OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Lumberton, Mississippi

Lumberton is a city in Lamar and Pearl River counties, Mississippi, United States. It is part of the Hattiesburg, Mississippi Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,086 at the 2010 census.

## History

The city was named for the local lumber industry.

## Geography

Lumberton is located at 31°0′14″N 89°27′13″W﻿ / ﻿31.00389°N 89.45361°W﻿ / 31.00389; -89.45361 (31.003888, -89.453544). Most of the city is in Lamar County, with a small portion extending east into adjacent Pearl River County. In the 2000 census, 2,200 of the city's 2,228 residents (98.7%) lived in Lamar County and 28 (1.3%) in Pearl River County.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7.3 square miles (18.9 km$^2$), of which 7.3 square miles (18.8 km$^2$) is land and 0.04 square mile (0.1 km$^2$) (0.27%) is water.

## Demographics

Lumberton racial composition as of 2020 :
| Race | Num. | Perc. |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 594 | 36.73% |
| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) | 894 | 55.29% |
| Native American | 3 | 0.19% |
| Asian | 5 | 0.31% |
| Other/Mixed | 96 | 5.94% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 25 | 1.55% |
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,617 people, 725 households, and 435 families residing in the city.

## Education

The City of Lumberton is served by the Lamar County School District. The Lumberton Public School District consolidated into it as of 2019.
Lumberton includes Lumberton Elementary School, Lumberton Middle School and Lumberton High School.

## Notable people

* Percy Bailey, former Negro league baseball pitcher
* Elizabeth Bass, physician, educator, and suffragist
* Richie Grant, safety for the Atlanta Falcons
* Terry Grant, former running back for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats
* Heber Austin Ladner, former longest serving Secretary of State of Mississippi
* John Henry Prince, former Negro league third baseman
* James H. Street, journalist, minister, and writer of Southern historical novels.
* Richard Alvin Tonry, Louisiana politician.
* Henry Clay Yawn, former member of the Mississippi Senate
# William Penn High School

William Penn High School may refer to:
* William Penn High School (Delaware) in New Castle, Delaware
* William Penn High School (North Carolina), High Point, North Carolina
* William Penn High School (Philadelphia), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
* William Penn High School in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, a former school building; see Harrisburg High School
# Marcus Ward

Marcus Ward may refer to:
* Marcus Ward & Co., British publishing company
* Marcus Lawrence Ward (1812–1884), American politician
* Marcus Llewellyn Ward (1875–1963), American dentistry academic
# Mansa

Mansa may refer to:

## Places
### India

* Mansa, Gujarat, a town in northern Gujarat, Western India; the capital of:
** Mansa, Gujarat Assembly constituency
** Mansa State, a princely state under the Mahi Kantha Agency in India
* Mansa district, Punjab
** Mansa, Punjab, the main town in the Indian district

### Zambia

* Mansa District, Zambia, a district of Luapula province, Zambia
** Mansa, Zambia, capital of the Luapula province

### Elsewhere

* Mansa Cove, Antarctica
* Barra Mansa, Brazil

## Religion

* Mata Mansa Devi Mandir, a temple in Panchkula district, Haryana, India
* Mansa Devi Temple, Haridwar, a temple in the state of Uttarakhand, India
* Roman Catholic Diocese of Mansa, Zambia

## People

* Johan Ludvig Mansa (1740–1820), German-Danish landscape gardener
* Mansa Devi, wife of Guru Amar Das (1479–1574), the third Sikh Guru
* Mansa Ram, Indian politician

## Other uses

* MANSA, a quality-of-life assessment tool
* Mansa (title), held by rulers of the ancient Malian Empire
* Mansa (wasp), a genus of wasps in the tribe Aptesini
# Germanische Leitstelle

During World War II, Germanische Leitstelle was a department of the SS-Hauptamt under the command of Obergruppenführer Gottlob Berger. It oversaw the recruitment and propaganda offices for the Waffen SS in Oslo, Copenhagen, Brussels and The Hague.

