OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Teachers Guild

The New York City Teachers Guild (1935-1960), AKA "Local 2, AFT" as of June 1941, was a progressive labor union that started as breakaway from the New York City Teachers Union and later merged into the United Federation of Teachers.

## History
### 1930s

The New York City Teachers Union (TU) had experience conflict internally for more of the early 1930s. The opposing groups were the founders (Henry Linville and Abraham Lefkowitz–at the time called "administrators") and "Rank and File" members (many of whom were also Communist Party members).
During an August 1935 national convention, the American Federation of Teachers (AFT) voted down a TU administrators' request to reorganize (100 to 79). On October 1, 1935, Linville and Lefkowitz led all officers, nearly all executive board members, and nearly 800 members (including Communist Lovestoneite members of a rival "Progressive Group") out of the TU to form the Teachers Guild (TG).

### 1940s

On March 29, 1940, the New York State Legislature formed the "Rapp-Coudert Committee" to investigate finances (Rapp in the New York State Assembly) and subversive activities (Coudert in the New York State Senate). From September 1940 through December 1941, Coudert investigated more than 500 people regarding their affiliation with the Communist Party USA. Coudert's subcommittee focused on the TU Local 5 as well as a college professors union Local 537. Former TU leaders who had helped found the TG, Henry Linville and Benjamin Mandel, testified against TU members. On June 20, 1941, the AFT designated the TG as "Local 2, AFT." On December 29, 1940, the AFT voted and in May 1941 officially expelled three communist-influenced locals: the TU (Local 5, AFT), the New York College Teachers Union (Local 537, AFT), and the Philadelphia Teachers Union (Local 192, AFT). In June 1941, the AFT made the TG its "Local 5, AFT" in New York City. In 1943, the Rapp-Coudert Committee endorsed school financing policies of the TG.

### 1950s

(Forthcoming)

### 1960

In March 1960, the TG and Committee of Action Through Unity (CATU) merged into the United Federation of Teachers (Local 2, AFT). In August 1960, New York's Board of Education and the UFT conducted initial collective bargaining.

## People

The TU was a client of Harold I. Cammer.

### Presidents

All TG presidents were former members of the TU:
* Henry Linville
* Albert Smallheiser
* Rebecca Simonson
* Charles Cogen

### Leaders

* Ben Davidson (politician)
* Layle Lane
* David Selden

## Assessment

In 2015, Nicholas Toloudis attributed the demise of the TU not only to Red Scares in the 1940s and 1950s but also to competition with other city teachers associations. In particular, the TG was "accommodating to the government, while the radical Union was confrontational" and "consistently sacrificed its commitment to academic freedom by collaborating with public authorities" to reveal TU ties to the CPUSA.
# Charles Graham (Queensland politician)

Charles James Graham was a politician in Queensland, Australia. He was a Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Graham represented the electorate of Clermont from 11 May 1872 to 4 January 1876.

## Early life

Charles James Graham was born on 7 October 1839 in Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, England. He was educated at Uppingham and Peterhouse, graduating with a BA in 1862 before moving to Australia where he was a squatter.

## Family

He married Mary Joseph Enright on 21 September 1871, and they had three children.

## Politics

Graham was the Secretary for Public Lands from 15 July 1873 to 8 January 1874.

## Later life

After resigning from Parliament he was appointed Under Secretary for Public Instruction.
Director-General of Education 1876–1878
Later he became the editor (and later sole owner) of the Peak Downs Telegram.
He later moved to Orange, New South Wales where he operated a brewery.
Graham died on 18 March 1886 in Albany, Western Australia, Australia.
# Chapline

Chapline is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* George Chapline Jr. (born 1942), American condensed matter physicist
* Jesse Grant Chapline (1870–1937), American educator and politician
# Vriesea fidelensis

Vriesea fidelensis is a plant species in the genus Vriesea. This species is endemic to Brazil.
# Vriesea duvaliana

Vriesea duvaliana is a plant species in the genus Vriesea. It is an epiphyte endemic to the State of Bahia in eastern Brazil, but cultivated in other regions as an ornamental. It (or its cultivar(s)) is a recipient of the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

## Cultivars

* Vriesea 'Duvaliana Major'
* Vriesea 'Duvalii'
* Vriesea 'Elegans'
* Vriesea 'Fulgida'
* Vriesea 'Minima'
* Vriesea 'Obliqua'
* Vriesea 'Rostrum Aquilae'
* Vriesea 'Splendida'
* Vriesea 'Versaillensis'
# Vrms

vrms (virtual Richard M. Stallman), later renamed to check-dfsg-status, is a program that analyzes the set of currently installed packages on a Debian-based system, and reports all of the packages from the non-free tree which are currently installed. Software gets placed in the non-free tree when it is agreed not to be too problematic for Debian to distribute but does not meet the Debian Free Software Guidelines and therefore cannot be included in their official distribution.
For each program from "non-free" installed, vrms displays an explanation of why it is non-free if one is available. This explanation is usually from a list included in the vrms package itself, but other packages can provide additional lists of explanations too.

