OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# International Woodworkers of America

International Woodworkers of America (IWA) was an industrial union of lumbermen, sawmill workers, timber transportation workers and others formed in 1937.

## History

The IWA was formed when members of the Sawmill and Timber Workers' Union division of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America voted to disaffiliate their local unions and form their own union. The IWA subsequently affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).
The IWA quickly moved into Canada, where it absorbed a number of smaller unions which had formed in the 1930s, and the Lumber Workers Industrial Union, one of the industrial unions of the Industrial Workers of the World. Harold Pritchett was elected president. A successful strike and organizing drive in 1946 established the IWA as western Canada's largest union, a position that it has generally held since then. The union entered Newfoundland in 1956, but was expelled in 1959 after the Newfoundland Loggers' Strike.
The IWA was staunchly Democratic, and avoided left-wing politics throughout its history. Most of its members lived and worked in the American and Canadian West. Its membership reached as high as 115,000 in the early 1970s.
In the 1980s, raids, mergers and anti-union actions by employers decimated the IWA's membership. The burgeoning environmental movement also restricted access to public lands, where most old-growth timber existed. As the timber industry lost access to public land, timber companies shed thousands of jobs as well.
In 1987, the Canadian branch of the IWA separated from union, retaining the IWA initials but with the new name Industrial, Wood and Allied Workers of Canada (IWA Canada).
By 1994, the remainder of the U.S.-based IWA had just over 20,000 members. The IWA leadership felt the union was no longer viable on its own, and the IWA merged with the International Association of Machinists (IAM) on May 1, 1994. Today, the IWA is the Woodworking Department of the IAM. IWA Canada remained an independent Canadian union until 2004, when it merged with the United Steelworkers.

## Presidents

    1937: Harold Pritchett
    1940: O. M. Orton
    1941: Worth Lowery
    1943: Claude Ballard
    1944: J. E. Fadling
    1951: Al Hartung
    1967: Ronald F. Roley
    1970s: Keith W. Johnson
    1980s: Bill Hubbell
# International Hemp Building Association

The International Hemp Building Association (IHBA) is the largest association internationally in this sector. Members and partners of the association include architects, builders, consultants, designers, the European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA), the Hemp Industries Association and manufacturers.

## History

A non-profit association founded in 2009 by director Steve Allin author and hemp building consultant, the association globally promotes and supports the production and use of all hemp based construction materials and their by-products in a sustainable and bio-regional manner.
In April 2011 professionals in the hemp building industry from around the globe were interviewed for the documentary Bringing It Home at the association's 2nd International Hemp Building Symposium, in Granada, Spain. The IHBA cooperated with the technology department of engineering sciences of Uppsala University in Sweden in 2014 on research into a study on the potential of hemp buildings in different climates.
# Inulosucrase

In enzymology, an inulosucrase (EC 2.4.1.9) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction
    sucrose + (2,1-beta-D-fructosyl)$_n$ $\rightleftharpoons$ glucose + (2,1-beta-D-fructosyl)$_{n+1}$
Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are sucrose and (2,1-beta-D-fructosyl)$_n$, whereas its two products are glucose and (2,1-beta-D-fructosyl)$_{n+1}$.
This enzyme belongs to the family of glycosyltransferases, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The systematic name of this enzyme class is sucrose:2,1-beta-D-fructan 1-beta-D-fructosyltransferase. This enzyme is also called sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase.
# International Journal of Motorcycle Studies

The International Journal of Motorcycle Studies (IJMS) is the first peer-reviewed journal dedicated to the study and discussion of motorcycling culture. The journal considers motorcycling culture in all its forms — from the experience of riding and racing to the history of the machine, the riders and design to the images of motorcycling and motorcyclists in film, advertising and literature.
# Carris

Carris (Companhia Carris de Ferro de Lisboa) (Lisbon Tramways Company) is a public transportation company in Lisbon, Portugal. Carris operates Lisbon's buses, trams, and funiculars. It does not operate the Lisbon Metro. Carris was founded September 18, 1872. A total of 140.6 million passenger boardings were recorded in 2017.
As of September 20, 2021, Carris employed 2,588 individuals, with 1,285 bus drivers and 152 tram drivers. The company operated 724 buses, 48 trams, three funiculars (Elevador do Lavra, Elevador da Glória and Elevador da Bica), and an elevator (the Santa Justa lift). The last four were designed by the engineer Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard.
# Casentino

