OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lim Bo Seng Memorial

The Lim Bo Seng Memorial is an octagonal pagoda-like war memorial at Esplanade Park, Singapore. It was erected in 1954 in honour of the late Lim Bo Seng for his heroic acts and selfless sacrifice during the World War II. The war memorial is the only structure in Singapore that commemorates an individual's efforts in World War II and was gazetted as a national monument on 28 December 2010.

## History

In 1946, The Lim Bo Seng Memorial Committee; a group formed by various Chinese clan associations, the United Chinese Library and the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce; was established to raise funds for the memorial and prepared the proposals of the plan to colonial government, one of which proposed the construction of a memorial park around the late Lim Bo Seng's grave at MacRitchie Reservoir. The colonial government rejected five of the committee's proposals, and would later grant permission in 1953 for a memorial to be built at the Esplanade based on the sixth proposal.
On 3 November 1953 at 5.30 pm, the British Commissioner-General for Southeast Asia Malcolm MacDonald laid the foundation stone for the structure at the ceremony with Lim Bo Seng's widow Gan Choo Neo and her children in present.

### Architecture

The memorial was designed by Ng Keng Siang, the first overseas trained Singaporean architect. Inspired by Chinese Nationalist architecture (such as the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum) which blends Traditional Chinese motifs with modern materials; the Memorial is a 3.6 metres (12 ft) high octagonal pagoda made of white marble with a three-tier bronze roof on a marble and concrete pedestal. guarded by four bronze lions stand guard around the pagoda. The bronze roof and the bronze lions are imported from Hong Kong.
Four bronze plaques with an account of Lim's life are installed on the pedestal. There are written in English, Chinese, Tamil and Jawi; the four official languages of Singapore. The memorial occupies a site measuring 100 feet (30 m) by 80 feet (24 m) near The Padang; which was donated by the colonial government

### Unveiling of the Memorial

On 29 June 1954, the completed Memorial was unveiled by Sir Charles Loewen, the Commander-in-Chief of the Far East Land Forces in front of a crowd of people with Lim's widow, her children and some members of the Force 136 in present at the 10th death anniversary ceremony of Major-General Lim Bo Seng.
On 29 June 1959 on the 15th anniversary of the death of Major-General Lim Bo Seng, Lim's widow and her eldest son Lim Leong Geok and daughter Lim Oon Geok among others laid wreaths at the Memorial at Esplanade Park and at his memorial tomb at MacRitchie Reservoir.

## National Monument

On 28 December 2010, the Lim Bo Seng Memorial was gazetted by the Preservation of Monuments Board as a National Monument along with The Cenotaph and the Tan Kim Seng Fountain at the Esplanade Park and the Singapore Conference Hall along Shenton Way.

## Gallery

* Lim Bo Seng Memorial, View from Fullerton Road
# Frederick Stroud

Frederick Stroud (1835 - 1912), barrister and Recorder of Tewkesbury, son of John Stroud of Cheltenham, was born at Cheltenham on 17 October 1835. He was educated at Cheltenham. He was admitted a solicitor in 1863, taking honours at the examination. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in Michaelmas 1883. In 1862, he wrote his County Court Practice in Bankruptcy. From 1862 to 1863, he wrote his Practical Law Affecting Bills of Sale. He is the author of the "Judicial Dictionary", the first edition of which was published in 1890, the second being published in three volumes, an exhaustive and eminently practical dictionary of the English of affairs by the English Judges and Parliament from the earliest times to the end of the nineteenth century. After Stroud's death, the Law Journal said that the dictionary would long preserve his memory. It was at Stroud's suggestion that the policy of municipalities for the government of London was adopted. Stroud was a member of the British Numismatic Society.
# Limits (BDSM)

In BDSM, limits refer to issues that participants in a play scene or dynamic feel strongly about, usually referring to prohibited activities. Participants typically negotiate an outline of what activities will and will not take place. The participants describe what they desire, do not desire, will and will not tolerate, including the determination of limits. For example, it is common to set a safeword and to establish certain types of play as prohibited.
The BDSM usage of the terminology "limits" derives from the concept of "off limits", the idea of limiting a scene to a specific set of activities, and the limitations (in terms of interest, as well as physical and emotional tolerance) of the participants.

