OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Intensity of counting processes

The intensity $\lambda$ of a counting process is a measure of the rate of change of its predictable part. If a stochastic process $\{N(t),t\geq 0\}$ is a counting process, then it is a submartingale, and in particular its Doob-Meyer decomposition is
    $N(t)=M(t)+\Lambda (t)$
where $M(t)$ is a martingale and $\Lambda (t)$ is a predictable increasing process. $\Lambda (t)$ is called the cumulative intensity of $N(t)$ and it is related to $\lambda$ by
    $\Lambda (t)=\int _{0}^{t}\lambda (s)ds$.

## Definition

Given probability space $(\Omega ,{\mathcal {F}},\mathbb {P} )$ and a counting process $\{N(t),t\geq 0\}$ which is adapted to the filtration $\{{\mathcal {F}}_{t},t\geq 0\}$, the intensity of $N$ is the process $\{\lambda (t),t\geq 0\}$ defined by the following limit:
    $\lambda (t)=\lim _{h\downarrow 0}{\frac {1}{h}}\mathbb {E} [N(t+h)-N(t)|{\mathcal {F}}_{t}]$.
The right-continuity property of counting processes allows us to take this limit from the right.

## Estimation

In statistical learning, the variation between $\lambda$ and its estimator ${\hat {\lambda }}$ can be bounded with the use of oracle inequalities.
If a counting process $N(t)$ is restricted to $t\in [0,1]$ and $n$ i.i.d. copies are observed on that interval, $N_{1},N_{2},\ldots ,N_{n}$, then the least squares functional for the intensity is
    $R_{n}(\lambda )=\int _{0}^{1}\lambda (t)^{2}dt-{\frac {2}{n}}\sum _{i=1}^{n}\int _{0}^{1}\lambda (t)dN_{i}(t)$
which involves an Ito integral. If the assumption is made that $\lambda (t)$ is piecewise constant on $[0,1]$, i.e. it depends on a vector of constants $\beta =(\beta _{1},\beta _{2},\ldots ,\beta _{m})\in \mathbb {R} _{+}^{m}$ and can be written
    $\lambda _{\beta }=\sum _{j=1}^{m}\beta _{j}\lambda _{j,m},\;\;\;\;\;\;\lambda _{j,m}={\sqrt {m}}\mathbf {1} _{({\frac {j-1}{m}},{\frac {j}{m}}]}$,
where the $\lambda _{j,m}$ have a factor of ${\sqrt {m}}$ so that they are orthonormal under the standard $L^{2}$ norm, then by choosing appropriate data-driven weights ${\hat {w}}_{j}$ which depend on a parameter $x>0$ and introducing the weighted norm
    $\|\beta \|_{\hat {w}}=\sum _{j=2}^{m}{\hat {w}}_{j}|\beta _{j}-\beta _{j-1}|$,
the estimator for $\beta$ can be given:
    ${\hat {\beta }}=\arg \min _{\beta \in \mathbb {R} _{+}^{m}}\left\{R_{n}(\lambda _{\beta })+\|\beta \|_{\hat {w}}\right\}$.
Then, the estimator ${\hat {\lambda }}$ is just $\lambda _{\hat {\beta }}$. With these preliminaries, an oracle inequality bounding the $L^{2}$ norm $\|{\hat {\lambda }}-\lambda \|$ is as follows: for appropriate choice of ${\hat {w}}_{j}(x)$,
    $\|{\hat {\lambda }}-\lambda \|^{2}\leq \inf _{\beta \in \mathbb {R} _{+}^{m}}\left\{\|\lambda _{\beta }-\lambda \|^{2}+2\|\beta \|_{\hat {w}}\right\}$
with probability greater than or equal to $1-12.85e^{-x}$.
# 1871 in Chile

The following lists events that happened during 1871 in Chile.

## Incumbents

* President of Chile: José Joaquín Pérez (until September 18), Federico Errázuriz Zañartu

## Events
### June

* 15 June - Chilean presidential election, 1871

### October

* 6 October - Corpbanca begins business.

