OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Daryl Chapin

Daryl Muscott Chapin (21 July 1906 – 19 January 1995) was an American physicist, best known for co-inventing solar cells in 1954 during his work at Bell Labs alongside Calvin S. Fuller and Gerald Pearson. For this, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2008.

## Biography

Chapin was born in Ellensburg, Washington on 21 July 1906, although he spent his childhood in Salem, Oregon. There, he obtained his bachelor's degree from Willamette University and later on received his master's from the University of Washington. Before joining AT&T in 1930, he lectured physics at Oregon State College for a year.
Prior to working on solar cells, he worked on magnetic materials. While working on power sources for remote telephone systems in humid areas such as the tropics, where dry cell batteries are unreliable, he investigated solar power as an energy source after considering alternatives like thermoelectric generators and small steam engines. Initially he investigated selenium, getting efficiencies which were too low with a yield of about 4.9 watts per square meter.
At the same time, Pearson and Fuller were working on altering semiconductor properties through introduction of impurities. They created a p–n junction by dipping a gallium-doped silicon piece in lithium at around 500 °C before exposing it to sunlight, hence discovering its ability to generate photocurrents. Pearson informed Chapin of this discovery, prompting him to switch materials and after a year the functional solar cell was demonstrated on 25 April 1954. The solar cells delivered a power of about 60 watts per square meter, for an efficiency of 6 percent, and was patented as a "solar energy converting apparatus".
The initial discovery attracted major media attention, with the New York Times reporting the discovery on its first page as one which "may mark the beginning of a new era, leading eventually to the realization of one of mankind’s most cherished dreams–the harnessing of the almost limitless energy of the sun for the uses of civilization". It initially failed to gain major commercialization due to its still-prohibitive costs and found only niche use in small electronic devices such as the transistor radio. However, the Pentagon found use of the technology for their satellites and in 1958 launched the Vanguard 1, the first solar-powered satellite.
For the discovery, Chapin was awarded an honorary doctorate by his alma mater, Willamette, and the John Scott Medal from Philadelphia, both in 1956. By 1959, he had simplified the solar cell's experiment to the point where it was performed by high school students across the United States. In order to bring down the cost, he experimented with polycrystalline silicon but was unable to reproduce the efficiencies of the single crystals. He died in his home in Naples, Florida on 19 January 1995, at age 88. After his death, he was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2008 alongside his two co-workers.
# Adam's Venture

Adam's Venture is an episodic adventure game developed by Vertigo Games, a Dutch indie developer.

## Series

* Episode 1: The Search for the Lost Garden, was released on October 2, 2009
* Episode 2: Solomon's Secret was released on April 8, 2011
* Episode 3: Revelations was released on March 9, 2012.
* Chronicles, a compilation of all three episodes in one, with graphic and gameplay improvements, was released on February 4, 2014 for PlayStation 3 and on August 3, 2015 for PC.
* Origins, a reimagining spanning the story of the three episodes, adding a few elements but cutting many others, was released on April 1, 2016 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and PC. It was later ported to Nintendo Switch on May 29, 2020.

## Story

The player directs the young explorer Adam Venture on a quest for the Garden of Eden and Solomon's Temple.

## Reception

Episode 1 received mixed reviews from critics, garnering a 52/100 on the review aggregation website Metacritic.
# Darshan Singh Awara

Darshan Singh Awara (1906–1982) was an Indian poet, who wrote poetry under the impulse of the Indian Freedom Struggle in the early 1920s.

## Poetry

The tone and diction of these poems were nationalist revolutionary and they were first published in a volume named Bijii di Tarak (The Lap of Lightning). It was confiscated by the British Government under the title Bhaghawat (Rebellion), followed in 1941 by Main Baghi Han (I am a Rebel). The rebellion at this state has gone from mere political defiance of the British rulers to the more fundamental spiritual rebellion against the belief in an all-pervading divinity and the principles and tactics of institutional religion. Awara saw the variety of religions in India as obstacles in the way not only of the National struggle for freedom but also of basic humanity. He died in 1982.
# Ivo Šušak

Ivo Šušak (born 10 June 1948) is a Croatian football manager. He was the head coach of Dinamo Vinkovci, Zagreb, Osijek, Maribor, and Dinamo Tbilisi. He was also the head coach of Croatia under-21 team and the Georgian national team.

