OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Maximal-ratio combining

In telecommunications, maximum-ratio combining (MRC) is a method of diversity combining in which:
* the signals from each channel are added together,
* the gain of each channel is made proportional to the rms signal level and inversely proportional to the mean square noise level in that channel.
* different proportionality constants are used for each channel.
It is also known as ratio-squared combining and predetection combining. Maximum-ratio combining is the optimum combiner for independent additive white Gaussian noise channels.
MRC can restore a signal to its original shape. The technique was invented by American engineer Leonard R. Kahn in 1954.
MRC has also been found in the field of neuroscience, where it has been shown that neurons in the retina scale their dependence on two sources of input in proportion to the signal-to-noise ratio of the inputs.
This has the advantage of producing an output with acceptable SNR even when none of the individual signals are themselves acceptable.

## Example: Least Squares estimate in the case of Rx diversity

We consider an example of which the receiver is endowed with N antennas. In this case, the received vector $y$ is
| $y=hs+\rho n\,$ | (1) |
where $n$ is noise vector $n\sim CN(0,I_{N\times N})$. Following the ML detection criterion the detection procedure may be written as
| ${\tilde {s}}=argmin_{s\in {\mathcal {M}}}|{\hat {s}}-s|^{2},$ | (2) |
where ${\mathcal {M}}$ is the considered constellation of $s$ and ${\hat {s}}$ is the least square solution to the above model.
| ${\hat {s}}=(h^{*}h)^{-1}h^{*}y.$ | (3) |
The least square solution in this case is also known as maximum-ratio-combining (MRC). In the case of N antennas the LS can be written as
| ${\hat {s}}={\frac {h_{0}^{*}y_{0}+h_{1}^{*}y_{1}+...+h_{N-1}^{*}y_{N-1}}{|h_{0}|^{2}+|h_{1}|^{2}+...+|h_{N-1}|^{2}}},$ | (4) |
which means that the signal from each antenna is rotated and weighted according to the phase and strength of the channel, such that the signals from all antennas are combined to yield the maximum ratio between signal and noise terms.
# Pierre-Paul (name)

Pierre-Paul is a French double name, formed using the names Pierre and Paul.

## List of people
### Given name

* Pierre-Paul Durieu (1830–1899), Roman Catholic missionary and bishop
* Pierre-Paul Grassé (1895–1985), French zoologist
* Pierre-Paul Guieysse (1841–1914), French Socialist politician
* Pierre-Paul Lemercier de La Rivière de Saint-Médard (1719–1801), French colonial administrator and economist
* Pierre-Paul Margane de Lavaltrie (1743–1810), seigneur and political figure in Lower Canada
* Pierre-Paul Prud'hon (1758–1823), French Romantic painter and draughtsman
* Pierre-Paul Renders (born 1963), Belgian film director and screenwriter
* Pierre-Paul Riquet (1609?–1680), French engineer and canal builder
* Pierre-Paul Saunier (1751–1818), French gardener
* Pierre-Paul Schweitzer (1912–1994), French Managing Director of the IMF
* Pierre-Paul Sirven (1709–1777), French archivist and notary

### Surname

* Jason Pierre-Paul (born 1989), American football player
# Nenad Cvetković (footballer, born 1948)

Nenad Cvetković (Serbian Cyrillic: Ненад Цветковић; born 23 December 1948) is a Serbian former football manager and player.

## Playing career

Cvetković started out at Radnički Niš, making his debut in the 1966–67 Yugoslav First League. He scored 58 goals in 162 appearances over his six seasons with the club, before transferring to Partizan in 1972.

## Managerial career

Cvetković served as manager of Radnički Niš on two occasions in the 1990s. He also worked in Gabon, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Cyprus.
# Sir Samuel Scott, 6th Baronet

Sir Samuel Edward Scott, 6th Baronet (25 October 1873 – 21 February 1943) was a British Conservative Party politician.

