OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Denis Johnson (inventor)

Denis Johnson (c. 1760 – 25 December 1833) was an English coachmaker who worked on Long Acre, London, England. He was a pioneer bicycle-maker.

## Biography

Johnson was married to Mary Newman in St Anne's Church, Soho in 1792 and they had two daughters. He worked out of 75 Long Acre for about 15 years from 1818. Johnson continued as a coachmaker until he died on Christmas Day 1833. The family business continued to trade here until 1867.

## Bicycle maker

Johnson created an improved version of the German Karl Drais's Draisine, the archetypal bicycle. Johnson's pedestrian curricle was patented in London in December 1818, becoming Britain's first bicycle. It featured an elegantly curved wooden frame, allowing the use of larger wooden wheels. Several parts were made of metal, which allowed the vehicle to be lighter than the continental version.
Although Johnson referred to his machine as a ‘pedestrian curricle’, it was formally referred to as a ‘velocipede’, and popularly as a ‘Hobby-horse’, ‘Dandy-horse’, ‘Pedestrian's accelerator’, ‘Swift walker’ and by a variety of other names.
Johnson made at least 320 velocipedes in the early part of 1819. He also opened riding schools in the Strand and Soho. In May 1819 he introduced a dropped-frame version for ladies to accommodate their long skirts (see image).
For about six months the machine had a high profile in London and elsewhere, its principal riders being the Regency dandies. About eighty prints were produced in London, depicting the 'hobby-horse' and its users, not always in a flattering light. Johnson undertook a tour of England in the spring of 1819 to exhibit and publicise the item. Nevertheless, by the summer of the same year the craze was dying out, and a health warning against the continued use of the velocipede was issued by the London Surgeons.
In Johnson's machine, like that of von Drais, propulsion was simply by ‘swift walking’, with the rider striking his (or her) feet on the ground alternately. However, it led directly (albeit after a long delay) to the invention of the bicycle in the 1860s, when rotary cranks and pedals were attached to the front-wheel hub of a machine based on Johnson's.

## Legacy

A memorial plaque at 69–75 Long Acre, Covent Garden, the former site of his workshop, was unveiled on 2 July 1998 by Tony Banks MP, Minister for Sport.
# USS Algol

Two ships of the United States Navy have been named Algol, after a fixed star in the constellation Perseus.
* USS Algol (AKA-54) was an Andromeda-class attack cargo ship that served from World War II until 1970.
* SS Algol (T-AKR-287), formerly T-AK-287, is a container ship operated by the Military Sealift Command since 1984.
# Vorn

Vorn is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Bill Vorn (born 1959), Canadian artist, musician, and professor
* Vorn Vet (1929–1978), Cambodian politician
# Greca (name)

Greca is a surname of Italian origin, denoting someone of Greek descent.
It may also be a female given name in Italian, also known in its feminine variant of Grecia and its male variant of Greco. All three words derive from the Latin 'Graeca' or 'Graecus', which operated as an ethnonym for someone of Greek ethnicity, or a demonym for someone born in Greece. During the medieval era this was expanded to citizens of the Byzantine Empire. Semantically it is similar to the given name Elladio. In the modern era it is most commonly used in Sardinia and more specifically in the Sardinian province of Cagliari due to its cult of Saint Greca. It is also used in Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna.

## Notable people
### Surname

* Bedri Greca (born 1990), Albanian footballer
* Rafael Greca (born 1956), Brazilian engineer and politician

### Given name

* Saint Greca (284–304), Christian saint
# Ministry of European Integration (Albania)

The Ministry of European Integration (Albanian: Ministria e Integrimit Europian) was a department of the Albanian Government, responsible for integration of Albania into the European Union. On 13 September 2017, the ministry was dissolved and merged with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

## History

On 2 October 1998, to meet the increased workload in the process of accession of Albania to the European Union and NATO, the Majko I Government appointed to the Council of Ministers Maqo Lakrori as Secretary of State for Euro-Atlantic Integration. Lakrori stayed in office until October 25, 1999.
With the return of Pandeli Majko as Prime Minister on 22 February 2002, the Ministry of Euro-Atlantic Integration was established. As minister was appointed Marko Bello.
Since the establishment of the institution, the Ministry of European Integration has been reorganized by merging with other ministries, thus making its name change several times. This list reflects the changes made since 2002:
* Ministry of Euro-Atlantic Integration (Ministria e Integrimit Euroatlantik) from 2002 to 2005
* Ministry of Integration (Ministria e Integrimit) from 2005 to 2013
* Ministry of European Integration (Ministria e Integrimit Europian) from 2013 to 2017 (dissolved)
The ministry was dissolved in September 2017. The department of integration was merged with the Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs.

