OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Epistemology of finance

Epistemology of finance is a broad field of study that aims at providing a conceptual framework(s) for the interpretation of mathematical models in finance as well as the study of their possible limitations, in order to determine the epistemological standards according to which financial theory should be assessed against any associated empirical reality. A key problem is to what extent the combination of self-reference and adaption (reflexivity) undermine the stability, uniqueness, and usefulness of predictive models in finance and economics.
Within applied financial disciplines (which subsume financial economics, quantitative, and statistical finance) a single common assumption is pervasive; namely, that capital markets, being social systems, adhere sufficiently to epistemic norms. It has been argued that the use of incorrect epistemological assumptions is pervasive in financial economics and economics. These assumed epistemic norms carry with them a priori the necessity of unique, well-defined causal chains that can be meaningfully extracted from data. Both heterodox and mainstream economics retain the view that causality remains relevant as a formalism and that models remain sufficiently stable and unique (including under self-reference) and for this reason typically characterize empirical finance as science.
The alternative 'reflexive' view dates back to the 'Oedipus effect' of Popper, in control theory as the study of second-order cybernetics and also features in economics with Kauffman's Eigenform of markets. MacKenzie noted that the study of economics does more than simply describe, but rather shapes and changes the conditions of the economy, and society more broadly. While George Soros is commonly acknowledged as an ardent supporter of the reflexivity paradigm, Nobel laureates Herbert Simon and Franco Modigliani demonstrated an interest in and caution relating to reflexivity. Unsurprisingly, both Simon and Modigliani had a negative view on rational expectations. A third laureate - Robert Schiller - recently emphasised the importance of the study of reflexivity. That the implications of reflexivity have yet to be adequately assimilated in policy intervention, financial regulation or investments could, in part, explain why financial crises are often inherent and unavoidable within a positive framing of economics.
Subjects covered include the study of complexity and complexity theory, financial crisis as well as the epistemology of financial reporting.
It is closely related to philosophy and economics, financial market efficiency, rational expectation theory and the study of causality.
# Centre scolaire Léo-Rémillard

49°48′57″N 97°04′38″W﻿ / ﻿49.81583°N 97.07722°W﻿ / 49.81583; -97.07722
Centre scolaire Léo-Rémillard (CSLR) is a French-language high school situated in the southeastern part of Winnipeg, Manitoba, in Canada. It currently offers grade 9 to grade 12. This school was built in honor of the writer Léo Rémillard, and it is part of the Division Scolaire Franco-Manitobaine.
* This Manitoba school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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# Liberated Barracks

Liberated Barracks was an underground publication in Hawaii, printed from 1971 to 1974. Associated with the New Left and the GI Underground Press, the periodical provided advice to those resisting the Vietnam War and shared anti-war statements. Its publishers also maintained houses near local military bases where soldiers could seek counsel and freely discuss topics including the war.

## Background

The New Left movement, which opposed the Vietnam War and the draft, included an underground press which agitated against the war as well as related issues including racism and poverty. Roughly 1,500 underground publications were produced from 1964 to 1975, out of over 11,000 total publications.
Hawaii was a key location for the United States military during the war, serving as a staging area from which soldiers and supplies were shipped to Southeast Asia. Hawaii was home to about 15 underground publications out of 75 publications in total during the period, a substantially higher ratio than the national average. These publications, initially inspired by the Los Angeles Free Press and the Berkeley Barb, were generally made through cheap offset printing. The first underground periodical in Hawaii was Carrion Crow, which appeared in late 1967.
Later in the war, the development of the GI Underground Press led to the creation of at least 4 underground GI papers in Hawaii, including Liberated Barracks.

## Publication

Liberated Barracks was printed from 1971 to 1974 on an offset press at a residence in Kailua, Hawaii. It was part of a program under the same name maintaining G.I. coffeehouses – the titular "liberated barracks" – near military bases for soldiers to freely discuss topics including the war. The publishers also provided counsel to G.I.s in Hawaii.
Copies of Liberated Barracks were found on ships carrying troops to Vietnam.

