OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Massachusetts House of Representatives' 31st Middlesex district

Massachusetts House of Representatives' 31st Middlesex district in the United States is one of 160 legislative districts included in the lower house of the Massachusetts General Court. It covers Stoneham and Winchester in Middlesex County. Since 2015, Michael Seamus Day of the Democratic Party has represented the district.
The current district geographic boundary overlaps with those of the Massachusetts Senate's 2nd Middlesex and 5th Middlesex districts.
Gov. Charlie Baker (R) signed the state's new legislative maps into law on November 4, 2021. After the redistricting plans were enacted, Massachusetts Secretary of State William Galvin (D) issued a statement expressing concern regarding how the maps would be implemented: "I am extremely disappointed that these bills were signed into law in their current form and I think it is a devastating blow to the voters of Massachusetts. With local precincts divided multiple ways, it will inevitably lead to chaos at the polls and make it impossible for voters to understand who their elected representatives are."

## Representatives

* James Jones
* Hugh Morgan
* Anthony Gallugi
* Marie Elizabeth Howe
* Edward Connolly
* Paul C. Casey
* Jason M. Lewis
* Michael Seamus Day, 2015-current
# Pendejo Cave

32°25′N 105°55′W﻿ / ﻿32.417°N 105.917°W﻿ / 32.417; -105.917 Pendejo Cave is a geological feature and archaeological site located in southern New Mexico about 20 miles east of Orogrande. Archaeologist Richard S. MacNeish claimed that human occupation of the cave pre-dates by tens of thousands of years the Clovis Culture, traditionally believed to be one of the oldest if not the oldest culture in the Americas.

## Description

Pendejo is a relatively small cave, only 5 meters wide, 12 meters deep, and having a maximum height of 3 meters. It is below the rim of an escarpment, facing north, and about 50 metres (160 ft) above the canyon floor. The cave is located at an elevation of 1,490 metres (4,890 ft) amidst the sparse desert vegetation of the Chihuahua Desert. A slightly more mesic habitat is found at the foot of the cliffs.
Pendejo is a Spanish word and literally means "a pubic hair", but in Mexico it can also be a vulgar insult to someone's intelligence.

## Archaeological history

Pendejo Cave was discovered in 1978, and twelve years later, in early 1990, the first archaeological expedition headed by MacNeish excavated the site. Another excavation occurred one year later, in late winter and early spring of 1991. Clovis (c. 11,000 BCE) tools were found in the cave, along with tools from later Native societies. Unifacial shavers, utilized flakes, and other artifacts were uncovered and attributed to various eras, along with several examples of worked bone, including a bone awl made from the scapula of a horse, and a knife made from a rib bone.
MacNeish claimed to have found even earlier Native American artifacts in the cave. A total of 111 chipped tools was found throughout the formation in three complexes. He estimated the oldest may date back as far as 75,000 years.
According to MacNeish, he found 3 pre-Clovis strata in the cave that he named, from oldest to youngest, the Orogrande, the McGregor, and the North Mesa.
As of 2004, the early dating of the discoveries at Pendejo Cave has been discounted by many archaeologists. Faunal remains in the cave had been dated to possibly as old as 55,000 years, but the manufacture and dating of the chipped stones and other alleged artifacts of human origin was disputed.
In 2005, William Farrand, in his review of MacNeish and Libby's 2004 book, noted the abundance and integrity of the data as provided by the authors. According to Farrand, "it is difficult to avoid accepting the hypothesis of pre-Clovis Paleoamericans in the American Southwest prior to 37,000 or 55,000 B.P."
# Stanislaus Kennedy

