OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Probabilistic bisimulation

In theoretical computer science, probabilistic bisimulation is an extension of the concept of bisimulation for fully probabilistic transition systems first described by K.G. Larsen and A. Skou.
A discrete probabilistic transition system is a triple
    $S=(\operatorname {St} ,\operatorname {Act} ,\tau :\operatorname {St} \times \operatorname {Act} \times \operatorname {St} \rightarrow [0,1])$
where $\tau (s,a,t)$ gives the probability of starting in the state s, performing the action a and ending up in the state t. The set of states is assumed to be countable. There is no attempt to assign probabilities to actions. It is assumed that the actions are chosen nondeterministically by an adversary or by the environment. This type of system is fully probabilistic, there is no other indeterminacy.
The definition of a probabilistic bisimulation on a system S is an equivalence relation R on the state space St, such that for every pair s,t in St with sRt and for every action a in Act and for every equivalence class C of R $\tau (s,a,C)=\tau (t,a,C).$ Two states are said to be probabilistically bisimilar if there is some such R relating them.
When applied to Markov chains, probabilistic bisimulation is the same concept as lumpability. Probabilistic bisimulation extends naturally to weighted bisimulation.
# Probabilistic argumentation

Probabilistic argumentation refers to different formal frameworks pertaining to probabilistic logic. All share the idea that qualitative aspects can be captured by an underlying logic, while quantitative aspects of uncertainty can be accounted for by probabilistic measures.

## Probabilistic argumentation labellings

The framework of "probabilistic labellings" refers to probability spaces where the sample space is a set of labellings of argumentation graphs (Riveret et al. 2018). A labelling of an argumentation graph associates any argument of the graph with a label to reflect the acceptability of the argument within the graph. For example, an argument can be associated with a label "in" (the argument is accepted), "out" (the argument is rejected), or "und" (the status of the argument is undecided — neither accepted nor rejected). Consequently, the approach of probabilistic labellings associates any argument with the probability of a label to reflect the probability of the argument to be labelled as such.

## Probabilistic argumentation systems

The name "probabilistic argumentation" has been used to refer to a particular theory of reasoning that encompasses uncertainty and ignorance, combining probability theory and deductive logic (Haenni, Kohlas & Lehmann 2000). OpenPAS is an open-source implementation of such a probabilistic argumentation system.
Probabilistic argumentation systems encounter a problem when used to determine the occurrence of Black Swan events since, by definition, those events are so improbable as to seem impossible. As such, probabilistic arguments should be considered fallacious arguments known as appeals to probability.
# Protection (Allday song)

"Protection" is a song by Australian rapper Allday, released on 22 March 2019 as the second single from the Allday's third studio album Starry Night Over the Phone. The single was certified gold in Australia in 2021.

## Reception

Al Newstead from Triple J said "'Protection' finds Allday lamenting on lost love in a cloud of woozy guitars and understated beats".

## Track listing

Digital download
* "Protection" – 3:33

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Australia (ARIA) | Gold | 35,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Sternotomis carbonaria

Sternotomis carbonaria is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Per Olof Christopher Aurivillius in 1904. It is known from Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda.
# 2002–03 2. Liga (Slovakia)

The 2002–03 season of the Slovak Second Football League (also known as 2. liga) was the tenth season of the league since its establishment. It began on 20 July 2002 and ended on 5 June 2003.

