OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1573 in science

The year 1573 in science and technology included many events, some of which are listed here.

## Astronomy

* Tycho Brahe publishes De Stella Nova.

## Medicine

* Publication of the Chirurgia Magna of Paracelsus, a translation into Latin of his work on surgery, Die grosse Wundartzney (1536), in Basel, allowing its wider dissemination throughout Europe.

## Births

* January 10 – Simon Marius, German astronomer who named the Galilean moons of Jupiter (died 1624)
* July 25 – Christoph Scheiner, German astronomer who observed sunspots (died 1650)
* September 28 – Théodore de Mayerne, Swiss-born physician (died 1655)

## Deaths

* April 29 – Guillaume Le Testu, French privateer, explorer and cartographer (born c. 1509)
* July 29 – John Caius, English physician and benefactor (born 1510)
# Kuyumcu, Vezirköprü

Kuyumcu (also: Kuyumcular) is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Vezirköprü, Samsun Province, Turkey. Its population is 356 (2022).
# Bithell

Bithell is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bert Bithell (1900–1969), English footballer
* Brian Bithell (born 1956), English footballer
* Mike Bithell (born 1985), British video game developer
* Richard Bithell (1821–1902), English agnostic philosopher and writer
* Stuart Bithell (born 1986), British sailor
# Crash pad

Crash pad may refer to:
* Bouldering mat, a small foam pad used for protection when bouldering
* Punk house, a type of squat popularised by the hippie and punk subcultures
* Crash pad (pilots), a location used by airline flight crews for temporary lodging
* Crash Pad, a 2017 comedy film
* The Crash Pad Series, an ongoing queer adult series by Pink and White Productions
* A hostel-like setting for airline pilots and flight attendants
# The End of Mr. Y

The End of Mr. Y is a novel by British author Scarlett Thomas. The book tells the story of Ariel Manto, a PhD student who has been researching the 19th century writer Thomas Lumas. She finds an extremely rare copy of Lumas' novel The End of Mr. Y in a second-hand bookshop. The book is rumoured to be cursed - everyone who has read it has died not long afterwards.
Central to Lumas' book is the "Troposphere" – a place where all consciousness is connected and you can enter other people's minds and read their thoughts. The book contains the recipe for a homeopathic formula that Lumas' hero uses to enter the Troposphere. Manto uses the recipe to reproduce the formula and subsequently enters the Troposphere herself. She soon discovers that there are other people who know about the Troposphere, and intend to keep it a secret, even if that means killing her.
The book mentions that her surname is fictitious and based on an anagram; Ariel Manto is an anagram of I am not real.
As have Janette Turner Hospital and Andrew Crumey, the writer explores the relationships between quantum physics and post-modernist and deconstructionist theory. The description of the Troposphere has been compared to the novels of Neal Stephenson and William Gibson, and shares similarities to The Matrix. It was long-listed for the Orange Prize for Fiction in 2008, sold 150,000 copies, and won a Nibbie award for best cover.
# Vexillum caliendrum

Vexillum caliendrum is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 24.5 mm, its diameter 8 mm.
The solid, fusiform shell is brown and narrowly white-banded spirally. The shell consists of 10-12 whorls. It is furnished with many oblique ribs on the upper whorls, about eleven on the body whorl. The narrow aperture is squarely oblong, lilac within. The outer lip is thickened and crenulate. The recurved columella is four times plaited.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.
# Union Square Theatre

Union Square Theatre was the name of two different theatres near Union Square, Manhattan, New York City. The first was a Broadway theatre that opened in 1870, was converted into a cinema in 1921 and closed in 1936. The second was an Off-Broadway theatre that opened in 1985 and closed in 2016.

## 58 East 14th Street

The first theatre with this name in New York City was located at 58 East 14th Street. It opened in 1870 and played a mixture of plays and operettas. It staged Oscar Wilde's first play, Vera; or, The Nihilists. After 1883, it hosted vaudeville as part of the B. F. Keith Circuit and Keith-Albee-Orpheum circuit. In 1921, it was renamed the Acme Theatre and converted into a cinema that eventually showed Soviet films and closed in 1936. The original structure was revealed during a November 1992 demolition of Union Square between 4th Avenue & Broadway, and was finally demolished in December. Today the site is a flagship branch of Citibank.

