OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Kelvin Lancaster

Kelvin John Lancaster (10 December 1924 – 23 July 1999) was an Australian mathematical economist and John Bates Clark professor of economics at Columbia University. He is best known for the development of the Theory of the Second Best with Richard Lipsey. Lancaster was also active in developing the calculus of qualitative economics, formulating the household production function, and applying the hedonic model to the estimation of housing prices.
In a 1966 paper, Lancaster developed what he called a "new theory of consumer demand", in which the then standard microeconomic demand theory was modified by stipulating that what consumers are seeking to acquire is not goods themselves (e.g. cars or train journeys) but the characteristics they contain (e.g. transport from A to B, display of fashion sense). As Palda (2013) explains
   The second evolution in spatial economics was due to Kelvin Lancaster. His insight was that the basic qualities that consumers seek could be manipulated by combining different products. Hotelling had not considered this possibility. He had been content to accept that one good provided one underlying feature that could be measured in characteristics space. Lancaster saw the matter in greater breadth. Dinner was not just food on a table. It was an attempt to manipulate the basic constituents of flavor and nutrition into a satisfying gastronomic experience. Being a good cook meant knowing that taste had several dimensions including sweet, salty, sour, and savory. For a meal to be agreeable, it had to combine these elements of flavor and it also had to be easily digested, suggesting that nutritional dimensions such as greasiness, protein content, and temperature had to figure into the cook’s understanding. These basic culinary entities could each be thought of as lying on a left-right scale, or space. The ideal meal, then, sought to combine these features by varying each one as precisely as possible.
This theory provides a convenient account of the difference between less developed (so called "primitive") consumption economies, in which there are fewer goods than characteristics, and more developed ("sophisticated") consumption economies, in which there are more goods than characteristics, so that consumers can secure any combination of characteristics they desire, subject only to budget constraints. It also provides a way of predicting demand for new commodities, so long as they do not embody any new characteristics.
According to economist Jagdish Bhagwati, "He was widely regarded as a potential recipient of the Nobel Prize, for the notable impact that had been made by his contributions to the theory of second best and the integration of variety into economic theory. He joins the list of extraordinary economists such as Joan Robinson, Roy Harrod, and Mancur Olson whom death deprived of this singular honor."
Lancaster attended Sydney Boys High School, graduating in 1940.
# Iodamide

Iodamide (trade name Renovue) is a pharmaceutical drug used as an iodinated contrast medium for X-ray imaging. Its uses include imaging of the uterus and fallopian tubes.
# Alexander Dalgarno

Alexander Dalgarno FRS (5 January 1928 – 9 April 2015) was a British physicist who was a Phillips Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University.

## Biography

Alexander Dalgarno was born in London in 1928, and spent his childhood there. He was educated in mathematics and atomic physics at University College, London, earning a Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1951 under the joint supervision of Harrie Massey and Richard Buckingham. He was an academic at the Queen's University, Belfast from 1951 to 1967 where he worked with Sir David Bates and rose from assistant lecturer to professor. In the 1950s, he laid the foundations for long-range atomic interaction studies which are of critical importance for today's interest in Bose–Einstein condensates.
In 1967, he moved to Harvard University to join their department of astronomy and held the positions of acting director of Harvard College Observatory, chairman of the department of astronomy, associate director of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian and director of the Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics. Dalgarno's research covered three main areas: theoretical atomic and molecular physics, astrophysics and aeronomy (the study of the upper atmosphere). He made contributions in theoretical chemistry, scattering theory, atmospheric physics & chemistry and astrophysics and was the author of more than 600 publications. Sir David Bates wrote in 1988 that "There is no greater figure than Alex in the history of atomic physics and its applications." Known as the "father of molecular astrophysics", Dalgarno was also a physicist at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and was formerly the editor of the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Dalgarno was also cited in the Nebula Award winning novel The Quantum Rose by Catherine Asaro, a science-fiction novel based on Asaro's doctoral work while she was a Ph.D student with Dalgarno.
He married Barbara Kane, from whom he was later divorced, and had four children. Later married to Emily Izsak - divorced.