Sister Stanislaus ''Stan'' Kennedy is an Irish nun, social activist, and former member of the Irish Council of State.
She was born Treasa Kennedy in 1939 or 1940 near Lispole on the Dingle Peninsula in County Kerry, Ireland. In 1958 she joined the Religious Sisters of Charity. Initially based in Kilkenny, Ireland she would in time move to Dublin where she is best known for having founded, in 1985, the charity Focus Ireland, which eventually became the largest voluntary organisation in Ireland other than the Legion of Mary. She attended University College Dublin and graduated with a Master of Social Science degree in 1980. In 2001, she also set up the Immigrant Council of Ireland (ICI) as a response to the social needs of new immigrants living in Ireland. In 1997 she was appointed to the Council of State and served until 2004.
In 2014, she was awarded the UCD Alumni Award for Social Sciences.
Kennedy is the author of six books published by Transworld Ireland, including her autobiography The Road Home, which contains a foreword written by former President of Ireland Mary McAleese.
# Valia Venitshaya

Valia Venitshaya (December 19, 1899 in Whitechapel, London, England June 26, 1993 in San Jose, California) was a British actress of the silent era.

## Selected filmography

* Man and His Kingdom (1922)
* Little Brother of God (1922)
* The Green Caravan (1922)
* The Passionate Friends (1922)
* The Audacious Mr. Squire (1923)
* In the Blood (1923)
* Shifting Sands (1923)
* The Woman Who Obeyed (1923)
* The Starlit Garden (1923)
* A Gamble with Hearts (1923)
* Sally Bishop (1924)
* The Great Prince Shan (1924)
# Acarosporina

Acarosporina is a genus of lichenized fungi within the family Stictidaceae. The genus was circumscribed in 1977 and contains about four species.
# Special Service Brigade

The Special Service Brigade was a formation of the British Army during the Second World War. It was formed in 1940, after the call for volunteers for Special Service who eventually became the British Commandos.

## Background

In 1940, volunteers were called for from serving British Army soldiers within certain formations still in Britain and men of the disbanding Divisional Independent Companies originally raised from Territorial Army (TA) divisions and who had seen service in the Norwegian Campaign. In November 1940 these army units were organised into a Special Service Brigade under Brigadier J. C. Haydon with five Special Service battalions. By the autumn of 1940 more than 2,000 men had volunteered for commando training, and the Special Service Brigade now consisted of 12 units which were now called commandos. Each commando would number around 450 men, commanded by a lieutenant-colonel. They were divided into troops of 75 men and further divided into 15-man sections. The Commandos were all volunteers, seconded from other British Army regiments, but they retained their own regimental cap badges and remained on their regimental roll for pay.

### Formation

The Special Service Brigade consisted of five Special Service battalions, numbered one to five. These Special Service battalions were eventually renamed commandos. The No. 1 Special Service Battalion became No. 1 and No. 2 Commandos. The No. 2 Special Service Battalion became No. 9 Commando. The No. 3 Special Service Battalion became No. 4 Commando. The No. 4 Special Service Battalion became No. 3 Commando. The No. 5 Special Service Battalion became No. 5 and No. 6 Commandos.

## Commando brigades

In 1943 the commandos started to move away from smaller raiding operations. They had been formed into brigades of assault infantry to spearhead future Allied landing operations. Of the remaining 20 Commandos, 17 were used in the formation of the four Special Service brigades. The three remaining units No. 12, No. 14 (Arctic) and No. 62 Commandos were left to carry out smaller-scale raids. But by the end of the year these three commandos had all been disbanded, to supply replacements for the other commando units.
The formation of the brigades was:
* 1st Special Service Brigade with No. 3, No. 4, No. 6 and No.45 (RM) Commandos.
* 2nd Special Service Brigade with No. 2, No. 9, No. 40 (RM) and No. 43 (RM) Commandos.
* 3rd Special Service Brigade with No. 1, No. 5, No. 42 (RM) and No. 44 (RM) Commandos.
* 4th Special Service Brigade with No. 10 (Inter-Allied), No. 41 (RM), No. 46 (RM), No. 47 (RM) and No. 48 (RM) Commandos.
The previous Special Service Brigade Headquarters was replaced by Headquarters Special Services Group under Major-General Robert Sturges. The four brigades were destined to serve in different theatres of war. The 1st and 4th brigades were based in the United Kingdom and destined for service in North-western Europe. The 2nd Brigade was based in the Mediterranean for service in Italy and the Balkans. The 3rd Brigade was based in India for service in Burma and the Pacific.
# Bell diagonal state

Bell diagonal states are a class of bipartite qubit states that are frequently used in quantum information and quantum computation theory.

