OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Thumbcast

Thumbcast is a term used for the mobile delivery of text, picture, audio, or video content via short message service, multimedia messaging service, WAP push, or other mobile distribution mechanism. The term is an evolution specialized for original mobile content, coming from the generally audio-based podcast, the input mechanisms of multi-tap and predictive text, and the distribution of content directly to mobile phones.

## Timeline

* On 15 March 2007 US mobile media company 80108 Media launches their public Web site at , referring to the SMS subscription channels as thumbcasts. The company provided the following brief definition for the term:
   Think: podcast for your phone. Our thumbcasts are hand-crafted by local correspondents and delivered direct to you as text messages.
* On 9 April 2007 the Boston Globe published an article titled Snippets of news, via cellphone with the following opening sentence:
   Thumbcasts are coming to Boston.
The term 'thumbcast' became one of that day's 'Hot Searches' on the site.
# Canton of Les Deux Rives

The canton of Les Deux Rives is an administrative division of the Tarn department, southern France. It was created at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Lagrave.
It consists of the following communes:
* Aussac
* Bernac
* Cadalen
* Castanet
* Cestayrols
* Fayssac
* Fénols
* Florentin
* Labastide-de-Lévis
* Labessière-Candeil
* Lagrave
* Lasgraisses
* Montans
* Parisot
* Peyrole
* Rivières
* Senouillac
* Técou
# Melvin Seeman

Melvin Seeman (February 5, 1918 – January 31, 2020) was an American social psychologist and emeritus professor of sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). He is known for researching social isolation. Seeman turned 100 in February 2018.

## Biography

Seeman was born in Baltimore, Maryland, and received his Ph.D. from Ohio State University in 1947. He subsequently taught at Ohio State for several years, and eventually became an associate professor there. He also served as the director of Ohio State's Operations Research Group from 1956 to 1958. In 1959, he joined the faculty at UCLA, where he chaired the sociology department from 1977 to 1980. He taught at UCLA for 29 years before he retired. He has been the editor-in-chief of Sociometry, associate editor of the American Sociological Review, and the president of the Pacific Sociological Association.

## Awards

In 1996, Seeman received the Cooley-Mead Award from the American Sociological Association's Section on Social Psychology.
# Thomas Garm Pedersen

Thomas Garm Pedersen is a Danish professor in physics and nanotechnology at Aalborg University. His research concerns the nanostructure of materials.
Pedersen's research has resulted in a large research project regarding the development of more efficient solar power cells with silicon-based materials and nanostructures.
In 2004, Pedersen received the Danish Optical Society Award for “Excellent contributions to modelling of optical and electronic phenomena”.

## Education

In 1993, Pedersen graduated with a M.Sc. in engineering with specialization in optics. Three years later, he received a PhD degree in physics. Since 1998, Pedersen has been employed at Aalborg, where he received a professorship in 2010.
# Candace Cable

Candace Cable (born July 15, 1954) is a nine-time Paralympian. She was the first woman to medal in the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. Cable is also a six-time winner of the Boston Marathon, women's wheelchair division and winner of the first four Los Angeles Marathons.

## Biography

Cable was born in Glendale, California. She moved to South Lake Tahoe/Truckee, California after high school, lying about her age to get a job in a casino. She was injured in a car accident on the Kingsbury Grade in 1975 at the age of 21. Following the accident, without the use of her legs, she began feeling sorry for herself and became addicted to heroin. At the time she said "A person in a wheelchair is not supposed to have fun or be happy. I'm both. Besides, I get the best parking spaces at shopping centers, and I don't have to wait in line at the movies." She went through drug rehabilitation in 1978. She became acquainted with wheelchair sports while attending California State University, Long Beach first trying swimming before finding wheelchair racing could let her work out with able-bodied friends.
   "We're all only non-disabled temporarily. Sooner or later everyone's body breaks down. That puts me ahead of the game because I already know how to live outside of the old order."
After four months of training, Cable participated in the inaugural 1980 World Games for the disabled, 1984 Summer Olympics in wheelchair racing as an exhibition event, as well as the 1984, 1988, 1992, and 1996 Summer Paralympic Games, and also five Winter Olympics. Cable won twelve Paralympic medals of which eight were gold medals. She was the first woman to medal in the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games.
# Tom Crowe (footballer)

Thomas Leo Crowe (3 October 1880 – 3 August 1914) was an Australian rules footballer who played with St Kilda in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
# William Sutherland Macdonald

William Sutherland Macdonald MC JP (30 May 1897 – 21 December 1990) was a British soldier, doctor and the first Principal Medical Officer at the Department of Health at the advent of the National Health Service.

