OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gustav Fritz Papanek

Gustav Fritz Papanek (July 12, 1926 – September 20, 2022) was an Austrian American development economist.

## Early life and education

Gustav Fritz Papanek was born July 12, 1926, to Ernst Papanek and Helene Papanek (née Goldstern). He was named for Gustav Mahler and Fritz Adler. Shortly after his birth, his parents moved to a Social Democratic housing development in Penzing, in the western part of Vienna.
Papanek's father was forced into exile following the Austrian Civil War of 1934. Following the Anschluss, the rest of the family fled to Paris in 1938. In September 1940, they emigrated by boat to New York City.

### Military career

After graduating high school at age sixteen, Papanek enrolled at Cornell University. When the United States entered World War II, Papanek paused his studies to enlist in the army. He initially trained in the infantry and artillery, but eventually used his native German language skills in military intelligence. After training at Fort Ritchie in Maryland, he was deployed to Germany to find Nazi war criminals.

### Education

Papanek resumed his studies at Cornell following his military service. After graduation, he earned both a master's degree and a PhD in economics from Harvard University, where he studied under John Kenneth Galbraith.

## Career

Papanek briefly served in the Agency for International Development within the US State Department before being fired for his socialist leanings. He briefly moved with his family to Karachi, Pakistan, before returning to a position at Harvard University in 1958.
At Harvard, Papanek studied income distribution and poverty in developing countries; he specialized in the economies of Indonesia and Pakistan. He also served as director of Harvard's Development Advisory Service.
In 1974, Papanek left Harvard to become the chair of economics at Boston University. He led the Boston Institute for Developing Economies for thirty years, advising governments on macroeconomic and microeconomic policies.

## Personal life

Papanek and his wife Hannah (née Kaiser) raised two children, Tom and Joanne.

## Works

* Pakistan's Development, Social Goals, and Private Incentives (1967), Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674652002
* Development Policy: Theory and Practice (1968), based on work of the Harvard University Development Advisory Service, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674366954
* Decision Making for Economic Development: Text and Cases (1971), with Joseph J. Stern and Daniel M. Schydlowsky, Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0395050367
* The Indonesian Economy (1980), New York: Praeger. ISBN 0030574293
* Lectures on Development Strategy, Growth, Equity, and the Political Process in Southern Asia (1986), with Syed Nawab Haider Naqvi, Islamabad: Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. OCLC 14631992
# Gustav Fritsch

Gustav Theodor Fritsch (5 March 1838 – 12 June 1927) was a German anatomist, anthropologist, traveller and physiologist from Cottbus.
Fritsch studied natural science and medicine in Berlin, Breslau and Heidelberg. In 1874 he became an associate professor of physiology at the University of Berlin, where he was later appointed head of the histological department at the physiological institute.
He is known for his work with neuropsychiatrist Eduard Hitzig (1839–1907) involving the localization of the motor areas of the brain. In 1870, the two scientists probed the cerebral cortex of a dog to discover that electrical stimulation of different areas of the cerebrum caused involuntary muscular contractions of specific parts of the dog's body.
Along with his medical studies, Fritsch was also known for his ethnographical research in southern Africa (1863–66), during which time he traveled from Cape Town through the Orange Free State, Basutoland, Natal and Bechuanaland.
In 1868 he took part in an expedition to Aden to observe a solar eclipse (18 August), afterwards traveling to Egypt, where he accompanied Johannes Dümichen (1833-1894) on an archaeological and photographic expedition. In 1874, he journeyed to Isfahan to observe the transit of Venus. He also performed zoological research in Anatolia, and in 1881/82 studied electric fish in regions of the eastern Mediterranean.

## Selected works

* Drei Jahre in Süd-Afrika: Reiseskizzen nach Notizen des Tagebuchs zusammengestellt. (Three years in South Africa: Travelogues arranged after notes of the diary) Hirt, Breslau 1868.
* Ueber die elektrische Erregbarkeit des Grosshirns. Archiv für Anatomie, Physiologie und wissenschaftliche Medicin: (with Eduard Hitzig) 300–332, 1870.
* Die Eingeborenen Süd-Afrika's: ethnographisch und anatomisch beschrieben. (Ethnographic and anatomic research in South Africa) Hirt, Breslau 1872.
* Vergleichend-anatomische Betrachtung der elektrischen Organe von Gymnotus electricus. (Comparative anatomical view of the electrical organs of "Gymnotus electricus") Veit, Leipzig 1881.
# Balawa Municipality

