OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Minerva Surgical, Inc. v. Hologic, Inc.

Minerva Surgical, Inc. v. Hologic, Inc., 594 U.S. ___ (2021), was a United States Supreme Court case dealing with the principle of assignor estoppel and its application. The Supreme Court reaffirmed the principle of assignor estoppel, however with the exception that the doctrine is only applied when assignors assertions are actually consistent with previous representations as to the patent. The majority decision was written by Justice Elena Kagan, with Justice Samuel Alito and Justice Amy Coney Barrett filing separate dissenting opinions.

## Background

Csaba Truckai founded the company NovaCept, which invented the NovaSure medical system, which detects perforations in the uterus through the usage of Carbon Dioxide gas. NovaCept was acquired by Cytyc Corporation in 2004, which was then acquired by Hologic in 2007. Hologic received U.S. Patents 6,872,183 and 9,095,348 in 2005 and 2015 respectively. Truckai left NovaCept to found his own company, Minerva, Inc. and received permission to commercially distribute an Endometrial Ablation System.
Hologic, Inc. sued Minerva, Inc. for violations of U.S. Patents 6,872,183 and 9,095,348, both relating to the procedure of endometrial ablation, for the treatment of menorrhagia. Minerva argued that the patents were invalid in the first place, and challenged the patentability of both patents in the U.S. Patent Office. Hologic moved for summary judgement arguing the principle of assignor estoppel, which was granted. The jury awarded $4.7 million in damages to Hologic. Both Minerva and Hologic appealed for differing reasons. On Appeal to the Federal circuit, Minerva asked the court to "abandon the doctrine" of assignor estoppel on the basis that the doctrine is invalidated due to the Supreme Court abolishing the doctrine of licensee estoppel in Lear, Inc. v. Adkins, 395 U.S. 653 (1969), although the Federal Circuit Court rejected this argument. Minerva Surgical, Inc. filed a petition for a writ of certiorari on September 30, 2020.

## Assignor Estoppel

See main article: Assignor estoppel
Assignor estoppel is a legal doctrine that states that a claim of invalidity cannot be taken by a person who sells a patent (assignor). The doctrine was first recognized in the United States in Westinghouse Elec & Mfg. Co. v. Formica Insulation Co., 266 U.S. 342 (1924.)

## Judgement

In a 5–4 decision, the Supreme Court re-affirmed the principle of assignor estoppel, and rejected the argument of Minerva that the doctrine was repealed through the Patent Act of 1952. Writing for the majority, Justice Kagan wrote that "[assignor estoppel] applies when, but only when, the assignor's claim of invalidity contradicts explicit or implicit representations he made in assigning the patent."
Justice Barrett argued in the principal dissent that the Patent Act of 1952 precludes the principle of Assignor estoppel. Justice Alito, who also wrote a dissenting opinion, argued that neither the principal dissent nor the majority opinion are valid as neither answered the question as to whether Westinghouse Elec. & Mfg. Co. v. Formica Insulation Co., 266 U. S. 342 (1924) should be upheld or overruled.
# Prentiss Barnes

Prentiss Barnes (April 12, 1925 – October 1, 2006) was an American rhythm and blues singer in the 1950s. Barnes was born in Magnolia, Mississippi. He sang bass for the legendary vocal group The Moonglows which had such hits as "Sincerely" and "The Ten Commandments of Love". Mentored by Alan Freed, the group’s doo-wop harmony style achieved great success on the national R&B charts and recorded on Chess Records.
Barnes was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000 as a member of the Moonglows. He has also been inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame, The Vocal Group Hall of Fame, and The Doo Wop Hall of Fame. In 1995, he received the Rhythm and Blues Foundation Pioneer Award. He was killed in an automobile accident outside Magnolia, Mississippi in 2006.
# Senator Read

Senator Read may refer to:

## Members of the United States Senate

* George Read (American politician, born 1733) (1733–1798), U.S. Senator from Delaware from 1789 to 1793
* Jacob Read (1752–1816), U.S. Senator from South Carolina from 1795 to 1801

## United States state senate members

* Almon Heath Read (1790–1844), Pennsylvania State Senate
* Gilbert E. Read (1822–1898), Michigan State Senate
* John Milton Read (1842–1881), Wisconsin State Senate
* John Read (lawyer) (1769–1854), Pennsylvania State Senate
* Seth Read (1746–1797), Massachusetts State Senate
* Thomas Read (politician) (1881–1962), Michigan State Senate
* William B. Read (1817–1880), Kentucky State Senate
# Association of British Science Writers

The Association of British Science Writers (ABSW) is the UK society for science writers, science journalists and science communicators. Founded in 1947, the ABSW exists to help those who write about science and technology, and to improve the standard of science journalism in the UK.

