OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Association of British Philatelic Societies

The Association of British Philatelic Societies, commonly known as the ABPS, is the British national association of philatelic societies, regional philatelic federations, and specialist philatelic societies.

## Aims

The aims of the ABPS are:
* To represent the hobby both nationally and internationally.
* To encourage the growth of philately.
* To support events and, if required, offer support and advice to Federations/Society events.
* To provide workshops locally or nationally on various aspects of the hobby.
* To provide a directory which serves a compendium of information useful to the Society Secretary and its members.
* To publish books, papers etc of value to the members.
* To assist in the organisation of an annual congress which acts as a national focus for philately within the British Isles.
* To issue at least 4 times a year a journal, ABPS News, which publicises the work of affiliated Federations and Societies at a local and national level and reports on developments within philatelic. (sic)
* To work with the International bodies in the creation of regulation for competitive entries.

## Activities

Each year the ABPS holds the Philatelic Congress of Great Britain. The first congress was in 1909. At the Congress, the Congress Medal is presented and the new signatories to the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists sign the Roll. Awards of Merit are also made.
A quarterly journal, ABPS News, is issued and the ABPS closely supports the Stamp Active Network which aims to promote youth philately within Britain.
Grosvenor Philatelic Auctions and Stanley Gibbons are dealer patrons of the association.

## Legal status and governance

The ABPS is incorporated as The Association of British Philatelic Societies Limited, a company limited by guarantee registered at Companies House. A subsidiary, A.B.P.S. Exhibitions Limited, organises philatelic exhibitions.
The association is run by an executive committee.
# Association of British Insurers

The Association of British Insurers, or ABI, is a trade association made up of insurance companies in the United Kingdom.

## History

The ABI began in 1985 after several specialised insurance industry trade associations joined to form one trade association for the UK insurance industry (excluding Lloyd's of London), including the British Insurance Association, the Life Offices’ Association, the Fire Offices Committee, the Accident Offices Association, the Industrial Life Offices Association and the Accident Offices Association (Overseas).
The UK insurance industry is the largest in Europe and the third largest in the world.
In 2014, there was a "shock" announcement that Legal & General was leaving as one of ABI's around 300 corporate members, due to the ABI's "decision to transfer its investment business to the Investment Management Association." ABI, says the Insurance Journal, warned about modern building materials like external cladding posing a fire risk before the Grenfell Tower Fire. In July 2019 Amanda Blanc stepped down as ABI chair. It still had Huw Evans as director general of ABI. In March 2020, ABI suggested to the press that "most companies would not be covered by a BI policy even in the event of a Government mandated shut down" over Coronavirus. On March 19, 2020, Nicola Sturgeon argued publicly that insurance companies should do more to help with Coronavirus in Scotland and the UK.
Motor insurance fraud emerged as the predominant form of insurance fraud in the UK in 2023, as indicated by data from the Association of British Insurers (ABI). The figures reveal that fraudulent claims amounted to £1.1 billion in 2023, reflecting a four percent increase from 2022. In total, insurers uncovered 84,400 fraudulent claims during the year, which is an increase of 11,800 claims compared to the previous year. The average value of these claims was reported at £13,000. Notably, motor insurance fraud accounted for a significant portion of this total, with 45,800 scams identified, valued at £501 million, marking an eight percent rise from 2022.

## Structure

According to the association, it has around 250 companies in membership, which between them provide 90% of domestic insurance services sold in the UK. ABI member companies account for almost 20% of investments in London's stock market. Its members are major tax contributors, paying £10.4 billion in the 2010 / 2011 tax year. The organisation is funded by members' subscriptions.
Its offices are at One America Square, 17 Crosswall, City of London, EC3N 2LB. The ABI employed around 100 people in 2009.
The association is a member of Insurance Europe.

## Function

The ABI represents the collective interests of the UK's insurance industry. The association speaks out on issues of common interest, works to inform and participate in debates on public policy issues, and acts as an advocate for high standards of customer service in the insurance industry.
# Astraptes

Astraptes, commonly known as the flasher butterflies, is a genus of skipper butterflies in the subfamily Eudaminae. They are found in the Nearctic and Neotropical ecozones.

