OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Michele Mercati

Michele Mercati (8 April 1541 – 25 June 1593) was a physician who was superintendent of the Vatican Botanical Garden under Popes Pius V, Gregory XIII, Sixtus V, and Clement VIII. He was one of the first scholars to recognise prehistoric stone tools as human-made rather than natural or mythologically created thunderstones.

## Biography

Mercati was born in San Miniato, Tuscany, the son of Pietro Mercati, physician to Popes Pius V and Gregory XIII. He was educated at the University of Pisa, where he took degrees in medicine and philosophy. He was interested in natural history, mineralogy, palaeontology, medicine, and botany, and produced a book on these subjects entitled the Metallotheca, which was not published until 1717.
Mercati collected curious objects - fossils, minerals and so on - as well as 'ceraunia' or 'thunderstones'. Mercati was particularly interested in Ceraunia cuneata, "wedge-shaped thunderstones," which seemed to him to be most like axes and arrowheads, which he now called ceraunia vulgaris, "folk thunderstones," distinguishing his view from the popular one. Mercati examined the surfaces of the ceraunia and noted that the stones were of flint and that they had been chipped all over by another stone. By their shapes, Mercati deduced that the stones were intended to be hafted. He then showed the similarities between the 'ceraunia' and artifacts from the New World that explorers had identified as implements or weapons.
Mercati posited that these stone tools must have been used when metal was unknown and cited Biblical passages to prove that in Biblical times stone was the first material used. He also revived the Three-age system of Lucretius, which described a succession of periods based on the use of stone (and wood), bronze and iron respectively.

## Legacy

Due to lateness of publication, Mercati's ideas were already being developed independently by other antiquarians, however, his writing served as a further stimulus. He was lauded shortly after publication by Antoine de Jussieu and his importance continues to be recognised. David Clarke described Mercati as "the archaeological counterpart of Cardano in mathematics, Vesalius in anatomy, Galileo in the physical sciences and Copernicus in astronomy." He is sometimes described as a polymath.
# Jo-ha-kyū

Jo-ha-kyū (序破急) is a concept of modulation and movement applied in a wide variety of traditional Japanese arts. Roughly translated to "beginning, break, rapid", it essentially means that all actions or efforts should begin slowly, speed up, and then end swiftly. This concept is applied to elements of the Japanese tea ceremony, martial arts (kenjutsu, iaido, kendō, karate), dramatic structure in the traditional theatre, and to the traditional collaborative linked verse forms renga and renku (haikai no renga).
The concept originated in gagaku court music, specifically in the ways in which elements of the music could be distinguished and described. Though eventually incorporated into a number of disciplines, it was most famously adapted, and thoroughly analysed and discussed by the great Noh playwright Zeami, who viewed it as a universal concept applying to the patterns of movement of all things.

## Theatre

It is perhaps in the theatre that jo-ha-kyū is used the most extensively, on the most levels. Following the writings of Zeami, all major forms of Japanese traditional drama (Noh, kabuki, and jōruri) utilize the concept of jo-ha-kyū, from the choice and arrangement of plays across a day, to the composition and pacing of acts within a play, down to the individual actions of the actors.
Zeami, in his work "Sandō" (The Three Paths), originally described a five-part (five dan) Noh play as the ideal form. It begins slowly and auspiciously in the first part (jo), building up the drama and tension in the second, third, and fourth parts (ha), with the greatest climax in the third dan, and rapidly concluding with a return to peace and auspiciousness in the fifth dan (kyū).
This same concept was later adapted into jōruri and kabuki, where the plays are often arranged into five acts with jo-ha-kyū in mind. Takemoto Gidayū, the great jōruri chanter, was the first to describe the patterns or logic behind the five acts, which parallel as well the five categories of Noh which would be performed across a day.
He described the first act as "Love"; the play opens auspiciously, using gentle themes and pleasant music to draw in the attention of the audience. The second act is described as "Warriors and Battles" (shura). Though it need not contain actual battle, it is generally typified by heightened tempo and intensity of plot. The third act, the climax of the entire play, is typified by pathos and tragedy. The plot achieves its dramatic climax. Takemoto describes the fourth act as a michiyuki (journey), which eases out of the intense drama of the climactic act, and often consists primarily of song and dance rather than dialogue and plot. The fifth act, then, is a rapid conclusion. All loose ends are tied up, and the play returns to an auspicious setting.

