OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Multiple description coding

Multiple description coding (MDC) in computing is a coding technique that fragments a single media stream into n substreams (n ≥ 2) referred to as descriptions. The packets of each description are routed over multiple, (partially) disjoint paths. In order to decode the media stream, any description can be used, however, the quality improves with the number of descriptions received in parallel. The idea of MDC is to provide error resilience to media streams. Since an arbitrary subset of descriptions can be used to decode the original stream, network congestion or packet loss — which are common in best-effort networks such as the Internet — will not interrupt the stream but only cause a (temporary) loss of quality. The quality of a stream can be expected to be roughly proportional to data rate sustained by the receiver.
MDC is a form of data partitioning, thus comparable to layered coding as it is used in MPEG-2 and MPEG-4. Yet, in contrast to MDC, layered coding mechanisms generate a base layer and n enhancement layers. The base layer is necessary for the media stream to be decoded, enhancement layers are applied to improve stream quality. However, the first enhancement layer depends on the base layer and each enhancement layer n + 1 depends on its subordinate layer n, thus can only be applied if n was already applied. Hence, media streams using the layered approach are interrupted whenever the base layer is missing and, as a consequence, the data of the respective enhancement layers is rendered useless. The same applies for missing enhancement layers. In general, this implies that in lossy networks the quality of a media stream is not proportional to the amount of correctly received data.
Besides increased fault tolerance, MDC allows for rate-adaptive streaming: Content providers send all descriptions of a stream without paying attention to the download limitations of clients. Receivers that cannot sustain the data rate only subscribe to a subset of these streams, thus freeing the content provider from sending additional streams at lower data rates.
The vast majority of state-of-the art codecs uses single description (SD) video coding. This approach does not partition any data at all. Despite the aforementioned advantages of MDC, SD codecs are still predominant. The reasons are probably the comparingly high complexity of codec development, the loss of some compression efficiency as well as the caused transmission overhead.
Though MDC has its practical roots in media communication, it is widely researched in the area of information theory.
A related technology is layered coding, which also produces multiple compressed streams, but with a hierarchy between these streams.
# List of storms named Sina

The name Sina has been used for two tropical cyclones in the South Pacific region of the Southern Hemisphere:
* Cyclone Sina (1980) – a Category 3 severe tropical cyclone that impacted New Caledonia and New Zealand.
* Cyclone Sina (1990) – impacted Fiji as a strong tropical cyclone, causing US$18.5 million in damages.
The WMO retired the name Sina from use in the South Pacific basin following the 1990–91 cyclone season.
# Riverbank Publications

The Riverbank Publications is a series of pamphlets written by the people who worked for millionaire George Fabyan in the multi-discipline research facility he built in the early 20th century near Chicago. They were published by Fabyan, often without author credit. The publications on cryptanalysis, mostly written by William Friedman, with contributions from Elizebeth Smith Friedman and others, are considered seminal in the field. In particular, Publication 22 introduced the Index of Coincidence, a powerful statistical tool for cryptanalysis.

## List of publications on cryptography

The Riverbank Publications dealt with many subjects investigated at the laboratories. The ones dealing with cryptography began with number 15, $^{:p.374ff}$ and consists of:
* 15, A Method of Reconstructing the Primary Alphabet From a Single One of the Series of Secondary Alphabets, 1917$^{:pdfp.9}$
* 16, Methods for the Solution of Running-Key Ciphers, 1918$^{:pdfp.23}$
* 17, An Introduction to Methods for the Solution of Ciphers, 1918$^{:pdfp.72}$
* 18, Synoptic Tables for the Solution of Ciphers and A Bibliography of Cryptographic Literature, 1918$^{:pdfp.123}$
* 19, Formulae for the Solution of Geometrical Transposition Ciphers, written with Capt. Lenox R. Lohr, 1918$^{:pdfp.161}$
* 20, Several Machine Ciphers and Methods for their Solution, 1918$^{:pdfp.187}$
* 21, Methods for the Reconstruction of Primary Alphabets, written with Elizebeth Smith Friedman, 1918$^{:pdfp.279}$
* 22, The Index of Coincidence and Its Applications in Cryptography, imprint L. Fournier, Paris, 1922$^{:pdfp.297}$
* 50, The production and detection of messages in concealed writing and images, by H. O. Nolan, 1918
* 75, Memorization Methods: Specifically Illustrated in Respect to Their Applicability to Codes and Topographic Material, by H. O. Nolan, 1919,
Except as noted, the above publications were written by William F. Friedman and were published by George Fabyan's Riverbank Laboratories in Geneva, Illinois.
# Manfred Geisler

