OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Konstantin of Tver

Konstantin Mikhailovich (Russian: Константин Михайлович; 1306–1346) was Prince of Tver from 1327 to 1338 and again from 1339 until his death in 1346. He was the third son of Mikhail of Tver and the founder of the branch of Rurikid princes later called Dorogobuzh.
He succeeded his brother Aleksandr as prince after a failed popular uprising against the Tatars. During his reign, Konstantin was a loyal servant of Ivan I of Moscow, the uncle of his wife Sophia.

## Life

Konstantin was born in 1306 and was the third son of Mikhail of Tver. After his father was executed by the Mongols in 1318, he was held captive in Sarai. He was ransomed for 2,000 rubles and in 1320, he married Sophia, the daughter of Yury of Moscow.
After a popular uprising against the Tatars in 1327, his brother Aleksandr fled. Konstantin and his younger brother Vasily went to Ladoga, but they did not stay there for long and returned to Tver after it had been devastated, where at first "they sat in great poverty and misery, for the land of Tver was empty". Afterwards, they "bit by bit began gathering people and consoling them from great sorrow and grief". In 1328, Konstantin went to Sarai and received the yarlyk for the principality from the khan.
During his reign, both Konstantin and his brother Vasily were loyal servants of Ivan I of Moscow. He quietly ruled his principality under the close supervision of Ivan. Konstantin also accompanied Ivan on his trips to the Horde and helped him with his military campaigns. His passivity went beyond simple submission, as when the Russian princes led by Ivan urged Aleksandr to go the Horde while he sought sanctuary in Pskov, Konstantin joined them.
Aleksandr was later reinstated as prince and returned to Tver in 1338, but was executed the following year. After his death, Konstantin continued to rule the principality even after Ivan transferred the bell from the Transfiguration Cathedral to Moscow. After Ivan died in 1340, Konstantin accompanied Ivan's son Simeon when he went to the Horde to receive the yarlyk for the grand principality, and the khan formalized this dependency by placing Konstantin and other princes "under his hand".
Towards the end of Konstantin's reign, there was hostility with Anastasia and Vsevolod, the widow and the son of his brother Aleksandr. Konstantin "began to take their boyars and their servants... by force", but Vsevolod was "unable to tolerate this", according to the chronicle. Vsevolod fled to Moscow to see Simeon, and they then went to the Horde with a complaint. Konstantin went there for the trial but died before it could begin, in 1346. Following his death, the throne went to Vsevolod.

## Family

Konstantin married twice: Sophia, the daughter of Yury of Moscow, and Yevdokiya, whose origin is unknown. He had two sons, likely from his second marriage:
* Yeremey (died 1372), prince of Dorogobuzh;
* Semyon (died 1364), prince of Dorogobuzh.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Konstantin of Tver :
# Persian (roll)

A Persian, Persian roll or Pershing is a fried sweet roll or doughnut with a spiral shape similar to a cinnamon bun. It may be covered with a sugar glaze, iced or frosted, or sprinkled with sugar or cinnamon sugar.

## Regional variations

In Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, it is said to have originated at Bennett's Bakery in Port Arthur, where it is served with a sweet, pink icing made of either raspberries or strawberries. Traditional lore is that the Persian was named for U.S. general John "Blackjack" Pershing but the exact date of its inception and circumstances of its creation are no longer known, giving rise to competing claims and stories. Its recipe remains a secret, with long-running debates on whether the icing contains raspberries or strawberries. Persians are often used as fundraising items to be sold at schools, churches, shopping malls, and other social events. They may be served "toasted" – sliced in half, heated in a frying pan and iced on both sides.
Persians are popular in the US states of Wisconsin and Maine. In Camden, Maine, they were historically made with chocolate frosting. In Lehighton, Pennsylvania, they were served with chocolate or vanilla icing with a dollop of cherry–strawberry glaze. Persian buns in Wisconsin can have white (vanilla) or chocolate frosting and then topped with crushed peanuts. A version is also sold as a "Pershing Donut" at Titus Bakery in Lebanon, Indiana.
# Brookfield High School

