OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gauri Shankar Rai

Gauri Shankar Rai (10 June 1924 – 2 May 1991) was a member of the 6th Lok Sabha during 1977-79 representing Ghazipur constituency of Uttar Pradesh. Earlier he had been member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (1957–62) and Legislative Council (1967–76). He served as the Leader of Opposition in Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council.
He was born in a Bhumihar Brahmin family of Karnai village in district Ballia on 10 June 1924 and died on 2 May 1991 at his native village Karnai in Ballia, UP. Rai had his primary and junior school education in his native village Karnai and neighbouring villages Apayal and Sukhpura. He was admitted in L.D. Meston School in Ballia.
Student Activist and Freedom Fighter: He was arrested on 14 August 1942, for participating in "QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT" of Mahatma Gandhi, as a student of class 9th class. He was president of district youth congress in 1945 and organised many agitations against British govt and local administration, schools and colleges along with his associates such as Chandra Shekhar, Kashi Nath Mishra and Vasudeo Rai. He passed.his intermediate and B. A. From Satish Chandra College BALLIA (Agra University) and BEd from Benares Hindu University, Varanasi. During his student life, he organised an agitation along with his junior friends Chandra Shekhar and Kashi Nath Mishra, against Management of Satish Chandra College for their illegal action against a Learned Principal Dr Sita Ram Chaturvedi and succeeded in compelling management to take back their illegal order and reinstate Dr Chaturvedi. He passed Sahitya Ratna from Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Allahabad.

## Social activist

He was very active social activist who lead several agitations with his junior friends Sri Chandra Shekhar, ex prime minister and Kashi Nath Mishra, ex minister in UP and was successful. Just after independence in 1947, he led an agitation, organised by student organisations of UP, against enhancement of school fees by UP Govt and was jailed with agitators in Lucknow, but freed after demand was accepted by Govt. He was a teacher in Town College Ballia for some time but left the job due to his preoccupation in Political Activities.

## Parliamentary life

He was elected as Member of Legislative Assembly, as a Praja Socialist Party candidate, from Ballia sadar Vidhan Sabha in 1957 and defeated congress candidate. He joined Congress Party in 1964 along with Ashok Mehta when PSP merged itself with Congress Party. Pt. Nehru had declared Socialism as ultimate goal of congress and all socialists to join him and strengthen socialist movement. He was elected to UP Legislative Council, MLC, in 1967 as congress candidate, defeating a communist candidate supported by the then Govt in UP. He was re-elected to UP Council in 1970 and was up to 1976.
He joined JP Movement in 1974 against corruption and misrule of different state governments, e.g. Gujarat and Bihar and also against Government of India. State office of JP Movement was opened at his official residence as MLC in Royal Hotel, Lucknow and his residence became centre of activities.
# 1960 South African Senate election

The election for the seventh Senate of South Africa took place on October 26, 1960, with the appointment of nominated Senators by the Governor-General taking place on November 16, 1960.
Before this election, the seats reserved for Native Representatives seats were abolished. The Senate Act 1960 reduced the size of the Senate and reinstated proportional representation elections, as it had been up until the election of 1955. However, instead of going back to eight Senators per province, the Cape would have 11, Transvaal 14 (15 from 1970) and the two smaller provinces would retain 8 Senators. Again, the representation from South-West Africa was unchanged. The number of nominated Senators went back to eight.
The requirement for half of the appointed senators to be "acquainted with the 'reasonable wants and wishes' of non-white South Africans" was reworded so that "at least one of the two appointed senators [for each province or South West Africa] must be thoroughly acquainted with the interests of the Cape Coloured, Malay and Griqua people in the province or territory concerned and capable of serving as a channel through which these interests may be promoted". This provision was essentially reiterated in section 29(b)(2) of the 1961 constitution that contained "the requirement that at least one of the two senators nominated from each province under this section shall be thoroughly acquainted, by reason of official experience or otherwise, with the interests of the coloured population in the province for which the said senator is nominated".
The Senate was thus reduced in size to 54 in 1960 and then to 53 in 1962 (as the representative of the "non-European" — i.e. Coloured, as black Africans were explicitly excluded from the definition under section 1 (ii) of the 1951 act — population in the Cape Province nominated in 1957 based on section 7 of the Separate Representation of Voters Act, 1951 retained his seat until 1962). This additional seat was left vacant from 1962 onwards, but was formally abolished only in 1970 in terms of the Separate Representation of Voters Amendment Act, 1968.
The Senate composition remained unchanged by the declaration of the Republic of South Africa in 1961, except that the State President took over the role of the Governor-General in appointing Senators. Under the republican Constitution, the President of the Senate was to act as State President whenever that office was vacant, or if a state president was unable to perform his duties.
Section 28 (1) (a) of the Republic of South Africa Constitution Act 1961, provided that there should be "eight senators nominated by the State President of whom two shall be nominated from each province ...". The South Africa Act 1909 had not limited the number of nominated senators to be from any particular province.
# Southwest Corridor

