OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kondo insulator

In solid-state physics, Kondo insulators (also referred as Kondo semiconductors and heavy fermion semiconductors) are understood as materials with strongly correlated electrons, that open up a narrow band gap (in the order of 10 meV) at low temperatures with the chemical potential lying in the gap, whereas in heavy fermion materials the chemical potential is located in the conduction band.
The band gap opens up at low temperatures due to hybridization of localized electrons (mostly f-electrons) with conduction electrons, a correlation effect known as the Kondo effect. As a consequence, a transition from metallic behavior to insulating behavior is seen in resistivity measurements. The band gap could be either direct or indirect. Most studied Kondo insulators are FeSi, Ce$_3$Bi$_4$Pt$_3$, SmB$_6$, YbB$_{12}$, and CeNiSn, although As of 2016 there are over a dozen known Kondo insulators.

## Historical overview

In 1969, Menth et al. found no magnetic ordering in SmB$_6$ down to 0.35 K and a change from metallic to insulating behavior in the resistivity measurement with decreasing temperature. They interpreted this phenomenon as a change of the electronic configuration of Sm.
In 1992, Gabriel Aeppli and Zachary Fisk found a descriptive way to explain the physical properties of Ce$_3$Bi$_4$Pt$_3$ and CeNiSn. They called the materials Kondo insulators, showing Kondo lattice behavior near room temperature, but becoming semiconducting with very small energy gaps (a few Kelvin to a few tens of Kelvin) when decreasing the temperature.

## Transport properties

At high temperatures the localized f-electrons form independent local magnetic moments. According to the Kondo effect, the dc-resistivity of Kondo insulators shows a logarithmic temperature-dependence. At low temperatures, the local magnetic moments are screened by the sea of conduction electrons, forming a so-called Kondo resonance. The interaction of the conduction band with the f-orbitals results in a hybridization and an energy gap $\epsilon _{\mathrm {g} }$. If the chemical potential lies in the hybridization gap, an insulating behavior can be seen in the dc-resistivity at low temperatures.
In recent times, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments provided direct imaging of band-structure, hybridization and flat band topology in Kondo insulators and related compounds.
# Kondoa

Kondoa may refer to:
* Kondoa Mjini, a ward in Tanzania
* Kondoa District, in Tanzania
* Kondoa (gastropod), a genus of land snails
* Kondoa (fungus), the type genus of the Kondoaceae family
# Kommuri

Kommuri may refer to:
* Kommuri Sambasiva Rao (born 1926), writer from Andhra Pradesh, famous for detective novels
* Kommuri Venugopala Rao (born 1935), writer from Andhra Pradesh
# Kommuri Sambasiva Rao

Kommuri Sambasiva Rao (1926–1994) was a Telugu novelist and a journalist. He was born into a family of writers. He wrote over 90 novels in Telugu, including the first horror novel in the language. He is best known for his detective novels.

## Life

He was born on 26 October 1926 in Tenali, Guntur district, Madras State to Venkatramaiah, Padmavathi. Venkatramaiah used to own a printing press in Tenali. He is the younger brother of famous Telugu writer Chalam. Because Chalam was adopted by his grand father his surname got changed to Gudipati. His mother Padmavathi used to play stage dramas along with Bellary Raghava. Sambasiva Rao's elder sister Varudhini is a wife of Kodavatiganti Kutumba Rao, another famous writer. His younger sister Usha Rani was the chairman of Telugu division of National Book Trust, New Delhi.
He wrote short stories at the age of 14 years. He extensively wrote between 1957–1980. He was inspired the English writer Edgar Wallace. Indian ex-prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao used to like his writings. Popular Telugu writer Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy is also inspired by his writings.