Balawa (Nepali: बलवा ) is a municipality in Mahottari District in Province No. 2 of Nepal. It was formed in 2016 occupying current 11 sections (wards) from previous 11 former VDCs. It occupies an area of 44.07 km$^2$ with a total population of 42,341.
# Grădinari

Grădinari may refer to several places in Romania:
* Grădinari, Caraş-Severin, a commune in Caraş-Severin County
* Grădinari, Giurgiu, a commune in Giurgiu County
* Grădinari, Olt, a commune in Olt County
* Grădinari, a village in Drăgăneşti Commune, Bihor County
* Grădinari, a village in Golăiești Commune, Iaşi County
# Oulad Sidi Abdelhakem

Oulad Sidi Abdelhakem is a town in Jerada Province, Oriental, Morocco. According to the 2014 census the municipality had a population of 2,207 people living in 392 households.
# Gutierre de Hevia

Gutierre de Hevia y Valdés (1704 – 2 December 1772) was a Spanish Navy officer who reached the rank of admiral and became commander of the Spanish Marine Infantry. He was court-martialled for his role in the 1762 capture of Havana but reinstated three years later.

## Biography

Born at Tortona, Italy, he joined the Spanish Navy in 1720. In Cadiz, he was involved in a duel and killed his opponent. He was tried but acquitted, and left for the Americas. He entered service in the Spanish Navy, and was the third man to set foot on enemy territory during the recapture of Oran in 1732.
During the War of Jenkins' Ear in 1741, he served in the successful defence of Cartagena de Indias and in 1747 received his first command, the warship Nueva España. In 1759 he commanded the Fenix, part of the convoy that brought the new monarch, Charles III of Spain, from Naples to Spain. For this service, he received the titles of Marqués del Real Transporte and Vizconde del Buen Viaje, was promoted Capitán de navío, and confirmed as Commandant General of the Spanish Marine Infantry.
In 1761, Hevia and his fleet of 12 ships was dispatched to Havana, to defend the city against an expected assault by the British, as Spain had entered the Seven Years' War that year on the side of France. On 6 June 1762 a powerful British invasion force under the Earl of Albemarle began the Siege of Havana. Hevia's ships played no part in the battle, as all the guns and men were disembarked and used to defend the forts. When the city was taken on 13 August, the British confiscated Hevia's entire fleet, which he had neglected to burn.
Hevia and the surviving Spanish sailors and marines were transported to Spain. On his arrival, the Madrid government court-martial him. He was stripped of his titles and condemned to house arrest for 10 years but thanks to the influence of his father-in-law Juan José Navarro, who was Captain general of the Navy, Hevia was pardoned on 17 September 1765 on the occasion of the wedding of Charles, the Prince of Asturia and reinstated in his previous titles. He died on 2 December 1772 at Isla de León.

## Sources

* Biografía de don Gutierre de Hevia ó Evia y Valdés (Spanish) Archived 2016-10-19 at the Wayback Machine
# Guts UK

Guts UK, formerly known as the Digestive Disorders Foundation, is a British medical research charity dedicated to the research of digestive disorders.
In 1970, the Council of the British Society of Gastroenterology first considered founding a charity to promote research in this speciality. A steering group, chaired by their President at the time, Dr Nelson Coghill, compiled facts and figures which established the importance of digestive disorders as a national health problem. Using this evidence as a basis for appeal, a Digestive Disorders Trust Fund was established.
Dr Thomas Hunt, a founder member of the British Society of Gastroenterology, agreed to launch the new charity. He succeeded in attracting prominent lay and professional support. By 1974 its funds were sufficient to award the first research fellowship and to inaugurate the charity as a Foundation with Hunt as its first President. On his death in 1980, Sir Francis Avery Jones took over the presidency for the next 12 years. Important landmarks during this time were the appointment of the first full-time director, expansion of research support and the development of the successful patient information programme.
# Bambai Raat Ki Bahon Mein

Bambai Raat Ki Bahon Mein (transl. In the Arms of the Bombay Night) is a 1967 suspense crime-thriller Hindi film written, produced and directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas. The film starred Vimal Ahuja, Surekha, David, Irshad Panjatan, A. K. Hangal, Madhukar, Kuljit Pal and debutantes Jalal Agha and Persis Khambatta in major roles.
At the 1967 National Film Awards it won the National Film Award for Best Cinematography for Ramachandra.