## Career

When managing Osijek in the 1994–1995 season, they qualified for the UEFA Cup for the first time in their history.
During the 2000–01 Slovenian PrvaLiga season he coached Maribor and won the league with the club, thus becoming the first foreign coach with the title of the Slovenian football champion. He has also won a Georgian championship and cup with Dinamo Tbilisi. He won the CIS Cup in Moscow with Dinamo Tbilisi in 2004. In May 2010, he replaced Igor Štimac as manager of NK Zagreb, his third spell at the club.
In February 2015, he was announced manager of Osijek for a third time as well.

## Honours
### Manager

Zagreb
* Yugoslav Third League: 1989–90
* Yugoslav Second League: 1990–91
Maribor
* Slovenian PrvaLiga: 2000–01
Dinamo Tbilisi
* Georgian Premier League: 2002–03
* Georgian Cup: 2003–04
* Commonwealth of Independent States Cup: 2004
# J. Hyam Rubinstein

Joachim Hyam Rubinstein FAA (born 7 March 1948, in Melbourne) is an Australian top mathematician specialising in low-dimensional topology; he is currently serving as an honorary professor in the Department of Mathematics and Statistics at the University of Melbourne, having retired in 2019.
He has spoken and written widely on the state of the mathematical sciences in Australia, with particular focus on the impacts of reduced Government spending for university mathematics departments.

## Education

In 1965, Rubinstein matriculated (i.e. graduated) from Melbourne High School in Melbourne, Australia winning the maximum of four exhibitions. In 1969, he graduated from Monash University in Melbourne, with a B.Sc.(Honours) degree in mathematics.
In 1974, Rubinstein received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley under the advisership of John Stallings. His dissertation was on the topic of Isotopies of Incompressible Surfaces in Three Dimensional Manifolds.

## Research interests

His major contributions include results involving almost normal Heegaard splittings and the closely related joint work with Jon T. Pitts relating strongly irreducible Heegaard splittings to minimal surfaces, joint work with William Jaco on special triangulations of 3-manifolds (namely 0-efficient and 1-efficient triangulations), and joint work with Martin Scharlemann on the Rubinstein–Scharlemann graphic. He is a key figure in the algorithmic theory of 3-manifolds, and one of the initial developers of the Regina program, which implements his 3-sphere recognition algorithm.
His research interests also include: shortest networks applied to underground mine design, machine learning, learning theory, financial mathematics, and stock market trading systems.

## Honours

* Past President of the Australian Mathematical Society.
* Chair of the Australian Committee for the Mathematical Sciences.
* Elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 2003.
* Recipient of the Hannan Medal in 2004.
* Recipient of the George Szekeres Medal in 2008.
* Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, 2012.
* From July 11 to 22, 2011, a workshop and conference in his honour, jointly titled “Hyamfest: Geometry & Topology Down Under”, were held at the University of Melbourne.
# Achim (disambiguation)

Achim may refer to:

## People

* Achim, descendant of David
* Achim (name), a short form for German given name Joachim and a Romanian surname

## Places

* Achim, also Achim bei Bremen, a town in the district of Verden, Lower Saxony, Germany
* Achim, Wolfenbüttel, a village in the district of Wolfenbüttel, Lower Saxony, Germany
* Achim District, a former kreis (district) of the Prussian Province of Hanover from 1885 to 1932
# Morgantown Marathon

The Morgantown Marathon is a 42.195 km (26.2 mi) race run through the seven wards of Morgantown, West Virginia. Its inaugural run was held in 2015. An official time from the Morgantown Marathon can be used as a qualifying event for the Boston Marathon. In addition to the full marathon race, the Morgantown Marathon also includes an 8K race (‘The Mountain Mama 8K”) and a half-marathon.
The 2020 edition of the race was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic, with all registrants given the option of transferring their entry to 2021 or obtaining a full refund.

## Course

The Morgantown Marathon is notable for its difficult course. Although the marathon course begins and ends at the WVU Coliseum—home of West Virginia University basketball games—runners navigate numerous elevation changes over the intermediate 26.2 miles. The final mile is among the steepest sections of the course, rising from the downtown area adjacent to the Monongahela River to finish line at the WVU Coliseum.

## Tagline

The Morgantown Marathon's tagline is "26.2 Almost Heavenly Miles." This motto comes from the song "Take Me Home, Country Roads" by John Denver where the state is referred to as "almost heaven."