## Writings

He wrote first spy thriller called No.888 in Telugu. The first horror novel in Telugu Chavu Tappite Chalu was also written by him. He worked as a journalist for a magazine called Telugu Cinema. Later he ran a literatary journal called Manjusha. He is best known for his detective novels. He wrote 75 detective novels and close to 20 social novels. Close to 1 million copies of his novels were sold. Prominent character in his novels are Detective Yugandhar, and his assistant Raju, and Inspector Swarajya Rao. Background for most of the novels is Madras. Below is the partial list of novels written by him.
* Lakshadhikari Hatya
* Chavu Keka
* Ardha Rathri Atithi
* Uri Tadu
* Pramila Devi Hatya
* Chikatiki Veyi Kallu
* Adugo Athane Donga
* Mathi Poyina Manishi
* Nenu Chavanu
* Practical Joker
* Pramadam Jagratta
* Nuvvu Evari Kosam
* Oka Vennela Rathri
* Oka Challani Rathri
* Prapanchaniki 10 Gantallo Pramadam
* Locket Marmam
* 24 Gantalalo
* 28 Metlu
* Addadaruunnayi Jagratta
* Adugo Athane Hantakudu
* Adugu Padithe Apayam
* Aiduguru Anumanithulu
* Ardharatri Pilupu
* Atanu Atanu Kadu
* Chavu Tappite Chalu
* Chetulu Ettu
* Errani Gurtu
* Gana Gana Mogina Ganta
* Malli Eppudo Ekkado
* Mundu Nuyyi Venuka Goyyi
* Nannu Champakandi
* Nefalo Captain Naresh
* Nenu Nenu Kanu
* No 222
* No 333
* No 444
* No 555
* No 678
* No 777
* No 888
* No 787
* Padunu Leni Katti Gullu Leni Pistholu
* Papam Pilichindi
* Paripoyina Khaidi
* Sujatha
* Talupu Teriste Chastavu
* Valalo Chikkina Vanitha
* x808
# Konjević Polje

Konjević Polje (Serbian Cyrillic: Коњевић Поље) is a village in the municipality of Bratunac, in the Drina Valley of northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It practically merged with the neighboring village of Konjevići.

## Bosnian War

During the Bosnian Serb Army's campaign of ethnic cleansing in 1992, Konjević Polje became cut off from the main area of the Bosnian government-held territory and was part of the enclave of Srebrenica. The expulsion of the Bosniaks from the area along the Drina River had been the publicly proclaimed goal of the Republika Srpska from the start of the war. Two of the “strategic objectives or priorities of the Serb people in Bosnia and Herzegovina" were to "Establish state borders separating the Serb people from the other two ethnic communities" and "Establish a corridor in the Drina River valley, that is, eliminate the Drina as a border separating Serb states."
In his 25 November 2003 statement to the Office of the Prosecutor at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the Bosnian Serb war criminal Miroslav Deronjić affirmed that goal and referred to it as "liberation". He described the "liberation" of the area of Eastern Bosnia along the Drina corridor as involving a two-part plan devised in 1991 and 1992, involving the Bosnian Serbs first taking power in the municipalities in the Podrinje and then expelling the Bosniak population by force, specifically by forcibly transferring the women and children and often detaining and killing the men. In the so-called "Deronjić Statement", he specifically referred to the "liberation of Konjević Polje" (paras. 154, 156).
During the Bosnian Serb Army offensive of early 1993, the villages of Konjević Polje and Cerska were captured. Their Bosniak residents fled to Srebrenica and added to the town's already overcrowded refugee population. Refugees from Konjević Polje and Cerska were sheltering in the Srebrenica elementary school when it was shelled on 12 April 1993.
After the fall of Srebrenica, the road between Bratunac and Konjević Polje was a key place in which the Bosnian Serb Army forces attacked and broke the column of refugees fleeing towards government territory. Many of the refugees were captured and killed in nearby locations. The school in Konjević Polje was used to hold detainees before their execution.
# Konstantin von Kügelgen

Konstantin von Kügelgen (also spelled Constantin von Kügelgen; 6 January 1810 — 28 April 1880) was a German landscape painter, the son of Karl von Kügelgen.