## The Germanische Leitstelle in Norway

The Oslo office was established in 1941 and led by Karl Leib, the son-in-law of Gottlob Berger. It was headquartered in Drammensveien 99 until 1943, when it moved to Colbjørnsens gate 1.
The Germanische Leitstelle published the Germanic Messenger (Germansk Budstikke) and SS-Heftet, which was the Norwegian edition of SS-Leitheft. It was also tasked with coordinating the scientific work of the SS, and hosted the Ahnenerbe mission in Norway, led by Hans Schwalm [de].
# Never Trust a Gambler

Never Trust a Gambler is a 1951 American film noir crime film directed by Ralph Murphy and starring Dane Clark, Cathy O'Donnell and Tom Drake.

## Plot

Steve Garry, insisting he has quit gambling, asks his ex-wife Virginia Merrill if he can lie low at her Los Angeles house while avoiding testifying in a murder trial. She reluctantly consents, unsure whether she can trust him, and hides him from nosy neighbor, Phoebe.
At a market, buying Steve food and liquor, Virginia runs into a police sergeant, McCloy, who dated Dolores Alden, her former roommate. McCloy won't go away, escorting Virginia home, then making a drunken pass at her. Steve emerges from hiding and hits McCloy with a chair, accidentally killing him.
Sgt. Ed Donovan has been out looking for Steve, who is actually a suspect in that murder case coming to trial. Donovan is called to the scene when McCloy's body is found near a car that's gone off a cliff. Steve pushed it there, hoping to make it look like the cop drove drunk and caused his own death. McCloy's partner, Lou Brecker, investigates as well. Donovan finds the name of Dolores on the body and questions her, which in turns leads him to her friend, Virginia.
Steve flees, taking Virginia along by force. While avoiding roadblocks, they pull into a gas station, where Virginia leaves a note for an attendant to find. As the cops close in, Steve takes off on foot, climbing a crane and wounding Donovan with a gunshot. As he tries to descend, Steve is grabbed by Donovan and plummets to his death.

## Cast

* Dane Clark as Steve
* Cathy O'Donnell as Virginia
* Tom Drake as Sgt. Donovan
* Jeff Corey as Lou Brecker
* Myrna Dell as Dolores
* Rhys Williams as Sgt. McCloy
* Kathryn Card as Phoebe
# Banksia dallanneyi subsp. pollosta

Banksia dallanneyi subsp. pollosta is a subspecies of Banksia dallanneyi. It was known as Dryandra lindleyana subsp. pollosta until 2007, when Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele sunk all Dryandra into Banksia. Since there was already a Banksia named Banksia lindleyana, Mast and Thiele had to choose a new specific epithet for D. lindleyana and hence for this subspecies of it. As with other members of Banksia ser. Dryandra, it is endemic to the South West Botanical Province of Western Australia.
# Guy Porter

Guy Porter may refer to:
* Guy Porter (athlete)
* Guy Porter (rugby union)
# 1973–74 Allsvenskan (men's handball)

The 1973–74 Allsvenskan was the 40th season of the top division of Swedish handball. 10 teams competed in the league. IFK Malmö won the regular season, but IF Saab won the playoffs and claimed their third Swedish title. Redbergslids IK and HP Warta were relegated. IFK Malmö's regular season average attendance has been estimated between 3300 and 4000, the highest ever in Swedish handball until IFK Kristianstad in the 2010s.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | IFK Malmö | 18 | 14 | 1 | 3 | 302 | 260 | 42 | 29 |
| 2 | Västra Frölunda IF | 18 | 12 | 3 | 3 | 276 | 246 | 30 | 27 |
| 3 | SoIK Hellas | 18 | 11 | 1 | 6 | 323 | 264 | 59 | 23 |
| 4 | IF Saab | 18 | 10 | 2 | 6 | 348 | 324 | 24 | 22 |
| 5 | IFK Kristianstad | 18 | 9 | 3 | 6 | 302 | 288 | 14 | 21 |
| 6 | HK Drott | 18 | 8 | 2 | 8 | 299 | 299 | 0 | 18 |
| 7 | Ystads IF | 18 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 273 | 297 | −24 | 11 |
| 8 | LUGI | 18 | 4 | 3 | 11 | 293 | 332 | −39 | 11 |
| 9 | Redbergslids IK | 18 | 5 | 1 | 12 | 278 | 323 | −45 | 11 |
| 10 | HP Warta | 18 | 3 | 1 | 14 | 257 | 318 | −61 | 7 |