## Officeholders (2002–2017)

* Marko Bello (22 February 2002 – 25 July 2002)
* Ermelinda Meksi (29 July 2002 – 1 September 2005)
* Arenca Trashani (7 September 2005 – 19 March 2007)
* Majlinda Bregu (20 March 2007 – 15 September 2013)
* Klajda Gjosha (15 September 2013 – 13 September 2017)
# WKVB

WKVB may refer to:
* WKVB (FM), a radio station (107.3 FM) licensed to serve Westborough, Massachusetts, United States
* WKPA (FM), a radio station (107.9 FM) licensed to serve Port Matilda, Pennsylvania, United States, which held the call sign WKVB from 2005 to 2020
# Trumpet manucode

The trumpet manucode (Phonygammus keraudrenii) is a species of bird in the family Paradisaeidae.
The trumpet manucode is named after its powerful and loud trumpeting calls. The specific name, keraudrenii, commemorates French Navy physician Pierre François Keraudren (1769-1858).
The trumpet manucode is widely distributed throughout lowland rainforests of New Guinea, northern Cape York Peninsula, the Aru Islands, and the D'Entrecasteaux Islands, though certain subspecies are geographically distinct. This species is monogamous.
Widespread and common throughout its large habitat range, the trumpet manucode is evaluated as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES.

## Description

The trumpet manucode is approximately 31 cm (12 in) long. It has elongated horn-like head tufts and loose neck feathers. The plumage is of an iridescent blackish glossed blue, green and purple. It has a red iris, long coiled trachea, and blackish bill, mouth and legs. The female resembles the male, but is smaller in size and duller in color.
Some of the subspecies vary slightly among themselves, most notably in size and iridescence color.

## Diet

The diet consists mainly of fruits and arthropods.

## Subspecies

* Phonygammus keraudrenii adelberti
* Phonygammus keraudrenii aruensis
* Phonygammus keraudrenii diamondi
* Phonygammus keraudrenii gouldii
* Phonygammus keraudrenii hunsteini
* Phonygammus keraudrenii jamesi
* Phonygammus keraudrenii keraudrenii
* Phonygammus keraudrenii mayri
* Phonygammus keraudrenii neumanni
* Phonygammus keraudrenii purpureoviolacea

## Gallery

* Manucodia keraudrenii by Bowdler Sharpe
* Manucodia keraudrenii by Bowdler Sharpe
# Paul of Antioch (disambiguation)

Paul of Antioch was a medieval Christian bishop and writer.
Paul of Antioch may also refer to:
* Paul of Samosata, bishop of Antioch from 260 to 268
* Paul the Jew, Chalcedonian patriarch of Antioch from 519 to 521
* Paul the Black, Miaphysite patriarch of Antioch from c. 560 to 578
# Valdiviomyia edwardsi

Valdiviomyia edwardsi is a species of Hoverfly in the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

Argentina.
# Sir Alexander Home, 1st Baronet

Sir Alexander Home of Renton, 1st Baronet (died 28 May 1698) was created a Baronet of Nova Scotia about 1678. He was also knighted sometime before 28 August 1671 when he was described as such in a Laing charter.
The "eldest lawful son" of Sir John Home, of Renton, Lord Renton, by his spouse Margaret, daughter of John Stewart, Commendator of Coldingham Priory, Sir Alexander married (contract dated 27 April 1678) Margaret, daughter of Sir William Scott, Lord Clerkington (d. 1656), a Senator of the College of Justice, by his second wife Barbara (d. 1684), daughter of Sir Alexander Dalmahoy of that Ilk, Knt.
His son and successor in the baronetcy was Sir Alexander Home, 2nd Baronet, of Renton (d. 17 February 1737 at Edinburgh and interred at Coldingham).
# Grevillea refracta

Grevillea refracta, commonly known as silver-leaf grevillea, is a species of plant in the protea family and is native to northern Australia. It is a tree or shrub usually with pinnatipartite leaves and red and yellow flowers arranged on a branched, downcurved raceme.

