OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Packet delay variation

In computer networking, packet delay variation (PDV) is the difference in end-to-end one-way delay between selected packets in a flow with any lost packets being ignored. The effect is sometimes referred to as packet jitter, although the definition is an imprecise fit.

## Terminology

The term PDV is defined in ITU-T Recommendation Y.1540, Internet protocol data communication service - IP packet transfer and availability performance parameters, section 6.2.
In computer networking, although not in electronics, usage of the term jitter may cause confusion. From RFC 3393 (section 1.1):
   The variation in packet delay is sometimes called "jitter". This term, however, causes confusion because it is used in different ways by different groups of people. ... In this document we will avoid the term "jitter" whenever possible and stick to delay variation which is more precise.

## Measurement of packet delay variation

The means of packet selection for measurement is not specified in RFC 3393, but could, for example, be the packets that had the largest variation in delay in a selected time period.
The delay is specified from the start of the packet being transmitted at the source to the start of the packet being received at the destination. A component of the delay which does not vary from packet to packet can be ignored, hence if the packet sizes are the same and packets always take the same time to be processed at the destination then the packet arrival time at the destination could be used instead of the time the end of the packet is received.
Instantaneous packet delay variation is the difference between successive packets—here RFC 3393 does specify the selection criteria—and this is usually what is loosely termed "jitter", although jitter is also sometimes the term used for the variance of the packet delay. As an example, say packets are transmitted every 20 ms. If the second packet is received 30 ms after the first packet, IPDV = +10 ms. This is referred to as dispersion. If the second packet is received 10 ms after the first packet, IPDV = −10 ms. This is referred to as clumping.

## PDV diagrams

It is also possible to visualize (I)PDV measurements, which makes interpreting and understanding the network easier, or (for bigger datasets) possible at all.
One possible diagram type are simple point cloud diagrams in which the x-axis represents the packet number and the y-axis contains the corresponding (I)PDV values, one dot for each measurement.
Another type are distribution histograms which are more useful for bigger datasets or even comparisons of different paths or technologies.

## Limiting PDV or its effects

The effects of PDV in multimedia streams can be mitigated by a properly sized buffer at the receiver. As long as the bandwidth can support the stream, and the buffer size is sufficient, buffering only causes a detectable delay before the start of media playback.
However, for interactive real-time applications, e.g., voice over IP (VoIP), PDV can be a serious issue and hence VoIP transmissions may need quality-of-service–enabled networks to provide a high-quality channel.
# Al Bouchie

Al Bouchie is a Canadian former professional darts player who won the Quebec Open in January 2007. Prior to it, he came in 16th place in both Canadian Open in June 2006 and Windy City Open in September 2005. After his Quebec win, he was qualified for the BDO World Darts Championship on 15 November of the same year and three days later participated at the World Masters Tournament.
# C27H34F2O7

The molecular formula C$_{27}$H$_{34}$F$_2$O$_7$ (molar mass: 508.55 g/mol, exact mass: 508.2273 u) may refer to:
* Difluprednate
* Procinonide
# William B. and Jennie Tufts House

The William B. and Jennie Tufts House is located in Neillsville, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. The house was once home to William B. Tufts, a Colonel in the United States Army, and his wife, Jennie.
# Nedanice

Nedanice is a village and administrative part of Měčín in Klatovy District in the Plzeň Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 60 inhabitants.

## History

The first written mention of Nedanice is from 1368.

## Transport

It is located on the road of second category II/117.

## Gallery

* Chapel of Saint John of Nepomuk
* Entrance to Nedanice
# PTPN4

Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN4 gene.

## Function

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) family. PTPs are known to be signaling molecules that regulate a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, differentiation, mitotic cycle, and oncogenic transformation. This protein contains a C-terminal PTP domain and an N-terminal domain homologous to the band 4.1 superfamily of cytoskeletal-associated proteins. This PTP has been shown to interact with glutamate receptor delta 2 and epsilon subunits, and is thought to play a role in signalling downstream of the glutamate receptors through tyrosine dephosphorylation.

## Interactions

PTPN4 has been shown to interact with GRID2.
# 1710 in music

The year 1710 in music involved some significant musical events and new works.

## Events

* April 18 – Probable date of the première of Johann Sebastian Bach's St Mark Passion pastiche at the chapel of Wilhelmsburg Castle (two movements by Bach).
* In Britain, the Academy of Vocal Music is founded by Johann Christoph Pepusch and others.

