OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# J. T. Grein

Jacob Thomas "Jack" Grein (generally referred to as J. T. Grein; 11 October 1862 – 22 June 1935) was a British impresario and drama critic of Dutch origin who helped establish the modern theatre in London.

## Biography

Grein was born and raised in Amsterdam, Grein moved to London in 1885 and worked for the Dutch East India Company was naturalised as a British subject in 1895. His greatest achievement was founding the Independent Theatre Society in 1891, based on the concept of Andre Antoine 's Naturalistic Theatre Libre in Paris.
Their first production was Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen in 1891. Their performances were held as "private" subscription performances, which allowed them to present plays that were not officially licensed by the Lord Chamberlain's Office.
In 1892, the Society produced Widowers' Houses, the first play by George Bernard Shaw.
Grein married the actress Alice Augusta Greeven in 1904; she later wrote and edited a biography of him under the pen name Michael Orme. She also wrote a number of plays as Michael Orme and as Alix Greeven.
The Greins worked continually to introduce European drama to London. They founded the German Theatre in London Programme in 1900, hosting German actors and directors such as Max Behrend and Hans Andresen in productions of German drama (performed in German). This programme lasted, in various forms, until 1908.
The influences were not all one way: in April 1907, Grein organised a visit by Herbert Beerbohm Tree's company – based at His Majesty's Theatre – to Hanover and Berlin. The visit was made at the personal invitation of the German Emperor; the imperial railway train transported them from the Hook of Holland. Grein and Tree were awarded the Order of the Red Eagle for their successful tour.
In 1930, he founded 'The People's National Theatre', with Nancy Price.
Grein died of a heart attack at his London home in 1935, aged 72.
# Işlic

The işlic or ishlik is a form of high-crowned cap that was commonly worn by the Greek Orthodox boyars of Wallachia and Moldavia, Phanariots, and Armenians in the Ottoman Empire into the mid-nineteenth century. Along with the oriental costume that exemplified the fashion and strict social hierarchy of the boyar class, the işlic fell out of favor by the 1840s.

## History

The origins of the işlic date to the late Byzantine Empire. The depiction of Theodore Metochites in the 14th century dedication mosaic of the Chora Church may portray an ishlik. It was an important part of the costume of Wallachian and Moldavian boyars, as the size, shape, and type of felt from which an işlic was made indicated one's rank in the social hierarchy of the Ottoman Danubian Principalities. For example, boyars of the highest rank (Great Boyars) wore large işlics made of sable felt. Boyars of lower ranks wore smaller işlics of less expensive felt, sometimes topped with large square cushions. The işlic was distinctively top-heavy, and frequently attracted the attention of Western travelers in the Danubian Provinces. The color of the felt atop a boyar's işlic was also indicative of the public office he held.

## Gallery

* Theodore Metochites wearing what may be an ishlik, early 14th century
* An Armenian official in Istanbul, 1809
* Great Boyars of Wallachia wearing large işlics, 1825
* Wallachian boyars of the third rank wearing small işlics adorned with cushions, 1825
* Armenians and Greeks of Istanbul wearing işlics, 1825
* Ioannis Logothetis, Governor of Aegina in newly independent Greece depicted wearing an ishlik, 1827
* A Greek archon wearing an ishlik, 1828
* A portrait of Serdarul Dimitrie Aman by Constantin Lecca featuring an işlic topped with a cushion
* Actor Matei Millo dressed in a theatrical costume featuring an imitation işlic, 1860s
# Chaise longue (disambiguation)

A chaise longue is an upholstered sofa in the shape of a chair that is long enough to support the legs.
Chaise longue may also refer to:
* Chaise Longue (Le Corbusier), a chair designed by Charlotte Perriand
* "Chaise Longue" (song), a 2021 song by Wet Leg
# Ivica Kostović