## Life

WS Macdonald was born in Invergordon, Scotland in 1897. Educated at George Watson's College, and the University of Edinburgh, he graduated with an MB ChB in 1921. However, his studies were interrupted by the First World War, and he voluntarily enlisted in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and later commissioned into The Border Regiment. He was awarded the Military Cross in 1917 for gallantry in Ypres, Belgium.
After the War, Macdonald trained in General Practice, and was a GP in Leeds for over 30 years, having a practice in the relatively deprived areas of Hunslet and Beeston. He made many friends and was popular here, due to his occasional gifts to impoverished patients. He was Chairman of the Leeds Division of the British Medical Association from 1938 to 1941, and held various senior positions within the organisation throughout his life, as well as being a Magistrate and a senior lecturer at the University of Leeds. With the advent of the National Health Service in 1945, he became senior Principal Medical Officer at the Ministry of Health.
# Fenua Tamuera

Fenua Tamuera is a former I-Kiribati politician. She was a member of Parliament for Butaritari during the fourth Parliament of Kiribati. She was the second woman to be elected to the House of Assembly, after Tekarei Russell in 1974. Originally from Tuvalu, Tamuera qualified with a General Nursing and Obstetric Nursing Certificate from the Fiji School of Nursing in 1967. She was elected to the House of Assembly after the death of her husband, Tamuera Taniera, triggered a by-election in 1990, but she lost her seat in the subsequent 1991 Kiribati parliamentary election.
# Chloroclystis nereis

Chloroclystis nereis is a moth in the family Geometridae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1888. It is endemic to New Zealand. The habitat consists of mountainous areas. Adults are on wing in January and February.
The larvae feed inside the flower heads of Celmisia lindsayi. Adult moths have been shown to pollinate Celmisia discolor, Celmisia gracilenta and Helichrysum selago.
# Swimming at the 2004 Summer Paralympics – Women's 100 metre freestyle S4

The Women's 100 metre freestyle S4 swimming event at the 2004 Summer Paralympics was competed on 19 September. It was won by Mayumi Narita, representing Japan.

## 1st round

* Qualified for final round

### Heat 1

19 Sept. 2004, morning session
| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| 1 | Cheryl Angelelli (USA) | 1:52.56 |
| 2 | Edenia Garcia (BRA) | 1:53.81 |
| 3 | Aimee Bruder (USA) | 1:53.92 |
| 4 | Sandra Erikson (SWE) | 2:12.11 |

### Heat 2

19 Sept. 2004, morning session
| Rank | Athlete | Time |
| 1 | Mayumi Narita (JPN) | 1:32.70 |
| 2 | Karen Breumsoe (DEN) | 1:50.96 |
| 3 | Melanie Benn (USA) | 1:51.56 |
| 4 | Anne Cécile Lequien (FRA) | 1:55.37 |
| 5 | Claudia Silva (BRA) | 2:26.04 |

## Final round

19 Sept. 2004, evening session
| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| | Mayumi Narita (JPN) | 1:25.07 | WR |
| | Karen Breumsoe (DEN) | 1:51.00 | |
| | Melanie Benn (USA) | 1:51.59 | |
| 4 | Cheryl Angelelli (USA) | 1:52.07 | |
| 5 | Anne Cécile Lequien (FRA) | 1:53.27 | |
| 6 | Aimee Bruder (USA) | 1:53.99 | |
| 7 | Edenia Garcia (BRA) | 1:55.23 | |
| 8 | Sandra Erikson (SWE) | 2:09.49 | |
# Bill Cunningham New York

Bill Cunningham New York is a 2010 American documentary film directed by Richard Press and produced by Philip Gefter. Bill Cunningham New York is distributed by Zeitgeist Films and was released in theaters on March 16, 2011.

