OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gurgenidze (noble family)

The House of Gurgenidze (Georgian: გურგენიძე) was a Russian noble family of Georgian origin, from the eastern province of Kakheti.

## History

According to Prince Ioann of Georgia (1768-1830), the family stems of the earlier house of Shilda (Shildisani), which had become extinct by 1744 when the king Erekle II rewarded the loyal service of the certain Solomon Mordlisdze by him the surname, titles and estates of the extinct house of Gurgenidze. This Solomon had accompanied the then-crown prince Erekle in an Indian campaign under the Persian banners (1738-1740). Under Erekle and his successor George XII, the family members functioned as mouravi of Telavi.
The family features among the Georgian nobility in a special document attached to the Russo-Georgian Treaty of Georgievsk of 1783. After Georgia was annexed by the Russian Empire, the Gurgenidze were confirmed in their princely title of knyaz in 1850.
# Windischleuba

Windischleuba is a municipality in the district Altenburger Land, in Thuringia, Germany.

## History

Within the German Empire (1871–1918), Windischleuba was part of the Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg.
# List of Austrian states by GDP

The following list of Austrian states by gross domestic product sorts the states of Austria (Bundesländer) according to their economic output.

## States by GDP

Austrian states by GDP in the year 2021 in Euro.
| Rank | State | Gross domestic product in bn. EUR | real growth rate |
| 1 | Vienna | 101.960 | + 4.5% |
| 2 | Upper Austria | 69.994 | + 6.1% |
| 3 | Lower Austria | 65.035 | + 5.4% |
| 4 | Styria | 51.596 | + 4.6% |
| 5 | Tyrol | 34.593 | − 0.2% |
| 6 | Salzburg | 29.926 | + 3.4% |
| 7 | Carinthia | 22.692 | + 7.3% |
| 8 | Vorarlberg | 20.716 | + 4.1% |
| 9 | Burgenland | 9.498 | + 3.7% |
| | Austria | 406.149 | + 4.6% |

## States by GDP per capita

Austrian states by GDP per capita (€) in 2021 :
| Rank | State | GDP per capita |
| 1 | Salzburg | 53,300 |
| 2 | Vienna | 53,000 |
| 3 | Vorarlberg | 51,700 |
| 4 | Upper Austria | 46,700 |
| 5 | Tyrol | 45,400 |
| 6 | Styria | 41,300 |
| 7 | Carinthia | 40,300 |
| 8 | Lower Austria | 38,400 |
| 9 | Burgenland | 32,000 |
| | Austria | 45,400 |

## Development of GDP

Development of the GDP of the federal states of Austria :
| State | GDP in bn. € | GDP in bn. € | GDP in bn. € | Total increase |
| State | 2000 | 2010 | 2021 | Total increase |
| Vienna | 57.660 | 78.130 | 101.960 | + 76.8% |
| Upper Austria | 35.248 | 49.593 | 69.994 | + 98.6% |
| Lower Austria | 33.534 | 46.286 | 65.035 | + 93.9% |
| Styria | 27.129 | 37.576 | 51.596 | + 90.2% |
| Tyrol | 17.975 | 25.591 | 34.593 | + 92.5% |
| Salzburg | 15.241 | 21.868 | 29.926 | + 96.4% |
| Carinthia | 12.379 | 16.582 | 22.692 | + 83.3% |
| Vorarlberg | 9.538 | 13.444 | 20.716 | + 117.2% |
| Burgenland | 4.797 | 6.698 | 9.498 | + 98.0% |
| Austria | 213.606 | 295.897 | 406.149 | + 90.1% |

## Development of GDP per capita

Development of the GDP per capita of the federal states of Austria since the year 2000 :
| State | GDP per capita (€) | GDP per capita (€) | GDP per capita (€) | Total increase |
| State | 2000 | 2010 | 2021 | Total increase |
| Salzburg | 29,700 | 41,500 | 53,300 | + 79.5% |
| Vienna | 37,200 | 46,100 | 53,000 | + 42.5% |
| Vorarlberg | 27,300 | 36,400 | 51,700 | + 89.4% |
| Upper Austria | 25,700 | 35,200 | 46,700 | + 81.7% |
| Tyrol | 26,800 | 36,300 | 45,400 | + 69.4% |
| Styria | 22,900 | 31,200 | 41,300 | + 80.3% |
| Carinthia | 22,100 | 29,700 | 40,300 | + 82.4% |
| Lower Austria | 21,800 | 28,800 | 38,400 | + 76.1% |
| Burgenland | 17,400 | 23,600 | 32,000 | + 83.9% |
| Austria | 26,700 | 35,400 | 45,400 | + 70.0% |
# List of football stadiums in Cameroon