## Membership

There are three grades of membership, not including Life Membership, an honorary grade awarded at the discretion of the committee.

### Ordinary members

Open to people whose principal employment is science writing and/or broadcasting. Ordinary membership is not open to those chiefly occupied in public relations. Current annual subscription is £40.

### Associate members

Open to those whose work advances the public awareness of science and technology, but who do not qualify as ordinary members. Associate members do not have voting rights. Current annual subscription is £36.

### Student members

Open to anyone in full or part-time education directed towards advancing the public engagement in science and technology. Student members, who have no voting rights, are to progress to ordinary or associate membership if, on completion of their course, they embark on an appropriate career. Current annual subscription is £20.

## Careers

The ABSW provides careers advice to aspiring science writers, in the form of a helpful, recently updated booklet, "Science Writing: the basics". The ABSW also provides networking and skills events as well as a mentoring service for members.

## Awards

The association administers the annual ABSW Science Writing Awards for Great Britain and Ireland.
Sponsored by Johnson & Johnson Innovation since 2011, the awards seek to set standards of excellence in science writing across many categories. The awards, £1,000 each, presented to the writers and broadcasters who have, in the opinion of an independent panel of judges, produced the best science journalism each year, that highlights important issues accurately and with bravery and flair. These awards, the world's oldest established awards for science writing, have now been running for 50 years.

## Student bursaries

For some years, the ABSW managed a scheme of Bursaries, funded by the Wellcome Trust, to identify and train the science communicators of the future. Every year, seven bursaries are available for full-time and two for part-time study.

## Events and conferences

The association puts on regular events and training days for members. It also runs the biennial UK Conference of Science Journalists. This alternates with a biennial Science Journalism Summer School for those wishing to enter the field.

## Affiliations

The ABSW is a member of the World Federation of Science Journalists, as well as the UK's Creators' Rights Alliance.

## Controversy

Sir Colin Blakemore resigned as Honorary President of the ABSW in 2015 due to his frustration: '...by the decision of the Association of British Science Writers... to continue to give unconditional support to [journalist] Connie St Louis, who first claimed [Sir Tim Hunt ]...had made sexist remarks.'
# Allepipona splendida

Allepipona splendida is a species of wasp in the Vespidae family. It was described by Gusenleitner in 1997.
# Pac-West Telecomm

Pac-West Telecomm, Inc. is a privately, wholesale telecommunications carrier headquartered in Oakland, California, United States.
Founded in 1980, the company is one of the few wholesale-focused competitive local exchange carriers (CLEC) in the United States.
This company provides origination services to the Westcoast, Texas, Northeast including 31 states.
On March 28, 2013, Pac-West submitted its filing in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in the Western District of Texas under Chapter 11 filing.
Pac-West has over 20 creditors, many of which are a mix of large service providers and CLECs including; AT&T (NYSE: T), CenturyLink (NYSE: CTL), Frontier (Nasdaq: FTR), Telus (Toronto: T.TO), and Alpheus Communications.
On September 9, 2013, TNCI Operating Company LLC completed the acquisition of Pac-West Telecomm Inc.

## Services

Pac-West provides termination, origination, and managed services to retail carriers and service providers. Service is provided exclusively on a wholesale basis with no retail operations to avoid channel conflict with its customers. In 2010, Pac-West launched Telastic, a hosted operating environment for telecom services that allows carriers and service providers to evolve from expensive legacy infrastructure to a scalable and cost-effective service based model.
Origination services and accompanying phone numbers are available in 31 states including Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, DC, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Nevada, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, Wisconsin and Wyoming.
Managed Services include transport, managed modems, and colocation in seven data centers in California and Texas (Oakland, Los Angeles, Stockton, Dallas, Austin, San Antonio, and Houston).
Telastic Services include the Telastic Carrier Infrastructure providing a next generation software-based SBC that includes a suite of operator tools for managing IP-based communications traffic which include a least cost routing feature, rating, billing, vendor management, numbers management, CDR generation, fraud control, and an embedded VoIP peering feature for interconnection. Telastic Application Capacity provides capacity for communications applications, using Telastic's virtualisation service technology. It also includes features to choose phone numbers, provision them and route them to applications automatically. Telastic Turnkey Applications use Telastic's communications environment, providing a scalable packaged VoIP feature platform for white-label hosted IP/PBX, residential VoIP offerings and other telephony applications.
# Suresh H. Moolgavkar

