OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Banbury Castle

Banbury Castle was a medieval castle that stood near the centre of the town of Banbury, Oxfordshire. Historian John Kenyon notes that the castle is "remarkable for its early concentric shape".

## History

Banbury Castle was built in 1135 by Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, in a motte and bailey design. The castle was later confiscated from Alexander by King Stephen in 1139, but was returned to the bishop later that year and mostly remained in the hands of later bishops until 1547. The castle was protected by a castle-guard drawn from estates around Banbury. The castle was strengthened between 1201–7 during the reign of King John.
The castle was subsequently completely rebuilt; earlier historians had concluded that the rebuilding occurred in the late 13th century, but archaeological excavations in the 1970s demonstrated that the work occurred between 1225–50. The new castle had a concentric pentagonal plan, with thick, embanked walls. The castle had a gatehouse, although later damage means that its design remains uncertain. Historian John Kenyon concludes that Banbury Castle is "remarkable for its early concentric shape", which is usually seen in somewhat later castles such as Harlech or Beaumaris. By the second half of the 13th century the castle was being used as a prison by the bishops of Lincoln.
The castle was bought by Edward Seymour, the Duke of Somerset, in 1547; it passed shortly afterwards to John Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland, who sold it to the Crown in 1551. Shortly after this the prison in the castle diminished in size, vanishing entirely by the 1560s. The prison was recreated in the 1580s, however, for holding recusants, that is to say Roman Catholics who refused to attend Church of England services as was required by law. In 1595 Banbury Castle was leased to Richard Fiennes, 7th Baron Saye and Sele.
When the First English Civil War began in August 1642, Banbury Castle was fortified by a Parliamentarian garrison under Richard Fiennes' son William. After the battle of Edgehill in October, the Royalist army marched south and forced the surrender of the castle and its stock of 1,500 firearms. The fortifications were strengthened and in 1644 the castle was besieged again, this time by Parliamentarian forces under the command of William Fiennes. The royal governor, 18-year-old William Compton, held out between July and October, when Compton's brother, James, relieved the siege. In November, Charles I dined in the castle. In January 1646 Sir Edward Whalley placed the castle under siege again with a force of 3,000 men; the Royalist cause was collapsing, and in May Compton and his force of 300 men surrendered.
After the war the castle itself was slighted, or deliberately demolished, in 1648 to prevent its further use; Fiennes was paid £2,000 by Parliament in compensation. Stones from the castle were later used to build houses in the town.

## Today

Nothing can now be seen of Banbury Castle, whose location is marked by Castle Street. The site was excavated in 1973–74.
# Ton Vorst

Antonius Cornelis Franciscus (Ton) Vorst (born 1952, Utrecht) is a Dutch financial engineer and mathematician, Professor at the department of Finance of the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, and Director of the VU Amsterdam School of Finance and Risk Management.

## Biography

Vorst received his PhD in mathematics in 1978 from the University of Utrecht for the thesis "Kn-regular curves" under the supervision of Jan Rustom Strooker and Wilberd van der Kallen.
In the early 1980s, Vorst started his academic career as a researcher at the Econometric Institute of the Erasmus University Rotterdam, where he was appointed professor in finance in 1989. With Harm Bart, he was co-director of the Econometric Institute from 1992 to 1998 as successor of Teun Kloek, and they were succeeded by Herman K. van Dijk. From 2000 to 2009, he was executive vice president of ABN AMRO, which was partly sold to The Royal Bank of Scotland Group in 2007. In 2006, he was also appointed professor at the department of Finance at VU University Amsterdam. He is head of the VU Amsterdam School of Finance and Risk Management, and is also the director of Graduate Studies for Finance at the Tinbergen Institute.

## Publications

Vorst has authored numerous articles on business finance, financial markets, risk management and derivatives. A selection:
* Vorst, Ton. "Prices and hedge ratios of average exchange rate options." International Review of Financial Analysis 1.3 (1992): 179-193.
* Boyle, Phelim P., and Ton Vorst. "Option replication in discrete time with transaction costs." The Journal of Finance 47.1 (1992): 271-293.
* Heynen, Ronald, Angelien Kemna, and Ton Vorst. "Analysis of the term structure of implied volatilities." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 29.1 (1994).
* Martens, Martin, Paul Kofman, and Ton CF Vorst. "A threshold error-correction model for intraday futures and index returns." Journal of Applied Econometrics 13.3 (1998): 245-263.
* Houweling, Patrick, and Ton Vorst. "Pricing default swaps: Empirical evidence." Journal of International Money and Finance 24.8 (2005): 1200-1225.
# 2023 World Para Swimming Championships – Medley relays