The following is a list of football stadiums in Cameroon, with a capacity of at least 5,000 spectators. Some stadiums used for other purposes like Athletics, Concerts, Politics and Cultural Events.

## Stadiums in use

| # | Stadium | Capacity | City | Team(s) |
| 1 | Paul Biya Stadium | 60,000 | Yaoundé | National team |
| 2 | Japoma Stadium | 50,000 | Douala | National team |
| 3 | Stade Ahmadou Ahidjo | 42,500 | Yaoundé | Canon Yaoundé, Tonnerre Yaoundé, National team |
| 4 | Stade de la Réunification | 30,000 | Douala | Union Douala, Caïman de Douala, Astres FC |
| 5 | Roumdé Adjia Stadium | 30,000 | Garoua | Cotonsport Garoua, Roumdé Adjia FC |
| 6 | Limbe Stadium | 20,000 | Limbé | Victoria United |
| 7 | Kouekong Stadium | 20,000 | Bafoussam | |
| 8 | Stade de Mbouda | 12,000 | Mbouda | Bamboutos FC |
| 9 | Municipal de Bamenda | 10,000 | Bamenda | PWD de Bamenda |
| 10 | Municipal de Kumbo | 10,000 | Kumbo | Kumbo Strikers |
# David Gistau

David Gistau Retes (19 June 1970 – 9 February 2020) was a Spanish journalist, scriptwriter and novelist.

## Career

After finishing his journalism studies at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Gistau worked for several major Spanish publications, like La Razón, ABC and El Mundo. In his later years, he primarily wrote as a columnist, earning him an appreciable degree of public notoriety.

## Published books

* A que no hay huevos (2004)
* La España de Zetapé (2005)
* ¿Qué nos estás haciendo, ZP? (2007)
* Ruido de fondo (2008)
* Golpes bajos (2017)
* Gente que se fue (2019)

## Personal life

A father of three sons and a daughter, Gistau died on 9 February 2020 after what had seemed like a smooth recovery from a brain injury he had sustained while training at a boxing gym in November 2019.
Following his death, many public figures such as political leaders Pedro Sánchez and Pablo Casado, as well as fellow authors Arturo Pérez-Reverte and Manuel Jabois and the president of Real Madrid, Florentino Pérez, offered their condolences.
# Distimake dissectus

Distimake dissectus is a species of plant in the family Convolvulaceae and is native to North, Central, and South America.
# Carl Duering

Gerald Percy Fox (29 May 1923 – 1 September 2018), better known as Carl Duering, was a German-born British actor whose best-known role is as Dr. Brodsky in Stanley Kubrick's A Clockwork Orange. He died in London in September 2018 at the age of 95.