Manfred Geisler (born 3 March 1941 in Prusy) is a German former football player who competed in the 1964 Summer Olympics.
# Orders, decorations, and medals of Cambodia

&#x2D; Replace Subject of my article with the subject, and the ... after is with whatever your subject is. &#x2D; Cambodian honors system consists of a number of orders, decorations and medals through which the country's sovereign awards its citizens for actions or deeds that benefit the nation. The modern system was established under Colonial French Rule and continued with modification after independence until the fall of the Khmer Republic on 17 April 1975. The current system was reinstated on 5 October 1995 by the Decree for the Establishment and Use of Decorations of Honor of the Kingdom of Cambodia No. 1095/01. The system includes an array of awards, both civil and military, for gallantry, bravery, distinguished service, meritorious service and long service. Various campaign and commemorative medals have also been struck.

## History

The Cambodian honors system is based on European/French models. Many of the honors are orders of chivalry granted by royal decree or sub-decree. This system was established under Colonial French Rule and continued with modification after independence until the fall of the Khmer Republic on 17 April 1975. The current system was reinstated on 5 October 1995 by the Decree for the Establishment and Use of Decorations of Honor of the Kingdom of Cambodia No. 1095/01. Many of the modern awards have origins from Cambodia's period as a French colony or under the Kingdom of Cambodia under the rule of King Norodom Sihanouk.

## Nominating for awards

Under the current system, candidates are nominated by government ministries through a Decoration of Honor Candidate Qualification Review Committee. These committees refer nominations, with justification, to the Council of Ministers for a decision.

## Categories of honors and awards

As established by Royal Decree, the hierarchy of decorations of honors are:

### Awards for National and Motherland Defense

* Grand Order of National Merit
* Royal Order of Cambodia
* Knight Grand Cross
* Knight Grand Officer
* Knight Commander
* Knight Officer
* Knight or Chevalier
* National Independence Medal

### Royal Household Awards

* Medal of the Crown
* Medal of Norodom I
* Medal of Sisowath I
* Medal of Norodom Sihanouk
* Medal of Norodom Suramarit
* Anussara Medal of Royal Remembrance

### Medals of National Defense

* Sena Jayaseddh Medal
* Medal of National Defense
** with gold stars
** with silver stars
** with bronze stars

### Multi-Category

* Royal Order of H.M. The Queen Preah Kossomak Nearireath
** Grand Cross
** Grand Officer
** Commander
** Officer
** Knight
* Royal Order of Sahametrei
** Grand Cross
** Grand Officer
** Commander
** Officer
** Knight
* Royal Order of Sowathara
* Knight Grand Cross
* Knight Grand Officer
* Commander
* Officer
* Knight
* Royal Order of Monisaraphon
** Grand Cross
** Grand Officer
** Commander
** Officer
** Knight
* Medal of Labour
* Decoration of National Construction
* Khemara Kelarith Sports Medal
** With Gold Stars
** With Silver Stars
** With Bronze Stars
* Order of Satrei Vathana (Feminine Merit)
** First Class
** Second Class
** Third Class
# 24 hour mountain bike races