### Selected productions

* Led Astray by Dion Boucicault (1873, 161 perf.)
* The Two Orphans (December 21, 1874, 180 perf.)
* Rose Michel by Steele MacKaye (December 14, 1875, over 100 perf.)
* A Celebrated Case (January 23, 1878, 111 perf.)
* The Banker's Daughter by Bronson Howard (November 30, 1878, 137 perf.)
* My Partner by Bartley Campbell (September 16, 1879, 39 perf; short run, but became a popular play)
* The Lights o' London (December 1881)
* A Parisian Romance (January 11-April 7, 1883)
* A Moral Crime (September 7, 1885)
* The Henrietta by Bronson Howard (September 26, 1887, 155 perf.)
* La Soirée (November 2013 to May 2014)

### Notable people

* Jennie Kimball, actor, soubrette, theatrical manager
* Jessie Vokes, actress and dancer

## 100 East 17th Street

The second theatre was located at 100 East 17th Street (also known as 44 Union Square) in the former Tammany Hall building, built in 1929. It opened in 1994 and was operated by Liberty Theatres. On January 3, 2016, the theater was closed as part of a complete renovation of the building, including the planned demolition of the theatre. Its longest-running productions were Slava's Snowshow, for 28 months, and Wit, for 18 months. Its final production was The 39 Steps.

### Selected productions

* The 39 Steps, April 2015–January 2016
* Murder Ballad, May 7, 2013 – July 21, 2013
* Slava's Snowshow, September 2004–January 2007
* Bat Boy: The Musical, book by Keythe Farley and Brian Flemming and music and lyrics by Laurence O'Keefe, March 2001–December 2001
* Wit, October 1998–April 2000
* The Laramie Project by Moises Kaufman and the Members of the Tectonic Theater Project, 2000
* Visiting Mr. Green by Jeff Baron, 1997–1998
* Eating Raoul, 1992
(Source: Internet Off-Broadway Database)
# William Crosse

William Crosse was an 18th-century Anglican Dean in Ireland.
Crosse was Rector of St Mary, Dublin. He was Dean of Ferns from 1719 to 1720; Dean of Lismore from 1720 to 1723; and Dean of Leighlin from 1723 to 1749.
# Christian Lara

Christian Lara may refer to:
* Christian Lara (footballer) (born 1980), Ecuadorian footballer
* Christian Lara (film director) (born 1939), Guadeloupean/French film director, writer, cinematographer and producer
# George Brown Goode

George Brown Goode (February 13, 1851 – September 6, 1896), was an American ichthyologist and museum administrator.

## Early life and family

George Brown Goode was born February 13, 1851, in New Albany, Indiana, to Francis Collier Goode and Sarah Woodruff Crane Goode. He spent his childhood in Cincinnati, Ohio and Amenia, New York. He married Sarah Ford Judd on November 29, 1877. She was the daughter of Orange Judd, a prominent agricultural writer. Together, they had four children: Margaret Judd, Kenneth Mackarness, Francis Collier, and Philip Burwell. He graduated from Wesleyan University and studied at Harvard University.
In addition to his scientific publications, Goode wrote Virginia Cousins: A Study of the Ancestry and Posterity of John Goode of Whitbywhere he traced his ancestry back to John Goode, a 17th-century colonist from Whitby.

## Career

In 1872, Goode started working with Spencer Baird, soon becoming his trusted assistant. While working with Baird, Goode led research sponsored by the United States Fish Commission, and oversaw many Smithsonian displays and exhibitions, for the museum itself and for expositions around the world; Goode's first of these were the preparations for the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, for which the Smithsonian was responsible for all the government displays. He also served as the assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in charge of the United States National Museum.
Goode effectively ran both the fish research program of the U.S. Fish Commission and the Smithsonian Institution from 1873 to 1887. He was the United States Commissioner for Fish and Fisheries from 1887 to 1888. He authored many books and monographs and wrote more than 100 scientific reports and notes.
Goode was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He received from the Queen Regent of Spain the decoration of Commander in the Order of Isabella the Catholic. He also was awarded the degree of Ph.D. from Indiana University and that of LL.D. from Wesleyan University. In 1893, he served as president of the Philosophical Society of Washington. He died at Lanier Heights in Washington, D.C., on September 6, 1896, at the age of only 45, after a bout with pneumonia. He had been at work on a history of the Smithsonian's first fifty years, which were being celebrated in 1896. The then head of the Smithsonian, Samuel Pierpont Langley, completed the volume and wrote a memorial to Goode, published in 1901. He was buried at Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C.