## Selected filmography

* Appointment in London (1953) - German Duty Officer (uncredited)
* The Red Beret (1953) - Rossi
* Twist of Fate (1954) - 2nd Sailor (U.S. ' Beautiful Stranger ')
* The Divided Heart (1954) - Postman
* The Colditz Story (1955) - German Officer
* Lets Be Happy (1957) - Customs Inspector
* Seven Thunders (1957) - Major Grautner
* Escapement (1958) - Blore
* Battle of the V-1 (1958) - Scientist
* The Great Van Robbery (1959) - Delgano
* Strip Tease Murder (1961) - Rocco
* The Guns of Navarone (1961) - German Radar Operator (uncredited)
* Fate Takes a Hand (1961) - Mike
* The Main Attraction (1962) - Bus Driver (uncredited)
* Operation Crossbow (1965) - German Officer Arriving at Rocket Plant (uncredited)
* Arabesque (1966) - Hassan Jena
* Duffy (1968) - Bonivet
* Darling Lili (1970) - General Kessler
* Underground (1970) - Stryker
* Rend mig i revolutionen (1970) - Major Bodenschatz
* A Clockwork Orange (1971) - Dr. Brodsky
* King, Queen, Knave (1972) - Enricht
* Gold (1974) - Syndicate Member
* Operation Daybreak (1975) - Karl Hermann Frank
* Voyage of the Damned (1976) - German Ambassador (uncredited)
* Group Portrait with a Lady (1977) - Französischer Offizier (uncredited)
* The Boys from Brazil (1978) - Trausteiner
* The Fall [de] (1979)
* Malou [de] (1981) - Rabbi
* Berlin Tunnel 21 (1981) - Klaus Schoenemann
* Possession (1981) - Detective
* Smiley's People (1982) - Walther
* Inside the Third Reich (1982) - Hugo Elsner
* Non-Stop Trouble with Spies [de] (1983) - Dr. Lohmeyer
* Das Wagnis des Arnold Janssen (1983) - Rouard de Card - Dominikanerprovinzial
* War and Remembrance (1988) - Dr. Carl Goerdeler
* Destroying Angel (1990) - Publisher
* Déjà Vu (1997) - Jewellery Shop Owner in Paris
* Saltwater (2000) - Konigsberg (final film role)
# Buriville

Buriville (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Meurthe-et-Moselle department in northeastern France.
# Edward A. McDonald

Edward A. McDonald (born 1947) is an American criminal defense lawyer and actor. He practices law at the New York City branch of Dechert LLP, primarily working on white-collar crime and securities law. McDonald has appeared in Goodfellas and in Kiss of Death.

## Early life and career

McDonald graduated from Xaverian High School in Brooklyn and then attended Boston College, earning a degree in 1968. He earned his juris doctor degree from Georgetown University Law Center. After serving as an assistant district attorney in Manhattan for five years, McDonald joined the United States Organized Crime Strike Force in 1977. McDonald prosecuted a case involving the 1978–79 Boston College basketball point-shaving scandal for the Justice Department in 1981.
As a prosecutor, McDonald sponsored Henry Hill in significant cases in which he testified, including the Boston College point-shaving case. McDonald also helped get Hill and his wife Karen Friedman Hill into the United States Federal Witness Protection Program (WPP). Martin Scorsese cast McDonald to play himself in the 1990 film Goodfellas in a scene in which McDonald negotiates to get the Hills into the WPP. McDonald improvised the line, "Don't give me the babe-in-the-woods routine, Karen. I heard you on those wiretaps." The line was based on what McDonald recalled saying to the real Karen Hill.
McDonald started practicing law privately in 1989. In 2011, the Police Benevolent Association of the City of New York hired McDonald and other high-profile lawyers to defend against a massive ticket fixing scandal. McDonald represented former mobster Joseph Massino in 2013 after Massino's two life sentences, imposed in 2011, were commuted by a federal judge.
He has been a member of the Screen Actors Guild since 1990. He is married and has three children.
# List of British Army formations during the Second Boer War

This is a list of all British formations mobilised to serve in the Second Boer War

## Corps

Corps :
| Formation name | Created | Ceased to exist | Locations served | Notes | Ref |
| First Army Corps | | | | | |

## Divisions

Divisions :
| Formation name | Created | Ceased to exist | Locations served | Notes |
| 1st Division | | | | |
| 2nd Division | | | | |
| 3rd Division | | | | |
| 4th Division | March 1900 | October 1900 | Natal, Transvaal | Formed from garrison of Ladysmith after Siege |
| 5th Division | November 1899 | October 1900 | Natal, Transvaal | |
| 6th Division | | | | |
| 7th Division | | | | |
| 8th Division | | | | |
| 9th Division | | | | |
| 10th Division | | | | |
| 11th Division | | | | |
| Colonial Division | | | | |
| Cavalry Division | | | | |
| 1st Mounted Division | | | | |
| 2nd Mounted Division | | | | |
| 3rd Mounted Division | | | | |
| 4th Mounted Division | | | | |
| 5th Mounted Division | | | | |

