OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# AMERICA Act

The Advertising Middlemen Endangering Rigorous Internet Competition Accountability (AMERICA) Act (S.1073) is a proposed bipartisan antitrust bill in the United States Congress. The legislation was introduced by Senator Mike Lee (R-UT) in the 118th Congress on March 30, 2023.
The legislation aims to combat monopoly power in the advertising technology (adtech) market and has been characterized as an effort to rein in Google and Facebook's dominance in the sector. The legislation is roughly equivalent to legislation proposed by Lee in the 117th Congress.

## Background

Google and Facebook controlled an estimated 48.4% of spending in the digital advertising market as of 2022. In January 2023, the United States Department of Justice filed an antitrust suit against Google over alleged anti-competitive conduct in the digital advertising sector.
In the 117th Congress, Lee introduced the Competition and Transparency in Digital Advertising Act (CTDA), which Lee described as "functionally identical" to the AMERICA Act. The CTDA received six Senate cosponsors in the 117th Congress.

## Provisions

The AMERICA Act would specifically amend the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 “to prevent conflicts of interest and promote competition in the sale and purchase of digital advertising”.
If enacted, the legislation would curb the ability of companies who process over $20 billion in digital advertising transactions from controlling more than one area of the broader digital advertising business. The AMERICA Act would also prevent "demand-side" digital advertising platforms from owning "supply-side" platforms operating in the sector in most circumstances. Additionally, the legislation would also institute regulations on medium-sized companies in the adtech market which process over $5 billion in digital advertising transactions.

## Legislative history

On May 3, 2023, the Senate Judiciary Subcommittee on Competition Policy, Antitrust and Consumer Rights held a hearing to consider the legislation.

### Cosponsors

In addition to Lee, the legislation has been cosponsored by ten U.S. Senators.
Democratic cosponsors:
* Amy Klobuchar (D-MN)
* Richard Blumenthal (D-CT)
* Elizabeth Warren (D-MA)
Republican cosponsors:
* Ted Cruz (R-TX)
* Marco Rubio (R-FL)
* Eric Schmitt (R-MO)
* Josh Hawley (R-MO)
* Lindsey Graham (R-SC)
* J. D. Vance (R-OH)
* John Kennedy (R-LA)
# Lucas' reagent

"Lucas' reagent" is a solution of anhydrous zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid. This solution is used to classify alcohols of low molecular weight. The reaction is a substitution in which the chloride replaces a hydroxyl group. A positive test is indicated by a change from clear and colourless to turbid, signalling formation of a chloroalkane. Also, the best results for this test are observed in tertiary alcohols, as they form the respective alkyl halides fastest due to higher stability of the intermediate tertiary carbocation. The test was reported in 1930 and became a standard method in qualitative organic chemistry. The test has since become somewhat obsolete with the availability of various spectroscopic and chromatographic methods of analysis. It was named after Howard Lucas (1885–1963).

## Lucas test

The Lucas test in alcohols is a test to differentiate between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols. It is based on the difference in reactivity of the three classes of alcohols with hydrogen halides via an S$_N$1 reaction:
${\text{(CH}}_{3}{\text}}_{3}{\text{COH}}+{\text{HCl}}\rightarrow {\text{(CH}}_{3}{\text}}_{3}{\text{CCl}}+{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}$
The differing reactivity reflects the differing ease of formation of the corresponding carbocations. Tertiary carbocations are far more stable than secondary carbocations, and primary carbocations are the least stable(due to hyperconjugation).
An equimolar mixture of ZnCl$_2$ and concentrated HCl is the reagent. The alcohol is protonated, the H$_2$O group formed leaves, forming a carbocation, and the nucleophile Cl$^−$ (which is present in excess) readily attacks the carbocation, forming the chloroalkane. Tertiary alcohols react immediately with Lucas reagent as evidenced by turbidity owing to the low solubility of the organic chloride in the aqueous mixture. Secondary alcohols react within five or so minutes (depending on their solubility). Primary alcohols do not react appreciably with Lucas reagent at room temperature. Hence, the time taken for turbidity to appear is a measure of the reactivity of the class of alcohol, and this time difference is used to differentiate among the three classes of alcohols:
* no visible reaction at room temperature and forming an oily layer only on heating: primary, such as 1-pentanol
* solution forms oily layer in 3–5 minutes: secondary, such as 2-pentanol
* solution forms an oily layer immediately: tertiary, such as 2-methyl-2-butanol
The Lucas test is usually an alternative to the oxidation test - which is used to identify primary and secondary alcohols.
# Pay the Man

Pay the Man may refer to:
* "Pay the Man", song by David Lindley from the album El Rayo-X , 1981
* "Pay the Man", song by the Offspring from the album Americana, 1998
* "Pay the Man", song by Tokyo Blade from the album Pumphouse, 1998
* "Pay the Man", song by Foster the People from the EP III, 2017
* "Pay the Man", song by Mike Doughty and Andrew Livingston from the album Ghost of Vroom 3, 2023
# 1990 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe

The 1990 Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe was a horse race held at Longchamp on Sunday 7 October 1990. It was the 69th running of the Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe.
The winner was Saumarez, a three-year-old colt trained in France by Nicolas Clément. The winning jockey was Gérald Mossé.