Brookfield High School may refer to:

## Canada

* Brookfield High School (Ottawa), Ontario, Canada

## United States

    Alphabetical by state
* Brookfield High School (Connecticut)
* Riverside Brookfield High School, Illinois
* North Brookfield High School, Massachusetts
* Brookfield High School (Brookfield, Missouri), Brookfield, Missouri
* Brookfield Area Career Center, Brookfield, Missouri
* Brookfield Academy (New Jersey), Cherry Hill, New Jersey
* Brookfield High School (Ohio)
* Brookfield Academy, Wisconsin
* Brookfield Central High School, Wisconsin
* Brookfield East High School, Wisconsin
# 1961 Lewis-Evans Trophy

The 5th Lewis-Evans Trophy was a motor race, run to Formula One rules, held on 1 October 1961 at Brands Hatch Circuit. The race was run over 30 laps of the circuit, and was dominated by British driver Tony Marsh in a BRM P48.
This Formula One race was unusual in that non-British competitors were not permitted to take part. French driver Bernard Collomb, who had intended to enter the race, decided to lend his car to John Campbell-Jones.

## Qualifying

| Pos | No. | Driver | Constructor | Lap | Gap |
| 1 | 14 | Tony Marsh | BRM-Climax | 1:43.8 | — |
| 2 | 15 | Mike Spence | Emeryson-Climax | 1:45.6 | +1.8 |
| 3 | 17 | Keith Greene | Gilby-Climax | 1:45.8 | +2.0 |
| 4 | 11 | Tim Parnell | Lotus-Climax | 1:46.6 | +2.8 |
| 5 | 5 | John Campbell-Jones | Cooper-Climax | 1:47.4 | +3.6 |
| 6 | 18 | Hugh Dibley | Lola-Ford | 1:51.0 | +7.2 |
| 7 | 6 | Chris Ashmore | Cooper-Climax | 1:51.0 | +7.2 |
| 8 | 16 | Brian Naylor | JBW-Climax | 1:59.2 | +15.4 |
| 9 | 12 | Peter Proctor | Lotus-Climax | 2:03.2 | +19.4 |
| 10 | 7 | Chris Summers | Cooper-Climax | 2:06.4 | +22.6 |
| 11 | 8 | Graham Eden | Cooper-Climax | 2:10.8 | +27.0 |
| 12 | 4 | Maurice Charles | Cooper-Climax | 2:16.0 | +32.2 |
| 13 | 2 | Dickie Stoop | Cooper-Climax | 2:16.4 | +32.6 |

## Results

| Pos | Driver | Entrant | Constructor | Time/Retired | Grid |
| 1 | Tony Marsh | Tony Marsh | BRM-Climax | 52:19.8 | 1 |
| 2 | Mike Spence | Emeryson Cars | Emeryson-Climax | + 23.0 s | 2 |
| 3 | Tim Parnell | Tim Parnell | Lotus-Climax | + 27.8 s | 4 |
| 4 | Keith Greene | Gilby Engineering | Gilby-Climax | 29 laps | 3 |
| 5 | Graham Eden | Graham Eden | Cooper-Climax | 28 laps | 11 |
| 6 | Chris Summers | Ansty Garage | Cooper-Climax | 28 laps | 10 |
| 7 | John Campbell-Jones | Bernard Collomb | Cooper-Climax | 27 laps | 5 |
| 8 | Dickie Stoop | Dickie Stoop | Cooper-Climax | 20 laps | 13 |
| 9 | Hugh Dibley | Scuderia Light Blue | Lola-Ford | 12 laps | 6 |
| Ret | Peter Proctor | Anthony Brooke | Lotus-Climax | Oil seal | 9 |
| Ret | Chris Ashmore | Denis Taylor | Cooper-Climax | Overheating | 7 |
| Ret | Maurice Charles | Maurice Charles | Cooper-Climax | Overheating | 12 |
| Ret | Brian Naylor | JBW Cars | JBW-Climax | Rotor arm | 8 |
| WD | Jackie Lewis | H & L Motors | Cooper-Climax | | - |
| WD | Ian Burgess | Ian Burgess | Cooper-Climax | | - |
| WD | Bruce Halford | Jim Diggory | Lotus-Climax | Car not ready | - |
| WD | Gerry Ashmore | Gerry Ashmore | Lotus-Climax | Car damaged / Driver injured | - |
# Method — Or Madness?