## Content

Liberated Barracks served two purposes, simultaneously acting as an organ to disseminate statements by those who opposed the war and an avenue to advise and organize those resisters.
One issue of Liberated Barracks included a map created by the organization in collaboration with a local Catholic anti-war group. Titled "Enjoy Hawaii: Home Staging-Ground for the Vietnam War in Indochina", the map depicted military installations in Hawaii and functioned as an effective tool for agitating against the war; it was widely distributed in Hawaii and a copy was reportedly given to Prime Minister Kakuei Tanaka of Japan during his 1972 visit to Honolulu to meet with President Richard Nixon.
# Cnemaspis alwisi

Cnemaspis alwisi, also known commonly as Alwis' day gecko or Alwis's day gecko, is a species of diurnal lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to the island of Sri Lanka.

## Etymology

The specific name, alwisi, is in honor of Sri Lankan zoologist Lyn de Alwis (1930–2006) for his work in wildlife conservation.

## Description

Adults of C. alwisi have a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 33–40 mm (1.3–1.6 in).

## Reproduction

C. alwisi is oviparous.
# Ben Devlin

Ben Devlin is a British television executive producer. After periods working in journalism including a stint at British newspaper The Daily Telegraph, he entered television broadcasting and worked for the BBC, Rapido TV, Clive James's Watchmaker Films, Graham Norton's So TV and Visual Voodoo, the entertainment arm of ITN. His credits range from The Generation Game to Eurotrash.
He now specialises in content creation strategies for brands, developing and placing branded content, advertiser funded programming, and product placement in the UK.

## Past credits

* 100 Greatest Stand-Ups - Channel 4
* Richard Hammond Meets Evel Knievel - BBC Two
* The Million Dollar Mind Reader: Derek Ogilvie - Channel 5
* James Hewitt Under Hypnosis - Channel 5
* The Jules and Lulu Show - ITV
# Tubod

Tubod is the name of two places in the Philippines:
* Tubod, Lanao del Norte
* Tubod, Surigao del Norte
# Sphincter paralysis

Sphincter paralysis is paralysis of one of the body's many sphincters, preventing it from constricting normally.
Case studies have shown patients may remain continent for many years despite being affected by anal sphincter paralysis.
# Vivonne

Vivonne (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Vienne department, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, western France.
Louis Victor de Rochechouart de Mortemart, brother of Madame de Montespan was the duc de Vivonne.
# Trondhjems Elektricitetsværk og Sporvei

Trondhjems Elektricitetsværk og Sporvei was a municipally owned power company and tram operator in Trondheim, Norway between 1901 and 1936 when the company was split in Trondheim Energiverk (TEV) and Trondheim Sporvei. The company was founded on November 4, 1901, to build a hydro electric power plant at Øvre Leirfoss and the Trondheim Tramway that replaced the old horse omnibus service from 1893.
Through the company the tramway in Trondheim was expanded to Elgeseter with Elgeseterlinjen in 1913 and to Trondheim Central Station. The company was organised as a municipal agency. Today both the successors of the company are owned by the Government of Norway with TEV being a subsidiary of Statkraft while Trondheim Sporvei now is part of Team Trafikk, a subsidiary of Nettbuss.
# Episterol

Episterol is a sterol involved in the biosynthesis of steroids. Episterol is synthesized from 24-methylenelophenol. Episterol is converted to 5-dehydroepisterol by ERG3, the C-5 sterol desaturase in the yeast. Episterol is also known to be a precursor to ergosterol.
# The Astor Orphan

The Astor Orphan is a 2013 memoir by Alexandra Aldrich, a member of the Astor family.