Suresh H. Moolgavkar (born 3 January 1943) is an Indian mathematician and epidemiologist who was at the University of Washington and the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. He is a Senior Fellow and Research Scientist at Exponent, a consulting firm. Among his many scientific contributions is the development of the two-stage clonal expansion (TSCE) model of carcinogenesis, also known as the Moolgavkar-Venzon-Knudson (MVK) model, a stochastic cell-level description of carcinogenesis based on Alfred G. Knudson’s two-hit hypothesis. In its original development the TSCE model represents tumor initiation as the first hit, followed by cell proliferation (clonal expansion) and malignant transformation as the second hit. It has been interpreted as describing the initiation-promotion-progression sequence observed in chemical carcinogenesis and has been applied widely for the analysis of both experimental and epidemiological data for purposes of quantitative risk assessment.
# Split subject

Split subject may refer to:
* Subject (philosophy)#Continental philosophy
* Splitting (psychology)
* Active–stative alignment or split-subject alignment
# Ben Baxter

Benjamin Box Baxter (13 November 1876 – 30 January 1934) was an Australian rules footballer who played for the Essendon Football Club in the Victorian Football League (VFL).
He was born Benjamin Baxter Box but changed his name to Benjamin Box Baxter when he was fostered by Benjamin Baxter, a magistrate in the Mornington/Hastings shire, following the death of his mother in 1891.
# A25 autoroute

The A25 is a 62.2 kilometres (38.6 mi) long motorway in northern France. It is also part of European Route E42.

## Route

The road connects (with the N225) the English Channel port of Dunkerque with the major city of Lille. The road has no tolls.

## Junctions

| Exit/Junction | Destination |
| 1 | A 1, N 356 to A25 |
| 2 | (Lille - Moulins) Towns served: Lille |
| 3 | (Lille - Wazemmes) Towns served: Lille |
| 4 | (Lille - Fg de Béthune) Towns served: Lille |
| 5 | (Lille-Centre - Port de Lille) Towns served: Lille |
| 6 | (Halennes) Towns served: Haubourdin, Halennes |
| 7 | (Englos - N352) Towns served: N 41 (to Lens and Bethune), D 710 (to Roubaix, Tourcoing) |
| 8 | (Lys) Towns served: Houplines (Belgium) |
| 9 | (Nieppe) Towns served: Armentières |
| Rest Area: Steenwerck ||
| 10 | (Bailleul) Towns served: Bailleul |
| 11 | Towns served: N 42 (to Hazebrouck, Saint-Omer) |
| 12 | (Méteren) Towns served: Bailleul |
| 13 | (Steenvoorde) Towns served: Steenvoorde |
| Service Area: St-Eloi (eastbound), St-Laurent (westbound) ||
| 14 | (Winnezeele) Towns served: Hondschoote |
| 15 | (Herzeele) Towns served: Wormhout |
| 16 | (Bergues) Towns served: Bergues |
| | N225 - A25 Road becomes the N 225 to Dunkerque. |
# Postal, Missouri

Postal is an unincorporated community in Pettis County, Missouri, United States.

## History

The community was named for its country post office. A post office called Postal was established in 1891, and remained in operation until 1904. Postal also contained a schoolhouse, which is now defunct.
# Stem cell laws and policy in Iran

Iran's flexible approach towards stem-cell research is linked to the Shia tradition being flexible enough to allow for ESCs science; the second is that the approval of ESCs research was made easier by permissive laws governing other areas of biomedicine, such as new assisted reproductive technologies; and the third is that Iran's lack of a public discussion of bioscience affects how its ESCs research policy is seen.
In 2002 a fatwa was issued by the Supreme Leader of Iran regarding the permissibility of "destruction of residual embryos from the in vitro fertilization cycle for the purpose of obtaining stem cells for research purposes" as accreditation for the country's ESCs scientific community. Following this positive fatwa, the stem cell department of the Royan Institute in Tehran was established in the same year to establish the ESCs lines and to develop techniques to differentiate these lineages into various mature cell types including cardiomyocytes, B cells, and neurons.

