OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Leopold Friedrich Raab

Leopold Friedrich Raab (1721 - after 1786) was a German composer and violinist of the baroque to early classical era.
Raab was born in Glogau (now Głogów, Poland). He studied for several years at the leopoldinum (later to become the University of Wrocław). He also took part in performances at the catholic church there. He studied violin with a violinist named Rau before moving to Berlin to study with Franz Benda. He also began composing numerous concertos, sonatas and sinfonias in the style of his master. His name appears as a dedication on the autograph manuscript of a quartet by Johann Gottlieb Janitsch dated 1750, Potsdam alongside Johann Caspar Grundke, an oboist of Frederick the Great's Hofkapelle. This indicates that he took part in performances at the Royal Court, or possibly at Janitsch's weekly house concerts "Freitags-Akademien".) In this particular quartet, Raab must have played either viola or violetta.
In 1753 he was employed as Konzertmeister at the Hofkapelle of Karl Friedrich Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg-Schwedt in Berlin. After the death of the Margrave in 1762, he acquired the position of chamber musician and director of music at the court of Prince Augustus Ferdinand of Prussia. In 1784, he was recorded as living in Mauerstraße.
His date of death is unknown.
His son, Ernst Heinrich Otto (1750-1801), having learnt the violin from his father, also became a distinguished violinist and was appointed as a chamber musician to the emperor of Russia.

## Works

Raab was said to have composed numerous concertos, sonatas and sinfonias during his time in Berlin, as well as many good "things" for the violin, however it seems that most of his music has not survived, or remains undiscovered. His only known works to have survived are two violin concertos (in E major and E minor) for which the manuscripts can be found in the archive of the Sing-Akademie zu Berlin which was rediscovered in 2000.
# 2006 Cornell Big Red football team

The 2006 Cornell Big Red football team represented Cornell University in the 2006 NCAA Division I FCS football season. Cornell tied for fourth in the Ivy League. They were led by third-year head coach Jim Knowles and played their home games at Schoellkopf Field in Hamilton, New York. Cornell finished the season 5–5 overall and 3–4 in Ivy League play.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 16 | 7:00 p.m. | at Bucknell* | Christy Mathewson–Memorial StadiumLewisburg, PA | L 5–20 | 6,152 |
| September 23 | 1:00 p.m. | Yale | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | L 9–21 | 4,882 |
| September 30 | 7:00 p.m. | Albany* | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | W 23–21 | 6,571 |
| October 7 | 12:30 p.m. | at Harvard | Harvard StadiumBoston, MA | L 23–33 | 13,287 |
| October 14 | 1:00 p.m. | Colgate* | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY (rivalry) | W 38–14 | 9,142 |
| October 21 | 1:00 p.m. | at Brown | Brown StadiumProvidence, RI | L 7–28 | 8,875 |
| October 28 | 1:00 p.m. | No. 18 Princeton | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY | W 14–7 | 2,852 |
| November 4 | 12:00 p.m. | Dartmouth | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY (rivalry) | W 28–25 | 3,788 |
| November 11 | 12:30 p.m. | at Columbia | Wien StadiumNew York, NY (rivalry) | L 14–21 | 4,454 |
| November 18 | 1:00 p.m. | Penn | Schoellkopf FieldIthaca, NY (rivalry) | W 28–27 | 2,809 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Eastern time |||||||
# Reinsdorf, Thuringia

Reinsdorf is a municipality in the district Kyffhäuserkreis, in Thuringia, Germany.
# Olbersleben

Olbersleben is a village and a former municipality in the Sömmerda district of Thuringia, Germany. Since 1 January 2019, it is part of the municipality Buttstädt.

## History

It was first mentioned as Albrechsleybyn or Albrechtisleiben in 1264. The church called St. Wigbert was built up in 1500.
# Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act

The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act of 1973 is a United States federal law signed by US President Richard Nixon on November 16, 1973, that authorized the building of an oil pipeline connecting the North Slope of Alaska to Port Valdez. Specifically, it halted all legal challenges, which were filed primarily by environmental activists, against the construction of the pipeline. In accordance with Nixon's request, the act contains no amendments allowing for federal and state agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency, the Alaska Department of Natural Resources, or the Alaska Department of Fish and Game to regulate the construction of the pipeline.
The act was supported by Alaska's congressmen, Don Young, Ted Stevens and Mike Gravel; however, since they all lacked major seniority, the act was introduced by long-time Washington Senator Henry M. Jackson. The act partially helped in solving the world-wide 1973 oil crisis.
The act is found in Title 43, Section 1651 of the United States Code (43 U.S.C. § 1651). The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System was eventually built as a result of the act.
# Abies flinckii

