OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Marc Mézard

Marc Mézard (born 29 August 1957) is a French physicist and academic administrator. He was, from 2012 to 2022, the director of the École normale supérieure (ENS). He is the co-author of two books.

## Early life

Marc Mézard was born on 29 August 1957. He graduated from the École normale supérieure in 1976 and earned the agrégation in Physics. He earned a PhD in Physics from University of Paris 6 in 1980.

## Career

Mézard joined the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) as a researcher in 1981. He was a professor of Physics at the École Polytechnique. In 2001, he joined the Center for Theoretical Physics and Statistical Models at the University of Paris-Sud, and he serves as its director. Since 2012 to 2022, he had also served as the director of his alma mater, the ENS. In 2022 he joined the Department of the Computing Sciences at the Bocconi University in Milan.
Mézard is the author of 170 academic articles and the co-author of two books. He won the Prize Ampère in 1996, the Humboldt Prize in 2009, and the Lars Onsager Prize in 2016.

## Works

* Mézard, Marc; Parisi, Giorgio; Virasoro, Miguel Angel (1987). Spin Glass Theory and Beyond. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN 9789971501150. OCLC 14929802.
* Mézard, Marc; Montanari, Andrea (2009). Information, Physics, and Computation. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198570837. OCLC 234430714. 1st 15 chapters of 2008 draft version, available at www.stat.ucla.edu
# Manuel Pizarro

Manuel Pizarro may refer to:
* Manuel Esteban Pizarro [es] (1805–1888), Argentinian political who was succeeded by Servando Bayo as senator for Santa Fe
* Manuel Pizarro Cenjor (1889–1954), deputy director of the Spanish Civil Guard during World War II
* Manuel Pizarro Moreno (born 1951), Spanish jurist and politician
* Manuel Pizarro (politician) (born 1964), Portuguese politician
* Manuel D. Pizarro (1841–1909), Argentinian revolutionary figure
# 2016 UCI Oceania Tour

The 2016 UCI Oceania Tour was the twelfth season of the UCI Oceania Tour. The season began on 20 January 2016 with the New Zealand Cycle Classic and finished on 5 March 2016 with the Continental Championships.
The points leader, based on the cumulative results of previous races, wears the UCI Oceania Tour cycling jersey. Taylor Gunman from New Zealand is the defending 2015 UCI Oceania Tour champion.
Throughout the season, points are awarded to the top finishers of stages within stage races and the final general classification standings of each of the stages races and one-day events. The quality and complexity of a race also determines how many points are awarded to the top finishers, the higher the UCI rating of a race, the more points are awarded. The UCI ratings from highest to lowest are as follows:
* Multi-day events: 2.HC, 2.1 and 2.2
* One-day events: 1.HC, 1.1 and 1.2

## Events

| Date | Race Name | Location | UCI Rating | Winner | Team |
| 20–24 January | New Zealand Cycle Classic | New Zealand | 2.2 | Ben O'Connor (AUS) | Avanti IsoWhey Sports |
| 31 January | 2016 Cadel Evans Great Ocean Road Race | Australia | 1.HC | Peter Kennaugh (GBR) | Team Sky |
| 3–7 February | Herald Sun Tour | Australia | 2.1 | Chris Froome (GBR) | Team Sky |
| 20 February | The REV Classic | New Zealand | 1.2 | Dion Smith (NZL) | New Zealand national team |
| 3 March | Oceania Cycling Championships – Time Trial | Australia | CC | Sean Lake (AUS) | Australia national team |
| 3 March | Oceania Cycling Championships – Time Trial U23 | Australia | CC | Alexander Morgan (AUS) | Australia national team |
| 5 March | Oceania Cycling Championships – Road Race | Australia | CC | Sean Lake (AUS) | Australia national team |
| 5 March | Oceania Cycling Championships – Road Race U23 | Australia | CC | Michael Storer (AUS) | Australia national team |

## Final standings
### Individual classification

| Rank | Name | Points |
| 1. | Sean Lake (AUS) | 340 |
| 2. | Peter Kennaugh (GBR) | 311 |
| 3. | Mark O'Brien (AUS) | 213 |
| 4. | Brendan Canty (AUS) | 200 |
| 5. | Dion Smith (NZL) | 155 |
| 6. | Leigh Howard (AUS) | 150 |
| 7. | Michael Storer (AUS) | 148 |
| 8. | Christopher Froome (GBR) | 144 |
| 9. | Jack Bobridge (AUS) | 131 |
| 10. | Niccolo Bonifazio (ITA) | 130 |