Southwest Corridor can refer to:
* Southwest Corridor (Boston), a cancelled highway near Boston, Massachusetts
* Southwest Corridor (Minnesota), a future light rail project in Minneapolis, Minnesota
* The Southwest Corridor Plan, a transit project in Portland, Oregon
* Southwest Corridor (St. Louis MetroLink), a proposed light rail line in St. Louis
# Gorlin

Gorlin may refer to:

## People

* Dan Gorlin, computer game programmer, designer and founder of Dan Gorlin Productions
* Eitan Gorlin, filmmaker, author and actor
* Mikhail Gorlin, Russian emigre poet
* Richard Gorlin, American cardiologist, co-developed the Gorlin equation
* Robert J. Gorlin, a professor and researcher at the University of Minnesota

## In medicine

* Gorlin sign, the ability to touch the tip of the nose with the tongue and touch the elbow with the tongue
* Gorlin syndrome, also known as basal cell nevus syndrome
* The Gorlin equation, a method to calculate the effective area of a heart valve during cardiac catheterization
# Ursul

Ursul may refer to:
* Ursul or Urs, a tributary of the river Țibău in Romania
* Ursul (Russia), a tributary of the Katun in Altai Republic, Russia
# Omicron Columbae

Omicron Columbae is a star in the southern constellation Columba. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.81, which is bright enough to be faintly visible to the naked eye. The distance to this star, as determined by an annual parallax shift of 30.82 mas, is 105.8 light years. The visual magnitude is reduced by an interstellar absorption factor of 0.06 due to intervening dust.
Depending on the source, this star has been given a stellar classification of K1 III or K1 IV, suggesting that it is a K-type star currently in the subgiant or giant stage of its evolution. It has 1.57 times the Sun's mass and has expanded to more than five times the radius of the Sun. The star appears to be spinning slowly with a projected rotational velocity of 1.2 km/s, and is around 2.2 billion years old. It is estimated to radiate 15.5 times the solar luminosity from its outer atmosphere at an effective temperature of 4,936 K.
Omicron Columbae is a high proper motion star that may share a common proper motion with the object WISE J051723.87−345121.8. The two have an angular separation of 159 arc seconds.
# 1186 Turnera

1186 Turnera, provisional designation 1929 PL, is a stony Eoan asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 36 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 1 August 1929, by South African astronomer Cyril Jackson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The asteroid was later named after British astronomer Herbert Hall Turner.

## Classification and orbit

Turnera is a member of the Eos family (606), the largest asteroid family in the outer main-belt with nearly 10,000 known members.$^{:23}$ It orbits the Sun at a distance of 2.7–3.3 AU once every 5 years and 3 months (1,922 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 11° with respect to the ecliptic. Turnera was first identified as 1919 SE at Simeiz Observatory in September 1919. This observation, however, remains unused and the body's observation arc begins at Johannesburg with its official discovery observation in 1929.