The Casentino is the valley in which the first tract of the river Arno flows to Subbiano, Italy.
It is one of the four valleys (alongside Valdarno, Valdichiana, and Valtiberina) in which the Province of Arezzo is divided. Mount Falterona, from which the Arno starts, represents the northern boundary between the Casentino and Romagna. On the east of the valley are the Alpe di Serra and the Alpe di Catenaia, which separate the Casentino from the highest tract of the Valtiberina. On the west there is the Pratomagno, which separates the valley from the Valdarno Superiore. Part of the valley is included in the Foreste Casentinesi, Monte Falterona, Campigna National Park.
It can be said that the valley has an oval form, with an extension across the river that varies from a maximum of 60 km (40 miles) to a minimum of 30 km (20 miles). The topography of the Casentino is especially various, including both plains and mountains rich in large forests. These mountains have often attracted great saints: it was here that St. Romuald built his hermitages at Camaldoli, and that less than two centuries later St. Francis of Assisi established the Sanctuary of La Verna, the headquarters of the Franciscan order.
The valley's biggest comuni are all located in the Arno valley: among these the biggest are Bibbiena and Poppi, while Capolona, Castel Focognano, Castel San Niccolò, Pratovecchio, Stia, Subbiano are more or less smaller. The villages located on the neighbouring hills and mountains are much smaller. These are Chitignano, Chiusi della Verna, Montemignaio, Ortignano Raggiolo and Talla.
The Casentino is mentioned in the song "Ich hab in Penna einen Liebsten wohnen", from the Italieniches Liederbuch by Hugo Wolf.
# Carrum Carrum Swamp

The Carrum Carrum Swamp was a historic coastal wetland encompassing 52 km$^2$ (20 sq mi) with a catchment area of 735 km$^2$ (284 sq mi) that . It had four drainage outlets into the Port Phillip Bay, including the modern-day Kananook Creek/Eel Race Drain, Patterson River and Mordialloc Creek (a distributary of the Patterson River's upper section, the Dandenong Creek). Explorer William Hovell discovered "a very extensive fresh water marsh, from 12 to 15 miles long and 11/2 to 6 broad, and only separated from Port Phillip by a narrow ridge or bank of sand not more than from two hundred to three hundred yards wide." A painting titled "Lagoon in the Carrum Carrum Swamp – evening 1872" by James W Curtis is held at the National Gallery of Australia.
Due to modern land developments and drainage measures only remnants of the swamp remain, such as the Edithvale-Seaford Wetlands.

## History

Carrum Swamp's waters came from the Dandenong Creek (with headwaters in the moist Dandenong Ranges, and the Eumemmerring Creek with headwaters at Narre Warren. The swamp occupied 5260 ha, extending almost from Mordialloc to Frankston, and had a water catchment of 737 sq km. In its natural state it was covered with dense ti-tree, and it had ineffective outlets to Port Phillip Bay by the Mordialloc Creek and the Kananook Creek. The Carrum Carrum Swamp was drained in 1879 when the Patterson Cut (formed in 1876) and other drainage measures were undertaken to prevent flooding of the Eumemmerring Creek, which overflowed into the swamp. When the Patterson Cut was dug, the area that is now occupied by Patterson Lakes was turned to farmland with mainly dairy cattle. By the late 1960s, farming activities had just about ceased, and the area became popular with fox and rabbit shooters.
# Castil de Vela

Castil de Vela is a municipality located in the province of Palencia, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 91 inhabitants.
# Casa Hacienda Punchauca

The Casa Hacienda Santiago de Punchauca is a historic building at the 25th kilometre of the Lima–Canta Highway in Carabayllo District, Lima, Peru. The viceregal building was built over a Huaca and is part of the Cultural heritage of Peru since 1980.

## History

Named after its original owner and once owned by Nicolás de Ribera and Hipólito Unanue, it is the location of the conference of the same name between José de San Martín and José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes. Under the military government of Juan Velasco Alvarado, the building—already in a poor state, as its reconstruction was promoted by Raúl Porras Barrenechea—was expropriated as a consequence of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform.

