# 1964 Newham London Borough Council election

The 1964 Newham London Borough Council election took place on 7 May 1964 to elect members of Newham London Borough Council in London, England. The whole council was up for election and the Labour Party gained control of the council.

## Background

These elections were the first to the newly formed borough. Previously elections had taken place in the County Borough of East Ham, County Borough of West Ham, Metropolitan Borough of Woolwich and Municipal Borough of Barking. These boroughs were joined to form the new London Borough of Newham by the London Government Act 1963.
A total of 145 candidates stood in the election for the 60 seats being contested across 24 wards. 3 seats in one ward went unopposed. These included a full slate from the Labour Party, while the Liberal and Conservative parties stood 38 and 20 respectively. Other candidates included 17 Residents, 7 Communists and 2 Independents. There were 12 three-seat wards and 12 two-seat wards.
This election had aldermen as well as directly elected councillors. Labour got all 10 aldermen.
The Council was elected in 1964 as a "shadow authority" but did not start operations until 1 April 1965.

## Election result

The results saw Labour gain the new council with a majority of 40 after winning 50 of the 60 seats. Overall turnout in the election was 29.4%. This turnout included 333 postal votes.
Newham Local Election Result 1964 :
| Party | Seats | Gains | Losses | Net gain/loss | Seats % | Votes % |
| Labour | 50 | 50 | 0 | +50 | 83.3 | 59.8 |
| Other parties | 7 | 7 | 0 | +7 | 11.7 | 18.5 |
| Liberal | 3 | 3 | 0 | +3 | 5.0 | 15.7 |
| Conservative | 0 | 0 | 0 | ±0.0 | 0.0 | 6.0 |

## Results by ward
### Beckton

Beckton (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | W. Pattinson | 924 | 85.6 | N/A |
| | Labour | H.A. Taylor | 850 | | N/A |
| | Communist | R.A. Offley | 80 | 7.4 | N/A |
| | Liberal | E. Hayes | 75 | 7.0 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,059 | 20.1 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 5,275 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Bemersyde

Bemersyde (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | F.H. Ferrier | 1,469 | 69.3 | N/A |
| | Labour | H. Bauckham | 1,467 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | R. Savill | 652 | 30.7 | N/A |
| | Liberal | E. Gull | 632 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,158 | 35.7 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 6,044 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Canning Town & Grange

Canning Town & Grange (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | C.L. Bock | 1,011 | 72.4 | N/A |
| | Labour | D.A. Sherman | 993 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | J. Freeman | 173 | 12.4 | N/A |
| | Independent | F. Barratt | 160 | 11.5 | N/A |
| | Liberal | L. Hollick | 138 | | N/A |
| | Communist | E. Barnes | 53 | 3.8 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,321 | 20.4 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 6,476 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Castle

Castle (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | W. Johnson | 1,186 | 50.6 | N/A |
| | Labour | A.C. Smith | 1,166 | | N/A |
| | Residents | H.W. Hennem | 1,116 | 47.6 | N/A |
| | Residents | A. Hall | 1,099 | | N/A |
| | Communist | F.C. Farmer | 41 | 1.8 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,365 | 40.0 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 5,911 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Central

Central (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | J. Hart | 1,148 | 75.5 | N/A |
| | Labour | J.R. Kent | 1,088 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | B. Allen | 372 | 24.5 | N/A |
| | Liberal | A.J. Retter | 338 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,526 | 24.8 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 6,142 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Custom House & Silvertown

Custom House & Silvertown (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | W. Dunlop | 1,446 | 75.7 | N/A |
| | Labour | W. Rees | 1,339 | | N/A |
| | Labour | P.F. Newman | 1,329 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | Eugene Johnson | 395 | 20.7 | N/A |
| | Liberal | D. Burrows | 335 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | E. Smith | 252 | | N/A |
| | Communist | J. Walker | 70 | 3.7 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,868 | 22.0 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 8,492 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Forest Gate