## Political career

He was elected unopposed as Member of Parliament (MP) for the Marylebone West at a by-election in February 1898 after his predecessor (and stepfather) Sir Horace Farquhar was elevated to the peerage as Baron Farquhar. He held the seat for over 20 years until the constituency was abolished at the 1918 general election.
He was then elected unopposed as the Coalition Conservative MP for the new St Marylebone constituency. He retired from politics at the 1922 general election.
In April 1901 he was appointed an Assistant Private Secretary (unpaid) to Lord Stanley, Financial Secretary to the War Office.

## Military career

Scott was a Lieutenant in the Royal Horse Guards. He resigned from his commission, and was appointed a second-lieutenant in the West Kent Yeomanry (Queen's Own) on 24 February 1897. Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War, he volunteered for active service with the Imperial Yeomanry, and was on 10 February 1900 appointed a lieutenant in the 11th Battalion. While seconded, he was promoted to a lieutenant in the West Kent Yeomanry on 2 August 1902.
# Roberto Álvarez (tennis)

Roberto Marcelo Álvarez (born 23 February 1971) is an Argentine former professional tennis player.
Álvarez competed on tour in the 1990s and early 2000s, reaching a best singles ranking of 288 in the world. His only ATP Tour main draw appearances came at Bordeaux in 1992, where he lost in the first round to the eighth-seed Fabrice Santoro. He featured twice in the singles qualifying draw at Wimbledon and in 2002 won an ATP Challenger doubles titles in Trani. Following his retirement he coached French tennis player Florent Serra.

## Challenger/Futures titles

* Legend
* ITF Futures (3)

### Singles: (3)

| No. | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Opponents | Score |
| 1. | Oct 1998 | Argentina F3, Santa Fe | Futures | Clay | Miguel Pastura | 7–6, 1–0 ret. |
| 2. | Oct 1998 | Argentina F4, Resistencia | Futures | Clay | Guillermo Coria | 6–4, 6–1 |
| 3. | Sep 2001 | Korea F3, Cheongju | Futures | Clay | Denis Gremelmayr | 6-7$^{(3)}$, 6-1, 7-5 |

### Doubles: (5)

* Legend
* ATP Challenger (1)
* ITF Futures (4)
| No. | Date | Tournament | Tier | Surface | Partner | Opponents | Score |
| 1. | Jul 1998 | France F3, Aix-les-Bains | Futures | Clay | Pablo Bianchi | Michal Muzikant Kamil Patel | 6–4, 6–2 |
| 2. | Jul 2001 | Romania F3, Brașov | Futures | Clay | Jordane Doble | Marius Calugaru Remus Farcas | 6–2, 2–6, 7–6$^{(9)}$ |
| 3. | Sep 2001 | Korea F4, Cheongju | Futures | Clay | Jordane Doble | Alexander Flock Frank Moser | 6–4, 4–6, 6–2 |
| 4. | Jan 2002 | France F1, Grasse | Futures | Clay | Jordane Doble | Christophe De Veaux Nicolas Devilder | 6–4, 6–4 |
| 1. | Aug 2002 | Trani Cup, Trani | Challenger | Clay | Mariano Delfino | Francisco Cabello Francisco Costa | 4–6, 6–4, 6–2 |
# River Spen

The River Spen or Spen Beck, in West Yorkshire, England is a tributary of the River Calder. It rises north of Cleckheaton, runs through Liversedge and flows into the Calder to the south of Dewsbury at Ravensthorpe. The average rainfall for the river valley of between 600–1000mm per annum when combined with the steep narrow river channel, makes the Spen susceptible to regular flooding. It is referred to in the name of the local parliamentary constituency, Batley and Spen, to account for the villages and suburbs of Batley in the Spen Valley, such as Liversedge and Gomersal.

## Course

The River Spen is formed at the confluence of Hunsworth Beck and Nann Hall Beck in Cleckheaton. The river flows south past industrial premises parallel to a dismantled railway line before turning south east on the outskirts of Liversedge. It continues south east through the industrial centre of the town before returning southwards along the edge of Heckmondwike. On the outskirts of Ravensthorpe, the river turns south east again before joining the River Calder.

