OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Edgar Orloff

Edgar S. Orloff (June 17, 1923 – June 4, 1983) was a San Francisco Bay Area-based newspaper columnist and editor. He wrote the nationally syndicated columns Medicine Today (?–1983), which explained medical breakthroughs to a non-technical audience, and Here Tomorrow, which did the same for general technology. During his long career in journalism, Orloff worked at over a dozen newspapers, including the San Francisco News-Call-Bulletin, the Great Falls Tribune, the New York Post and the Bergen Record (he liked to refer to himself as "the last of the old time tramp copy editors"). Before dying of Lou Gehrig's disease (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), his last editorial position was as assistant managing editor of The San Francisco Examiner. Orloff retired from his job in January 1982. Orloff also taught courses in journalism at the University of California-Berkeley.

## Death

Orloff died on June 4, 1983, from Lou Gehrig's disease at the age of 59.
# Lars Oskar Hauge

Lars Oskar Hauge (born 1998) is a Norwegian chess grandmaster.
Qualifying for the Grandmaster title in 2021, he is listed as the 17th Norwegian GM. Hauge achieved his first Grandmaster norm in the Norwegian Premier League in 2018/19, with subsequent norms in the Swedish Elitserien 2019/20 and at the European Team Chess Championship in Brezice in 2021. He was designated FIDE Master in 2013, International Master in 2016 and GM in 2022.
# Heptanol

Heptanol may refer to any isomeric alcohols with the formula C$_7$H$_{16}$O:
* 1-Heptanol, an alcohol with a seven carbon chain and the structural formula of CH$_3$(CH$_2$)$_6$OH
* 2-Heptanol, a secondary alcohol with the hydroxyl on the second carbon of the straight seven-carbon chain
* 3-Heptanol, an organic alcohol with the chemical formula C$_7$H$_{16}$O
* 4-Heptanol [de]
* 3-Ethylpentan-3-ol
# List of villages in Pudukkottai district

Pudukkottai district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## A

* Akkachipatti
* Alapiranthan
* Alathur
* Aliyanilai
* Amanji
* Amaradakki
* Amarasimendrapuram
* Ammachathiram
* Ammapattinam
* Andanoor
* Arasanagaripattinam
* Arasarkulam Keelpathi
* Arasarkulam Thenpathi
* Arasarkulam Vadapathy
* Aravampatti
* Ariyanipatti
* Ariyur
* Athangaraividuthi
* Athani
* Atthippallam
* Avanathankottai
* Ayingudi
* Ayinkudi
* Alangudi

## C

* Chettiyapatti

## E

* Edaiyar
* Edayapatti
* Eganivayal
* Egaperumagalur
* Embal
* Ennai
* Eraposal
* Erumbali
* Erundirapatti
* Eswarankoil

## G

* Gandarvakottai

## I

* Irrumbaanadu

## K

* K.chettypatti
* K.rayavaram
* Kadayakudi
* Kalabam
* Kalikulanvayal
* Kallakottai
* Kallur
* Kammakadu
* Kannankarangudi
* Karamangalam
* Karur, Pudukkottai
* Kathavampatty
* Kattakudi
* Kattunaval
* Kavadukudi
* Keelachery
* Keelakuruchi
* Keelapanaiyur
* Keelathaniyam
* Keelkudivattadur
* Keezha pullanviduthi
* Keezhappatti
* Kilakudiammanjakki
* Killukudy
* Kodivayal
* Kodumbalur
* Kollanvayal
* Komapuram
* Kongudi
* Kothadaramapuram
* Kothirapatti
* Kudumiyanmalai
* Kulathur, Gandharvakottai
* Kulattur, Aranthangi
* Kulattur, Avudayarkoil
* Kulipirai
* Kummankudi
* Kundagavayal
* Kunnur
* Kurumpoondi
* Kurungalore