Forest Gate (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | T.H. Camp | 1,468 | 59.0 | N/A |
| | Labour | F.G. White | 1,437 | | N/A |
| | Labour | J. Sinclair | 1,424 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | H. Brooke | 559 | 22.4 | N/A |
| | Liberal | D. Abramson | 508 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | M. Reed | 470 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | P.W. Sims | 407 | 16.3 | N/A |
| | Conservative | E.L. Knight | 402 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | T.W. Orrin | 385 | | N/A |
| | Independent | D. Hanlon | 56 | 2.2 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,449 | 25.8 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 9,493 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Greatfield

Greatfield (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Residents | F.G. Hammond | 2,262 | 49.1 | N/A |
| | Residents | M.J. Talbot | 2,071 | | N/A |
| | Residents | S.G. Ling | 2,039 | | N/A |
| | Labour | J. Keeble | 2,003 | 43.4 | N/A |
| | Labour | J. Burns | 1,897 | | N/A |
| | Labour | J.C. Taylor | 1,806 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | A. Tathers | 345 | 7.5 | N/A |
| | Conservative | J. Murphy | 274 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 4,390 | 49.4 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 8,891 | | |
| | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) |
| | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) |
| | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) |

### Hudsons

Hudsons (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | H.E. Fitzsimons | 1,730 | 83.3 | N/A |
| | Labour | W. Cross | 1,724 | | N/A |
| | Labour | M. Davidson | 1,712 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | L. Burrows | 347 | 16.7 | N/A |
| | Liberal | P. Hayes | 329 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | M. Flaherty | 325 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,175 | 24.5 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 8,872 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Kensington

Kensington (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Residents | E.A.R. Lonsdale | 1,330 | 53.6 | N/A |
| | Residents | H.J. Ringrow | 1,300 | | N/A |
| | Labour | L. Nicholas | 959 | 38.7 | N/A |
| | Labour | R. Swanton | 957 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | G.L. Crocker | 192 | 7.7 | N/A |
| | Conservative | P. Whitehead | 174 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,494 | 45.0 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 5,548 | | |
| | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) |
| | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) |

### Little Ilford

Little Ilford (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | H.F. Lugg | 1,566 | 73.8 | N/A |
| | Labour | W.E. Hurford | 1,563 | | N/A |
| | Labour | M.E. Helps | 1,541 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | H.W.F. Mason | 394 | 18.6 | N/A |
| | Liberal | S.G. Avis | 387 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | S.J.A. Temple | 353 | | N/A |
| | Communist | L.E. Brown | 163 | 7.7 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,106 | 23.4 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 9,099 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Manor Park

Manor Park (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | R.C. Beadle | 1,497 | 45.2 | N/A |
| | Labour | W. Batterham | 1,406 | | N/A |
| | Labour | F. Fincham | 1,365 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | C. Blackmore | 1,011 | 30.5 | N/A |
| | Conservative | F. Stevens | 990 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | W. Shearman | 899 | | N/A |
| | Residents | P. Bowden | 806 | 24.3 | N/A |
| | Residents | R. Elford | 791 | | N/A |
| | Residents | E. Parker | 750 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 3,268 | 34.4 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 9,511 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### New Town

New Town (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | J. Warren | 1,055 | 83.0 | N/A |
| | Labour | S.W. Whitear | 1,046 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | F.P. Penfold | 216 | 17.0 | N/A |
| | Liberal | J. Clark | 205 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,304 | 21.2 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 6,140 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Ordnance

Ordnance (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | F.J. Radley | 996 | 79.1 | N/A |
| | Labour | A.E. Gannon | 950 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | A. Barr | 263 | 20.9 | N/A |
| | Liberal | Mrs. E. McGrane | 221 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,297 | 23.0 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 5,635 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Park

Park (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | A. Wolffe | 2,042 | 64.9 | N/A |
| | Labour | K. Hasler | 2,039 | | N/A |
| | Labour | H.E.L. Ronan | 2,037 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | J.H. Linehan | 1,106 | 35.1 | N/A |
| | Liberal | N. Phillips | 1,083 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | J.W. Francis | 999 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 3,078 | 31.5 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 9,759 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Plaistow

