OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ectoparasiticide

An ectoparasiticide is an antiparasitic drug used in the treatment of ectoparasitic infestations. These drugs are used to kill the parasites that live on the body surface. Permethrin, sulfur, lindane, dicophane, benzyl benzoate, ivermectin and crotamiton are well known ectoparasiticides. Additionally, ectoparasiticides have been used to safely contaminate rhinoceros horns with hopes of it deterring the demand for these horns on the black market.

## Variants
### Permethrin

Broad-spectrum and potent pyrethroid insecticide and is most convenient for both scabies and lice. First choice drug. Permethrin exerts its therapeutic effect by disrupting sodium transport across neuronal membranes in arthropods, inducing depolarization. This mechanism ultimately leads to respiratory paralysis in the affected arthropod, establishing permethrin as a potent agent in managing scabies and pediculosis.
Additional information about treatment failure rates amongst medications used to treat ectoparasites:
https://www.dermatologyadvisor.com/news/scabies-treatment-failure-rates-increasing-among-children-and-adults/
The above research article, noted from current studies, shows that Permethrin is only 89.2% effective. There is noted resistance that has been increasing each year, as noted in the article.

### Crotamiton

Second choice drug. Effective scabicide, pediculocide and antipruritic. Cure rate 60-88%.

### Benzyl benzoate

2nd line drug for scabies and is seldom used for pediculosis. Cure rate 76-100%

### Lindane

Effective in treating head lice (67-92%cure) and scabies (84-92% cure) with a single treatment. Penetrates through chitinous covers and affecting the nervous system.

### Sulfur

Oldest scabicide and weak pediculocide, antiseptic, fungicide and keratolytic. Applied to skin, it is slowly reduced to H$_2$S and oxidized to SO$_2$ and pentathionic acid, which dissolve the cuticle of itch mites and kill it.

### Ivermectin

Antihelminthic drug found highly effective in scabies and pediculosis. Acts through a glutamate-gated Cl$^−$ ion channel found only in invertebrates.

### Dicophan

Insecticide for mosquito, flies and other pests. Penetrates through the exoskeleton and acts as a neurotoxin.

## Other Applications
### Possible Poaching Deterrent

Ectoparasiticides have seen use as chemical agents in South Africa with the aim of devaluing rhinoceros horns and combating illegal poaching. Lorinda Hern, founder of the Rhino Rescue Project, devised a plan to infuse rhino horns with ectoparasiticides and mark the outer surface with a bright pink dye. This innovative approach seeks to deter poachers by creating health concerns amongst potential buyer communities. The procedure involves drilling into the rhinoceros horn, injecting it with an ectoparasiticide compound, and tagging it with a distinctive pink dye. The drill and inject procedure is considered harmless to the rhinoceros species due to the horn being isolated from both the nervous system and the bloodstream.
# Ectonucleotidase

Ectonucleotidases consist of families of nucleotide metabolizing enzymes that are expressed on the plasma membrane and have externally oriented active sites. These enzymes metabolize nucleotides to nucleosides. The contribution of ectonucleotidases in the modulation of purinergic signaling depends on the availability and preference of substrates and on cell and tissue distribution.

## Classification

Subfamilies of ectonucleotidases include: CD39/NTPDases (ecto-nucleotide triphosphate diphosphohydrolases), Nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (NPP)-type ecto-phosphodiesterases, alkaline phosphatases and ecto-5’-nucleotidases/CD73.

## Function

Ectonucleotidases produce key molecules for purine salvage and consequent replenishment of ATP stores within multiple cell types. Dephosphorylated nucleoside derivatives interact with membrane transporters to enable intracellular uptake. Ectonucleotidases modulate P2 purinergic signaling, and P1 receptors. In addition, ectonucleotidases generate extracellular adenosine, which abrogates nucleotide-mediated effects and activates adenosine receptors, often with opposing (patho-) physiological effects.