## Species

The following species are recognised in the genus Astraptes:
* Astraptes erycina (Plötz, 1881) Brazil
* Astraptes mabillei Steinhauser, 1989 Bolivia
* Astraptes halesius (Hewitson, 1877) French Guiana, Peru
* Astraptes aulus (Plötz, 1881) Panama to Brazil
* Astraptes enotrus (Stoll, [1781]) Guiana, Guyane, Suriname, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, Trinidad
* Astraptes janeira (Schaus, 1902) Brazil, Suriname, Colombia, Paraguay
# Samkshepa Vedartham

Samkshepa Vedartham (in Malayalam: സംക്ഷേപവേദാർത്ഥം; full title in Malayalam: നസ്രാണികൾ ഒക്കേക്കും അറിയേണ്ടുന്ന സംക്ഷേപവേദാർത്ഥം; full title in Latin: Compendiosa legis explanatio omnibus Christianis scitu necessaria Malabarico idiomate) is the first book in Malayalam language ever to be printed. Malayalam language is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India, is spoken by at least 35 million people in India and has been designated as a classical language of India. Samkshepa Vedartham is basically a catechism book written in the question-answer format. It was authored by Clemente Peani (1731–1782), also known as Clemens Peanius, who was a member of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples who reached Kerala in 1757 and spent several years there as a Christian missionary. The book was printed in the year 1772 in Rome using movable types. Peanius had to cut as many as 1128 letter types for printing the book. Peani is also the author of another book titled "Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum" printed in Rome in 1772 dealing with the Malayalam alphabet. This latter book is a book written in Latin; it is not a book in Malayalam even though Malayalam characters and sentences appear in the book.

## The contents

The contents of Samkshepa Vedartham has been summarized thus:
    "The divisions of the contents are made as groups, lessons and cantos. The book is in the form of a dialogue between a teacher and his student. The topics discussed touch the Cardinal principles and faith of Christianity and spirituality. The mystery of creation, life after death, the mystery of the Trinity and incarnation, mark of the cross, the Lord’s Prayer, doctrines of Christianity, the seven sacraments, purity and sinfulness, vespers etc. are explained by the author in their totality in a very easy-to-understand manner."

## A modern edition

A second edition of the Samkshepa Vedartham has been published jointly by D. C. Books, Kottayam and Carmel Publishing Centre, Thiruvananthapuram in 1980 with an introduction by Chummar Choondal and a commentary by Mathew Ulakanthara.

## A new Malayalam typeface

The typeface used in the first printing of Samkshepa Vedartham has inspired a few Malayalam typographers to design and construct a new modern typeface in Malayalam that closely resembles the Samkshepa Vedartham typeface.

## Full texts

* A digitized version of the full text of the original edition of Samkshepa Vedartham is available in the Internet Archive at the link HERE.
* The full text of Samkshepa Vedartham with modern Malayalm typeface is available in Malayalam Wikisource at the link HERE.
* A digitized version of Alphabetum grandonico-malabaricum sive samscrudonicum is available at the link HERE.
# Samdari Junction railway station

Samdari Junction is a railway station in Barmer district, Rajasthan, India. Its code is SMR. It serves Samdari town. The station consists of 3 platforms. Passenger, Express and Superfast trains halt here.
# Sama (Harstad)

Sama is a neighborhood within the town of Harstad which is located in Harstad Municipality in Troms county, Norway. It is located just northwest of the city center. To the north is the Samaåsen hill, to the south is the Harstadåsen hill, to the southwest is the Blåbærhaugen hill, and to the west is Bergseng. The street Samagata goes through the area.
Situated in Sama are shops, a gas station and different services, along with many people living in the area.
# Marginal model

In statistics, marginal models (Heagerty & Zeger, 2000) are a technique for obtaining regression estimates in multilevel modeling, also called hierarchical linear models. People often want to know the effect of a predictor/explanatory variable X, on a response variable Y. One way to get an estimate for such effects is through regression analysis.

## Why the name marginal model?

In a typical multilevel model, there are level 1 & 2 residuals (R and U variables). The two variables form a joint distribution for the response variable ($Y_{ij}$). In a marginal model, we collapse over the level 1 & 2 residuals and thus marginalize (see also conditional probability) the joint distribution into a univariate normal distribution. We then fit the marginal model to data.
For example, for the following hierarchical model,
    level 1: $Y_{ij}=\beta _{0j}+R_{ij}$, the residual is $R_{ij}$, and $\operatorname {var} (R_{ij})=\sigma ^{2}$
    level 2: $\beta _{0j}=\gamma _{00}+U_{0j}$, the residual is $U_{0j}$, and $\operatorname {var} (U_{0j})=\tau _{0}^{2}$
Thus, the marginal model is,
    $Y_{ij}\sim N(\gamma _{00},(\tau _{0}^{2}+\sigma ^{2}))$
This model is what is used to fit to data in order to get regression estimates.
# Marginal nucleus of spinal cord

