OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ligamen

Ligamen or vinculum is, in Roman Catholic canon law, an existing marriage tie, which constitutes an impediment to the contracting of a second marriage.

## Definition

Ligamen comes from the Latin word meaning "bond". In Catholic teaching, marriage forms a bond between the parties; this may be considered primarily a metaphysical or ontological bond which cannot be dissolved, or primarily a moral bond of obligation which should not be dissolved. Whether and to what degree the same bond is present in natural marriages as in sacramental marriages is a matter of dispute among Catholic theologians.
The existence of a valid marriage at the moment of forming a second implies the invalidity of the latter.
If one of the parties of a divorced couple (the Petitioner) then wishes to enter into a sacramental marriage with a third party and can show that his/her former spouse (the Respondent) was already married to someone else (the Co-Respondent) who was alive at the time of the wedding between the Respondent and the Plaintiff, and that the Church had not declared the first marriage null, Respondent's first marriage is presumed valid. The Petitioner may then file a Ligamen request for a determination that Respondent/Petitioner marriage was invalid since the Respondent had an existing prior marriage bond.
A putative marriage must be presumed valid, and so constituting the impediment of ligamen, until it is proven invalid.
Should the Respondent/Petitioner marriage have been contracted in good faith, if only by the Partitioner, and yet the marriage is invalid, the parties to it must be separated by the ecclesiastical authorities, and the first marriage re-established. However, the invalid marriage would still be a putative marriage. Once the Co-Respondent dies, the later marriage may be established. Should the Petitioner demand it, the Respondent is then bound to contract marriage validly.
Since monogamy and the indissolubility of marriage are founded on natural law, ligamen is binding on non-Catholics and on the unbaptized. If an unbaptized person living in polygamy becomes a Christian, he must keep the wife he had first married and release the second, in case the first wife is converted with him. Otherwise, by virtue of the "Pauline privilege", the converted husband may choose one of his wives who allows herself to be baptized.
# Bob Tough

Robert Tough, known also as "Red", (born August 28, 1920 – April 7, 1999) was an American professional basketball player. He spent two seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played as a member of the Fort Wayne Pistons in the final season of the Basketball Association of America before it was folded into the NBA. During Tough's second season he played for two teams, the Baltimore Bullets and the Waterloo Hawks. Before playing professional basketball, Tough attended St. John's University.

## BAA/NBA career statistics
### Regular season

| Year | Team | GP | FG% | FT% | APG | PPG |
| 1948–49 | Fort Wayne | 53 | .277 | .725 | 1.9 | 8.8 |
| 1949–50 | Baltimore | 8 | .282 | .833 | .3 | 3.4 |
| 1949–50 | Waterloo | 21 | .281 | .647 | 1.7 | 4.1 |
| Career | Career | 82 | .278 | .713 | 1.7 | 7.1 |
# Bob Torrey

Bob Torrey may refer to:
* Robert Torrey (1878–1941), American college football player and coach, member of the College Football Hall of Fame
* Bob Torrey (running back) (born 1957), American football running back
# Fred Kaiss

Fred Kaiss is an American football coach who is currently the offensive coordinator for the DC Defenders of the United Football League (UFL). He has previously served as offensive coordinator at Morgan State University, Alabama A&M University, Hampton University, Tennessee State University, Alabama State University, and Alcorn State University.

## Coaching career
### Early career

Kaiss began coaching at Brooklyn High School and Andover High School, both in Maryland. In 1990, Kaiss was hired as the head coach of Southwestern High School in Baltimore. There he led a previously winless team to two straight winning seasons before leaving in 1992.

### College career

In 1992, he was hired as the offensive coordinator, quarterback coach, and receivers coach at Morgan State University. In 1993, Keiss moved on to Southern University, where he served as running backs coach, recruiting coordinator, and special teams coordinator. There he won the Black College National Championship and SWAC Championship in 1993 and 1995. From 1997 to 1999, he served as special teams coordinator/wide receivers coach at Tennessee State University. In 2000, he became the offensive coordinator/receivers coach at Alabama A&M University.
In 2001, he became the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach at Hampton University. He spent five seasons as offensive coordinator there, winning back-to-back black national championships.
In 2006, he returned to Tennessee, where he served as offensive coordinator. He also served as a regional recruiting coordinator.
In 2011, he was hired to be the offensive coordinator at Alabama State University. There he served under head coach Reggie Barlow. In 2015, the Hornets moved on from both Barlow and Kaiss.
From 2015 to 2017, he served as the offensive coordinator at Alcorn State University.

