# Timeline of Braunschweig

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Braunschweig (Brunswick), Germany.
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## Prior to 19th century

* 861 - According to legend, Braunschweig founded by Bruno of Saxony.
* 955 - Area of city expanded.
* 1031 - St. Magni (Braunschweig) [de] church consecrated.
* 1145 - Riddagshausen Abbey founded.
* 1160s - Henry the Lion makes Braunschweig his residence.
* 1166 - Brunswick Lion statue created.
* 1175
** Dankwarderode Castle built.
** Birth of Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor
* 1188 - Gospels of Henry the Lion created.
* 1190s - St. Martini (Braunschweig) [de] church construction begins.
* 1194 - Brunswick Cathedral built.
* 1194 - 6 August: Henry the Lion dies.
* 1200s
** St. Katharinen (Braunschweig) [de] church construction begins.
** Braunschweig joins the Hanseatic League.
** Schoduvel [de] (carnival) is celebrated.
* 1245 - Großes Waisenhaus BMV [de] (nursing home and orphanage) established.
* 1293–94 - Schicht der Gildemeister [de] (civil unrest)
* 1304 - Bartholomäuskapelle (Braunschweig) [de] on Schützenstraße (Braunschweig) [de] first mentioned.
* 1307 - Gewandhaus (Braunschweig) [de] guildhall/exchange first mentioned.
* 1312 - Rüningen gristmill first mentioned.
* 1370s - Große Schicht [de] (civil unrest)
* 1390
** Public clock installed (approximate date).
** Brunswick Mum is sold.
* 1396 - Altstadtrathaus (Braunschweig) [de] (city hall) building expanded.
* 1408 - Altstadtmarktbrunnen [de] (fountain) installed in the Altstadtmarkt (Braunschweig) [de].
* 1410s
** Liberei (library) built.
** Braunschweiger Pfaffenkrieg [de] (conflict between city council and churches)
* 1411 - Faule Mette cannon created.
* 1415 - Martino-Katharineum Braunschweig [de] secondary school established.
* 1420 - St. Andreas (Braunschweig) [de] church built (approximate date).
* 1432 - The Princes of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel move their Residenz from Braunschweig to Wolfenbüttel.
* 1434 - Aegidienkirche (church) built (approximate date).
* 1445–46 - Schicht der „ungehorsamen Bürger“ [de] (civil unrest)
* 1451 - Brüdernkirche (Braunschweig) [de] (church) built.
* 1487–89 - Ludeke Hollants Schicht [de] (civil unrest)
* 1498 - Braunschweiger Messe [de] (fair) established.
* 1509 - Printing press in operation.
* 1520s - Protestant Reformation in Braunschweig.
* 1524 - Huneborstelsches Haus [de] built.
* 1531–32 - Braunschweig joins Schmalkaldic League.
* 1534 - Alte Waage (Braunschweig) [de] built.
* 1551 - Population: 16,192.
* 1567 - Haus zur Hanse [de] built.
* 1573 - Veltheimsches Haus [de] built on the Burgplatz (Braunschweig) [de].
* 1627 - Hofbrauhaus Wolters [de] (brewery) established.
* 1643 - Ehemaliges Rüninger Zollhaus [de] (customs house) built.
* 1663 - Trial and execution of Anna Roleffes.
* 1671 - Siege of Braunschweig by Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
* 1690 - Opernhaus am Hagenmarkt [de] (opera house and theatre) opens.
* 1745
** Collegium Carolinum founded.
** Braunschweigische Anzeigen newspaper in publication.
* 1753 - Brunswick Palace established as the new ducal residence.
* 1754 - Herzog Anton Ulrich-Museum and State Natural History Museum open.
* 1761 - First Battle of Ölper
* 1768 - Birth of Caroline of Brunswick future wife of George IV.
* 1769 - Schloss Richmond (castle) built.
* 1772 - 13 March: Premiere of Lessing's play Emilia Galotti.
* 1773 - Population: 23,385.
* 1790s - Braunschweig fortifications [de] dismantled (approximate date).
* 1791 - Lange Brücke (Braunschweig) [de] (bridge) rebuilt.
* 1799 - Friedrich Vieweg (publisher) moves to Braunschweig.

