OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV

The Gundlach Periscope, usually known under its British designation as Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV, was a revolutionary invention by Polish engineer Rudolf Gundlach, manufactured for Polish 7TP tanks from the end of 1935 and patented in 1936 as the Peryskop obrotowy Gundlacha. It was the first device to allow the tank commander to have a 360-degree view from his turret with a single periscope. By rotating the periscope and allowing the tank commander to look backwards through the second eyepiece, he no longer had to change position to look behind the turret. Early tanks had small turrets and fixed seating, without an independently rotating cupola, and so the commander wasn't easily able to move himself to another rear-facing periscope.
On 14 June 1935 it was officially adopted by the Polish Army, as reversible periscope G wz. 34. The design was first used in the TKS tankette, then in 7TP light tank. Shortly before the war it was given to the British and was used in almost all tanks of WWII, including the British Crusader, Churchill, Valentine, and Cromwell and the American M4 Sherman. After the German and Soviet attack and fall of Poland in 1939 it was copied entirely from captured 7TP and TKS Polish tanks and later used by the Soviets for their tanks (including the T-34 and T-70).
As a part of Polish-British pre-war military cooperation, the patent was sold for one zloty to Vickers-Armstrong. It was produced as the Vickers Tank Periscope MK.IV (pictured), and built into all British tanks (Crusader, Churchill, Valentine, Cromwell). After the fall of Poland, Germany, USSR and Romania captured some equipment, allowing them to copy the invention. In USSR the Gundlach periscope was known as MK-4 (harking to the British designation, as Russian sources openly confirm that it was copied from samples acquired with British-supplied tanks) and implemented in all tanks (including the T-34 and T-70). At the end of World War II this technology was adopted throughout the world and used basically unchanged for almost 50 years, until it was replaced by electronic devices.
# 10th International Friendship Youth Tournament

The Qatar International Friendship Tournament is an association football competition. In its 10th year, it was held in Doha, Qatar during 3–8 March 2012.
The edition reverted to featuring youth teams as opposed to the 9th edition that featured senior teams. Four teams were represented in the tournament. The tournament was won by Greece.

## Participating nations

* China
* Greece
* Qatar
* United Arab Emirates

## Matches
### Round robin tournament

| Team | Pts | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD |
| Greece | 7 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 2 | +3 |
| Qatar | 6 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 2 | +3 |
| China | 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 3 | –1 |
| United Arab Emirates | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 7 | –5 |

## Winner

* 10th International Friendship Tournament champion
* Greece 1st title
# 10th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party

The 10th Inspection Commission of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP) was elected at the 1st Plenary Session of the 10th LPRP Central Committee on 15 January 2021.

## Members

| Rank | Name | Akson Lao | 9th INS | 11th INS | Gender |
| 1 | Bounthong Chitmany | ບຸນທອງ ຈິດມະນີ | Old | Not | Male |
| 2 | Sinay Mienglavanh | ສີໄນ ມຽງລາວັນ | Old | Reelected | Male |
| 3 | Khamsouane Changthavong | ຄໍາສວນ ຈັນທະວົງ | Old | Not | Male |
| 4 | Khamsouk Bounyavong | ຄໍາສຸກ ບຸນຍະວົງ | Old | Not | Male |
| 5 | Soukkhamphet Heuangbouthsy | ສຸກຄໍາເພັດ ເຮືອງບຸດສີ | ? | Reelected | Male |
| 6 | Daoboualapha Bhavongphet | ດາວບົວລະພາ ບາວົງເພັດ | ? | Reelected | Male |
| 7 | Xaykham Ounmyxay | ໄຊຄໍາ ອຸ່ນມີໄຊ | ? | Reelected | Male |
| 8 | Vanxay Songsayou | ວັນໄຊ ຊົງຊາຢູ | ? | Reelected | Male |
| 9 | Vilayvanh Boutdakham | ວິໄລວັນ ບຸດດາຄໍາ | ? | Reelected | Male |
| References: ||||||
# Verónica Alonso

Verónica María Alonso Montaño (born October 24, 1973) is a Uruguayan businesswoman and politician of the National Party. She served as a Senator of the Republic from 2015 to 2020 and as a National Representative from 2010 to 2015.