## Poetry

In 1356, it was Nijō Yoshimoto who established the sequential pattern of renga, haikai and noh by requiring jo-ha-kyū for renga in his Tsukubashū (菟玖波集)
# Back to God's Country (1953 film)

Back to God's Country is a 1953 American adventure western film directed by Joseph Pevney starring Rock Hudson, Marcia Henderson and Steve Cochran.

## Plot

In the late 1800s in the remote western regions of North America, sinister businessman Paul Blake and his helper Frank Hudson kill an Eskimo, steal his map and viciously beat his sled dog.
Schooner captain Peter Keith and wife Dolores arrive with a cargo of furs. Blake and Hudson conspire to keep Keith's boat in dock until conditions are too icy to sail. Blake wants the captain's goods and his wife as well.
After persuading two of Keith's crew to abandon ship, Blake kills the boat's cook. He also attacks Dolores, which leads to a fight with Keith. Hudson is secretly plotting to forge a will that will result in his inheriting all of his partner's money, but nevertheless he comes to Blake's rescue in the fight, seriously injuring Keith.
Traveling by sled to a fort where he can receive desperately needed medical attention, Keith and his wife must overcome an attack by wolves, an avalanche and a guide who only pretends to be their friend. Blake finds the fake will and kills Hudson, then sets out after Keith, only to fatally encounter the Eskimo's loyal dog.

## Cast

* Rock Hudson as Peter Keith
* Marcia Henderson as Dolores Keith
* Steve Cochran as Paul Blake
* Hugh O'Brian as Frank Hudson
* Chubby Johnson as Shorter
* Tudor Owen as Fitzsimmons
* Arthur Space as Carstairs
* Bill Radovich as Lagi
* John Cliff as Joe
* Pat Hogan as Uppy
* Ivan Triesault as Reinhardt
* Charles Horvath as Nelson
# List of Serbian telenovelas

The first Serbian telenovela is Jelena (2004–2005)

## List

| Year | Name | Production | Episodes | TV channel |
| 2004–2005 | Jelena | BK TV & Power House Entertainment | 110 | BK TV |
| 2007–2008 | Ljubav i mržnja | RTV Pink | 100 | RTV Pink |
| 2007–2008 | Zaustavi vreme | AVA Film | 120 | unaired |
| 2017–present | Istine i laži | Prva TV & Smart Media Production | 344 | Prva TV |
# Languages of San Marino

Italian is the only official language of San Marino.
Use of the Sammarinese variety of Romagnol is more common among elderly individuals. Conservation is critical, to the point it is estimated to go extinct after 2040.
# Félix Auvray

Joseph Félix Henri Auvray (1800–1833) was a French historical painter.

## Life and career

Auvray was born at Cambrai in 1800. He was a pupil of Momal in Valenciennes, and afterwards of Antoine-Jean Gros in Paris. In 1824 he exhibited St. Louis a Prisoner, and in 1827, Gautier de Châtillon defending St. Louis against the Saracens, now in the Musée des Beaux-Arts de Cambrai, and St. Paul at Athens. He died at Cambrai in 1833.
# Gabor Korvin

Gabor Korvin (born in 1942 in Hungary) is a Hungarian Mathematician. He served as a professor at the Department of Earth Sciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals. His main areas of research interest include fractal geometry in the earth sciences, statistical rock physics and mathematical geophysics. He is a well-known Applied Mathematician, Geophysicist, Petrophysicist, Historian. At KFUPM he was Coordinator of the Reservoir Characterization Research Group. As Professor, he taught Reservoir Characterization, Seismic Stratigraphy, Petrophysics & Well logging, Solid Earth Geophysics, Geoelectric Exploration, Reflection Seismology, Inverse Problems, Geostatistics and Reservoir Characterization. Fractal Models in the Earth Sciences by Gabor Korvin was one of the earlier books on the application of Fractals in the Earth Sciences.

## Education

* Ph.D. in geophysics, Univ. Heavy Industries, Miskolc, Hungary, 1978
* M.Sc. in Applied Mathematics, Univ. Nat. Sciences, Budapest, Hungary, 1966
* Graduate Diploma in Islamic Studies, Univ. New England, Armidale, Australia, 1998

## Employment

* 1966–1985, Exploration seismologist and software developer in the Hungarian Geophysical Institute, Budapest
* 1986–1991, Senior Lecturer, University of Adelaide, Australia
* 1994–2016, Professor of Geophysics, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia.