## Published popular music

* Collier, John Payne (ed.). A Book of Roxburghe Ballads (containing 1,341 broadside ballads, including "Fare Thee Well")

## Classical music

* Louis-Nicolas Clérambault
** Cantates françoises, Book 1
** Premier livre d'orgue contenant deux suites
* Georg Frideric Handel – incidental music for The Alchemist
* Michel de la Barre – Pièces pour la flûte traversière, Livre 1
* Jean Baptiste Loeillet of Ghent – 12 Recorder Sonatas, Op. 1
* Johann Pachelbel – Magnificat Fugue, P.268
* James Paisible – The Royall Galliarde. Mr. Isaac's new dance, made for Her Majesty's Birth Day, 1710...
* Johann Christoph Pepusch – 6 English Cantatas, Book 1
* Johann Schenk – L'écho du Danube, Op .9
* Johann Christian Schickhardt
** 7 Recorder Sonatas, Op. 1
** 6 Oboe Sonatas, Op. 8
** 6 Sonatas à 4, Op. 14
* Jean Baptiste Senaillé – 10 Violin Sonatas, Op. 1
* Giuseppe Valentini – Concerto a Quattro Violini (12 concerti grossi), Op. 7 (Rome)

## Opera

* Floriano Arresti – L'enigma disciolta
* Antonio Maria Bononcini – Tigrane, re d'Armenia
* André Campra – Les Fêtes vénitiennes
* Pietro Paolo Laurenti – Sabella mrosa d'Truvlin
* Johann Mattheson – Boris Goudenow

## Births

* January 4 – Giovanni Battista Pergolesi, composer, violinist and organist (died 1736)
* March 12 – Thomas Arne, composer (died 1778)
* March 27 – Joseph Abaco, violoncellist and composer (died 1805)
* April 12 – Caffarelli, castrato singer (died 1783)
* August 12 - Ferdinand Rudolph Fränzl, German trumpeter and viola player (died 1782)
* November 22 – Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, composer, eldest son of Johann Sebastian Bach (died 1784)
* date unknown
** James Oswald, composer and music publisher (died 1769)
** Giovanni Battista Ferrandini, composer (died 1791)
** Thomas Gladwin, organist and composer (died 1799)
** Anton Joseph Hampel, horn player (died 1771)
** George Alexander Stevens, actor, poet and songwriter (died 1780)

## Deaths

* May 10 – Georg Dietrich Leyding, organist and composer (born 1664)
* June 14 – Johann Friedrich Alberti, German composer and organist (born 1642)
* July 8 – Juan García de Salazar, choral composer (b. 1639)
* September 26 – Cardinal Vincenzo Grimani, opera librettist
* November 22 – Bernardo Pasquini, composer (born 1637)
* date unknown
** Charles Mouton, composer and lutenist (born c. 1626)
** Gaspar Sanz, priest and composer (born 1640)
* probable
** Rosa Giacinta Badalla, Benedictine nun and composer (born c.1660)
** Marcus Meibomius, historian of music (born c. 1630)
** Camilla de Rossi, composer
# Bar Talk

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Bar Talk is an album by jazz guitarist John Scofield. It was recorded in August 1980 at Celebration Studios in New York City and produced by Mark Bingham and John Scofield. It was the first release featuring Scofield’s trio with bass guitarist Steve Swallow and drummer Adam Nussbaum.
The John Scofield Trio, established here, went on to release two live albums which were recorded sixteen months later in Munich and released on the German Enja label: Out Like a Light and Shinola. Bar Talk is stylistically very close to the later live recordings and features four Scofield compositions ("New Strings Attached", "How to Marry a Millionaire", "Fat Dancer", and "Nature Calls") along with "Never" by Swallow and "Beckon Call" written by Gary Campbell.
The album was released on the Arista subsidiary Novus label. Four of the tracks were added as bonus material on the 1990 digital re-release of the preceding album Who's Who?.