## Early life and education

Alonso was born in Montevideo in 1973. She has five brothers and was raised as a Catholic. She began studying International Relations at the University of the Republic, but obtained her degree from the Universidad ORT Uruguay. She holds a postgraduate Diploma in International Relations and Latin American Political Development from Miguel de Cervantes University in Santiago. She has completed the coursework, but has pending delivery and defense of the thesis for a master's degree in Integration and International Trade at the Law School of the University of Montevideo.

## Political career

She began her political career in the Wilsonist Current, a faction of the National Party, supporting then-senator Francisco Gallinal. In the 2009 general election, she backed former president Luis Alberto Lacalle Herrera and was elected National Representative for Montevideo Department. Her first legislative initiative was to propose to the Chamber of Representatives to exempt private companies from paying employer contributions for workers over forty years old.
In the 2014 presidential primaries, Alonso supported Senator Jorge Larrañaga, who lost the internal election of the National Party to Luis Lacalle Pou. In the general election of that year, with Lacalle Pou as the candidate for the National Party, she joined the National Alliance faction, being elected Senator of the Republic.
In July 2018, Alonso announced her presidential pre-candidacy for the 2019 presidential primaries. However, on April 8, 2019, she withdrew her candidacy to support the nomination of businessman Juan Sartori, stating "we are going to define the intern of the National Party." Ultimately, Lacalle Pou defeated Sartori in the presidencial primaries, and was the candidate of the PN in the 2019 general election. Alonso ran for reelection as Senator, but was not elected.
In July 2020, Alonso claimed in an interview that she had been wrong to support Juan Sartori's nomination, stating "I made a wrong decision, but I can't turn back time." As a consequence, Sartori's supporter faction reported that Alonso had been "excluded" from it.

## Private life

Alonso married Marcel Gerwer in 2000 and they have three daughters: Camila, Delfina and Violeta. She was raised as a Catholic but converted to Judaism at the time of her marriage.
During the COVID-19 pandemic in Uruguay, a hotel owned by her family let rooms at $7 a day, with fees paid by the state to provide homeless people with a place to stay. The Hotel Urban Express is owned by her husband's family and is normally charged at $45 a night. It was noted that other hotels had refused to allow homeless individuals to use their facilities, and at $7 a night, the hotel would not cover its costs. Critics were told that $7 a night was not a charge, but virtually a donation.
# Viengkham District

Viengkham district may refer to:
* Viengkham district, Luang Prabang, Laos
* Viengkham district, Vientiane, Laos
# Veselin Vlahović

Veselin Vlahović also known as "'Batko' or 'Smeće' " or the "Monster of Grbavica" (born in 1969) is a Montenegrin Serb former paramilitary who was convicted of committing murder, rape, illegal detention and torture against Bosniaks and Croats in the Grbavica neighbourhood of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War.

## Criminal history

In Montenegro, Vlahović was imprisoned for three years for robbery and violence but escaped in 2001. Shortly after escaping from prison, Vlahović shot a man to death in a bar in Serbia, and was sentenced to 15 years in prison. He later lived in Spain on a Bulgarian passport where Vlahović was wanted for three armed robberies in Alicante province. On 2 March 2010, he was captured and later extradited to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Trial

Vlahović pleaded not guilty to the 56 charges against him, which included "murder, enslavement, rape, illegal detention, physical and psychological abuse". According to the prosecutor Vlahović "is indicted for the murders of 27 people, the rapes of 12, the disappearances of five persons and causing injuries to 41 victims" and that "the prosecution will call 105 witnesses". On 29 March 2013, he was sentenced to 45 years in prison by the Bosnian justice system for war crimes committed during 1992-95 Bosnian conflict; he was found guilty of more than sixty crimes of crimes against humanity, including rape, murder and torturing Croat and Bosniak civilians.
# Galeimorda

