OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis

The Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS) is a research facility of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Karlsruhe, Germany. It was founded on 1 July 1995 as successor of different institutions. ITAS came into being after a merger of the University of Karlsruhe (TH) and Research Center Karlsruhe on 1 October 2009. The institute is also a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres (HGF).
ITAS is the largest and longest standing scientific institution in Germany dealing with technology assessment (TA) and systems analysis in theory and practice. Today, more than 110 researchers work at ITAS. Since 1990 it operates the Office of Technology Assessment at the German Bundestag (TAB). Since 1992 it is publishing a journal on technology assessment (Technikfolgenabschätzung – Theorie und Praxis). Since October 1999 it is headed by Armin Grunwald.

## Aims and objectives

The Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS) investigates scientific and technological developments with a focus on their impacts and possible systemic and unintended effects. It produces analytical knowledge and assessments of socio-technical developments in order to provide policy and design options for decision-makers. The research covers ethical, ecological, economic, social, political-institutional, and cultural questions. Major goals are advice for research and technology policy, provision of knowledge for the design of socio-technical systems, and the organization and observation of discursive processes on open and controversial questions of technology policy.

## Co-operation

ITAS is a member of several international networks. It is one of the initiators of "Netzwerk TA" (NTA), a network of German, Austrian and Swiss TA institutions. It is also member of the European Parliamentary Technology Assessment (EPTA) Network and of the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative. In addition, the institute is committed in the Society for the Study of Nanoscience and Emerging Technologies (S.NET) since its foundation, and maintains institutional relationships with the New University of Lisbon, the Lomonossow University in Moscow as well as with the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU).

## History

The history of ITAS and its preceding institutions dates back to the 1950s. In 1958 the Study Group for Systems Research (SfS) was founded in Heidelberg by Helmut Krauch. In 1975, a part of the SfS was integrated in the Institute for Applied Systems Engineering and Nuclear Physics (IASR) of Nuclear Research Center Karlsruhe led by Wolf Häfele. In 1977 the division of Applied Systems Analysis (AFAS) is established as an independently operating off-spring of the IASR, which is headed by Herbert Paschen. On 1 July 1995 this unit was upgraded becoming the Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS).
# International Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences and Research

The International Institute of Rehabilitation Sciences and Research (IIRS, Bhubaneswar) is managed by ASTHA Trust, founded by Mrs. Bishnupriya Mishra. The campus is located at KHANDAGIRI, in Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India. The institution provides 3 year +10 month degree course called BASLP.
The Bachelor in Audiology and Speech Language Pathology (BASLP) course is a rehabilitative professional course standardized by the Rehabilitation Council of India. BASLP professionals (audiologist and speech language therapist) deal with persons with hearing and speech language problems. These professionals assess the existence of problem, severity, and type of problem as well as provide qualitative intervention to the persons with disabilities.
Their services includes assessing hearing impairment (type and degree of hearing loss with possible site of lesion), applying different audiological tests, assessment of speech, and language problem (type and severity). Besides assessment the professionals also give qualitative intervention to the patients to combat with the problem.

## Course description

The program consist of professional and academic component which leads to registration as an Audiologist by Rehabilitation Council of India. The program provides four year full-time study with 3 years institutional academic exposure and clinical exposure, and one full year of clinical placement and supervision that supports placement. During the three year degree period, students get knowledge in the below listed subjects:
* Audiology
* Linguistics
* Communication disorders
* Speech disorders
* Language disorders
* Voice disorders
* Anatomy(related to ENT)
* Physiology(Related to ENT)
* Pathology(related to ENT)
* Aural rehabilitation
* Pediatrics
* Neurology
* Electronics
* Computer application
* Clinical Psychology

## Departments
### Audiology department

The department deals in academic and clinical activity such as assessment/ diagnosis, management, treatment, habilitation, rehabilitation, special education for hearing impaired, organising hearing check-up camps, early identification programs, awareness programs, etc.

### Speech department

The department deals in both the academic and clinical activity such as assessment/ diagnosis, management, treatment of communication related problems, special education, recreation therapy, preschool facility for disabled, early identification programs, clinical conference, awareness programs, etc.