## Summary

Alexandra Aldrich, a direct descendant (5th great grand-daughter) of John Jacob Astor, recounts her childhood at Rokeby, a 43-room historic estate in Barrytown, New York. The family is land-rich but cash-poor. Her father is unemployed and her grandmother is an alcoholic. The book ends as she leaves for boarding school.

## Critical reception

The book was described by Publishers Weekly as a "sparklingly mischievous debut".
In the Chicago Tribune, Kevin Nance compared it to Grey Gardens, adding that, "Aldrich delivers buckets of eccentricity." However, he argued that her "petulant grievance and thwarted entitlement" made the book "wearisome fast". He added that the dialogues lacked credibility, and that there is a "lack of an adult, emotionally mature perspective".
Writing for The New York Observer, Matthew Kassel argued that it "read[s] like a cross between Jane Eyre and Running with Scissors, adding that "it contain[ed] more than a few unsavory details about her family, personal things that one might not want the public to know about." He went on to say that "the book feels like a child's revenge on her family."
In Salon, Laura Miller called it "a mournful, curious tale of an anxious child's longing for security." She added that it lacked "the fluency of truly accomplished storytelling, but the story it tells is so extraordinary, and Aldrich's tone is so baldly honest, that the reader's attention will not flag.".
In The Boston Globe, Buzzy Jackson, the author of Shaking the Family Tree: Blue Bloods, Black Sheep, and Other Obsessions of an Accidental Genealogist, argued that it was "unpleasant for the reader to spend time with these spoiled, deranged people."
In the Star Tribune, Eric Hanson called the book, "wearying, gorgeous, ugly, sad, bohemian and only mildly sordid or scandalous by TV or literary standards."
The Kirkus Reviews said, "It’s a trick to tell a story this rich and complicated through the eyes of a child without losing the subtleties of character and nuances of history, but Aldrich pulls it off with aplomb."
# Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires

In higher education in France the Centre régional des œuvres universitaires et scolaires (CROUS), founded in 1955, is a regional organisation providing student bursaries, university halls of residence, reception of foreign students, student cultural activities, and student restaurants. Accommodation is offered in all university cities, such as Paris, Nantes, Lyon, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Besançon, etc. For instance, the Grenoble education authority helps students find accommodation in the university cities of Grenoble, Chambéry, Valence and Annecy.
# Paul Campion

Paul Campion may refer to:
* Paul Campion (radio host) (born 1969), Australian radio host
* Paul Campion (French Navy officer), French admiral
* Paul Campion (film director) (born 1967), English/New Zealand film director
# The Software Exchange

The Software Exchange was a company that produced computer games in the late 1970s and early 1980s, primarily for the TRS-80. It has origins with SoftSide magazine.

## Games

* Atlantic Balloon Crossing (1979)
* Dragon-Quest Adventure (1979)
* Lost Dutchman's Gold (1979)
* Star Trek III.4 (1979)
* Westward 1847 (1979)
* Invasion From Outer Space (1980)
* The Mean Checkers Machine (1980)
* Round the Horn (1980)
# Bodie Hills

The Bodie Hills is a low mountain range in Mono County, California, in the United States. The highest peak is Potato Peak at an altitude of 10,220 ft (3,115 m). The Bodie Hills are between Bridgeport and the Nevada border, where they become the Bodie Mountains in Mineral County, Nevada. The Sierra Nevada lies to the west. The mining district and town of Bodie, California, is located in the Bodie Hills.
Early Native American peoples of the Mono tribe and Northern Paiute people inhabited this locale and engaged in trade with distant coastal tribes such as the Chumash in Southern California.

## Bodie State Historic Park

The ghost town of Bodie is now located in Bodie State Historic Park. The preserved California mining district is also designated a National Historic Landmark and a California Historical Landmark. It became a California State Historic Park in 1962 and was opened to the public.