Galeimorda is a subgenus of beetles in the family Mordellidae, containing the following species:

## Species

* Variimorda caprai (Franciscolo, 1951)
* Variimorda fagniezi (Méquignon, 1946)
* Variimorda fagusai (Méquignon, 1946)
* Variimorda hladili Horák, 1985
* Variimorda krikkeni Batten, 1977
* Variimorda theryi (Méquignon, 1946)
# Galela language

Galela is the second most populous Papuan language spoken west of New Guinea, with some 80,000 speakers. Its dialects are Kadai (41,000), Morotai (24,000), Kadina (10,000), and Sopi (4,000). Its closest relative is the Loloda language.
Galela is spoken on the eastern side of the northern tip of Halmahera island (in Galela district and in neighbouring villages in Tobelo and Loloda districts), on Morotai Island to the north, on the Bacan and Obi islands to the south of Halmahera, and in scattered settlements along the southwest coast. All are in North Maluku province of Indonesia.

## Phonology

The following sound inventory is based on Shelden (1998).

### Vowels

Galela has a simple five vowel system: /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/.

### Consonants

Galela orthography largely follows Indonesian spelling conventions. If orthography differs from IPA, the orthography is in ⟨brackets⟩.
| | | Labial | Alveolar | Alveolar | Palato-alveolar/ Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| | | Labial | Laminal | Apical | Palato-alveolar/ Palatal | Velar | Glottal |
| Nasal | Nasal | m | n | n | ɲ ⟨ny⟩ | ŋ ⟨ng⟩ | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiceless | p | t | t | t͡ʃ ⟨c⟩ | k | |
| Plosive/ Affricate | voiced | b | d̻ ⟨ḋ⟩ | d̺ ⟨d⟩ | d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ | g | |
| Fricative | Fricative | ɸ ⟨f⟩ | s | s | | | h |
| Flap | Flap | | ɾ | ɾ | | | |
| Lateral | Lateral | | l | l | | | |
| Semivowel | Semivowel | w | | | j ⟨y⟩ | | |

## Grammar
### Pronouns

Galela has two free pronoun sets, and two sets of bound pronominal prefixes. The use of the pronominal prefixes is governed by semantic alignment: actor prefixes are used to index the S-argument of active intransitive verbs and the A-argument of transitive verbs, while undergoer prefixes index the S-argument of stative intransitive verbs and the P-argument of transitive verbs.
| | | | independent | possessive | actor | undergoer |
| 1st person | singular | singular | ngohi | ai | to- | i- |
| 1st person | plural | exclusive | ngomi | mia | mi- | mi- |
| 1st person | plural | inclusive | ngone | nanga | po- | na- |
| 2nd person | singular | singular | ngona | ani | no- | ni- |
| 2nd person | plural | plural | ngini | nia | ni- | ni- |
| 3rd person | singular | masc | una | awi | wo- | wi- |
| 3rd person | singular | fem | muna | ami | mo- | mi- |
| 3rd person | plural | human | ona | manga | yo- | ya- |
| 3rd person | non-human | non-human | i | ma | i- | ḋa- |
# 104th Regiment of Foot (Royal Manchester Volunteers)

The Royal Manchester Volunteers was established in 1794 and on 1 April 1794 it was taken on to the establishment of the British Army as the 104th Regiment of Foot. On 21 August 1794 General Musgrave inspected the regiment. The regiment received its colours in St Anne's Square, after which it marched to Liverpool to embark for Ireland.
The inspections at Belfast in May 1795 and Dublin in August revealed that the regiment was in a poor state. In 1795 the regiment was to be posted to the Caribbean to take part in a British invasion of Saint-Domingue. The invasion had already suffered heavy losses to yellow fever. On hearing of the plan, soldiers of the 104th Foot rioted in Dublin. The regiment was disbanded late in 1795. Some of its members were discharged and others probably went to older regiments. The colours went to the Manchester Town Hall. The expedition eventually ended in failure, defeated by the forces of the Haitian general Toussaint Louverture.

