OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lauwersmeer

Lauwersmeer (Dutch pronunciation:) is a man-made lake in the north of the Netherlands, on the border of the provinces of Groningen and Friesland. The lake was formed on 23 May 1969, when the dike between the bay called Lauwers Sea and the Wadden Sea was closed. It is noted for birdwatching.
On the eastern shores of the Lauwersmeer is the Marnewaard, an exercise area of the Royal Netherlands Army. The central and eastern parts of the lake became Lauwersmeer National Park on 12 November 2003.

## History

The Lauwers Sea (in Dutch: Lauwerszee) was formed by a flood in 1280, and named after the river Lauwers, which flows along the border between the provinces of Groningen and Friesland. During the flood the mouth of the river Lauwers disappeared, and its tributaries the Reitdiep, the Dokkumerdiep, and the Ee flowed directly into the new bay. Many plans were made after this disaster to shut it off from the sea but none was ever put into effect. However, parts of it were empoldered piecemeal, slowly reducing it from a large two-forked estuary to the nearly square inlet seen on recent maps.
The first serious plans for draining the Lauwers Sea were from 1849. In the 1930s a commission came up with several plans but all were shelved and were never accomplished. The flood disaster of 1953 and the Christmas flood of 1954 made clear that something had to be done. In 1958 the New Delta Law ordered a reinforcement of the dikes in the north of the Netherlands. At the Lauwers Sea there were two options: to reinforce the existing dikes around the Lauwers Sea (32 km of dikes) or to make a 13 km dam separating the Lauwers Sea and the Wadden Sea. After a study found that the 13 km dike plan was more expensive than the 32 km plan, the government decided on the cheaper option.
The people living in the area resisted and a committee was formed (actiecomité "Lauwerszee"). They collected 135,000 signatures of people who wanted to close the Lauwers Sea. In Leeuwarden a large gathering was organised to show the government that local people did not agree with the decision. On 10 June 1960 Kabinet-De Quay decided to enclose the Lauwers Sea, agreeing to share the cost with the Provinces of Groningen and Friesland, which also agreed to maintain the dike upon completion.
The 13-kilometer-long dike has sluices and a canal lock. A new harbour called Lauwersoog was built part-way along the dike. Final enclosure and separation from the Wadden Sea took place on 25 May 1969; since then it has been called the Lauwersmeer.
New flora and fauna appeared as the Lauwerszee gradually became a freshwater lake, and to protect this new and young nature area, it was decided (12 November 2003) to designate the Lauwersmeer as a national park. The ferry to Schiermonnikoog that had previously left from Oostmahorn now leaves from Lauwersoog.
There is a lack of agreement about whether to spell the former name as "Lauwersee" or "Lauwerszee". Some older maps show it as "Lauwerzee".
* Sluice at Lauwersoog
* Sluice at Lauwersoog
* Sluice, engine room in the top of the building
* The lighthouse of Oostmahorn, with view on the Lauwersmeer
# Lauw Giok Lan

Lauw Giok Lan (traditional Chinese: 劉玉蘭; simplified Chinese: 刘玉兰; pinyin: Liú Yùlán; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lâu Gio̍k-lân; 1883–1953) was a Chinese Indonesian journalist and writer. He was one of the founders of the newspaper Sin Po.