## Cast

* Vimal Ahuja as Amar Kumar
* Surekha as Asha
* Madhavi as Rosy
* David Abraham as Barrister Rameshchand
* Persis Khambatta as Lily / Leela
* Prakash as Tikam / Toto
* Yunus Parvez as Chaiwala
* Akhtar Siraj
* Jalal Agha as Johnny / Joseph
* A.K. Hangal as Sonadas Doleria
* Prithviraj Kapoor as himself
* Irshad Panjatan as Sevakram

## Soundtrack

The film has music by J.P. Kaushik and lyrics by Hasan Kamal.
* "Bambai Raat Ki Bahon Mein" - Asha Bhosle
* "Jalti Hui Jawanian Yeh Unkahi Kahaniyan" - Mahendra Kapoor
* "Usne Jo Kaha Mujse Ek Geet Suna Do Na" - Sulakshana Pandit
# Oval (novel)

Oval is a 2019 dystopian fiction novel by Elvia Wilk.

## Summary

In a near-future Berlin, a young couple move into an experimental housing community on an artificial mountain advertised, receiving free rent on condition of signing a non-disclosure agreement about the conditions in the community with the corporation that runs it. However, the situation takes a turn for the worse when one half of the couple announces that he has invented a drug that promotes generosity and intends to use it as a cure for inequality.

## Themes

In an interview with Berlin Art Link, Wilk stated that the inspiration for the artificial mountain in the novel came from a proposed development of Tempelhofer Feld, which she called a "dramatic and megalomaniac statement for visible un-development, which poses an alternative to the constant imperative to densify and maximize urban space." She added that "much of the book is occupied with tracing architectural transformations and tracking how the control of space is central to power struggle in most cities."
Katy Waldman of The New Yorker stated that the novel presents "capitalism as a metastasizing dream," adding that it shows a society that lives in "the end stage of something, whether it’s capitalism or humanity or the earth itself." Kristen Iversen of Nylon stated that the book explores how "the ruling class' adoption of the language of reform and revolution has neutralized it," calling the world of the novel "a late-stage capitalism nightmare."

## Reception

Kirkus Reviews called the novel "deeply weird and unsettlingly hilarious," saying that it presented "a near future that’s too plausible for comfort." Michael Friedrich of the Los Angeles Review of Books described the novel as belonging to the postmodernist tradition, saying that it presented a "blistering diagnosis of how today’s social structures have shaped us," adding that it was "astute at rendering the social comedy of our malaise." Alex Ronan of The Nation stated that the book "exquisitely depicts the exhaustion of trying to maintain your footing among the reality distortions of 21st-century companies like Google," but added that "Wilk struggles with the book’s central arc, the titular designer drug with big promises." Jason Sheehan of NPR described the novel as a "slow-growing, smoldering fire that doesn't really dig in and become something until the very, very, very end," saying that while he appreciated the use of the absurd in the book, "the road she took to get there just wasn't interesting enough to make the trip worthwhile."
# Bangandu language

Bangando and Ngombe constitute a Gbaya language of Cameroon and CAR.
There are two populations: Bangando proper (Bàngàndò), in Cameroon, and Ngombe (Ba(n)gando-Ngombe, Ngombe-Kaka) clustered around Mambéré-Kadéï Prefecture across the border in the Central African Republic. There are several populations called Ngombe, and it is not clear to which the spurious ISO code for Ngombe belongs. On a global scale, Bangando is considered to be a threatened language with approximately anywhere between 2,700-3,500 speakers. Language status levels can be derived from the Ethnologue Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale.

## Distribution

Bangandu is spoken at the southern end of Boumba-et-Ngoko department (Eastern Region) in the commune of Moloundou, along the road from the main town of Moloundou to Lokomo. Bangandu is also spoken in Congo. In both Cameroon and Congo, there are about 2,700 speakers total (Voegelin & Voegelin 1977). (Bangandu, called Bangantou by the local government, should not be confused with Bageto, also called Bananto, which is a Mpo dialect.)
A very similar variety, Ngombe, is spoken in the Central African Republic between Gamboula (on the Cameroonian border) and Berbérati.