### DC Defenders

In 2022, Kaiss was announced as the offensive coordinator of the DC Defenders of the XFL. There he was reunited with former head coach Reggie Barlow, who he worked with at Alabama State University. In his first season, the Defenders finished with a league-best 9–1 record and appeared in the 2023 XFL Championship Game, losing 35–26 to the Arlington Renegades.
# Fred Kaplan (bridge)

Fred D. Kaplan is an American bridge player.

## Bridge accomplishments
### Wins

* North American Bridge Championships (4)
** Hilliard Mixed Pairs (1) 1938
** Vanderbilt (2) 1936, 1943
** Wernher Open Pairs (1) 1936

### Runners-up

* North American Bridge Championships (3)
** Spingold (1) 1937
** Spingold (1) 1938
** Wernher Open Pairs (1) 1943
# Bob Gandy

Robert Brinkley Gandy (August 25, 1893 – June 19, 1945) was a Major League Baseball center fielder. Gandy stood at 6'3 180 lbs (which was considered tall for his time), earning him the nickname "String", for his more than average size. Gandy played in one game for the Philadelphia Phillies on October 5, 1916. He had two at-bats and went 0-2. He shot himself to death in Jacksonville in 1945.
# Frans Zwarts

Frans Zwarts (born 26 March 1949 in The Hague) was the rector magnificus (academic president) of the University of Groningen (2002–2011) and a linguist and professor in the Department of Dutch Language and Culture with a specialty in semantics. His first degree was in general linguistics at the University of Amsterdam, and his PhD was completed at the University of Groningen in 1986 with the dissertation Categoriale grammatica en algebraïsche semantiek; een onderzoek naar negatie en polariteit in het Nederlands (Categorial grammar and algebraic semantics: An investigation of negation and polarity in Dutch). He was appointed professor of Dutch linguistics in Groningen in 1987, and was scientific director of the research school (onderzoekschool) Behavioral & Cognitive Neurosciences (BCN) from 1999 until 2002, when he was elected rector magnificus. He is the president of the National Dyslexia Commission and member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW).
He is best known for his work on negation and polarity, in particular the so-called Zwarts hierarchy of polarity items. This hierarchy recognizes three types of polarity items: weak items, acceptable in all downward-entailing contexts, strong items, acceptable in anti-additive contexts and superstrong items, acceptable in antimorphic contexts. See Zwarts (1998). Other work includes a study of the relational properties of determiners (a contribution to generalized quantifier theory), Zwarts (1983), and a paper on extraction from prepositional phrases in Dutch (Zwarts 1978). More recent work includes a number of publications on dyslexia and neurolinguistics.
Zwarts is member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 1999.
# Bob Hammer

Howard Robert Hammer (March 3, 1930 – December 26, 2021) was an American jazz pianist, composer and arranger.

## Biography

Howard Robert Hammer was born in Indianapolis, Indiana on March 3, 1930. He began performing in Michigan at age 15 before studying at Michigan State University and the Manhattan School of Music. Hammer had familiarized himself with early jazz styles (his father had performed with territory bands during the 1930s), and while living in New York, he performed with musicians such as Red Allen and Bud Freeman. During the early 1960s, he studied with composer Henry Brant (alongside Tom McIntosh and Julian Priester).
Hammer led a band with Bob Wilber (1955). He worked in the Sauter/Finnegan Orchestra, the Roy Eldridge Quartet (1956) and with Gene Krupa (1956/57). He was a member of Red Allen's band (1958–1962) and Eddie Condon's (1959/60) band. At that time, he recorded with Charles Mingus (who called him his "Beethoven") and began to work as arranger for the bassist on Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus Mingus, Town Hall Concert and the celebrated The Black Saint and the Sinner Lady. In 1963, Hammer played with Pee Wee Russell, Krupa, and Eldridge. In 1964, he was on tour with Bobby Hackett. From 1965 to 1967, he worked as arranger for The Merv Griffin Show. He recorded with Jimmy Knepper, Johnny Hartman, Woody Herman, Clark Terry, and Elvin Jones. Between 1967 and 1982, he worked as a member of show bands in Las Vegas.
After moving to Los Angeles in 1983, Hammer had an engagement with Slide Hampton, worked as instructor for jazz improvisation at El Camino Community College, and played in the Jimmy Cleveland Octet. He also worked with Barbara McNair, the Tommy Newsom Quartet, and the MDA Labor Day Telethon. In 2004, he recorded with Floyd Standifer's quintet. He also arranged dance charts for the Nicholas Brothers, Skip Cunningham, Chester Whitmore, Jacqueline Douget, Deborah Lysholm, and Tim J Hickey.
Hammer died on December 26, 2021, at the age of 91.