## Gallery

* The conference in a painting by Juan Lepiani
* Lateral view in 2021
* Ditto
# Catch the Wind (disambiguation)

Catch the Wind is a 1965 Donovan song.
Catch the Wind may also refer to:
* What's Bin Did and What's Bin Hid, the 1965 album by Donovan re-titled Catch the Wind in the USA
* Catch the Wind (1971 album), a Donovan compilation album
* Catch the Wind (1986 album), a Donovan compilation album
* Catch the Wind (2000 album), a Donovan compilation album
* Catch the Wind (2003 album), a Donovan compilation album
* Catch the Wind: Songs of a Generation, a 2008 album released by Australian Idol 2006 winner Damien Leith
* Catch the Wind (2017 film), a French film
* Catch the Wind (1978 film), a Soviet drama film
# Carson station

Carson station or Carson Station may refer to:
* Carson station (Charlotte), a Lynx Blue Line station in Charlotte
* Carson (Los Angeles Metro station), in Los Angeles
* Max Casino, formerly Carson Station, a casino in Carson City, Nevada
# Ioannis Martzios

Ioannis Martzios (Greek: Ιωάννης Μάρτζιος) or Martsios or Bartsios was a significant Greek chieftain of the Macedonian Struggle.

## Biography

Martzios was born in the 1870s in Gornica (now Kali Vrysi) of Drama. When he was 14, Bulgarian komitadjis assassinated his father. He finished school in Alistrati and continued his studies in Poros.

### Armed actions

He returned to Macedonia and specifically to Serres, where he joined the armed group of Doukas Gaitatzis. Soon he was distinguished for his abilities and became a co-leader of the body that operated in the Zichni area. He took part with Gaitatzis in various confidential missions, such as against the komitadji Todor Panitsa, in Gratsiani (now Agiochori).
He then formed his own armed body and acted throughout the area of Serres and Fyllida. He collaborated with the local bodies of the chieftains Vasileios Tsouvaltzis and Theodoros Boulasikis. With his body he took part in important battles against Bulgarian komitadjis in Pursovo (now Anthochori) and in Karlikova (now Mikropoli).
On July 24, 1908, following the Young Turk Revolution and the granting of a general amnesty, he entered the city of Serres, where the citizens received him as a hero.
A street in Serres bears his name.
# Cataegis finkli

Cataegis finkli is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Cataegidae.

## Description

Original description: "Shell very large for genus, wide, inflated, turbinate in shape; spire narrow in proportion to shell width, elevated; body whorl ornamented with 8 large, well-developed, raised cords; spire whorls ornamented with 3 cords; outer layer of shell rough-textured, light brown in color; inner layer of shell nacreous with nacre showing through thin areas on spire and early whorls; outer lip and aperture flaring; columella thickened, nacreous, partially covered with white shelly layer; interior of aperture nacreous, iridescent; columella with one small tooth."
The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 37 mm.

## Distribution

Locus typicus: "Off Puerto Cabello, Golfo de Triste, Venezuela."
This species occurs in the Caribbean Sea off Venezuela and Colombia; in the Gulf of Mexico off Florida.
# Cataegis

Cataegis is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Cataegidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Cataegis include:
* Cataegis celebesensis McLean & Quinn, 1987
* Cataegis finkli (Petuch, 1987)
* † Cataegis godineauensis Van Winkle, 1919
* Cataegis leucogranulatus (Fu & Sun, 2006)
* † Cataegis nakagawensis Kaim, R. G. Jenkins & Hikida, 2009
* Cataegis pleres Vilvens, 2016
* Cataegis stroggile Vilvens, 2016
* Cataegis tallorbioides Vilvens, 2016

### Species brought into synonymy

* Cataegis meroglypta McLean & Quinn, 1987: synonym of Kanoia meroglypta (McLean & Quinn, 1987) (original combination)
* Cataegis toreuta McLean & Quinn, 1987: synonym of Cataegis finkli (Petuch, 1987)
# Irene Georgakoudi

Irene Georgakoudi (born 7 June 1971) is a Greek biophysicist and Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Tufts University, where her work focuses on developing non-invasive medical imaging techniques based on optical spectroscopy for applications in medical diagnostics and therapeutics.

## Early life and education

Georgakoudi was born in Thessaloniki, Greece. She moved to the United States in 1989, obtaining a magna cum laude Bachelor's degree in physics at Dartmouth College in 1993. She completed her master's degree in biophysics at the University of Rochester in 1996.
She stayed at Rochester for her doctoral studies, investigating photodynamic therapy in Professor Tom Foster's group and completing her thesis in 1999.
Georgakoudi was awarded several university prizes and grants during her doctoral studies, including the Graduate Alumni Fellowship, Agnes M and George Messersmith Fellowship, and the William F Neuman Award in Biophysics. She also received the Graduate Student Society Leadership Award in 1997 for her involvement in the University of Rochester's Graduate Student Society.