## Winners

Key:  Course record
| Ed. | Year | Men's winner | Time | Women's winner | Time |
| 1 | 2015 | Greg Rolfes (USA) | 2:43:39.97 | Kassandra Marin (USA) | 3:24:28.04 |
| 2 | 2016 | Bryan Morseman (USA) | 2:33:30.03 | Clara Santucci (USA) | 2:58:11.61 |
| 3 | 2017 | Bryan Morseman (USA) | 2:32:36.60 | Monicah Wahome (USA) | 3:21:47.75 |
| 4 | 2018 | Bryan Morseman (USA) | 2:33:27.62 | Kate Hails (USA) | 3:04:54.23 |
| 5 | 2019 | Bryan Morseman (USA) | 2:33:29.78 | Kate Hails (USA) | 3:10:13.21 |
| | 2020 | cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic | cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic | cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic | cancelled due to coronavirus pandemic |
# Jack Doolan (politician)

John Kevin Raphael "Jack" Doolan (14 June 1927 – 29 January 1995) was an Australian politician. He was the Labor member for Victoria River in the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly from 1977 to 1983. He is best known for having toppled Majority Leader Goff Letts in the 1977 election—one of the few times that a major-party leader in Australia has been defeated in his own electorate. Doolan was re-elected in 1980, but had been removed from the Labor caucus by the 1983 election and recontested and lost as an Independent Labor candidate.
Prior to his election, Doolan worked as a patrol officer with the Australian Government Department of Aboriginal Affairs.
# Adam Shantry

Adam John Shantry (born 13 November 1982) is an English cricketer. He is a left-handed batsman and a left-arm medium-fast bowler.
Shantry played for Shropshire as a youngster, joining Northamptonshire in 2003 and then moving to Warwickshire two years later. In 2007 he played two first-class matches for Warwickshire taking four wickets but he was released at the end of the season. He subsequently signed a two-year deal with Glamorgan. and scored his first ever 100 against Leicestershire on 6 August 2009 he also has a SC. He announced his retirement in August 2011, having failed to recover from a persistent knee injury. In all he claimed 90 wickets in 32 first-class games at an average 24.60.
Born in Bristol, Shantry's father, Brian also played county cricket, for Gloucestershire.
Shantry is a devoted Bristol City fan and follows them around the country in the cricket off-season. Adam and his family live in Shrewsbury. In January 2017 he was promoted to the role of Cricket Professional at Shrewsbury School. His wife is a Maths teacher at the same school.
In September 2013, Shantry was part of a group who swam the English Channel in memory of former teammate Tom Maynard, who died in 2012. He hopes to raise £10,000 for the Tom Maynard Trust.
# Matthew 12:5

Matthew 12:5 is the fifth verse in the twelfth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament.

## Content

In the original Greek according to Westcott-Hort, this verse is:
    Ἢ οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε ἐν τῷ νόμῳ, ὅτι τοῖς σάββασιν οἱ ἱερεῖς ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ τὸ σάββατον βεβηλοῦσι, καὶ ἀναίτιοί εἰσι;
In the King James Version of the Bible the text reads:
    Or have ye not read in the law, how that on the sabbath days the priests in the temple profane the sabbath, and are blameless?
The New International Version translates the passage as:
    Or haven't you read in the Law that on the Sabbath the priests in the temple desecrate the day and yet are innocent?

## Analysis

Jesus appears to refer to the slaying and skinning and cutting up of animals, in addition to the laying of wood, and kindling a fire, by which animals were burnt to the honour of God. Although in themselves, they are considered work, and would profane the Sabbath unless piety allowed it. So also as necessity from hunger excused David, the disciples are excused from a breach of the Sabbath because they follow the Messiah, and are so intent upon Jesus' teaching that they have forgotten to prepare food.

## Commentary from the Church Fathers

Jerome: " As though He had said, Ye bring complaints against my disciples, that on the sabbath they rub ears of corn in their hands, under stress of hunger, and ye yourselves profane the sabbath, slaying victims in the temple, killing bulls, burning holocausts on piles of wood; also, on the testimony of another Gospel (John 7:23.), ye circumcise infants on the sabbath; so that in keeping one law, ye break that concerning the sabbath. But the laws of God are never contrary one to another; wisely therefore, wherein His disciples might be accused of having transgressed them, He shows that therein they followed the examples of Achimelech and David; and this their pretended charge of breaking the sabbath He retorts truly, and not having the plea of necessity, upon those who had brought the accusation."
# Matt Powell

