OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Input Field Separators

For many command line interpreters (“shell”) of Unix operating systems, the input field separators or internal field separators or $IFS shell variable holds characters used to separate text into tokens.
The value of IFS, (in the bash shell) typically includes the space, tab, and the newline characters by default. These whitespace characters can be visualized by issuing the "declare" command in the bash shell or printing IFS with commands like printf %s "$IFS" | od -c, printf "%q\n" "$IFS" or printf %s "$IFS" | cat -A (the latter two commands being only available in some shells and on some systems).
From the Bash, version 4 man page:
   The shell treats each character of $IFS as a delimiter, and splits the results of the other expansions into words on these characters. If IFS is unset, or its value is exactly <space><tab><newline>, the default, then sequences of <space>, <tab>, and <newline> at the beginning and end of the results of the previous expansions are ignored, and any sequence of IFS characters not at the beginning or end serves to delimit words. If IFS has a value other than the default, then sequences of the whitespace characters space and tab are ignored at the beginning and end of the word, as long as the whitespace character is in the value of IFS (an IFS whitespace character). Any character in IFS that is not IFS whitespace, along with any adjacent IFS whitespace characters, delimits a field. A sequence of IFS whitespace characters is also treated as a delimiter. If the value of IFS is null, no word splitting occurs.

## IFS abbreviation

According to the Open Group Base Specifications, IFS is an abbreviation for "input field separators." A newer version of this specification mentions that "this name is misleading as the IFS characters are actually used as field terminators." However IFS is often referred to as "internal field separators."

## Exploits

IFS was usable as an exploit in some versions of Unix. A program with root permissions could be fooled into executing user-supplied code if it ran (for instance) system("/bin/mail") and was called with $IFS set to "/", in which case it would run the program "bin" (in the current directory and thus writable by the user) with root permissions. This has been fixed by making the shells not inherit the IFS variable.
# Conospermum flexuosum

Conospermum flexuosum, commonly known as the tangled smokebush, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a sprawling shrub with many zig-zag branches, panicles of white to pale blue, tube-shaped flowers and urn-shaped, hairy nuts.

## Description

Conospermum flexuosum is a sprawling shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 0.2–1.5 m (7.9 in – 4 ft 11.1 in) and has many zig-zag or winding branches. The leaves are clustered at the base of the plant, spatula-shaped, square or almost circular in cross-section, 65–240 mm (2.6–9.4 in) long and 4–17 mm (0.16–0.67 in) wide on a petiole 17–70 mm (0.67–2.76 in) long. Older plants are often leafless. The flowers are borne in branching panicles with heads of 3 to 7 flowers on the ends with brownish-blue bracteoles 1.5–2.5 mm (0.059–0.098 in) long with velvety hairs. The perianth is tube-shaped, 2.0–3.5 mm (0.079–0.138 in) long and white to pale blue with woolly white or rust-coloured hairs, the lobes 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long and 0.5–1 mm (0.020–0.039 in) wide. Flowering occurs from May to October, and the fruit is an urn-shaped nut, 2.5–3.0 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long and 1.75–2.5 mm (0.069–0.098 in) wide and covered with soft, brown, red or white hairs.

## Taxonomy

Conospermum flexuosum was first formally described in 1830 by Robert Brown in his Supplementum primum Prodromi florae Novae Hollandiae from specimens collected near King George Sound by William Baxter. The specific epithet (flexuosum) means 'flexuose' or 'zig-zag', referring to the branching habit.

### Subspecies

In 1995, Eleanor Marion Bennett described two subspecies of Conospermum flexuosum in the Flora of Australia, and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
* Conospermum flexuosum R.Br. subsp. flexuosum has tuberculate branches with 4 to 6 ridges, with veins between the tubercules.
* Conospermum flexuosum subsp. laevigatum (Meisn.)E.M.Benn. (previously known as Conospermum flexuosum var. laevigatum Meisn.) has branches without tubercules, and 8 to 12 ribs.

## Distribution and habitat

Conospermum flexuosum is found in sand pockets among granite outcrops, on winter-wet flat areas and along roadsides in the Esperance Plains, Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren bioregions of south-west Western Australia. Subspecies flexuosum occurs near Albany, south of the Stirling Range and east to Wellstead, but subsp, laevigatum mostly occurs between Capel and Busselton, and east to Nannup.

