OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Philatelic Traders' Society

The Philatelic Traders' Society Ltd. (PTS) is a trade association for stamp dealers and philatelic traders which was established in Britain in 1929 and continues to this day.

## Activities

The Society acts as a trade association on behalf of philatelic dealers, providing a Code of Conduct, an Arbitration Scheme, a trade directory, a special insurance scheme and similar services.
The Society has stated that it represents members who trade in philatelic material and who provide professional expertise only and that investment advice and encouraging philatelic investment is outside the scope of the Society.
Through its company PTS Stamp and Coin Exhibitions Ltd it organises the long-running British stamp exhibition Stampex International.
The majority of the Society's members are based in the United Kingdom but there are also a number of international philatelic dealers in the membership.

## History

The society was formed in 1929 and was incorporated as The Philatelic Traders' Society Limited on 14 September 1946. The company is registered at Companies House in Cardiff as company number 419382.
The first Chairman was Albert H. Harris and the first Secretary was Vera Trinder. The current Chair is Simon Carson (2021-) and the current Managing Director is Suzanne Rae.

## People

The current, active PTS Council is available on the society website.
Names of the current PTS Directors can be found at Companies House.
# Supreme Court of Georgia

Supreme Court of Georgia may refer to:
* Supreme Court of Georgia (country)
* Supreme Court of Georgia (U.S. state)
# Carl Frederik Bricka

Carl Frederik Bricka (10 July 1845 – 23 August 1903) was a Danish archivist, historian and biographer.

## Biography

Carl Bricka was born in Copenhagen, Denmark. His father, Frederik Vilhelm Theodor Bricka (1809–79), was a medical doctor. He attended Metropolitanskolen and earned his Magister degree from the University of Copenhagen (1870). He became an assistant at the Danish Royal Library in 1871. During the period 1883–97, he was employed in the Danish National Archives, after which he became the department head (Rigsarkivar).
Bricka became a member of the board of the Danish Historical Society and edited the historical magazine published by the association (1878–97). He also served as editor of Danske Magazin (1883–1901). From 1885 until his death in 1903, he was the publisher of the Dansk biografisk lexikon: tillige omfattende Norge for Tidsrummet 1537–1814. The first edition of this Danish biographic encyclopedia was published by Gyldendal in 19 volumes between 1887 and 1905. He died in Copenhagen and was buried at Frederiksberg Ældre Kirkegård.
# Toqoqan

Toqoqan was a member of the ruling family of the Mongol Empire. He was a son of the khan of the Golden Horde, Batu. Through his father, he was also a great-grandson of the Mongol emperor Genghis Khan. Though Toqoqan never reigned himself, many subsequent khans were descended from him.
His chief wife was Köchü Khatun, also known as Buka Ujin of the Oirats. Her father (or possibly brother) was Buqa-Temür, who was a grandson of Genghis Khan through his daughter Checheikhen.
Toqoqan had five sons, of whom the eldest, Tartu, became father of the Khan Talabuga. Two further sons, Mengu-Timur and Tode Mongke, both by Köchü Khatun, were also khans of the Golden Horde.
# Courage LC75

The Courage LC75 is a Le Mans Prototype race car, designed, developed and built by French manufacturer Courage, based on the Courage LC70 LMP1 car, and designed by Courage to compete in the LMP2 class in the Le Mans Series and the 24 Hours of Le Mans.
The car was transformed by HPD (Honda Performance Development) into the American Le Mans Series-winning Acura ARX-01.

## Awards

While the LC75 itself wasn't very successful, its evolution, redesigned and engineered by HPD took several titles in the American Le Mans Series. The car did not enjoy the sporting and commercial success of its predecessor the Courage C65.

