OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet

Firoozeh Kashani-Sabet is an American-Iranian historian. Currently, she serves as Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History at the University of Pennsylvania. Her research focuses on boundary disputes, borderland histories, gender, and identity politics in the Middle East.

## Early life and education

Born and raised in Tehran, Iran, Kashani-Sabet attended the Community School in Tehran. During the Iran-Iraq War, Kashani-Sabet moved to Paris, France and lived there for approximately a year before immigrating to the United States.

## Career

She attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill on a Morehead scholarship and graduated in 1989. Subsequently, she attended graduate school in history at Yale University. After earning her doctorate at Yale, Kashani-Sabet joined the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania in 1999. Shortly thereafter, she published "Frontier Fictions: Shaping the Iranian Nation, 1804-1946," which analyzed the significance of land and border disputes as it related to identity and nation formation. In 2006, she was appointed director of The Middle East Center at Penn. Kashani-Sabet published a novel called "Martyrdom Street," which focused on life in Iran and America during the Revolution and after the Iran-Iraq War. The next year, she published "Conceiving Citizens: Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran" by Oxford University Press. The book, which won the 2012 Journal of Middle East Women's Studies Book Award, focused on the history of reproductive health and the politics of motherhood in Iran, and how these themes have influenced politics. The next year, Kashani-Sabet was named the Robert I. Williams Term Professor of History in the School of Arts and Sciences.
In 2014, Kashani-Sabet and Beth S. Wenger co-edited "Gender in Judaism and Islam: Common Lives, Uncommon Heritage", and, the following year, in 2015, she received a fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton. The next year, she was appointed Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History.
# Beni Mezline

Beni Mezline is a town and commune in Guelma Province, Algeria. According to the 1998 census it has a population of 4491.
# Latrobea

Latrobea is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae. It includes eight species of shrubs endemic to Southwest Australia. Typical habitats include forest, woodland, and heathland on sandy soils and swampy areas in higher-rainfall areas of the far southwest. The genus belongs to the subfamily Faboideae. The plant is named after Charles Joseph La Trobe.

## Species

Latrobea comprises the following species:
* Latrobea brunonis (Benth.) Meissner
* Latrobea colophon Chappill & C.F.Wilkins
* Latrobea diosmifolia (Benth.) Benth.
* Latrobea genistoides (Meissner) Meissner
* Latrobea hirtella (Turcz.) Benth.
* Latrobea pinnaculum Chappill & C.F.Wilkins
* Latrobea recurva Chappill & C.F.Wilkins
* Latrobea tenella (Meissner) Benth.
# Benzoguanamine

Benzoguanamine is an organic compound with the chemical formula (CNH$_2$)$_2$(CC$_6$H$_5$)N$_3$. It is related to melamine but with one amino group replaced by phenyl. Benzoguanamine is used in the manufacturing of melamine resins. Unlike melamine ((CNH$_2$)$_3$N$_3$), benzoguanamine is not a crosslinker. The "benzo" prefix is historical, as the compound contains phenyl, not a benzo group. A related compound is acetoguanamine.
The compound is prepared by condensation of cyanoguanidine with benzonitrile.

## Safety

LD50 (oral, rats) is 1470 mg/kg.
# Fissuroma

Fissuroma is a genus of fungi in the family Aigialaceae.
# Benjamin Franklin Medal

Benjamin Franklin Medal may refer to:
* Benjamin Franklin Medal (American Philosophical Society)
* Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute)
* Benjamin Franklin Medal (Royal Society of Arts)
* Benjamin Franklin Award (Bioinformatics)
# Bercian dialect

Bercian is the generic name of the linguistic varieties spoken in El Bierzo region, in the province of León, Spain. They belong to the dialect continuum of Romance languages in northern Spain, linking the Galician and Leonese languages. Many of these varieties are on the brink of disappearing.

