OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# PK-4 (ISS experiment)

The PK-4 or (Plasmakristall-4) laboratory is a joint Russian-European laboratory for the investigation of dusty/complex plasmas on board the International Space Station (ISS), with the principal investigators at the Institute of Materials Science at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) and the Russian Institute for High Energy Densities of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is the third laboratory on board the ISS to study complex plasmas, after the PKE Nefedov and PK-3 Plus experiments. In contrast to the previous setups, the geometry was significantly changed and is more suited to study flowing complex plasmas.

## Technical description

The heart of the PK-4 laboratory consists of a direct current (DC) discharge tube. A plasma is generated by applying an electric field between an anode and a cathode. Microparticles are then injected into the plasma and move through the tube into the working area where their motion is recorded with two cameras, the images of which are joined for analysis. The movement of the microparticles inside the fields of view of the cameras is followed by experimenters. The polarity of this electric field can be switched at a high frequency, so that the microparticles can be trapped in the working area. A variety of manipulation techniques are available, for instance a manipulation laser that can produce shear flow, and a thermal manipulator which can trap microparticles with a thermal gradient. The optical observation of the microparticles is complemented by other diagnostics methods: a spectrometer and a glow camera that records the plasma glow in several spectral lines.

## Scientific goals

As its predecessors, PK-4 Plus studies complex plasmas, which are low temperature plasmas that contain highly charged microparticles. The microparticles interact with each other and with the plasma and can be used to study a variety of topics, for instance waves, the influence of microparticles on the plasma, string formation, and shear flow.
# Pierce Meade

Pierce Meade (21 November 1776 - 22 November 1834) was an Anglican priest in Ireland in the early 19th century.
The fifth son of John Meade, 1st Earl of Clanwilliam he was Archdeacon of Dromore from 1810 until 1832.
# WQOH

WQOH may refer to:
* WQOH-FM, a radio station (88.7 FM) licensed to serve Springville, Alabama, United States
* WMMA (AM), a radio station (1480 AM) licensed to serve Irondale, Alabama, which held the call sign WQOH from 2008 to 2016
# Julius Prüwer

Julius Prüwer (20 February 1874 – 8 July 1943) was an Austrian conductor, pianist and academic teacher.

## Life

Born in Vienna, Prüwer studied piano at the Vienna Conservatory from 1886 to 1891 with Arthur Friedheim and Moriz Rosenthal and music theory with Robert Fuchs, Franz Krenn, and (privately) with Johannes Brahms. As a conductor, he was trained by Hans Richter and worked first at the Bielitz Municipal Theater in 1892/93, at the Esseg Municipal Theater in 1893/94, and at the Cologne Opera in 1894/95. From 1895 to 1923, he was Kapellmeister at the Stadttheater Breslau, and from 1913 to 1923, he was also director of the opera there. Among other things, he conducted the German premiere of Mussorgsky's Boris Godunov there and in 1898 made a tour to St. Petersburg, where he arranged the Russian premiere of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde. In 1902, 1904, and 1906, he assisted Hans Richter at the Bayreuth Festival. In 1909, he published a music guide to Elektra by Richard Strauss.
In 1923/24 Prüwer was General Music Director at the Deutsches Nationaltheater und Staatskapelle Weimar, then full professor at the Berlin University of the Arts from 1924 to 1933. Here he was responsible for the training of kapellmeisters and directed the Hochschulorchester [de]. In 1925, the Berlin Philharmonic chose him to conduct their popular concerts, and he conducted on more than 700 evenings until 1933. In 1933, he lost his posts because of his Jewish origins. In 1936, he took over the symphony orchestra of the Kulturbund Deutscher Juden in Frankfurt and taught at the Hollaender Jewish Private Music School in Berlin. In 1939, he emigrated to New York City, where he later taught at the College of Music and conducted the New York City Symphony Orchestra.
He was married with the opera singer Fanchette Verhunc.
Prüwer died in New York City at the age of 69.