## Definition

The Bell diagonal state is defined as the probabilistic mixture of Bell states:
    $|\phi ^{+}\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|0\rangle _{A}\otimes |0\rangle _{B}+|1\rangle _{A}\otimes |1\rangle _{B})$
    $|\phi ^{-}\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|0\rangle _{A}\otimes |0\rangle _{B}-|1\rangle _{A}\otimes |1\rangle _{B})$
    $|\psi ^{+}\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|0\rangle _{A}\otimes |1\rangle _{B}+|1\rangle _{A}\otimes |0\rangle _{B})$
    $|\psi ^{-}\rangle ={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|0\rangle _{A}\otimes |1\rangle _{B}-|1\rangle _{A}\otimes |0\rangle _{B})$
In density operator form, a Bell diagonal state is defined as
$\varrho ^{Bell}=p_{1}|\phi ^{+}\rangle \langle \phi ^{+}|+p_{2}|\phi ^{-}\rangle \langle \phi ^{-}|+p_{3}|\psi ^{+}\rangle \langle \psi ^{+}|+p_{4}|\psi ^{-}\rangle \langle \psi ^{-}|$
where $p_{1},p_{2},p_{3},p_{4}$ is a probability distribution. Since $p_{1}+p_{2}+p_{3}+p_{4}=1$, a Bell diagonal state is determined by three real parameters. The maximum probability of a Bell diagonal state is defined as $p_{max}=\max\{p_{1},p_{2},p_{3},p_{4}\}$.

## Properties

1. A Bell-diagonal state is separable if all the probabilities are less or equal to 1/2, i.e., $p_{\text{max}}\leq 1/2$.
2. Many entanglement measures have a simple formulas for entangled Bell-diagonal states:
Relative entropy of entanglement: $S_{r}=1-h(p_{\text{max}})$, where $h$ is the binary entropy function.
Entanglement of formation: $E_{f}=h({\frac {1}{2}}+{\sqrt {p_{\text{max}}(1-p_{\text{max}})}})$,where $h$ is the binary entropy function.
Negativity: $N=p_{\text{max}}-1/2$
Log-negativity: $E_{N}=\log(2p_{\text{max}})$
3. Any 2-qubit state where the reduced density matrices are maximally mixed, $\rho _{A}=\rho _{B}=I/2$, is Bell-diagonal in some local basis. Viz., there exist local unitaries $U=U_{1}\otimes U_{2}$ such that $U\rho U^{\dagger }$ is Bell-diagonal.
# Large-headed goby

The large-headed goby (Millerigobius macrocephalus) is a species of goby native to coastal waters of the Adriatic Sea, the Levant Sea, the western Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea where it occurs in lagoons and shallow inshore waters to about 4 metres (13 ft) in depth with stones to provide shelter. This species can reach a length of 4.3 centimetres (1.7 in) SL. It is currently the only known member of the genus Millerigobius.
# SFCA Lignel 161

The SFCA Lignel 161 was a French trainer aircraft built in the late 1930s.

## Specifications

Data from
General characteristics
* Crew: Two
* Length: 7.78 m (25 ft 6 in)
* Wingspan: 10.30 m (33 ft 10 in)
* Height: 3.18 m (10 ft 5 in)
* Wing area: 15 m$^2$ (160 sq ft)
* Powerplant: 1 × Renault 6Q-03 six cylinder, air-cooled, inverted, supercharged inline, 160 kW (220 hp)
* Propellers: 2-bladed variable pitch propeller
Performance
* Maximum speed: 320 km/h (200 mph, 170 kn)
* Range: 1,000 km (620 mi, 540 nmi)
* Service ceiling: 6,800 m (22,300 ft)
# List of islands of the Marshall Islands

The Republic of Marshall Islands consists of 30 atolls (each made up of many islets) and 5 islands, which can be divided into two island chains, Ralik Chain and Ratak Chain.