## Written references

The first written references dealing with the local speech like Bercian dialect correspond to the middle of the 19th century in Isidoro Andrés de Llano's work, Remembrance of Puentedeume in Bercian dialect, 1860, published in the Esla journal. In 1861, Antonio Fernandez Morales wrote upon Mariano Cubí's (co-author) request, in Bercian dialect: Ensaios Poéticos en Dialecto Berciano.
Nowadays it has almost disappeared, surviving in many expressions of daily use. Local expressions and vocabulary have been gathered in several works, the most interesting ones being those made by Luís A. Pastrana and David Lopez, at the beginning of the 1970s, with a sketch of the morphology and syntax of the dialect and one interesting dictionary of expressions and words, and Manuel Gutiérrez Tuñón's doctoral thesis "The Speech of El Bierzo", published in 1975.

## Classifications

El Bierzo has always been considered a bridge between Galicia and Leon province; but with salient particular features, which led to defining this speech of El Bierzo as Bercian dialect in the 19th century, being considered part of the Galician linguistic domain by Antonio Fernández Morales in 1861 and part of the Leonese linguistic domain by Ramón Menéndez Pidal, the latter stating that the dividing line between Leonese and Galician should be placed between the basins of the Cúa and Sil rivers. In 1934, Verardo García Rey gathered the vocabulary of the Bercian dialect in the publication: Vocabulario de El Bierzo, where the author makes clear that after his fieldwork, he would re-place the dividing line between the Asturleonese and the Galician-Portuguese linguistic groups, setting it strictly along the Sil river. Jesús García y García, in 1994, places the mentioned line from the high Cúa river up to a place in Ponferrada's municipality (Dehesas, Fuentesnuevas).
# Benjamin Rutherford Fitz

Benjamin Rutherford Fitz (1855–1891) was an American artist.

## Early life and education

Fitz was born in New York, New York in 1855. In 1868 his father died and his family moved to Peconic, New York. Starting in 1877, he studied art at the National Academy Museum. He studied there until 1880, when he briefly studied at the Art Students League of New York. That same year, he relocated to Munich, Germany. In Munich, he studied under Ludwig von Löfftz.

## Career and mid-life

Fitz returned to the United States in 1884. He painted The Reflection, which depicts a pond with a nude woman standing at the edge of the pond. The piece is credited with helping popularize the nude figure as a main subject in painting. The National Academy Museum named The Reflection his "most famous work."
Fitz exhibited at the National Academy seven times. When not painting, he sailed, often with his friend Dwight William Tryon.
He married Harriet R. Fanning (1857-1935) in April, 1889.

## Death

Fitz died in 1891. He was buried in Willow Hill Cemetery in Southold, New York.

## Notable collections

* A Pool in the Forest, oil on canvas, 1909; Smithsonian American Art Museum
* Portrait of Edwina M. Post, oil on canvas, 1890–91; Brooklyn Museum
# Laurits Hansen

Laurits Hansen (1894–1965) was a Danish trade unionist and politician, being a member of the Social Democrats. He served as minister of social affairs between 1942 and 1945, but he lost his party affiliation following World War II due to the claims that he had not been loyal to his party.

## Biography

Hansen was born in Kelstrup, Kirke Stillinge on 24 October 1894. During his youth he was the chairman of the social democratic youth association. He led the trade union movement during the period of the Nazi occupation of Denmark. He was chairman of the Trade Unions Cooperative between 1939 and 1942. He was close to the Germans and negotiated with them about the possibilities of coordinating the Danish trade union movement with the German Nazi Labor Front.
Hansen was made the minister of social affairs in 1942 following the demands of the Nazi figures. He served in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Erik Scavenius. After World War II, he was accused of not being loyalty to the Social Democrats and being a collaborator of the Nazi regime. As a result, he lost all of his party positions. Following this incident he worked as a cigar merchant and then as a real estate broker. He died in Copenhagen on 23 February 1965.
# Layered Model of Regulation

The layered model of telecommunication regulation is a proposal for nascent US telecommunication public policies that mimic the horizontal characteristics of Internet Protocol communication and the OSI model. Advocates of layered telecommunication policies argue that current US regulations are not longer appropriate for new information technologies as functionally similar services (such as DSL and cable modems) are not governed by a common set of rules but instead subject to separate regulatory systems written for each distinct media type such as the telephone or cable television systems.
The layered policy model proposes a regulatory system that classifies technologies based on their common layered characteristics instead of regulating each communication technology with a disparate set of rules. Horizontal policy advocates argue that this modular approach to regulation promotes competition by forcing all telecommunication services to adhere to a uniform set of characteristic-based rules, thereby enhancing the competitive characteristics of an open marketplace.
Layered policy advocates argue that horizontal policies will provide regulatory clarity for current technologies and they will also be adaptable to future technologies. Layered policies could also provide an equal framework for local governments to provide municipal broadband services in a fair and competitive manner alongside private telecommunication providers.
# Berlin Westhafen station

Berlin Westhafen is a station in the Moabit district of Berlin. It is served by the S-Bahn lines S41 and S42 and the U-Bahn line U9.