## Biography

Lauw was born in Batavia, Dutch East Indies, in 1883. He undertook an education at a Hokkien school, but also learned to speak Dutch. In 1890, Lauw's father died, and he was raised by his mother, a seamstress. By age sixteen he had entered the workforce, first at a shop in Glodok run by Khouw Lam Tjiang then for the printer van Dorp. This latter job introduced Lauw to journalism, as van Dorp printed both the daily Bintang Betawi and the monthly Java Bode. At some point around the turn of the century he married Lie On Moy, a Peranakan Chinese woman born in Padang, who would also become a translator and journalist.
In the early 1900s Lauw began working for Sinar Betawi; by 1907 he was working as editor for the daily Perniagaan, together with Tio Ie Soei and Thio Tjin Boen. Working with Yoe Sin Gie, on 1 October 1910 he established the weekly (later daily) Sin Po; when it was incorporated in February 1912, Lauw was one of five stockholders. He is recorded as assistant editor, under JR Razoux Kohr, several months later.
Lauw established another weekly, the short-lasting Penghiboer, in 1913. Ten years later he became the editor-in-chief of Sin Po, but soon sold all shares in the company and moved to Bandung, where he worked with the monthly magazine Lay Po (later Sin Bin). He returned to Batavia in 1925, and by 1928 he was a regular contributor to Keng Po (run by Hauw Tek Kong). While working with Keng Po, Lauw helped Nio Joe Lan find work at the newspaper; Nio would go on to become an editor of Sin Po.
Aside from journalism, Lauw was involved in the emerging literature of the East Indies. After Lie Kim Hok's death in 1912, Lauw completed the writer's ongoing translation of Hugo Hartmann's Dolores, de Verkochte Vrouw, publishing it as Prampoean jang Terdjoewal. In 1913 he published a Malay translation of Victor Ido's Karina Adinda; at the time it was one of only a few published Malay-language stage plays. In his foreword to the translation, Lauw wrote that he wanted to improve the quality of stage plays performed by Chinese Indonesians, which were facing competition from the burgeoning film industry as well as the bangsawan and stamboel theatrical genres. He also published his own stage play, Pendidikan jang Kliroe, in 1922. He published two further books in 1924, Brillian jang Tertjoeri and Riwajat Hindia Olanda.
Lauw was also involved in various social organizations. He was a money collector for the Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan in 1907, and from 1907 to 1912 he served as an administrator and secretary for the Cheng Hwa Hui.
Lauw died in 1953. He was survived by his wife, Lie On Moy.
# Lauren-Shannon Jones

Lauren-Shannon Jones (born c. 1989), is an Irish playwright and performer.

## Biography

Jones began her media career working as a model before going on to graduate with an honours degree in film production from Colaiste Dhulaigh in Coolock and Wolverhampton College. She then completed an MFA in Playwriting in 2018 through Trinity College Dublin's Lir National Academy of Dramatic Art.
She is a writer of stories, screenplays and scripts as well as a performer in theatre. She is known for her horror stories including an anthology show Mother Stoker’s Sickly Stories in The Bram Stoker Festival in 2016 and Fetch as part of 2019 Dublin Fringe Festival. Jones is a member of the Screen Directors Guild of Ireland as well as the Irish Playwrights and Screenwriters Guild.
Jones has also written for The Irish Times on mental health.

## Playography

* Grow, 2013
* The Assassination of Brian Boru, 2014
* Olympia, 2015
* Pink Milk, 2016
* Viva Voce, 2018
* FETCH, 2019

## References and sources

* ↑ "Lauren-Shannon Jones". The Lir Academy. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* ↑ "Lauren-Shannon Jones". PlayographyIreland. 22 January 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* ↑ "Lauren-Shannon Jones". SDGI Updated.
* ↑ "Fetch". Fringe Festival. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* ↑ "FOR WHOM THE CLOCK". Image. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* ↑ "Dublin Fringe Festival 2019 Fetch: The Arts Review". 20 September 2019.
* ↑ "Abbey Works 2019". Abbey Theatre. 12 June 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* ↑ Lockwood, Basil (30 September 2018). "Viva Voce – with living voice – by word of mouth. // REVIEW". TN2 Magazine. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* ↑ "'Hen' is a new Irish horror film". District. 5 December 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* ↑ "'Breathtaking, rule-breaking, legend-making': Dublin Fringe Festival winners". The Irish Times. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* ↑ "The exit sign reminds us we can never really escape real life". The Irish Times. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* ↑ "After my breakdown, Dublin was safe. I wasn't ready for London". The Irish Times. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
* This article about a British dramatist or playwright is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Law and literature

The law and literature movement focuses on connections between law and literature. This field has roots in two developments in the intellectual history of law—first, the growing doubt about whether law in isolation is a source of value and meaning, or whether it must be plugged into a large cultural or philosophical or social-science context to give it value and meaning; and, second, the growing focus on the mutability of meaning in all texts, whether literary or legal. Work in the field comprises two complementary perspectives: Law in literature (understanding issues as they are explored in literary texts) and law as literature (understanding legal texts with literary interpretation, analysis, and critique).