## Cultural and sociological context

In the case of Iran, the introduction of the Islamic system appears to have forced religious scholars to assume an unprecedented role of responsibility and engagement. Social Planning and Public Health. The large-scale crises may partially explain why religious scholars quoted Maslahat and Istihsan in their decisions on medicine and health problems rather than looking at those problems in isolation or in the theoretical sense as it happened in the past.
The financial burden of devastating diseases is also at the heart of hESC research decisions in Iran. This may have given Shia scholars a boost to reconsider the degenerative and public health implications of terminal disorders or economic hardships causing serious and long-lasting illnesses for individuals, families, and society. The eight-year Iran-Iraq war has left the country with a large disabled community, due in part to spinal cord injuries, which has been an intense motivation for Iran to start many cell therapy research projects.
Even in developing countries (e.g. Iran), home cell therapy and regenerative medicine are cost-effective solutions for the growing number of patients with chronic diseases including diabetes, heart disease, and hepatitis blood diseases such as thalassemia, which are relatively common.

## Sanctions

Although Iran has a liberal domestic regulatory environment and its scientists are well-funded, the country cannot import scientific equipment and materials that most stem cell scientists use on a daily basis. This is largely due to trade sanctions imposed on Iran by other countries, including the United States and the European Community, which ban the export of certain scientific equipment to Iran and require other special export permits.
# Systems simulation

Computers are used to generate numeric models for the purpose of describing or displaying complex interaction among multiple variables within a system. The complexity of the system arises from the stochastic (probabilistic) nature of the events, rules for the interaction of the elements and the difficulty in perceiving the behavior of the systems as a whole with the passing of time.

## Systems Simulation in Video Games

One of the most notable video games to incorporate systems simulation is Sim City, which simulates the multiple systems of a functioning city including but not limited to: electricity, water, sewage, public transportation, population growth, social interactions (including, but not limited to jobs, education and emergency response).
# Speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics – Men's 5000 metres

The 5000 metres speed skating event was part of the speed skating at the 1956 Winter Olympics programme. The competition was held on naturally frozen ice on the Lake Misurina. It was held on Sunday, 29 January 1956, started at 11 a.m. and ended at 3 p.m. Forty-six speed skaters from 17 nations competed.

## Medalists

| Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Boris Shilkov (URS) | Sigge Ericsson (SWE) | Oleg Goncharenko (URS) |

## Records

These were the standing world and Olympic records (in minutes) prior to the 1956 Winter Olympics.
| World Record | 7:45.6(*) | Boris Shilkov | Medeo (URS) | 9 January 1955 |
| Olympic Record | 8:10.6(**) | Hjalmar Andersen | Oslo (NOR) | 17 February 1952 |
(*) The record was set in a high altitude venue (more than 1000 metres above sea level) and on naturally frozen ice.
(**) The record was set on naturally frozen ice.
At first Helmut Kuhnert who skated in the first pair set a new Olympic record with 8:04.3 minutes. In the third pair Wim de Graaff bettered the Olympic record with 8:00.2 minutes. Finally Boris Shilkov set a new Olympic record with 7:48.7 minutes on the way to win the fourth heat and the gold medal.

## Results

| Place | Speed skater | Time |
| 1 | Boris Shilkov (URS) | 7:48.7 OR |
| 2 | Sigvard Ericsson (SWE) | 7:56.7 |
| 3 | Oleg Goncharenko (URS) | 7:57.5 |
| 4 | Kees Broekman (NED) | 8:00.2 |
| 4 | Wim de Graaff (NED) | 8:00.2 |
| 6 | Roald Aas (NOR) | 8:01.6 |
| 7 | Olle Dahlberg (SWE) | 8:01.8 |
| 8 | Knut Johannesen (NOR) | 8:02.3 |
| 9 | Helmut Kuhnert (EUA) | 8:04.3 |
| 10 | Torstein Seiersten (NOR) | 8:06.4 |
| 11 | Hjalmar Andersen (NOR) | 8:06.5 |
| 12 | Gunnar Sjölin (SWE) | 8:06.7 |
| 13 | Vladimír Kolář (TCH) | 8:08.9 |
| 14 | Colin Hickey (AUS) | 8:10.0 |
| 15 | Johnny Cronshey (GBR) | 8:10.1 |
| 16 | Dmitri Sakunenko (URS) | 8:10.5 |
| 17 | Pat McNamara (USA) | 8:10.6 |
| 18 | Gerard Maarse (NED) | 8:11.1 |
| 19 | Boris Yakimov (URS) | 8:12.6 |
| 20 | Juhani Järvinen (FIN) | 8:13.7 |
| 21 | Kauko Salomaa (FIN) | 8:14.3 |
| 22 | Sven Andersson (SWE) | 8:16.9 |
| 23 | Jang Yeong (KOR) | 8:17.6 |
| 24 | Jeen van den Berg (NED) | 8:19.1 |
| 25 | Leo Tynkkynen (FIN) | 8:19.9 |
| 26 | John Hearn (GBR) | 8:21.4 |
| 27 | Yoshiyasu Gomi (JPN) | 8:22.2 |
| 28 | Taketsugu Asazaka (JPN) | 8:23.6 |
| 28 | Arthur Mannsbarth (AUT) | 8:23.6 |
| 30 | Hans Keller (EUA) | 8:24.5 |
| 31 | Gene Sandvig (USA) | 8:25.5 |
| 32 | Matti Hamberg (FIN) | 8:28.8 |
| 33 | Ralf Olin (CAN) | 8:30.5 |
| 34 | Franz Offenberger (AUT) | 8:30.8 |
| 35 | Raymond Gilloz (FRA) | 8:32.5 |
| 36 | Kim Jong-Sun (KOR) | 8:34.3 |
| 37 | Pyeon Chang-Nam (KOR) | 8:36.7 |
| 38 | Kurt Eminger (AUT) | 8:39.4 |
| 39 | Jürg Rohrbach (SUI) | 8:39.5 |
| 40 | Art Longsjo (USA) | 8:40.0 |
| 41 | Carlo Calzà (ITA) | 8:41.1 |
| 42 | Alex Connell (GBR) | 8:42.5 |
| 43 | Chuck Burke (USA) | 8:47.4 |
| 44 | Paolino Dimai (ITA) | 8:48.0 |
| 45 | Remo Tomasi (ITA) | 8:48.3 |
| 46 | Yoshitaki Hori (JPN) | 8:53.5 |
# Schoeblia