## Books

* Korvin, G., "Fractal Models in the Earth Sciences"
# Irving Davies

Irving Davies (26 April 1926 – 14 October 2002) was a Welsh dancer and choreographer.
Born in Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, Davies's screen work included Value for Money (1955), Kiss Me Kate (1964) and Aladdin (1960).
An early television role was in The Golden Year (1951), for which he was also choreographer, jointly with Eunice Crowther. He had a role in the film Invitation to the Dance (1956), in which he danced with Diana Adams.
In 1960 a London show called The Dancing Heiress at the Lyric Theatre, Hammersmith, gave Davies one of his few leading roles, opposite Jill Ireland, duetting with Lally Bowers in the most memorable number, 'Life is Peaches and Cream'.
Sheila Hancock recalled appearing as a dancer in Peter Cook's revue One over the Eight (1961), when she was egged on by Irving Davies's exhortation as dance captain, "Eyes, teeth, and tits, darlings - and sparkle, sparkle, sparkle."
In a review in 1964, Theatre World said of Davies that he was "one of the most inventive choreographers working in the modern dance field".
In 1980, Davies choreographed the show The Biograph Girl, a musical directed by Victor Spinetti which premiered at the Phoenix Theatre on 19 November 1980 and had a run of 57 performances, starring Sheila White as Mary Pickford and Bruce Barry as D. W. Griffith. In 1983 he was choreographer for the musical Jean Seberg.
In 2002, Davies was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Theatre Choreographer for his work on The Play What I Wrote. He died in London later that year, aged 76. An obituary in The Times noted that he had worked with Orson Welles, Liberace, Noël Coward, Anita Harris, Twiggy, and Cilla Black, and said "His creative flair saw him make great contributions to innovative and dynamic dance styles, winning numerous awards, including Best Choreography and Best Staging in the Lanson Theatre Awards. An inspiration to those who worked with him, Davies had the imagination and ability to turn ideas into reality."
# Church of the Ascension, Stirchley (II)

The Church of the Ascension, Stirchley is a parish church in the Church of England in Birmingham.

## History

On 29 October 1965, the former church building was destroyed by fire and was demolished. This new church designed by Romilly Craze, was constructed next to its former mission church of St. Hugh's, Pineapple Grove, and was consecrated by the Bishop of Birmingham on 14 July 1973. Surviving features from the original church, such as some of the stained glass, the Stations of the Cross, the altar silver, the processional crosses and the vestments, were used in the new church. St. Hugh's became the church hall.
A statue of the Risen Christ was erected on the facade of the new church. It was designed by John Bridgeman of Leamington Spa, made of fibre glass and cost £600. A window of the ascending Christ in slab glass and concrete was designed by John Lawson and a crucifix was designed by John Skelton.
# Illuminations (McCoy Tyner album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Illuminations is a piano album by McCoy Tyner released on the Telarc label in 2004. It was recorded in November 2003 and features performance by Tyner with alto saxophonist Gary Bartz, trumpeter Terence Blanchard, bassist Christian McBride, and drummer Lewis Nash.

## Reception

It won the Grammy Award for 'Best Instrumental Jazz Album, Individual or Group' in 2005. The Allmusic review by Ken Dryden states that "This is yet another essential release by the always enjoyable McCoy Tyner".

## Track listing

All compositions by McCoy Tyner except where noted.
* "Illuminations" – 6:12
* "Angelina" – 8:50
* "New Orleans Stomp" – 5:58
* "Come Rain or Come Shine" (Arlen) – 5:35
* "Soulstice" (Bartz) – 5:24
* "Blessings" (Blanchard) - 4:52
* "If I Should Lose You" (Rainger, Robin) – 6:27
* "The Chase" – 3:17
* "West Philly Tone Poem" (McBride) – 4:01
* "Alone Together" (Schwartz) – 7:10

## Personnel

* McCoy Tyner piano
* Terence Blanchard – trumpet
* Gary Bartz – alto saxophone
* Christian McBride – bass
* Lewis Nash – drums
# Dipterocarpus costatus

Dipterocarpus costatus (Khmer chhë tiël niëng, chhë tiël bangkuëy, niëng daèng krâhâm) is a species of tree in the family Dipterocarpaceae found in the Indochinese and Malay Peninsulas, including Cambodia. The tree is found in "mixed dense deciduous or half-deciduous forest of the plain and in wet dense altitude forest, up to 1200 m, on well drained rich grounds." It grows to a height of 25-40m. In Cambodia the resin is used particularly for the caulking of boats, and the preparation of torches, the wood used for work not exposed to the elements.
# Bailang River Bridge Ferris Wheel

The Bailang River Bridge Ferris Wheel is a centreless non-rotating Ferris wheel built on the 1,771-foot (540 m) Bailang River Bridge that crosses the Bailang river in Weifang, Shandong, China.
The structure has a height of 145 metres (476 ft) and when completed in 2017 became the world's largest centreless Ferris wheel.

