# Austronesian personal pronouns

This article describes the personal pronoun systems of various Austronesian languages.

## Proto-languages

The Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian personal pronouns below were reconstructed by Robert Blust.
Proto-Austronesian and Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | English | Proto-Austronesian | Proto-Malayo-Polynesian |
| 1s. | "I" | *i-aku | *i-aku |
| 2s. | "you" | *i-(ka)Su | *i-kahu |
| 3s. | "he/she/it" | *si-ia | *si-ia |
| 1p. (inclusive) | "we (and you)" | *i-(k)ita | *i-(k)ita |
| 1p. (exclusive) | "we (but not you)" | *i-(k)ami | *i-(k)ami |
| 2p. | "you all" | *i-kamu | *i-kamu, ihu |
| 3p. | "they" | *si-ida | *si-ida |
In 2006, Malcolm Ross also proposed seven different pronominal categories for persons. The categories are listed below, with the Proto-Austronesian first person singular ("I") given as examples.
* Neutral (e.g., PAN *i-aku)
* Nominative 1 (e.g., PAN *aku)
* Nominative 2 (e.g., PAN *=ku, *[S]aku)
* Accusative (e.g., PAN *i-ak-ən)
* Genitive 1 (e.g., PAN *=[a]ku)
* Genitive 2 (e.g., PAN *(=)m-aku)
* Genitive 3 (e.g., PAN *n-aku)
The following is from Ross' 2002 proposal of the Proto-Austronesian pronominal system, which contains five categories, including the free (i.e., independent or unattached), free polite, and three genitive categories.
Proto-Austronesian Personal Pronouns :
| | Free | Free polite | Genitive 1 | Genitive 2 | Genitive 3 |
| 1s. | *[i-]aku | - | *=ku | *maku | *n-aku |
| 2s. | *[i-]Su | *[i-]ka-Su | *=Su | *miSu | *ni-Su |
| 3s. | *s(i)-ia | - | (*=ia) | - | *n(i)-ia |
| 1p. (excl.) | *i-ami | *[i-]k-ami | *=mi | *mami | *n(i)-ami |
| 1p. (incl.) | *([i])ita | *[i-]k-ita | *=ta | *mita | *n-ita |
| 2p. | *i-amu | *[i-]k-amu | *=mu | *mamu | *n(i)-amu |
| 3p. | *si-da | - | (*=da) | - | *ni-da |

## Formosan languages
### Rukai

Below are Rukai pronouns from Zeitoun (1997). Paul Jen-kuei Li's classification of Rukai dialects is given for reference.
* Rukai
** Mantauran (萬山 Wanshan) – 250-300 speakers
** (Main branch)
*** Maga-Tona
**** Maga (馬加 Majia)
**** Tona (多納 Duona)
*** Budai-Tanan (Rukai Proper)
**** Budai (霧台 Wutai)
**** Tanan (大南 Danan)
Mantauran Rukai Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Topic | Nominative | Oblique | Genitive |
| 1s. | iɭaə | -ɭao, nao- | -i-a-ə | -li |
| 2s. | imiaʔə | -moʔo | i-miaʔ-ə | -ʔo |
| 3s. (vis.) | ana | - | -i-n-ə | -(n)i |
| 3s. (not vis.) | ðona | - | -i-ð-ə | -ða |
| 1p. (incl.) | imitə, ita | -mita, -ta | -i-mit-ə | -ta |
| 1p. (excl.) | inamə | -nai | -i-nam-ə | -nai |
| 2p. | inomə | -nomi | -i-nom-ə | -nomi |
| 3p. (vis.) | ana-lo | - | -i-l-i-n-ə | -l-i-ni |
| 3p. (not vis.) | ðona-lo | - | -i-l-i-ð-ə | -l-i-ða |
Budai Rukai Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Topic | Nominative | Oblique | Genitive |
| 1s. | kunaku | -(n)aku, naw- | nakuanə | -li |
| 2s. | kusu | -su | musuanə | -su |
| 3s. (vis.) | kuini | - | inianə | -ini |
| 3s. (not vis.) | kuiɖa | - | - | - |
| 1p. (incl.) | kuta | -ta | mitaanə | -ta |
| 1p. (excl.) | kunai | -nai | naianə | -nai |
| 2p. | kunumi | -numi, -nu | numianə | -numi |
| 3p. (vis.) | kuini | - | inianə | -ini |
| 3p. (not vis.) | kuiɖa | - | - | - |
Maga Rukai Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Topic | Nominative | Oblique | Genitive |
| 1s. | i kɨkɨ | ku-, kɨkɨ | ŋkua | -li |
| 2s. | i musu | su-, musu | sua | -su |
| 3s. (vis.) | i kini | kini | nia | -ini |
| 3s. (not vis.) | i kiɖi | kiɖi | ɖia | -ɖa |
| 1p. (incl.) | i miti | ta-, miti | mitia | -ta |
| 1p. (excl.) | i knamɨ | namɨ-, knamɨ | nmaa | -namɨ |
| 2p. | i mumu | mu-, mumu | mua | -mu |
| 3p. (vis.) | i kini | kini | nia | -ini |
| 3p. (not vis.) | i kiɖi | kiɖi | ɖia | -ɖa |