## Inhabited municipalities

Administratively, the country is divided into 24 inhabited municipalities, corresponding to the 24 inhabited atolls or islands, where each of them is an electoral district.
| Municipality | Chain | Population (2021) | Area (km$^2$) | Area (mi$^2$) |
| Ailinglaplap Atoll | Ralik | 1,175 | 15 | 6 |
| Ailuk Atoll | Ratak | 235 | 5 | 2 |
| Arno Atoll | Ratak | 1,141 | 13 | 5 |
| Aur Atoll | Ratak | 317 | 6 | 2 |
| Ebon Atoll | Ralik | 469 | 6 | 2 |
| Enewetok / Ujelang | Ralik | 296 | 6 | 2 |
| Jabat Island | Ralik | 75 | 1 | 0 |
| Jaluit Atoll | Ralik | 1,409 | 11 | 4 |
| Kili / Bikini / Ejit | Ralik | 415 | 1 | 0 |
| Kwajalein Atoll | Ralik | 9,789 | 16 | 6 |
| Lae Atoll | Ralik | 133 | 1 | 1 |
| Lib Island | Ralik | 156 | 1 | 0 |
| Likiep Atoll | Ratak | 288 | 10 | 4 |
| Majuro (capital) | Ratak | 23,156 | 10 | 4 |
| Maloelap Atoll | Ratak | 395 | 10 | 4 |
| Mejit Island | Ratak | 230 | 2 | 1 |
| Mili Atoll | Ratak | 497 | 16 | 6 |
| Namorik Atoll | Ralik | 299 | 3 | 1 |
| Namu Atoll | Ralik | 525 | 6 | 2 |
| Rongelap Atoll | Ralik | 0 | 8 | 3 |
| Ujae Atoll | Ralik | 310 | 2 | 1 |
| Utirik Atoll | Ratak | 264 | 2 | 1 |
| Wotho Atoll | Ralik | 88 | 4 | 2 |
| Wotje Atoll | Ratak | 816 | 8 | 3 |
* ↑ "Nuclear Claims Tribunal". 177.
* ↑ "New K-B-E mayor Nishma Jamore and local government council members take oath of office". wordpress.com. Bikini Atoll. 23 January 2012.
* ↑ Since 1985, most of the Rongelapese community lives on the Mejatto Island of Kwajalein Atoll, due to radioactive contamination of their atoll.

## Uninhabited atolls/islands

The remaining 11 atolls/islands are currently uninhabited. According to the Constitution of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the uninhabited atolls/islands Narikrik, Erikub, Jemo, Taka, Bikar, Bokak, Rongrik and Ailinginae shall each be included in the electoral district with which it is most closely associated, pursuant to the customary law or any traditional practice. Ujelang is listed with the Enewetak & Ujelang District, and Bikini with the Bikini & Kili District.
| Atoll/Island | Chain | Area (km$^2$) | Area (mi$^2$) |
| Ailinginae Atoll | Ralik | 3 | 1 |
| Bikar Atoll | Ratak | 0.69 | 0.27 |
| Bikini Atoll | Ralik | 6 | 2 |
| Bokak Atoll | Ratak | 3 | 1 |
| Erikub Atoll | Ratak | 2 | 1 |
| Jemo Island | Ratak | 0.21 | 0.08 |
| Nadikdik Atoll | Ratak | 1 | 0 |
| Rongerik Atoll | Ralik | 2 | 1 |
| Toke Atoll | Ratak | 0.57 | 0.22 |
| Ujelang Atoll | Ralik | 2 | 1 |
| Wake Atoll | Ratak | 7 | 3 |
* 1 2 Ailinginae Atoll and Rongerik Atoll traditionally belong to Rongelap Atoll
* ↑ Erikub Atoll belongs to the people of Wotja Atoll
* ↑ Jemo Island belongs to the owners of Likiep Atoll (see there)
* ↑ Toke Atoll belongs to the people of Utirik Atoll
* ↑ Wake Atoll is disputed with the US
# Axel Ludvig Broström