## Biography

His first art lessons were from his father, which he received together with his cousin, Carl Timoleon von Neff. In his youth he traveled to Italy. Later, he studied for two years in Munich, where he copied paintings from museums in the Kunstareal.
After the death of his first wife, Sally von Zezschwitz (1814–1839) he returned to the Baltics, where he worked as a drawing instructor. In 1840, he married his second wife, Alexandrine Zoege von Manteuffel (1820-1846), a distant relative of his mother. Two years after her premature death, he married into the prominent Maydell [de] family.
He also wrote a memoir entitled Errinerungen aus meinem Leben (Memories from my Life), which was published posthumously in Saint Petersburg.
His daughter, Sally von Kügelgen, from his third marriage, also became an artist. Paul von Kügelgen [de], a son from his second marriage, was a journalist.

## Publications

* Kügelgen, Constantin von (1881). Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben, 1810–1880 (PDF) (in German). Saint Petersburg: Buchdruckerei der St. Petersburger Zeitung. OCLC 254101606.
# Ko Si-chi

Ko Si-chi (1929-2020) was a Taiwanese artist best known for his photography. He was Taiwan's first contemporary photographer.

## Biography

Ko Si-chi was born in 1929 in Tainan. He took his first photographs at the age of 19. His family home was destroyed by an American bombing raid during World War II. When he was 30 he traveled to Japan to attend the Tokyo Photo School, after completing his education he moved to New York City to pursue a career in commercial photography. In the 1970s he returned to Taiwan. In his later years he embarked on a project to “portray Taiwanese scenery from different, unique perspectives” and in doing so to re-center a career spent largely abroad.
He is particularly well known for his photos of the environment but also had a passion for photographing dance and dancers.
Ko Si-chi died in June 2020.

## Awards and recognition

Ko received Taiwan's National Award for Arts [zh] in 2006.
# Komovica

Komovica is an alcoholic beverage popular in Serbia and North Macedonia. Komovica is a homemade rakia made of grape pomace, usually containing more than 50% alcohol by volume. It is mostly used for medical purposes.
# Kodilj

Kodilj, from the Spanish' codille is a double bet in Vira and other Swedish card games. The word is often abbreviated to ko ("become a cow"), with the extension kossa. If you lose more than two games under kodilj, these are called "calves" (kalven: "become a calf"); however they are never paid at a rate that is more than kodilj.
* This card game–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Koopmeiners

Koopmeiners is a Dutch surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Peer Koopmeiners (born 2000), Dutch footballer
* Teun Koopmeiners (born 1998), Dutch footballer, brother of Peer
# Koskenniemi

Koskenniemi may refer to:
* Heikki Koskenniemi (1919–2013), Finnish scholar (philology)
* Inna Koskenniemi (1923–1995), Finnish professor in the University of Turku
* Kimmo Koskenniemi (born 1945), Finnish professor
* Martti Koskenniemi (born 1953), Finnish lawyer and diplomat
* Matti Koskenniemi (1908–2001), Finnish professor (pedagogy)
* Niilo Koskenniemi (1926–1988), member of the Finnish parliament (SKDL)
* Teodor Koskenniemi (1887–1965), Finnish athlete
* Veikko Antero Koskenniemi (1885–1962), Finnish poet
# Kommandodrif Dam

Kommandodrif Dam is an earth-fill/rockfill type dam located on the Tarka River, near Cradock, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The dam has a capacity of 58,900,000 cubic metres (2.08×10$^9$ cu ft), the wall is 38 metres (125 ft) high. The dam is included in the Commando Drift Nature Reserve and its main purpose is to serve for irrigation use. The hazard potential of the dam has been ranked high (3).
# Konstantin Katsia

Konstantin Katsia is a former Chairman of the State Committee for State Property Management and Privatisation of Abkhazia.

