OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hypolydian mode

The Hypolydian mode, literally meaning "below Lydian", is the common name for the sixth of the eight church modes of medieval music theory. The name is taken from Ptolemy of Alexandria's term for one of his seven tonoi, or transposition keys. This mode is the plagal counterpart of the authentic fifth mode.
In medieval theory the Hypolydian mode was described either as (1) the diatonic octave species from C to the C an octave higher, divided at the final F (C–D–E–F + F–G–A–B–C) or (2) a mode with F as final and an ambitus from the C below the final to the D above it. The third above the final, A—corresponding to the reciting tone or "tenor" of the sixth psalm tone—was regarded as having an important melodic function in this mode. The sequence of intervals was therefore divided by the final into a lower tetrachord of tone-tone-semitone, and an upper pentachord of tone-tone-tone-semitone. However, from as early as the time of Hucbald the Hypolydian mode—even more than the corresponding authentic mode, the Lydian—was characterized by the predominance of B♭ instead of B♮ as the fourth degree above the final. The melodic centering on F and A, as well as the use of B♭ instead of B♮, is illustrated in the accompanying example from the Requiem Mass introit, "Requiem aeternam".
Finer distinctions among the scale degree are sometimes made, with the D below the final called the "mediant", the lowest note, C, the "participant" (a tone functioning as an auxiliary to the mediant), the G, B, and B♭ the "conceded modulations" (subsidiary degrees), and the lowest C, the final, F, and (rarely) the D the "absolute initials".
# Hypexilis

Hypexilis is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
* Hypexilis longipennis Linsley, 1935
* Hypexilis pallida Horn, 1885
# Hyphaene coriacea

Hyphaene coriacea, the lala palm or ilala palm is a species of palm tree native to the eastern Afrotropics. It occurs in eastern Africa from Somalia to Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa, and is also found in the coastal flats of Madagascar and on Juan de Nova Island in the Mozambique Channel Islands.

## Uses

The spongy pulp of the hard, brown fruit is edible and the fruit is eaten and sold in Madagascar and in eastern Africa; its Swahili name is Mkoma. The flavour has been compared to raisins and raisin bran.
# Mesa Citrus Growers Association

The Mesa Citrus Growers Association is a citrus growers association located in Mesa, Arizona. It was founded in the 1920s to take advantage of the growing citrus industry in the region. During this time, it partnered with Sunkist Growers, Incorporated, in a building that operated until 2010.
# Metal Commando

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Louder Sound | |
Metal Commando is the thirteenth studio album by German heavy metal band Primal Fear. The album was released on 24 July 2020 via Nuclear Blast. It is also the first album with drummer Michael Ehré.

## Personnel

All information from the album booklet.
Primal Fear
* Ralf Scheepers – lead and backing vocals
* Mat Sinner – bass, vocals, producer
* Magnus Karlsson – guitars, keyboards
* Alex Beyrodt – guitars
* Tom Naumann – guitars
* Michael Ehré – drums
Production
* Jacob Hansen – engineering, mixing, mastering
* Stephan Lohrmann – cover art
* Stefan Heilemann – layout

## Charts

Chart performance for Metal Commando :
| Chart (2020) | Peak position |
| Austrian Albums (Ö3 Austria) | 28 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 65 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Wallonia) | 26 |
| Czech Albums (ČNS IFPI) | 66 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 7 |
| Hungarian Albums (MAHASZ) | 15 |
| Spanish Albums (PROMUSICAE) | 57 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 6 |
# 1994–95 Essex Senior Football League

The 1994–95 season was the 24th in the history of Essex Senior Football League a football competition in England.
The league featured 15 clubs which competed in the league last season, no new clubs joined the league this season.
Great Wakering Rovers were champions, winning their first Essex Senior League title.