## Climate

Climate data for Bodie Mountain (CA) 38.2270 N, 119.0781 W, Elevation: 9,885 ft (3,013 m) (1991–2020 normals) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 35.5 (1.9) | 34.9 (1.6) | 38.2 (3.4) | 42.7 (5.9) | 51.0 (10.6) | 61.4 (16.3) | 69.5 (20.8) | 68.7 (20.4) | 62.5 (16.9) | 52.6 (11.4) | 41.7 (5.4) | 35.0 (1.7) | 49.5 (9.7) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 25.7 (−3.5) | 24.5 (−4.2) | 27.2 (−2.7) | 30.8 (−0.7) | 38.6 (3.7) | 47.9 (8.8) | 55.6 (13.1) | 54.8 (12.7) | 48.9 (9.4) | 40.3 (4.6) | 31.4 (−0.3) | 25.5 (−3.6) | 37.6 (3.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 16.0 (−8.9) | 14.1 (−9.9) | 16.1 (−8.8) | 19.0 (−7.2) | 26.1 (−3.3) | 34.3 (1.3) | 41.7 (5.4) | 40.9 (4.9) | 35.2 (1.8) | 28.0 (−2.2) | 21.2 (−6.0) | 15.9 (−8.9) | 25.7 (−3.5) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 2.93 (74) | 2.71 (69) | 2.40 (61) | 1.40 (36) | 1.42 (36) | 0.59 (15) | 0.60 (15) | 0.47 (12) | 0.33 (8.4) | 0.86 (22) | 1.50 (38) | 2.49 (63) | 17.7 (449.4) |
| Source: PRISM Climate Group ||||||||||||||
# Olpadronic acid

Olpadronic acid (INN; salt form olpadronate) is a bisphosphonate. It is used as part of a cancer symptom treatment support in cases of high blood calcium levels (hypercalcemia) and the reduction of fractures/pain that are the result of when cancer spreads to the bone (metastasis).
# Tropaeas

Tropaeas is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Pyramidellidae, the pyrams and their allies.

## General description

The surface of the shell is marked by strong axial ribs. The intercostal spaces are spirally pitted. The early teleoconch whorls are sculptured differently from the later ones. The shell is umbilicated and contains two columellar folds.

## Species

* Tropaeas badia (A. Adams, 1863)
* Tropaeas brunneomaculata (Melvill, 1897)
* Tropaeas castanea (A. Adams, 1863)
* Tropaeas crassicostata (Sowerby III, 1901)
* Tropaeas enelata (Melvill, 1910)
* Tropaeas gracilis (A. Adams, 1854)
* Tropaeas gradatula (Melvill, J.C. & R. Standen, 1897)
* Tropaeas halaibensis Sturany, 1903
* Tropaeas imperforata Laseron, 1959
* Tropaeas livida (Sowerby III, 1901)
* Tropaeas luteomaculosa (Nomura, 1938)
* Tropaeas natalensis E. A. Smith, 1906
* Tropaeas strigulata (A.Adams, 1862)
* Tropaeas subulata (A. Adams, 1853)

### Species brought into synonymy

* Tropaeas castaneus [sic] : synonym of Tropaeas castanea (A. Adams, 1863)
* Tropaeas fortiplicata Nomura, 1936: synonym of Siogamaia fortiplicata (Nomura, 1936)
* Tropaeas strigatula [sic] : synonym of Tropaeas strigulata (A. Adams, 1863)
* Tropaeas strigillata [sic] : synonym of Tropaeas strigulata (A. Adams, 1863)
* Tropaeas teres (A. Adams, 1861): synonym of Longchaeus turritus (A. Adams, 1854)
The Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database also includes the following species:
* Tropaeas contracta (Saurin, 1959)
* Tropaeas dubia (Schepman, 1909)
* Tropaeas hadwigis Thiele, 1925
* Tropaeas isolda Thiele, 1925
* Tropaeas lanassae Hornung & Mermod, 1924
* Tropaeas latonae Hornung & Mermod, 1924
* Tropaeas luteomaculosa (Nomura, 1938)
* Tropaeas secunda (Saurin, 1959)
* Tropaeas stylifera Thiele, 1925
* Tropaeas subcarnea (Schepman, 1909)
* Tropaeas subglabra (Odhner, 1919)
# Yubileyny