## Race details

* Sponsor: CIGA Hotels
* Purse: 8,500,000 F; First prize: 5,000,000 F
* Going: Good
* Distance: 2,400 metres
* Number of runners: 21
* Winner's time: 2m 29.8s

## Full result

* Abbreviations: shd = short-head; snk = short-neck; nk = neck; dist = distance

## Winner's details

Further details of the winner, Saumarez.
* Sex: Colt
* Foaled: 28 March 1987
* Country: Great Britain
* Sire: Rainbow Quest; Dam: Fiesta Fun (Welsh Pageant)
* Owners: Bruce McNall and Wayne Gretzky
* Breeder: Elizabeth Longton
# 2000 Northwestern State Demons football team

The 2000 Northwestern State Demons football team represented Northwestern State University as a member of the Southland Conference during the 2000 NCAA Division I-AA football season. Led by first-year head coach Steve Roberts, the Demons compiled an overall record of 6–5 with a mark of 3–4 in conference play, tying in fifth place in the Southland. Northwestern State played home games at Harry Turpin Stadium in Natchitoches, Louisiana.
In the spring of 2001, Northwestern State forfeited two wins from the 2000 season, over Troy State and Nicholls State, because an ineligible player had participated for the Demons in those games. With the forfeit, the Demons' record dropped to 4–7 overall and 1–6 in conference play, tying in last place in the Southland.

## Schedule

| Date | Time | Opponent | Rank | Site | TV | Result | Attendance |
| September 2 | | Southern* | | Harry Turpin StadiumNatchitoches, LA | | W 31–20 | 17,528 |
| September 9 | 5:00 pm | at UCF* | | Florida Citrus BowlOrlando, FL | | L 7–19 | 19,003 |
| September 23 | | at Louisiana–Lafayette* | | Cajun FieldLafayette, LA | | W 23–21 | 15,212 |
| September 30 | 6:00 pm | Gardner–Webb* | | Harry Turpin StadiumNatchitoches, LA | | W 57–17 | 11,288 |
| October 7 | 6:00 pm | No. 5 Troy State | No. 10 | Harry Turpin StadiumNatchitoches, LA | | L 24–17 (forfeited) | 12,261 |
| October 14 | | at Nicholls State | No. 10 | John L. Guidry StadiumThibodaux, LA (NSU Challenge) | | L 27–21 (forfeited) | |
| October 21 | | No. 17 McNeese State | No. 9 | Harry Turpin StadiumNatchitoches, LA (rivalry) | SCTN | W 37–34 | 14,586 |
| October 28 | | at Southwest Texas State | | Bobcat StadiumSan Marcos, TX | TSAA | L 10–21 | 10,503 |
| November 4 | 4:00 pm | at Jacksonville State | No. 10 | Paul Snow StadiumJacksonville, AL | | L 24–28 | 15,500 |
| November 11 | | Sam Houston State | No. 18 | Harry Turpin StadiumNatchitoches, LA | | L 13–27 | 5,036 |
| November 18 | 2:00 pm | at Stephen F. Austin | | Homer Bryce StadiumNacogdoches, TX (Chief Caddo) | | L 3–17 | 2,317 |
| *Non-conference gameRankings from The Sports Network Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Central time |||||||||
# Asiba Tupahache

Asiba Tupahache is a Matinecoc Nation Native American activist from New York and was a vice presidential candidate in the 1992 election on Peace and Freedom Party ticket, accompanying Ronald Daniels. Born in Long Island, New York, she is a former public school teacher, an advocate of homeschooling, and a mother of two. She authored the book Taking Another Look and its accompanying audiocassette, and is the editor and publisher of The Spirit of January Reflection, formerly titled The Spirit of January Monthly.
# Limpach

Limpach may refer to several places:
* Limpach, Luxembourg, in the commune of Reckange-sur-Mess
* Limpach (Bodensee), in the district of Bodensee, Baden-Württemberg
* Limpach, Switzerland, in the Canton of Bern
* Limpach (river) that flows down to the Emme river.
# 2001 Adidas International – Men's doubles

Todd Woodbridge and Mark Woodforde were the defending champions but only Woodbridge competed that year with Jonas Björkman.
Björkman and Woodbridge lost in the final 2–6, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$, 7–6$^{(7–5)}$ against Daniel Nestor and Sandon Stolle.