## Description

Grevillea refracta is a tree or shrub that typically grows to a height of 2–6 m (6 ft 7 in – 19 ft 8 in) and 4 m (13 ft) wide. The leaves are 40–210 mm (1.6–8.3 in) long and pinnatipartite with up to 27 egg-shaped to elliptic or linear lobes 40–130 mm (1.6–5.1 in) long and 1–45 mm (0.039–1.772 in) wide. Sometimes there are elliptic to more or less linear leaves 70–190 mm (2.8–7.5 in) long and 2–31 mm (0.079–1.220 in) wide. The lower surface of the leaves is hairy. The flowers are arranged on one side of an often downcurved raceme with 2 to 6 branches 5–20 mm (0.20–0.79 in) long, the oldest flowers at the tips of the branches. The flowers are red and orange, yellow or pink, the pistil 15–22.5 mm (0.59–0.89 in) long. Flowering occurs from April to September and the fruit is a thick-walled, glabrous, elliptic to more or less spherical follicle 18–31 mm (0.71–1.22 in) long.

## Taxonomy

Grevillea refracta was first formally described in 1810 by the botanist Robert Brown in Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. The specific epithet (refracta) means "bent downwards".
In 1994, Peter Olde and Neil Marriott described two subspecies of G. refracta and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
* Grevillea refracta subsp. glandulifera Olde & Marriott has leaves 120–150 mm (4.7–5.9 in) long, the divided leaves with 3 to 17 lobes 5–16 mm (0.20–0.63 in) wide.
* Grevillea refracta R.Br. subsp. refracta has leaves 80–170 mm (3.1–6.7 in) long, the divided leaves with 5 to 27 lobes 2–30 mm (0.079–1.181 in) wide.

## Distribution and habitat

Subspecies glandulifera grows in woodland and savanna and is found in the Ord River catchment in Western Australia, extending just into the far west of the Northern Territory. Subspecies refracta grows in woodland, savanna and Triodia communities and is widespread in Western Australia, the Northern Territory and north-western Queensland, including on nearby islands, north of about latitude 21°S.
# Grevillea ripicola

Grevillea ripicola, commonly known as Collie grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the South West region of Western Australia. It is a dense, spreading shrub with pinnatipartite leaves with rigid, sharply-pointed lobes, and clusters of yellowish-orange flowers, usually with a red style.

## Description

Grevillea ripicola is a dense, spreading or sprawling shrub that typically grows to a height of about 2–3 m (6 ft 7 in – 9 ft 10 in) high and has ribbed, more or less glabrous branchlets. The leaves are 26–60 mm (1.0–2.4 in) long in outline and pinnatipartite, with widely spreading, rigid, elliptic to linear, sharply-pointed lobes. The leaf lobes are 10–30 mm (0.39–1.18 in) long and 1.5–5 mm (0.059–0.197 in) wide. The flowers are arranged in clusters of 12 to 20 on a more or less glabrous rachis mostly 13–20 mm (0.51–0.79 in) long, the oldest flowers at the base. The flowers are yellowish-orange, the pistil 29–35 mm (1.1–1.4 in) long and the style usually red. Flowering mainly occurs in October and November and the fruit is an oval follicle 13–17 mm (0.51–0.67 in) long.

## Taxonomy

Grevillea ripicola was first formally described in 1974 Alex George in the journal Nuytsia based on plant material he collected at Collie in 1965. The specific epithet (ripicola) means "growing on river banks".

## Distribution and habitat

Collie grevillea grows near creeks in Jarrah forest, mainly between Collie, Donnybrook and Bridgetown in the Jarrah Forest bioregion of south-western Western Australia.

## Conservation status

Grevillea ripicola is classified as "Priority Four" by the Government of Western Australia Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, meaning that it is rare or near threatened.

## Use in horticulture

This grevillea is well adapted to cultivation and is frost hardy and fast-growing. Its dense foliage provides habitat for small birds. It is adaptable to most soils and conditions and has been grown on the east coast, south from Sydney.
# Sinéad Millea

Sinéad Millea (born in Kilkenny) is a former camogie player for Kilkenny, winner of an All-Star award in 2004 and two All Ireland medals. She was honoured by inclusion in the University of Limericks' Sports Hall of Fame in 2013.

## Family background

Her father Joe was a member of the Kilkenny team that won the Liam MacCarthy Cup in 1969. Sinéad went to school at St Brigid's in Callan. Her sister is Tracey Millea.

## Career

She played club camogie in Tipperary and Kilkenny, won three All-Ireland Minor titles with Kilkenny and helped her county to the Senior title in 1991 and 1994. She played on the University of Limerick team that won their first Ashbourne Cup in 1995.
Notable sporting achievements include; 2 Senior All-Irelands, 2 National Leagues, 3 Minor All-Irelands, 1 Junior Colleges All-Ireland, 1 Senior Colleges All-Ireland, 1 Ashbourne Cup medal, 1 Ashbourne Shield medal, 7 Leinster Senior Championships, County Championship medals at all levels.