## Births

* 25 January - Juan Pablo Bennett (d. 1951)
* 4 August - Enrique Molina Garmendia (d. 1964)

## Deaths

* 29 August - Marcos Maturana (b. 1802)
# 2009 in Jewels

The year 2009 is the 2nd year in the history of Jewels, a mixed martial arts promotion based in Japan. In 2009 Jewels held 6 events beginning with, Jewels 2nd Ring.

## Events list

| # | Event Title | Date | Arena | Location | Attendance |
| 8 | Jewels 6th Ring | December 11, 2009 | Shinjuku Face | Tokyo, Japan | 762 |
| 7 | Jewels 5th Ring | September 13, 2009 | Shinjuku Face | Tokyo, Japan | 610 |
| 5 | Jewels 4th Ring | July 11, 2009 | Shin-Kiba 1st Ring | Tokyo, Japan | 464 |
| 4 | Jewels 3rd Ring | May 16, 2009 | Shinjuku Face | Tokyo, Japan | 734 |
| 3 | Jewels: Rough Stone: First Ring | April 19, 2009 | Isami Wrestle Budokan | Wairabi, Saitama, Japan | |
| 2 | Jewels 2nd Ring | February 4, 2009 | Shinjuku Face | Tokyo, Japan | 588 |

## Jewels 2nd Ring

Jewels 2nd Ring was an event held on February 4, 2009 at Shinjuku Face in Tokyo, Japan.

### Results
## Jewels: Rough Stone: First Ring

Jewels: Rough Stone: First Ring was an event held on April 19, 2009 at the Isami Wrestle Budokan in Wairabi, Saitama, Japan.

### Results
## Jewels 3rd Ring

Jewels 3rd Ring was an event held on May 16, 2009 at Shinjuku Face in Tokyo, Japan.

### Results
## Jewels 4th Ring

Jewels 4th Ring was an event held on July 11, 2009 at Shin-Kiba 1st Ring in Tokyo, Japan.

### Results
## Jewels 5th Ring

Jewels 5th Ring was an event held on September 13, 2009 at Shinjuku Face in Tokyo, Japan.

### Results
## Jewels 6th Ring

Jewels 6th Ring was an event held on December 11, 2009 at Shinjuku Face in Tokyo, Japan.
# 1866 in China

Events from the year 1866 in China.

## Incumbents

* Tongzhi Emperor (6th year)
** Regent: Empress Dowager Cixi

## Events

* Nian Rebellion
* Miao Rebellion (1854–73)
* Dungan Revolt (1862–77)
* Panthay Rebellion
* Tongzhi Restoration

## Births

* Luo Zhenyu or Lo Chen-yü (August 8, 1866 – May 14, 1940), courtesy name Shuyun (叔蘊), was a Chinese classical scholar, philologist, epigrapher, antiquarian and Qing loyalist.
* Sun Yat-sen (Zhongshan, Guangdong) Father of the Republic of China
* Chung Wing Kwong, revolutionary
# William Mullendore

William Clinton Mullendore (May 18, 1892 – December 1, 1983) was an American conservative businessman who opposed the New Deal.