Schoeblia is a genus of crustaceans belonging to the monotypic family Schoebliidae.
Species:
* Schoeblia circularis Budde-Lund, 1909
* Schoeblia fulleri (Silvestri, 1918)
# Choroidal neovascularization

Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is the creation of new blood vessels in the choroid layer of the eye. Choroidal neovascularization is a common cause of neovascular degenerative maculopathy (i.e. 'wet' macular degeneration) commonly exacerbated by extreme myopia, malignant myopic degeneration, or age-related developments.

## Causes

CNV can occur rapidly in individuals with defects in Bruch's membrane, the innermost layer of the choroid. It is also associated with excessive amounts of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). As well as in wet macular degeneration, CNV can also occur frequently with the rare genetic disease pseudoxanthoma elasticum and rarely with the more common optic disc drusen. CNV has also been associated with extreme myopia or malignant myopic degeneration, where in choroidal neovascularization occurs primarily in the presence of cracks within the retinal (specifically) macular tissue known as lacquer cracks.

## Symptoms

CNV can create a sudden deterioration of central vision, noticeable within a few weeks. Other symptoms which can occur include color disturbances, and metamorphopsia (distortions in which straight lines appear wavy). Hemorrhaging of the new blood vessels can accelerate the onset of symptoms of CNV. CNV may also include the feeling of pressure behind your eye.
Using modern optical coherence tomography devices, it is possible to detect non-exudative neovascular membranes, that are typically asymptomatic.

## Identification

CNV can be detected by using a type of perimetry called preferential hyperacuity perimetry. On the basis of fluorescein angiography, CNV may be described as classic or occult. Two other tests that help identify the condition include indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography.

## Treatment

CNV is conventionally treated with intravitreal injections of angiogenesis inhibitors (also known as "anti-VEGF" drugs) to control neovascularization and reduce the area of fluid below the retinal pigment epithelium. Angiogenesis inhibitors include pegaptanib, ranibizumab and bevacizumab (known by a variety of trade names, such as Macugen, Avastin or Lucentis). These inhibitors slow or stop the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis), typically by binding to or deactivating the transmission of vascular endothelial growth factor ('VEGF'), a signal protein produced by cells to stimulate formation of new blood vessels. The effectiveness of angiogenesis inhibitors has been shown to significantly improve visual prognosis with CNV, the recurrence rate for these neovascular areas remains high.
CNV may also be treated with photodynamic therapy (PDT) coupled with a photosensitive drug such as verteporfin (Visudyne). The drug is given intravenously. It is then activated in the eye by a laser light. The drug destroys the new blood vessels, and prevents any new vessels forming by forming thrombi. A Cochrane Review published in 2016 found that people with severe myopia (short-sightedness or near-sightedness) may benefit from being given anti-VEGF treatment.
# Archibald Macarthur

Archibald Macarthur (died 1847) was a Scottish Presbyterian minister who became the first Presbyterian minister in Australia when he arrived in Hobart in 1822.