## Adenosine generation

The first step in the production of adenosine involves the conversion of ATP/ADP to AMP. It is carried out by ENTPD1, also known as CD39. The second step involves the conversion of AMP to adenosine. It is carried out by NT5E, also known as CD73.
# Ed Wardle

Ed Wardle is a British television producer, director, camera operator, and adventurer.
Wardle first gained publicity for adventure activity in 2008. He partook in a guided 'last degree' expedition to the North Pole. Later, he was a member of the 6-person crew led by Tim Jarvis, which in 2013 successfully recreated Ernest Shackleton's 1916 "double expedition" across the Southern Ocean and South Georgia. The expedition used period clothing, gear, and navigational techniques, to sail some 800 nautical miles in the Alexandra Shackleton, a replica of Shackleton's original vessel the James Caird. This voyage - 'Shackleton's Epic' - was made into a documentary, and Shackleton: Death or Glory was broadcast in the UK in September 2013 on Discovery UK and Australia in November 2013 on Special Broadcasting Service Australia; titled Chasing Shackleton for the USA market, it was broadcast in that region in January 2014 on the Public Broadcasting Service.

## Mount Everest

Wardle reached the summit of Mount Everest in 2007 whilst filming Everest: Beyond the Limit for the Discovery Channel. He summitted the mountain again in 2009. He summited for the 3rd time in 2017 with wounded veterans organisation The Heroes Project. Then, in 2018, Wardle climbed Mount Everest for the 4th time with Ant Middleton for Extreme Everest on Channel 4. Wardle had also been approached by Ben Fogle who led a party to the summit at the same time.

## Alone in the Wild

In 2009, Wardle filmed a documentary, Alone in the Wild, for Channel 4 and the National Geographic Channel. Wardle was dropped off in the Yukon Territory of Northern Canada in order to make a documentary presenting what it would be like to live completely alone in the wilderness, living off the land and the wildlife he could legally catch. His only means of communication with the outside world was via Twitter postings each day. His video diaries detailed his problems finding food and his inability to cope with the solitude. He had intended to stay for three months, but after seven weeks he decided that he needed to cut the project short. His body weight fell by 28 pounds (13 kg) and heart rate fell below 30 beats per minute by the end of his adventure. He was interviewed on ITV's This Morning after his return to Britain.
# William I. Bertsche

William I. Bertsche (1918–1998) was an American commercial translator. A speaker of English and German, he could sight-read Afrikaans, Danish, Dutch, French, Finnish, Icelandic, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Romanian, Spanish and Swedish.
Bertsche was the son of Carl Bertsche and Herta Woelfler. In 1908 his mother had founded the Lawyers' and Merchants' Translation Bureau at 11 Broadway, New York (now a subsidiary of RWS Holdings). His father was a charter member of the American Translators Association (ATA). William obtained degrees in English and Chemical Engineering from Columbia University and in Law from Fordham (1943), being called to the New York bar. In 1944 and 1945 he served in the U.S. Counter-Intelligence Corps as a German translator and interpreter.
After the end of World War II, Bertsche joined the family business, and he became owner when his parents retired in 1966. He continued to run the bureau, one of the most prestigious translation agencies in the United States, until 1994.
Besides working as a technical translator and legal translator, Bertsche was also involved in translator training and professionalization. He taught German translation at New York University, and twice held the Presidency of the ATA, also serving as chair of its Ethics Committee, as Treasurer (computerizing the association's accounting system), and as Accreditation Chair.
In 1986 he was awarded the Alexander Gode medal for outstanding service to the translation and interpreting professions.
Bertsche lived in Croton-on-Hudson, and died of cancer at Calvary Hospital in the Bronx on July 11, 1998. His obituary in The New York Times said he "had been one of the nation's leading document translators for more than half a century".
# Antozola

Antozola is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae. It was described by Claude Herbulot in 1992.
# Antonín Kachlík

Antonín Kachlík (26 February 1923 – 20 April 2022) was a Czech film director and screenwriter. He directed 21 films between 1948 and 1987. In 1973, he was a member of the jury at the 8th Moscow International Film Festival.

## Early life and education

Kachlík was born in Rozdělov [cs], Czechoslovakia (now Kladno-Rozdělov). He grew up in Malá Dobrá until 1931, when his family relocated to Prague. He attended the Prague-Karlín trade academy. During World War II, Kachlík joined an underground resistance movement where he printed and distributed leftist leaflets, and after graduating from school in 1942, he was forced into working for Germany as a member of the fire brigades in the Ruhr area. Here, he helped the Germans clean up debris after the Allied Forces' nightly air raids.
After World War II, he attended the College of Political and Social Sciences, before applying for an education at the Film Academy (FAMU) in 1946. He ended up graduating from the Film Academy in 1950.
After graduating, Kachlík went to Zlín to work as a dramaturge in the Workers’ Theatre, before joining the military in 1952, and serving until 1954.

