OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gov. Jonas Galusha Homestead

The Governor Jonas Galusha Homestead is a historic homestead at 3871 Vermont Route 7A in Shaftsbury Center, Vermont. Built in 1783 and enlarged in 1805, it is a well-preserved example of Federal period architecture. It was built by Jonas Galusha, Vermont's fifth governor and a leading politician and military figure of southern Vermont for many years. It is now home to the Shaftsbury Historical Society, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

## Description and history

The Governor Joseph Galusha Homestead is located near the northern end of the dispersed rural village of Shaftsbury Center, which is strung along Vermont Route 7A, the former alignment of United States Route 7 and historically the major north–south route through the area. The homestead includes 174 acres (70 ha), much of which is either in agricultural use or wooded. Its building complex is located near the property's southeastern corner, on the west side of the road, at one of its highest points. The main house is a 2+1⁄2-story wood-frame I-house, with a side-gable roof, end chimneys, clapboard siding, and a marble block foundation. Extending to its rear are a 1+1⁄2-story ell. The main facade is five bays wide, with a central entry with marble floor sheltered by a gabled porch, and a Palladian window above. The interior retains original features from the early 19th century, including hand-forged hinges and latches made by the building's most prominent resident, Jonas Galusha.
The oldest portion of the house is the small rear ell, which was built by Galusha in 1783. The front part of the house was built in 1805, supposedly to a design suggested by local master builder Lavius Fillmore. The house was home to Galusha until his death in 1834. He was a major force in the politics and military of southwestern Vermont for many years, serving in American Revolutionary War at the Battle of Hubbardton and the Battle of Bennington. He was sheriff of Bennington County in the 1780s, and the fifth Governor of Vermont.
# Donald Murray (politician)

Donald Murray (21 October 1862 – 6 July 1923) was a Liberal Party politician in Scotland who served in the House of Commons as the member of parliament (MP) for the Western Isles from 1918 to 1922.
Murray won the newly created Western Isles seat at the 1918 general election, but was defeated at the 1922 general election by Sir William Cotts, a National Liberal who had stood against him in 1918 as a Coalition Liberal. After his defeat, Murray did not stand again.
# Callichroma omissum

Callichroma omissum is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Schmidt in 1924. It is known from southeastern Brazil.
# Zemiropsis pintado

Zemiropsis pintado is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Babyloniidae.
# Atimura strandi

Atimura strandi is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1940.
# Bromus pacificus

Bromus pacificus, the Pacific brome, is a perennial grass native to the Pacific coast of North America. Bromus pacificus has a diploid number of 28.

## Taxonomy

Bromus pacificus is often misidentified as various species of Bromus sect. Ceratochloa, including B. carinatus and B. sitchensis. B. pacificus resembles these species with its large and open panicles, but its lemmas are rounded or slightly keeled as compared to the flattened lemmas of B. sect. Ceratochloa. In addition, B. pacificus typically occurs only near the coast of British Columbia while species of B. sect. Ceratochloa are more widely distributed, including habitats in California where B. pacificus has been misidentified.

## Description

Bromus pacificus lacks rhizomes and grows 45–172 cm (18–68 in) tall. The smooth culms are 4–5 mm (0.16–0.20 in) wide at their base and have five to nine nodes. The brownish culms are relatively pubescent, with hairs up to 1 mm (0.039 in) long, though culms are occasionally glabrous with hairs only adjacent to nodes. The leaf sheaths remain closed for most of their length, being open for only 14–35 mm (0.55–1.38 in). Leaf sheaths are glabrous or pilose with hairs 2.1 mm (0.083 in) long, and lack auricles. The membranous and glabrous ligules are 2–4 mm (0.079–0.157 in) long. Leaf blades are 32–37 cm (13–15 in) long and 7–16 mm (0.28–0.63 in) wide, with an adaxial surface covered with hairs up to 1.5 mm (0.059 in) long and a glabrous abaxial surface. Margins are smooth or slightly serrated. The open panicles are 17–28 cm (6.7–11.0 in) long and 12.5–19 cm (4.9–7.5 in) wide, with spreading or nodding branches. The spikelets are 2.1–3.8 cm (0.83–1.50 in) long and number one to six per branch. The rachillas can sometimes be visible at maturity. Spikelets have six to eight florets. Glumes are pubescent, with hairs up to 0.6 mm (0.024 in) long. The one-nerved lower glumes are 8.2–10.5 mm (0.32–0.41 in) long, and the three-nerved upper glumes are 9.7–12 mm (0.38–0.47 in) long. The seven-nerved lemmas are 10–13.5 mm (0.39–0.53 in) long and 1.8–2.3 mm (0.071–0.091 in) wide, and are covered with appressed hairs up to 1.5 mm (0.059 in) long. Awns are 3–6.5 mm (0.12–0.26 in) long. Paleas are typically shorter than lemmas, being 9–10 mm (0.35–0.39 in) long, with dense cilia up to 0.5 mm (0.020 in) long. The dark brown anthers are 2–3 mm (0.079–0.118 in) long.