Abies flinckii, commonly known as the Jalisco fir, is a species of conifer in the genus Abies. It is native to central Mexico and found along the Transmexican Volcanic Belt at altitudes between 2 km and 3.5 km above sea level.
# Pipes & Drums of the Royal Caledonian Society

The Pipes & Drums of The Royal Caledonian Society of South Australia were first established in 1894 and are based in the City of Adelaide, South Australia. The pipe band plays at many community and private functions such as street parades, Christmas pageants and weddings. The band has also performed at the Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo in Edinburgh in 2001, 2007, and most recently in 2011, and the Basel Tattoo in 2013, and has performed at the Australian hosted Edinburgh Military Tattoos in 2005 and 2010.

## History

What started out over a hundred years ago in the City of Adelaide as "The Pipers Band" is now commonly acknowledged as one of the most recognised pipe bands in South Australia and the oldest civilian Pipe Band in the southern hemisphere. It is also one of the oldest civilian pipe bands in the world.
In approximately 1912 the band became known as The Caledonian Pipe Band. In 1946, King George VI granted permission to the society to use the prefix ‘Royal’ in recognition and mainly due to the untiring efforts and devoted services of the society's pipe band members. Many served during the Boer War, World War I, and with numerous receiving decorations for their part in conflicts during World War II.
From that point the band became known, as they are today, as The Pipes and Drums of the Royal Caledonian Society.
# Lunestedt

Lunestedt is a village and a former municipality in the district of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. Since 1 November 2011, it is part of the municipality Beverstedt.

## History

Lunestedt belonged to the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen, established in 1180. In 1648 the Prince-Archbishopric was transformed into the Duchy of Bremen, which was first ruled in personal union by the Swedish Crown - interrupted by a Danish occupation (1712–1715) - and from 1715 on by the Hanoverian Crown. In 1807 the ephemeric Kingdom of Westphalia annexed the Duchy, before France annexed it in 1810. In 1813 the Duchy was restored to the Electorate of Hanover, which - after its upgrade to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 - incorporated the Duchy in a real union and the Ducal territory, including Lunestedt, became part of the new Stade Region, established in 1823.
# Qualified Health Benefit Plan

A Qualified Health Benefits Plan (QHBP) is a healthcare plan that follows rules included in the proposed Affordable Health Care for America Act (H.R. 3962), preceded by America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009 (H.R. 3200). These rules include offering a standard set of services, which includes hospital and outpatient care, mental health, prevention, well-child care, and maternity care.
H.R. 3962 would require private insurance plans and the public health insurance option to adhere to a set of standards:
* Guaranteed renewal of insurance
* Guaranteed acceptance, regardless of a person's current health or health history.
* A cap on out-of-pocket costs
* Allow the use of affordability credits so that those with (sudden or long-term) lower incomes can afford insurance
* Competition in the market place and efficiency requirements for private plans to bring the cost of premiums down
It also requires that the public plan be national – available everywhere in the United States.
# Samantha Kolowratová

Samantha Ahn Kolowratová, also known as Sammy Kolowrat (born 12 July 1996) is a Czech ice hockey player. As a member of the Czech national team, she participated in the women's ice hockey tournament at the 2022 Winter Olympics and at six IIHF Women's World Championships.
Kolowratová most recently played with Brynäs IF of the Swedish Women's Hockey League (SDHL) during the 2021–22 season.

## Playing career

Across 141 NCAA games with the Vermont Catamounts women's ice hockey program, she scored 28 points and served as the team's captain in her final season. She was named to the Hockey East All-Academic Team in 2016 and 2017.
After spending a year away from hockey completing her master's degree, she signed with the Metropolitan Riveters ahead of the 2020–21 NWHL season.

### International

Kolowratová has represented the Czech Republic at the IIHF Women's World Championships in 2013, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2021, and at the Division I Group A tournament in 2015. She also participated in three qualifiers for the Winter Olympic Games, including the qualification tournament for the women's ice hockey tournament at the 2022 Winter Olympics, at which the Czech Republic qualified for the first time in team history.
As a junior player with the Czech national under-18 team, she participated in the IIHF Women's U18 World Championships in 2012, 2013, and 2014.

