OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# European College of Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

The European College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia (ECVAA) is one of 25 veterinary specialist colleges recognized by the European Board of Veterinary Specialization, comprising more than 35 distinct specialties.

## History

ECVA was inaugurated on 1 January 1995 and was formally registered in the Netherlands on May 22, 1997 as a non-profit organization. Application for de facto recognition was possible until 31 December 1997. During this period 44 de facto specialists were appointed. The first exam took place in 1997.
In 2003 ECVA acquired full recognition-status by the European Board of Veterinary Specialization (EBVS) and has continued to grow since then. The name of the College was changed to the European College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia (ECVAA) in 2007.

## Membership

In order to become an EBVS European Specialist in Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia, veterinarians need to fulfil the following requirements: (1) have worked as a veterinarian in general practice for two years or have completed a rotating internship, which covers different specialties for at least one year, (2) have successfully completed a three year specialized postgraduate training programme in anesthesia, analgesia and intensive care coordinated by an ECVAA Diplomate, (3) have published two peer-reviewed articles in internationally recognized scientific journals and submitted a case log and two case reports and (4) have successfully passed the written and practical/oral parts of the qualifying examinations.
Diplomates of the European Colleges have to pass a re-validation process every five years to retain the European Specialist title. As of March 2020, there have been 227 members recognized ECVAA Diplomates. The current president is Matthew Gurney.

## Function

ECVAA and the Association of Veterinary Anesthetists, of which all Diplomates of ECVAA are members are the main scientific organizations consulted by EU and national authorities for their expert opinion on matters related to veterinary anesthesia and analgesia, protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes etc.
ECVAA contributes substantially to animal welfare, not only by alleviating pain and stress of the animals, but also by assisting Animal Welfare Associations in various ways. Diplomates have also been consulted to provide specialist opinion during the registration process of veterinary drugs in the National and European Medicines Agencies.

## Past and current presidents

| Years | President |
| 1995-1999 | Polly Taylor |
| 1999-2002 | Frank Gasthuys |
| 2002-2005 | Dimitris Raptopoulos |
| 2005-2008 | Kathy Clarke |
| 2008-2011 | Yves Moens |
| 2011-2014 | Klaus Otto |
| 2014-2017 | Federico Corletto |
| 2017-2020 | Lynne Hughes |
| 2020-Present | Matthew Gurney |
# Lafayette Township, Bremer County, Iowa

Lafayette Township is one of fourteen townships in Bremer County, Iowa, United States. At the 2010 census, its population was 618.

## Geography

Lafayette Township covers an area of 30.13 square miles (78.0 km$^2$) and contains no incorporated settlements. According to the USGS, it contains two cemeteries: Andrews and Spring Lake.
# Carlton Club International

The Carlton Club International was a men's and women's international clay court tennis tournament founded in 1914 as the Carlton LTC de Cannes Championship.. Also known as the Cannes Carlton International the tournament was first played at the Carlton Lawn Tennis Club at the Hôtel Carlton, Cannes, France. The tournament ran annually until 1971.

## History

The Hôtel Carlton was built in 1909-11 and fully opened in 1913. The Carlton Lawn Tennis Club was adjacent to the hotel, although always associated with the Carlton Hotel, the tennis club became privately owned by the Irish tennis playing Burke family. In 1914 the club established the Carlton LTC de Cannes Championship.
The event was not staged during World War I or World War II. The 1971 edition had to be cancelled due to heavy snow and was not continued. In 1972 the owners of the tennis club made the decision to sell off the 4,000 square metres occupied by the courts and construct on the site a residential building. Sadly, no tennis courts now exist at the Carlton Hotel, Cannes.

## Event Names

* Carlton L.T.C. de Cannes Championship (1914–1929)
* Carlton Club Championship (1930–1942)
* Carlton Club International (1953–1971)
# William E. Snyder (Medal of Honor)

William Ellsworth Snyder (February 24, 1883 – December 30, 1944) was a United States Navy sailor and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor.

