OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Anne Parsons

Anne, Viscountess Maynard (also known as Anne Parsons, Nancy Parsons, Nancy Maynard, and Mrs Horton (c. 1735 – 1814/1815) was a British courtesan and political mistress. She was de facto first lady, entertaining guests for her lover, Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, the First Minister (Prime Minister).

## Life

Her birth is estimated to be 1735 and one account says that her father was a tailor in Bond Street in London. She is thought to have first been a prostitute. She is said to have gone to Jamaica with a man called Horton or Houghton, and according to some accounts they married and he may have died. When she returned she used a married name of "Mrs. Horton".
In 1760 she was a high-class prostitute to members of the aristocracy including the Earl of Shelburne, a contractor Arnold Nesbitt, and Richard Rigby, a Privy Councilor.
In 1764, she had a scandalous affair with Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton, whilst his wife, Anne FitzPatrick, was pregnant. FitzRoy kept Parsons at his townhouse and took her to the opera. This brazen defiance of convention offended society's standards. Parsons lived openly on the duke's estates, and meanwhile, the Duke became Secretary of State in 1765.
Parsons entertained his guests, and they reported on her informed conversation. In 1767 the Duke became first minister, and she had the influence, if not the position, of a First Lady in her country. Richard Rigby used her influence to turn opinions against the Duke's wife. There was further gossip when the Duchess of Grafton become pregnant by her lover, the Earl of Upper Ossory. She and the Duke were divorced by Act of Parliament on the 23 March 1769. Parsons might have become the First Minister's wife had he not discovered that Parsons was having an affair with John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset.
Three months later, on 24 June 1769, the Duke married Elizabeth Wrottesley (1 November 1745 – 25 May 1822), daughter of the Reverend Sir Richard Wrottesley, Dean of Worcester.
In around 1770 she was painted by Joshua Reynolds. Again in 1771 she was painted by George Willison in "Turkish Dress". That painting is now in the Yale Centre for British Art.
She and Sackville spent the next six or seven years together, until 1776, when Parsons attracted the attention of Charles Maynard, second Viscount Maynard. At this point Maynard was 23 and Parsons was maybe ten years older. The two married on 24 September 1776 in London before visiting Italy, where they had difficulty entering the Royal court because of their history.
In 1784 the two created a menage a trois with the teenage Francis Russell, 5th Duke of Bedford. This liaison was with Russell's grandmother's approval and it continued until 1787. Parsons was received by minor members of the Royal Family, and spent the remainder of her life solo in Italy and France. She died near Paris in 1814 or 1815.
# Navadurga Jatra

Navadurga Jatra is a festival celebrated every 12 years in the Thecho and Sunakothi regions of the Lalitpur district, Nepal. During the Jatra, masked dancers posing as deities perform a ritual dance at Mulchowk in Patan Durbar Square.
A tantric ritual is performed on the start of the Jatra at Bal Kumari Temple in Sunakothi on the seventh day of Dashain (Fulpati). Worship is performed until midnight, when an animal sacrifice is made. The Jatra is composed of 28 festivals that are celebrated throughout the year. The main feast called Deyh Bhavay is the main highlight of the Jatra. A devotee dressed as god Bhairav serves the food. Seven types of dance rituals are performed by dancers dressed as 11 types of gods and goddesses. During the dance ritual period, weddings, feasts during death rituals, and bratabhanda are prohibited. The dance ritual was added in the Licchavi period.
The Jatra is managed by the Navadurga Guthi. All households in Thecho and Sunakothi attend the Jatra.

