OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sugarshit Sharp

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| New Musical Express | |
Sugarshit Sharp is the fourth EP by the American noise rock band Pussy Galore, released in October 31, 1988 by Caroline Records. The cover is a modification of Einstürzende Neubauten's logo.

## Track listing

All tracks are written by Jon Spencer, except "Yü-Gung" by Einstürzende Neubauten and "Penetration in the Centerfold" by Devo

## Accolades

| Year | Publication | Country | Accolade | Rank |
| 1988 | The Village Voice | United States | "Albums of the Year (EPs)" | 2 |
| "*" denotes an unordered list. ||||||

## Personnel

Adapted from the Sugarshit Sharp liner notes.

## Charts

| Chart (1988) | Peak position |
| UK Indie Chart | 10 |

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| United States | 1988 | Caroline | LP | CAROL 1364 |
| United Kingdom | 1988 | Product Inc. | LP | MPROD 15 |
| United Kingdom | 1998 | Mute Records Ltd. | CD, LP | PGEP 1 |
| United States | 1998 | Matador | CD, LP | OLE 293 |
| United States | 1998 | Bandai Music | CD | APCY-8456 |
# Joseph Walker Jasper Ouseley

Joseph Walker Jasper Ouseley (21 June 1800–29 October 1889) was a British orientalist and a colonel in the British Army.
The son of Ralph Ouseley by his second wife Mary Collins, Joseph was educated in Limerick. He joined the British Army as an ensign in 1819, in which he reached the rank of colonel by the time that he retired. He never saw combat. After being posted to the Bengal European Regiment in India, he became a military attaché in oriental languages, having tutored himself during the sea voyage from home in 1820 and then having attended the College of Fort William in Calcutta, from which he graduated with honours in Arabic and Persian in 1822. By that time he had attained the rank of Lieutenant.
He became a professor of Arabic, Bengali, Marathi, and Persian at the College of Fort William in 1825, and was Superintendent of the Mysore Princes from 1838 to 1844. Returning home to Britain in 1844, he became an examiner at Haileybury College until 1859, and then from 1862 to 1883 was a civil service examiner in Arabic and Persian languages.
The Joseph Walker Jasper Ouseley scholarships to the School of Oriental and African Studies at the University of London, intended to fund the studies of Arabic, Persian, Hindustani, and other languages, were endowed in his name by his daughters Mary and Louisa Ouseley.
# 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships – Men's 4 × 100 metre medley relay

The men's 4 x 100 metre medley relay at the 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships was held at Laugardalslaug in Reykjavik from 18 to 24 October.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| 34pts | Ievgen Poltavskyi (S8) Andriy Kalyna (SB8) Andriy Sirovatchenko (S9) Taras Yastremskyy (S9) Ukraine | 4:21.16 | Thomas Young (S8) Sam Hynd (SB8) Richard Howard (S8) Robert Welbourn (S10) Great Britain | 4:23.49 | Daniel Schaefer (S8) Martin Schulz (SB8) Lucas Ludwig (S10) Christoph Burkard (S8) Germany | 4:29.48 |
# Jacques-Louis Villeneuve

Jacques-Louis Villeneuve (1 January 1865 – 16 February 1933) was a French sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
# Miami metropolitan area (disambiguation)

The Miami metropolitan area is the metropolitan area centered on Miami, Florida.
The Miami metropolitan area may also refer to:
# Nusret Çetinel

Nusret Çetinel (26 January 1952 – 1 September 2021) was a Turkish actor.

## Filmography

| Title | Type | Year |
| Bizim Evin Halleri | TV series | 2000-2008 |
| Büyük Buluşma | TV series | 2006 |
| Yağmurdan Sonra | TV series | 2006 |
| Hakkını Helal Et | TV series | 2007 |
| Yeşeren Düşler | TV series | 2007 |
| Nazlı Yarim | TV series | 2007 |
| Tek Türkiye | TV series | 2007 |
| Son Ağa | TV series | 2008 |
| Behzat Ç. Bir Ankara Polisiyesi | TV series | 2010-2011 |
| Tek Türkiye Son Karakol | TV series | 2010-2011 |
| Hür Adam | Film | 2011 |
| Sevda Kuşun Kanadında | TV series | 2016 |
| İsimsizler | TV series | 2017 |
| Kardeşim İçin Der'a | TV series | 2018 |
| Aşk Ağlatır | TV series | 2019 |
| Mavera | TV film | 2021 |
# Hyphaene

Hyphaene is a genus of palms native to Africa, Madagascar, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent.
The genus includes the Doum palm (H. thebaica). They are unusual among palms in having regular naturally branched trunks; most other palms are single-stemmed from the ground. In Swahili, it is called "koma".

