OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lloyd Montgomery Pidgeon

Lloyd Montgomery Pidgeon, OC MBE (December 3, 1903 – December 9, 1999) was a Canadian chemist who developed the Pidgeon process, one of the methods of magnesium metal production, via a silicothermic reduction. He is considered the "father" of academic metallurgical research in Canada.

## Biography

Born in Markham, Ontario, the son of E. Leslie Pidgeon, a United Church of Canada minister, and Edith Gilker, he received a Bachelor of Arts in science from the University of Manitoba in 1925, a Master of Science from McGill University in 1927, and a Ph.D. in chemistry from McGill University in 1929.
In 1929, Pidgeon was awarded a Sir William Ramsay Memorial Fellowship from Oxford University and worked under Sir Alfred Egerton until 1931.
In 1931, he joined the National Research Council, where he discovered the process that bears his name. Because of the demand for magnesium during the Second World War, a magnesium plant was built by Dominion Magnesium Limited (DML) near Ottawa, and five more magnesium plants were built during the war in the US to his design.
Pidgeon was appointed Director of Research by DML in 1941.
In 1943, he was appointed chairman of the department of metallurgy at the University of Toronto. He retired from that post in 1969.
Pidgeon died in Kingston, Ontario at the age of 96, the author of over 50 original scientific papers as well as the holder of a number of patents in the field of chemical metallurgy.

## Honours and awards

In 1996, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1943, at the same time as he was awarded the Inco Medal for contributions to Extractive Metallurgy. The next year, he was given the Civil Service Professional Association Medal and the McCharles Prize, from the University of Toronto for outstanding work in Canadian Metallurgy. In 1946, he became a Member of the Order of the British Empire. In 1967, the Alcan Medal for his contribution to the field of Metallurgy was his. He also received the Monel Medal from Columbia University for distinguished achievements in Mineral Technology. He was inducted into the Canadian Mining Hall of Fame.

## Family

Pidgeon married Frances Rundle. They had two children.
# Linda Andre

Linda Andre (1959 – 2023) was an American psychiatric survivor activist and writer, living in New York City, who was the director of the Committee for Truth in Psychiatry (CTIP), an organization founded by Marilyn Rice in 1984 to encourage the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to regulate electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) machines.

## Anti-ECT activism

Since receiving ECT in the early 1980s at age 25, Andre wrote and researched to help other ECT survivors cope with their cognitive and memory losses, and inform the general public about the risks of ECT. Linda was interviewed by 20/20, The Atlantic, the New York Times and the Washington Post.
Interviewed by the Los Angeles Times in 2003, Andre commented on a British study that found that when patients helped to design or conduct ECT surveys, only one third of the respondents claimed to find ECT helpful, but when doctors designed and conducted the surveys, three-fourths claimed to find ECT beneficial. "This is what happens when you ask patients what they think," said Andre, "...you get a completely different story from the one psychiatrists are telling." She and her friends formed the Committee for Truth in Psychiatry with over 500 former electric shock patients.
In 2009, her book, Doctors of Deception: What they don't want you to know about shock treatment, was published. Reviewing this work, James Wood, of the University of Edinburgh wrote in the journal the Social History of Medicine, "[O]ver the course of its 17 often meticulously researched chapters, Andre provides a useful contrast to the claims made in Edward Shorter and David Healy's recent paean to ECT and the men who were instrumental in its development (Edward Shorter and David Healy, Shock Therapy, 2007), and offers a potentially devastating critique of both ECT and the modern American psychiatric profession.

## Published works

* Andre, Linda (2001). "Memory loss: from polarization to reconciliation". Journal of ECT. 17 (3): 228–29. doi:10.1097/00124509-200109000-00022. PMID 11528324.
* Andre, Linda (2005). "ECT then and now". Psychiatric Services. 56 (4): 490–91. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.4.490-a. PMID 15812104. Archived from the original on 25 April 2005.
* Andre, Linda (2009). Doctors of Deception: What They Don't Want You to Know About Shock Treatment. New York. ISBN 9780813546520.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
# HUTV

HUTV can stand for:
* Health Unlimited Television network, HUTV, Place Based Digital Out of Home network of TV screens deployed in medical waiting areas throughout the province of Alberta Canada.
* Harvard Undergraduate Television (HUTV), the Harvard College student-run Internet television network.
* HUTV, the closed circuit television station of Hollins University.
# Bărcănești, Ialomița

Bărcănești is a commune located in Ialomița County, Muntenia, Romania. It is composed of two villages, Bărcănești and Condeești.
# List of law enforcement agencies in Nebraska

This is a list of law enforcement agencies in the state of Nebraska.
According to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics' 2008 Census of State and Local Law Enforcement Agencies, the state had 225 law enforcement agencies employing 3,765 sworn officers, about 211 for each 100,000 residents.