## Personal life

Kolowratová has a bachelor's degree in biological science and a master's degree in pharmacology from the University of Vermont.
She is a descendant of the Kolowrat-Krakowsky Bohemian aristocratic family.
# Leopold Franz Gruber

Leopold Franz Gruber was a mayor of Vienna.
# Relative thermal index

The Relative thermal index (RTI) is a characteristic parameter related to the ability of plastic materials to resist thermal degradation.
The RTI is part of the longterm thermal aging program (LTTA) described in the UL 746B standard from UL.
During the process of the UL 746B program, the degradation in hot air of certain properties of the material like dielectric and mechanic strength, is investigated with regards to thermal-aging. For a full study, the candidate material (B) is aged together with a reference material A (control) with already known RTI value in the same ovens. The RTI is the rounded temperature in degrees C, at which the properties of B have decreased to 50 percent of their initial value in about the same amount of time (correlation time) than it takes for A at its own RTI value. A maximum correlation time of 60.000 hours is considered acceptable for many electrical applications, however it may also become as low as 5.000 hours according to UL 746B. If a material has not been investigated (yet), the RTI shown is based on the generic class (polymer type) of the material.
Though the RTI is an index, it is given in Celsius units. The UL 746B standard distinguishes between three sub-categories of the RTI:
* Electrical RTI which relates to electrical insulating performance.
* Mechanical impact RTI which relates to mechanical performance with impact
* Mechanical strength RTI which relates to mechanical performance without impact
There is also the RTI Elongation (by means of Elongation at break) for films and other nonrigid materials.

## Literature

* UL 746B, 5. Ed.: Polymeric Materials – Long Term Property Evaluations
* N. Navarro: Predicting Elevated Temperature Ratings of Polymeric Materials in C. White et al.: Service Life Prediction of Exterior Plastics, New York: Springer (2014), ISBN 9783319060330
* G. Mediratta, et al. Over Time and Under Heat, Polycarbonates Hold Up: Plastics Eng. 67 (7) (2011), p. 24
# 2003 Shanghai Open – Doubles

Wayne Arthurs and Paul Hanley won in the final 6–2, 6–4 against Zeng Shaoxuan and Zhu Benqiang.

## Seeds

Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.
* Wayne Arthurs / Paul Hanley (champions)
* Martín García / Graydon Oliver (quarterfinals)
* Scott Humphries / Mark Merklein (first round)
* Todd Perry / Thomas Shimada (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | W Arthurs P Hanley | 6$^4$ | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | D Ayala R Kendrick | 7$^7$ | 4 | 5 | 1 | W Arthurs P Hanley | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | B Coupe J Thomas | 4 | 6 | 5 | | J Gimelstob N Kiefer | 6$^5$ | 6$^5$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Gimelstob N Kiefer | 6 | 3 | 7 | | | | | | 1 | W Arthurs P Hanley | 6$^9$ | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | |
| 4 | T Perry T Shimada | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | J Novák P Pála | 7$^{11}$ | 2 | 6$^4$ | | | | |
| | M Norman A Vinciguerra | 3 | 4 | | 4 | T Perry T Shimada | 4 | 2 | | | | | | | | | | |
| ALT | S Draper P Luczak | 4 | 6 | 4 | | J Novák P Pála | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Novák P Pála | 6 | 4 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Wayne Arthurs Paul Hanley | 6 | 6 |
| | L Burgsmüller J Vacek | 3 | 6 | 1 | | | | | | | | | | | WC | Zeng Shaoxuan Zhu Benqiang | 2 | 4 |
| WC | S Zeng B Zhu | 6 | 3 | 6 | WC | S Zeng B Zhu | 2 | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | C Mamiit E Taino | 4 | 7 | 6 | WC | C Mamiit E Taino | 6 | 6$^5$ | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| 3 | S Humphries M Merklein | 6 | 5 | 4 | | | | | | WC | S Zeng B Zhu | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | A Kim H-T Lee | 4 | 3 | | | | | | | | F Browne I Karlović | 3 | 2 | | | | | |
| | F Browne I Karlović | 6 | 6 | | | F Browne I Karlović | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | J van Lottum A Waske | 5 | 7$^7$ | 6$^4$ | 2 | M García G Oliver | 6$^3$ | 3 | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | M García G Oliver | 7 | 6$^4$ | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid

trans-3-Methyl-2-hexenoic acid (TMHA) is an unsaturated short-chain fatty acid that occurs in sweat secreted by the axillary (underarm) apocrine glands of Caucasians and some Asians.
Hexanoic acids such as TMHA have a hircine odor. Of the fatty acids contributing to Caucasian men's underarm odor, TMHA has the most prominent odor.

