OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Mount Samsari

Mount Samsari (Georgian: სამსარი) is a peak of the Abul-Samsari Range in Southern Georgia. The elevation of the mountain is 3,285 metres (10,778 ft) above sea level. Mount Samsari represents a volcanic cone, inside of which lies a caldera with a diameter of 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) with a semicircular ridge surrounding it. The formation of the caldera is linked to local fault systems. The floor of the caldera is lined with rocks and glacial debris as well as small lakes and contains volcanokarst formations. The caldera rim contains traces of previous glaciation, including cirques. The mountain was built up during the late Quaternary period and is made up of andesites, dacites and rhyolites. The slopes of Samsari are mainly devoid of vegetation. The caldera formed roughly 200ka ago.
# Birmingham Rewound

Birmingham Rewound is an ongoing non-profit website established with the goal of documenting memories from the Birmingham, Alabama area. The site debuted in January 2005 in response to the Birmingham community’s interest in preserving local history. Russell Wells is the webmaster, with Tim Hollis assisting in providing local data and historical information. Hollis has written several books on the Birmingham area and Southeast Culture. Monthly features appear on the Birmingham Rewound website on various topics of local interest, including local newspaper articles and memories. The site has over 10,000 visits a month from people worldwide. The Alabama Broadcasters Association has recognized the site as a valuable database of Huntsville Metro TV/radio information.
# Soil crust

Soil crusts are soil surface layers that are distinct from the rest of the bulk soil, often hardened with a platy surface. Depending on the manner of formation, soil crusts can be biological or physical. Biological soil crusts are formed by communities of microorganisms that live on the soil surface whereas physical crusts are formed by physical impact such as that of raindrops.

## Biological soil crusts

Biological soil crusts are communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid- and semi-arid ecosystems. They are found throughout the world with varying species composition and cover depending on topography, soil characteristics, climate, plant community, microhabitats, and disturbance regimes. Biological soil crusts perform important ecological roles including carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation, soil stabilization, alter soil albedo and water relations, and affect germination and nutrient levels in vascular plants. They can be damaged by fire, recreational activity, grazing, and other disturbance and can require long time periods to recover composition and function. Biological soil crusts are also known as cryptogamic, microbiotic, microphytic, or cryptobiotic soils.

## Physical soil crusts

Physical (as opposed to biological) soil crusts results from raindrop or trampling impacts. They are often hardened relative to uncrusted soil due to the accumulation of salts and silica. These can coexist with biological soil crusts, but have different ecological impact due to their difference in formation and composition. Physical soil crusts often reduce water infiltration, can inhibit plant establishment, and when disrupted can be eroded rapidly.
# Tobias Huber

Tobias Huber (25 August 1971 in Waldkirch) is a German nephrologist and internist. He is university professor and Director and Chairman of the III. Department of Medicine at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf.

## Biography

Huber studied human medicine in Freiburg, Vienna and Tampa from 1992 until 1999. Following his promotion at the Institute of Physiology in Freiburg, he was medical assistant at the nephrologists unit of the University Hospital Freiburg. From 2003 until 2006 Huber was receiving an Emmy Noether scholarship of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and worked as Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Immunology and Pathology at Washington University in St. Louis. After his habilitation in 2007, Huber was certified as a specialist in internal medicine and became group leader of an Emmy Noether research group in Freiburg. In 2012 Huber had been elected as Heisenberg Fellow and since 2013 he has been holding a Heisenberg professorship for Medicine and Nephrology at the University Medical Center Freiburg. From 2015- 2017 Huber was Vice Chair of the Department of Medicine IV, Chief of the Division of Chronic Kidney Disease at the University Medical Center Freiburg and furthermore, Co-Director of the Center of Systems Biology (ZBSA). Since April 2017 he is the Director and Chairman of the III. Department of Medicine at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf. Huber is a Fellow of the American Society of Nephrology (FASN) and a member of the American Society for Clinical Investigation a member of the Association of American Physicians and a member of the German National Academy of Sciences – Leopoldina.