## Track listing

All compositions written by John Scofield except where noted.
Side A
* "Beckon Call" (Gary Campbell) – 7:05
* "New Strings Attached" – 6:12
* "Never" (Steve Swallow) – 6:47
Side B
* "How to Marry a Millionaire" – 6:35
* "Fat Dancer" – 6:55
* "Nature Calls" – 5:44

## Personnel

* John Scofield - electric guitar
* Steve Swallow - bass
* Adam Nussbaum - drums
# Tourougoumbé

Tourougoumbé (also Trougoumbé) is a town and urban commune in Nioro Cercle in the Kayes Region of western Mali. The town lies 45 kilometres (28 mi) east of Nioro du Sahel.
# The Flea

The Flea may refer to:
* The Flea (play), a 2023 play by James Fritz
* The Flea (poem) by the metaphysical poet John Donne
* The Flea (online poetry journal)
* The Flea (fairy tale), a fairy tale by Giambattista Basile
* The Flea (horse) (1846–1856), British thoroughbred racehorse
* The Flea (character), a character from the TV show ¡Mucha Lucha!
* The Flea 88.2, a radio station based in Devonport, Auckland, New Zealand
* The Flea Theater
# Deri RFC

Deri Rugby Football Club is a Welsh rugby union team based in Deri, Caerphilly in Wales. The club is a member of the Welsh Rugby Union and is a feeder club for the Newport Gwent Dragons. Deri RFC currently has only a Senior men's team.
# United Lutheran Church (Grand Forks, North Dakota)

The United Lutheran Church is a church located at 324 Chestnut Street in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The historic church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.

## History

United Lutheran Church is the result of a merger of three early Lutheran congregations in Grand Forks: Zion, Trinity and First. The church is affiliated with the Eastern North Dakota Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America.
The church building was constructed during 1931-1932 and was a daring enterprise, in terms of its modern architecture and in terms of the economic times. It is an exceptional Art Deco building. The building is built of North Dakota brick. The church has a buttressed Art Deco bell tower that concludes with a ziggurat-like dome. The top portion of the tower was added in 1941.
The church was designed by the father and son architectural firm of Joseph Bell DeRemer (1871–1944) and Samuel Teel DeRemer (1894-1967).
# Pauahia

Pauahia is a genus of fungi in the family Meliolaceae.
The genus name of Pauahia is in honour of Bernice Pauahi Bishop (1831–1884), a princess of the Royal Family of the Kingdom of Hawaii and a well known philanthropist. It was published in Mus. Bull. Vol.19 on page 17 in 1925 by Frank Lincoln Stevens.
# Tărtărău

The Tărtărău is a left tributary of the river Sebeș in Romania. It flows into the Sebeș upstream from the Oașa Dam. Its length is 8 km (5.0 mi) and its basin size is 20 km$^2$ (7.7 sq mi).
# Brown v. Barry

Brown v. Barry, 3 U.S. (3 Dall.) 365 (1797), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court determined the following:
   The suspension of a statute for a limited time is not a repeal of it.
   The intention of the legislature when discovered must prevail, any rule of construction. declared by previous acts, to the contrary notwithstanding.
   In an action on a bill of exchange, which had not been protested for non-payment, it is not necessary to aver in the declaration that the bill had been protested for non-acceptance.
   As to bills of exchange drawn in the United States payable in Europe, the custom of merchants in this country does not ordinarily require, to recover on a protest for non-payment, that a protest for non-acceptance shall be produced, though the bills were not accepted.
   Where the action is for foreign money, and its value is not averred, a verdict cures the defect.
   The reason that debet for foreign money is ill, is the uncertainty of its value; and this is cured by a verdict.
# PTPN5

Protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PTPN5 gene.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP), non-receptor type 5, also known as STEP (STriatal-Enriched protein tyrosine Phosphatase), was the first brain-specific PTP discovered. The human STEP locus maps to chromosome 11p15.2-p15.1 and the murine STEP gene to chromosome 7B3-B5. The single STEP gene is alternatively spliced to produce several isoforms, the best characterized of which are the cytosolic STEP$_{46}$ protein and the membrane-associated STEP$_{61}$ protein.

## Substrates

Seven known targets of STEP have been identified as of 2015, including ERK1/2, p38, Fyn, Pyk2, PTPα, and the glutamate receptor subunits GluN2B and GluA2. STEP dephosphorylation of the kinases (ERK1/2, p38, Fyn, and Pyk2) occurs at a regulatory tyrosine within the kinase activation loop and leads to their inactivation. Dephosphorylation of a regulatory tyrosine on PTPα prevents the translocation of PTPα from the cytosol to lipid rafts, where it normally activates Fyn. STEP thereby directly inactivates Fyn and also prevents the translocation of PTPα to compartments where it activates Fyn. STEP dephosphorylation of GluN2B and GluA2 leads to the internalization of NMDARs (GluN1/GluN2B) and AMPARs (GluA1/GluA2). Thus, one function of STEP is to oppose synaptic strengthening by inactivating kinases and internalizing receptors that are critical for the development of synaptic strengthening.