## Life

Mullendore was born in Howard, Kansas, on May 18, 1893, to Mary Eusebia Robison and John George Mullendore, and had nine siblings. He attended the University of Michigan, completing a Bachelor of Arts in 1914 and a Doctorate of Law in 1916; that same year, he was admitted to the Kansas Bar Association and began a general law practice in Winfield.
In World War I, Mullendore was a flight cadet. After the war, in 1920, he served as a special representative of the American Relief Administration, but was recalled by Herbert Hoover to work in the United States Food Administration, where he coordinated food being sent to the Allies. He wrote the official history of the administration, The History of the U.S. Food Administration, in 1921.
He returned to his law practice in 1921. From 1922 to 1923, he was Assistant Secretary of Commerce for the Hoover Administration, after which he established a general law practice in Los Angeles, which he ran from 1923 to 1928.
He married Esther Andrews in 1922, and they had a daughter in 1925.
In 1925, he became special counsel to the Southern California Edison, upgrading to general attorney in 1929. Mullendore was the executive vice president of the Southern California Edison company during the Great Depression; from 1945 to 1954, he was the president, after which he became chairman of the board.
He spoke at the Rotary Club in 1931 and at the American Bankers Association in 1932 against the National Recovery Administration. Leonard Read, assistant manager of the Western Division of the United States Chamber of Commerce, organized a meeting with Mullendore to convince him to support the NRA, but after an hour-long conversation, Read was persuaded to Mullendore's side. The two planned to organize businessmen to defend the "freedom principle" and capitalism.
Mulllendore became of trustee of Read's Foundation for Economic Education. In 1950, the Buchanan Committee, a subcommittee of the House of Representatives investigating lobbying, subpoenaed the FEE, as well as some of its funders, of which Mullendore was one; Mullendore refused to submit to a "harassing and burdensome inquiry" that he claimed Congress had no right to make, and faced no reprisal for his refusal.
Mullendore held various positions throughout his life, as a trustee of Scripps College, and as director of the California Bar Association, Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, and later US Chamber of Commerce.
He died in 1983, and was buried in Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale.
# William Winthrop

William Woolsey Winthrop (1831–1899) was acting Judge Advocate General of the United States Army from January 22, 1881, to February 18, 1881. He was the author of Military Law and Precedents. The United States Supreme Court has described him as "the Blackstone of military law."

## Footnotes

* ↑ "William Winthrop", Military Law Review, 1965, retrieved April 26, 2023
* ↑ Ortiz v. United States (PDF), 2018

## Sources

* William F. Fratcher (1944). "Colonel William Winthrop: A Biographical Sketch". Judge Advocate Journal. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
* George S. Prugh Jr. (1956). "Colonel William Winthrop: The Tradition of the Military Lawyer". American Bar Association Journal. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
* This biographical article related to the United States military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# International Workers' Association

International Workers' Association may refer to:
* International Workingmen's Association, the First International, an international organization of left-wing groups and trade unions, active 1864–1876
* International Workers' Association – Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores (IWA–AIT), an international federation of anarcho-syndicalist trade unions, founded in 1922
# International Wool Textile Organisation

The International Wool Textile Organisation (IWTO) is the international body representing the interests of the world's wool-textile trade and industry. Its members include wool growers, traders, primary processors, spinners, weavers, garment makers and retailers of wool and allied fibres, as well as organizations related to wool products.
# 2009 AFF Futsal Championship

The 2009 AFF Futsal Championship was held in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam from 8 to 14 June 2009.

## Group stage
### Group A

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| Thailand | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 26 | 11 | +15 | 9 |
| Indonesia | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 15 | 10 | +5 | 6 |
| Malaysia | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 8 | 14 | -6 | 3 |
| Myanmar | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 10 | 24 | -14 | 0 |

### Group B

| Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| Vietnam | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 24 | 1 | +23 | 6 |
| Philippines | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 5 | +5 | 3 |
| East Timor | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 31 | -28 | 0 |
| Brunei (withdrew) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |

## Knockout stage

| Semi-finals | Semi-finals | Final | Final |
| 12 June – Ho Chi Minh City | 12 June – Ho Chi Minh City |
| Thailand | 8 |
| Thailand | 8 | 14 June – Ho Chi Minh City | 14 June – Ho Chi Minh City |
| Philippines | 2 | 14 June – Ho Chi Minh City | 14 June – Ho Chi Minh City |
| Philippines | 2 | Thailand | 4 |
| 12 June – Ho Chi Minh City | 12 June – Ho Chi Minh City | | Thailand | 4 |
| 12 June – Ho Chi Minh City | 12 June – Ho Chi Minh City | Vietnam | 1 |
| Vietnam (p) | 3 (8) | Vietnam | 1 |
| Indonesia | 3 (7) | | |
| Indonesia | 3 (7) | Third place | Third place |
| | | 14 June – Ho Chi Minh City | 14 June – Ho Chi Minh City |
| | | Philippines | 3 |
| | | Indonesia | 4 |

## Champions

* ASEAN Futsal Championship 2009 winners
* Thailand Seventh title

## Awards

Fair-Play Trophy: Indonesia MVP: Keattiyot Chalaemkhet Best Goalkeeper: Dang Phuoc Anh Best Goalscorer: Sayan Karmadi – 10 goals
# International Accounting Bulletin

International Accounting Bulletin (IAB) is a monthly accountancy trade magazine that covers the global accounting business.