## Research and career

Georgakoudi's research career has focused on developing new optical spectroscopy techniques for applications in medical imaging and the detection and treatment of different diseases.
She joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a postdoctoral fellow in 1999, where her research studied how fluorescence spectroscopy could improve early cancer diagnosis as an imaging tool for observing changes in cell growth. In 2003, she moved to the Wellman Center for Photomedicine at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School where she received the Claflin Distinguished Scholar Award for her work.
In 2004, she joined Tufts University, where she is now Professor of Biomedical Engineering. Her current research uses developing optical techniques to image human tissue, providing non-invasive ways to monitor changes in cellular metabolism and diagnose diseases such as diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders.

## Awards and honours

* Fellow of the International Society for Optics and Photonics (SPIE), 2020
* Fellow of the Optical Society of America, 2016
* Fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering, 2015
* NSF Career Award for Non-invasive modalities for optical imaging of cell-matrix interactions in engineered tissues, 2006-2011
* Claflin Distinguished Scholar Award, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 2004
# Catharsis (disambiguation)

Catharsis is Greek word meaning "cleansing" or "purging".
Catharsis may also refer to:

## Music

* Catharsis (band), a Russian metal band

### Albums

* Catharsis (Elis album), 2009
* Catharsis (Machine Head album) or the title song, 2018
* Catharsis (Yob album) or the title song, 2003
* Catharsis, by Fingertips, 2006
* Catharsis, by Közi, 2004
* Catharsis, by Sky-Hi, 2016
* Catharsis, an EP by Sworn In, 2011

### Songs

* "Catharsis", by Anthrax from Volume 8: The Threat Is Real, 1998
* "Catharsis", by Band-Maid from Conqueror, 2019
* "Catharsis", by Pitchshifter from Industrial, 1991
* "Catharsis", by Versailles from Jubilee, 2010

## Other uses

* Catharsis (medicine), the effect of a cathartic, a substance that accelerates defecation
* Catharsis (organization), a charitable organization in Tbilisi, Georgia
# Inverness Ridge

Inverness Ridge is a ridge located on the Point Reyes Peninsula in western Marin County, California. It reaches an elevation of 1,407 feet (429 m).
# Iris hyrcana

Iris hyrcana, the Hyrcana iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is classified in the subgenus Hermodactyloides and section Reticulatae. It is a bulbous perennial from central Asia, from Azerbaijan to Iran.

## Description

Iris hyrcana has spherical bulbs, that are coated with a solid brown fiberous network.
The leaves appear after flowering, it has 10 cm (3.9 in) high stems.
In the Northern Hemisphere it blooms in the winter, between November and January, or sometimes in February. The flowers are around 2.5–3 cm (0.98–1.18 in) wide. The flowers are much smaller than those of other Reticulata irises.
Like other irises, it has two pairs of petals, three large sepals (outer petals), known as the "falls", and three inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the "standards".$^{:17}$ They come in shades of blue, from clear blue, to dark blue and purple. The falls have a bright yellow ridge, or orange mark.

### Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.$^{:18}$ It was counted as 2n=20,

## Taxonomy

The specific epithet hyrcana, refers to Hyrcania, a historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian Sea in modern-day Iran.
In 1848, specimens of the plant were originally collected in Azerbaijan. It was described and published in 'Flora Kavkaza' by Alexander Grossheim in 1928.
Iris hyrcana is now an accepted name by the RHS, and it was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 4 April 2003, then updated on 11 December 2024.
It is listed in 1995 in 'Vascular Plants of Russia and adjacent States (the former USSR)' by Czerepanov, S. K.
It was once thought to be a variant of Iris reticulata, except Iris hyrcana has spherical bulbs where as Iris reticulata bulbs are drop shaped.

## Distribution and habitat

Iris hyrcana is native to temperate areas of western Asia.

### Range

Originally found in the Hyrcanian woods, along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea from Azerbaijan to Iran.

### Habitat

It is found growing in the mountains along the Caspian Sea.

