OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hemoglobin-G
## Origins

Hemoglobin G, Hemoglobin G-Philadelphia, or hbG, is a mutation of the cells that oxygenate blood. The G-Philadelphia variant is most commonly found in African Americans, with carriers being every 1 in 5,000. The trait is normal-functioning and has no known negative effects.
The mutation was first discovered in 1971, during the boom of research in to hemoglobin. The push was backed by the desire to research the causes and possibly fight sickle cell anemia and other types of Anemia. Because the strict laws of clinical testing had not existed in the 1970s, clinical trials were conducted almost immediately upon the granting of the National Sickle Cell Act of 1971.

## Historical research

Schwartz et al confirmed that Hemoglobin G is a normal mutation of the combination of S and A alleles, which is reflected in the chart below.

## Recent findings

Over time the variant has been shown more commonly in people of African and of Asian descent. The clinical presentations of the gene mutation are regarded as either Microcytic or Hypochromic if they are detectable at all. While the trait is not known to be abnormal on its own, the mutation of the gene can have an effect on the absorption of alcohol. As well as physical difficulties with alcohol and other blood-altering substances, the hemoglobin has also been shown to effect the way the brain handles sleep disorders, like insomnia. People with the G mutation are typically more likely to have issues oxygenating blood and because of this, Anemia was thought to be a side-effect of the mutation. The overall consensus among clinicians is that the "G-Philadelphia" mutation is harmless and has no clinical consequences.

## Clinical perspective

| Presumptive Diagnosis | Alpha Gene Arrangement | Functioning α-genes | Inheritance | Hgb G, % | Clinical Presentation |
| uncomplicated G trait, no thalassemia | αG α/α α | 4 | Mediterranean | 20-25 | No defect |
| alpha thal 2 with trans G trait | α -/αG – or – α/αG – | 2 | Mediterranean | 35-45 | Microcytic |
| alpha thal 2 trait, G trait | α3.7G/α α | 3 | African American | 25-35 | Usually no defect |
| alpha thal 2, G trait | α3.7G/- α | 2 | African plus other | 40-45 | Microcytic/Hypochromic |
| alpha thal 2, homozygous G | α3.7G/α3.7G | 2 | African American | 95 | Microcytic/Hypochromic |
| α thal 2/α thal 1, G trait (also known as H Disease, G trait) | α3.7G/ – – | 1 | rare | no A | Microcytic (MCV 55 fL) precipitation of beta-tetramers splenomegaly ineffective hematopoiesis bone marrow erythroid expansion |
# Henri Charrier

Henri Georges Charrier (19 September 1859, Paris - 6 January 1950, Paris) was a French painter; best known for his works in tempera, many of which feature scenes from mythology and nudes.

## Biography

He was a student of Jean-Paul Laurens and Joseph Blanc. His debut at the Salon came in 1881, and he was elected a member of the Société des artistes français in 1892. Two years later, he was awarded a third-class medal at the Salon. In 1933, he was named a Knight in the Legion of Honor.
Much of his work was done in the vicinity of Creuse, but he also travelled to Brittany, Auvergne and Allier, as well as providing decorations for several churches in Normandy. These included large, mounted paintings at the church of Saint Stephen in Fécamp, and monumental frescoes, depicting the Assumption, at the main church in Fauville. He also worked at the church of Saint Vincent in Charonne, and at a private location in Perros-Guirec.
His discovery of tempera (water-based paint with egg white) gave his works more subtle, delicate shades, and led him to gradually abandon painting with oils. He also researched various methods of fresco painting, which was then enjoying a vogue.
After his death, the Salon d'hiver [fr] organized a major retrospective of his works. They may be seen at the Louvre, and in museums in Guéret, Lille, Poitiers, Pontoise, and Quimper.
# Marco Antonio Garcia Blanco

Marco Antonio García Blanco (born 20 October 1960) is a Mexican diplomat and the current Ambassador of Mexico to Nigeria.

## Education

Blanco received his bachelor's degree in International Relations from the National Autonomous University of Mexico and a master's degree in National Security from the National Defense College of Mexico.

## Career

Upon completion of his studies, he was recruited by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He has served as advisor to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs. He has also been part of various delegations at international events.
# Marco Antonio Gentile

Marco Antonio Gentile (Genoa, 1723 - Genoa, 1798) was the 177th Doge of the Republic of Genoa.

