OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cirsium scariosum

Cirsium scariosum is a species of thistle known by the common names meadow thistle, elk thistle and dwarf thistle. It is native to much of western North America from Alberta and British Columbia, south to Baja California. There are also isolated populations on the Canadian Atlantic Coast, on the Mingan Archipelago in Québec, where it is called the Mingan thistle.
It was first published in Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., ser.2, vol.7 on page 420 in 1841.

## Description

Cirsium scariosum is a variable species growing in a variety of habitat types. It is made up of several geographic races, most of which have been previously classified as species. The races intergrade but their morphologies can also be quite different. This is generally a biennial or perennial herb. It takes three main forms, a stemless, flat rosette with a cluster of flower heads in the centre, a mounding form with a short, erect stem, or a fully erect form reaching up to 200 cm (79 in) in height. When there is a stem it is usually fleshy, ridged, and woolly in texture. The leaves are sharply toothed or cut into toothed lobes, lined with spines, and up to 40 centimetres (16 inches) at their longest near the base of the plant. The inflorescence holds several flower heads, each up to 4 centimeters long and 5 cm wide. The flower head is lined with phyllaries which may have spines and teeth and filled with white to purple disc florets but no ray florets. The fruit is a compressed achene a few millimetres long topped with a pappus which may be 3 centimeters in length.

## Varieties

As accepted by Flora of North America;
* Cirsium scariosum var. americanum - California, Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Wyoming, Baja California
* Cirsium scariosum var. citrinum - California, Baja California
* Cirsium scariosum var. coloradense - Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Wyoming
* Cirsium scariosum var. congdonii - California, Nevada
* Cirsium scariosum var. robustum - California, Oregon
* Cirsium scariosum var. scariosum - Quebec, Alberta, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming
* Cirsium scariosum var. thorneae - Utah, Nevada, Idaho, Colorado
* Cirsium scariosum var. toiyabense- Nevada, Oregon, Idaho
# Christian Daugaard

Niels Christian Daugaard (18 March 1901 – 19 July 1993) was a Danish painter.

## Biography

Born in Kolding, Daugaard studied painting at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts under Ejnar Nielsen (1923–25). After his studies, he returned to his home town where he painted domestic life and landscapes of the surrounding area. His earlier work was predominantly light yellow or ochre but later on he used brighter colours in a style approaching Cubism. After moving to Kastrup on the island of Amager, he painted landscapes of the flat surroundings illuminated by the light of different seasons. Most recently, he employed bright watercolours in the Expressionist style.

## Awards

In 1955, Daugaard was awarded the Eckersberg Medal and, in 1990, the Thorvaldsen Medal.
# Parabuthus villosus

Parabuthus villosus, the black hairy thick-tailed scorpion, is a species of scorpion from southern Africa, where it ranges from the Northern Cape to Namibia. It is the largest species of the Buthidae, measuring up to 18 cm, and its diet may include lizards and mice. The species is often active at dawn and dusk, but takes refuge by day in a variety of shelters. It resembles Parabuthus transvaalicus, which is more strictly nocturnal, less hairy and with a more easterly distribution.
# Weisbrod

Weisbrod or Weisbrodt is a German surname that may refer to the following people:
* Brooke Weisbrod, American sportscaster and college basketball analyst
* Burton Weisbrod (born 1931), American economist
* Esther Charlotte Emily Weisbrodt Francis (1836–1913), German-American Mormon pioneer
* John Weisbrod (born 1968), American ice hockey player and manager
* Jörn Weisbrodt (born 26 1973), German arts administrator
* Jonathan Weisbrod, American film producer and screenwriter
* Wolfgang Weisbrod-Weber, United Nations Secretary-General's Special Representative
# Castle Ground

The Castle Ground was a cricket and football sports ground in the Meadows area of Nottingham, England. The ground was used by Nottingham Forest between 1879 and 1881, and by Notts County between 1880 and 1894.