## Eponymy

The genus Goodea of splitfins was named in his honour by David Starr Jordan in 1880; this in turn gave his name to the family Goodeidae.
Species named after him include:
* Bluefin killifish, Lucania goodei Jordan, 1880
* Southern eagle ray, Myliobatis goodei Garman, 1885
* Goode croaker, Paralonchurus goodei Gilbert, 1898
* Goode's desert horned lizard, Phrynosoma goodei Stejneger, 1893
* Quillfish, Ptilichthys goodei Bean, 1881
* Chilipepper, Sebastes goodei (C.H. Eigenmann & R.S. Eigenmann, 1890)
* Palometa, Trachinotus goodei Jordan & Evermann, 1896
# Evgeny Orlov

Evgeny Alexandrovich Orlov (born October 24, 1990) is a Russian professional ice hockey forward who currently plays for HC Yugra of the Kontinental Hockey League.
# Solatopupa psarolena

Solatopupa psarolena is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Chondrinidae. This species is found in France and Italy.
# Tottington

Tottington may refer to:

## Places

* Tottington, Greater Manchester, a small town between Bury and Ramsbottom
** Tottington High School
** Tottington railway station, closed 1963
* Tottington, Norfolk, a deserted village and civil parish
* Great Tottington, a moated manor farm near Maidstone in the English county of Kent

## People

* Alexander Tottington (before 1406–1413), Bishop of Norwich
* Samson of Tottington (1135-1211), English Benedictine monk from Tottington, Norfolk
* Kendrick Hatton (2016), Taker of International Scalps
# The End of Nature

The End of Nature is a book written by Bill McKibben, published by Random House in 1989. It has been called the first book on global warming written for a general audience. McKibben had thought that simply stating the problem would provoke people to action.

## Premise

He describes nature as a force previously independent of human beings but now directly affected by the actions of people.
   "If the waves crash up against the beach, eroding dunes and destroying homes, it is not the awesome power of Mother Nature. It is the awesome power of Mother Nature as altered by the awesome power of man, who has overpowered in a century the processes that have been slowly evolving and changing of their own accord since the earth was born."
He offers two paths forward: "The Defiant Reflex" or a "more humble" way of living.
# Vexillum cadaverosum

Vexillum cadaverosum is a species of small sea snail, marine gastropod mollusk in the family Costellariidae, the ribbed miters.

## Description

The length of the shell varies between 13 mm and 22 mm.
The shell is whitish, with a narrow chestnut or chocolate band, either continuous or interrupted by the ribs.
The shell is more stumpy, usually smaller, less disposed to granulation than Vexillum exasperatum (Gmelin, 1791), and its single band, when not continuous, appears in the interstices of the ribs, unlike the interrupted bands of V. exasperatum, which appear on the backs of the ribs.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Philippines and Lord Hood Islands; Red Sea; tropical Indo-Pacific to Polynesia, New Caledonia and Hawaii; off Papua New Guinea and Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia)
# United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database

The United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database (UNTERM) is a linguistic tool which translates terminology and nomenclature used within the United Nations (UN) in the six official languages of the UN (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish). The database contains more than 85,000 words and is updated daily.
The database is maintained by Terminology and Reference Section, Documentation Division, Department of General Assembly and Conference Management, with its headquarters in New York City. The database has been put on the Internet in order to facilitate the understanding of the work of the UN by the public who do not have access to the intranet of the UN Secretariat.
# Bruce Sarafian

Bruce Sarafian (born August 17, 1966) is an American juggler and unicyclist from Florida. He performs in venues such as theme parks, festivals, fairs and also for corporate clients. He began juggling at the age of 10. In 2007 he started and now operates a custom used classic jeep dealership in Central Florida, which has become one of the nation's largest, called EZJeeps.com In 2018 his jeep dealership was renamed EZCustom4x4.com

## Skills

Sarafian was the first juggler to flash 11 balls, as listed in The Guinness Book of Records 1993, and the first to flash 12 balls.
He has received the following juggling awards:
* Numbers Competition Winner (Individual Balls, Individual Ball Showering) at the International Jugglers' Association (IJA) Summer Festival in 1994.
* Numbers Competition Winner (Individual Balls, Individual Ball Shower, and Team Ball Passing) at the IJA Summer Festival in 1995.
* Numbers Competition Winner (Solo Balls, Duo Balls) at the IJA Summer Festival in 1997.
# The Far Islands and Other Cold Places

The Far Islands and Other Cold Places (ISBN 1-880654-11-3) is a collection of travel essays from Norway, Scotland, the Faroe Islands, Greenland, Canada and Alaska. It was written in the period between 1888 and 1919 by the painter Elizabeth Taylor. It was republished in 1997 by Pogo Press.
* This article about a travel book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# 1100s in art

The decade of the 1100s in art involved some significant events.

