OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Nor Chichas Province

Nor Chichas is a province in the Eastern parts of the Bolivian Potosí Department. Its seat is Cotagaita.

## Location

Nor Chichas province is one of sixteen provinces in the Potosí Department. It is located between 20° 01' and 21° 08' South and between 65° 13' and 66° 17' West. It borders José María Linares Province in the north, Antonio Quijarro Province in the west, Sud Chichas Province in the south, and Chuquisaca Department in the east. The province extends over 120 km from east to west and 140 km from north to south.

## Geography

Some of the highest mountains of the province are listed below:
* Achakanayuq
* Apachita Punta
* Ch'aki Qucha
* Ch'api Qullu
* Ch'utu Urqu
* Iskay Rumi
* Iskay Wasi
* Jatun Ch'utu
* Jatun Punta
* Jatun Qaqa
* Jatun Q'asa
* Jatun Rumi
* Jatun Wasi
* Murmuntani
* Muyu Urqu
* Ñaqchayuq
* Ñuñu Urqu
* Palta Urqu
* Puka Muqu
* Puka Punta
* Puka Wayq'u Punta
* Quchayuq
* Qullpani
* Q'asa K'uchu
* Rumi Kancha
* Tarkuni Punta
* Taypi Qhawarina
* T'ika Pallana
* T'ika Wasi
* Waka Wañusqa
* Wanu Wanu
* Wanu Wanuyuq
* Wayra Wasi
* Wisk'achani
* Yana Muqu
* Yana Qaqa
* Yana Unu
* Yana Wintu
* Yaritayuq
* Yaritayuq Punta
* Yuraq Punta
* Yuraq P'ukru

## Division

The province comprises two municipalities which are further subdivided into cantons.
| Section | Municipality | Seat |
| 1st | Cotagaita Municipality | Cotagaita |
| 2nd | Vitichi Municipality | Vitichi |

## Population

The main language of the province is Quechua, spoken by 99.5%, while 69% of the population speak Spanish. The population dropped from 38,250 inhabitants (1992 census) to 35,323 (2001 census), a decrease of 17%.
92% of the population have no access to electricity, 87% have no sanitary facilities. 73% of the population are employed in agriculture, 4.5% in mining, 4% in industry, 18.5% in general services. 79% of the population are Catholics, 17% Protestants. 55% of the population are female.
The people are predominantly indigenous citizens of Quechua descent.
| Ethnic group | Cotagaita Municipality (%) | Vitichi Municipality (%) |
| Quechua | 89.2 | 90.4 |
| Aymara | 0.7 | 0.2 |
| Guaraní, Chiquitos, Moxos | 0.1 | 0.0 |
| Not indigenous | 9.4 | 9.3 |
| Other indigenous groups | 0.6 | 0.1 |
# Margaretta Morris

Margaretta Hare Morris (December 3, 1797 – May 29, 1867) was an American entomologist. Morris and the astronomer Maria Mitchell were the first women elected to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1850. She was also the second woman elected to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia in 1859, after Lucy Say.

## Life

Morris was born on December 3, 1797, in Philadelphia, one of six children of Luke Morris (1760-1802), a lawyer, and Ann Willing Morris (1767-1853). Trained by tutors, including Thomas Nuttall, Thomas Say, and Charles Alexandre Lesueur, the Morris sisters, especially Margaretta and her botanist sister Elizabeth Carrington Morris, became a part of the larger nineteenth-century scientific community. Margaretta and Elizabeth lived in the same house in Germantown where they performed most of their scientific research and experiments. They regularly attended lectures at the Germantown Academy. The sisters were part of a network that included Asa Gray, William Darlington, Thaddeus William Harris, Louis Agassiz, Dorethea Dix, Mary Roberdeau, and Isabella Batchelder James, with whom they shared specimens and findings.

## Research

Morris studied the habits of wheat flies that resembled the Hessian fly, concluding that the eggs were laid in the grain rather than the stalk as had been previously thought. She also studied the seventeen year locust and fungi as botanical pests. She first described Magicicada cassinii, a species of periodical cicada, which were later named after John Cassin. Her results were important to agriculture and orchards. She sent her papers to scientific societies such as the American Philosophical Society, which at the time only had men as members so the papers had to be read on her behalf. She also published regularly in the American Agriculturist and other agricultural journals, occasionally under pseudonyms.

## Works
### Family papers

Some of the Morris family papers passed, apparently through Margaretta's younger sister, Susan Sophia Morris (1800-1868), the wife of John Stockton Littell (1806-1875), into the Littell family. They are incorporated in the Littell family papers, currently held in the special collections of the library of the University of Delaware.