## Biography

During his mandate as Doge, Gentile was highly respected, as he enriched the city library, increased the botanical garden and was the first doge to visit the university. He was also a keen supporter of a more active foreign policy based on the alliance with Austria and England. After the end of his mandate, which expired on March 8, 1783, he ran again in the customs elections in 1785, but was defeated. Marco Antonio Gentile eventually died in 1798, at the age of 75, without marrying and without children.
# Marco Antonio Flores

Marco Antonio Flores (March 23, 1937 – July 26, 2013) was a Guatemalan author, poet, essayist, journalist and professor. His published works include the collections of poetry La voz acumulada (1964), Muros de luz (1968), La derrota (1972), Persistencia de la memoria (1992), Crónica de los años de fuego (1993), Un ciego fuego en el alma (1995), Reunión, Poesía completa, Volumen I (1992) and Volumen II (2000) as well as Poesía escogida (1998). His novels include Los compañeros (1976), En el filo (1993), Los muchachos de antes (1996), Las batallas perdidas (1999), La siguamonta (1993) and Cuentos completos (1999).
# Chitrakoot Assembly constituency

Chitrakoot Assembly constituency may refer to these electoral constituencies in India:
* Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency
* Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency
# Chitrakathi

The Chitrakathi is the name of an occupational caste whose traditional livelihood was to narrate stories aided with pictures sojourning various places.

## History

The term Chitrakathi is the conjunction of two words: chitra meaning picture and katha meaning story. With this application, a Chitrakathi is the one who narrates stories with a visual aid. Thereby, one can imagine the rich tradition behind this art. In tribal life, there is a long-standing tradition of Chitrakathi's paintings. Wall paintings of Saora, Bhil, Gond and Warli are extremely popular in India and abroad. It’s an almost extinct art form practiced by the Thakar tribal community of Maharashtra. Chitrakathi artists are a community of migrating story tellers found all over Maharashra and some parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. They made a series of single sheets of paintings. All paintings belonging to one story were kept in a bundle called pothi. The Theme of Chitrakathi paintings include stories on local versions of Ramayana and Mahabharata and mythical themes. Use of brownish tones of stone colors gives a remarkable effect. Figures in paintings were generally stylized. These traditional art forms were lost in the villages of Maharashtra but the Greatest king of all times, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj who were a lover of art, showed this talent to the world. These stories were conserved during attacks in temples but after the times were better Maharaj revived them and honoured this beautiful artform.

## Origins

"Chitra" means picture and "katha" means story and the exponent called Chitrakathi is the person who narrates the story with the aid of some visual support. They sing the tale while showing it visually using pictures. This mostly depicts the gods and royals. "Broadly speaking, Chitrakatha is identified in three forms, Leather shadow puppets, Stringed wooden puppets and Picture stories. The latter only, now, is identified as 'Chitrakathi.
Artists use the term "Pothi" to set of pictures which contains 30 to 50 pages arranged in chronological order. These pages are unbound like pages of Ramayana and Mahabharata previously one artist used to keep 40 to 50 Pothis but today fortunately 15 to 20 Pothis are in good condition. Some pothis date back to 300 years whereas some 50 to 60 years old. The art of story telling may become extinct in less than a decade and half unless effective steps are taken by the government to preserve it.

## Artists and awards

Some prominent Chitrakathi artists are Jayashree Patankar, Alaka Bhandiwad, Indira Seshadri, Meenakshi Madan, Rajasri Manikandan, V Shanmughapriya, Shobha Rajagopalan, S Suresh and Vaishnavi Srikanth.
# Hempelmann

Hempelmann or Hempleman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alicia Hempleman-Adams (born 1989), British polar traveler
* David Hempleman-Adams (born 1956), British industrialist and adventurer
* Henry Valence Hempleman (1922–2006), British researcher
* Josef Hempelmann (1893–1967), German architect and politician
* John Hempleman (1933–2019), New Zealand motorcycle road racer
* Louis Hempelmann (1914–1993), American physician
# Hempfield Railroad

The Hempfield Railroad was chartered May 15, 1850 and was a line that originally was to run from Wheeling, West Virginia to Greensburg, Pennsylvania for a distance of 76 miles.