## Chassis

Only two chassis have carried the name LC75, no other LC70 chassis has been configured for the LMP2 category.
Chassis n°1 is the first of the LC70 & LC75 series, it was used in 2006 for driving tests and tune-ups. Noël Del Bello Racing used it in 2007 before it was used again for testing as part of Oreca's development of the FLM09 in 2008. It has been owned by Pegasus Racing since 2009.
Chassis n°2 was purchased by Saulnier Racing, which entered it on behalf of Swiss Spirit in 2006 and under its own name in 2007. After the team was taken over by Jacques Nicolet, the car was replaced by the Pescarolo 01 and is sold to Ibañez Racing Service.
| No. | Year | Model | Team | Engine | Championship |
| 1 | 2006 | LC75 | Courage Compétition | Mecachrome | No commitment / Use for testing and development |
| 1 | 2007 | LC75 | Noël Del Bello Racing | AER P07 | Le Mans Series / 24 Hours of Le Mans |
| 1 | 2008 | LC75 | Oreca | AER P07 | No commitment / Use for testing and development |
| 1 | 2009-2010 | LC75 | Pegasus Racing | AER P07 | Le Mans Series |
| 1 | 2011 | LC75 | Pegasus Racing | HPD V6 bi-turbo | |
| 2 | 2006 | LC70 | Swiss Spirit | Judd GV5 V10 | Le Mans Series / 24 Hours of Le Mans |
| 2 | 2007 | LC75 | Saulnier Racing | Judd GV5 V10 | Le Mans Series / 24 Hours of Le Mans |
| 2 | 2009-2011 | LC75 | Ibañez Racing Service | AER P07 | Le Mans Series |
# Nissarana Vanaya Meditation System

The Nissarana Vanaya Meditation System was developed by Matara Sri Ñāṇārāma Mahathera, the first Upajjhaya of Sri Kalyani Yogasrama Samstha. This Buddhist meditation system uses samatha and vipassanā techniques in combination to allow what it claims are more intense insight results than ‘dry insight’ meditation. It was refined over decades by the head monks of the Nissarana Vanaya.

## History

In the 1960s, after the sixth Buddhist council had given Mahasi Sayadaw an eminent role in the Buddhist meditation revival, he was invited by the Sri Lankan government to train, teach and help establish vipassana meditation centers in Sri Lanka. At that time a group of meditation monks received the opportunity to privately train and practice with Mahasi Sayadaw. Among those was the Matara Sri Ñāṇārāma Mahathera.
Mahasi Sayadaw made him the main vipassana teacher after his departure and a friend of Matara Sri Ñāṇanārāma Mahathera invited him to lead the training facility for meditation in a newly founded association of forest monasteries, the Nissarana Vanaya.
Over the years Ñāṇārāma Mahathera added instructions to the Burmese system. One of the fundamental additions was a greater emphasis on concentration meditation as well as a carefully designed set of standardized instructions which helped newly ordained forest monks to methodically develop their concentration and insight faculties.
During this time Ñāṇārāma Mahathera published two books on insight meditation: The seven stages of purification and The seven contemplations. In the late 1980s, one of his foremost students, a former lecturer for Pali, the Katukurunde Ñāṇananda held 33 discourses on the topic Nibbana.
Many meditation teachers visited the monastery during this time (Ayya Khema) or were influenced by its meditation methodologies.
During the last decade of Ñāṇārāma Mahathera's life the meditation system was refined in its approach towards labeling and noting in vipassana meditation. The amount of labels was reduced, the importance of concentration meditation intensified.
Currently this system is taught in many of Sri Lankan forest monasteries which were influenced by Ñāṇārāma Mahathera.

## Followers

Famous meditation teachers who were trained in this system or variants thereof include:
* Ayya Khema
* Bhikkhu Ñāṇananda
* Nauyane Ariyadhamma Mahathera
* Balangoda Ananda Maitreya Thero
* Bhikkhu Dhammajīva, current abbot of the Nissarana Vanaya forest hermitage
* Mitra Wettimuny, a famous Sri Lankan lay meditation instructor
* Amatagavesi, a famous Sri Lankan meditation teacher
* Pannyavaro
* Several Western students now teaching in Great Britain, the US and Sri Lanka
# Carl Frederik Fearnley

Carl Frederik Fearnley (born 19 December 1818 in Frederikshald, died 22 August 1890 in Christiania) was a Norwegian astronomer and Professor at the Royal Frederick University. He was the brother of romantic painter Thomas Fearnley.
Fearnley was the son of merchant Thomas Fearnley (1768–1834) and Maren Sophie Paus (1782–1838). He graduated in mineralogy in 1844, and became an observer at the Royal Frederick University Observatory the same year. From 1849 to 1852 he visited leading observatories in Europe. In 1857, he became lecturer and in 1861, the managing observator of the observatory. In 1865 he became professor of astronomy.
His major work is Zonenbeobachtungen der Sterne zwischen 64° 50' und 70° 10' nördlicher Declination (1888), co-authored with his observator Hans Geelmuyden (1844–1920). He published articles in Astronomische Nachrichten and Forhandlinger i Videnskabsselskabet i Kristiania. He initiated the founding of the Norwegian Meteorological Institute in 1864.
# Coat of arms of Moncton

The coat of arms of Moncton is the municipal symbol of Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada. It is on the city's flag, as well.

