OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1673 in music

The year 1673 in music involved some significant events.

## Events

* John Blow becomes organist of Westminster Abbey.
* Agostino Steffani begins his studies in Rome under Ercole Bernabei.
* Johann Michael Bach becomes organist and town clerk of Gehren.
* Robert Cambert arrives in Britain.
* Giovanni Maria Bononcini publishes his treatise, Musico prattico.
* Henry Purcell is apprenticed to the organist John Hingeston.

## Publications

* Giovanni Maria Bononcini – Musico prattico, Op.8
* Erasmus Gruber – Synopsis musica
* Matthew Locke – The Present Practice of Musick

## Classical music

* Giovanni-Battista Agneletti – Gloria patri et filio et spiritui sancto
* Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber - Battalia à 10
* Cristofaro Caresana – La Tarentella
* Marc-Antoine Charpentier
** Ouverture et intermèdes, H.494
** Symphonie devant Regina, H.509
** Prélude, H.510
** Prélude, H.512
* Agostino Guerrieri – 13 Sonatas, Op. 1
* Sebastien Knüpfer – Erforsche mich, Gott (May 14)
* Giovanni Legrenzi
** Violin Duo and continuo
** La Cetra (Op. 10), a collection of sonatas
* Matthew Locke – Melothesia
* Jean-Baptiste Lully – La pastorale comique, LWV 33

## Opera

* Wolfgang Carl Briegel – Das verliebte Gespenst
* Jean-Baptiste Lully
** Cadmus et Hermione
** Alceste
* Antonio Sartorio – Orfeo
* Pietro Andrea Ziani – Marcello in Siracuse
* Matthew Locke – Psyche

## Births

* January 30 – Marc-Antoine Legrand, lyricist (died 1728)
* February 1 – Alessandro Marcello, composer (d. 1747)
* April 16 – Francesco Feroci, composer (d. 1750)
* June 18 – Antonio de Literes, composer of zarzuelas (died 1747)
* July 25 – Santiago de Murcia, guitarist and composer (died 1739)
* August 28 – Conrad Michael Schneider, composer (died 1752)
* September 29 – Jacques Hotteterre, composer (d. 1763)
* October 26 – Dimitrie Cantemir, composer, musicologist and polymath (d. 1723)
* date unknown – Johannes Kelpius, the first Pennsylvanian composer (died 1708)

## Deaths

* February 2 – Kaspar Förster, composer and musician (born by 1616)
* February 17 – Molière, opera librettist (born 1622)
* date unknown – Lemme Rossi, music theorist
# 1741 in Denmark

Events from the year 1741 in Denmark.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Christian VI
* Prime minister – Johan Ludvig Holstein-Ledreborg

## Events

* 13 January – The Conventicle Act of 1741 is enacted.
* 6 May – HDMS Elephanten is launched at the Royal Danish Dockyard.

### Undated

The Copenhagen Stocks House is opened to civilian prisoners.

## Culture

* Ludvig Holberg's Niels Klim's Underground Travels is published.

## Births

* 3 February – Charlotte Elisabeth Henriette Holstein, courtier (died 1809)
* 16 February – Margrethe von der Lühe, courtier (died 1826)

### Full date unknown

* Cornelius Høyer, miniatures painter (died 1804)
# 1686 in Denmark

"none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive
Events from the year 1686 in Denmark.

## Incumbents

* Monarch – Christian V
* Grand Chancellor – Frederik Ahlefeldt, until his death on 7 July.

## Events
### Undated

* Store Bededag is introduced by the Church of Denmark, combining several Catholic holy days into a single holiday.
* Gabriel Milan is removed as Governor of the Danish West Indies and placed under arrest for treason.

## Births

* 5 April – Poul Vendelbo Løvenørn, Secretary of War and Minister of the Navy (died 1740)
* 12 August – Bendix Grodtschilling the Youngest, painter and conchologist (died 1737)

## Deaths

* 29 May – Ove Juul, nobleman and vice Governor-general of Norway (born 1615)
* 7 July – Frederik Ahlefeldt, statesman and Grand Chancellor (born 1623)
* 25 November – Nicolas Steno, 17th-century scientist and bishop (born 1638)
# 1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons

1830: The Game of Railroads and Robber Barons is a railroad operations and share trading board game first published by Avalon Hill in 1986 based on an original design by Francis Tresham. The popularity of 1830 spawned an industry creating similar "18XX" games. It was the inspiration for Sid Meier's Railroad Tycoon. 1830 was republished in 2011 through a partnership of Mayfair Games and Lookout Games.