Axel Ludvig Broström (May 21, 1838 in Kristinehamn – September 21, 1905) was a prosperous Swedish shipping owner.
During his youth, Axel joined a shipping company. Later he became an owner and captain in the inland (lake) shipping business. In 1865, Axel used a loan to purchase a wooden trading ketch, Mathilda. This would lead to the founding of the Swedish shipping company Broström Lines.
His son, Dan Broström, was the Swedish naval minister from 1914 to 1917. His grandson, Tor Erland Broström, was board chairman of Swedish American Line.
# Saint-Georges River

The Saint-Georges river is a tributary of the south shore of the Chêne River which flows on the south shore of the St. Lawrence River. The Saint-Georges river flows in the municipality of Sainte-Agathe-de-Lotbinière, in Lotbinière Regional County Municipality, in the administrative region of Chaudière-Appalaches, in Quebec, in Canada.

## Geography

The main watersheds neighboring the Saint-Georges River are:
* north side: rivière du Chêne;
* east side: Armagh River, Filkars River;
* south side: rivière aux Chevreuils, Palmer River, Bécancour River;
* west side: rivière du Chêne, Henri River.
The Saint-Georges river has its source on the east side of the village of Sainte-Agathe-de-Lotbinière. This head area is located north of the Bécancour River, in the Sainte-Agathe falls area. This river flows on 2.8 kilometres (1.7 mi) towards the northwest, with a drop of 14 metres (46 ft), until its confluence.
The Saint-Georges river empties on the south bank of the rivière du Chêne (Leclercville), at 3.1 kilometres (1.9 mi) (in direct line) northeast of the center of the village of Sainte-Agathe-de-Lotbinière.

## Toponymy

The toponym Rivière Saint-Georges was formalized on August 8, 1977, at the Commission de toponymie du Québec.
# Louise Emanuel

Louise Sharon Emanuel (10 December 1953 – 7 May 2017) was a pioneering child psychotherapist who developed new methods of accessing the inner world of the under fives.

## Selected publications

* Understanding your three year old. 2004.
* What can the matter be? Therapeutic interventions with parents, infants and young children. Karnac Books, 2008. (co-edited with Elizabeth Bradley)
# Vampire (theorem prover)

Vampire is an automatic theorem prover for first-order classical logic developed in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Manchester. Up to Version 3, it was developed by Andrei Voronkov together with Kryštof Hoder and previously with Alexandre Riazanov. Since Version 4, the development has involved a wider international team including Laura Kovacs, Giles Reger, and Martin Suda. Since 1999 it has won at least 53 trophies in the CADE ATP System Competition, the "world cup for theorem provers", including the most prestigious FOF division and the theory-reasoning TFA division.

## Background

Vampire's kernel implements the calculi of ordered binary resolution and superposition (for handling equality). The splitting rule and negative equality splitting can be simulated by the introduction of new predicate definitions and dynamic folding of such definitions. A DPLL-style algorithm splitting is also supported. A number of standard redundancy criteria and simplification techniques are used for pruning the search space: tautology deletion, subsumption resolution, rewriting by ordered unit equalities, basicness restrictions and irreducibility of substitution terms. The reduction ordering on terms is the standard Knuth–Bendix ordering.
A number of efficient indexing techniques are used to implement all major operations on sets of terms and clauses. Run-time algorithm specialisation is used to accelerate forward matching.
Although the kernel of the system works only with conjunctive normal forms, the preprocessor component accepts a problem in the full first-order logic syntax, clausifies it and performs a number of useful transformations before passing the result to the kernel. When a theorem is proven, the system produces a verifiable proof, which validates both the clausification phase and the refutation of the conjunctive normal form.
Along with proving theorems, Vampire has other related functionalities such as generating interpolants.
Executables can be obtained from the system website. As of November 2020, Vampire is released under a modified version of the BSD 3-clause licence that explicitly permits commercial use. Previous versions were available under a proprietary non-commercial licence.
# Special Service Agreement