## History

International Accounting Bulletin was first launched in 1983 as a newsletter by Michael Lafferty of the UK publisher Lafferty Group.
In 2004 the newsletter was sold to UK media company VRL Knowledgebank in a deal that also included sister publication The Accountant.
In 2012 VRL Financial News was bought by Progressive Digital Media.
Today, the magazine is produced by an editorial team of four people in London, with correspondents in Singapore, India, Canada, Mexico and Brussels.

## Coverage

Targeted at accounting firms, networks and associations, IAB provides data, news and analysis on mergers and acquisitions, leadership changes, network additions, strategy, financial results, lawsuits, regulation and compliance issues. International Accounting Bulletin is read by C-Level executives, in particular accounting firm leaders and strategists.

## Research

Each month the International Accounting Bulletin publishes Country Surveys on accounting firms. These surveys feature in-depth analysis of the leading firms, networks and associations with data on fee income, business line fee split, staff data and contact information. At the beginning of each year, the International Accounting Bulletin launches a World Survey that ranks the leading 40 accounting networks and associations.

### 2013 surveys

Country: United States, Canada, China, Spain, Poland, Italy, Turkey, Netherlands, Germany, France, South Korea, Mexico, India, Australia, Russia, South Africa, Brazil, Japan, United Kingdom, Africa, Latin America, World

## Events

Each year the International Accounting Bulletin hosts an event to launch its annual World Survey, which was attended by industry leaders from various accounting firms, including Grant Thornton, INPACT, Morison International, RSM International, PwC, KPMG, EY, HLB International, BKR International, Deloitte and BDO.
# 1876–77 Dumbarton F.C. season

The 1876–77 season was the fourth Scottish football season in which Dumbarton competed at a national level.

## Scottish Cup

Despite an encouraging start in the campaign, by disposing of their local rivals Renton in the first round, Dumbarton disappointingly lost out to Lennox in the third round of the competition.

## Friendlies

During the season, 8 'friendly' matches were reported to have been played, including home and away fixtures against local rivals, Vale of Leven and Glasgow side, South Western, of which 4 were won, 2 drawn and 2 lost, scoring 18 goals and conceding 6.

## Player statistics

Only includes appearances and goals in competitive Scottish Cup matches.
| Player | Position | Appearances | Goals |
| George Fraser | GK | 4 | 0 |
| W Fraser | DF | 4 | 0 |
| Archie Lang | DF | 4 | 0 |
| James Boyd | MF | 1 | 0 |
| Robert Johnston | MF | 4 | 0 |
| Measdale | MF | 1 | 0 |
| William Anderson | FW | 4 | 0 |
| Alex Galbraith | FW | 2 | 0 |
| David Hartley | FW | 4 | 0 |
| Alex Lawrence | FW | 4 | 0 |
| J McMaster | FW | 4 | 0 |
| Peter Miller | FW | 4 | 0 |
| S Watt | FW | 4 | 0 |
Source:
# International Federation of Civil Servants

The International Federation of Civil Servants was a global union federation bringing together trade unions representing civil servants.

## History

Two international conferences of unions of civil servants were organised by the Austrian Association of Public Employees, and held in Vienna in 1923 and 1924. These led to the establishment of the International Federation of Civil Servants and Teachers in 1925, with headquarters in Paris.
In 1927, the International Federation of Trade Unions sponsored the creation of a new Teachers' International Trade Secretariat, and the unions of teachers decided to leave the International Federation of Civil Servants and Teachers, to join the new organisation. As a result, the federation shortened its name to the "International Federation of Civil Servants".
In 1935, the federation merged into the International Federation of Employees in Public Services, which renamed itself as the "International Federation of Employees in Public and Civil Services".

