OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Little Ease

Little Ease was a prison cell located beneath the White Tower in the Tower of London. The lightless cell was designed 1.2 metres (3 ft 11 in) on a side, meaning that while an adult human could be placed inside, any occupant was prevented from being able to either stand, sit, or lie down, meaning it was impossible for him to find any physical position of rest (i.e., "little ease" could be found).
Evidence suggests that Edmund Campion, a Catholic priest in Elizabethan England, was imprisoned for four days in the cell in July 1581. According to Bell (1921), by tradition, Guy Fawkes was housed there in 1605. Another possible inmate was Miles Prance in 1678. Bell also states that there is some doubt that the cell ever actually housed prisoners.

## History

The Little Ease cell was a notorious form of confinement used in medieval times. It was a cramped and extremely uncomfortable prison cell that gained a reputation for its oppressive conditions. The cell was primarily used in the Tower of London, a historic castle located in London, England. The exact origin and construction of the Little Ease cell are uncertain, but it is believed to have been built during the medieval period, possibly in the 14th century. The Little Ease was specifically designed to be an uncomfortable and confining cell. It was incredibly small, usually measuring only about four feet in height and two feet in width. The prisoner was unable to stand up fully or lie down comfortably, as the cell's dimensions did not allow for much movement. The prisoner had to contort their body to fit into the cramped space.
The purpose of the Little Ease cell was to induce extreme discomfort and physical suffering in the prisoner. It was primarily used for interrogation and the extraction of confessions. The cramped conditions and lack of space made it nearly impossible for the prisoner to rest or sleep. The discomfort, combined with the psychological pressure exerted by interrogators, was intended to break the prisoner's spirit and coerce a confession. Additionally, the Little Ease cell was deliberately located in a dark and isolated part of the Tower of London, further enhancing the psychological torment experienced by the prisoners.
The lack of light and fresh air, along with the confined space, created an environment of sensory deprivation that could intensify the prisoner's mental distress. Although the Little Ease cell was infamous for its use in the Tower of London, similar forms of confinement existed in other medieval prisons across Europe. The conditions and dimensions of the cells might have varied slightly, but the general concept of a small, uncomfortable space remained the same.
Over time, the use of the Little Ease cell declined, and it eventually fell out of use altogether.

## Other instances

Edmund Bonner, while Bishop of London (1553–1570) maintained a little ease at St Paul's. By day prisoners were displayed in stocks, by night kept in a coal house. In the 17th century a little ease in London's Guildhall was maintained for the confinement of unruly apprentices.
# Reuth

Reuth may refer to:

## Places in Germany

* Reuth, Rhineland-Palatinate, in the Vulkaneifel district, Rhineland-Palatinate
* Reuth, Saxony, in the Vogtlandkreis district, Saxony
* Reuth bei Erbendorf, in the district of Tirschenreuth, Bavaria

## People

* Ralf Georg Reuth (born 1952), German journalist and historian
# Lithops dinteri

Lithops dinteri is a species of the genus Lithops of the family Aizoaceae. It is a succulent plant native to the desert climate of Southern Africa, where is receives an average yearly rainfall of 464 mm. The succulent plant is named after Mortiz Kurt Dinter, a German botanist of the late 19th and early 20th century. He was a collector of exotic succulents and his collection numbered around 8,400 pressed specimens.

## Description

Lithops dinteri has leaves growing in pairs, and those pairs forming clumps of leaves. The leaves are thick, and hardly possess any stem. They have a small gap between them, out of which a yellow flower can blossom. The color of the sand or soil they grow in can determine the color of their lobes. Colors can range from red, to brown, to grey, and to cream. The leaves can also present red dots of the top, varying in number and size from plant to plant. The sides of the leaves are usually a purplish-green.
# Rhabdophis pentasupralabialis

Rhabdophis pentasupralabialis is a keelback snake in the family Colubridae. It is endemic to China and known from Sichuan and Yunnan at elevations of 1,200 and 3,200 m (3,900 and 10,500 ft) above sea level. It was originally described as subspecies of Rhabdophis nuchalis.
# Algernon Seymour