## Physical characteristics

In the Tholen classification, Turnera is a common, stony S-type asteroid. In the SMASS classification, it is a Sq-type that transitions to the Q-type asteroids. Generically, Eoan asteroids are also characterized as K-type asteroids with an albedo of 0.13.$^{:23}$

### Lightcurves

In January 2016, the best-rated rotational lightcurve of Turnera was obtained from photometric observations by the Spanish amateur astronomer group OBAS, Observadores de Asteroids. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 12.085 hours with a brightness variation of 0.31 magnitude (U=3). Previously, American astronomer Brian Warner obtained a similar period of 12.066 hours and an amplitude of 0.34 magnitude at his Palmer Divide Observatory (716) in Colorado (U=2+).
Other lightcurve observations were made by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi (15±2 hours; Δmag of 0.25; U=2+) in February 2006, and by Italian astronomer Maria A. Barucci (12.010 hours; Δmag of 0.20; U=2) in August 1987.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Turnera measures between 34.290 and 39.691 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.12 and 0.2919.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.2919 and a diameter of 35.56 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.20.

### Naming

This minor planet was named after British astronomer Herbert Hall Turner (1861–1930), director of the Radcliffe Observatory at University of Oxford. He is also credited with coining the term "parsec". The official naming citation was published in Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets in 1955 (H 110).
# Temoq language

Temoq is a severely endangered Austroasiatic language spoken in the state of Pahang in the Malay Peninsula. Temoq belongs to the Southern branch of the Aslian languages, along with Semelai, Semaq Beri, and Mah Meri.
# 83 Squadron

83 Squadron or 83rd Squadron may refer to:
* No. 83 Squadron RAAF, a unit of the Royal Australian Air Force
* No. 83 Squadron RAF, a unit of the Royal Air Force
* VFA-83 (Strike Fighter Squadron 83), a unit of the United States Navy
* 83 Juno Beach Squadron, a Royal Canadian Air Cadet squadron
# 79th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)

The 79th Division (第79師団, Dai-nanajūkyū Shidan) was an infantry division in the Imperial Japanese Army. Its call sign was the Play Division (奏兵団, So Heidan).It was created 6 February 1945 in Ranam-guyok and disbanded at Tumen, Jilin in September 1945. It was a triangular division. The men of the division were drafted through Ranam-guyok Korean mobilization district, although the divisional backbone was the men from 19th and 20th divisions.

## Action

The 79th division was assigned to the Kwantung Army 30 May 1945 and then to 3rd army and given a defensive sector at Tumen, Jilin in July 1945. At the end of July 1945, 1000 men were transferred to the newly formed 139th division.
The 79th division was estimated to be 55% combat affective by August 1945, making it the best unit available to the 3rd army. During the Soviet invasion of Manchuria, the 3rd battalion of the 291st infantry regiment have suffered a severe losses, but the hostilities ceased before the 79th division was seriously hit.

## References and further reading

* ↑ "Japanese Kwantung Army 9 August 1945 (Facing Russian Invasion of Manchuria)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
* ↑ "Records of operations against Soviet Russia, Eastern Front (August 1945)", p. 92
* ↑ "Japanese Kwantung Army Ground Units Gained & Lost March 1941 to August 1945" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
* ↑ "Records of operations against Soviet Russia, Eastern Front (August 1945)", p. 122
* ↑ "Records of operations against Soviet Russia, Eastern Front (August 1945)", p. 57
* List of Japanese Infantry Divisions
* Madej, W. Victor. Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937-1945 [2 vols] Allentown, PA: 1981
This article incorporates material from the article 第79師団 (日本軍) in the Japanese Wikipedia, retrieved on 20 June 2015.
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# A. Gnanam

A. Gnanam (5 October 1932 – 16 May 2017) was an educationist who served as the second Vice-Chancellor of Pondicherry University from 1991 to 2007.

