OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Alangulam, Virudhunagar

Alangulam is a village in Vembakkottai block, Vembakottai taluk, Virudhunagar district in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. The state-government-run cement and asbestos factory is located here. The area is rich in limestone and asbestos. A nearby school addresses the needs of local students. This area contains Three primary government schools and One Higher secondary school. The private schools are Tancem Educational Trust Matric Hr sec School run by Tamil Nadu Cements and Maheswari Nursery Primary school.

## Geography

Alangulam is located at 9°56′N 77°34′E﻿ / ﻿9.94°N 77.57°E﻿ / 9.94; 77.57. It has an average elevation of 127 metres (416 feet).

## Demographics

As of 2001 India census, Alangulam had a population of 4965. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Alangulam has an average literacy rate of 77%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 82% of the males and 74% of females literate. 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.

## Politics

Assembly Constituency : Sattur (Assembly constituency)
Loksabha Constituency : Virudhunagar

## Adjacent communities

vtePlaces adjacent to Alangulam, Virudhunagar :
Alangulam :
# NGC 5837

NGC 5837 is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Boötes. It was discovered on 19 June 1887 by Lewis A. Swift.

## Supernovae

A Type Ia Supernova, SN 2014ac, was discovered 9 March 2014, and on 16 June 2015, a Type IIN Supernova, SN 2015z, was discovered.
# NGC 585

NGC 585 is a spiral galaxy in the constellation of Cetus, which is about 245 million light-years from the Milky Way's center. The object was discovered on December 20, 1827, by the British astronomer John Frederick William Herschel.
# Deudorigini

The Deudorigini are a tribe of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.

## Genera

As not all Theclinae have been assigned to tribes, the following list of genera is preliminary:
* Araotes
* Artipe
* Bindahara
* Capys
* Deudorix (including Actis, Hypokopelates, Virachola)
* Hypomyrina
* Paradeudorix
* Pilodeudorix (including Diopetes)
* Qinorapala
* Rapala
* Sinthusa
* Sithon
# NGC 4482

NGC 4482 is a dwarf elliptical galaxy located about 60 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. NGC 4482 was discovered by astronomer William Herschel on March 15, 1784. It was rediscovered by astronomer Arnold Schwassmann on September 6, 1900 and was listed as IC 3427. It is a member of the Virgo Cluster.
# Jean Ellen

The 'Jean Ellen' mango is a named mango cultivar that originated in south Florida.

## History

Jean Ellen was selected in Florida and promoted as a new dooryard variety by the Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden due to its relatively small tree size and good production traits. It was selected as a curator's choice mango at Fairchild's 2010 mango festival.

## Description

The fruit is of oblong to lanceolate in shape, averaging less than a pound. The skin is yellow at maturity and does not develop any red blush. Flesh yellow, and has minimal fiber. The fruit typically ripens from April to June in Florida.
The trees are considered semi-dwarf.
# Mónika Balsai

Mónika Balsai (born 13 December 1977 in Vác) is a Hungarian actress.

## Selected filmography

* Liza, the Fox-Fairy (2015)
* Kills on Wheels (2016)
* Jupiter's Moon (2017)
# Cephalotes argentatus

Cephalotes argentatus is a species of arboreal ant of the genus Cephalotes, characterized by an odd shaped head and the ability to "parachute" by steering their fall if they drop off of the tree they're on. Giving their name also as gliding ants.
# Guy Home

Guy Leonard Home (born 13 September 1964) is an English farmer and former cricketer.
The son of Jim Home, he was born at Shrewsbury. He was educated at Ellesmere College and the Royal Agricultural University. A farmer by profession, Home made his debut for Shropshire in minor counties cricket in the 1991 Minor Counties Championship against Dorset. He played minor counties cricket for Shropshire until 2006, making 44 appearances in the Minor Counties Championship and 17 appearances in the MCCA Knockout Trophy. In addition to playing minor counties cricket, Home also played List A cricket for Shropshire when they were permitted to take part in the domestic one-day competition alongside the first-class counties. He played his first List A match against Oxfordshire in the 2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy at Shifnal, before making five further List A appearances, captaining Shropshire against Hampshire at Whitchurch in the 2005 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy. In six List A matches, Home scored 39 runs with a high score of 16.
Outside of minor counties cricket, Home played club level cricket in Shropshire for Ellesmere, Shrewsbury, Shifnal, Wellington and Wroxeter.
# Actinoptera ampla