Plaistow (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | P.K. O’Connell | 1,303 | 83.5 | N/A |
| | Labour | A. Bigg | 1,287 | | N/A |
| | Labour | K.M. Webb | 1,262 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | J. Towler | 257 | 16.5 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,573 | 18.4 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 8,563 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Plashet

Plashet (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | E.S.C. Kebbell | 1,770 | 63.0 | N/A |
| | Labour | J.C. Carter | 1,744 | | N/A |
| | Labour | W. Watts | 1,675 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | J.W. Giles | 818 | 29.1 | N/A |
| | Liberal | D. Wheeler | 695 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | P. Scriven | 694 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | C.A. Knight | 223 | 7.9 | N/A |
| | Conservative | E.W. Orrin | 208 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | F. Strange | 192 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,744 | 29.6 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 9,255 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### St Stephens

St Stephens (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Residents | G. Nottage | 1,163 | 49.0 | N/A |
| | Residents | L. Cumming | 1,142 | | N/A |
| | Labour | W.H. Brown | 1,014 | 42.7 | N/A |
| | Labour | S.H. Mail | 983 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | T. Nolan | 197 | 8.3 | N/A |
| | Conservative | C.A. Rugg | 195 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,418 | 42.0 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 5,757 | | |
| | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) |
| | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) | Residents win (new seat) |

### South

South (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | H.J. Fisher | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| | Labour | T.A. Jenkinson | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| | Labour | W. Knight | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 0 | N/A | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 9,321 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Stratford

Stratford (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | E.G. Goodyer | 753 | 74.4 | N/A |
| | Labour | J. Riley | 739 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | R. McCarthy | 259 | 25.6 | N/A |
| | Liberal | G. Jennings | 244 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,054 | 18.6 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 5,667 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Upton

Upton (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Liberal | D. Brooke | 1,635 | 47.9 | N/A |
| | Liberal | B.G. McCarthy | 1,476 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | E. Wren | 1,450 | | N/A |
| | Labour | D. Smith | 1,406 | 41.2 | N/A |
| | Labour | G. Jacobs | 1,396 | | N/A |
| | Labour | S.H. Smith | 1,380 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | C.W. Balcomb | 369 | 10.8 | N/A |
| | Conservative | S. Plant | 315 | | N/A |
| | Conservative | W.L. Orrin | 301 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 3,370 | 34.1 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 9,871 | | |
| | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) |
| | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) |
| | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) | Liberal win (new seat) |

### Wall End

Wall End (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | E.M. Devenay | 1,852 | 58.3 | N/A |
| | Labour | L. Griffiths | 1,814 | | N/A |
| | Labour | S.A. Elson | 1,736 | | N/A |
| | Residents | W. Mallendine | 1,032 | 32.5 | N/A |
| | Residents | I. Zimmer | 1,026 | | N/A |
| | Residents | A. Allen | 895 | | N/A |
| | Communist | P. Allen | 292 | 9.2 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,980 | 33.8 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 8,828 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### West Ham

West Ham (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | J.F. Andrews | 829 | 79.6 | N/A |
| | Labour | D.W. Lee | 799 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | E. Darsey | 157 | 15.1 | N/A |
| | Liberal | S.F. Wrightson | 123 | | N/A |
| | Communist | A. Jones | 55 | 5.3 | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,053 | 18.8 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 5,605 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

### Woodgrange

Woodgrange (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | R. Ricketts | 972 | 41.5 | N/A |
| | Labour | R. Evans | 922 | | N/A |
| | Residents | D. Owen | 720 | 30.7 | N/A |
| | Residents | L. Smith | 642 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | D. Wheeler | 325 | 13.9 | N/A |
| | Conservative | W. Willis | 325 | 13.9 | N/A |
| | Conservative | M.H. Robinson | 287 | | N/A |
| | Liberal | W. Krist | 106 | | N/A |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 2,107 | 36.3 | N/A |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 5,805 | | |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |
| | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) | Labour win (new seat) |

## By-elections between 1964 and 1968

There were no by-elections.