## League standing

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 1 | Dukla Banská Bystrica (C, P) | 30 | 21 | 6 | 3 | 53 | 18 | +35 | 69 | Promotion to Corgoň Liga |
| 2 | Steel Trans Ličartovce | 30 | 19 | 4 | 7 | 59 | 33 | +26 | 61 | |
| 3 | VTJ Koba Senec | 30 | 18 | 5 | 7 | 48 | 27 | +21 | 59 | |
| 4 | Rimavská Sobota | 30 | 16 | 8 | 6 | 51 | 34 | +17 | 56 | |
| 5 | Podbrezová | 30 | 13 | 9 | 8 | 45 | 24 | +21 | 48 | |
| 6 | Topvar HN Topoľčany | 30 | 12 | 8 | 10 | 45 | 25 | +20 | 44 | |
| 7 | Petrochema Dubová (R) | 30 | 12 | 6 | 12 | 41 | 52 | −11 | 42 | Relegation to 3. Liga |
| 8 | DAC 1904 Dunajská Streda | 30 | 11 | 8 | 11 | 39 | 40 | −1 | 41 | |
| 9 | Tatran Prešov | 30 | 11 | 6 | 13 | 40 | 37 | +3 | 39 | |
| 10 | SH Senica | 30 | 11 | 6 | 13 | 29 | 37 | −8 | 39 | |
| 11 | 1. HFC Humenné | 30 | 11 | 6 | 13 | 30 | 42 | −12 | 39 | |
| 12 | FC Nitra | 30 | 11 | 5 | 14 | 36 | 29 | +7 | 38 | |
| 13 | FK Čaňa (R) | 30 | 8 | 5 | 17 | 32 | 59 | −27 | 29 | Relegation to 3. Liga |
| 14 | Slovan Bratislava B (R) | 30 | 7 | 6 | 17 | 33 | 51 | −18 | 27 | Relegation to 3. Liga |
| 15 | ŠKP Devín (R) | 30 | 6 | 6 | 18 | 37 | 65 | −28 | 24 | Relegation to 3. Liga |
| 16 | Veľké Leváre (R) | 30 | 3 | 6 | 21 | 20 | 65 | −45 | 15 | Relegation to 3. Liga |
# Guy Hansen

Guy Christopher Hansen (born November 12, 1947) is a minor league baseball coach. Hansen most recently served as the pitching coach for the Myrtle Beach Pelicans, the Class High-A team in the Carolina League affiliated with the Atlanta Braves, in 2009. Hansen was also known as "Rock" during his pitching career.
Hansen has spent most of his career in the Kansas City Royals organization. He began there as a pitcher in 1969 with the Winnipeg Goldeyes, and continued to play in the Royals' organization until 1972, finishing his career with the Jacksonville Suns. He served as the Royals' pitching coach in 1991–93, and again in 2005, and as the bullpen coach in 1996–97. Also, he has been a scout (1981–87), and the pitching coach for several of Kansas City's farm teams, including the Eugene Emeralds of the Northwest League (1987–98), the Memphis Chicks of the Southern League (1989–90), and the Omaha Royals, then of the American Association (1991).
# Stephen Hanessian

Stephen Hanessian, OC, FRSC, (born April 25, 1935) is a chemist and professor of Canadian and United States citizenship born in Alexandria, Egypt. His research group at Université de Montréal is well known for developing synthetic methodologies, as well as natural product total synthesis. In addition, his group developed Chiron, a computer program used by organic chemists for synthetic planning.
He earned his Ph.D. at Ohio State University in 1960, under the direction of M. L. Wolfrom. He worked as a researcher for Parke-Davis & Co. in Ann Arbor, Michigan until 1968. In 1969 he joined Université de Montréal. Since 2000, he has also been an adjunct professor at University of California, Irvine.

## Awards

* 1974 - Merck Sharpe & Dohme Award, Chemical Institute of Canada
* 1982 - Hudson Award, American Chemical Society
* 1987 - Urgel Archambault Award
* 1988 - CIC Palladium Medal, Chemical Institute of Canada
* 1988 - Alfred Bader Award in organic chemistry, Canadian Society for Chemistry
* 1988 - Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada
* 1991 - Bell Canada-Forum Award
* 1991 - Prix Marie-Victorin
* 1992 - E. Smissman Medal, University of Kansas
* 1993 - M. L. Wolfrom Award, American Chemical Society
* 1996 - Arthur C. Cope Scholar Award, American Chemical Society
* 1997 - Izaak-Walton-Killam Award
* 1997 - Compagnon Lavoisier, Ordre des chimistes du Québec
* 1998 - Officer of the Order of Canada
# Protection from Abuse (Scotland) Act 2001

The Protection from Abuse (Scotland) Act 2001 (asp 14) is an Act of the Scottish Parliament. It was passed on 4 October 2001, receiving Royal Assent on 6 November.