### Psychology department

Provides both academic and psychological diagnosis of some speech problems, psychological assistance to clients and family members and links with community based rehabilitation.
# International Institute of Social History

The International Institute of Social History (IISH/IISG) is one of the largest archives of labor and social history in the world. Located in Amsterdam, its one million volumes and 2,300 archival collections include the papers of major figures and institutions in radical leftist thought. The IISH was founded in 1935 by Nicolaas Posthumus as an independent scientific institute. It is part of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

## Collections

The International Institute of Social History specializes in international labor and social history, including that of the Netherlands. As of 2000, it holds one million volumes, 80,000 audiovisual items, 2,400 serials, three million digital files, and 30,000 linear feet of manuscripts across 2,300 collections. Among the latter are institutional collections from Amnesty International, Confederación Nacional del Trabajo and Federación Anarquista Ibérica, the European Trade Union Confederation, Freedom Press, Greenpeace International, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, Russian Socialist Revolutionary Party, Socialist International, and the personal papers of Emma Goldman, Karl Marx, Max Nettlau, Lev Trotsky, Karl Kautsky, Ernest Mandel, and Sylvia Pankhurst. The institute is the foremost repository of anarchist documents in the world.

## History

Nicolaas Posthumus, a socialist and first chair appointment in economic history in the Netherlands, founded the International Institute of Social History in 1935. To examine how labour relations develop over time, IISG collected archives from all over the world. During the first years Posthumus succeeded in obtaining many papers from anarchists (Bakunin manuscripts), other socialist and social democratic and Marxist movements from Germany and Russia.
Before the Germans invaded the Netherlands in 1940, Posthumus was able to move the most valuable archives to London. During the war, many remaining IISG archives were transported to Nazi Germany. They were not destroyed. Most of the papers were rediscovered in Hannover in 1946, and some other parts were later found in archives in Moscow in 1991, and returned to Amsterdam.
In 1989 the International Institute of Social History moved to new premises: an old warehouse at the Cruquiusweg in the eastern part of Amsterdam. This building also housed the Press Museum but in 2017 that museum became a part of the Dutch Institute for Image and Sound (Nederlands Instituut voor Beeld en Geluid) in Hilversum.
They host most of the IHLIA LGBT Heritage collection (LGBT Archives).
* Bakunin Archives (IISG)
* Communist Manifesto (Marx)
# International Museum for Family History

The Internationaal Museum voor Familiegeschiedenis (known in English as the International Museum for Family History, or in short "The Family Museum") is a museum located in the former Ursuline Convent in Eijsden, Netherlands. As a museum with a focus on genealogy and family history, it is the first museum of its kind in the world.
The Ursuline sisters commissioned Pierre Cuypers to renovate and extend the building in 1899. It is probable that Cuypers entrusted part of the project to Johannes Kayser, a Dutch architect notable for his neogothic designs.
The museum focuses especially on genealogy, DNA-research, the life and work of Eugène Dubois, human evolution, heraldry, Charlemagne, family law and the working lives of our ancestors. the museum also houses the office, archives and collections of the International Qajar Studies Association.
The museum is a "Public Benefit Organisation" (Algemeen nut beogende instelling) and it has won awards such as the 'VVV price for innovation'.
The advisory board of the museum includes notable figures such as former Prime Minister of the Netherlands Dries van Agt, American historian at Yale University Ned Blackhawk, professor Michel Hockx of the University of Notre Dame, professor of Russian and Inner Asian history at Brock University David Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, and professor Tudor Parfitt.
# International Journal of Sociology

The International Journal of Sociology is a bimonthly (since 2019, 1971-2018 quarterly) peer-reviewed academic journal that covers the field of sociology. It was established 1971 and is published by Taylor and Francis. The journal's editor-in-chief is Markus Hadler (University of Graz).