## Awards

His work was recognized by many awards, including the prize of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science, the Davisson-Germer Prize of the American Physical Society (1980), the William F. Meggers Award of the Optical Society of America (1986), the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1986) and the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Physics from the Franklin Institute (2013).
He was a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union and the American Physical Society and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1972 and awarded their prestigious Hughes Medal in 2002. He was also a member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
In 1998, Asteroid 6941 was named Asteroid Dalgarno.
# Nagane Shell Mound

The Nagane Shell Midden (長根貝塚, Nagane Kaizuka) is an archaeological site consisting of a shell midden and the remains of an adjacent Jōmon period settlement located in what is now the town of Wakuya, Tōda District, Miyagi Prefecture in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan. It has been protected by the central government as a National Historic Site since 1970. It is the largest shell midden in Miyagi Prefecture.

## Overview

During the early to middle Jōmon period (approximately 4000 to 2500 BC), sea levels were five to six meters higher than at present, and the ambient temperature was also 2 deg C higher. During this period, the Tōhoku region was inhabited by the Jōmon people, many of whom lived in coastal settlements. The middens associated with such settlements contain bone, botanical material, mollusc shells, sherds, lithics, and other artifacts and ecofacts associated with the now-vanished inhabitants, and these features, provide a useful source into the diets and habits of Jōmon society.
Most of these middens are found along the Pacific coast of Japan, and the rocky ria coast of Miyagi Prefecture was densely settled from the early through late Jōmon period.
The Nagane Shell Midden is located in an inland location at an elevation of approximately thirteen meters on a low plateau south of Kabukiri Swamp; however was found to contain shells from seawater shellfish, such as oysters in its lowest strata, shellfish native to brackish water, such as shijimi in its middle layers and shells from freshwater mollusks and fish in its upper layers, indicating that the coastline in the region has receded. Aside from shellfish, the midden also contained the bones of deer and wild boar, and waterbirds including swans, geese and ducks. Other artifacts found in the 1968 excavation included pottery, stone implements, clay figurines, jewelry and vessels made from bone and animal horn. In addition, the foundations of two mid-Jōmon period pit dwellings were uncovered.
The midden is very large, extending for 300 meters east-west and 250 meters north-south in a “U”-shape, and spans the end of the early Jōmon period through the late Jōmon period (i.e. 6000 to 2300 years ago), with some smaller middens scattered to the west. The National Historic Site designation was extended in 1976 to cover outlying portions which had been discovered since 1970.
The site was backfilled after excavation, and there is now nothing to se at the site except for a monument and plaque. The site is located bout 30 minutes by car from Wakuya Station on the JR East Ishinomaki Line.
# Nieuwdorp

Nieuwdorp is a village in the Dutch province of Zeeland. It is a part of the municipality of Borsele, and lies about 9 km east of Middelburg.

## History

The village was first mentioned around 1750 as Het Nieuwe Dorp, and means "new village". Nieuw (new) has been added to distinguish from 's-Heer Arendskerke which was colloquially called Oudedorp. Nieuwdorp is a dike village which appeared after the West-Kraayertpolder was poldered in 1642 and Nieuwe Kraayertpolder was added in 1675. The village is centred around a large square.
The Reformed Church was built first in 1841 and is an aisleless church in neoclassic style. It was converted into an apartment building in 2003. The Dutch Reformed church was built between 1917 and 1918 and has expressionist elements. The tower contains a bell from 1710.
Nieuwdorp was home to 388 people in 1840. Nieuwdorp used to be part of the municipality of 's-Heer Arendskerke. In 1970, it became part of the municipality of Borsele. In 2009, the Liberation Museum Zeeland [nl] opened and provides an overview of World War II in the province of Zeeland with an emphasis on the Battle of the Scheldt.

## Gallery

* Church of Nieuwdorp
* Farm in Nieuwdorp
* Landscape near Nieuwdorp
# Order of Constitutional Merit

The Order of Constitutional Merit is a civil order of merit established by royal decree on 18 November 1988. The order is granted those who have carried out activities in service of the Spanish Constitution and its values and established principles. It may be granted to people and groups both public or private, Spanish or foreign. Recipients are treated as an Excellency.

## Appearance

The order has a distinctive oval medal, made of sterling silver with gold plating. The obverse is the coat of arms of Spain on a blue background and the legend Constitutional Merit. The badge of the Order of Constitutional Merit hangs from a silk ribbon equally divided in red and yellow parts. The Medal of Constitutional Merit hangs from a twisted silk cord of red and yellow. Groups and organizations are awarded a Plaque of Honor with the insignia of the order.