## Navadurga Jatra of Bhaktapur

A festival with the same name is also celebrated in Bhaktapur. 13 masked deities perform the Navadurga dance at various location in Bhaktapur. These deities are Bhairav, Mahakali, Barahi, Brahmayani, Maheshwari, Kumari, Vaishnavi, Indrayani, Ganesh, Mahadev, Shwet Bhairav and Nandi-Bhringi. This Jatra was started by King Bhuvan Malla to avoid famine and increase prosperity.
# Çiltoprak, Yavuzeli

Çiltoprak is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Yavuzeli, Gaziantep Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 468 in 2022.
# 1943–44 Copa México

The 1943–44 Copa México is the 28th staging of the Copa México, the 1st staging in the professional era.
The competition started on May 7, 1944, and concluded on July 16, 1944, with the Final, held at the Parque Asturias in México DF, in which Club España lifted the trophy for fourth time ever with a 6–2 victory over Atlante F.C.
This edition was played by 12 teams, first with a group stage and later a knock-out stage.

## Group stage

Group East
| | Club | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | +/- | Points |
| 1. | Veracruz | 6 | 4 | 0 | 2 | 20 | 12 | +8 | 8 |
| 2. | Orizaba | 6 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 12 | 12 | 0 | 6 |
| 3. | Moctezuma | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 13 | -1 | 5 |
| 4. | Puebla | 6 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 12 | 19 | -7 | 5 |
Group Center
| | Club | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | +/- | Points |
| 1. | Atlante F.C. | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 12 | 7 | +5 | 8 |
| 2. | Club España | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 8 |
| 3. | América | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 13 | 12 | +1 | 4 |
| 4. | Asturias | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 8 | 10 | -2 | 2 |
| 5. | Marte | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 11 | -4 | 2 |
Group West
| | Club | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | +/- | Points |
| 1. | Atlas | 4 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 4 | +6 | 7 |
| 2. | Guadalajara | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 16 | 7 | +9 | 5 |
| 3. | León | 4 | 0 | 0 | 4 | 6 | 21 | -15 | 0 |
* Advances to the next Phase as the winner team in their group.

### Final phase

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| Atlante F.C. (aet) | Atlante F.C. (aet) | 4 | | | |
| Atlas | Atlas | 3 | | | |
| Atlas | Atlas | 3 | Atlante F.C. | Atlante F.C. | 2 |
| | | | Club España | Club España | 6 |
| Club España | Club España | 4 | Club España | Club España | 6 |
| Veracruz | Veracruz | 3 | | | |

## Final

* Copa México 1943-44 Winners
* Club España 4th Title
# Charles J. Lumsden

Charles J. Lumsden (born 1949) is a Canadian biologist in the Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto. He has been an early proponent of sociobiology, looking to our genetic nature to supplement culture in describing what makes us human. He wrote two influential books in collaboration with Edward O. Wilson Genes, Mind and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process. (Harvard University Press, 1981) and Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of Mind (Harvard University Press, 1983). Part of his interests lies in the mathematical and philosophical bases of physical theory in biology, and the origins of creativity. He has also co-edited biology textbooks, notably Physical Theory in Biology: Foundations and Explorations 1997.
# Wildermuth

Wildermuth is a German surname derived from the German word "wild" meaning "wild," and the element "muth," which comes from the Old High German "muot" meaning "to desire". Notable people with the surname include:
* Hermann-Eberhard Wildermuth (1890–1952), German politician and a member of the FDP/DVP
* Jack Wildermuth (1993), Australian cricketer
* Katharina Wildermuth (1979), German rhythmic gymnast
* Ottilie Wildermuth (1817–1877), German writer
# Maluana, Mozambique

Maluana is a village in Maputo Province, Mozambique, approximately 30 miles north of the capital Maputo. It is the home of Maluana Science and Technology Park. The Science Park contains a data centre.
The Maluana massacre occurred nearby in 1987.
# Alnus heterodonta

Alnus heterodonta is an extinct species of alder from the early Oligocene Bridge Creek floras of Central Oregon
# Ethnosemiotics

Ethnosemiotics is a disciplinary perspective which links semiotics concepts to ethnographic methods.

