OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sue Grayzel

Susan R. Grayzel is an American academic historian. Since 2017, she has been Professor of History at Utah State University, having previously been Professor of History at the University of Mississippi, where she was also Director of the Sarah Isom Center for Women and Gender Studies.

## Biography

Grayzel graduated from Harvard University with a Bachelor of Arts (AB) degree magna cum laude in history and literature in 1986. She completed a Master of Arts (MA) degree in Late Modern European History at the University of California at Berkeley in 1989, and stayed there to complete a doctorate (PhD), awarded in 1994 for her thesis "Women's Identities at War: The Cultural Politics of Gender in Britain and France, 1914–1919".
She joined the Department of History at the University of Mississippi in 1996, eventually becoming Professor of History, but in 2017 moved to Utah State University as Professor of History. At the University of Mississippi, she was Director of the Sarah Isom Center for Women and Gender Studies from 2013, having been interim director from 2011 to 2013. In 2014, she became a Fellow of the American Council of Learned Societies.

## Research

Grayzel's work has focused on women, war and work in modern Britain. Her publications include:
* War: Gender, Motherhood, and Politics in Britain and France during the First World War (University of North Carolina Press, 1999).
       Winner of the British Council Prize from the North American Conference on British Studies in 2000.
* Women and the First World War (Longman, 2002).
* (Co-editor with Philippa Levine) Gender, Labour, War and Empire: Essays on Modern Britain (Palgrave, 2009).
* At Home and Under Fire: Air Raids and Culture in Britain from the Great War to the Blitz (Cambridge University Press, 2012).
* The First World War: A Brief History with Documents, History and Culture Series (Bedford St. Martins, 2012).
* (Co-editor with Tammy M. Proctor) Gender and the Great War (Oxford University Press, 2017).
# Pakowki Formation

The Pakowki Formation is a stratigraphical unit of Campanian age in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.
It takes the name from Pakowki Lake, and was first described in outcrop along the Pakowki Coulee by D.B. Dowling in 1916.

## Lithology

The Formation is composed of grey mudstone.
Olive siltstone and very fine grained sandstone can occur locally. A thin pebble conglomerate marks the base.

## Distribution

The Pakowki Formation reaches a maximum thickness of 200 metres (660 ft) in central Saskatchewan. It reaches into southern Alberta, thinning out as it progresses westwards towards the Canadian Rockies foothills.

## Relationship to other units

The Pakowki Formation is abruptly overlain by the Milk River Formation and gradationally overlays the Judith River Formation or Foremost Formation.
It is equivalent to the upper part of the Lea Park Formation in central Alberta. It is not differentiated from the Riding Mountain Formation to the east into eastern Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
# Parti Québécois candidates in the 2008 Quebec provincial election

The Parti Québécois (PQ) fielded a full slate of 125 candidates in the 2008 Quebec provincial election and elected fifty-one members to emerge as the Official Opposition party in the national assembly.

## Candidates (incomplete)

| Riding | Candidate's Name | Notes | Gender | Occupation | Votes | % | Rank |
| Argenteuil | John Saywell | Saywell is the son of Canadian historian John Saywell. He also ran as a PQ candidate in Argenteuil in 2007. He was elected mayor of Grenville-sur-la-Rouge in a December 2010 by-election, resigned in 2012, and was re-elected mayor in 2013. | M | Lawyer and urban planner | 7,353 | 33.62 | 2nd |
| Bourassa-Sauvé | Roland Carrier | Carrier also ran for the PQ in Bourassa-Sauvé in 2007 and sought election to the Montreal city council in 1998 (as a Montreal Citizens' Movement candidate) and in 2005 and 2009 (for Vision Montreal). | M | Lawyer | 6,111 | 26.87 | 2nd |
| Brome—Missisquoi | Richard Leclerc | A veteran member of the Quebec sovereigntist movement, Leclerc also ran for the PQ in Brome—Missisquoi in 2007 and 2012. | M | Publicist | 8,325 | 27.32 | 2nd |
| Jean-Lesage | Hélène Guillemette | Guillemette was a political attaché to Parti Québécois MNA François Gendron from 2003 to 2005. She sought the PQ nomination for Jean-Lesage in 2007, but lost to Christian Simard. She is married to former Bloc Québécois Member of Parliament (MP) Pascal-Pierre Paillé. | F | Development agent | 7,471 | 26.68 | 2nd |
| Orford | Michel Breton | Breton was a constituency assistant to Bloc Québécois Member of Parliament (MP) Christian Ouellet from 2006 to 2011. He was also the PQ candidate for Orford in 2007, 2012, and 2014. | M | Parliamentary assistant | 12,516 | 36.93 | 2nd |
| Verdun | Richard Langlais | Langlais was also the PQ candidate for Verdun in 2007 and in a December 2016 by-election. He ran for borough mayor of Verdun as a Vision Montreal candidate in 2009 and for Montreal city council in 2013 as an Option Verdun/Montréal candidate. | M | Entrepreneur | 8,314 | 35.34 | 2nd |
# Basel I