## Setting limits

Both dominants and submissives can set limits. Limits can be agreed to verbally or they can be incorporated into a formal contract. Sometimes the participants engage in a formal conversation about limits and boundaries; this is referred to as negotiation. Other couples discuss their likes and dislikes in a similar manner to "Vanilla" relationships.

### "No limits"

Some partners choose not to set limits; however, this is uncommon and most likely to be seen in established relationships between committed partners. It may occur in total power exchange dynamics and can be considered a form of edgeplay. In wider kink and BDSM circles, especially in the context of casual play, “no limits” is commonly accepted to be an indication of an unsafe play partner.

## Types of limits

The terminology varies slightly across different local communities and Internet forums. However, there are general usages recognized across most BDSM populations.

### Hard limit

A hard limit is something that must not be done. This is so because it is essentially something which makes the party in question very uncomfortable or something which would invoke a triggered response from them. Violating a set hard limit is often considered cause for ending a scene or even a relationship. Examples include “scat is a hard limit for me” or “I have a back injury, so striking on the back is a hard limit”.

### Soft limit

A soft limit is something that a person hesitates about or places strict conditions on, but for which they may still give informed consent. An action could be prohibited except under specific circumstances or an area of discomfort that someone wishes to avoid. Soft limits can also include actions that require a cautious approach or — while somewhat appealing — still generate an uncomfortable amount of apprehension in one or more partners.

### Requirement limit

A requirement limit, or must-limit, is something without which one or more partners will not participate in the scene. Examples include “lots of hair pulling is a must-limit for me” or “if you're going to flog me, I'll need lots of aftercare.”

### Time limit

A time limit is a set time period for which an activity or temporary relationship takes place. This is most common for scenes and casual play.
Some couples practice time limitations for relationships. They can be used to set time limits on phases of relationships, such as training or consideration.
# Gradunguloonops

Gradunguloonops is a genus of spiders in the family Oonopidae. It was first described in 2015 by Grismado et al.. As of 2017, it contains 12 South American species.

## Species

Gradunguloonops comprises the following species:
* Gradunguloonops amazonicus Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops benavidesae Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops bonaldoi Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops erwini Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops florezi Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops juruti Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops mutum Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops nadineae Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops orellana Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops pacanari Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops raptor Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
* Gradunguloonops urucu Grismado, Izquierdo, González M. & Ramírez, 2015
# Acanthochitona garnoti

Acanthochitona garnoti, the spiny chiton, is a medium-sized polyplacophoran mollusc in the family Acanthochitonidae, found on the coast of southern Africa.

## Description

This species is conspicuous for the nine paired tufts or rosettes of long glassy spines that decorate its girdle. Between the tufts, the girdle bears many smaller spicules. The spicules are sharp, and if carelessly handled, easily penetrate the human skin, where they detach and remain, becoming painfully irritating.
The valves are of a dull brown color and marked with oblique pale stripes. They are largely concealed by the girdle. Adult size is 30–45 mm.

## Distribution and habitat

A. garnoti occurs along the south coast of Africa, from Cape Columbine in Namibia to the south coast of KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. It can be found on exposed rock surfaces high up in the inter-tidal zone, a location that is unusually far from the water for chitons.

## Ecology

The species is mostly active at night, foraging by grazing in a small radius (10–30 cm) around its location. Both the range and the pattern of foraging are adapted to the type of substrate, with different strategies adopted on rocky versus sandy ground.
# Meilie, Sanming

Meilie District (Chinese: 梅列; pinyin: Méiliè) was a district of Sanming, Fujian province, People's Republic of China.

## Administrative divisions

Subdistricts:
* Liedong Subdistrict (列东街道), Liexi Subdistrict (列西街道), Xubi Subdistrict (徐碧街道)
Towns:
* Chenda (陈大镇), Yangxi (洋溪镇)
# Harold Moore

Harold Moore may refer to:
* Hal Moore (1922–2017), U.S. Army officer
* Harold E. Moore (1917–1980), American botanist
* Khalid Abdul Muhammad (born Harold Moore Jr., 1948–2001), American black activist
* Harold Moore, co-founder of the Association of Comics Magazine Publishers
# Payroll taxes in New South Wales