## Species

* Hyphaene compressa H.Wendl. - eastern Africa from Ethiopia to Mozambique
* Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn. - eastern Africa from South Africa; Madagascar; Juan de Nova Island
* Hyphaene dichotoma (J.White Dubl. ex Nimmo) Furtado - India, Sri Lanka
* Hyphaene guineensis Schumach. & Thonn. - western and central Africa from Liberia to Angola
* Hyphaene macrosperma H.Wendl. - Benin
* Hyphaene petersiana Klotzsch ex Mart. - southern and eastern Africa from South Africa to Tanzania
* Hyphaene reptans Becc. - Somalia, Kenya, Yemen
* Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart. - northeastern, central and western Africa from Egypt to Somalia and west to Senegal and Mauritania; Middle East (Palestine, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Yemen)
# IFET College of Engineering

IFET college of Engineering is an Autonomous college of Engineering, Technology and Management located in Valavanur, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu, India known for its predominant ranking by the university and placements in the rural region of Tamil Nadu. It was established in 1998 by the Indo French Educational Trust. It is an ISO 9000:2008 certified institution and is permanently affiliated to Anna University, Chennai and approved by All India Council for Technical Education, New Delhi. It was accredited by National Board of Accreditation and awarded B grade by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.
# 2017 French Open – Wheelchair men's singles

Alfie Hewett defeated the defending champion Gustavo Fernández in the final, 0–6, 7–6$^{(11–9)}$, 6–2 to win the men's singles wheelchair tennis title at the 2017 French Open. It was his first major singles title.

## Seeds

* Gordon Reid (quarterfinals)
* Stéphane Houdet (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Finals

| Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | Gordon Reid | 2 | 0 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Gustavo Fernández | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Gustavo Fernández | 6 | 6 | | | Gustavo Fernández | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| | | | | | | Nicolas Peifer | 2 | 2 | | | | |
| | Nicolas Peifer | 6 | 6 | | | Nicolas Peifer | 2 | 2 | | | | |
| | Maikel Scheffers | 1 | 1 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Maikel Scheffers | 1 | 1 | | | | | | Gustavo Fernández | 6 | 6$^9$ | 2 |
| | | | | | | | | | Alfie Hewett | 0 | 7$^{11}$ | 6 |
| | Stefan Olsson | 6$^5$ | 3 | | | | | | | | | | Alfie Hewett | 0 | 7$^{11}$ | 6 |
| | Alfie Hewett | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| | Alfie Hewett | 7$^7$ | 6 | | | Alfie Hewett | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| | | | | | WC | Shingo Kunieda | 4 | 4 | | | | |
| WC | Shingo Kunieda | 6 | 4 | 6 | WC | Shingo Kunieda | 4 | 4 | | | | |
| 2 | Stéphane Houdet | 4 | 6 | 3 | | | | | | | | |
# 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships – Men's 100 metre freestyle