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Academic OneFile
* Academic Search Complete
* ArticleFirst
* Association for Asian Studies
* Bibliography of Asian Studies
* Business Source Corporate
* Communication and Mass Media Complete
* Criminal Justice Collection
* CSA Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management Database
* CSA Social Services Abstracts
* CSA Sociological Abstracts
* Current abstracts
* De Gruyter Saur
* Dietrich's Index Philosophicus
* EBSCOhost
* Electronic Collections Online
* Emerging Sources Citation Index
* E-psyche
* Expanded Academic ASAP
* FRANCIS
* Gale
* General OneFile
* InfoTrac Custom
* International Bibliography of Periodical Literature (IBZ)
* National Library of Medicine
* OCLC
* PAIS International
* Periodicals Index Online
* Political Science Complete
* ProQuest
* Psychology Collection
* Public Affairs Index
* PubMed
* Risk Abstracts
* Russian Academy of Sciences Bibliographies
* SocINDEX
* Social Sciences Index
* Scopus
* TOC Premier
* H. W. Wilson
* Worldwide Political Science Abstracts
* Web of Science
# International Journal of Software and Informatics

The International Journal of Software and Informatics is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal of computer science. It was started by the Institute of Software of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. It covers the following topics: Artificial intelligence and pattern recognition, computer software, computer-aided applications, formal methods, multimedia techniques, theoretical computer science, network and information security, and related areas including quantum informatics, bioinformatics, neuroinformatics, and cognitive science.
The journal's editor in chief is Ruqian Lu (Institute of Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China).
# International School of Bremen

International School in Bremen (ISB) is a private, co-educational, English-speaking school that was established in 1998 in Bremen - Horn-Lehe,, Badgasteiner Straße 11/Hochschulring, Germany. Jamie Perfect became Director of the school in 2018, following Malcom Davis.
# Investment (disambiguation)

Investment is time, energy, or matter spent in the hope of future benefits actualized within a specified date or time frame.
Investment may also refer to:

## Economics

* Investment (macroeconomics)
* Fixed investment, investment in physical assets such as machinery, land, buildings, installations, vehicles, or technology
* Inventory investment, the accumulation of unsold goods

## Other uses

* Investment (military), the military tactic of surrounding an enemy fort (or town) with armed forces to prevent entry or escape
* Investment (film), a 2013 Marathi film
* Investment casting, an industrial process based on and also called lost-wax casting, one of the oldest known metal-forming techniques
* Cathexis, also known as investment, a psychoanalytic term describing an investment of libido
# Interorbital region

The interorbital region of the skull is located between the eyes, anterior to the braincase. The form of the interorbital region may exhibit significant variation between taxonomic groups.
In oryzomyine rodents, for example, the width, form, and presence of beading in the interorbital region vary among species. In birds and many other animals whose eyes are set on the side of the skull, the interorbital region normally consists of a thin interorbital septum only. This may be pierced by a hole of larger or smaller size, connecting the eye sockets.
# Invasive hydatidiform mole

Invasive hydatidiform mole is a type of neoplasia that grows into the muscular wall of the uterus. It is formed after conception (fertilization of an egg by a sperm). It may spread to other parts of the body, such as the vagina, vulva, and lung.
# Invasive procedure

Invasive procedure may refer to:
* "Invasive Procedures" (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine), the fourth episode of the second season of the television series Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
* Invasive Procedures (novel), a 2007 novel by Orson Scott Card and Aaron Johnston
* Minimally-invasive procedures (article discusses procedures that are non-invasive and more than minimally invasive)
# Ion Moraru

Ion Moraru (9 March 1929 – 9 October 2019) was a Moldovan activist and author. He was a founder of the anti-Soviet group Sabia Dreptății and a political prisoner in the Soviet Union.

## Biography

Moraru was born in Mîndîc. Ion Moraru and Petre Lungu were the founders of Sabia Dreptății in Bălți. This anti-Soviet armed resistance group was active in Bălți during the Stalinist era. "Sabia Dreptății" was discovered by the NKVD in 1947, based at the Pedagogical Lycée (former Ion Creangă Lycée) in Bălţi. For one year, Ion Moraru was imprisoned in the same camp at Ekibastuz with Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.
Ion Moraru later became a well-known anti-communist in Bessarabia (now the Republic of Moldova).
He was a member of the Christian-Democratic People's Party (Moldova).