## History

The railroad reached Washington, Pennsylvania in the year 1857. It opened for business in 1857 under the heading of Wheeling, Pittsburgh and Baltimore Railroad. The railroad was a Standard gauge railroad (4 ft 8 1/2 inches) and track was 60 pounds to the yard
In the 1868–1869 years the railroad was operating from Wheeling W. Va. to Washington, PA for a distance of 32 miles. It had 3 locomotives, 6 passenger and freight cars including 11 coal cars for a total of 17 cars. Offices were located Washington, Washington County, Pennsylvania.
Operations to October 31, 1867 were as follows; Gross: $52,198.00 Expenses: $53,357.00 For a loss of $1,159.00
Capital stock: $1,809,565 6 per cent bonds: $500,000 floating debt: $100,000 Cost to build the road: $1,657,799 All of the above reference
The company was bought by the B&O Railroad on May 1, 1871. The company was reorganized as the Wheeling, Pittsburg, and Baltimore on May 3, 1871 by the B&O. It was originally to connect with the Pittsburg and Connellsville Railroad (another B&O company) at Newton, Pennsylvania after the reorganization.
# 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup – World Cup 1 – Women's 1500 metres

The women's 1500 metres race of the 2013–14 ISU Speed Skating World Cup 1, arranged in the Olympic Oval, in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, was held on 9 November 2013.
Lotte van Beek of the Netherlands won, while Ireen Wüst, also of the Netherlands, came second, and Martina Sáblíková of the Czech Republic came third. Heather Richardson of the United States won Division B.

## Results

The race took place on Saturday, 9 November, with Division A scheduled in the morning session, at 12:19, and Division B scheduled in the afternoon session, at 17:26.

### Division A

| Rank | Name | Pair | Lane | Time | WC points | GWC points |
| | Lotte van Beek | 9 | i | 1:52.95 | 100 | 10 |
| | Ireen Wüst | 10 | i | 1:53.30 | 80 | 8 |
| | Martina Sáblíková | 6 | o | 1:54.44 | 70 | 7 |
| 4 | Marrit Leenstra | 10 | o | 1:54.59 | 60 | 6 |
| 5 | Yekaterina Lobysheva | 7 | o | 1:54.66 | 50 | 5 |
| 6 | Ida Njåtun | 5 | o | 1:55.17 | 45 | — |
| 7 | Christine Nesbitt | 9 | o | 1:55.18 | 40 | |
| 8 | Claudia Pechstein | 1 | o | 1:55.22 | 36 | |
| 9 | Yuliya Skokova | 8 | i | 1:55.27 | 32 | |
| 10 | Yekaterina Shikhova | 1 | i | 1:55.30 | 28 | |
| 11 | Katarzyna Bachleda-Curuś | 6 | i | 1:55.44 | 24 | |
| 12 | Monique Angermüller | 3 | i | 1:55.46 | 21 | |
| 13 | Jorien Voorhuis | 8 | o | 1:55.54 | 18 | |
| 14 | Luiza Złotkowska | 4 | o | 1:55.63 | 16 | |
| 15 | Kali Christ | 5 | i | 1:56.39 | 14 | |
| 16 | Olga Graf | 2 | o | 1:56.41 | 12 | |
| 17 | Ayaka Kikuchi | 2 | i | 1:56.55 | 10 | |
| 18 | Brittany Schussler | 4 | i | 1:56.62 | 8 | |
| 19 | Annouk van der Weijden | 7 | i | 1:56.75 | 6 | |
| 20 | Kim Bo-reum | 3 | o | 1:56.94 | 5 | |

### Division B

| Rank | Name | Pair | Lane | Time | WC points |
| 1 | Heather Richardson | 12 | i | 1:53.37 | 25 |
| 2 | Brittany Bowe | 14 | i | 1:53.75 | 19 |
| 3 | Maki Tabata | 13 | o | 1:56.06 | 15 |
| 4 | Nana Takagi | 12 | o | 1:56.39 | 11 |
| 5 | Gabriele Hirschbichler | 8 | o | 1:56.780 | 8 |
| 6 | Karolína Erbanová | 15 | o | 1:56.784 | 6 |
| 7 | Noh Seon-yeong | 4 | i | 1:56.855 | 4 |
| 8 | Nao Kodaira | 9 | i | 1:56.856 | 2 |
| 9 | Jilleanne Rookard | 5 | o | 1:57.23 | 1 |
| 10 | Natalia Czerwonka | 16 | o | 1:57.62 | — |
| 11 | Yang Shin-young | 2 | i | 1:57.81 | |
| 12 | Zhao Xin | 7 | i | 1:57.99 | |
| 13 | Yuki Matsuda | 9 | o | 1:58.05 | |
| 14 | Yekaterina Aydova | 10 | o | 1:58.14 | |
| 15 | Francesca Bettrone | 3 | i | 1:58.62 | |
| 16 | Brianne Tutt | 15 | i | 1:58.65 | |
| 17 | Jelena Peeters | 13 | i | 1:58.96 | |
| 18 | Katarzyna Woźniak | 5 | i | 1:59.10 | |
| 19 | Hege Bøkko | 11 | i | 1:59.12 | |
| 20 | Anna Rokita | 6 | o | 1:59.47 | |
| 21 | Kelly Gunther | 4 | o | 1:59.79 | |
| 22 | Kaitlyn McGregor | 1 | i | 2:00.21 | |
| 23 | Anna Chernova | 14 | o | 2:00.34 | |
| 24 | Josie Spence | 10 | i | 2:00.45 | |
| 25 | Mari Hemmer | 16 | i | 2:00.49 | |
| 26 | Tatyana Mikhailova | 2 | o | 2:00.59 | |
| 27 | Ji Jia | 11 | o | 2:00.96 | |
| 28 | Johanna Östlund | 7 | o | 2:01.08 | |
| 29 | Tatyana Sokirko | 8 | i | 2:01.42 | |
| 30 | Nikola Zdráhalová | 3 | o | 2:03.22 | |
| DQ | Camilla Farestveit | 6 | i | DQ | |
# Choe Buk

