OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Messier 96

Messier 96 (also known as M96 or NGC 3368) is an intermediate spiral galaxy about 31 million light-years away in the constellation Leo.

## Observational history and appearance

It was discovered by French astronomer Pierre Méchain in 1781. After communicating his finding, French astronomer Charles Messier confirmed the finding four days later and added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects.
Finding this object is burdensome with large binoculars. Ideal minimum resolution, in a good sky, is via a telescope of 25.4 cm (10.0 in) aperture, to reveal its three-by-five-arcminute halo with a brighter core region.
This complex galaxy is inclined by an angle of about 53° to the line of sight from the Earth, which is oriented at a position angle of 172°.

## Properties

It is categorized as a double-barred spiral galaxy with a small inner bulge through the core along with an outer bulge. The nucleus displays a weak level of activity of the LINER2 type. Variations in ultraviolet emission from the core suggest the presence of a supermassive black hole. Estimates for the mass of this object range from 1.5×10$^6$ to 4.8×10$^7$ solar masses (M$_☉$).
On May 9, 1998 a supernova was discovered in this galaxy by Mirko Villi. Designated SN 1998bu, this was a Type Ia supernova explosion. It reached maximum brightness on May 21 at about magnitude 11.6, then steadily faded. Observations of the ejecta a year later showed creation of 0.4 solar masses of iron. The spectrum of the supernova remnant confirmed too radioactive $^{56}$Co, which decays into $^{56}$Fe.
Messier 96 is about the same mass and size as the Milky Way. It is a very asymmetric galaxy; its dust and gas are unevenly spread throughout its weak spiral arms, and its core is just offset from the midpoint of its extremes. Its arms are also asymmetrical, thought to have been influenced by the gravitational pull of other galaxies within its group.
Messier 96 is being studied as part of a survey of 50 nearby galaxies known as the Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS), providing an unprecedented view of star formation within the local universe.

## M96 group

M96 is the brightest galaxy within the M96 Group, a group of galaxies in Leo, the other Messier objects of which are M95 and M105. To this are added at least nine other galaxies.
This is the nearest group to the Local Group to combine bright spirals and a bright elliptical galaxy (Messier 105).
# Metajapyx athenarum

Metajapyx athenarum is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.
# Metajapyx besucheti

Metajapyx besucheti is a species of forcepstail in the family Japygidae.

## Subspecies

These two subspecies belong to the species Metajapyx besucheti:
* Metajapyx besucheti besucheti Pages, 1978
* Metajapyx besucheti venetus Pages, 1993
# Methodist Church, Weaverham

The Methodist Church, Weaverham, was an active Methodist church located in Forest Street, Weaverham, Cheshire, England. It was in the Northwich and Winsford Circuit of the Chester and Stoke District. The church is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building.
Some Methodist services are now held at nearby St Mary's Church. Alternatively, there are Methodist Churches in Acton Bridge, Hartford and Bartington, listed on http://www.midcheshirecircuit.org.uk/churches.php
Weaverham Methodist Church is currently a nursery and pre-school, Evolution Childcare.

## History

The church is dated 1878, and was designed possibly by Edmund Kirby. It replaced an earlier chapel built in 1835 in Chapel Street.

## Architecture

Built in orange English bond brick, the church has terracotta dressings, and a roof of Marley tiles. It has a T-shaped plan. The entrance front facing the road has two storeys and is in three bays. The lateral bays are canted and contain lancet windows in each face and in each storey. The central bay has a gabled doorway framed by buttresses. On each side of the doorway is a lancet window. The upper storey contains a three light window under a gable. Inside the church is a gallery of tiered seats, and a central pulpit decorated with floral panels on the front, and pierced balustrades on the sides.
# Methodist Church (Sandy Creek, New York)

Methodist Church is a historic Methodist church located at Sandy Creek in Oswego County, New York. It was built in 1878 and is a two-story brick High Victorian Gothic style building with a rectangular plan. It features a steeply pitched slate roof and a three tiered tower.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.
# Methodist Episcopal Church (Idaho Springs, Colorado)

Th Methodist Episcopal Church in Idaho Springs, Colorado, also known as the Idaho Methodist Episcopal Church, or the First United Methodist Church, or the Methodist Church of Idaho, is a historic Methodist Episcopal church building at 1414 Colorado Boulevard. It was built in 1880 and expanded in 1905. It was added to the National Register in 1998.
The church's design includes elements of Gothic Revival style.
The church's former parsonage, located to the north, has been modified and is not included in the listing.
# Mesob

Mesob (Amharic: መሶብ) or Harar Mesob is a Harari basket used for storing injera, an Ethiopian and Eritrean flatbread. It is widely depicted as a cultural symbol for Ethiopia, made from locally grown and partially dyed grass and palm leaves known for strength and durability.

