OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Backbend

A backbend is a gymnastics, contortion, dance and ice skating move, where the spine is bent backwards, and catching oneself with the hands. Throughout the move, the abdominal muscles, obliques, and legs are used to steady the performer while curving backwards. Modern yoga includes some backbending asanas. Backbending can be acquired from intense training or genetics.

## Overview

The spine consists of 24 vertebrae and between the vertebrae are small cushions referred to as disks. The movement of the vertebrae and the compression ability of the disks give the spine its flexibility.
It is easier to perform a backbend after mastering a bridge. A bridge helps familiarize the bones and muscles to the positions and movements of a backbend.
There are over a dozen yoga positions that are variant of the backbend. A "rib thrust" is common and deleterious to a good yoga pose, and one of the more common of several errors associated with the backbend.

## Uses

The backbend is important in gymnastics because it is essential to perform a back handspring.
Backbends are part of the repertoire of professional and competitive ice skaters. For example, a backbend was performed by Jimmie Santee in the 1994 production of Walt Disney's World on Ice: Aladdin. Backbends and other contortions were a feature of the performance of Mr. Frick from the 1930s ice comedy act Frick and Frack.

## Injuries

When performed correctly, backbends can increase the range of motion of the spine. However, there is a significant risk of injury. These injuries include low back pain, injuries to the spinal discs, muscle spasms and paralysis; In 2016, a 5-year-old girl from Los Angeles became paralysed after attempting a backbend that resulted in damage to numerous areas of her spine.

## Backbending asanas

Modern yoga includes backbending asanas such as the kneeling Kapotasana and Ustrasana, the inverted Urdhva Dhanurasana, and the sitting Rajakapotasana. These are described as "strenuous" poses, and should be worked on gently by beginners or people with stiff backs to avoid injury. The spine can be released after backbending asanas with twisting asanas such as Marichyasana and Matsyendrasana, or by forward bends such as Janusirsasana, practised gently.
# Angela van den Brant

Angela van den Brant was a 17th-century business owner, harpsichord maker and member of the Antwerp based Couchet Family. She was married to Joannes Couchet who was a descendent of the renowned Ruckers Family.
Following her husband's death she worked alongside Flemish harpsichord maker Simon Hagaerts to maintain the workshop, providing access to her late husband's resources in exchange for the training of her son, Petrus Joannes Couchet. Their contract stipulated that Hagaerts was not permitted to take on any other trainees and would receive payment for his tuition. The arrangement between Van den Brant and Hagaerts allowed the Couchet Family to receive an equal portion of the workshop's profits however the status of their contract from 1661 onwards is unclear. Three of her seven children entered as harpsichord makers into the Guild of St Luke, suggesting that training may have continued beyond 1661. She died sometime around the year 1667, survived by six of her and Couchet's children.
# Bette and Joan: The Divine Feud

Bette and Joan: The Divine Feud is an American biography by Shaun Considine first published in 1989 and re-released in 2017 by Graymalkin Media in paperback and as an e-book.
The biography focuses on the celebrated, long-term feud of Hollywood's two iconic screen legends, Bette Davis and Joan Crawford.
The Crawford-Davis rivalry was dramatized in the 2017 FX anthology television series Feud, titled Bette and Joan and starring Susan Sarandon and Jessica Lange.
# Chryseobacterium gallinarum

Chryseobacterium gallinarum is a Gram-negative and rod-shaped bacteria from the genus Chryseobacterium which has been isolated from the pharyngeal scrape of a chicken in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. Chryseobacterium gallinarum has the ability to degrade keratin.
# CIHW-FM

CIHW-FM is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts to the Huron-Wendat Nation. Broadcasting on 100.3 FM, CIHW is a community radio station operated by the Huron-Wendat Nation at Wendake, an enclave of First Nations land within Quebec City.

