OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Induction period

An induction period in chemical kinetics is an initial slow stage of a chemical reaction; after the induction period, the reaction accelerates. Ignoring induction periods can lead to runaway reactions.
In some catalytic reactions, a pre-catalyst needs to undergo a transformation to form the active catalyst, before the catalyst can take effect. Time is required for this transformation, hence the induction period. For example, with Wilkinson's catalyst, one triphenylphosphine ligand must dissociate to give the coordinatively unsaturated 14-electron species which can participate in the catalytic cycle:
    Wilkinson's catalyst requires activation before it can participate in the catalytic cycle
Similarly, for an autocatalytic reaction, where one of the reaction products catalyzes the reaction itself, the rate of reaction is low initially until sufficient products have formed to catalyze the reaction.
Reactions generally accelerate when heat is applied. Where a reaction is exothermic, the rate of the reaction may initially be low. As the reaction proceeds, heat is generated, and the rate of reaction increases. This type of reaction often exhibits an induction period as well.
The reactions to form Grignard reagents are notorious for having induction periods. This is usually due to two reasons: Firstly, the thin film of oxide on the magnesium reagent must be removed before the bulk magnesium can react. Secondly, Grignard reactions, while exothermic, are typically conducted at low temperature for better selectivity. For these two reasons, Grignard reactions often can have a long induction period, followed by a thermal runaway, even causing the reaction solvent to boil-off.
# Afrotapejara

Afrotapejara (meaning "African old being") is an extinct genus of tapejarid pterosaur discovered in Morocco. The type species, Afrotapejara zouhri, was named and described in 2020. It was the first tapejarid discovered in Africa and the fourth pterosaur discovered in the Kem Kem Beds.

## Discovery

British paleontologist David Michael Martill acquired a pterosaur jaw from a fossil trader at Erfoud. It would have been excavated at the plateau of Ikhf N’ Taqmout, in Tafilalt.
In 2020, the type species Afrotapejara zouhri was named and described by David Martill, Roy Smith, David M. Unwin, Alexander Kao, James McPhee and Nizar Ibrahim. The generic name combines references to Africa and the related genus Tapejara. The specific name honours the Moroccan paleontologist Samir Zouhri.
The holotype, FSAC-KK 5004, had been found in the Kem-Kem Beds, dating from the Albian - early Cenomanian. It consists of a snout lacking the front tip and extending to behind to a position below the front of the snout crest. The piece had already been prepared by the fossil traders. Subsequent preparation by Martill, as well as a CT scan, showed that a bone fragment from some other taxon had been used to repair damage to the upper edge. Martill deposited the fossil in the collection of the Département de Géologie (Paléontologie), Faculté des Sciences Aïn Chock.
Two additional fossils were referred to the species: the specimens FSAC-KK 5006 and FSAC-KK 5007. These are snouts also, with a similar provenance, and showing an almost identical build. Specimen BSP 1997 I 67, a symphysis of the lower jaws described in 1999, was provisionally referred. It too, had been found in the Red Beds of the Moroccan Kem-Kem.

## Description

Afrotapejara is distinguished from all other tapejarids by the possession of a dorsal (upwards) expansion of the rostral (front) margin a short distance from the rostral tip. Additionally, a unique combination is present of two traits that in themselves are not unique. The side of the snout shows a row of small elongated openings close to and parallel to the edge shared with the palate. The palate shows a small boss at the rear, on the midline.
# Coleophora portulacae

Coleophora portulacae is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in the United States, including New Mexico.
The larvae feed on the leaves of Portulaca species. They create a trivalved, tubular silken case.
# William Mills (surveyor)

William Whitfield Mills (19 November 1844 – 18 August 1916), usually referred to as "W. Whitfield Mills" or "W. W. Mills", was an English surveyor of the Australian Overland Telegraph Line who is best known for naming a waterhole in Central Australia Alice Spring, from which the town of Alice Springs now takes its name. He also named Heavitree Gap as a tribute to his old school in Devon, England.

## Early life

Mills was born on 19 November 1844 at Plymouth in England. He went to school at Heavitree School in Devon. Mills immigrated to Australia on board the Atlanta from England, arriving in South Australia on 8 April 1866 at the age of 21.