## Schizophrenia odor

It has long been claimed that schizophrenia patients exhibit a particular peculiar body odor, and it has been postulated the odor may be caused by underlying metabolic abnormalities associated with the condition, among other factors. Initial studies identified the causal component as TMHA, however, subsequent studies failed to reproduce such results, with subsequent researchers suggesting the initial research may have had misidentified impurities in samples as TMHA due to poor methodology. However, a 2007 study found schizophrenia patients to have reduced olfactory sensitivity to TMHA, possibly indicating sensory habituation; the decreased ability to smell the substance due to the presence of the substance as a constant component of subjects' own sweat and body odor. Furthermore, the researchers noted a positive association between reduced ability to smell TMHA and greater severity of disorganised and negative symptoms.
An allusion to TMHA and its purported link to the smell of the mentally ill is made in the 1996 David Foster Wallace novel, Infinite Jest, and in the 1988 novel The Silence of the Lambs by Thomas Harris.
# Procecidochares pleuritica

Procecidochares pleuritica is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Procecidochares of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Paraguay.
# Animakee Wa Zhing 37 First Nation

Animakee Wa Zhing 37 First Nation (formerly Northwest Angle 37 First Nation, Ojibwe language: Animikii-wajiing, meaning Sacred place of the Thunderbirds) is an Anishinaabe First Nation in northwestern Ontario. It is a part of the Anishinabeg of Kabapikotawangag Resource Council, which is in turn part of the Grand Council of Treaty 3.
As of 2015, the First Nation had a registered membership of 405 people, 179 of whom were living on Animakee Wa Zhing 37 reserve lands.

## Reserve lands

| Name | Size |
| Agency 30 (shared with other First Nations) | 379 hectares (940 acres) |
| Big Island 37 | 787.50 hectares (1,946.0 acres) |
| Lake of the Woods 34 | 259.40 hectares (641.0 acres) |
| Lake of the Woods 37 | 1,137 hectares (2,810 acres) |
| Lake of the Woods 37B | 106 hectares (260 acres) |
| Northwest Angle 34C | 303.50 hectares (750.0 acres) |
| Northwest Angle 34C & 37B | 792.80 hectares (1,959.1 acres) |
| Northwest Angle 37C | 279.20 hectares (689.9 acres) |
| Shoal Lake 34B1 | 259 hectares (640 acres) |
| Shoal Lake 37A | 777 hectares (1,920 acres) |
| Whitefish Bay 34A (the most populated site) | 609 hectares (1,500 acres) |

## Leadership

In the December 2021 election, Linda McVicar was elected chief, with Don Kavanaugh, Angel Andrushuk, Lorraine Major and Theresa Noonan as councillors.
# Qian Minggao

Qian Minggao (Chinese: 钱鸣高; 11 December 1932 – 23 September 2022) was a Chinese scientist who was a professor at the China University of Mining and Technology, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
Qian was one of the main founders of the discipline of mine pressure and strata control in China.

## Biography

Qian was born in Wuxi County (now Wuxi), Jiangsu, on 11 December 1932, to a coach driver. In 1954, he graduated from Northeast Institute of Technology (now Northeastern University) majoring in mining engineering before gaining a master's degree in coal mining from Beijing Institute of Mining (now China University of Mining and Technology). After graduation, he stayed and taught there.
In January 1970, Qian became director of Mine Pressure Research Office, Sichuan Institute of Mining, a post he kept until January 1980, when he returned to China University of Mining and Technology as associate professor of the Department of Mining Engineering, and was later promoted to full professor in January 1984 than head of Department of Mining Engineering in January 1987. He joined the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in January 1983.
On 23 September 2022, he died of an illness in Beijing, at the age of 89.