## Overview

Algirdas Julien Greimas and Joseph Courtés defined for the first time ethnosemiotics in Semiotics and language: an analytical dictionary.
"Ethno-semiotics is not truly an autonomous semiotics. If it were, it would be in competition with a field of knowledge already established under the name of ethnology or anthropology, whose contribution to the advent of semiotics itself is considerable. Rather, it is a privileged area of curiosities and of methodological exercises ... . Given that general semiotics authorizes the treatment of non-linguistic (gestual, somatic, etc.) syntagmatic concatenations as discourses or texts, the field of ethno-linguistics can be enlarged to become an ethno-semiotics; analyses, still rare, of rituals and ceremonies lead us to suppose that ethnology can become, once again, the privileged locus for the construction of general models of signifying behavior."
During the 2000s, in Italy, the interest toward the discipline has been renewed thanks to the studies and the researches of Maurizio del Ninno, Tarcisio Lancioni, and Francesco Marsciani. Under the direction of Francesco Marsciani, in Bologna in 2007 the Ethnosemiotic Centre of the Bologna University (CUBE) was founded, active in different fields of inquiry. In 2015, CUBE's experience led to the series Quaderni di Etnosemiotica and the Ethnosemiotics lab.

## Focus and fields of inquiry

The ethnosemiologist analyses the systems of signifiers which are individuated in specific cultural contexts through the observation and the application of the ethnographic methods. At the present, the principal researchers which have been realized are focused on urban spaces, therapy, rituals, folklore, everyday practices. In Italy we can distinguish two approaches to ethnosemiotics:
* the Urbin school, founded by Maurizio del Ninno, which follows the theoretical framework of Claude Lévi-Strauss and Georges Dumézil, close to French Social Anthropology.
* the Bologna-Siena school, founded by Tarcisio Lancioni and Francesco Marsciani, which were concerned by the development of a set of concepts and methods to apply semiotic analysis to different aspects of everyday life.
From 2015 the Ethnosemiotics Lab leads researches both in the theoretical and the methodological field. Developed inside CUBE, active at the Bologna University, it conducts multidisciplinary researches. The synergy between ethnographic observation and the analysis of the manifested values offers active results from the point of view of the capacity to describe social phenomena.
# Go Deokmu

Go Deokmu (고덕무, 高德武) (r. 699-?) was a prince of Goguryeo and the founder of Lesser Goguryeo. He was the third son of King Bojang.

## Revival movement

Go Deokmu was appointed to the position of Governor of the Protectorate General to Pacify the East in 699, after his nephew Go Bowon refused the position.
# Charles J. M. Stirling

Charles James Matthew Stirling FRS, CChem, FRSC, FLSW (born 1930) is an Emeritus Professor of Chemistry, at the University of Sheffield, in England.
Stirling was born on 8 December 1930 to Brigadier Alexander Dickson Stirling and his wife Millicent Stirling
He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry in 1967, and a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1986; and gave the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures in 1992.
The Royal Society describe him as having "made important contributions to physical organic chemistry through his elucidation of organic reaction mechanisms".
He is a Founding Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales.
# Nicolas de Harlay, seigneur de Sancy

Nicolas de Harlay, seigneur de Sancy (1546–1629) was a French soldier, diplomat, and gem collector.

## Life

Although de Harlay belonged to the Protestant branch of the family of Harlay, he adopted the Catholic religion in 1572 during the massacres of the Huguenots. In the second half of the 16th century, de Harley served as the French ambassador at the court of Sultan Selim II in Constantinople, where he acquired a number of diamonds that had been mined near Golconda, now in the Indian state of Telangana. Among these jewels were some of the largest diamonds ever seen in Europe, such as the Sancy and its smaller sibling the Beau Sancy. In 1589 he obtained in Geneva and Bern sums sufficient to raise an army of mercenaries for Henry III, partly by the sale of a number of his jewels. Henry IV of France made him superintendent of his finances in 1594, but in 1599 he was replaced by Maximilien de Béthune, duc de Sully. Meanwhile he had been a second time converted to Catholicism, but his influence at court waned, and he retired from public life in 1605. He survived until 13 October 1629, leaving a Discours sur l'occurrence des affaires.
His son, Achille Harlay de Sancy (1581–1646), was bishop of Saint-Malo.