## Distribution and habitat

Bromus pacificus occurs along the Pacific coast as its specific epithet indicates. It occurs from southeastern Alaska down to central Oregon; most often it occurs in the coast of British Columbia. Habitats include moist ravines, shaded forests, wet thickets, saline beaches, ditches, and road verges, from 0–50 m (0–164 ft) in elevation.
# Gordon Dowding

Gordon Hudson Dowding (March 1, 1918 – November 9, 2003) was a lawyer and politician in British Columbia, Canada. He represented Burnaby and then Burnaby-Edmonds in the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia from 1956 to 1975 as a CCF/NDP member.
He was born in Kamloops and educated there and at the University of British Columbia. In 1945, he married Gwen Olson. Dowding was called to the British Columbia bar in 1952 and the Alberta bar in 1967. He was an unsuccessful candidate in the provincial riding of Lillooet in 1952 and 1953. Dowding was the speaker of the British Columbia Legislature from 1972 to 1975 (he was the only incumbent NDP MLA not to be appointed to cabinet). He was defeated by Ray Loewen when he ran for reelection in 1975.
In 1962, Dowding was a founding member of the B.C. Civil Liberties Association. He died in 2003.
# Lydian barbel

The Lydian barbel (Luciobarbus lydianus) is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Luciobarbus from the Gediz River and Asagiçavuslu Stream in Turkey.
# NGC 498

NGC 498 is a lenticular galaxy located about 260 million light-years away from Earth, in the constellation Pisces. NGC 498 was discovered by astronomer R. J. Mitchell on October 23, 1856.
NGC 498 is a member of the NGC 507 Group which is part of the Perseus–Pisces Supercluster.
# Walter Alison Edwards

Walter Alison Edwards (1862 – 1924) was a U.S. educator. He served as the president of the Throop Polytechnic Institute (which later became Caltech) from 1897 to 1907.
# Halfpenny (surname)

Halfpenny is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ben Halfpenny, English rugby league footballer of the 1920s and 1930s
* Brian Halfpenny (1936-2024), British Anglican priest
* Bronwyn Halfpenny (born 1963), Australian politician and daughter of John Halfpenny
* Chelsea Halfpenny (born 1991), English actress
* Jill Halfpenny, English actress
* John Halfpenny (1935-2003), Australian trade unionist and father of Bronwyn Halfpenny
* Leigh Halfpenny, Welsh rugby footballer
* William Halfpenny, English 18th-century architectural designer
# Golden duck

Golden duck may refer to:
* Golden duck (cricket), players who are dismissed by the first ball they face
* Golden Duck Award for Excellence in Children's Science Fiction Literature
* Złota Kaczka (Polish for golden duck), a Polish film award
* Gold Duck (Złota kaczka), a legendary creature from Warsaw's urban legends
# Engenheiro Goulart (CPTM)

Engenheiro Goulart is a train station on CPTM Lines 12-Sapphire and 13-Jade.
The building of Engenheiro Goulart station is located in the same place as the old one, in Avenida Doutor Assis Ribeiro, 169, in the district of Cangaíba, East Side of São Paulo. The current building has more than 15,000 square metres (160,000 sq ft) of area and was officially opened on 4 August 2017, after 3 years of reconstruction. The original building was closed on 23 June 2014 and totally reconstructed, because of the Line 13-Jade construction, which has this station as terminus since 31 March 2018.

## History

Engenheiro Goulart station was opened on 1 January 1934, along with the EFCB Poá station. In 1959, two commuter trains crashed after the head of the station authorized the departure of UP-237, which should wait for the passage of UP-240 on the station. Because of that, at 6:20pm on 5 June 1959, both trains collided at 800 metres (2,600 ft) from the station, killing 50 passengers and leaving other 120 wounded.
The station was reconstructed by RFFSA in 1970. Since 1994, it is operated by CPTM. Between 2008 and 2009, the station was reformed, extending the coverage above the platforms. In 2014, it was closed and demolished, to be reconstructed for Lines 12-Sapphire and 13-Jade.
On 31 March 2018, the Line 13-Jade was opened, with the boarding of retinue of Governor Geraldo Alckmin, towards Aeroporto–Guarulhos station. Not all the trains of Line 13 stop on Engenheiro Goulart, as the Airport-Express service makes a route from Luz to Aeroporto–Guarulhos.