## Synopsis

"We all get dressed for Bill", says Vogue editor Anna Wintour. The Bill in question is The New York Times photographer Bill Cunningham. For decades, this Schwinn-riding cultural anthropologist has been obsessively and inventively chronicling fashion trends and high-society charity soirées for the Times's Style section in his columns "On the Street" and "Evening Hours".
Full of uptown fixtures (such as Wintour, Tom Wolfe, Brooke Astor, David Rockefeller—who all appear in the film), downtown eccentrics and everyone in between, Cunningham's enormous body of work documents its time and place as well as individual flair. Bill Cunningham New York portrays the man at work (on the street and at the office) and at home (a Carnegie Hall studio).

## Cast

* Bill Cunningham
* Editta Sherman
* Carmen Dell'Orefice
* Annette de la Renta
* Anna Wintour
* Iris Apfel
* Shail Upadhya
* Kim Hastreiter
* Thelma Golden
* Tom Wolfe
* Brooke Astor
* Mike Wallace
* Michael Bloomberg
* Catherine Deneuve
* Anna Piaggi
* Michael Kors
* Arthur Ochs Sulzberger, Jr.

## Awards

* 2010: Opening Night Film New Directors/New Films Festival
* 2010: Won Audience Award for Best Documentary Film at Sydney Film Festival
* 2010: Won Best Documentary at Nantucket Film Festival
* 2010: Won Best Documentary Audience Award at Melbourne International Film Festival
* 2010: Won Best Documentary at Abu Dhabi Film Festival

## Release

Bill Cunningham New York played at New York City's Film Forum from March 16 to 29, 2011, before opening in theaters in a limited release around the United States.

## Reviews

The film was critically well-received, garnering a 99% approval rating on movie review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. The Hollywood Reporter described Bill Cunningham New York as a "Fascinating doc about a photographer surveying the highs and lows of New York society." New York Magazine chose Bill Cunningham New York as one of their Critics' Picks. Roger Ebert gave the film four out of four stars, writing "This movie made me happy every moment I was watching it." The film received a score of 76 on the aggregate website Metacritic indicating "generally favorable reviews".
# Survival (Drake song)

"Survival" is a song by Canadian rapper Drake from his album, Scorpion (2018), the song has reached the top 20 in Canada, Portugal, and the United States.

## Composition

"Survival" is a hip hop song that contains samples from Claude Larson's song "Telex" (1980).

## Commercial performance
### North America

On July 14, 2018, "Survival" entered the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart at number 18 on and remained in the top 100 until July 28, 2018. The song spent two weeks on the US Billboard Hot 100, entering the chart at number 17, its immediate peak, on July 14, 2018.

### Internationally

The song has peaked in the top 40 in Greece, the Netherlands, Portugal and has charted on the charts of Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, Slovakia, and Sweden.

## Charts

| Chart (2018) | Peak position |
| Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) | 59 |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 18 |
| Czech Republic (Singles Digitál Top 100) | 78 |
| France (SNEP) | 68 |
| Germany (Official German Charts) | 73 |
| Greece International Digital Singles (IFPI) | 38 |
| Italy (FIMI) | 79 |
| Netherlands (Single Top 100) | 37 |
| Portugal (AFP) | 19 |
| Slovakia (Singles Digitál Top 100) | 43 |
| Sweden (Sverigetopplistan) | 45 |
| UK Audio Streaming (OCC) | 10 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 17 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 15 |
# Tobler's hiking function

Tobler's hiking function is an exponential function determining the hiking speed, taking into account the slope angle. It was formulated by Waldo Tobler. This function was estimated from empirical data of Eduard Imhof.