## Playoffs
### Semifinaler

* IF Saab–Västra Frölunda IF 13–11, 15–17, 24–21 (Saab advance to the finals)
* SoIK Hellas–IFK Malmö 15–17, 14–11, 17–16 (SoIK Hellas advance to the finals)

### Finaler

* IF Saab–SoIK Hellas 21–15, 14–17, 20–17 (IF Saab champions)
# Chris Clemons (baseball)

Christopher Hale Clemons (born October 31, 1972) is an American former Major League Baseball pitcher who played for the Chicago White Sox in 1997.

## Amateur career

Born in Baytown, Texas, Clemons attended McGregor High School in McGregor, Texas, and was selected in the 21st round of the 1991 Major League Baseball Draft by the Chicago Cubs. He opted to play baseball for the Texas A&M University Aggies, and played on the Aggies' 1993 College World Series team. In 1993, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox, where he was named the league's outstanding pro prospect. In 1994 he was an All-America and All-Southwest Conference selection, and was drafted by the Chicago White Sox in the 1st round (33rd pick) of the 1994 amateur draft.

## Professional career

Clemons played his first professional season with the Rookie league Gulf Coast League White Sox and Class A Hickory Crawdads in 1994. He made his major league debut in 1997 with the White Sox, and appeared in five games for Chicago that year. After the 1997 season, he was selected by the Arizona Diamondbacks in the 1997 Major League Baseball expansion draft, and spent the 1998 and 1999 seasons with the Triple-A Tucson Sidewinders.

## Coaching career

In 2008, he was named assistant baseball coach at McLennan Community College in Waco, Texas. In 2009, he was named manager of the Victoria Generals collegiate summer baseball team in the Texas Collegiate League, and received the league's coach of the year honors in 2009 and 2010.
# Arabic Language International Council

The Arabic Language International Council is an intergovernmental linguistic organization among Arabic-speaking countries. It was founded by the Association of Arab Universities on 16 May 2007 in accordance with the United Nations General Assembly's proclamation of the International Year of Languages in 2008.
The organization was formed within the framework of the UN's effort to promote unity in diversity, and also in recognition of the UN's push for multilingualism as a means of promoting, protecting and preserving the diversity of languages and cultures globally, particularly in the paramount importance attributed to the quality of the organization's six official languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish).
The founding of Arabic Language International Council was participated in by more than 160 university rectors and presidents in a series of 41 conferences which took place in Riyadh in 14–16 April 2008.
At the same time, the council is supported and encouraged by the ministers of education in most of the Arab countries, as well as the secretaries general of the Arab League, Organisation of the Islamic Conference, Muslim World League, the Arab Gulf States Cooperation Council, the Arab Maghreb Union, and the Arab Economic Unity Council. This is in addition to the support and approval of the general directors of UNESCO, ISESCO, ALECSO, and the Arab Bureau of Education for the Gulf States. Also, strong support came from universities' rectors, presidents and the secretaries general of the Arab colleges' associations in Arab universities, including colleges and institutes of education, colleges of science, colleges of law, colleges of pharmacy, colleges of engineering, colleges of computing and information, colleges of art, colleges of medicine, colleges of dentists medicine, colleges of science and information technology, colleges of administration sciences.

## Initiatives

Since its founding, the council has been very active in promoting the Arabic language. Together with UNESCO, it holds the annual International Conference for the Arabic Language, which draws experts, academics, students, policymakers, and bureaucrats. On its second year, which focused on the discussion of the survival of the Arabic language, the forum already drew thousands of participants as well as high level regional and international sponsorship. This event also serves as an opportunity to forge partnerships such as the case of a memorandum of agreement signed by the council and the ISESCO, which outlined specific measures to effectively teach the Arabic language and highlight its role in preserving the Islamic identity.
# FAI Films

FAI Films was an Australian film production company known for the 1992 animated film FernGully: The Last Rainforest.