## League table

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Great Wakering Rovers | 28 | 23 | 2 | 3 | 82 | 14 | +68 | 71 |
| 2 | Sawbridgeworth Town | 28 | 23 | 2 | 3 | 73 | 20 | +53 | 71 |
| 3 | Romford | 28 | 18 | 7 | 3 | 54 | 30 | +24 | 61 |
| 4 | Maldon Town | 28 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 58 | 33 | +25 | 54 |
| 5 | Ford United | 28 | 13 | 6 | 9 | 48 | 30 | +18 | 45 |
| 6 | Bowers United | 28 | 12 | 3 | 13 | 41 | 45 | −4 | 39 |
| 7 | Burnham Ramblers | 28 | 12 | 3 | 13 | 42 | 47 | −5 | 39 |
| 8 | Basildon United | 28 | 10 | 8 | 10 | 57 | 35 | +22 | 38 |
| 9 | East Ham United | 28 | 9 | 9 | 10 | 28 | 32 | −4 | 36 |
| 10 | Brentwood | 28 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 39 | 37 | +2 | 32 |
| 11 | Concord Rangers | 28 | 9 | 5 | 14 | 32 | 42 | −10 | 32 |
| 12 | Stansted | 28 | 8 | 7 | 13 | 40 | 57 | −17 | 31 |
| 13 | Southend Manor | 28 | 3 | 8 | 17 | 32 | 80 | −48 | 17 |
| 14 | Hullbridge Sports | 28 | 4 | 1 | 23 | 17 | 67 | −50 | 13 |
| 15 | Eton Manor | 28 | 2 | 4 | 22 | 19 | 93 | −74 | 10 |
# Metarctia nigricornis

Metarctia nigricornis is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Hubert Robert Debauche in 1942. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Metello Bichi

Metello Bichi (1541–1619) was a Roman Catholic cardinal.

## Biography

On 18 Feb 1596, he was consecrated bishop by Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, Archbishop of Florence, with Matteo Sanminiato, Archbishop of Chieti, and Cristóbal Robuster y Senmanat, Bishop Emeritus of Orihuela, serving as co-consecrators.

## Episcopal succession

* Episcopal succession of Metello Bichi
* While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of:
* Fabio Piccolomini, Bishop of Massa Marittima (1615);
* Bernardino Buratti, Bishop of Vulturara e Montecorvino (1615);
* Giovanni dei Gualtieri, Bishop of Sansepolcro (1615);
* and the principal co-consecrator of:
* Alberto Drago, Bishop of Termoli (1599);
* Laudivio Zacchia, Bishop of Corneto e Montefiascone (1605);
* Diomede Carafa, Bishop of Tricarico (1605);
* Cornelio Sozomeno, Bishop of Pula (1605);
* Denis Delfino, Bishop of Vicenza (1606);
* Octavius Saraceni, Bishop of Sovana (1606);
* Giacomo Candido (bishop), Bishop of Lacedonia (1606);
* Giulio Sansedoni, Bishop of Grosseto (1606);
* Mario Cossa, Bishop of Montalcino (1607);
* Guido Bentivoglio d'Aragona, Titular Archbishop of Colossae (1607);
* Vincenzo Bonincontro, Bishop of Agrigento (1607);
* Franciscus Manini, Bishop of Novigrad (1607);
* Orazio Maffei, Archbishop of Chieti (1607);
* Anastasio Germonio, Archbishop of Tarentaise (1607);
* Pomponio de Magistris, Bishop of Terracina, Priverno e Sezze (1608);
* Francesco Vendramin, Patriarch of Venice (1608);
* Michelangelo Tonti, Titular Archbishop of Nazareth (1608);
* Filippo Filonardi, Bishop of Aquino (1608);
* Domenico Rivarola, Bishop of Aleria (1608);
* Benedetto Ala, Archbishop of Urbino (1610);
* Luca Semproni, Bishop of Città di Castello (1610); and
* Giovanni Canauli, Bishop of Fossombrone (1610);
# 1994 European Parliament election in Belgium

Elections to the European Parliament were held in Belgium on 12 June 1994. The Dutch-speaking electoral college elected 14 MEPs, the French-speaking electoral college elected 10 MEPs and the German-speaking electoral college elected 1 MEP.

