OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Affine Grassmannian (manifold)

In mathematics, there are two distinct meanings of the term affine Grassmannian. In one it is the manifold of all k-dimensional affine subspaces of R$^n$ (described on this page), while in the other the affine Grassmannian is a quotient of a group-ring based on formal Laurent series.

## Formal definition

Given a finite-dimensional vector space V and a non-negative integer k, then Graff$_k$(V) is the topological space of all affine k-dimensional subspaces of V.
It has a natural projection p:Graff$_k$(V) → Gr$_k$(V), the Grassmannian of all linear k-dimensional subspaces of V by defining p(U) to be the translation of U to a subspace through the origin. This projection is a fibration, and if V is given an inner product, the fibre containing U can be identified with $p(U)^{\perp }$, the orthogonal complement to p(U). The fibres are therefore vector spaces, and the projection p is a vector bundle over the Grassmannian, which defines the manifold structure on Graff$_k$(V).
As a homogeneous space, the affine Grassmannian of an n-dimensional vector space V can be identified with
    $\mathrm {Graff} _{k}(V)\simeq {\frac {E(n)}{E(k)\times O(n-k)}}$
where E(n) is the Euclidean group of R$^n$ and O(m) is the orthogonal group on R$^m$. It follows that the dimension is given by
    $\dim \left[\mathrm {Graff} _{k}(V)\right]=(n-k)(k+1)\,.$
(This relation is easier to deduce from the identification of next section, as the difference between the number of coefficients, (n−k)(n+1) and the dimension of the linear group acting on the equations, (n−k)$^2$.)

## Relationship with ordinary Grassmannian

Let (x$_1$,...,x$_n$) be the usual linear coordinates on R$^n$. Then R$^n$ is embedded into R$^{n+1}$ as the affine hyperplane x$_{n+1}$ = 1. The k-dimensional affine subspaces of R$^n$ are in one-to-one correspondence with the (k+1)-dimensional linear subspaces of R$^{n+1}$ that are in general position with respect to the plane x$_{n+1}$ = 1. Indeed, a k-dimensional affine subspace of R$^n$ is the locus of solutions of a rank n − k system of affine equations
    ${\begin{aligned}a_{11}x_{1}+\cdots +a_{1n}x_{n}&=a_{1,n+1}\\&\vdots &\\a_{n-k,1}x_{1}+\cdots +a_{n-k,n}x_{n}&=a_{n-k,n+1}.\end{aligned}}$
These determine a rank n−k system of linear equations on R$^{n+1}$
    ${\begin{aligned}a_{11}x_{1}+\cdots +a_{1n}x_{n}&=a_{1,n+1}x_{n+1}\\&\vdots &\\a_{n-k,1}x_{1}+\cdots +a_{n-k,n}x_{n}&=a_{n-k,n+1}x_{n+1}.\end{aligned}}$
whose solution is a (k + 1)-plane that, when intersected with x$_{n+1}$ = 1, is the original k-plane.
Because of this identification, Graff(k,n) is a Zariski open set in Gr(k + 1, n + 1).
# Dilemma inexpectatum

Dilemma inexpectatum is a minute species of deepwater cockle, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Cardiidae.
# Aecidium

Aecidium is a genus of rust fungi in the order Pucciniales.
The widespread genus was estimated to contain about 600 species in 2008. As of 27 August 2023, the GBIF lists up to 947 species, while Species Fungorum lists about 816 species (out of 1251 records). About 800 species are accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.

## Existence and occurrences

There have been 11737 occurrences of Aecidium. Though the genus can be found globally, it has been predominantly found in the USA and Europe.