## Name

The studio was owned by the Australian company Fire and All Risks Insurance (later FAI Insurance), founded by Lawrence Adler. Both companies shared the FAI "running man" logo.

## Productions

The company produced only one theatrical release, FernGully: The Last Rainforest in 1992, and a direct-to-video sequel, FernGully 2: The Magical Rescue, in 1998.

## Demise

In 1998, FAI Insurance was acquired by HIH Insurance, which collapsed in March 2001. In June 2012, administrators for HIH placed advertisements trying to sell the rights to both films. On November 11, 2021 Shout! Factory announced a deal with Machine Media Advisors, stated to be the owner of the rights to FernGully, for worldwide distribution rights to the first film.
# Gunner Higham

Thomas Edwin Higham (22 December 1887 – after 1920), commonly known as Gunner Higham, was an English professional footballer who made 124 Southern League appearances playing as a left half for Brighton & Hove Albion.

## Life and career

Higham was born in Daventry, Northamptonshire. He was a serving soldier with the Royal Field Artillery – hence the nickname "Gunner" – stationed at Preston Barracks, Brighton, when he signed amateur forms with Southern League club Brighton & Hove Albion in 1907. When he finished his term, he signed as a professional in January 1909, and was a first-team regular for the next two-and-a-half seasons. Higham remained an Army reservist, so was called up at the outbreak of the First World War and missed the entire 1914–15 season. He was posted to France, and wrote letters home from the front that were published in the local press. He returned to the Albion team for 1919–20, their last Southern League season before their admission to the newly formed Football League Third Division, at the end of which he was awarded a benefit match; the proceeds of £605 was then a record for a Southern League benefit.
# Bell Tower Hotel

Bell Tower Hotel is a 4-star hotel in Xi'an, China. It located right in the heart of the city, opposite the well known Bell Tower and the newly built Bell & Drum Tower Square. One can find many historical sites within walking distance from the hotel.

## History

Bell Tower, originally built in the 17th year of Hongwu reign in the Ming dynasty with more than 600 years’ history, stands in the center of Ancient Xi’an City. Jingyun Bell was originally cast in the 2nd year of Jingyun reign of Emperor Taizong in Tang dynasty; it is 2 m (6.6 ft) high with a diameter of 1.5 m (4.9 ft) and weighs about 5,000 kg (11,000 lb). The flying crane and twisting dragon are engraved on the surface of the bell and the bell's sound can reach more than 10 miles, which not only reflects hundreds of years' history but also deserves to be the symbol of Xi'an. According to the old legend, the hotel named Bell Tower Hotel.

## Rewards

The Bell Tower Hotel is prized as the “Golden Key Service Diamond Award” and honor title of the “Sincere Service Team Cooperation Award” granted by the Golden Key Hotels of the World.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Bell Tower Hotel Xi'an introduction". Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2009-12-06.
* ↑ "西安钟楼饭店为新会员授徽". Retrieved 2009-12-06.
# 1998–99 Codan Ligaen season

The 1998–99 Codan Ligaen season was the 42nd season of ice hockey in Denmark. Ten teams participated in the league, and the Rødovre Mighty Bulls won the championship. IC Gentofte was relegated to the Division 1.

## First round

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 1. | Frederikshavn White Hawks | 36 | 25 | 4 | 7 | 183 | 95 | 54 |
| 2. | Rungsted IK | 36 | 21 | 7 | 8 | 204 | 148 | 52 |
| 3. | Vojens IK | 36 | 22 | 4 | 10 | 175 | 143 | 49 |
| 4. | Esbjerg IK | 36 | 20 | 7 | 9 | 179 | 115 | 47 |
| 5. | Herning IK | 36 | 20 | 5 | 11 | 187 | 115 | 47 |
| 6. | Rødovre Mighty Bulls | 36 | 16 | 5 | 15 | 149 | 120 | 40 |
| 7. | Odense Bulldogs | 36 | 13 | 5 | 18 | 138 | 159 | 32 |
| 8. | Hvidovre Ishockey | 36 | 11 | 1 | 24 | 117 | 171 | 23 |
| 9. | AaB Ishockey | 36 | 8 | 4 | 24 | 114 | 191 | 20 |
| 10. | IC Gentofte | 36 | 2 | 2 | 32 | 89 | 278 | 6 |