Method — Or Madness? was the title of a series of lectures given by Actors Studio founder Robert Lewis in New York in 1957, and later published as a book of the same title.

## The Lectures

The first of the eight lectures was presented on the stage of the Playhouse Theatre in New York City, at 11:30 P.M. on the evening of April 15, 1957, to a standing room only audience of professional actors, directors and writers. The lectures embodied an attempt by Mr. Lewis, an early student of the Stanislavski System, or "method" of acting, to dispel what he considered to be myths and misinformation surrounding the various interpretations of Stanislavski, which had all become popularly, and in some cases inaccurately, known as "The Method."

## The Book

The book, Method — Or Madness? by Robert Lewis was published in 1958 by Samuel French, Inc.
In his introduction for the book, Harold Clurman referred to the lectures as "a kind of codicil to the classics of the subject, the three books by Constantin Stanislavski." He went on to say "The distinguishing feature of the Lewis lectures, beside their humor, is their common sense."
Because of the widespread confusion and misinformation regarding Constantin Stanislavski and Lee Strasberg's acting technique, lumping the notions all under the blanket term "The Method," Lewis taught lectures to fuse the two ideas.
Method — Or Madness? has been translated into several languages, but is currently available only through secondhand shops.
# 1990 Minnesota Senate election

The 1990 Minnesota Senate election was held in the U.S. state of Minnesota on November 6, 1990, to elect members to the Senate of the 77th Minnesota Legislature. A primary election was held on September 11, 1990.
The Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party (DFL) won a majority of seats, remaining the majority party, followed by the Independent-Republicans of Minnesota. The new Legislature convened on January 8, 1991.

## Results

Summary of the November 6, 1990 Minnesota Senate election results :
| Party | Party | Candidates | Votes | Seats | Seats | Seats |
| Party | Party | Candidates | Votes | No. | ∆No. | % |
| | Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party | 67 | 990,513 | 46 | 2 | 68.66 |
| | Independent-Republicans of Minnesota | 64 | 775,790 | 21 | 2 | 31.34 |
| | Grassroots Party of Minnesota | 1 | 1,797 | 0 | | 0.00 |
| | Independent | 2 | 5,543 | 0 | | 0.00 |
| Total | Total | Total | Total | 67 | ±0 | 100.00 |
| Turnout (out of 3,136,830 eligible voters) | Turnout (out of 3,136,830 eligible voters) | 1,843,104 | 58.76% | 58.76% | 10.59 pp | 10.59 pp |
| Source: Minnesota Secretary of State, Minnesota Legislative Reference Library |||||||
# LG&E and KU Energy

LG&E and KU Energy is a subsidiary of PPL Corporation, based in Louisville, Kentucky. It is composed of the following companies:
* Louisville Gas & Electric (LG&E)
* Kentucky Utilities (KU)
** Old Dominion Power (ODP) (a subsidiary of Kentucky Utilities)
The company was created in 1998, when LG&E Energy, parent of LG&E, acquired KU Energy, parent of KU and ODP. In 2000, Powergen, a British-based company, acquired LG&E Energy, which still operated under that name. In 2002, German-based E.ON acquired Powergen; the following year, in 2003, E.ON transferred the LG&E Energy group to its American subsidiary, E.ON US Holdings.
On April 28, 2010, PPL and E.ON announced a definitive agreement in which PPL was to acquire E.ON US for $7.625 billion. The sale was closed on November 1, 2010, with E-ON US becoming LG&E and KU Energy.
# Group (database)

Group is a name service database used to store group information on Unix-like operating systems. The sources for the group database (and hence the sources for groups on a system) are configured, like other name service databases, in nsswitch.conf. The database file is located at /etc/group. It contains fields representing the group name, group id, encrypted password, and users belonging to the group. These fields are stored in a structure defined in the header file <grp.h>.