## Career

On 3 April 2007, Daur Tarba, Chairman of the State Committee for Management of State Property and Privatization in the cabinet of Prime Minister Alexander Ankvab, was appointed head of the Ochamchira District. On 24 May, Katsia, who had been Deputy Chairman up until that point, became the new Chairman.
Katsia was re-appointed in the cabinets of Prime Ministers Sergei Shamba (under President Bagapsh), Leonid Lakerbaia (under President Alexander Ankvab), Beslan Butba and Artur Mikvabia (under President Raul Khajimba).
On 30 August 2016 was not re-appointed in the cabinet of Prime Minister Beslan Bartsits.
# Kostomlatica

Kostomlatica is a village in the municipality of Vladičin Han, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 22 people.
# Korolev (lunar crater)

Korolev is a large lunar impact crater of the walled plain or basin type. It is a basin of Nectarian age.
Korolev is named for Soviet rocket engineer Sergei Korolev. It lies on the far side of the Moon, and the northern part of its floor crosses the lunar equator. Notable nearby craters include Galois just to the southeast, Das to the south-southeast, Doppler attached to the southern rim, and Kibal'chich to the northeast. Rays of the crater Crookes (to the southwest) cover parts of the basin.
The outer rim of Korolev is heavily worn and eroded, with a multitude of small craters lying across the wide rim and the low inner wall. The interior floor is relatively flat compared to the surrounding terrain, but is pock-marked with many craters of varying sizes. The most notable of these interior craters are Korolev M in the southern part of the floor, and Korolev D next to the northeast rim.
Within the interior of Korolev is the remains of a second, inner ring. This is roughly half the diameter of the outer wall, and is the most intact in the eastern half. Here it forms a curving arc of ridges across the floor. At the midpoint of the formation, there is nothing resembling a central peak. However the craters Korolev B, Korolev T, and Korolev L lie within the diameter of the inner ring.
A small crater to the southwest of Korolev L was a designated control point, CP-1, during the Apollo 8 mission. Measurements taken from orbit on this point improved the accuracy of mapping of the lunar far side, although they were likely surpassed by subsequent Apollo missions.
Until formal naming in 1970 by the IAU, the crater was known as Basin XV.
Korolev lies to the south of the similar-sized Dirichlet-Jackson Basin.
* Topographic map
* Gravity map based on GRAIL

## Satellite craters

By convention these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Korolev.
| Korolev | Coordinates | Diameter, km |
| B | 3°40′S 156°17′W﻿ / ﻿3.66°S 156.29°W﻿ / -3.66; -156.29﻿ (B) | 21 |
| C | 0°44′S 153°13′W﻿ / ﻿0.73°S 153.22°W﻿ / -0.73; -153.22﻿ (C) | 66 |
| D | 0°29′S 151°45′W﻿ / ﻿0.48°S 151.75°W﻿ / -0.48; -151.75﻿ (D) | 24 |
| E | 3°26′S 153°23′W﻿ / ﻿3.43°S 153.38°W﻿ / -3.43; -153.38﻿ (E) | 37 |
| F | 4°15′S 152°44′W﻿ / ﻿4.25°S 152.74°W﻿ / -4.25; -152.74﻿ (F) | 30 |
| G | 5°40′S 153°28′W﻿ / ﻿5.67°S 153.46°W﻿ / -5.67; -153.46﻿ (G) | 12 |
| L | 5°44′S 156°49′W﻿ / ﻿5.74°S 156.81°W﻿ / -5.74; -156.81﻿ (L) | 31 |
| M | 8°30′S 157°22′W﻿ / ﻿8.50°S 157.37°W﻿ / -8.50; -157.37﻿ (M) | 57 |
| P | 7°56′S 159°56′W﻿ / ﻿7.93°S 159.94°W﻿ / -7.93; -159.94﻿ (P) | 18 |
| T | 4°08′S 157°50′W﻿ / ﻿4.14°S 157.84°W﻿ / -4.14; -157.84﻿ (T) | 22 |
| V | 1°13′S 162°04′W﻿ / ﻿1.21°S 162.06°W﻿ / -1.21; -162.06﻿ (V) | 19 |
| W | 0°11′S 160°32′W﻿ / ﻿0.18°S 160.53°W﻿ / -0.18; -160.53﻿ (W) | 31 |
| X | 0°34′N 159°26′W﻿ / ﻿0.56°N 159.44°W﻿ / 0.56; -159.44﻿ (X) | 27 |
| Y | 0°31′S 158°27′W﻿ / ﻿0.52°S 158.45°W﻿ / -0.52; -158.45﻿ (Y) | 19 |
| Z | 1°09′N 159°29′W﻿ / ﻿1.15°N 159.48°W﻿ / 1.15; -159.48﻿ (Z) | 18 |
# Ku language

    "Ku" is also the ISO 639-1 Language Code for the Kurdish language.
Ku (autonym: ku55) is a Loloish language cluster of southeastern Yunnan, China.