## Sancy diamonds
### Sancy diamond

The Sancy is a pale yellow diamond of 55.23 carats (11.046 g) bought by de Harley around 1570, who had already acquired a reputation as a gem connoisseur. Facing financial difficulties, de Sancy was forced to sell the diamond to King James VI and I in March 1605 when it is thought the Sancy acquired its name. James paid the princely sum of 60,000 French crowns for the stone, which he subsequently reset into the Mirror of Great Britain with additional stones from the Great H of Scotland and wore as a hat jewel. It was described in the Tower of London's 1605 Inventory of Jewels as "...one fayre dyamonde, cut in fawcetts, bought of Sauncy." After a storied history, the Sancy today rests in the Galerie d'Apollon in the Louvre in Paris.

### Beau Sancy diamond

The Beau Sancy is a 34.98-carat diamond cut in a modified pear double rose-cut shape. It is thought that de Harley bought the Beau Sancy at the same time as the larger Sancy. Like its sibling, the Beau Sancy was put up for sale by de Harley to raise funds, and subsequently bought by Marie de' Medici, later Queen of France. The jewel was later owned by the House of Orange, the Kings of England, and Kings of Prussia. After 370 years in the possession of the House of Hohenzollern, the diamond was sold in 2012 at Sotheby's auction in Geneva for $9.57 million to an anonymous buyer.
# Geological Museum (Japan)

The Geological Museum (地質標本館, Chishitsu Hyōhon-kan) of the Geological Survey of Japan opened in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan in 1980. The collection totals some 150,000 rock, mineral, and fossil specimens, amassed during the activities of the Survey since its establishment in 1882, of which around 2,000 are on display at any one time.
# Anna Amalia

Anna Amalia or Anna Amalie may refer to:
* Anna Amalie of Baden-Durlach, Countess of Nassau-Saarbrücken (1595–1651), regent of Nassau-Saarbrücken from 1640 until her death
* Princess Anna Amalie of Prussia or Anna Amalia, Abbess of Quedlinburg (1723–1787), Princess-Abbess of Quedlinburg and composer
* Anna Amalia, Duchess of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (née Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1739–1807) German composer and patron of the arts
* Duchess Anna Amalia Library, in Weimar
* de:Anna Amalia zu den drei Rosen, a Masonic lodge
A number of Annas have the middle name Amalia:
* Anna Abert or Anna Amalie Abert (1906–1996), German musicologist
* Anna Amelia Obermeyer (1907–2001), South African botanist
# Edern

Edern may refer to Saint Edern or to:
* Edern, Carinthia, Austria
* Edern, Finistère, France
* Edern, Gwynedd, Wales
# Nicotine (disambiguation)

Nicotine is a chemical compound.
Nicotine may also refer to:
* Nicotine (novel), a 2016 novel by Nell Zink
* Nicotine (band), an Indian heavy metal band
* Nicotine (album), a 2020 album by Trevor Daniel, or the title song
* "Nicotine" (song), a 2013 song by Panic! at the Disco from Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!
* Nicotine, a client of the file-sharing software Soulseek
* "Nicotine", a 2003 song by Anet from Talented Girl
# Carl Holsøe

Carl Vilhelm Holsøe (Aarhus, 12 March 1863 – Asserbo, 7 November 1935) was a Danish artist who primarily painted interiors.