## History

The Castle Ground was primarily a cricket ground, and aside from a pavilion at the northern end of the ground, had few spectator facilities. Notts County started using the ground in 1880, before moving to Trent Bridge in 1883. However, when Trent Bridge was in use by Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club in March, April and September, County played at the Castle Ground, as well as Nottingham Forest's Town Ground and later the City Ground.
Notts County were founder members of the Football League in 1888, and the first League match played at the Castle Ground was on 5 March 1889, with 3,000 spectators seeing Notts County beaten 4–0 by Bolton Wanderers. The record League attendance at the ground was set on 17 September 1892 when 12,000 spectators saw Notts County and Derby County draw 1–1. At the end of the 1892–93 season it was used as a neutral venue to host the promotion/relegation test match between Sheffield United and Accrington, with Sheffield United winning 1–0 in front of 6,000 spectators.
The final Notts County match at the Castle Ground was played on 15 September 1894, with 10,000 spectators seeing a 2–1 win over Darwen. The western part of the site was later bought by the Great Central Railway to build the line into Nottingham Victoria station, whilst the remainder had housing built on it.
# Eremophila lucida

Eremophila lucida, commonly known as shining poverty bush, is a flowering plant in the figwort family, Scrophulariaceae and is endemic to Western Australia. It is an erect shrub with sticky, shiny leaves and branches and with flowers that are either red with darker red blotches inside or cream-coloured without spots or blotches.

## Description

Eremophila lucida is a glabrous shrub with sticky, shiny leaves and branches due to the presence of large amounts of resin. It grows to a height of between 0.5 and 3.5 m (2 and 10 ft) and its branches have raised ribs under each side of the leaf attachments. The leaves are arranged alternately along the branches and there is a large, raised lump where the leaf attaches to the branch. The leaves are mostly 54–85 mm (2–3 in) long, 7–15 mm (0.3–0.6 in) wide, linear to elliptic in shape and covered with small raised resin glands.
The flowers are usually borne singly in leaf axils on a flattened, glabrous stalk which is usually 13–25 mm (0.5–1 in) long. There are 5 sticky, overlapping, glabrous sepals which are mostly 8.5–15 mm (0.3–0.6 in) long and which are either pale yellow, greenish yellow, or red with a bluish tinge. The petals are 25–35 mm (0.98–1.4 in) long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube may be yellow without spots, or deep red with prominent darker blotches in the tube and on the lowest petal lobe. The outer surface of the petal tube is glabrous but the inner surface is covered with glandular hairs. The 4 stamens extend beyond the end of the petal tube. Flowering occurs between August and October and the fruits which follow are almost spherical in shape, slightly compressed, have a papery covering and are 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) long.

## Taxonomy and naming

Eremophila lucida was first formally described by Robert Chinnock in 2007 and the description was published in Eremophila and Allied Genera: A Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. The specific epithet (lucida) is a Latin word meaning "clear" or "bright" in reference to the leaves of this species.

## Distribution and habitat

Shining poverty bush is only known from two small areas between Hyden and Norseman in the Coolgardie biogeographic region - one near Lake Cronin, the other near Lake Cowan. It grows in sandy soil near salty depressions.

## Conservation status

This species is classified as "Priority One" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Parks and Wildlife, meaning that it is known from only one or a few locations which are potentially at risk.

## Use in horticulture

The bright green leaves of this large shrub contrast with its pink or white flowers making it an attractive garden plant. It is fast-growing, although sometimes short-lived, and hardy, requiring minimal watering during long droughts and is frost hardy. It can be propagated from cuttings and grown in well-drained soil in a sunny or partly shaded position.
# Varadhan

Varadhan is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Polur Varadhan (1952–2011), Indian politician
* S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan (born 1940), Indian American mathematician
** Varadhan's lemma
# Carl Deuker

Carl Deuker (born August 26, 1950) is an author of young adult novels.

## Career

His first novel, On the Devil's Court, was published in 1989. Deuker's next book was Heart of a Champion.