## Background and legislation

In January 2000, following the devolution of the Scottish Parliament the previous year, Justice Minister Jim Wallace announced proposals to reform family law in Scotland, which would include new legislation on domestic abuse. Plans to increase protection for victims of domestic violence were temporarily delayed but the Protection from Abuse (Scotland) bill was published in June 2001 and was subsequently passed by the parliament on 4 October. The act received Royal Assent on 6 November.
The act allows interdicts to be brought against abusers by their victims and gives the police the power to arrest and charge an individual who breaks such an interdict. By giving the police this new power, the act amends the Matrimonial Homes (Family Protection) (Scotland) Act 1981. The 2001 act was intended to extend protection to victims of domestic abuse by unmarried and same-sex partners, as well as those no longer in a relationship with their abuser.
# Hubble Guide Star Catalog – Astrographic Catalog/Tycho

The Hubble Guide Star Catalog – Astrographic Catalog/Tycho (GSC-ACT) is an astronomical catalog. It contains the twenty million stars of the Hubble GSC, version 1.1, recalibrated using the U.S. Naval Observatory's ACT (Astrographic Catalog/Tycho). By 2009 it was considered obsolete, superseded by such catalogues as GSC-2.2, B1.0, A2.0, and especially UCAC-3.
GSC-ACT was a re-calibration of the Guide Star Catalog version 1.1 for Hubble. The original GSC dated to 1989, and one of the reasons for an update was improvements to star catalogs that took place after that time. In this case the ACT catalog was used, which had for example more stars and whereas the GSC 1.1 had 3rd order fit for plate distortions, the ACT has a five-order available. Another improvement of the GSC 1.1 was the GSC 1.2.
GSC-ACT uses five classification codes:
* 1 Star
* 2 Galaxy
* 3 Non-Star
* 4 Artefact
# Hubble Heritage Project

The Hubble Heritage Project was founded in 1998 by Keith Noll, Howard Bond, Forrest Hamilton, Anne Kinney, and Zoltan Levay at the Space Telescope Science Institute. Until its end in 2016, the Hubble Heritage Project released, on an almost monthly basis, pictures of celestial objects like planets, stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters.

## Description

The team of astronomers and image processing specialists selected images from the Hubble Space Telescope's public data archive and planned new observations with the goal of producing aesthetically impactful, full color images that preserved the scientific integrity of the data.
The Project was recognized for its contribution to public inspiration. Achievements for the team include the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 2003 Klumpke-Roberts Award for "outstanding contributions to the public understanding and appreciation of astronomy." In 2002, two Heritage images were selected in the Rochester Institute of Technology's "Images From Science" traveling gallery exhibit. Several images have been selected by the US and UK postal systems. In 2000, a first-class US postage stamp showing the Ring Nebula was one of five Hubble images selected to be part of a commemorative series of stamps honoring astronomer Edwin P. Hubble.
The website of the project contained information about the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the images are now preserved on the Hubble Space Telescope's outreach website, Hubblesite (see link below).
# Stephen Gregory

Stephen, Steven, or Steve Gregory may refer to:
* Stephen S. Gregory (1849–1920), Chicago lawyer
* Stephen Gregory (author) (born 1952), Welsh horror writer
* Steve Gregory (born 1945), English jazz saxophonist and composer
* Steve Gregory (American football) (born 1983)
* Steven Gregory (born 1987), English football midfielder
* Stephen Gregory, executive with the newspaper The Epoch Times
# Hugh Arbuthnot (British Army officer)