## Selected species

* Aecidium abietis-mariesii
* Aecidium abscedens
* Aecidium acalyphae
* Aecidium acalyphae-ciliatae
* Aecidium acanthocarpi
* Aecidium acanthopanacis
* Aecidium aceris
* Aecidium achyrophori
* Aecidium aconiti-anthorae
* Aecidium aconiti-paniculati
* Aecidium aconiti-phragmitincolae
* Aecidium actinidiae
* Aecidium adenariae
* Aecidium adenophorae
* Aecidium adenophorae-verticillatae
* Aecidium adenostylis
* Aecidium adhatodae
* Aecidium adhatodicola
* Aecidium advectitium
* Aecidium aechmantherae
* Aecidium ageratinae
* Aecidium agnesiae
* Aecidium aikeni
* Aecidium alanthi
* Aecidium ajugae
* Aecidium akebiae
* Aecidium alangii
* Aecidium alaskanum
* Aecidium alaterni
* Aecidium albicans
* Aecidium albiceratum
* Aecidium alchorneae
* Aecidium alchorneae-rugosae
* Aecidium alibertiae
* Aecidium allii-ursini
* Aecidium alternantherae
* Aecidium amagense
* Aecidium amaryllidis
* Aecidium amazonense
* Aecidium ampliatum
* Aecidium anaphalidis-leptophyllae
* Aecidium anceps
* Aecidium ancundense
* Aecidium ancylanthi
* Aecidium andicola
* Aecidium anemarrhenae
* Aecidium anemones-silvestris
* Aecidium anningense
* Aecidium annonae
* Aecidium anograe
* Aecidium antherici
* Aecidium anthericicola
* Aecidium antholyzae
* Aecidium aphelandrae
* Aecidium aposeridis
* Aecidium approximans
* Aecidium araliae
* Aecidium archibaccharidis
* Aecidium arctoum
* Aecidium arcularium
* Aecidium arenariae
* Aecidium argyreiae-involucratae
* Aecidium argythamniae
* Aecidium ari
* Aecidium aridum
* Aecidium aristochiicola
* Aecidium artabotrydis
* Aecidium arunci
* Aecidium asarifolium
* Aecidium asparagacearum
* Aecidium asperulae-ciliatae
* Aecidium asphodeli
* Aecidium asphodeli-microcarpi
* Aecidium aspiliae
* Aecidium astrochlaenae
* Aecidium atriplicis
* Aecidium atroalbum
* Aecidium atrocrustaceum
* Aecidium avocense
* Aecidium baccharidis
* Aecidium baccharidophilum
* Aecidium breyniae
* Aecidium campanulastri G.W. Wilson (1911)
* Aecidium cannabis Szembel (1927)
* Aecidium caspicum Jacz. (1900)
* Aecidium magellanicum
* Aecidium narcissi
# Jhamatpur Baharan railway station

Jhamatpur Baharan railway station is a railway station on the Howrah–Azimganj line of Howrah railway division of Eastern Railway zone. It is situated at Jhamatpur village, Purba Bardhaman in the Indian state of West Bengal.

## History

In 1913, the Hooghly–Katwa Railway constructed a 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge line from Bandel to Katwa, and the Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa Railway constructed the 5 ft 6 in (1,676 mm) broad gauge Barharwa–Azimganj–Katwa loop. With the construction of the Farakka Barrage and opening of the railway bridge in 1971, the railway communication picture of this line were completely changed. Total 25 trains including few Passengers trains and EMU stop at Jhamatpur Baharan. Distance between Howrah and Jhamatpur Baharan railway station is approximately 158 km.
# Charles A. Logue

Charles A. Logue (February 8, 1889 – August 2, 1938) was an American screenwriter and occasional film director active in the silent and early sound era.

## Selected filmography

* The Duchess of Doubt (1917)
* A Wife by Proxy (1917)
* Outwitted (1917)
* The Kingdom of Youth (1918)
* A Scream in the Night (1919)
* What Women Will Do (1921)
* Heroes and Husbands (1922)
* The Woman Who Fooled Herself (1922)
* Gay and Devilish (1922)
* The Tents of Allah (1923)
* Straight Through (1925)
* Prisoners of the Storm (1926)
* Unknown Treasures (1926)
* Forbidden Waters (1926)
* The Love Toy (1926)
* Devil's Dice (1926)
* Her Man o' War (1926)
* Hard Fists (1927)
* Red Clay (1927)
* Back to God's Country (1927)
* Cheating Cheaters (1927)
* The Heart of a Follies Girl (1928)
* The Michigan Kid (1928)
* Man, Woman and Wife (1929)
* Whispering Winds (1929)
* Fast Companions (1932)
* Black Beauty (1933)
* Ticket to a Crime (1934)
* Sing Sing Nights (1934)
* Home on the Range (1935)
* Make a Million (1935)
* The Hoosier Schoolmaster (1935)
* Renfrew of the Royal Mounted (1937)
* The Marines Are Here (1938)
* On the Great White Trail (1938)
# Kohunlich

Kohunlich (X-làabch'e'en in Modern Mayan) is a large archaeological site of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization, located on the Yucatán Peninsula in the state of Quintana Roo about 25 km east of the Rio Bec region, and about 65 km west of Chetumal on Highway 186, and 9 km south of the road.
The original name of the site is unknown. The actual Spanish name does not actually derive from Mayan but from the English Cohune Ridge where cohune palm grew. In 1912 this place was known as Clarksville, referring to the nearby logging camp that was 3 kilometers north of the site.