## Results

| Party | Party | Votes | % | Seats |
| French-speaking electoral college |||||
| | Socialist Party | 680,142 | 30.44 | 3 |
| | Liberal Reformist Party | 541,724 | 24.25 | 3 |
| | Christian Social Party | 420,198 | 18.81 | 2 |
| | Ecolo | 290,859 | 13.02 | 1 |
| | National Front | 175,732 | 7.87 | 1 |
| | Agir | 42,917 | 1.92 | 0 |
| | United Left | 35,977 | 1.61 | 0 |
| | Workers' Party of Belgium | 17,454 | 0.78 | 0 |
| | Solidarity, Universality, Human Rights | 14,054 | 0.63 | 0 |
| | List for Europe, Workers and Democracy | 8,822 | 0.39 | 0 |
| | Humanist Party | 6,385 | 0.29 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 2,234,264 | 100.00 | 10 |
| Dutch-speaking electoral college |||||
| | Christian People's Party | 1,013,266 | 27.43 | 4 |
| | Flemish Liberals and Democrats | 678,421 | 18.36 | 3 |
| | Flemish Socialist Party | 651,371 | 17.63 | 3 |
| | Vlaams Blok | 463,919 | 12.56 | 2 |
| | Agalev | 396,198 | 10.73 | 1 |
| | People's Union | 262,043 | 7.09 | 1 |
| | Aging with Dignity | 127,504 | 3.45 | 0 |
| | Workers' Party of Belgium | 41,816 | 1.13 | 0 |
| | Belgium–Europe–Belgium | 24,132 | 0.65 | 0 |
| | Natural Law Party | 19,930 | 0.54 | 0 |
| | Red–Green Movement | 15,549 | 0.42 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 3,694,149 | 100.00 | 14 |
| German-speaking electoral college |||||
| | Christian Social Party–European People's Party | 11,999 | 31.29 | 1 |
| | Partei für Freiheit und Fortschritt | 7,690 | 20.06 | 0 |
| | Party of German-speaking Belgians | 5,945 | 15.51 | 0 |
| | Ecolo | 5,714 | 14.90 | 0 |
| | Socialist Party | 4,820 | 12.57 | 0 |
| | Juropa | 1,969 | 5.14 | 0 |
| | Workers' Party of Belgium | 205 | 0.53 | 0 |
| Total | Total | 38,342 | 100.00 | 1 |
| Valid votes | Valid votes | 5,966,755 | 91.26 | |
| Invalid/blank votes | Invalid/blank votes | 571,213 | 8.74 | |
| Total votes | Total votes | 6,537,968 | 100.00 | |
| Registered voters/turnout | Registered voters/turnout | 7,211,311 | 90.66 | |
| Source: Belgian Elections |||||
# I've Already Loved You in My Mind (album)

I've Already Loved You in My Mind is the thirty seventh studio album by American country music singer Conway Twitty. The album was released in 1977, by MCA Records.

## Charts

| Chart (1977) | Peak position |
| US Top Country Albums (Billboard) | 4 |
# I'solezwe lesiXhosa

I'solezwe lesiXhosa is a Xhosa language newspaper launched in 2015.

## History

I'solezwe lesiXhosa became the country's only Xhosa newspaper when it was published on 30 March 2015, with the newspaper starting as a daily. It is now published weekly every Thursday and distributed in the Western Cape and Eastern Cape, predominantly Mthatha, East London, King William's Town and Port Elizabeth.

## Distribution figures

Circulation :
| | Distribution |
| Aug 2016 | 33 000 |
# Jacob M. Nachtigall

Jacob M. Nachtigall (1874 – 1947) was an American architect active in Omaha and eastern Nebraska. The surname is sometimes spelled Nachtigal. He designed numerous Catholic churches and other buildings in Nebraska. Nachtigall was born in Germany in about 1874 and came with his family to the U.S. in 1883. He apprenticed under Thomas Rogers Kimball (one of few professional architects in the state at the time) during 1900–1908 and went independent in 1909. A number of his works survive and are listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. Works include (with varying attribution as given in sources):
* Father Flanagan House, off U.S. 6, Boys Town, NE (Nachtigall, Jacob M.), NRHP-listed
* Immaculate Conception Church and School, 1024 S. 24th St., Omaha, NE (Nachtigall, Jacob), NRHP-listed
* St. Anthony's Church and School, 514 W. Main St. and 103 N 6th St., Cedar Rapids, NE (Nachtigal, Jacob), NRHP-listed
* St. Bonaventure Church Complex, off NE 14, Raeville, NE (Nachtigall, Jacob M.), NRHP-listed
* St. Leonard's Catholic Church, 502–504 S. Nebraska St., Madison, NE (Nachtigall, Jacob M.), NRHP-listed
* St. Mary of the Assumption Catholic Church, School and Grottoes, 336 W. Pine St., Dwight, NE (Nachtigal, J.M.), NRHP-listed. The church, built in 1914, was designed by Nachtigal.
* St. Michael's Catholic Church Complex, NE of Greeley Ctr., Spalding, NE (Nachtigall, Jacob M.), NRHP-listed
* Swartz Printing Company Building, 714 S. 15th St., Omaha, NE (Nachtigall, Jacob), NRHP-listed
* West Point City Auditorium, 237 N. Main St., West Point, NE (Nachtigall, J.M.), NRHP-listed
# Methanobrevibacter filiformis