Algernon Seymour may refer to:
* Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset (1684–1750), MP for Marlborough and Northumberland
* Algernon St Maur, 14th Duke of Somerset (former: Seymour, 14th Duke of Somerset, 1813–1894), English peer, father of the 15th Duke
* Algernon Seymour, 15th Duke of Somerset (1846–1923), English peer, sailor, soldier and patron
* Algernon Seymour (priest) (1886–1933), Anglican priest and Provost of St. Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow
# Sanfilippodytes edwardsi

Sanfilippodytes edwardsi is a species of predaceous diving beetle in the family Dytiscidae. It's found in North America.
# Playing It Wild

Playing It Wild is a 1923 American silent Western film directed by William Duncan and starring Duncan, Edith Johnson and Francis Powers.

## Cast

* William Duncan as Jerry Hoskins
* Edith Johnson as Beth Webb
* Francis Powers as Old Man Webb
* Dick La Reno as Sheriff Gideon
* Edmund Cobb as Christ Gideon, His Son
* Frank Beal as Wetherby, a Painter
* Frank Wood as Bill Rucker
# Bertholdia philotera

Bertholdia philotera is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1897. It is found in Panama and Costa Rica.
# Kouyo

Kouyo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Arnaud Kouyo (born 1984), Ivorian footballer
* Rachelle Kouyo (born 1983), Ivorian handball player
# Abandoned Shipwrecks Act

The Abandoned Shipwrecks Act is a piece of United States legislation passed into law in 1988 meant to protect historic shipwrecks in US waters from treasure hunters and unauthorised salvagers by transferring the title to the wreck to the US state whose waters it lies in.

## Background

The Abandoned Shipwrecks Act (Pub. L. 100-298; 43 U.S.C. §§ 2101–2106), also known as the Abandoned Shipwrecks Act of 1987, was passed into law due to severe damage to some 3,000 historic wrecks in the Great Lakes and off the US coasts that had been salvaged, and in some cases ruined, by treasure hunters in the 1970s. On April 29, 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed the bill (Abandoned Shipwrecks Act of 1987, Pub. L. 100-298, 102 Stat. 432) into law.

## Provisions

The law provides that any wreck that lies embedded in a state's submerged lands is property of that state and subject to that state's jurisdiction if the wreck is determined as being abandoned. The National Park Service website states that these include:
   abandoned shipwrecks embedded in a State's submerged lands; abandoned shipwrecks embedded in coralline formations protected by a State on its submerged lands; and abandoned shipwrecks located on a State's submerged lands and included in or determined eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places."
In section 3, the act outlines what is meant by the use of certain words. In the case of the term "embedded," it states that it
   ... means firmly affixed in the submerged lands or in coralline formations such that the use of tools of excavation is required in order to move the bottom sediments to gain access to the shipwreck, its cargo, and any part thereof.
Also, the term "submerged lands" refers to "lands beneath navigable waters", and "state" denotes "a state of the United States of America, District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands."

## Exclusions

The law does not protect military wrecks (which are always owned by the countries by which they were commissioned) or wrecks that lie on Native American land.

## Controversies

The act has come under fire due to its ambiguous wording. States make the claim that all shipwrecks that lay embedded in their waters are abandoned and under their jurisdiction. Some people claim that only the 10% most historic of all wrecks belong to states. The confusion has resulted in numerous court cases over ownership and salvage rights of the wreck. Salvagers argue that the states need to prove to the public which wrecks are historic and are protected under the Act, while the states claim that the salvager needs to provide proof of ownership if they are to salvage any parts, sediment, artifacts, etc., of the wreck.
# Abandoned Love Records

Abandoned Love Records is an independent record label, founded in 2004 in San Francisco by Jon Rooney of the independent rock band Morning Spy and solo project Virgin of the Birds. The label moved to Austin, Texas, in 2005 and then to Seattle, Washington, in August 2007. The label specializes in indie rock, lo-fi music, dream pop, and instrumental music. Abandoned Love Records took their name from a Bob Dylan song, titled "Abandoned Love".