## Brigades

Brigades :
| Formation name | Created | Ceased to exist | Locations served | Notes |
| 1st (Guards) Brigade | | | | Existing brigade at Aldershot |
| 2nd Brigade | | | | Existing brigade at Aldershot |
| 3rd (Highland) Brigade | | | | Existing brigade at Aldershot |
| 4th (Light) Brigade | | | | Existing brigade |
| 5th (Irish) Brigade | | | | Existing brigade |
| 6th (Fusilier) Brigade | | | | Existing brigade |
| 7th Brigade | March 1900 | October 1900 | Natal, Transvaal | Formed in the garrison of Ladysmith |
| 8th Brigade | March 1900 | October 1900 | Natal, Transvaal | Formed in the garrison of Ladysmith |
| 9th Brigade | November 1899 | | | Formed from troops already in Cape Colony |
| 10th (Fusilier) Brigade | November 1899 | | | |
| 11th (Lancashire) Brigade | November 1899 | | | |
| 12th Brigade | | | | |
| 13th Brigade | | | | |
| 14th Brigade | | | | |
| 15th Brigade | | | | |
| 16th Brigade | | | | |
| 16th Brigade | | | | |
| 17th Brigade | | | | |
| 18th Brigade | | | | |
| 19th Brigade | | | | |
| 20th Brigade | | | | |
| 21st Brigade | | | | |
| 22nd Brigade | | | | |
| 23rd Brigade | | | | |

## Citations

* 1 2 3 Amery, Vol IV, Appendix to Chapters I-XIV, pp. 503–14.
* 1 2 3 Amery, Vol II, pp. 283–4.
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 Amery, Vol V, p. 243.
* 1 2 3 Hart's, 1899, p. 97.
# Brzozowa

Brzozowa may refer to the following places:
* Brzozowa, Lublin Voivodeship (east Poland)
* Brzozowa, Grajewo County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Brzozowa, Mońki County in Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Brzozowa, Lesser Poland Voivodeship (south Poland)
* Brzozowa, Opatów County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
* Brzozowa, Staszów County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
* Brzozowa, Włoszczowa County in Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (south-central Poland)
* Brzozowa, Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Brzozowa, Lubusz Voivodeship (west Poland)
# David Haughton

David Haughton may refer to:
* David Haughton (artist)
* David Haughton (basketball)
# Diandrocarpa

Diandrocarpa is a genus of ascidian tunicates in the family Styelidae.
Species within the genus Diandrocarpa include:
Species names currently considered to be synonyms:
* Diandrocarpa botryllopsis Van Name, 1902: synonym of Symplegma viride Herdman, 1886
* Diandrocarpa brakenhielmi Michaelsen, 1904: synonym of Symplegma brakenhielmi (Michaelsen, 1904)
* Diandrocarpa okai Redikorzev, 1916: synonym of Kukenthalia borealis (Gottschaldt, 1894)
* Diandrocarpa stuhlmanni Michaelsen, 1904: synonym of Symplegma stuhlmanni (Michaelsen, 1904)
# Assertive Nationalism in India

Assertive (Extremists/Aggressive) Nationalism was the period (1905–1916) in success to Early Nationalists or Moderates. The Early Nationalists failed to attain their objectives, giving rise to Extremist/Assertive Nationalism. The Last and final years of the nineteenth century saw the radical sensibility emerge among some Indian intellectuals like Lala Lajpat Rai, Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Bipin Chandra Pal (Lal Bal Pal ). They all were together known as Assertive Nationalists. They rejected the former notions of the moderates of prayers, petitions and protest or the 3P's. Instead, they began adopting aggressive measures like Swadeshi and Boycott and openly accused British for the 'economic crisis of India' and for gaining freedom from the British rule in India. They played a key role in the independence of India (modern day India, Myanmar, Pakistan and Bangladesh)
Use of the name "Moderates" Came to an end in 1907.
Causes for the Rise of Assertive Nationalism
Recognition of the True Nature of the British Rule
Deteriorating Economic Condition
famines. Nothing was done on the part of the government to provide relief to the people during famines.
proclaiming Queen Victoria as ‘the Empress of India’. This agitated the people and provided conditions favorable for the growth of assertive nationalists. Influenced by International Events.
world. In 1904–05, Japan defeated Russia in the Russo–Japanese War. It was for the first time that a European nation was defeated by an Asian nation.
people realize that the European nations were not invincible and the British could be thrown out of the country through united efforts.
Nationalist School of Thought
adequate for the independence of the country. These nationalists were Rajnarain Bose, Ashwini Kumar Dutta and Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar.
Lala Lajpat Rai. They wanted nothing less than complete independence and were ready to follow any means to achieve the same.
Repressive Colonial Policies of Lord Curzon
offence to provoke people against the English, the Calcutta Corporation Act which reduced the strength of Indian elected members and the Indian Universities Act of 1904 which imposed strict official control over Indian universities.
granted to them only if the British would leave India.
Partition of Bengal
Curzon partitioned Bengal into East Bengal and West Bengal.
convenience, it was clearly visible that it wanted to create a rift between the Hindus and the Muslims as East Bengal was a Muslim majority region and West Bengal was a Hindu majority region.
nationalism in India.
The main aim of the assertive nationalists was the attainment of Swarajya or complete independence and not just dominion status in India.
# Joe Houston