The medley relay events at the 2023 World Para Swimming Championships were four mixed sex events held at the Manchester Aquatics Centre between 31 July and 6 August. One was held solely for S14 (intellectual disability) athletes; the other three were held on an aggregate points based system to allow swimmers from multiple classifications to be eligible for a relay, with the lower numbers representing greater levels of impairment. Three of the events were held over 4 x 100 metres. One, for the most impaired athletes, was held over 4 x 50 metres.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Mixed 4 × 100 m medley relay (S14) | Australia Ben Hance Jake Michel Paige Leonhardt Madeleine McTernan | Great Britain Poppy Maskill Scott Quin William Ellard Jessica-Jane Applegate | Brazil Lucilene da Silva Sousa Matheus Rheine Douglas Matera Maria Carolina Gomes Santiago |
| Mixed 4 x 50m medley relay (20 points) | China Yuan Weiyi Cheng Jiao Jiang Yuyan Guo Jincheng | Ukraine Anna Hontar Andrii Drapkin Yaroslav Semenenko Iryna Poida | Spain Antoni Ponce Bertran Miguel Luque Marta Fernández Infante Sarai Gascon |
| Mixed 4 × 100 m medley relay (34 points) | Spain Inigo Llopis Sanz Anastasiya Dmytriv José Antonio Mari Sarai Gascón | Italy Federico Bicelli Stefano Raimondi Alessia Scortechini Xenia Francesca Palazzo | Brazil Mariana Ribeiro Ruan de Souza Gabriel Cristiano Silva de Souza Cecília Jerônimo de Araújo |
| Mixed 4 × 100 m medley relay (49 points) | Ukraine Kateryna Tkachuk Oleksii Fedyna Oleksii Virchenko Anna Stetsenko | Spain Enrique José Alhambra Mollar Marian Polo López María Delgado Nadal José Ramón Cantero Elvira | Brazil Maria Carolina Gomes Santiago Guilherme Batista Silva Lucilene Da Silva Sousa Matheus Rheine |
# Betty Kenward

Elizabeth Kenward MBE (née Kemp-Welch; 1906–2001) was an English magazine columnist, known for writing "Jennifer's Diary", originally in Tatler, subsequently in Queen.

## Life

She was born on 14 July 1906, the daughter of Brian Charles Durant Kemp-Welch of Kineton, Warwickshire, England, and was educated by a governess, and at a finishing school at Les Tourelles, Brussels, Belgium. The Kemp-Welch family were 'solid county Warwickshire stock', appearing in Burke's Landed Gentry. Her brother was the cricketer George Kemp-Welch who married the eldest daughter of Stanley Baldwin.
She married Captain Peter Trayton Kenward of the 14th/20th King's Hussars, employed in his family's brewing business, at St Margaret's, Westminster, in 1932, and adopted his name. They divorced in 1942, leaving her with a nine-year-old son. To pay his fees at Winchester School, she worked as a dame (house matron) at Eton College. Captain Kenward remarried, to Patricia (1918–1957), daughter of Bolton Meredith Eyres-Monsell, 1st Viscount Monsell, in 1947, and in 1958 to Bridget Catherine Elizabeth Tucker (1928–2015).
Her Tatler column was originally called "On and Off Duty in Town and Country", becoming "Jennifer's Diary" in 1945. She took it to Queen (from 1970 Harpers & Queen) in 1959. She retired in 1991, when she was aged 84. Her obituary in The Daily Telegraph described her as "insufferably snobbish and crotchety", recounting her ferocious treatment of her assistants (many of whom resigned in tears), her propensity for long-running feuds (including, particularly, with Margaret, Duchess of Argyll), and her persistent snubbing of Tatler's social editor, Peter Townend.
She appeared as a castaway on the BBC Radio programme Desert Island Discs on 14 December 1974.
She was made a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in 1986. Her autobiography, Jennifer's Memoirs: Eighty-Five Years of Fun and Functions, was published in 1992.
She died on 24 January 2001 in London.
# Benedikt Eppelsheim

Benedikt Eppelsheim (July 10, 1967 – April 4, 2023) was a German instrument maker of extreme high- and low-voiced woodwind instruments. He lived in Munich, Germany

## Early life and training

Eppelsheim's father was a musicologist specializing in woodwind instruments. After graduating high school and doing community service, he learned brass instrument making from Ganter (Munich) and Wenzel Meinl (Geretsried). After two years at Münchner Blech GmbH, he wanted to turn his back on music and study architecture (his other childhood dream), but his limited talent in it and still burning interest in wind instruments pushed him back to the workbench.
At Münchner Blech GmbH he was able to work on bass and contrabass saxophones, as well as sarrusophones. In Franz Traut's workshop (Munich) he spent years experimenting with S-bows and repairing saxophones. During this time he built two experimental instruments that, although not interesting in themselves, were indispensable steps on the way to his own marketable developments.