### Tsouic

The personal pronouns below are from the Tfuya dialect of Tsou, and are sourced from Zeitoun (2005:277). Note that third-person pronouns are distinguished between those that are visible (abbreviated vis. below) or non-visible.
Tfuya Tsou Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Free (neutral) | Bound (nominative) | Bound (genitive) |
| 1s. | a'o | -'o/-'u | -'o/-'u |
| 2s. | suu | -su/-ko | -su/-ko |
| 3s. (vis.) | taini | -ta | -taini |
| 3s. (not vis.) | ic'o | - | -si |
| 1p. (incl.) | a'ati | -to | -to |
| 1p. (excl.) | a'ami | -mza | -mza |
| 2p. | muu | -mu | -mu |
| 3p. (vis.) | hin'i | -hin'i | -hin'i |
| 3p. (not vis.) | hee | - | -he |

### Northwestern Formosan
#### Pazeh

The Pazeh personal pronouns below are from Li (2000). (Note: vis. = visible, prox. = proximal)
Pazeh Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Neutral | Nominative | Genitive | Locative |
| 1s. | yaku | aku | naki | yakuan, yakunan |
| 2s. | isiw | siw | nisiw | isiwan |
| 2s. (prox.) | imini | mini | nimini | iminiyan |
| 3s. (vis.) | imisiw | misiw | nimisiw | misiwan |
| 3s. (not vis.) | isia | sia | nisia | isiaan |
| 1p. (incl.) | ita | ta | nita (ta-) | itaan |
| 1p. (excl.) | yami | ami | nyam(i) | yamian, yaminan |
| 2p. | imu | mu | nimu | imuan |
| 2p. (prox.) | yamini | amini | naamini | yaminiyan |
| 3p. (vis.) | yamisiw | amisiw | naamisiw | yamisiwan |
| 3p. (not vis.) | yasia | asia | naasia | yasiaan |

#### Saisiyat

Saisiyat has an elaborate pronominal system (Hsieh & Huang 2006:93).
Saisiyat Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive | Dative | Possessive | Locative |
| 1s. | yako, yao | yakin, iyakin | ma'an | 'iniman | 'amana'a | kanman |
| 2s. | So'o | 'iso'on | niSo | 'iniSo | 'anso'o'a | kanSo |
| 3s. | sia | hisia | nisia | inisia | 'ansiaa | kansia |
| 1p. (incl.) | 'ita | 'inimita | mita' | 'inimita' | 'anmita'a | kan'ita |
| 1p. (excl.) | yami | 'iniya'om | niya'om | 'iniya'om | 'anya'oma | kanyami |
| 2p. | moyo | 'inimon | nimon | 'inimon | 'anmoyoa | kanmoyo |
| 3p. | lasia | hilasia | nasia | 'inilasia | 'anlasiaa | kanlasia |