## Sociolinguistic situation

Speakers of Bangando tend to be localized around regions of Southern Cameroon. The language of Bangando is classified as a field dependent and relies on a specific level of field dependence in order to be learned, according to authors J.W. Berry, S.H Irvine and E.G. Hunt in their book Indigenous Cognition: Functioning in Cultural Context. Field dependent language learning involves the complete envelopment of an individual into the community of which the language is spoken. Authors J.W. Berry, S.H Irvine and E.G. Hunt further develop upon the lack of education indigenous speakers receive in order to thrive outside of the Bangando community. This aspect of the Bangando community could be indirectly linked to the exclusivity of the Bangando language. Multiple accounts of Bangando speakers, including an account written by author Victor Barnouw found in journal American Anthropologist tend to depict indigenous speakers as agriculturalists and gatherers.
# Banlic station

Banlic station is an under-construction railway station located on the North–South Commuter Railway in Laguna, Philippines.

## Description

Banlic is one of the two interchange points between the North–South Commuter Railway (NSCR) and the PNR South Long Haul inter-city rail lines. It is currently set to be the terminus of South Long Haul Phase 1 while Sucat, the planned passenger terminus of the system, shall only be built by Phase 4. Meanwhile, Calamba being the next station to the south, is a terminus of the NSCR as a whole. This makes Banlic the penultimate station for southbound NSCR trains heading for Calamba and northbound South Long Haul trains heading for Sucat. It will also replace Mamatid station for the NSCR, located a few hundred meters to the north from the site.
The proposed station will feature six tracks, four from the South Long Haul and two from the NSCR. Four platforms have been allotted for the system with two side platforms for the NSCR, and one island and one side platform for the South Long Haul.

### Other facilities

Also near the site is the Banlic rail yard, where NSCR South's trainsets shall be stored.
# Oxycnemis grandimacula

Oxycnemis grandimacula is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae (the owlet moths). It was first described by William Barnes and James Halliday McDunnough in 1910 and it is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Oxycnemis grandimacula is 10048.
# Bang Bang Ball

Bang Bang Ball is an arcade game released by Banpresto in 1996. Skateboarding mice must throw colored balls against clusters of moving balls, while avoiding being hit by any of the balls. A thrown ball hitting one or more balls of the same colour causes them to disappear. Special balls have special effects such as exploding nearby balls or temporarily immobilizing the balls.
# Oxypiloidea brunneriana

Oxypiloidea brunneriana is a species of praying mantis in the family Hymenopodidae.
# Bangalaia stiriaca

Bangalaia stiriaca is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the type species of its genus. It was described by Duvivier in 1890. It is known from Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Oxford International Piano Festival

The Oxford International Piano Festival has taken place annually in Oxford, England, since 1998, and is now established as one of the world's foremost summer music academies.
The Festival comprises several professors and professional pianists giving masterclasses to approximately 20 students over the period of one week, usually in late July or early August. Selection for participants is highly competitive, as the Festival draws interest from young virtuosi from across the world. The Festival also includes a series of concerts given by the professors in a number of Oxford University's concert venues, including Christ Church Cathedral, the Holywell Music Room and the Magdalen College Auditorium.

## History

The Festival is hosted by St Hilda's College, Oxford, and the masterclasses take place in the Jacqueline Du Pré Music Building. Previous professors have included Peter Donohoe, Jack Gibbons, Gary Graffman, Niel Immelman, Andras Schiff and Fou Ts'ong. The Festival is run by the Oxford Philomusica, of which Marios Papadopoulos, who also acts as the Artistic Director of the Festival, is conductor.
# Gymnothorax richardsonii

Gymnothorax richardsonii is a moray eel found in coral reefs in the Pacific and Indian oceans. It was first named by Pieter Bleeker in 1852, and is commonly known as the Richardson's moray, little moray, spotted-lip moray, or the Y-lined moray. It is known as Bakasi in Cordova, Cebu in the Philippines.
# Gustaf Düben

Gustaf Düben (also spelt Gustav) (Swedish pronunciation:; 1624/1628 – December 19, 1690) was a Swedish organist and composer.