## Professional life

Kachlík began his directing career by working as second director, with Josef Mach and Bořivoj Zeman. He then made his lead-directorial debut in 1961 with the drama Červnové dny, and continued to direct films until 1988. Between 1961 and 1983 Kachlík wrote multiple screenplays, and over the course of his life he wrote a total of five books, with the last one being written in 2003. Between the years of 1971-1992 he taught at FAMU.
Kachlík received criticism for directing a biographical film about communist leader Klement Gottwald, called the Dvacátý devátý.

## Personal life

Kachlík died on 20 April 2022, at the age of 99. He was married to actress Květoslava („Květa“) Houdlová. Their daughter Kateřina Kachlíková [cs] (born 1953) is a Czech mezzo-soprano.

## Selected filmography

* Červnové dny (1961)
* Bylo nás deset (1963)
* Třiatřicet stříbrných křepelek (1965)
* Death Behind a Curtain (1967)
* Já, truchlivý bůh (1969)
* Princ Bajaja (1971)
* We, the Lost Girls (1972)
* Zločin v Modré hvězdě (1974)
* Dvacátý devátý (1975)
* Kouzelné dobrodružství (1983)
* Kouzelníkův návrat (1985)
* On a Wayward Princess (1987)
# Ed Wright

Ed Wright may refer to:
* Ed Wright (baseball) (1919–1995), pitcher in Major League Baseball
* Ed Wright (composer) (born 1980), British composer
* Ed Wright (fencer) (1949–2017), American Olympic fencer
* Ed Wright (politician) (1827–1895), Iowa Secretary of State
* Ed Wright (sailor) (born 1977), British World Champion Sailor
* Edgar Wright (born 1974), British film director
* Ed Wright (1940-2023), American music executive
* Edmund Wright (footballer)
# Antrim Coast and Glens

The Antrim Coast and Glens is an area of County Antrim in Northern Ireland, designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty in 1988.

## Description

The Antrim Coasts and Glens AONB extends to include Rathlin Island, the Glens of Antrim and the coastal area between Larne and Ballycastle, and is dominated by the Antrim Plateau which is 500 metres (1,600 ft) at its highest point. This plateau is incised by rapidly flowing rivers into a series of glens which run eastwards and north-eastwards into the sea. The coastline within the AONB includes the only inhabited offshore island in Ireland, dramatic headlands and bays, farmland and, in the uplands, open expanses of moorland. There is a long history of human activity in the areas and has many important archaeological sites, listed buildings, historic monuments and conservation areas. It has a rich culture with close links to Scotland, the Mull of Kintyre is only 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Torr Head. The AONB covers an area of 70,600 hectares (174,000 acres).

## Geology

The oldest rocks in the AONB are the schists exposed in its northwest which are 300 million years old. Elsewhere these are overlain by a varied geology which includes both igneous and sedimentary rocks and the colours and features these rocks give to the landscape are reflected in many local place names such as red Bay, Blackcave and Whitebay. The most recent force to shape the landscape were the glaciations, the last of which ended around 17,000 years before the present. The ice has moulded the landscape in the AONB, leaving scars in the rocks and scouring out hollows which have filled with water to create small loughs and bogs.

## Natural history

There are a number of habitats within the AONB, the largest area is the open landscape of the Antrim Plateau. This is partially covered with blanket bog and is home to ground nesting birds of open country like red grouse and hen harrier. It also provides habitat for a number of rare plants, for example the insectivorous butterwort. The varied coastline is important to wildlife too, including aquatic mammals such as cetaceans, seals and the odd otter. Rathlin Island is an important site for breeding seabirds and in the breeding season 250,000 of them come to the island, these include species such as razorbill, kittiwake and puffin. The coastline is also important for its invertebrate fauna, including rare sponges. The woodlands and fields provide homes to a variety of species and these include mammals, insects and wild flowers.