## Bands and Artists

* The Capstan Shafts
* Grumpy Bear
* Like Pioneers
* The Lovely Sparrows
* Morning Spy
* Nire
* Parker Street Cinema
* Plot Against Rachel
* Tied to the Branches
* Virgin of the Birds
# Passerelle (theatre)

The word passerelle is a French word that means "footbridge" or "gangway." In the theatre, it refers to a small catwalk that extends from one side of the stage to the other, passing in front of the orchestra pit. Besides increasing the total stage area, this stage design allows performers to be closer to the audience.

## Notable examples

One of the most prominent uses of a passerelle has been in the Broadway productions of the musical Hello, Dolly!. Notably, the show's memorable title song is staged – in part – on the passerelle.
# Nirmal Singh (judge)

Justice Nirmal Singh is an Indian politician and former high court judge.

## Early life

Nirmal Singh was born to Sardar Gurdial Singh and Bachan Kaur at Rampur, Fatehgarh Sahib district, Punjab.
In 1964 he completed matriculation from National High School (Balahri Kalan), in 1969 he did B.A. and in 1972 completed his LLB from Panjab University.
He is married to Paramjit Kaur Gulshan, daughter of Dhanna singh Gulshan. Both his wife and father-in-law were Members of Parliament and Union Minister.

## Judge career

In 1996 he became District & Session Judge and also served as D & SJ, Vigilance, Punjab.
In 2000 he became a permanent judge of Punjab and Haryana High Court and served till 2005. He was then appointed judge of Jammu & Kashmir High Court and then he retired in 2009.

## Political career

He then joined Shiromani Akali Dal and was elected to the 2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly elections from newly created Bassi Pathana assembly constituency. He also fought in 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly elections from Chakaur Sahib constituency but lost to Charanjit Singh Channi.
He joined Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa's group alleging SAD was promoting caste-based discrimination and differences with interstate water disputes. Later he was expelled from the party and he joined Shiromani Akali Dal (Democratic).
Chairman of Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes and Member of Committee on Privileges and House Committee of Punjab Legislative Assembly. He is also a life member of The Indian Council of Arbitration and Interstate Water Disputes Tribunal. He also attended Conference on Women Empowerment in Bangladesh.

### Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly

* Chairman Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes
* Member Committee on Privileges
* Member House Committee
# Ano Symi

Ano Symi, (Turkish: Ano Simi) also called Ano Simi, Epáno Sími (Greek: "Upper Symi"), or more commonly Horio or Chorio is the main town of the island of Symi, north-west of the island of Rhodes in Greece. It is situated in one of the most picturesque areas of Symi, and was for many years largely abandoned by its people, though in recent years has seen some resurgence.
There are many interesting churches in Ano Simi, with some dating from the Byzantine era: e.g. Aghios Georgios and Metamorfosis. There is also an archaeological museum and the Kastro, the Castle of the Knights of St. John.
36°36′49.93″N 27°50′15.79″E﻿ / ﻿36.6138694°N 27.8377194°E﻿ / 36.6138694; 27.8377194
* This South Aegean location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Macrotarsipus albipunctus

Macrotarsipus albipunctus is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1893 and is known from Myanmar and central Vietnam. There are also records from Kenya and Malawi.
The wingspan is 22–24 mm.
# Stoplesteinan

Stoplesteinan (also known as Stoplesteinane) is a stone circle in the town of Egersund, Rogaland in Norway. The monument has a diameter of about 21 meters (69 feet) and consists of 16 raised stones. Some of the stones are up to 1.2 meters (4 feet) tall. Pilgrim's Route (St. Olafs vei) between Egersund and Sokndal goes right by the Stoplesteinan. It is visible as a green strip in the vegetation just next to the stone circle. Recently an information sign has been erected some 10 to 20 meters (30–60 feet) south-east of Stoplesteinan.