General Sir Hugh Arbuthnott, KCB (1780 – 11 June 1868) was a British Army officer and Member of Parliament for Kincardineshire 1826–1865.
He was born the son of John Arbuthnott, 7th Viscount of Arbuthnott and the younger brother of John Arbuthnott, 8th Viscount of Arbuthnott.
He entered the 79th Regiment of Foot (Cameron Highlanders) as Ensign in May 1796 and was promoted Major-General on 22 July 1830, Lt-General on 23 November 1841 and full General on 20 June 1854.
He was given the colonelcy of the 38th (1st Staffordshire) Regiment of Foot from 1843 to 1862, transferring as colonel back to the Cameron Highlanders from 14 March 1862 to his death in 1868.
Sir Hugh never married.
# Michel Caboche

Michel Caboche (25 April 1946 - 15 March 2021) , was a French biologist, director of research at Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA), member of the French Academy of Sciences and of the Scientific Council of the Parliamentary Office for the Assessment of Scientific and Technological Choices (OPECST).
He was deputy director of the INRA-(INA-PG) Seed Biology Laboratory in Versailles, and headed the INRA-CNRS-University of Evry Joint Unit for Plant Genomics Research from 2002 to 2007. He was chairman of the board of the French plant genomics program, Génoplante, from its 1999 inception to 2002. He was a member of the steering committee of the Fondation Écologie d'Avenir.
Caboche graduated from the École polytechnique and held a doctorate in science.

## Works

Caboche's research focused on plant biology, in particular nitrate metabolism, growth processes and seed filling.

## Awards and honours

* Philip Morris Science Prize (1990)
* Member of the French Academy of sciences (correspondent in 1993 and member in 2004)
* Member of Academia Europaea (1991)
* Member of EMBO (1995)
* Max Planck Society and Alexander von Humboldt Foundation Prize for International Cooperation (1996)
* Associate Member of the Royal Academy of Belgium (1999)
* Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite (2004)
* Chevalier of the Ordre national de la Légion d'honneur (2010)
# Prostějovičky

Prostějovičky is a municipality and village in Prostějov District in the Olomouc Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 300 inhabitants.
Prostějovičky lies approximately 9 kilometres (6 mi) south-west of Prostějov, 26 km (16 mi) south-west of Olomouc, and 200 km (120 mi) east of Prague.
# Vũng Liêm

Vũng Liêm is a township (thị trấn) and capital of Vũng Liêm District, Vĩnh Long Province, Vietnam.
# 1968 Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election

The Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol regional election of 1968 took place on 17 November 1968.
An agreement was signed with the German minority: the two provinces became Autonomous Provinces, with both provincial and regional powers, while the Autonomous Region retained its statal-devolved powers. The SVP so accepted a new alliance with the Christian Democracy. With the activation of the ordinary regions in the rest of Italy, the legislature term rose to five years.

## Results
### Regional Council

seats :
| | Christian Democracy | 175,626 | 37.1 | 20 |
| | South Tyrolean People's Party | 137,982 | 29.1 | 16 |
| | Italian Socialist Party–Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 53,810 | 11.4 | 6 |
| | Italian Communist Party–Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity | 37,443 | 7.9 | 4 |
| | Trentino Tyrolean People's Party | 19,922 | 4.2 | 2 |
| | Italian Liberal Party | 17,278 | 3.7 | 2 |
| | Italian Social Movement | 15,108 | 3.2 | 1 |
| | Italian Republican Party | 8,731 | 1.8 | 1 |
| | Social Progressive Party of South Tyrol | 5,332 | 1.1 | - |
| | Craftsman-Farmer Alliance | 2,275 | 0.5 | - |
| Total | Total | 473,507 | 100.0 | 52 |
Source: Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region Archived 2010-05-24 at the Wayback Machine

### Trentino

| Party | votes | votes (%) | seats |
| Christian Democracy | 142,892 | 58.1 | 16 |
| Italian Socialist Party–Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 37,482 | 15.2 | 4 |
| Trentino Tyrolean People's Party | 18,182 | 7.4 | 2 |
| Italian Communist Party | 16,148 | 5.6 | 2 |
| Italian Liberal Party | 11,406 | 4.6 | 1 |
| Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity | 7,726 | 3.1 | 1 |
| Italian Republican Party | 5,998 | 2.4 | 1 |
| Italian Social Movement | 4,049 | 1.6 | - |
| Craftsman-Farmer Alliance | 2,275 | 0.9 | - |
| Total | 246,158 | 100.0 | 27 |
Source: Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region Archived 2010-05-24 at the Wayback Machine