Basel I is the first Basel Accord. It arose from deliberations by central bankers from major countries during the late 1970s and 1980s. In 1988, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) in Basel, Switzerland, published a set of minimum capital requirements for banks. It is also known as the 1988 Basel Accord, and was enforced by law in the Group of Ten (G-10) countries in 1992.

## Background

The Committee was formed in response to the messy liquidation of Cologne-based Herstatt Bank in 1974. On 26 June 1974 a number of banks had released Deutschmarks (the German currency) to the Herstatt Bank in exchange for dollar payments deliverable in New York City. Due to differences in the time zones, there was a lag in the dollar payment to the counterparty banks; during this lag period, before the dollar payments could be effected in New York, the Herstatt Bank was liquidated by German regulators.
This incident prompted the G-10 nations to form the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision in late 1974, under the auspices of the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) located in Basel, Switzerland.

## Main framework

Basel I, that is, the 1988 Basel Accord, is primarily focused on credit risk and appropriate risk-weighting of assets. Assets of banks were classified and grouped in five categories according to credit risk, carrying risk weights of 0% (for example cash, bullion, home country debt like Treasuries), 20% (securitisations such as mortgage-backed securities (MBS) with the highest AAA rating), 50% (municipal revenue bonds, residential mortgages), 100% (for example, most corporate debt), and some assets given no rating. Banks with an international presence are required to hold capital equal to 8% of their risk-weighted assets (RWA).
The tier 1 capital ratio = tier 1 capital / all RWA
The total capital ratio = (tier 1 + tier 2 capital) / all RWA
Leverage ratio = total capital/average total assets
Banks are also required to report off-balance-sheet items such as letters of credit, unused commitments, and derivatives. These all factor into the risk weighted assets, which are reported to regulators. In the United States, the report is typically submitted to the Federal Reserve Bank as HC-R for the bank-holding company and submitted to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC) as RC-R for just the bank.
From 1988 this framework was progressively introduced in member countries of G-10, comprising 13 countries as of 2013: Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom and the United States.
Over 100 other countries also adopted, at least in name, the principles prescribed under Basel I. The efficacy with which the principles are enforced varies, even within nations of the Group.

## Criticism

Basel I incentivized global banks to lend to members of the OECD and the IMF's General Arrangements to Borrow (GAB) while disincentivizing loans to non-members of these institutions.
# Sam Ashworth

Sam Ashworth may refer to:
* Samuel Ashworth (1877–1925), English footballer
* Sam Ashworth (songwriter), American songwriter
# Papyrus Bodmer III

Codex Bodmer III, is a Coptic uncial manuscript of the fourth Gospel, and the first four chapters of Genesis, dated palaeographically to the 4th century. It contains the text of the Gospel of John with some lacunae. It is written in an early Bohairic dialect of Coptic language.
It is the oldest manuscript of the Bohairic version. Originally codex contained 239 pages, but the first 22 are damaged and only small fragments have survived. The Gospel of John is followed by the text of Book of Genesis (1:1-4:2) with page numbers beginning with α in a new series.
The first occurrence of "God" in John 1:1 is in contracted form as the Nomina Sacra, whereas the second occurrence is spelled fully. In John 1:18 the word "God" (which no one has seen) is contracted (as the Nomina Sacra), while the word "God" (only-begotten) is spelled out. The scribe may have been a Gnostic.
The text of the codex is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. Because its text is different from later Bohairic manuscript (from 12th century and later) it was called to be the proto-Bohairic version (Papyrus Bodmer III).
The manuscript was discovered in Upper Egypt and purchased by John M. Bodmer of Geneva.
It was published by Rodolphe Kasser in 1958.
Currently it is housed at the Bibliotheca Bodmeriana (P. Bodmer III) in Cologny.
# Allographa hypostictica

Allographa hypostictica is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Graphidaceae, Found in Brazil, it was described as a new species in 2018. Its thallus contains hypostictic acid and its distinctive apothecia and ascospores.