## Background

The site covers about 21 acres (85,000 m$^2$), surrounded by dense sub-tropical rainforest, and it contains almost 200 mounds, that remain largely unexcavated. The city was elaborately planned and engineered, with raised platforms and pyramids, citadels, courtyards and plazas surrounded with palace platforms, all laid out to channel drainage into a system of cisterns and an enormous reservoir to collect rainwater.
The site was settled by 200 BC, but most of the structures were built in the Early Classic period from about 250 to 600 AD. Many of them are still covered with thick vegetation and overgrown by trees. The city appears to have functioned as a regional center and stop along the trade routes through the southern Yucatán from Campeche and Rio Bec area to the west, and the cities along the east-coast and to the south, in the el Petén region of Guatemala and neighbouring Belize.
The site is best known for its Temple of the Masks, an Early Classic pyramid whose central stairway is flanked by huge humanized stucco masks. The Temple was built around 500 A.D. and is one of the oldest structures at Kohunlich. After 700 A.D., this temple was covered over with a Terminal Classic construction, which protected the masks and accounts for the marvelous state of their preservation today. The only standing remains of the later temple are some steps in the lower portion of the stair.
The road approaches the site from the north and leads into an enormous central plaza ringed by pyramids and temple platforms. To the north there is a massive, raised acropolis, or citadel, with a palace complex around a courtyard to the north-west. Further east there is the Temple of the Masks, built in honor of the sungod. Originally there were eight carved masks flanking its central staircase; only five remain, three having been looted.

## Gallery

* a closeup of one of the masks
# Kokre, Prilep

Kokre is a village in Municipality of Prilep, North Macedonia. It used to be part of the former municipality of Vitolište.

## Demographics

According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 7 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Macedonians 7
# Koenig, Missouri

Koenig is an unincorporated community in Osage County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## History

A post office called Koenig was established in 1892, and remained in operation until 1920. The community was named after early postmaster Henry G. King (King is "Koenig" in German).
# Koeneniodes

Koeneniodes is a genus of Eukoeneniid microwhip scorpions, first described by Filippo Silvestri in 1913.

## Species

As of September 2022, the World Palpigradi Catalog accepts the following eight species:
* Koeneniodes berndi Condé, 1988 – Malaysia
* Koeneniodes deharvengi Condé, 1981 – Philippines
* Koeneniodes frondiger Rémy, 1950 – Indonesia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Papua New Guinea, Réunion
* Koeneniodes leclerci Condé, 1992 – Thailand
* Koeneniodes madecassus Rémy, 1950 – Hong Kong, Indonesia, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion, Seychelles, Sri Lanka
* Koeneniodes malagasorum Rémy, 1960 – Madagascar
* Koeneniodes notabilis Silvestri, 1913 – Guinea
* Koeneniodes spiniger Condé, 1984 – Thailand
# Koenig & Bauer

Koenig & Bauer AG (; FWB: SKB) is a German company that makes printing presses based in Würzburg. It was founded by Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Friedrich Bauer in Würzburg in 1817, making it the oldest printing press manufacturer in the world still in service.
95% of the banknotes used in the world are printed on printers made by Koenig & Bauer Banknote Solutions SA, a division of Koenig & Bauer.

## History

Founded in 1817, by the 20th century Koenig and Bauer had become a major company and the world's leading manufacturer of security printing equipment.
In 1951, the firm began to suffer from the age of the designs of the machines it was selling, some of which dated from the early 1920s, and its chairman, Hans Bolza, faced up to the need to come to terms with Gualtiero Giori, an Italian printer and inventor with a company in Lausanne who had made great advances in intaglio printing. Bolza established an immediate rapport with Giori, and the deal they signed in 1952 led to a long-term agreement in 1958. Koenig & Bauer surrendered to Giori its distribution rights, even in Germany, but gained the exclusive rights to manufacture Giori machines, and the two had a long and profitable association. In 2001, after Giori's death, Koenig & Bauer acquired his company, Giori SA, part of which was renamed KBA Giori