## Benedikt Eppelsheim Wind Instruments

In 1998 he opened his own shop as a repair business in 1998. From here he developed new instruments of which he was both the inventor and exclusive manufacturer.
In 1999 he unveiled the tubax, a reproportioned contrabass saxophone. He also debuted the soprillo, a piccolo saxophone placed an octave above the B♭ soprano saxophone. His redesigned contrabass clarinet was launched in 2006.
In collaboration with Guntram Wolf, he developed the contraforte, an improved and redesigned contrabassoon. Through this time he also made bass and contrabass saxophones, sarrusophones, and a variety of uniquely designed instruments on special order.

## Death and continuity

Benedikt Eppelsheim's death was announced by his shop on April 5, 2023. The announcement included that he had not been involved in day-to-day operations for a time due to illness, that the shop would continue to operate under the direction of his successor, Johannes Belbo.
# Bukit Batok Central

Bukit Batok Central is a subzone of Bukit Batok. It is bounded by Bukit Batok West Avenue 6/3, Central, East Avenue 3/6.

## Housing estates

| Roads | Estate name | Blocks | Quantity | Note |
| Bukit Batok Central | | 620-644 | 10 | |

## Politics

It is part of the Bukit Batok constituency since 2015. Along with their neighbouring Bukit Batok East, Yuhua and Hong Kah (Jurong East/West), it was one of the founding constituencies for Jurong GRC in 2001.

## Neighbouring Areas

vteNeighbouring areas :
Brickworks
Guilin
Bukit Batok East
Bukit Batok West
Bukit Batok Central
Bukit Batok South :
# Dixon rings

Dixon rings are a form of random packing used in chemical processing. They consist of a stainless steel mesh formed into a ring with a central divider, and are intended to be packed randomly into a packed column. Dixon rings provide a large surface area and low pressure drop while maintaining a high mass transfer rate, making them useful for distillations and many other applications.

## Background
### Packed columns

Packed columns are used in a range of industries to allow intimate contact between two immiscible fluids which can be liquid/liquid or liquid/gas. The fluids are passed through in a countercurrent flow through a column.

### Random column packing

Random column packing used to characterize the maximum volume fraction of a solid object obtained when they are packed randomly. This method of packing has been used since the early 1820s; the types of packing used were originally made out of glass spheres. However, in 1850 they were replaced by a more porous pumice stone and pieces of coke.
In the early 20th century Friedrich Raschig realized the importance of a high void fraction and having the internal surface of the packing media take part in the mass transfer. He designed the Raschig ring, which was more effective than previous forms of random packing and became very popular. Raschig rings are usually built from ceramic or metal and provided a large surface area within the column for interaction between liquid and gas vapors.

## The development of the Dixon ring

In 1943 Dr Olaf George Dixon of ICI applied for a patent of a new product for column distillation. He used stainless steel mesh instead of sheet steel in the Lessing ring in order to improve the pressure drop of the packed column (in fact, they were called "wire gauze Lessing rings" in a 1949 publication).

## Application

Dixon rings are used for mainly for laboratory distillation applications.

## Performance principles

The enhanced performance of the Dixon ring is based on liquid surface tension: when the mesh is wet its surface area increases greatly, with an accompanying increase in the rate of mass transfer. Dixon rings require pre-wetting (flow of liquid over the packed bed prior to starting the reaction flow). While this increases batch processing startup time, the increased performance of the Dixon ring overcomes this.
Table showing the physical properties of Dixon rings :
| Property | Ring size | Ring size | Ring size |
| Property | 1⁄16" | 1⁄8" | 1⁄4" |
| Surface area $m^{2}/m^{3}$ | 3550 | 2378 | 900 |
| Void space % | 94.63 | 90.98 | 90.73 |
| Number per litre | 102,000 | 24,400 | 2,965 |
# Albert Morris (disambiguation)