## Other books

* Painting the Black (Houghton Mifflin, 1997)
* Night Hoops (Houghton Mifflin, 2000)
* High Heat (Houghton Mifflin, 2003)
* Gym Candy (Houghton Mifflin, 2007)
* Payback Time (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010)
# Werner Rolfinck

Werner Rolfinck (15 November 1599 – 6 May 1673) was a German physician, scientist and botanist. He was a medical student in Leiden, Oxford, Paris, and Padua.

## Biography

Rolfinck earned his master's degree at the University of Wittenberg under Daniel Sennert, and his medical doctorate in 1625 at the University of Padua under the guidance of Adriaan van den Spiegel.
In 1629, he became a professor at the University of Jena, where he, along with Paul Marquard Schlegel, rearranged and expanded the university's botanical garden (the Botanischer Garten Jena). His experimental research involved chemical reactions and the biochemistry of metals acquiring him the title of "director of chemical exercises". He rejected the view that other metals could be transformed into gold.

## Works

* Guerneri Rolfincii, Phil. Ac Med. Doctoris Et Professoris Publici Chimia In Artis Formam Redacta : Sex Libris comprehensa .... Genevae, 1671 Digital edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf.
# Ways of Dying

Ways of Dying is a 1995 novel by South African novelist and playwright Zakes Mda. The text follows the wanderings and creative endeavors of Toloki, a self-employed professional mourner, as he traverses an unnamed South African city during the nation's transitional period.
Ways of Dying examines the concepts of nation-building after the communal trauma of Apartheid. It is an examination of the interregnum period in South African history. Mda experiments with magical realism, using it to highlight the interplay of tragedy and laughter in confronting crisis, and the conflicts between social classes and government authority.

## Plot

The novel takes place in an unnamed South African city, five years after the first elections to occur after Apartheid. Toloki, an itinerant professional mourner, contemplates the various forms of violence plaguing the shantytowns in which he works. He runs into Noria, whom he had known as a child from his home village, while mourning at her son Vutha's funeral, the second funeral she has had for a child. The two move in together and start a relationship, each claiming the other knows and can teach how to live.

## Criticism

Grant Farred, writing in Modern Fiction Studies, criticized Mda for his implicit condemnation of the historical, violent tactics used to resist Apartheid. Farred characterizes this lack of sympathy with historical actors as typical of Post-Apartheid viewpoints. Alternatively, Rita Barnard praised the book for what she believed to be an "optimistic" tone, stating that it did not "offer a ratification of received codes of conduct". Further, she praised the novel's lightness, and its willingness to replace a "sober militancy with gaiety and laughter".
# Andrew Brown (writer)

Andrew Brown (born 1955 in London) is an English journalist, writer, and editor. He was one of the founding staff members of The Independent, where he worked as a religious correspondent, parliamentary sketch writer, and a feature writer. He has written extensively on technology for Prospect and the New Statesman and been a feature writer on The Guardian. He has worked as the editor for the Belief section of The Guardian's Comment is Free, which won a Webby under his leadership, and is currently a leader writer and member of the paper's editorial board. He is also the press columnist of the Church Times. In The Beginning was the Worm (2004) was shortlisted for the Aventis Prize. Fishing in Utopia (2008) won the Orwell Prize and was nominated for the Dolman Best Travel Book Award in 2009.
Brown is the son of Bletchley Park codebreaker Patricia Bartley.

## Views
### Christianity and non-believers

Brown has described himself as someone for whom "Christianity is only true backwards." He has written that he is "constantly astonished by the way in which the Church of England contains such a large number of clever, learned and dedicated people giving their lives to an institution that is none of those things." He has also concluded, "But I still can't do it myself. So why worry? Why not see it all as nonsense? Because really it isn't all nonsense. As a friend of mine, a former missionary, said once: 'It's about the thing that is true even if Christianity isn't true. Christian language does things that no other use of language can. I can conclude only that God has called me to be an atheist.'"
Brown has criticised Richard Dawkins for what he calls the cult of personality that has grown around him and his positions. He is also sceptical of the scientific concept of memes, as developed by Dawkins.

