OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ken Murray (prison officer)

Ken Murray (24 April 1931 – 2 October 2007) was a reforming prison officer in Scotland during the last third of the twentieth century.
He was educated at Inverness Technical High School. He worked as a Coachbuilder until his late twenties when he joined the Scottish Prison Service. His most notable achievement was the creation of the special unit of Barlinnie Prison which housed some of the most violent prisoners in the system, including Jimmy Boyle. The unit was based on treating both staff and prisoners as part of a community in which all had a voice in making decisions and setting programmes.
In 1988 he made an extended appearance on the Channel 4 television discussion programme After Dark alongside, among others, Terry Dicks MP (more details here).
# Los Alamos chess

Los Alamos chess (or anti-clerical chess) is a chess variant played on a 6×6 board without bishops. This was the first chess-like game played by a computer program. This program was written at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory by Paul Stein and Mark Wells for the MANIAC I computer in 1956. The reduction of the board size and the number of pieces from standard chess was due to the very limited capacity of computers at the time. The computer still needed about 20 minutes between moves.
The program was very simple, containing only about 600 instructions. It was mostly a minimax tree search and could look four plies ahead. For scoring the board at the end of the four-ply lookahead, it estimates a score for material and a score for mobility, then adds them. Pseudocode for the chess program is described in Figure 11.4 of Newell, 2019. In 1958, a revised version was written for MANIAC II for full 8×8 chess, though its pseudocode was never published. There is a record of a single game by it, circa November 1958 (Table 11.2 of Newell, 2019).

## Game rules

The starting position is illustrated. All rules are as in chess except:
* There is no pawn double-step move, nor is there the en passant capture;
* Pawns may not be promoted to bishops;
* There is no castling.

## Los Alamos trials

The computer played three games. The first was played against itself. The second one was against a strong human player, who played without a queen. The human player won. In the third game, MANIAC I played against a laboratory assistant who had been taught the rules of chess in the preceding week specifically for the game. The computer won, marking the first time that a computer had beaten a human player in a chess-like game.

### The second game

White: Martin Kruskal Black: MANIAC I 1. d3 Na4 2. b3 Nb6 3. c3 d4 4. c4 bxc4 5. dxc4 a4 6. Na3 e4 7. Kd2 Ke5 8. f3 e3+ 9. Kc2 axb3+ 10. axb3 Nf4 11. Nd3+ Nxd3 12. Kxd3 Kf4 13. Kc2 Ra5 14. Kb2 Re6 15. Rfd1 Re5 16. Nc2 Rxa1 17. Kxa1 Re6 18. Kb2 Re5 19. Ne1 Qe4 20. fxe4 fxe4 21. Kc2 d3+ 22. exd3 e2 23. Ra1 Re6 24. Ra5 exd3+ 25. Kd2 Re4 26. Rxc5 Re6 27. Nxd3+ Ke4 28. Kxe2 Kd4+ 29. Re5 Rxe5+ 30. Nxe5 Kc5 31. Kd3 Kb4 32. Kd4 Nxc4 33. bxc4 Kb3 34. c5 Kb4 35. c6=Q Kb3 36. Nd3 Ka2 37. Qc3 Kb1 38. Qb2# 1–0

### The third game

White: MANIAC I Black: Beginner 1.d3 b4 2.Nf3 d4 3.b3 e4 4.Ne1 a4 5.bxa4 Nxa4 6.Kd2 Nc3 7.Nxc3 bxc3+ 8.Kd1 f4 9.a3 Rb6 10.a4 Ra6 11.a5 Kd5 12.Qa3 Qb5 13.Qa2+ Ke5 14.Rb1 Rxa5 15.Rxb5 Rxa2 16.Rb1 Ra5 17.f3 Ra4 18.fxe4 c4 19.Nf3+ Kd6 20.e5+ Kd5 21.exf6=Q Nc5 22.Qxd4+ Kc6 23.Ne5# 1–0
# 2000–01 Auburn Tigers men's basketball team

The 2000–01 Auburn Tigers men's basketball team represented Auburn University in the 2000–01 college basketball season. The team's head coach was Cliff Ellis, who was in his seventh season at Auburn. The team played their home games at Beard–Eaves–Memorial Coliseum in Auburn, Alabama. They finished the season 18–14, 7–9 in SEC play. They lost to Tennessee in the first round of the SEC tournament. They received an invitation to the National Invitation Tournament, where they defeated Miami to advance to the second round where they lost to Purdue.
# Classic Text Adventure Masterpieces of Infocom

