OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gift wrapping algorithm

In computational geometry, the gift wrapping algorithm is an algorithm for computing the convex hull of a given set of points.

## Planar case

In the two-dimensional case the algorithm is also known as Jarvis march, after R. A. Jarvis, who published it in 1973; it has O(nh) time complexity, where n is the number of points and h is the number of points on the convex hull. Its real-life performance compared with other convex hull algorithms is favorable when n is small or h is expected to be very small with respect to n. In general cases, the algorithm is outperformed by many others (see Convex hull algorithms).

## Algorithm

For the sake of simplicity, the description below assumes that the points are in general position, i.e., no three points are collinear. The algorithm may be easily modified to deal with collinearity, including the choice whether it should report only extreme points (vertices of the convex hull) or all points that lie on the convex hull. Also, the complete implementation must choose how to deal with degenerate cases when the convex hull has only 1 or 2 vertices, as well as with the issues of limited arithmetic precision, both of computer computations and input data.
The gift wrapping algorithm begins with i=0 and a point p$_0$ known to be on the convex hull, e.g., the leftmost point, and selects the point p$_{i+1}$ such that all points are to the right of the line p$_i$ p$_{i+1}$. This point may be found in O(n) time by comparing polar angles of all points with respect to point p$_i$ taken for the center of polar coordinates. Letting i=i+1, and repeating with until one reaches p$_h$=p$_0$ again yields the convex hull in h steps. In two dimensions, the gift wrapping algorithm is similar to the process of winding a string (or wrapping paper) around the set of points.
The approach can be extended to higher dimensions.

## Complexity

The inner loop checks every point in the set S, and the outer loop repeats for each point on the hull. Hence the total run time is $O(nh)$. The run time depends on the size of the output, so Jarvis's march is an output-sensitive algorithm.
However, because the running time depends linearly on the number of hull vertices, it is only faster than $O(n\log n)$ algorithms such as Graham scan when the number h of hull vertices is smaller than log n. Chan's algorithm, another convex hull algorithm, combines the logarithmic dependence of Graham scan with the output sensitivity of the gift wrapping algorithm, achieving an asymptotic running time $O(n\log h)$ that improves on both Graham scan and gift wrapping.
# Ak'ak'i Meipariani

Ak'ak'i Meipariani (Georgian: აკაკი მეიფარიანი; 28 February 1918 – 31 December 1995) was a Soviet Olympic fencer. He competed in the team épée event at the 1952 Summer Olympics.
# Epelis truncataria

Epelis truncataria, the black-banded orange, is a species of geometrid moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in North America.
The MONA or Hodges number for Epelis truncataria is 6321.
# Disability in Guinea-Bissau

Disability in Guinea-Bissau refers to the related affairs of people with disability in Guinea-Bissau.

## History

Guinea-Bissau ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 24 September 2014.

## Statistics

As of 2021, there were 11,584 people of Guinea-Bissau who had varying levels of disability.
# Nawi

Nawi is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Eli Nawi, Israeli Paralympic rower
* Eliyahu Nawi (1920–2012), Israeli politician
* Ezra Nawi (1951–2021), Israeli human rights activist
* Nazrin Nawi (born 1988), Malaysian footballer
# CJOC-FM

CJOC-FM (94.1 FM) is a radio station in Lethbridge, Alberta. Owned by Vista Radio, it broadcasts a classic hits format.

## History

The station was licensed by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on August 2, 2006, and officially launched on July 3, 2007. The CJOC calls were previously used by an AM station in Lethbridge, which now broadcasts as CJRX-FM. That station has no ownership association with the current CJOC. Its sister station was CJCY-FM Medicine Hat.
In December 2018, Clear Sky Radio announced the sale of its remaining stations to Vista Radio. In June 2019, CJOC was rebranded under Vista's standard Juice FM brand.
In July 2020, CJOC reverted to its previous branding of 94.1 CJOC.
# Galtara aurivilii

Galtara aurivilii is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Arnold Pagenstecher in 1901. It is found in Cameroon, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda and Zambia.
# Wöhrden