Albert Morris was a botanist.
Albert Morris may also refer to:
* Albert Morris (musician) on National Emblem
* Albert Morris, candidate in Sheffield City Council election, 1973
* Albert Morris, co-founder of Fletcher Construction
# Philanthus coarctatus raptor

Philanthus coarctatus raptor is a subspecies of bee-hunting wasp, or beewolf, from Algeria and other parts of Northern Africa.
# Gang of Samhan

King Gang was the 2nd king of Mahan confederacy. He reigned from 193 BCE to 189 BCE. His true name was Gang (Korean: 탁; Hanja: 卓). He was succeeded by An of Samhan (An Wang).
# Fjortende Julibreen

Fjortende Julibreen is a glacier in Haakon VII Land at Spitsbergen, Svalbard. It has a length of about sixteen kilometers, and a total area of about 127 km$^2$. It is located between Reppingen, Løvlandfjellet and Mercantonfjellet to the south, and Casimir-Périerkammen, Forelryggen and Foreltinden to the north, and extends down to Fjortende Julibukta in Krossfjorden. The glacier is named after the National Day of France, the 14 July.
# Lasiocercis albosignata

Lasiocercis albosignata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1965.
# 1900 Yesterday

"1900 Yesterday" is a song written by John Cameron and Lee Simmons. The song was originally released by Betty Everett in 1969 on the album There'll Come a Time.

## Liz Damon's Orient Express version

"1900 Yesterday" was a hit single in 1970 and 1971 for the Liz Damon's Orient Express. Liz Damon's version was originally released as a single on the Hawaii based Makaha label, before White Whale acquired the worldwide distribution rights in December 1970. In 1971, the song was released on the album Liz Damon's Orient Express.
The song spent 12 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, peaking at No. 33 the week of February 13, 1971, while reaching No. 4 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart, No. 29 on the Cash Box Top 100, No. 15 on Canada's RPM 100, and No. 16 on RPM's "MOR Playlist".
The song was ranked No. 21 on Billboard's year-end ranking of 1971's "Top Easy Listening Singles".

### Chart performance

| Chart (1971) | Peak position |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 33 |
| US Billboard Easy Listening | 4 |
| US Cash Box Top 100 | 29 |
| US Record World The Singles Chart | 31 |
| US Record World Top Non-Rock | 5 |
| Canada – RPM 100 | 15 |
| Canada – RPM MOR Playlist | 16 |

## Trivia

The lines that precede the song's title -- "Like smoke from a cigarette/Dreams that you soon forget"—appear in the 1966 song "Fading Away," written by Smokey Robinson, Warren "Pete" Moore, and Bobby Rogers of the Motown act The Miracles, and first recorded by The Temptations for their 1966 album Gettin' Ready.
The single and the album were the last records released by White Whale Records.
# Mohammad Ghadami

Mohammad Reza Ghadami (born March 1954) is an Iranian-born British property developer based in Harlow, Essex.
In 1995, Ghadami was convicted in the Crown Court at St Albans of two counts of being knowingly concerned in the fraudulent evasion of Value Added Tax.
In 2004, Ghadami was involved in a legal dispute with Harlow Council over the Harvey Centre in Harlow and other businesses that he owned that resulted in court proceedings.
In April 2014, a London court ordered British property investor Paul Bloomfield, who was an associate of Ghadami and has since died, to pay Ghadami £110m in damages.
# Alfred Charles Whitman

Alfred Charles Whitman (12 October 1860 – 2 February 1910) was a British print historian and museum curator, known for his books on the works of Valentine Green, Samuel William Reynolds, Samuel Cousins, and Charles Turner.

## Life

The youngest son of Edwin Whitman, a grocer, and his wife Fanny, he was born at Hammersmith on 12 October 1860, and was educated at St. Mark's College School, Chelsea. On leaving school he was employed by the London firm of Henry Dawson & Sons, typo-etching company, of Farringdon Street and Chiswick, with whom he remained till he was appointed on 21 December 1885 an attendant in the department of prints and drawings in the British Museum. He was noted for his "admirable qualities of tact, courtesy, and authority with which he fulfilled the duties" of managing the Print Room.
Whitman was promoted to the office of departmental clerk in the print department on 20 May 1903. His health began to fail in the autumn of 1908, and he died in London after a long illness, on 2 February 1910.

