# Vincennes

Vincennes (/vɪnˈsɛnz, væ̃ˈsɛn/, French: ) is a commune in the Val-de-Marne department in the eastern suburbs of Paris, France. It is located 6.7 km (4.2 mi) from the centre of Paris. Vincennes is famous for its castle: the Château de Vincennes. It is next to but does not include the Bois de Vincennes, from which it took its name, which is attached to the city of Paris.

## History

The Marquis de Sade was imprisoned in Vincennes fortress in 1777, where he remained until February 1784 although he escaped for a little over a month in 1778. Thereafter Vincennes fortress was closed and de Sade transferred to the Bastille.
In 1821, the noted French poet, Alfred de Vigny, wrote his poem, "La Prison," which details the last days of the Man in the Iron Mask at Vincennes.
The ministers of Charles X were imprisoned at the fortress of Vincennes after the July Revolution.
A test was conducted in 1849 on Claude-Étienne Minié's invention the Minié ball which would prove successful and years later be adopted by the French army.
On the morning of 15 October 1917, famous femme fatale Mata Hari was executed for espionage by a French firing squad at Vincennes castle.
In 1929, the commune of Vincennes lost about half of its territory when the city of Paris annexed the Bois de Vincennes, a large part of which belonged to the commune of Vincennes.
Vincennes was also the site of some famous European colonial expositions in the 20th century in which fairs were held to showcase artifacts from former European colonies.

## Population

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1793 | 2,014 | — |
| 1800 | 2,163 | +1.02% |
| 1806 | 1,853 | −2.55% |
| 1821 | 2,035 | +0.63% |
| 1831 | 2,854 | +3.44% |
| 1836 | 3,032 | +1.22% |
| 1841 | 3,522 | +3.04% |
| 1846 | 4,700 | +5.94% |
| 1851 | 4,765 | +0.28% |
| 1856 | 5,834 | +4.13% |
| 1861 | 13,414 | +18.12% |
| 1866 | 14,573 | +1.67% |
| 1872 | 17,064 | +2.66% |
| 1876 | 18,243 | +1.68% |
| 1881 | 20,530 | +2.39% |
| 1886 | 22,237 | +1.61% |
| 1891 | 24,626 | +2.06% |
| 1896 | 27,450 | +2.20% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1901 | 31,405 | +2.73% |
| 1906 | 34,185 | +1.71% |
| 1911 | 38,568 | +2.44% |
| 1921 | 41,527 | +0.74% |
| 1926 | 45,236 | +1.73% |
| 1931 | 46,859 | +0.71% |
| 1936 | 48,967 | +0.88% |
| 1946 | 49,226 | +0.05% |
| 1954 | 50,434 | +0.30% |
| 1962 | 50,436 | +0.00% |
| 1968 | 49,143 | −0.43% |
| 1975 | 44,261 | −1.48% |
| 1982 | 42,870 | −0.46% |
| 1990 | 42,267 | −0.18% |
| 1999 | 43,595 | +0.34% |
| 2007 | 47,372 | +1.04% |
| 2012 | 49,831 | +1.02% |
| 2017 | 49,891 | +0.02% |
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. :
Source: EHESS and INSEE (1968-2017) :

## Sights

The city is famous for its castle, the Château de Vincennes, and its park, the Bois de Vincennes hosting the only larger zoo in Paris, Paris Zoological Park (though these two are now within the limits of the City of Paris). It also features a large military fort, now housing various army services. This fort and an adjoining plain known as the "Polygon" has historically been an important proving ground for French armaments.
The city is also home to the Service Historique de la Défense (SHD), which holds the archival records of the French Armed Forces.

## Art

In 1933 Georges Saupique was commissioned to work on one of three "dessus-de-porte" to be placed above the doors of the new Vincennes' city hall "salle des fêtes". His composition involved allegorical figures representing commerce and industry supporting the Vincennes' coat of arms.

## Porcelain

In the old royal château, a porcelain manufactory was established in 1740, specializing in imitations of Meissen porcelain and naturalistic flowers, which were incorporated into bouquets under the direction of Parisian marchands-merciers. The Vincennes porcelain factory continued until 1756, when the production was transferred to new buildings at Sèvres, initiating the career of world-famous Sèvres porcelain.

## Transport

Vincennes is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 1: Bérault and Château de Vincennes.
Vincennes is also served by Vincennes station on Paris RER line A.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Vincennes is twinned with:
* Blackrock, Ireland
* Castrop-Rauxel, Germany
* Lambeth, United Kingdom
* Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
* Tomar, Portugal
* Vincennes, United States

## Education

The commune has eight public preschools, six public elementary schools, and three private schools contracted by the state.
* Public elementary schools: Est-Passeleu, Est-Libération, Roland-Vernaudon, Sud, Ouest, Jean-Monnet
* Private elementary schools: Externat Saint-Joseph, Notre-Dame de la Providence, Ohel-Barouch
There are three public junior high schools, Collège Hector-Berlioz, Collège Saint-Exupéry, and Collège Françoise-Giroud; as well as a contracted private junior high school, Notre-Dame de la Providence.
Public senior high schools/sixth-form colleges:
* Lycée général et technologique Hector-Berlioz
* Lycée professionnel Jean-Moulin
Private senior high schools/sixth-form colleges:
* Notre-Dame de la Providence
* Lycée Grégor-Mendel
* Lycée Claude-Nicolas Ledoux

### Vincennes University

In 1970 the "University of Paris VIII" was established in Vincennes as France's first major experiment in open admissions education, as a result of the academic reforms which followed the student risings of 1968. Intended to lessen the French university system's traditional emphasis on formal and elitist schooling, the school (generally known simply as Vincennes) admitted students without the usual entrance requirement of the baccalaureat degree and introduced courses such as the History of Cinema, Sexology, and Third World Economics. Enrollments peaked at 32,000 with more than 40% of students holding full-time jobs off the campus. However problems associated with political unrest and alleged widespread drug usage among the student body led to the resignation of the Vincennes University President and the relocation of the campus to Saint-Denis by the French Government in 1980.

## Notable people

* Marcel Deprez (1843–1918), electrical engineer, died in Vincennes
* Alphonse Halimi, boxer
* Nicolas Pousset, ice hockey player
* Lætitia Sadier, musician
* Jules Toutain, archaeologist

## Gallery

* Panoramic view of the church and City Hall of Vincennes
* Main tower of the Vincennes medieval castle
* The Vincennes Park in autumn
* The famous rock of Vincennes zoo