## 19th century

* 1806 - French in power; Braunschweig French period [de] begins.
* 1807 - Wilhelm Albrecht Christian von Mahrenholtz [de] becomes mayor.
* 1809 - 1 August: Second Battle of Ölper
* 1815 - Duchy of Brunswick established
* 1823 - Obelisk erected in the Löwenwall [de].
* 1829 - 19 January: Premiere of Goethe's play Faust, Part One.
* 1830 - 7–8 September: Civil unrest, Brunswick Palace stormed by an angry mob and destroyed completely.
* 1834 - Attained municipal self-government.
* 1835 - Grotrian-Steinweg established.
* 1838 - Westermann Verlag (publisher) in business.
* 1838 - 1 December: First section of the Brunswick–Bad Harzburg railway line, connecting Braunschweig and Wolfenbüttel, opens.
* 1843–44 - Hanover–Brunswick railway opens.
* 1844 - Rabbinical Conference of Brunswick
* 1847 - MTV Braunschweig established.
* 1848–49 - German revolution of 1848–49 in Braunschweig [de]
* 1849 - Voigtländer sets up its office in Braunschweig.
* 1853 - Braunschweigische Bank [de] active.
* 1856 - Westermanns Monatshefte [de] (magazine) headquartered in Braunschweig.
* 1860 - Braunschweig City Archive [de] established.
* 1861
** Staatstheater Braunschweig (theatre) opens.
** Stadtbibliothek Braunschweig [de] (library) and Städtisches Museum (Braunschweig) [de] founded.
* 1863 - Braunschweiger Quadriga [de] sculpture erected atop the palace.
* 1871
** Braunschweiger Volksfreund [de] newspaper in publication.
** Feldschlößchen (Braunschweig) [de] brewery in business.
** Population: 57,883.
* 1872 - Brunswick–Magdeburg railway begins operating.
* 1874 - Konrad Koch introduces football to Germany.
* 1875 - 23 September: Neue Synagoge (Braunschweig) [de] opens.
* 1879 - Trams in Braunschweig begin operating.
* 1880 - Population: 75,038.
* 1885 - Population: 85,174.
* 1887 - Braunschweig Main Cemetery (cemetery) established.
* 1890 - Population: 101,047.
* 1891 - Braunschweigisches Landesmuseum founded.
* 1894–1900 - New Braunschweiger Rathaus [de] (city hall) built.
* 1895
** Eintracht Braunschweig football club and Jüdischer Friedhof (Braunschweig) [de] (cemetery) established.
** Wilhelm Scholz [de] bookseller in business.
** Population: 115,138.