Joseph Abraham Houston (July 12, 1926 – December 28, 2015) was an American tenor saxophonist who played jazz and rhythm and blues.

## Biography

He was born in Bastrop, a suburb of Austin, Texas, and studied trumpet in school, changing to saxophone later. As a teen he began emulating a touring band by buying a red suit with white pants. One night in 1941 a saxophone player did not show for a gig with the band and Houston took his place. Between 1943 and 1946, Houston toured with King Kolax's band through Kansas City and Chicago and throughout the Mid-West.
After World War II, Houston returned to Texas, and recorded with the pianist Amos Milburn and singer Big Joe Turner. Initially playing alto sax, he switched to tenor in the wake of such "honking" saxophonists as Big Jay McNeely, Wild Bill Moore, Paul Williams, Hal Singer and Chuck Higgins. Turner got Houston his first recording contract on Freedom Records in 1949. Houston moved to Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and played with Wynonie Harris, Savannah Churchill and Betty Roche.
Eventually, Houston formed his own band The Rockets, and moved to Los Angeles in 1952. He scored his only two chart hit singles in 1952 with "Worry, Worry, Worry", and "Hard Time Baby" both of which peaked at #10 on Billboard's R&B singles chart. He recorded for many record companies, including Freedom, Macy's, Modern, Crown, RPM, Combo, Imperial, Bayou, and the Recorded In Hollywood/Lucky/Money/Cash group of labels, and contributed vocals as well as tenor saxophone on some of his records.
Houston was based in Los Angeles throughout most of his career. He toured and recorded with his band 'The Defrosterz', started up by Mark St. John, who acted as his bassist and manager for almost 20 years, plus the keyboardist Mike Malone. They toured North America and recorded throughout the 1990s and 2000s. The band was signed to the Shattered Records label.
Houston's musical career stalled after he suffered a stroke in 2006. He returned to the stage in July 2008 and performed at the Long Beach Lobster Festival. He continued to entertain until 2012. He died on December 28, 2015, in Long Beach, California, following some more health issues.

## Singles

| Year | Title | Album | US R&B |
| 1952 | "Worry, Worry, Worry" | not released on LP | 10 |
| 1952 | "Hard Time Baby" | not released on LP | 10 |

## Albums

* Joe Houston (Combo, 1955)
* Rockin' At The Drive In (Combo, 1956)
* Blows All Nite Long (Modern, 1956)
* Rocks and Rolls All Nite Long (Crown, 1957) reissue of Blows All Nite Long
* Rock and Roll with Joe Houston and His Rockets (Tops, 1957)
* Wild Man of the Tenor Sax (Crown, 1961)
* Doin' The Twist (Crown, 1962)
* Twisting in Orbit (Crown, 1962)
* Rockin' and Rollin' (Crown, 1962)
* Surf Rockin' (Crown, 1963)
* Limbo (Crown, 1963)
* Kicking Back (Big Town, 1978)
* The Return of Honk! with Otis Grand (JSP, 1994)
* The Blues & Nothin' Else (Shattered Music, 1996)
# Byline Bank

Byline Bank is a bank headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is the primary subsidiary of Byline Bancorp, Inc., a bank holding company. As of 31 December 2019, it operated 57 branches, 56 of which were in the Chicago metropolitan area. It is the 4th largest Small Business Administration lender.