## Clinical significance

STEP levels are disrupted in several diseases. Alzheimer's disease (AD) was the first illness to be associated with elevated STEP expression both in human cortex and in several mouse models of AD. STEP is also increased in fragile X syndrome, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. In AD and FXS mouse models, genetic reduction of STEP expression reverses many of the cognitive and behavioral deficits. Other laboratories have now shown that STEP activity is also reduced in several additional disorders. Thus, STEP levels or activity is decreased in Huntington's disease, cerebral ischemia, alcohol abuse, and stress disorders. The emergent model suggests that an optimal level of STEP is required at synaptic sites, and that both high and low levels disrupt synaptic function.

## Inhibition

Several STEP inhibitors have now been discovered. GlaxoSmithKline chose STEP as a new project for their Discovery Partnerships with Academia (DPAc) in 2014. This is a relatively new program in drug discovery and brings together the academic world with the drug discovery expertise of GSK to discover new inhibitors of validated targets.
* TC-2153
# Solesmes

Solesmes may refer to the following places in France:
* Solesmes, Nord, a commune in the Nord department
* Solesmes, Sarthe, a commune in the Sarthe department
* Solesmes Abbey, also known as St. Peter's Abbey, in the Sarthe department
* Solesmes Congregation, an association of monasteries within the Benedictine Confederation
# Tractatus de locis et statu sancte terre ierosolimitane

The Tractatus de locis et statu sancte terre ierosolimitane is a short anonymous Latin treatise on the geography and ethnography of the Kingdom of Jerusalem written in the late 12th or early 13th century. It was an influential and widely used tract.
It places the "land of Jerusalem" (terra ierosolimitana) at the centre of the world and describes it in detail. It lists its neighbours, the various Christian denominations living in it and the different groups of Europeans. It describes the special status of the Pisan, Genoese and Venetian communities within the kingdom. It contains a short description of the Hospitallers, a lengthy description of the Templars and a detailed description of the Latin ecclesiastical structure in the kingdom. The Christian holy places are listed in the sequence in which they appear in the ministry of Jesus. The names of the kingdom's main cities at different times are listed. The physical geography, fauna and fruit-bearing trees of the kingdom are given.
At the end of the treatise, the feudal structure of the kingdom is detailed, including the king's coronation oath and the service that the barons of the kingdom owe. The most important barons and the number of knights they were required to supply are given. The Principality of Antioch and the County of Tripoli are described as beyond the kingdom's borders, but its vassals nevertheless. Finally, the non-Christian inhabitants of the kingdom are noted. In content and structure, the Tractatus is utterly unlike contemporary pilgrimage accounts.
The date of the text is disputed. Hans Eberhard Mayer dated it no more precisely than to the late 12th century, without stating his reasons. Its most recent editor, Benjamin Kedar, dates it on internal grounds to between 1168 and 1187. He rejects its reference to the coronation of King Leo I of Armenia in 1198 as a later addition to the text. Paolo Trovato, on the other hand, dates it to after 1198 on philological grounds.

## Manuscripts

The Tractatus is found in whole or in part in at least nine manuscripts:
* London, British Library, Royal 14.C.X — from the first half of the 13th century, presents a medieval critical edition
* Cambridge, Magdalene College, F.4.22 — from the first half of the 13th century, presents a medieval critical edition
* Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 17060 — from the early 13th century
* Heiligenkreuz, Stiftsbibliothek, 88 — from the 13th century, incomplete
* Berlin, Preussische Staatsbibliothek, Görres 111 — from the 13th century, fragmentary
* Charleville-Mézières, Bibliothèque municipale, 275 — from the first quarter of the 14th century
* Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 4351 — from the 15th century
* Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Clm 5307 — from the 15th century
* Verona, Biblioteca Capitolare, CCCXVII — an abbreviated copy made by Felice Feliciano in 1458
# Chris Sutton (gynaecologist)

Christopher Sutton (October 6, 1941 – March 25, 2023) was a British gynaecologist who was the first to do laser laparoscopy in the UK.