## Scientific contribution

Huber's research focus is to understand the complex signaling networks that regulate the development, maintenance and disease progression of the kidney. His team identified several molecular mechanisms important for renal development, maintenance, ageing and disease of the kidney. More recently his team made novel discoveries regarding the tropism and organ injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Puelles et al. NEJM 2020, Braun et al., LANCET 2020, Gross et al., LANCET, 2020).
# Tippin'

Tippin' is an album by saxophonist Jim Snidero which was recorded in 2007 and released on the Savant label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
In his review on Allmusic, Scott Yanow states "After nearly a quarter-century of other musical experiences, he sat in with his friend, organist Mike LeDonne, in 2006 and enjoyed returning to the basic blues, ballads and standards. Their 2007 recording features Snidero playing more boppish and a bit more basic than one might expect, perfectly fitting into the idiom. He caresses the melodies of ballads and brings out the bluish side of the faster tunes". In JazzTimes, Mike Shanley wrote "Alto saxophonist Jim Snidero’s beefy tone and fleet attack evokes Cannonball Adderley in many places on Tippin' . At the same time, Snidero takes these comparisons and places them in a context that contrasts with Adderley’s setting of choice: the organ trio" On All About Jazz, John Barron called it " a spirited session of burners, ballads and blues" stating "There's nothing startling about Tippin' . It's just hip, swinging music performed exceptionally well. Snidero and crew leave a soulful impression".

## Track listing

All compositions by Jim Snidero except where noted
* "Tippin'" – 5:15
* "Let's Be Frank (Dedicated to Frank Wess)" – 5:41
* "Young Like" (Mike LeDonne) – 6:39
* "The More I See You" (Harry Warren, Mack Gordon) – 5:46
* "Lover Man (Oh, Where Can You Be?)" (Jimmy Davis, Ram Ramirez, James Sherman) – 5:28
* "You Stepped out of a Dream" (Nacio Herb Brown, Gus Kahn) – 4:28
* "K2" – 6:32
* "Alone Together" (Arthur Schwartz, Howard Dietz) – 7:00
* "Fried Oysters" – 5:08

## Personnel

* Jim Snidero – alto saxophone
* Mike LeDonne – Hammond B3
* Paul Bollenback – guitar
* Tony Reedus – drums
# Timothy Naftali

Timothy Naftali (born January 31, 1962) is a Canadian American historian who is clinical associate professor of public service at New York University. He has written four books, two of them co-authored with Alexander Fursenko on the Cuban Missile Crisis and Nikita Khrushchev. He is a regular CNN contributor as a CNN presidential historian.

## Early life and education

Naftali was born in Montreal and at one point worked as an aide to Robert Bourassa. In 2007, he told the Toronto Star that he left Canada for the US in response to Quebec's language laws:
   It seemed to me that the deck was stacked against civil liberties and I preferred to be in a country where I didn't have to worry about what language I spoke.
He earned his undergraduate degree from Yale, and later obtained graduate degrees from Johns Hopkins and Harvard.

## Career

Naftali's area of focus was the history of counterterrorism and the Cold War. Before becoming director of the Nixon Library in 2007, Naftali had been an associate professor at the University of Virginia, where he directed the Miller Center of Public Affairs' Presidential Recordings Program. In the 1990s, he taught at the University of Hawaii and Yale University.
He served as a consultant to the 9/11 Commission, which commissioned him to write an unclassified history of American counterterrorism policy. This was later expanded into his 2005 book Blind Spot: The Secret History of American Counterterrorism.
From 2007 to 2011, he directed the Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum. He was appointed when control of the Library was transferred from the Richard Nixon Foundation to the National Archives and Records Administration. His biggest task at the library was to present a more objective and unbiased picture of the Watergate scandal—a task completed in March 2011, when the Library's new Watergate gallery opened and received extensive news coverage. Naftali left the Nixon Library later that year.

## Personal life

Naftali is gay. He has said that he has faced discrimination for his sexual orientation in the past.