## Biography

A native of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Snyder joined the Navy from that state.
On January 4, 1910, he was serving as a chief electrician on the USS Birmingham (CL-2). On that day, while the Birmingham was anchored at Hampton Roads in Virginia, Seaman G.H. Kephart fell overboard into the freezing cold water. Although the temperature was around 0 °F (−18 °C) and a strong tide was running, Snyder jumped into the water and rescued Kephart from drowning. For this action, he was awarded the Medal of Honor two months later, on March 2, 1910. The medal was formally presented to him by President William Howard Taft at the White House on December 13 of that year.
Snyder's official Medal of Honor citation reads:
   Serving on board the U.S.S. Birmingham, for extraordinary heroism, rescuing G.H. Kephart seaman, from drowning at Hampton Roads, Va., 4 January 1910.
Snyder was promoted to the warrant officer rank of gunner on 3 December 1915.
During the First World War, Snyder became a commissioned officer when he was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant on 21 September 1918 and received a permanent promotion to that rank on 3 August 1920. He retired from the Navy on May 26, 1930.
Snyder died at age 61 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia.
# Mali at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics

Mali competed at the 2014 Summer Youth Olympics, in Nanjing, China from 16 August to 28 August 2014.

## Athletics

Mali qualified two athletes.
Qualification Legend: Q=Final A (medal); qB=Final B (non-medal); qC=Final C (non-medal); qD=Final D (non-medal); qE=Final E (non-medal)

### Track & road events

| Athlete | Event | Heats | Heats | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Result | Rank | Result | Rank |
| Sekou Traore | 100 m | 11.24 | 16 qB | 11.20 | 15 |

### Field events

| Athlete | Event | Qualification | Qualification | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Distance | Rank | Distance | Rank |
| Kenifing Traore | Javelin throw | 42.89 | 16 qB | 41.88 | 16 |

## Swimming

Mali qualified one swimmer.

### Boys

| Athlete | Event | Heat | Heat | Semifinal | Semifinal | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Oumar Toure | 50 m freestyle | 24.61 | 30 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
| Oumar Toure | 50 m butterfly | 26.05 | 32 | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |

## Taekwondo

Mali was given a wild card to compete.

### Girls

| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | Rank |
| Athlete | Event | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Opposition Result | Rank |
| Zeinab Doumbia | −55 kg | G Mwaka (COD) L DSQ | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | 9 |
# George Frederick Naylor

George Frederick Naylor (16 October 1851 - 1920) was a composer and organist in England and New Zealand.
He was born into a famous musical family in Leeds. His father was James Naylor and his mother Mary Ann Sowden. He was educated at Carlisle Grammar School from 1860 to 1865 and as a chorister in the choir of Carlisle Cathedral, where his father was a Lay Clerk. His brother John was organist of York Minster.
After a series of organists positions in the UK, George and his wife Annie moved to New Zealand where he was appointed as organist of Nelson Cathedral in 1898 and then Napier Cathedral in 1903.
He died in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand in 1920.

## Compositions

* Grand March in A for Organ. Published by Hammond, London 1890.
* ’O Thou, most loving Father’, Anthem 1918

## Appointments

* Salem Chapel, Bradford 1871 -
* St Mark’s Church, Manningham ???? – 1882
* St Peter’s Church, Bramley 1882 – 1892
* St Chad's Church, Far Headingley 1892 - 1894
* Trinity Methodist Church, Harrogate 1894 – 1897
* Christ Church Cathedral, Nelson 1897 - 1903
* Waiapu Cathedral of Saint John the Evangelist, Napier 1903 - 1912
# Goldstein v. California

Goldstein v. California, 412 U.S. 546 (1973), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the high court ruled that California's state statutes criminalizing record piracy did not violate the Copyright Clause of the United States Constitution.