## Cultural heritage

The area's links with Scotland are reflected in the culture and the ancient kingdom of Dalriada covered north eastern Ireland and parts of western Scotland, its kings eventually becoming the kings of the Kingdom of Scotland. Later the area was fought over by a number of Irish clans while Glenarm Castle has been the seat of the McDonnell Clan for 400 years. It is home to a rich mythology and, especially in the middle part to traditional Irish pursuits such as hurling. Today the area has a working landscape of farms and fishing villages.
# Apaliunas

Apaliunas (Hittite: 𒀀𒀊𒉺𒇷𒌋𒈾𒀸 Āppaliunāš) is the name of a god, attested in a Hittite language treaty as a protective deity of Wilusa. Apaliunas is considered to be the Hittite reflex of *Apeljōn, an early form of the name Apollo, which may also be surmised from comparison of Cypriot Ἀπείλων (Apeílōn) with Doric Ἀπέλλων (Apéllōn).
Apaliunas is among the gods who guarantee a treaty drawn up about 1280 BCE between Alaksandu of Wilusa, interpreted as "Alexander of Ilios" and the great Hittite king, Muwatalli II. He is one of the three deities named on the side of the city. In Homer, Apollo is the builder of the walls of Ilium, a god on the Trojan side. A Luwian etymology suggested for Apaliunas makes Apollo "The One of Entrapment", perhaps in the sense of "Hunter".
* Mythology portal
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# William Stevens

William Stevens may refer to:
* William Stevens (writer) (1732–1807), English biographer
* William A. Stevens (1879–1941), New Jersey Attorney General
* William C. Stevens (Michigan politician) (1837-1921), Michigan Auditor General
* William C. Stevens (New York politician) (1848–1897), American merchant and politician from New York
* William Bacon Stevens (1815–1887), Episcopal bishop of Pennsylvania
* William Burnham Stevens (1843–1931), American jurist and politician from Massachusetts
* William George Stevens (1893–1975), British born general who served with the New Zealand Military Forces during WWII
* William H. Stevens (1818–1880), American architect
* William L. Stevens (1932–1997), Episcopal bishop of Fond du Lac
* William N. Stevens (1850–1889), first African American to serve in both house of the Virginia General Assembly
* William Oliver Stevens (1878–1955), American writer and professor for the United States Naval Academy
* W. Richard Stevens (1951–1999), American technology writer
* William S. Stevens (1948–2008), attorney who wrote The Common Law Origins of the Infield Fly Rule
* William W. Stevens, one of the founders of Triad Systems Corporation, now known as Activant
* Billy Stevens (born 1945), American football player
* Billy Stevens (Australian footballer) (1905–1997), Australian rules footballer for St Kilda
* Bill Stevens (footballer, born 1908) (1908–1981), Australian rules footballer for North Melbourne
* Bill Stevens (footballer, born 1939), Australian rules footballer for Fitzroy
* Will Stevens (born 1991), British racing driver
* Will Henry Stevens (1881–1949), American modernist painter and naturalist
* Mark Stevens (actor) (Richard William Stevens, 1916–1994), American actor
# Anu Agarwal

Anuradha Murthy (Anu) Agarwal is an Indian-American electrical engineer specializing in photonic integrated circuits. She is a principal research scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), in the Electronic Materials Research Group of MIT's Microphotonics Center and Materials Research Laboratory.

## Education and career

Agarwal is originally from India; her mother was a botanist and her father was an academic and documentary filmmaker. She earned a doctorate in electrical engineering from Boston University in 1994. Next, she became a postdoctoral researcher at MIT, working there with Lionel Kimerling, and has remained there since, with the exception of three years from 2001 to 2004 working with Clarendon Photonics, where she was developing a novel optical filter.

## Recognition

Agarwal was named a Fellow of Optica, in the 2022 class of fellows, "for pioneering contributions to integrated mid-infrared photonic sensing, detection, imaging, and leadership in training the next generation in photonics manufacturing".
# William Richards (priest)

William Richards (1643–1705) was an English clergyman and author.

## Life

He was born at Helmdon, Northamptonshire, in 1643, the son of Ralph Richards, rector there from 1641 to 1668. He entered Trinity College, Oxford in 1658 as a commoner, matriculated 3 May 1659, and became a scholar 13 June 1661. He graduated B.A. 24 February 1663, M.A. 1666, and was elected a fellow of his college on 15 June 1666. He took holy orders, and was chosen preacher at Marston, Oxfordshire. On his father's death in 1668, Richards, to whom the living of Helmdon reverted, appointed to it Thomas Richards, probably a relative, and continued to hold his fellowship until 1675, when he instituted himself to Helmdon.
Richards, who was a nonjuror, was appointed on 25 July 1689 by the corporation of Newcastle-on-Tyne as lecturer of St. Andrew's Church in the city. He was buried in the chancel of St. Andrew's on 22 August 1705.