## History

vrms was written by Bdale Garbee and Bill Geddes for the Debian GNU/Linux system, in response to an open discussion with Richard Stallman about the issues surrounding the availability/desirability of the "non-free" package tree in Debian. Yet the package is somewhat controversial because, while it contains Stallman's initials, it still follows Debian's definitions of free rather than that of the GNU project. The Free Software Foundation lists vrms among packages that do not respect its Free System Distribution Guidelines.
In 2005, Rogério Brito, motivated to improve the status of the package, looked at and fixed some long-outstanding bugs reported in Debian's Bug Tracking System, and, shortly afterward, the project moved to a more distributed and cooperative development with a mailing list being created and with the source code being put in a Subversion version control system hosted by Alioth's Debian server.
In August 2022, the project was renamed to check-dfsg-status to reflect the fact that its opinions are based on the Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG).

## Example

Output of vrms in a system with Sun Java, unrar and VMware Player installed:
# Voloske, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

Voloske is a village in Voloske Commune in central Ukraine. It is in Dnipro Raion in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. It belongs to Novooleksandrivka rural hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine.
# Charles Moore, 2nd Marquess of Drogheda

Charles Moore, 2nd Marquess of Drogheda (23 August 1770 – 6 February 1837), styled Viscount Moore until 1822, was an Irish peer. He went insane when he was about twenty, and spent the rest of his life at the private asylum at Greatford, Lincolnshire, which had been founded by the renowned physician Francis Willis.

## Early life

He was the eldest son of Charles Moore, 1st Marquess of Drogheda, and Lady Anne Seymour Conway, daughter of Francis Seymour, 1st Marquess of Hertford. Some sources give his first name as Edward.

## Career

He was elected to the Irish House of Commons as member for Queen's County in 1790, but unseated the following year on foot of a petition that he was disqualified by reason of insanity. Despite this, he was given the rank of captain-lieutenant in the Royal Irish Artillery in 1793. Lord Moore's father was colonel of the regiment.

### Mental illness

When he was about the age of twenty he began to show signs of mental illness, which may have been hereditary. He was placed in the care of Dr Francis Willis at Greatford Hall. Willis had won renown in 1789 for curing King George III of what was thought then to be insanity but is now generally agreed to have been porphyria. His treatment involved a regimen of fresh air and manual labour. Whether the treatment had any success in Lord Drogheda's case is unclear, but certainly, there was no significant recovery of his mental faculties, as there had been for the King; Drogheda remained at Greatford until his death in 1837. He was unmarried and his titles passed to his nephew Henry Moore, 3rd Marquess of Drogheda.
The cause of his mental illness is unclear, but it is significant that his mother's family had a history of eccentricity and mental instability. Lord Castlereagh, who committed suicide in 1822, was Lord Drogheda's first cousin and the increasingly strange behaviour which culminated in his death was thought by some to be due to a hereditary mental illness inherited from the Seymour Conway family, to which his mother, as well as Drogheda's, belonged.
# Zeiraphera fulvomixtana

Zeiraphera fulvomixtana is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Taiwan, Korea and Japan.
The wingspan is 15.5–19 mm.
# William Ingraham Kip

William Ingraham Kip (October 3, 1811 – April 7, 1893) was an American Protestant Episcopal bishop.

## Early life

Kip was born in New York City, of Breton ancestry, the son of Leonard Kip and Maria (Ingraham) Kip. He graduated at Yale in 1831. After briefly studying law, Kip turned to a clerical calling and graduated from the General Theological Seminary in 1835. He was ordained deacon in June 1835 and ordained priest in October of the same year.
Kip became rector of St. Peter's Church in Morristown, New Jersey in 1835, moved to become assistant minister of Grace Church in New York City in 1836, and moved again to become rector of St. Paul's Episcopal Church in Albany, where he remained from 1838 to 1853.