Actinoptera ampla is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Actinoptera of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Zimbabwe, South Africa.
# Pheidole kasparii

Pheidole kasparii is a species of ant in the genus Pheidole. It is endemic to Costa Rica.
# Pierre Dukan

Pierre Dukan is a French former nutritionist, and the creator of a popular diet named after him, the Dukan Diet. Born in 1941 (age 82)

## Controversies

In July 2011 a French court ruled against Dukan in his attempt to sue rival nutritionist Jean-Michel Cohen for libel, after Cohen had criticised Dukan's method in the press.
In January 2012, Dukan suggested that the Baccalaureate exam, taken by 17-year-old children, should include one test which the children could pass simply by staying within appropriate weight limits. He faced a disciplinary hearing in connection with these remarks.
In March 2012 the French Ordre des médecins asserted that Dukan had violated the organization's medical code of practice by practising medicine as a business.
In May 2012, he was removed from the membership of the Ordre des Médecins at his request.
In January 2014, Dukan was struck off the medical register for promoting his diet commercially.
# Ho River

The Ho River is a river of New Caledonia. It has a catchment area of 23 square kilometres.
# Holmenkollen Skimaraton

Holmenkollen Skimaraton is an annual ski marathon held in Norway. Held since 1974, in 2005 the race formally became one of the locations of the FIS Nordic Ski Marathon Cup, a series which includes the Holmenkollen Skimaraton, Tornedalsloppet in Sweden, the Fossavatn Ski Marathon in Iceland and Oulun Tervahiihto in Finland. The race is now usually the first race of the cup, held in February.
# Holcopelte

Holcopelte is a genus of hymenopteran insects of the family Eulophidae.
# Hodgesiella callistrepta

Hodgesiella callistrepta is a moth in the family Cosmopterigidae. It is found in India.
# Hofflins, Missouri

Hofflins is an unincorporated community in western Crawford County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is adjacent to I-44 approximately three miles northeast of Cuba and Leasburg lies three miles to the east. The St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad line passes through the location.

## History

A post office called Hofflin was established in 1903, and remained in operation until 1943. The community has the name of the original owner of the site.
# Pietro Fragiacomo

Pietro Fragiacomo (14 August 1856 – 18 May 1922) was an Italian painter, depicting sea and land-scapes.

## Biography

He was born in the mainly Italian town of Pirano d'Istria near Trieste, then part of the Austrian Empire, but lived most of his life in Venice. He only studied for a year (1877) at the Academy of Fine Arts of Venice. He was a close companion, and often worked alongside the painter Giacomo Favretto.
In 1887, he exhibited successfully at the Esposizione di Venezia; and in 1891, he displayed the paintings Pescatori, Silenzio, Sera, Laguna, Case di pescatori in Milan. In 1889, he won a bronze medal at the Universal Exhibition of 1889 in Paris and took part in the Munich International Exhibition of the same year, as well as later editions. In 1895, his canvas Tristezza (Sadness) won awards in Venice, and again the next year, this time in Berlin.
He drew mainly seascapes and cityscapes of Venice, often at night, a thematic also pursued by Mario de Maria. By the turn of the century, his style had acquired Symbolist overtones devoid of a realistic locale. He won the Prince Umberto Prize at the Milan Triennale of 1891 and was a regular participant from 1895 to 1922 at the Venice Biennale, which displayed a solo show of his work in 1910 and a posthumous retrospective in 1924. He died in Venice and was interred at the San Michele cemetery on the Isola di San Michele in Venice.
# Holton, Wisconsin

Holton is a town in Marathon County, Wisconsin, United States. It is part of the Wausau, Wisconsin Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 873 at the 2010 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 34.6 square miles (89.5 km$^2$), of which 0.008 square miles (0.02 km$^2$), or 0.02%, is water.

## Demographics

At the 2000 census there were 907 people, 297 households, and 239 families living in the town. The population density was 26.5 people per square mile (10.2/km$^2$). There were 312 housing units at an average density of 9.1 per square mile (3.5/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the town was 99.23% White, 0.11% African American, and 0.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.77%.
Of the 297 households 41.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 72.7% were married couples living together, 4.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 19.2% were non-families. 16.2% of households were one person and 5.1% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.45.
The age distribution was 32.3% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 27.9% from 25 to 44, 21.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 112.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 111.0 males.
The median household income was $36,000 and the median family income was $39,750. Males had a median income of $24,500 versus $20,156 for females. The per capita income for the town was $13,884. About 11.1% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.1% of those under age 18 and 12.8% of those age 65 or over.