## Citations

* ↑ Perry (2005), p. 72.
* ↑ C.L.R. James, Black Jacobins (1938).
# Victoria Ransom

Victoria Ransom is a serial entrepreneur from New Zealand. She has developed three companies including Wildfire Interactive, a social marketing SaaS company, where Ransom was chief executive officer until it was sold to Google in 2012. Ransom currently resides in Palo Alto.
Ransom was listed as one of Fortune's Most Powerful Women Entrepreneurs as well as one of their 40 under 40 in 2012. In 2015, she was named a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum.

## Education

Ransom was raised on an asparagus farm in Scotts Ferry, near Bulls, New Zealand. In her final year at Whanganui Girls' College, she won a scholarship to attend international high school United World College in New Mexico. She then attended Macalester College, where she earned her BA in psychology and graduated summa cum laude in 1999. Ransom received her MBA from Harvard Business School in 2008.

## Career

After graduating from Macalester, Ransom moved to London where she worked as a business consultant. Later, she moved to New York City and worked for investment banking firm Morgan Stanley. She left the company in 2001 and founded Access Trips, an adventure travel company in New Zealand. Ransom co-ran Access Trips for five years before returning to the US to attend business school. While at Harvard Business School, Ransom co-developed a distributed booking system for small and medium size travel companies, resulting in a summer at Highland Capital Partners as an Entrepreneur in Residence.
In 2008, Ransom founded Wildfire Interactive, a social marketing software company initially developed to help promote Access Trips. Ransom ran Wildfire as chief executive officer and grew the company to 400 employees in four years. In 2010, she sold Access Trips. In 2012, Google bought Wildfire for a reported $450 million and Ransom became the Director of Product at Google.
She was named Ernst & Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award for New Zealand in 2011. In 2013, she was invited to the White House by Barack Obama to receive a "Champion of Change" award recognizing her contributions as an immigrant entrepreneur. In 2015, she was awarded the World Class New Zealander award along with former New Zealand Prime Minister, Helen Clark. In 2016, she was NEXT Woman of the Year in the Business and Innovation category.
In 2020, Ransom co-founded Prisma, a remote education startup.

## Personal life

In college she met Alain Chuard, also a Macalester student and Ransom's future business partner. The two married in March 2013 and had a daughter in 2014.
# Victoria Ravva

Victoria Ravva (born October 31, 1975) is a Georgian-born volleyball player who represented both Azerbaijan and France in international volleyball. She spent the most of her career in RC Cannes.
Ravva was born in Tbilisi. She started her career in BZBK Baku (1989–1993) and Ankara Vakifbank (1994–1995). She is married to Georgian volleyball player Alexandre Jioshvili. In the 2010 season she was the best blocker of Women's CEV Champions League.

## Clubs

* BZBK Baku (1989–1993)
* Vakifbank (1993–1995)
* RC Cannes (1995–2015)

## Titles

* Women's CEV Champions League (2): 2002, 2003.
* French Women's Volleyball League (19): 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015
* French Cup (18): 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
* Turkish Cup (1): 1995

## Individual awards

* 1998-99 French League "Best Scorer"
* 1999-2000 French League "Best Scorer"
* 2001–02 CEV Champions League "Most Valuable Player"
* 2001–02 CEV Champions League "Best Scorer"
* 2001–02 CEV Champions League "Best Blocker"
* 2002–03 CEV Champions League "Best Blocker"
* 2002–03 CEV Champions League "Most Valuable Player"
* 2005–06 CEV Champions League "Most Valuable Player"
* 2005–06 CEV Champions League "Best Blocker"
* 2005–06 CEV Champions League "Best Scorer"
* 2008-09 French League "Best Blocker"
* 2009-10 French League "Best Blocker"
* 2010-11 French League "Best Blocker"
* 2011-12 French League "Best Blocker"
# Galvanic shock