## Characteristics

Station constructed on surface with two adjacent island platforms. It has two access ramps, one of them connecting the station to Av. Doutor Assis Ribeiro, and another connecting the station to Tietê Ecological Park.
# Neufville

Neufville is a surname. Notable people with this surname include:
* Eddie Neufville (born 1976), Liberian sprinter
* Edward Neufville Tailer (1830–1917), American merchant
* Georg von Neufville (1883–1941), German Wehrmacht officer
* Jean de Neufville (1729–1796), Dutch banker
* Josh Neufville (born 2001), English football player
* Leendert Pieter de Neufville (1729–1811), Dutch merchant
* Marilyn Neufville (born 1952), Jamaican sprinter
* Neufville de Villeroy family
** Camille (1606–1693), French archbishop
** François (1644–1730), French military leader and nobleman
** François Paul (1677–1731), French archbishop
** Nicolas IV (1543–1617), French politician and nobleman
** Nicolas V (1598–1685), French military leader and nobleman
* Renee Neufville, American singer, member of Zhané
* Vashon Neufville (born 1999), English football player
# 184th

184th may refer to:
* 184th (2nd South Midland) Brigade, formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army
* 184th AAA Battalion (United States), attached to the 49th AAA Brigade
* 184th Battalion, CEF, unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War
* 184th Fighter Squadron, unit of the Arkansas Air National Guard that flew the A-10 Thunderbolt II
* 184th Infantry Regiment (United States) (Second California), infantry regiment of the United States Army
* 184th Intelligence Wing, located at McConnell AFB, Kansas
* 184th Nembo Parachute Division, airborne division of the Italian Army during World War II
* 184th Ohio Infantry (or 184th OVI), infantry regiment in the Union Army during the American Civil War
* 184th Ordnance Battalion (EOD) accomplish the explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) support activity
* 184th Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment, Yugoslav aviation regiment established in 1948
* 184th Rifle Division (Soviet Union), Soviet Red Army division during World War II
* Pennsylvania's 184th Representative District
# Gordon Connell

Gordon Connell may refer to:
* Gordon Connell (actor) (1923–2016), American musical theatre and television actor
* Gordon Connell (rugby union) (born 1944), former Scotland international rugby union player
# Gwoza massacre

The Gwoza massacre was a terrorist event that occurred on 2 June, 2014 in the Gwoza local government district, Borno State near the Nigerian-Camerounian border.
Militants (presumably from Boko Haram) dressed as soldiers slaughtered hundreds of civilians in the villages of Goshe, Attagara, Agapalwa and Aganjara. Some reliable sources have put the death toll at 400-500.
A community leader who witnessed the Monday killings had said that local residents had pleaded for help from the military, but it did not arrive in time. It took a few days for word from survivors to reach the provincial capital of Maiduguri, because the roads are extremely dangerous and phone connections are poor or nonexistent, due to the state of emergency declared in Borno about a year before. The slaughter was confirmed by both Mohammed Ali Ndume, a senator representing Borno and whose hometown is Gwoza, as well as a top security official in Maiduguri who insisted on anonymity.
Several eyewitness sources reported that men and boys were targeted in these attacks. According to one witness, "When some of the villagers managed to escape, they were unfortunately waylaid outside the villages by some gunmen on motorcycles who would catch and slaughter the men and young boys; they only allowed women and children to go." Another source reported that mothers had their male infants taken from them and shot.
This followed shortly after the assassination of Muslim leader Alhaji Idrissa Timta, the Emir of Gwoza, at the end of May.
In 2022, a HumAngle piece found that many survivors of the massacre still were unable to return to their homes in Gwoza LGA. While the displaced remained in various refugee camps, people who did return to the LGA faced fears of renewed attacks due to their proximity to the Sambisa Forest—a known terrorist hideout.
# Walking Tall 3

Walking Tall 3 may refer to:
* Walking Tall: Final Chapter, a 1977 film that is the third installment of the original Walking Tall series
* Walking Tall: Lone Justice, a 2007 film that is the third installment of the Walking Tall remake series
# Halabiye Dam

The Halabiye Dam (or Zalabiye Dam) is a proposed dam on the Euphrates in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria. It will be the fourth and most southern dam on the Syrian Euphrates, after the Tishrin Dam, the Tabqa Dam and the Baath Dam.