## Origin and theories

It is not known how or why the stone circle was constructed. Similar stone monuments exist across Northern Europe and the British Isles. Some of these have been excavated, and were found to be graves dating from the end of the Bronze Age until the end of the early Iron Age, dated to between 500 BC to 600 AD in Scandinavia. In Sweden there are a great number of similar circles called Domarringar (judge circles). They often have an odd number of stones, usually 7, 9 or 11. Often they also have a larger stone to the east, and most are burial sites from the late Iron Age. There are also stone settings with elliptical shape and sharp edges, thus resembling a ship. There are also theories that their shape could be used as a calendar based on the position of the sun. One such is Ale's Stones in Scania.
An excavation at Stoplesteinan during the 1930s found that the ground in the circle's center is paved with stones. Traces of burnt material were also found, lending credence to the theory that it is located at a place of burial. Snorre says in his 'Heimskringla' from the 13th century about Norwegian history that fyrsta öld er kölluð brunaöld; þá skyldi brenna alla dauða menn ok reisa eptir bautasteina (The first period is called the "burn age", since all dead men were burned and stone monuments raised for them).
# Mable (name)

Mable is a feminine given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include:

## Given name

* Mable Burton Ringling (1875–1929), American art collector
* Mable Electa Buland Campbell (1885–1961), American English professor
* Mable Elmore, Canadian politician
* Mable Fergerson (born 1955), American athlete
* Mable Hillery (1929–1976), American singer
* Mable Howard (1905–1994), American community leader
* Mable John (1930–2022), American blues vocalist
* Mable Lee (1921–2019), American musician
* Mable Mathews, American politician
* Mable Parker McLean (1922–2012), American academic administrator
* Mable Thomas (born 1957), American politician

### Middle name

* Doris Mable Cochran (1898–1968), American herpetologist

## Surname

* Bob Mable (1885–1960), Australian rugby league footballer
* Robert Mable, founder of Mableton, Georgia
# MUSES Program

The MUSES Program (Mu Space Engineering Spacecraft) was a Japanese space programme consisting of:
* MUSES-A, the Hiten moon spacecraft
* MUSES-B, the HALCA (Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communications and Astronomy) program
* MUSES-C, the Hayabusa asteroid sample return spacecraft
# Strachur Bay

Strachur Bay is a coastal embayment, on a 114° orientation, on the eastern coast of the longest sea loch in Scotland, Loch Fyne located in Argyll and Bute, on the west coast of Scotland. Strachur Bay provides good anchorage, for small vessels, when the wind is from the northeast and southeast.

## Settlements

The village and parish of Strachur is located at the head of the bay. The bay is on the main tourist route of the Cowal peninsula, with the hamlet of St Catherines immediately north along the coast A815 road of Loch Fyne. The A886 road, which is a tourist route, starts from Strachur from the A815, and continues to Colintraive, where it splits and continues from Rubodach on the Isle of Bute and continues to Port Bannatyne. The A815 road continues past the village of Strachur, passes Glenbranter, and becomes the coast road of Loch Eck, travelling south, passes Holy Loch, passing Dunoon and terminating at Toward Point to the south of Dunoon.
Strachur House, overlooks the north end of the bay. In September 1848, the dying genius Frédéric Chopin once spent a week at the invitation of Lord and Lady Muray at the house. Lady Murray had been his first London pupil.

## Geography

Above Strachur Bay is the 481 metre of the Cruach nan Capull, which can be directly seem to the south when viewed at some height. Behind Strachur Bay, is the hill of Meall Reamhar at 293 metres which rises and follows the south by southeast direction of the loch. Meall Reamhar is heavily forested, on what remains of the old Glenbranter Forest. Meall Reamhar rises to a shallow peak at An Càrr at 335 metres, still following the direction of the loch, reaching Sidhean Sluaigh at 436 metres, with the tallest peak of Cruach nan Capull behind it. Behind the Cruach nan Capull is a valley has been cut by the Glean Dubh, which separates Cruach nan Capull from Meall Reamharr at 433 metres, directly behind An Càrr. Directly behind Meall Reamharr and to the east is the village of Glenbranter and glen of Glenbranter, and Glenshellish, which forks off of it. To the north by northeast direction, i.e. on the other side of valley, facing away from Glen Branter are two parallel unnamed shallow hills.