### South Tyrol

| Party | votes | votes (%) | seats |
| South Tyrolean People's Party | 137,982 | 60.7 | 16 |
| Christian Democracy | 32,734 | 14.4 | 4 |
| Italian Socialist Party–Italian Democratic Socialist Party | 16,328 | 7.2 | 2 |
| Italian Communist Party–Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity | 13,569 | 6.0 | 1 |
| Italian Social Movement | 11,059 | 4.9 | 1 |
| Italian Liberal Party | 5,872 | 2.6 | 1 |
| Social Progressive Party of South Tyrol | 5,332 | 2.4 | - |
| Italian Republican Party | 2,733 | 1.2 | - |
| Total | 227,349 | 100.0 | 25 |
Source: Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Region Archived 2010-05-24 at the Wayback Machine
# Amphimallon javeti

Amphimallon javeti is a species of beetle in the Melolonthinae subfamily that is endemic to Sicily.
# 1-Naphthalenethiol

1-Naphthalenethiol is an organosulfur compound with the formula C$_{10}$H$_7$SH. It is a white solid. It is one of two monothiols of naphthalene, the other being 2-naphthalenethiol.

## Synthesis

A practical synthesis involves the tin/HCl-reduction of the naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride. 1-Naphthalenethiol can also be prepared from 1-bromonaphthalene by Pd-catalyzed reaction with the silylthiolate $^i$Pr$_3$SiSK followed by hydrolysis of the silathioether. It was first prepared from the Grignard reagent generated from 1-bromonaphthalene. Treatment of that reagent with elemental sulfur followed by acidification gave the compound. It has been produced by the iodine-catalyzed reduction of 1-naphthalenesulfonic acid with triphenylphosphine.

## Reactions

Treating 1-naphthalenethiol with butyl lithium in the presence of tmeda affords the 2-lithio derivative.
# Karl Ludwig Schweisfurth

Karl Ludwig Schweisfurth (30 July 1930 – 15 February 2020) was a German entrepreneur, founder of the Schweisfurth Foundation and pioneer in the ecological production of food. He was the son of Karl Schweisfurth, who founded Herta Foods in 1902.

## Biography

Schweisfurth was born and died in Herten. He interned at industrial scale slaughter houses in Chicago and used his experiences to implement similar industrial food processing in his father's company. This allowed Herta Foods to develop from a small business to Europe's largest meat processing company, processing 25.000 pigs and 5.000 cattle on a weekly basis.
After it became evident that neither of his sons or his daughter would take over leadership of the company, Schweisfurth sold Herta Foods to Nestlé in 1986. Shortly before this, in 1984, Karl Ludwig Schweisfurth had started a new food processing business that would treat animals along the guiding principles of the ecological production of food. This business is called "Herrmannsdorfer Landwerkstätten" and is located in the Bavarian town of Glonn. For Schweisfurth, his motivation for pioneering ecological farming was that "I suddenly realized that meat from tortured animals cannot be a nurturing source of food for us humans."
# Vũng Liêm district

Vũng Liêm is a rural district (huyện) of Vĩnh Long province, in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. As of 2003 the district had a population of 176,233. The district covers an area of 294 km². The district capital lies at Vũng Liêm.
# Hrafn Kristjánsson

Hrafn Kristjánsson is an Icelandic basketball coach and former player. He was named the Úrvalsdeild Coach of the Year in the 2010–11 season, when he won the Icelandic championship with the KR. As a coach he has won the Icelandic Basketball Cup two times (2011, 2015) and Icelandic Division I three times (2003, 2005, 2007).
As a player he played 139 games in the Úrvalsdeild with KR and KFÍ, winning the national championship in 1990.