Methanobrevibacter filiformis is a species of methanogen archaeon. It was first isolated from the hindgut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. It is rod-shaped and possesses polar fibers. Its morphology, gram-positive staining reaction, resistance to cell lysis by chemical agents and narrow range of utilisable substrates are typical of species belonging to the family Methanobacteriaceae. It habitates on or near the hindgut epithelium and also attached to filamentous prokaryotes associated with the gut wall. It is one of the predominant gut biota.
# 2021 AFA Senior Male League

The 2021 AFA Senior Male League is the 21st season of the AFA Senior Male League, the men's football league in Anguilla. The season began on March 12, 2021.

## Teams
### Stadiums and locations

    Note: Table lists in alphabetical order.
| Team | Location | Stadium | Capacity |
| ALHCS Spartan | The Valley | JRW Park | 200 |
| Attackers | Stoney Ground | Little Dix Field | 100 |
| Diamond | The Valley | JRW Park | 200 |
| Doc's United | The Valley | JRW Park | 200 |
| Enforcers | The Valley | Guishard Centre | 1,100 |
| Kicks United | The Valley | Ronald Webster Park | 4,000 |
| Lymers FC | The Valley | Guishard Centre | 1,100 |
| Salsa Ballers | George Hill | Anguilla Community College | 100 |
| Roaring Lions | The Valley | Ronald Webster Park | 4,000 |
| Uprising | The Valley | Guishard Centre | 1,100 |
| West End Predators | West End | Immanuel Methodist Church | 100 |

## Table

| # | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | DG | Pts |
| 1. | Roaring Lions FC (C) | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 33 | 1 | 32 | 24 |
| 2. | Kicks United FC | 9 | 7 | 0 | 2 | 27 | 8 | 19 | 21 |
| 3. | Uprising FC | 8 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 16 | 12 | 8 | 16 |
| 4. | Doc's United FC | 6 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 28 | 3 | 25 | 15 |
| 5. | Lymers FC | 8 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 11 | 8 | 3 | 13 |
| 6. | Attackers FC | 9 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 10 | 16 | -6 | 13 |
| 7. | Diamond FC | 8 | 3 | 1 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 10 |
| 8. | Enforcers FC | 8 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 15 | 16 | -1 | 7 |
| 9. | Salsa Ballers FC | 9 | 2 | 0 | 7 | 11 | 32 | -21 | 6 |
| 10. | ALHCS Spartans FC | 9 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 24 | -18 | 5 |
| 11. | West End Predators | 10 | 1 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 45 | -37 | 3 |
# I, Monarch

I, Monarch is the third studio album by Florida death metal band Hate Eternal. It was released June 28, 2005, on Earache Records.
Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Kerrang! | |
| Zero Tolerance | 4/5 |
| Metal Hammer | 8/10 |
| Stylus | B |
| Exclaim! | Favorable |
| Rock Sound | 9/10 |
| New York Press | Favorable |

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Erik Rutan except where noted.

## Personnel

Hate Eternal
* Erik Rutan - guitars, vocals
* Derek Roddy - drums
* Randy Piro - bass
Artwork
* Paul Romano - art direction, artwork & design
# I, Me, Mine

I, Me, Mine is an autobiographic memoir by the English musician George Harrison, formerly of The Beatles. It was published in 1980 as a hand-bound, limited edition book by Genesis Publications, with a mixture of printed text and multi-colour facsimiles of Harrison's handwritten song lyrics. It was limited to 2,000 signed copies, with a foreword and narration by Derek Taylor. The Genesis limited edition sold out soon after publication, and it was subsequently published in hardback and paperback in black ink by W H Allen in London and by Simon & Schuster in New York.

## Background

The project marked a departure for Genesis Publications, which had previously focused on facsimile editions of historical nautical journals, including The Log of H.M.S. Bounty 1787–1789. Brian Roylance, who founded the company in 1974, said of Harrison's memoir: "I saw the song lyrics as important documents – as important as all the other things I was publishing." Genesis subsequently became a leading publisher of rock music-related illustrated books, including further titles by Harrison and Taylor, as well as books about the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, David Bowie and Pink Floyd, among others.