Yubileyny (masculine), Yubileynaya (feminine), or Yubileynoye (neuter) may refer to:
* Yubileyny, Russia (Yubileynaya, Yubileynoye), several rural localities in Russia
* Yubileyny Urban Okrug, a former municipal formation which the former town of Yubileyny in Moscow Oblast, Russia was incorporated as
* Yubileyny Sports Palace, in Saint Petersburg, Russia
* Yubileiny (Yubileyny), a Russian satellite
* Yubileynaya mine, a coal mine in Kemerovo Oblast, Russia
* Yubileynaya (Moscow Metro), a planned station of the Moscow Metro, Moscow, Russia
* Yubileynoye, Kazakhstan, a village in Almaty Oblast of Kazakhstan
* Yubileyniy Airport, an airport at Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan
# Walter Essex

Sir (Richard) Walter Essex (13 January 1857 – 15 September 1941) was a British businessman and Liberal Party politician.
The eldest son of John Essex, he established the wallpaper printing business Essex & Co. He entered local politics in the Wandsworth area of south London. At the 1900 general election he was selected by the Liberal Party to contest the seat of Lambeth, Kennington, but failed to be elected. At the next general election in 1906 he was elected as Member of Parliament for Cirencester in Gloucestershire. He held the seat until January 1910 when he was defeated by his Conservative opponent, Benjamin Bathurst. He returned to the Commons at the election of December 1910, when he was elected to represent Stafford. He was knighted in 1913 and made an honorary freeman of Stafford. Following a redistribution of seats, Essex stood at the new seat of Stoke-on-Trent, Burslem at the 1918 general election but was not elected.
Essex was married twice. He married Marie Chinchen of Swanage, Dorset in 1881; together they had one daughter. Following her death in 1883, he married Lizzie Benson of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1885, with whom he had another three daughters. Their house facing Tooting Common was originally designed by C. F. A. Voysey in 1897, but when Lady Essex turned down Voysey's later revised design, the house was built by Walter Cave on lines similar to the 1897 version. He died at his home at Bourton on the Water, Gloucestershire in September 1941.
# Old Park Hill

Old Park Hill is a 40-hectare (100-acre) nature reserve north of Dover in Kent. It is managed by the Kent Wildlife Trust (KWT). It is in the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
This steeply sloping hill has woodland, scrub and grassland. The site has not been managed since around 2005, and the KWT is removing scrub to increase restore its mainly grassland habitat, providing an increased area suitable for meadow butterflies, reptiles and orchids.
There is access from Whitfield Hill.
# Clytra nigrocincta

Clytra nigrocincta is a species of leaf beetles in the subfamily Cryptocephalinae, that can be found in eastern Turkey, Syria, Iraq, the Caucasus and in the northern part of Iran.
# Cwm Silicon

Cwm Silicon (Welsh for Silicon Valley) is an epithet applied to a region of South Wales in the far west of Newport that attracted interest and inward investment from the technology sector in the early 2000s.
As of 2010, the future of the area as an important technological centre was uncertain following the closure of its key LG factory in August 2003. The area is next to the M4 and is a centre for high-technology companies, like much of the M4 corridor.
# Cwm Taf Fechan Woodlands

Cwm Taf Fechan Woodlands is a Site of Special Scientific Interest on the northern outskirts of Merthyr Tydfil, in south Wales. It has semi-natural broadleaved woodland, with a variety of plants, some of which are rare. The 60.9 hectares (150 acres) site under protection is dominated by oak, ash, downy birch, and hazel and hawthorn. The Taf Fechan river flows nearby.
# Turnalı, Kızılcahamam

Turnalı is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Kızılcahamam, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 16 (2022).
# Cydia indivisa