The men's 100 metre freestyle at the 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships was held at Laugardalslaug in Reykjavik from 18–24 October.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| S2 | Dmitrii Kokarev Russia | 2:26.00 | Jacek Czech Poland | 2:27.84 | Georgios Kapellakis Greece | 2:30.31 |
| S4 | David Smetanine France | 1:24.20 | Richard Oribe Spain | 1:24.28 | Jan Povysil Czech Republic | 1:26.70 |
| S5 | Sebastian Rodriguez Veloso Spain | 1:13.30 | Anthony Stephens Great Britain | 1:16.04 | Hayri Simsek France | 1:19.98 |
| S6 | Anders Olsson Sweden | 1:05.45 WR | Darragh McDonald Ireland | 1:10.50 | Swen Michaelis Germany | 1:11.09 |
| S7 | Matthew Walker Great Britain | 1:03.38 | Jonathan Fox Great Britain | 1:04.11 | Oleksandr Komarov Ukraine | 1:05.87 |
| S8 | Konstantin Lisenkov Russia | 58.66 ER | Maurice Deelen Netherlands | 58.89 | Ferenc Nandor Csuri Hungary | 1:00.34 |
| S9 | Tamás Sors Hungary | 56.95 | Jose Antonio Alcaraz-Garcia Spain | 57.54 | David Grachat Portugal | 57.66 |
| S10 | David Levecq Vives Spain Lucas Ludwig Germany | 54.44 | — | | Robert Welbourn Great Britain | 54.91 |
| S11 | Grzegorz Edward Polowski Poland | 1:02.38 | Damian Pietrasik Poland Viktor Smyrnov Ukraine | 1:02.43 | — | |
| S12 | Maksym Veraksa Ukraine | 50.91 WR | Aleksandr Nevolin-Svetov Russia | 54.48 | Omar Font Jimenez Spain | 55.70 |
| S13 | Oleksii Fedyna Ukraine | 53.86 | Dzmitry Salei Belarus | 54.03 | Dmytro Aleksyeyev Ukraine | 54.89 |
| S14 | Daniel Pepper Great Britain | 55.99 | Ben Procter Great Britain | 56.17 | Marc Evers Netherlands | 57.78 |
# Messier (automobile)

Messier was a French automobile manufacturer, based at Montrouge, on the southern edge of Paris, from 1925 till 1931.

## Origins

George Messier owned a factory for "pneumatic equipment" at least as early as 1920. He also developed a type of air suspension for automobiles. In 1920 he created the company Messier Automobiles and marketed the air suspension. From 1925 he produced automobiles on his own account, using the Messier name. In 1931 Messier abandoned automobile production in order to concentrate primarily on aircraft landing gear after having built and flown the Messier Monoplace Laboratorie monoplane, to test a retractable bicycle type undercarriage.
At least one source claims that Messier's air suspension was the basis for the revolutionary Hydropneumatic suspension of later Citroën models including, most notably, the 1955 DS. The inventor of the Hydropneumatic suspension, Paul Magès, was born in 1908, so it is feasible that he had heard of the Messier system, but rather than air, Magès used compressed nitrogen as the springing mechanism and pressurized oil for damping.

## The cars

The notable feature of the cars was their air suspension. The engines were bought from specialist engine manufacturers. The first cars used a 4-cylinder engine from CIME. There was a racing model powered by a 1,494 cc (91.2 cu in) overhead camshaft unit while Touring and Limousine bodied 4-cylinder cars were fitted with a 1,598 cc (97.5 cu in) overhead camshaft unit. In October 1924 the manufacturer took a stand at the 19th Paris Motor Show, preparing to market his small cars during the 1925 model year. They were advertised as "voitures sans ressorts" (cars without springs), highlighting the unconventional pneumatic suspension. In place of springs the cars featured above each front wheel pneumatic tubes of compressed air, each of 6 cm (2.4 in) diameter. Similar tubes were fixed in place of the rear suspension, shorter than the tubes at the front, but also slightly thicker, each having a 7 cm (2.8 in) diameter.
By October 1928, it was clear from the cars exhibited on the Messier stand at the 22nd Paris Motor Show that the manufacturer had "changed class". There were 6-cylinder cars with engine capacities of 2,770 cc (169 cu in) and 3,310 cc (202 cu in) and 8-cylinder models of 3,692 cc (225.3 cu in) developing 20 CV (15 kW; 20 hp) and 4,850 cc (296 cu in) producing 30 CV (22 kW; 30 hp). The largest engines came from Lycoming Engines of Pennsylvania, while engines from other American suppliers were also used.
The 8-cylinder "Messier Type H" was offered with two alternative wheelbase lengths of respectively 3.4 m (130 in) and 3.6 m (140 in). Many of the 50 built were fitted with ambulance bodies.
# Miamimyiops

Miamimyiops is a genus of parasitic flies in the family Tachinidae.

## Species

* Miamimyiops mattoensis Townsend, 1939

## Distribution

Brazil.
# Kempon Hokke

Kempon Hokke-shū (顕本法華宗) is a branch of Nichiren Buddhism based on the teachings of 13th-century Japanese monk Nichiren. It was founded by Nichijū in 1384. In Japan it has a membership of about 100,000 households and several lay members overseas. The international branch of Kempon Hokke Shu is currently headed by Rev. Sinyou Tsuchiya.