## M

* Madagam
* Manamelkudi
* Manavelampatti
* Mangalanadu
* Mangudi, Annavasal
* Mangudi, Aranthangi
* Mannakudi
* Maramadakki
* Maravanpatti
* Mathiyanallur
* Meivazhi Salai
* Melamelnilai
* Melapattu
* Melmangalam
* Melnilaivayal
* Melur
* Merpanaikadu
* Mimisal
* Mirattunilai
* Mookudi
* Mukkanamalaipatty
* Munasandai
* Muthukadu

## N

* Nachandupatti
* Nagudi
* Nallambalsamuthitram
* Narpavalakudi
* Narthamalai
* Nattampatti
* Nattumangalam
* Nedungudi
* Neduvasal
* Nevathali

## O

* Okkur
* Onangudi
* Oorvani

## P

* Palavarasan
* Panampatti
* Panayapatti
* Panchathi
* Pandikkudi
* Pandipathiram
* Parambur
* Periyaloor
* Periyalur
* Perugadu
* Perumanadu
* Perunavalur
* Perungudi
* Piliyavayal
* Pinnangudi
* Ponpethi
* Poovalur
* Poovathakudi
* Pudunilaivayal
* Pudur
* Pullanviduthi
* Pulvayal
* Punginipatti
* Pungudi
* Punniyavayal
* Puthambur

## R

* Rajendrapuram
* Ramasamypuram
* Regunathapuram
* Rethinakottai

## S

* Sathivayal
* Sathiyamangalam
* Sattiyakudi
* Senganam
* Sengeerai
* Seriyaloor
* Silattur
* Sirumarudur
* Sithanavasal
* Sittankadu
* Subramaniyapuram
* Sunaiyakadu
* Sundampatti

## T

* Thachampatti
* Thalanur
* Thalinji
* Thanthani
* Theeyadur
* Theeyur
* Thekkattur
* Thenipatti
* Thennambadi
* Thirukkalambur
* Thirunallur, Annavasal, Pudukkottai
* Thirunallur, Aranthangi, Pudukkottai
* Thirupperundurai
* Thiruppunavasal
* Thiruvakkudi
* Thiruvengaivasal
* Thodaiyur
* Tholuvankadu
* Thondamandendal
* Thunjanur
* Thuraiyur, Pudukkottai

## V

* Vaadikkadu
* Vadakadu
* Valaramanikam
* Vallavari
* Vanniyampatti
* Vanniyan Viduthy
* Vavvaneri
* Vayalogam
* Veeramangalam
* Veerapatty
* Vegupatti
* Velivayal
* Vellanjar
* Vellanur
* Velvarai
* Vembakudi East
* Vembakudi West
* Vennvalkudi
* Vettanur
* Vettivayal
* Vettukadu
* Vijayapuram
* Vilanur
* Vilathupatti
* Virachilai
# Eduardo Torroja Caballe

Eduardo Torroja Caballé (1 February 1847 – 1 June 1918) was a Spanish mathematician born in the city of Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.

## Biography

His father was Juan Torroja, a professor of Geography and History. He continued his studies at Complutense University, where he obtained the degrees of Bachelor of Science (1864), Masters of Science (1866), Architect (1869) and Doctor of Science (1873) in Mathematics.
Very early in his studies he became a disciple of Karl Georg Christian von Staudt, whose ideas of synthetic geometry he embraced and promoted among his fellow mathematicians for the rest of his life. The strong presence of geometry in Spain's mathematical curriculum, even to this day, can be traced back to Torroja's influence. In 1869, Torroja became a research fellow at the Astronomical Observatory in Madrid, where he contributed to the geodesic triangulation of Spain, initiated by the General Carlos Ibáñez. While working at that Research Institute, he became assistant professor at the Faculty of Sciences.
In 1873 he became a full professor of Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry and Analytic Geometry at the University of Valencia. In 1876 he obtained the professorship in Descriptive Geometry at Complutense University, where he remained until his retirement due to terminal illness in 1916.
During his tenure he promoted research in synthetic geometry, influencing a generation of Spanish mathematicians, including Miguel Vegas, Cecilio Jiménez Rueda, José Álvarez Ude, Antonio Torroja, and Julio Rey Pastor. His books became highly regarded textbooks, expanding the scope of his influence and that of his inspiration, Karl von Staudt.
At that time Complutense University was the only University in the Spanish Empire entitled to grant Doctor degrees, so that most Spanish mathematicians can trace their academic genealogy to Dr. Torroja Caballé. In the year 1900, Torroja and his disciple Miguel Vegas, prepared the Curriculum for the studies of Sciences, which had an overwhelming focus on Descriptive and Analytic Geometry.
In the year 1891, Torroja was elected member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences, where he was formally inducted in the year 1893 after offering his speech "Reseña de los medios empleados por la geometría pura actual para alcanzar el grado de generalidad y de simplificación que la distingue de la antigua". This speech argued that the work of Karl Georg Christian von Staudt is the unifying contribution to Geometry. In 1911 he became a founding member of the Spanish Mathematical Society, where he was vice president, with Echegaray and García de Galdeano.