Ivica Kostović (born 7 June 1943) is a Croatian politician and physician.
He was born in Zagreb. After receiving a degree in medicine in 1967 at the University of Zagreb, he worked in the Institute for Anatomy Drago Perović at the School of Medicine, where he founded and headed the Department of Neuroanatomy in 1987. He also founded the Croatian Institute for Brain Research in 1990, where he established the Department of Neuroscience. He has served as the Director of the Institute since 2000.
He is a professor of the Zagreb School of Medicine, also serving as the dean of faculty in the period 1992–93. He teaches as a professor at the University of Amsterdam. He has published a number of discoveries in the field of neurobiology and developmental neuroanatomy of the cerebral cortex. He was the Head of the Information Department at the Ministry of Health (1991-1993), Deputy Prime Minister for Social Affairs (1993–95) and of Humanitarian Affairs (1995–98). In 1995–98 he served as the Minister of Science and Technology, and in 1998–2000 he was the Head the Office of the President. In the period 2000–03 he served as Deputy Speaker of the Croatian Parliament. He is a full member of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts since 2006. He was awarded the National Award for Lifetime Achievement in 2010.
# Co-amilofruse

Co-amilofruse (BAN) is a nonproprietary name used to denote a combination of amiloride and furosemide, which are both diuretics. Co-amilofruse is a treatment for fluid retention (oedema), either in the legs (peripheral edema) or on the lungs (pulmonary oedema). Furosemide is a loop diuretic and is more effective than amiloride, but has a tendency to cause low potassium levels (hypokalaemia); the potassium-sparing effects of amiloride may balance this.

## Formulation

Two strengths of co-amilofruse are available:
* 2.5 mg amiloride with 20 mg furosemide, BAN of Co-amilofruse 2.5/20 (brand name Frumil LS)
* 5 mg amiloride with 40 mg furosemide, BAN of Co-amilofruse 5/4-0 (brand name Frumil)
# Burmanniaceae

Burmanniaceae is a family of flowering plants, consisting of 99 species of herbaceous plants in eight genera.

## Description

These plants are annual or perennial herbs, with generally unbranched stems, some lacking leaves. Some members of this family lack chlorophyll and are mycotrophic (also called myco-heterotrophic).
The family tends to be saprophytic and even the autotrophic species are all endomycorrhizal and probably at least hemisaprophytic.
The family occurs worldwide, with a mostly tropic to subtropical distribution. A number of species are threatened.

## Taxonomy

John Lindley described the family as Burmanniae, with the single genus Burmannia, in 1830. In 1998 the APG I system placed Burmanniaceae as one of five families in the order Dioscoreales, within the monocot clade. The APG II system of 2003, as a result of an extensive study by Caddick and colleagues (2002), using an analysis of three genes, rbcL, atpB and 18S rDNA, in addition to morphological criteria, led to a considerable rearrangement of the families within Dioscoreales. In APG II the circumscription of the family was wider and included the plants that belonged to the family Thismiaceae in APG I. The result was an order with only three families. APG III (2009) left this arrangement unchanged.
Nevertheless, some ongoing research has challenged this relationship claiming that the older classification better reflects the evolutionary relationships between the genera. According to these researchers the constituent clades are as follows:
Burmanniaceae sensu stricto
* Apteria
* Burmannia
* Campylosiphon
* Cymbocarpa
* Dictyostega
* Gymnosiphon
* Hexapterella
* Marthella
* Mierisella
Afrothismia clade
* Afrothismia
Tribe Thismieae
* Haplothismia
* Oxygyne
* Thismia
* Tiputinia
But because of conflicting evidence, the APG IV (2016) authors felt it was still premature to propose a restructuring of the order since the most recent evidence upholds the APG configuration and the work of Caddick and colleagues.

### Evolution

According to molecular analyses, the myco-heterotrophic type of life that these species lead evolved six (or even more) times independently in the three clades that are part of Burmanniaceae. Afrothismia and tribe Thismieae represent two of these shifts to myco-heterotrophy from autotrophy while Burmanniaceae sensu stricto are the clade where the other four took place. The family appears in the Late Cretaceous but the further diversification and shifts to the typical habit occurred later in the same period and continued after the K-T boundary in Paleogene.
# Joseph Clarke (physician)

Joseph Clarke (8 April 1758 – 10 September 1834) was an Irish physician.