Matthew Powell (born 8 May 1978 in Abergavenny, Wales) is a Welsh rugby union footballer, who played for Worcester Warriors at scrum-half.
Powell was educated at Christ College Brecon and played for the first XV, coached by Jon Williams, between 1994 and 1996. Powell was part of Orchard House and later studied at Brunel University.
He caught the eye of Saracens and played in the same team as Danny Grewcock.
He left Saracens to join Harlequins in June 2000 and played in the Tetley's Bitter Cup final of 2001 against Newcastle Falcons. He played every game on the way to the final.
Powell joined Worcester Warriors in 2003, and in 2007 penned a new three-year deal to commit himself to the club until 2010.
He was involved in the Wales set-up for the last two games of the Six Nations in 2006. His consistent displays were later rewarded with a late call-up to play for the Barbarians in their annual match as a replacement for the former All Black, Justin Marshall. He has also made over 100 appearances in the English elite.
He announced his retirement after the 08–09 season and took up a position in the backroom staff.
Powell is currently Business Development Director at Bath RFC.
# Hongtashan

Hongtashan (simplified Chinese: 红塔山; traditional Chinese: 紅塔山; pinyin: Hóngtǎshān) is a Chinese brand of cigarettes. It is owned and manufactured by Hongta Group, and was formerly known as Yuxi Cigarette Factory. The brand was founded as a gift contributing to the 10th anniversary of the Chinese Communists winning the Chinese Civil War and the proclamation of the People's Republic of China.

## History

Hongtashan was launched in 1959 and gets its name from the location of its main production facility, Hongtashan Hill ('Red Pagoda Hill') in Yuxi. The cigarettes are made with a flue-cured tobacco type and therefore sugar and nicotine levels are relatively high. Hongtashan cigarettes are mainly sold in China, though the export business is still a major operation, under the control of Indonesian businessman Ted Sioeng. In the United States, the brand is sold as 'Red Pagoda Mountain'.
In 2001, Hongtashan was awarded "China's Most Valuable Brand" for 7 consecutive years by the People's Daily, beating household appliances brand Haier.
In 2004, Hong Kong-based distributor Silver Base Sales Manager Alex Chung (left) and Marco Tse, reported that they wanted to export the Hongtashan Premium variant to European and U.S. based Duty Free airport shops after the ease of visa restrictions for Chinese abroad. Retailers from Heathrow Airport, Charles de Gaulle Airport, San Francisco International Airport and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol expressed interest in the product during the TFWA World Exhibition 2004, and were firming up the details with Silver Base. Southeast Asian airports began selling the cigarettes from April 2004. Of these locations, Singapore Changi Airport sold the highest volume.
In 2015, Hongtashan won the title of "Yunnan Famous Brand Product" and ranked among the top 500 Chinese brands.
# Messy Situationz

Messy Situationz is the debut album by American rapper Messy Marv.

## Track listing

* Ghetto Blues (Featuring The Madd Felon)
* Children's Story
* PHD's (featuring HK)
* In The Game
* Dank Session
* Messy Situationz
* A Poor Man's Dream (featuring JT The Bigga Figga & San Quinn)
* On The DL
* Ghetto Glamour Hood Hoe's
* Game To Be $old & Told
* Too Hot
* Freak Down (featuring Trev-G)
* The Back Streets
* The Chronic
# Conn Aerodrome

Conn Aerodrome (TC LID: CCN4) is located 3.6 nautical miles (6.7 km; 4.1 mi) east of Conn, Ontario, Canada.
# Metajapyx codinai

Metajapyx codinai is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.
# III Corps (South Vietnam)

III Corps (Vietnamese: Quân đoàn III) was a corps of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), the army of the nation state of South Vietnam that existed from 1955 to 1975. It was one of four corps in the ARVN, and oversaw the region of the country surrounding the capital Saigon.
III Corps was activated in September 1959 and controlled the country south of Phan Thiet excluding Saigon which was controlled by the Capital Military District (CMD). In 1962, President Ngô Đình Diệm decided to split the Corps into two, the former III Corps area being reduced in size to cover the area northeast of Saigon and the newly created IV Corps taking over the west and southwest.
The Fifth Division based in Bien Hoa on the northern outskirts of Saigon was a part of III Corps, and due to the division's close proximity to the capital was a key factor in the success or failure of the various coup attempts in the nation's history.
As from 7 June 1966 the CMD became a subordinate command of III Corps.

## Divisions

* 5th Infantry Division
* 18th Infantry Division
* 25th Infantry Division
# Consolea moniliformis

Consolea moniliformis is a species of cactus that is native to the Greater Antilles, on Cuba, Hispaniola (in the Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Puerto Rico (on the islands of Mona, Culebra and Desecheo).