## Events

* c.1104: Production of Jingdezhen porcelain in China begins.

## Paintings

* Master of Daphni, Midwives Bathing the New-born Christ
* Master of Daphni, Christ Pantocrator
* Byzantine Master, Christ Pantocrator
* Mi Fu, Mountains and Pines in Spring (part)
* Master of Pedret, The Virgin and Child in Majesty and the Adoration of the Magi
* c.1100: The Master of Daphni completes the mosaics Midwives Bathing the New-born Christ and Christ Pantocrator in the katholikon at Daphni Monastery in Greece
* 1100: The Byzantine Master completes Christ Pantocrator in the church of Saint Michael the Archangel in the abbey of Sant'Angelo in Formis, Capua
* 1100: Mi Fu paints Mountains and Pines in Spring
* 1100: The Master of Pedret completes the Romanesque fresco The Virgin and Child in Majesty and the Adoration of the Magi in the apse of the Church of Saint Joan at Tredos in Catalonia (now in The Cloisters, New York City)

## Births

* 1103: Yue Fei - Chinese military general and calligrapher (died 1142)
* 1100: Li Di – Chinese imperial court painter (died 1197)

## Deaths

* 1107: Mi Fu – Chinese painter of misty landscapes, poet, and calligrapher during the Song Dynasty (born 1051)
* 1106: Li Gonglin – Chinese painter and civil officer in the Northern Song Dynasty (born 1049)
* 1105: Huang Tingjian – Chinese calligrapher, painter, and poet, one of the Four masters of the Song Dynasty (born 1045)
* 1101: Su Shi – Chinese artist of poetry, prose, calligraphy and painting (born 1037)
# Kushihiki Hachimangū

Kushihiki Hachimangū (櫛引八幡宮, Kushihiki Hachimangū) is a Shinto shrine located in Hachinohe, Aomori Prefecture, Japan. It is a Hachiman shrine, dedicated to the kami Hachiman. It was established c. 1190-1199. Its main festivals are held annually on April 15 and August 15 according to the lunar calendar, and on May 14. In the former Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines, it was classified as a district shrine (郷社, gōsha).
# Birthing the Giant

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Now | |
| Punknews.org | |
| The Skinny | |
Birthing the Giant is Cancer Bats' first full-length album. It was released on June 6, 2006, by Distort Entertainment in Canada and on September 5, 2006, by Abacus Recordings in the US.
Videos were shot for "100 Grand Canyon," "French Immersion," and "Pneumonia Hawk."

## Critical reception

Exclaim! wrote that "with all the swagger of Southern rock but all the slummy goodness of New York City punk, the Cancer Bats slam through 12 impressively heavy tracks." The Skinny called the album "a pick-squealing romp of metal riffery interspersed with some slamming punk chord progressions."

## Track listing

* "Golden Tanks" – 3:46
* "French Immersion" – 3:10
* "Grenades" – 3:51
* "Shillelagh" – 3:19
* "Butterscotch" – 3:08
* "Death Bros" – 4:48
* "Firecrack This" – 3:30
* "Diamond Mine" – 4:16
* "100 Grand Canyon" – 2:44
* "Ghost Bust That" – 3:47
* "Pneumonia Hawk" (featuring George Pettit of Alexisonfire) – 3:55
Bonus track
* "Roy Rogers Party" – 3:28
# Cow Meadow

Cow Meadow, renamed Becket's Park in 1935, was an 18th-century county cricket venue situated alongside the River Nene near the centre of Northampton. It is known to have been used for two matches in August 1741. On Saturday, 15 August, a combined Northamptonshire & Huntingdonshire team played Bedfordshire and won. The second match on Tuesday, 18 August, was between Northamptonshire and Buckinghamshire and played for 20 guineas per side.
# PLIF

PLIF may refer to:
* Planar laser-induced fluorescence, an optical diagnostic technique
* Posterior lumbar interbody fusion, a type of spinal fusion
* Plif, a character on the TV series Plonsters
* Plif, a Hoojib character in the Star Wars universe
# Vicente Ericta

Vicente Garma Ericta (February 15, 1915 - February 18, 2007) was a former associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines. He was sworn in as a member of the Supreme Court by President Ferdinand Marcos on November 20, 1981, but resigned on May 11, 1982 after being involved in a scandal over the admission of his son as a lawyer, in a case that also saw the resignation of the entire Supreme Court.