## Design

Comprising 4,600 tons of steel and a kite grid construction system, described as a 'dragon spine', the body of the Ferris wheel remains stationary while each of the 36 carriages takes 30 minutes to fully traverse its circumference. Each carriage can carry 10 passengers and has Wi-Fi and television sets.
# Nuenen

Nuenen (Dutch pronunciation:) is a town in the municipality of Nuenen, Gerwen en Nederwetten in the Netherlands. From 1883 to 1885, Vincent van Gogh lived and worked in Nuenen. In 1944, a battle was fought there during Operation Market Garden. The local dialect is called Peellands. In 2009, Nuenen had a population of 22,437.

## History

Nuenen is listed in the 1792 Gazetteer of the Netherlands, which lists it as "a village of Brabant, two leagues W. from Helmont".

### World War II

During Operation Market Garden on 20 September 1944, Nuenen was the scene of a battle involving the American 506th PIR of the 101st Airborne Division and the British 15th/19th The King's Royal Hussars of the 11th Armoured Division equipped with Cromwell tanks, against the German 107th Panzer Brigade. The British lost two tanks. Four American and three British soldiers were killed. The Germans suffered two fatalities. The fight is dramatised in episode 4 "Replacements" of the television series Band of Brothers.

## Dialect

The spoken language is Peellands (an East Brabantian dialect, which is very similar to colloquial Dutch).

## Notable residents

In 1882 Van Gogh's father became a pastor in Nuenen and the family lived at the vicarage there. After a stay in Drenthe for several months, Van Gogh moved to live with his parents in December 1883 and stayed there until May 1885. During that time he painted many character studies of peasants and weavers that culminated in The Potato Eaters, and paintings of still life. He also painted his father's church, vicarage and its garden, one such work being Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen (Het uitgaan van de hervormde kerk te Nuenen) depicting the church, which is situated in a park area on the corner of Papenvoort Street and Houtrijk Street in the north of Nuenen. This painting was stolen from the Van Gogh Museum in December 2002 and recovered in Italy in September 2016. There is a street named after it in the town, as well as a cafe, college and bar. A statue of Van Gogh is located in the central park of the town.
Theoretical computer scientist Edsger W. Dijkstra lived in Nuenen later in his life, and died there in 2002. The following year, the ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) PODC Influential Paper Award in distributed computing was renamed the Dijkstra Prize in his honour.
Dutch cyclist Steven Kruijswijk was also born in Nuenen and had lived there in his youth.
* The Vicarage at Nuenen, 1885, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F182)
* Congregation Leaving the Reformed Church in Nuenen, 1884, Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam (F25)
* The Rectory Garden in Nuenen in the Snow, January 1885, Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena (F194)
* The Parsonage Garden at Nuenen, May 1884.
# List of North American countries by GDP (PPP) per capita

This is a list of North American nations by GDP per capita. All figures are based on the gross domestic product (at purchasing power parity) per capita, i.e., the purchasing power parity (PPP) value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given year, divided by the average (or mid-year) population for the same year. The figures given are in international dollars and rounded to the nearest hundred. Names of dependent territories (not sovereign states) are in italics and are not ranked.
| North American Rank | World Rank | Country | GDP (PPP) per capita | Year |
| — | — | Bermuda (UK) | 85,700 | 2013 est. |
| — | — | Sint Maarten (NL) | 66,800 | 2014 est. |
| 1 | 13 | United States | 59,500 | 2017 est. |
| 2 | 25 | Canada | 48,100 | 2017 est. |
| — | — | Cayman Islands (UK) | 43,800 | 2004 est. |
| — | — | Puerto Rico (US) | 37,900 | 2017 est. |
| — | — | Greenland (DK) | 37,000 | 2011 est. |
| — | — | United States Virgin Islands (US) | 36,100 | 2013 est. |
| — | — | Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) | 34,900 | 2006 est. |
| — | — | British Virgin Islands (UK) | 34,200 | 2017 est. |
| 3 | 45 | Trinidad and Tobago | 31,200 | 2017 est. |
| — | — | Turks and Caicos Islands (UK) | 29,100 | 2007 est. |
| 4 | 54 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 26,800 | 2017 est. |
| 5 | 56 | Antigua and Barbuda | 26,300 | 2017 est. |
| — | — | Aruba (NL) | 25,300 | 2007 est. |
| 6 | 58 | Bahamas | 25,100 | 2017 est. |
| 7 | 60 | Panama | 24,300 | 2017 est. |
| 8 | 68 | Mexico | 19,500 | 2017 est. |
| — | — | Saint Martin (FR) | 19,300 | 2005 est. |
| 9 | 76 | Barbados | 17,500 | 2017 est. |
| 10 | 79 | Costa Rica | 17,200 | 2017 est. |
| 11 | 81 | Dominican Republic | 17,000 | 2017 est. |
| — | — | Curaçao (NL) | 15,000 | 2004 est. |
| 12 | 88 | Grenada | 14,700 | 2017 est. |
| 13 | 91 | Saint Lucia | 13,500 | 2017 est. |
| — | — | Anguilla (UK) | 12,200 | 2008 est. |
| 14 | 103 | Dominica | 12,000 | 2017 est. |
| 15 | 105 | Cuba | 11,900 | 2016 est. |
| 16 | 106 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 11,600 | 2017 est. |
| 17 | 115 | Jamaica | 9,200 | 2017 est. |
| 18 | 117 | El Salvador | 8,900 | 2017 est. |
| — | — | Montserrat (UK) | 8,500 | 2006 est. |
| 19 | 122 | Belize | 8,300 | 2017 est. |
| 20 | 123 | Guatemala | 8,200 | 2017 est. |
| 21 | 136 | Nicaragua | 5,800 | 2017 est. |
| 22 | 140 | Honduras | 5,500 | 2017 est. |
| 23 | 183 | Haiti | 1,880 | 2017 est. |
# Ammopelmatus muwu