Oral galvanism, amalgam disease, or Galvanic shock was a term for the association of oral or systemic symptoms to either: electric currents between metal in dental restorations and electrolytes in saliva or dental pulp. Any existence of galvanic pain or association of either currents or mercury to presence of symptoms has been disproven. Beyond acute allergic reaction amalgam has not been found to be associated with any adverse effects.
Very weak currents have been measured in the mouth of those with multiple dental fillings consisting of different alloys, but there was no association between presence of current and symptoms, and any symptoms associated with currents between oral fillings are likely to be psychosomatic in nature. No association between presence of mercury and symptoms have been found, with symptoms likely to be psychosomatic in nature and do not improve with chelation therapy. Claims of causing a variety of symptoms such as oral discomfort, skin irritation, headaches and a metallic taste in the mouth have been discredited.
The condition was originally proposed in 1878, and became well known in Sweden during the 1970s and 80s, because of a campaign to educate about and replace oral amalgam fillings with mercury with other compounds such as ceramic or polymer restorations.
# 1795 in Scotland

"none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Events from the year 1795 in Scotland.

## Incumbents
### Law officers

* Lord Advocate – Robert Dundas of Arniston
* Solicitor General for Scotland – Robert Blair

### Judiciary

* Lord President of the Court of Session – Lord Succoth
* Lord Justice General – The Duke of Montrose
* Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Braxfield

## Events

* 18 November – the River Clyde, in spate, floods the centre of Glasgow and brings down the recently erected bridge at the foot of the Saltmarket.
* Gallowgate Barracks in Glasgow are built.

## Births

* 12 March – William Lyon Mackenzie, journalist and politician in Canada (died 1861 in Canada)
* 25 May – George Meikle Kemp, designer of the (uncompleted) Scott Monument (died 1844)
* 19 June – James Braid, surgeon and scientist, pioneer of hypnotherapy (died 1860 in England)
* 6 September – Frances Wright, freethinker (died 1852 in the United States)
* 12 October – Janet Hamilton, née Thomson, poet and essayist (died 1873)
* 10 November – Walter Geikie, painter (died 1837)
* 4 December – Thomas Carlyle, historian, philosopher and essayist (died 1881 in England)
* 10 December – Sir George Burns, shipowner (died 1890)
* 21 December – Robert Moffat, missionary (died 1883)

## Deaths

* 22 February – Alexander Gerard, philosopher (born 1728)
* 19 May – James Boswell, diarist and biographer of Samuel Johnson (born 1740)
* 23 June – James Craig, architect, planner of the New Town, Edinburgh (born 1744)
* 24 June – William Smellie, encyclopedist and naturalist (born 1740)
* 10 December – John Johnstone, nabob with the East India Company and landowner (born 1734)

## The arts

* Archibald Constable starts in business for himself as a dealer in rare books in Edinburgh, origin of the publishing business which enters the 21st century as Constable & Robinson.

## Sport

* 17 January – Duddingston Curling Society formally organised.
# 138th (Edmonton, Alberta) Battalion, CEF