## Notable recipients

* Gloria Begué Cantón
* Josep Borrell Fontelles
* Tomás Caballero Pastor
* Gabriel Cisneros
* Eduardo Chillida
* Rosa Díez
* Carlos Martínez Gorriarán
* Agustín Ibarrola
* Jon Juaristi
* Jaime Mayor Oreja
* José María Portillo Valdés
* Gotzone Mora
* Javier Pradera
* José Rivas Fontán
* Pascual Sala
* Fernando Savater
* Pablo Pérez Tremps
# 2010 Uzbekistan First League

The 2010 Uzbekistan First League was the 19th season of 2nd level football in Uzbekistan since 1992.

## Teams and locations

| Team | Location | Stadium | Stadium capacity |
| FK Buxoro | Bukhoro | Bukhoro Sport Majmuasi | 22,700 |
| Sogdiana Jizzakh | Jizzakh | Jizzakh Stadium | 9,000 |
| FK Guliston | Guliston | 12,400 | |
| Zarafshon NCZ | Zarafshan | | |
| FK Khiva | Khiva | | |
| Lokomotiv BFK | Tashkent | | |
| Imkon Oltiariq | Altyaryk | | |
| Dynamo Ghallakor | Ghallaorol | | |
| Shurchi-Lochin | Shurchi | | |
| Mash'al Akademiya | Muborak | | |
| Oqtepa | Tashkent | | |
| FK Kosonsoy | Kosonsoy | | |
| Chust-Pakhtakor | Chust | | |
| FC Spartak Tashkent | Tashkent | | |
| Durmon-Sport | Tashkent | | |
| NBU Osiyo | Tashkent | | |

## Competition format

League consists of 16 teams which play on regular home-and-away schedule: each team plays the other teams twice. The top two teams of the promote to Uzbek top league.

## League table

The final standings of teams after last matchday. FK Buxoro and Sogdiana Jizzakh promoted to Oliy Liga.
| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GF | Pts | Qualification or relegation |
| 1 | FK Buxoro | 30 | 24 | 2 | 4 | 71 | 21 | +50 | 74 | Promotion to Uzbek League |
| 2 | Sogdiana Jizzakh | 30 | 21 | 3 | 6 | 57 | 21 | +36 | 66 | . |
| 3 | FK Guliston | 30 | 18 | 3 | 9 | 56 | 31 | +25 | 57 |
| 4 | Zarafshon NCZ | 30 | 16 | 5 | 9 | 53 | 38 | +15 | 53 |
| 5 | FK Khiva | 30 | 16 | 4 | 10 | 52 | 48 | +9 | 52 |
| 6 | Lokomotiv BFK | 30 | 14 | 6 | 10 | 33 | 23 | +10 | 48 |
| 7 | Imkon Oltiariq | 30 | 14 | 4 | 12 | 42 | 39 | +3 | 46 |
| 8 | Dynamo Ghallakor | 30 | 14 | 4 | 12 | 29 | 27 | +2 | 46 |
| 9 | Shurchi-Lochin | 30 | 12 | 7 | 11 | 37 | 42 | -5 | 39 |
| 10 | Mash'al Akademiya | 30 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 42 | 29 | +13 | 41 |
| 11 | Oqtepa | 30 | 13 | 2 | 15 | 48 | 49 | -1 | 41 |
| 12 | FK Kosonsoy | 30 | 9 | 5 | 16 | 30 | 63 | -33 | 32 |
| 13 | Chust-Pakhtakor | 30 | 7 | 5 | 18 | 32 | 68 | -36 | 26 |
| 14 | FC Spartak Tashkent | 30 | 6 | 7 | 17 | 23 | 38 | -15 | 25 |
| 15 | Durmon-Sport | 30 | 7 | 1 | 22 | 22 | 57 | -35 | 22 |
| 16 | NBU Osiyo | 30 | 4 | 2 | 24 | 25 | 64 | -39 | 14 |

## Top goalscorers

| # | Scorer | Goals (Pen.) | Team |
| 1 | Abdulatif Juraev | 27 | Chust-Pakhtakor/FK Buxoro |
| 2 | Bahodir Pardaev | 26 | Sogdiana Jizzakh |
Last updated: October 28, 2010 Source: Uzbekistan First League
# Agapanthia persica

Agapanthia persica is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Semenov in 1893.
# 2021 European Archery Championships

The 2021 European Archery Championships were held from 31 May to 6 June in Antalya, Turkey.