### Printing capacity

The table lists the maximum number of pages which the various early 19th-century press designs of Friedrich Koenig and Andreas Bauer could print per hour, compared to earlier hand-operated screw presses. The table includes those designs which were constructed by the pair in England before the establishment of their company upon their return to Germany.
| | Hand-operated presses | Hand-operated presses | Steam-powered presses | Steam-powered presses | Steam-powered presses | Steam-powered presses |
| | Gutenberg-style ca. 1600 | Stanhope ca. 1800 | Koenig & Bauer 1812 | Koenig & Bauer 1813 | Koenig & Bauer 1814 | Koenig & Bauer 1818 |
| Impressions per hour | 240 | 480 | 800 | 1100 | 2000 | 2400 |
# Kobilje, Kruševac

Kobilje is a village in the municipality of Kruševac, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 710 people.
# Kofi Krah Mensah

Kofi Krah Mensah is a Ghanaian politician and also a businessman. He served as a member of parliament for the Amansie West constituencies in the Ashanti Region.

## Personal life

Mensah was born on February 2, 1942. He holds a Master in Law degree at Ghana School of Law. He is also a product of the University of Leeds where he obtained a Master of Arts degree in Economic Development in UK.
Mensah is listed on the Ghana Parliamentary Register as a businessman and a Christian.

## Politics

Mensah was a member of the 4th Parliament of the 4th Republic of Ghana. He won the seat for the Amansie West constituency in 2004 Ghanaian parliamentary election. His constituency was a part of the 36 parliamentary seats out of 39 seats won by the New Patriotic Party in that election for the Ashanti Region. Mensah was elected with 84.2% of total valid votes cast.
Prior to the 2008 election, Mesah lost the primary for the New Patriotic Party to Grace Addo.
# Kola, Mali

Kola or Kola-Sokoro is a village and commune in the Cercle of Bougouni in the Sikasso Region of southern Mali. In 1998 the commune had a population of 2,568.
# Kol-Od

Kol-Od (also titled Chemins VI) is a composition for solo trumpet and chamber ensemble by Luciano Berio. The ensemble consists of 3 flutes, oboe, 4 clarinets, 2 saxophones, bassoon, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, trombone, tuba, celeste, accordion and strings.
One of a series of works entitled Chemins that are largely based on the composer's Sequenzas, Kol-Od incorporates the solo trumpet part from Sequenza X.
Kol-Od was premiered by Gabriele Cassone with the Ensemble InterContemporain, Pierre Boulez conducting, on April 27, 1996, in Basel, Switzerland.
# Kol Aghassi

Kolağası (also written as Kol Ağası, Kol Aghasi) was a military rank of the Ottoman Army. It corresponds to a Senior Captain or an Adjutant Major. Kol Ağası is a compound word composed of Kol (column in Turkish) and Ağa (chief in Turkish).
The rank was junior to the rank Binbaşı, and senior to the rank Yüzbaşı (Captain) in the Ottoman Army.
Despite being a single rank, Kolağası was divided in two: Sağ Kolağası (Kolağası of the Right Flank) and Sol Kolağası (Kolağası of the Left Flank). Sağ Kolağası was senior to Sol Kolağası. After the rank of Yüzbaşı (Captain), an officer had to first become Sol Kolağası, before becoming Sağ Kolağası.
# Konaklı, Düzce

Konaklı is a village in the Düzce District of Düzce Province in Turkey. Its population is 161 (2022).
# Konaklı, Arhavi

Konaklı (Laz language: Kordelit) is a village in the Arhavi District, Artvin Province, Turkey. Its population is 242 (2021).
# Kontein

Kontein is a village in Bhamo Township in Bhamo District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
# Kocuria rosea

Kocuria rosea is a gram-positive bacteria that is catalase-positive and oxidase-positive. It has a coccus shape that occurs in the tetrad arrangement and is a strict aerobe that grows best from 25 to 37 °C. K. rosea has also been found to cause urinary tract infections in people with weakened immune systems.
The normal habitat for this Kocuria species is skin, soil, and water. It derives its name from the carotenoid pigment that it secretes. Isolated colonies on a TSA plate are circular, 1.0–1.5 mm in size, slightly convex, smooth, and pink in color.

## Metabolism

K. rosea has been found to be able to biodegrade malachite green, azo dyes, triphenylmethane, as well as some other industrial dyes. Due to its ability to biodegrade these dyes, it has become of interest as a potential means to biodegrade dyes that would otherwise take a long time to naturally break down. It also has been found to have the ability to perform keratin hydrolysis through the production of keratinases.
# Korey Foreman

Korey Foreman (born November 8, 2002) is an American football defensive end for the Fresno State Bulldogs. He previously played for the USC Trojans.