Wöhrden is a municipality in the district of Dithmarschen, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. Heinrich Scheidemann, one of the greatest organ composers of the early Baroque, disciple of Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck and forerunner to J. S. Bach, was born in Wöhrden, in 1595.
# Centaurus Secondary School

22°35′11″S 17°5′39″E﻿ / ﻿22.58639°S 17.09417°E﻿ / -22.58639; 17.09417 Centaurus Secondary School is a high school in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia. It was founded on 23 January 1962 and started with 175 learners transferred from Windhoek High School.
# Muricodrupa fenestrata

Muricodrupa fenestrata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The shell size varies between 17 mm and 45 mm.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the Red Sea, in the Indian Ocean off Madagascar, Tanzania and the south coast of South Africa and in the Indo-West Pacific.
# Epicoma tristis

Epicoma tristis, the dark epicoma, is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Edward Donovan in 1805. It is found in Australia.
The larvae feed on Eucalyptus, Leptospermum and Kunzea species.
# Dimensions (EP)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Dimensions is the second extended play (EP) by Australian rock band Wolfmother, released on 31 January 2006. It includes a total of four tracks and two music videos; three of the four songs were previously released on the band's self-titled album (one, "Love Train", only on the international version).

## Track listing

All songs were written by Andrew Stockdale, Chris Ross and Myles Heskett.
* "Dimension" – 4:23
* "Mind's Eye" – 4:57
* "Love Train" – 3:02
* "The Earth's Rotation Around the Sun" – 2:45
* "Dimension" (music video) – 4:23
* "Mind's Eye" (music video) – 4:57

## Credits
### Wolfmother

* Andrew Stockdale – lead vocals, guitar
* Chris Ross – bass, keyboard
* Myles Heskett – drums

### Additional personnel

* Dave Sardy – production
* Frank Frazetta – cover art
* Jonathan Zawada – layout design
# Donald Martin Carroll

Donald Martin Carroll (November 25, 1909 – January 3, 2002) was an American Roman Catholic priest.
Born in Chicago, Illinois, Carroll was ordained a Roman Catholic priest for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago, Illinois on April 7, 1934. On June 27, 1956, he was appointed Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Rockford, Illinois, but resigned on September 25, 1956 before his consecration due to ill health.
# Cabbage white

Cabbage white or cabbage butterfly may refer to:
* Pieris brassicae, a Palearctic butterfly
* Pieris rapae, a Palearctic butterfly that has been introduced to many other parts of the world
# Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life

Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life is a fictionalised autobiographical work by J. M. Coetzee which focuses on his years spent growing up in South Africa. The novel focuses on his troubled time in Worcester but looks back to happier times living in a large house in Rosebank, Cape Town. By the end of the novel they had moved again to Plumstead, Cape Town.

## Critical reception

Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life was generally well-received among American press. According to Book Marks, the book received "rave" reviews based on 5 critic reviews with 3 being "rave" and 2 being "positive".
* ↑ Coetzee, J. M. (1997). Boyhood: Scenes from Provincial Life. Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-87220-6.
* ↑ "Boyhood". Book Marks. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
* This article about a South African novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.
* v
* t
* e
* This article about an autobiographical novel of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Wöhr, Bavaria

Wöhr is an historic town, and now district of Neustadt an der Donau in Lower Bavaria on the Danube in Bavaria, Germany.
The settlement of Wöhr is between Neustadt and the Danube riverbank, and is actually older than Neustadt. Wöhr was incorporated in the late Middle Ages as part of the city of Neustadt and residents of Wöhr could be citizens of the city, but lived outside the fortification.
Wöhr was also the seat of the noble family of the Lords of Wöhr and the ducal Urbar Office who lived in the so-called Burgstall Castle(now ruins).
# Lupinus albifrons

Lupinus albifrons, silver lupine, white-leaf bush lupine, or evergreen lupine, is a species of lupine (lupin). It is native to California and Oregon, where it grows along the coast and in dry and open meadows, prairies and forest clearings. It is a member of several plant communities, including coastal sage scrub, chaparral, northern coastal scrub, foothill woodland, and yellow pine forest.