## Seeds

Champion seeds are indicated in bold text while text in italics indicates the round in which those seeds were eliminated.
* Daniel Nestor / Sandon Stolle (champions)
* Jonas Björkman / Todd Woodbridge (final)
* Joshua Eagle / Andrew Florent (semifinals)
* Ellis Ferreira / Brian MacPhie (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | D Nestor S Stolle | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | I Ljubičić A Martín | 2 | 1 | | 1 | D Nestor S Stolle | 7 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Hill J Tarango | 4 | 6 | 6 | | M Hill J Tarango | 5 | 6$^5$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | P Baccanello T Perry | 6 | 3 | 4 | | | | | | 1 | D Nestor S Stolle | 7 | 7$^7$ | | | | | |
| 3 | J Eagle A Florent | 7 | 4 | 7 | | | | | | 3 | J Eagle A Florent | 5 | 6$^4$ | | | | | |
| | P Kilderry P Tramacchi | 5 | 6 | 5 | 3 | J Eagle A Florent | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | D Orsanic F Santoro | 3 | 6 | 3 | WC | P Hanley N Healey | 4 | 6$^2$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | P Hanley N Healey | 6 | 3 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | 1 | Daniel Nestor Sandon Stolle | 2 | 7$^7$ | 7$^7$ |
| | D Macpherson G Stafford | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | 2 | Jonas Björkman Todd Woodbridge | 6 | 6$^4$ | 6$^5$ |
| | C Brandi A Kitinov | 3 | 2 | | | D Macpherson G Stafford | 6 | 6$^4$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| Q | A Clément S Grosjean | 1 | 3 | | 4 | E Ferreira B MacPhie | 4 | 7$^7$ | 3 | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | E Ferreira B MacPhie | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | D Macpherson G Stafford | 4 | 3 | | | | | |
| | J Gimelstob S Humphries | 6 | 7$^9$ | | | | | | | 2 | J Björkman T Woodbridge | 6 | 6 | | | | | |
| | R Federer M Rosset | 4 | 6$^7$ | | | J Gimelstob S Humphries | 3 | 6$^9$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | T Crichton A Fisher | 7$^9$ | 3 | 1 | 2 | J Björkman T Woodbridge | 6 | 7$^{11}$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | J Björkman T Woodbridge | 6$^7$ | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

## Qualifying
### Seeds

* Arnaud Clément / Sébastien Grosjean (Qualifiers)
* George Bastl / Sargis Sargsian (first round)

### Qualifiers

* Arnaud Clément / Sébastien Grosjean

#### Draw

| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Final Round | Final Round | Final Round |
| | | | | | 1 | Arnaud Clément Sébastien Grosjean | w/o |
| | | | | | | Attila Sávolt Takao Suzuki | |
| | Attila Sávolt Takao Suzuki | 5 | 6 | 6 | | Attila Sávolt Takao Suzuki | |
| 2 | George Bastl Sargis Sargsian | 7 | 3 | 4 | | | |
# Mustapha Oukacha

Mustapha Oukacha (1933 – November 13, 2008) was a Moroccan politician who served as the President of the Assembly of Councillors of the Parliament of Morocco beginning in October 2000.
Oukacha was born in Casablanca, Morocco in 1933. He studied law and business management as a university student. Oukacha founded several businesses during the 1960s, focusing on the construction, agriculture, maritime and fishing sectors.
Oukacha became involved in Moroccan politics in the 1970s. He served as mayor of a small town in Ben Slimane province near Casablanca for 24 years. He was later elected to the Assembly of Councillors.
Oukacha was elected President of the Assembly of Councillors in October 2000. He was re-elected to a second term as President in October 2003.
Mustapha Oukacha died in Casablanca, Morocco, on November 13, 2008, at the age of 75. Oukacha had just returned to Morocco from France, where he had undergone surgery in Paris and spent approximately 40 days in a hospital in Toulouse.
# Lucien Cayol

Lieutenant Lucien Eugene Cayol (1893-1960) was a French World War I fighter ace credited with five aerial victories. He was wounded three times within eight months in defense of his country.