## Life and career

Holsøe was born in Aarhus. His father was the architect N.P.C. Holsøe; his younger brother Niels Holsøe was also a painter. He studied at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen in 1882–84 and then at the Kunstnernes Frie Studieskoler under Peder Severin Krøyer. He received several stipends from the academy, in one instance visiting Italy in 1897.
He made his début at the 1886 Charlottenborg December Exhibition with Interior, which Karl Madsen described as "hav[ing] almost the character of a manifesto". From 1888 to 1910 and from 1922 to 1933 he showed works in the Charlottenborg Spring Exhibition, and in 1909 and 1914 in the Autumn Exhibition. He participated in the Association for National Art Exhibitions and was a member of the board of the Kunstforeningen from 1902 to 1905 and from 1909 to 1911. He was twice awarded the academy's annual medal, now the Eckersberg Medal, in 1901 (for Interior) and in 1908 (for Evening), also being made a member of the academy assembly. In 1891 he won a gold medal in Munich.
Holsøe was a friend of Vilhelm Hammershøi, whom he met at the Frie Studieskoler and who depicted him together with his brother Svend Hammershøi, Jens Ferdinand Willumsen, Madsen and Thorvald Bindesbøll in his Five Portraits.
He died in Asserbo, in North Zealand, and is buried in Vinderød churchyard. In 1894 he married Emilie Heise, who was his most frequent model; she died in 1930. On 21 October 1935, shortly before his death, he married Ingeborg Margrethe Knudsen.

## Works

Holsøe's paintings include landscapes, still lifes and flowers, but like Hammershøi he primarily painted domestic interior scenes; they undoubtedly influenced each other, but it is impossible to know who first gravitated towards this subject. It was in general increasingly popular among Danish painters as the country became more industrial, with implications of refuge and restoration from professional life and the city.
Holsøe's works have come to be overshadowed by Hammershøi's: his coloration is less subtle and although there are characteristically one or sometimes a small group of figures, Holsøe's work is less innovative and unemotional by comparison with Hammershøi's expressionism. In his mastery of form and enjoyment of the beauty of things—characteristically high-ceilinged rooms with mahogany furniture—he has been compared to the Dutch masters. His paintings have been forged (with difficulty).
# Falun (symbol)

The Falun (法輪) symbol pictured is used as an emblem by the Falun Gong spiritual group. The term translates literally as "law wheel." Other representations of the Falun (dharma wheel, or Dharmachakra in Sanskrit) are utilized in other Buddhist traditions. In Buddhism, the Dharmachakra represents the completeness of the doctrine. To "turn the wheel of dharma" (Zhuan Falun) means to preach the Buddhist doctrine, and is the title of Falun Gong's main text.
Despite the invocation of Buddhist language and symbols, the law wheel as understood in Falun Gong has distinct connotations, and is held to represent the universe. It is conceptualized by an emblem consisting of one large and four small swastika symbols, representing the Buddha, and four small Taiji (yin-yang) symbols of the Daoist tradition.
It is blazoned as:
   Orange, a chakram Gules fimbriated, charged with a svastika Or of the first. In the first and fourth quarters, a Taiji Sable and Gules; in the second and third quarters, a Taiji Azure and Gules, between four Taijis, four svastikas Or.
# Wilderness, Missouri

Wilderness is an unincorporated community in northeast Oregon County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.
The community is at the end of Missouri Route K within the Irish Wilderness area of the Mark Twain National Forest. The Eleven Point River is three miles to the southeast and Alton is twelve miles to the southeast.

## History

A post office called Wilderness was established in 1882, and remained in operation until 1954. The community derives its name from a region originally called "Irish Wilderness", a former Irish colony which was abandoned on account of Civil War violence.
# Head II

Head II is an oil and tempera on hardboard painting by the Irish-born British figurative artist Francis Bacon. Completed in 1948, it is the second in a series of six heads, painted from the winter of 1948 in preparation for a November 1949 exhibition at the Hanover Gallery, London.
The figure seems half human, half animal, and has disintegrated to an extent that, like the preceding Head I of the series, the entire upper head has disappeared leaving only mouth and jaw. The figure is set in a shallow pictorial space, and is positioned behind curtains that borrow from Titian's 1558 Portrait of Cardinal Filippo Archinto. The curtains are fastened at one point by a safety pin. John Russell sees the curtains as enclosing the figure, as if the walls of a prison or execution dock. Remarking on their dreary and drab appearance he further speculates that they seem "stiffened by fifty year's crasse of a tenth rate lodging-house; or they could be sliding shutters that has been pulled apart to admit a new victim."
The painting's overall grisaille appearance give the impression of x-ray photographs, and the look may have been inspired by K.C. Clark's Positioning In Radiography, a book Bacon often acknowledged as a key source for his work. The painting contains a small arrow just below the figures mouth; the first appearance of a motif the artist was to continue using for the rest of his career.
# 1951–52 Mexican Segunda División season