## Discography
### As leader

* Beatlejazz (ABC-Paramount, 1964)

### As sideman

* Cozy Cole, A Cozy Conception of Carmen (Charlie Parker, 1962)
* Johnny Hartman, The Voice That Is! (Impulse!, 1964)
* Jimmy Knepper, A Swinging Introduction to Jimmy Knepper (Bethlehem, 1957)
* Charles Mingus, A Modern Jazz Symposium of Music and Poetry (Bethlehem, 1957)
# Boden (clothing)

Boden is a British clothing retailer founded by Johnnie Boden in 1991. It started as a mail-order business. In 2022 Boden reported annual sales of £351m, predominantly in the US, the UK and Germany, 1.8m customers and 1,034 employees. Although Boden sells its clothes online, the printed catalogue that first brought the brand to the attention of British families still plays a part in its marketing. Boden has a large international following. In 2022 the business made 70% of its sales outside the UK, the US being the largest market.

## History

After working as a stockbroker in the City of London and on Wall Street – a job he reportedly spent years "loathing"– Johnnie Boden decided to go out on his own. He identified a gap in the British market for an upmarket mail order clothing catalogue of the kind he'd seen during his time in New York. The brand’s launch catalogue in November 1991 was a hand-drawn affair conceived on the founder's kitchen table with just eight menswear products. Womenswear launched in 1992. The Mini Boden childrenswear range followed in 1996. The UK website was launched in April 1999. Boden started selling clothes online in the UK in 1999 and entered the US market in 2002 with a dedicated website. It also launched dedicated websites for its customers in Germany (2007), France (2011) and Australia (2014).

## Products

Johnnie Boden has described Boden customers as being “interested in fashion” without being obsessed with it. The brand is known for its bold colour and attention to detail. Products often feature spots, stripes, printed fabrics and checks. As an entrepreneur Johnnie Boden has championed British creativity. These efforts were recognised with the award of a CBE for services to fashion and the retail sector in the New Year Honours List, announced on 30 December 2022.

## Impact on the planet

Boden reported in 2022 that the business had become carbon neutral for Scope 1 and 2. In packaging the business reported that it was using 100% recycled cardboard boxes,100% recycled clothing bags and dispatch bags with 80% recycled content (and 100% recyclable). In 2022 the business also reported the following developments in fabric sourcing: 100% of its Cashmere fabric was Good Cashmere certified; all outer fabric on its swimwear was made using 100% recycled nylon or recycled polyester; and recycled cotton made up 20% of the composition of its women’s denim. Boden’s Sustainability Report of 2023 reported further developments in fabric sourcing. All of Boden’s 100% linen fabric was made with 20% recycled linen content and all Mini Boden polyester outerwear style outers and linings were made from recycled polyester.
# Bob O'Connor

Bob O'Connor may refer to:
* Bob O'Connor (mayor) (1944–2006), mayor of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 2006
* Bob O'Connor (American football) (1904–1998), American football player
# Bob O'Connor (American football)

Robert Charles O'Connor (January 27, 1904 – May 2, 1998) was a guard, tackle and blocking back in the National Football League who played for the Green Bay Packers. O'Connor played collegiate ball for Stanford University and played professionally for one season, in 1935.
# Frederick Adam (disambiguation)

Sir Frederick Adam (1781–1853) was a Scottish general.
Frederic(k) Adam may also refer to:
* Frédéric Adam (1904–1984), French musician
* Fred Adam, player in 1922 National Intercollegiate Basketball Tournament
* Freddy Adam (1931–2013), American racing driver
# Lightning Bug (novel)

Lightning Bug was published in 1970. It is a story of lost love and the search for a rekindling of that love by main character Latha Bourne. Donald Harington wrote this novel as a tribute to his childhood home.

## Plot

The novel starts with a depiction of the mood and setting of a hot summer night in the tiny (and fictional) Ozarks village of Stay More, using rich description to invoke all of the senses. The story focuses on the complicated relationships of the main character, Stay More's postmaster, Latha Bourne, with the narrator Dawny (a boy of 5 or 6 who loves Latha and spends as much time as he can with her, listening to her ghost stories), with a teen-aged girl named Sonora who (like Dawny) lives in Stay More during the summers, and with an itinerant preacher named Every Dill, who, it turns out, has a long and complicated history with Latha. The story moves between several different time-lines within Latha's life, from the present-day in which Every Dill shows up while Dawny and Sonora are summering in Stay More to Latha's memories of Every when they were children and teen-agers in Stay More to her years in a Little Rock asylum as a young adult.