### Team classification

| Rank | Team | Points |
| 1. | Avanti IsoWhey Sports | 895 |
| 2. | Team Sky | 531 |
| 3. | Drapac Professional Cycling | 378 |
| 4. | ONE Pro Cycling | 278 |
| 5. | Orica–GreenEDGE | 277 |
| 6. | Trek–Segafredo | 267 |
| 7. | Team Dimension Data | 185 |
| 8. | IAM Cycling | 160 |
| 9. | Kenyan Riders Downunder | 149 |
| 10. | Lotto–Soudal | 115 |

### Nation classification

| Rank | Nation | Points |
| 1. | Australia | 1707 |
| 2. | New Zealand | 616 |
# Bernews

Bernews is a Bermudian English-language online multimedia news website, founded by Patricia Burchall on 1 March 2010.
Bernews is Bermuda's first web-based news platform providing coverage 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

## Sections

* Business
* Crime
* COVID
* Entertainment
* Environment
* Faith
* News
* Obituaries
* Sports
* Style
* Tech
* Photos
* Videos
* TV
Bernews also hosts several sub-sites, including:
* BermudaElection.com
* ForeverBermuda.com
* BermudaCovid.com
* Bernews.TV

## Awards

* The Bermudian Magazine's Best of Bermuda Awards - Best Source of Local News and Information, 2013
* Bermuda Yellow Pages People's Choice Award - Best News Provider, November 2012
* The Bermudian Magazine's Best of Bermuda Awards - Award of Excellence, 2011
* The Bermudian Magazine's Best of Bermuda Awards - Best Source of Local News and Information, 2011
* TechWeek Awards - Best Local Website, 2010
# Manor of Gilberts

The Manor of Gilberts was one of the areas of land that William Penn set aside for himself as the Proprietor of the Province of Pennsylvania. The Manor was located on the along the left (northeastern) bank of the Schuylkill River, extending above and below the Perkiomen Creek. The Manor was created on 8 October 1683 when Penn wrote a warrant assigning the Manor to himself. The tract was named after his paternal grandmother Joanne (Gilbert) Penn's family.
The initial Manor was 60,000 acres (24,000 ha), ranging from below Pottstown (i.e. Limerick Township) down through what is now Norristown. By the 1687 map, the Manor had shrunk to 10,000 acres (4,000 ha) of land. Then the Manor just included all of present day Upper and Lower Providence Townships, the Burroughs of Trappe and Collegeville, and portions of Perkiomen; Skippack; and Worcester Townships.
In 1699, the area of the Manor that is now Lower Providence Township, east of the Perkiomen, was deeded to the Pennsylvania Land Company of London who leased it for income. By 1760, the Pennsylvania Land Company was dissolved by Parliament and its lands sold at auction, although most were bought by the former lease holders. The area west of the Perkiomen was leased directly by Penn and his heirs.
The Manor name was abandoned in 1729 with the organization of Providence Township. All Manor lands were in that portion of Philadelphia County that was subsequently split off to form present day Montgomery County, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, USA.
# 2015–16 Haitian presidential election

Haitian presidential election, 2015–16 may refer to:
* 2015 Haitian presidential election
* February 2016 Haitian presidential election
* November 2016 Haitian presidential election
# Margaret Robertson

Margaret Robertson may refer to:
* Margaret Hills (1882–1967), née Robertson, British teacher, suffragist organiser, feminist and socialist
* Margaret Murray Robertson (1823–1897), Scottish-Canadian teacher and writer
# Leo Galland

Leopold David Galland (born March 7, 1943) is a New York-based internist and author who specializes in undiagnosed or difficult-to-treat illnesses. His practice combines conventional and alternative therapies. Galland was awarded the Linus Pauling Award by the Institute for Functional Medicine in 2000.
His research includes nutrition, chronic allergies, leaky-gut syndrome, and Lyme disease. He is the author of several medical books including Superimmunity for Kids (1989), The Four Pillars of Healing (1997), Power Healing (1998), The Fat Resistance Diet (2006) and The Allergy Solution.
# Arnia nervosalis