## History

In a certain form Mesob was identified in Abyssinia as early as the sixteenth century as reported by Portuguese explorer Francisco Álvares however the most prominent Mesob is of Harar origin. In the mid 1970s Amharas began recruiting Harari artisans to develop a particular Mesob which incorporated Abyssinian and Harari designs, this variety would dominate Mesob productions in Ethiopia.

## In popular culture

Although generally described as Ethiopian, mesob baskets belong to a larger tradition of Harari basketry. A mesob is depicted on the 10 birr note. Mesob baskets are used in funeral ceremonies to support family of the deceased person and the baskets are widely viewed as a symbolical representation of Ethiopian and Eritrean culture and their cuisine.The Harar mesob is known to be a quality mesob with very complex and prized designs. Today, it is very rare to find old original Harari mesobs, because peoples are making more simplified and lower quality Ethiopian models.
# Conklin (Leismer) Airport

Conklin (Leismer) Aerodrome (IATA: CFM, TC LID: CET2) is located 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) west of Conklin, Alberta, Canada.
# 2008 Dutch National Track Championships

The 2008 Dutch National Track Championships were Dutch national Championship for track cycling. The competitions took place at Omnisport Apeldoorn in Apeldoorn, the Netherlands from December 27 to December 30. Competitions were held of various track cycling disciplines in different age, gender and disability categories.

## Medal summary
### Elite

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's Events ||||
| Men's sprint | Teun Mulder | Yondi Schmidt | Patrick Bos |
| Men's 1 km time trial | Teun Mulder | Yondi Schmidt | Tim Veldt |
| Men's keirin | Yondi Schmidt | Teun Mulder | Yorick Bos |
| Men's individual pursuit | Wim Stroetinga | Jens Mouris | Levi Heimans |
| Men's scratch | Wim Stroetinga | Raymond Kreder | Tim Veldt |
| Men's points race | Wim Stroetinga | Peter Schep | Jeff Vermeulen |
| Men's madison | Wim Stroetinga Peter Schep | Michael Vingerling Nick Stopler | Geertjan Jonkman Arno van der Zwet |
| Women's Events ||||
| Women's sprint | Willy Kanis | Agnes Ronner | Lieke Klaus |
| Women's 500 m time trial | Willy Kanis | Agnes Ronner | Anneloes Stoelwinder |
| Women's keirin | Willy Kanis | Nina Kessler | Anneloes Stoelwinder |
| Women's individual pursuit details | Ellen van Dijk | Kirsten Wild | Vera Koedooder |
| Women's scratch details | Kirsten Wild | Ellen van Dijk | Elise van Hage |
| Women's points race details | Vera Koedooder | Kirsten Wild | Nina Kessler |
# Alexandra Smirnoff

Alexandra Smirnoff (6 May 1838 – 25 September 1913) was a Finnish scientist, pomologist and writer. Her research had great influence in contemporary pomology in particularly Finland and Sweden.

## Early years and work

Alexandra Smirnoff was born in Vaasa. She was the first Nordic female pomologist. She studied different fruits and their cultivation. She started studying the field of pomology for about three years in 1873 in Södermanland in Sweden under the supervision of the well known pomologist Olof Eneroth. At the time he was editing a manual of pomology and he put Smirnoff in charge to classify Russian fruits because she knew Russian. She did a lot of research based on which she created and published a re edition of the Swedish Handbook of Pomology. Her work on the cultivation of this fruits helped not only for the classification of fruits but also helped for bringing many fruits from Russia into Finland. The book is called Suomen pomologiian käsikirja and it was published in 1894 in both Swedish and Finnish.