## Early life

Düben was born in the 1620s in Stockholm, Sweden, the son of the German-born Andreas Düben, an organist, and Anna Maria Gabriels, lady's maid of Maria Eleonora of Brandenburg. Düben was sent by his father to Germany for education in his youth. He was a student of Sweelinck.
In 1654, Düben married Dutch merchant's daughter Emerentia Standaert. They had at least nine children.

## Career

In 1647 Gustav became part of the Swedish royal court orchestra, the Kungliga Hovkapellet, where he would succeed as Hofkapellmeister in 1663 after the death of his father the previous year. Both of his sons would follow in their father's footsteps, Gustav (sv) holding the office from 1690 to 1698 and Anders (sv) from 1698 to 1726.
In addition to his court duties, he was organist at the German Church in Stockholm.
Düben composed a few works in the North German style prevalent in his time, including both vocal music and instrumental music.
However, these do not constitute the most important aspect of his contribution to music. From the 1640s, Düben begun compiling a manuscript collection of compositions from his time, some of which he had acquired from his travels in foreign lands. Named after him as the Düben collection, it is one of the most important sources for music of the 17th century, notably being the only surviving copy of many works by Dieterich Buxtehude.
# P.A. Sheppard

Professor Percival Albert "Peter" Sheppard CBE FRS (12 May 1907 – 22 December 1977) was a Meteorologist at Imperial College, London from 1952 to 1974 and thereafter emeritus professor.
He was born in Box, Wiltshire and was educated at City of Bath Boys School and the University of Bristol, graduating with a first class honours BSc in 1927. He stayed on there as a student demonstrator, doing research on the loading of gaseous ions by polar molecules.
In 1929, he joined the Meteorological Office at Kew Observatory, where he carried out studies on the atmospheric electrical balance in good and bad weather. In 1932 he was one of a six-man British expedition to Fort Rae in Northwest Canada, where he carried out observations of atmospheric electricity. The following year he was posted to the Chemical Warfare Experimental Station at Porton Down in Wiltshire, where he spent five years studying air motion in the boundary layer (the first few 100 metres above the Earth's surface).
In 1939 he was appointed a reader in Meteorology at Imperial College but when war broke out was seconded to the Air Ministry to set up a Meteorological Office Training School in London to train weather forecasters. After the war, he returned to Imperial College, where he helped Professor David Brunt establish a teaching programme for the Diploma of Imperial College and the University of London Master of Science degree, eventually succeeding him as Professor in 1952. He continued his work on atmospheric motion in the boundary layer, but gradually became more involved in committee work and lecturing.
In 1939 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society and served as a council member, editor of the Quarterly Journal, vice-president and President (1957–59). In 1963 he was honoured for his lifetime's work with the society's Symons Gold Medal and with the award of a CBE. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1964.
He died in 1977. He had married Phyllis and had two sons.
# Bankshot Billiards 2

Bankshot Billiards 2 is a Sports simulation video game developed by PixelStorm, as a sequel to Bankshot Billiards. It was released on November 22, 2005, on Xbox Live Arcade. The pool (pocket billiards) simulator offers nine different game modes including nine-ball, eight-ball, Euro eight-ball (blackball), cutthroat, 14.1 continuous (straight pool), three-ball, trick shots, "Time Trial" (speed pool), and golf. It offers a wide range of graphic customization including table style, felt color, wood grain, ball set, and cue stick.
Support for the Xbox Live Vision Camera was added on September 20, 2006.
On December 4, 2007, Bankshot Billiards 2 was declared an "XBLA Hit" and received a reduction in price.

## Multiplayer mode

Bankshot Billiards 2 offers multiplayer play. Two players can play against each other via Xbox Live or on the same console.

## Reception

Aggregate score :
| Aggregator | Score |
| Metacritic | 65/100 |
Review scores :
| Publication | Score |
| GameSpot | 4.2/10 |
| GamesRadar+ | |
| IGN | 7.5/10 |
| TeamXbox | 8/10 |
Bankshot Billiards 2 received mixed reviews from critics. On Metacritic, the game holds a score of 65/100 based on 15 reviews.
The game received praise for its physics, variety of game modes and visual customization, but was criticized for inconsistent opponent AI and repetitive soundtrack. It was also criticized for its launch price, 1200 Microsoft Points (US$15), which made it the most expensive Xbox Live Arcade game at the time of its release.