## Recordings

From 1928 to 1930, Prüwer made numerous recordings for the Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft. He accompanied well-known singers in vocal recordings as well as the pianist Alexander Brailowsky in piano concertos by Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt, and recorded orchestral works by Franz Schubert (Unvollendete), Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, Johannes Brahms (Akademische Festouvertüre), Johann Strauss II and others.
# G15 (disambiguation)

The G-15 or Group of 15 is an informal forum composed of developing countries, set up to foster cooperation and provide input for other international groups.
G15 or G-15 may also refer to:

## Politics

* G-15 (Eritrea), a group of politicians in Eritrea
* Group of Democratic Centralism, once called Group of 15, a Russian opposition group

## Computing

* Bendix G-15, a computer
* Logitech G15, a computer keyboard
* Samsung Sens G15, a laptop computer

## Transportation

* County Route G15, a road in California
* G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway, an expressway in China connecting the cities of Shenyang and Haikou
* GER Class G15, a class of British steam locomotive
* Ginetta G15, a car model
* Matchless G15, a motorcycle model
* Prince G-15 engine used in the Nissan Skyline car model

## Other

* Canon PowerShot G15, a digital camera
* G15 (housing associations), a group of large social landlords in London, UK
# 2020–21 Algerian League Cup

The 2020–21 Algerian League Cup was the 4th season of the Algerian League Cup. The competition was open to all 20 clubs participating in the Algerian Ligue Professionnelle 1, Twenty years after it came back again due to the cancellation of the Algerian Cup. JS Kabylie won their first league cup title and qualified to the 2021–22 CAF Confederation Cup.

## Rules and dates

The FAF presented two variants to the members of the Federal Bureau who opted for the following system:
* The clubs concerned: the 20 teams of professional Ligue 1.
* The period of progress: this competition will start at the end of the first leg and after the transfer the mercato.
* The 4 clubs entered in the African Cups: in this case CR Belouizdad, MC Alger, ES Sétif and JS Kabylie, are exempt from the preliminary round.
* Eight clubs out of the remaining 16 will be drawn to play a preliminary round which will allow four teams to qualify.
* The four qualified clubs, plus the four exempted as well as the eight remaining, will play in the round of 16 after a draw.
* The following rounds will be contested in a classic way with a quarter-final, semi-finals and a final.
* The first club drawn will receive on its own ground and behind closed doors.
The competition started on 16 April 2021.
| Round | Club of Ligue 1 |
| Pre. round | 16 – 20 April 2021 |
| Round of 16 | 30 April – 8 May 2021 |
| Quarter-finals | 4 – 5 June 2021 |
| Semi-finals | 8 – 9 June 2021 |
| Final | 10 August 2021 |

## Preliminary round

The Preliminary round and Round of 16 draw took place on 10 April at 11:00 a.m local time at Algerian Football Federation headquarters. The four Algerian teams engaged in continental competition MC Alger, CR Belouizdad, JS Kabylie and ES Sétif were exempted from this round.

## Top goalscorers

| Rank | Player | Club | Goals |
| 1 | Billel Messaoudi | JS Saoura | 2 |
| 1 | Hamza Banouh | NA Hussein Dey | 2 |
| 1 | Merouane Boussalem | NA Hussein Dey | 2 |
| 1 | Mohamed Tubal | JS Kabylie | 2 |
| 1 | Tawfiq Elghomari | Olympique de Médéa | 2 |
| 5 | 25 players | 25 players | 1 |
# TBX6

T-box 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TBX6 gene.

## Function

This gene is a member of a phylogenetically conserved family of genes that share a common DNA-binding domain, the T-box. T-box genes encode transcription factors involved in the regulation of developmental processes. Knockout studies in mice indicate that this gene is important for specification of paraxial mesoderm structures.
Tbx6 is also required for the segmentation of the paraxial mesoderm into somites, and for the normal development of the dermomyotome in zebrafish. In the absence of Tbx6, the central dermomyotome of zebrafish fails to develop.
Tbx6 functions in a gene regulatory network with mesp-b and ripply1.
# Oreanthes

Oreanthes is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Ericaceae.
Its native range is Ecuador.