Employers, or a group of related businesses, whose total Australian wages exceed the current NSW monthly threshold are required to pay NSW payroll tax. Broadly speaking, the tax amount is a percentage of taxable wages paid within NSW. This percentage is called the payroll tax rate.
The following table lists the payroll tax rate and annual threshold in force for the indicated dates. The monthly threshold is the appropriate fraction of the annual threshold according to how many days there are in the month.
| Start Date | End Date | Payroll Tax Rate | Annual Threshold |
| 2007-07-01 | 2008-06-30 | 6% | $600,000 |
| 2008-07-01 | 2008-12-31 | 6% | $623,000 |
| 2009-01-01 | 2009-06-30 | 5.75% | $623,000 |
| 2009-07-01 | 2009-12-31 | 5.75% | $638,000 |
| 2010-01-01 | 2010-06-30 | 5.65% | $638,000 |
| 2010-07-01 | 2010-12-31 | 5.5% | $638,000 |
| 2011-01-01 | 2011-06-30 | 5.45% | $638,000 |
| 2012-07-01 | 2013-06-30 | 5.45% | $689,000 |
| 2013-07-01 | 2017-06-30 | 5.45% | $750,000 |
| 2013-07-01 | 2018-06-30 | 5.45% | $750,000 |
| 2018-07-01 | 2019-06-30 | 5.45% | $850,000 |
| 2019-07-01 | 2020-06-30 | 5.45% | $900,000 |
| 2020-07-01 | 2021-06-30 | 4.85% | $1,200,000 |
| 2021-07-01 | 2022-06-30 | 4.85% | $1,200,000 |
| 2022-07-01 | 2023-06-30 | 5.45% | $1,200,000 |
| 2023-07-01 | 2024-06-30 | 5.45% | $1,200,000 |
| 2024-07-01 | 2025-06-30 | TBA | TBA |
Each monthly payment or 'nil' remittance is due seven days after the end of each month, or by the next business day if the seventh day is a weekend (i.e., August payment is due by 7 September). The annual reconciliation and payment or 'nil' remittance is due by 21 July.
Effective July 2007 - In NSW, payroll tax is levied under the Payroll Tax Act 2007, and administered by the Taxation Administration Act 1996.
Prior to 1 July 2007 - In NSW, payroll tax was levied under the Payroll Tax Act 1971, and administered by the Taxation Administration Act 1996.
# Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument (Georgetown, Texas)

The Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument is an outdoor Confederate memorial installed outside the Williamson County Courthouse in Georgetown, Texas, United States.

## History

The monument was installed in 1916.
An anti-racism group, Courageous Conversations, "wants to put a plaque next to the statue addressing slavery as part of the Civil War. Members say the statue, in its current state, represents slavery. Currently, another plaque sits outside the courthouse referring to African-Americans as 'pioneer settlers.'" Williamson County Commissioners voted 4–1 not to allow the plaque, which would require the approval of the Texas Historical Commission in any event. "The commissioners expressed a desire to discuss the issue more, or even consider erecting a civil rights statue."
# Lobophytum longispiculatum

Lobophytum longispiculatum is a coral species of the genus Lobophytum.
# Paranomada

Paranomada is a genus of cuckoo bees in the family Apidae. There are at least three described species in Paranomada.

## Species

These three species belong to the genus Paranomada:
* Paranomada californica Linsley, 1945
* Paranomada nitida Linsley & Michener, 1937
* Paranomada velutina Linsley, 1939
# Paraphidippus aurantius

Paraphidippus aurantius is a species of jumping spider, commonly known as the emerald jumping spider or golden jumping spider. P. aurantius is a solitary hunter, with a fairly large size for a jumping spider. It is green or black with white side stripes on each side of its head and a white border around the top of the abdomen. It also has a midline of hairs down its center with small white dots and lines on either side.