The marginal nucleus of spinal cord, posteromarginal nucleus, or spinal lamina 1 (Rexed lamina 1) is located at the most dorsal aspect of the posterior grey column of the spinal cord. The neurons located here receive input primarily from Lissauer's tract and relay information related to pain and temperature sensation. Pain sensation relayed here cannot be modulated, e.g. pain from burning the skin. The axons of neurons contribute to the lateral spinothalamic tract.
# Sylvia Michel (minister)

Sylvia Michel (born 25 December 1935) is a Swiss Reformed minister. She served as Europe's first female church council president by being elected to the position for the Reformed Church of Aargau. A church award is named after her. She also served as president of a working group concerning South Africa.
# Szakáld

Szakáld is a village in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County in northeastern Hungary.
# Margarya oxytropoides

Margarya oxytropoides is a species of large operculate freshwater snail, an aquatic gastropod mollusc in the family Viviparidae, the river snails.

## Distribution

The distribution of Margarya francheti includes Dian Lake, Lugu Lake, and small lakes around Zhaotong in Yunnan Province, China.

## Description

Zhang et al. (2015) provided details about the shell and about the radula.
# Salvatore Vincenti

Salvatore Vincenti (born 5 March 1972) is an Italian male retired middle-distance runner, who won a gold medal at international senior level at the 1999 European Cup. He also participated at the 1999 World Championship in Athletics.

## Biography

Vincenti also participated at two editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships (1999, 2002) at individual senior level.

## Achievements

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Performance |
| 1999 | European Cup | Paris | 1st | 3000 m | 7:59.12 |
| 1999 | World Championships | Sevilla | Heat | 5000 m | 14:03.36 |
| 2000 | European Indoor Championships | Ghent | 21st | 3000 m | 8:13.64 |
| 2002 | European Championships | Munich | 8th | 5000 m | 13:50.53 |
| 2003 | World Indoor Championships | Birmingham | 16th | 1500 m | 3:45.93 |
| 2004 | European Indoor Cup | Leipzig | 3rd | 3000 m | 7:51.59 |

## National titles

He won 7 national championships at individual senior level.
* Italian Athletics Championships
** 5000 metres: 2001, 2002, 2003
* Italian Indoor Athletics Championships
** 1500 metres: 1999, 2003
** 3000 metres: 2001, 2004
# Salvatore Valitutti

Salvatore Valitutti (1907–1992) was an educator and liberal politician who served as the minister of public education in the cabinet led by Prime Minister Francesco Cossiga in the period 1979–1980. He was one of the proponents of the Montessori education movement.

## Early life and education

Valitutti was born in Bellosguardo, near Salerno, on 30 September 1907. His parents were Giuseppe and Amalia Macchiaroli, and he was the fifth of twelve siblings.
Following the completion of secondary education in Salerno Valitutti attended the University of Political Sciences in Rome and graduated with a bachelor's degree in political sciences in 1930.

## Career

Valitutti was an academic by profession and was the president of the University for Foreigners in Perugia. He was one of the supporters of the Montessori education movement and served as the vice president of the Opera Nazionale Montessori which was established by Maria Montessori to make her method of education widespread in Italy.
In 1963 Valitutti was elected as a deputy and began to serve at the Italian Parliament. He also served at the Italian Senate for the Italian Liberal Party for two terms: from Campania in 1972 and from Lazio in 1983. In 1972 he was appointed undersecretary of the Ministry of Education.
He was the vice president of the Liberal Party from 19 February to 4 July 1976. In 1971 Valitutti launched a magazine entitled Nuovi Studi Politici and published several articles in the magazine. He was named as the minister of public education in the cabinet of Francesco Cossiga and was in office between 5 August 1979 and 4 April 1980.