## Species

Species:
* Oreanthes buxifolius Benth.
* Oreanthes ecuadorensis Luteyn
* Oreanthes fragilis (A.C.Sm.) Luteyn
* Oreanthes glandulifer A.C.Sm.
* Oreanthes hypogaeus (A.C.Sm.) Luteyn
* Oreanthes rotundifolius Luteyn
* Oreanthes sperlingii Luteyn
# Giuliano Toraldo di Francia

Giuliano Toraldo di Francia (September 17, 1916 – April 26, 2011) was an Italian physicist and philosopher, known mainly for his experimental and theoretical studies in optics.

## Biography

He was the son of the geographer and general Orazio Toraldo di Francia. After his high school studies he graduated in physics at the University of Florence in 1940 with Nello Carrara, of whom he soon became assistant at the Institute of Physics. At the same time, he carried out research activities at the National Institute of Optics in Arcetri, then directed by Vasco Ronchi. After the war, he worked at the Ducati optical research center in Bologna until 1951 when he became extraordinary professor of electromagnetic waves at the University of Florence, then full professor of the same discipline in 1954 at the National Institute of Optics (Arcetri), after two years of research and teaching at the University of Rochester. In 1958, he passed to the University of Florence, as a professor of optics holding a chair specially created for him. At the same time, he collaborated with the Microwave Research Institute of Florence, founded by Nello Carrara in 1946. In the 1970s, he founded and directed both the Research Institute on electromagnetic waves, now the Institute of Applied Physics of the CNR, and the Institute of Quantum Electronics (also part of the CNR). He became full professor at the University of Florence until 1991, the year of his retirement. He was appointed professor emeritus in 1992.
In the 1950s he dealt with microwave optics and spectroscopy. In the early 1960s, he transferred the laser research that had started in the US to Italy. After meeting Claude Shannon during his stay in Rochester, he also transferred concepts from Shannon's information theory to optics.
He succeeded in experimentally demonstrating the existence of evanescent electromagnetic waves generated by diffraction using microwave radiation. In 1941 he anticipated the principles of holography by Dennis Gabor (principles of inverse interference). Due to the war, however, his work did not become internationally known. He introduced the concept of super-resolution (Toraldo filter).
In 1969 he received the Young Medal. From 1968 to 1973 he was President of the Italian Physical Society, becoming its Honorary President in 2005 and receiving its gold medal in the same year. He was editor of the journal Nuovo Cimento and during this time he campaigned for internationalization and publication in English.
Toraldo di Francia is one of the translators of Richard Feynman's lectures on physics into Italian. He is also known as a philosopher of science and was President of the Italian Society for Logic and Philosophy of Science. He was also an expert on Dante Alighieri, founded a forum for problems of war and peace and was active in a society for the scientific investigation of paranormal phenomena (CICAP). He was director of the music school in Fiesole, where he also directed and wrote the libretto for an opera.
The architect Cristiano Toraldo di Francia was his son.
# Ohio's 13th House of Representatives district

Ohio's 13th House of Representatives district is currently represented by Democrat Michael J. Skindell. It is located entirely within Cuyahoga County and includes the city of Lakewood and parts of Cleveland.