## Second round
### Group A

| | Club | GP | W | OTW | T | OTL | L | GF | GA | Pts (Bonus) |
| 1. | Frederikshavn White Hawks | 6 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 24 | 11 | 13(2) |
| 2. | Esbjerg IK | 6 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 33 | 19 | 8(1) |
| 3. | Herning IK | 6 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 29 | 24 | 7(0) |
| 4. | Hvidovre Ishockey | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 12 | 44 | 0(0) |

### Group B

| | Club | GP | W | OTW | T | OTL | L | GF | GA | Pts (Bonus) |
| 1. | Rødovre Mighty Bulls | 6 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 25 | 15 | 9(0) |
| 2. | Vojens IK | 6 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 25 | 24 | 9(1) |
| 3. | Rungsted IK | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 28 | 21 | 9(2) |
| 4. | Odense Bulldogs | 6 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 10 | 28 | 2(0) |

## Playoffs

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| Frederikshavn White Hawks | 3 |
| Vojens IK | 0 | | |
| Vojens IK | 0 | Frederikshavn White Hawks | 0 |
| | | Rødovre Mighty Bulls | 3 |
| Esbjerg IK | 0 | Rødovre Mighty Bulls | 3 |
| Rødovre Mighty Bulls | 3 | | |
| Rødovre Mighty Bulls | 3 | Third place | Third place |
| | | Vojens IK | 0 |
| | | Esbjerg IK | 2 |

## Relegation

| | Club | GP | W | T | L | GF | GA | Pts |
| 1. | AaB Ishockey | 8 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 71 | 7 | 15 |
| 2. | IC Gentofte | 8 | 6 | 0 | 2 | 43 | 25 | 12 |
| 3. | Gladsaxe SF | 8 | 1 | 2 | 5 | 17 | 48 | 4 |
| 4. | KSF Copenhagen | 8 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 61 | 1 |
Although IC Gentofte would've avoided relegation, they chose to voluntarily be relegated due to financial issues. Gladsaxe SF took their place in the Codan Ligaen.
# Antonio Superbia

Antonio "Junior" Superbia is a retired Brazilian-American soccer player and coach.
Superbia grew up in Taiuva, Brazil where he played in the Internacional and Clube Atlético Juventus youth systems. In 1989, he moved to the United States to attend Brooklyn College where he played on the men's soccer team in 1990 and 1991. He also played for the Brooklyn Italians in the North Eastern Super Soccer League (NESSL). In 1991, he and his teammates won the 1991 U.S. Open Cup. In 1993, Superbia led the NESSL in scoring.
In 1995, he played for the Jersey Dragons in the USISL. In February 1996, the New England Revolution selected Superbia in the fourteenth round (135th overall) of the 1996 MLS Inaugural Player Draft. The Revolution released him during the pre-season. He returned to the Dragons for the 1996 season.
In July 2000, Brooklyn College hired Superbia to coach the men's soccer team, a position he held until August 2006. He continues to coach in the Brooklyn Italians youth system.
# List of things named after George Gabriel Stokes

Sir George Stokes (1819–1903) was an Anglo-Irish mathematical physicist whose career left a prolific body of work in mathematics and physics. Below is a collection of some of the things named after him.

## Physics

* Campbell–Stokes recorder
* Coriolis–Stokes force
* Stokes equation
* Stokes formula
* Stokes' law of sound attenuation
* Stokes line
* Stokes–Einstein (Stokes–Einstein–Sutherland) equation (translational diffusion)
** Stokes–Einstein–Debye equation (rotational diffusion)

### Fluid dynamics

* Stokes approximation
* Navier–Stokes equations
* Stokes first problem
* Stokes second problem
* Stokes drift
* Stokes expansion, see section about Stokes expansion
* Stokes flow
* Stokes number
* Stokes' paradox
* Stokes radius
* Stokes stream function
* Stokes wave
* Stokes (unit)
* Stokes' law
* Stokeslet