## Taxonomy

Allographa hypostictica was formally described by the lichenologists Klaus Kalb and Andre Aptroot in 2018. The type specimen was collected in the Serra do Espinhaço, specifically Serra do Caraça, Minas Gerais, Brazil, on a sandstone boulder in an open cerrado at an elavation of 1,450 m (4,760 ft). The specific epithet hypostictica refers to the presence of the chemical compound hypostictic acid, a rare lichen product in the genus Allographa.

## Description

The thallus of Allographa hypostictica is saxicolous, crustose, areolate to rimose, uneven, not corticate, dull, and ochraceous white, dissected by black hypothallus lines, and up to 0.2 mm thick. It is surrounded by a black prothallus that also extends under much of the thallus as a hypothallus. The photobiont is trentepohlioid. Ascomata are sessile, completely carbonised, with striate labia, circular in outline with straight linear or sparingly branched split-like disc, measuring 0.5–1.3 mm in diameter and about 0.2–0.4 mm high. The rim is black, and the thalline margin is lateral and ochraceous white. The hamathecium is approximately 200 μm high and not inspersed. Ascospores are single per ascus, hyaline but soon becoming pale brown, ellipsoid, densely muriform, approximately 50 by 8-septate, measuring 115–145 by 28–37 μm, constricted at several major septa, and surrounded by a gelatinous sheath about 3 μm thick. Pycnidia were not observed to occur in this species.
Chemical tests reveal that the thallus is UV−, C−, P−, and K+ (yellow). Thin-layer chromatography, a technique used to identify chemical substances, shows the presence of hypostictic acid as the major component, and trace amounts of hypoconstictic acid.

## Habitat and distribution

Allographa hypostictica was found on a sandstone boulder in an open cerrado habitat. This lichen is only known to occur in Brazil.
# List of ambassadors of Guatemala to Peru

The Guatemalan ambassador to the Peruvian Government in Lima is the official representative of the Government in Guatemala City to the Government of Peru.
Both countries established relations in 1857, after Peruvian diplomat Pedro Gálvez Egúsquiza was sent in 1856 to Central America on a mission to establish and improve relations with the states of said region. Relations have continued since.

## List of representatives

| Name | Term begin | Term end | President | Notes |
| Augusto Morales Dardón | May 27, 1955 | | Carlos Castillo Armas | First to serve as ambassador to Peru. He delivered his credentials on May 27, 1955. |
| Juan Francisco Oliva | October 1962 | | Miguel Ydígoras Fuentes | Colonel Oliva presented his credentials on October 22. |
| Carlos Eduardo Paniagua España | | 1967 | Enrique Peralta Azurdia | |
| José María Argueta | | | Ramiro de León Carpio | Hostage during the Japanese embassy hostage crisis. |
| Julio Antonio Torres Arriola | | | Álvaro Arzú | |
| Olga María Aguja Zúñiga | 2004 | | Óscar Berger | |
| Gabriel Aguilera Peralta | December 23, 2010 | 2014 | Álvaro Colom | |
| Walter David Zepeda Chavarría | November 27, 2014 | 2015 | Otto Pérez Molina | |
| Irma Verónica Araujo Samayoa | January 21, 2016 | 2022 | Jimmy Morales | |
| Carlos José Escobedo Menéndez | December 26, 2022 | Incumbent | Alejandro Giammattei | |
# 7M

7M or 7-M can refer to:
* 7M-GE, a model of Toyota M engine
* BT-7M, a model of BT-7 Soviet tank
* Headquarters Detachment 7M, now named United States Marine Corps VMGR-252
* VO-7M, now named United States Marine Corps VMA-131
* AIM-7M Sparrow, alternate name for the AIM-7 Sparrow
* 7M platform, alternate name for Volkswagen Group B-VX62 platform
* 7M, the production code for the 1989 Doctor Who serial The Curse of Fenric
* 7M, shorthand for the Seven Mountain Mandate
* 7M Films, a talent management company
# Pachnephorus cristiani

Pachnephorus cristiani is a species of leaf beetle found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Mozambique, described by Stefano Zoia in 2007. It is dedicated to the author's son, Cristian.
# Parker 13-Sided Barn