## History of the movement

James Boyd White's The Legal Imagination (1973) is often credited with initiating the law and literature movement. It is a fusion of anthology and critique, drawing on a range of sources, with headnotes and questions on the relationship of legal texts to literary analysis, and literary texts to the legal issues that they explore. Proponents of the "law-in-literature" theory, such as Richard Weisberg and Robert Weisberg, believe that literary works, especially narratives centered on a legal conflict, offer lawyers and judges insight into the "nature of law". This perspective examines and interprets legal texts using the techniques of literary critics. Scholars such as White and Ronald Dworkin apply law as literature, because they maintain that the meaning of legal texts, such as written law, like any other genre of literature, can be discovered only through interpretation. These matters are contentious.

## Critics

Richard Posner, of the law and economics movement, wrote Law and Literature: A Misunderstood Relationship, a critical attack particularly on the writings of Robin West.
Richard Delgado and Jean Stefancic have argued against White, and his theory of some celebrated legal cases in U.S. history; and they agree with Posner on several issues. According to Delgado and Stefancic, supporters of critical race theory, the moral position of judges are determined by normative social and political forces rather than by literature.
# LeRoy Winbush

LeRoy Winbush (1915–2007) was an American graphic designer known for his window displays.

## Career

Winbush was born in Memphis, Tennessee, his parents LeRoy (Lee) Winbush Sr. and Alberta Meabane however he spent his childhood in Detroit. When Winbush was about fourteen his mother moved the family to Chicago, on the Southside, where Winbush graduated from Englewood High School.
Winbush began his career in Chicago in 1936. Initially starting out as an apprentice to a sign painter, before moving to designing signs, then on to murals and flyers for the Regal Theater. Through this experience he then became art director for Goldblatt's department store chain, where he was the first Black employee. Although initially starting out in the department store's sign shop— eventually worked his way up to become the Art Director overseeing a staff of about 60 people.
In 1945 Winbush founded his own firm, Winbush Associates. Winbush was known as a successful businessman and entrepreneur. One of Winbush's successes was to develop a market designing window displays for Chicago's banks.
He served as art director for Consolidated Manufacturing as well as Johnson Publishing, where he art directed and designed layouts for the Negro Digest, Hue, Cooper, EBONY, Tan Confessions, and JET magazines. Besides designing magazine layouts, he also designed Jet Magazines handbrush stylized logo. Other publications project included DUKE magazine, published in 1957 it was short-lived, (publishing only six issues, however, it was the first Black male pinup magazine. Dan Burley well known Black journalist was the founder and editor. His designs for EBONY won an award from the Chicago Art Directors Club. He was president of the South Side Community Art Center.
Winbush taught communication design at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago and Columba College Chicago. Beginning in 1992, Winbush consulted for the DuSable Museum.
Winbush was the first black member of the Art Directors Club of Chicago. It took him seven years of petitioning the club to join; later he served as the club's president. He was chairman of the International Design Conference in Aspen in 1959. Winbush worked on Illinois's exhibit at the 1964 World's Fair. In 1985, having become an avid scuba diver, Winbush helped design an underwater reef at Epcot.
# Law of the case