## Cultivation

It prefers to grow in sunny sites, on rocky soils that dry out completely in summer.
As it is not very hardy, but it can withstand strong frosts of short duration. Although it is thought to be best grown in the UK and in America, within a bulb frame or alpine house, to keep the soils dry. It also needs a dry, summer dormancy of several months.
A specimen of Iris hyrcana won the Farrer Medal at the AGS Caerleon Show, in South Wales, shown by Bob and Rannveig Wallis.

## Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.
# Catherine Bishop

Catherine Bishop may refer to:
* Catherine Bishop (rower), British rower
* Catherine Bishop (historian), New Zealand-born historian
* Catherine Bishop (scientist), New Zealand materials scientist
# Catherine Bernard

Catherine Bernard (24 August 1663, in Rouen – 6 September 1712, in Paris) was a French poet, novelist, and playwright born into a Huguenot family. She was the first woman to compose a tragedy performed at the Comédie-Française, between 1687 and 1700. During that same period, she won the poetry prize of the Académie des Jeux Florals de Toulouse three times (1696, 1697, 1698)
# Invergordon Castle

Invergordon Castle, formerly Inverbreakie Castle, was a medieval castle located in Rosskeen in Highland, Scotland. Invergordon Castle is first mentioned in sources dating to the 13th century, and was then known as Inverbreakie Castle. At the beginning of the 18th century, the estate was acquired by Sir Wm Gordon, and it was at this point that the name was changed.
In 1872 the castle was destroyed in a fire. A modern mansion was built on the site to replace the castle, but it was demolished in 1928.
# Irving B. Kahn

Irving Berlin Kahn (September 30, 1917– January 22, 1994) was an American media proprietor. He was a founder of TelePrompTer Corporation and an early proponent and developer of cable television.

## Life and work

Irving Berlin Kahn was born in 1917 in Newark, New Jersey. He was the nephew of his namesake, popular composer Irving Berlin, and graduated from the University of Alabama, where he was a drum major.
Kahn's first job was as a public relations agent for Twentieth Century-Fox where he pioneered radio advertising for movies. After serving as a lieutenant in the United States Army Air Corps during World War II, he returned to his job and by 1950 was the vice president in charge of Fox's new radio and television subsidiary, TCF Television Productions, Inc.
With colleagues from Fox Radio, Fred Barton, Jr., a Broadway theatre actor, and Hubert Schlafly, an electrical engineer, he founded TelePrompTer Corporation which, in the 1950s, invented the teleprompter, which scrolls text to on-camera talent, in order to help a soap opera actor who could not remember his lines. Hubert Schlafly unveiled the teleprompter on the set of the CBS soap opera, The First Hundred Years, in 1950. PR men handled the teleprompters. Schlafly invented the idea of actors in soap operas reading their lines by prompters, not scripts as they had been.
TelePrompTer itself sold its eponymous business in the 1960s and invested in cable and satellite broadcast services.
Kahn was a visionary who had optimistically predicted in the 1960s that cable would provide 85 percent of all television reception by the end of the 1970s.
He was convicted in 1971 and federally imprisoned for 20 months for trying to bribe members of the Johnstown, Pennsylvania city council to award his company a local cable franchise. He was also convicted of perjury. Mr. Kahn had stepped down as chairman of TelePrompTer several months before his conviction. He maintained, before and after his 20-month prison term, that the issue was extortion by the officials and not bribery by Teleprompter.
In 1974, Kahn was involved in a case that went before the Supreme Court of the United States, regarding the application of search and seizure laws on wiretaps.
Soon after being released from federal prison, Kahn started a new cable television venture in 1974 when he bought a 55-franchise cable system in southern New Jersey. He later moved to West Palm Beach, Florida, and Mamaroneck, New York.
He sold his company in 1981 to the New York Times (NYT) for $82.7 million. Kahn become a consultant for NYT and was paid six $4 million installments to work with them; he also agreed not to compete with them.

## Death

Irving Berlin Kahn died in Boston, Massachusetts. He was survived by his wife of 45 years, Elizabeth Heslin Kahn, his two daughters, Ruth (a painter and director of an arts center in Queens, NY) and Jean, of New York, and his sister, Mildred, of West Palm Beach, Florida.
# Castagnetti

Castagnetti is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alberto Castagnetti (1943–2009), Italian swimmer and coach
* Michele Castagnetti (born 1989), Italian footballer
* Pierluigi Castagnetti (born 1945), Italian politician