## Medal table

* Host nation (Turkey)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | Russia | 2 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| 2 | France | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| 3 | Turkey* | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | Denmark | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 4 | Netherlands | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 6 | Spain | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
| 7 | Belgium | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 8 | Germany | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 9 | Belarus | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 9 | Estonia | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 9 | Great Britain | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 9 | Ukraine | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 13 | Poland | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 14 | Greece | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 14 | Italy | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| 14 | Slovakia | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (16 entries) | Totals (16 entries) | 10 | 10 | 10 | 30 |

## Medal summary
### Recurve

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's individual | Pablo Acha Spain | Galsan Bazarzhapov Russia | Moritz Wieser Germany |
| Women's individual | Lisa Barbelin France | Karyna Dziominskaya Belarus | Denisa Baránková Slovakia |
| Men's team | Netherlands (NED) Steve Wijler Sjef van den Berg Rick van der Ven | Ukraine (UKR) Ivan Kozhokar Oleksii Hunbin Heorhiy Ivanytskyy | Russia (RUS) Aldar Tsybikzhapov Galsan Bazarzhapov Beligto Tsynguev |
| Women's team | Russia (RUS) Elena Osipova Svetlana Gomboeva Ksenia Perova | Germany (GER) Lisa Unruh Michelle Kroppen Charline Schwarz | Denmark (DEN) Maja Jager Kirstine Andersen Randi Degn |
| Mixed team | Russia (RUS) Elena Osipova Aldar Tsybikzhapov | Spain (ESP) Elia Canales Pablo Acha | Poland (POL) Magdalena Śmiałkowska Kacper Sierakowski |

### Compound

| Event | Gold | Silver | Bronze |
| Men's individual | Yakup Yıldız Turkey | Mathias Fullerton Denmark | Lukasz Przybylski Poland |
| Women's individual | Tanja Gellenthien Denmark | Ella Gibson Great Britain | Sanne de Laat Netherlands |
| Men's team | Turkey (TUR) Evren Çağıran Furkan Oruç Yakup Yıldız | France (FRA) Quentin Baraër Nicolas Girard Adrien Gontier | Greece (GRE) Dimitrios-Konstantinos Drakiotis Stavros Koumertas Andreas Zacharakis |
| Women's team | France (FRA) Lola Grandjean Sophie Dodemont Tiphaine Renaudin | Netherlands (NED) Sanne de Laat Jody Vermeulen Inge van der Ven | Italy (ITA) Sara Ret Irene Franchini Marcella Tonioli |
| Mixed team | Belgium (BEL) Sarah Prieels Reginald Kools | Estonia (EST) Lisell Jäätma Robin Jäätma | Germany (GER) Janine Meissner Tim Krippendorf |

## Participating nations

40 countries participated in this competition.
* Austria (9)
* Azerbaijan (5)
* Belarus (6)
* Belgium (6)
* Bulgaria (4)
* Croatia (6)
* Cyprus (4)
* Czech Republic (11)
* Denmark (11)
* Estonia (9)
* Finland (6)
* France (12)
* Germany (12)
* Great Britain (3)
* Greece (9)
* Hungary (2)
* Iceland (1)
* Ireland (3)
* Israel (6)
* Italy (12)
* Kosovo (2)
* Latvia (1)
* Lithuania (6)
* Luxembourg (5)
* Moldova (5)
* Montenegro (1)
* Netherlands (11)
* Norway (2)
* Poland (12)
* Portugal (10)
* Romania (6)
* Russia (12)
* Serbia (4)
* Slovakia (9)
* Slovenia (7)
* Spain (12)
* Sweden (7)
* Switzerland (10)
* Turkey (12)
* Ukraine (8)
# Saint Stephen's Parish Church (Manila)

Saint Stephen's Parish Church is the Episcopal Diocese of the Central Philippines' Pro-Cathedral of the Episcopal Church in the Philippines serving Chinese communities located in Santa Cruz, Manila in the Philippines. It was established in 1903.