24 hour mountain bike races are a form of endurance mountain bike racing where solo competitors or teams race for a period of 24 hours. The 24 Hours of Canaan ( 13–14 July 1992) was one of the first sanctioned 24 hour mountain bike events. At the 24 Hours of Indiglo (later renamed 24 Hours of Adrenalin) 17-year-old Ed Hunt became the first solo competitor at a 24-hour mountain bike event.
These races attract a wide variety of riders from elite professional racers, experienced non-professional racers to amateurs. Because the races are typically held in the countryside, racers usually camp on the site. Sometimes racers may arrive several days ahead of time, to claim a good camping spot, preview the course or acclimatise to altitude. As a result, many of them also have a festival component to them including side events, catering and trade stands.
24 hour racing was originally conceived as a team sport, with two or more riders in male, female or mixed teams, taking turns to complete laps of the course. During the night, racers use lighting systems to negotiate the course.
24 Hours of Adrenalin held their last world solo 24 hour championships in 2010 and there was no world solo 24 hour championships in 2011. A new organisation WEMBO was founded to continue solo 24 hour mountain biking at world level and WEMBO have held both continental and world solo 24 hour mountain bike championships since 2012. WEMBO World championships have been held in Italy(2) Australia, Scotland(2) USA, New Zealand and Brasil. Australia was to host again in 2020 and then 2021. However, there were no WEMBO World Solo 24 Championships in 2020 and 2021 due to the travel restrictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2022 WEMBO World Solo 24 Hour Mountain Bike Championships will be held in Finale Ligure, Italy 27–29 May 2022.
The current reigning (2019) WEMBO World champions are Cory Wallace (CAN) and Gaia Ravaioli (ITA). Jason English (AUS) is the rider with the most world solo 24 hour championship titles with 7. Jessica Douglas (AUS) has 3 world solo 24 hour championship titles.

## Scoring

There are two alternative methods of determining the winner.
The usual winner is the team or rider that completes the most laps with the first lap after the clock has ticked over 24 hours counting to the result, i.e.
* Team A covers 23 laps in 24:03:06
* Team B covers 24 laps in 24:12:09
* Team C covers 24 laps in 24:45:23
The ranking would be:
* 1st: Team B
* 2nd: Team C
* 3rd: Team A
Some races end the race at 24 hours and it is the team with the most laps in the 24 hours that wins, i.e.
* Team A covers 23 laps in 23:50:55
* Team B covers 23 laps in 23:58:12
The ranking would be:
* 1st: Team A
* 2nd: Team B
# Rowy

Rowy may refer to the following places in Poland:
* Rowy, Łódź Voivodeship (central Poland)
* Rowy, Pomeranian Voivodeship (north Poland)
* Rowy, Podlaskie Voivodeship (north-east Poland)
* Rowy, Garwolin County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Rowy, Pułtusk County in Masovian Voivodeship (east-central Poland)
* Rowy, Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship (north Poland)
# Polysystem theory

The polysystem theory, a theory in translation studies, implies using polyvalent factors as an instrument for explaining the complexity of culture within a single community and between communities. Analyzing sets of relations in literature and language, it gradually shifted towards a more complex analysis of socio-cultural systems.
The polysystem theory has been embraced by students of literature and culture all over the world, and has particularly gained attention in the field of Scandinavian studies.
Its foremost advocate is the Israeli linguist Itamar Even-Zohar. The American scholar Edwin Gentzler is another important contributor to this viewpoint.
# Phú Hòa

Phú Hòa may refer to several places in Vietnam:
* Phú Hòa District, a rural district of Phú Yên Province
* Phú Hòa, Huế, a ward of Huế
* Phú Hòa, Bình Dương, a ward of Thủ Dầu Một
* Phú Hòa, Gia Lai, a township and capital of Chư Păh District
* Phú Hòa, Phú Yên, a township and capital of Phú Hòa District
* Phú Hòa, An Giang, a township and capital of Thoại Sơn District
* Phú Hòa, Đồng Nai, a commune of Định Quán District
* Phú Hòa, Bắc Ninh, a commune of Lương Tài District
# Murray Springs Clovis Site

Murray Springs is located in southern Arizona near the San Pedro River and once served as a Clovis hunting camp approximately 11,000 years BP. The site is unique for the massive quantity of large megafauna processing and extensive tool making. Archaeologists identified five buried animal kills and processing locations and a Clovis camp location. The site is located in the San Pedro Riparian National Conservation Area, administered by the Bureau of Land Management.