## Formula

Walking velocity:
    $W=6e^{\displaystyle -3.5\left\vert {\frac {dh}{dx}}+0.05\right\vert }$
    ${\frac {dh}{dx}}=S=\tan \theta$
where
    W = walking velocity [km/h]
    dh = elevation difference,
    dx = distance,
    S = slope,
    θ = angle of slope (inclination).
The velocity on the flat terrain is 5 km / h, the maximum speed of 6 km / h is achieved roughly at -2.86°.
On flat terrain this formula works out to 5 km/h. For off-path travel, this value should be multiplied by 3/5, for horseback by 5/4.

## Pace

Pace is the reciprocal of speed. For Tobler's hiking function it can be calculated from the following conversion:
    $p=0.6e^{\displaystyle 3.5\left\vert m+0.05\right\vert }$
where
    p = pace [s/m]
    m = gradient uphill or downhill (dh/dx = S in Tobler's formula),

## Sample values

| Slope (deg) | Gradient (dh/dx) | Speed | Speed | Pace | Pace | Pace |
| Slope (deg) | Gradient (dh/dx) | km / h | mi / h | min / km | min / mi | s / m |
| -60 | -1.73 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 3603.9 | 5799.9 | 216.23 |
| -50 | -1.19 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 543.9 | 875.3 | 32.63 |
| -40 | -0.84 | 0.38 | 0.24 | 158.3 | 254.7 | 9.50 |
| -30 | -0.58 | 0.95 | 0.59 | 63.3 | 101.9 | 3.80 |
| -25 | -0.47 | 1.40 | 0.87 | 42.9 | 69.1 | 2.58 |
| -20 | -0.36 | 2.00 | 1.24 | 30.0 | 48.3 | 1.80 |
| -15 | -0.27 | 2.80 | 1.74 | 21.4 | 34.5 | 1.29 |
| -10 | -0.18 | 3.86 | 2.40 | 15.6 | 25.0 | 0.93 |
| -5 | -0.09 | 5.26 | 3.27 | 11.4 | 18.3 | 0.68 |
| -2.8624 | -0.05 | 6.00 | 3.73 | 10.0 | 16.1 | 0.60 |
| 0 | 0 | 5.04 | 3.13 | 11.9 | 19.2 | 0.71 |
| 1 | 0.02 | 4.74 | 2.94 | 12.7 | 20.4 | 0.76 |
| 5 | 0.09 | 3.71 | 2.30 | 16.2 | 26.0 | 0.97 |
| 10 | 0.18 | 2.72 | 1.69 | 22.1 | 35.5 | 1.32 |
| 15 | 0.27 | 1.97 | 1.23 | 30.4 | 49.0 | 1.83 |
| 20 | 0.36 | 1.41 | 0.88 | 42.6 | 68.5 | 2.56 |
| 25 | 0.47 | 0.98 | 0.61 | 60.9 | 98.1 | 3.66 |
| 30 | 0.58 | 0.67 | 0.41 | 89.9 | 144.6 | 5.39 |
| 40 | 0.84 | 0.27 | 0.17 | 224.6 | 361.5 | 13.48 |
| 50 | 1.19 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 771.8 | 1242.1 | 46.31 |
# António dos Santos (bishop)

Antonio dos Santos (14 April 1932 – 26 March 2018) was a Roman Catholic bishop.
Dos Santos was ordained to the priesthood in 1956. He served as titular bishop of Tabbora and as auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Aveiro, Portugal, from 1976 to 1979. He then served as bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Guarda, Portugal, from 1979 to 2005.
# Felipe Rodríguez

Felipe Rodríguez may refer to:
* Felipe Rodríguez (composer) (1759/60–1814/15), Spanish classical era composer
* Felipe Rodríguez (singer) (1926–1999), Puerto Rico singer of boleros
* Felipe Rodriguez (soccer, born 1975), retired American soccer midfielder
* Felipe Rodríguez (footballer, born 1990), Uruguayan football midfielder
# Cathall (ward)

Cathall is a ward in the London Borough of Waltham Forest. The population of this ward at the 2011 Census was 12,700.