## Overview

Kempon Hokke's head temple, Myōman-ji (妙満寺), is located in Kyoto. Kempon Hokke Nichiren's religious writings inspired Nichijū to leave the Tendai sect to learn more about Nichiren by visiting the various Nichiren temples. Nichijū believed that these temples had already drifted away from Nichiren's spirit and teachings and founded his own temple, Myōman-ji. In 1898, Myomanji-ha incorporated as the Kempon Hokke school and Honda Nissho (1867–1931) was appointed its first head administrator.

## Beliefs and Practice

Much of Kempon Hokke's underlying teachings are extensions of Tendai (天台, Cn: Tiantai) thought. They include much of its worldview and its rationale for criticism of Buddhist schools that do not acknowledge the Lotus Sutra to be Buddhism's highest teaching, as stated by Buddha Shakyamuni. For example, Kempon Hokke doctrine extends Tendai's classification of the Buddhist sutras into five time periods and eight categories (五時八教, goji-hakkyō), its theory of 3,000 interpenetrating realms within a single life-moment (一念三千, Ichinen Sanzen), and its view of the Three Truths (三諦, Santai).
Kempon Hokke teach that to be a disciple of Nichiren, one must:
* Chant Namu Myoho Renge Kyo to the Object of Devotion of the Three Great Secret Laws (Gohonzon)
* Believe exclusively in The Lotus Sutra
* Believe exclusively in Shakyamuni Buddha of the 16th Chapter of the Lotus Sutra
* Tell others to do the same
* Base one's conversion practices on Nichiren's writing, the 'Rissho Ankoku Ron' (On Establishing The Correct Teaching for the Peace of The Land)
Kempon Hokke members chant parts of the Lotus Sutra, as well as the Daimoku, Namu-myoho-renge-kyo, as their primary practice. Kempon Hokke claim to practice shakubuku towards non-believers, and shōju towards believers.
The difference of each school's traditional doctrine.
Nichiren Shu was insisting that the Eternal Buddha as the truth of universe is Namu Myoho Renge Kyo Tathagata.
Nichiren Sho Shu insists that Namu Myoho Renge Kyo Tathagata as the Eternal Buddha is Nichiren Daishonin himself.
Those rely on Ongikuden (Record of the Orally Transmitted Teachings) which is a forged letter.
Honmon Butsuryu Shu insists that eight chapters (Happon) of Honmon of the Lotus Sutra are the prophecy book which Nichiren shonin appears to save people. They worship only the words of Namu Myoho Renge Kyo, but not the Eternal Buddha Sakyamuni.
Kempon Hokke Shu insists that the Eternal Buddha is the Buddha Sakyamuni himself and that the Eternal Buddha Sakyamuni exists in each people's mind as the absolute spirit. It relies on the teachings of the Lotus Sutra and Nichiren's.
# Nusretiye, Lapseki

Nusretiye is a village in the Lapseki District of Çanakkale Province in Turkey. Its population is 112 (2021).
# 1885–86 in Scottish football

The 1885–86 season was the 13th season of competitive football in Scotland.

## Honours
### Cup honours
#### National

| Competition | Winner | Score | Runner-up |
| Scottish Cup | Queen's Park | 3 – 1 | Renton |

#### County

| Competition | Winner | Score | Runner-up |
| Ayrshire Cup | Kilmarnock | 2 – 1 | Ayr |
| Buteshire Cup | Cumbrae | 3 – 0 | Bute Rangers |
| Dumbartonshire Cup | Vale of Leven | 2 – 1 | Dumbarton Athletic |
| East of Scotland Shield | Hibernian | 5 – 1 | St Bernard's |
| Fife Cup | Alloa Athletic | 4 – 0 | Cowdenbeath |
| Forfarshire Cup | Dundee Harp | 5 – 3 | Arbroath |
| Lanarkshire Cup | Airdrie | 5 – 1 | Cambuslang |
| Linlithgowshire Cup | Armadale | 2 – 1 | Broxburn Shamrock |
| Perthshire Cup | Dunblane | 3 – 2 | Coupar Angus |
| Renfrewshire Cup | Abercorn | 4 – 0 | Port Glasgow Athletic |
| Stirlingshire Cup | East Stirlingshire | 3 – 1 | King's Park |