## General Secretaries

    1925: F. S. Noordhoff
    1931: Charles Laurent
# 1811 in architecture

The year 1811 in architecture involved some significant events.

## Buildings

* Argyll House, London, designed by William Wilkins is completed
* The House wing of the United States Capitol, designed by William Thornton and Benjamin Latrobe is completed.

## Events

* March – The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 determines the grid plan of Manhattan.
* John Nash prepares his plan of the Regent Street and Regent's Park areas of London.

## Awards

* Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Jean-Louis Provost.

## Births

* c. May – Thomas Larkins Walker, British architect (died 1860)
* July 13 – George Gilbert Scott, English architect (died 1878)

## Deaths

* May 5 – Robert Mylne, British architect (born 1734)
* August 22 – Juan de Villanueva, Spanish architect (born 1739)
# Ambatomanga, Manjakandriana

Ambatomanga is a town and commune in Madagascar. It belongs to the district of Manjakandriana, which is part of the Analamanga Region. The population of the commune was estimated to be approximately 6,049 in 2018.
Primary and junior level secondary education are available in town. The majority 67% of the population of the commune are farmers, while an additional 25% receives their livelihood from raising livestock. The most important crop is rice, while other important products are cassava and sweet potatoes. Industry and services provide employment for 3% and 5% of the population, respectively.
# 2012 Campeonato Internacional de Tenis de Santos

The 2012 Campeonato Internacional de Tenis de Santos was a professional tennis tournament played on clay courts. It was the second edition of the tournament which was part of the 2012 ATP Challenger Tour. It took place in Santos, Brazil between 16 and 22 April 2012.

## Singles main draw entrants
### Seeds

| Country | Player | Rank$^1$ | Seed |
| BRA | João Souza | 99 | 1 |
| SVN | Blaž Kavčič | 112 | 2 |
| CHI | Paul Capdeville | 121 | 3 |
| ARG | Diego Junqueira | 123 | 4 |
| BRA | Rogério Dutra da Silva | 129 | 5 |
| BRA | Ricardo Mello | 130 | 6 |
| BRA | Thiago Alves | 160 | 7 |
| ARG | Máximo González | 161 | 8 |
* $^1$ Rankings are as of April 9, 2012.

### Other entrants

The following players received wildcards into the singles main draw:
* Enrique Bogo
* Felipe Soares
* João Pedro Sorgi
* João Souza
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* Guido Andreozzi
* Damir Džumhur
* Ricardo Hocevar
* Marco Trungelliti

## Champions
### Singles

* Ivo Minář def. Ricardo Hocevar, 4–6, 6–1, 6–4

### Doubles

* Andrés Molteni / Marco Trungelliti def. Rogério Dutra da Silva / Júlio Silva, 6–4, 6–3
# Neostomella

Neostomella is a genus of fungi in the Asterinaceae family. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any order.
# Texas Renegades

Texas Renegades may refer to:
* Texas Renegades (film), 1940 film
* Texas Renegades (ice hockey), American ice hockey team
# Wuolijoki

Wuolijoki is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hella Wuolijoki (1886–1954), Estonian writer
* Juha Wuolijoki, Finnish producer and director
* Wäinö Wuolijoki (1872–1947), Finnish politician
See also:
# Mian Marghoob Ahmad

Mian Marghoob Ahmad is a Pakistani politician who had been a Member of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab, from June 2013 to May 2018 and from August 2018 to January 2023. He had been a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from 2008 to 2013.

## Early life and education

He was born on 1 January 1959 in Lahore.
He has completed graduation.