## Biography

Clarke was the second son of James Clarke, agriculturist, was born in Desertlin parish, co. Londonderry, on 8 April 1758. He studied arts at Glasgow in 1775–6, and medicine at Edinburgh in 1776–9, graduating in September 1779. In the spring of 1781 he attended William Hunter's lectures in London, and received a stimulus to obstetrical studies, which determined him to settle in Dublin as an accoucheur. Becoming pupil in 1781 and assistant physician in 1783 at the Lying-in Hospital, he was elected master (or physician) of that hospital in 1786, having in the same year married a niece of Dr. Cleghorn, founder of the anatomical school in Trinity College, whom he assisted in his lectures from 1784 to 1788.
Already in 1783, Clarke had suggested the improved ventilation of the Lying-in Hospital, to diminish the serious mortality of infants there within nine days of birth, amounting to one in six, a mortality afterwards reduced to one in nineteen, and later to one in 108. On his appointment as master he began to lecture in the hospital, and established a school of midwifery. On the termination of his seven years of office as master he published (in vol. i. of the ‘Transactions of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland’) a report of 10,387 cases, recounting in detail all points worthy of note, and forming one of the most valuable records in existence on the subject. It was afterwards supplemented by his notes of 3,878 births in private practice, in which he had not lost one mother from protracted labour (see Collins, Sketch of Clarke). He was remarkable for his abstention from the use of the forceps, which he only employed once in private practice. His receipts in fees of from 10l. to 150l. amounted to 37,252l. He retired from practice in 1829, and died on 10 Sept. 1834 at Edinburgh, while attending the meeting of the British Association there.
Clarke's ‘Observations on the Puerperal Fever,’ originally published in the ‘Edinburgh Medical Commentaries,’ xv. 299, 1790, have been reprinted by Dr. Fleetwood Churchill in ‘Essays on the Puerperal Fever,’ Sydenham Society, 1849. He published several important papers in the ‘Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy,’ of which he was vice-president, among which may be mentioned ‘Remarks on the Causes and Cure of some Diseases of Infancy,’ vol. vi., and ‘On Bilious Colic and Convulsions in Early Infancy,’ vol. xi. Two letters of his to Richard Price, D.D., author of ‘A Treatise on Life Annuities,’ dealing with some causes of the excess of mortality of males above that of females, were printed in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1786, p. 349.
# Danaçayırı, Sındırgı

Danaçayırı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Sındırgı, Balıkesir Province in Turkey. Its population is 52 (2022).
# Clonmel Racecourse

Clonmel Racecourse (Powerstown Park) is a horse racing venue in the town of Clonmel, County Tipperary, Ireland which stages both National Hunt and Flat racing.
The course is located in the Powerstown area of the town 2 km from the town centre. It is a right handed track of one and a quarter miles with a stiff uphill finish. Racing has taken place at the venue for over 150 years. In November, the Grade 2 Clonmel Oil Chase, has been contested and won by some notable horses.
# Coleton Fishacre

Coleton Fishacre is a property consisting of a 24-acre (97,000 m$^2$) garden and a house in the Arts and Crafts style, near Kingswear in Devon, England. The property has been in the ownership of the National Trust since 1982.

## The House

The house at Coleton Fishacre was built as a country home for Rupert D'Oyly Carte and his wife, Lady Dorothy Carte, between 1923 and 1926. The architect was Oswald Milne, a former assistant to Edwin Lutyens, who designed the house with the principles of the Arts and Crafts Movement in mind: simplicity of design and quality of craftsmanship. The influence of this older movement notwithstanding, the house is influenced by its own time, especially in its Art Deco interior. The structure is built of local slate rubble with a Delabole slate roof. The design has been twice featured in Country Life magazine: 31 May 1930 and 25 October 2007, the latter of which shows full colour photos of the house (exterior and interior) and the gardens. The property runs down to the sea, where there are some outbuildings.
Although built as a country home, Lady Dorothy lived in the house as her primary residence by the later 1920s. After the Cartes' divorce in 1941, their daughter, Bridget D'Oyly Carte, took over the house, which her father, who lived in London, would visit for long weekends. She sold the house in 1949, after his death, to Rowland Smith, owner of the Palace Hotel in Torquay. Smith and his wife Freda kept up the property until his death in 1979. The house is a Grade II listed building.