## Description

Lupinus albifrons is a perennial shrub, taking up about 2 ft (0.61 m) of space and reaching 5 ft (1.5 m). It has a light blue to violet flower on 3–12 inches (7.6–30.5 cm) stalks. The leaves are silver with a feathery texture. It grows in sandy to rocky places below 5,000 feet (1,500 m).

## Cultivation

This plant grows as a wildflower in the hills and valleys of California. It requires good drainage and needs little water once the roots are established.

## Toxicity to livestock

The plant is deer-resistant due to the presence of the bitter-tasting alkaloid toxins anagyrine and lupinine. Because of these toxins lupines can negatively affect livestock, causing birth defects and decreasing weight especially in young, inexperienced cattle. When cows are under stress from lactating, especially in times of low forage availability, they will consume more lupine than usual.

## Mission blue butterfly

The federally endangered mission blue butterfly requires either Lupinus albifrons, Lupinus formosus and Lupinus variicolor, on which their larvae feed. The butterfly becomes toxic itself when it feeds on the plant, leaving it with a bitter taste to deter predators.
Due to its potential danger to livestock, this lupine is removed from rangeland when possible, eliminating a crucial food plant from the butterfly's range.

## Infraspecific taxa

Lupinus albifrons has six different varieties, four of which occur only in California, the other two occur in both California and Oregon:
* Lupinus albifrons var. albifrons, silver lupine
* Lupinus albifrons var. collinus, silver lupine
* Lupinus albifrons var. douglasii, Douglas' silver lupine
* Lupinus albifrons var. eminens, silver lupine
* Lupinus albifrons var. flumineus, silver lupine.
* Lupinus albifrons var. hallii, syn. Lupinus paynei, Payne's bush lupine.
# Bécheresse

Bécheresse (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Charente department in southwestern France.
# Defence Growth Partnership

The Defence Growth Partnership (DGP) is a partnership between the UK Government and the British defence industry. It is jointly led by the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and the Defence Industry, with "the support of the Ministry of Defence as the UK customer". It was endorsed by the then Prime Minister, David Cameron and is currently co-chaired by Allan Cook CBE, and the Minister for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, Richard Harrington (politician). The DGP was first announced at Farnborough Airshow in 2012.

## Centre For Maritime Intelligent Systems

As part of the DGP initiative a Centre for Maritime Intelligent Systems (CMIS) was announced in July 2014. CMIS is a £4m defence research centre, based at the Portsdown Technology Park in Portsmouth. The centre was officially opened on 17 November 2014 by Matthew Hancock, MP

## Defence Solutions Centre

As part of the DGP a UK Defence Solutions Centre was opened in Farnborough in 2015. Its current CEO is Mark Barclay, with independent Chairman Brian Burridge.
# Epicoma contristis

Epicoma contristis, the yellow-spotted epicoma, is a moth of the family Notodontidae first described by Jacob Hübner in 1823. It is known from Australia, including Tasmania, New South Wales and Victoria.
The larvae feed on the foliage of Casuarina, Eucalyptus, Leptospermum and Melaleuca species.
# Alexander Ludwig (disambiguation)

Alexander Ludwig (born 1992) is a Canadian actor.
Alexander Ludwig may also refer to:
* Alexander Ludwig (footballer, born 1984), German footballer
* Alexander Ludwig (footballer, born 1993), Danish footballer
* Prince Alexander of Hesse and by Rhine (1823–1888), German prince whose birth name was Alexander Ludwig Georg Friedrich Emil of Hesse and by Rhine
# Dorcadiini

Dorcadiini is a tribe of longhorn beetles of the subfamily Lamiinae. It was described by Pierre André Latreille in 1825.

## Taxonomy

* Corestheta Pascoe, 1875
* Dorcadion Dalman, 1817
* Elasmotena McKeown, 1945
* Eodorcadion Breuning, 1946
* Microlamia Bates, 1874
* Neodorcadion Ganglbauer, 1883
* Paraxylotoles Breuning, 1973
* Parmenomorpha Blackburn, 1889
* Trichodorcadion Breuning, 1942
* Xylotoles Newman, 1840
# 1995 English Greyhound Derby

The 1995 Daily Mirror/Sporting Life Greyhound Derby Final took place on 24 June 1995 at Wimbledon Stadium. The winner Moaning Lad received £50,000. The competition was sponsored by the Sporting Life and Daily Mirror.