#### Thao

The Thao personal pronouns below are from Blust (2003:207). Note that there is only 1 form each for "we (exclusive)," "you (plural)" and "they."
Thao Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Nominative | Accusative | Genitive |
| 1s. | yaku | yakin | nak |
| 2s. | ihu | ihu-n | m-ihu |
| 3s. | cicu | cicu-n | cicu |
| 1p. (incl.) | ita | ita-n | m-ita |
| 1p. (excl.) | yamin | yamin | yamin |
| 2p. | maniun | maniun | maniun |
| 3p. | caycuy | caycuy | caycuy |

#### Favorlang

The following Favorlang personal pronouns are from Li (2003:8). All of them are free forms. All genitive pronouns end with -a.
Favorlang Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Neutral | Genitive | Nominative/Accusative |
| 1s. | ka-ina | na-a | ina |
| 2s. | ijonoë | joa, oa | ijo |
| 3s. | icho | choa | icho |
| 1p. (incl.) | torro | torroa | - |
| 1p. (excl.) | namono | namoa | namo |
| 2p. | imonoë | imoa | imo |
| 3p. | aicho-es dechonoë | choa | decho |

### Atayalic

The Wulai and Mayrinax Atayal personal pronouns below are sourced from Huang (1995). In both varieties, the nominative and genitive forms are bound while the neutral and locative ones are free (unbound).

#### Wulai Atayal

Wulai Atayal Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Nominative | Genitive | Locative | Neutral |
| 1s. | sakuʔ, kuʔ | makuʔ, mu, kuʔ | knan | kuzing, kun |
| 2s. | suʔ | suʔ | sunan | isuʔ |
| 3s. | - | nyaʔ | hiyan | hiyaʔ |
| 1p. (incl.) | taʔ | taʔ | itan | itaʔ |
| 1p. (excl.) | sami | myan | sminan | sami |
| 2p. | simu | mamu | smunan | simu |
| 3p. | - | nhaʔ | hgan | hgaʔ |

#### Mayrinax Atayal

Mayrinax Atayal Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Nominative | Genitive | Neutral |
| 1s. | cu, ciʔ | mu, miʔ | kuing |
| 2s. | suʔ, siʔ | suʔ | isuʔ |
| 3s. | - | niaʔ | hiyaʔ |
| 1p. (incl.) | taʔ, tiʔ | taʔ, tiʔ | itaʔ |
| 1p. (excl.) | cami | niam | cami |
| 2p. | cimu | mamu | cimu |
| 3p. | - | nhaʔ | nhaʔ |

#### Teruku Seediq

Teruku Seediq Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Direct | Oblique | Independent possessive | Subject | Genitive |
| 1s. | yaku | kenan | (ne-)naku | =ku | =mu |
| 2s. | isu | sunan | (ne-)nisu | =su | =su |
| 3s. | hiya | hiyaan | ne-hiya | - | =na |
| 1p. (incl.) | 'ita | tenan | (ne-)nita | =ta | =ta |
| 1p. (excl.) | yami | menani | (ne-)nami | =nami | =nami |
| 2p. | yamu | munan | (ne-)namu | =namu | =namu |
| 3p. | dehiya | dehiyaan | ne-dehiya | - | =deha |

### East Formosan
#### Siraya

The Siraya personal pronouns below are from Adelaar (1997).
Siraya Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Free | Actor or Possessive | Topic | Oblique |
| 1s. | ĭau | -(m)au | -koh | ĭau-an |
| 2s. | ĭmhu | -(m)uhu, -(m)oho | -kow | ĭmhu-an |
| 3s. | teni | tĭn | teni | tĭni-än (tĭni-an) |
| 1p. (incl.) | ĭmĭtta | -(m)ĭtta, -(m)eta | -kĭtta | ĭmittä-n |
| 1p. (excl.) | ĭmi-an | -(m)ian, -(m)iän | -kame | mian-än (mian-an) |
| 2p. | ĭmumi | -(m)umi | (-)kamu | ĭmumi-än (ĭmumi-an) |
| 3p. | ta neini | nein | neini | neini-än (neini-an) |

#### Taivoan

The Taivoan personal pronouns:
Taivoan Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Independent | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique |
| 1s. | iau | kuri | ku | iyaw-an |
| 2s. | imho | ko | (m)ho | imho-an |
| 3s. | teni | ta teni | tin | tini-an |
| 1p. (incl.) | imita | kita | (m)ita | imita-n |
| 1p. (excl.) | imian | kame | (m)ian | imian-an |
| 2p. | imomi | kamo | (m)omi | imomi-an |
| 3p. | naini | ta naini | nin | naini-an |