## The Garden

The garden at Coleton Fishacre runs down a narrow combe from the house to the sea at Pudcombe Cove. It was originally planted by Lady Dorothy and features rare and exotic plants, some of which are unusual in their ability to grow outside a subtropical climate due to the proximity of the Gulf Stream to this part of the coast of Devon. Lady Dorothy was noted for retrieving exotic plant species for the garden during her journeys abroad. The Cartes employed a staff of six to maintain the garden, compared with a staff of four to run the house. The garden is Grade II* listed in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.

## National Trust

Coleton Fishacre was acquired by the National Trust in 1982 as part of its Project Neptune, with an eye to completing the South West Coast Path in that area. The garden was opened to the public immediately, while the house was let to tenants. The Trust finally opened the house to the public in 1999.
# Colestilan

Colestilan (INN, trade name BindRen) is a medication that acts as a phosphate binder and bile acid sequestrant. It is an ion-exchange resin, is an orally administered bile acid sequestrant that is being developed by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and hyperphosphataemia. It has been launched in Japan for hypercholesterolaemia. For the treatment of hyperphosphataemia, it is launched in Austria, Germany, the Czech Republic, Portugal and the United Kingdom, is registered in the EU. Phase III development in paediatric patients with hyperphosphataemia associated with chronic kidney disease was underway in the UK and Germany. However, the company discontinued the development. In addition, the phase II development in type-2 diabetes mellitus and phase I development in hyperphosphataemia, in Japan, was also discontinued by the company.
Phase III development for hyperphosphataemia was previously underway in the US. However, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma discontinued development in this market. Colestilan was also investigated in phase III trials in Europe and Asia for hypercholesterolaemia. However, as of March 2015, no recent reports of development have been identified for the drug in this indication

## Clinical use

Colestilan is used for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia (too high phosphate concentrations in the blood serum) in patients undergoing dialysis, including peritoneal dialysis.

## Contraindications

Colestilan is contraindicated in patients with bowel obstruction.

## Interactions

The substance can inhibit the resorption of other drugs, as well as fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) and folate, from the gut. Resulting lower blood levels can be clinically problematic with immunosuppressant and antiepileptic drugs.

## Adverse effects

Adverse effects include gastrointestinal problems such as constipation, as well as vitamin and calcium deficiency. Vitamin K deficiency sometimes causes gastrointestinal bleeding.

## Chemistry and mechanism of action

Colestilan is a cross-linked copolymer of 2-methylimidazole and epichlorohydrin and works as an anion exchanger resin with affinity to phosphate, bile acid anions and urate. It binds these anions in the gut and removes them from the enterohepatic circulation. Colestilan is not absorbed from the gut, but is excreted together with the bound anions.
# Intendant of Brittany

The Intendancy of Brittany was an intendancy created in 1689 by Louis XIV, after 2 attempts to do so in 1636 and 1647. The governor of Brittany had a more prestigious role, but the intendant was the essential relay for the monarch's will.

## List of holders

   * Auguste-Robert de Pomereu, 1689-1692
   * Louis de Béchameil, 1692-1705, put in place from the sub-delegates
   * Ferrand de Villemilan, 1705-1716
   * Paul Esprit Feydeau de Brou, 1716-1728
   * Des Gallois de la Tour, 1728-1735
   * Pontcarré de Viarmes, 1735-1753
   * Le Bret, 1753-1765
   * Jacques de Flesselles, 1765-1767
   * François Marie Bruno d'Agay, 1767-1771
   * Guillaume-Joseph Dupleix de Bacquencourt, 1771-1774
   * Gaspard-Louis Caze, baron de la Bove, 1774-1784
   * Antoine François de Bertrand-Molleville, 1784-1788
   * François-Germain Dufaure de Rochefort, 1788 - resigned to the Directory on 31 August 1790.