## History

On May 31, 1984, Comité de la Radio Communautaire Huronne - Wyandot Inc. received approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to operate an FM radio station at Village-des-Hurons, Quebec. The station signed on the air in September 1984.
On April 15, 2016, the CRTC approved CIHW-FM's application to decrease the effective height of antenna above average terrain from 25 to 21.7 meters and relocate the transmitter. All other technical parameters would remain unchanged.
On January 17, 2018, Comité de la Radio communautaire Huronne-Wyandot inc. received CRTC approval to operate a Type B Native FM radio station in Wendake.
On April 24, 2019, CIHW-FM's license was licence was administratively renewed in 2019 and expired on August 31, 2022.
On June 20, 2024, Comité de la radio communautaire Huronne-Wyandot inc. received approval to operate at 100.3 MHz (channel 262A) at Wendake, Quebec with an average effective radiated power (ERP) of 239 watts (maximum ERP of 400 watts) and an effective height of the antenna above average terrain (EHAAT) of 18.9 metres.
# Dellen, Luxembourg

Dellen is a village in the commune of Groussbus-Wal located in western Luxembourg, situated in the canton of Redange. As of December 2023, the village has a population of 110.
# Anne Richardson

Anne or Ann Richardson may refer to:
* G. Anne Richardson (born 1956), chief
* Anne Vavasour (fl. 1580s), married name Richardson
* Anne Richardson (lawyer) see Obaidullah (detainee)
* Anne Richardson (conservationist), New Zealand conservationist
* Ann Richardson (oncologist), New Zealand oncologist
# Andy Reilly

Andy Reilly is the name of:
* Andy Reilly (footballer, born 1985), English-born Scottish player for Wycombe
* Andy Reilly (footballer, born 1986), Scottish player for Dundee and Arbroath
# Bette people

The Bette are a Bantu people inhabiting the Obudu area of Cross River State, Nigeria.
The Bette people are one of five tribes inhabiting Obudu area of Cross River State, along with the Utugwang, Alege, Ukpe and Ubang.
The name "Bette" refers to both the language and the people who constitute a dominant ethnic group in Obudu Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria. Bette migrated from the Bantu in south Central Africa and settled at the foot of the Cameroun Mountain, a part of which now constitutes the famous Obudu Cattle Ranch. Bette is a folk language that is still grossly unwritten because of the dearth of a standard orthography. However, Bette is a complex language deeply tied to the culture and existence of its people and cannot be easily understood or analyzed academically by merely comparing to European languages or other unrelated languages.
# Nicolás Suárez (Bolivian footballer)

Nicolás Suárez Vaca (born December 23, 1978, in Santa Ana del Yacuma) is a Bolivian football defender and manager.

## National team

Suárez made his debut for the Bolivia national team on November 3, 1999, in a friendly match against Paraguay, as a substitute for Gonzalo Galindo.

## Coaching career

In April 2019, Suárez returned to Club Real Potosí to manage the club's reserve team. On 9 August 2019, Suárez was appointed manager of his former club Club Real Potosí. Due to bad results, he was fired on 8 October 2019.
# Paul Burns

Paul Burns may refer to:
* Paul Burns (footballer) (born 1984), Scottish footballer
* Paul Burns (judge), Irish judge
* Paul E. Burns (1881–1967), American actor
# Charles O'Donnell

Charles O'Donnell may refer to:
* Charles James O'Donnell (1849–1934), Irish colonial administrator and politician
* Charles L. O'Donnell (1884–1934), American priest and President of the University of Notre Dame
# Backgammon chouette

The backgammon chouette is a variant of backgammon for three or more players. Traditionally played in person, today, the internet allows this form of backgammon to be played across different countries and various platforms. The chouette is a fast-paced game, featuring frequent use of the doubling cube, discussion and dispute of possible moves, and shifting rivalries among players.