## Seeing available groups on a Unix system

The contents of the group database (and available groups) can be seen with a variety of tools:

### C

The <grp.h> header file contains the functions getgrgid and getgrname to look up a group by its ID or Name, as well as the functions setgrent, getgrent, and endgrent to iterate through all groups.

### Command line

The getent command can be used to fetch group information.

#### Fetching a specific group

For a specific group called 'users':

### Python

* grp - The Group Database — a Python module
# Lepri

Lepri is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adalberto Lepri (1929–2014), Italian wrestler
* Lucas Lepri (born 1984), Brazilian grappler
* Sergio Lepri (1919–2022), Italian journalist
* Stanislao Lepri (1905–1980), Italian painter and diplomat
* Susan Lepri, American scientist
# Korani, Burkina Faso

Korani is a village in the Tansila Department of Banwa Province in western Burkina Faso. As of 2005 it had a population of 767.
# Perceptual psychology

Perceptual psychology is a subfield of cognitive psychology that concerns the conscious and unconscious innate aspects of the human cognitive system: perception.
A pioneer of the field was James J. Gibson. One major study was that of affordances, i.e. the perceived utility of objects in, or features of, one's surroundings. According to Gibson, such features or objects were perceived as affordances and not as separate or distinct objects in themselves. This view was central to several other fields as software user interface and usability engineering, environmentalism in psychology, and ultimately to political economy where the perceptual view was used to explain the omission of key inputs or consequences of economic transactions, i.e. resources and wastes.
Gerard Egan and Robert Bolton explored areas of interpersonal interactions based on the premise that people act in accordance with their perception of a given situation. While behaviour is obvious, a person's thoughts and feelings are masked. This gives rise to the idea that the most common problems between people are based on the assumption that we can guess what the other person is feeling and thinking. They also offered methods, within this scope, for effective communications. This includes reflective listening, assertion skills, conflict resolution etc. Perceptual psychology is often used in therapy to help a patient better their problem-solving skills.

## Nativism vs. empiricism

Nativist and empiricist approaches to perceptual psychology have been researched and debated to find out which is the basis in the development of perception. Nativists believe humans are born with all the perceptual abilities needed. Nativism is the favoured theory on perception. Empiricists believe that humans are not born with perceptual abilities, but instead must learn them.
# 1961 Liberty Bowl

The 1961 Liberty Bowl was a college football postseason bowl game played on December 16, 1961. The third edition of the Liberty Bowl, the game featured the Syracuse Orangemen and the Miami Hurricanes, both independent programs.

## Background

Syracuse running back Ernie Davis became the first African-American football player to win the Heisman Trophy. This was Syracuse's fifth bowl game in 8 years. Miami was making their first bowl appearance since 1952.

## Game summary

Jim Vollenweider scored on a 12-yard touchdown run to give Miami a 6–0 lead (though the extra point failed) in the first quarter. Nick Spineli scored on a 60-yard punt return to add onto the lead, and George Mira scored on the conversion pass to make it 14–0 at halftime. Syracuse culminated a 42-yard drive with an Ernie Davis touchdown plunge to make it 14–8 (with a Dave Sarette pass to Dick Easterly to get the two-point conversion). On the first play of the fourth quarter, Miami fumbled the ball, and Bill Schoonover recovered at the Orange 49. Nine plays and 51 yards later, Sarette threw a touchdown pass to Easterly to make it 14–14, with the extra point proving to be important. Ken Erickson's extra point was good, as the Orange won, 15–14. Ernie Davis rushed for 140 yards on 30 carries. Easterly caught four passes for 50 yards.

## Aftermath

Davis died of leukemia before he ever played a snap in the National Football League. Miami returned to the Liberty Bowl in 1966, while Syracuse returned in 1996.

