OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nonconforming use

Nonconforming use in urban planning the use of land that was authorised at the time the use was created but is no longer allowed due to changes made to the zoning restrictions after that time. Secondary suites are commonly permitted as a non-conforming use in the zoning district they are located in because the suite was developed prior to the zoning ordinance coming into effect.

## Discontinuance
### Intent

The landowner may explicitly intend to discontinue the use by agreeing to end the use.
Implied intent exists if the landowner fails to exercise the nonconforming use. If the landowner discontinues the nonconforming use after a specified period, commonly 21 years in many jurisdictions but shorter in many others, then the nonconforming use will be terminated and parcel will become subject to the zoning requirements of the area in which it is located. Such a discontinuance of the use implies the intent to abandon the use.

### Partial destruction

In some jurisdictions, if the structure exercising the nonconforming use is destroyed beyond a certain percentage (usually 50%) it cannot be rebuilt or repaired. Instead, the parcel becomes subject to the applicable zoning regulations thereby ending the nonconforming use's reprieve from the zoning regulations. In others, by statute usually allowed to rebuild within a limited period. If dwelling, usually permitted to rebuild.

### Replacement of non-conforming mobile homes

Local governments may, and often do, prohibit the replacement of older non-conforming mobile homes with newer non-conforming mobile homes because the replacement tends to perpetuate and extend the time the non-conforming use continues. See e.g. Lincoln County North Carolina. Code §10.2.3; Linn County, Iowa Code Art. 3, sec.1 para.6; Davenport Florida City Code §5.01.04.

### Amortization

Some states allow amortization of the nonconforming use whereby the nonconforming use's immediate value is amortized over the course of a set period and once the value of the nonconforming reaches zero the nonconforming use ends. Normally such an ordinance is upheld unless it is arbitrary or discriminatory or unreasonable, and it is usually limited to certain uses and outside of those uses it may be an unreasonable exercise of police power. A reasonable exercise of an amortization end of the nonconforming use allows for a complete return on the investment.
Many property-rights advocacy groups are critical of amortization, because it forces property owners to cease a previously lawful use without providing them with any compensation. In some states, amortization of a nonconforming use is unconstitutional.
# Nash blowing-up

In algebraic geometry, Nash blowing-up is a process in which, roughly speaking, each singular point is replaced by all limiting positions of the tangent spaces at the non-singular points. More formally, let $X$ be an algebraic variety of pure dimension r embedded in a smooth variety $Y$ of dimension n, and let $X_{\text{reg}}$ be the complement of the singular locus of $X$. Define a map $\tau :X_{\text{reg}}\rightarrow X\times G_{r}(TY)$, where $G_{r}(TY)$ is the Grassmannian of r-planes in the tangent bundle of $Y$, by $\tau (a):=(a,T_{X,a})$, where $T_{X,a}$ is the tangent space of $X$ at $a$. The closure of the image of this map together with the projection to $X$ is called the Nash blow-up of $X$.
Although the above construction uses an embedding, the Nash blow-up itself is unique up to unique isomorphism.

## Properties

* Nash blowing-up is locally a monoidal transformation.
* If X is a complete intersection defined by the vanishing of $f_{1},f_{2},\ldots ,f_{n-r}$ then the Nash blow-up is the blow-up with center given by the ideal generated by the (n − r)-minors of the matrix with entries $\partial f_{i}/\partial x_{j}$.
* For a variety over a field of characteristic zero, the Nash blow-up is an isomorphism if and only if X is non-singular.
* For an algebraic curve over an algebraically closed field of characteristic zero, repeated Nash blowing-up leads to desingularization after a finite number of steps.
* Both of the prior properties may fail in positive characteristic. For example, in characteristic q > 0, the curve $y^{2}-x^{q}=0$ has a Nash blow-up which is the monoidal transformation with center given by the ideal $(x^{q})$, for q = 2, or $(y^{2})$, for $q>2$. Since the center is a hypersurface the blow-up is an isomorphism.
# John Hulse

John Hulse (15 March 1708 – 14 December 1790) was an English clergyman. He is now known mainly as the founder of the series of Hulsean Lectures at the University of Cambridge.

## Early life

John Hulse was born at Middlewich, in Cheshire, the eldest of nineteen children from Thomas Hulse of Elworth Hall, Sandbach and Anne Webb of Middlewich. After attending Congleton grammar school, he entered St John's College, Cambridge in 1724 at the age of sixteen and graduated B.A. in 1728.

## Career

In 1732 he was ordained and served small cures, first at Yoxall, Staffordshire, and afterwards at Goostrey, a chapel under Sandbach. In 1733 he married Mary Hall of Hermitage and had a son. On the death of his father in 1753 he inherited Elworth.