## Game Structure

1830 is a strategy game where the only element of luck involved is in determining the initial play order. The game takes the basic mechanics from Francis Tresham’s 1829, with players seeking to make the most money by buying and selling stock in various rail transport companies located on a stylised eastern United States map. Players also operate any companies of which they are the President (by virtue of being the dominant shareholder), in order to generate revenue and affect stock prices.
The game is designed to represent the beginning of railroad operations in the eastern United States beginning in the year 1830, with stock companies in the game representing historical railroad companies.
The goal of the game is to maximise personal wealth before the game ends, whether by nurturing a railroad company to increase its stock value, gutting it and running with the money, successful stock trading or arranging for another player to go bankrupt. Buying, trading and speculating on the stock market is often where 1830 is won or lost.
A game is finished when the bank runs out of money or any player goes bankrupt, with the player with the greatest personal wealth winning.

### Private Companies

* Schuylkill Valley Navigation Co.
* Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad
* Delaware & Hudson Railroad
* Mohawk & Hudson Railroad
* Camden & Amboy Railroad
* Baltimore & Ohio Railroad

### Stock Companies

* Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
* Boston and Maine Railroad
* Canadian Pacific Railway
* Chesapeake and Ohio Railway
* Erie Railroad
* New York Central Railroad
* New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad
* Pennsylvania Railroad

## Computer Game

1830 has been translated as the PC game 1830: Railroads & Robber Barons by Simtex in 1993. This game has been praised for superior computer AI and, due to the lack of randomness in 1830 game play, the transparency of game play.

## Reception

Grant Tavinor, writing in The Aesthetics of Videogames, described the game as "extremely complicated".

### Reviews

1830 was also reviewed in the 36th issue of Casus Belli.
# Vincenzo Brunacci

Vincenzo Brunacci (3 March 1768 – 16 June 1818) was an Italian mathematician born in Florence. He was professor of Matematica sublime (infinitesimal calculus) in Pavia. He transmitted Lagrange's ideas to his pupils, including Ottaviano Fabrizio Mossotti, Antonio Bordoni and Gabrio Piola.

## Biography

He studied medicine, astronomy and mathematics at the University of Pisa. In 1788 he earned his laurea and the same year he started teaching mathematics at the Naval Institute of Livorno. In 1796, when Napoleon entered Italy, he endorsed the new order. Upon the reinstatement of the Austrian rule, he moved to France between 1799 and 1800. On returning he attained a chair at the University of Pisa. In 1801 he moved to the University of Pavia with the office of professor of infinitesimal calculus and become its dean.
Brunacci believed that Lagrange's approach, developed in the "Théorie des fonctions analytiques", was the correct one and that the infinitesimal concept was to be banned from analysis and mechanics. In Brunacci's university teaching infinitesimal calculus differently from Lagrange's principles was even prohibited as a rule. Brunacci passed his idea of analysis on to his students, among which Fabrizio Ottaviano Mossotti, Gabrio Piola and Antonio Bordoni.
He cooperated with the public administration, in 1805 he was in the Committee for the Naviglio Pavese (Pavia Canal) project and the following year as inspector of Waters and Roads.
In 1809 he joined the Committee for the new measurements and weights system and from 1811 he was inspector general of Public Education for the entire Italian Kingdom.
He died in Pavia in 1818.

## Writings

* Opuscolo analitico, (1792).
* Calcolo integrale delle equazioni lineari, (1798).
* Corso di matematica sublime, in four volumes, Firenze, (1804–1807).
* Elementi di algebra e di geometria, in two volumes, Firenze, (1809).
* Trattato dell'ariete idraulico, (1810).
* Quale tra le pratiche usate in Italia per la dispensa delle acque è la più convenevole, e quali precauzioni ed artifizi dovrebbero aggiungersi per intieramente perfezionarla riducendo le antiche alle nuove misure metriche (in Italian). Verona: Mainardi. 1814.
* Trattato di navigazione (in Italian). Vol. 2. Milano: Stamperia reale. 1817.
* Trattato di navigazione, 1817
# Vincent, Orontius, and Victor

Saints Vincent, Orontius, and Victor (d. 305 AD) are venerated as martyrs by the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches. Tradition states that Vincent and Orontius were brothers from Cimiez. They were Christians who evangelized in the Pyrenees and were killed at Puigcerda with Saint Victor.
Vincent should not be confused with the more famous Vincent of Saragossa, who is honored on the same feast day.