## Episcopate

On October 28, 1853, Kip was chosen to be the missionary bishop to California. He was the 59th bishop in the ECUSA, and was consecrated by Bishops Jackson Kemper, Alfred Lee, and William Jones Boone. He arrived in California after a journey by steamship and transit of the Panamanian isthmus, which in those days could be a dangerous journey. Kip's brother, Leonard, had already moved to California during the Gold Rush, but returned to New York by the time Kip arrived in San Francisco. On arriving in San Francisco, Kip had only two congregations under his charge, but the Episcopal population soon began to grow as immigrants from the East streamed into California. When California became a diocese in its own right in 1856, Kip was elected as its first bishop. He continued to serve as Bishop of California until his death in 1893. His last act in office was the ordination of his grandson, William Ingraham Kip, III. Kip was noted for his Episcopalian Catholicism, which he considered as a means of raising the spiritual sights of California's urban centers. He also promoted the idea of "Grace Cathedral" for San Francisco, which was also advanced by his successor, William F. Nichols.
Among his works are:
* The Lenten Fast (1843)
* Early Jesuit Missions in North America (1846)
* The Catacombs of Rome (1854)
* The Olden Time in New York (1872)
* The Church and the Apostles (1877)
* Double Witness of the Church (twenty-second edition, 1904)

## Personal life

Kip was married to Maria Elizabeth Lawrence, the daughter of merchant banker Isaac Lawrence and Cornelia Beach (the daughter of a minister of Trinity Church). They had two children:
* Lawrence Kip (1836–1899), U.S. Army officer who married Eva Lorillard (1847–1903), the daughter of Lorillard Tobacco Company heir Pierre Lorillard III.
* William Ingraham Kip Jr. (1840–1902), the rector of Good Samaritan Missions in San Francisco. He married Elizabeth Clementine Kinney, the daughter of the U.S. Ambassador to Italy, William Burnet Kinney. They had four children, three of whom survived to adulthood: Elizabeth Clementine Kip (married Guy L. Eddie of the U.S. Army); Lawrence Kip; and Mary Burnet Kip (married to Dr. Ernest Franklin Robertson of Kansas City, KS).
His great-great-grandsons are businesspeople Frederick R. Koch, Charles Koch, David Koch, and Bill Koch.
# Laichupo

Laichupo is a village in Chipwi Township in Myitkyina District in the Kachin State of north-eastern Burma.
# Arnow

Arnow is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Harriette Simpson Arnow (1908–1986), American novelist
* Maxwell Arnow (1902–1984), American casting director
* Philip Arnow, American government official
* Winston Arnow (1911–1994), American judge
# Argylia

Argylia is a genus of flowering plants that is a member of the family Bignoniaceae.

## Species

* Argylia adscendens DC.
* Argylia bifrons Phil.
* Argylia bustillosii Phil.
* Argylia checoensis (Meyen) I.M.Johnst.
* Argylia conaiensis Ravenna
* Argylia farnesiana Gleisner & Ricardi Accepted
* Argylia geranioides DC.
* Argylia glutinosa Phil.
* Argylia potentillifolia DC.
* Argylia radiata (L.) D.Don
* Argylia robusta Sandwith
* Argylia tomentosa Phil.
* Argylia uspallatensis DC.
# Clive Lord

Clive Richard Lord is a British political activist and long serving member of the Green Party of England and Wales. He was one of the first members of the PEOPLE Party, which later became the Green Party, and split to make three separate Green Parties. He has also campaigned widely for the introduction of basic income. He was a candidate in the 2016 leadership election.

## Political career

Lord stood for the PEOPLE Party in the February 1974 general election in Leeds North East, winning 0.7% of the vote. In 1975, the PEOPLE Party became the Ecology Party, and in 1985 the Green Party. In 1990, the Green Party split into three parties: the Scottish Greens and the Green Party Northern Ireland. The Wales Green Party became an autonomous regional party and remained within the new Green Party of England and Wales. Lord thus became a member of the Green Party of England and Wales.
Lord is a campaigner for basic income, writing in 1993 that: "I'm afraid I cannot retire from Green politics until the significance of the Basic Income is understood and taken for granted on all sides: it will enable us to emerge from recession without returning to indiscriminate economic growth that will destroy itself, and us with it." In 2003, he published a book, A Citizens' Income: A Foundation for a Sustainable World, which outlined his personal philosophy and political beliefs. In 2012, he co-edited a second book, Citizen’s Income and Green Economics.
In June 2016, Lord announced his intentions to stand for Leader of the Green Party in the upcoming 2016 leadership election. In his election statement, he stated that he wanted Andrew Cooper, who ended up standing for Deputy Leader, to be Leader.