## Distribution

Paraphidippus aurantius occurs from the United States to Panama, and on the Greater Antilles.
# Parné-sur-Roc

Parné-sur-Roc (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Mayenne department in northwestern France, boarding the Jouanne river.
# Lila Devi Sitaula

Lila Devi Sitaula is a Nepalese politician, belonging to the People's Socialist Party, Nepal formerly serving as the member of the 1st Federal Parliament of Nepal. In the 2017 Nepalese general election, she was elected as a proportional representative from Khas Arya category. She was elected as replacement of Sarita Kumari Giri, who was expelled from the parliament for defying the party's whip.
# Həsənqala, Khachmaz

Həsənqala (also, Gasankala) is a village and municipality in the Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 1,568. The municipality consists of the villages of Həsənqala and Bala Qusarqışlaq.
# 4RGL

4RGL is an Australian community radio station located in Gladstone, Queensland.
The station is currently broadcasting as Fresh FM and transmits to the Gladstone Region on 91.9 FM.
Prior to June 2013, the station was known as Rhema FM due to a former affiliation with the United Christian Broadcasters network of Rhema FM stations, but its name was changed to Fresh FM when it underwent a relaunch.
After struggling to find a permanent location for the radio station, the station purchased land from the Uniting Church and constructed studio facilities on the site which the radio station moved into on 25 May 2013.
On 7 November 2016, the station announced that after reaching an agreement with Seven Queensland, it would commence simulcasting the Central Queensland edition of Seven News at 6pm each weeknight from 11 November 2016.
# Haworthiopsis limifolia

Haworthiopsis limifolia, formerly Haworthia limifolia, is a species of flowering plant in the genus Haworthiopsis, native to southern Africa and first described in 1910.

## Distribution

It is native to southeastern Africa (southern Mozambique, Swaziland, KwaZulu-Natal, and Mpumalanga).

## Varieties

It is a relatively widespread species, with several known varieties, including arcana, gigantea, glaucophylla, keithii, striata, ubomboensis.
* The white-striped "striata" variety, from the Pongola region of northern KwaZulu Natal
* The large "gigantea" variety, from Nongoma district, KwaZulu Natal
* The light-coloured "keithii" variety, from the Ubombo mountains, Swaziland.
* The smooth, blue-green glaucophylla variety from Barberton, South Africa.
* The smooth, slender-leaved "ubomboensis" variety, from the Ubombo mountains, Swaziland.
* Early development of flower stem.
# Mesosphaerum diversifolium

Mesosphaerum diversifolium is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, formerly known as Hyptis diversifolia. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests only in Ecuador.
# Cardinals created by Innocent XIII

Pope Innocent XIII (r. 1721–1724) created three cardinals in two consistories:

## 16 June 1721

* Bernardo Maria Conti, O.S.B.Cas., brother of the Pope – cardinal-priest of S. Bernardo alle Terme (received the title on 16 July 1721), † 23 April 1730

## 16 July 1721

* Guillaume Dubois, archbishop of Cambrai – cardinal-priest without the title, † 10 August 1723
* Alessandro Albani – cardinal-deacon of S. Adriano (received the title on 24 September 1724), then cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin (23 September 1722), cardinal-deacon of S. Agata in Suburra (7 August 1741), cardinal-deacon of S. Maria ad martyres (11 March 1743), cardinal-deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata (10 April 1747), † 11 December 1779
# Mercury polycations

Mercury polycations are polyatomic cations that contain only mercury atoms. The best known example is the Hg$^{2+}$ $_2$ ion, found in mercury(I) (mercurous) compounds. The existence of the metal–metal bond in Hg(I) compounds was established using X-ray studies in 1927 and Raman spectroscopy in 1934 making it one of the earliest, if not the first, metal–metal covalent bonds to be characterised.
Other mercury polycations are the linear Hg$^{2+}$ $_3$ and Hg$^{2+}$ $_4$ ions, and the triangular Hg$^{4+}$ $_3$ ion and a number of chain and layer polycations.

## Mercury(I)

The best known polycation of mercury is Hg$^{2+}$ $_2$, in which mercury has a formal oxidation state of +1. The Hg$^{2+}$ $_2$ ion was perhaps the first metal-metal bonded species confirmed. The presence of the Hg$^{2+}$ $_2$ ion in solution was shown by Ogg in 1898. In 1900, Baker showed the presence of HgCl dimers in the vapour phase. The presence of Hg$^{2+}$ $_2$ units in the solid state was first determined in 1926 using X-ray diffraction. The presence of the metal-metal bond in solution was confirmed using Raman spectroscopy in 1934.
Hg$^{2+}$ $_2$ is stable in aqueous solution, where it is in equilibrium with Hg$^{2+}$ and elemental Hg, with Hg$^{2+}$ present at around 0.6%. Anions of insoluble salts readily shift the equilibrium: S$^{2−}$ , which forms an insoluble Hg(II) salt, induces complete disproportionation, whereas Cl$^−$ , which forms an insoluble Hg(I) salt, induces the reverse. Most salts with main group elements tend to contain only Hg(II) and metallic mercury, because the presence of strong Lewis bases destabilizes the intermetallic bond. In appropriate solvents, however, Hg(I) salts with derivatives of amides, pyridines, phosphorus trifluoride, tin(II), and certain other main group elements are all known.
Minerals that are known that contain the Hg$^{2+}$ $_2$ cation include eglestonite.