A Special Service Agreement (SSA) is a contract modality in the United Nations system, establishing a legal relation between the Organization and the individual, where the individual is a contractor or supplier of services, rather than a staff member. This modality is often used for very short contracts, when the Organization does not wish to assume the burden of complex bureaucracy related to hiring a new staff member, and deal with complex entitlements and benefits.
For the individual, this contract modality has the advantage of higher cash remuneration (ranging from USD 1,000 to 15,000 per month depending on the position), but the disadvantage of no benefits such as pension, insurance, etc.
The modality is frequently used by the United Nations Development Programme and the United Nations Children's Fund, and less frequently in the Secretariat.
# Sherman Dam

Sherman Dam is an earthen dam near Loup City, in the central part of the state of Nebraska in the Midwestern United States. It was constructed in 1961 by the United States Bureau of Reclamation. It has a height of 134 feet (41 m) and a length of 1,912 feet (583 m) at its crest. It impounds Oak Creek. The dam was originally constructed for flood control and irrigation, but is now owned and operated by the local Farwell Irrigation District and the Loup Basin Reclamation District.
The reservoir it creates, Sherman Reservoir, has a water surface of 2,845 acres (1,151 ha), surrounded by 4,721 acres (1,911 ha) of land. It has a maximum capacity of about 69,000 acre-feet (85,000,000 m$^3$). Recreation includes fishing, hunting, boating via multiple marinas and boat ramps, camping, and hiking. The northern shore borders the Sherman Reservoir State Recreational Area.
Primitive camping includes 360 non-pad sites. Facilities include picnic tables, shelters, water, dump station, modern restrooms, vault toilets, four boat ramps, fish cleaning stations, coin-operated showers and concession. Cabin rental and RV camping pads are available.
Sherman Reservoir is a popular fishing location in central Nebraska. The most popular species sought by anglers are walleye, crappie, catfish, white bass, and northern pike. Fishing typically begins in March when northern pike can be caught in the shallow waters of coves and bays. Fishing for walleye during their April spawning period is very popular. Walleye fishing usually peaks in May–June. White bass fishing typically has two peaks—one in April–May and the second peak in mid-summer. Crappie catches are excellent in May as the reservoir fills and flooded habitat is available in the coves and bays. Ice-fishing for crappie and walleye can also be productive over submerged cover or habitat. Channel catfish provide good angling opportunities throughout the summer months, and large flathead catfish provide the possibility for trophy-sized fish.
# SUPT5H

Transcription elongation factor SPT5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SUPT5H gene.

## Interactions

SUPT5H has been shown to interact with:
* CDK9,
* Cyclin-dependent kinase 7,
* HTATSF1,
* PIN1,
* POLR2A,
* PRMT1 and
* Protein arginine methyltransferase 5.
# Tanipone

Tanipone is a Malagasy genus of ants in the subfamily Dorylinae.

## Distribution

Endemic to Madagascar, species of Tanipone are predominantly terrestrial to subarboreal, being found as ground foragers in leaf litter, under stones, in rotten stumps and in rotten logs. Just as commonly workers have been captured on low vegetation, in living and dead stems above the ground and in rot pockets in tree trunks.

## Species

* Tanipone aglandula Bolton & Fisher, 2012
* Tanipone aversa Bolton & Fisher, 2012
* Tanipone cognata Bolton & Fisher, 2012
* Tanipone hirsuta Bolton & Fisher, 2012
* Tanipone maculata Bolton & Fisher, 2012
* Tanipone pilosa Bolton & Fisher, 2012
* Tanipone scelesta Bolton & Fisher, 2012
* Tanipone subpilosa Bolton & Fisher, 2012
* Tanipone varia Bolton & Fisher, 2012
* Tanipone zona Bolton & Fisher, 2012