#### Other

| Competition | Winner | Score | Runner-up |
| Glasgow Charity Cup | Renton | 3–1 | Vale of Leven |

## Teams in F.A. Cup

| Season | Club | Round | Opponent | Result |
| 1885–86 | Heart of Midlothian | 1st round | Padiham | Withdrew |
| 1885–86 | Partick Thistle | 1st round | Queen's Park | 1 – 5 |
| 1885–86 | Queen's Park | 1st round | Partick Thistle | 5 – 1 |
| 1885–86 | Queen's Park | 2nd round | South Shore | Withdrew |
| 1885–86 | Rangers | 1st round | Rawtenstall | Withdrew |
| 1885–86 | Third Lanark | 1st round | Blackburn Park Road | 4 – 2 |
| 1885–86 | Third Lanark | 2nd round | Church | Withdrew |

## Scotland national team

| Date | Venue | Opponents | Score | Competition | Scotland scorers |
| 20 March 1886 | Ulster Cricket Ground, Belfast | Ireland | 7–2 | British Home Championship | Charles Heggie (4), John Lambie, Michael Dunbar, James Gourlay |
| 27 March 1886 | Hampden Park, Glasgow | England | 1–1 | British Home Championship | George Somerville |
| 10 April 1886 | Hampden Park, Glasgow | Wales | 4–1 | British Home Championship | Bob McCormick, James McCall, David Allan, William Harrower |
| Pos | Teamvte | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts |
| 1 | Scotland (C) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 12 | 4 | +8 | 5 |
| 2 | England (C) | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 | 3 | +7 | 5 |
| 3 | Wales | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 2 |
| 4 | Ireland | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 18 | −15 | 0 |
# Haggard family

The Haggard family is an English family associated with Bradenham Hall in Norfolk that was involved in several areas of public life. Members include:
* William Debonaire Haggard (1787−1866), banker, cousin of John
* John Haggard (1794−1856), lawyer, cousin of William, father of Mark and great-uncle of Henry
* Mark Haggard (1825−1854), clergyman and rower, son of John
* Sir Henry Rider Haggard (1856−1925), writer, great-nephew of John and father of Lilias
* Sir Vernon Harry Stuart Haggard (1874−1960), naval officer, nephew of Henry, brother of Godfrey and father of Hugh
* Sir Godfrey Digby Napier Haggard (1884−1969), diplomat, nephew of Henry, brother of Vernon and father of Stephen
* Lilias Margitson Rider Haggard, (1892−1968), writer, daughter of Henry and cousin of Vernon and Godfrey
* Hugh Alfred Vernon Haggard (1908−1991), naval officer, son of Vernon
* Stephen Hubert Avenel Haggard (1911−1943), actor and writer, son of Godfrey and father of Piers
* Piers Inigo Haggard (1939−2023), theater and film director, son of Stephen and father of Daisy
* Celia Daisy Morna Haggard (1978−), actress, daughter of Piers
# Zellenleiter

Zellenleiter (German pronunciation:; "Cell Leader") was a Nazi Party political title which existed between the years of 1930 and 1945. A Zellenleiter was higher in rank than a Blockleiter and was in charge of a "Nazi Cell", composed of eight to twelve city blocks.

## History and Usage

The position of Zellenleiter was first created in 1930 as a mid-level political leadership title. Originally known as Zellenwart, in 1933 after the Nazis came to power, the rank of Zellenwart was replaced by a new rank known as Stellenleiter. It was the Stellenleiters, on the local level of the Nazi Party encompassing German towns and cities, who held the positional title of Zellenleiter, and were often referred to as such in contrast to their actual political rank. Such persons answered to an official known as an Ortsgruppenleiter, considered the chief Nazi in a municipal region.
In 1939, the Nazi Party completed revamped its political ranking system and created a plethora of new Nazi Party political ranks and the title of Zellenleiter was adopted into its final form. Holders of the position now held a standard Nazi political rank (normally Bereitschaftsleiter or Einsatzleiter) while also displaying a political armband denoting their position as a Zellenleiter. There were also three primary Zellenleiter positions, these being:
* Zellenleiter (Cell Leader)
* Zellenwalter (Cell Administrator)
* Zellenobmann (Cell Foreman)
Two special positions, known as Betriebszellenobmann and Hauptbetriebszellenobmann also existed, but were more focused on war production duties rather than the Nazi Cell command chain.