## Project

The proposed location for the dam is the narrow gap in the Euphrates valley northwest of Deir ez-Zor that is created by basalt outcrops on the left and right river banks. It is expected that dry areas will be brought under cultivation with irrigation water provided by the dam. In preparation of this project, the director of the Syrian Directorate-General of Antiquities and Museums (DGAM) appealed in 2009 to international teams of archaeologists to participate in the rescue excavations of the archaeological sites that would be threatened by the construction of the dam and the flooding of its reservoir. These excavations were expected to be carried out between 2010 and 2012. The sites that are threatened are located in the area that is projected to be flooded by the reservoir and in the area where construction works for the dam will take place. Important sites that are threatened include the Roman–Byzantine sites of Halabiye and Zalabiye that were first fortified by the Palmyrene queen Zenobia in the 3rd century CE. The lower town of Halabiye will be partially flooded by the reservoir and the Syrian government is cooperating with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and UNESCO to limit the impact of the dam on this site as well as on Zalabiye. Other threatened sites include Bronze Age Tell Ma’dan and Tell Humeyda with Ubaid, Uruk and Byzantine material. Given the current instability in the region, it can be assumed that the project has been postponed.
# 1972 in Macau

Events from the year 1972 in Portuguese Macau.

## Incumbents

* President - Américo Tomás
* Governor - José Manuel de Sousa e Faro Nobre de Carvalho
# Zeb (name)

Zeb (variant spelling Zebb) is both a masculine given name and a surname. As a given name, it may be a short form of Zebulon, Zebadiah or Zebedee, but is now more common as a given name in its own right. In fact, it can also be an alternate spelling of the Hebrew word ze'ev (זְאֵב), meaning "wolf". Notable people with the name include:

## Given name

* Zeb Alley (1928–2013), American lawyer, lobbyist and politician
* Zeb Eaton (1920–1989), American baseball player
* Zeb Khan (born 1980), Indian actor
* Zeb Little (born 1968), American politician
* Zeb Powell (born 2000), American snowboarder
* Zeb Soanes (born 1976), British radio announcer
* Zeb Taia (born 1984), New Zealand rugby league player
* Zeb Terry (1891–1988), American Major League Baseball player
* Zeb Turner (1915–1978), American country music songwriter and guitarist
* Zeb V. Walser (1863–1940), American attorney and politician, Attorney General of North Carolina
* Zeb Wells, American comic book writer
* Zeb Khalid, Great abstract artist, Putrajaya, Malaysia
* Zeb Daniels, American Firefighter, Hunter, Tallahassee, Florida

## Surname

* Miangul Akbar Zeb (born 1954), Pakistani diplomat
* Miangul Jahan Zeb (1908–1987), ruler of the princely state of Swat, now part of Pakistan
* Khalid Zeb, Great abstract artist, Putrajaya, Malaysia

## Nickname

* David "Zeb" Cook, game designer best known for his work on Advanced Dungeons & Dragons
# Endometrial cup

Endometrial cups form during pregnancy in mares and are the source of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and a placenta-associated structure, which is derived from the fetus. Their purpose is to increase the immunological tolerance of the mare in order to protect the developing foal.

## Function

Endometrial cups are unique to animals in the horse family, and so named because of their concave shape. They are a placenta-associated structure, found in the uterine wall of a mare from about 38 to 150 days into a pregnancy. After about 70 days, they begin to regress, and are eventually destroyed by the immune system. They begin to develop at approximately 25 days of pregnancy, deriving from the chorionic girdle. At approximately 36–38 days of pregnancy, the cells that will become the endometrial cup begin to burrow into the endometrial tissue, through the basement membrane, and into the uterine stroma. Their invasion of the uterine stroma begins the cells' maturation process, which takes 2–3 days. Endometrial cups can be circular, U-shaped, or ribbonlike and are pale compared to the rest of the endometrial tissue. They can range in size from 1 cm to 10 cm in diameter at the widest point. They resemble ulcers in form, and when examined under a microscope have large epithelioid decidual-like cells and large nucleoli.
They produce high concentrations of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), also called pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin, in the bloodstream of pregnant mares. eCG is actually an equine luteinizing hormone. Endometrial cups behave somewhat like cells from metastatic tumors, in that they leave the placenta and migrate into the uterus. Their purpose appears to be to work with other placental cells to control the expression of histocompatibility genes so that the developing fetus is not destroyed by the mare's immune system.
Similar types of cells that invade the placenta have been described in humans. The purpose of these cells In both humans and horses is believed to be to interact with the mother's immune system and increase maternal immunological tolerance of the developing fetus.