## Final result

At Wimbledon (over 480 metres):
| Position | Name of Greyhound | Breeding | Trap | SP | Time | Trainer |
| 1st | Moaning Lad | Kyle Jack - Lady Bellamy | 3 | 5-2 | 28.66 | Theo Mentzis (Private) |
| 2nd | Summerhill Joy | Low Sail - Grange Joy | 6 | 3-1 | 28.70 | Michael Enright (Ireland) |
| 3rd | Curryhills Fancy | Deenside Spark - Westpark Schull | 5 | 50-1 | 28.82 | Linda Mullins (Walthamstow) |
| 4th | Pearls Girl | Flashy Sir - Desert Pearl | 1 | 2-1f | 28.98 | Sam Sykes (Wimbledon) |
| 5th | Mustang Joe | Ardfert Sean - Yairs Gold | 2 | 5-1 | 29.14 | Patsy Byrne (Wimbledon) |
| 6th | Heres Seanie | Ardfert Sean - Mindys Miracle | 4 | 5-1 | 29.15 | Pat Ryan (Perry Barr) |

### Distances

½, 1½, 2, 2, short head (lengths) The distances between the greyhounds are in finishing order and shown in lengths. One length is equal to 0.08 of one second.

### Competition Report

The ante-post favourite was Heres Seanie, winner of the Coronation Cup at Romford and Blue Riband at Wembley but by the time the final came around he had lost the favourites tag after failing to secure a heat win throughout the competition. Byrne International winner Pearls Girl was installed the favourite for the final after drawing her favoured red box, the British bred fawn and white bitch had only been beaten once and was the only one to defeat Moaning Lad during the competition. It was however Moaning Lad that deservedly won by just half a length after being chased down well by the Irish hope Summerhill Joy.
# Wuz Dat?

"Wuz Dat?" is a lead single by South African TV personality and rapper Boity and rapper Nasty C from her debut extended play (EP) 4436 (2020) released on 27 August 2018 through Universal Music South Africa, it was certified Platinum in South Africa which became the first single by a female rapper in South Africa to be certified Platinum.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| South Africa (RISA) | Platinum | 20,000 |
# 1922–23 Torquay United F.C. season

The 1922–23 Torquay United F.C. season was Torquay United's second season in competitive football and their first season in the Southern League. The season runs from 1 July 1922 to 30 June 1923.

## Overview

After a creditable first season of competitive football in the Western League, Torquay United applied a second time to enter the Southern League and were this time successful. Naturally entering the English Section, the League consisted mainly of reserve teams from Football League sides, as well as a handful of other professional clubs such as Boscombe and their old Western League rivals Yeovil & Petters United. Although Torquay made an inconsistent start to life in the Southern League, they soon picked up the pace as the season wore on. Finishing strongly and losing just one of their last ten games, United ended the season in a respectable 6th place.
As the second highest placed non-reserve side, Torquay United now felt confident enough to apply for election to the Football League. However, United's bid was unsuccessful and the club did not even receive a single vote in the ballot. Having failed in their attempt at election to the Third Division South, Torquay would have to settle for a second season in the Southern League although, due to restructuring, they would now be taking their place in the newly created Western Section.

## Competitions
### Southern League English Section
#### Standings

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GR | Pts | Qualification |
| 4 | Bristol Rovers II | 38 | 20 | 8 | 10 | 59 | 41 | 1.439 | 48 | Transferred to Western Division |
| 5 | Plymouth Argyle II | 38 | 20 | 7 | 11 | 74 | 41 | 1.805 | 47 | Transferred to Western Division |
| 6 | Torquay United | 38 | 18 | 8 | 12 | 63 | 38 | 1.658 | 44 | Transferred to Western Division |
| 7 | Brighton & Hove Albion II | 38 | 20 | 3 | 15 | 95 | 60 | 1.583 | 43 | Transferred to Eastern Division |
| 8 | Luton Town II | 38 | 16 | 11 | 11 | 67 | 56 | 1.196 | 43 | Transferred to Eastern Division |
# Museum of Optical Technologies

The Museum of Optical Technologies functions as part of the St. Petersburg State University of Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics (SPbSU ITMO). It was founded to acquaint young people with the achievements in optical technology, including both modern optical engineering and information technology.