## 20th century
### 1900–1945

* 1901 - Braunschweigischer Geschichtsverein [de] (historical society) founded.
* 1903 - Büssing established.
* 1905 - Population: 136,423.
* 1906 - Dankwarderode Castle reconstructed.
* 1907 - Panther Fahrradwerke [de] (bicycle manufactory) in business.
* 1909 - 21 April: Gymnasium Gaussschule established.
* 1913 - 24 May: Marriage of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia.
* 1918
** November Revolution in Braunschweig [de] occurs.
** 8 November: Ernest Augustus forced to abdicate.
** 10 November: Socialist Republic of Brunswick proclaimed.
** 10 November: Free State of Brunswick established.
* 1919
** 9 April: Spartacus League uprising.
** 13–17 April: State of emergency declared, Freikorps troops enter city.
** Population: 139,539.
* 1920 - Rollei established.
* 1923 - 17 June: Eintracht-Stadion opens.
* 1929 - Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule moved to Broitzem.
* 1931
** Veltenhof [de] is incorporated into the city of Braunschweig.
** Braunschweiger Tageszeitung [de] (newspaper) begins publication.
** 17–18 October: A large Nazi rally is held in Braunschweig, 100,000 SA stormtroopers march through the city.
* 1933 - Mittelland Canal reaches Braunschweig.
* 1934
** Gliesmarode [de], Lehndorf (Braunschweig) [de], Melverode [de], Ölper, Querum [de], Riddagshausen [de], and Rühme [de] are incorporated into the city of Braunschweig.
** Population: 166,823.
* 1935 - SS-Junkerschule Braunschweig established.
* 1936
** Luftfahrtforschungsanstalt in Völkenrode built.
** Braunschweig Airport opens.
* 1938
** Niedersächsische Musikschule Braunschweig [de] (formerly Brunswick State Conservatoire) established.
** 23 February: Volkswagenwerk Braunschweig starts production.
** 9–10 November: Kristallnacht in Braunschweig.
* 1939
** Nazi Academy for Youth Leadership built.
** 20 September: Oflag XI-B POW camp for Polish officers established.
** Population: 208,400.
* 1940
** 24 June: Oflag XI-B POW camp dissolved, POWs transferred to Oflag II-C in Dobiegniew.
** Synagogue demolished.
** Bombing of Braunschweig in World War II begins.
* 1943 - Entbindungsheim für Ostarbeiterinnen established.
* 1944
** 25 March: Subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established at the SS troop supply camp.
** 5 June: Subcamp of Neuengamme at the SS troop supply camp dissolved. Prisoners deported to a subcamp in Warberg.
** 17 August: Schillstraße subcamp of the Neuengamme concentration camp established.
** September: Braunschweig-Vechelde subcamp of Neuengamme established.
** December: Women subcamp of Neuengamme established at the SS Riding School.
* 1945
** February: Women subcamp of Neuengamme at the SS Riding School dissolved. Prisoners deported to subcamps in Salzgitter and Helmstedt.
** March: Braunschweig-Vechelde subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved. Prisoners moved to the Schillstraße subcamp.
** March/April: Schillstraße subcamp of Neuengamme dissolved. Prisoners sent on a death march to Salzgitter.
** 12 April: Surrender of Braunschweig [de].

### 1946–1999

* 1946 - Braunschweiger Zeitung (newspaper) begins publication.
* 1947 - Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt refounded in Braunschweig.
* 1949
** Abendgymnasium Braunschweig [de] (school) established.
** Antiquariat am Burgplatz [de] bookshop in business.
* 1955 - 1 February: Luftfahrt-Bundesamt opens.
* 1960
** Brunswick Palace demolished.
** Building of the Weststadt starts.
** 1 October: Braunschweig Hauptbahnhof opens.
* 1963 - Hochschule für Bildende Künste Braunschweig established.
* 1971 - Fachhochschule Braunschweig/Wolfenbüttel established.
* 1972 - Braunschweiger Verkehrs-AG (public transit entity) active.
* 1974 - 28 February: District of Braunschweig disestablished and its main part incorporated into the city of Braunschweig.
* 1975 - Population: 269,900.
* 1976 - Gerhard Glogowski becomes mayor.
* 1977 - Federal Agricultural Research Centre established.
* 1982 - Gerstäcker-Museum [de] established.
* 1987 - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen moves to Braunschweig.
* 1988 - Braunschweig Classix Festival established.
* 1991–94 - Reconstruction of Alte Waage.
* 1994 - Sparkassen Open tennis tournament established.
* 1998 - 1 September: German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation established.
* 2000
** Wilhelm Raabe Literature Prize established.
** 20 September: Volkswagen Halle opens.

## 21st century

* 2001 - Happy Rizzi House [de] built in the Ackerhof [de].
* 2006 - 6 December: Synagoge (Braunschweig) [de] opens.
* 2007 - 6 May: Rebuilt Brunswick Palace opens.
* 2010 - RegioStadtBahn Braunschweig [de] light rail project cancelled.
* 2013 - Population: 247,227.
* 2014 - Ulrich Markurth [de] becomes mayor.

## Images

* Braunschweig on the Ebstorf Map, circa 1300
* City Hall and fountain, installed 1408 (photo circa 1865)
* Braunschweig in 1492
* Braunschweig in the 16th century, from the Civitates orbis terrarum by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg.
* Braunschweig in 1550.
* Braunschweig in 1610.
* Programme for premiere of Goethe's Faust, 1829
* Brunswick Palace set on fire, 7 September 1830
* Altstadtmarkt in 1834, by Domenico Quaglio the Younger.
* Fair in 1840.
* Kohlmarkt in 1894.
* Braunschweig around 1900.
* Braunschweig on the night of 15 October 1944
* Braunschweig in 2011.