## Personal life

In 1733 he married Mary Hall of Hermitage and they had one son Edward, who died at age 22.

## Death

Due to delicate health, Hulse resigned his clerical duties and lived there in seclusion until his death. He was buried in the parish church of Middlewich. The fullest account of his life appears to be the memoir prefixed to Richard Parkinson's 1837 Hulsean lectures, Rationalism and Revelation.

## Will

Hulse's will, dated 21 July 1777, is a curious and very lengthy document. It may be read in full in Cambridge University statutes. He bequeathed his estates to Cambridge University for the advancement and reward of religious learning, to be applied, first, to maintain two divinity scholars at St John's College, Cambridge; secondly, to found a prize for a dissertation; thirdly, to found and support the office of Christian advocate; and fourthly, that of the Hulsean lecturer or Christian preacher. Later editions of the endowments detail changes made in 1830 and 1860. The latest version of the statutes and ordinances are now available online at the Cambridge University web site. The Hulsean Fund is Statute E, Chapter VI and is discussed in the Ordinances Chapter 12, Trust Emoluments, Section 2.

### Christian Advocate

By a statute in 1860 the Hulsean professorship of divinity was substituted for the office of Christian-advocate.

### Hulsean Lectures

The Hulsean Lectures were originally to be given by a clergyman in the University, holding the degree of Master of Arts, who was under the age of forty years. Though the will made provisions for the lectureship, the funds were not sufficient to begin the lectures until 1820. In 1830 the number of annual lectures or sermons was reduced from twenty to eight; after 1861 they were further reduced to a minimum of four.
# Karawata prasinata

Karawata prasinata is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, native to Brazil (the state of Espírito Santo). It was first described in 2015 as Aechmea prasinata.
# P67

P67 may refer to:
* BRM P67, an experimental Formula One car
* Intel P67, a computer chipset
* French submarine Curie (P67), also HMS Vox (P67), a submarine in service with the Free French Naval Forces and the Royal Navy
* Magdalen papyrus, a biblical manuscript
* McDonnell XP-67, an American prototype interceptor aircraft
* P67, a state regional road in Latvia
# José Reyes Vega

José Reyes Vega was a Mexican priest who participated in the Cristero War as a general. He was known as "Father Vega".
On April 19, 1927, an event took place that almost succeeded in extinguishing the revolution. He led a raid against a train in La Barca, Jalisco, said to be carrying a shipment of money. In a shootout that followed with the army escort, Vega's younger brother was killed. Maddened with grief, he had the wooden cars doused with gasoline, and 51 civilian passengers were burned alive. After one engagement, he had federal prisoners stabbed to death to save ammunition. The atrocity helped to turn public opinion against the Cristeros.
The Cristeros mounted an attack on Guadalajara in late March. Though it failed, the rebels won a smashing victory at the Battle of Tepatitlán against Saturnino Cedillo, in the heart of Los Altos, on April 19. Vega, who designed the plan that won the victory, was killed in the engagement.
# Alone with You (Jake Owen song)

"Alone with You" is a song written by Shane McAnally, Catt Gravitt and J. T. Harding, and recorded by American country music artist Jake Owen. It is the eighth single of his career, and was released in October 2011 as the second single from his album Barefoot Blue Jean Night. It achieved commercial success, becoming Owen's second number one single.

## Content

The song is in the key of G major with a moderate tempo, a vocal range of B3-C5 and a main chord pattern of GM7-Em7-C.

## Critical reception

Billy Dukes of Taste of Country gave the song three and a half stars out of five, saying that "with somewhat thin lyrical content, the song needs that genuine delivery to push it to colossal levels of greatness," adding that although "Owen doesn't own this as he has his more successful hits," he is "talented enough that his good is another singer's great." Giving it four stars out of five, Bobby Peacock of Roughstock praised the "straightforward but effective lines" and said that it was "overall a very different sound for the usually upbeat Owen, and he pulls it off. "

## Music video

The music video was directed by Mason Dixon and premiered in December 2011. It stars Miss USA 2009 Kristen Dalton as his love interest.