## Works

* 1888: Programa de las Lecciones de Geometría descriptiva
* 1899: Tratado de la Geometría de Posición
* 1904: Teoría Geométrica de las Líneas Alabeadas
# Bendōwa

Bendōwa (辨道話), meaning Discourse on the Practice of the Way or Dialogue on the Way of Commitment, sometimes also translated as Negotiating the Way, On the Endeavor of the Way, or A Talk about Pursuing the Truth, is an influential essay written by Dōgen, the founder of Zen Buddhism's Sōtō school in Japan.

## History and background

Bendōwa is Dogen's earliest known writing in Japanese. Although the text was written in 1231, making it the second piece he wrote following his return from China to Japan, it was not widely known for hundreds of years until the Kanbun Era (1661–1673), when it was found in a temple in Kyoto. In 1684, it was added in manuscript form by the monk Hangyo Kozen as the first fascicle of the 95-fascicle edition of Dōgen's already well-known master compilation, the Shōbōgenzō. This format was standardized in 1788 with its first major printed publication. Despite its four-century absence from the compilation, today it is often said that it "contains within it the essence of all ninety-five fascicles of Shōbōgenzō."

## Content

The essay primarily serves to introduce zazen 坐禅, or seated meditation, to Japanese Buddhists, very few of whom would have been exposed to the practice. According to Gudo Nishijima, one of the many translators of the text into English, Dōgen often used bendō to mean the practice of zazen specifically, despite the fact that ben (辨) literally means pursuit and dō (道) means way or truth. The title can also thus be interpreted as A Talk on the Practice of Zazen. Divided into two sections, the first argues for the preeminence of zazen before other forms of Buddhist practice, explains the meaning of ji juyū zanmai 自受用三昧 (or ji juyū samādhi), and tells of his travels in China.
Ji juyū zanmai can be translated loosely as "samādhi of self-fulfillment and enjoyment" or literally as the "samādhi of receiving and using the self." Kosho Uchiyama comments, ". . . we can understand this samādhi of self-fulfillment and enjoyment as the samādhi or concentration on the self when it simply receives and accepts its function, or its spiritual position in the world," while Nishijima writes that it "suggests the state of natural balance which we experience when making effort without an intentional aim."
In the remaining text, which adopts a question-and-answer format, Dōgen answers questions put forward by an archetypical novice Zen student.
# Lunxhëri (administrative unit)

Lunxhëri is a former municipality in the Gjirokastër County, Albania. At the 2015 local government reform it became a subdivision of the municipality Gjirokastër. The population at the 2011 census was 1,941. The municipal unit consists of the villages Qestorat, Dhoksat, Këllëz, Mingul, Nokovë, Erind, Gjat, Kakoz, Karjan and Valare.
The area is known for its Albanian-speaking Orthodox Christian and Aromanian population.
# Chircop

Chircop may refer to:

## People with the surname

* Francesca Chircop (born 1993), Maltese footballer
* George Mifsud Chircop (1951–2007), Maltese linguist
* Karl Chircop (1965–2008), Maltese doctor and politician
* Lynn Chircop (born 1980), Maltese singer and television presenter
* Rebecca Chircop (born 1988), Maltese footballer
* Clint Chircop (born 1987), Maltese Actor
* Silvan Chircop (born 1999), Maltese Physiotherapist
# Duckweed firetail

The duckweed firetail (Telebasis byersi) is a small species of damselfly in the family Coenagrionidae. It is native mainly to the southeastern United States, but its distribution extends north to Illinois and west to New Mexico. It is 25–31 millimetres (0.98–1.22 in) long and red in color.
# Gertruid Bolwater

Gertruid (Truuj) Bolwater (died 1511) was a legendary Dutch heroine, known as the defender of Venlo during its siege by Emperor Maximilian I when she climbed up the defence wall of the city and took over the defence wall from a fallen ensign.

## Patriotic symbol

She was an important symbol for local patriotism during the 19th century, and has been the subject of publications since the 17th century. Nowadays, however, historians have decided that she was a symbol and not a real person.

## Folklore

During the southern Dutch carnival, on the Thursday before the main event, in the city of Venlo is an all women festivity called Truujendaag in local dialect. It is said to be referring to the heroine. During this day, women dress in medieval clothes and roam the city. No men are allowed to show themselves. If they do, their tie is cut in half.

## Recognition

In recognition of her (alleged) heroic act, a street in the city center was named after her. She also is getting a much criticized clay statue.
# Face equality

Face equality is a social movement that seeks to normalize and de-stigmatize facial disfigurement (FD), and, by extent, lessen prejudice towards individuals with facial disfigurements. The term and corresponding movement was founded in 2008 by UK-based charity Changing Faces.
Face Equality Week, which Changing Faces also launched, is held annually in May. Themes for the week have included "Stop the Stare" (2022), and "We Will Not Hide" (2023). The Sunshine Social Welfare Foundation in Taiwan also holds a Facial Equality Day in May.

## Goals

Goals of face equality include:
* Normalizing and de-stigmatizing FD, therefore lessening societal pressure to hide FD
* Addressing discrimination based on FD in employment and the workplace
* Addressing stereotypes that conflate FD with villainy
* Improving representation of individuals with FD in television and film
* Addressing and preventing the censorship of individuals with FD when posting photos and videos online

## Organizations

Face Equality International (FEI), founded in 2018 by James Partridge, is a coalition of "NGOs, charities, and support groups," which promote face equality. Groups which have joined FEI include Changing Faces (UK), the European Cleft Organisation, FACES (US), the Phoenix Society for Burn Survivors (US), the Smile Foundation (South Africa), and Smile Train.
# Caspar CLE 16

The Caspar CLE 16 was an airliner built in Germany in the early 1920s.

## Development

Only one CLE 16 was built (registration D-294), and it took part in the International Air Exhibition in Gothenburg (Sweden) in July 1923.

## Specifications

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: One
* Capacity: 3 passengers
* Length: 6.72 m (22 ft 1 in)
* Wingspan: 12.00 m (39 ft 4 in)
* Height: 2.20 m (7 ft 3 in)
* Wing area: 19.00 m$^2$ (204.5 sq ft)
* Empty weight: 450 kg (992 lb)
* Gross weight: 830 kg (1,830 lb)
* Powerplant: 1 × Siemens-Halske Sh 5 7-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 60 kW (80 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed fixed pitch propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 130 km/h (81 mph, 70 kn)
* Cruise speed: 105 km/h (65 mph, 57 kn)
* Range: 480 km (300 mi, 260 nmi)
* Endurance: 6 hours
* Service ceiling: 3,000 m (9,800 ft)
# Latino mammarenavirus

Latino mammarenavirus is a species of virus in the family Arenaviridae. Its host is Calomys callosus, and it was isolated in Bolivia.
# Maria Pilar Bruguera Sábat

Sister Maria Pilar Bruguera Sábat (Girona, 1906 – Vic, 1994) was a Spanish Catalan Roman Catholic nun and physician. Even after she graduated from the faculty of medicine of the University of Barcelona in 1934, she continued her religious career as a Sister of the Carmelite Charity. She exercised her profession mainly in the convent, Monestir de Carmelites Descalces de Terrassa. Pilar was the youngest of six siblings, all girls, among whom there were two doctors (the other being Carme Bruguera Sala) and three teachers.