## Overview

The museum is located at 14th Birzhevaya Line and was opened on December 16, 2003, at Vasilevsky Island as an open and interactive optics museum. It was formerly known as the Laboratories of the Russian State Optical Institute with support of the Saint Petersburg City Administration.
During 2009-2010, it planned to open an interactive hall for employment of Schoolchildren.

## Exhibitions

The exposition is located on the ground floor of the building and consists of 3 halls.
* The first hall, there is a collection of art and computer holograms, real holographic installations, a statue of Yuri Nikolaevich Denisyuk, and a training display - "a holography Basis" .
* The second hall, there is a large antique collection of bronze mirrors, old fixtures, gnomon samples, astrolabes, armillary spheres, reading stones, displays about the nature of light and the sight mechanism, a collection of spectral lamps and displays on photo stories.
* The third hall, there is a panorama of Venetian glass, a collection of one hundred forty four Abbe optical glasses, samples of the first experimental laser cores and fiber-optical elements with actual industrial equipment.
# Aulacodes scaralis

Aulacodes scaralis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Schaus in 1906. It is found in Brazil.
# Vivencias (Ana Gabriel album)

Vivencias (English Experiences) is the twelfth studio album by Mexican pop singer, Ana Gabriel. It was released on 1996. This material was produced by herself.

## Track listing

Tracks:
* No Te Hago Falta 05:00
* Es Tarde Ya 04:12
* Sólo Fantasía (Como Imaginar) 05:19
* Yo No Te Dije Adiós 03:55
* Fue en Un Café (Under the Boardwalk) 03:34
* No Sabes 03:52
* Miedo 03:30
* Esta Noche 03:26
* Tú No Te Imaginas 03:44
* Que Haré Sin Ti 03:19
* Under the Boardwalk 03:34

## Album Charts

| # | Chart | U.S. Peak Position |
| 1. | "Lat. Pop Alb." | #14 |
| 2. | "Top Lat. Albums" | #28 |
* Note: This release reached the #14 position in Billboard Latin Pop Albums staying for 5 weeks and it reached the #28 position in the Billboard Top Latin Albums staying for 15 weeks in the chart.

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Mexico (AMPROFON) | Gold | 100,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||

## Singles

* No Te Hago Falta reached #12 on Hot Latin Songs.
# Naxos Quartets

The Naxos Quartets are a series of ten string quartets by the English composer Peter Maxwell Davies.
They were written between 2001 and 2007 to a commission from Naxos Records. In 2001 the Maggini Quartet was appointed to record all ten for the record label. The first quartet was premiered by the Magginis at the Wigmore Hall on 17 October 2002. The series of quartets can be considered a multi-installment "novel".
Not all of the quartets have explicit extra-musical references, although the landscape and culture of Davies' adopted Orkney remain ever present. Davies has stated that the Third Quartet is a manifestation of his feelings of outrage at the invasion of Iraq in 2003. By contrast the Fourth Quartet, subtitled Children's Games, takes as its inspiration Pieter Bruegel the Elder's eponymous painting of 1560. The Fifth Quartet uses a motif of the flashing of lighthouses in Orkney. The Seventh Quartet is a tribute to the Baroque architect Francesco Borromini, and the Eighth Quartet, based on John Dowland's Queen Elizabeth's Galliard, is dedicated to Queen Elizabeth II on the occasion of her eightieth birthday.
The string quartets are not Davies' only work in the genre: his first published composition was a movement for string quartet, and he produced a mature quartet in 1961. Two Little Quartets appeared in 1980 and 1987. There is also the unfinished final String Quartet (2016, op. 338), of which only the first movement was completed.
All ten quartets are now available on five discs or downloads from Naxos Records.