Cydia indivisa is a species of moth of the family Tortricidae. It is found from Fennoscandia to France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovakia. In the east, the range extends to the Baltic region and northern Russia.
The wingspan is 13–16 mm. Adults are on wing from May to July in one generation per year.
The larvae feed on Picea abies. They feed under the bark of their host plant.
# Turicum (disambiguation)

Turicum may refer to:
* Turicum (automobile), a Swiss automobile manufacturer
* Turicum (Zürich), a Roman vicus, now better known as the Swiss city of Zurich
* Turicum (ship, 1992), a passenger ship operating on Lake Zurich in Switzerland
# C°

C° can mean:
* Celsius degrees
* In chemistry, the standard state for solute concentration
# TurkSat-3USat

TurkSat-3USat is a Turkish communications nanosatellite developed by the Space Systems Design and Test Laboratory and Radio Frequency Electronics Laboratory of Istanbul Technical University (ITU) in collaboration with the Türksat company along with Turkish Amateur Satellite Technology Organization (TAMSAT). It was launched on 26 April 2013.
Started with a protocol signed on 29 November 2010, TurkSat-3USat is a follow-up project based on the ITUpSAT1 mission, which was launched on 23 September 2009.

## Launch and orbit

TurkSat-3USat was launched as a secondary payload on 26 April 2013 at 04:13:04 UTC atop a Long March 2D satellite launch vehicle from the Launch Area 4/South Launch Site 2 of Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in Gobi Desert, China. Further payloads on this flight were:
* Gaofen 1, (CNSA), China
* NEE-01 Pegaso, (EXA), Ecuador
* CubeBug-1, (INVAP), Argentina
TurkSat-3USat was placed into a Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit at an altitude of 645 kilometres (401 mi). It orbits 2-3 times a day over Turkey. The satellite's mission duration is expected to be at least three years.

## Spacecraft and payload

TurkSat-3USat is packed in a three-unit CubeSat structure made by Innovative Solutions In Space BV (ISIS) from Delft, Netherlands. It is 10 by 10 centimetres (3.9 in × 3.9 in) wide and 34 centimetres (13 in) long, and has a mass of about 4 kilograms (8.8 lb).
The satellite's payload, a linear transponder and on-board computer, were designed in the RF Electronic Laboratory of ITU. It is Turkey's first indigenously developed satellite. TurkSat-3USat providing SSB/CW communication in amateur radio frequency bands. The transponder input is 145.940-145.990 MHz and the output is 435.200-435.250 MHz. On 437.225 MHz is either a CW beacon or 9,600 baud Audio frequency-shift keying (AFSK).
Solar panels and lithium polymer batteries together with super capacitors provide the required power. Passive magnetic attitude control system with hysteresis rods enable satellite stabilization. A C329 UART camera module is available on board for occasional snapshots of Earth.
The satellite features also a system to deorbit itself after the completion of its mission in compliance with the current CubeSat standard and United Nations regulations.
# Tumak

Tumak may refer to:
* Tumak, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia
* Tumak language
* One Million B.C., an American fantasy film
* Tumak (annelid), a genus of annelids in the family Tumakidae
# Tumakidae

Tumakidae is a family of annelids belonging to the order Crassiclitellata.
Genera:
# Cyphellocalathus

Cyphellocalathus is a genus of fungi in the family Tricholomataceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Cyphellocalathus cecropiae, found in Bolivia.
# Cyrtodactylus amphipetraeus

Cyrtodactylus amphipetraeus is a species of gecko that is endemic to Thailand.
# Cymbiola houarti

Cymbiola houarti is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Volutidae.
# Călin-Constantin Balabașciuc

Călin-Constantin Balabașciuc (born 1 June 1996) is a Romanian politician of the Alliance for the Union of Romanians. Since 2020, he has been a member of the Chamber of Deputies. He served as leader of the party's youth wing until 2021, and took office as the youngest member of parliament.