## General play

One player—the box—plays against a team consisting of all other participants. One member of the team is designated as the captain. The box and the rotation order are generally determined by the roll of dice.
The game is played on a single backgammon board according to standard rules. The captain makes the final decision on all checker plays for the team, although help from team-mates can be requested in some situations. Usually, all members of the team have their own doubling cube vs. the box, and can double regardless of what other team-mates do, and they can accept or refuse a double independently of the other players. The result is that, although they are using a single backgammon set, each member on the team is playing a separate game against the box.
A chouette is generally played in the same way as backgammon money play. There is no "match score"; one game is played, scores are tabulated, and another game begins. The positions of the players are rotated after each game. In general, if the box wins, this player remains the box. If the captain wins, the captain becomes the box for the next round. The loser goes to the bottom of the order and all other players move up one spot. In one variation, team members who successfully accepted or declined a double progress ahead of those who made the wrong decision.
Each player maintains a running score, corresponding to the number of points won or lost in each game, adjusted for gammons, backgammons, and the value of the doubling cube.
# Nanocell

A nanocell is a drug delivery platform consisting of a polymer-bound chemotherapeutic drug combined with a lipid-bound anti-angiogenesis drug. Nanocells are currently being developed in the lab of Shiladitya Sengupta of MIT.

## Theory

Angiogenesis, or the formation of new blood vessels, plays a major role in the development of a tumor. After a tumor has grown to about the size of a cubic millimeter, its core becomes hypoxic, and it begins to release growth factors to recruit new blood vessels that will supply it with oxygen. Inhibiting angiogenesis has been investigated as a means of preventing tumor growth but has not proven to be fully successful, for tumor cells cut off from the blood supply can eventually develop “reactive resistance” to hypoxia. These resistant cancer cells could be killed by chemotherapeutic drugs, but once the vasculature to the tumor has been cut off, there is no way for chemotherapy to be delivered. Nanotechnology offers a way to deliver chemotherapeutic drugs and anti-angiogenic drugs in the same vehicle so that as the blood supply is shut off, chemotherapy is present to prevent any hypoxia-resistant cells from proliferating.

## Technology

Labs at MIT are in the process of developing nanocells capable of delivering both types of drugs. Each nanocell is between 120 and 200 _m in diameter and can be thought of as “a balloon within a balloon.” Inside each nanocell is a chemotherapeutic drug covalently bound to a polymer, and on the surface of each cell is a lipid coat containing an anti-angiogenic drug. The technology makes use of the fact that a tumor's blood vessels have pores 600 _m in diameter and are much leakier than normal blood vessels, which have pores only around 50 _m in diameter. The nanocells circulate in the blood, and because of their size, they leak out of blood vessels only in tumors. Once there, the nanocells are degraded by enzymes produced by the tumor. Work remains to be done to win clinical approval for the technology, but results from Sengupta's lab indicate that the nanocells are more effective and less toxic than traditional chemotherapy.
# Niederkassel

Niederkassel (Ripuarian: Neddekaaßel) is a town in the Rhein-Sieg district, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, with a population of around 37,000 people. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, approx. 10 km (6 mi) north-east of Bonn and 15 km (9 mi) south-east of Cologne. Niederkassel is subdivided into seven quarters (from the south to the north): Mondorf, Rheidt, Niederkassel, Uckendorf, Stockem, Lülsdorf and Ranzel. People can walk next to the river Rhine in Lülsdorf, Niederkassel and Rheidt.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Niederkassel is twinned with:
* Limassol, Cyprus
* Premnitz, Germany

## Notable people

* Ernst Dickmanns (born 1936), engineer, pioneer of dynamic computer vision and of driverless cars
* Stephan Engels (born 1960), football player and coach
* Sascha Stegemann (born 1984), football referee
# Dejeasca

The Dejeasca is a left tributary of the river Geamăna in Romania. It flows into the Geamăna in the village Geamăna. Its length is 13 km (8.1 mi) and its basin size is 20 km$^2$ (7.7 sq mi).
# CLSC