## Notable people

* Herman Hedrich, farmer and politician, lived on a farm in the town and served in the Wisconsin State Assembly during that time
# Pieter Feith

Pieter Cornelis Feith (born 9 February 1945) is a Dutch diplomat, formerly serving as the European Union Special Representative (EUSR) and as the International Civilian Representative in Kosovo.

## About

Feith was born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and studied political science at the University of Lausanne, Switzerland, and is a graduate of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Medford, Massachusetts, United States (1970).
Feith has been active in foreign affairs since 1970. He has been posted in Damascus, Bonn, New York City (Mission to the United Nations), Khartoum and at the Netherlands Mission to NATO and the Western European Union (WEU), in Brussels. He also chaired the first United Nations Conference of States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention at The Hague in 1997.
Feith has been active in the Balkans during his time with NATO, particularly as Political Adviser to Commander IFOR in Bosnia-Herzegovina, and served on the EU Council for mission assessment to Darfur. He also headed the EU Expert Team for Iraq.
In 2005 Feith was head of the Aceh Monitoring Mission, a mandated mission under the European Security and Defence Policy. The successful mission expired in December 2006.
In April 2008 as European Union special representative he led a team of EU officials and approved the Constitution of the partially recognised Republic of Kosovo.

## Bomb attack

On 14 November 2008, a bomb exploded outside the office of Feith, in Kosovo's capital, Pristina. Robert Z, Andreas J and Andreas D, agents of Germany's intelligence service the BND, were arrested on suspicion of having thrown the bomb. On 29 November the three men left Pristina on a special flight headed for Berlin.

## Professional experience

* 1970 - 1995 - The Netherlands Diplomatic Service
* 1995 - 2001 - North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Personal Representative of Secretary General Lord Robertson for Yugoslavia, Director of the Crisis Management and Operations Directorate, Head of the NATO Balkans Task Force and Political Advisor to Commander IFOR Bosnia-Herzegovina.
* 2001 - 2010 - General Secretariat of the Council of the European Union, Deputy Director General for Politico-Military Affairs.
* 2004 - Personal Representative of the EU High Representative, Javier Solana, for Sudan/Darfur.
* 2005 - Head of EU Expert Team for Iraq.
* 2005 - 2006 - Head of the EU-led Aceh Monitoring Mission (AMM) in Indonesia.
* 2007 - Civilian Operations Commander for all civilian ESDP Crisis Management Operations, Acting Director of the EU Civilian Planning and Conduct Capability.
* 2008 - 2011 - European Union Special Representative for Kosovo
* 2008 - 2012 - International Civilian Representative for Kosovo

## Personal life

He is married to Christina Wachtmeister, who owns Kvesarum Castle, and they have three daughters.
# Pieter Frederik van Os

Pieter Fredrik van Os (8 October 1808 – 31 March 1892) was a painter from the Northern Netherlands. He was the son and pupil of Pieter Gerardus van Os and worked mainly in the spirit of his father.

## Biography

Van Os was born in Amsterdam, into a well-known family of artists. His grandparents were the painters Jan van Os and Susanna de la Croix. Besides his father, his aunt and uncle also became painters: Georgius and Maria Margaretha van Os. Van Os studied at the Royal Academy in Amsterdam, before traveling through Belgium and Germany. He settled in Haarlem in 1839. Like his father he specialized in painting animals, especially horses in all of their forms, as a work horse, draft horse or racehorse. In 1846 he became a board member of the Haarlem painting club "Kunst zij ons Doel". He died, aged 83, in Haarlem.
Pieter Frederik van Os was the teacher of Anton Mauve (1838–1888) and Johannes Hubertus Leonardus de Haas (1832–1908).
# Pimelea venosa

Pimelea venosa, commonly known as Bolivia Hill rice-flower, is a flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to a restricted area of New South Wales. It is an erect shrub with densely long-hairy stems and leaves, elliptic to lance-shaped leaves and small groups of white flowers.