## State agencies

* Nebraska Brand Committee
* Nebraska Department of Agriculture — responsible for enforcement of the Nebraska Pesticide Act
* Nebraska Department of Insurance - Insurance Fraud Prevention Division
* Nebraska Department of Motor Vehicles, Driver & Vehicle Records Division, Fraud Investigation Section - "performs investigative work relating to vehicle title and registration fraud, driver's license fraud, and odometer fraud. Motor Vehicle Fraud Investigators are certified Nebraska Law Enforcement Officers commissioned as Deputy State Sheriffs."
* Nebraska Department of Revenue
* Nebraska Emergency Management Agency - Homeland Security
* Nebraska Game and Parks Commission - conservation officers enforce Nebraska wildlife laws
* Nebraska Law Enforcement Training Center
* Nebraska Public Service Commission - Transportation Investigators
* Nebraska State Fire Marshal
* Nebraska State Patrol
* Nebraska State Racing Commission
* University of Nebraska at Kearney Police Department
* University of Nebraska at Lincoln Police Department
* University of Nebraska at Omaha Police Department
# Peristernia nassatula

Peristernia nassatula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines and off Papua New Guinea
# Bình Thuận station

Bình Thuận station (Ga Bình Thuận) is one of the main railway stations on the North–South railway in Vietnam. It serves the city of Phan Thiết. Phan Thiết has its own railway station (Phan Thiet station), but it is not located on the main North–South Railway. The old name of this station is Mương Mán station. Some Reunification Express trains stop only at Mương Mán.
# Planetoid (comics)

Planetoid is a comic first released in June 2012 by Image Comics, written and drawn by Ken Garing. The main character is Silas, a deserter turned space pirate who ends up the sole survivor of his crew and crashes on a planetoid in alien territory, where he must fight off various mechanical creatures, cyborg militias, and the alien military which has a bounty on him.

## Publication history

In an interview with Comic Book Resources, Garing stated that he spent years working at improvements on Planetoid, then at a convention showed it to Image, who agreed to publish it. The first story arc is a 5-issue mini-series. The story is intended to continue to unfold in further mini-series and one-shots.
It was originally a miniseries available digitally through Graphicly.
A second monthly miniseries, Planetoid: Praxis, began in February 2017. It ran for six issues.

## Reception

Ain't It Cool News calls it "richly and beautifully illustrated" and states that Garing can make "beautiful art and an engaging story". Multiversity Comics praised "Ken Garing’s excellent artistic style" and calls him an "excellent sequential storyteller."
# Lloyd Mints

Lloyd Wynn Mints (1888–1989) was an American economist, notable for his contributions to the quantity theory of money.

## Biography

Born in South Dakota, Lloyd Mints moved with his family in 1888 to Missouri and then in 1901 to Boulder, Colorado. He received from the University of Colorado his bachelor's degree in 1914 and master's degree in 1915. He was a secondary school teacher in Cripple Creek, Colorado from 1915 to 1917 and then moved to Washington, D.C. as an analyst in a federal office. In 1918 he was transferred to Chicago. In 1919 Mints enrolled as a graduate student at the University of Chicago, where he was assigned to teach undergraduate courses. He completed several graduate courses in economics and was promoted to assistant professor of political economy in 1923. He taught introductory economics courses until 1928 when he was put in charge of teaching money and banking courses. He retired as professor emeritus in 1953.
   The trio of Mints, Simons and Knight form the core of what many refer to as the 'Chicago School' of the 1930s and early 1940s. ... Mints provided a reformulation of the quantity theory which could stand against both the mainstream of the American economists over the first three decades of the twentieth century and the emerging Keynesianism of the late 1930s and 1940s.
Mints was an advocate of the view that the Federal Reserve System should have increased the quantity of money during the years from 1929 to 1933. Mints was also a main critic of the real bills doctrine in the 20th century.
Mints had a strong influence on development of Chicago monetary economics, in particular on Milton Friedman's thinking.