## Overview

The S-Bahn station was opened in 1898 under the name Putlitzstraße, which is the street on which the station lies. Despite sustaining damage during the Second World War, the station remained in service. The U-Bahn station was opened on 28 August 1961, soon after the building of the Berlin Wall and also with the name Putlitzstraße, although no direct interchange with the S-Bahn station existed. In 1980 the S-Bahn station lost its service owing to cessation of services on the Western part of the Ringbahn (circle line).
After the Wall fell, S-Bahn services were gradually reinstated. In 1992, the U-Bahn station was renamed Westhafen after the nearby Westhafen port and on its reopening on 19 December 1999, the S-Bahn station also assumed this name. Once one of the least-frequented U-Bahn stations on the network, the whole complex has now won a significance as an interchange between S-Bahn and U-Bahn. In the year 2000, the station was redesigned by artists Françoise Schein and Barbara Reiter: they installed the 1948 text of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, juxtaposed with quotes of Heinrich Heine in German and French language.
# Fitzwilliam Coningsby

Fitzwilliam Coningsby (died August 1666) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1621 and in 1640. He supported the Royalist cause in the English Civil War.

## Biography

Coningsby was born at Hampton Court, Herefordshire, the eldest son of the eminent soldier and politician Sir Thomas Coningsby, and his wife Phillipa Fitzwilliam, daughter of Sir William Fitzwilliam of Milton. He was High Steward of Leominster in 1605. He was educated at Hereford Cathedral School.
In 1621, Coningsby was elected Member of Parliament for Herefordshire. In 1625 he inherited Hampton Court on the death of his father. He was High Sheriff of Herefordshire in 1626-27 and 1642-43.
In November 1640, Coningsby was elected again as MP for Herefordshire in the Long Parliament, but was expelled in 1641 for being a monopolist, He was one of the "Nine Worthies" - nine justices who formed the royalist leadership in Herefordshire in the summer of 1642. The others were Sir William Croft, Wallop Brabazon, Thomas Wigmore of Shobden, Thomas Price of Wisterdon, William Smallman, Henry Lingen, William Rudhall and John Scudamore.
Coningsby was Governor of Hereford when it briefly fell to William Waller in early 1643. He was replaced as commander of the city by Barnabas Scudamore who commanded it during the 1645 siege by Scottish Covenanter forces. He fought for the King throughout the Civil War until in 1646 he was found at the Siege of Worcester protesting against the surrender of the city by the Royalist commander. Coningsby then went into exile and suffered heavily in the sequestration of his estates, his wife Cecily and his children being reduced to comparative poverty. His petitions and those of his wife and of his sons, with the counter-petitions of his tenants and of Sir Thomas Allen, to whom the bulk of his estates had been granted, occupy six pages (2064–71) of the Calendar of the Committee for Compounding. In 1653 he was still desperately pleading "the starving condition" of himself and his family. At the Restoration of Charles II Coningsby recovered his estates.
Coningsby died in 1666 and was buried on 23 August 1666 at Hope under Dinmore, Herefordshire,

## Family

Coningsby married Cecily Nevill, daughter of Henry Nevill, 9th Baron Bergavenny and his first wife Lady Mary Sackville, on 12 July 1617 at St. Alphage, London. She was considered one of the beauties of the Jacobean court, and was painted several times, notably by John Hoskins. They had five children: Cecilia, Philippa, Humphrey, Thomas and Henry. Humphrey Coningsby replaced his father in the Long Parliament and was the father of Thomas Coningsby, 1st Earl Coningsby
# Bernard Mills

Bernard Yarnton Mills AC, FRS, FAA, DSc(Eng) (8 August 1920 – 25 April 2011) was an Australian engineer and a pioneer of radio astronomy in Australia, responsible for the design and implementation of the Mills Cross Telescope and the Molonglo Cross Telescope.