## History

Saint Stephen's was originally an Anglo-American congregation in 1902 before it became a parish in 1904. Fr. Clapp and his assistant Fr. Talbot served the Chinese communities in Manila.
A Reformed Church Missionary, Mr. Hobart Studley, and his wife, Edith came to the Philippines and held the first Amoy service to Amoy-speaking Chinese regardless of religious affiliation in 1903 in a rented room in San Fernando Street in Manila. They then moved to another quarter on 64 Calle Nueva (now A. Mabini Street) when growth of the members became inevitable. During this time, Mr. Studley was ordained as priest.
Fr. Studley's and his assistant, Mr. Ben Ga Pay who later became deacon, took on their mission work among the Chinese from the Methodist Church. In 1911, they bought a lot along Reina Regente Street and built a rectory and two-storey building intended for worship services, classrooms and quarters for the staff.
Rev. Hsi Jen Wei took charge of the church in 1939 until it became a full-blown parish in just two years under his leadership. He became the first rector of the church.
In 1941, the rectory and the building, where the worship service was held, were bombed during the Japanese occupation in the Philippines. After the war, part of Calle Magdalena (now G. Masangkay Street), where the old St. Luke's Hospital and St. Luke's Pro-Cathedral was situated, were turned over to the parish in 1947 as part of the church-rebuilding project.
In 1963, a new church building with a seating capacity of 1,000 was constructed. The church was designed by Arch. Manuel Go Sr. of Manuel S. Go Architects (currently known as GGG Partners), a renowned architect known for his signature Brutalist architecture style.
An activity building and rectory were constructed in 1975 and named as H.J. Wei Building in honor of the first rector and John Pan Rectory, the second rector, respectively.

## Gallery

* Rev. Ben Ga Pay
* Saint Stephen's Church in Manila (1923)
* Entrance to the Parish
* Tower of Saint Stephen's Pro-Cathedral
* Altar
* Dedication Tablet
* Gate
# Jonathan Arkush

Jonathan Harry Samuel Arkush OBE (born June 1954) is a British barrister and Jewish community leader. Arkush served as the 47th President of the Board of Deputies of British Jews from 17 May 2015 to 13 May 2018.

## Board of Deputies

Arkush was elected president of the Board of Deputies of British Jews on 17 May 2015, succeeding Vivian Wineman. That year, he denounced the far-right Holocaust-denialist group, the London Forum, as white supremacist.
In January 2017, Arkush described United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334 – a 2016 resolution condemning Israeli settlements in the Palestinian territories – as a "disgrace" at a protest against the resolution in central London. He said that he had sent a message to the Prime Minister, Theresa May, on Christmas Day to express his anger at British support for the resolution. Later on that year, he advised Jewish students not to attend university at the University College London due to an allegedly hostile environment towards Jewish students.
In 2018, Arkush was critical of alleged antisemitism within the Labour Party under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn. He said that Corbyn's views were hostile to Jewish people and would drive Jewish people away from Britain. He was also critical of the Archbishop of Canterbury, Justin Welby, for his alleged failure to stand up to anti-Jewish prejudice.
In January 2018, Arkush announced he would not run for a second term as president of the Board. In an interview with The Jewish Chronicle, Arkush stressed that his reasons for leaving office were not professional, but that he felt he had gone a long way towards achieving his manifesto aims and that "the record of second terms for Board presidents, if you go back, is never as good as the first". He also stated his intention to make aliyah, something he described as an "increasingly urgent personal priority". He was succeeded by Marie van der Zyl on 13 May 2018.
Arkush was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2023 New Year Honours for services to faith and integration.

## Post-Board of Deputies

After leaving the Board of Deputies, Arkush has spoken about the rise of antisemitic incidents in Britain and Europe in 2021.
# Alexander Egger (ice hockey)

Alexander Egger (born 22 December 1979) is an Italian professional ice hockey defenseman who is currently Captaining Italian club, HCB South Tyrol in the Austrian Hockey League (EBEL). He also represents the Italian men's National ice hockey team. In the 2013–14 season, Egger led HCB to the EBEL championship in their inaugural Austrian season.
He participated at the 2010 IIHF World Championship, among other international competitions. Egger attended the 2014 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships for Italy in Belarus
At 2017 IIHF World Championships Egger scored on his own empty net. The error briefly received international media attention.