## Publications

Smirnoff has 24 works in 37 publications in 4 different languages including Finnish, Norwegian, Swedish and Russian. Some of her most famous publications include:
* Handbook i finsk pomologi
* Handbok i enklare trädgårdsodling lämpad för allmogehem
* Några ord om trädfruktodling och dess framtida ordnande i Finland
* Kukkaistarhan hoito : käsikirja monivuotisten kukkakasvien viljelemisestä ulkosalla
* Käsikirja yksinkertaisessa puutarhanhoidossa : kansaa varten

## Personal life

Smirnoff's parents were Michael Smirnoff and Klara Johanna Lindeqvist. When she was young she lived comfortably until one day her residential building caught fire in 1852. Her mother died after the fire and her father got ill slightly after. Since her father was not able to take care of his family anymore, Smirnoff was placed into foster care. She later got fostered by Countess Helena Stewen-Steinheil who was a botanist. She encouraged Smirnoff and she wanted her work to be known. After the Countess's death Smirnoff started traveling.
Her very first publication was in 1882 which was a study where she compared 40 different types of strawberry varieties. Because of her work she became very famous in her country. She considered public education and women's work important because she did not receive proper education like her brothers until she met Dr. Olof Eneroth.

## Awards

* Smirnoff was awarded the Russian Domain Ministry's silver medal for the work that she had done in the Handbook of Finnish pomology
* She also was awarded the state author's prize 1910 for the work Care of the Flower Garden
* The state also gave her an annual pension in 1907 as a form of recognition for her work.
# Glynn v Margetson

Glynn v Margetson is an English case on the law of carriage of goods by sea which established the "Main Purpose Rule" in relation to deviation.

## Facts

A vessel, the Zena, was chartered to carry a perishable cargo of Seville oranges from Málaga to a marmalade factory in Liverpool. The bill of lading provided that the master was "at liberty to visit any ports in any order". Although a carrier has a duty to "proceed with reasonable despatch" and not to deviate from the agreed course, the ship visited other ports in Spain and North Africa before heading for Liverpool. The deviation caused delays in delivering the cargo, during which time both the cargo and the market for oranges had deteriorated. The cargo-owner sued.

## Judgment

The House of Lords held that the "liberty clause" was in effect an exemption clause which sought to limit the carrier's liability for loss caused through unjustifiable deviation. The court went on to establish the "Main Purpose Rule" which provided that no exemption rule may cut into the main purpose of the contract. Accordingly, the carrier was not permitted the protection of the liberty clause and thus was liable for the loss.
Lord Herschell LC declared: ‘Where general words are used in a printed form which are obviously intended to apply, ...to a particular contract, ... I think you are justified in looking at the main object and intent of the contract and in limiting the general words used, having in view that object and intent.’

## Significance

Although the liberty clause could not be relied upon to condone major breach, it follows that exemption clauses might be allowed to excuse breaches of peripheral or minor obligations.
The Main Purpose Rule was subsequently adopted by the general English contract law in the 1956 case of Karsales v Wallis, recast as the "Fundamental Breach" doctrine. The Karsales case has since been limited in effect by subsequent decisions and statutes:
* The 1967 House of Lords decision of the Suisse Atlantique,
* The Photo Production v Securicor 1980,
* The Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, and
* The Consumer Rights Act 2015.
Although the effect of Karsales has been blunted, the rule in Glynn v Margetson remains as sharp as ever, although the law on deviation was diluted by Art IV Rule 4 of the Hague-Visby Rules.
Glynn v Margetson was cited in:
* The Starsin
* George Mitchell (Chesterhall) Ltd v Finney Lock Seeds Ltd
# Pillbox affair

The Pillbox affair, also known as the Pillbox incident, was a military and political episode which occurred in Britain between November 1939 and January 1940 during the Second World War which resulted in the January 1940 dismissal of Leslie Hore-Belisha from the post of British War Minister.
Hore-Belisha and the commander of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), General, later Field Marshal, John Vereker, 6th Viscount Gort, did not get along well together. Gort disliked Hore-Belisha for his colourful personality and unorthodox manner of conducting matters relating to the British Army; the Minister rapidly came to recognise that, and also considered Gort to be "utterly brainless and unable to grasp the simplest problem".
Hore-Belisha visited France and the positions of the BEF in mid-November. During his visit, Hore-Belisha oversaw the placement of the troops of the BEF, not the defences being constructed. On his return to Britain, he complained to the War Cabinet and the Army Council that too few pillbox defences were being built for the BEF.
Gort and colleagues friendly to him were greatly angered by what they saw as this unjust and ill-founded criticism and began a campaign against Hore-Belisha, which culminated in January 1940 in Hore-Belisha's being dismissed from the post of War Minister. This campaign succeeded in large part due to antisemitism and class prejudice in both the Army and Parliament.
# James Alton James

James Alton James (September 17, 1864 – February 12, 1962) was an American educator and historian.