Classic Text Adventure Masterpieces of Infocom is a collection of 33 computer games from interactive fiction pioneer Infocom, and the top 6 winners of the 1995 Interactive Fiction Competition, released in 1996. All 39 games are combined on a single cross-platform CD-ROM, which also includes PDFs of all the Infocom games' instructions, maps, and hint booklets.
Infocom was closed in 1989 by its then-parent company Activision. Still holding the copyright to nearly all the past Infocom titles, Activision bundled them together in this collection, following up the earlier Lost Treasures of Infocom series. The Infocom games included are:
* Arthur: The Quest for Excalibur
* Ballyhoo
* Beyond Zork
* Border Zone
* Bureaucracy
* Cutthroats
* Deadline
* Enchanter
* Hollywood Hijinx
* Infidel
* Journey
* Leather Goddesses of Phobos
* The Lurking Horror
* A Mind Forever Voyaging
* Moonmist
* Nord and Bert Couldn't Make Head or Tail of It
* Planetfall
* Plundered Hearts
* Seastalker
* Sherlock: The Riddle of the Crown Jewels
* Sorcerer
* Spellbreaker
* Starcross
* Stationfall
* Suspect
* Suspended
* Trinity
* Wishbringer
* The Witness
* Zork I
* Zork II
* Zork III
* Zork Zero
The Interactive Fiction Competition winners included are:
* A Change in the Weather
* The Magic Toyshop
* The Mind Electric
* The One That Got Away
* Toonesia
* Uncle Zebulon's Will
The collection includes all the contents of the two Lost Treasures of Infocom collections except for The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and James Clavell's Shōgun. The rights to these two games, based on novels by Douglas Adams and James Clavell, respectively, had reverted to the novels' authors. Unlike the Lost Treasures collections, though, Masterpieces included the adult game Leather Goddesses of Phobos.

## Reception

A reviewer for Next Generation scored the compilation a perfect five out of five stars. He praised the "functionally comprehensive" selection of Infocom games and the six Interactive Fiction Competition games, estimated the total playtime at 1,200 hours minimum, and said the gameplay "represents the pinnacle of well written, interactive fiction."
# James F. Goodrich

James Franklin Goodrich (1913 – 2012) was the United States Under Secretary of the Navy from 1981 to 1987.

## Biography

Goodrich was born on January 24, 1913, in Fennville, Michigan and educated in Jackson, Michigan. After high school, he attended the Department of Naval Architecture and Marine Engineering at the University of Michigan, receiving his B.S. in 1937. After graduating, he worked on Gulf Oil tankers for two years, and then spent a year as a machinist for Bethlehem Steel in Sparrows Point, Maryland.
Goodrich took a job with Todd Pacific Shipyards in Tacoma, Washington in 1940, and by 1943–45 served as Chief Engineer. In 1945, he was transferred to Seattle, Washington, where he worked as General Superintendent and then as Assistant General Manage. In 1956, he was promoted to General Manager of Todd Shipyards' Los Angeles division.
After 16 years with Todd Pacific Shipyards, in 1964, he left to become executive vice president of Bath Industries, Inc. The next year, Bath Industries changed its name to Congoleum Corp. in 1965 and Goodrich took over as its president and chief executive officer, a position he held until 1975. From 1975 to 1978, Goodrich was chairman of the board of directors of Bath Iron Works.
On September 9, 1981, President of the United States Ronald Reagan nominated Goodrich as Under Secretary of the Navy. Goodrich was sworn in as Under Secretary on September 29, 1981, and held this office until August 6, 1987.
He died July 16, 2012.
# 2011 ITU Duathlon World Championships

The 2011 ITU Duathlon World Championships was a duathlon competition held in Gijón, Spain from 24 to 25 September 2011 and organized by the International Triathlon Union (ITU). The championship course included a 10k run, a 38.4k bike, and a 5k run. Titles for amateur duathletes, elite paraduathletes, and elite duathletes were awarded during the two days of competition.