## Statistics

| Statistics | Syracuse | Miami |
| First downs | 21 | 11 |
| Rushing yards | 221 | 109 |
| Passing yards | 148 | 94 |
| Total yards | 369 | 203 |
| Punts–average | 7–31.4 | 9–30.3 |
| Punt return yards | 14 | 78 |
| Kickoff return yards | 60 | 32 |
| Fumbles–lost | 3–2 | 3–1 |
| Penalties–yards | 5–35 | 3–29 |
# Artamet (disambiguation)

Artamet may refer to:
* Edremit, Van, a district and city in Van Province, Turkey, known in Armenian as Artamet
* Artamet, a village in the Armavir Province of Armenia
# LCRD

LCRD may stand for:
* Lake City Roller Dolls, roller derby league based in Warsaw, Indiana
* Laser Communication Relay Demonstration, NASA mission
* Lava City Roller Dolls, roller derby league based in Bend, Oregon
# 1777 in music
## Events

* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart resigns his position in the Salzburg court.
* Samuel Arnold becomes musical director of the Haymarket Theatre in London.
* Über die Theorie der Musik by Johann Nikolaus Forkel is published in Göttingen.
* Thomas Arne and his wife are reconciled after a separation of over twenty years.

## Opera

* Agostino Accorimboni – Nitteti
* Luigi de Baillou – Il casino di campagna
* Domenico Cimarosa
** L'Armida immaginaria
** Il fanatico per gli antichi romani
** I tre amanti
* Christoph Willibald Gluck – Armide
* Joseph Haydn – Il mondo della luna
* Elizabeth Ryves – The Prude

## Classical music

* Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach – 4 Keyboard Trios, Wq.91
* Johann Christian Bach – 6 Keyboard Concertos, Op. 13
* Johann Christoph Friedrich Bach – Flute Sonata No.1 in D major
* Charles Burney – 4 Sonatas for Keyboard 4-Hands
* Giuseppe Maria Cambini – 6 Flute Quintets, Op. 8
* Michael Haydn – Missa S Hieronymi
* Gottfried August Homilius – Christmas Oratorio
* John Keeble – Diapason Movement in F major
* Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – Piano Concerto No. 9 ("Jeunehomme")
* Josef Mysliveček – Isacco figura del redentore (oratorio)
* Antonio Salieri – La Passione di Gesu Christo
* Joseph Bologne Saint-Georges – 2 Symphonies concertantes, Op. 9
* Carl Stamitz
** 6 Symphonies, Op. 13
** Clarinet Concerto No.2 in B-flat major
* Johann Baptist Wanhal – Violin Concerto in B-flat major

## Popular Music

* "A-Hunting We Will Go" w.m. Thomas Arne (written for insertion into a London production of The Beggar's Opera and first sung by the contralto Mrs. Farrell playing Captain Macheath (sic.))

## Methods and theory writings

* Johann Nikolaus Forkel – Über die Theorie der Musik
* Johann Caspar Heck – The Art of Playing Thorough Bass
* Valentin Roeser – Gamme et 12 Duo pour la Flûte Traversière

## Births

* January 1 – Micah Hawkins, composer
* January 3 – Louis Poinsot, instrument maker
* January 8 – Filippo Traetta, musicologist
* January 12 – Stepan Davydov, Russian composer (died 1825)
* April 18 – Ignac Ruzitska, composer
* May 4 – Charles-Louis-Joseph Hanssens, composer
* May 8 – Mateli Magdalena Kuivalatar, Finnish-Carelian Folksinger
* May 12 – Giovanni Morandi, Italian composer (died 1856)
* May 28 – Joseph-Henri-Ignace Mees, composer
* June 2 – Christian Traugott Tag, composer
* September 30 – Ramon Felix Cuellar y Altarriba, composer
* October 3 – Hedda Hjortsberg, ballerina
* October 6 – William Russell, organist and composer
* November 5 – Filippo Taglioni, dancer and choreographer
* December 16 – János Fusz, composer

## Deaths

* January 1 – Emanuele Barbella, composer
* January 22 – Simon Leduc, composer violinist (born 1742)
* March 1 – Georg Christoph Wagenseil
* July 27 – William Hayes, composer (b. 1708)
* August 17 – Giuseppe Scarlatti, composer
* August 23 – Giuseppe Sellitti, composer
* September 1 – Johann Ernst Bach, composer
* November – Marco Coltellini, opera librettist (b. 1724)
* November 30 – Jean-Marie Leclair the younger, composer (b. 1703)
* December 21 – Anton Cajetan Adlgasser, organist (b. 1729)
# Koopman's pencil-tailed tree mouse