## Conservation status

Both subspecies of C. flexuosum are listed as "not threatened" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
# Alfonseca

Alfonseca is a Spanish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Antonio Alfonseca (b. 1972), Dominican baseball pitcher
* Juan Bautista Alfonseca (1810–1875), Dominican military officer and composer
* Manuel Alfonseca (b. 1946), Spanish writer and university professor
* Rosa María Alfonseca (b. 1953), Mexican graphic artist
# Hurricane Hutch in Many Adventures

Hurricane Hutch in Many Adventures is a 1924 British silent comedy action film directed by Charles Hutchison and starring Charles Hutchison, Warwick Ward and Malcolm Tod.

## Cast

* Charles Hutchison - Hurricane Hutch
* Warwick Ward - Dick
* Malcolm Tod - Frank Mitchell
* Edith Thornton - Nancy Norris
* Robert Vallis - Hugh
* Ernest A. Douglas - Mr. Mitchell
* Daisy Campbell - Mrs. Mitchell
* Cecil Rayne - Butler
# Chandpura, Sikar

Chandpura is a village located in Sikar district of Rajasthan. It is 3 km away from Sikar. SH 21 passes from Chandpura. The languages Hindi and Marwari are spoken here.
# James Curley (Australian politician)

James Curley (1 February 1846 – 27 March 1913) was an Australian politician.
He was elected as the member for Newcastle in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly at a by-election in 1889. He remained in office for less than two years.
# Holsey

Holsey is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bernard Holsey (born 1973), American football player
* Frog Holsey (1906–?), American baseball pitcher
* Hopkins Holsey (1779–1856), American politician
* Joshua Holsey (born 1994), American football player
* Monique Holsey-Hyman, American politician, social worker, and academic
# Cromartie

Cromartie or Cromarty may refer to:

## People
### Sports

* Antonio Cromartie (born 1984), American football cornerback
* Da'Mon Cromartie-Smith (born 1987), American football safety
* Marcus Cromartie (born 1990), American football cornerback
* Russell Cromarty (born 1947), Australian rules footballer
* Warren Cromartie (born 1953), US baseball player
* Dominique Rodgers-Cromartie (born 1986), American football cornerback

### Others

* Ann Yearsley née Cromartie (1753–1806), English poet and writer
* Arthur Cromarty (1919–2014), US jurist
* Cromartie Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, 4th Duke of Sutherland (1851–1913), a.k.a. Lord Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, Earl Gower and the Marquess of Stafford
* George Cromarty (1941–1992), US folk guitarist and singer
* James H. Cromartie (born 1944), US artist (painter)
* Magnus Cromarty (1875–1925), Australian politician

## Places
### Australia

* Cromarty, Queensland

### Canada

* Cromarty, Ontario
* Cromarty railway station
* Cromarty Tennis Club, Nova Scotia

### Scotland

* Cromarty, a town and civil parish in Ross and Cromarty
** Cromarty dialect, of the above area
* Cromarty (Parliament of Scotland constituency) (1661–1672)
* Cromarty Firth, an arm of Moray Firth in Scotland
** Cromarty Bridge, over the above firth
** MV Cromarty Rose, a ferry that serviced the firth

## Other

* Cromarty and Dingwall Light Railway, a defunct railway line in the Highlands of Scotland
* Earl of Cromartie, a hereditary title created for the Mackenzie family
* Easley v. Cromartie, a 2001 US Supreme Court case (532 U.S. 234)
* Hunt v. Cromartie, a 1999 US Supreme Court case (526 U.S. 541)
* Cromartie, a fictional television character from Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles
# Cain and Abel (disambiguation)

Cain and Abel were the first sons of Adam and Eve in the Bible.
Cain and Abel may also refer to:

## Television

* Cain and Abel (Argentine TV series), a 2010 Argentine telenovela
* Cain and Abel (Japanese TV series), a 2016 Japanese television drama series
* Cain and Abel (South Korean TV series), a 2009 South Korean television drama series

## Other

* Cain and Abel (Titian), a 1540s painting by Titian
* Cain and Abel (Tintoretto), a c. 1550 painting by Tintoretto
* Cain and Abel (1982 film), a Philippine action drama film
* Cain and Abel (2006 film), an American independent comedy film
* Cain and Abel (comics), a pair of fictional characters in the DC Comics universe
* Cain and Abel (software), a password recovery tool
# Hammerhead

Hammerhead may refer to:

## Commercial

* Hammerhead (company), a subsidiary of SRAM Corporation

## Fiction

* Hammerhead (comics), a Marvel Comics foe of Spider-Man
* Hammerhead (film), a 1968 film based on the novel by James Mayo
* Hammerhead: Shark Frenzy a 2005 TV movie starring William Forsythe, Jeffery Combs and Hunter Tylo
* Hammerhead (1987 film), a 1987 Italian action film directed by Enzo G. Castellari
* Hammerhead (novel), a 1964 Charles Hood secret agent novel by James Mayo
* Hammerhead Hannigan, the leader of Taurus Bulba's henchmen in the television cartoon series Darkwing Duck
* Hammerhead, a Rulon character from the TV cartoon Dino-Riders
* Hammerhead, the nickname for the Star Wars character Momaw Nadon
* Hammerheads, a 1990 book by Dale Brown
* James Bond 007: Hammerhead, a 2016 James Bond comic book by Dynamite Entertainment

## Games and rides

* Hammerhead, a heavy helicopter gunship in the video game Command & Conquer 3: Kane's Wrath
* Hammer Heads, a 2006 computer game from Pop Cap Games
* Hammerhead (attraction), a former ride at Knott's Berry Farm, now defunct
* Hammerhead, a monster truck present in various titles of the Twisted Metal series of video games
* Hammerhead, the most prominent gas station and repair shop in the game Final Fantasy XV

## Music

* Hammerhead (band), noise rock band
* "Hammerhead" (Jeff Beck song), 2010
* Hammerhead (EP), a 2006 EP by Solace, or the title track
* "Hammerhead" (The Offspring song), 2008
* "Hammerhead", a song by Tin Machine, from the 1991 album Tin Machine II
* "Hammerhead" (James Reyne song), 1987
* "Hammerhead", a song from the John Zorn album Naked City
* "Hammerhead", an instrumental by Pat Travers from the album Heat in the Street
* "Hammerhead", a song by Flotsam and Jetsam, from the 1986 album Doomsday for the Deceiver
* "Hammerhead", a song by !!! from !!!, 2000

## Science and technology

* Hammerhead shark (genus Sphyrna), of which there are nine known species
* Hammerkop (Scopus umbretta), a bird of order Ciconiiformes, may also be known as a hammerhead
* Hammerhead ribozyme, which can catalyze the sequence-specific cleavage of RNA phosphodiester bonds
* Hammerhead crane, a type of crane
* Hammerhead worm
* Google Nexus 5, an Android handset with the code name Hammerhead

## Sports

* Jupiter Hammerheads, a minor league baseball team based in Jupiter, Florida
* Wilmington Hammerheads FC, a minor league soccer team based in Wilmington, North Carolina
* Corpus Christi Hammerheads, a professional arena football team
* Hammerhead turn or stall turn, an aerobatic maneuver
* Hammerhead (mascot), mascot of the British football club West Ham United

## United States Navy submarines

* USS Hammerhead (SS-364), a Gato-class submarine, commissioned in 1944
* USS Hammerhead (SSN-663), a Sturgeon-class submarine, commissioned in 1968 and struck in 1995
# Hampshire Football Association

The Hampshire Football Association, also known as Hampshire FA, is the governing body of football in the county of Hampshire, England. It also oversees the Isle of Wight Football Association.
# Happy Landing (1938 film)

Happy Landing is a 1938 American musical comedy film directed by Roy Del Ruth, starring Sonja Henie, Ethel Merman, Don Ameche and Cesar Romero.

## Plot

A bandleader, Duke Sargent, and his manager Jimmy Hall are flying from New York to Paris when they must make a forced landing in Norway. A misunderstanding results in local girl Trudy Ericksen being romantically committed to Duke, but he has Flo Kelly waiting for him back in New York and slips away.
Trudy follows him to New York, but ends up in Central Park on a skating date with Jimmy and soon is signed up as the star of a big-city ice revue.

## Cast

* Sonja Henie as Trudy
* Cesar Romero as Duke
* Don Ameche as Jimmy
* Ethel Merman as Flo
* Billy Gilbert as Counter Man
* Raymond Scott as Leader of Quintet
* Wally Vernon as Al
* Leah Ray as Specialty Singer

## Production

In November 1937 while shooting the film Henie was injured when her skate crossed on some cotton on the ice. She soon recovered and returned to work in a week.
The production numbers involved 84 skaters under dance director Henry Losee. It was difficult finding skaters who could dance and dancers who could skate so he ended up employing half dancers and half skaters and they would teach each other. Henie later took 60 of the skaters with her on tour after making the movie.