## Design
### Supporters

The supporters of this coat of arms are: a blacksmith on the left, and a farmer on the right.

### Shield

The shield consists of: a beehive and wheat on the upper half, a locomotive on the lower left, and the Petitcodiac tidal bore on the lower right.

### Motto

The motto Resurgo means I rise again.
# Better Regulation Commission

The Better Regulation Commission was a non-departmental public body of the British government, independent of any government department but under the oversight of Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform.
Its role, according to its Terms of Reference was "To advise the Government on action to reduce unnecessary regulatory and administrative burdens, and ensure that regulation and its enforcement are proportionate, accountable, consistent, transparent and targeted". The Commission closed in January 2008 and was replaced by the Better Regulation Executive.

## Background

"Better regulation" had been a theme of government action in the United Kingdom since the establishment of an advisory Better Regulation Task Force in 1997. The task force was replaced by a permanent body, the Better Regulation Commission, on 1 January 2006 and the Government said it was committed to implementing its recommendations.
The task force estimated the total cost of regulation to the UK economy at 10–12% of GDP, or £100 billion, taking into account the related policy work.
The framework for action in the UK included principles, regulatory impact assessments, simplification plans, and post-implementation reviews.

## The UK principles of better regulation

Five principles were identified by the Better Regulation Task Force in 1997 as the basic tests of whether any regulation is fit for purpose.

### Proportionality

    Regulators should intervene only when necessary. Remedies should be appropriate to the risk posed, and costs identified and minimised.

### Accountability

    Regulators should be able to justify decisions and be subject to public scrutiny.

### Consistency

    Government rules and standards must be joined up and implemented fairly.

### Transparency

    Regulators should be open, and keep regulations simple and user-friendly.

### Targeting

    Regulation should be focused on the problem and minimise side effects.
The Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006 was passed to establish statutory principles of good regulation based on the work of the task force. The Act obliges regulatory bodies to have regard to the principles and a code of practice.
# Daylight on Saturday

Daylight on Saturday is a 1943 novel by the British writer J.B. Priestley. It follows the various employees of an aircraft factory during the Second World War. The title was a reference to the fact that workers only see daylight at the weekends.
# Colaz

Colaz, from the Friuli region of Italy, is a donut-shaped baked cookie made of wheat flour, butter, salt, leavening agent, and sugar. They are flavored with vanillin, cinnamon and cloves. A type of Confirmation biscuit, they are typical in Friuli and especially Carnia. Like a brasadé in Oltrepo Pavese during the nineteenth century, they are prepared for the sacrament of confirmation, tied with a ribbon, and used to decorate the confirmand's clothes. The biscuit surface is painted with egg yolk and decorated with colored confectionery. Pink or light blue ribbon is used. It is listed in the Ark of Taste.
# Bowsman

Bowsman is an unincorporated urban community in the Municipality of Minitonas – Bowsman, Manitoba, Canada.
The community is 16 kilometres north of the Town of Swan River. Bowsman was originally incorporated as a village in 1949, but lost that status upon its amalgamation with the Rural Municipality of Minitonas on 1 January 2015.
The economy is supported by agriculture and logging. Currently the community offers a hotel with restaurant, lounge, and bar, K–8 school, hockey arena, curling rink, 3 baseball diamonds, library, post office.

## History

Bowsman was originally incorporated as a village in 1949. J.B. Tyrell, a surveyor, came up with the name "Bowsman" after the first man out of the bow of the boat who touched the land. Originally known as "Bowsman River" because of the river, the name was shortened to Bowsman in 1952.
From 1948-1953 Bowsman had a semi-pro baseball team. From 1952 to 1955 they competed in the Manitoba-Saskatchewan League. This team was inducted into the Manitoba Baseball Hall of Fame in 2001.
On 1 January 2015, Bowsman lost its status as a village upon its amalgamation with the Rural Municipality of Minitonas.