## Biography

Cayol was born in Bouches du Rhone, France on 27 November 1893. Enlisting in the French army for three years on 16 May 1913, he was a sergeant when World War I broke out. Serving in the ranks, he was wounded on 26 September 1914, 12 May 1915, and 25 May 1915. He received a brevet commission on 17 April 1916. On 10 May 1917, he was awarded the Legion d'Honneur. A week later, he was promoted to lieutenant. On 11 October 1917, he began pilot's training; he received his Military Pilot's Brevet on 26 November. Posted to Escadrille 65 on 13 May 1918, he won two victories flying with them. He was then transferred to Escadrille 65 on 10 September 1918, with whom he scored three more victories.
Cayol won the Croix de Guerre in addition to the Legion d'Honneur. He died in Paris on 22 October 1960.

## Sources of information

* ↑ The Aerodrome website http://www.theaerodrome.com/aces/france/cayol.php Retrieved 1 August 2020.
* 1 2 Over the Front: The Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914–1918, p. 128
# Pay the Rent

Pay the Rent may refer to:

## Songs

* "Pay the Rent" (Green Apple Quick Step song), 1993
* "Pay the Rent" (Rammellzee song), 2004

## Other uses

* Pay the Rent, an art installation by Australian artist Richard Bell
* Pay the Rent (movement), an Aboriginal Australian campaign led by Lidia Thorpe and others
* "Pay the Rent" (The Price Is Right), a segment game on the game show The Price Is Right
# Rational difference equation

A rational difference equation is a nonlinear difference equation of the form
    $x_{n+1}={\frac {\alpha +\sum _{i=0}^{k}\beta _{i}x_{n-i}}{A+\sum _{i=0}^{k}B_{i}x_{n-i}}}~,$
where the initial conditions $x_{0},x_{-1},\dots ,x_{-k}$ are such that the denominator never vanishes for any n.

## First-order rational difference equation

A first-order rational difference equation is a nonlinear difference equation of the form
    $w_{t+1}={\frac {aw_{t}+b}{cw_{t}+d}}.$
When $a,b,c,d$ and the initial condition $w_{0}$ are real numbers, this difference equation is called a Riccati difference equation.
Such an equation can be solved by writing $w_{t}$ as a nonlinear transformation of another variable $x_{t}$ which itself evolves linearly. Then standard methods can be used to solve the linear difference equation in $x_{t}$.
Equations of this form arise from the infinite resistor ladder problem.

## Solving a first-order equation
### First approach

One approach to developing the transformed variable $x_{t}$, when $ad-bc\neq 0$, is to write
    $y_{t+1}=\alpha -{\frac {\beta }{y_{t}}}$
where $\alpha =(a+d)/c$ and $\beta =(ad-bc)/c^{2}$ and where $w_{t}=y_{t}-d/c$.
Further writing $y_{t}=x_{t+1}/x_{t}$ can be shown to yield
    $x_{t+2}-\alpha x_{t+1}+\beta x_{t}=0.$

### Second approach

This approach gives a first-order difference equation for $x_{t}$ instead of a second-order one, for the case in which $(d-a)^{2}+4bc$ is non-negative. Write $x_{t}=1/(\eta +w_{t})$ implying $w_{t}=(1-\eta x_{t})/x_{t}$, where $\eta$ is given by $\eta =(d-a+r)/2c$ and where $r={\sqrt {(d-a)^{2}+4bc}}$. Then it can be shown that $x_{t}$ evolves according to
    $x_{t+1}=\left({\frac {d-\eta c}{\eta c+a}}\right)\!x_{t}+{\frac {c}{\eta c+a}}.$

### Third approach

The equation
    $w_{t+1}={\frac {aw_{t}+b}{cw_{t}+d}}$
can also be solved by treating it as a special case of the more general matrix equation
    $X_{t+1}=-(E+BX_{t})(C+AX_{t})^{-1},$
where all of A, B, C, E, and X are n × n matrices (in this case n = 1); the solution of this is
    $X_{t}=N_{t}D_{t}^{-1}$
where
    ${\begin{pmatrix}N_{t}\\D_{t}\end{pmatrix}}={\begin{pmatrix}-B&-E\\A&C\end{pmatrix}}^{t}{\begin{pmatrix}X_{0}\\I\end{pmatrix}}.$

## Application

It was shown in that a dynamic matrix Riccati equation of the form
    $H_{t-1}=K+A'H_{t}A-A'H_{t}C(C'H_{t}C)^{-1}C'H_{t}A,$
which can arise in some discrete-time optimal control problems, can be solved using the second approach above if the matrix C has only one more row than column.
# Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics – 6.5 Metre

The 6.5 Metre was a sailing event on the Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics program in Ostend. Four races were scheduled. 6 sailors, on 2 boats, from 2 nation entered.