## Goyder's Expedition

Mills was a surveyor on George Goyder's mission to survey a northern capital Palmerston, later renamed Darwin. He arrived on the Moonta on 5 February 1869 leaving just short of a year later, the team having surveyed more than 2700 square kilometres of land.

## Surveying the Overland Telegraph Line

On 5 September 1870, he joined Charles Todd's party to build the central section of the Overland Telegraph Line. On 7 March 1871, Mills and his companion Gilbert McMinn, having found a gap in the McDonnell Ranges through which to feed the telegraph line, and which he named Heavitree Gap, then came across a string of waterholes along what is now called the Todd River, which were already frequented by local Arrernte people. Mills named one Alice Spring, after the wife of Charles Todd, from which the town of Alice Springs now takes its name.

## Later life

Mills married Mary Jane Mullen on 24 March 1879. They had two daughters Alice Thornton and Ethel May.
After completion of the telegraph line, Mills returned to the Northern Territory to work in mining and undertake further surveying. In the early 1880s, he managed a camel transport company carrying freight from Farina to Peake and Charlotte Waters. He delivered 30 camels from Beltana Station to Northampton in Western Australia for Sir Thomas Elder. He went across the centre of Australia on the Canning Stock Route before heading to Northampton. They went for long periods without water but after 25 weeks, completed the journey.
Mary Jane died on 1 October 1888 at just 30 years of age. The Mills children were then brought up by extended family, while Mills spent time in Broken Hill before eventually moving to Western Australia.
Mills died on 18 August 1916 at the age of 72. He is buried in the Widgiemooltha Cemetery in Western Australia.
Mills Street in East Side in Alice Springs is named after Mills.
# David Munk

David Munk is a Paralympic alpine sit skier from Australia. He won bronze medals at the 1992 Albertville Games and 1994 Lillehammer Games.
He competed in two events at the 1988 Innsbruck Games. At the 1992 Albertville Games, he competed in three events and won a bronze medal in the Men's Super-G LW11. At his third Games, 1994 Lillehammer Games, he competed in four events and won a bronze medal in the Men's Giant Slalom LWXI. He was due to compete at the 1998 Nagano Games but a kidney infection forced him to withdraw.
# Liadyxianus

Liadyxianus is an extinct genus of predaceous diving beetles in the family Dytiscidae. There is one described species in Liadyxianus, L. kirejtshuki.
# GHW

GHW may refer to:
* Girdhariwala railway station, in Pakistan
* Ghw (trigraph), a Latin-script trigraph
# European Youth Card

The European Youth Card (also known as EURO<26) allows reductions on cultural activities, shops, transport, eating out, and accommodation, and can be used in 38 European countries. Most countries make it possible to buy and use the card up to the age of 30. The card is usually issued for one year.
In January 2022 the Council of Europe and the European Youth Card Association (EYCA) signed a Grant Agreement aimed at supporting the European Youth Card. The focus for 2022 was to be how the card can support opportunities for disadvantaged young people and contribute to the European youth work agenda.
In many European countries, the card is still known as EURO<26, but with the change of the age limit (from 26 to 30), it is called the European Youth Card (in English or the local language: Jugendkarte, Carta Giovani, Carnet Joven).
The European Youth Card comes in three versions: classic, student, and co-brand. The co-branded card can be issued with various partners - a bank, a railway company, a municipality or a local government, a cultural institution, or another. The design of the co-branded card can be very different from the classic card, however, it always carries the EYCA logo and offers the same benefits as the classic card.
European Youth Card is managed by the non-profit European Youth Card Association (EYCA) which represents 40 Youth Card organizations in 38 countries. All EYCA Member organizations issue the European Youth Card in their territory and develop local discounts individually. The offices of the EYCA are in Brussels, Belgium, and Bratislava, Slovakia.
The European Youth Card can be purchased through the national card organization. Young people coming from outside Europe, or living in a country where there is no national card organization, have the opportunity to buy the card online through the Kiosk shop managed by the EYCA headquarters.
Cardholders can search all the 80,000 discounts on the online geo-tagged map on the card's official website. EYCA has recently launched an iOS application called GeoDiscounts that is designed to help cardholders when traveling with the European Youth Card. Thanks to the GPS it shows the user several EYCA discounts closest to their current location. It is possible to narrow down the search by choosing a category or typing in keywords. Once the users have found the discount(s) they were looking for, they can access detailed information as well as the exact location on a map. Alternatively, they can call or e-mail the place for more information.
# Barneveldse Krant

The Barneveldse Krant is a local daily newspaper in the Netherlands. It is printed, published, and distributed by Royal BDU in Barneveld. The newspaper is printed 6 times per week, with a focus on advertisements on Thursday and special weekend pages on Saturday. The Thursday edition is free of charge. It became a daily only in 1967, with 5 issues a week at that time.