## Biography

James was born on September 17, 1864, in Jefferson, Wisconsin. He spent two years at the Platteville Normal School, and then, after teaching high school for two years to pay for the university, entered the University of Wisconsin, where he graduated as valedictorian with an LL.B. in 1888. He received a Ph.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1893.
He was superintendent of schools in Darlington, Wisconsin, 1888–90; professor of history at Cornell College, Iowa, 1893–97. He became a professor of history at Northwestern University in 1897, becoming professor emeritus in 1935. He was head of the history department for over two decades and was also the chairman of the graduate student work at the university from 1917 to 1931. He was a member of several educational and historical societies. James died on February 12, 1962, in Evanston, Illinois.

## Works

* Government in State and Nation, with Allen Hart Stanford (1901)
* Our Government (1903)
* American History (1909)
* Readings in American History (1914)
* Charles Seignobos, History of Contemporary Civilization, editor (1909)
* George Rogers Clark Papers, editor (Illinois State Historical Society, 1912)
* Oliver Pollock, The Life and Times of an Unknown Patriot (1937)
# Ctenucha palmeira

Ctenucha palmeira is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by William Schaus in 1892. It is found in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
# CrystaSulf

CrystaSulf is the trade name for a chemical process used for removing hydrogen sulfide (H$_2$S) from natural gas, synthesis gas and other gas streams in refineries and chemical plants. CrystaSulf uses a modified liquid-phase Claus reaction to convert the hydrogen sulfide (H$_2$S) into elemental sulfur which is then removed from the process by filtration. CrystaSulf is used in the energy industry as a mid-range process to handle sulfur amounts between 0.1 and 20 tons per day. Below 0.1 tons of sulfur per day is typically managed by H$_2$S Scavengers and applications above 20 tons per day are typically treated with the Amine – Claus process.

## Process chemistry

In the CrystaSulf process, a heavy hydrocarbon liquid is pumped through an absorber where the liquid contacts the gas stream that contains H$_2$S. The H$_2$S is absorbed from the gas stream and the clean gas stream then exits the absorber. The H$_2$S in the liquid where it reacts with sulfur dioxide (SO$_2$) to form elemental sulfur and water according to the following chemical equation.
2 H$_2$S + SO$_2$ → 3 S + 2 H$_2$O
The formed elemental sulfur remains dissolved in the hydrocarbon solution. Since the elemental sulfur remains dissolved, there are no solids, i.e., no slurry, in the absorber section of the process. This eliminates plugging problems that have been documented for aqueous redox processes when operated at high pressures. The SO$_2$ that was present in the hydrocarbon solution was added prior to the solution being pumped into the absorber. The SO$_2$ is chemically bound in the solution and readily available to react with H$_2$S. The process is operated with an excess amount of SO$_2$ in the solution so that there will always be sufficient amount for the liquid phase Claus reaction with H$_2$S.

## Elemental sulfur removal

After the dissolved elemental sulfur is formed in the hydrocarbon solution, the liquid is piped from the absorber, through a flash vessel if necessary to lower the operating pressure, and then through a crystallizer. The crystallizer reduces the temperature of the solution and solid sulfur is formed which is removed by a filter.
After the solid sulfur is removed, the hydrocarbon solution is re-heated to approximately 150 °F and the liquid is then pumped back into the absorber to continue the process of absorbing more H$_2$S and removing it from the gas stream. The hydrocarbon solution has a low corrosion rate.

## Patent information for CrystaSulf

6,416,729 B1; Process for removing hydrogen sulfide from gas streams which include or are supplemented with sulfur dioxide, by scrubbing with a nonaqueous sorbent; 9-Jul-2002; David W. DeBerry, Dennis A. Dalrymple
6,818,194; Process for removing hydrogen sulfide from gas streams which include or are supplemented with sulfur dioxide, by scrubbing with a nonaqueous sorbent; 16-Nov-2004; David W. DeBerry, Dennis A. Dalrymple, Kevin S. Fisher
5,733,516; Process for removal OF hydrogen sulfide from a gas stream; 31-Mar-1998; David W. DeBerry
5,738,834; System for removal of hydrogen sulfide from a gas stream; 14-Apr-1998; David W. DeBerry
# 47 Aquarii