## Electoral performance

| Date of election | Constituency | Party | Votes | % of votes | Result |
| 2005 general election | Batley and Spen | Green | 649 | 1.7 | Not elected |
| 2001 general election | Batley and Spen | Green | 595 | 1.5 | Not elected |
| 1997 general election | Batley and Spen | Green | 384 | 0.8 | Not elected |
| 1992 general election | Batley and Spen | Green | 628 | 1.0 | Not elected |
| 1983 general election | Batley and Spen | Ecology | 493 | 0.9 | Not elected |
| 1979 general election | Batley and Morley | Ecology | 460 | 1.0 | Not elected |
| Feb. 1974 general election | Leeds North East | PEOPLE | 300 | 0.7 | Not elected |
# Vladimir Gorev

Vladimir Efimovich Gorev (1900 - 20 June 1938), known as Vladimir Gorev, was a Belarusian soldier known to have participated in the defense of Madrid as a Soviet military advisor during the Spanish Civil War. He was born in 1900 in Velizh, Vitebsk Governorate (now in Smolensk Oblast). He was of Belarusian ethnicity.

## Career

Gorev had combat experience in the Russian Civil War (1918–1921) and had then been an advisor in China (known under aliases "Nikitin" and "Gordon") to accelerate sovietization during the Chinese Civil War.
Gorev joined the Spanish Republican front in late August 1936 as a military attache under the alias "Sancho." His presence as a military advisor in the Siege of Madrid was praised by Lieutenant Colonel Vicente Rojo Lluch, as well as later with the Chief of State greater army of the North, the Communist military Francisco Ciutat de Miguel (called "Angelito"). With such prestige he joined the Spanish Republican Army in the North in the spring of 1937 instead of Kiril Jackson. In the War in the North, for example in the Defense of Bilbao Basque officials reports were not so good and questioned its merits in the war tactics of such fighting. Dropped the northern front, Gorev failed to escape Franco's siege and took refuge, along with other soldiers many Republicans, in the Asturian mountains, although at the end of year it managed to be rescued. He was called back to Madrid, and from there returned to the USSR in October 1937. Upon his return to the Soviet Union, he was awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Banner. During the Great Purge, he was arrested by the NKVD on 25 January 1938, sentenced to death on 20 June 1938 and shot the same day. He was posthumously rehabilitated in October 1956.
# Voerde

Voerde ([ˈføːɐ̯də]) is a town in the district of Wesel, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Rhine, approximately 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) south-east of Wesel, and 20 km north of Duisburg.

## City structure

According to art. 1(3) of the Main Charter of the town, the municipal area is divided into the 11 quarters of Götterswickerhamm, Löhnen, Mehrum, Möllen, Voerde, Stockum, Holthausen, Friedrichsfeld, Emmelsum, Spellen and Ork. These quarters are, however, not localities in the sense of article 39 of the North Rhine-Westphalian Municipal Code (GO NW).

## History

Voerde owes its name to a ford crossing of a branch of the River Rhine, which existed there during Roman and Frankish times (the old spelling for Furt was Fuerdt). In 1244, the town was mentioned in records for the first time as a fiefdom and castle of the abbey of Werden. In 1804, during the time of the French occupation, Voerde was integrated into the Amt Götterswickerhamm, which was renamed to Voerde in 1911. During World War II, the 9th US-Army crossed the Rhine in the night of 23 to 24 March 1945 in the area of Voerde and reached the right Rhine-bank for the first time (Operation Plunder). Since 1975 Voerde is part of the district of Wesel.

## Buildings and constructions

* Pylons of Voerde
* Haus Voerde: Moated castle
* Haus Wohnung: Moated castle

## Politics

At the last communal-election in Voerde the SPD became the strongest party. The incumbent mayor is Dirk Haarmann (SPD).

## Twin towns – sister cities

Voerde is twinned with:
* Alnwick, England, United Kingdom
* Handlová, Slovakia

## Transport

Voerde Main Station is located in the town centre at the railway track Oberhausen-Arnhem. A second station, Voerde-Friedrichsfeld, is located 4 km northern. Important waterways, the Rhine and the Wesel-Datteln-channel, cross Voerde's area.