## Works

In June 1673 he travelled to Wales on business for a friend. The result was the publication in London in 1682 of a short satirical work entitled ‘Wallography, or the Britton described,’ dedicated with fanciful rhetoric to Sir Richard Wenman of Casswell. It was published under Richards's initials only, and was subsequently, in error, ascribed to Jonathan Swift.
He also wrote ‘The English Orator, or Rhetorical Descant by way of Declamation upon some notable themes, both Historical and Philosophical,’ 2 parts, London, 1680. Anthony Wood says he translated and edited with notes (completed in 1690) the ‘Nova Reperta, sive Rerum memorabilium libri duo’ of Guido Panciroli. An anonymous English translation was published in 1715 (London, 2 vols).
# William Richards Adrion

William Richards Adrion is a computer scientist and Professor Emeritus at University of Massachusetts Amherst. He was named an ACM Fellow in 1996 and elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1995. He was a founding member and the first Editor-in-Chief of the ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology, and was also a founding member of the Computing Research Association.
# Apostolic Nunciature to Pakistan

The Apostolic Nunciature to Pakistan is an ecclesiastical office of the Catholic Church in Pakistan. It is a diplomatic post of the Holy See, whose representative is called the Apostolic Nuncio with the rank of an ambassador.
The Nunciature was located in St. Anthony’s Parish (Karachi) in its Chancellery at old Clifton when the Vatican established diplomatic relations with Pakistan in 1950. When the capital of Pakistan was moved to Islamabad in 1965, the Nunciature was re-located to the Diplomatic Enclave in Islamabad.
Following the partition of India and the formation of the independent nation of Pakistan in 1947, the Holy See established the Delegation to Pakistan on 15 July 1950 and named as first delegate James Cornelius van Miltenburg, Archbishop of Karachi. On 9 October 1951, it erected in its place the Internunciature to Pakistan. Pope Paul VI established the Apostolic Nunciature to Pakistan on 27 December 1965.

## List of papal representatives to Pakistan
### Apostolic Delegates

* James Cornelius van Miltenburg (17 September 1950 – 9 October 1951)
** From the erection of the internunciature on 9 October 1951, van Miltenburg was its chargé d’affaires and the position of internuncio remained vacant. He was transferred to the new Diocese of Hyderabad on 7 May 1958.

### Apostolic Internuncios

* Emanuele Clarizio (10 July 1958 – 5 October 1961)
* Saverio Zupi (31 January 1962 - 27 December 1965)

### Apostolic Pro-Nuncios

* Saverio Zupi (27 December 1965 – 30 August 1966)
* Costante Maltoni (2 January 1967 - 1970)
* Josip Uhač (23 June 1970 – 7 October 1976)
* Giulio Einaudi (10 November 1976 – 5 August 1980)
* Emanuele Gerada (15 October 1980 – 4 February 1989)
* Luigi Bressan (3 April 1989 – 26 July 1993)
* Renzo Fratini (7 August 1993 – 8 August 1998)

### Apostolic Nuncios

* Alessandro D'Errico (14 November 1998 – 21 November 2005)
* Adolfo Tito Yllana (31 March 2006 – 20 November 2010)
* Edgar Peña Parra (2 February 2011 - 21 February 2015)
* Ghaleb Moussa Abdalla Bader (23 May 2015 – 24 August 2017)
* Christophe Zakhia El-Kassis (24 November 2018 – 3 January 2023)
* Germano Penemote (16 June 2023 – present)
# Apotoforma viridans

Apotoforma viridans is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found in Brazil (Rondonia).
# Apotoforma rotundipennis

Apotoforma rotundipennis is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found on the Virgin Islands.
The wingspan is about 11 mm. The forewings are tawny reddish, with a faintly indicated oblique greyish-fuscous shade from before the middle of the costa, extending to the lower edge of the cell. There is a similar curved shade before the apex and waved lines of sublustrous scales on the outer half of the wing and there is a small black dot at the end of the cell. The hindwings are greyish fuscous.
# Eastern greenish yellow bat

The eastern greenish yellow bat (Scotophilus viridis) is a species of vesper bat. It is found in Botswana, Central African Republic, Eswatini, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitats are dry and moist savanna.
The western greenish yellow bat (S. nigritellus) of western Africa was formerly considered conspecific.
# Eddie Jack Jordan

Eddie Jack Jordan may refer to:
* Eddie Jordan (attorney) (born 1952), American attorney
* Eddie Jack Jordan (artist) (1925–1999), African American artist