## Natural history

The Spen is mainly an urban waterway and has been polluted by sewage effluent and industrial waste, though levels of pollutants and mine water discharges have decreased since 1999. Heavy rain can cause pollutant levels to rise and the river suffers from tipping and urban litter.
Several non-native species of plant are found along the river including giant hogweed, Himalayan balsam and Japanese knotweed. Bistort, wild garlic, nettles and dandelions are found in abundance in the meadows between the conurbations.

## Leisure

The disused railway line adjacent to the riverbank is part of the Spen Valley Greenway (National Cycle Route 66) from Dewsbury to Oakenshaw near Bradford. The greenway is home to a collection of artworks, including A Flock of Swaledale Sheep, constructed from recycled industrial scrap by Sally Matthews, and Rotate by Trudi Entwistle which comprises 40 giant steel hoops set in a circle.

## Lists
### Tributaries

* Finching Dike
* Canker Dyke

### Settlements

* Cleckheaton
* Liversedge
* Heckmondwike
* Ravensthorpe

### Crossings

* A643, Cleckheaton
* Thornton Street, Cleckheaton
* A638, Rawfolds Bridge, Cleckheaton
* Cartwright Street, Cleckheaton
* Primrose Lane, Cleckheaton
* Radulf Gardens, Liversedge
* Knowler Hill, Liversedge
* Valley Road, Liversedge
* A62, Liversedge
* A649, Wakefiled Road, Liversedge
* Wormald Street, Liversedge
* Union Street, Liversedge
* Beck Lane, Liversedge
* Smithies Bridge, Station Lane, Liversedge
* A644, Huddersfield Road, Ravensthorpe

## Sources

Ordnance Survey Open Data https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-government/tools-support/open-data-support
# S.L. Benfica (cycling)

Active departments of S.L. Benfica :
| Football | Football B | Football U19 |
| Football (women's) | Futsal | Roller hockey |
| Basketball | Handball | Volleyball |
| Athletics | Swimming | Rugby union |
| Table tennis | Billiards | Canoeing |
Closed departments :
| Archery | Beach soccer | Cycling |
Sport Lisboa e Benfica (UCI team code: SLB; Portuguese pronunciation: ), commonly known as Benfica, was a professional road bicycle racing team based in Lisbon, Portugal.

## History

Cycling was the main sport of the original Grupo Sport Benfica formed in 1906. Upon the merger with Sport Lisboa in 1908, a cycling department established within the new Sport Lisboa e Benfica, and along with football, is one of only two sports referenced in the club's logo. The sport was in activity from 1906 to 1941, 1947 to 1978, 1999 to 2000, and once again for two seasons in 2007 and 2008.
In 1931 the Portuguese cycling legend José Maria Nicolau won the Volta a Portugal and helped Benfica to win the Volta as a team. Benfica won the Volta once again in 1932. In 1934, Benfica won the Volta for the third time with Nicolau being the overall winner, beating his rival Alfredo Trindade from Sporting of Lisbon. After some years without success, Benfica won another Volta as a team in 1939. The benfiquistas had to wait until 1947 (due to the end of the cycling section in 1941) to see once again one of their cyclists winning the Volta. It was José Martins, who also helped Benfica to win the Volta as a team.
In 1963, Benfica won its sixth Volta a Portugal, but had to wait two more years to see a Benfica cyclist winning the Volta. It was Peixoto Alves, who was succeeded by Francisco Valada one year later and another team win.
In 1968 Américo Silva won the Volta, but Benfica failed to win it as a team. That happened in 1974, when Benfica won its eighth Volta (and due to the cycling section's end in 1978 the last one for a long time) and its cyclist Fernando Mendes the seventh individual Volta for Benfica. Two years later, in 1976, Firmino Bernardino won the last Volta for Benfica before its end in 1978.
It was the Spanish cyclist David Plaza, the first foreigner to win a Volta for Benfica, who won the last individual Volta for Benfica in 1999. It was the same year that Benfica won its ninth and so far last Volta a Portugal. Another Spanish Benfica cyclist, Melcior Mauri, won the Volta ao Algarve.
In 2007, the newly created Benfica cycling team around superstar José Azevedo ended the 2007–2008 UCI Europe Tour in 27th with 622 points. In 2008, Rubén Plaza won the Vuelta a Valencia.