### Biffy Burning

Bowsman completed their first municipal sewer lines and sewage treatment plant in October 1966. The project connected the majority of homes in town to the town sewer lines. For many people, this was the day that their outdoor pit toilet or "biffy" was replaced by an indoor flush toilet. Trucks hauled the discarded wooden biffies to make a large pile near the new sewage plant.
On New Year's Eve, 31 December 1966, residents gathered to celebrate the beginning of Canada's Centennial year and the arrival of community sewer service by burning the pile of their old outhouses.
A monument to commemorate the day of the "Biffy Burning" was dedicated on Canada Day, 1970. In 1971, postal codes in Manitoba were introduced; Bowsman's postal code was changed to R0L 0H0 which is said to stand for "Roll Our Loyal Out Houses Over" in honour of this event.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bowsman had a population of 237 living in 105 of its 127 total private dwellings, a change of 9.5% from its 2016 population of 262. With a land area of 2.74 km$^2$ (1.06 sq mi), it had a population density of 86.5/km$^2$ (224.0/sq mi) in 2021.
# Suresh Chandra

Suresh Chandra was an Indian politician, elected to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India as a member of the Indian National Congress.
# Philenora elegans

Philenora elegans is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae first described by Arthur Gardiner Butler in 1877. It is found in Australia.
# Cnaphalocrocis iolealis

Cnaphalocrocis iolealis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1859. It is found in China and on Borneo.
# Carl Severin Bentzen

Carl Severin Bentzen, often called C. S. Bentzen (13 September 1882 – 1956) was a Norwegian tailor and politician for the Labour and Social Democratic Labour parties.
He was a son of tailor Wilhelm Julius Bentzen (1855–1911) and Sofie Nilson (1859–1936), and learned the trade from his father. He studied further in Kristiania, Copenhagen and Berlin. He completed his Gesellenprüfung in 1904, and acquired burghership in Hønefoss in 1911. He had joined the labour movement in 1904, and was a member of the executive committee of Hønefoss city council from 1910 to 1922, serving as mayor from 1913 to 1915. He founded the first trade union in Ringerike, in 1903, and was also involved in the temperance movement as the county leader of Det Norske Totalavholdsselskap.
He stood for general election several times, first in the single-member constituency Kongsberg og Hønefoss. In the 1912 election, Bentzen was the deputy candidate of J. O. Jarnæs, but the constituency was carried by Nils Gulliksen Berg. In the 1915 election, Bentzen (with Jarnæs as running mate) won the first round against Berg with 2,394 against 1,684 votes; but lost the second round with 2,753 against 3,038 votes. In 1918 he was however elected, and from 1919 to 1921 he served one term in the Parliament of Norway, representing the urban constituency Kongsberg, Hønefoss og Notodden. He headed his ballot in the Market towns of Buskerud county for the 1921 general election but was not re-elected.
Bentzen was a member of the Labour Party's central board from 1915 to 1918. He also represented his party in the Defence Commission of 1920. In 1921 he left the Labour Party, joined the Social Democratic Labour Party. He was a member of their national board from 1921 to 1927. The two parties then reunited. From 1923 to 1925 he was the burgomaster of Hønefoss. He was again a councilman from 1931 to 1941, and mayor briefly in 1946.
During the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany he was arrested and incarcerated in Grini concentration camp from 20 September to 28 November 1944, then in Akershus Fortress until the war's end. He died in 1956.
Together with Anna Gulliksen (1884–1942) he had the son Torfinn Bentzen, a barrister and conservative politician.
# Berry Cemetery

Berry Cemetery, also known as Holy Resurrection Cemetery, is a historic cemetery located near Ash Grove, Greene County, Missouri. It was established about 1875, and is a small, rural African-American cemetery. It contains 48 marked graves dating from 1875 to 1948. It may also contain Native American burials in three burial mounds.$^{:5}$
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.
# Dosburg Online

Dosburg Online is the thirty-third album by Klaus Schulze. It was originally released in 1997, and in 2006 was the twenty-first Schulze album reissued by Revisited Records. Dosburg Online was released after Schulze's Silver Edition and Historic Edition 10-disc CD box sets, as well as Jubilee Edition 25-disc CD box set, technically making this album his seventy-eighth. This is the second of two reissues not to feature a bonus track (the other being Miditerranean Pads).

## Track listing

All tracks composed by Klaus Schulze, except where noted.