## Archaeology

In 1966, archaeologists C. Vance Haynes and Peter Mehringer of the University of Arizona discovered the site while extending the mapping of the area of the Lehner Mammoth Kill Site 19 kilometers to the south. The archaeologists located two concentrations of mammoth bones that day. They were convinced the area was a Clovis site based on the bones and because Murray Springs shared the same geologic characteristics as the Lehner site. Funding by the National Science Foundation and the National Geographic Society enabled excavations from 1967 to 1971. Some of the significant artifacts found during the excavations included hearths, a bone tool, projectile points, lithic tools, and debitage. The bone tool is believed to be a shaft straightener. The five buried animal kills and processing locations contained bones of mammoth, bison, horses, camels, canids and rodents. A worker found a single pot sherd on the surface of the site that was associated to use approximately 1300 to 1450 CE. The archaeologists noted peoples have used the spring over an extended period. An analysis of the site is interpreted as leaning against the extraterrestrial impact theory of the Pleistocene Extinction.
The San Pedro River Valley is rich in discovered Clovis culture sites. Within a 50-mile radius are nearly a dozen Clovis sites including the Lehner Mammoth Kill Site, the Naco Mammoth Kill Site, the Escapule Clovis Site and the Leikem Clovis Site. The Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management oversees Murray Springs and in 2012, the U.S. Government declared the site a National Historic Landmark. The site has a parking area and an interpretive trail.
# List of storms named Skip

The name Skip was used for two tropical cyclones in the Northwestern Pacific Ocean.
* Typhoon Skip (1985) – a minimal typhoon that churned in the open ocean; also known as Tropical Storm Skip in the Central Pacific basin
* Typhoon Skip (1988) (T8829, 51W, Yoning) – a destructive Category 4-equivalent typhoon that killed at least 230 people while crossing the Philippines
# Ana Terra

Ana Terra is a Brazilian film, produced in 1971 and directed for Durval Garcia.

## Cast

* Rossana Ghessa - Ana Terra
* Geraldo Del Rey - Pedro Missioneiro
* Pereira Dias - Manuel Terra
* Vânia Elisabeth - Henriqueta
* Naide Ribas - Antonio
* Antonio Augusto Fernandes - Horácio
* Rejane Schumann - Eulália
* Carlos Castilhos - Major Bandeira
* Pedro Machado - chefe dos bandoleiros
* Antonio Augusto Fagundes Filho - Pedrinho
* Gilberto Nascimento
* Alexandre Ostrovski
* Augusta Jaeger
* Maximiliano Bogo
# Swedish Modernist poetry

Swedish modernist poetry developed in the 1910s with authors such as Pär Lagerkvist and was established the 1930s and 1940s. Distinguishing features where experimentation within a variety of styles, usually free prose without rhymes or metric syllables.
Leading modernistic poets were Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991), Gunnar Ekelöf (1907–1968), Edith Södergran (1892–1923), Karin Boye (1900–1941), Harry Martinson (1904–1978) and Erik Lindegren (1910–1968).
Gunnar Ekelöf has become described as Sweden's first surrealistic poet, after he debuted with the poetry collection sent på jorden in 1932, a work was too unconventional to become appreciated. But Ekelöf moved towards romanticism and got betters reviews for his second poetry collection Dedikation in 1934. A work that became influential for later Swedish poets was his Färjesång in 1941, a finely expressed blend of romanticism, surrealism and the dark clouds of the ongoing World War II.
Edith Södergran did not achieve fame during her lifetime, but is today regarded as one of the foremost modernistic poets from the Nordic countries, and she has been translated into all major languages. Her first poetry collection was Dikter in 1916, but it was her second collection, Septemberlyran (1918) that caught the attention of a larger audience. It is distinguished by a kind of beauty that had not been seen for a long time. Södergran suffered from tuberculosis, which took her life as early as 1923.
Harry Martinson had an unparalleled feeling of nature, in the spirit of Linnaeus. As typical for his generation, he wrote with a free prosody, not bound by rhymes and syllables. A classic work was the autobiographical Flowering Nettles, in 1935. His most remarkable work was however Aniara, 1956, a story of a spaceship drifting through space.
Artur Lundkvist played a vital role in promoting modernist poetry in Sweden. His poetry was influenced by surrealism, Walt Whitman and spanish language poets like Lorca and Pablo Neruda.
Karin Boye was one of the most important modernist poets in the 1920s and 1930s with collections like Moln (1922), Gömda land (1925), Härdarna (1927) and För trädets skull (1935).
Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) wrote many mystical and Christianity influenced collections, such as Andliga övningar (Spiritual Exercises, 1932), but continued to develop and published his greatest work, Ögon, läppar (Eyes, Lips), in 1959.
In the 1940s Erik Lindegren become one of the leading modernist poets with the surreal "blown-up sonnets" of mannen utan väg (The man without a way, 1942) and the more romantic Sviter (Suites, 1947), a collection that is considered to be the highpoint of 1940s Swedish poetry.
The arguably most famous Swedish poet of the 20th century is otherwise Tomas Tranströmer (1931–2015). His poetry is distinguished by a Christian mysticism, moving on the verge between dream and reality, the physical and the metaphysical.
# WVBG