## Playing career

Hrafn came up through the junior ranks of KR. He played his first games with the senior team during the 1988–1989 Úrvalsdeild season. The following season he appeared in 5 games for which went on to win the 1990 Icelandic championship. In 1994 he left KR and joined 1. deild karla club KFÍ. In 1996 he helped the team to win 1. deild karla and gain a promotion to the Úrvalsdeild karla for the first time in its history. He played for KFÍ until 2003, except for the 1997–1998 which he spent with Hamar. He finished his playing career with KFÍ's B-team.

## Coaching career
### KFÍ (2001–04)

Hrafn took over as player/coach for KFÍ in 2001 after the team had been relegated to Division I. The team won Division I in 2003 and got promoted to the Úrvalsdeild karla.

### Þór Akureyri (2004–09)

Þór Akureyri hired Hrafn as their head coach before the 2004–2005 season. He coached the team for 5 years and won Division I two times (2005 and 2007).

### Breiðablik (2009–10)

Hrafn took charge of Úrvalsdeild karla club Breiðablik in 2009. In January 2010, with the team in last place, he resigned as coach.

### KR (2010–12)

During the summer of 2010, Hrafn was hired as the head coach of KR women's team. In August 2010, he was also hired as the head coach of KR men's team. He led the men's team to the Icelandic Cup and the Icelandic championship in his first year. After the first season, he stepped down as the head coach of the women's team to focus on the men's team. In July 2012, he left KR after contract negotiations between him and KR where not fruitful.

### Stjarnan (2014–18)

In 2014 Hrafn was hired as the head coach of Stjarnan. In January 2015 he led the club to the Icelandic Cup. In October 2015 he won the Icelandic Company Cup after Stjarnan beat Þór Þorlákshöfn 72-58 in the final. On 27 March 2018, after Stjarnan's first round exit against ÍR, the club announced that it had decided not to renew his contract.

### Álftanes (2018–2022)

On 20 July 2018 Hrafn was hired as the head coach of newly promoted 2. deild karla club Álftanes. Álftanes started the 2. deild season with a bang, thrashing former 1. deild karla club Körfuknattleiksfélag ÍA with 64 points, 136-72. On 16 April 2019, Álftanes defeated ÍA in the 2. deild karla finals, 123-100, and achieved promotion to the 1. deild karla.
Hrafn announced his retirement from coaching in April 2022 following Álftanes' loss against Höttur in the 1. deild promotion playoffs.

### Breiðablik (2024–present)

In May 2024, Hrafn returned to coaching, taking over as head coach of Breiðablik along with his son, Mikael Máni Hrafnsson.
# Pterolophia alboplagiata

Pterolophia alboplagiata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Charles Joseph Gahan in 1894.
# Vyronas National Stadium

The National Stadium of Vyronas is located in the town of Vyronas, located east of Athens, at the foot of Mount Imittos, only 3 km away from Athens city proper. The stadium is next to the cemetery, in the end of Vyronas.
The stadium was created in an old quarry, so it is also known as the "damaria", which means quarry. It was built in 1990 and belongs to the Municipality of Vyronas. It is the home of Athinaikos. The record attendance is 5,803 for a match between Athinaikos and Panathinaikos in 1991. The current seating capacity is 4,340.
# 2003 TD Waterhouse Cup

The 2003 TD Waterhouse Cup was a men's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts at the Hamlet Golf and Country Club in Jericho, New York in the United States and was part of the International Series of the 2003 ATP Tour. The tournament ran from August 18 through August 24, 2003. First-seeded Paradorn Srichaphan won his second consecutive singles title at the event.

## Finals
### Singles

Paradorn Srichaphan defeated James Blake 6–2, 6–4
* It was Srichaphan's 2nd and last singles title of the year and the 4th of his career.

### Doubles

Robbie Koenig / Martín Rodríguez defeated Martin Damm / Cyril Suk 6–3, 7–6$^{(7–4)}$
* It was Koenig's 2nd title of the year and the 4th of his career. It was Rodríguez's only title of the year and the 3rd of his career.