## Career

Gnanam is most remembered for his credit in popularizing and initiating the community college concept with the foundation of first of the same kind in Pondicherry University. He was the educationist who first introduced the concept of Choice-Based Credit System (CBCS) in Indian universities. From 1985 to 1988, he also served as the Vice-Chancellor of Bharathidasan University followed by his tenure as Vice-Chancellor of University of Madras from 1988 to 1990.
Gnanam initiated the research unit of Plant sciences under the Department of Biology at Madurai Kamaraj University after he joined there in 1969 as a Reader.
He served as the Head of the Plant sciences unit at Madurai Kamaraj University till 1985. He also holds the credit to establish Department of Science and Technology (India) (DST) centre for Photosynthesis at Madurai Kamaraj University. Under his direction, Karuppannan Veluthambi, a molecular biologist and former Professor of School of Biotechnology of Madurai Kamaraj University, established a Department of Biotechnology (DBT) centre for Plant Molecular Biology in the university premises.
# German submarine U-297

German submarine U-297 was a Type VIIC/41 U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
She was laid down on 27 January 1943 by the Bremer Vulkan Werft (yard) at Bremen-Vegesack as yard number 62, launched on 9 October 1943 and commissioned on 17 November with Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang Aldermann in command.
In one patrol, she did not sink or damage any ships.
She was sunk by a British aircraft on or after 6 December 1944. Fifty men died; there were no survivors.

## Design

German Type VIIC/41 submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-297 had a displacement of 759 tonnes (747 long tons) when at the surface and 860 tonnes (850 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-297 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 and two 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

The boat's service life began with training with the 8th U-boat Flotilla in November 1943. She was then transferred to the 11th flotilla for operations on 1 November 1944.
She made the short journey from Kiel in Germany to Horten Naval Base in Norway, arriving on 18 November 1944.

### Patrol and loss

U-297's only patrol began from Horten; it took her through the 'gap' between the Faroe and the Shetland Islands.
She was sunk by a Sunderland flying boat of No. 201 Squadron RAF on 6 December 1944, 16 nautical miles (30 km; 18 mi) west of Yesnaby in the Orkney Islands.

### Previously recorded fate and wreck discovery

U-297 was originally thought to have been sunk on 6 December 1944 by depth charges dropped by the British frigates HMS Loch Inch and Goodall. She had also been listed as missing since 3 January 1945 probably in the Pentland Firth.
The wreck of U-297 was found and identified in May 2000. It lies at a depth of 285 ft (87 m).
# Southwest Conference baseball tournament

The Southwest Conference baseball tournament was the conference baseball championship of the NCAA Division I Southwest Conference from 1977 through 1996. The winner of the tournament received an automatic berth to the NCAA Division I Baseball Championship. Over the course of the event, Texas won 11 of 19 tournaments.

## Champions

The following is a list of conference champions and sites listed by year.
| Year | Team | Site |
| 1977 | Baylor | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1978 | Baylor | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1979 | Texas | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1980 | Texas | Olsen Field • College Station, TX |
| 1981 | Texas | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1982 | Texas | Olsen Field • College Station, TX |
| 1983 | Texas | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1984 | Texas | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1985 | Arkansas | George Cole Field • Fayetteville, AR |
| 1986 | Texas A&M | Olsen Field • College Station, TX |
| 1987 | Texas | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1988 | Texas | George Cole Field • Fayetteville, AR |
| 1989 | Texas A&M | Olsen Field • College Station, TX |
| 1990 | Texas | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1991 | Texas | Olsen Field • College Station, TX |
| 1992 | No Tournament Held | No Tournament Held |
| 1993 | Baylor | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1994 | Texas | Disch–Falk Field • Austin, TX |
| 1995 | Texas Tech | Olsen Field • College Station, TX |
| 1996 | Rice | Dan Law Field • Lubbock, TX |