## Reception

I, Me, Mine was released a few months before John Lennon's murder in December 1980. Lennon took offence at Harrison's book, telling interviewer David Sheff: "I was hurt by it ... By glaring omission in the book, my influence on his life is absolutely zilch and nil ... I'm not in the book." Harrison does mention Lennon several times, although not as a musical influence, which was the point of Lennon's displeasure.
In December 1987, Harrison was asked about Lennon's comments by Selina Scott on the television show West 57th Street. He told her: "[Lennon] was annoyed 'cause I didn't say that he'd written one line of this song 'Taxman'. But I also didn't say how I wrote two lines of 'Come Together' or three lines of 'Eleanor Rigby', you know? I wasn't getting into any of that. I think, in the balance, I would have had more things to be niggled with him about than he would have had with me."

## Later editions

In 2002, I, Me, Mine was re-published with a new foreword by Harrison's widow, Olivia. A third version of the book, now containing "59 additional handwritten lyrics and unpublished photographs not found in the original printing", was released in February 2017 to mark what would have been Harrison's 74th birthday.
# 1990–91 Clydebank F.C. season

The 1990–91 season was Clydebank's twenty-fifth season in the Scottish Football League. They competed in the Scottish First Division and finished 8th. They also competed in the Scottish League Cup, Scottish Challenge Cup and Scottish Cup.

## Results
### Division 1

| Match Day | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score |
| 1 | 25 August | Clyde | A | 0–1 |
| 2 | 1 September | Falkirk | H | 3–1 |
| 3 | 8 September | Dundee | H | 1–3 |
| 4 | 15 September | Partick Thistle | A | 1–0 |
| 5 | 18 September | Kilmarnock | H | 1–3 |
| 6 | 22 September | Raith Rovers | A | 0–2 |
| 7 | 29 September | Meadowbank Thistle | H | 2–2 |
| 8 | 6 October | Airdrieonians | A | 2–2 |
| 9 | 10 October | Forfar Athletic | H | 2–2 |
| 10 | 13 October | Morton | A | 0–2 |
| 11 | 20 October | Hamilton Academical | H | 3–1 |
| 12 | 27 October | Ayr United | A | 1–1 |
| 13 | 3 November | Brechin City | H | 3–4 |
| 14 | 10 November | Falkirk | A | 1–5 |
| 15 | 17 November | Clyde | H | 2–1 |
| 16 | 24 November | Forfar Athletic | A | 3–0 |
| 17 | 1 December | Airdrieonians | H | 5–1 |
| 18 | 8 December | Meadowbank Thistle | A | 3–0 |
| 19 | 15 December | Raith Rovers | H | 1–1 |
| 20 | 22 December | Ayr United | H | 0–2 |
| 21 | 2 January | Morton | H | 4–2 |
| 22 | 5 January | Hamilton Academical | A | 0–2 |
| 23 | 19 January | Partick Thistle | H | 2–3 |
| 24 | 29 January | Brechin City | A | 2–3 |
| 25 | 2 February | Kilmarnock | A | 0–3 |
| 26 | 5 February | Dundee | A | 0–1 |
| 27 | 27 February | Falkirk | H | 2–2 |
| 28 | 9 March | Airdrieonians | H | 1–3 |
| 29 | 12 March | Clyde | A | 1–3 |
| 30 | 16 March | Brechin City | H | 1–0 |
| 31 | 23 March | Forfar Athletic | A | 2–2 |
| 32 | 30 March | Dundee | H | 1–1 |
| 33 | 2 April | Morton | A | 2–2 |
| 34 | 6 April | Ayr United | A | 1–0 |
| 35 | 13 April | Meadowbank Thistle | A | 3–2 |
| 36 | 20 April | Kilmarnock | H | 0–0 |
| 37 | 27 April | Hamilton Academical | H | 1–3 |
| 38 | 4 May | Raith Rovers | A | 2–1 |
| 27 | 11 May | Partick Thistle | H | 7–1 |

#### Final League table

| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 6 | Hamilton Academical | 39 | 16 | 10 | 13 | 50 | 41 | +9 | 42 |
| 7 | Raith Rovers | 39 | 14 | 9 | 16 | 54 | 64 | −10 | 37 |
| 8 | Clydebank | 39 | 13 | 10 | 16 | 65 | 70 | −5 | 36 |
| 9 | Morton | 39 | 11 | 13 | 15 | 48 | 55 | −7 | 35 |
| 10 | Forfar Athletic | 39 | 9 | 15 | 15 | 50 | 57 | −7 | 33 |

### Scottish League Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score | Clydebank Scorer(s) | Attendance |
| R2 | 21 August | Kilmarnock | A | 2–3 | | |