## Works

* Pustiirea, 2005
* Treptele infernului, 2007
# Iris (train)

The Iris was an express train that linked Brussels Midi/Zuid in Brussels, Belgium, with Chur station in Chur, Switzerland.
Introduced in 1974, the train was operated by the National Railway Company of Belgium (NMBS/SNCB), the Chemins de Fer Luxembourgeois (CFL), the French National Railway Corporation (SNCF) and the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB-CFF-FFS). It was named after a flower, the Yellow Iris (Iris pseudacorus), which was widespread in the Zenne/Senne valley, where Brussels is located.
Initially, the Iris was a first-class-only Trans Europ Express (TEE). In 1981, it became a two-class InterCity (IC), and on 31 May 1987, it was included in the then-new EuroCity (EC) network. As of 2015, the Iris was one of two EuroCity train-pairs running daily between Brussels and Switzerland; the other was the Vauban.

## History

The eastbound service was cut back to Brussels–Basel in December 2011; in December 2013 the latter was also cut back to start in Basel.
The service was discontinued on April 3 2016, alongside the introduction of a high-speed TGV service to Strasbourg.
# Irvin Ehrenpreis

Irvin Ehrenpreis (June 9, 1920 – July 3, 1985) was an American literary scholar. From 1975 to 1985, he was the Linden Kent Memorial Professor of English Literature at the University of Virginia. Ehrenpreis was considered an expert on Jonathan Swift and also wrote on contemporary American literature.

## Early life and education

Irvin Ehrenpreis was born on June 9, 1920, in New York City, to Edith (Lipman) and Louis Ehrenpreis. He received a bachelor's degree from City College (now City College of New York) in 1938 and a master's and doctorate from Columbia University in 1939 and 1944, respectively.

## Career

Ehrenpreis taught at Indiana University Bloomington from 1945 to 1965. While on the Indiana faculty, he held two Guggenheim Fellowships in the biography category, in 1955 and 1961.
He came to the University of Virginia in 1965, where he was the Commonwealth Professor from 1967 to 1985 and the Linden Kent Memorial Professor of English Literature from 1975 to 1985. He was elected a corresponding fellow of the British Academy in 1985 and was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
He was considered an expert on Jonathan Swift, about whom he wrote a three-volume biography, and also wrote on the work of Alexander Pope. In Literary Meaning and Augustan Values, he argued that the concept of organic form should not be applied to English literature of the 18th century.
Ehrenpreis also wrote on contemporary literature. He called the mid-20th century the "Age of Lowell", referring to the poet Robert Lowell, and edited a book on Wallace Stevens. In 1984, he wrote a strong critique of Edward Said's The World, the Text, and the Critic in The New York Review of Books.
Ehrenpreis died on July 3, 1985, in Münster, then in West Germany, after a fall.

## Books

Unless otherwise noted, the items in this list are taken from the bibliography in Augustan Studies: Essays in Honor of Irvin Ehrenpreis, a Festschrift for Ehrenpreis published in 1985.
* The "Types" Approach to Literature (1945)
* The Personality of Jonathan Swift (1958)
* Swift: The Man, His Works, and the Age (three volumes, 1962–1983)
* Fielding: Tom Jones (1964)
* Literary Meaning and Augustan Values (1974)
* Acts of Implication: Suggestion and Covert Meaning in the Works of Dryden, Swift, Pope and Austen (1980)
# Irabu Island

Irabu Island (伊良部島, Irabu-jima) (Miyako: Irav), is an island in Miyakojima, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. The island is connected to Miyako Island by a 3,540-metre-long (11,610 ft) bridge Irabu Ohashi (伊良部大橋), which was completed in January 2015. Irabu Island is also connected via six bridges to Shimoji-shima. There are multiple language variants spoken on the island: Nakachi-Irabu, Kuninaka, Sawada-Nagahama, and Sarahama (which is a variant of Ikema language spoken by descendants of emigrants from Ikema Island).

## Etymology

The term comes from the Japanization of the Miyakoan name Irav, in turn from Proto-Ryukyuan *erabu (tone class B). Cognates in other Ryukyuan languages include Okinoerabu irabu, referring to Okinoerabujima.