Arnia is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae. It contains only one species, Arnia nervosalis, which is found in southern Europe (France, Spain, Portugal and on Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily), in North Africa (Algeria and Morocco), and in the Middle East (Jordania, Iran, and Oman).
# Gerard du Prie

Gerard du Prie (23 May 1937 – 11 March 2020) was a strongman and powerlifter from Egmond aan Zee in the Netherlands. He won two world titles in the superheavyweight class (+125 kg) at the World Masters Powerlifting Championships in 1983 and 1986, both times competing in the 40–49 age group. He was the Strongest Man of the Netherlands in 1979 and runner-up in 1982. He finished in eighth place at the 1980 World's Strongest Man competition.
# James Kempster

James Francis Kempster (15 October 1892 in County Dublin, Ireland – 21 April 1975 in County Dublin) was an Irish cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler, he played two first-class matches for the Ireland cricket team against Scotland in the 1920s, scoring a total of 55 runs in his four innings.
# John Kingcome

Admiral Sir John Kingcome, KCB (14 February 1793 – 7 August 1871) was a Royal Navy officer who went on to be Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station.

## Naval career

Kingcome joined the Royal Navy in 1808 and was present at the destruction of the French ships during the Battle of the Basque Roads the following year. He also served in the First Anglo-Burmese War from 1824 to 1826.
Promoted to captain in 1838, he commanded HMS Belleisle during the First Opium War in 1841. He later took charge of HMS Simoom and HMS St George and then commanded HMS Royal William in the Baltic Sea during the Crimean War. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Station in 1862 and was made full Admiral on the Reserved List in 1869.
Kingcome Inlet on the British Columbia Coast is named after him as are other placenames in the area.
# Electrophilic addition

In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition (A$_E$) reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound containing a double or triple bond has a π bond broken, with the formation of two new σ bonds.
The driving force for this reaction is the formation of an electrophile X$^+$ that forms a covalent bond with an electron-rich, unsaturated C=C bond. The positive charge on X is transferred to the carbon-carbon bond, forming a carbocation during the formation of the C-X bond.
In the second step of an electrophilic addition, the positively charge on the intermediate combines with an electron-rich species to form the second covalent bond. The second step is the same nucleophilic attack process found in an S$_N$1 reaction. The exact nature of the electrophile and the nature of the positively charged intermediate are not always clear and depend on reactants and reaction conditions.
In all asymmetric addition reactions to carbon, regioselectivity is important and often determined by Markovnikov's rule. Organoborane compounds give anti-Markovnikov additions. Electrophilic attack to an aromatic system results in electrophilic aromatic substitution rather than an addition reaction.

## Typical electrophilic additions

Typical electrophilic additions to alkenes with reagents are:
* Halogen addition reactions: X$_2$
* Hydrohalogenations: HX
* Hydration reactions: H$_2$O
* Hydrogenations: H$_2$
* Oxymercuration reactions: mercuric acetate, water
* Hydroboration-oxidation reactions: diborane
* the Prins reaction: formaldehyde, water
# Manifold decomposition