Parker 13-Sided Barn is an officially registered historic barn nestled in the hamlet of Jefferson in Schoharie County, New York. It is located on State Route 10 between Harpersfield and Stamford. The barn has a long and colorful history, built in 1896 and one of only two 13-sided barns listed in the National Register of Historic Places in this area of New York state. It meets the definition of being a round barn.
The Parker Barn is a three-story structure, 60 feet in diameter and was built by Mr. Richtmyer Hubbell over a century ago. The roof is double hipped which is topped by a 13-sided cupola. A longtime resident of Schoharie County, Charles Hubbell has fond memories being Grandson to the builder, and born at the homestead which surrounds this property. The homestead also consists of a late 19th-century, three-story, rectangular barn adjacent and directly connected to the 13-sided barn by a hyphen, as well as a Victorian style Farmhouse situated on 15 acres just outside the Catskill Mountain range.
Over the decades, the site had been used as a Dairy barn housing cows, a chicken barn and finally a veal operation during its farming life. The 13 sided barn was originally constructed to house cows who supplied their milk to the two creameries located in the Village of Jefferson. "The cows were kept in stalls on the first floor of the barn and horses pulled wagons of hay to the second story via a bridge which led to large doors on the east side. (No longer in use.) After the hay was unloaded, the horses would then be led forward around the inside of the barn and through to the same doors they entered. This was far less dangerous than having the horses back out through doors to maneuver the steep bridge, especially during severe winters."
The Parker Barn was named such for its owner William Parker Sr. at which time the landmark registration was filed. Over 30 years ago, Mr. Parker was raising veal and had undertaken an extensive revitalizing of the barn. This sparked the interest of the National Registry to list the building.
The barn is currently privately owned and is slowly being renovated again not only to honor past generations of families who have labored, but for generations of families to come. The goal is to eventually open the barn to the public as well as opening visitors to the history that thrives in small town America.
It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.
# 2012–13 Belarusian Extraliga season

The 2012–13 Belarusian Extraliga season was the 21st season of the Belarusian Extraliga, the top level of ice hockey in Belarus. 11 teams participated in the league, and HK Neman Grodno won the championship.

## First round

| | Club | GP | W | OTW | OTL | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | Metallurg Zhlobin | 40 | 33 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 173:49 | 104 |
| 2. | HK Gomel | 40 | 30 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 208:70 | 98 |
| 3. | HK Neman Grodno | 40 | 30 | 3 | 1 | 6 | 186:78 | 97 |
| 4. | Shakhtar Soligorsk | 40 | 23 | 1 | 3 | 13 | 143:108 | 74 |
| 5. | HK Liepājas Metalurgs | 40 | 21 | 3 | 2 | 14 | 133:103 | 71 |
| 6. | HK Lida | 40 | 17 | 1 | 4 | 18 | 107:131 | 57 |
| 7. | Junior Minsk | 40 | 14 | 4 | 2 | 20 | 82:114 | 52 |
| 8. | Khimik-SKA Novopolotsk | 40 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 26 | 97:161 | 37 |
| 9. | HK Brest | 40 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 30 | 100:195 | 27 |
| 10. | HK Vitebsk | 40 | 6 | 0 | 4 | 30 | 90:213 | 22 |
| 11. | HK Mogilev | 40 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 31 | 62:159 | 21 |

## Second round
### Group A

| | Club | GP | W | OTW | OTL | L | Goals | Pts |
| 1. | Metallurg Zhlobin | 50 | 41 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 209:63 | 129 |
| 2. | HK Gomel | 50 | 34 | 6 | 2 | 8 | 240:93 | 116 |
| 3. | HK Neman Grodno | 50 | 33 | 3 | 4 | 10 | 215:114 | 109 |
| 4. | Shakhtar Soligorsk | 50 | 28 | 2 | 4 | 16 | 176:136 | 92 |
| 5. | HK Liepājas Metalurgs | 50 | 22 | 5 | 2 | 21 | 157:141 | 78 |
| 6. | HK Lida | 50 | 20 | 1 | 5 | 24 | 128:167 | 67 |

### Group B

| | Club | GP | W | OTW | OTL | L | Goals | Pts |
| 7. | Junior Minsk | 48 | 20 | 4 | 3 | 21 | 131:138 | 71 |
| 8. | Khimik-SKA Novopolotsk | 48 | 15 | 6 | 0 | 27 | 137:182 | 57 |
| 9. | HK Brest | 48 | 10 | 2 | 1 | 35 | 120:220 | 35 |
| 10. | HK Vitebsk | 48 | 9 | 0 | 4 | 35 | 110:252 | 31 |
| 11. | HK Mogilev | 48 | 7 | 0 | 4 | 37 | 83:200 | 25 |