## Background

Between April 1970 and March 1971, Goldstein purchased recordings (vinyl or tape) and reproduced them, without any contractual permission from or payment to the rights holders, onto blank tapes, which he then distributed for sale. He was charged under a California statute that made it a criminal offense to duplicate and sell records or tapes without permission from the owners of the master recording. At the time of the infringement, there was no federal copyright law covering sound recordings (As of 2014 sound recordings fixed before February 15, 1972 remain outside the purview of federal copyright law). Goldstein argued that California lacked authority to enact state copyright law that conflicted with federal law under the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution, and that its unlimited duration conflicted with the provision of the Copyright Clause which states that "exclusive Right[s]" of copyright be for "limited Times".

## Holding

Justice Warren Burger, writing for the 5-4 majority, held that the Copyright Clause did not exclusively invest Congress with the power to enact copyright law, and thus state copyright was in principle valid. If states choose to protect more copyrightable works than the federal government does, they are not prohibited from doing so by the Supremacy Clause. He also held that state laws are not subject to the durational limitation the Copyright Clause enforces on federal copyright.
Justice William O. Douglas filed a dissent asserting that the Supremacy Clause was implicated in state extension of copyright to materials not protected federally, just as it would for a state extension of duration beyond the term of a federally granted copyright.
Justice Thurgood Marshall filed a separate dissent, arguing that Congressional copyright decisions reflected a balance between free competition and the promotion of invention (as stated in the Copyright Clause), and that, piracy's unsavoriness notwithstanding, unless Congressional action indicated that copyright was needed to promote invention in this case, no copyright protection could be afforded by states in lieu. (By the time this case had been decided, Congress had passed the Sound Recordings Act of 1971, which extended federal protection to newly created recordings.)
# Nehari

* Zeev Nehari, mathematician
* Nehari manifold in mathematics
* Nihari, South Asian stew
# Kožušice

Kožušice is a municipality and village in Vyškov District in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 100 inhabitants.
Kožušice lies approximately 19 kilometres (12 mi) south-east of Vyškov, 42 km (26 mi) east of Brno, and 225 km (140 mi) south-east of Prague.
# Louis Serrurier

Louis Roy Serrurier (7 February 1905 – 16 January 1990) was a South African first-class cricketer who played in England and South Africa in the 1920s and 1930s.
Serrurier was educated at South African College Schools and University of Cape Town, then won a Rhodes Scholarship to Brasenose College, Oxford. He made his first-class debut for Oxford University against Middlesex in early May 1925, scoring 25 and 2 not out and taking two wickets; his first victim was future British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home, known at that time as Lord Dunglass. In a further three games that month, Serrurier took six more wickets, but only once passed single figures, when he made 64* against Worcestershire.
His only games of 1926 were against the Australians and Ireland: he failed twice with the bat, but took six wickets in all. In 1927, however, he turned out 13 times, including seven County Championship appearances for Worcestershire in July and August; for them he hit 110 (his maiden century) and 59 against Gloucestershire. With the ball he claimed his only five-wicket innings haul, taking 5-103 for Oxford against Essex, and he finished with 26 wickets at 26.80, easily the largest season's aggregate of his career.
Serrurier then returned to South Africa, and between 1927–28 and 1929–30 he played for Western Province, having several outings in the Currie Cup in the latter season. He played mostly as a batsman, scoring two hundreds and a number of other useful scores; one of the centuries was a career-best 171 against Eastern Province in December 1928, and he took one wicket, that of Natal's South Africa Test batsman Herbie Taylor.
He returned to England to play two minor matches for MCC against Ireland in 1930, but back in South Africa he did make one final first-class appearance, for Transvaal against Natal in 1931–32. He acquitted himself well in a drawn game, hitting 56 in his only innings and picking up the wicket of Desmond Fell.
# Lafayette Township, Illinois

Lafayette Township may refer to one of the following places in the State of Illinois:
* Lafayette Township, Coles County, Illinois
* LaFayette Township, Ogle County, Illinois
# Caroline Hebard