## Selected publications
### Articles

* Mints, Lloyd, "The Elasticity of Banknotes," Journal of Political Economy, 38, August 1920, pp. 458–71.
* Mints, Lloyd, "Open Market Borrowing to Finance the Production of Goods Sold for Future Delivery," Journal of Political Economy, 31, February 1923, pp. 128–38.
* Mints, Lloyd, "Expansion of Fixed and Working Capital by Open Market Borrowing," Journal of Political Economy, 31, April 1923, pp. 299–302.
* Mints, Lloyd, "Monetary Policy," Review of Economics and Statistics, 28, May 1946, pp. 60–69.
* Mints, Lloyd, "Monetary Policy and Stabilization," American Economic Review (Supplement), 41, May 1951, pp. 188–193.
* Mints, Lloyd and others, "Monetary Policy: Discussion," American Economic Review (Supplement), 43, May 1953, pp. 54–60.

### Books

* Lloyd Wynn Mints (1945). A History of Banking Theory in Great Britain and the United States. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226530475. OCLC 249858.
* Lloyd Wynn Mints (1950). Monetary Policy for a Competitive Society. McGraw-Hill. OCLC 610788.
# Linden Airport (Guyana)

Linden Airport (ICAO: SYLD) is an airport serving Linden, the capital of the Upper Demerara-Berbice region of Guyana.

## Facilities

The airport elevation is 180 feet (55 m) above mean sea level. Its 1,524-meter runway, designated 11/29, has an asphalt surface.
# HUX

Hux or HUX may refer to:
* Bahías de Huatulco International Airport (airport code: HUX), in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico
* Armitage Hux, a First Order general in the Star Wars universe
* Hux, a short film by Mageina Tovah
* Hux Records, a British record label
* Nüpode Huitoto language (language code: hux), spoken in Peru
# C. H. Collins Baker

Charles Henry Collins Baker CVO (24 January 1880 – 3 July 1959) was an English art historian and painter.

## Life and work

Charles Henry Collins Baker was born in Ilminster, Somerset, the son of John Collins Baker and Fanny Henrietta Remmet. He was educated in Berkhamsted and the Royal Academy Schools. A landscape painter at the beginning of his career, he exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1907 and at the New English Art Club in 1909–16; from 1921 to 1925 he was the club's honorary secretary. In 1911, he became the art critic for the Saturday Review, succeeding D. S. MacColl, and became an assistant and secretary to Sir Charles Holroyd, Director of the National Gallery. While working at the Gallery he befriended E. M. Forster, who was working there as a cataloguer and guard.
In 1912, Collins Baker wrote Lely and the Stuart Portrait Painters, considered to be his most important book; Ellis Waterhouse called it the "last great scholarly monument" of "the last great age of the self-taught scholar in England, before it was permissible to call oneself an art historian". From 1914 he held the post of Keeper of the National Gallery, and was retained when Charles Holmes succeeded Holroyd as Director in 1916. Collins Baker and Holroyd have been described as the "driving forces of the Gallery" of that period. From 1928 he took on the position of Surveyor of the King's Pictures. Oliver Millar, a later holder of the post, described him as "a nice and kind man, but untrained in scholarly method." He was a senior research associate in the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, from 1932 to 1949. He died at his home in Finchley, Middlesex, in 1959.

## Publications

* Lely and the Stuart Portrait Painters (1912)
* A Catalogue of the Petworth Collection (1920)
* Crome (1921)
* Lely and Kneller (1922)
* A Catalogue of the Pictures at Hampton Court (1929)
* A Catalogue of the British Paintings in the Henry E Huntington Library and Art Gallery (1936)
* A Catalogue of the Principal Pictures in the Royal Collection at Windsor Castle (1937)
* A Catalogue of William Blake's Drawings and Paintings in the Huntington Library (1938)
* The Life and Circumstances of James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos (1948)
# 1987 Monte Carlo Open

The 1987 Monte Carlo Open was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Monte Carlo Country Club in Roquebrune-Cap-Martin, France that was part of the 1987 Nabisco Grand Prix. It was the 81st edition of the tournament and was held from 20 April through 26 April 1987. First-seeded Mats Wilander won the singles title, his second at the event after 1983.

## Finals
### Singles

Mats Wilander defeated Jimmy Arias, 4–6, 7–5, 6–1, 6–3
* It was Wilander's 2nd singles title of the year and the 23rd of his career.