## Sports

There are 11 shooting clubs, 2 Tennis clubs and a riding club in Voerde. The most important sport club is the TV Voerde.

## Education

There are 7 elementary schools, one gymnasium, one comprehensive school, one secondary school and one school for mentally handicapped pupils.

## Notable people

* Karl Topp (1895–1981), naval officer in World Wars I and II
* Heike Schulte-Mattler (born 1958), athlete, Olympic medalist
# Pontifical Council Cor Unum

The Pontifical Council Cor Unum (One Heart) for Human and Christian Development was a pontifical council of the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church from 1971 to 2016.

## History

Cor Unum was established by Pope Paul VI on 15 July 1971. It was based in the Palazzo San Callisto, located on the Piazza San Callisto in Rome.
On 1 January 2017, Pope Francis disbanded Cor Unum as part of his reorganization of the Roman Curia, giving its responsibilities to the Dicastery for Promoting Integral Human Development

## Description

Paul VI explained the naming of Cor Unum in 1972:
   "So we were able to give your ecclesial action for aid the name of one heart, a heart that beats in rhythm with the heart of Christ, whose pity for the hungry multitudes reaches them even in their spiritual hunger".
The mission of Cor Unum was "the care of the Catholic Church for the needy, thereby encouraging human fellowship and making manifest the charity of Christ", (Apostolic Constitution Pastor bonus, art. 145). It was designed to carry out humanitarian relief operations following disasters, with the aim of fostering charity and encouraging cooperation and coordination of other Catholic organizations.
In 1984, Pope John Paul II established the John Paul II Foundation for the Sahel , to be run by Cor Unum. Its job was to combat drought and desertification in the Sahel Region of Africa. It also established the Populorum Progressio Foundation, which worked with indigenous peoples in the Caribbean and Latin America.

## Officials

In 2009, Cor Unum had 38 members, six consultors and a permanent staff of ten. The pope appointed the president, secretary, under-secretary, council members and consultors for five-year terms.

### Presidents

* Cardinal Jean Villot (15 July 1971 – 4 September 1978) (France)
* Cardinal Bernardin Gantin (4 September 1978 – 8 April 1984) (Benin)
* Cardinal Roger Etchegaray (8 April 1984 – 2 December 1995) (France)
* Cardinal Paul Josef Cordes (2 December 1995 – 7 October 2010) (Germany)
* Cardinal Robert Sarah (7 October 2010 – 24 November 2014) (Guinea)

### Vice-presidents

* Bishop Ramón Torrella Cascante (1971.07.22 – 1975.12.20) (Spain)
* Cardinal Bernardin Gantin (1976 – 1978.09.04) (Benin)
* Archbishop Alfredo Bruniera (1978.11.06 – 1981) (Italy)
* Archbishop Alois Wagner (1981.10.12 – 1999.07.08) (Austria)

### Secretaries

* Father Henri de Riedmatten, O.P. (1971 – 1979) (Switzerland)
* Father Roger du Noyer, M.E.P. (1979 – 1988) (France)
* Iván Antonio Marín López (1992 – 1997.04.19) (Colombia)
* Monsignor Karel Kasteel (1998.03.28 – 2009.06.02) (Netherlands)
* Monsignor Giovanni Pietro Dal Toso (2010.06.22 – 2017.01.01) (Italy)

### Under-secretaries

* Father Lajos Kada (1972 – 1975.06.20) (Hungary)
* Father Roger du Noyer, M.E.P. (1975 – 1979) (France)
* Father Henri Forest, S.J. (1979 – 1987)
* Iván Antonio Marín López (1987 – 1992) (Colombia)
* Monsignor Karel Kasteel (1992 – 1998.03.28) (Netherlands)
* Monsignor Francisco Azcona San Martín (1998 – 2003) (Spain)
* Monsignor Giovanni Pietro Dal Toso (2004.06.21 – 2010.06.22) (Italy)
* Monsignor Segundo Tejado Muñoz (2011.01.05 – 2017.01.01)
# District Jail Sheikhupura

District Jail Sheikhupura is an old Jail situated in Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan.
# Alexander Frey (politician)

Alexander Frey (7 June 1877 Vehkalahti - 28 November 1945 Helsinki) was a Finnish senator, banker and was in the Finnish delegation of Treaty of Tartu between Finland and Russia. He was in Finnish parliament from 1916 to 1917. Frey was a Chairman of the Board in Pohjoismaiden Yhdyspankki (nowadays part of Nordea) in 1928 - 1945.