## Veneration

Their relics were enshrined at Embrun, in a sanctuary built by Palladius of Embrun.
# Vincent-Joseph-Marie de Proisy de Brison

Vincent-Joseph-Marie de Proisy de Brison (died 28 July 1779, in Brest) was a French Navy officer. He notably served during the War of American Independence.

## Biography

Proisy was born to the family of Jeanne-Marie-Françoise de Héron and of Alphonse de Proisy. His older brother, La Salle Proisy, also served in the Navy. Proisy joined the Navy as a Garde-Marine on 26 November 1745.
Proisy was promoted to Lieutenant on 17 April 1757. On 23 May 1758, he married Pélagie Gouyon. On 19 March 1763, he was made a Knight in the Order of Saint Louis.
In 1765, he commanded the fluyt Forte, carrying wook from Pyrenees. In 1769, he commanded the 12-gun corvette Écureuil between Saint -Domingue and Brest. In 1770, he sailed her to Guadeloupe.
Proisy was promoted to Captain on 24 March 1772. In 1778, Proisy captained the 64-gun Actionnaire, part of the White squadron under Orvilliers. He took part in the Battle of Ushant on 27 July 1778.
Proisy retired from the Navy on 1 July 1779.

## Sources and references

Notes
* ↑ Also written "Proissy"
Citations
* ↑ La Chenaye Desbois (1776), p. 550.
* 1 2 Troude (1867), p. 7.
* 1 2 Lacour-Gayet (1905), p. 615-617.
* 1 2 3 4 Goüyon, Mériadec. "des Rochettes". Retrieved 23 May 2020.
* ↑ Goüyon & Boisnard (2007).
* 1 2 3 4 5 Lacour-Gayet (1905), p. 624.
* ↑ Roche (2005), p. 208.
* 1 2 Archives nationales (2011), p. 170.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 181.
* ↑ Archives nationales (2011), p. 183.
* ↑ Chack (2001), p. 379.
References
* Chack, Paul (2001). Marins à bataille (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Le Gerfaut. ISBN 9782901196921. OCLC 552986998.
* Goüyon, Mériadec; Boisnard, Luc (2007). Les Gouyon Matignon : huit siècles d'histoire, leurs juveigneurs, leurs alliances et leurs demeures (in French). Mayenne, France: Éditions régionales de l'Ouest. ISBN 978-2-85554-128-0. OCLC 799734837.
* La Chenaye Desbois, François Alexandre Aubert (1776). Dictionnaire de la noblesse ... de France (in French). Vol. 11. Antoine Boudet. OCLC 163129892.
* Lacour-Gayet, Georges (1905). La marine militaire de la France sous le règne de Louis XVI. Paris: Honoré Champion. OCLC 763372623.
* Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922. (1671-1870)
* Taillemite, Étienne (1982). Dictionnaire des Marins français. Paris: Éditions maritimes et d'Outre-Mer. ISBN 9782707000316. OCLC 239744936.
* Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France (in French). Vol. 2. Challamel ainé. OCLC 836362484.
External links
* Archives nationales (2011). "Fonds Marine, sous-série B/4: Campagnes, 1571-1785" (PDF). Retrieved 29 April 2020.
# 1861 Faroese general election

Partial general elections were held in the Faroe Islands in 1861 to elect nine of the eighteen elected members of the Løgting. The Danish administrator (Amtmaður) and the local dean (Próstur) were also members, with the administrator serving as the speaker.

## Electoral system

Members of the Løgting were elected by first-past-the-post voting, with voters having as many votes as there were seats available in their constituency. Nine of the 18 seats were elected every two years. Voting was restricted to men aged 25 or over who met certain tax-paying criteria.

## Results

| Constituency | Elected members | Notes |
| Norðoyggjar | Absalon Guttormsen | |
| Norðoyggjar | Hans David Matras | Re-elected |
| Sandoy | Jonas Dalsgaard | |
| Sandoy | Mads Andrias Winther | |
| Suðuroy | Peter Larsen | |
| Suðuroy | Daniel Jákup Mortensen | |
| Suðurstreymoy | Hans Olaus Djurhuus | Re-elected |
| Suðurstreymoy | Poul Isaksen | |
| Suðurstreymoy | Andreas Christian Lützen | Re-elected |
| Source: Løgting |||
# 15 rating

15 rating refers to a type of age-based content rating that applies to media entertainment, such as films, television shows and computer games. The following articles document the rating across a range of countries and mediums:

## Classification organizations

* Australian Classification Board (MA15+ and M)
* British Board of Film Classification (15)
* Common Sense Media (15+)
* Computer Entertainment Rating Organization (C – 15 equivalent)
* Dirección General de Radio, Televisión y Cinematografía (B-15)
* Eirin (R15+)
* Irish Film Classification Office (15 and 15A)
* Korea Media Rating Board (15)
* National Bureau of Classification (NBC) (15+)
* Norwegian Media Authority (15)
* Office of Film and Literature Classification (New Zealand) (R15)

## Systems

* Motion picture content rating system, a range of classification systems for films that commonly use the age 15 as part of its regulatory criteria
* Television content rating system, a range of classification systems for television broadcasts that commonly use the age 15 as part of its regulatory criteria
* Video game content rating system, a range of classification systems for video games that commonly use the age 15 as part of its regulatory criteria
* Mobile software content rating system, a range of classification systems for mobile software that commonly use the age 15 as part of its regulatory criteria
# Vinnie Doyle

Vincent Doyle (1938 – 21 September 2010) was an Irish journalist noted as having served as editor of the Irish Independent for 24 years, considered a lengthy period in Irish terms. He also served as editor of the Evening Herald for several years prior to this.
Doyle was originally from Dublin, reared in Glasnevin, was initially a copy boy until he became a reporter. He joined The Irish Press in 1958, later transferring to The Sunday Press and then onto the Independent Group. In 1977 he was made editor of the Evening Herald. In 1981 Doyle was made editor of the Irish Independent. He was also credited with creating the Weekend magazine which comes with the Saturday edition of the Irish Independent.
He was married to Gertie and the couple had three sons; all four of them outlived Doyle. The pair often travelled to far-flung destinations when Doyle was alive. Doyle shunned the spotlight and often wore sleeve garters. He regularly worked late hours. As editor of the Irish Independent he appeared on radio and television just twice.
Upon his death at the age of 72 in 2010 he received a tribute from Taoiseach Brian Cowen who described him as "a legendary figure in Irish media". Several other political leaders, such as Eamon Gilmore, John Gormley and Enda Kenny, also sang his praises. Kevin Myers described him as the "last great working editor", the other two having been, according to Myers, Tim Pat Coogan and Douglas Gageby. James Downey also opined that Gageby was his only rival, describing Doyle as "one of the greatest Irish editors of his time, probably of all time".
Doyle was interred in Kilmashogue Cemetery after funeral Mass at the Annunciation Church in Rathfarnham, Dublin on 23 September 2010. Hundreds of people attended, including notable journalists, Vincent Browne, former taoiseach Albert Reynolds, MEP Mairead McGuinness and a representative of the President. Doyle had been ill for a brief spell, before dying at the Blackrock Clinic on 21 September 2010.
# 16 Lyncis

16 Lyncis is a star in the constellation Lynx. It is positioned next to the western constellation border with Auriga, and is also known as Psi$^{10}$ Aurigae, which is Latinized from ψ$^{10}$ Auriga. The star has a white hue and is visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of 4.90. The distance to this object is approximately 241 light-years based on parallax, but it is drifting closer to the Sun with a radial velocity of −12 km/s. It has an absolute magnitude of 0.56.
This object is a solitary A-type main-sequence star with a stellar classification of A0Vn, a star that is currently fusing its core hydrogen. The 'n' suffix indicates "nebulous" absorption lines due to rapid rotation. It is around 181 million years old with a projected rotational velocity of 229 km/s. This spin rate is giving the star an oblate shape with an equatorial bulge that is an estimated 10% larger than the polar radius. 16 Lyncis has 2.38 times the mass of the Sun and is radiating 56 times the Sun's luminosity from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 10,395 K.
16 Lyncis is suspected of being slightly variable, but this has not been confirmed. It was noted when 16 Lyncis was used as a comparison star for observing another variable, the peculiar HD 51418 (NY Aurigae).
# Vikas Gupta (disambiguation)

Vikas Gupta may refer to:
* Vikas Gupta (born 1988), Indian television producer, creative director and host known for participating in Bigg Boss 11
* Vikas Gupta (politician), Indian politician from Fatehpur, Uttar Pradesh, affiliated with Bhartiya Janata Party
* Vikas Gupta (businessman), Indian American internet entrepreneur
# 1725 in France

Events from the year 1725 in France.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Louis XV

## Events

* 16 September – The Treaty of Hanover is signed between Great Britain, France and Prussia.
* 1725–1730 - Freemasonry is established in France as an English import.