### Honours

* All Ireland Senior Camogie Championship (2)
** 1991, 1994
* National Camogie League (2)
** 1993, 2008
* All-Ireland Minor Camogie Championship (3)
** 1988, 1989, 1991
* All Ireland Colleges Camogie Championship (2)
** Junior 1990
** Senior 1993
* Ashbourne Cup (1)
** 1995
* Leinster Senior Camogie Championship (7)
# Paulette Lynch

Paulette Lynch is a Jamaican former cricketer who played as a bowler. She appeared in four One Day Internationals for International XI at the 1973 World Cup. She played domestic cricket for Jamaica.
# Valentin Kontridze

Valentine Solomonovich Kontridze (Georgian კონტრიძე) Sobol (Russian Соболь) (b. Georgia, USSR, 12 January 1933; d. Israel, 25 October 2002) was a Georgian Jewish scientist, ophthalmologist, and eye microsurgeon.

## Biography

In 1968 he defended the thesis for his Master of Medical degree. From 1977 to 1988 he was the head of the eye microsurgery department at the Institute of Advance Training for Doctors, Tbilisi, Georgia. Between 1976 and 1978 he completed a program in eye microsurgery at the All Union Scientific Research Institute, where his scientific adviser was academician M. Krasnova (an associate member of the National Academy, USSR). In 1980 he finished the course under the supervision of Associate Member of the Academy of Sciences S. Federov.
Kontridze was a specialist in plastic and reconstructive surgery on palpebra and conjunctiva. He performed corneal transplants, extra- and intra-capsule cataract extractions, and implanted artificial lenses. He performed all kinds of anti-glaucoma operations, worked on retinal detachment, virtual surgery, and trauma to the eye. He removed magnetic and anti-magnetic interocular objects, performed optic reconstructive operations, worked on eye muscles, orbits, and cosmetic repairs after enucleation of the eye.
In 1994, after political and criminal unrest in Georgia, Kontridze moved to Israel with his family, where he continued his scientific research at Shapiro’s organization. His 74 scientific research papers were published in the former USSR, Europe, and Asia. He is the author of multiple adopted rationalization proposals.

## Publications

* Kontridze, VS; Kvantaliani, IG (1980). "3 cases of scleral graft in Marfan's syndrome". Vestnik oftalmologii (4): 68–9. PMID 7414815.
* Ivanova, LA; Koroleva, VG; Kontridze, VS (1979). "Pharmacokinetic study of collagen-based intraocular films and caps of gentamycin sulfate". Farmatsiia. 28 (4): 31–4. PMID 488381.
* Antelava, DN; Kontridze, VS (1977). "Experience in mastering eye microsurgery". Vestnik oftalmologii (5): 16–8. PMID 906202.
# Valea Cireșului

Valea Cireșului may refer to the following places in Romania:
* Valea Cireșului, a village in the commune Botoroaga, Teleorman County
* Valea Cireșului, a tributary of the Lozna in Caraș-Severin County
* Valea Cireșului, another name for a section of the Gepiu in Bihor County
# Valea Comenzii River

Valea Comenzii River may refer to:
* Valea Comenzii, another name for the upper course of the Râul Mic in Sibiu County, Romania
* Valea Comenzii, a headwater of the Sădurel in Sibiu County, Romania
# Valea Crișului (river)

The Valea Crișului is a right tributary of the river Olt in Romania. It flows into the Olt in Ghidfalău. Its length is 16 km (9.9 mi) and its basin size is 33 km$^2$ (13 sq mi).
# Valea Cărbunelui

The Valea Cărbunelui is a right tributary of the river Cerna in Romania. It discharges into the Valea lui Iovan Reservoir. Its length is 11 km (6.8 mi) and its basin size is 41 km$^2$ (16 sq mi).
# Green Point Lighthouse

Green Point Lighthouse may refer to:
* Green Point Lighthouse, Natal, South Africa
* Green Point Lighthouse, Cape Town, South Africa
# Sir Hugh Williams, 8th Baronet

Sir Hugh Williams, 8th Baronet (1718 – 19 August 1794), was a British Army officer and landowner in Wales, who sat in the House of Commons between 1768 and 1794.

## Early life

Born in 1718, the son of Colonel Griffith Williams of Arianws, near Llangelynnin, Caernarvonshire and, his wife, Mary, daughter of Robert Williams, he was commissioned into the British Army in 1739.
Promoted Captain in the 34th Foot in 1744, he succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his cousin Sir Robert Williams, 7th Baronet, in November 1745.