### Doubles

Hans Gildemeister / Andrés Gómez defeated Mansour Bahrami / Michael Mortensen, 6–2, 6–4
# Peristernia retiaria

Peristernia retiaria is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Fasciolariidae, the spindle snails, the tulip snails and their allies.
# Alan H. Goldstein

Alan H. Goldstein is a research scientist and futurist.
He began his career in the 1970s as a molecular biologist before becoming a theoretician in the field of nanobiotechnology. He has codified the central concepts of this nascent area of knowledge into a set of operational rules termed the 'Laws of Biomimetics'. As part of this work, Goldstein has published a set of guidelines specifically designed to identify the artificial life forms likely to emerge from research at the intersection of nanotechnology and biotechnology. He has also created the 'Animat Test' as a practical bioengineering tool for monitoring the coming transformation from natural to artificial biology:
   Let us define a life form as an entity that reduces entropy by self-executing the minimum set of physical and chemical operations necessary to sustain the ability to execute functionally equivalent negentropic operations indefinitely across time. Given that, a life form will be considered an animat (living material) if all the information necessary to execute that minimum set of physical and chemical operations cannot be stored in DNA or RNA. The corollary: If all the information necessary to execute that minimum set of physical and chemical operations can be stored in DNA or RNA, the life form is biological.
His essay "Nature vs. Nanoengineering: Rebuilding our world one atom at a time." won a 2003 Shell-Economist Prize http://www.shelleconomistprize.com and remains the primary reference in the nascent field of nanobioethics. He was probably the first person to use the term "Breaking The Carbon Barrier" to identify the future moment when humanity successfully engineers the first nonbiological life form. This concept was formally introduced and defined during a debate with Ron Bailey at the Foresight 'Vision Weekend' component of the 13th Foresight Conference on Advanced Nanotechnology.
# 1221 Amor

1221 Amor /ˈæmɔːr/ is an asteroid and near-Earth object on an eccentric orbit, approximately 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) in diameter. It is the namesake of the Amor asteroids, the second-largest subgroup of near-Earth objects. It was discovered by Eugène Delporte at the Uccle Observatory in 1932, the first time that an asteroid was seen to approach Earth so closely. The assumed S-type asteroid is one of few low-numbered asteroids for which no rotation period has been determined. It was assigned the provisional designation 1932 EA$_1$ and named for Cupid, also known as "Amor" in Latin, the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Eros.

## Discovery

On 12 March 1932, Belgian astronomer Eugène Delporte photographed Amor at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, as it approached Earth to within 16 million kilometers (about 40 times the distance from Earth to the Moon). This was the first time that an asteroid was seen to approach Earth so closely. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation on 12 March 1932, when it was observed at the Uccle and Heidelberg observatories simultaneously.

## Orbit and classification

Amor is the namesake of the Amor asteroid, a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of Earth from beyond, but do not cross it. Next to the Apollo group, the Amors are the second largest group of near-Earth objects with more than 7,000 known members. As with many members of this group, Amor is also a Mars-crosser, crossing the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66 AU.
It orbits the Sun at a distance of 1.08–2.76 AU once every 2 years and 8 months (971 days; semi-major axis of 1.92 AU). Its orbit has a high eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic.

### Close encounters

Amor has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.1069 AU (16,000,000 km) which corresponds to 41.6 lunar distances. In March 1940, it approached Earth to 0.1052 AU (15,700,000 km), its closest approach of all close encounters since 1900. Only in March 2129, it will approach Earth at a similar distance of 0.1082 AU (16,200,000 km).

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the Roman god of love, Cupid, also known as Amor in Latin, and the Roman equivalent of the Greek god Eros. The near-Earth asteroids 433 Eros and 763 Cupido are also named after the god of love. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 113).

## Physical characteristics

Amor is an assumed, stony S-type asteroid.

### Rotation period

As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Amor has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown.

### Diameter and albedo

According to Tom Gehrels's publication Hazards due to Comets and Asteroids from 1994 (pp. 540–543), Amor measures 1.0 kilometer in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.15. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 0.857 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 17.7.
# Atta mannu

Atta mannu, “who are you?”, inscribed in cuneiform Sumerograms: A.BA.ME.EN.MEŠ, was an ancient Mesopotamian ritual or conjuration of uncertain content.

## Contemporary Citations

It is listed on the first Millennium B.C. compendium of ritual texts known as the Exorcists Manual with the Gloss: UR.SAG ḪUL.GÁL.ME.EN, Akkadian: qarrādu lemnu atta? “you wicked warrior”.
This title appears quite often at the beginning of ritual conjurations, such as that of the magical invocation work known as KAR 76, after its primary publication, and the anti-witchcraft series Maqlû, where it makes an appearance on five of the nine tablets. Its inclusion in the compendium of the āšipu (“exorcist”) would lead one to suppose it existed in antiquity as a separate ritual or incantation series. It remains, however, not extant.
# Kyzyl-Jar