#### Kavalan

The Kavalan personal pronouns below are from Li (2006:30).
Kavalan Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique | Locative |
| 1s. | aiku, =iku | zaku, -ku | timaiku | tamaikuan |
| 2s. | aisu, =isu | zasu, -su | timaisu | tamaisuan |
| 3s. | aizipna tiyau | zana, -na | timaizipna tiyau | tamaizipan tiyauan |
| 1p. (incl.) | aita, =ita | zata, -ta, -kita | timaita | tamaitan |
| 1p. (excl.) | aimi, =imi | zanyaq, -nyaq | timaimi | tamaimian |
| 2p. | aimu, =imu | zanumi, -numi | timaimu | tamaimuan |
| 3p. | qaniyau | zana, -na | qaniyau | taqaniyauan |

#### Basay

The Basay personal pronouns below are from Li (1999:639).
Basay Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Neutral | Nominative | Genitive | Oblique |
| 1s. | yaku | kaku, -ku | maku-, -aku; naku, -ak | yakuan, kuan, kuanan |
| 2s. | isu | kisu, -su | misu, -isu; nisu, -su ~ -is | isuan, suan, isuanan, suanan |
| 3s. | - | -ia | - | - |
| 1p. (incl.) | mita | kita, -ita | mita, -ita; nita, -ta | ... , ... , tianan |
| 1p. (excl.) | yami | -mi | yami, -ami; nami, -am | yamian, mian, mianan |
| 2p. | imu | kimu, -mu | -imu; nimu, -im | imuan, ... , imuanan |
| 3p. | - | -ia | - | - |

### Bunun

Takivatan Bunun personal pronoun roots are (De Busser 2009:453):
* 1s: -ak-
* 2s: -su-
* 3s: -is-
* 1p (incl.): -at-
* 1p (excl.): -ðam-
* 2p: -(a)mu-
* 3p: -in-
The tables of Takivatan Bunun personal pronouns below are sourced from De Busser (2009:441).
Takivatan Bunun Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Root | Foc. Agent (bound) | Non-Foc. Agent (bound) | Neutral | Foc. Agent | Locative | Possessive |
| 1s. | -ak- | -(ʔ)ak | -(ʔ)uk | ðaku, nak | sak, saikin | ðakuʔan | inak, ainak, nak |
| 2s. | -su- | -(ʔ)as | - | suʔu, su | - | suʔuʔan | isu, su |
| 1p. (incl.) | -at- | - | - | mita | ʔata, inʔata | mitaʔan | imita |
| 1p. (excl.) | -ðam- | -(ʔ)am | - | ðami, nam | ðamu, sam | ðamiʔan | inam, nam |
| 2p. | -(a)mu- | -(ʔ)am | - | muʔu, mu | amu | muʔuʔan | imu, mu |
Takivatan Bunun Third-Person Personal Pronouns :
| | Singular | Plural |
| [Root] | -is- | -in- |
| Proximal | isti | inti |
| Medial | istun | intun |
| Distal | ista | inta |
Iskubun Bunun personal pronouns are somewhat different (De Busser 2009:454).
Iskubun Bunun Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Agent | Undergoer | Possessive |
| 1s. | saikin, -ik | ðaku, -ku | inak, nak |
| 2s. | kasu, -as | su | isu, su |
| 3s. | saia | saiʤa | isaiʤa, saiʤa |
| 1p. (incl.) | kata, -ta | mita | imita |
| 1p. (excl.) | kaimin, -im | ðami | inam |
| 2p. | kamu, -am | mu | imu |
| 3p. | naia | inaiʤa | naiʤa |