Choe Buk (Korean: 최북; fl. 1712–1760), was a Korean painter of the late Joseon period. He used many art names including Samgijae, Hosaenggwan, Songjae, Giam, and Geogijae.

## Biography

His childhood remains unknown, as well as the social status of his family. The Grove says 'floruit c. 1755–85'.
He was known as a skilled landscape painter, but also drew portraits, flowers and animals. Legend tells of a powerful aristocrat that forced him to draw, but Choe refused to do so and as a result had one eye pierced, leading to the loss sight in that eye.
He was known to have traveled in Japan and was known to Zheng Zhilong's family; painting an image of Zheng's wife and their son Koxinga. The original returned to Korea with Choe, but a copy was kept with the family and was later emulated by Bak Jega.
His living situation became increasingly difficult, so he made a living by wandering around town and selling paintings. On the spot, he drew pictures at the request of others and received money for them, but the price was not set. When a requester offered Choe a small amount of money for one of his fine works, he would become so angry that he would scream and tear up the painting.
However, to those who were willing to pay a lot of money for his low-quality works, Choe mocked them and ordered them to take them immediately, saying: “That fool doesn’t even know the value of paintings."

## Style and Galleries

Choe Buk engraved his name and pen name in the center of the painting. He was acquainted with Kim Hong-do, Kim Deuk-sin, Yi In-mun, but his works are dissimilar to theirs.
The Korean Copyright Commission lists 20 paintings for Choe Buk, while Towooart gives a short notice.
* Choe Buk paintings
* Pyohun Temple 금강산 표훈사도
* Jo-eo Landscape 조어산수
* Bull riding 맹우도(려우귀가)
* Cho-ok Landscape 초옥산수
* A hawk that catches a rabbit 토끼를 잡아챈 매 (豪鷹博兎圖)
* Haebyun-giamdo 해변기암도
* Sansuhwa 산수화
* Genre painting
* Sansudo (Korean: 산수도)
# Hemimacquartia paradoxa

Hemimacquartia paradoxa is a European species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

British Isles, Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland.
# Marco Sala

Marco Sala may refer to:
* Marco Sala (footballer, born 1886)
* Marco Sala (footballer, born 1999)
# Chomakovo

Chomakovo is a village in Momchilgrad Municipality, Kardzhali Province, southern Bulgaria.
# Mardel

Mardel may refer to:

## Places

* Mar del Plata, a city in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina

## People

* Adam Mardel (born 1989), American pop singer
* Carlos Mardel (c. 1695–1763), Hungarian-Portuguese military officer, engineer, and architect
* Guy Mardel (born 1944), French singer
# Marcellina

Marcellina may refer to:

## People

* Marcellina (gnostic), a second-century Carpocratian Christian leader in Rome
* Saint Marcellina, a fourth-century Christian saint
* Marcellina Emmanuel, a Tanzanian middle-distance runner
* Marcellina Darowska, a beatified Polish nun

## Other

* Marcellina (municipality), a municipality in Rome
* Marcellina Mountain, a mountain summit in the Rocky Mountains
# Hen House Restaurants