The 1951-52 Segunda División de México season was the second tournament in this competition. It counted with the participation of ten teams. La Piedad was the winner.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | La Piedad (C) | 18 | 10 | 5 | 3 | 37 | 21 | +16 | 25 |
| 2 | San Sebastián | 18 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 50 | 28 | +22 | 22 |
| 3 | Toluca | 18 | 8 | 5 | 5 | 44 | 34 | +10 | 21 |
| 4 | La Concepción | 18 | 8 | 4 | 6 | 36 | 22 | +14 | 20 |
| 5 | Irapuato | 18 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 29 | 26 | +3 | 18 |
| 6 | Zamora | 18 | 5 | 8 | 5 | 27 | 27 | 0 | 18 |
| 7 | Morelia | 18 | 7 | 4 | 7 | 33 | 39 | −6 | 18 |
| 8 | Moctezuma | 18 | 7 | 3 | 8 | 32 | 31 | +1 | 17 |
| 9 | Querétaro | 18 | 4 | 7 | 7 | 19 | 34 | −15 | 15 |
| 10 | Pachuca | 18 | 3 | 0 | 15 | 21 | 66 | −45 | 6 |

## Results

| Home \ Away | IRA | LCO | LAP | MOC | MOR | PAC | QRO | SEB | TOL | ZAM |
| Irapuato | — | 2–2 | 1–1 | 3–0 | 2–0 | 3–1 | 0–2 | 3–2 | 1–1 | 1–1 |
| La Concepción | 2–0 | — | 1–2 | 2–1 | 5–1 | 5–1 | 4–1 | 2–2 | 1–1 | 3–1 |
| La Piedad | 3–3 | 1–0 | — | 6–2 | 4–0 | 0–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–1 | 2–1 |
| Moctezuma | 0–0 | 1–0 | 1–2 | — | 0–1 | 5–0 | 3–0 | 5–3 | 4–3 | 3–1 |
| Morelia | 2–1 | 1–2 | 3–1 | 1–1 | — | 3–1 | 1–1 | 1–3 | 4–1 | 5–1 |
| Pachuca | 1–0 | 2–5 | 1–6 | 2–3 | 3–4 | — | 2–1 | 0–4 | 3–9 | 0–3 |
| Querétaro | 1–1 | 1–0 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 2–2 | 2–1 | — | 1–1 | 0–0 | 2–2 |
| San Sebastián | 3–2 | 2–1 | 1–2 | 1–0 | 6–1 | 8–1 | 8–1 | — | 3–2 | 0–0 |
| Toluca | 3–5 | 2–0 | 1–2 | 2–0 | 5–3 | 3–1 | 3–1 | 3–1 | — | 5–4 |
| Zamora | 1–1 | 1–1 | 1–0 | 3–3 | 0–0 | 2–0 | 3–0 | 2–1 | 0–0 | — |

## Moves

* La Piedad was promoted to First Division.
* Veracruz was relegated from First Division.
* After this season Atlético Veracruz; Cuautla; Estrella Roja and Monterrey joined the league.
* Pachuca was dissolved
# Wilfrid Montilas

Wilfrid Montilas is a current football manager and former Haitian international footballer.
In October 2016, he won the 2017 Under 20 Caribbean Cup with Haiti U-20, qualifying for the 2017 CONCACAF U-20 Championship.