## Names

Common names include:
* English: necklacelike pricklypear
* French: Opuntia patte-de-tortue, patte de tortue, patte tortue, raquette espagnole (Haiti)
* Spanish: alpargata (Dominican Republic), tuna (Puerto Rico)
* Haitian Creole: pat tôti, rakèt panyôl

## Conservation

Damage from the invasive moth Cactoblastis cactorum was not recorded in Dominican populations, but moderately present in Puerto Rican populations. Deforestation in Haiti has led to the suspicion of its extirpation there. Despite these threats, the species is considered Least Concern by the IUCN Red List.
# Darıalan, Yenice

Darıalan is a village in the Yenice District of Çanakkale Province in Turkey. Its population is 130 (2021).
# Great Britain at the 1976 Winter Paralympics

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland competed at the inaugural Winter Paralympic Games in 1976 in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. The team was known by it shortened name of Great Britain, for identification purposes. The team was made up of athletes from the whole United Kingdom; athletes from Northern Ireland, who could later elect to hold Irish citizenship under the pre-1999 article 2 of the Irish constitution, were only eligible to represent Great Britain at this time. However no Northern Irish athletes took part in the Winter Paralympics until 2010 in Vancouver. Events were held for amputees and visually impaired athletes.
Britain entered six athletes, all of them men. The team was represented in both sports at the Games with five participants in cross-country skiing and one in alpine skiing. They did not win any medals.

## Alpine skiing

Britain was represented in alpine skiing by a single athlete, Michael Hammond, who competed in the men's giant slalom (category II), finishing twelfth and last with a real time of 354.59, and in the men's slalom (category II), finishing sixteenth and last with a real time of 221.28.

## Cross-country skiing

Britain’s cross-country skiing team consisted in Mike Brace, Devec Howie, John Howie, Graham Salmon and Peter Young.
# Heavy Metal Be-Bop

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Rolling Stone Jazz Record Guide | |
Heavy Metal Be-Bop is a live album by the American jazz fusion group, the Brecker Brothers that was released by Arista Records in 1978. The album also includes the studio track "East River", which reached No. 34 in the UK singles chart in November 1978.

## Reception

AllMusic awarded the album with 3 stars and its review by Paul Kohler states: "Recorded live in New York, this explosive set of jazz, funk, and rock material was without question ahead of its time. Michael and Randy's use of electronically altered saxophone and trumpet sounds is amazing".

## Track listing

All compositions by Randy Brecker except where noted.
* "East River" (Neil Jason, Bret Mazur, Kash Monet) — 3:35 – studio recording
* "Inside Out" — 9:31
* "Some Skunk Funk" — 6:59
* "Sponge" — 6:23
* "Funky Sea, Funky Dew" (Michael Brecker) — 8:02
* "Squids" — 7:56

## Charts

| Year | Single | Chart positions |
| Year | Single | UK Singles Chart |
| 1978 | "East River" | 34 |

## Personnel

* Randy Brecker – Trumpet and Keyboards
* Michael Brecker – Tenor Saxophone
* Barry Finnerty – guitars, guitorganiser, background vocals
* Terry Bozzio – drums, background vocals
* Neil Jason – bass, lead vocals
* Sammy Figueroa – percussion
* Rafael Cruz – percussion
* Additional musicians on "East River"
** Kash Monet – handclaps, percussion, backing vocals
** Paul Shaffer – Fender Rhodes
** Victoria – tambourine
** Jeff Schoen – backing vocals
** Roy Herring – backing vocals
** Allan Schwartzberg – drums
** Bob Clearmountain – handclaps
NOTE: On this specific recording Randy and Michael run their instruments through guitar amplifiers and play with various effects.
# Pardalaspinus

Pardalaspinus is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.
# 4 Armoured Close Support Battalion REME

4 Armoured Close Support Battalion REME is a battalion of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers of the British Army.

## History

The battalion was formed in 2000, from the grouping of 9 Armoured Close Support Company, 10 Armoured Company, and 17 Field Support Company. Initially stationed at Prince Philip Barracks in Bordon, the battalion moved to Tidworth Camp in March 2010.
In September 2021, 100 personnel from the battalion performed public duties in London, marking the first time the corps has done so in more than 30 years.

## Future Soldier

Under the Future Soldier reforms, the battalion is due to re-subordinate to the 12th Armoured Brigade Combat Team.

## Structure

The battalion's current structure is as follows:
* 9 Armoured Company
* 10 Armoured Company
* 17 HQ Company