CLSCs (centre local de services communautaires, local community service centre) in Quebec are free clinics and hospitals run and maintained by the Quebec government. They are a form of community health centre.
The service was launched in the early 1960s after major reforms in the health and social services system were made by the Castonguay-Nepveu Commission during the Quiet Revolution era in the 1960s. Until the commission, most health and social services had been generally under jurisdiction of religious-affiliated agencies, primarily those of the Roman Catholic Church. After the commission, the Quebec government, with several measures made by the Quebec Liberal Party of Jean Lesage, took full control of the health and social services jurisdiction and later created the CLSCs. The province also granted access to a wide variety of services for free for most citizens. The Pointe-Saint-Charles Community Clinic was a model for the system.
The network offers a wide variety of social, psychological, and health services. There are 147 CLSCs spread throughout the province.
# National school

National school may refer to:
* National school (Ireland), a state-funded primary school in the Republic of Ireland
* National school (England and Wales), a Church of England school founded by the National Society in England and Wales in the 19th century
* National school (Sri Lanka), a school funded and administered by the central government (rather than a province)
* in Education in Malaysia, a government-run Malay-medium primary school
# Serine racemase

Serine racemase (SR, EC 5.1.1.18) is the first racemase enzyme in human biology to be identified. This enzyme converts L-serine to its enantiomer form, D-serine. D-serine acts as a neuronal signaling molecule by activating NMDA receptors in the brain.
Since NMDA receptors Dysfunction has been suggested as one of the promising hypotheses for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, it has been shown that underexpression of this enzyme is an indicator, especially for the paranoid subtype. Treatment of schizophrenia with D-serine has been shown to play some role in ameliorating some symptoms.
In humans, the serine racemase protein is encoded by the SRR gene. Serine racemase may have evolved from L-thre-hydroxyaspartate (L-THA) eliminase and served as the precursor to aspartate racemase.
Mammalian serine racemase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate dependent enzyme that catalyzes both the racemization of L-serine to D-serine and also the elimination of water from L-serine, generating pyruvate and ammonia through the β-elimination of L-serine. This makes serine a known bifurcating enzyme. The β-elimination pathway is thought to serve as a bleed valve that allows local stores of L-serine to be diverted away from D-serine as a means of muting the D-serine signaling pathway. The canonical tetraglycine loop that serves as a PLP phosphate binding pocket includes the active residues being F55, K56, G185, G186, G187, G188, and S313.
The enzyme is physiologically stimulated by divalent cations (e.g., magnesium) and is allosterically activated by the magnesium/ATP complex, associated with a conformational change upon nucleotide binding that depends upon interactions with Q89. The canonical coordination sphere of the divalent cation interaction site includes the active residues E210 and D216 within 2.1 angstroms of the ion.
# Background

Background may refer to:

## Performing arts and stagecraft

* Background actor
* Background artist
* Background light
* Background music
* Background story
* Background vocals
* Background (play), a 1950 play by Warren Chetham-Strode

## Recorded works

* Background (1953 film), a British drama
* Background (1973 film), a documentary
* Background (TV series), a Canadian journalistic television series
* Background (Lifetime album), 1992
* Background (Bassi Maestro album), 2002

## Science and engineering

* Background extinction rate
* Background independence, a condition in theoretical physics
* Background noise
* Background radiation, the natural radiation that is always present in a location
** Background (astronomy), small amounts of light coming from otherwise dark parts of the sky
** Cosmic background (disambiguation)
** Gravitational wave background
** X-ray background
* Background process, software that is running but not being displayed
* String background
* Computer wallpaper
* bKGD, an ancillary chunk in the PNG file format

## Other uses

* Background (journalism)
* Cultural heritage
* Ethnic background
* Field (heraldry), background of a shield
* Natural heritage
* Provenance
# Challenger Society for Marine Science

The Challenger Society for Marine Science (or Challenger Society) is a learned society established in 1903 in the United Kingdom around the interdisciplinary subject of marine science. The central objectives of the Challenger Society are:
* To advance the study of marine science through research and education;
* To disseminate knowledge of marine science with a view to encouraging a wider interest in the study of the world's oceans and an awareness of the need for their proper management;
* To contribute to public debate on the development of marine science.