## Characters

* Donald: “Dawny,” 5 or 6, narrator, in love with Latha, tousle-haired, spending summer with aunt
* Sonora: 17, red hair, niece of Latha, from Little Rock, spending summer with aunt
* Latha Bourne: postmistress, about 39, storyteller, feeds about 24 cats
* Every Dill: Latha's old lover/ beau who comes back to town as a preacher
Minor Characters:
* Oren (“Junior”) Duckworth, Jr. and his brother Chester – best-looking
* Earl, Burl, and Gerald – triplet sons of Lawlor Coe the blacksmith
* John Henry (“Hank”) Ingledew – nephew to Raymond Ingledew and lover of Sonora
* Raymond Ingledew – Latha's beau who went missing in the war
* JD Pruitt – comes from up north in Newton County
* Eddie Churchwell and Dorsey Tharp – from downstate
* Tearle Ingledew – the village drunk who proposes to Latha often
* Dolph Rivett – a man Latha means while fishing with whom she makes love with while they are together

## Elements of the novel

* Losing love and attempting to restore that love
* Metaphors: marriage and mating
* Promiscuity – “making – love” is a rite of passage that occurs when people are really young and it is a natural thing to do
# François de Beauvilliers, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan

François-Honorat de Beauvilliers, 1st duc de Saint-Aignan (30 October 1607 – 16 June 1687), born in Paris, was a French military leader, administrator and man of letters. He was peer of France and a member of the Académie française.

## Biography

He was the son of Honorat de Beauvilliers, comte de Saint-Aignan (1579–1622) and of Jacqueline de La Grange d'Arquian.
After having been through the campaigns in Germany (1634–1635), Franche-Comté (1636), and Flanders (1637), was sent to the Bastille in consequence of his having lost the Battle of Thionville in 1640. In reward for his devotion to the court party during the Fronde, his county of Saint-Aignan was elevated to a dukedom in 1663, with the special privilege of the peerage (duché-pairie), making him one of the highest ranking aristocrats of the kingdom of France.
Beauvilliers was famous by his protection of writers and literary people, as well as by his military skills and services. He entered the Académie française in 1663.
The 1st duc de Saint-Aignan died in Paris in 1687. He was the father of the influential duc de Beauvilliers, as well as of Anne Marie de Bethune.
# Franz Pomassl

Pomassl is an electronic sound and recording artist and DJ residing in Vienna, Austria, and is a co-founder of the Austrian Laton experimental techno label.
Pomassl has inspired many other analog and digital electronic artists, including members of Pansonic and Carsten Nicolai, as well as collaborated with a number of important artists across disciplines, including Carl Michael von Hausswolff, J. G. Thirlwell and Kodwo Eshun. In addition to Laton, he has released with seminal electronic labels, such as Raster-Noton, Mille Plateaux, Ash International, Sex Tags Mania, Craft, Sabotage, and Nexsound.

## Methods

Pomassl improvises using all manner of homebuilt analog electronic equipment, often inserting or connecting patch cables with parts of his body to introduce a deliberate and violent noise character into dancefloor rhythms.
In addition to being notable for absurd, violent, dadaist performances that satirize the artificial interaction between player and electronic instrument, he also creates custom instrumentation to examine the edges of human-perceptible audio and uses these tools to "elaborate and process radical moments", such as aircraft blackbox data collected from crash sites.

## Discography
### Albums

* Skeleton (Austria: Craft/Sabotage, 1995, Craft. 07)
* Skeleton 2 (Austria: Craft/Sabotage, 1997, Craft. 19)
* Trail Error (Austria: Laton, 1997, Laton 006)
* Aircra (Austria: Laton, 1999, Laton 018)
* 2001 (Austria: Laton, 2001, Laton 021)
* Retrial Error (Rmxs + Original) (Austria: Laton, 2002, Laton 011)
* Retrial Error (Rmxs) (Austria: Laton, 2002, Laton 012)
* Amalgama (Austria: Laton, Unreleased, Laton 033)
* Skeleton (Norway: Sex Tags Mania, 2007, MANIA 10)
* Spare Parts (Germany: Raster-Noton, 2007, Raster-Noton R-N088)

### EPs

* Soundtrack #2 (Austria: Ego Vacuum/Sabotage, 1999, Ego 02)