## Chart performance

"Alone With You" debuted at number 56 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Songs chart for the week of October 15, 2011. It also debuted at number 90 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart for the week of December 24, 2011. It has since become a number 1 hit.
| Chart (2011–2012) | Peak position |
| US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) | 1 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 41 |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 69 |

### Year-end charts

| Chart (2012) | Position |
| US Country Songs (Billboard) | 14 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Platinum | 1,000,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Ivan Orav

Ivan Orav (September 1, 1908 – June 19, 2009) is a fictional character created by Estonian writer Andrus Kivirähk, who published a book "Memoirs of Ivan Orav or the Past as Azure Mountains" (Ivan Orava mälestused, ehk, Minevik kui helesinised mäed) in 1995. The book mocks popular stereotypes about the interbellum period of Estonian independence.
Over time, the character was fleshed out (through publications in Eesti Päevaleht newspaper), anticipated and celebrated his 100th anniversary. His biography was finalised in his obituary next year.
During 1994 and 1995 a TV series Vabariigi valvur was aired with Andrus Vaarik as Ivan Orav.
In the summertime of 2004 the Estonian State Archives joined the joke by uncovering and publishing a birth register of the Tõhela-Murru Eastern Orthodox Church which said that Ivan Orav and his wife Jelisaveta had daughter Lyudmila. Also, before the coming of the Soviet tiblas he changed his name to Jaan in 1939.
# Yale Udoff

Yale M. Udoff (March 29, 1935 – July 19, 2018) was an American screenwriter and playwright.

## Early life

Udoff was born on March 29, 1935, in Brooklyn, New York City. He graduated from Michigan State University and earned a law degree from the Georgetown University Law Center.

## Career

Udoff first worked for CBS, followed by ABC. He worked with producers Roone Arledge, Douglas S. Cramer and Edgar Scherick. In 1980, he was the screenwriter for Bad Timing, directed by Nicolas Roeg. With director Duncan Gibbins, he co-wrote the script for Eve of Destruction in 1991.
Udoff wrote several plays, including The Little Gentleman & The Club and A Gun Play. His Magritte Skies was staged at Playwrights Horizons in New York City in 1976.

## Personal life and death

Udoff married Sally Shulamit. She predeceased him in 2010.
Udoff died on July 19, 2018, in Burbank, California.
# James Crosbie (senator)

James Crosbie was an Irish Fine Gael politician, barrister and journalist. He was a member of Seanad Éireann from 1938 to 1951 and from 1954 to 1957. He was elected to the 2nd Seanad in March 1938 by the Industrial and Commercial Panel. He was re-elected to the 3rd Seanad by the Cultural and Educational Panel in August 1938.
At the 1943, 1944 and 1948 elections he was elected again by the Industrial and Commercial Panel. He lost his seat at the 1951 election, but was re-elected at the 1954 election this time by the Cultural and Educational Panel. He was defeated again at the 1957 election.
# Karawata multiflora

Karawata multiflora is a species of flowering plant in the family Bromeliaceae, endemic to northeastern Brazil. It was first described by Lyman Bradford Smith in 1937 as Aechmea multiflora.
# Lethata satyropa

Lethata satyropa is a moth of the family Depressariidae. It is found in French Guiana.
The wingspan is about 25 mm. The forewings are deep ochreous, with scattered black scales and with the costal edge dull crimson from the base to two-thirds, suffused beneath with purple and with a slender brown-red streak along the dorsum nearly throughout. There is a cloudy purplish line at two-fifths from the disc to the dorsum and a rather large round dark fuscous spot in the disc beyond the middle, containing a transverse purplish spot. A faint fine curved fuscous subterminal line is found from the disc to the dorsum and the apical and terminal margin are deep yellow ochreous. The hindwings are whitish ochreous, the dorsal third suffused with pale greyish, the apical and terminal edge yellow.
# Alotau Urban LLG

Alotau Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea.

## Wards

* 80. Alotau Town
# John Farrington (Massachusetts politician)

Deacon John Farrington was a member of the Great and General Court of Massachusetts. He died September 30, 1843. He was a descendant of John Farrington, one of the original settlers of Dedham, Wrentham, and Deerfield, Massachusetts.
# 1976 Summer Paralympics medal table

The 1976 Summer Paralympics medal table is a list of National Paralympic Committees (NPCs) ranked by the number of gold medals won by their athletes during the 1976 Summer Paralympics, held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from August 3 to 11, 1976.