The law of the case is a legal term of art that is applicable mainly in common law, or Anglo-American, jurisdictions that recognize the related doctrine of stare decisis. The phrase refers to instances where "rulings made by a trial court and not challenged on appeal become the law of the case." "Unless the trial court's rulings were clearly in error or there has been an important change in circumstances, the court's prior rulings must stand." Usually the situation occurs when either a case is on appeal for the second time—e.g. if the reviewing court remanded the matter to the trial court and the party appeals again or if the case was appealed in a higher appellate court—for example, from an appellate court to the highest court.
As generally used, "law of the case" states that, if an appellate court has passed on a legal question and remanded the case to the court below for further proceedings, the legal question thus determined by the appellate court will not be differently determined on a subsequent appeal in the same case where the facts remain the same.
The doctrine provides that an appellate court's determination on a legal issue is binding on both the trial court on remand and on the appellate court on a subsequent appeal given the same case and substantially the same facts.
The "law of the case" doctrine, however, is one of policy only and will be disregarded when compelling circumstances call for a redetermination of a point of law on prior appeal. This is particularly true where an intervening or a contemporaneous change in law has occurred where former decisions have been overruled or new precedent has been established by controlling authority.
The "law of the case" doctrine precludes reconsideration of a previously decided issue unless one of three "exceptional circumstances" exists: (1) when substantially different evidence is raised at a subsequent trial, (2) when a subsequent contrary view of the law is decided by the controlling authority, or (3) when a decision is clearly erroneous and would result in a manifest injustice.
# Law of the Wild

Law of the Wild may refer to:
* The Law of the Wilds, a 1915 American silent short drama film directed by Thomas Ricketts
* The Law of the Wild, a 1934 American Mascot movie serial directed by B. Reeves Eason and Armand Schaefer
* Law of the Wolf also known as Law of the Wild, a 1939 American film directed by Bernard B. Ray
# Le Moustier

Le Moustier is an archeological site consisting of two rock shelters in Peyzac-le-Moustier, a village in the Dordogne, France. It is known for a complete skeleton of the species Homo neanderthalensis that was discovered in 1908. The Mousterian tool culture is named after Le Moustier, which was first excavated from 1863 by the Englishman Henry Christy and the Frenchman Édouard Lartet. In 1979, Le Moustier was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List along with other nearby archeological sites as part of the Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the Vézère Valley.

## Skeleton

The skeleton known as "Le Moustier" is estimated to be approximately 45,000 years old. The characteristics of its skull include a large nasal cavity and a somewhat less developed brow ridge and occipital bun, as might be expected in a juvenile.
After discovery, the skull was dismantled, cast and reconstructed at least four times. During this process, the skull received considerable amounts of damage; for example, after it was sold to the Ethnological Museum of Berlin, a dentist broke the alveolar bone to access the teeth. It was later damaged in the Allied bombing of Berlin during the Second World War, then looted by the USSR, which returned the remains of the skull to the German Democratic Republic in 1958. The skull is now missing many parts, the teeth glued into the wrong position, and it has been dipped into glue, covered with varnish, and painted with plaster. Consequently, its scientific value is much reduced.
* Upper shelter
* Lower shelter
* Flint handaxe, excavated 1863, British Museum
* A box of side scrapers excavated by Lartet and Christy
* Le Moustier 1 skull today in Neues Museum Berlin.
* Le Moustier 1 Neanderthal facial reconstitution, Neues Museum Berlin
* Restoration of Neanderthal Flintworkers, Le Moustier Cavern, Dordogne, France by Charles R. Knight

## Stone tools

Study of the artifacts found in Le Moustier reveals the use of glue made from a mixture of ocher and bitumen by Middle Paleolithic humans to make hand grips for cutting and scraping stone tools. Experiments by archaeologists showed that the mass was sufficiently sticky so that a small stone tool could get stuck in it and the mass could serve as a handle, but the hands remained clean. This presupposes knowledge of both material characteristics and that a combination of these substances results in a new material. In addition, both components, bitumen and ochre, had to be gathered from different deposits far away from each other. This required planning and foresight in order to optimise the flint blades accordingly.
# Le Pub

Le Pub (also known as Le Public Space) is a bar, restaurant and nightclub located in Newport, South Wales. It opened in 1992 on nearby Caxton Place, and became a popular live music venue as part of the Newport music scene along with TJ's, later relocating as a co-operative on High Street.