## History
### 19th century

The newspaper first appeared as a weekly newspaper on 6 October 1871 as the Barneveldsche Courant, published and edited by Gerrit Boonstra. It would initially be published on Fridays.
By 1895 or earlier the publication day of the week had moved to Thursday in the afternoon. An issue of the newspaper was 6 guilder cents, a subscription in town 50 cents per 3 months. At 13 weeks times 6 cents, the quarterly subscription saved 28 cents versus single issues.

### 20th century

During the Second World War, editor-in-chief Aris Smit Jr. refused to print some National Socialist articles, including that of the publicist Max Blokzijl (executed after the war), and had to pay penalties in consequence. However, he also turned in a letter to the Reich Commissioner of the Press Department against an underground paper.
As Smit eventually became too compliant with the oppressor for the circumstances, after the war Smit was imprisoned for half a year and he received a 15-year professional ban. The publication of the newspaper was also temporarily ceased but was renewed after it became apparent that the publisher had printed for the Dutch underground.
By 1947 or earlier the newspaper was published twice a week. On 1 January 1967 publication frequency was increased from 3 times per week to 5 times per week.

### 21st century

In 2002 the editors of the newspaper received a nomination for Dutch Daily Journalistic Award for their coverage of the foot-and-mouth disease that was rampant at the time. In September 2005, the newspaper switched to the tabloid format and introduced color printing for the entire newspaper.
In 2006 the publisher of the newspaper BDU filed a lawsuit against the free newspaper Barneveld Vandaag, published by Wegener Publishing House and published four times a week, as BDU considered it misleading that it called itself a daily newspaper. BDU won the case.

## Associates
### Editor-in-chief

* Aris Smit Jr. (1941–1945?)
* R.H. Hardeman (late 1940s)
* Dick Hörst (1960s)
* Dirk Rebel
* Hans Papenburg (2000-2005)
* Jur van Ginkel (2005-2007)
* Jos Scholten (2007–2011)
* Daan Bleuel (2011–2013)
* Norbert Witjes (since 2013)

### Publisher

* Gerrit Boonstra (1871–?)
* Dirk Rebel
* Wiljo Klein Wolterink (current in 2018)
# Autheuil, Eure-et-Loir

Autheuil (French pronunciation: ) is a former commune in the Eure-et-Loir department in northern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Cloyes-les-Trois-Rivières.
# Industry standard data model

An industry standard data model, or simply standard data model, is a data model that is widely used in a particular industry. The use of standard data models makes the exchange of information easier and faster because it allows heterogeneous organizations to share an agreed vocabulary, semantics, format, and quality standard for data. Organizations may save time and expense by using pre-existing data models instead of developing them in-house, although the process of making data conform to external models can also be a hindrance.
Standards are often defined by standards bodies or technology companies.
Most models use the relational model of database management, but some use the hierarchical model, especially those used in manufacturing or those mandated by governments, such as models specified by DIN codes in Germany.

## Applications

Effective standard models have developed in the banking, insurance, pharmaceutical and automotive industries. These models reflect stringent standards required in these industries for customer information gathering, customer privacy, consumer safety, or just in time manufacturing.
The most complex data models known are in military use. Consortia such as NATO tend to require strict standards for their members' equipment and supply databases. While standards for commercial software are usually open to view and implement, military data standards are often private and internal.

## Issues

Standard data models usually require the translation of existing company data to fit the model's specification, which may cost more than is gained by the use of such a model. Inflexible models might not be able to capture all of the data of a given organization, or new types of data that arise as an organization or industry develops. If one organization needs to make changes to its software architecture that are not compatible with the current standard, it may cause data sharing issues.