Hen House Interstate, Inc. was a Chesterfield, Missouri-based company that owned and operated a chain of restaurants that at one time had up to 40 locations on the American Interstate highway system throughout Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri and Kansas. The chain was known for its open menu concept, which allowed patrons to order any kind of food at any time of the day, such as eggs and pancakes at dinnertime and hamburgers and fried chicken in the morning, and for the distinctive design of its buildings, the exteriors of which resembled hay barns.
In 1981, the Decatur Herald and Review reported the company was expected to expand from 26 locations to 40 and that company-wide sales had increased between 13 and 14 percent that year. The company's business operations involved hiring restaurant managers from the community in which each restaurant was opened and emphasized friendly service and engagement with the local community. The company also followed an awards system in which top managers, employees and restaurants received awards for excellence in areas such as best quality control and largest individual restaurant increase in sales. Awards given to recipients included company-paid vacations in luxury hotels.
In 1982 the company reported intentions to build large truck stop locations, with fuel and related services.
In 1991, during a major recession, Hen House Interstate, Inc. filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. During proceedings, the company was lent an additional $300,000 by their primary lender to fund continuing operations and to pay down debt. The company further obtained workers compensation insurance from Hartford Underwriters, but failed to make payments on the policy despite the insurer continuing to cover them. The reorganization failed and in 1993, the bankruptcy court converted the Chapter 11 filing to a Chapter 7 liquidation. At this time Hartford was owed over $50,000 in unpaid premiums and upon finally learning of the bankruptcy proceedings, attempted to collect the premiums from the company's lender via the bankruptcy court as administrative fees. The court ruled in favor of Hartford, however appeals eventually reached the United States Supreme Court, who in 1999, upheld a prior appeal decision in favor of the lender, with the court's opinion read by Antonin Scalia. This decision would go on to influence debtor-in-possession caselaw.
Though the parent company was liquidated, individual privately owned Hen House locations still exist, primarily in Illinois and Missouri.
One Hen House location remains in Illinois, in Arcola.
# Margo Todd

Margo Todd (born July 24, 1950) is an American historian.

## Education

Todd obtained an undergraduate degree from Tufts University and attended the Washington University in St. Louis, where she earned a master's degree and doctorate.

## Career

Todd joined the Vanderbilt University faculty. In 2003, Todd began teaching at the University of Pennsylvania as the Walter H. Annenberg Professor of History. Todd was awarded a Guggenheim fellowship in 2004.
# Margo Vliegenthart

Anne Margot (Margo) Vliegenthart (born 18 July 1958 in Utrecht) is a Dutch former politician.
# Choose My Life-U

Choose My Life-U is the fifth studio album by South Korean girl group S.E.S., released through SM Entertainment on February 15, 2002. The record spawned two singles—"U" and "Just A Feeling (Remix Version)". The album experienced success on the charts in South Korea, where it was the number-one album of February 2002 and sold over 400,000 copies by the end of the year.

## Background

Choose My Life-U marked a transformation into a more mature image for the group. Musically, the lead single "U" contains a mix of rock music, Eurodance, and Latin elements. Its music video features the members taking on various roles including Shoo as a casino dealer, Eugene as a designer, and Bada as a camera director.

## Commercial performance

Choose My Life-U recorded over 300,000 pre-orders prior to its release. On the album charts in South Korea, the album was the number-one best-selling record of February 2002 with sales of nearly 282,000 copies, and became the group's fourth consecutive monthly number-one album. It was the 11th best-selling album of 2002 with over 406,000 copies sold.

## Accolades

Awards :
| Year | Organization | Category | Result | Ref. |
| 2002 | Mnet Music Video Festival | Best Female Group | Won | |
Music program awards for "U" :
| Program | Date |
| Inkigayo | March 10, 2002 |
| Inkigayo | March 17, 2002 |
| Inkigayo | March 24, 2002 |
| Music Camp | March 23, 2002 |
| Music Camp | March 30, 2002 |

## Sales

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| South Korea | — | 406,528 |
# Helophorus lineatus

Helophorus lineatus is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in North America.
# Helopicus

Helopicus is a genus of springflies in the family Perlodidae. There are at least four described species in Helopicus.

## Species

These four species belong to the genus Helopicus:
* Helopicus bogaloosa Stark & Ray, 1983
* Helopicus infuscatus (Newman, 1838)
* Helopicus nalatus (Frison, 1942)
* Helopicus subvarians (Banks, 1920) (vernal springfly)
# Helophorus tuberculatus

Helophorus tuberculatus is a species of water scavenger beetle in the family Hydrophilidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia (excluding China) and North America.
# Marek Trejgis

Marek Trejgis (born 4 March 1975) is a Polish former professional footballer who played as a forward.

## Career

Trejgis began his professional football career with Hamburger SV, the club with whom he would make 11 Bundesliga appearances. He had a brief spell with Panionios where he made two appearances for the club in the Alpha Ethniki.
# Marian Catholic High School

Marian Catholic High School may refer to:
* Marian Catholic High School (Illinois), United States
* Marian Catholic High School (Pennsylvania), United States
* Mater Dei Catholic High School (Chula Vista, California), United States (formerly Marian Catholic High School)