## Schedule
### 24 September

* 8:30 Junior Women
* 9:50 Junior Men
* 11:45 Elite and U23 Women
* 14:45 Elite and U23 Men
* 17:45 Paraduathlon

### 25 September

* 08:30 Age Group Sprint Distance
* 10:00 Age Group Olympic Distance
* 11:00 Paraduathlon Medals Ceremony
* 15:00 Elite Mixed Team Relay
* 15:03 Junior Mixed Team Relay
* 20:00 Closing Ceremony

## Results

Katie Hewison, of Great Britain won her first world championship, winning the women's elite division. Sergio Silva won the men's title despite falling behind the leaders during the bike leg. However, Silva charged through the field during the last run segment to claim the win.

### Men

| Rank | Name | Run | Bike | Run | Time |
| Elite ||||||
| | Roger Roca Dalmau (ESP) | 30:54 | 1:03:11 | 16:13 | 1:51:22 |
| | Victor del Corral (ESP) | 30:52 | 1:04:22 | 15:17 | 1:51:29 |
| | Benoit Nicolas (FRA) | 30:51 | 1:04:27 | 15:17 | 1:51:30 |
| Under 23 elite ||||||
| | Etienne Diemunsch (FRA) | 30:51 | 1:03:09 | 15:45 | 1:50:36 |
| | Matthew Gunby (GBR) | 30:52 | 1:04:28 | 15:28 | 1:51:40 |
| | Miguel Arraiolos (POR) | 30:54 | 1:04:23 | 15:44 | 1:51:51 |
| Junior ||||||
| | Matthias Steinwandter (ITA) | 15:34 | 32:27 | 7:40 | 56:31 |
| | David Mendoza (MEX) | 15:35 | 32:31 | 7:39 | 56:36 |
| | David Castro Fajardo (ESP) | 15:36 | 32:28 | 7:33 | 56:36 |
Sergio Silva had won the elite men's race but was stripped of his title after testing positive for methylhexaneamine. The positive test resulted in a six-month ban for Silva, instead of the standard two-year suspension, as Silva was able to convince the ITU that he took the substance inadvertently.

### Women

| Rank | Name | Run | Bike | Run | Time |
| Elite ||||||
| | Katie Hewison (GBR) | 34:38 | 1:10:22 | 16:48 | 2:02:45 |
| | Jenny Schulz (GER) | 34:38 | 1:10:25 | 16:49 | 2:02:47 |
| | Sandra Levenez (FRA) | 34:37 | 1:10:25 | 16:56 | 2:02:54 |
| U23 Elite ||||||
| | Alexandra Cassan-Ferrier (FRA) | 35:45 | 1:09:38 | 19:17 | 2:05:43 |
| | Sofie Hooghe (BEL) | 36:46 | 1:11:42 | 19:53 | 2:09:24 |
| | Arina Shulgina (RUS) | 37:56 | 1:15:25 | 19:01 | 2:13:32 |
| Junior ||||||
| | Joselin Brea (VEN) | 18:11 | 35:48 | 8:12 | 1:03:12 |
| | Elena Maria Petrini (ITA) | 18:40 | 35:02 | 8:39 | 1:03:37 |
| | Melina Alonso (ESP) | 18:41 | 35:19 | 8:53 | 1:03:51 |

### 4x4 Mixed relay

| Rank | Name | Leg1 | Leg2 | Leg3 | Leg4 | Time |
| Elite |||||||
| | France | 21:50 | 20:22 | 23:15 | 20:38 | 1:26:07 |
| | Great Britain | 21:50 | 20:16 | 23:42 | 21:07 | 1:26:56 |
| | Spain | 23:33 | 20:36 | 22:56 | 21:19 | 1:28:23 |
| Junior |||||||
| | Italy | 23:18 | 21:26 | 23:49 | 21:12 | 1:29:47 |
| | Spain | 23:41 | 21:29 | 23:53 | 21:36 | 1:30:39 |
| | South Africa | 26:54 | 22:05 | 27:29 | 22:22 | 1:38:53 |
# Nirmala (beetle)

Nirmala is a genus in the ground beetle family Carabidae. There are at least two described species in Nirmala.