## History of the institution

In 1786, the headquarters of the intendance was displaced to Nantes to remove it from the immediate influence of the parliament and the Estates General or their committees. The towns of Brest, Chateaubriand, Le Croisic, Dinan, La Guerche, Lamballe, Montfort and Saint-Brieuc sent letters of protest in reply to the letter that they had received from the community of Rennes ; the officers of the présidial or the corporations joined this movement, as did the officers of the maîtres-perruquiers.
# Bob Coltman

Bob Coltman (born November 17, 1937, New Rochelle, New York, United States) is an American singer of traditional songs, songwriter, guitarist and banjoist, and author.
Coltman is the author of the detailed scholarly biography, Paul Clayton and the Folksong Revival (Scarecrow Press (2008); ISBN 978-0- 8108-6132-9; 320 pp;) and Across the Chasm: How the Depression Changed Country Music, Old Time Music 23 (Winter 1976- 1977).
He became a performer in his early teens, playing 5-string banjo, guitar and other instruments. In 1954 and 1955 he traveled in Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Kentucky, meeting traditional singers and collecting songs. During his undergraduate years at Dartmouth College (1956–59) Coltman performed frequently in campus hootenannies. In 1959 Bob traveled in the US west, southwest, and Mexico with skier-climber-singer Bill Briggs, influencing a number of singers who would take part in the folk song revival of the 1960s.
While in Baltimore in 1962, Coltman accompanied country, blues and jazz singer Joe Bussard. A vivid account of one of their record-finding trips appears in Marshall Wyatt, “A Visit with Joseph E. Bussard, Jr." Old-Time Herald. He recorded 78 rpm solo and group singles under his own name and a variety of pseudonyms (Danville Dan, Georgia Jokers, Bald Knob Chicken Snatchers, etc.) for Bussard’s Fonotone Records label. From these masters were later made two LP albums and portions of a CD compilation.

## Discography

* Jolly Joe and His Jug Band
* The West Maryland Highballers
* Lonesome Robin
* Before They Close The Minstrel Show
* Son of Child
* Fox Hollow Folk Festival LP compilation, You Got Magic (Biograph 1975)
* Art Is the Handmaid of Human Good, RRRecords
* The Lowell Plan, RRRecords
* Dust-to-Digital 2005, Fonotone Records (2005)

## Songwriter

He was the first to arrange and popularize “I Know You Rider,” which went on to become a folk and rock standard. College concerts, coffeehouse, folk festival and other appearances in the US northeast and Middle Atlantic states led to Coltman’s three solo LPs issued on the Minstrel label. He is credited with developing unique guitar and banjo styles influential within the folksong revival, and has appeared as sideman on recordings by Ed Trickett, Bob Zentz, and Joe Hickerson.
As a songwriter in the traditional mold, Coltman is credited with a number of contemporary folk standards including “Web of Birdsong (If You Will Weave Me),” “Death of John Kennedy,” “Lonesome Robin,” “Before They Close the Minstrel Show,” and the widely praised Christmas song “Make My Present Small.”
# Bob Colwell

Robert P. "Bob" Colwell (born 1954) is an electrical engineer who worked at Intel and later served as Director of the Microsystems Technology Office (MTO) at DARPA. He was the chief IA-32 architect on the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4 microprocessors. Bob retired from Intel in 2000. He was an Intel Fellow from 1995 to 2000.

## Early life and education

Colwell grew up in a small blue collar town in Pennsylvania and was born into a family of six children. His father was a milkman for 35 years. He attended the University of Pittsburgh and gained an undergraduate degree in Electrical Engineering. He later attended Carnegie Mellon University to get a PhD in Electrical Engineering.

## Career

Colwell worked at a company called Multiflow in the late 1980s as a design engineer.
In 1990 he joined Intel as a senior architect and was involved in the development of the P6 "core". The P6 core was used in the Pentium Pro, Pentium II, and Pentium III microprocessors, and designs derived from it are used in the Pentium M, Core Duo and Core Solo, and Core 2 microprocessors sold by Intel.

## Memberships and awards

Colwell earned the ACM Eckert-Mauchly Award in 2005, and wrote the "At Random" column for Computer, a journal published by the IEEE Computer Society.

## Publications

Colwell is the author of several papers in addition to the book The Pentium Chronicles: The People, Passion, and Politics Behind Intel's Landmark Chips, ISBN 0-471-73617-1. Colwell has spoken at universities on the challenges in chip design and management principles needed to tackle them.

## Personal life

Colwell met his wife in college and he married in 1979. He has three children.
# Henry Hammel

Henry Hammel may refer to:
* Henry Hammel (California businessman) (1833/1834–1890), businessman and politician
* Henry A. Hammel (1840–1902), Union Army soldier and Medal of Honor recipient