## Works

Whitman acquired a reputation as an authority on British mezzotint engraving. His earlier books, ‘The Masters of Mezzotint’ (1898) and ‘The Print Collector's Handbook’ (1901; new and enlarged edit. 1912), were of a popular character. He made also catalogues of eminent engravers' works, based on notes made in the British Museum, private collections and sale-rooms. Valentine Green, published in 1902 as part of a series "British Mezzotinters" to which other writers contributed under his direction, was followed by Samuel William Reynolds, published in 1903 as the first volume in a series of "Nineteenth Century Mezzotinters", with sequels Samuel Cousins (1904) and Charles Turner (1907). These two books rank among the best catalogues of an engraver's work produced in England.
For some years Whitman served in his spare time as amanuensis to Lady Charlotte Schreiber and assisted her in the arrangement and cataloguing of her collections of fans and playing-cards.

## Family

On 12 August 1885 Whitman married Helena Mary Bing at Hammersmith.
# Albert Morrow (politician)

Albert Morrow JP (1883–1969) was an Irish businessman and local politician who served as Lord Mayor of Liverpool.

## Biography

Morrow was born in Ireland in 1883 and migrated to Liverpool at an early age. He was governing director of a chain of outfitting businesses in Liverpool and district.
In 1921 he stood for the Conservatives in the liberal stronghold of Anfield and was defeated by 13 votes. After another unsuccessful attempt in Anfield in 1926, he transferred his candidature to West Derby Ward and was elected to Liverpool City Council on 1 November 1929 as a Conservative. He remained unseated in West Derby until he became an Alderman for Princes Park in 1942. He became a city Magistrate in 1941 and took an active part in juvenile court work.
He served as Lord Mayor of Liverpool from 1951 to 1952.
# Žerjavinec

Žerjavinec is a village in Croatia. It is connected by the D3 highway. It is formally a settlement (naselje) of Zagreb, the capital of Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 526.
# Coray

Coray may refer to:

## People

* Artúr Coray (1881–1909), Hungarian track and field athlete
* Coray Colina
* Ed Coray (1901–1993), American coach
* Hans Coray (1906–1991), Swiss artist
* Ira Coray Abbott, American soldier
* Martha Jane Knowlton Coray (1821–1881)

## Places

* Coray, Finistère, France
* San Francisco de Coray, Honduras
# Michael Keiner

Michael Keiner (born 8 February 1959 in Wetzlar, Germany) is a German poker player best known for winning a Seven-card stud WSOP bracelet in Event #14 of the 2007 WSOP.
In 1997, Keiner became European Champion of Pot Limit Seven Card Stud.
As of 2023, his live tournament winnings exceed $1,300,000.
# Brassia gireoudiana

Brassia gireoudiana, or Gireoud's brassia, is a species of orchid. It is native to Costa Rica and Panama.
# Besant

Besant may refer to:
* Besant (surname)
* Besant, Saskatchewan
* Besant Nagar, area of Chennai
# Lasiocephalus

Lasiocephalus is a genus of South American flowering plants in groundsel tribe within the sunflower family. The genus was shown to be part of Senecio and predominantly occurs in tropical alpine-like regions.

## Species

* Lasiocephalus doryphyllus (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. - Venezuela, Colombia
* Lasiocephalus gargantanus (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. - Colombia
* Lasiocephalus lingulatus Schltdl. - Ecuador
* Lasiocephalus loeseneri (Hieron.) Cuatrec. - Peru
* Lasiocephalus longipenicillatus (Sch.Bip. ex Sandwith) Cuatrec. - Venezuela
* Lasiocephalus ovatus Schltdl. - Colombia, Ecuador
* Lasiocephalus pichinchensis Cuatrec. - Ecuador
* Lasiocephalus puracensis (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. - Colombia
* Lasiocephalus sodiroi (Hieron.) Cuatrec. - Ecuador
* Lasiocephalus yacuanquensis (Cuatrec.) Cuatrec. - Colombia
# Bryoria implexa

Bryoria implexa is a species of horsehair lichen in the family Parmeliaceae.

## Habit

Bryoria implexa has a dark brown or olive colour. The thallus is cylindrical and hairlike, 5–10 cm long and hanging. The main branches are 0,2-0,3 mm in diameter but the narrower branches are 0,1 mm.

## Distribution and habitat

The native distribution of Bryorya implexa is North-America and Europe, including Iceland where it has only been found in one location, Gálgahraun in Álftanes, where its preferred habitat is lava rock.

## Conservation status

Bryoria implexa is red listed in Iceland as critically endangered (CR) due to it being found in only one location in the country. The species is extinct (EX) in Britain.
As of April 2021, its conservation status has not been estimated by the IUCN.

## Chemistry

Bryoria implexa contains norstictic acid.