## Selected publications

* 1997: One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (with Aleksandr Fursenko): ISBN 0393040704
* 2001: John F. Kennedy: The Great Crises (edited with Philip D. Zelikow and Ernest R. May): ISBN 039304954X
* 2005: Blind Spot: The Secret History of American Counterterrorism: ISBN 0465092810
* 2006: Khrushchev's Cold War: The Inside Story of an American Adversary (with Aleksandr Fursenko), which won the Duke of Westminster's Medal for Military Literature: ISBN 0393058093
* 2007: George H. W. Bush: ISBN 9780805069662
* 2018: Impeachment: An American History
# Somatochlora walshii

Somatochlora walshii, the brush-tipped emerald, is a species of emerald dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is found in North America.
The IUCN conservation status of Somatochlora walshii is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable.
# Somatochlora whitehousei

Somatochlora whitehousei, or Whitehouse's emerald, is a species of emerald dragonfly in the family Corduliidae. It is found in North America.
The IUCN conservation status of Somatochlora whitehousei is "LC", least concern, with no immediate threat to the species' survival. The population is stable. The IUCN status was reviewed in 2017.
# Solatopupa juliana

Solatopupa juliana is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Chondrinidae.

## Distribution

This species is present in the Italian mainland, with a peri-Tyrrhenian distribution, meaning around the Tyrrhenian Sea.

## Description

The shell size reaches 10–15 millimetres (0.39–0.59 in) in length.
# Birthmark (disambiguation)

A birthmark is a blemish on the skin formed before birth.
Birthmark may also refer to:
* "Birthmarks" (House), an episode of the television series House
* Birthmark (Teen Titans), an episode of the television series Teen Titans
* "The Birth-Mark", a romantic short story written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1846
* Birthmark is the pseudonym of Nate Kinsella, an American musician

## Music

* Birthmark (album) 2013, by Lotte Anker
* Birthmarks (Ozark Henry album)
* Birthmarks (Born Ruffians album) 2013
# Austrian Chronicle of the 95 Rulers

The Austrian Chronicle of the 95 Rulers (Österreichische Chronik von den 95 Herrschaften ) of Leopold von Wien (formerly known as Leopold Steinreuter) of Vienna (lived ca. 1340–1400) is a 14th-century chronicle compiled by order of Albert III, Duke of Austria.
The chronicle is notable for recording legendary history from the time of Noah, constructing an ancestry of the Dukes of Austria connecting them with biblical rulers of the Kingdom of Israel. It exerted considerable influence on 15th century Austrian historiography, a fact underscored by its preservation in more than 50 manuscripts (among these Cod. 2820 foll. 33ra–171vb in the Austrian National Library).
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the popularity of the chronicle waned rapidly due to its assumed fictional content, and it remained unedited until the early 20th century.
Since its edition, it has played a certain role in proving Biblical history, particularly in US American Biblical literalism, in publications such as those of Herman L. Hoeh and Herbert W. Armstrong of the Worldwide Church of God, who took the chronicle's genealogies at face value to postulate that, e.g.,
    "European civilization — and its history — is as old as Egypt's. But it has been suppressed. Not since the close of the seventeenth century has it been allowed to be taught publicly." (Hoeh (1963), vol. 2 ch. 3)

## Edition

* Joseph Seemüller (ed.), "Österreichische Chronik von den 95 Herrschaften", Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Deutsche Chroniken 6.1, 1909), 1980 reprint: ISBN 3-921575-53-2 (facsimile)
# Mitrella peregrina

Mitrella peregrina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 7.1 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Loyalty Ridge, off Lifou Island
# Lương Chí Dũng

Lương Chí Dũng (D without Đ is pronounced "Zung", born 21 January 1985) is a Vietnamese professional pool player. He reached the quarter-finals in the 2006 Men's World Nine-ball Championship before losing to Li He-wen. In 2007 he reached the round of 32, before losing to Satoshi Kawabata from Japan.
He has won two silver medals at South East Asian Games, and made the semi-finals of the 2006 World Cup of Pool.
# Tylototriton notialis

Tylototriton notialis, also known as the Laos knobby newt, southern crocodile newt, or Khammouan crocodile newt, is a species of newt in the family Salamandridae. It is only known from Khammouane province, central Laos. The Vietnamese record has been described as a new species, Tylototriton thaiorum.
The type locality is an evergreen mixed deciduous–pine forest in the Nakai-Nam Theun Biodiversity Conservation Area; the newts were found in and near a small stream. It is likely that Tylototriton notialis will also be found in adjacent areas of Vietnam. Based on molecular genetic data, it belongs to the Tylototriton asperrimus group of knobby newts. Tylototriton notialis is a small newt, with total length of about 11–14 cm (4.3–5.5 in).
# Amphilochius of Sida