Koopman's pencil-tailed tree mouse (Chiropodomys karlkoopmani) is a species of arboreal rodent in the family Muridae. It is endemic to Pagai and Siberut islands in the Mentawai Islands, off the western coast of Sumatra in Indonesia. Its natural habitat is tropical primary lowland forest. It is threatened by habitat loss (logging).
# Perceptual robotics

Perceptual robotics is an interdisciplinary science linking Robotics and Neuroscience. It investigates biologically motivated robot control strategies, concentrating on perceptual rather than cognitive processes and thereby sides with J. J. Gibson's view against the Poverty of the stimulus theory.
As a working definition, the following quote from Chapter 64 by H. Bülthoff, C. Wallraven and M. Giese from The Springer Handbook of Robotics, edited by Bruno Siciliano and Oussama Khatib, published by Springer in 2007, could be used:
   In the following we will apply the term Perceptual Robotics to signify the design of robots based on principles that are derived from human perception on all three levels in the sense of Marr. This includes a realization in terms of specific neural circuits as well as the transfer of more abstract biologically-inspired strategies for the solution of relevant computational problems.
# 1961 Lavant Cup

The 13th Lavant Cup was an Intercontinental Formula motor race held on 3 April 1961 at Goodwood Circuit, West Sussex. The race was run over 21 laps of the circuit, and was won by British driver Stirling Moss in a Cooper T53-Climax. Bruce McLaren started from pole, set fastest lap and finished second in another T53. Graham Hill was third in a BRM P48. The event was held on the same day as the 1961 Pau Grand Prix, which compromised the quality of the entry at both meetings.

## Results

| Pos | No. | Driver | Entrant | Constructor | Time/Retired | Grid |
| 1 | 6 | Stirling Moss | R.R.C. Walker Racing Team | Cooper T53-Climax | 33:25.6, 145.56kph | 2 |
| 2 | 14 | Bruce McLaren | C.T. Atkins | Cooper T53-Climax | +0.6s | 1 |
| 3 | 4 | Graham Hill | Owen Racing Organisation | BRM P48 | +19.4s | 3 |
| 4 | 10 | John Surtees | Yeoman Credit Racing Team | Cooper T53-Climax | +1:00.8 | 6 |
| 5 | 8 | Roy Salvadori | Yeoman Credit Racing Team | Cooper T53-Climax | +1:16.4 | 7 |
| 6 | 2 | Tony Brooks | Owen Racing Organisation | BRM P48 | +1:17.6 | 4 |
| 7 | 19 | Dan Gurney | Mrs. Louise Bryden-Brown | Lotus 18-Climax | 20 laps, accident | 5 |
| 8 | 12 | Chuck Daigh | Reventlow Automobiles Ltd. | Scarab-Meyer-Drake | +1 lap | 8 |
| 9 | 16 | Geoff Richardson | G.N. Richardson | Cooper-Alta | +2 laps | 9 |
# Lispocephala

Lispocephala is a very large genus of true flies of the family Muscidae.

## Description

frons are broad in both sexes. There are two orbital setae and two frontal setae on each fronta-orbital plate.

## Biology

The biology of the genus is, at present unknown, only a pupa of one species (L. alma) has been described. Some Lispocephala are known to be specialized predators on Drosophilidae in the Hawaiian Islands.

## Species

* L. alma (Meigen, 1826)
* L. bistriata (Stein, 1908)
* L. brachialis (Rondani, 1877)
* L. erythrocera (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)
* L. falculata Collin, 1963
* L. fuscitibia Ringdahl, 1944
* L. mikii (Strobl, 1893)
* L. pallipalpis (Zetterstedt, 1845)
* L. rubricornis (Zetterstedt, 1849)
* L. spuria (Zetterstedt, 1838)
* L. ungulata (Rondani, 1866)
* L. verna (Fabricius, 1794)