## History

The company was founded in 1978 by the Fasseas family as Metropolitan Bank Group after the purchase of North Community Bank. The family grew the bank from a single location to more than 90 branches in the Chicago metropolitan area before suffering in the 2007–2008 financial crisis.
In 2009, it accepted $71.5 million from the Troubled Asset Relief Program. In 2013, BXM Holdings LLC, led by Roberto Herencia, purchased and recapitalized the bank with a $207 million investment.
A year before acquiring Ridgestone Bank, the company was renamed Byline Bancorp Inc. in 2015 and consolidated all its subsidiaries under the name Byline Bank.
In June 2017, the company became a public company via an initial public offering. In May 2018, the company acquired First Evanston Bancorp for $178.6 million in cash and stock.
In April 2019, the company acquired Oak Park River Forest Bank shares for $40.0 million in cash and stock. In December 2022, Byline entered merger agreement and acquired Inland Bank valued at approximately $165 million in cash and stock - the merger was completed in July 2023.
# Gun-Galuut Nature Reserve

Gun-Galuut Nature Reserve, 130 km (81 mi) south-east of Ulaanbaatar, has a great diversity of ecosystems even though it has a comparatively small area. The complex of high mountains, steppes, rivers, lakes and wetlands are kept in their original condition. Visitors to Gun-Galuut see vast steppes seeming to meet the sky, the imposing mountains of Baits and Berkh, the homeland of rare creatures, Ikh-Gun and Ayaga lakes, a paradise of birds, Kherlen, the longest river of Mongolia and the Tsengiin Burd wetland, where water and wetland birds lay their eggs.

## Fauna

Although limited research has been carried out on the reserve's fauna, 63 mammal species, 81 bird species, three amphibian species and 38 fish species have been recorded, including a number of nationally and globally threatened species. Among the more common mammal species are the gray wolf, Tarbagan marmot, souslik (ground squirrel), pika, vole, fox, corsac and jerboa. Globally threatened species include the argali (mountain sheep), Siberian crane, white-naped crane, hooded crane, black vulture and swan goose. Among the nationally threatened species found in the park are the whooper swan, black stork, great white egret, Bar-headed goose, bearded vulture and Eurasian penduline tit.
# Winkle Island (Hastings)

Winkle Island is a traffic island at the heart of Hastings Old Town in East Sussex, England, in the United Kingdom. It is part of a unique area in Hastings called 'The Stade' (the old Saxon term for 'landing place') and the stretch of shingle beach from which Hastings' famous fishing fleet has been launched every day for over a thousand years.
Winkle Island is located at the foot of All Saints Street at its junction with Rock-A-Nore Road at Hastings seafront. The small island is part of many outdoor events and festivals, such as the Hastings Old Town Week, and Jack In The Green. It is also the symbolic gathering place of the Winkle Club charity, as well as other local artistic events and street performances. A sculpture of a giant winkle, a marine gastropod, stands on the pavement. It was made by a member and given to the club by J. B. Jones. It is used as a collecting box for charity purposes.

## Gallery

* Dancing on Winkle Island
* Town crier
* View of Winkle Island
# Fullerene whiskers

Fullerene whiskers are thin rods composed of fullerene molecules, such as C$_{60}$, C$_{70}$, or their mixtures. Hollow fullerene whiskers are called fullerene tubes. Such structures typically have a diameter of a few micrometers. When the diameter becomes smaller than 1 micron, the corresponding structures are called fullerene nanowhiskers or fullerene nanotubes.
Fullerene whiskers and tubes are held together by weak van der Waals forces, and hence are very soft. They can be grown by precipitation at an interface between two liquids. They are semiconductors and have potential uses in field-effect transistors, solar cells, chemical sensors, and photocatalysts. When doped with alkali metals, such as potassium, they become superconductors at 18 K (−255.2 °C; −427.3 °F).
As-grown fullerene nanotubes have hexagonal shapes and face-centered cubic crystal structures. Owing to their relatively large inner diameters (approx. 100 nm) and low reactivity they can accommodate a wide range of nanoparticles. C$_{60}$ nanotubes decompose upon heating to 416 °C (781 °F) in air.