## Biography

Born in Laoag, Ilocos Norte on February 15, 1915, Ericta finished his elementary and secondary education in Ilocos Norte. He obtained his pre-law degree and law degree from the University of the Philippines College of Law where he graduated in 1939. He was a classmate and Upsilon Sigma Phi fraternity brother of Ferdinand Marcos, who later appointed him to government positions during his presidency.
During the Second World War, he was appointed as military mayor of Laoag.
Ericta's career in the judiciary began in 1946, when he was appointed as Assistant Provincial Fiscal (prosecutor) of Ilocos Norte. He then became a judge in Pagadian, Zamboanga del Sur in 1966 and later held judgeships in Rizal and Quezon City. In 1975, he joined the Court of Appeals as an associate justice before being appointed by President Marcos as Tanodbayan (predecessor of the Ombudsman of the Philippines) in 1979. In 1981, he was appointed as an associate justice of the Supreme Court. At the same time, Ericta also taught law at the Northwestern College of Law in Laoag.

## Resignation

Ericta's tenure in the Supreme Court was cut short after he was implicated in a scandal over the conduct of the 1981 Philippine Bar Examinations that were overseen by the court. In March 1982, Associate Justice Ameurfina Melencio-Herrera publicly said that the mercantile law grades of Ericta's son Gustavo, who took the examination, was changed from 56 to 58 percent prior to publication of the test results to enable him to pass with a general average of 73 and become a fully-pledged lawyer. Chief Justice Enrique Fernando subsequently admitted ordering the revision in the younger Ericta's grade but denied allegations of unethical behavior, saying that it was done to correct an "oversight" by the examiner upon the advice of justices Ramon Aquino and Ramon Fernandez, who were prematurely shown Ericta's grades, and citing a similar predicament with one of his sons, who died shortly after passing the bar exam.
Following public uproar and demands for their impeachment, all 14 members of the Supreme Court, including six justices who were not directly involved in the grade tampering, submitted their resignation to President Marcos on May 11. All of them were subsequently reappointed days later by Marcos, except for Ericta and Fernandez, who were both "found responsible" for the scandal by a group of former justices advising the president.

## Death

Ericta died in 2007.
# C.C. Smith

C.C. Smith may refer to:
* Charles C. Smith (boxer) (1860–1924), African American boxer
* Cecil Clementi Smith (1840–1916), British colonial administrator
* Cedric C. Smith (1895–1969), All-American football player for the University of Michigan and the Buffalo All-Americans
* Charles C. Smith (Virginia politician), mayor of Newport News, Virginia, 1924–1926
* Charles C. Smith (Pennsylvania politician) (1908–1970), Pennsylvania state representative
* Christopher Corey Smith (born 1968), voice actor
# William Disney

William Disney, D.D. (1731–1807) was an English clergyman and academic, and one of the critics of Edward Gibbon.

## Life

Son of the Rev. Joseph Disney, M.A., vicar of Cranbrook and Appledore with the chapel of Ebony in Kent, was born 29 September 1731. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School under Mr. Creech, and entered as a pensioner at Trinity College, Cambridge on 26 January 1748. He graduated as B.A. in 1753 (when he was senior wrangler), M.A. 1756, and D.D. 1789. He was admitted minor fellow in 1754, major fellow in 1756, and third sub-lector in 1757.
From 1757 to 1771 he was Regius Professor of Hebrew. In 1777 he became vicar of Pluckley in Kent, a living in the gift of the Archbishop of Canterbury, where he died on 28 March 1807.

## Family

On 9 January 1782, at the age of 50, he married Anna Maria Smyth, herself aged 45, third daughter of John Smyth (1686-1746), a landowner at Chart Sutton in Kent, and his wife Elizabeth Whitfield (1711-1786). There were no children.

## Works

He published two sermons:
* ‘Sermon preached before the University of Cambridge, 28 June 1789, with some strictures on the licentious notions avowed or enumerated in Mr. Gibbon's “History of Rome,”’ Lond. 1709.
* ‘The Superiority of Religious Duties to Worldly Considerations,’ 1800.
# Buari

Buari is a town in the Kwara State of southwestern Nigeria, inhabited by the Yoruba people. The town shares a boundary with Okeya, Egi, Ilala and Esie.
* This Kwara State, Nigeria location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Palaina wilsoni

Palaina wilsoni is a species of minute land snail with an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk or micromollusks in the family Diplommatinidae. This species is endemic to Palau.
# Kushim

Kushim may refer to:
* Cushi, a Hebrew term generally used to refer to a dark-skinned person usually of African descent
* Kushim (Uruk period), a Sumerian beer manufacturer, and the possible earliest known example of a named person in writing