### Illustrations

Morris provided botanical illustrations for a paper by William Gambel in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences (1848)

### Published papers

* Morris, M. H. (1843). "On the Cecidomyia destructor, or Hessian Fly". Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. New Series. 8: 49–52. doi:10.2307/1005228. JSTOR 1005228.
* "Observations on the Development of the Hessian Fly". Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1: 66–8. 1841 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. 1841-3
* "On the Discovery of the Larvae of the Cicada septemdecim". Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 3: 66–8. 1846 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. 1846–1847.
* "On the Cecidomyia culmicola". Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 4: 194. 1848 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library. 1848-1849
* "On the Seventeen Year Locusts". Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist. 4: 110. 1851 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
# Equivalence (formal languages)

In formal language theory, weak equivalence of two grammars means they generate the same set of strings, i.e. that the formal language they generate is the same. In compiler theory the notion is distinguished from strong (or structural) equivalence, which additionally means that the two parse trees are reasonably similar in that the same semantic interpretation can be assigned to both.
Vijay-Shanker and Weir (1994) demonstrates that Linear Indexed Grammars, Combinatory Categorial Grammars, Tree-adjoining Grammars, and Head Grammars are weakly equivalent formalisms, in that they all define the same string languages.
On the other hand, if two grammars generate the same set of derivation trees (or more generally, the same set of abstract syntactic objects), then the two grammars are strongly equivalent. Chomsky (1963) introduces the notion of strong equivalence, and argues that only strong equivalence is relevant when comparing grammar formalisms. Kornai and Pullum (1990) and Miller (1994) offer a refined notion of strong equivalence that allows for isomorphic relationships between the syntactic analyses given by different formalisms. Yoshinaga, Miyao, and Tsujii (2002) offers a proof that for any LTAG formalism, there is a strongly equivalent HPSG one.

## Context-free grammar example

As an example, consider the following two context-free grammars, given in Backus-Naur form:
Both grammars generate the same set of strings, viz. the set of all arithmetical expressions that can be built from the variables "x", "y", "z", the constants "1", "2", "3", the operators "+", "-", "*", "/", and parentheses "(" and ")". However, a concrete syntax tree of the second grammar always reflects the usual order of operations, while a tree from the first grammar need not.
For the example string "1+2*3", the right part of the picture shows its unique parse tree with the second grammar; evaluating this tree in postfix order will yield the proper value, 7. In contrast, the left picture part shows one of the parse trees for that string with the first grammar; evaluating it in postfix order will yield 9.
Since the second grammar cannot generate a tree corresponding to the left picture part, while the first grammar can, both grammars are not strongly equivalent.

## Generative capacity

In linguistics, the weak generative capacity of a grammar is defined as the set of all strings generated by it, while a grammar's strong generative capacity refers to the set of "structural descriptions" generated by it. As a consequence, two grammars are considered weakly equivalent if their weak generative capacities coincide; similar for strong equivalence. The notion of generative capacity was introduced by Noam Chomsky in 1963.
# Flateyjarannáll

Flateyjarannáll ('The Flateyjarbók Annals') are Icelandic annals found at the end of Flateyjarbók. They were compiled by the priest Magnús Þórhallsson between 1388 and 1394. The events recorded in the annals were taken from earlier sources (such as Lögmannsannáll) until about 1388, whereas the events following that date were recorded from Magnús' own knowledge or contemporary accounts.
# Steve Heard

Steven Philip "Steve" Heard (born 29 April 1962 in Tunbridge Wells) is a retired English middle-distance runner who competed primarily in the 800 metres. He represented his country at the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as 1991 World Championships reaching the semifinals on both occasions. In addition, he won a gold medal at the 1989 European Indoor Championships.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Event | Notes |
| Representing Great Britain ||||||
| 1986 | European Indoor Championships | Madrid, Spain | 6th (sf) | 400 m | 47.81 |
| 1989 | European Indoor Championships | The Hague, Netherlands | 1st | 800 m | 1:48.84 |
| 1989 | World Indoor Championships | Budapest, Hungary | 10th (sf) | 800 m | 1:50.75 |
| 1991 | World Championships | Tokyo, Japan | 15th (sf) | 800 m | 1:49.91 |
| 1992 | Olympic Games | Barcelona, Spain | 9th (sf) | 800 m | 1:46.19 |