## Career

In 1756 Sir Hugh was a Major in the 6th Foot at Menorca when the garrison was attacked in that year. In 1759 Williams was serving in a Volunteer Battalion of the 85th Foot.
Correspondence indicates that Sir Hugh was becoming involved in politics in Beaumaris, partly in the interest of his stepson Thomas Bulkeley, but was hindered by the secrecy of his marriage (due to his father-in-law's disapproval of Williams).
In the course of these dealings, he was promoted Lieutenant Colonel of the 53rd Foot in 1761 and appointed Constable of Beaumaris Castle in July 1761. However, his regiment being stationed at Gibraltar, Williams was ordered to return to military duties on the European continent. Williams disliked the climate and requested to be transferred to a regiment at home. As this was refused Sir Hugh retired from the Army on half-pay in December 1764 to take care of affairs at Beaumaris.

### Political career

In 1768 Williams was elected Member of Parliament for Beaumaris but made little contribution. His stepson Thomas Bulkeley joined him in Parliament in 1774 and was encouraging him to take a greater interest. However he found parliamentary business tiresome and stood down in 1780.
Returned as MP for Beaumaris at a by-election in 1785 Williams retained the seat until his death on 19 August 1794.

## Personal life

Sir Hugh married Emma Bridget (née Rowlands), dowager Viscountess Bulkeley, widow of James Bulkeley, 6th Viscount Bulkeley on 28 June 1760. She was the only daughter and heiress of Thomas Rowlands of Caerau, Anglesey, but as her father disapproved of Williams, the marriage was kept secret.
Sir Hugh and Lady Williams (aka Bulkeley) had two sons and two daughters, including:
* Sir Robert Williams, 9th Baronet (1764–1830), who married Anne (died 1837), daughter of the Rev. Edward Lewis Hughes, in 1799.
Sir Hugh died on 19 August 1794, being succeeded in the baronetcy by his eldest son Robert.
# Sir Hugh Shaw-Stewart, 8th Baronet

Sir Michael Hugh Shaw-Stewart, 8th Baronet KCB TD DL JP (11 July 1854 – 29 June 1942) was a Scottish politician, soldier and landowner.

## Biography

He was the eldest son of Sir Michael Shaw-Stewart, 7th Baronet, and Lady Octavia Grosvenor, daughter of Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Marquess of Westminster. He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford. He was a Captain in the 4th Battalion (Princess Louise's), the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders and Honorary Colonel of the 5/6th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.
He was unsuccessful Conservative parliamentary candidate for Stirlingshire in 1885, and was elected for East Renfrewshire in 1886, holding the seat until 1906.
In 1903, he succeeded his father in the baronetcy and as Laird of Ardgowan. He was awarded the CB in the 1916 Birthday Honours and knighted in the same order in the 1933 Birthday Honours. He was Lord Lieutenant of Renfrewshire from 1922 until his death and was also chairman of the county council.

## Personal life

In 1883, he married Lady Alice Emma Thynne CBE JP, daughter of John Thynne, 4th Marquess of Bath. There were no surviving children of the marriage. He died in a nursing home in Glasgow, aged 87. He was succeeded by his nephew, Col. Sir Walter Guy Shaw-Stewart, 9th Baronet MC.
# Pear Valley

Pear Valley is a one-room yeoman's cottage and prime example of vernacular architecture in Eastville, Virginia. The modest embellishments and its high level of preservation make it one of the most architecturally interesting examples of small, historic homes in Virginia.

## Architecture

The house is very typical of early Chesapeake architecture. It is a 1+1⁄2-story brace-framed structure, clad in weatherboard siding that is largely original, with one wall of brick laid in Flemish bond. Its interior consists of a single chamber with a sleeping loft above. The dwelling is remarkably detailed and impeccably constructed. The owners were presumably slightly more well-off than their near neighbors, but still not wealthy enough to afford a larger, brick building. Distinctive features of the building include a pyramidal chimney and glazed brickwork. Although there used to be controversy surrounding the construction date, Dendrochronology and extensive study place the date between 1720 and 1750. The building underwent a number of alterations in the 19th and early 20th centuries. From the mid-1940s to the mid-1980s the house was little-used, sometimes housing migrant workers, but it was also used for storage, and as a chicken house for a time.

## Preservation

Preservation Virginia purchased the property in 1986. They began extensive restoration work, including repairing the foundation, in 1994. The entire roof of the structure was replaced with cedar shingles, as called for by the Historic Structures Report, in 2004. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969, and designated a National Historic Landmark in 2013. On November 13, 2014, Preservation Virginia transferred ownership of Pear Valley to the newly formed Northampton Historic Preservation Society (formerly the 100-year-old Northampton Branch, PVA).
The property is currently open to the public by appointment.