## Politics

Approximate result in this ward for 2022 general election.
| Party | Votes | % |
| Labour Party | 2257 | 70,18% |
| Green | 364 | 11,31% |
| Conservative Party | 349 | 10,85% |
| Other parties | 245 | 7,62% |

## Waltham Forest council elections
### 2022 election

Cathall (2) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% |
| | Labour | Naheed Asghar | 1,186 | 73.8 | |
| | Labour | Jonathan O'Dea | 1,071 | 66.6 | |
| | Green | Lizzie Jarvis | 364 | 22.6 | |
| | Conservative | Michael Buckworth | 191 | 11.9 | |
| | Liberal Democrats | Michael Rodden | 177 | 11.0 | |
| | Conservative | Mohammad Rana | 158 | 9.8 | |
| | TUSC | Ricardo Joseph | 68 | 4.2 | |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 24.9 | |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Labour hold | Labour hold | Labour hold |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Labour hold | Labour hold | Labour hold |

### 2018 election

Cathall (3) :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | Labour Co-op | Naheed Asghar | 1,996 | 77.6 |
| | Labour Co-op | Terry Wheeler | 1,887 | 73.4 |
| | Labour Co-op | Jonathan O'Dea | 1,863 | 72.4 |
| | Green | Glyn Lloyd Roberts | 320 | 12.4 |
| | Liberal Democrats | John Colin Howard | 231 | 9.0 |
| | Conservative | Fatima Ahmad | 219 | 8.5 |
| | Liberal Democrats | Joan Sylvia Marie O'Brien | 205 | 8.0 |
| | Liberal Democrats | Clyde Kitson | 194 | 7.5 |
| | Conservative | Craig Moss | 194 | 7.5 |
| | Conservative | Zarif Isa | 153 | 5.9 |
| | TUSC | Scott Frank Jones | 76 | 3.0 |
| | Duma Polska | Elzbieta Raza | 50 | 1.9 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | 31.94% |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1,543 | |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Swing | |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Swing | |
| | Labour hold | Labour hold | Swing | |
# The Broad-Stone of Honour

The Broad Stone of Honour, or Rules for the Gentlemen of England, is a book written by Kenelm Henry Digby and published first in 1822 by F. C. & J. Rivington of London. Then the work was subdivided into its constituent parts and published as Godefridus (1829), Tancredus (1828), Morus (1826) and Orlandus (1829). Later it was revised and republished as The Broad Stone of Honour: Or, the True Sense and Practice of Chivalry (1844 to 1948).
Now almost unknown, Digby's The Broad Stone of Honour (named after his favourite castle, Ehrenbreitstein) was an attempt to describe the true meaning of chivalry and to revive it in modern life. In his Godefridus section, Digby defined chivalry:
    Chivalry is only a name for that general spirit or state of mind which disposes men to heroic actions, and keeps them conversant with all that is beautiful and sublime in the intellectual and moral world.
The Broad-Stone is plentifully supplied with examples from medieval literature, even the most obscure accounts. Even his admirers often found his appreciation of the Middle Ages excessive, in that he refused to see any fault in them. Still, the work was deeply influential. Its attack on utilitarianism and its devotion to rationalism over the heart, his lack of interest in intellectual ability, and his disdain for making money all had serious impact on the Victorian notion of a proper gentleman. It has been called "the breviary of Young England."
Digby concluded that the whole concept of gallantry or chivalry is to be found in the Eight Beatitudes; significantly the eight-pointed crosses used by the Knights of Malta and other such orders are believed to have alluded to the same idea. The book was so influential in its day that ideas such as the Boy Scout movement can be traced back to it.