## Histology

Mature endometrial cup cells appear rounded and secrete eCG; all but a few cells have two nuclei. As the mare's immune system begins to react to the presence of the pregnancy, histological changes are visible. First, as the endometrial cup grows and develops, maternal white blood cells, including T cells, B cells, and macrophages, mass in the uterine stroma. They begin to destroy the cup around days 70-80 of pregnancy, and it is completely destroyed by 100–140 days, at which point it naturally separates from the endometrium.
# Dresslerella pilosissima

Dresslerella pilosissima is a species of orchid native to Costa Rica and Guatemala.
# Gerard Braybrooke

Gerard Braybrooke may refer to:
* Sir Gerard de Braybooke of Castle Ashby, MP for Northampton
* Gerard Braybrooke I (c. 1332–1403), MP for Bedfordshire
* Gerard Braybrooke II (bef.1354–1429), MP for Bedfordshire and Essex
# Amentotaxus poilanei

Amentotaxus poilanei is a species of conifer in the yew family, Taxaceae. It is endemic to Vietnam. Its common name is Poilane's catkin yew.
# 2008 in games

This page lists board and card games, wargames, miniatures games, and tabletop role-playing games published in 2008. For video games, see 2008 in video gaming.

## Games released or invented in 2008

* Android
* Arkham Horror: Kingsport Horror (expansion)
* Arkham Horror: The Black Goat of the Woods (expansion)
* Axis & Allies Anniversary Edition
* Bailout! The Game
* Battlestar Galactica: The Board Game
* The Big Taboo
* Bonehead
* Bushido
* Carcassonne: Catapult
* Carcassonne: Count, King, and Cult
* Carcassonne: The Cult
* Carcassonne: Cult, Siege and Creativity
* Catan: Traders & Barbarians
* Chandragupta
* CirKis
* Cluedo: Discover the Secrets
* Conflict of Heroes: Awakening the Bear!
* Dixit
* Dōbutsu shōgi
* Don't Drop the Soap
* Dark Heresy (Warhammer 40,000 Roleplay)
* Dominion
* Eye Know
* Fields of Fire
* Flibbix
* Fluxx 4.0
* Hooop!
* Kamisado
* Keltis
* Killer Bunnies and the Journey to Jupiter
* Le Havre
* Lost Cities: The Board Game
* Monty Python Fluxx
* Munchkin Cthulhu 3 - The Unspeakable Vault
* Munchkin 6: Demented Dungeons
* Munchkin 7: More Good Cards
* New World: A Carcassonne Game
* Pack & Stack
* Palago
* Panzer Grenadier: Cassino '44, Gateway to Rome
* Panzer Grenadier: Elsenborn Ridge
* Playing Gods
* Pyramid Power
* Race for the Galaxy: The Gathering Storm
* Realm of the Desert Sons
* Scrabble ME
* Say Anything
* Set Cubed
* Sexy Slang
* Space Alert
* Stone Age
* Tide of Iron: Days of the Fox
* Tide of Iron: Designer Series Vol. 1
* Tide of Iron: Normandy
* Trail of Cthulhu
* Ultimate Werewolf
* Vineta
* Zombies!!! 7: Send in the Clowns

## Game awards given in 2008

* Spiel des Jahres: Keltis
* Spiel des Jahres special prize for Best complex game: Agricola
* Kinderspiel des Jahres: Wer war’s?
* Mensa Select: AmuseAmaze, Eye Know, Jumbulaya, Pixel, Tiki Topple
* Games: Tzaar
* Agricola won the Spiel Portugal Jogo do Ano.

## Significant games-related events in 2008

* Cranium, Inc. purchased by Hasbro for US$77.5 million.

## Deaths

| Date | Name | Age | Notability |
| March 4 | Gary Gygax | 69 | co-creator of Dungeons & Dragons |
| April 19 | Bob Bledsaw | 65 | RPG designer, co-founder of Judges Guild |
| June 7 | Erick Wujcik | 57 | RPG designer, co-founder of Palladium Books |
| July 23 | N. Robin Crossby | 54 | RPG designer, creator of the Hârn setting |
| September 21 | Brian Thomsen | 49 | Novelist, including Forgotten Realms |
# Calliostoma iwaotakii

Calliostoma iwaotakii is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Calliostomatidae.
Some authors place this taxon in the subgenus Calliostoma (Tristichotrochus)
# Koratla

Koratla may refer to:
* Korutla, also known as Koratla, a town in Telangana, India
* Koratla (Assembly constituency), a constituency of the Telangana Legislative Assembly, India
* Koratla railway station, an Indian Railways station