## Description

Pimelea venosa is an erect shrub that typically grows to a height of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) with its stems and leaves densely covered with long, soft, whitish hairs. The leaves are elliptic to lance-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, 10–15 mm (0.39–0.59 in) long and 4–6 mm (0.16–0.24 in) wide. The flowers are bisexual, white, arranged in groups of three to six with between two and six small, leaf-like bracts at the base. The fruit is oval, green and about 4 mm (0.16 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

Pimelea venosa was first formally described in 1983 by S. Threlfall in the journal Brunonia, from a specimen collected by Ernst Betche near Bolivia in 1886.

## Distribution and habitat

Bolivia Hill rice-flower is only known from near Bolivia on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales but was previously recorded near Tenterfield and 100 km (62 mi) east of this region. Surveys in 1999 and after a bushfire in 2012 found no plants in known sites but after a low intensity fire in late 2019, about 200 seedlings were found.

## Conservation status

This rice-flower is listed as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The main threats to the species include habitat disturbance, browsing by feral goats, inappropriate fire regimes and its restricted distribution.
# Pietro da Rimini

Pietro da Rimini (active 1315-1335) was an early 14th-century Italian painter.

## Biography

Pietro was born in Rimini and was a contemporary of the painters Giovanni and Giuliano da Rimini. He worked mainly in member and the Marche. Influenced by the style Giotto (who had stopped in Rimini in 1303), he was likely a member of his workshop, although this has not been confirmed. He was also influenced by the Sienese school, and in particular by Pietro Lorenzetti.
Works attributed to him, despite some remarkable differences in style, include a Deposition from the Cross at the Louvre the frescoes in the Basilica di San Nicola da Tolentino and in the refectory of the Pomposa Abbey, as well as a 1333 fresco of St. Francis in the church of Montottone.
Frescoes from a chapel in the former church of Santa Chiara in Ravenna are now in display at the National Museum of Ravenna.
He died perhaps after 1340.

## Sources

* Volpe, Carlo (1965). La pittura riminese del Trecento. Fratelli Fabbri.
# Homaloxestis cholopis

Homaloxestis cholopis is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It is found in Taiwan, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Yunnan), Myanmar, Nepal, India, Java and south-western Africa.
The wingspan is 14.5–17 mm. The forewings are rather dark fuscous and the hindwings are whitish-grey, greyer posteriorly.

## Habitat

H. cholopis is found in various parts of Asia, particularly in forested areas with ample vegetation. These environments provide the necessary food and shelter for the species .
The wingspan is 14.5–17 mm. The forewings are rather dark fuscous and the hindwings are whitish-grey, greyer posteriorly.

## Behavior

H. cholopis is nocturnal, being active during the night. The larvae typically feed on detritus or decaying organic matter, contributing to the decomposition process in their habitats .

## Lifecycle

The lifecycle of H. cholopis includes the stages of egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa, and adult. Each stage has specific requirements and behaviors, with females laying eggs on substrates that ensure emerging larvae have access to food [Robinson, Tuck, & Shaffer, 1994].

## Research and studies

H. cholopis is often studied in entomology due to its ecological role and diversity. These moths can serve as indicators of environmental health and biodiversity. Information on the conservation status of this species is limited, but habitat preservation is crucial for maintaining moth populations.

## Unique characteristics

Adaptations in H. cholopis include camouflage and nocturnal behavior to avoid predators. They play an essential role in the ecosystem by helping to break down organic matter and recycle nutrients.
# Alchemilla tytthantha

Alchemilla tytthantha, the Crimean lady's mantle, is a species of lady's mantle found in Europe. It is originally native to Crimea, but has been introduced to the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Belgium, and Great Britain. It was first reported in Britain (at Selkirk) in 1956 and has been treated as a weed in Britain since.
The plant has relatively small flowers and is only slightly hairy.
# Cesarina Ricci de Tingoli

Cesarina Ricci de Tingoli (fl. 1573) was an Italian composer of the Baroque period.