### Scottish Challenge Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score | Clydebank Scorer(s) | Attendance |
| R1 | 2 October | East Fife | H | 1–2 | | |

### Scottish Cup

| Round | Date | Opponent | H/A | Score | Clydebank Scorer(s) | Attendance |
| R3 | 26 January | Ayr United | H | 0–1 | | |
# Jahnae H. Barnett

Jahnae H. Barnett (born c. 1947) is an American college administrator who is President-Emeritus of William Woods University.
Barnett grew up in Caruthersville, Missouri, the daughter of Jerry and Delbert Harper. She entered college at the age of 16, skipping her senior year of high school to attend Arkansas State University. After her initial B.Sc. at ASU, she undertook further studies at the University of Mississippi, graduating with an M.B.E in 1967 and a Ph.D. in "higher education and student personnel services" in 1972. Barnett began her involvement with Williams Woods in 1973, joining the Department of Business and Economics. After a period as department chair, she was made a vice-president in 1983, with responsibility for admissions, retention, and development.
Barnett was appointed president of William Woods in April 1990, the first woman to hold the position and the first internal promotion in the university's history. She oversaw a number of major changes in her first few years as president, including the introduction of graduate programs in 1993 and the admission of the first male students in 1996. She was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa, the National Leadership Honor Society, in 2009. Barnett also expanded the university beyond its original campus in Fulton, opening sites in Columbia and Jefferson City. Barnett lived on-campus in Fulton until 2011, when she moved into a new 15-acre property near New Bloomfield, donated by a former alumnus.
# Xinfengjiang Dam

The Xinfengjiang Dam (Chinese: 新丰江水电站; Jyutping: san1 fung1 gong1 seoi2 din6 zaam6, also known as the Xinfeng Dam) is a gravity dam on the Xinfeng River, 8 km (5 mi) upstream of its confluence with the Dong River, and just west of Heyuan City in Guangdong Province, China. The dam's power station has a 292.5 MW installed capacity and its reservoir supplies water for farming along with drinking water to Guangzhou, Shenzhen and Hong Kong. Construction on the dam began in 1958, the first generator was operational in 1960 and the dam complete in 1962. The dam's reservoir-filling is attributed to several earthquakes within the project area including a 6.1-magnitude (M$_w$) on March 19, 1962.

## Background

Construction on the dam began in 1958, a total of 1,550,000 m$^3$ (54,737,733 cu ft) of earth was excavated at the construction site. On October 20, 1959 the reservoir behind the dam began to fill and in November there were several small earthquakes within the reservoir zone. When the water level reached 81 m (266 ft) above sea level (ASL) in May 1960, there were three to four earthquakes at a 3.1-M$_w$ and on July 18, when the water level 90 m (295 ft) ASL, a 4.3-M$_w$  earthquake occurred. On March 19, 1962 when the reservoir reached 110.5 m (363 ft) ASL there was a 6.1-M$_w$  earthquake with an epicenter 1.1 km (1 mi) downstream from the dam which destroyed several houses in the area. After the earthquake and as a precaution, cavities within the foundation were reinforced with concrete. This and other upgrades brought the dam to a 9.5-M$_w$ -rated resistant design.

## Design

The dam is a 105 m (344 ft) tall, 440 m (1,444 ft) wide gravity dam. Its crest width is 5 m (16 ft) and it has a structural volume of 1,060,000 m$^3$ (37,433,547 cu ft) of concrete. Above the dam is a 5,740 km$^2$ (2,216 sq mi) drainage area and it withholds a reservoir of 13,900,000,000 m$^3$ (11,268,913 acre⋅ft). The dam contains a surface controlled spillway with three floodgates, each with a 3,800 m$^3$/s (134,196 cu ft/s) maximum discharge capacity for a total of 11,400 m$^3$/s (402,587 cu ft/s). The discharge tunnel on the dam's left bank has a 10 m (33 ft) diameter, is 778 m (2,552 ft) long and has a 1,700 m$^3$/s (60,035 cu ft/s) capacity. The dam's reservoir has a 3,300,000,000 m$^3$ (2,675,354 acre⋅ft) flood storage capacity, rated for a once in a hundred-year flood. The dam's power station is located at its base (toe) and contains four Francis turbine generators. Three are rated at 72.5 MW and the fourth at 75 MW for a total design capacity of 292.5 MW but the power plant can operate at a maximum 315 MW after later upgrades.