47 Aquarii, abbreviated 47 Aqr, is a star in the zodiac constellation of Aquarius. 47 Aquarii is its Flamsteed designation. It is a faint star but visible to the naked eye in good seeing conditions, having an apparent visual magnitude of 5.135. Based upon an annual parallax shift of 18.0 mas, it is located 181 light years away. At that distance, the visual magnitude of the star is diminished by an extinction of 0.088 due to interstellar dust. It is moving further from the Earth with a heliocentric radial velocity of +48 km/s.
This is an evolved giant star currently on the red giant branch with a stellar classification of K0 III. The star has 1.35 times the mass of the Sun and has expanded to 7.86 times the Sun's radius. It is radiating 30 times the Sun's luminosity from its enlarged photosphere at an effective temperature of 4,750 K.
# Miller High Life 400

Miller High Life 400 may refer to:
* Miller High Life 400 (Spring Richmond), from 1984 to 1987, now the Toyota Owners 400
* Miller High Life 400 (Michigan), in 1984 and from 1988 to 1989, now the FireKeepers Casino 400
* Miller High Life 400 (Fall Richmond), from 1988 to 1989, now the Federated Auto Parts 400
# Infineta Systems

Infineta Systems was a company that made WAN optimization products for high performance, latency-sensitive network applications. The company advertised that it allowed application data rate to exceed the nominal data rate of the link. Infineta Systems ceased operations by February 2013, a liquidator was appointed, and its products will no longer be manufactured, sold or distributed.
Riverbed Technology purchased some of Infineta's assets from the liquidator.

## Company

Infineta was founded in 2008 by Raj Kanaya, the CEO, and K.V.S. Ramarao, the CTO. Ramarao concluded the computational resources, especially I/O operations and CPU cycles, associated with data compression technologies would ultimately limit their scalability. He and Kanaya determined founded Infineta to develop algorithms and hardware. The company had six patents pending.
Infineta was headquartered in San Jose, California and attracted $30 million in two rounds of venture funding from Alloy Ventures, North Bridge Venture Partners, and Rembrandt Venture Partners.

## Products

Infineta announced its Data Mobility Switch in June 2011. The DMS was the first WAN optimization technology to work at throughput rates of 10 Gbit/s. Infineta designed the product in FPGA hardware around a multi-Gigabit switch fabric to minimize latency. The DMS used compression similar to data deduplication.
The product was designed to addresses the long-standing issue of TCP performance on long fat networks, so even unreduced data can achieve throughputs equivalent to the WAN bandwidth. To illustrate what this means, take the example of transferring a 2.5 GBytes (20 billion bits) file from New York to Chicago (15 ms latency, 30 ms round-trip time ) over a 1 Gbit/s link. With standard TCP, which uses a 64 KB window size, the file transfer would take about 20 minutes. The theoretical maximum throughput is 1 Gbit/s, or about 20 seconds. The DMS performs the transfer in 19.5 to 21 seconds.
# 4-Hydroxyphenylglycine

4-Hydroxyphenylglycine (HPG) is a non-proteogenic amino acid found in vancomycin and related glycopeptides. HPG is synthesized from the shikimic acid pathway and requires four enzymes to synthesize: Both L- and D-HPG are used in the vancomycin class of antibiotics. Tyrosine, a similar amino acid, differs by a methylene group (CH2) between the aromatic ring and the alpha carbon.

## Biosynthesis

    Biosynthesis of HPG
HPG is synthesized from prephenate, an intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway and also a precursor to tyrosine. Prephenate is aromatized by prephenate dehydrogenase (Pdh) using NAD$^+$ as a cofactor to produce 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate is then oxidized by 4-hydroxymandelate synthase (4HmaS) using oxygen to form 4-hydroxymandelate and hydrogen peroxide. 4HmaS is a non-heme iron-dependent dioxygenase. The reaction mechanism of this unique oxidation was proposed by Choroba et al in 2000
    Proposed mechanism by Choroba et al for the oxidation of 4-hydroxymandelate.
4-Hydroxymandelate is subsequently oxidized by hydroxymandelate oxidase (Hmo) to 4-hydroxylbenzoylformate, using FMN as a cofactor. Finally, 4-hydroxyphenylglycine transaminase (HpgT) transfers an ammonia moiety from a donor to 4-hydroxylbenzoylformate to form HPG. Several different molecules can serve as the nitrogen donor for the transamination, however, Hubbard et al suspect L-tyrosine to serve as the most efficient donor. By doing so, the following cycle is constructed:
    HPG synthetic cycle
HPG is also synthesized in Herpetosiphon aurantiacus using enzymes Haur_(1871,1887,1888).