Caroline Hebard (1944–2007) was a trainer of search and rescue dogs.
Hebard was born in Santiago, Chile, on 20 June 1944. Her father was a British career diplomat who relocated frequently due to his government assignments. She grew up on four continents and acquired proficiency in several languages during her youth.
An animal lover, Hebard became involved in the training of rescue dogs and was a co-founder of the United States Disaster Response Team. The team participated in earthquake rescue missions in Mexico, Armenia, Japan and Turkey, utilizing the dogs' ability to locate trapped survivors. She and her dogs also took part in rescue and recovery operations involving bridge collapses, floods, fires, and individuals lost in the wilderness. Additionally, they contributed to search and rescue operations following the Oklahoma City bombing and the September 11 World Trade Center attack.
Hebard received numerous honors for her work and is the subject of a book, So That Others May Live: Carolyn Hebard and Her Search-and-Rescue Dogs, which she co-wrote.
She was married to physicist Arthur F. Hebard and together they had four children. She died on 22 October 2007 after battling cancer.
# Anophiodes indistinctus

Anophiodes indistinctus is a species of moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Indonesia on Seram.
# China–Guinea-Bissau relations

People's Republic of China – Guinea-Bissau relations refers to the current and historical relationship between the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Guinea-Bissau. Relations were established in March 1974, several months before Guinea-Bissau's September 1974 independence. From 1990 to 1998, Guinea-Bissau maintained diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (Taiwan) rather than with the People's Republic. Relations were reestablished in 1998 and maintained since.

## History

The PRC was one of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde's (PAIGC) "most enthusiastic supporters" during the twelve year (1963–1974) struggle for independence. On March 15, 1974, Guinea-Bissau established formal diplomatic relations.$^{:347}$ When the PAIGC led the country to independence in 1974, it maintained close relations with the Chinese Communist Party until the 1990 break in favor of Taiwan. The first bilateral visit occurred in July 1975, when Guinea-Bissau's first foreign minister Victor Saúde Maria visited China. Guinea-Bissauan Presidents João Bernardo Vieira (1982) and Koumba Yala (2002) visited China as well.
The PRC suspended relations after Burkina Faso's recognition of Taiwan in May 1990.$^{:347}$ In April 1998, Guinea-Bissau and the PRC restored relations.$^{:347}$
During the Ebola outbreak in western Africa, Guinea-Bissau was one of the countries to which China's People's Liberation Army provided medical personnel.$^{:245}$
In June 2020, Guinea-Bissau was one of 53 countries backed the Hong Kong national security law at the United Nations.

## Economics, trade and aid

The two countries signed a number of bilateral economic agreements from 1974 to 1990; China built a stadium, hospital and other technological facilities. After the resumption of relations in 1998, China focused on enhancing agricultural production, housing, fisheries and power generation. Since the first Forum on China Africa Cooperation in 2000, Beijing has successfully delivered $113 million in Official Development Assistance to Guinea-Bissau. Major officially financed development projects in Guinea-Bissau include:
* $48.5 million to modernize Guinea-Bissau's telephone network
* $18 million to construct a parliamentary building in 2003
* Cancellation of $5.8 million of Guinea-Bissau's debt to China in 2001
As of 2002, Guinea-Bissau imported approximately US$4.5 million of Chinese goods.
Guinea-Bissau and China both participate in the multi-lateral group Forum Macao, which China formed in 2003 to increase economic and commercial cooperation between China and the Portuguese-speaking countries.$^{:62}$
In 2010, China announced a $1 billion fund designed to increase trade between the PRC and Portuguese speaking countries.
In 2017, China announced that it was to invest $184 million to build a biomass power plant.
# Edna McGriff

Edna McGriff (December 16, 1935 – March 25, 1980) was an American rhythm and blues singer and pianist. She recorded mainly in the 1950s, and secured one hit single on the US Billboard R&B chart with "Heavenly Father" in 1952. The record sold over 500,000 copies.