### Paiwan

The Kuɬaɬau Paiwan personal pronouns below are from Ferrell (1982:14).
Paiwan Personal Pronouns :
| Type of Pronoun | Equational | Genitive | Non-Eq., Non-Gen. |
| 1s. | -aken, ti-aken | ku-, ni-aken | tjanu-aken |
| 2s. | -sun, ti-sun | su-, ni-sun | tjanu-sun |
| 3s. | ti-madju | ni-madju | tjai-madju |
| 1p. (incl.) | -itjen, ti-tjen | tja-, ni-tjen | tjanu-itjen |
| 1p. (excl.) | -amen, ti-amen | nia-, ni-amen | tjanu-amen |
| 2p. | -mun, t-mun | nu-, ni-mun | tjanu-mun |
| 3p. | ti-a-madju | ni-a-madju | tjai-a-madju |

### Puyuma

The Nanwang Puyuma personal pronouns below are from Teng (2008:61-64).
Puyuma Personal Pronouns (Free) :
| Type of Pronoun | Nominative | Oblique: Direct | Oblique: Indirect | Oblique: Non-Subject | Neutral |
| 1s. | nanku | kanku, kananku | draku, drananku | kanku | kuiku |
| 2s. | nanu | kanu, kananu | dranu, drananu | kanu | yuyu |
| 3s. | nantu | kantu, kanantu | dratu, dranantu | kantaw | taytaw |
| 1p. (incl.) | nanta | kanta, kananta | drata, drananta | kanta | taita |
| 1p. (excl.) | naniam | kaniam, kananiam | draniam, drananiam | kaniam | mimi |
| 2p. | nanemu | kanemu, kananemu | dranemu, drananemu | kanemu | muimu |
| 3p. | nantu | kantu, kanantu | dratu, dranantu | kantaw | - |
Puyuma Personal Pronouns (Bound) :
| Type of Pronoun | Nominative (Subject) | Nominative (Possessor of subject) | Genitive |
| 1s. | =ku | ku= | ku= |
| 2s. | =yu | nu= | nu= |
| 3s. | - | tu= | tu= |
| 1p. (incl.) | =ta | ta= | ta= |
| 1p. (excl.) | =mi | niam= | mi= |
| 2p. | =mu | mu= | mu= |
| 3p. | - | tu= | tu= |

## Malayo-Polynesian languages
### Philippine languages
#### Ilokano

Ilokano personal pronouns distinguish three cases: absolutive, ergative, and oblique. They also distinguish three numbers: singular, dual and plural.
Accent marks in the following table are not written, but given here for pronunciation purposes.
Ilokano Personal Pronouns :
| | Absolutive | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique |
| | Disjunctive | Enclitic (-ak) | Enclitic (-ko) | Disjunctive |
| 1st person singular | siák | -ak | -k(o) | kaniák |
| 1st person dual | datá, sitá | -ta | -ta | kadatá |
| 2nd person singular | siká | -ka | -m(o) | kenká |
| 3rd person singular | isú(na) | -Ø | -na | kenkuána |
| 1st person plural inclusive | datayó, sitayó | -tayó | -tayó | kadatayó |
| 1st person plural exclusive | dakamí, sikamí | -kamí | -mi | kadakamí |
| 2nd person plural | dakayó, sikayó | -kayó | -yo | kadakayó |
| 3rd person plural | isúda | -da | -da | kadakuáda |

#### Tagalog

Like nouns, Tagalog personal pronouns are categorized by case. As above, the indirect forms also function as the genitive.
Tagalog Personal Pronouns :
| | Direct (ang) | Indirect (ng) | Oblique (sa) |
| 1st person singular | akó | ko | akin |
| 1st person dual | kitá/kata | nitá/nata | kanitá/kanata (ata) |
| 1st person plural inclusive | tayo | natin | atin |
| 1st person plural exclusive | kamí | namin | amin |
| 2nd person singular | ikáw (ka) | mo | iyó |
| 2nd person plural | kayó | ninyó | inyó |
| 3rd person singular | siyá | niyá | kaniyá |
| 3rd person plural | silá | nilá | kanilá |