## Medal table

The ranking in this table is based on information provided by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and is consistent with IPC convention in its published medal tables. By default, the table is ordered by the number of gold medals the athletes from a nation have won (in this context, a "nation" is an entity represented by a National Paralympic Committee). The number of silver medals is taken into consideration next and then the number of bronze medals. If nations are still tied, equal ranking is given and they are listed alphabetically by IPC country code.
To sort this table by nation, total medal count, or any other column, click on the icon next to the column title.
* Host nation (Canada)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
| 1 | United States (USA) | 66 | 44 | 45 | 155 |
| 2 | Netherlands (NED) | 45 | 25 | 14 | 84 |
| 3 | Israel (ISR) | 40 | 13 | 16 | 69 |
| 4 | West Germany (FRG) | 37 | 34 | 26 | 97 |
| 5 | Great Britain (GBR) | 29 | 28 | 37 | 94 |
| 6 | Canada (CAN)* | 25 | 26 | 26 | 77 |
| 7 | Poland (POL) | 24 | 17 | 12 | 53 |
| 8 | France (FRA) | 23 | 21 | 14 | 58 |
| 9 | Sweden (SWE) | 21 | 28 | 25 | 74 |
| 10 | Austria (AUT) | 17 | 16 | 17 | 50 |
| 11 | Australia (AUS) | 16 | 18 | 7 | 41 |
| 12 | Mexico (MEX) | 16 | 14 | 9 | 39 |
| 13 | Finland (FIN) | 12 | 20 | 18 | 50 |
| 14 | Switzerland (SUI) | 10 | 12 | 10 | 32 |
| 15 | Japan (JPN) | 10 | 6 | 3 | 19 |
| 16 | Norway (NOR) | 9 | 6 | 4 | 19 |
| 17 | Belgium (BEL) | 7 | 7 | 8 | 22 |
| 18 | New Zealand (NZL) | 7 | 1 | 5 | 13 |
| 19 | South Africa (RSA) | 6 | 9 | 11 | 26 |
| 20 | Egypt (EGY) | 5 | 2 | 1 | 8 |
| 21 | Ireland (IRL) | 4 | 10 | 6 | 20 |
| 22 | Spain (ESP) | 4 | 6 | 2 | 12 |
| 23 | Argentina (ARG) | 3 | 4 | 7 | 14 |
| 24 | Denmark (DEN) | 3 | 0 | 3 | 6 |
| 25 | Italy (ITA) | 2 | 5 | 11 | 18 |
| 26 | Indonesia (INA) | 2 | 1 | 3 | 6 |
| 27 | South Korea (KOR) | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| 28 | Burma (BIR) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| 29 | Peru (PER) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 30 | Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 31 | Hong Kong (HKG) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 32 | Brazil (BRA) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| 33 | Guatemala (GUA) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Totals (33 entries) | Totals (33 entries) | 447 | 378 | 348 | 1,173 |
# The O'Brien's Group

O'Brien's Response Management is the largest oil spill management company in the United States

## Background

Company founder Jim O'Brien fought his first oil spill in 1969 as an officer with the United States Coast Guard. In 1983 he retired to form his own company, O'Brien's Oil Pollution Service, known as "OOPS Inc.", in Slidell, Louisiana. O'Brien soon gained fame in the 1980s as the "Red Adair of oil spill cleanup". O'Brien also helped manage the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. Following that event the United States enacted the Oil Pollution Act of 1990, requiring ships to carry sufficient insurance and hire a management company to handle any oil spill.
The company was bought by Seacor Holdings Inc. in 1997 and later renamed the O'Brien's Group, with O'Brien remaining as President. In 2004, the company helped clean 265,000 gallons of oil that spilled into the Delaware River from the Athos I. It oversaw recovery for the Murphy Oil Spill in Chalmette, Louisiana following Hurricane Katrina. In July 2007, the company oversaw remediation efforts when refineries near Coffeyville, Kansas spilled 71,400 gallons of oil into the Verdigris River during a flood. The company was also responsible for managing clean-up efforts after the Cosco Busan spilled 58,000 gallons of bunker oil into the San Francisco Bay on November 7, 2007. It deployed approximately 1,500 workers to clean up that spill.
As of 2007, O'Brien's Response Management represents approximately 400 shipping companies, 5,000 ships, and 200 oil and gas companies, and has worked on over 400 spills in the past three years.
# Jach'a Jawira (Los Andes)

Jach'a Jawira (Aymara jach'a big, great, jawira river, "great river", hispanicized spellings Jacha Jahuira, Jachcha Jahuira) which downstream is named Japha Jawira is a Bolivian river east of Lake Titicaca in the La Paz Department, Los Andes Province, Batallas Municipality and in the Omasuyos Province, Achacachi Municipality. Its waters flow to Lake Titicaca via the Qiqa Jawira.
The river originates in the Cordillera Real from the confluence of streams from Jach'a Pata, Janq'u Uyu, Wila Lluxita and Qulin Tuqu near a lake named Janq'u Quta. At first it flows in a southwestern direction connecting the lakes named Janq'u Quta, Quta Thiya, Q'ara Quta and Jichu Quta. After leaving Q'ara Quta it flows almost parallel to the nearby Surikiña River south of it. East of Peñas it turns to the northwest. Southeast of Achacachi it unifies with the Qiqa Jawira which reaches Lake Titicaca northwest of the town near the mouth of the Ch'iyar Juqhu River.
# Z100