## Life and career

Edna McGriff was born in Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. She was educated at Washington Irving High School in New York. She released her first single, "Note Droppin' Papa" / "Come Back", on Jubilee Records in September 1951 with Bennie Green's band. Her second recording took place late that same year, when she sang with Buddy Lucas and His Band of Tomorrow on "Heavenly Father" / "I Love You". She was aged 16 at the time. The single was released in early 1952, and sales started to soar. The track entered the US R&B chart in April 1952, peaking at No. 4 in a 13-week stay. Various cover versions of "Heavenly Father" appeared, recorded by Fran Warren, The Four Lads, and also Evelyn Knight.
McGriff appeared on stage at the Earle Theater in Philadelphia. Various shows followed, where she was placed on the bill with Alan Freed. Separately in June 1952, McGriff recorded six duets with Sonny Til of The Orioles, including "I Only Have Eyes for You", "Once in a While", "Picadilly" and "Good".
Her next solo release was "Pray For A Better World" / "In A Chapel by the Side of The Road", followed by "Edna's Blues" / "Why Oh Why" (1953). Several other releases flopped and she moved to Josie Records, who issued "I'll Be Around" / "Ooh, Little Daddy" (1954), and then onto Favorite Records, but without any further chart activity. Bell Records took up her contract, and issued "The Fool" / "Born to Be with You" (1956), and these were followed by many other cover versions, including Laurie London's "He's Got the Whole World in His Hands" and Huey "Piano" Smith's "Don't You Just Know It", however she had stopped recording with Bell by the time she was 22 years old. In 1958, she recorded a one-off single for Felsted, followed by another one-off for Savoy, this time duetting with longtime friend Buddy Lucas on "No Change" / "Ah-Ah-Ah". Thereafter her career gradually wound down, with a small sprinkle of recordings spread over two record companies – Willow Records in 1961 (a remake of "Heavenly Father"), and Capitol during 1964–1965.
The Connecticut Marriage Index 1959–2001, reveals that at age 23 she married Leroy Minors in Stamford, Fairfield County, Connecticut, on March 7, 1959. The Social Security Death Index records that Edna Minors (née McGriff) died in Queens, New York, on March 25, 1980, aged 44 years. An obituary was printed in the New York Amsterdam News, and it is thought that her death was due to lymphoma.
In August 2012, a compilation album of her recordings was issued by Bear Family Records.

## Discography
### Compilation album

| Year | Title | Record label |
| 2012 | Start Movin' in My Direction | Bear Family Records |
# Caerleon Tramroad

Caerleon Tramroad was an early horse-drawn tramway built in 1794 or 1795 by Nicholas Blannin to link the forge he rented in Caerleon with the Monmouthshire Canal at Clomendy, which is now part of Cwmbran.

## Background

The Canal Act which authorised the Monmouthshire Canal in 1792 included a provision that allowed the building of tramroads and stone wagon roads to ironworks, quarries and coalmines within 8 miles (13 km) of the canal. The act further allowed anyone who owned an ironworks, quarry or coalmine to request that a tramroad or wagon road be built to link their business to the canal. If the canal company did not agree to such a request in three months then the applicant could build a route at their own expense and without the consent of the owners of the lands or rivers that the route crossed.
The tramroad has sometimes been dated to as early as 1770, although this is discounted as too early as records show it was commissioned in 1793 and completed by 1795.

## Construction

Nicholas Blannin requested such a route and when it was refused he built a tramroad at his own cost, and sold a half share of it in 1795. He also continued the tramroad down to river Usk at Caerleon where he built a wharf and quay.

## Closure

In 1874 the Pontypool, Caerleon and Newport Railway opened and had powers to acquire the tramroad. The new standard gauge railway obliterated much of the tramroad although it did continue to operate for some years after south of the works at Ponthir.

## Remains

Very little remains of the tramroad although parts of the route are now paths. A milepost from the tramroad was recovered from the Afon Llwyd. It was presented to Caerleon Town Council and erected next to the Endowed School, Caerleon in 1977.
# Fukuyama Tsuun Rose Stadium

Fukuyama Stadium (福山市竹ヶ端運動公園陸上競技場, Fukuyama-shi Takegahana Undōkōen Rikujōkyōgijō) is an athletic stadium in Fukuyama, Hiroshima, Japan.
# European Individual Speedway Junior Championship

European Individual Speedway Junior Championship may refer to:
* European Under-19 Individual Speedway Championship
* European Under-21 Individual Speedway Championship