## Gallery

* Images of Strachur Bay and the surrounding area
* Strachur House
* Strachur Church of Scotland The weather in this part of Scotland is always at its best at Strachur
* Strachur Bay Not the outflow of the Cur - that runs most of the length of Cowal, via Loch Eck to the Holy Loch, but a smaller burn. Dùn Leacainn visible across Loch Fyne.
* Loch Fyne from Strachur Bay
* Strachur Bay on Loch Fyne
# Stone Road Mall

Stone Road Mall is a shopping mall in Guelph, Ontario, Canada, situated at Stone Road West and Edinburgh Road. It is the largest shopping mall in Guelph, with approximately 520,000 square feet (50,000 m$^2$) of gross leasable area and 130 stores. It is operated by Primaris Management Inc., and its anchors are Marshalls, Sport Chek, and Chapters-Indigo following the closure of the third anchor tenant, Sears. The area of the former Sears Canada was demolished and became an expansion of the mall in late 2019. Toys "R" Us, HomeSense and Mark's now occupy that location since October 20, 2020.

## History

Stone Road Mall first opened in 1975 with a Kmart, Miracle Food Mart, and 35 other stores. In 1978 it doubled to 70 stores, including Sears. The shopping centre finished an expansion and remodelling of the western section of the mall. There is an ongoing expansion and remodelling of the eastern area of the mall.
The Sears store closed in January 2018 due to its bankruptcy and liquidation.
# Anta de Adrenunes

The Anta de Adrenunes, located on top of a hill at 426 metres above sea level, in the municipality of Sintra, within Sintra-Cascais Natural Park, Lisbon District, Portugal, is believed to be a Stone Age burial chamber or megalithic monument. It is a structure consisting of a cluster of granite stones, between which there is a gallery about 5 metres high that is surmounted by monoliths that rest horizontally on vertical stones. The passage is thought to have served as a collective necropolis or dolmen during the megalithic period although no artifacts or burial chambers have been found to prove this. The site contains a geodesic landmark that has been inserted into one of the upper stones.
Initial excavations by Joaquim Possidónio Narciso da Silva (1806-1896) found no evidence of funerary use. However, Da Silva presented the results of his research at one of the sessions of the International Congress of Anthropology and Prehistoric Archeology in 1871, referring to the site as a megalithic funerary monument. Later writers have argued that the site combines natural granite rocks, which are also found elsewhere in the area, with some architectural elements. They point to the layout of the rocks and their orientation to the sunset to argue that this suggests a megalithic structure that was probably of natural origin and was later worked on by humans. More recent excavations of the stones have provided some evidence of the intervention of humans, as granite wedges in the foundations of some of the stones have been identified. The approximately rectangular shape of some of the rocks also provides possible evidence of human intervention, although other writers have argued that the site is no more than a natural collection of rocks.
Visiting the site requires a walk of about one kilometre from a tarred road. It receives relatively few visitors, although it is popular at the time of solstices and equinoxes.

## Origin of its name

It is possible that the name of this Anta, like that of the cliff in which it is located, may have resulted from the corruption of the name of an old owner of the place.
# Anta do Alto da Toupeira

The Anta do Alto da Toupeira, also called the Anta da Toupeira or the Anta de Salemas, is a Neolithic dolmen, or megalithic tomb, situated in the parish of Lousa in the municipality of Loures, in the Lisbon District of Portugal. It dates back to the Chalcolithic.
The Anta is hidden by a clump of trees about 100 metres to the south of the Cave of Salemas. It is one of several archaeological sites within the same area, including the cave. Although probably identified by the 19th-century Portuguese archaeologist, Carlos Ribeiro, it was first studied and drawn on 17 January 1944 by the German archaeologists, Georg and Vera Leisner, but no excavations were carried out until November 1959 when Vera Leisner and O. V. Ferreira made some limited excavations and corrected the previous plan. These led them to describe the dolmen as a polygonal chamber necropolis without the usual entrance corridor associated with similar dolmens in the area. They estimated its dimensions as being 5.5 metres by 5 metres, with a maximum height of two metres. Five limestone slabs of the Late Cretaceous epoch survive on the site, one of which is believed to have been the roof of the tomb. Although further research has yet to be carried out, other archaeologists believe that further excavation could result in the discovery of an access corridor.
Excavations have yielded a number of findings but archaeologists are confused as to whether these came from the Anta, from the cave, or, indeed, from a second Anta, which appears to be referred to by the Leisners but has not since been identified. Items found have included a cylindrical idol, an axe of amphibole, a copper chisel, a copper arrowhead, and a pendant. These items are kept at Lisbon’s Geological Museum (Museu Geológico).