## Linear trimercury and tetramercury cations

Compounds containing the linear Hg$^{2+}$ $_3$ (mercury(2⁄3)) and Hg$^{2+}$ $_4$ (mercury(1⁄2)) cations have been synthesised. These ions are only known in the solid state in compounds such as Hg $_3$(AlCl $_4$) $_2$ and Hg $_4$(AsF $_6$) $_2$. The Hg–Hg bond length is 255 pm in Hg$^{2+}$ $_3$, and 255–262 pm in Hg$^{2+}$ $_4$. The bonding involves 2-centre-2-electron bonds formed by 6s orbitals.

## Cyclic mercury cations

The triangular Hg$^{4+}$ $_3$ cation was confirmed in a reinvestigation of the mineral terlinguaite in 1989 and subsequently synthesised in a number of compounds. The bonding has been described in terms of a three-center two-electron bond where overlap of the 6s orbitals on the mercury atoms gives (in D$_{3h}$ symmetry) a bonding "a$_1$" orbital.

## Chain and layer polycations

The golden yellow compound Hg $_{2.86}$(AsF $_6$), named "alchemists' gold" by its discoverers, contains perpendicular chains of Hg atoms.
The "metallic" compounds Hg $_3$NbF $_6$ and Hg $_3$TaF $_6$ contain hexagonal layers of mercury atoms separated by layers of MF$^−$ $_6$ anions. They are both superconductors below 7 K.
# Haring House

Haring House may refer to:
* Haring–Auryanson House, Closter, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Blanch–Haring House, Harrington Park, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Haring–Blauvelt House, Northvale, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Haring–Vervalen House, Norwood, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Frederick Haring House, Old Tappan, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Gerrit Haring House, Old Tappan, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Teunis Haring House, Old Tappan, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Haring–DeWolf House, Old Tappan, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Haring–Blauvelt–Demarest House, River Vale, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Abraham A. Haring House, Rockleigh, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Nicholas Haring House, Rockleigh, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Haring–Corning House, Rockleigh, New Jersey, listed on the NRHP in Bergen County
* Haring-Eberle House, Palisades, New York, listed on the NRHP in Rockland County
# Frederik Macody Lund

Julius Frederik Macody Lund (born 18 November 1863 – 16 December 1943) was a controversial Norwegian autodidact revisionist historian, most known and remembered for his engagement in the restoration of Nidaros Cathedral.
When architect Christian Christie presented his ideas for a restoration of the west section and the west front, an alternative idea was published by Macody Lund, introducing the screenfront and the rose window. Both of these ideas were included in Olaf Nordhagen's 1907 plan for the restoration of the cathedral.
In 1915 Macody Lund published his theory that Nidaros Cathedral was constructed on the basis of the ideas of the golden ratio. He gained support for this idea in the Parliament of Norway, and received financial aid from the parliament to develop an alternative proposal for the restoration of the west section and the west front, in competition with Nordhagen's work. These "system controversies" led to great delays in the work at the cathedral, as no work could be done before this dispute was settled. Macody Lund published his views in Ad Quadratum (1919). The dispute was settled in 1922, when an international experts commission rejected Macody Lund's theories. In 1923, Stortinget decided to continue the cathedral's restoration based on Nordhagen's plan. The commission's verdict was, however, without a full argumentation. Macody Lund thus saw an opportunity to continue his argument, which he published in Ad Quadratum II: Dom med præmisser over den internasjonale domskommissions dom uten præmisser (1928) ("A verdict with premises on the international experts commission's verdict without premises").
He was given a Lifetime government grant in 1929.