## Births

* 25 January – Antoine Court de Gébelin, French pastor (d. 1784)
* 26 February – Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot, French steam vehicle pioneer (d. 1804)
* 12 May – Louis Philip I, Duke of Orléans, French soldier and writer (d. 1785)
* 12 May – Comte de Rochambeau, French soldier (d. 1807)
* 21 August – Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter (d. 1805)
* 5 September – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician (d. 1799)
* 12 September – Guillaume Le Gentil, French astronomer (d. 1792)
* 16 September – Nicolas Desmarest, French geologist (d. 1815)
* 12 October – Etienne Louis Geoffroy, French pharmacist and entomologist (d. 1810)

## Deaths

* 6 April – Étienne Chauvin, French Protestant divine (b. 1640)
* 16 September – Antoine V de Gramont, French military leader (b. 1672)
* 10 October – Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil, Governor-General of New France (b. c.1643)
* 7 December – Florent Carton Dancourt, French dramatist and actor (b. 1661)
# GameSurge

GameSurge is a popular Internet Relay Chat network devoted to the online multiplayer gaming community. Games commonly seen referenced on GameSurge include many first person shooters (such as Counter-Strike, Counter-Strike: Source, Team Fortress Classic, Team Fortress 2, Day of Defeat, Call of Duty, and Battlefield 2) and MMORPGs (such as World of Warcraft and Guild Wars).

## History

GameSurge was created in February 2004, as a result of the merger of GamesNET users and the ProGamePlayer Network, a network with common interests. The merger, coincidentally, occurred during a time of legal disputes over the domain name gamesnet.net.
At present day, the user base of GameSurge is primarily North American, with a growing number of English-speaking gamers from Europe. The user base contains a large number of clans who participate in a wide variety of games. Among the more popular games on GameSurge are Counter-Strike, Counter-Strike: Source, Team Fortress Classic, Team Fortress 2, Day of Defeat, Urban Terror and Call of Duty.

## Services

GameSurge runs a feature-rich package of services known as srvx, which was written by GameSurge's development staff from scratch in C.
GameSurge provides five user-accessible services:
* AuthServ, which provides authentication for other services on the network and allows users to use an account to maintain channel access. In the interests of providing a service directed toward gaming (and thus allowing users to easily switch clan/team/guild tags), GameSurge does not provide nickname registration.
* ChanServ, which provides facilities such as event logging and advanced user/ban management.
* HelpServ bots, which manage support requests in certain channels via a FIFO queue.
** HelpServ, in the #support channel, for general user support.
** Other HelpServ bots in miscellaneous help channels throughout the network.
* SpamServ, which provides spam protection services to channels on the network. This service was added in July 2008 (2008-07).
* HostServ, which provides free "titles" to users wishing to use cloaked hosts. See the GameSurge Titles page for details.
# Virgilio Morales Díaz

Virgilio Morales Díaz was one of the last National Chief Scouts of Cuban Scouting. Scouting existed in Cuba itself until the 1960s, when Cuban Scouting ceased operations after the Cuban revolution of 1959. Cuban Scouts rendered service during those times, directing traffic, collecting rations, helping in hospitals and establishing first aid stations. In 1961, the World Scout Conference terminated the World Organization of the Scout Movement membership, claiming that the Asociación de Scouts de Cuba had ceased to exist. The last National Chief Scouts were Virgilio Morales Díaz and Doctor José Borrel Tudurí, along with Doctor Celina Cardoso, President and Secretary of the National Council. Kenneth Symington of Cañal was the last National Executive Commissioner.
# 1991–92 Cuban National Series

The 31st season of the Cuban National Series again featured a four-team postseason bracket tournament, with the semifinal round increased to best-of-five series. Two-time defending champion Henequeneros of Matanzas Province advanced to the championship series, but lost to Industriales of Havana in five games. The league makeup of 18 teams, each with a 48-game schedule, was unchanged from recent seasons. This was the final time the league fielded 18 teams.

## Standings

Source:

## Playoffs

| Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Finals | Finals | Finals |
| W1 | Industriales | 3 | | | |
| E2 | Granma | 0 | | | |
| E2 | Granma | 0 | W1 | Industriales | 4 |
| | | | W2 | Henequeneros | 1 |
| E1 | Camagüey | 1 | W2 | Henequeneros | 1 |
| W2 | Henequeneros | 3 | | | |
# Specchia Gallone

Specchia Gallone is a small Italian town close to the Adriatic coast and about 40 km distant from Lecce. Administratively it counts as a frazione of the commune of Minervino di Lecce, and falls within the province of Lecce in the Apulia region of south-east Italy.
40°07′N 18°25′E﻿ / ﻿40.117°N 18.417°E﻿ / 40.117; 18.417
* This Apulia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
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