## Duties

The original political rank of Zellenwart was used to supervise local Nazi political leaders during a time when the Nazi Party was attempting to gain power in the Weimar Republic. After the establishment of Nazi Germany in 1933, the political position of Zellenleiter became a type of political strongman and was usually the highest Nazi official that the general population would have direct dealings with on a day-to-day basis.
During World War II, the Zellenleiters oversaw the activities of the Blockleiters under their command. Primary focus was on the enforcement of Nazi policies, the promulgation of war production, and the administration of civil relief efforts, especially towards the end of the war when Germany was invaded. As defeat loomed for Nazi Germany, many Zellenleiters became associated with the Volksturm and served as ad hoc military commanders when the need arose.

## Sources

* Clark, J. (2007). Uniforms of the NSDAP. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing
# 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships – Men's 200 metre individual medley

The men's 200 metre individual medley at the 2009 IPC Swimming European Championships was held at Laugardalslaug in Reykjavik from 18–24 October.

## Medalists

| Event | Gold | Gold | Silver | Silver | Bronze | Bronze |
| SM6 | Sascha Kindred Great Britain | 2:44.97 | Yevheniy Bohodayko Ukraine | 2:52.80 | Matthew Whorwood Great Britain | 2:55.16 |
| SM7 | Mihovil Spanja Croatia | 2:38.56 ER | Matthew Walker Great Britain | 2:57.95 | Oleksandr Komarov Ukraine | 3:00.84 |
| SM8 | Sam Hynd Great Britain | 2:28.18 | Richard Howard Great Britain | 2:32.17 | Thomas Young Great Britain | 2:34.34 |
| SM9 | Andriy Kalyna Ukraine | 2:19.14 | Martin Schulz Germany | 2:23.36 | Federico Morlacchi Italy | 2:24.82 |
| SM10 | Lucas Ludwig Germany | 2:15.95 ER | Sven Decaesstecker Belgium | 2:17.73 | Robert Welbourn Great Britain | 2:19.36 |
| SM12 | Maksym Veraksa Ukraine | 2:11.56 WR | Sergey Punko Russia | 2:15.67 | Aleksandr Nevolin-Svetov Russia | 2:17.81 |
| SM13 | Oleksii Fedyna Ukraine | 2:11.84 WR | Danylo Chufarov Ukraine | 2:16.11 | Dzmitry Salei Belarus | 2:17.72 |
| SM14 | Daniel Pepper Great Britain | 2:18.74 | Ben Procter Great Britain | 2:19.24 | Marc Evers Netherlands | 2:25.55 |
# Hypexilis pallida

Hypexilis pallida is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Horn in 1885.
# Jalkanen

Jalkanen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Kustaa Jalkanen (1862–1921), Finnish farmer and politician
* Kalle Jalkanen (1907–1941) - a Finnish cross-country skier who won a gold medal at the 1936 Winter Olympics
* Kauko Jalkanen (1918–2007), Finnish fencer
* Timo Jalkanen (born 1936), Finnish diplomat and jurist
* Kari Tapio (1945–2010; birth name Kari Tapani Jalkanen) - a Finnish schlager-singer & one of the most popular singers in Finland for decades.
* Markku Jalkanen (born 1954), Finnish scientist, biotech entrepreneur and businessman
* Sirpa Jalkanen (born 1954), Finnish scientist, working in the field of biomedical and clinical medicine
* Karl James Jalkanen (born 1958 in Chassell, Michigan) is a researcher in Molecular Biophysics at the Technical University of Denmark in the Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology

## Meaning

The prefix Jalka generally means "foot," but also can refer to the leg of a stool or an animal's paw. Jalka- thus has a loose meaning, and when the prefix is added to the common -nen Finnish name ending it loses its colloquial meaning. Like most Finnish names, whether Jalkanen has a formal meaning is ambiguous. Generally, Finnish surnames do not have the same meaning schemes as other European names. If Finnish names were used to indicate a family's original trade (as with English and German names, like Miller, Shoemaker, Brewer, Smith, etc.) then the term "foot" or "Jalka" could refer to a profession such as a cobbler or tracker.