## Species

These two species belong to the genus Nirmala:
* Nirmala indica (Hope, 1831) (Nepal)
* Nirmala odelli Andrewes, 1930 (Bhutan, China, India, and Myanmar)
# Biofact

Biofact may refer to:
* Biofact (archaeology)
* Biofact (biology)
* Biofact (philosophy)
# Bernard Nabonne

Bernard Nabonne (1897-1951) was a French writer of Bearnaise origin. He is best known for his novels written in the 1920s, for example, La Butte aux Cailles (1925) and Maitena (1927). The latter won the Prix Renaudot. Other notable works include Joseph Bonaparte (1950 Prix Thérouanne), À la Gasconne (1935 Prix Paul Flat), and À l'abandon (1932 Prix Montyon).
Besides fiction, he also wrote a number of books on French history.
# Laurie Stephens

Laurie Stephens (born March 5, 1984) is an alpine monoskier who has spina bifida. She has won multiple medals for the United States at the Paralympics. She has also had success at the IPC Alpine Skiing World Cup.

## Career

Laurie Stephens started skiing at age 12 on Loon Mountain in New Hampshire and then began racing 3 years later at age 15 when she became a member of Chris Devlin-Young's New England Disabled Ski Team. Stephens competes in 5 different skiing events which are the downhill, slalom, giant slalom, super-G, and Super Combined. She has competed in 4 Paralympic games and 5 world championships. Her debut as a Paralympian was in 2006 and since she has competed in the 2010, 2014, and the 2018 games. She has won a total of 7 Paralympic medals (2 gold, 2 silver, and 3 bronze) and 7 world championship medals (1 gold, 3 silver, 3 bronze). Stephens was named the Paralympic Sportswoman of the Year in 2006 by the United States Olympic Committee. Some of her best racing performances where in 2006 when she won her two gold medals in the super-G-Sitting (time 1:33.88) and downhill-Sitting (time 1:46.86). In 2006 Stephens was also nominated for an Excellence in Sports Performance Yearly Award as Best Female Athlete with a Disability. In the 2018 PyeongChang games Laurie Stephens won a bronze medal for the US in alpine skiing using a mono-ski, her time was 1:35.8. In 2018 she also placed 4th in the Super combined-Sitting, 5th in the super-G-Sitting and Slalom-Sitting, 7th in giant slalom-Sitting. Stephens also has competed for the United States in Paralympic swimming she held two records on in the 100-meter backstroke and one in the 200-meter backstroke.
She won the gold medal in the women's giant slalom sitting para-alpine skiing event at the 2021 World Para Snow Sports Championships.

## Education

Outside of sports she studied therapeutic recreation at the University of New Hampshire.
# Kensaku Tennichi

Kensaku Tennichi (天日謙作, Ten-nichi Kensaku) is the Head coach of the Osaka Evessa in the Japanese B.League.

## Head coaching record

| Team | Year | G | W | L | W–L% | Finish | PG | PW | PL | PW–L% | Result |
| Matsushita Kangaroos | 2003 | 28 | 14 | 14 | .500 | 4th | 2 | 0 | 2 | .000 | 4th in JBL |
| Matsushita Kangaroos | 2004 | 28 | 14 | 14 | .500 | 5th | - | - | - | – | 5th in JBL |
| Osaka Evessa | 2005-06 | 40 | 31 | 9 | .775 | 1st | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1.000 | Bj Champions |
| Osaka Evessa | 2006-07 | 40 | 29 | 11 | .725 | 1st | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1.000 | Bj Champions |
| Osaka Evessa | 2007-08 | 44 | 31 | 13 | .705 | 1st in Western | 2 | 2 | 0 | 1.000 | Bj Champions |
| Osaka Evessa | 2008-09 | 52 | 35 | 17 | .673 | 2nd in Western | 5 | 2 | 3 | .400 | 4th place |
| Osaka Evessa | 2009-10 | 52 | 34 | 18 | .654 | 1st | 4 | 3 | 1 | .750 | Western Champions |
| Nishinomiya Storks | 2016-17 | 60 | 43 | 17 | .717 | 1st in B2 Central | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1.000 | B2 Champions |
| Nishinomiya Storks | 2017-18 | 60 | 12 | 48 | .200 | 5th in Western | - | - | - | – | |
| Osaka Evessa | 2019-20 | 41 | 26 | 15 | .634 | 2nd in Western | - | - | - | – | |
# Los Alerces Airport

Los Alerces Airport (ICAO: SCLR) is an airstrip 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) north-northeast of Chaitén, a coastal city in the Los Lagos Region of Chile. The airstrip is in an open mountain valley 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the Chaitén volcano caldera.
The Chaiten VOR-DME (Ident: TEN) is 8.4 nautical miles (15.6 km) west of the airstrip.
There is mountainous terrain in all quadrants.
# Anzia centrifuga

Anzia centrifuga is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. It is found only on one volcano on Porto Santo in the Madeira Archipelago, where it grows on rocks.