In topology, a branch of mathematics, a manifold M may be decomposed or split by writing M as a combination of smaller pieces. When doing so, one must specify both what those pieces are and how they are put together to form M.
Manifold decomposition works in two directions: one can start with the smaller pieces and build up a manifold, or start with a large manifold and decompose it. The latter has proven a very useful way to study manifolds: without tools like decomposition, it is sometimes very hard to understand a manifold. In particular, it has been useful in attempts to classify 3-manifolds and also in proving the higher-dimensional Poincaré conjecture.
The table below is a summary of the various manifold-decomposition techniques. The column labeled "M" indicates what kind of manifold can be decomposed; the column labeled "How it is decomposed" indicates how, starting with a manifold, one can decompose it into smaller pieces; the column labeled "The pieces" indicates what the pieces can be; and the column labeled "How they are combined" indicates how the smaller pieces are combined to make the large manifold.
| Type of decomposition | M | How it is decomposed | The pieces | How they are combined |
| Triangulation | Depends on dimension. In dimension 3, a theorem by Edwin E. Moise gives that every 3-manifold has a unique triangulation, unique up to common subdivision. In dimension 4, not all manifolds are triangulable. For higher dimensions, general existence of triangulations is unknown. | | Simplices | Glue together pairs of codimension-one faces |
| Jaco-Shalen/Johannson torus decomposition | Irreducible, orientable, compact 3-manifolds | Cut along embedded tori | Atoroidal or Seifert-fibered 3-manifolds | Union along their boundary, using the trivial homeomorphism |
| Prime decomposition | Essentially surfaces and 3-manifolds. The decomposition is unique when the manifold is orientable. | Cut along embedded spheres; then union by the trivial homeomorphism along the resultant boundaries with disjoint balls. | Prime manifolds | Connected sum |
| Heegaard splitting | Closed, orientable 3-manifolds | | Two handlebodies of equal genus | Union along the boundary by some homeomorphism |
| Handle decomposition | Any compact (smooth) n-manifold (and the decomposition is never unique) | Through Morse functions a handle is associated to each critical point. | Balls (called handles) | Union along a subset of the boundaries. Note that the handles must generally be added in a specific order. |
| Haken hierarchy | Any Haken manifold | Cut along a sequence of incompressible surfaces | 3-balls | |
| Disk decomposition | Certain compact, orientable 3-manifolds | Suture the manifold, then cut along special surfaces (condition on boundary curves and sutures...) | 3-balls | |
| Open book decomposition | Any closed orientable 3-manifold | | A link and a family of 2-manifolds that share a boundary with that link | |
| Trigenus | Compact, closed 3-manifolds | Surgeries | Three orientable handlebodies | Unions along subsurfaces on boundaries of handlebodies |
# Lerman ratio

The Lerman ratio, named after economist Robert I. Lerman, suggest that a government benefit to the underemployed, such as welfare, will presumably reduce their overall hours of work. The ratio of the actual increase in income compared to the benefit is the Lerman ratio, which is ordinarily between zero and one. Moffitt (1992) estimates it in regard to the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program in the US at about .625.
# Ana Sansão

Ana Sansão Timana is a Mozambican politician and trade unionist. In 1977 she was one of the first group of women elected to the People's Assembly.

## Biography

Sansão was a FRELIMO candidate in the 1977 parliamentary elections, in which she was one of the first group of 27 women elected to the People's Assembly. She was re-elected to the Assembly in 1986 from Maputo Province as a representative of Riopele. She later served as the executive secretary of the Maputo City and Province branch of the Mozambique Workers' Organization.
# Gerasimus of Vologda

Gerasimus of Vologda was the first wonderworker in the city of Vologda, Russia He is canonised by the Russian Orthodox Church, his feast day is celebrated on March 4. It is celebrated on March 4th because on that day Gerasimus took up monastic tonsure, with his religious name being, Gerasimus, after the great Saint, Saint Gerasimus of the Jordan. Gerasimus was attracted to the, Gniloe Dormition monastery, in Kiev. He was attracted to the monastery and caves as that is where, Saint Theodosius spent Great Lent in hesychasm. Eventually, Hersamus moved to the north of Russia, on the banks of the River Vologda, on August 19, 1147. In the North, he found a small settlement, and he blessed and foretold that this settlement would become a bustling city, this “blessing” worked, as this settlement would later become, Vologda. Gerasimus choose to flee the settlement, and practice hesychasm, in the dense forest, near Kaisarova creek. There he build a church in honour of the Trinity, it was also considered a monastery, so it was considered the first monastery in the North, to be built in honour of the Trinity. This monastery served as a place of spiritual enlightenment amongst the people. He died at his monastery in March 4, 1178, the same day of his monastic tonsure and his namesakes feast day.
# Le Grand Canal (Monet series)

Monet painted 37 works of Venice which he began during his stay in the city in 1908. These include a series of canvases of the Grand Canal. He had the habit of studying the same subject in a varying light, at different times of the day, which resulted during his career in many distinct series, like for example the Water Lilies series, Poplar series, Rouen Cathedral series, Haystacks series and Charing Cross Bridge series.
During his stay in Venice, Monet's accommodation was on the Grand Canal, firstly in the Palazzo Barbaro and secondly in a hotel nearby. He painted six views of this stretch of the waterway, near the church of Santa Maria della Salute. He also painted individual buildings on the Grand Canal such as the Palazzo Dario.