Kyzyl-Jar may refer to the following places in Kyrgyzstan:
* Kyzyl-Jar, Aksy, a village in Aksy District, Jalal-Abad Region
* Kyzyl-Jar, Tash-Kömür, a town in the city of Tash-Kömür, Jalal-Abad Region
* Kyzyl-Jar, Osh, a village in Kara-Kulja District, Osh Region
# HUTO

HUTO or Huto may refer to:
* The Huto and Kamarband Caves, archaeological sites in Iran
* HUTO, the IACO code of Tororo Airport, located in Uganda
* The Heart of the Universe, a fictional energy source in the Marvel Universe
# Alban Pierson

Alban Lucien Pierson (born 27 December 1972) is a French sport shooter.
He participated at the 2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships, winning a medal.
# Leptomantispa

Leptomantispa is a genus of mantidflies in the family Mantispidae. There are about seven described species in Leptomantispa.

## Species

These seven species belong to the genus Leptomantispa:
* Leptomantispa ariasi (Penny, 1983)
* Leptomantispa axillaris (Navás, 1908)
* Leptomantispa catarinae Pires Machado & Rafael, 2007
* Leptomantispa chaos Hoffman in Penny, 2002
* Leptomantispa hoffmani Ardila-Camacho in Ardila-Camacho & García, 2015
* Leptomantispa nymphe Hoffman in Penny, 2002
* Leptomantispa pulchella (Banks, 1912)
# Perissomerus alvarengai

Perissomerus alvarengai is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Martins in 1961.
# Minister of Home Affairs (Tanzania)

The Minister of Home Affairs is the head of the Ministry of Home Affairs of the Government of Tanzania.

## List of ministers

The following have served the ministry:

### Parties

TANU  CCM
| # | Minister | Took office | Left office | President |
| – | George Kahama | 1961 | 1962 | (Republic of Tanganyika) |
| – | Oscar Kambona | 1962 | 1963 | (Republic of Tanganyika) |
| 1 | Lawi Sijaona | 1963 | 1965 | Julius Nyerere |
| 2 | Job Lusinde | 1966 | 1967 | Julius Nyerere |
| 3 | Saidi Ali Maswanya | 1967 | 1973 | Julius Nyerere |
| 4 | Omary Muhaji | 1973 | 1974 | Julius Nyerere |
| 5 | Ali Hassan Mwinyi | 1975 | 1976 | Julius Nyerere |
| 6 | Hassan Moyo | 1977 | 1978 | Julius Nyerere |
| 7 | Salmin Juma | 1979 | 1980 | Julius Nyerere |
| 8 | Abdalla Natepe | 1980 | 1983 | Julius Nyerere |
| 9 | Muhidin Kimario | 1983 | 1989 | Julius Nyerere |
| | Muhidin Kimario | 1983 | 1989 | Ali Hassan Mwinyi |
| 10 | Nalaila Kiula | 1990 | 1990 | | Ali Hassan Mwinyi |
| 11 | Augustino Mrema | 1990 | 1994 | Ali Hassan Mwinyi |
| 12 | Ernest Nyanda | 1995 | 1995 | | Ali Hassan Mwinyi |
| 13 | Ali Ameir Mohamed | 1995 | 1999 | Benjamin Mkapa |
| 14 | Muhammed Seif Khatib | 2000 | 2002 | Benjamin Mkapa |
| 15 | Omar Mapuri | 2003 | 21 December 2005 | Benjamin Mkapa |
| 16 | John Chiligati | 6 January 2006 | 16 October 2006 | Jakaya Kikwete |
| 17 | Joseph Mungai | 16 October 2006 | 13 February 2008 | Jakaya Kikwete |
| 18 | Lawrence Masha | 13 February 2008 | 28 November 2010 | Jakaya Kikwete |
| 19 | Shamsi Nahodha | 28 November 2010 | 7 May 2012 | Jakaya Kikwete |
| 20 | Emmanuel Nchimbi | 7 May 2012 | 20 December 2013 | Jakaya Kikwete |
| 21 | Mathias Chikawe | 20 January 2014 | 5 November 2015 | Jakaya Kikwete |
| 22 | Charles Kitwanga | 14 December 2015 | 2016 | John Magufuli |
| 23 | Mwigulu Nchemba | 2016 | 1 July 2018 | John Magufuli |
| 24 | Alphaxard Kangi Ndege Lugola | 1 July 2018 | 23 January 2020 | John Magufuli |
| 25 | George Simbachawene | 23 January 2020 | 9 January 2022 | John Magufuli |
| 25 | George Simbachawene | 23 January 2020 | 9 January 2022 | Samia Suluhu |
| 26 | Hamad Masauni | 10 January 2022 | incumbent | Samia Suluhu |