### The Guardian editorial on David Cameron

In September 2019, Private Eye magazine named Brown as the author of an editorial in The Guardian newspaper about former British prime minister David Cameron. This touched on the death of Cameron's six-year-old son. Brown claimed the PM only ever felt "privileged pain". The article provoked outrage across the political spectrum, and the paper later said the piece "fell far short of our standards. It has now been amended, and we apologise completely."

### Torture

Brown has been a fierce critic of the Sam Harris' position on torture. He has attacked Harris for what he has described as Harris' advocacy of torture in situations where we are willing to accept collateral damage (i.e., from bombing, etc.), as it relates to fighting the war on terror.

### English Wikipedia

Brown fears English Wikipedia has outcompeted rival encyclopedias and problems that lead to criticism of Wikipedia will continue. Brown fears "charlatans and liars" have the most to gain from editing Wikipedia, and potential idealistic contributors are discouraged, due to difficulties editing the site, especially through smartphones.
# Drop (loyalty program)

Drop is a coalition customer loyalty program, in which users earn points using their linked debit or credit cards. Users choose five rewards partners such as Sephora, Starbucks, Uber, and Whole Foods Market to earn points with. The program started in the Canadian market during August 2015 and expanded into the American market during October 2017, after a six-month private beta. The Drop Rewards program requires that users download a companion app on an iOS or Android device. According to Drop, the service was designed as a way for brands to earn exposure with millennials.
As of November 2017, the company had 500,000 users. This number has since risen to 1 million users as of January 2018.
As of 2024, Drop points are not redeemable or usable for any purpose.

## Funding

In August 2015, Drop raised a CA$1 million round of initial financing for launching the app.
In October 2017, Drop raised a $5.5 million seed round of venture capital financing led by Sierra Ventures. As part of the deal, Mark Fernandes joined Drop's Board.
In February 2018, the company announced that they had raised a US$21 million series A round, led by New Enterprise Associates. Later that year Drop acquired customer analytics company Canopy Labs.
In August 2019, the company announced their series B round which was a total of US$44 million, led by HOF Capital and Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) participated as a strategic investor.
As of July 2023 the app has experienced a number of issues. One notable issue is a change in how the distribution of gift cards, which were once available to purchase at any time, is handled. Gift cards are now supposedly dropped every Thursday, and are "limited and capped at $25". Thousands of subscribers have reported that they have been unable to cash in their funds due to the app either taking a long time to load, or not loading at all, and then being told that the gift cards are “sold out”. Multiple users have even stated the gift cards aren't even dropped because they never seem to show up. The company has not made any comments on the matter.
On September 13, 2024, a lawsuit was filed against Drop Technologies Inc. in the US District Court for the central California region.
# Weibin District, Baoji

Weibin District simplified Chinese: 渭滨区; traditional Chinese: 渭濱區; pinyin: Wèibīn Qū, is a district of Baoji, Shaanxi, China.

## Administrative divisions

As 2020, this District is divided to 5 subdistricts and 5 towns.

### Subdistricts

| Jinling Subdistrict (金陵街道) Jing'erlu Subdistrict (经二路街道) Qingjiang Subdistrict (清姜街道) | Jiangtan Subdistrict (姜谭街道) Qiaonan Subdistrict (桥南街道) |

### Towns

| Maying (马营镇) Shigu (石鼓镇) Shennong (神农镇) | Gaojia (高家镇) Bayu (八鱼镇) |
# William Gonson

Vice-Admiral Sir William Gonson (1482–1544), was a Naval Judge and Naval Administrator of the English Royal Navy who served under King Henry VIII.