## List of the paintings

* All works listed are described as Painting - oil on canvas .
* The Catalog Nos are Wildenstein Index Numbers as defined by Daniel Wildenstein in the Monet: Catalogue Raisonné.
| Painting | Year | Catalog No | Museum |
| The Grand Canal | 1908 | (W.1736) | Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco |
| The Grand Canal and Santa Maria della Salute | 1908 | (W.1737) | Private Collection |
| The Grand Canal | 1908 | (W.1738) | Museum of Fine Arts, Boston |
| The Grand Canal | 1908 | (W.1739) | Nahmad Collection |
| The Grand Canal and Santa Maria della Salute | 1908 | (W.1740) | Private Collection |
| The Grand Canal, Venice | 1908 | (W.1741) | Private Collection |

## Public display

In 2018, the National Gallery in London exhibited nine of the Venice paintings, including two paintings of the series, together in a single room, for the duration of a temporary exhibition titled Monet & Architecture, devoted to Claude Monet's use of architecture as a means to structure and enliven his art. This was a rare occurrence because no museum owns or exhibits more than two in a permanent collection.
The two paintings of the series exhibited were the examples from the following collections:
* Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
* Nahmad Collection, Monaco
# Le Grand Argentier

Le Grand Argentier is a mountain of Savoie (France). It lies in the Cottian Alps range (or in the Massif des Cerces, according to French alpinistic literature) at an elevation of 3,042 metres (9,980 ft) above sea level.

## Geography

The Grand Argentier is the main summit of a ridge dividing the valley of the Ruisseau du Frejus (NE) from the valley of the Torrent de Fontane Froide, both tributaries of the Ruisseau du Charmaix, which ends in the Arc downstream of Modane. Towards SE the mountain is connected with the neighbouring Punta Nera by a saddle at 2,996 m of elevation., while the water divide Fréjus/Fontaine Froide continues with the Col du Petit Argentier (2,599 m) and the Petit Argentier. The southern slopes of the Grand Argentier are mainly detrital, while its western face, flanking Fontaine Froide valley, is remarkable for a large dolomite escarpment. Its summit is marked by a cairn.

## Access to the summit

From its French side the Grand Argentier is usually accessed from Valfréjus (Modane), and is a much appreciated ski mountaineering destination. In wintertime some skilifts operating there can be used in order to shorten the climb. The normal route to access the mountain from its Italian side starts from Grange della Rho (Bardonecchia) and, after Piano dei Morti (at about 2,300 m), leaves the footpath leading to the Colle della Rho and reaches the summit through its South-Western slopes, at first grassy and then bare and rocky, reaching the Punta Nera and finally the Grand Argentier.
# Law of increasing costs

In economics, the law of increasing costs is a principle that states that to produce an increasing amount of a good a supplier must give up greater and greater amounts of another good. The best way to look at this is to review an example of an economy that only produces two things - cars and oranges. If all the resources of the economy are put into producing only oranges, there will not be any factors of production available to produce cars. So the result is an output of X number of oranges but 0 cars. The reverse is also true - if all the factors of production are used for the production of cars, 0 oranges will be produced. In between these two extremes are situations where some oranges and some cars are produced. There are three assumptions that are made in this possibility. The economy is experiencing full employment (everyone who has to work has a job), the best technology is being used and production efficiency is being maximized. So the question becomes, what is the cost of producing more oranges or cars? If the economy is at the maximum for all inputs, then the cost of each unit will be more expensive. The economy will have to incur more variable costs, such as overtime, to produce the unit.
The law also applies to switching production in a maxed out economy. Essentially, the economy is still producing more, so the law still applies. The only difference is that resources are being taken from one area and applied to another, instead of simply producing more of the same (as assumed in the first paragraph)
# Lea Valley Academy

Lea Valley Academy (formerly Lea Valley High School) is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form located in the Bullsmoor area of Enfield, England.

## History

The school was founded in 1977 as Bullsmoor School, a purpose-built comprehensive school. It was later renamed Lea Valley High.
Lea Valley High School became the first specialist sports college in Enfield in September 2002. The school was re-built in 2003 and work was finished in 2006. In January 2009 it was recognised as one of the top 30 improved schools in the country, at 24th place, with 67.4% of students achieving GCSEs grades A*-C and 5 good GCSE grades or equivalent including Maths and English.
Previously a community school administered by Enfield London Borough Council, in May 2018 Lea Valley High School converted to academy status and was renamed Lea Valley Academy. The school is now sponsored by the EdAct Trust.

## Notable former pupils

* Paul Rodgers - footballer
* Josh Scowen - footballer
* Lady Phyll - Political Activist