## Personal bests

Outdoor
* 400 metres – 45.74 (Antrim 1985)
* 600 metres – 1:14.95 (London 1991)
* 800 metres – 1:44.65 (Koblenz 1992)
Indoor
* 400 metres – 46.83 (Budapest 1987)
* 600 metres – 1:17.62 (Cosford 1987)
* 800 metres – 1:48.84 (Den Haag 1989)
# O Doyne manuscript

The O Doyne manuscript is a collection of material relating to a dispute among the Gaelic-Irish family of Dunne.
Kenneth Nicholls has described its contents as
   "contemporary copies of documents concerning the lengthy lawsuit between Charles O Doyne (Cathaoir Ó Duinn), a Master in the Irish Court of Chancery who died in 1617, and his elder brother, Thady or Teig (Thadhg) Ó Duinn ... It is precious as a complete record of the landownership pattern in a Gaelic-Irish territory which had remained practically free from outside interference."
Charles and Thady were sons of Tadhg Óg Ó Duinn, a landowner and lord of Úi Riagán in Laois from 1558 to 1607. The dispute concerned the succession to Tadhg Óg's lands and chiefries. In the dispute, Nicholls remarks that it was "Charles, the English-educated lawyer and official, who sought to maintain the validity of the customs of tainstry and 'Irish gravelkind' which his brother the chief denounced as 'barbarous.'
Charles died without issue on 17 May 1617, his heir been his nephew, Brian Óg Ó Duinn or Barnaby O Doyne, who was the ancestor to the family of Dunne of Brittas. A later member of this family was Sir Robert Doyne (1651–1733).
It is now held in Marsh's Library, shelf-numbered as Z.4.2.19.
# Singapore Unbound

Singapore Unbound is a New York City-based non-profit literary arts organization dedicated to freedom of expression and equal rights for all in Singapore and abroad. It organizes cultural events and publishes books through the Gaudy Boy press. The organization is led by its founder and noted Singaporean author Jee Leong Koh.
Every other year, the organization hosts the Singapore Literary Festival in New York City, which celebrates the work of Singaporean authors and connects the literary community in the United States and to that in Singapore. There is also often a theater component to the festival. Singapore Unbound has partnered with New York University and the Asian American Writers’ Workshop to put on the event in the past. In between festivals, Singapore Unbound hosts the Second Saturdays Reading Series, a monthly event that consists of a featured writer, an open reading, and a potluck. Past writers include Vijay Seshadri, Madeleine Thien, Min Jin Lee, Gina Apostol, Dale Peck, Monique Truong, Jericho Brown, Naomi Novik, Chinelo Okparanta, Martha Cooley, Dan Feng Tan, Amanda Lee Koe, and Jeremy Tiang.
The Singapore Unbound Fellowship awards a writer from Singapore a two week residency in New York City and an honorarium once a year. Previous winners include Nur Sabrina Binte Dzulkifli, Jason Soo, and Ally Chua.
In addition to community building efforts, the organization strongly advocates for freedom of expression through protests and written work.
Singapore Unbound has also organized a relief fund for writers in Singapore during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020.
# 1936 Montana Grizzlies football team

The 1936 Montana Grizzlies football team represented the University of Montana in the 1936 college football season as a member of the Pacific Coast Conference (PCC). The Grizzlies were led by second-year head coach Doug Fessenden, played their home games at Dornblaser Field and finished the season with a record of six wins and three losses (6–3, 1–3 PCC).

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 26 | at Washington State | Rogers FieldPullman, WA | L 0–19 | 6,500 |
| October 2 | at UCLA | Los Angeles Memorial ColiseumLos Angeles, CA | L 0–30 | 25,000 |
| October 10 | Idaho Southern Branch* | Dornblaser FieldMissoula, MT | W 45–13 | |
| October 17 | Gonzaga* | Dornblaser FieldMissoula, MT | W 6–0 | 6,000 |
| October 24 | vs. Montana State* | Butte, MT (rivalry) | W 27–0 | |
| October 31 | at Oregon State | Bell FieldCorvallis, OR | L 7–14 | |
| November 14 | Idaho | Dornblaser FieldMissoula, MT (rivalry) | W 16–0 | 6,000 |
| November 21 | San Francisco* | Clark FieldButte, MT | W 24–7 | |
| November 26 | North Dakota* | Dornblaser FieldMissoula, MT | W 13–6 | |
| *Non-conference game ||||||
# Henan Commandery