## Biography

Pilar was the sixth daughter of attorney Martí Bruguera Sastre, originally from Regencós and Teobalda Sàbat, born in Torrent, Baix Empordà. The family lived on the second floor of Carrer Progrés, number 21, in Girona. The marriage had six daughters: Joaquima, M. Assumption, Teresa, Maria del Carme, Mercè, and Pilar. Assumption, Pilar, and Carme studied Teaching. Established in 1914, Escola Normal de Mestres de Girona [ca] was the higher education most accessible to girls in Girona.
Pilar did further studies at the Missioneres de l'Immaculat Cor de Maria in Girona, and later completed her Baccalaureate at the institute, located at the top of Calle de la Força in Girona, where she enrolled in 1926. She then enrolled at the faculty of medicine at the University of Barcelona, where she finished her degree in 1934. On January 12, 1935, she received her medical degree, although she did not join the Col·legi Oficial de Metges de Barcelona [ca] (College of Doctors of Barcelona) until 1947. In the membership card kept at the College of Doctors of Barcelona, she was listed as unmarried with an address at Carrer Vall, number 1 in Terrassa, which is the address of the Carmelite convent in the city. Her entry into the convent meant that she completed her training with teaching studies. She also earned her master's degree in 1952.
Pilar maintained her association with the College of Doctors of Barcelona all her life but it is not recorded that she practiced the profession. It is possible that she did it as a doctor in the convent. In 1961, she was registered as a member and religious, and in 1979, when she was already 70 years old, she was honored with the title of honorary member of the College of Doctors of Barcelona. In 1980, she retired from practicing the profession, although she maintained her association until hher death.
Sister Pilar Bruguera i Sábat died in Vic in 1994, when she was 85 years old.
# Centaury

Centaury is a common name for several plants and may refer to:
* Centaurea, a genus in the Asteraceae containing species sometimes called centaury
* Centaurium, a genus in the Gentianaceae containing species commonly called centaury
** Gyrandra, a genus formerly included in Centaurium, with species commonly called centaury
** Schenkia, a genus formerly included in Centaurium, with species commonly called centaury
** Zeltnera, a New World genus formerly included in Centaurium, with species commonly called centaury
* Cheirolophus crassifolius, a species in the Asteraceae commonly known as Maltese centaury
* Sabatia, a New World genus in the Gentianaceae containing species sometimes called centaury
# Chircăieștii Noi

Chircăieștii Noi is a commune in Căușeni District, Moldova. It is composed of two villages, Baurci and Chircăieștii Noi.
# Ghost Bitch

"Ghost Bitch" is the debut single released by Japanese rock band, The Teenage Kissers. The single was originally released in a special 3-track EP February 20, 2013 and was distributed only at live shows. On June 16, 2013 "Ghost Bitch" was re-released in digital single format through the Media Factory music label. A music video for the song was featured on the DVD edition of Perfectly Dirty. The song "Violent Lips" was used in a commercial for the EP which appeared on MTV Japan. The song "I Love You and Kiss Me" was later released as a single and appeared on the band's first full album, Virgin Field.
# Face cord

A face cord is an informal measurement for stacked firewood, sometimes called a rick.
Width and height is typically the same as a cord (3.6 m$^3$), but the depth can vary. The front face is the same as a cord 4 by 8 feet (1.2 by 2.4 m), hence the name. The depth is generally 16 inches (410 mm) (for use in residential fireplaces) but can be anything from 12 to 32 inches (300 to 810 mm).
This results in a volume of 32 to 85 cubic feet (0.91 to 2.41 m$^3$). In the United States, several states only allow wood to be sold by the cord or fractions of a cord, to avoid confusion among consumers.
The wood should be stacked "racked and well stowed" – meaning stacked so that the wood is parallel, and air gaps are minimized. It should not be cross-stacked (alternating directions), as this adds considerable empty space to the stack.