## Most Valuable Player

| Tournament | Player | Team |
| 1995 | Jason Totman | Texas Tech |
| 1996 | Jacques Landry | Rice |
# Helcystogramma delocosma

Helcystogramma delocosma is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1936. It is known from Indonesia (Java).
The larvae feed on Micromelum pubescens.
# Pars destruens and pars construens

Pars destruens and pars construens (Latin) are complementary parts of argumentation. The negative part of criticizing views is the pars destruens. And the positive part of stating one's own position and arguments is the pars construens.
The distinction goes back to Francis Bacon and his work Novum Organum (1620). There he puts forth his inductive method that has two parts. A negative part, pars destruens, that removes all prejudices and errors. And the positive part, pars construens, that is about gaining knowledge and truth.
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# Pars membranacea

Pars membranacea may refer to:
* Membranous urethra of the male urinary tract
* Posterior wall of the human trachea
* Upper part of the interventricular septum
# Govenia

Govenia is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the orchid family Orchidaceae. The type species, Govenia superba, was transferred from Maxillaria superba and a genus name was given to commemorate J.R. Gowen, secretary of the Horticultural Society of London.
The species in this genus are terrestrial or sometimes epiphytic, and native to Mexico, Central and South America, the West Indies and Florida. This genus has cormous, egg-shaped pseudobulbs and thin, plicate leaves that are always paired. According to the Royal Horticultural Society, Gov. is the official abbreviation for this genus.

## Species

The following species are recognized as of June 2014:
* Govenia alba A. Rich. & Galeotti 1845
* Govenia bella E.W. Greenw. 1987 (Oaxaca, Mexico)
* Govenia ciliilabia Ames & C. Schweinf. 1930 (Costa Rica; El Salvador; Panama)
* Govenia dressleriana E.W. Greenw. 1993 (El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico)
* Govenia elliptica S. Watson 1891 (Mexico)
* Govenia fasciata Lindl. 1843 (Venezuela)
* †Govenia floridana P.M. Br. 2000 (Florida; extinct)
* Govenia greenwoodii Dressler & Soto Arenas 2003 (Honduras)
* Govenia jouyana R. González 1983
* Govenia lagenophora Lindl. 1839 (El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico)
* Govenia latifolia (Kunth) Garay & G.A.Romero 1999
* Govenia liliacea (Lex.) Lindl. 1835 (Mexico; Central America)
* Govenia matudae E.W.Greenw. & Soto Arenas 2002
* Govenia praecox Salazar & E.W. Greenw. 1993 (Veracruz, Mexico)
* Govenia purpusii Schltr. 1918
* Govenia quadriplicata Rchb. f. 1866
* Govenia rubellilabia García-Cruz 2006
* Govenia sodiroi Schltr. 1921 (Ecuador)
* Govenia superba (La Llave & Lex.) Lindl. ex Lodd. 1831 : El Salvador; Guatemala; Mexico)
* Govenia tequilana Dressler & Hágsater 1973 (Mexico)
* Govenia tingens Poepp. & Endl. 1837-1838 (Ecuador; Peru)
* Govenia utriculata (Sw.) Lindl. 1839 (Bolivia; Ecuador; Argentina)
* Govenia viaria Dressler 2002
* Govenia vilcabambana Dodson 1994 (Ecuador)
# Parzatumar

Parzatumar is a Classical Armenian book. It is the second published book in the Armenian language. The book was written by Hakob Meghapart in 1513. It is a liturgical calendar and a synaxaria.
A copy is held by the National Library of Armenia. That copy is bound with a copy of the first book published in Armenian, Urbatagirk.
# Unveil the Mystery

Unveil the Mystery is the second compilation album by the Canadian progressive rock band Mystery. While At the Dawn of a New Millennium features lead vocals by Gary Savoie, Unveil The Mystery features lead vocals by Benoît David. The cover art for the album was originally going to be the cover art for Beneath the Veil of Winter's Face.

## Release information

* CD - Unicorn Digital - UNCR-5095 - 2013