### Compilations

* Picknick mit Hermann! (Austria: Rhiz, 1997, Rhiz 001)
* Clicks & Cuts 3 (Germany: Mille Plateaux, 2002, MP 116 CD)
* Prototype: Armaments And Armatures Against Electronic Music (Austria: Laton, 2003, Laton 025)
* freq_out (UK: Ash International, 2003, Ash 5.8)
* MUTEK 2005 (Canada: Mutek Records, 2005)

### Collaborations

* ARCHITECTRONICS (in collaboration with Kodwo Eshun) (Austria: Craft/Sabotage, 1999, Craft. 38)

## Sound installations

* Ohne Titel, 2010 with Peter Kogler, Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
* Dreamlands Burn (2006–2007)
    Műcsarnok / Kunsthalle Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
* Runaway (2006)
    Galéria Priestor for Contemporary Arts, Bratislava, Slovakia
* PORTAL II (2003)
    Kunsthalle Fridericianum, Kassel, Germany
    Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art, Gothenburg, Sweden
* Avanto (2002)
    Muu Galleria, Helsinki, Finland
* Frequenzen Hz - Audiovisuelle Räume (2002)
    Schirn Kunsthalle, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
* 10 Ans De Fri-Art - Etat des lieux #3 (2001)
    Fri-Art - Centre d'Art Contemporain, Fribourg, Switzerland
* Manifesta 2 - Luxembourg
    Manifesta - European Biennial of Contemporary Art, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
# Billy Tucci

William Tucci (/ˈtuːtʃi/) is an American comics creator. He is best known for his creator-owned title and character Shi.

## Career

Tucci founded Crusade Comics in Bayport, New York Its flagship title, Shi, debuted in March 1994. Publisher Top Cow's character Witchblade and David W. Mack's character Kabuki debuted in Shi before going on to their own titles. Tucci operated Crusade Comics until 2002, publishing a number of other titles besides Shi. Brian David-Marshall worked as an editor at Crusade in the 1990s.
In 2006 Tucci began penciling Marvel Comics' Heroes for Hire, and DC's VS cards, and later on the DC series Jonah Hex, Birds of Prey, Flash Vs. Superman and Harley Quinn. He also released the 576-page Definitive Shi, the Illustrated Warrior.
In 2007, Shi also had a crossover with Brian Pulido's Lady Death/Shi through Avatar Press, and with Peter David's Fallen Angel through IDW Publishing. Dark Horse Comics produced a 200-page hardbound Art of Shi coffee table book showcasing several artists' take on the character. Other Shi projects include a full color Zombie-sama! TPB with John Broglia and Definitive Shi Vol. 2.
Tucci produced a six-part miniseries for DC, Sgt. Rock: The Lost Battalion, which premiered November 2008. In researching the series, Tucci spent time with a World War II reenactment in Pennsylvania, portraying a war correspondent, and during his research in France, officials gave him the title of "Ambassador, de la region de Bruyeres". The Lost Battalion received the 2011 "Artistic/Graphical" Gold Medal in the Fiction-Thriller category from the Military Writers Society of America (MWSA).
In 2011, Tucci's "Batman: A Trick for the Scarecrow", which appeared in the DCU Halloween Special 2010, was nominated for the Eisner Award for Best Short Story.
As partner of Apostle Arts LLC, Tucci created Billy Tucci's A Child is Born, a 32-page graphic novella for Christmas 2011, adapted from the Gospels of Matthew and Luke. The book won a Christian Small Publisher Book of the Year Award in 2013.
Tucci wrote and illustrated Shi: Return of the Warrior (2021) and wrote Zombie-Sama!, a comedy graphic novel with illustrator John Broglia, both published by Crusade Fine Arts via funding from Indiegogo and KickStarter.
# Decatur Township

Decatur Township may refer to the following places in the United States:
* Decatur Township, Macon County, Illinois
* Decatur Township, Marion County, Indiana
* Decatur Township, Michigan
* Decatur Township, Burt County, Nebraska
* Decatur Township, Lawrence County, Ohio
* Decatur Township, Washington County, Ohio
* Decatur Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania
* Decatur Township, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania
# DYFM-AM

DYFM (837 AM) Bombo Radyo is a radio station owned and operated by Bombo Radyo Philippines through its licensee People's Broadcasting Service. It serves as the flagship station of the Bombo Radyo Network. Its studio and offices are located at Bombo Radyo Broadcast Center, 6th, 7th & 8th Floors Sky City Tower, Mapa St., Iloilo City, while its transmitter is located at Brgy. Lobuc, Lapuz, Iloilo City.