The 138th Battalion, CEF, was a unit in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War.
Based in Edmonton, Alberta, the unit began recruiting in late 1915 in that city. After sailing to England in August 1916, the battalion was absorbed into the 47th, 50th, 137th, and 175th Battalions, CEF, on December 8, 1916. The 138th Battalion, CEF, had one officer commanding: Lieutenant-Colonel Robert Belcher.
The Otter Commission assigned the perpetuation of the 138th Battalion to the Edmonton Fusiliers in 1929. This regiment merged into the 19th (Alberta) Armoured Car Regiment, RCAC, in 1946. The 19th in turn amalgamated into the South Alberta Light Horse in 2006, and the SALH now perpetuates the 138th Battalion.
Lineage of perpetuating units:
* 1929–1936: 4th (Reserve) Battalion (138th Battalion, CEF) The Edmonton Fusiliers
* 1936–1946: The Edmonton Fusiliers (MG)
* 1946–1949: 19th (Alberta) Armoured Car Regiment, RCAC
* 1949–1954: 19th Alberta Armoured Car Regiment
* 1954–1958: 19th Alberta Dragoons (19th Armoured Car Regiment)
* 1958–2006: 19th Alberta Dragoons
* 2006–present: South Alberta Light Horse
In 1929, the battalion was awarded the theatre of war honour The Great War, 1916.
# 138 East 50th Street

138 East 50th Street, officially named The Centrale, is a residential building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building consists of 124 condominium residences and 7,500 square feet (700 m$^2$) of ground-floor retail between Third Avenue and Lexington Avenue in Midtown East. The developers planned to sell the condominiums for a total of $535.7 million, or an average of $4.3 million per unit.

## History

Extell Development Company purchased the site in January 2012 for $61 million and sold it to Ceruzzi Properties in August 2014. Initial plans filed in June 2014 indicated the building would be a 52-story, 502 feet (153 m) hotel with 764 rooms designed by SLCE Architects. However, renderings revealed in September 2015 showed the tower would be a 64-story, 803 feet (245 m) condominium tower. In 2015, the developers secured a $65 million loan on the development's land from Industrial and Commercial Bank of China.
Construction began in mid-2016 and topped out during November 2017. In August 2017, the developers received a $300 million construction loan from Madison Realty Capital. The building was completed in early 2019. In February 2020, Korean firm Meritz Securities provided a $350 million inventory loan against the building's remaining unsold condominiums.
# Gambaro

Gambaro is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Derio Gambaro (born 1955), American politician
* Enzo Gambaro (born 1966), Italian footballer and manager
* Griselda Gambaro (born 1928), Argentine writer
* Teresa Gambaro (born 1958), Australian politician
# 118th Brigade

118th Brigade may refer to:
* 118th Mixed Brigade (Spain)
* 118th Brigade (United Kingdom)
* 118th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China)
* 118th Territorial Defense Brigade (Ukraine), a unit of the Ukrainian Territorial Defense Forces
# Galåbodarna

Galåbodarna is a mountain pasture settlement near Galån creek in the southern part of Oviksfjällen in Jämtland, Sweden. The pastures belong to farmers in Oviken and Myssjö and are located next to the road between Börtnan and Arådalen. The road also goes to Arådalen and Glen. The pastures were probably established in the 1700s and was used for cattle-raising through the mid-1970s. The surrounding area is mainly spruce and bogs. In 2004, log cabins were built for tourists. Since the 1960s and 1970s, there were already several houses and cabins built near the old pasture.
62°50′17″N 13°49′08″E﻿ / ﻿62.838°N 13.819°E﻿ / 62.838; 13.819
# Galåen

Galåen may refer to:
* Alternative name of Galåa
* Jens Galaaen
# Villa Medici (disambiguation)

Villa Medici or Palazzo Medici can refer to several buildings in Italy:
* Villa Medici, Rome
* Medici villas, Tuscany
* Palazzo Medici, Florence
# Gandanameno

Gandanameno is a genus of African velvet spiders that was first described by Pekka T. Lehtinen in 1967.

## Species

As of May 2019 it contains five species:
* Gandanameno echinata (Purcell, 1908) – Namibia
* Gandanameno fumosa (C. L. Koch, 1837) – South Africa
* Gandanameno inornata (Pocock, 1898) – Malawi
* Gandanameno purcelli (Tucker, 1920) – South Africa
* Gandanameno spenceri (Pocock, 1900) (type) – South Africa