#### Cebuano

Like nouns, Cebuano personal pronouns are categorized by case.
Cebuano Personal Pronouns :
| | Kinsa | Tag-iya (primary) | Tag-iya (modifier) | Oblique |
| 1st person singular | ako | akoa | nako | kanako |
| 2nd person singular | ikaw | imoha | nimo | kanimo |
| 3rd person singular | siya / sya | iyaha /iya | niya | kaniya |
| 1st person plural inclusive | kita | atoa / ato | nato | kanato |
| 1st person plural exclusive | kami | amoa / amo | namo | kanamo |
| 2nd person plural | kamo | inyoha | ninyo | kaninyo |
| 3rd person plural | sila | ilaha | nila | kanila |
*The two sets of tag-iya case function similarly except that the primary tag-iya would need the unifying linker nga and the modifier tag-iya cannot be used as complementary adjective. **The final syllable of a primary tag-iya pronoun is mostly dropped.
When the pronoun is not the first word of the sentence, the short form is more commonly used than the full form.
Cebuano Enclitic Personal Pronouns :
| | Kinsa | Tag-iya (primary) | Tag-iya (modifier) | Oblique |
| 1st person singular | ko | ako | ko | nako |
| 2nd person singular | ka | imo | mo | nimo |
| 3rd person singular | siya | iya | niya | niya |
| 1st person plural inclusive | ta | ato | ta | nato |
| 1st person plural exclusive | mi | amo | namo | namo |
| 2nd person plural | mo | inyo | ninyo | ninyo |
| 3rd person plural | sila | ila | nila | nila |
*When the object is a second person pronoun, use ta instead of ko.

### Malay

The informal pronouns aku, kamu, engkau, ia, kami, and kita are indigenous to Malay. However, there are more personal pronouns according to formality, see more at Malay grammar.
Malay personal pronouns :
| Person | Malay | English |
| First person | saya (standard, polite), aku (informal, familiar) | I, me |
| First person | kami | we, us: they and me, s/he and me |
| First person | kita | we, us: you and me, you and us |
| Second person | anda (polite, formal), engkau, kamu (familiar, informal) | you, thou, thee |
| Second person | anda sekalian (formal), kalian (informal) | you, y'all |
| Third person | ia ~ dia, dia orang | he, she, him, her |
| Third person | ia ~ dia, mereka, dia orang | they, them |

#### Possessive pronouns

Aku, kamu, engkau, and ia have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns, as does emphatic dia: meja saya, meja kita, meja anda, meja dia "my table, our table, your table, his/her table".
Possessed forms of meja "table" :
| Pronoun | Enclitic | Possessed form |
| aku | -ku | mejaku (my table) |
| kamu | -mu | mejamu (your table) |
| engkau | -kau | mejakau (your table) |
| ia | -nya | mejanya (his, her, their table) |

### Javanese

Javanese Personal Pronouns :
| Person | Javanese | English |
| First person | aku (standard, informal), kula (formal), dalem/kawula (more formal/ humble) | I, me |
| First person | dhèwè/awaké dhèwè (informal), kita (formal) | we, us |
| Second person | kowé (informal), sampéyan (formal), panjenengan (more formal) | you |
| Second person | kowé kabèh (informal), sampéyan sedaya (formal), panjenengan sedanten (more formal) | you, you all |
| Third person | dhèwèké/wongé (informal), piyantuné, panjenengané (formal), panjenenganipun (more formal) | he, she, him, her |
| Third person | dhèwèké kabèh (informal, but rarely), wong-wong iku (informal) panjenenganipun sedanten, tiyang-tiyang/piyantun-piyantun puniki (more formal) | they, them |
Javanese lacks some personal pronouns. For the first person plural, Javanese use awaké dhèwè, literally meaning "the body itself" (cf. Malay : badannya sendiri) or just dhèwè, that originally means "itself" or "alone". For the third person singular, Javanese uses dhèwèké that means "itself" (cf. Malay: dirinya), from dhèwè (self, alone) + -k- (archaic glottal stop)+ -(n)é (3rd person possessive enclitic), or wongé' (cf. Malay: orangnya) that means "the person", from wong (person)+ -(n)é (3rd person possessive enclitic, that is also used for demonstrative). The rest of plural pronouns uses words kabèh/sedaya/sedanten, all of them meaning "all" after the singular form.