### Optics

* Stokes operators (quantum)
* Stokes parameters
* Stokes relations
* Stokes shift
* Stokes vector
* Stokes lens

## Mathematics

* Navier–Stokes equations, see section on fluid dynamics
** Navier–Stokes existence and smoothness
* Stokes' theorem
** Kelvin–Stokes theorem
** Generalized Stokes theorem
* Stokes operator
* Stokes phenomenon

## Astronomical features

* Stokes (lunar crater)
* Stokes (Martian crater)
# Henri-Charles Lambrecht

Henri-Charles-Camille Lambrecht (1848–1889) was 23rd bishop of Ghent between 1888 and 1889.
Born in a small town near Oudenaarde, Lambrecht was educated in the local school. After his studies in St. Joseph Minor Seminary and the Major Seminary of Ghent, he became Doctor of Sacred Theology at the Catholic University of Leuven, where he also taught. He was appointed to a canonry of St Bavo's Cathedral, Ghent, and served as Vicar General in 1880–1886, when he became coadjutor bishop to Henricus Franciscus Bracq.

## Episcopate

Lambrecht became bishop elect after Bracq's death, and was consecrated by Pierre-Lambert Goossens. He died in Denderleeuw, only after one year episcopate. He became ill during episcopal visit, and was buried in his birthplace Welden. He was also Titular Bishop of Geras from 1886 until 1889.
Lambrecht was succeeded by Antoon Stillemans, from Sint-Niklaas.
# Get Away, Get Away

Get Away, Get Away is a 1993 Australian Road Comedy film which was the directorial debut of actor Murray Fahey.

## Plot

Bank teller Rick Carter (Murray Fahey) gets away for the weekend on the advice of used car salesman Andrew (Glennen C.C. Fahey). He runs into a beautiful French hitchhiker, Suzette (Annie Davies), and some criminals, Carl the Mouth (Ewan Campbell) and Benny the Brain (Ned Manning).

## Cast

* Murray Fahey as Rick Carter
* Glennen C.C. Fahey as Andrew
* Annie Davies as Suzette
* Ewan Campbell as Carl the Mouth
* Rodd Hibbard as Darren the Cafe
* Ned Manning as Benny the Brain

## Production

The film was shot in Sydney over two weeks on 16mm from January 1991 to August 1992.

## Release

It was not released theatrically in Australia but did sell overseas.
# Dry heat sterilization

Dry heat sterilization of an object is one of the earliest forms of sterilization practiced. It uses hot air that is either free from water vapor or has very little of it, where this moisture plays a minimal or no role in the process of sterilization.

## Process

The dry heat sterilization process is accomplished by conduction; that is where heat is absorbed by the exterior surface of an item and then passed inward to the next layer. Eventually, the entire item reaches the proper temperature needed to achieve sterilization. The proper time and temperature for dry heat sterilization is 160 °C (320 °F) for 2 hours or 170 °C (340 °F) for 1 hour, and in the case of High Velocity Hot Air sterilisers, 190°C (375°F) for 6 to 12 minutes.
Items should be dry before sterilization since water will interfere with the process. Dry heat destroys microorganisms by causing denaturation of proteins.
The presence of moisture, such as in steam sterilization, significantly speeds up heat penetration.
There are two types of hot air convection (Convection refers to the circulation of heated air within the chamber of the oven) sterilizers:
* Gravity convection
* Mechanical convection

### Mechanical convection process

A mechanical convection oven contains a blower that actively forces heated air throughout all areas of the chamber. The flow created by the blower ensures uniform temperatures and the equal transfer of heat throughout the load. For this reason, the mechanical convection oven is the more efficient of the two processes.

### High Velocity Hot Air

An even more efficient system than convection uses deturbulized hot air forced through a jet curtain at 3000ft/minute.

## Instruments used for dry heat sterilization

Instruments and techniques used for dry heat sterilization include hot air ovens, incinerators, flaming, radiation, and glass bead sterilizers.

## Effect on microorganisms

Dry heat lyses the proteins in any organism, causes oxidative free radical damage, causes drying of cells, and can even burn them to ashes, as in incineration.