## High school career

Foreman attended Centennial High School in Corona, California. As a senior, Foreman was named to the All-American bowl although the game was not held due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A consensus top 5 prospect, USA Today ranked him the #1 recruit in the country for the class of 2021. He originally committed to play college football at Clemson, before de-committing in order to take more college visits, as Clemson head coach Dabo Swinney has a policy that players committed to Clemson cannot take additional visits. On January 2, 2021, he committed to the University of Southern California over Clemson, Georgia, Arizona State and LSU, citing the school's proximity to his hometown, and the NIL opportunities that playing in Los Angeles would provide to him as key factors to his decision. Foreman's father has stated that Foreman held a makeshift raffle in order to decide where to attend college, drawing a ball with USC's logo out of a hat.

## College career
### USC

Foreman received limited playing time in what was later described as a "frustrating" freshman season, finishing the year with 11 tackles, 3.5 tackles for loss and 2.5 sacks. In his sophomore season, Foreman once again struggled to see the field, largely due to injuries and inconsistent play. In the Trojans ranked showdown against crosstown rival UCLA, Foreman had the best game of his career, playing the majority of the game and having a game-clinching interception late in the 4th quarter of the Trojans victory. He finished the season with 13 tackles and one tackle for a loss.
On December 19, 2023, Foreman announced that he would be entering the transfer portal.

### Fresno State

On January 11, 2024, Foreman announced that he would transfer to Fresno State.
# Kopff (crater)

Kopff is a lunar impact crater that lies along the eastern edge of the inner Mare Orientale impact basin, on the western limb of the Moon. In this position the crater is seen from on edge from the Earth, and its visibility is affected by libration. This situation makes it difficult to discern much detail about the crater unless it is viewed from orbit.
At one time this crater was considered to have formed due to volcanic activity, in contrast to most lunar craters which are considered to have been created through impacts. However it is more likely that the crater was formed by an impact against a surface that was still partly molten. This has left the crater with a sharp-edged, circular rim and a flat, dark-hued interior floor. Indeed, the albedo of the interior floor matches that of the lunar mare to the west. The southeast part of the floor is fractured with a series of narrow rilles. The floor along the northwest and northeast edges is more rugged, and these sections have escaped the lava that covered the remainder of the floor.
The crater was named after German astronomer August Kopff by the IAU in 1970.

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Kopff.
| Kopff | Latitude | Longitude | Diameter |
| B | 16.9° S | 86.2° W | 8 km |
| C | 18.3° S | 86.1° W | 14 km |
| D | 19.9° S | 89.8° W | 13 km |
| E | 16.0° S | 89.8° W | 12 km |
The following craters have been renamed by the IAU.
* Kopff A — See Lallemand.
# Koninklijke School voor Onderofficieren

The Koninklijke School voor Onderofficieren (Dutch) or École Royale des Sous-Officiers (French) is the main military training establishment in Belgium for non-officer staff of the Belgian armed forces.

## History

The site opened in 1946 as the École Royale Technique de la Force Aérienne, the main technical training school for the Belgian Air Force (founded during the Second World War at Snailwell in England). A fire in 1948 led to a temporary relocation to Tongeren while new buildings were constructed, with further works required in the late 1960s, when the campus took on its current structure.
In 2007-8 the site was widened from the Belgian Air Force to the Belgian Armed Forces.

## Structure

It is situated in the east of Belgium, in the northern Dutch-speaking half of the country, in Limburg.
The site is run by the Belgian Armed Forces (Defensie van België).

### Training

It offers technical training.
# Koper (disambiguation)

Koper is a city in Slovenia.
Koper may also refer to:
* Koper (surname)
* Koper (film)
* Koper, Malakand, a commune in Pakistan
* Koper Department, a commune in Burkina Faso
* FC Koper, a football club in Koper, Slovenia
* RK Koper, a handball club in Koper, Slovenia
* Radio Koper, a radio station in Koper, Slovenia
# Koszewski

Koszewski (feminine Koszewska) is a Polish surname. Notable persons with this name include:
* Andrzej Koszewski (1922–2015), Polish composer
* Dietmar Koszewski (born 1967), German hurdler
* Irvin Koszewski (1924–2009), American bodybuilder
* Waldemar Koszewski (born 1959), Polish physician, neurosurgeon and neurotraumatologist, academic teacher and lecturer