## Taxonomy

The lichen was described as a new discovered species in 1992 by Norwegian lichenologist Reidar Haugan. The type specimen was collected from Pico do Castelo on Porto Santo (Madeira Archipelago, Portugal). Here it was found growing on a sun-exposed rock at an altitude of 350 m (1,150 ft). The chondroid axis of the medulla indicate a placement in section Nervosae in genus Anzia.

## Description

The lichen thallus forms pale grey rosettes up to 30 cm (12 in) in diameter, although older parts of the thallus, like near the centre, tend to become darker. The lobes comprising the thallus are 1–2 mm wide and dichotomously branched. The lobes tend to become broader and rounded at the tips, which may also be pruinose from crystals of calcium oxalate. The thallus underside has a spongy layer (spongiostratum) that is hardly visible from the top. It is often grazed by snails or arthropods. Scattered black rhizines can develop from the chondroid axis of the medulla. Apothecia are quite common in this species. They are cup-shaped on a small stalk (pedicel), and measuring up to 10 mm (0.39 in) in diameter, with a red-brown to black disc that is shiny in young individuals. Asci contain numerous crescent-shaped ascospores with dimensions of 9–15 by 2–4 μm.
Secondary chemicals present in Anzia centrifuga include atranorin, divaricatic acid, and terpenoids.

## Habitat and distribution

Anzia centrifuga grows on dry, sun-exposed rock – the only member of the genus with this habitat preference. It is known only from a few localities on Pico do Castelo. Associated lichens include Ramalina species and Heterodermia leucomelos. Because of its small population (100-150 individuals), restricted distribution, and potential threats such as accidental extinction from tourism, fire, trampling, and grazing, in 2021 it was assessed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. A 2017 study estimated its population to be 50–100 individuals, with a suitable potential habitat of less than one square kilometre.
# No Joke

No Joke may refer to
* No Joke (film), documentary
* No Joke, section in Batman: The Killing Joke
* No Joke!, album by the Meat Puppets 1995
* "No Joke", song by Wishbone Ash from Illuminations
# James H. Southgate

James Haywood Southgate (July 12, 1859 – September 29, 1916), was an American spokesman for prohibition. He served as the vice presidential candidate of a faction of the Prohibition Party which broke away from the main party in 1896, running with Charles Eugene Bentley.

## Biography

Southgate was born in Norfolk, Virginia, on 12 July 1859, the son of James and Delia (née Haywood) Southgate, and was a descendant of John Southgate of England. He moved with his parents to North Carolina in 1861; there, he attended local academies, and the University of North Carolina (1876–78). He was engaged in the banking and insurance business in Durham, North Carolina, after 1882. That year, he married Katherine "Kate" Fuller, the daughter of Bartholomew and Wilhelmena (née Haldane) Fuller. They had two sons before her sudden death in 1893.
He was a Democrat and became president of the YMCA of North Carolina, as well as treasurer of the State Sunday School Association. He later joined the Prohibition Party and became a member of the platform committee, which held hearings at Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1892.
In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1896, he voted with a breakaway faction of the party that attempted to broaden the party's appeal beyond the issue of prohibition. Styled as the "National Prohibition Party," "The Liberty Party," or the "Silver Prohibitionists" (after their desire to have the dollar based on the value of silver rather than gold), this party nominated Charles Eugene Bentley of Nebraska for President and Southgate for Vice President. Although many of their supporters abandoned the ticket for Democrat William Jennings Bryan, Bentley and Southgate campaigned without anger or recrimination. The ticket garnered 19,363 votes out of a total of 14 million total votes cast that year, far below the 1892 showing for the party.
A civic leader in Durham, Southgate became a trustee of both Trinity College and Duke University in that city. Southgate died at his home, "Southgate Cabin," in Durham on 29 September 1916 at the age of 57. He was laid to rest in the Maplewood Cemetery in that city.
# Château du Birkenfels

The Château du Birkenfels is a ruined castle in the commune of Ottrott in the French département of Bas-Rhin. Originally constructed in the 13th century, it was burned down in the 14th century and restored in the 15th. It is surrounded by the Obernai Forest.