## Early life and education

Born on October 6, 1941 in Abergavenny, Monmouthshire to Ivy, a nurse, and Joseph Sutton, an estate agency owner. He was educated at Smallwood Manor and Denstone College. Later, he studied medicine at Trinity College, Cambridge, beginning in 1960.
At Cambridge, Sutton was active in whitewater canoe slalom and became the British Universities champion. He also led the Cambridge Greenland kayak expedition in 1962, which included a fundraising effort involving a kayak crossing of the English Channel.

## Career

After completing his clinical training in the UK and a brief period as a GP in Toronto, Canada, Sutton specialized in obstetrics and gynaecology, working at several UK hospitals including Northwick Park Hospital and Addenbrooke's Hospital. He later became a consultant at the Royal Surrey County Hospital in Guildford, where he specialized in gynaecological endoscopy. He was a founding member and president of the British Society for Gynaecological Endoscopy and served as president of the obstetrics and gynaecology section of the Royal Society of Medicine.

## Personal life

Sutton met Françoise ("Fanchon") in 1961 in Cambridge, and they married in 1965. They had three daughters: Natalie, Vanessa, and Camilla.
# Diadumene

Diadumene is a genus of sea anemones. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Diadumenidae.

## Species

The World Register of Marine Species lists the following species:-
* Diadumene cincta Stephenson, 1925
* Diadumene crocata (Hutton, 1880)
* Diadumene franciscana Hand, 1956
* Diadumene kameruniensis Carlgren, 1927
* Diadumene leucolena (Verrill, 1866)
* Diadumene lighti Hand, 1956
* Diadumene lineata (Verrill, 1869)
* Diadumene neozelanica Carlgren, 1924
* Diadumene paranaensis Beneti, Stampar, Maronna, Morandini & Da Silveira, 2015
* Diadumene schilleriana (Stoliczka, 1869)
# Clytra novempunctata

Clytra novempunctata is a species of leaf beetles in the subfamily Cryptocephalinae. It can be found in Romania on the Balkan Peninsula, in southern Ukraine, the Russian Caucasus, Asia Minor and Central Asia. It has also been recorded in Italy, on the island of Sicily.
# Steganomus

Steganomus is a genus of bees belonging to the family Halictidae.
The species of this genus are found in Africa and Asia.
Species:
* Steganomus ennediensis Pauly, 1990
* Steganomus fulvipennis Cameron, 1898
* Steganomus gracilis Cameron, 1898
* Steganomus javanus Ritsema, 1873
* Steganomus junodi Gribodo, 1895
* Steganomus lieftincki
* Steganomus nodicornis (Smith, 1875)
* Steganomus ogilviae Cockerell, 1932
* Steganomus taiwanus (Hirashima, 1956)
* Steganomus tessmanni Pauly, 1990
# Bruce Manning

Bruce Manning (July 15, 1902 – August 3, 1965) was a Cuddebackville, New York-born Hollywood filmmaker/screenwriter who entered the movie business following the publication of several novels that he co-wrote with wife, Gwen Bristow. Their first joint novel, The Invisible Host (1930), was adapted to the screen in 1934 as The Ninth Guest.
He wrote the screenplay for Bristow's novel Jubilee Trail in 1954. In addition to his numerous scripts, beginning in the 1940s he served as a producer for several films, and in 1943 he directed his first and only feature, The Amazing Mrs. Holliday. His career ended in 1957, eight years before his death.
Henry Koster called him "the funniest man I ever met and the best comedy writer I ever met."

## Death

Manning died in Encino, California in 1965 at the age of 63.

## Partial filmography

    As screenwriter unless otherwise noted.
* The Ninth Guest (1934)
* Party Wire (1935) (novel)
* The Best Man Wins (1935)
* Eight Bells (1935)
* The Lone Wolf Returns (1935)
* Counterfeit (1936)
* Devil's Squadron (1936)
* One Hundred Men and a Girl (1937)
* Mad About Music (1938)
* The Rage of Paris (1938) (also story)
* That Certain Age (1938)
* Service de Luxe (1938) (story)
* Three Smart Girls Grow Up (1939)
* First Love (1939)
* Spring Parade (1940)
* Back Street (1941)
* Appointment for Love (1941)
* Broadway (1942) (adaptation)
* The Amazing Mrs. Holliday (1943) (director and producer)
* Guest Wife (1945)
* This Love of Ours (1945)
* So Goes My Love (1946)
* That Midnight Kiss (1949)
* Bride for Sale (1949)
* The Secret Fury (1950) (producer)
* Payment on Demand (1951)
* Hoodlum Empire (1952)
* Flame of the Islands (1956)