## List of members representing the district

| Member | Party | Years | General Assembly | Electoral history |
| District established January 2, 1967. |||||
| Howard Knight (Risingsun) | Republican | January 2, 1967 – December 31, 1972 | 107th 108th 109th | Elected in 1966. Re-elected in 1968. Re-elected in 1970. Retired to run for state senator. |
| Ike Thompson (Cleveland) | Democratic | January 1, 1973 – December 31, 1982 | 110th 111th 112th 113th 114th | Redistricted from the 41st district and re-elected in 1972. Re-elected in 1974. Re-elected in 1976. Re-elected in 1978. Re-elected in 1980. Redistricted to the 14th district. |
| Frank Mahnic Jr. (Garfield Heights) | Democratic | January 3, 1983 – December 31, 1984 | 115th | Redistricted from the 11th district and re-elected in 1982. Retired to run for state senator. |
| John Carroll (Garfield Heights) | Democratic | January 7, 1985 – January 11, 1985 | 116th | Elected in 1984. Died. |
| Vacant | Vacant | January 11, 1985 – February 13, 1985 | 116th | |
| Robert Jaskulski (Brecksville) | Democratic | February 13, 1985 – December 31, 1988 | 116th 117th | Appointed to finish Carroll's term. Re-elected in 1986. Lost re-nomination. |
| Frank Mahnic Jr. (Valley View) | Democratic | January 2, 1989 – December 31, 1992 | 118th 119th | Elected in 1988. Re-elected in 1990. Redistricted to the 15th district and lost re-election. |
| Barbara C. Pringle (Cleveland) | Democratic | January 4, 1993 – December 31, 2000 | 120th 121st 122nd 123rd | Redistricted from the 11th district and re-elected in 1992. Re-elected in 1994. Re-elected in 1996. Re-elected in 1998. Term-limited. |
| Mary Rose Oakar (Cleveland) | Democratic | January 1, 2001 – December 31, 2002 | 124th | Elected in 2000. Retired. |
| Michael J. Skindell (Lakewood) | Democratic | January 6, 2003 – December 31, 2010 | 125th 126th 127th 128th | Elected in 2002. Re-elected in 2004. Re-elected in 2006. Re-elected in 2008. Term-limited; ran for state senator. |
| Nickie Antonio (Lakewood) | Democratic | January 3, 2011 – December 31, 2018 | 129th 130th 131st 132nd | Elected in 2010. Re-elected in 2012. Re-elected in 2014. Re-elected in 2016. Term-limited; ran for state senator. |
| Michael J. Skindell (Lakewood) | Democratic | January 7, 2019 – present | 133rd 134th 135th | Elected in 2018. Re-elected in 2020. Re-elected in 2022. |
# Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu

Fujiwara no Tsunetsugu (藤原常嗣, d. 840) was a Japanese diplomat.

## Mission to China

In 833, Emperor Ninmyō named Tsunetsugu the Imperial ambassador to China, with Ono Takamura his deputy. The principal aims of the mission was trade - books, art, and luxuries (such as perfume) were in high demand. The intended mission was ready by 836. Prayers at the Shintō shrine at Kitano were ordered in an attempt to ensure the success of the expedition. However, adverse weather conditions damaged the ships and forced the mission to unsuccessfully return to Japan. Due to the reluctance of the leaders to sail again, the second attempt came in 838. Takamura remained in Japan; he alleged that Tsunetsugu mistreated him. In 839 the expedition successfully reached China, after stopping in Korea to charter Korean ships, known to be of better quality than those made in Japan. He was the last envoy from Japan to China during the Heian period. The mission party included the Buddhist monk Ennin.

## Related pages

* Japanese missions to Tang China
# HNoMS Stegg (1921)

The last of the Trygg class of Royal Norwegian Navy torpedo boats was HNoMS Stegg. Her sister ships were Trygg and Snøgg. The Trygg class vessels were the only additions to the Norwegian fleet of torpedo boats between the First and the Second World Wars. At the outbreak of the Second World War the Trygg class was mobilised together with eight 2. class and six 1. class torpedo boats.
Stegg was constructed at Horten naval shipyard and had yard number 111. She was named after the Stegg, the Norwegian term for the male grouse.