## Race schedule

| ● | Opening ceremony | ● | Event competitions | ● | Event finals | ● | Closing ceremony |
| Date | July | July | July | July |
| Date | 7th Wed | 8th Thu | 9th Fri | 10th Sat |
| 6.5 Metre | ● | ● | ● | ● |
| Total gold medals | | | | 1 |

## Weather conditions

| Date | Max temperature | Wind speed | Average wind direction |
| 7 July 1920 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| 8 July 1920 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |
| 9 July 1920 | Unknown | Unknown | Unknown |

## Final results

The 1920 Olympic scoring system was used. All competitors were male.
| Rank | Country | Helmsman | Crew | Boat | Race 1 | Race 1 | Race 2 | Race 2 | Race 3 | Race 3 | Total |
| Rank | Country | Helmsman | Crew | Boat | Pos. | Pts. | Pos. | Pts. | Pos. | Pts. | Total |
| | Netherlands | Joop Carp | Berend Carp Petrus Wernink | Oranje | CAN | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| | France | Albert Weil | Robert Monier Félix Picon | Rose Pompon | CAN | 0 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 4 |
* Legend: CAN – Race cancelled;
# Sankheda Assembly constituency

Sankheda is one of the 182 Legislative Assembly constituencies of Gujarat state in India. It is part of Chhota Udaipur district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the Scheduled Tribes.

## List of segments

This assembly seat represents the following segments,
* Sankheda Taluka
* Nasvadi Taluka
* Nandod Taluka (Part) of Narmada District Village – Dhefa.

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

* 2012 - Dhirubhai Bhil, Indian National Congress
| Year | Member | Picture | Party | Party |
| 2017 | Abhesinh Motibhai Tadvi | | | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2022 | Abhesinh Motibhai Tadvi | | | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results
### 2022

Gujarat Assembly election, 2022: Sankheda Assembly constituency :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Abhesinh Motibhai Tadvi | 99387 | 51.03 |
| | INC | Dhirubhai Chunilal Bhil | 68713 | 35.28 |
| | AAP | Tadvi Ranjanbhai Kanchanbhai | 18344 | 9.42 |
| | NOTA | None of the above | 4143 | 2.13 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | | 15.75 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | | |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 272,090 | |
| | BJP hold | BJP hold | Swing | |

### 2017

Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017: Sankheda :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Abhesinh Tadvi | 90,669 | 49.35 |
| | INC | Dhirubhai Bhil | 77,581 | 42.22 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 13088 | 7.13 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 1,83,735 | 72.43 |
| | BJP gain from INC | BJP gain from INC | Swing | |

### 2012

Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012 :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | INC | Dhirubhai Bhil | 80579 | 46.53 |
| | BJP | Abhesinh Tadvi | 79127 | 45.70 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 1452 | 0.84 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 173162 | 73.79 |
| | INC gain from BJP | INC gain from BJP | Swing | |
# Old Pentland Cemetery

Old Pentland Cemetery is a cemetery in Old Pentland, near Loanhead in Midlothian, Scotland. A category B listed building, the cemetery dates back to the early 17th century.
The cemetery contains the remains of members of the Covenanter movement who died during the Battle of Rullion Green in 1666. The Gibsone burial vault was built in 1839 to designs by the architect Thomas Hamilton, and there is an 18th-century watch house, used to guard against body snatchers. There are several medieval cross-slabs in the cemetery.
The burial ground lies on the site of Pentland Parish Church, built in the 13th century and used for worship until the parishes of Pentland and Lasswade united in 1647. The cemetery was still in active use in 1907, although the church had long since vanished.
# Topal

Topal may refer to:
* Topal (surname), a surname of Turkish origin
* Topal, Astrakhan Oblast, Russia
* Topal, a Turkish Cypriot folk dance
# Pulls Ferry, Norwich

Pulls Ferry is a former ferry house located on the River Wensum in Norwich, Norfolk. It is a flint building and was once a 15th-century watergate. It was the route for the stone used to build Norwich Cathedral. The stone came from Caen up the rivers Yare and Wensum. A canal, specifically built by the monks, used to run under the arch, where the Normans ferried the stone and building materials to be unloaded on the spot.
The building is named after John Pull, who ran the ferry across the Wensum from 1796 to 1841. It was previously known as Sandling's, after a seventeenth-century predecessor. The ferry operated until 1943.
The ferry house adjoining the watergate was built in 1647. Both house and archway were restored in 1948-9 by Cecil Upcher.
# Pranas Giedrimas

Pranas Giedrimas was a Lithuanian sport shooter.
In 1937 he won silver at 25 m rapid fire pistol individual and team events. In 1939 he won another silver in team event.