## Varieties

There are three different varieties of Ku. Speakers of each consider themselves to be separate ethnic groups. However, they are officially classified by the Chinese government as ethnic Yi.
* Ku (autonym: ku55) is spoken in Bainitang 白泥塘, Shede Township 舍得彝族乡, Qiubei County, Yunnan Province. They are also locally known as the Bo (Chinese: 僰人; pinyin: Bó rén), and continue to build hanging coffins. The Ku of Bainitang claim that their ancestors had migrated from Yibin, Sichuan.
* Another variety of Ku (autonym: ku55) in Wujiazhai 五家寨, Shede Township 舍得彝族乡, Qiubei County, Yunnan Province is unintelligible with Ku of Bainitang 白泥塘.
* Ku of Shidongmen 石洞门, Xijide Village 西基得村, Zhulin Township 珠琳镇, Guangnan County, Yunnan Province
# Kozukappara execution grounds

The Kozukappara execution grounds (小塚原刑場, Kozukappara keijō) were one of the three sites in the vicinity of Edo (the forerunner of present-day Tokyo, Japan) where the Tokugawa shogunate executed criminals in the Edo period. Alternate romanized spellings are Kozukahara and Kotsukappara.
The site is located in modern Minami Senju, Arakawa, Tokyo, a three-minute walk away from Minami-Senju Station. Located next to Enmeiji Temple, a large part of the grounds are now covered by railway tracks.
It is estimated that between 100,000 and 200,000 people were executed here. Those executed include Hashimoto Sanai and Yoshida Shōin, who were executed as a result of the Ansei Purge.
Sugita Genpaku, Nakagawa Jun'an, Katsuragawa Hoshū and their colleagues studied anatomy by conducting dissections at Kozukappara.
Kozukappara began operation in 1651, and continued until the Meiji period. Executions were stopped in an attempt to convince Western powers to end the unequal treaties with Japan.
# Kozuch

Kozuch or Kožuch is a surname meaning "fur coat" in Slovak and Polish. Notable people with the surname include:
* Margareta Kozuch (born 1986), German volleyball player
* Vladimír Kožuch (born 1975), Slovak football striker
# Kozue Amano

Kozue Amano (天野 こずえ, Amano Kozue, born 26 May 1974) is a Japanese manga artist. She is widely known as the creator of Aria, which proved to be a best-selling hit, and was adapted into an anime television series consisting of 3 seasons, 2 movies and 2 OVAs.
As of autumn 2010, Amano's work releases have been shifted from a monthly schedule to a seasonal one (every 3 months) owing to pregnancy and subsequent childcare.

## Works

* Roman Club (浪（ロ）漫（マン）倶（く）楽（ら）部（ぶ）, Roman Kurabu) (1995–1996, serialized in Monthly Shōnen Gangan, Enix); (2005 reprint by Mag Garden)
* Mukūkai (夢空界) – Amano Kozue Tanpenshū 1, a collection of short stories (1996, Enix); (2004 reprint by Mag Garden)
* Crescent Noise (クレセントノイズ, Kuresento Noizu) (1997–2001, serialized in Monthly GFantasy, Enix)
* Sora no Uta (空の謳) – Amano Kozue Tanpenshu 2, a collection of short stories (1999, Enix); (2004 reprint by Mag Garden)
* Ohi-sama Egao (おひさま笑顔), also known as Princess' Smile, (2000, Enix)
* AQUA (アクア) (2001, serialized Monthly Stencil, Enix); (2003 reprint by Mag Garden)
* ARIA (アリア) (2002–2008, serialized in Monthly Comic Blade, Mag Garden)
* Amanchu! (あまんちゅ!) (2008–2021, serialized in Monthly Comic Blade, Mag Garden)
* Colori Colore Creare (コローリ コローレ クレアーレ) (2022–present, serialized in MAGCOMI, Mag Garden)
# Kristen Sellgren

Kristen Sellgren (born November 14, 1955) is an American retired astronomer and Professor Emerita at the College of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Ohio State University. She won the Newton Lacy Pierce Prize in Astronomy in 1990. She is the founder of American Astronomical Society's Committee for Sexual-Orientation & Gender Minorities in Astronomy (SGMA).