## Reception

The Los Angeles Times called it her best picture to date. The New York Times praised the "ingenious script" and "engaging support players" saying the film "has pace, humour, spectacle and a pleasant if minor score." Filmink called it "great fun. Very strong cast."

## Follow Up

Daryl F. Zanuck was so pleased with the film he optioned Henie to make three more. However shortly after the film came out Henie said she was getting sick of movie work saying "I can't stand the strain - working from early morning to seven or eight at night and I do not intend to do so. I train hard and can keep going at top speed with anybody but not as much as movies demand." When Zanuck heard this he said "this is all news to me." However she went on to make My Lucky Star for the studio.

## Home media

Happy Landing was released on Region 0 DVD-R by 20th Century Fox Cinema Archives on December 30, 2013.
# 2009 Dayton Flyers football team

The 2009 Dayton Flyers football team represented the University of Dayton as a member of the Pioneer Football League (PFL) during the 2009 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Led by second-year head coach Rick Chamberlin, the Flyers compiled an overall record of 9–2 with a mark of 7–1 in conference play, sharing the PFL title with Butler. Dayton played home games at Welcome Stadium in Dayton, Ohio.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 12 | 1:00 p.m. | Urbana* | Welcome StadiumDayton, OH | L 10–13 | 3,566 |
| September 19 | 12:00 p.m. | at Robert Morris* | Joe Walton StadiumMoon Township, PA | W 21–14 | 2,455 |
| September 26 | 1:00 p.m. | Duquesne* | Welcome StadiumDayton, OH | W 24–17 | 5,153 |
| October 3 | 7:00 p.m. | at Morehead State | Jayne StadiumMorehead, KY | W 30–15 | 4,817 |
| October 10 | 1:00 p.m. | at Campbell | Barker–Lane StadiumBuies Creek, NC | W 35–17 | 2,540 |
| October 17 | 5:00 p.m. | Davidson | Welcome StadiumDayton, OH | W 17–0 | 5,069 |
| October 24 | 1:00 p.m. | at Valparaiso | Brown FieldValparaiso, IN | W 38–7 | 1,189 |
| October 31 | 1:00 pm | San Diego | Welcome StadiumDayton, OH | W 21–14 | 3,471 |
| November 7 | 1:00 p.m. | Butler | Welcome StadiumDayton, OH | L 28–31 | 4,012 |
| November 14 | 1:00 p.m. | Drake | Drake StadiumDes Moines, IA (rivalry) | W 23–6 | 2,541 |
| November 21 | 12:00 p.m. | Marist | Welcome StadiumDayton, OH | W 27–16 | 2,594 |
| *Non-conference gameAll times are in Eastern time ||||||
# Haley Nemra

Haley Nicole Nemra (born October 4, 1989) is an American-born Marshallese track athlete from Marysville, Washington. She was the first woman to represent the Marshall Islands at the Olympics.
She represented her country at the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics in the women's 800 meters where she did not advance to the semifinals but finished with a personal best time of 2:14.90. She was flag-bearer for Marshall Islands during the Opening Ceremony in London. She competed for the University of San Francisco from 2008–2011.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Marshall Islands ||||||
| 2006 | Oceania Youth Championships | Apia, Samoa | 3rd | 800 m | 2:31.08 min |
| 2006 | Oceania Youth Championships | Apia, Samoa | 3rd | 1500 m | 5:32.57 min |
| 2010 | Micronesian Games | Koror, Palau | 2nd | 400 m | 62.15 s |
| 2010 | Micronesian Games | Koror, Palau | 1st | 800 m | 2:27.40 min |
| 2010 | Micronesian Games | Koror, Palau | 2nd | 1500 m | 5:22.80 min |
| 2010 | Micronesian Games | Koror, Palau | 3rd | 5000 m | 21:32.75 min |
| 2012 | Oceania Championships (Regional Division West) | Cairns, Australia | 2nd | 800 m | 2:16.04 min |
# Charles Congdon

Charles Willsie Congdon (November 12, 1909 – February 28, 1965) was an American professional golfer from the Pacific Northwest whose career spanned four decades: 1930s–1960s.
Congdon was the club professional at Tacoma Country and Golf Club from 1935 to 1965. During World War II, he worked as an aircraft plant inspector in Tacoma. Congdon was instrumental in forming the Pacific Northwest Section PGA and served three terms as president. He also served as a vice-president of the PGA of America from 1955–1957.
Congdon was the recipient of several honors. The Hudson Cup Matches are conducted by the Pacific Northwest Section of the PGA of America in cooperation with the Oregon and Washington State Golf Associations. The award given to the top amateur, the Charles Congdon Award, is named in his honor. The Pacific Northwest Section PGA elected him Golf Professional of the Year. He was inducted into the organization's Hall of Fame in 1981. He was inducted into the State of Washington Sports Hall of Fame in 1978.