#### Possessive pronouns

Aku, kowé, and dhèwèké have short possessive enclitic forms. All others retain their full forms like other nouns: griyané kula, omahé awaké dhèwè, dalemipun panjenengan "my house (formal), our house (informal), your house (more formal)".
Possessed forms of omah/ griya/ dalem "house" :
| Pronoun | Enclitic | Possessed form |
| aku | -ku/-(n)é kula/-ipun dalem | omahku/griyané kula/dalemipun dalem (my house) |
| kowe | -mu/-(n)é sampeyan/-ipun panjenengan | omahmu/griyané sampeyan/dalemipun panjenengan (your house) |
| dhèwèké | -(n)é/-ipun | omahé/griyané/dalemipun (his, her, their house) |

### Polynesian languages
#### Tongan

The Tongan cardinal pronouns are the main personal pronouns which in Tongan can either be preposed (before the verb) or postposed (after the verb). The first are the normal pronouns, the latter the stressed pronouns, which are also used as reflexive pronouns.
Tongan Personal Pronouns :
| | | Position | Singular | Dual | Plural |
| 1st person | exclusive (I, we, us) | preposed | u, ou, ku | ma | mau |
| 1st person | exclusive (I, we, us) | postposed | au | kimaua | kimautolu |
| 1st person | inclusive (one, we, us) | preposed | te | ta | tau |
| 1st person | inclusive (one, we, us) | postposed | kita | kitaua | kitautolu |
| 2nd person | 2nd person | preposed | ke | mo | mou |
| 2nd person | 2nd person | postposed | koe | kimoua | kimoutolu |
| 3rd person | 3rd person | preposed | ne | na | nau |
| 3rd person | 3rd person | postposed | ia | kinaua | kinautolu |

#### Samoan

Like many Austronesian languages, Samoan has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we, and distinguishes singular, dual, and plural. The root for the inclusive pronoun may occur in the singular, in which case it indicates emotional involvement on the part of the speaker.
Samoan Personal Pronouns :
| | singular | dual | plural |
| First person exclusive | a‘u, ‘ou | mā‘ua, mā | mātou |
| First person inclusive | tā | tā‘ua, tā | tātou |
| Second person | ‘oe, ‘e | ‘oulua | ‘outou, tou |
| Third person | ia / na | lā‘ua | lātou |
In formal speech, fuller forms of the roots mā-, tā-, and lā- are ‘imā-, ‘itā-, and ‘ilā-.

#### Hawaiian

Hawaiian Personal Pronouns :
| | | | Singular (1) | Singular (1) | Singular (1) | Dual (2) | Dual (2) | Dual (2) | Dual (2) | Plural (3+) | Plural (3+) | Plural (3+) | Plural (3+) |
| | | | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st incl. | 1st excl. | 2nd | 3rd | 1st incl. | 1st excl. | 2nd | 3rd |
| Case | Nominative | Nominative | au | ʻoe | ia | kāua | māua | ʻolua | lāua | kākou | mākou | ʻoukou | lākou |
| Case | Genitive | a-class | kaʻu | kāu | kāna | kā kāua | kā māua | kā ʻolua | kā lāua | kā kākou | kā mākou | kā ʻoukou | kā lākou |
| Case | Genitive | o-class | koʻu | kou | kōna | kō kāua | kō māua | kō ʻolua | kō lāua | kō kākou | kō mākou | kō ʻoukou | kō lākou |
| Case | Genitive | affectionate | kuʻu | kō | Only used in 1st and 2nd person singular. | Only used in 1st and 2nd person singular. | Only used in 1st and 2nd person singular. | Only used in 1st and 2nd person singular. | Only used in 1st and 2nd person singular. | Only used in 1st and 2nd person singular. | Only used in 1st and 2nd person singular. | Only used in 1st and 2nd person singular. | Only used in 1st and 2nd person singular. |
| Case | Accusative, Dative | Accusative, Dative | iaʻu | iā ʻoe | iā ia | iā kāua | iā māua | iā ʻolua | iā lāua | iā kākou | iā mākou | iā ʻoukou | iā lākou |
The a-class possessive pronouns refer to alienable possession, as with boats, children, clothing, and spouses. The o-class possessive pronouns refer to inalienable (incapable of being begun or ended) possession, as with parents and body parts.