## Titles
### National

* Volta a Portugal: 9
** 1931, 1932, 1934, 1939, 1947, 1963, 1966, 1974, 1999
* Volta ao Algarve: 1
** 1999

### International

2007-08 UCI Europe Tour Teams Results
* 2007 Tour de Luxembourg: 5th
* 2008 Clásica Internacional de Alcobendas: 5th
* 2008 Volta a Portugal: 3rd
* 2008 GPCI Torres Vedras - Troféu Joaquim Agostinho:
* 2008 Volta ao Alentejo: 13th
* 2008 Grande Prémio Internacional CTT Correios: 6th
* 2008 GP Rota dos Móveis: 11th
2007-08 UCI Europe Tour Individual Wins
* 2008 Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana: Rubén Plaza
# Pimelea elongata

Pimelea elongata is a species of flowering plant in the family Thymelaeaceae and is endemic to inland areas of eastern Australia. It is a slender forb with linear to narrowly elliptic leaves and spikes of hairy, yellowish-green flowers.

## Description

Pimelea elongata is a slender forb that typically grows to a height of 15–40 cm (5.9–15.7 in) and has a woody base. Its leaves are linear to narrowly elliptic, usually glabrous, 7–15 mm (0.28–0.59 in) long and 1.4–2.8 mm (0.055–0.110 in) wide on a petiole 0.5–0.6 mm (0.020–0.024 in) long. The flowers are borne in spikes on the ends of branches on a peduncle up to 8 mm (0.31 in) long. Ech spike has 17 to 42 flowers on a rachis 18–100 mm (0.71–3.94 in) long, each flower on a pedicel 0.5–0.9 mm (0.020–0.035 in) long and lack bracts. The floral tube is 2.5–3 mm (0.098–0.118 in) long, the sepals 0.5–0.8 mm (0.020–0.031 in) long, glabrous on the inside and moderately hairy outside. Flowering occurs in most months and the fruit is green.

## Taxonomy

Pimelea elongata was first formally described in 1980 by S. Threlfall in the journal Telopea from specimens collected near Cheepie in 1970.

## Distribution and habitat

This pimelea grows in heavy-textured soils with a thin, sandy upper layer and is found in northern new South Wales, east of Charleville in south-eastern Queensland and in the northern Flinders Ranges in South Australia. It is poisonous to livestock.

## Conservation status

This species is listed as "endangered" in New South Wales under the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016.
# Buccopharyngeal fascia

The buccopharyngeal fascia is a fascia of the pharynx. It represents the posterior portion of the pretracheal fascia (visceral fascia). It covers the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles, and buccinator muscle.

## Structure

The buccopharyngeal fascia is a thin lamina given off from the pretracheal fascia. It is the portion of the pretracheal fascia situated posterior and lateral to the pharynx. It encloses the entire superior part of the alimentary canal.
The buccopharyngeal fascia envelops the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles. It extends anteriorly from the constrictor pharyngis superior over the pterygomandibular raphe to cover the buccinator muscle (though another source describes it as continuous with the fascia covering the buccinator muscle).

### Attachments

It is attached to the prevertebral fascia by loose connective tissue, with the retropharyngeal space found between them. It may also be attached to the alar fascia posteriorly at C3 and C6 levels.

### Relations

The thyroid gland wraps around the trachea and oesophagus anterior to the buccopharyngeal fascia, so that the lateral parts of the thyroid gland border it.
The buccopharyngeal fascia runs parallel to the medial aspect of the carotid sheath.