## History

Architects and historians date the construction of the Château du Birkenfels to around 1260. The earliest recorded mention is from 1289. The entrance tower to the house and the lower courtyard are from the late 15th or early 16th century.
It was built by Burkhard Berger, a vassal of the bishop of Strasbourg. The castle's position allowed surveillance of the old Roman road running from Mont Sainte-Odile to Champ du Feu and the valley of the Bruche.
The castle belonged the Berger family until 1532, then to the Mundolsheim family until the French Revolution. The castle fell into ruins after the Thirty Years' War and was taken over by the town of Obernai, becoming part of the continuous forest between Obernai and Bernardswiller.
The castle is today in a poor state. Remains include the ditch, wall, keep and lower courtyard.
The castle is privately owned. It has been classified by the French Ministry of Culture as monument historique since 1984.
# Martingale pricing

Martingale pricing is a pricing approach based on the notions of martingale and risk neutrality. The martingale pricing approach is a cornerstone of modern quantitative finance and can be applied to a variety of derivatives contracts, e.g. options, futures, interest rate derivatives, credit derivatives, etc.
In contrast to the PDE approach to pricing, martingale pricing formulae are in the form of expectations which can be efficiently solved numerically using a Monte Carlo approach. As such, martingale pricing is preferred when valuing high-dimensional contracts such as a basket of options. On the other hand, valuing American-style contracts is troublesome and requires discretizing the problem (making it like a Bermudan option) and only in 2001 F. A. Longstaff and E. S. Schwartz developed a practical Monte Carlo method for pricing American options.

## Measure theory representation

Suppose the state of the market can be represented by the filtered probability space,$(\Omega ,({\mathcal {F}}_{t})_{t\in [0,T]},{\tilde {\mathbb {P} }})$. Let $\{S(t)\}_{t\in [0,T]}$ be a stochastic price process on this space. One may price a derivative security, $V(t,S(t))$ under the philosophy of no arbitrage as,
    $D(t)V(t,S(t))={\tilde {\mathbb {E} }}[D(T)V(T,S(T))|{\mathcal {F}}_{t}],\qquad dD(t)=-r(t)D(t)\ dt$
Where ${\tilde {\mathbb {P} }}$ is the risk-neutral measure.
    $(r(t))_{t\in [0,T]}$ is an ${\mathcal {F}}_{t}$-measurable (risk-free, possibly stochastic) interest rate process.
This is accomplished through almost sure replication of the derivative's time $T$ payoff using only underlying securities, and the risk-free money market (MMA). These underlyings have prices that are observable and known. Specifically, one constructs a portfolio process $\{X(t)\}_{t\in [0,T]}$ in continuous time, where he holds $\Delta (t)$ shares of the underlying stock at each time $t$, and $X(t)-\Delta (t)S(t)$ cash earning the risk-free rate $r(t)$. The portfolio obeys the stochastic differential equation
    $dX(t)=\Delta (t)\ dS(t)+r(t)(X(t)-\Delta (t)S(t))\ dt$
One will then attempt to apply Girsanov theorem by first computing ${\frac {d{\tilde {\mathbb {P} }}}{d\mathbb {P} }}$; that is, the Radon–Nikodym derivative with respect to the observed market probability distribution. This ensures that the discounted replicating portfolio process is a Martingale under risk neutral conditions.
If such a process $\Delta (t)$ can be well-defined and constructed, then choosing $V(0,S(0))=X(0)$ will result in ${\tilde {\mathbb {P} }}[X(T)=V(T)]=1$, which immediately implies that this happens $\mathbb {P}$-almost surely as well, since the two measures are equivalent.
# Law book

A law book is a book about law. It is possible to make a distinction between "law books" on the one hand, and "books about law" on the other. This distinction is "useful". A law book is "a work of legal doctrine". It consists of "law talk", that is to say, propositions of law. "The first duty of a law book is to state the law as it is, truly and accurately, and then the reason or principle for it as far as it is known". The "first requisite in a law-book is perfect accuracy". A "law book is supposed to state what the law is rather than what it is not". "One great desideratum in a law book is facility of reference". A "list of law books and related materials" is a legal bibliography.