## Examples

* ISO 10303 CAE Data Exchange Standard - includes its own data modelling language, EXPRESS
* ISO 15926 Process Plants including Oil and Gas facilities Life-Cycle data
* IDEAS Group Foundation Ontology agreed by defence departments of Australia, Canada, France, Sweden, UK and USA
* EN12896 CEN Reference Data Model For Public Transport. covering public transport scheduling, fare management, operations and passenger information
* Seabed Survey Data Model (SSDM) is a standard data model used in the oil and gas industry, first introduced in 2011.
* Common Education Data Standards (CEDS) is a data dictionary standard model sponsored by the U.S. government that is used widely in the United States education system
* SIF is an interoperability specification used as a standard data model in Australia, the UK, and the US.
# Agalychnis medinae

Agalychnis medinai, also known as the Rancho Grande leaf frog, is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is endemic to the central part of the Venezuelan Coastal Range.
Agalychnis medinai inhabits cloud forests at elevations of 975–1,447 m (3,199–4,747 ft) above sea level. It is a rarely spotted arboreal frog, usually seen in temporal or permanents pools, its breeding habitat, during the wet season. It can also live in secondary forests near artificial bodies of water. It is threatened by forest loss and extraction of surface water. Its range overlaps with the Yurubí National Park and, at least formerly, with the Henri Pittier National Park, where its type locality is located – it has not been sighted there during the last decades.
# Colin White

Colin White may refer to:
* Colin White (cricketer) (1937–2012), English cricketer
* Colin White (historian) (1951–2008), British naval historian
* Colin White (ice hockey, born 1977), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
* Colin White (ice hockey, born 1997), American ice hockey center
* Colin White (racing driver) (born 1956), British racing driver
* Colin White (rugby union) (1947–2011), English rugby union player
# Cola Montano

Cola Montano, also known as Nicola Capponi, (c. 1440 – 13 March 1482) was an Italian writer and humanist scholar who helped incite the Congiura dei Lampugnani or Conspiracy of the Lampugnani that succeeded in murdering the Duke of Milan, Galeazzo Maria Sforza. While not present at the murder, Cola Montano was captured by the Lorenzo de' Medici government of Tuscany, and hanged from a window in the Bargello.

## Biography

Nicola Capponi was born in Gaggio Montano near Bologna. By 1462, he had been named professor of Latin for the public school of Milan. Among his students was Pietro Grassi. But it is also reputed that Cola taught Latin to much of the Milanese aristocracy, including the future Duke Galeazzo himself.
Cola was active in sponsoring printers of various Latin classics, but appeared to have fleeting collaborations with the businesses.
After the murder of the Duke, one of the conspirators, Girolamo Olgiati, rapidly fingered his teacher Cola as fostering the murder. Cola had not been present in Milan at the time but was in Tuscany. Many reasons have been postulated for Cola's impetus to murder the Duke. Some have pointed that he had a wish to revert Milan to a republic and replicate the Ancient Roman precedents of tyrannicide. Cola, by nature, appears to have been prone to bicker. He apparently had twice been jailed, one for writing satires about another Sforza tutor and the other time accused of raping a young woman. He is said to have been physically assaulted or publicly whipped by Galeazzo for the former infraction.

## Note

* ↑ Carlo de' Rosmini (1820). Dell'istoria di Milano. Vol. 4. Milan. p. 144.
* ↑ Di Renzo Villata, Gigliola (2002). "GRASSI, Pietro". Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 58: Gonzales–Graziani (in Italian). Rome: Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana. ISBN 978-8-81200032-6.
* Translated in part from Italian Wikipedia entry.
# Levally

Levally may refer to the following places in Ireland:
* Levally Lough, lough in County Mayo, Republic of Ireland
* Levally Lower, townland in County Fermanagh, Northern Ireland
# Čelopek

Čelopek (Cyrillic: Челопек) may refer to:
* Čelopek, Brvenica, Republic of North Macedonia
* Čelopek, Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina
* Čelopek, Lipljan [sr; sq], the Serbian name for a populated place in Kosovo (Albanian name Qellopek, Lipjan)
* Čelopek, Peć [sr; sq], the Serbian name for a populated place in Kosovo (Albanian name Çallapek, Pejë)
* Čelopek, Staro Nagoričane, Municipality of Staro Nagoričane, Republic of North Macedonia
* Chelopek, Bulgaria
# Autheuil