## Life and career

She was related to the family of Cardinal Giovanni Ricci (1497–1574) by birth, and the noble family of Tingoli by marriage. Ruggiero Giovannelli might have been her teacher.
She published Il Primo libro de madrigali a cinque voci, con un dialogo a otto novamente composti & dati in luce in Venice in 1597, which is a composition known as a madrigal. This collection includes 20 madrigals, and is dedicated to Monsignore il Cardinale San Giorgio, the Cardinal Cinzio Aldobrandini. It survives in two partbooks and a manuscript tablature also survives. The cantus and quintus partbooks do not survive. Il primo libro contains 14 five-voice madrigals and an eight-voice dialogue by Ricci, and two madrigals by Alberto Ghirlinzoni, who is only known from this publication. The texts are by Torquato Tasso, Giovanni Battista Guarini, and Antonio Ongaro, all of whom were associated with the academy of Cardinal Cinzio Aldobrandini.
Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library acquired a first edition of her work in 2002.
# Actinoptera formosana

Actinoptera formosana is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Actinoptera of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Taiwan, Philippines.
# Pheidole karolsetosa

Pheidole karolsetosa is a species of ant discovered and described by Longino, J. T. in 2009.
# 1828 in philosophy
## Births

* January 28 - Roberto Ardigò (died 1920)
* May 26 - Boris Chicherin (died 1904)
* July 12 - Nikolay Chernyshevsky (died 1889)
* September 28 - Friedrich Albert Lange (died 1875)
* October 16 - Nikolay Strakhov (died 1896)
* October 28 - Joseph Dietzgen (died 1888)
# Idaho Freedom Caucus

The Idaho Freedom Caucus is a caucus within the Idaho Legislature.
The original Idaho Freedom Caucus was founded by Rep. Mike Kingsley and Rep. Bryan Zollinger in 2017. That effort stalled in 2017 when conservatives failed to find consensus on a path forward but was picked up again in 2022. The Idaho Freedom Caucus hired Scott Herndon as its executive director on July 17, 2024.

## Issues

Prior to the 2024 legislative session, three members of the Idaho Freedom Caucus were rebuked by the Senate president pro tempore Chuck Winder for their criticisms of other legislators online.
# Hugh Thomas (priest)

Hugh Thomas (c.1706 – 11 July 1780) was Archdeacon of Nottingham, Dean of Ely and Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.

## Career

He was educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, 1724–1728 where he was awarded Bachelor of Arts (BA). He was admitted a Fellow of the College in 1728 and awarded Cambridge Master of Arts (MA Cantab) in 1731.
He was afterwards Chaplain to Matthew Hutton, Archbishop of Canterbury; and Archdeacon of Nottingham from 1748–1780.
In February 1754, he was elected Master of Christ's College, Cambridge, and awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity (DD). In 1758 he was appointed Dean of Ely.
# H. D. Gouge

Herbert Dillon Gouge (12 October 1843 – 11 November 1917) was South Australia's first Government Actuary.

## History

Gouge was born in Coventry and came to South Australia in 1850 with his father, and was educated at J. L. Young's Adelaide Educational Institution, then at St. Peter's College, where he proved a brilliant student.
    His father Apollos Harrison Gouge, who died before 1914 and may have been born in Yale, British Columbia in 1826 after being proved insolvent several times was in 1859 appointed the contractor for the railway line to Kapunda then the pipeline from the Thorndon Park reservoir to the city and built the causeway between Victor Harbor and Granite Island. He donated and installed a drinking fountain at the junction of King William Street and Currie/Waymouth streets. The In 1861 an Act of Parliament was passed, granting him the right to build a railway from the Wallaroo mine to the Wallaroo jetty.
    He was a musician and singer, performing at a couple of benefits for the explorer John McKinlay.
    He was in 1857 the first to manufacture something like town gas in South Australia, and owned a tiger and an elephant.
    He married May Ann Walsh in 1852; in 1863 he was charged with deserting his wife.
He exhibited a sketch Horse's Head with the South Australian Society of Arts at Adelaide in 1863, possibly as a student of Charles Hill. In the late 1860s he supervised construction of the Granite Island causeway for Borrow & Gouge, his father's contracting business. He worked as a land and commission agent in Wallaroo, then from 1868 to 1877 at Mannum, then in Adelaide. In 1885 he was licensed as an assessor under the Land and Income Tax Act. He was appointed Public Actuary on 16 March 1894, and was responsible for creating the office and its procedures.
He was a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, and was elected a corresponding member of the Statistical Society of Paris, on the nomination of M. Bellom, engineer with the French Department of Mines, and M. Le Nasseur, the President of the Society.
He married Emily Mills (c. 1846 – 19 June 1936) on 31 May 1870; they had no children.