## Climate

Climate data for Irabu (1981−2010 normals, extremes 1978−2009) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 27.8 (82.0) | 27.5 (81.5) | 29.5 (85.1) | 30.2 (86.4) | 32.2 (90.0) | 33.8 (92.8) | 35.0 (95.0) | 35.1 (95.2) | 33.9 (93.0) | 31.8 (89.2) | 31.2 (88.2) | 28.9 (84.0) | 35.1 (95.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 20.2 (68.4) | 20.6 (69.1) | 22.4 (72.3) | 24.9 (76.8) | 27.4 (81.3) | 29.8 (85.6) | 31.7 (89.1) | 31.2 (88.2) | 30.0 (86.0) | 27.8 (82.0) | 24.9 (76.8) | 21.7 (71.1) | 26.1 (78.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) | 18.1 (64.6) | 19.8 (67.6) | 22.3 (72.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 27.2 (81.0) | 28.8 (83.8) | 28.3 (82.9) | 27.2 (81.0) | 25.2 (77.4) | 22.5 (72.5) | 19.5 (67.1) | 23.5 (74.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.5 (59.9) | 15.8 (60.4) | 17.2 (63.0) | 19.9 (67.8) | 22.3 (72.1) | 25.1 (77.2) | 26.4 (79.5) | 25.9 (78.6) | 24.8 (76.6) | 23.1 (73.6) | 20.5 (68.9) | 17.3 (63.1) | 21.2 (70.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 6.9 (44.4) | 6.3 (43.3) | 5.1 (41.2) | 10.0 (50.0) | 14.3 (57.7) | 16.3 (61.3) | 22.0 (71.6) | 21.5 (70.7) | 17.5 (63.5) | 16.7 (62.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | 6.4 (43.5) | 5.1 (41.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 116.9 (4.60) | 122.4 (4.82) | 128.6 (5.06) | 152.1 (5.99) | 184.6 (7.27) | 174.3 (6.86) | 102.4 (4.03) | 208.0 (8.19) | 194.6 (7.66) | 129.6 (5.10) | 116.1 (4.57) | 129.0 (5.08) | 1,758.4 (69.23) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 12.9 | 11.7 | 12.9 | 10.2 | 10.7 | 10.4 | 9.2 | 12.3 | 11.9 | 9.2 | 11.1 | 10.5 | 133 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 93.9 | 94.6 | 125.0 | 127.8 | 130.0 | 150.7 | 208.1 | 210.6 | 189.2 | 170.3 | 128.3 | 111.5 | 1,740 |
| Source: JMA ||||||||||||||
# Life insurance tax shelter

A life insurance tax shelter uses investments in insurance to protect income or assets from tax liabilities. Life insurance proceeds are not taxable in many jurisdictions. Since most other forms of income are taxable (such as capital gains, dividends and interest income), consumers are often advised to purchase life insurance policies to either offset future tax liabilities, or to shelter the growth of their investments from taxation. This insurance product is also known as Private placement life insurance.

## Life insurance to cover future taxes

In those jurisdictions where life insurance proceeds are only tax-free at death, tax liabilities that come due at death are often offset by a policy of the same size. Since the mathematics required to compare different strategies is quite complex, most consumers defer to an accountant or life insurance agent for advice. However, there is often vast differences of opinion between these professionals, even given the same starting conditions. This should not be surprising, given the huge future differences that even small variances in starting conditions can make.
For example, assume that an individual is likely to owe $100,000.00 in taxes at death. If a permanent life insurance policy with a $100,000.00 death benefit costs $1,000 per year (remaining level for life), and the life expectancy of the person is 30 years, then the following events could occur:
* The individual could die early. In this case, it is unlikely that any alternative investment of the $1000 per year would have yielded the required $100,000.00 at death.
* The individual could live much longer than expected. The individual could have built up a significant cash value within the policy, depending on investment selection. As such, the individual would have access to these cash values tax-free regardless of growth, provided it is set up properly.
Since one normally does not know which of these will occur (see adverse selection) calculations must be based on expected life expectancies for people of similar gender, physical condition, and behaviour.

## Life insurance to shelter investment growth and income

In an attempt to achieve the "best of both worlds" (protection in the case of early death, and additional tax-protected returns in the case of long life), life insurance policies were created containing investment accounts having preferential tax treatment. This is most often done with a Variable universal life policy. See that article for some discussion of the tax issues.