## Footnotes

* ↑ Mark Girouard, The Return to Camelot, ISBN 0-300-02390-1, p. 63
* ↑ Mark Girouard, The Return to Camelot, ISBN 0-300-02390-1, p 61
* ↑ The Return to Camelot, p. 62
* ↑ The Return to Camelot, p. 64
* ↑ The Return to Camelot, p. 66
* ↑ Chandler, Alice (1970). A Dream of Order: The Medieval Ideal in Nineteenth-Century English Literature. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 160. ISBN 9780803207042.
* ↑ Forster, Rev. Michael (1999). "The Origins of the Boy Scouts". Scout History Association. Retrieved 2007-05-16.
* ↑ Girouard, Mark (1981). The Return to Camelot. London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-02739-6. pp. 56, 255 & 256 - "Quoted in Forster"
* Holland, Bernard - Memoir of Kenelm Digby first published 1919; paperback, Fisher Press, 1992 ISBN 1-874037-05-1
# Combat Outpost Shocker

Combat Outpost Shocker (COP Shocker) was a United States Coalition base in Zurbatiyah, a city in southern Iraq that is located a few miles from Iran The base is located parallel to Iraqi 3rd Region BDE Department of Border Enforcement (DBE). Assigned to the base were a contingent of Iraq Assistance Group Military transition teams, United States Border Patrol and U.S. Canine unit.

## Rocket attack

On 29 June 2011, Iranian-backed Kata'ib Hezbollah, also known as the Hezbollah Brigades fired IRAM rockets that struck COP Shocker.(Video of the attack) The attack resulted in the deaths of three Army soldiers, Captain Matthew G. Nielson, Captain David E. Van Camp and Sergeant Robert G. Tenney Jr.

## Transfer of base

On 30 July 2011, the United States military turned over responsibility of COP Shocker to the Iraqi 3rd Region BDE Department of Border Enforcement (DBE).
# Varick Frissell

Lewis Varick Frissell (1903 – March 15, 1931) was an American documentary filmmaker. His last film, The Viking, set in Newfoundland, involved the largest loss of life of a film production crew in history. This film was also "the first film to record sound and dialogue on location".

## Early life

Frissell came from a well-to-do family (his grandfather was founder and president of the Fifth Avenue Bank of New York), studied at Yale, and took a keen interest in film at an early age. He was mentored by renowned documentarian Robert Flaherty. In 1921, Frissell heard a lecture by Dr Wilfred Grenfell, which inspired him to visit the Labrador mission and to explore the northern wilderness. In 1922, Frissell volunteered to work for the International Grenfell Association, driving a dog team in the winter and working on the hospital boat Strathcona in the summer.

## Film career

In 1925, Frissell and fellow Yale student Jim Hillier explored the Hamilton River and shot the first film ever of the great waterfall. They also searched for and discovered the Unknown River of Indian legend and called it the Grenfell River. Frissell wrote an account of his explorations and submitted it to The Geographical Journal for publication entitled Explorations in the Grand Falls Region of Labrador, which earned him membership in the Royal Geographical Society. Frissell completed his film of the Hamilton River and titled it The Lure of Labrador. After graduation from Yale in 1926, he embarked on another film, The Great Arctic Seal Hunt, which was compiled from film he had shot aboard the SS Beothic during the seal hunt.

### The Viking

Frissell formed his own company, the Newfoundland-Labrador Film Company, and obtained the backing of Paramount Pictures to make a feature film, tentatively titled White Thunder. Captain Bob Bartlett played the ship's captain in this film about the Newfoundland seal hunt. This was the first Hollywood-style sound film ever made in what is now Canada. Frissell filmed most of The Viking (named for a sealing ship) in Quidi Vidi in 1930.
For realistic footage, Frissell then took his crew to the Grand Banks and Labrador to film exciting action sequences. The film debuted at the Nickel Theatre at St. John's on March 5, 1931, where Frissell decided that his movie needed more real scenes from the sea ice. Within days, Frissell and his crew had boarded the SS Viking for its annual seal hunt; it got trapped in ice near the Horse Islands.

## Death

On March 15, 1931, a cache of dynamite being stored in case it was needed to break the ship free from the ice pans exploded, destroying the stern of the ship, killing 28 men, including Frissell. The ship subsequently sank, and Frissell's body and his pet Newfoundland dog, Cabot, were never found.

## Aftermath

White Thunder, a National Film Board documentary on Frissell's life, directed by Newfoundlander Victoria King, was released in 2002.