## Life

Bernard Mills was born on 8 August 1920 in Manly. His father, Ellice Mills, was an architect who had migrated from England before the First World War. His mother, Sylphide Dinwiddie, was a dance teacher from New Zealand.
He was educated at the King's School, and at the age of 16, was awarded a scholarship to study engineering at the University of Sydney. He completed his degree in 1942, and was awarded first class honours in 1950 for his thesis A Million-Volt Resonant-Cavity X-ray Tube presented for his Master of Engineering degree. In 1942 he married Lerida Karmalsky, who won the Australian Chess championship in 1940 at the age of 18, and they had 3 children. In 1969 Lerida died; the following year he married Crys, who had two children of similar age to Mills' children.
In 1948 he commenced working with the CSIR's newly formed radio astronomy group, where he had the idea for what became known as the Mills Cross radio telescope; the first Mills Cross Telescope became operational in 1954. In 1959 he became a doctor of science in engineering. In 1960 he was appointed reader in physics at the University of Sydney, where he developed the concept for the "Super Cross". In 1965 he was appointed professor of physics (astrophysics). The Molonglo Cross Telescope became operational in 1967.
He was retired by the university in 1985.

## Awards and honours

* 1957 Thomas Ranken Lyle Medal
* 1959 Elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (FAA)
* 1963 Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)
* 1967 Shared the Britannica Australia Award for Science.
* 1976 Appointed Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), but refused to accept it from then Governor General Sir John Kerr, waiting until Kerr's resignation before accepting.
* 2006 Awarded the Grote Reber Gold Medal for Radio Astronomy.
# Lauth (Königsberg)

Lauth was first a suburb of and then a quarter of Königsberg, Germany, located east of the city center. Its territory is now part of the Guryevsky District, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.
The village of Lauth, which contained a large mill, was located east of Liep and Kalthof and north of the Neuer Pregel. Just east of Lauth was the pond Lauther Mühlenteich and the estate Lapsau. Lauth, whose name was of Old Prussian origin, was mentioned as Lauwete in 126 and as Lavtin in 1322.
During the 18th century Lauth was part of Amt Quednau. The fort I Stein, named in 1894, was built near Lauther Mühlenteich as part of the new Königsberg fortifications constructed from 1872 to 1894. Lauth was incorporated into the city of Königsberg in 1939.
# Fiona's tube-nosed bat

Fiona's tube-nosed bat (Murina fionae) is a species of vesper bats (Vespertilionidae). It is found in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
# Bertha Idaho

Bertha Idaho (born c. 1895; date of death unknown) was an American classic female blues singer. She recorded four songs in 1928 and 1929. Little is known of her life outside music.
Idaho's work might have remained obscure but for two factors: she was mentioned by John Fahey in the liner notes for his influential debut album, Blind Joe Death, and her recordings were reissued by Rosetta Reitz.

## Career

Idaho may have been born in Georgia about 1895. Her singing career commenced in the 1910s, in a traveling song and dance act with her husband, John. In 1915, they appeared with the Florida Blossom Minstrels and, in Milledgeville, Georgia, performed "Jelly Roll" and "Brother Low Down".
She recorded four songs: "Graveyard Love" and "You've Got the Right Eye, but You're Peeping at the Wrong Keyhole" on May 2, 1928, and "Down on Pennsylvania Avenue" and "Move It On Out of Here" on May 25, 1929, all of which were recorded in New York City.
Tom Delaney wrote "Down on Pennsylvania Avenue", with lyrics referring to his own bad luck: "Now if you want good lovin' and want it cheap, just drop around about the middle of the week, when the broad is broke and can't pay rent, get good lovin' boys, for 15 cents." There is some dispute about whether the piano accompaniment on Idaho's recordings was by Delaney or by Clarence Williams. The labels on the records state that three of the songs were composed by Delaney; Idaho is credited as the writer of "You've Got the Right Eye, but You're Peeping at the Wrong Keyhole".
Her stage career was contemporary with her recordings. In 1928, she starred in Mississippi Steppers, a touring review in the vaudeville style, and the following year in Georgia Peaches, which she co-produced. By 1930, she was known as Bertha Jordan and was based in Baltimore, Maryland. No details of her death have been recorded.