Ammopelmatus muwu is a species of insect in family Stenopelmatidae. It is endemic to parts of San Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara counties in the United States state of California.
# Gaia Trafikk

Gaia Trafikk was the largest public transportation provider in Bergen and Os, Norway until it merged with HSD forming Tide.
Gaia was formed by the 1998 merger of Pan Trafikk, the bus company serving northern and southern Bergen, and Bergen Sporvei, the company serving Bergen's inner city. The route network covered most of Bergen, but the western suburbs were serviced by Hardanger Sunnhordlandske Dampskipsselskap (HSD). This resulted in a fixed fleet between the yellow buses of Bergen Sporvei and the red buses of Pan Trafikk being operated by the same company, and coordinated, making a more user-friendly bus system. The largest owners of Gaia was Bergen City Council (43.6%), HSB (7.9%), Yrkestrafikkforbundet (7.3%) and Os City Council (7.3%).
Among the fleet of about 300 buses are 8 trolleybuses (two of them are dual-mode buses), making Bergen the only city in north-west Europe to have them. Gaia fleet also contained 36 natural gas buses.
Gaia Trafikk is merged with HSD forming the company Tide. The general assembly at HSD approved the merger on 29 June 2006, while the approval at Gaia came on 17 July 2006. The new company is listed on the Oslo Stock Exchange. Both British Arriva and the Norwegian Nettbuss had announced a wish to buy Gaia, indicating a price around NOK 400 million.
# Modal filter

A modal filter, sometimes referred to as a point closure, is a road design that restricts the passage of certain types of vehicle in road transport. Modal filtering is often used to help create a low traffic neighbourhood (LTN), where motor traffic is diverted away from residential streets and instead toward feeder roads. Modal filters can be used to achieve filtered permeability within a transport network, and can encourage walking and cycling through more pleasant environments and improved safety.
Modal filters can be implemented through the use of barriers such as bollards, boom barriers and planters, though filters can also be implemented virtually through the use of automatic number-plate recognition cameras and road signs, which can allow residential motor access while prohibiting passing motor traffic.
Modal filters are often the result of circulation plans by local governments.

## Gallery

* A trial modal filter using easily moved planters in London.
* A sign explains what kind of traffic is allowed through the modal filter.
* Permanent modal filter in Kreuzberg, Berlin
# Hold Me in Your Arms (The Trews song)

"Hold Me in Your Arms" is a song by Canadian rock band The Trews. It was the first single released from their third full-length studio album, No Time For Later. It premiered at the 2007 Grey Cup pre-game show and was immediately released on iTunes. It won the "Best Hard Rock" song category at the 8th Annual Independent Music Awards.

## Music video

The song's music video spent 17 weeks on MuchMusic Countdown, peaking at number 1 on April 3, 2008.

## Commercial performance

"Hold Me in Your Arms" was the eleventh-most played rock song in Canada in 2008. The song was certified Gold in Digital Downloads in Canada in April 2010.

## Chart positions

| Chart (2007) | Peak position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 34 |
| Canada Rock (Billboard) | 3 |