Z100 may refer to:

## American radio stations known as Z100

* KKRZ in Portland, Oregon
* KZOQ-FM in Missoula, Montana
* KZRO in Mount Shasta, California
* WBIZ-FM in Eau Claire, Wisconsin
* WHTZ in Newark, New Jersey
* WJZR, now WRFX, in Kannapolis/Charlotte, North Carolina, known as Z100 from August 1983 until late 1985.
* WZRA, now WEAN-FM, in Wakefield-Peacedale, Rhode Island
* KLRZ in New Orleans, Louisiana, known as Z-100 in the 1990s
* WZZF, now WVVR in Hopkinsville, Kentucky, known as Z-100 from 1986 until 1994.

## Other uses

* Zenith Z-100, an early microcomputer
* Sendo Z100, a mobile phone model
* Z100, a Shanghai–Kowloon through train
# Mönchgut

Mönchgut (Monk's Estates in German) is a peninsula of 20.66 square kilometers with 1,374 inhabitants in the southeast of Rügen island in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It lies just between the Greifswalder Bodden and the rest of the Baltic Sea. Mönchgut contains the districts of Göhren and Thiessow; the peninsula is part of the Mönchgut-Granitz administration area. It is also a part of the Biosphere Reserve of Südost-Rügen.
The name translates as the monks' estates. In 1252, Jaromar II, Prince of Rügen sold the area to the Cistercian monks of Eldena Abbey, which was founded by one of his predecessors, Jaromar I, Prince of Rügen in 1199 and by that time also belonged to the Danish Principality of Rügen. To separate the monks' possessions from the rest of the island, a ditch was dug between Baabe and Sellin, known as Mönchsgraben ("monks' ditch"). Today, a large wooden gate built upon the bridge over the Mönchsgraben marks the entrance to the Mönchgut peninsula.
The peninsula is composed of several headlands such as Reddevitzer Höft, the Kleiner Zicker and the Großer Zicker. The bay between the headlands is called Having. Off-shore to the east of the peninsula lies the island Greifswalder Oie.
While the residents of the area earlier supported themselves through fishing and marine activities, today the area is primarily geared toward tourism. One main attraction is the local history museum in Göhren, an open-air museum located on historical settlements. Here there is also a display of the elaborate local costumes, which Mönchgut is well known for.
In 1806, Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden started to construct the town of Gustavia on the peninsula, but had to abandon the project when France occupied Mönchgut during the Napoleonic Wars.
Mönchgut also features the final station of the narrow-gauge railway the Rasender Roland.
# PC 1000

The PC 1000 (Panzersprengbombe Cylindrisch) or cylindrical armor-piercing explosive bomb in English was an armor-piercing bomb used by the Luftwaffe during World War II.

## History

The PC series of bombs differed from the SC series because they had thick cases for enhanced penetration of armored targets like warships or reinforced concrete fortifications. The PC 1000 was capable of breaking through most concrete roofs. While the SD series bombs could be used in a semi-armor piercing role the PC series of bombs were specifically designed as armor-piercing bombs. Since they had thicker hardened steel cases their charge to weight ratio was only 20% of their total weight. Bombs in the PC series included the PC 500, PC 1000, PC 1400, and PC 1600. The number in the bombs designation corresponded to the approximate weight of the bomb. The smaller bombs had either Amatol or TNT while the larger bombs were filled more powerful explosives like RDX and Trialen to compensate for their reduced charges. The PC series of bombs were fitted with a time delay fuze which detonated the bomb after it had pierced a target destroying it with a combination of its blast and fragments. The PC series served as a base for the later PC RS series rocket propelled bombs which were designed to enhance penetration by increasing their terminal velocity.

## Design

The PC series of bombs differed from the SC series because they had thick cases for enhanced penetration of armored targets like warships. The nose of the bomb was thick and the charge to weight ratio of the bomb was only 16%. The body was of one-piece forged steel construction which was filled through the base with TNT and was fitted with a magnesium alloy 4 finned tail with a cylindrical strut. There was a single transverse fuze pocket near the base of the bomb and there were two central exploders which ran through the explosives. The PC 1000 was horizontally suspended by a suspension band and H-Type suspension lug in a bomb bay or fuselage hardpoint. There were also trunnions for use by dive bombers. The body of the bombs were painted sky blue, while the tail was painted aluminum with a blue stripe.
# Spilodiscus arcuatus

Spilodiscus arcuatus is a species of clown beetle in the family Histeridae. It is found in North America.