Henan Commandery (Chinese: 河南郡) was a commandery in China from Han dynasty to Tang dynasty, located in modern northern Henan province.
During the reign of King Xuanhui of Han, Sanchuan Commandery (三川郡) was established. It was named Sanchuan ("Three Rivers") because the Yellow River, Yi River and Luo River flowed through its jurisdiction. In 249 BC, Sanchuan was annexed by the state of Qin.
After the establishment of Han dynasty, in 205 BC, Sanchuan was renamed Henan ("south of the Yellow River"). Its seat was Luoyang, the former capital of Zhou dynasty. In 113 BC, its western half was split off to form Hongnong Commandery. In 2 AD, the commandery had 274,666 households and a population of 1,740,279. It administered 22 counties: Luoyang (雒陽), Xingyang (滎陽), Yanshi (偃師), Jing (京), Pingyin (平陰), Zhongmu (中牟), Ping (平), Yangwu (陽武), Henan (河南), Goushi (緱氏), Quan (卷), Yuanwu (原武), Gong (鞏), Gucheng (穀成), Gushi (故市), Mi (密), Xincheng (新城), Kaifeng (開封), Chenggao (成皋), Yuanling (苑陵), Liang (梁) and Xinzheng (新鄭).
In Eastern Han dynasty, the capital was moved to Luoyang, and Henan Commandery was renamed Henan Yin (河南尹, "Intendant of Henan") after the name of the chief administrative office of the area, following the naming of Jingzhao Yin in Western Han dynasty. In 140 AD, the commandery had 208,486 households and a population of 1,100,827.
In the Western Jin dynasty, the name "Henan Commandery" was restored. In 266, Xingyang Commandery was established from 8 counties in Henan.
After the establishment of Sui dynasty, Henan Commandery was abolished and merged into Luo Prefecture (洛州). In 607, the old name was restored. The commandery administered 18 counties, and had 202,230 households. In Tang dynasty, Henan Commandery was an alternative name of Luo Prefecture, also known as Henan Prefecture (河南府). In 741 AD, it had 194,746 households and the population was 1,183,092.
# Nor Carangas Province

Nor Carangas is a province in the northern parts of the Bolivian department of Oruro. Its seat is Huayllamarca.

## Location

Nor Carangas province is one of sixteen provinces in the Oruro Department. It is located between 17° 46' and 18° 09' South and between 67° 13' and 67° 41' West.
The province borders La Paz Department in the north, San Pedro de Totora Province in the west, Carangas Province in the south, Saucarí Province in the southeast, and Cercado Province in the northeast.
The province extends over 70 km from northwest to southeast, and 25 km from northeast to southwest.

## Geography

Some of the highest mountains of the province are listed below:
* Anta Qullu
* Apachita
* Chuwallani
* Iru Pampa
* Kimsa Qullu
* Lawrani
* Lupi Qullu
* Lluxita
* Nasa Qullu
* Nina Qullu
* Qutaña Pata
* Taypi Sirka
* Wila Chullpa

## Population

Main idiom of the province is Aymara, spoken by 96%, while 84% of the population speak Spanish and 14% Quechua (1992).
The population increased from 4,900 inhabitants (1992 census) to 5,790 (2001 census), an increase of 18.2%. - 41.9% of the population are younger than 15 years old (1992).
99.7% of the population have no access to electricity, 98.7% have no sanitary facilities (1992).
84.5% of the population are employed in agriculture, 0.1% in mining, 3.1% in industry, 12.3% in general services (2001).
80% of the population are Catholics, 15% are Protestants (1992).

## Division

The province comprises only one municipality, Huayllamarca Municipality. It is identical to Nor Carangas Province.
# Marenovo

Marenovo is a village in the municipality of Varvarin, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 453 people.
# Fimbria soverbii

Fimbria soverbii is a species of marine clams in the family Lucinidae.
# Lycaena tama

Lycaena tama, the Canterbury alpine boulder copper, is a species of copper which lives on the central South Island of New Zealand.

## Description

A small butterfly with copper wings and a "marginal series of violet dots". It was named tama as a distinct species by R. W. Fereday after "a traditionary Maori chief of that name."