## Common volumes for a face cord

* 4 feet x 8 feet x 12 inches = 1/4 cord (32 cubic feet)
* 4 feet x 8 feet x 16 inches = 1/3 cord (42.66 cubic feet)
* 4 feet x 8 feet x 24 inches = 1/2 cord (64 cubic feet)
# Luchins

Luchins is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Abraham S. Luchins (1914–2005), American psychologist
* David Luchins (born 1946), American political scientist
* Edith Hirsch Luchins (1921–2002), Polish-American mathematician, wife of Abraham
# Latham Tawhai

Latham Tawhai (born 23 August 1972) is a rugby league coach and former player from New Zealand. He has also represented his country in softball.

## Playing career

A Northcote Tigers junior, Tawhai played in the Auckland Rugby League competition before being selected for Auckland, and making the North Harbour Lion Red Cup side.
After playing for the champion North Harbour Sea Eagles in the Lion Red Cup, Tawhai represented New Zealand at the inaugural Super League World Nines, helping the side to victory before signing for Keighley in 1996. He later went on to play for Hunslet (winning the Tom Bergin Trophy for Man of the Match in the 1999 Grand Final), Rochdale Hornets, Doncaster and Hull Kingston Rovers.
Tawhai then left Hull KR to take up a player-coach role at Hunslet in 2004.

## Coaching career

Tawhai was part of the RFL's coaching pathway starting with the Leeds Service Area and Rhinos Scholarship Programme. He went on to assist with the Bradford Bulls Foundation before coaching on the RFL's Elite Player Camps.
In 2005 after guiding local amateur club Drighlington to success in the Pennine Premier League, the Yorkshire Cup Final and winning the Pennine League Coach of the Year, he moved to London where he became the first full-time coach at the London Skolars. In October 2007, after London Skolars best ever season, Latham was named the Co-operative National League Two Coach of the year. He left Skolars at the end of 2007 to become assistant coach at Harlequins RL under Brian McDermott. He remained with the renamed London Broncos until mid-season 2012 when he left the club, moving to Wales for personal and business reasons.

## Other sports

Tawhai was a New Zealand Fastpitch softball representative. He went on to play in the United States with the Larry Miller Club in Salt Lake City and make the USA National U23 Tournament Team.
After being resident in the UK for a number of years, he represented Great Britain at the 2004 World Softball Championships.
Tawhai was also an Auckland Rugby Union Junior representative.
# Marian P. Roque

Marian P. Roque is a Filipina mathematician. She was the president of the Mathematical Society of the Philippines, a professor in the Institute of Mathematics of the University of the Philippines Diliman, and former Director of the Institute of Mathematics. Her mathematical specialty is the theory of partial differential equations.
Roque's interest in a career in Mathematics began in her grade school participation in the first National Quiz Bee. She continued her studies in mathematics at the University of the Philippines Diliman, where she earned her bachelor's (1986), master's (1989), and doctoral degrees (1996). Through the Sandwich Scholarship Program, she did her research work for her dissertation at the University of Essen, where she studied under Bernd Schultze. While studying in Germany, she faced discrimination due to her gender and nationality. She then completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Waseda University.
With Doina Cioranescu and Patrizia Donato, she is the author of An Introduction to Second Order Partial Differential Equations: Classical and Variational Solutions (World Scientific, 2018).

## Awards

* 2012: Gawad Tsanselor para sa Natatanging Guro
* 2014-2016: UP Scientist
* 2016: National Research Council of the Philippines Outstanding Achievement Award.