Latin name jucundum means pleasant, jocund.

## Description

Conophytum jucundum are dwarf plants with small succulent evergreen leaves, forming in their development small colonies. These plants can reach a height of 6–15 cm (2.4–5.9 in), grow in the form of rounded stones and hide themselves among the rocks and in crevices, The flowers are pink or pale pink and the flowering period extends from late Summer to mid Fall.

## Distribution and habitat

This species grows in southwestern Namibia and the northwestern Cape Provinces of South Africa at an elevation of 700 to 1100 m.

## Synonyms

* Conophytum jucundum subsp. jucundum
* Mesembryanthemum jucundum N.E.Br. (1920)
* Conophytum admiraalii L.Bolus (1965)
* Conophytum geyeri L.Bolus (1963)
* Conophytum gratum (N.E.Br.) N.E.Br.
* Mesembryanthemum gratum N.E.Br. (1920)
* Conophytum jacobsenianum Tischer [es] (1956)
* Conophytum longistylum N.E.Br. (1930)
* Conophytum maximum Tischer (1957)
* Conophytum orbicum N.E.Br. ex Tischer (1955)
* Conophytum praegratum Tischer (1954)
* Conophytum rarum N.E.Br. (1933)
* Conophytum robustum Tischer
# Conophytum bilobum

Conophytum bilobum is a plant in the family Aizoaceae, native to southern South Africa. It blooms in autumn. It is scentless and grows to a height of 7 cm (2.8 in). The specific epithet bilobum comes from the two-lobed bodies these plants possess.

## Subspecies

Currently accepted subspecies include:
* Conophytum bilobum subsp. altum (L.Bolus) S.A.Hammer
* Conophytum bilobum subsp. claviferens S.A.Hammer
* Conophytum bilobum subsp. gracilistylum (L.Bolus) S.A.Hammer
# Lucatumumab

Lucatumumab (CHIR 12.12 or HCD122) is a human monoclonal antibody against CD40 development of which was discontinued by Novartis in 2013 after it was investigated for the treatment of various types of cancer like multiple myeloma and follicular lymphoma.
It is an antagonist to CD40 that was created by scientists at Chiron using Abgenix' XenoMouse transgenic mouse to generate fully human antibodies. It was made part of the collaboration between Chiron and Xoma that the companies commenced in 2004. Novartis took over the project when it acquired Chiron in 2005.
In in vitro studies, it inhibited cell proliferation induced by CD40 ligands and induced cell lysis.
Over three Phase 1 trials in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the companies made an effort to determine the optimal dose, and obtained unclear results. The Phase I part of a planned Phase I/II trial in multiple myeloma was started in 2005, and in 2012 was updated to Phase II and closed; as of 2014 the results had not been published.
# Conophytum breve

Conophytum breve is a small South African species of succulent plant of the genus Conophytum.

## Description

Conophytum breve has small, smooth, rounded heads, and offsets to form irregular clumps. The epidermis is a chalky grey to glaucous green, without any spots or markings. It resembles very closely its relative Conophytum calculus, but is much smaller and forms more uneven clusters.

### Relatives and distinguishing features

It is closely related to Conophytum pageae, with which it is often conflated. However C. breve is smaller, with more rounded heads and a more grey-green colour. It is also related to the larger species Conophytum calculus (which is much larger) and to Conophytum stevens-jonesianum (which is covered with spots).

## Distribution

This species is indigenous to the Namaqualand, in the far west of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa.
It produces yellow flowers in autumn.
# Concentrator

In telecommunications, the term concentrator has the following meanings:
* In data transmission, a functional unit that permits a common path to handle more data sources than there are channels currently available within the path. A concentrator usually provides communication capability between many low-speed, usually asynchronous channels and one or more high-speed, usually synchronous channels. Usually different speeds, codes, and protocols can be accommodated on the low-speed side. The low-speed channels usually operate in contention and require buffering.
* A device that connects a number of links with only one destination, the main function of this device is to make a kind of load balancing between two or more servers connected together, data distribution is done according to the server processing rate.
* A patch panel or other component in the cable plant where cable runs converge.
* ISP used concentrators to enable modem dialing; this kind of concentrator is sometimes called a modem concentrator or a remote access concentrator. The term "access concentrator" is also used to describe similar provider edge equipment used in computer networks that doesn't rely on modems anymore, e.g. FTTH.

## Theory

In the evolution of modern telecommunications systems there was a requirement to connect large numbers of low-speed access devices with large telephone company 'central office' switches over common paths. During the first generations of digital networks, analog signals were digitized on line cards attached to the telephone exchange switches. In an effort to reduce local loop costs, it was decided to push this conversion closer to the customer premises by deploying small conversion devices in customer neighborhoods. These devices would combine multiple digital signals on a single link to a larger telephone switch, which would provide service to the customer. These devices were initially called remote concentrators or simply remotes.
In fibre-optic distribution systems which offer triple-play services (voice, television, internet) the digitization has arrived at the customer premises and signals are digitized at the source and combined using customer edge routers. This traffic enters the distribution network at an Optical Network Termination and is carried to the central office using Wavelength division multiplexing and Passive optical networking.
# Condaminea

Condaminea is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. They are found in Central and tropical South America.

## Species

* Condaminea corymbosa (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.
* Condaminea elegans Delprete
* Condaminea glabrata DC.
* Condaminea microcarpa (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.
* Condaminea venosa (Ruiz & Pav.) DC.
# Condat, Cantal

Condat (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Cantal department in south-central France.

## Geography

The village lies in the southern part of the commune, on the right bank of the Rhue.