Amphilochius of Sida (or Side, located in Pamphylia.) was a bishop of the first half of the fifth century, member of the Council of Ephesus (432), where he vigorously opposed the Messalians and subscribed to the condemnation and deposition of Nestorius.
He does not seem to have been equally firm at a later period. Even if he did not assist at the "Robber Council" of Ephesus (449), he showed great sympathy for Dioscorus of Alexandria at the Council of Chalcedon, and consented with reluctance to his condemnation.
He subscribed to the "tomus" of Pope Leo, and the canons of Chalcedon, although later he wrote to the Emperor Leo I (458) that he did not acknowledge the authority of that council. Photius quotes (Bibl. Cod., 230) Eulogius of Alexandria (579-607) in evidence of a later acceptance and subscription by Amphilochius. Only one brief letter-fragment has reached us (P.G., LXXVII, 1515–16).
# Second Hand Heart (Gary Morris song)

"Second Hand Heart" is a song written by Mark Gray, Harold Tipton and Craig Karp, and recorded by American country music artist Gary Morris. It was released in July 1984 as the second single from the album Faded Blue. The song reached #7 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.

## Chart positions

| Chart (1984) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 7 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 6 |
# Christopher Agius

Christopher (Chris) Agius is a Maltese politician from the Labour Party. He has been a Member of Parliament representing District 2 since the 1996 Maltese general election.
# Vallonia perspectiva

Vallonia perspectiva or thin-lip vallonia is a species of small, air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Valloniidae.

## Distribution

It is native to the United States and Canada.
# Agnolo Monosini

Agnolo Monosini (Pratovecchio 1568 – Florence 1626) was an Italian scholar and cleric of the 16th and 17th centuries, who played a key role in the development of the Italian language two hundred years prior to the risorgimento.
He was a native of Pratovecchio and studied with the Accademia della Crusca in Florence, where he contributed to its first Vocabolario della lingua italiana, published in 1623, in particular adding an index of Greek words.

## A passion for words

Monosini had one craze which consumed all his intellectual energies: that of proving the Greek origins of the Florentine idiom, which would one day develop into modern Italian. He was reacting to French writers of the period who took great pains to relate their own language directly with Ancient Greek, bypassing the inheritance of Latin and Italian and Alpine Humanism.
The relationships that Monosini develops between Greek and his contemporary vernacular rather suffer from his unconditional enthusiasm, with the result that the associations proposed are often cumbersome and sometimes quite bizarre.

## Floris Italicae

In his key work, Floris Italicae linguae libri novem (The Flower of Italian Language in a nine books) published in 1604, he collected many vernacular Italian proverbs and idioms, and compared and contrasted them with Greek and Latin.
Floris Italicae particularly concentrated on proverbs and language from Tuscany and the high Maremma, and thus included many aspects of the ‘vulgar’ vernacular language which were to become part of the official Italian language at the time of the Risorgimento.
Floris Italicae was re-published in 2011, with a companion volume of etymology and proverbs from the period.
# Agnolo degli Erri

Agnolo degli Erri (1440–1482) was an Italian Gothic painter of the Italian Renaissance.
Agnolo degli Erri, along with his brothers Bartolomeo and Bartolomeo Bonascia, are considered key figures of the Quattrocento movement in Modena. He likely painted the triptych of the Coronation of the Virgin at the Galleria Estense (1462 and 1466). It is likely that his brother was also involved in this work. The art historian Roberto Longhi also assigns a secondary interest to a series of paintings of scenes from the lives of the saints. An altarpiece dedicated to Saint Peter from the church of San Domenico in Modena, today in the Galleria nazionale di Parma, has also been attributed to Agnolo degli Erri.
# Aglossosia

Aglossosia is a genus of moths in the subfamily Arctiinae.