## Education and career

Sellgren graduated from the University of California, San Diego in 1976 with a BA in physics. She obtained a PhD in physics from the California Institute of Technology in 1983 under the advisement of B.T. Soifer and Gerry Neugebauer. Her graduate thesis was entitled Near Infrared Studies of Reflection Nebulae. Her areas of expertise include the galactic center of the Milky Way, interstellar dust, and infrared astronomy generally.
After graduating with her bachelor's degree, Sellgren completed a summer research fellowship at Arecibo Observatory in Puerto Rico. After receiving her doctorate, she took a postdoctoral research position at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1984, Sellgren joined the Institute for Astronomy at the University of Hawaiʻi first as assistant astronomer, and then in 1989, as associate astronomer.
Since 1990, Sellgren has held several appointments at Ohio State University beginning with assistant professor. She was later named associate professor in 1994, and then reached full professorship in 2000 before entering into emerita status in 2011. Also in the year 2000, Sellgren served briefly as visiting professor at the University of Texas at Austin.

## Honors and recognition

In 1973, Sellgren won recognition as a National Merit Scholar. In the same year, she was bestowed the UC Regents Fellowship at the University of California, San Diego. She was awarded the Newton Lacy Pierce Prize in 1990 and later served as Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellow from 1991 to 1993. She was also an American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) Fellow in 2011. Sellgren is a current member of the American Astronomical Society as well as the International Astronomical Union.
# Ali Ammar (actor)

Ali Ammar is a Canadian actor. He is most noted for his performance in the film Romeo Eleven (Roméo Onze), for which he was a Jutra Award nominee for Best Actor at the 15th Jutra Awards in 2013.
Ammar, a native of Lebanon who emigrated to Montreal, Quebec, with his family in childhood, has mild cerebral palsy. At the time of his casting in Romeo Eleven, in which he played a man with a physical disability trying to navigate internet dating, he was a psychology student at Collège Ahuntsic. He has not had any other prominent acting roles since, although he did appear on an episode of the talk show Tout le monde en parle in 2012.
# Kunal Choudhary

Kunal Choudhary is an Indian National Congress politician from Madhya Pradesh, India. He was a member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly elected from Kalapipal. and currently serving as All India Congress Committee secretary incharge Maharashtra.

## Positions Held

* Member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly from Kalapipal 2018-2023
* All India Congress Committee secretary incharge Maharashtra 2024 present

## Electoral Performance

| Sl.No | Year | Election | Constituency | Votes | Vote share | Margin | Result |
| 1. | 2018 | Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly | Kalapipal | 86,249 | 52.1% | 13,699 | Won |
| 2. | 2023 | Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly | Kalapipal | 86,451 | 44.37% | 11,765 | Lost |
# Kun Shan University

Kun Shan University (KSU; Chinese: 崑山科技大學; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Khun-san Kho-ki Tāi-ha̍k) is a private university in Yongkang District, Tainan, Taiwan. KSU is accredited by ACCSB.
KSU offers undergraduate and graduate programs in a variety of fields, including engineering, business, design, health sciences, and humanities.
The university is known for its strong engineering programs and has partnerships with companies such as Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) and ASE Technology Holding.

## History

KSU was founded as Kun Shan Institute of Technology on 29 April 1965. In August 2000, the school was promoted to Kun Shan University.

## Faculties

* College of Applied Human Ecology
* College of Business and Management
* College of Creative Media
* College of Engineering
* College of International Study

## Transportation

The university is accessible East from Tainan Station of Taiwan Railways.