## Biography
### Career

During the Tudor Period William Gonson's early career was as a private Merchant and Shipbuilder in the Royal Dockyards before he began his naval career. He was given command of Mary Grace in April 1513 as captain. In 1523 he was appointed Clerk of Marine Causes, which he held until 1533. In 1524 he was also appointed Paymaster or Treasurer of the Navy, holding until 1544. William was a naval administrator of the English navy for over twenty years: he also held the title of Keeper of the Storehouses at Erith Dockyard and Deptford Dockyard from 1524 to 1537. In effect he exercised together the responsibilities later distributed among three principal officers of the Council of the Marine. In 1536 he was appointed by Henry VIII to be Vice-Admiral of Norfolk and Suffolk. William eventually fell from grace, and he committed suicide in 1544, leaving the navy disorganized. It took two years for Henry to reorganize, control and develop what was afterwards known as 'The Navy Board'. Along with William of Wrotham and Sir Robert de Crull, he is probably to be reckoned one of the three most important administrators of naval affairs of the English Navy prior to 1546.

### Personal

William Gonson was born in Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire in England, son of Christopher Gonson and Elizabeth Gonson (née: Trussell), and brother of Bartholomew Gonson. He married Bennett Walters and together they had six sons Anthony, Arthur, Benjamin, Christopher, David and Richard. They also had four daughters Avis, Elizabeth, Margaret and Thomasine.
His son Benjamin Gonson made a career in the English navy and became Treasurer of the Navy.
His son Sir David Gonson was a Knight of Malta. He was imprisoned in the Tower of London in 1540 and was condemned to death by an Act of Parliament in 1541 for denying the authority of the King in spiritual matters and refusing to recant his Catholic faith. He was hanged, drawn and quartered at St Thomas' Waterings, Southwark on 12 July 1541. Pope Pius XI declared him Blessed on 15 December 1929.
William Gonson was buried in the church of St Dunstan-in-the-East, under the terms of an agreement made by him with the parson and churchwardens four years previously.
# Ciarán Ó Coigligh

Dr Ciarán Ó Coigligh is an Irish a poet and retired academic.
Born in Dublin in 1952, Ó Coigligh studied at University College Dublin and Trinity College Dublin. He worked in the Modern Irish departments of NUI Galway and University College Dublin. He was a lecturer in Irish language, literature and civilisation in St. Patrick's College, Drumcondra. In 1999, as a lecturer in St. Patrick's College, Drumcondra,he became a member of Dublin City University's Academic Council.
In 2015, he became president of Newman College Ireland, a post he no longer holds.
Unlike most Irish language campaigners, Ó Coigligh has spoken out against an Irish Language Act in Northern Ireland and is vocal in his support for the Unionist DUP.
In June 2017, Dublin City University suspended Ó Coigligh's email account and condemned as "offensive" an email he had sent to all of the university's staff, about the death of a fellow staff member, Ann Louise Gilligan, the wife of Katherine Zappone, in which he described same-sex relationships as "a disorder" and stated that a sexual relationship between two women "cannot be conjugal, cannot be consummated, and cannot constitute marriage". The college stated, "While Dublin City University supports the concept that universities are fora where views from many different perspectives can be shared and debated respectfully, we do not condone communications that run counter to our policies and ethos of respect and dignity."

## Awards and prizes

* Arts Council Literary Bursary (1993)
* Travel and Training Award (2010)
* Colm Cille Prize at the Strokestown International Poetry Competition (2011)

## Publications

* An Troigh ar an Tairne
* Cion
* The Heritage of John Paul II
* An Fhilíocht chomhaimseartha, 1975-1985
* Duibhlinn
* Filíocht Ghaeilge: Phádraig Mhic Phiarais (editor) (Baile Átha Cliath: Clóchomhar, 1981)
# Christian Danning

Sophus Christian Danning (16 June 1867 – 7 November 1925) was a Danish composer and conductor.
From 1898 to 1907 he worked in Bergen as a conductor for the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra and Den Nationale Scene, and from 1907 to 1914 he conducted at Fahlstrøms Theater. He also wrote operas such as Kynthia in 1903 and operettes such as Columbine in 1912. From 1914 to 1923 he conducted for Odense City Orchestra. He was married to the Norwegian actress Signe Danning.