## Legacy

Fahey's album Blind Joe Death was originally released by Takoma Records in 1959, in a pressing of fewer than one hundred copies. Fahey mentioned Idaho in the liner notes for the album, which gained significance with later reissues.
Reitz's music collections were built on old 78-rpm records of lesser-known performers, including Idaho, Valaida Snow, Georgia White, Bessie Brown, and Maggie Jones, and long-forgotten songs from better-known artists, such as Ida Cox, Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith and Mae West. Reitz's collection particularly featured classic female blues singers of the 1920s. She reissued early recordings on her own label, Rosetta Records.

## Compilation discography

* Mean Mothers/Independent Women's Blues, Vol. 1 (1981), Rosetta Records ("Move It On Out of Here")
* Independent Women's Blues, Vol. 3: Super Sisters: 1927–1955 (1995), Rosetta ("You've Got the Right Eye, But You're Peeping at the Wrong Keyhole")
* Female Blues Singers, Vol. 10: H/I/J (1923–1929) (1997), Document Records (all four of her recorded songs)
* ...I Listen to the Wind That Obliterates My Traces (2011), Dust-to-Digital ("Graveyard Love")
# Bern banking crisis of 1720

The Republic of Bern invested its money as early as the 17th century, and also abroad in the 18th century. A speculative bubble with securities on the stock exchanges of Paris (Mississippi bubble) and London (South Sea bubble) had far-reaching international consequences around 1720. The Bernese banking houses responsible for investing state funds collapsed. Together with the Tulip Crisis of 1637, these are two early speculative crises in modern Europe.
In the early modern period, some of the Swiss Confederated States had financial surpluses. In the second half of the 17th century, Berne began to manage its surpluses professionally. From 1710, the banking house Malacrida & Cie. was commissioned to invest funds abroad together with the bank Samuel Müller & Cie. in London. The partners of Bank Malacrida & Cie. were Niklaus Malacrida (1658-1742), Gabriel Frisching (1666-1741), his uncle Sigmund Weiss (1666-1724), Friedrich von Wattenwyl (1665-1741) and his brother-in-law Emanuel Steiger (1663-1743). Due to the national debt, France gradually began to replace the precious metal currency with paper money, London adopted the idea and, as a result, an unimaginable stock market boom arose. The Bernese representatives speculated and initially made huge profits. In mid-July 1720, the bubble burst (called the South Sea Bubble because of the company involved) and the securities lost their value. Between November 1720 and June 1721, the two Bernese institutions became insolvent and had to be liquidated. In addition to the state, Bernese village communities, the guilds in the city, family chests and members of all social classes also lost money, in some cases considerable amounts. The total loss amounted to 440,000 thalers, distributed among around 500 creditors. The Mayor Christoph Steiger (I.), uncle of bank partner Emanuel Steiger, suffered a high loss of 4,498 crowns. A crisis had broken out in Bern as a result of the bankruptcy of the two banks. In the absence of cross-border bankruptcy proceedings, the liquidation dragged on for around eleven years.

## Sources

* Nikolaus Linder: Die Berner Bankenkrise von 1720 und das Recht. Eine Studie zur Rechts-, Banken- und Finanzgeschichte der Alten Schweiz. Zürich: Schulthess Juristische Medien, 2004.
* Wolfgang Friedrich von Mülinen: Law und Malacrida. In: Neues Berner Taschenbuch auf das Jahr 1897, p. 137–162. doi:10.5169/seals-126801
# Chinnakallar Falls

Chinnakallar Falls is a waterfall in the Valparai taluk, Coimbatore district, in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. A narrow trail among rugged bushes leads to the waterfalls. The area where this waterfall located is the third-most wettest area or third-highest rainfall receiving place in India after Mawsynram and Cherrapunji.
A song in the Tamil film "Suryavamsam" of Sarath Kumar was filmed here to commemorate this waterfall. Coordinates:10°18'11"N 77•°1'47"E.
# PARP16

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase family, member 16 is a protein in humans that is encoded by the PARP16 gene.