### Death and legacy

Valitutti died in Rome on 1 October 1992. He was buried in the Bellosguardo cemetery next to his wife.
In memory of him a prize was established, Salvatore Valitutti International Prize.
# Marie Halvey

Marie Halvey (1895–1967) was an American film editor known for her work during the late 1920s and early 1930s.
Early Life
Halvey was born in Chicago, Illinois, to John Halvey and Sarah Casey. In the early 1920s, she moved to Los Angeles with her sister Geraldine, who later became Hal Roach bathing girl and wife of stuntman Leo Nomis.
Halvey began her career in the film industry as a stenographer, working for Archie Mayo at Samuel Goldwyn Studio. She eventually worked her way into a continuity role and finally an editing role, working on a string of Herbert Brenon films. As her career progressed, she also worked as a script girl for directors like Ernst Lubitsch and H.C. Potter.

## Selected filmography

* Bachelor Apartment (1931)
* Beau Ideal (1931)
* Lawful Larceny (1930)
* The Case of Sergeant Grischa (1930)
* Lummox (1930)
* The Rescue (1929)
* Laugh, Clown, Laugh (1928)
* Sorrell and Son (1927)
# Sympistis toddi

Sympistis toddi is a species of moth in the family Noctuidae (the owlet moths). The MONA or Hodges number for Sympistis toddi is 10153. It occurs in Texas and New Mexico.
The wingspan is 21–22 mm (0.8–0.9 in).
# Astatochroa

Astatochroa is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Drepaninae.

## Species

* Astatochroa fuscimargo (Warren, 1896)
* Astatochroa sulphurata (Warren, 1907)
# Săcel

Săcel may refer to several places in Romania:
* Săcel, a commune in Harghita County
* Săcel, a commune in Maramureș County
* Săcel, a village in Băișoara Commune, Cluj County
* Săcel, a village in Sântămăria-Orlea Commune, Hunedoara County
* Săcel, a district in the town of Săliște, Sibiu County
# Astylosternus montanus

Astylosternus montanus, also known as the mountain night frog or montane night frog, is a species of frog in the family Arthroleptidae. It is found in the mountains of western Cameroon and into the Obudu Plateau in adjacent south-eastern Nigeria.

## Description

Astylosternus montanus has a short, stocky body. Males grow to 44 mm (1.7 in) and females to 52 mm (2.0 in) in snout–vent length. The head is slightly longer than it is wide. The legs are strong and relatively short. The dorsum is granular posteriorly and has few to many short dorsolateral ridges. The dorsum varies in colouration: beige, yellow, grey, or chocolate brown, and bears many distinctly delimited black blotches. The ventral parts are dull yellow with darker patterning. Males have a large black nuptial pad on the thumb and dense spines in the throat.
The male advertisement call is a brief and strong "dlouk", "hou", or "rrra".

## Habitat and conservation

Astylosternus montanus occurs in or near flowing water in lower montane and submontane forest or herbaceous vegetation and gallery forests at elevations of 900–2,029 m (2,953–6,657 ft) above sea level. It can roam to relatively dry areas along forest tracks and in agricultural areas during night. It can tolerate slightly deforestation but always requires canopy cover. It breeds in flowing water. The males call from rock cavities or from in the water.
Astylosternus montanus is a common species, but it probably suffers from some habitat loss and deterioration, despite showing a degree of adaptability. It may locally suffer from harvesting for consumption. It is not known to occur in any protected areas.
# Asu (given name)

Asu is a Turkish feminine given name that means "naughty child", also shortened version of Asuman and Asude.

## Given name

* Asu Maralman, Turkish singer and actress
* Asu Sena Kurtyilmaz, Turkish actress
* Asu Emre, Turkish actress

## Fictional Character

* Asu, fictional character in Kara Sevda
* Asu, fictional character in Fatmagül'ün Suçu Ne?
# Mario Méndez

Mario Méndez may refer to:
* Mario Méndez (Mexican footballer) (born 1979), Mexican football player
* Mario Méndez (Panamanian footballer) (born 1977), Panamanian football defender and manager
* Mario Méndez (Uruguayan footballer) (born 1938), Uruguayan footballer
* Mario Mendez (politician) (born 1989), American politician in the Rhode Island House of Representatives
# Marine flooding surface

Marine flooding surfaces are a fundamental concept in sequence stratigraphy, where they form the limiting surfaces of parasequences.
A marine flooding surfaces is defined as a sharp contact that separates overlying younger strata with deep-water facies from underlying older strata with shallow-water facies. Therefore, marine flooding surfaces indicate a deepening and can display signs of erosion and/or nondeposition resulting in a hiatus or break in the sedimentary record.
# T37

T37 may refer to:

## Vehicles

* T-37A tank, a Soviet amphibious light tank
* T37 light tank, a prototype American tank developed into the M41 Walker Bulldog
* Bugatti Type 37, a French sports car
* Cessna T-37 Tweet, a Cessna trainer aircraft
* Prussian T 37, a 1904 German steam locomotive
* Slingsby T.37 Skylark 1, a British glider

## Other uses

* T37 (classification), a disability sport classification
* T-37 (rocket), an American demolition rocket
* T.37, an ITU-T recommendation
* Goldthwaite Municipal Airport, in Goldthwaite, Texas; FAA location identifier
# Samantha Lambert

Samantha Lambert is a Gaelic football player for Ardfinnan and formerly with the Tipperary ladies football team.