## Personnel

* Klaus Schulze – keyboards, drum machine, sequencers
* Jorg Schaaf – keyboards, sequencers
* Roelof Oostwoud – operatic vocals
# Colaxes nitidiventris

Colaxes nitidiventris is a jumping spider species that lives in India. It was discovered by Eugène Simon in 1900 and is the type species for the genus Colaxes.
# Tri-tet oscillator

A tri-tet oscillator is a crystal-controlled vacuum tube electronic oscillator circuit. It is a type of electron-coupled oscillator (ECO), which uses a tetrode or pentode tube.
The tri-tet was introduced by James J. Lamb in the June 1933 issue of QST magazine.
In an ECO, the screen grid acts as a plate for the triode oscillator. Some of the electrons pass through the screen grid to the plate, causing a current to flow in the load. This effectively isolates the oscillator portion from the load, so that loading does not affect the operating frequency.
In the schematic shown, the C1/L1 tank circuit control the current through the crystal. It is normally tuned a point between the crystal's fundamental frequency and its first harmonic.
The C2/L2 tank circuit is tuned to the desired harmonic.
D+ acts as the "plate" voltage for the tetrode, and is slightly less than B+.

## Tri-Tet in popular culture

Jean Shepherd occasionally mentioned the tri-tet oscillator in his writing and radio shows. It was used as the oscillator in one of the first amateur radio transmitters he used.
# Godkin Lectures

The Edwin L. Godkin Lecture is an annual lecture hosted by Harvard Kennedy School at Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.
The lecture series was founded in 1903 and named in honor of Edwin L. Godkin, the Irish-American journalist who founded The Nation. When Lord Bryce delivered the first Godkin Lecture in 1903, Harvard president Charles William Eliot gave the introduction and said, "These lectures upon government and civic duty are in remembrance of a man who gave his life to the public through the medium of the press . . . Mr. Godkin was a man of remarkable vigor and great candor, and unremitting devotion to lofty ideals of public duty." The Godkin Lectures have been delivered by Lord Bryce, Heinrich Brüning, C. P. Snow, Edward Heath, Walter Heller, McGeorge Bundy, John M. Deutch, Walter Lippmann, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Nelson Rockefeller, Paul Samuelson, Derek Bok, and Clark Kerr, among others.
# Suresh Chandra Roy

Suresh Chandra Roy was elected Sheriff of Calcutta for two consecutive years in 1957 and 1958. He was also awarded the Padma Bhushan, India's prestigious third-highest civilian award, for Trade and Industry in 1971. He further served on the Kolkata local board of the State Bank of India in 1957.
# Cnaphalocrocis limbalis

Cnaphalocrocis limbalis is a moth of the family Crambidae described by Alfred Ernest Wileman in 1911. It is found in Taiwan and Japan.
The wingspan is 16–17 mm. Adults are on wing in February.
# Carduus acanthoides

Carduus acanthoides, known as the spiny plumeless thistle, welted thistle, or plumeless thistle, is a biennial plant species of thistle in the family Asteraceae. The plant is native to Europe and Asia and introduced in many other areas, where it is sometimes considered an invasive species.

## Description

Carduus acanthoides may exceed 2 metres (6.6 ft) in height and can form weedy monotypic stands. The stem and foliage are spiny and sometimes woolly. The specific epithet acanthoides refers to its spiny foliage. The plant starts from a flat, basal rosette and then bolts an erect stem with occasional toothed, wrinkled, spiny leaves. The leaves are 4–8 in (10–20 cm) long with lobed or pinnately-divided edges. The abaxial surface (underside) of the leaf is somewhat hairy.
At the top of each branch of the stem is an inflorescence of one to several flower heads, each rounded, covered in spiny phyllaries, and bearing many threadlike, purple or pink disc florets. Each flowerhead is around 0.5–1 in (13–25 mm) across. It flowers throughout the summer and early fall. The achenes are 2–3 mm long, four-angled, with faint lengthwise stripes. The fluffy pappus bristles are 11–13 mm long. After flowering and setting seed, it dies.
* Carduus acanthoides in Germany
* Flowering and fruiting
* Leaf adaxial side.
* Leaf abaxial side.

## Distribution and habitat

Carduus acanthoides is native from France, Italy, and western Turkey; through Russia and Kazakhstan; to China. In its native range the plant is found in open grasslands and disturbed areas, and in non-native ranges it is a weed of annual grasslands, roadsides, fields and pastures, and disturbed areas.
The plant has introduced broadly across much of North America where it is sometimes considered a noxious weed or invasive species. The California Department of Food and Agriculture has an active program to control known populations. It spreads through its seeds. Each plant creates around 1,000 seeds. However, the plant has beneficial impacts on the native bees in North America.
Although first noted in 1962 in the Chicago region, it has not been seen since 1985. In Michigan and Wisconsin, it does not occur in remnant, native habitats, but rather those with a history of disturbance, such as railroad right-of-ways, roadsides, and farm fields.