## Playoffs

| Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Metallurg Zhlobin | 3 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Khimik-SKA Novopolotsk | 0 | | | | | | |
| 8 | Khimik-SKA Novopolotsk | 0 | 1 | Metallurg Zhlobin | 4 | | | |
| | | | 7 | Junior Minsk | 0 | | | |
| 2 | HK Gomel | 2 | 7 | Junior Minsk | 0 | | | |
| 7 | Junior Minsk | 3 | | | | | | |
| 7 | Junior Minsk | 3 | | | | 1 | Metallurg Zhlobin | 0 |
| | | | | | | 3 | HK Neman Grodno | 4 |
| 3 | HK Neman Grodno | 3 | | | | | | | 3 | HK Neman Grodno | 4 |
| 6 | HK Lida | 0 | | | | | | |
| 6 | HK Lida | 0 | 3 | HK Neman Grodno | 4 | | | |
| | | | 4 | Shakhtar Soligorsk | 1 | | | |
| 4 | Shakhtar Soligorsk | 3 | 4 | Shakhtar Soligorsk | 1 | | | |
| 5 | HK Liepājas Metalurgs | 0 | | | | | | |
# Allographa pedunculata

Allographa pedunculata is a species of script lichen in the family Graphidaceae, discovered in the Galápagos Islands. The species is characterized by its distinctly stalked lirellae and contains norstictic acid. It is similar to other species in the Graphis nuda species complex but has the longest ascospores in the group.

## Taxonomy

The lichen was first formally described by lichenologists Frank Bungartz and André Aptroot in 2010, as a member of the genus Graphis. The species is part of the Graphis nuda group and is closely related to Graphis emersa, another species containing norstictic acid. Robert Lücking and Klaus Kalb transferred the taxon to the genus Allographa in 2018.

## Description

The thallus of Allographa pedunculata is thin and continuous, either forming a thin film encrusting bryophytes and plant debris, or granular to granular verrucose, over rock. The thallus surface is smooth and shiny, pale creamy white to brownish, and not pruinose. Its apothecia are typically distinctly and conspicuously stalked, rarely sessile, and lirellate. The lirellae are very broad and short, and never branched. The labia are thick, entire, and black, only basally more or less covered by a thin thallus layer. The hymenium is hyaline and clear. The ascospores are hyaline to pale gray, brownish with age, and measure 22–27 by (80)130–210 μm; they are transversely septate with (11)16–22 cells.
The lichen contains norstictic acid, which causes a K+ (yellow turning red) (red crystals) and P+ (yellow) spot test reactions. It is C−.

## Habitat and distribution

Allographa pedunculata is currently known from a single collection site on a sheltered and shaded basalt cliff at the top of Cerro Gavilán in Santiago Island. The species prefers rock substrates and is found in a distinct habitat compared to its close relative, Graphis cleistomma, which has been found encrusting bryophytes and plant debris.
# Adesmia argyrophylla

Adesmia argyrophylla is an endemic perennial shrub found in North and Central Chile.
# 51 Fleetgate

51 Fleetgate in Barton-upon-Humber is a Grade II* Listed building with parts dating back to the 14th century. It is considered to be the oldest surviving residential building in North Lincolnshire.

## History and use

The building is Medieval with multiple later alterations. The front range dates to the 14th Century, with 18th Century rebuilding included. This front range was originally continuous with the adjacent buildings (numbers 47 and 49 Fleetgate). A 19th century shopfront remains extant.
In 1900 the front was split into three shops; number 51 Fleetgate was owned by the Clipson family who used it as a barber shop and tobacconist.
The Clipson family owned the property until 1990 when it was purchased by Glanford Borough Council. The house was operated by the Brigg Heritage Preservation Trust who restructured the upstairs hall and restored other parts of the house. It was then bought back by the Council and subsequently transferred to North Lincolnshire Council in 1996. The restoration of the building is recorded on a plaque dating to 1996 on the building's exterior. The building was subsequently used as offices and by the Barton Civic Society until 2009 when it was leased to a local heritage group called CHAMP, who provided public access to the building as a heritage site.

### Significance

51 Fleetgate is the most complete example of a medieval town house in the region and one of very few in Lincolnshire and the East Riding of Yorkshire outside of Lincoln and Beverley. The timber framing may be compared with (now demolished) examples recorded from Hull as well as extant buildings in York.