## Career

In 2017, Lambert captained the Tipperary Ladies football team to win the 2017 All-Ireland Intermediate Ladies' Football Championship, beating Tyrone in the final 1–13 to 1-10. Two years later she was the captain again as Tipperary won a second Intermediate title in three years with a 2–16 to 1–4 win against Meath in the final.
In January 2021, Lambert announced her retirement form inter-county football.

## Honours
### Team
#### Tipperary

* All-Ireland Intermediate Ladies' Football Championship (3): 2008, 2017 (c), 2019 (c)
# São João da Mata

São João da Mata is a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais in the Southeast region of Brazil.
# Sammlungspolitik

Sammlungspolitik was the term for a domestic policy of Kaiser Wilhelm II during his rule in Germany. It means bringing together policy and its promoters aimed to unite the political parties and groups in favour of Weltpolitik (policy involving navy and colonial expansion) and also diminishing the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (SPD), which other parties pretended to take seriously as a revolutionary socialist party. Most parties supported Weltpolitik but in 1909 the navy budget became controversial. Instead of choosing to tax the rich, the government chose to increase sales tax (increasing the price of goods), which led to its sudden loss of support from parties like the Deutsche Zentrumspartei and the Liberals. In 1912 election, the SPD gained 112 seats, making it the largest party in the Reichstag.

## Structuralist

The Structuralist school of thought, led by Hans-Ulrich Wehler (who described Weltpolitik as the "manipulation process"), argued that Germany was not really controlled by the Kaiser but by the influence of four main groups in Germany, the Junkers (landowners), the army, industrialists and right wing pressure groups.

## Junkers

Junker influence had an institutional base in the Agrarian League (est. 1893). The Prussian electoral system favoured them and allowed them to control the government of Prussia. As Prussia was the largest state in the Empire, more Prussians were elected into the Bundesrat and these were mainly Junker. The Prussian Junkers held 17 seats in the Bundesrat and 14 votes were needed for a veto. This gave them power in the Bundesrat. They used this power to block reforms that did not benefit them and to protect the interests of agriculture.

## Army

The Army League of 1912 was created to advance the interests of the army and the part of the economy dependent on it. They exploited this to get 'favours' and as the Kaiser was head of the army a position he took very seriously and was obsessed by them, he filled the court with generals. It has been suggested by historians that during 1914 the army leaders had more influence than the Chancellor. The army used its influence to apply pressure on the Reichstag to pass the army bills of 1912 to 1913.

## Industrialists

The Pan German League of 1891 tried to gain support for Wilhelm's Weltpolitik as a means of securing markets for Germany's manufactures and sources of raw materials. Their fear of socialism bound them to Weltpolitik as they hoped that the appeal to German nationalism would divert support from Socialism.

## Right-Wing Pressure Groups

The Kaiser had a strong right-wing viewpoint due to his obsession with the army, which these groups could exploit to get their own views across.
# TG-5

TG-5 may refer to:
* TG5, Italian TV news program
* Aeronca TG-5, a three-seat 1942 training glider
* Olympus Tough TG-5, a weatherised digital compact camera announced by Olympus Corporation on May 17, 2017
# Athletics at the 1967 Pan American Games – Men's 20 kilometres walk

The men's 20 kilometres walk event at the 1967 Pan American Games was held in Winnipeg on 30 July.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Ron Laird | United States | 1:33:06 |
| | José Pedraza | Mexico | 1:34:51 |
| | Felix Cappella | Canada | 1:35:45 |
| 4 | Tom Dooley | United States | 1:36:50 |
| 5 | Yvon Groulx | Canada | 1:39:19 |
| 6 | Euclides Calzado | Cuba | 1:45:09 |
| 7 | Eladio Campos | Mexico | 1:49:27 |
| | Juan López | Cuba | DQ |