## Second World War
### Intercepting German merchants

The Stegg had a brief and intense period of service in the Norwegian Campaign after the German invasion of Norway. When the invasion began on 9 April 1940 she was anchored at Skudeneshavn and commanded by Lieutenant H. M. Hansen. She entered the Hardangerfjord on 10 April 1940 and proceeded to capture two German merchant ships; first the 5,295-ton Cläre Hugo Stinnes 1 on 12 April 1940 and then the 6,567-ton iron ore laden Afrika five days later. Together with the 1. class torpedo boat HNoMS Sæl, Stegg escorted Afrika to the port of Odda the same day she was captured. The German crews were held as POWs by Norwegian land forces.
Cläre Hugo Stinnes was used by the Norwegian forces from 14 April as the depot ship of the Hardangerfjord naval air group in Eidfjord. The two captured ships were later to become the centres of battles at Kinsarvik (Cläre Hugo Stinnes) and Ulvik (Afrika). Afrika, having been captured on her way from Narvik to Germany, ended up being scuttled by her Norwegian captors in the heat of battle at Ulvik, while Cläre Hugo Stinnes survived an unsuccessful Kriegsmarine attempted recapture at Kinsarvik and was eventually released with her crew on 2 May 1940 as Norwegian resistance in South Norway collapsed. On her way to Bergen Cläre Hugo Stinnes was attacked by the Royal Navy submarine Trident and damaged by gunfire.

### Final battle

The end for Stegg came on 20 April 1940 as she was anchored at Herøysund. In the morning the 1,870-ton artillery training ship Bremse and the armed whaler Schiff 221 blocked Stegg in the fjord and attacked her. Early on in the engagement two 57 mm shells from Schiff 221 hit Stegg in the bow, set her ablaze and caused water to start flooding the torpedo boat. The heavier shells of Bremse meanwhile failed to find their target and the burning Stegg returned fire against Schiff 221, hitting the whaler twice with her 76 mm main gun. However, for Stegg the war was over, as the fire on board got out of control and her crew had to abandon ship. Soon the fire reached Stegg's torpedoes and ammunition hold and the ship went up in a large explosion. The entire bow of the ship disappeared and Stegg sank slowly to the bottom of the fjord. The crew got away without serious injuries, despite being bombarded by the two German warships as they fled inland.
# 2019 Tuvalu A-Division

The 2019 Tuvalu A-Division was the 19th season of top flight association football in Tuvalu. The season started and finish on 2019.

## Tuvalu A-Division competition

The competition takes place at the 1,500-capacity Tuvalu Sports Ground in Funafuti, this is the only football field in Tuvalu. The football clubs are based on the communities of the 8 major islands of Tuvalu, with the rivalry between these 8 teams being maintained by each having a ‘home’ island.

## Clubs

The 2019 edition of the Tuvalu A-Division was played between 9 teams (Tofaga FC entered 2 teams into the A-Division competition):
* Lakena United (Nanumea)
* FC Manu Laeva (Nukulaelae)
* Nauti FC A1 (Funafuti)
* Nauti FC A2 (Funafuti)
* FC Niutao (Niutao)
* Tamanuku (Nukufetau)
* Tofaga FC A1 (Vaitupu)
* Tofaga FC A2 (Vaitupu)
* Vaoloa (Nui)

## Topscorers

| Rank | Player | Team | Goals |
| 1 | James Lepaio | Tofaga | 15 |
| 2 | Mafoa Petaia | Tamanuku | 10 |
| 3 | Hosea Sente | Nauti | 9 |
| 4 | Meneua Fekesega | Nauti A1 | 7 |
| 4 | Nathan Josh | Nauti A1 | 7 |
| 4 | Tupou Koliano | Manu Laeva | 7 |
| 4 | Tefou Lolesio | Niutao | 7 |
| 4 | Filemu Vanu | Lakena | 7 |
# Karahoundge, Goranboy

40°22′17″N 46°28′18″E﻿ / ﻿40.37139°N 46.47167°E﻿ / 40.37139; 46.47167
Karahoundge (also Ballykaya) is a village in the Goranboy Rayon of Azerbaijan.
# Orearville, Missouri

Orearville is an unincorporated community in Saline County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