## Range

Lycaena tama lives in the Mackenzie Basin and in the areas around Canterbury. It was first described as being in and around "Drayton Station, on the plains near Mount Hutt; spurs of mountains near Castle Hill Station; and the top of the Mount Hutt range"

## Ecology

Lycaena tama uses the host plant pōhuehue.
# Flateyjardalur

Flateyjardalur (Icelandic pronunciation: ) is a valley in northern Iceland by Skjálfandi bay on the Flateyjarskagi peninsula. The valley stretches from the coast and south to Fnjóskadalur valley. Flateyjardalur is named after the island of Flatey, which lies just off the shore. It is about 33 km long, almost straight with only a small bend at the end near the sea and has a direction almost perfectly from north to south.
Finnboga saga ramma, one of the Icelandic sagas, takes place in the area. The last inhabitants left the coast in 1953. The same year a road was built from Fnjóskadalur to Flateyjardalur, connecting the coast to other parts of the region. There are three concrete houses, built in the late 1920s, which today are only inhabited seasonally, during summer. By the old farm Brettingsstaðir is a cemetery surrounding the foundation of the old church of Brettingsstaðir, which was dismantled and moved to Flatey after the valley had become deserted. Many tourists visit Flateyjardalur during the summer.
# Pseudohyaleucerea bartschi

Pseudohyaleucerea bartschi is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Schaus in 1928. It is found on the Bahamas.
# Vyagrapurisvarar Temple, Thaplampuliyur

Vyagrapurisvarar Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to the deity Shiva, located at Thaplampuliyur in the Tiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu, India.

## Presiding deity

The presiding deity in the garbhagriha, represented by the lingam, is known as Vyagrapurisvarar and the goddess is known as Nityakalyani.

## Nava Puliyur Temples

This is one of the Nava Puliyur Temples worshipped by Patanjali and Vyaghrapada. The following temples are called as Nava Puliyur Temples.
* Perumpatrapuliyur
* Thirupathiripuliyur
* Erukathampuliyur
* Omampuliyur
* Sirupuliyur
* Atthippuliyur
* Thaplampuliyur
* Perumpuliyur
* Kanattampuliyur

## Speciality

This place was known as 'Tharparavanam' in Satya Yuga, 'Mathuvanam' in Treta Yuga, 'Thevavanam' in Dvapara Yuga and 'Vyagrapuram' in Kali Yuga. As Tharpara Maharishi did penance in this place, this place was known as Tharparanpuliyur. As a frog known as 'Thappanai' worshipped here this was also known as Thaplampuliyur. Once a Brahmin who lived in Kasi took an oil bath on the day of 'Dvadasi' and got the curse to become a tiger and he became so. He worshipped the deity of this place and got his curse cured. As a tiger got its curse cured this deity of temple is Vyagrapurisvarar.Vyaghrapada, also known as tiger legged Rishi and Patanjali worshipped this place, the temple got its name. As the goddess bestows the wedding boon she is known as Nityakalyani.She is compared with the deity of Ujjain and other goddess of many temples in Tamil Nadu. She is worshipped as family deity by many devotees. Generally in the kosta of the Shiva temples Vinayaka, Dakshinamurthy, Lingodbhava, Vishnu, Brahma and Durga would be found. But in this temple, as Patanjali, Vyaghrapada and Manduga rishi worshipped here, Nataraja is found in the kosta. In the place of Lingodbhava, Ardhanarishvara is found.

## Structure

Many Chola kings contributed for the construction of the temple. Of the 64 forms of Shiva, Ekabathamurti is found in a separate shrine. Shrines of Juradeva, Nataraja, Saptakannia, Surya, Vaishnavi, Durga, and Kala Bhairava are found in this temple. Kumbhabhishekham took place on 27 April 2014. Juradeva also known as Juraharavesvar is with four legs. Temple tank Vyagra Tirtta is found in the temple. Temple trees are Kattathi and Vanni. Jestadevi which her two children Manthan and Manthi are found in this temple. Very near to Ardhanarishvara, the shrine of Mahalakshmi is found. Sanisvara is found in a separate shrine facing east.

## Location

This temple is located at the road leading to Nagalur and Thevur, from Tiruvarur. It is situated at a distance of 5 km. from 5 km. in southeast.
# Val Verde Texas Battery

The Val Verde Battery was an artillery battery from Texas that served in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. At the Battle of Valverde on 21 February 1862, the Confederates captured five artillery pieces from Union forces. The Confederates formed an ad hoc battery which fought at Peralta. The artillery battery officially formed on 1 June 1862 at Fort Bliss. It later transferred to Louisiana where it helped capture the USS Diana and fought at Fort Bisland and Vermilion Bayou in 1863. The following year, the battery served at Mansfield and Pleasant Hill. After two old howitzers were replaced by two new captured guns, the unit fought at Monett's Ferry. At the end of the war in spring 1865, the soldiers buried their cannons. When the guns were dug up a few years later, the two new guns were the only ones that could be saved, and they have survived to this day.