## Species

* Aglossosia albescens
* Aglossosia aurantiacella
* Aglossosia chrysargyria
* Aglossosia consimilis
* Aglossosia deceptans
* Aglossosia flavimarginata
* Aglossosia fusca
* Aglossosia fuscicincta
* Aglossosia metaleuca
* Aglossosia persimilis
* Aglossosia semisericea
# Aglossorrhyncha

Aglossorrhyncha is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family Orchidaceae. It contains 13 currently recognized species, native to eastern Indonesia, New Guinea, and various islands in the Pacific Ocean.
* Aglossorrhyncha aurea Schltr. in K.M.Schumann & C.A.G.Lauterbach - New Guinea, Bismarcks, Solomons
* Aglossorrhyncha biflora J.J.Sm. - Maluku, New Guinea, Solomons, Fiji, Vanuatu
* Aglossorrhyncha bilobula Kores - Fiji
* Aglossorrhyncha fruticicola J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
* Aglossorrhyncha galanthiflora J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
* Aglossorrhyncha jabiensis J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
* Aglossorrhyncha lucida Schltr. - New Guinea
** Aglossorrhyncha lucida var. dischorensis Schltr.
** Aglossorrhyncha lucida var. lucida
** Aglossorrhyncha lucida var. wariana Schltr.
* Aglossorrhyncha micronesiaca Schltr. - Palau
* Aglossorrhyncha peculiaris J.J.Sm. - New Guinea
* Aglossorrhyncha serrulata Schltr. - New Guinea
* Aglossorrhyncha stenophylla Schltr. - New Guinea
* Aglossorrhyncha torricellensis Schltr. - New Guinea
* Aglossorrhyncha viridis Schltr. - New Guinea
# Agni, Karnataka

Agni is a panchayat village in the southern state of Karnataka, India. Administratively, Agni is under Shorapur Taluka of Yadgir District in Karnataka. The village of Agni is 1.5 km by road west of the village of Agthirth and 14 km by road north of the village of Hunasagi. The nearest railhead is in Yadgir.
There are eight villages in the gram panchayat: Agni, Agthirth, Amlihal, Badlapur-Becharak, Bendartalhalli, Handral, Huvinhalli, and Karibhavi.

## Demographics

As of 2001 census, the village of Agni had 1,920 inhabitants, with 926 males and 994 females.
As of 2011 census, the village of Agni had a population of 2,233.
# Vanillic acid

Vanillic acid (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid derivative used as a flavoring agent. It is an oxidized form of vanillin. It is also an intermediate in the production of vanillin from ferulic acid.

## Occurrence in nature

The highest amount of vanillic acid in plants known so far is found in the root of Angelica sinensis, an herb indigenous to China, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine.

### Occurrences in food

Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), is rich in vanillic acid (1616±94 mg/kg). It is one of the main natural phenols in argan oil. It is also found in wine and vinegar.

## Metabolism

Vanillic acid is one of the main catechins metabolites found in humans after consumption of green tea infusions.

## Synthesis

Vanillic acid can be obtained from the oxidation of vanillin by various oxidizing agents. With Pd/C, NaBH$_4$, and KOH as the oxidizing agent, the conversion was reported to occur in ~89% yield.
# Vanillin–HCl staining

Vanillin–HCl staining (10% vanillin and 90% of a mixture of ethanol and HCl, giving an orange color) can be used to visualize the localisation of tannins in cells.
The localization of phlorotannins can be investigated by light microscopy after vanillin–HCl staining. The phlorotannins can be seen this way in physodes in brown algae.
The vanillin-HCl method can be used to estimate the proanthocyanidins content in plant cells, resulting in a red color of the test in the presence of catechin or proanthocyanidins.
# Vampira

Vampira may refer to:

## Film

* Maila Nurmi (1922–2008), 1950s TV horror hostess and star of the 1959 film Plan 9 from Outer Space, who performed under the name "Vampira"
** The Vampira Show, the Emmy-nominated TV show that she hosted
* Vampira (1974 film) (also known as Old Dracula), a 1974 comedy film
* Vampira (1994 film)

## Song

* "Vampira", a song by Commander Cody of Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen on his 1978 album Flying Dreams
* "Vampira", a song about Maila Nurmi's character by Glenn Danzig, recorded several times by The Misfits and first released on the 1982 album Walk Among Us
* "Vampira", a song by Devin Townsend on the 2006 album Synchestra

## Character

* "Vampira", character in the comic Captain Marvel, Jr., issue #116, December 1952.
* "Vampira", character in the 1980 cartoon series Drak Pack