## History

A post office called Orearville was established in 1875, and remained in operation until 1903. The community has the name of the local Orear family.
# PPH

PPH may refer to

## Medicine

* Portopulmonary hypertension
* Postpartum hemorrhage
* Primary pulmonary hypertension, see Pulmonary hypertension
* Procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids, see Stapled hemorrhoidectomy

## Science

* Pound per hour (symbol pph), mass flow unit (used in aviation to measure fuel flow, for instance)
* Part per hundred (percentage)
* People per hour, a measure of the rate of flow of people moving past a fixed point or through a system
* Propylphenidate, an analogue of methylphenidate

## Organisations

* Patent Prosecution Highway, a set of cooperation agreements between some patent offices
* Permanent private hall, a type of educational institution affiliated to the University of Oxford
* Palomar Pomerado Health, a public health district in San Diego County, California
* PeoplePerHour
* Portland Press Herald, a newspaper in Maine

## Transport

* Parai-tepuí Airport, Venezuela (by IATA code)
# Piauí River

Piauí River may refer to:
* Piauí River (Piauí)
* Piauí River (Alagoas)
* Piauí River (Minas Gerais)
* Piauí River (Sergipe)
# Old Homestead

Old Homestead may refer to:
* The Old Homestead, an 1886 play by Denman Thompson
** The Old Homestead (1915 film), based on the play
** The Old Homestead (1922 film), based on the play
** The Old Homestead (1935 film), based on the play
* The Old Homestead (1942 film), an American comedy film
* The Old Homestead, an 1855 novel by Ann S. Stephens adapted for the stage by George Aiken
* Old Homestead Records, a country and bluegrass music record label
* Old Homestead Steakhouse, the oldest continuously operating steakhouse in the United States

## Named places
### Australia

* Old Homestead Cave, a cave on the Nullarbor Plain in Western Australia

### United States

(by state)
* Old Homestead, Southgate, Michigan
* Old Homestead (Aberdeen, Mississippi), listed on the NRHP in Mississippi
* Wood Old Homestead, Rio Grande, Ohio, listed on the NRHP in Ohio
* Old Homestead (Enon Valley, Pennsylvania), listed on the NRHP in Pennsylvania
* Harner Homestead, near Morgantown, West Virginia, also known as the Old Harner Homestead
# Funginus

Funginus is a genus of soft corals in the family Xeniidae. It is monotypic with a single species, Funginus heimi.
# John Steven Watson

John Steven Watson FRSE (20 March 1916 – 12 June 1986) was an English historian who served as Principal of the University of St Andrews from 1966 to 1986.

## Life

He was born on 20 March 1916 the son of George Watson and his wife, Elizabeth Layborn Gall.
He was educated at the Merchant Taylors' School, then studied history at St John's College, Oxford where he graduated MA in 1939. He was a Harmsworth Senior Scholar at Merton College, Oxford, from 1939 to 1942.
After serving at the Ministry of Fuel and Power during the Second World War he returned to Oxford as a postgraduate student and tutor at Christ Church, where he then established an international reputation as an historian of the eighteenth century. This led to him being asked to contribute the volume on The Reign of George III for the Oxford History of England following the death of Richard Pares.
In 1966 he became principal of St Andrews University in Fife, Scotland and served this role successfully for 20 years.
In 1968 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Anthony Elliot Ritchie, Norman Davidson, Robert Schlapp and Neil Campbell, Lord Balerno. DePauw University awarded him an honorary doctorate (DLitt) in 1967. In 1972 he received a further honorary doctorate in Humane Letters (DHum) from St Andrews.
He announced that he planned to retire in September 1986 but died in June of that year during a visit to London.

## Family

In 1942 he married Heba Sylvia de Cordova Newbery. They had two sons: John Philip and Paul Michael.

## Publications

* The Oxford History of England (1960)
* The Reign of George III (1960)
* A History of the Salters Company (1963)

## Artistic Recognition

His portrait by David Donaldson is held by St Andrews University.