## Additional images

* Floor of mouth. Deep dissection.Anterior view.
# African Men's classification in the Cape Epic

The African Men's classification is a men's classification, the one by which the best African men's team of the Cape Epic is determined. Since 2018, the leader of the African Men's classification wears the Absa African Men's Special Jersey. Matthys Beukes won the jersey 5 times. Three out of this fives with his partner Philip Buys.

## Winners

| Year | Team 1st | Winners | Time | GC | Team 2nd | Second place | Time | GC | Team 3rd | Third place | Time | GC |
| 2013 | SCOTT Factory Racing -1- | Philip Buys (ZAF) -1- Matthys Beukes (ZAF) -1- | 30:47:43,2 | 6 | Cannondale Blend | Darren Lill (ZAF) Charles Keey (ZAF) | 31:44:51,4 +57:08,2 | 9 | FedGroup-Itec | Brandon Stewart (ZAF) Neil Macdonald (ZAF) | 33:55:03,6 +3:07:20,4 | 14 |
| 2014 | SCOTT Factory Racing -2- | Matthys Beukes (ZAF) -2- Gert Heyns (ZAF) | 31:42:52,4 | 6 | RECM | Erik Kleinhans (ZAF) Nico Bell (ZAF) | 32:05:11,5 +22:19,1 | 8 | RED-E Blend | Andrew Hill (ZAF) Charles Keey (ZAF) | 32:59:37,3 +1:26:44,9 | 11 |
| 2015 | Scott Factory Racing -3- | Philip Buys (ZAF) -2- Matthys Beukes (ZAF) -3- | 32:07:26,0 | 5 | EAI South Africa | Gawie Combrinck (ZAF) Johann Rabie (ZAF) | 32:14:49,9 +07:23,9 | 6 | RED-E Blend | Darren Lill (ZAF) Waylon Woolcock (ZAF) | 32:15:16,4 +07:50,4 | 7 |
| 2016 | USN Purefit | Darren Lill (ZAF) Waylon Woolcock (ZAF) | 29:03:22,9 | 6 | NAD Pro MTB | Gawie Combrinck (ZAF) Nico Bell (ZAF) | 29:28:26,8 +25:03,9 | 12 | Imbuko-Freewheel Cycology | Christopher Wolhuter (ZAF) Craig Boyes (ZAF) | 31:26:00,5 +2:22:37,6 | 20 |
| 2017 | PYGA Euro Steel -1- | Philip Buys (ZAF) -3- Matthys Beukes (ZAF) -4- | 27:36:12,8 | 7 | NAD Pro MTB | Nico Bell (ZAF) Gawie Combrinck (ZAF) | 28:05:11,6 +28:58,2 | 11 | The Gear Change | Justin Tuck (ZAF) David George (ZAF) | 29:16:33,7 +1:40:20,9 | 17 |
| 2018 | PYGA Euro Steel -2- | Matthys Beukes (ZAF) -5- Julian Jessop (ZAF) | 26:54:46,3 | 12 | Ellsworth - ASG | Hendrik Kruger (ZAF) Stuart Marais (ZAF) | 27:02:33,5 +1:07:47,2 | 13 | NAD MTB | Nico Bell (ZAF) Matthew Beers (ZAF) | 27:07:53,3 +1:13:07,0 | 15 |
| 2019 | SpecializedFoundationNAD | Alan Hatherly (ZAF) Matthew Beers (ZAF) | 26:47:12,0 | 5 | IMBUKO GIANT | Marco Joubert (ZAF) Nicol Carstens (ZAF) | 27:22:23,3 +35:11,3 | 11 | DSV Pro Cycling | Julian Jessop (ZAF) Arno Du Toit (ZAF) | 27:36:11,0 +48:59,0 | 13 |

## Statistics
### By nationality

| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | South Africa (ZAF) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 42 |
| Totals (1 entries) | Totals (1 entries) | 14 | 14 | 14 | 42 |
# Roberto de la Madrid

Roberto de la Madrid Romandia (February 3, 1922 – March 19, 2010) was a Mexican elected official who served as governor of Baja California from 1977 to 1983. He was the first American-born governor of a Mexican state. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).