## Professional wins (20)
### PGA Tour wins (2)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Winning score | Margin of victory | Runners-up |
| 1 | Aug 17, 1947 | Portland Open Invitational | −18 (68-72-66-64=270) | 6 strokes | Clayton Heafner, Herman Keiser, Johnny Palmer, George Payton |
| 2 | Sep 25, 1948 | Canadian Open | −4 (70-73-68-69=280) | 3 strokes | Vic Ghezzi, Ky Laffoon, Dick Metz |

### Other wins

this list is probably incomplete
* 1936 Pacific Northwest PGA Championship
* 1938 Pacific Northwest PGA Championship
* 1939 Washington Open
* 1946 British Columbia Open
* 1947 Oregon Open, Washington Open, Pacific Northwest PGA Championship
* 1948 British Columbia Open
* 1950 Washington Open, Pacific Northwest PGA Championship
* 1951 British Columbia Open
* 1952 Washington Open, Pacific Northwest PGA Championship, British Columbia Open
* 1953 British Columbia Open
* 1956 British Columbia Open
* 1962 Washington Open
* 1963 Pacific Northwest PGA Championship
# Magnetococcus marinus

Magnetococcus marinus is a species of Alphaproteobacteria that has the peculiar ability to form a structure called a magnetosome, a membrane-encased, single-magnetic-domain mineral crystal formed by biomineralisation, which allows the cells to orient along the Earth’s geomagnetic field. The Magnetococcus marinus grows chemolithoautotrophically with thiosulfate and chemoorganoheterotrophically on acetate.
It is a basal group in the Alphaproteobacteria.
# Charles Krebs

Charles Joseph Krebs FRSC FAA FRZS (born 17 September 1936) is a professor emeritus of population ecology in the University of British Columbia Department of Zoology. He is also Thinker-in-residence at the Institute for Applied Ecology at the University of Canberra, Australia. He is renowned for his work on the fence effect, as well as his widely used ecology textbook Ecology: The Experimental Analysis of Distribution and Abundance.

## Research

Krebs was interested mostly in smaller mammal ecology and in 1965 conducted an experiment on voles. He fenced in an area of grassland in an Indiana pasture about the size of a soccer field and observed what happened to the population of voles living inside the fenced area. This was when he founded the widely known "Fence Effect". Within a year of living in the fenced area the voles had increased by about five times, which is much more than they would in an unfenced area. He then observed that the population experienced a crash, just like the unfenced populations do. Krebs believed this was due to social behaviour among the voles and could be applied to other animals like them. The voles had no place to migrate therefore the final crash seemed to stem from an increase of competition, aggressive behaviour, and decreased resources.
Krebs also worked in British Columbia and Northern Canada for over 40 years to look at cyclic populations of mammals. during this time he was able to transform the field of ecology from a descriptive science to an experimental discipline. For 20 years he studied the 10-year population cycle of snowshoe hares and their predators in the Yukon. He found that the population size of the snowshoe hares is regulated by predators such as the lynx, coyote, great horned owls and goshawks. 90% of their deaths were found to be due to these predators and almost none because of starvation and disease.
During his career, Krebs made the case for basic research.
   If someone asks me if my work has economic benefit I say absolutely none. And then they ask 'well why are you doing it' and I say that we need to understand the world we live in. It enriches our lives.
A summary of Krebs work and his influence on students and colleagues (Judith H. Myers, Stan Boutin, Rudy Boonstra and Tony Sinclair can be seen in a series of seminars entitled "Krebs´ ecologists: on population regulation"

## Select awards and recognition

* Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, 1979
* Killam Senior Fellowship, 1985
* President's Medal, University of Helsinki, 1986
* Honorary doctorate, University of Lund, 1988
* Sir Frederick McMaster Senior Fellowship, CSIRO, Australia, 1992
* C. Hart Merriam Award, American Society of Mammalogists, 1993
* Fry Medal, Canadian Society of Zoologists, 1996
* Northern Science Award, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 2002
* Corresponding Member, Australian Academy of Science, 2002
* Eminent Ecologist Award, Ecological Society of America, 2002
* Fellow of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales 2013