## Political career

He was elected to the National Assembly of Pakistan from Constituency NA-121 (Lahore-IV) as a candidate of Pakistan Muslim League (N) (PML-N) in 2008 Pakistani general election. He received 72,227 votes and defeated Aurangzeb Shaafi Burki, a candidate of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). In the same election, he ran for the seat of the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as an independent candidate from Constituency PP-151 (Lahore-XV) but was unsuccessful. He received 7 votes and lost the seat to Ijaz Ahmed Khan, a candidate of PML-N.
He ran for the seat of the National Assembly as an independent candidate from Constituency NA-121 (Lahore-IV) in 2013 Pakistani general election but was unsuccessful. He received 555 votes and lost the seat to Mehr Ishtiaq Ahmed.
He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of the Punjab from Constituency PP-150 (Lahore-XIV) Lahore as a candidate of PML-N in by-polls held in August 2013. He received 18,870 votes and defeated Mehr Wajid Azim, a candidate of Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).
He was re-elected to Provincial Assembly of the Punjab as a candidate of PML-N from Constituency PP-149 (Lahore-VI) in 2018 Pakistani general election.
# Metellina mimetoides

Metellina mimetoides is a species of long-jawed orb weaver in the spider family Tetragnathidae. It is found in North America.
# Jaidate

Jaidate is a small town and rural commune in Rehamna Province of the Marrakesh-Safi region of Morocco. At the time of the 2004 census, the commune had a total population of 11012 people living in 1899 households.
# Hysni Kapo

Hysni Kapo (1915–1979) was an Albanian military commander and leading member of the Party of Labour of Albania. A member of the Communist Youth group, Kapo was first distinguished as an artillery commander in the Battle of Drashovica. In 1941 he was elected as a representative of the Youth group in the provisional central committee of the party and from 1956 until his death in 1979, he served as secretary of the central committee of the labour party. Hysni Kapo served in many ministerial positions and was a member of the Politburo of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1948 to his death. In the 1960s he played an important role in the emancipation of women in Albania during the cultural revolution of the era, and is remembered as a trusted man of the Albanian communist leader Enver Hoxha.

## Early life

Hysni Kapo was born in Tërbaç, Vlorë District, southwestern Albania on March 4 or 3, 1915. He studied at the Commercial School of Vlore.

## Military life

In the 1930s he joined the Communist Youth group, an organization closely associated with the founders of the Communist Party of Albania (later renamed the Party of Labour of Albania). During World War II he commanded LNÇ units in the Vlorë area. In the Battle of Gjorm in January 1943 he was the second-in-command of the LNÇ units after Mehmet Shehu. In the Battle of Drashovica in September 1943 was the general commander of LNÇ battalions and was stationed in the hills opposite to the German encampment. During the battle his leg was wounded and he was moved to Lapardha.

## Political life

After World War II, Kapo served as ambassador to Yugoslavia (1945–47), deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (1947–49), deputy Prime Minister (1950–56), and Minister of Agriculture (1951-1954). He also was member of the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania from 1943 till 1979, and full member of the Politburo from 1946 to 1979. From 1955 until the Soviet-Albanian split, he also served as President of the Albanian-Soviet Friendship Society. Kapo attended the 1960 International Meeting of Communist and Workers Parties in the place of Enver Hoxha and Mehmet Shehu, highlighting the growing tensions between Tirana and Moscow. Kapo was considered the third-highest party official at the time, after Hoxha and Shehu.

## Personal life

Kapo was married two times. He had a son, Pëllumb, from the first marriage. Kapo was then married to Vito Kapo, née Kondi, an early communist and long time president of the Women's Branch of the Party of Labour.
Kapo died in 1979 of pancreatic cancer in Paris, France, where he was receiving medical treatment.
# I've Already Loved You in My Mind

"I've Already Loved You in My Mind" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Conway Twitty. It was released in July 1977 as the first single and title track from the album I've Already Loved You in My Mind. The song was Twitty's 20th number-one country hit in the United States. The single stayed at number one for a single week and spent a total of 11 weeks on the country chart.

## Charts
### Weekly charts

| Chart (1977) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 1 |
| Canadian RPM Country Tracks | 4 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (1977) | Position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 20 |