WVBG may refer to:
* WVBG (AM), a radio station (1490 AM) licensed to Vicksburg, Mississippi, United States
* WVBG-FM, a radio station (105.5 FM) licensed to Redwood, Mississippi, United States
* WVBG-LD, a low-power television station (channel 17, virtual 25) licensed to serve Greenwich, New York, United States
# Plymouth Theatre

Plymouth Theatre or Plymouth Theater may refer to:
* Plymouth Theatre (Boston)
* Plymouth Theatre (Worcester)
* Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre, New York City, formerly the Plymouth Theatre
* H Street Playhouse, Washington, D.C., formerly the Plymouth Theater
# The Kaleidoscope

The Kaleidoscope; or, Literary and Scientific Mirror was an English weekly published between 1818 and 1831 by the Liverpool publisher Egerton Smith (1774–1841), who had established the Liverpool Mercury in 1811. The magazine's name was taken from David Brewster's recent invention. The first number appeared on 28 July 1818 in folio form; two years later the publication became an eight-page quarto. The price was kept at threepence-halfpenny throughout the magazine's history.
An anonymous writer for the British Quarterly Review suggested that the Kaleidoscope was Britain's first cheap weekly miscellany: "It consisted of slight original and selected articles in literature, science and art, and aimed at that happy combination of instruction and amusement which has since been more elaborately developed in still cheaper serials." Contributors included William and Mary Howitt, and the magazine also inserted the American Washington Irving's Sketch Book.
The last number bore the date 6 September 1831. The magazine was being discontinued, Egerton Smith informed his readers, since the new railways had disrupted road distribution by stage-coach.
# Macroglossum vacillans

Macroglossum vacillans is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Western Australia, the Northern Territory, Queensland and Indonesia.
Adults are brown with a broad red band across each hindwing.
# Polytaenium

Polytaenium is a genus of ferns in the subfamily Vittarioideae of the family Pteridaceae. Species are native to Mexico and Southern America.

## Phylogeny

As of December 2019, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized the following species:
Phylogeny of Polytaenium :
P. citrifolium (L.) Schuettp.
P. lineatum J.Sm.
P. cajenense (Desv.) Benedict
P. guayanense (Hieron.) Alston
P. chlorosporum (Mickel & Beitel) E.H.Crane
P. feei (W.Schaffn. ex Fée) Maxon :
* P. anetioides Benedict
* P. dussianum Benedict
* P. intramarginale (Baker ex Jenman) Alston
* P. jenmanii Benedict
* P. ophioglossoides (Lellinger) S.Linds.
* P. quadriseriatum Benedict
* P. urbani (Brause) Alain
# Philodromus catagraphus

Philodromus catagraphus is a spider species found in Spain.
# List of storms named Siony

The name Siony has been used in the Philippines by PAGASA in the Western Pacific.
* Typhoon Tokage (2004) (T0423, 27W, Siony) – struck Japan.
* Severe Tropical Storm Maysak (2008) (T0819, 24W, Quinta-Siony) – after PAGASA released the final advisory on "Quinta", PAGASA started to reissue advisories on Quinta, however Quinta was renamed as "Siony".
* Severe Tropical Storm Atsani (2020) (T2020, 23W, Siony) – affected Taiwan
| Preceded byRomina | Pacific typhoon season names Siony | Succeeded byTonyo |