## Early life and education

De la Madrid was born February 3, 1922, in Calexico, California, to Mexican parents. He grew up on both sides of the border, attending schools in Tijuana and San Diego, including Sweetwater High School in National City. His American birth made him an American citizen, but he later became certified as a Mexican citizen. He was bilingual and bicultural, and maintained friendships and business activities on both sides of the border.

## Non-political career

He was a distributor for Richfield and Pemex and was active in Mexican political campaigns. He also appeared in the 1959 Dennis Hopper film The Young Land and was listed fifth in the credits; the name of his character was Don Roberto de la Madrid.

## Political career

In 1973, he was appointed tourism director for the state of Baja California. He later served as one of Baja California's two senators and as director of the national lottery program, appointed by his close friend, President José López Portillo. In 1977, López Portillo chose him to be the PRI candidate for governor of Baja California after the death of the original candidate. His inauguration in 1977 attracted celebrities from both sides of the border including López Portillo, then-San Diego Mayor (later California governor) Pete Wilson, and de la Madrid's longtime friend John Wayne.
News reports at the time spoke of his ambition to be president. He said that he was eligible to be president of either the United States or Mexico, but chose to enter Mexican politics because he figured the odds of becoming president were better in Mexico. By a coincidence of history, unrelated Miguel de la Madrid became president of Mexico in 1982.
As governor Roberto de la Madrid was credited with "helping foster binational relations, attracting foreign investors and establishing a strong tourism program."

## Personal life

He was married twice, first to Elena Victoria in 1942, with whom he had two children, until her death in 1988, and secondly to the former Regina Johnson in 1998, who survived him. He died March 19, 2010, in Tijuana, at the age of 88.
# 2007 Labour Party leadership election

Labour Party leadership elections were held in the following countries in 2007:
* 2007 Israeli Labor Party leadership election
* 2007 Labour Party leadership election (Ireland)
* 2007 Labour Party leadership election (UK) (timeline)
# Arica Province (Peru)

Arica was a historical province of Peru, which existed between 1823 and 1883. It was populated by pre-Hispanic peoples for a long period of time before Spanish colonization in the early 16th century saw the transformation of a small town into a thriving port. Trade in both gold and silver was facilitated through Arica after the precious metals were first extracted from the Potosí silver mines of Bolivia. Following the War of the Pacific, the province was transferred to Chile and became an official Chilean territory in 1929.

## History

The department was located in southern Peru, near the Pacific Ocean. It was limited to the north by the Tacna Province, in the south by the Tarapacá Department, on the east by Bolivia, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Arica was established in 1823, as part of the Department of Arequipa. In 1828, the capital city of the province was changed from Arica to Tacna. In 1837, the province joined the established Department Litoral with its capital at Tacna. In 1853, the province was moved to the newly established Department of Moquegua, along with the provinces of Moquegua, Tacna and Tarapacá. In 1855, the province was divided into two, forming the provinces of Tacna and Arica.
In 1868, the city of Arica was almost completely destroyed during an earthquake that also affected the areas north of the city, as well as neighboring Bolivia and Chile.
In 1875, Arica was transferred to the newly established Department of Tacna, along with the provinces of Tacna and Tarata. In 1875, the province itself was divided into six districts: Arica, Belén, Codpa, Livilcar, Lluta, and Socoroma. In the 1883 Treaty of Ancón Arica and Tacna provinces were transferred to Chilean control for ten years, and they were to have been subject to a plebiscite, one that was never held. De facto, that was the end of the Peruvian province of Arica, although the dispute was not settled until the 1929 Treaty of Lima.

## Notable people

* Guillermo Billinghurst, President of Peru
* Gerardo Vargas Hurtado, Author and journalist who campaigned for Arica and Tacna to return to Peru during the Tacna-Arica dispute.