Autheuil is the name or part of the name of the following communes in France:
* Autheuil, Eure-et-Loir, in the Eure-et-Loir department
* Autheuil, Orne, in the Orne department
* Autheuil-Authouillet, in the Eure department
* Autheuil-en-Valois, in the Oise department
# Agalychnis psilopygion

Agalychnis psilopygion is a species of frog in the subfamily Phyllomedusinae. It is found in southern Colombia and north-western Ecuador. It has been observed between 100 and 500 meters above sea level.
This frog lives in mature forests. The female frog lays eggs on leaves over water. When the eggs hatch, the tadpoles fall into the water.
Scientists classify this frog as in least concern of extinction because of its large range, but because it lives in mature forests, it may suffer more from habitat loss than other frogs.
# Cold Overton Park

A hill with a trig point pillar to the east of Cold Overton Park Wood is, at 197 m (646 ft), the highest point in the county of Rutland, England. The summit is southwest of the Glebe Farm radio relay mast on the road between Oakham and Knossington, and adjacent to the county boundary with Leicestershire. From the peak, there are views of Rutland Water.
It falls within the historic parkland of Flitteriss Park.
# United Front (South Africa)

The United Front was formally launched in South Africa in 2015, following a preparatory activities in 2014, including a summit in November of 350 delegates representing labour unions, social movements and popular organisations, faith-based organisations, NGOs and anti-capitalist formations. It was launched with the support of the National Union of Metalworkers of South Africa (NUMSA), which severed ties with the African National Congress and South African Communist Party at its December 2013 congress and to foster left-wing alternatives. While NUMSA defined itself as Marxist-Leninist, it envisaged the United Front as open to a range of forces, and as distinct from NUMSA itself. Significant differences of opinion emerged in the United Front from an early stage. The United Front effectively supplanted the Democratic Left Front, a smaller formation which had been established in 2011, itself founded following the collapse of the Anti-Privatisation Forum. Given the connection to NUMSA, both the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) which had expelled NUMSA, and the South African Communist Party, remained outside the United Front, the party proposing an alternative "left popular front" (LPF).
# Baron Newall

Baron Newall, of Clifton-upon-Dunsmoor in the County of Warwick, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 18 July 1946 for Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Cyril Newall. He was Chief of the Air Staff between 1937 and 1940 and Governor-General of New Zealand between 1941 and 1946. As of 2017 the title is held by his only son, the second Baron, who succeeded in 1963.

## Barons Newall (1946)

* Cyril Louis Norton Newall, 1st Baron Newall (1886–1963)
* Francis Storer Eaton Newall, 2nd Baron Newall (b. 1930)
The heir apparent is the present holder's eldest son the Hon. Richard Hugh Eaton Newall (b. 1961). The heir apparent's heir, and the next heir-in-line to the peerage, is his son William Sam Eaton Newall (b. 2011)

## Arms

Coat of arms of Baron Newall :
* CrestIssuant from an astral crown Or an eagle wings elevated Sable breathing flames Proper.
* EscutcheonPer pale Azure and Gules two lions passant guardant in pale Or on a chief Ermine a rose of the second between a lotus flower and a sprig of New Zealand fern all Proper.
* SupportersOn either side a pegasus Argent gorged with an astral crown Or.
* MottoDeo Juvante
# Autochloris magnifica

Autochloris magnifica is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Rothschild in 1931. It is found in Bolivia and Peru.

## Subspecies

* Autochloris magnifica magnifica (Bolivia)
* Autochloris magnifica reducta Rothschild, 1931 (Bolivia)
* Autochloris magnifica rufipes Rothschild, 1931 (Peru)
# 32 FM 94.9

32 FM 94.9 is an Ibadan based station and Nigeria's first comedy radio station. It is designed to create and broadcast provocative, entertaining, no-holds-barred humorous content and programs not available to listeners anywhere else on the radio. The station started broadcasting on the 7th of November, 2017. It also features an internet radio service and also available on other internet streaming platforms. It is also tagged as the Fastest growing Radio Station in the South-West. On-Air Personalities of 32 FM 94.9 include Woli Agba, Alhaji Hamzat Oriyomi, MC Remote, Oluwatoyin Salau (Yellow Sisi), Adeniyi Kayode Samuel (Afouda) and a host of others.