## History

The Challenger Society was founded in 1903 by two British scientists, the zoologist George Herbert Fowler and the physician Richard Norris Wolfenden. The Society was named in honour of HMS Challenger, which undertook the first global marine research survey, the Challenger expedition, between 1872 and 1876. When it was founded, the Society had 25 members who met four times annually in the Royal Society rooms of Burlington House in London.
The Challenger Society has a current membership of several hundred scientists and students. The Society publishes the journal Ocean Challenge three times a year, together with a monthly newsletter, Challenge Wave. Every two years since 1984, the Society holds a four-day conference, the Challenger Conference for Marine Science (formerly known as UK Oceanography). This conference typically attracts around 300 delegates and its location is rotated around the key marine-based research centres and universities within the UK. The most recent conference in September 2015 was hosted at Sheffield University.
# Nigel Hamer

Nigel Barry Hamer was a British-born Canadian terrorist, kidnapper, and school teacher who was a key member of the Front de libération du Québec (FLQ). He was a student at McGill University when he joined the Liberation Cell of the terrorist group and participated in the October Crisis of 1970. He actively participated in the hostage-taking of the British Trade Commissioner James Cross and was among those who guarded Cross at a secret location in Montreal. In the Keable Commission Inquiry, many raised questions as to why Hamer was not apprehended sooner, as law officials allegedly knew of his whereabouts and failed to question him as a suspect related to the crime. Following his involvement in the FLQ, Hamer returned to private life and has not given any interviews concerning his role as the sole anglophone in the Québécois liberation group.
# Saphenista ochraurea

Saphenista ochraurea is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Carchi Province, Ecuador.
The wingspan is about 13 mm.
# Bilateral investment treaty

A bilateral investment treaty (BIT) is an agreement establishing the terms and conditions for private investment by nationals and companies of one state in another state. This type of investment is called foreign direct investment (FDI). BITs are established through trade pacts. A nineteenth-century forerunner of the BIT is the "friendship, commerce and navigation treaty" (FCN). This kind of treaty came in to prominence after World Wars when the developed countries wanted to guard their investments in developing countries against expropriation.
Most BITs grant investments—made by an investor of one Contracting State in the territory of the other—a number of guarantees, which typically include fair and equitable treatment, protection from expropriation, free transfer of means and full protection and security. The distinctive feature of many BITs is that they allow for an alternative dispute resolution mechanism, whereby an investor whose rights under the BIT have been violated could have recourse to international arbitration, often under the auspices of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), rather than suing the host State in its own courts. This process is called investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS).
The world's first BIT was signed on November 25, 1959 between Pakistan and Germany. There are currently more than 2500 BITs in force, involving most countries in the world. and in recent years, the number of bilateral investment treaties and preferential trade agreements, in particular, has grown at a torrid pace; practically every country is a member of at least one. Influential capital exporting states usually negotiate BITs on the basis of their own "model" texts (such as the Indian or U.S. model BIT). Environmental provisions have also become increasingly common in international investment agreements, like BITs.$^{:104}$ As part of the effort to reform substantive standards of investment protection, states have sought to introduce the right to regulate into their new BITs.
A BIT may also provide for lists of excluded industries which the parties agree will not be covered by the BIT.$^{:313}$

## Criticism

BITs give rights to investors, but give obligations only to States. Whilst preliminary objections by states are becoming more common in cases instituted under BITs, NGOs have spoken against the use of BITs - stating that they are essentially designed to protect foreign investors and do not take into account obligations and standards to protect the environment, labour rights, social provisions or natural resources. Moreover, when such clauses are agreed upon, the formulation is legally very open-ended and often unpredictable. A counter-claim may be a way of rebalancing investment law, by allowing States to file claims against investors, as a means to sanction investor misconduct.

## Notable people

* Franz J. Sedelmayer
# Carposina engalactis

Carposina engalactis is a moth in the family Carposinidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1932. It is found in Brazil.

## Appearance

Described as being uniformly whitish, with antennae the same colour as the head.