## Honours and awards

* 1989 State Natural Science Award (Third Class) for the activity law of overlying strata in stope
* 1995 Member of the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE)
* 1996 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Third Class) for the roof and support quality monitoring system in fully mechanized coal face
* 1998 State Science and Technology Progress Award (Third Class) for the surrounding rock control of coal mines in China
# Leptoconchus intalpina

Leptoconchus intalpina is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.
# Oophaga

Oophaga is a genus of poison-dart frogs containing twelve species, many of which were formerly placed in the genus Dendrobates. The frogs are distributed in Central and South America, from Nicaragua south through the El Chocó to northern Ecuador (at elevations below 1,200 m (3,900 ft)). Their habitats vary with some species being arboreal while other being terrestrial, but the common feature is that their tadpoles are obligate egg feeders. Most species in this genus are seriously threatened and O. speciosa is already extinct.

## Etymology

Oophaga, Greek for "egg eater" (oon, phagos), is descriptive of the tadpoles' diet.

## Reproduction

While presumably all dendrobatids show parental care, this is unusually advanced in Oophaga: the tadpoles feed exclusively on trophic (unfertilized) eggs supplied as food by the mother; the father is not involved. Through the eggs, the mother also passes defensive toxins to the tadpoles: Oophaga pumilio tadpoles experimentally fed with eggs from alkaloid-free frogs did not contain alkaloids.

## Species

There are twelve species in this genus:
| Scientific name | Common name | Distribution |
| Oophaga anchicayensis (Posso-Terranova and Andrés, 2018) | | Chocó region of northwestern Colombia |
| Oophaga andresi (Posso-Terranova and Andrés, 2018) | Cocorro | Columbia |
| Oophaga arborea (Myers, Daly, and Martínez, 1984) | Polkadot poison frog | Panama |
| Oophaga granulifera (Taylor, 1958) | Granular poison frog | Costa Rica and Panama |
| Oophaga histrionica (Berthold, 1845) | Harlequin poison frog | El Chocó region of western Colombia |
| Oophaga lehmanni (Myers and Daly, 1976) | Lehmann's poison frog | western Colombia |
| Oophaga occultator (Myers and Daly, 1976) | La Brea poison frog | Cordillera Occidental in the Cauca Department of Colombia |
| Oophaga pumilio (Schmidt, 1857) | Strawberry poison-dart frog | eastern central Nicaragua through Costa Rica and northwestern Panama |
| Oophaga solanensis (Posso-Terranova and Andrés, 2018) | Koe-koe | Northwestern region of Colombia, on the western banks of the Atrato and san Juan rivers |
| Oophaga speciosa (Schmidt, 1857) | Splendid poison frog | Cordillera de Talamanca, western Panama (extinct) |
| Oophaga sylvatica (Funkhouser, 1956) | Diablito poison frog | southwestern Colombia and northwestern Ecuador. |
| Oophaga vicentei (Jungfer, Weygoldt, and Juraske, 1996) | Vicente's poison frog | Veraguas, Bocas del Toro, Colón and Coclé Provinces of central Panama |

## Captivity

Oophaga may be kept as pets by experienced amphibian keepers, but they are challenging to breed in captivity as only parents can feed and care for tadpoles.
# Khartoum process

The Khartoum Process is a platform for political cooperation amongst the countries along the migration route between the Horn of Africa and Europe. It was set up at a ministerial conference on 28 November 2014 in Rome, Italy.

## Description

The Khartoum Process is a platform for political cooperation amongst the countries along the migration route between the Horn of Africa and Europe. It aims at establishing a continuous dialogue for enhanced cooperation on migration and mobility. The Process also seeks to support member states in identifying concrete projects to address trafficking in human beings and the smuggling of migrants and other migration-related areas. Additionally, the Khartoum Process gives a new impetus to the regional collaboration between countries of origin, transit and destination regarding the migration route between the Horn of Africa and Europe.

## Stakeholders

The following countries are signatories of the Declaration of the Ministerial Conference of the Khartoum Process, also known as the Rome Declaration:
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Kenya, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Somalia, South Sudan, Spain, Sudan, Sweden, Tunisia and the United Kingdom*.
Since this Declaration, Libya was also invited as a Member of the Khartoum Process upon the establishment of a Government of National Accord, and Norway, Switzerland and Uganda have also become Members of the Process.
*Note: The UK has withdrawn from the European Union (EU) on 31 January 2020 and is no longer a Member State of the EU