## History

Le Pub has been a popular music venue in the city for 30 years, though historically overshadowed by its more famed neighbour TJ's on Clarence Place, which had attracted names such as David Bowie and Kurt Cobain during the city's 'new Seattle' era.
While the city enjoyed a thriving scene in the 1980s and 1990s, the decline of industry and the growth of the nearby Cardiff music scene had impacted Newport hard. TJ's closed in 2010 and at one point relocated as a legacy site named El Siecco's, also on High Street. However this only lasted a few months.
Le Pub also faced difficulty during the 2000s. It existed at its home on Caxton Place for 24 years and 11 months but was forced to sell its site and move to new premises.

## Present

With assistance from Newport City Council, the business restarted as a community interest company offering shares to friends and patrons of the old venue, and providing it with necessary finance to refurbish new premises and re-open.
It moved to High Street on July 29, 2017, on the site of the old The Page pub (previously the South Wales Argus office), aided by a team of volunteers. It opened offering space in the city for creative projects, a gallery, rehearsal rooms, office space and a small cinema space. It has now operated in Newport city centre for 30 years.
It opens until 2 am most weekdays and 3 am on Friday and Saturday evenings and offers a wide range of independent and international beers and spirits. It is also praised by Eat Out Vegan Wales as being a recommended vegan and 100% vegetarian eatery.
# Le Poisson noyé

Le Poisson noyé is a 2008 film.

## Synopsis

This fable tells of an old fishmonger who dies and resuscitates several times. The man is a despicable character and his resurrections gives rise to general curiosity. But superstition soon takes over in the villagers’ hearts, they believe nature should reclaim its rights.

## Awards

* Beirut International Film Festival 2008
* FESPACO 2009
# Le Hunt, Kansas

Le Hunt (sometimes rendered as LeHunt) is a ghost town in Montgomery County, Kansas, United States. While most of the site has been reclaimed by nature, the ruins of the United Kansas Portland Cement Company plant can still be seen today in the woods along the eastern shore of Elk City Lake.

## History

Le Hunt can trace its origins back to 1905, when the United Kansas Portland Cement Company purchased 1500 acres a few miles northwest of Independence, Kansas and built a large factory. To accommodate the factory's many workers, a company town was established by United Kansas Portland Cement Company. The town was named after Leigh Hunt, the president of the Hunt engineering company of Michigan that had worked to construct the plant. By 1906, the fledgling town was home to over 1000 individuals, and around this time, Tom Mix (who would go on to be a famous American film actor and the star of many early Western movies) served as the small town's marshal.
Following its establishment, the United Kansas Portland Cement Company suffered several years of financial issues, largely due to the failings of the Kansas cement industry. In 1913, the local newspaper announced that the plant would be temporarily closed to make repairs and sell its surplus stock. By January 1914, the company filed for bankruptcy. In 1915, the plant was purchased by the Sunflower Portland Cement Company. Price fluctuations after World War I caused the Sunflower Portland Cement Company to be purchased in 1918 by its rival, the Western States Portland Cement Company, which after a series of mergers and purchases, became a part of the United States Steel Corporation. These events led to the Le Hunt plant closing, its equipment being sold off, and many of the homes located in Le Hunt being moved elsewhere. With limited housing and no major company to anchor the settlement, Le Hunt faded until it was nothing more than a derelict ghost town.
Today, ruins of the cement plant still remain in the woods off County Road 5000. Most prominent is the factory's long-abandoned smoke stack, which rises above the tree line. According to Legends of America, "While trees and weeds try to choke out where the town's cement plant once stood, the walls, ovens and giant smokestack of the factory are still remarkably intact." Ruins of old houses as well as the settlement's cemetery are also present, but they have largely been reclaimed by nature.
# Le Rochereau

Le Rochereau (French pronunciation:) is a former commune in the Vienne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Champigny en Rochereau.