OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1930 Clemson Tigers football team

The 1930 Clemson Tigers football team was an American football team Clemson College—now known as Clemson University—as a member of the Southern Conference (SoCon) during the 1930 college football season. In their fourth and final season under head coach Josh Cody, the Tigers compiled an 8–2 record (3–2 against conference opponents), finished ninth in the conference, and outscored opponents by a total of 239 to 82.
Right halfback Johnnie Justus was the team captain. Four Clemson players were selected as first-team players on the 1930 All-Southern Conference football team: center Red Fordham; guard Mule Yarborough; and quarterback Maxcy Welch and left halfback Grady Salley.
After the season, Josh Cody resigned as Clemson's head coach to accept an assistant coaching job under Dan McGugin at Vanderbilt.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 20 | Presbyterian* | Riggs FieldClemson, SC | W 28–7 | |
| September 27 | Wofford* | Riggs FieldClemson, SC | W 32–0 | |
| October 3 | vs. The Citadel* | Florence Memorial StadiumFlorence, SC | W 13–7 | 5,000 |
| October 11 | vs. NC State | Central High School StadiumCharlotte, NC (rivalry) | W 27–0 | 7,000 |
| October 17 | Newberry* | Riggs FieldClemson, SC | W 75–0 | |
| October 23 | at South Carolina | State FairgroundsColumbia, SC (rivalry) | W 20–7 | 15,000 |
| November 1 | at Tennessee | Shields–Watkins FieldKnoxville, TN | L 0–27 | |
| November 8 | vs. VMI | Bain FieldNorfolk, VA | W 32–0 | |
| November 15 | at Florida | Fairfield StadiumJacksonville, FL | L 0–27 | |
| November 27 | at Furman* | Manly FieldGreenville, SC | W 12–7 | 12,000 |
| *Non-conference game ||||||
# Salamandra atra pasubiensis

Salamandra atra pasubiensis is a subspecies of the alpine salamander Salamandra atra found in south-eastern Italian Prealps.

## Morphology

Salamandra atra pasubiensis differs from all other subspecies of S. atra in the individual variability of the body colour. The body surface is mainly uniformly black, with a variable number and extent of yellow and brown patches on the dorsal surface of the head, the trunk, the limbs and the tail. The patches are very similar to those found in S. atra aurorae, however much smaller and covering only a minor part of the dorsal surface. Extent and arrangement of the patches are highly variable between individuals, some of which are even entirely black, like in S. atra atra and S. a. prenjensis. The colour pattern is established at birth and it is assumed to change only slightly with growth, like in S. atra aurorae.
The sexual dimorphism is very slight. Like in other subspecies of S. atra, the cloacal region is usually swollen in the adult males.

## Distribution

Salamandra atra pasubiensis lives only on the Pasubio massif, in the Venetian Prealps, Northeast Italy. All documented and reliable records are from two adjacent small valleys on the southern slope of the massif, and refer most probably to a single population. The known area of occupancy is less than 2 km$^2$ and the altitudinal range is 1450–1800 m.
There are a few other reports of alpine salamanders from other parts on the Pasubio massif and from the nearby Carega massif, but all these records are unconfirmed.

## Threats, conservation status and management

The rocky, steep valleys inhabited by S. atra pasubiensis are only marginally exploited for wood harvesting and cattle pasture, and are visited almost only by hikers and hunters. Therefore, S. atra pasubiensis is not threatened directly by human activities, but the narrow extent and the isolation of the suitable habitat increases vulnerability in the face of the general climatic trend.
According to regional assessments following IUCN criteria, S. atra pasubiensis has been considered as Endangered (EN), under criterion D1, because it seems to be present in a single site, the population size could be less than 250 individuals and it is threatened by the general climatic trend.
The single known population of S. atra pasubiensis is in the Veneto Region, specifically in the Province of Vicenza. It is entirely in the Natura 2000 site IT3210040 “Monti Lessini - Pasubio - Piccole Dolomiti Vicentine”.
Salamandra atra pasubiensis is not considered in the EU Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC because it was unknown at the time.

## Taxonomy

After a few uncertain or undocumented reports, the presence of a differentiated population of S. atra on the Pasubio massif was eventually confirmed in 1999. This population has been named as a distinct subspecies in 2005, because it is chromatically and genetically differentiated from both S. atra atra and S. atra aurorae, and geographically separated from the remaining species range. The type locality is “Val Fontana d'Oro” and the holotype has been deposited in the Zoological Museum La Specola in Florence.
# Fatima Movement of Priests

The Fátima Movement of Priests is a Roman Catholic movement organized by priests who follow the Marian devotion to Our Lady of Fátima, and was founded under the auspices of the Fatima Center.

## History
### Fatima Center

The Fatima Center was founded in 1978 by the Roman Catholic priest Father Nicholas Gruner. It is a self-described "grass roots association of Catholic priests and lay people whose mission is to make known the full Message of Our Lady of Fatima, and promote devotion to the Immaculate Heart of Mary".

### Fátima Movement of Priests

The movement was founded following a series of meetings among priests at three international Fátima Peace Congresses held by the Fátima Center: Tuy, Spain, and Fátima, Portugal, in October 2006; São Paulo, Brazil, in July 2007; and Madras, India, in late January, early February 2008.
The organization's stated focus is to implement the messages of Our Lady of Fátima to affect people's lives, parishes and dioceses. It is also a loose confederation of Catholic priests and bishops the world over who have resolved to make the Fátima Message more central in their own priestly lives and in their work.
The group's parent organization is the Fatima Center, founded by the Canadian priest Father Nicholas Gruner.
# Filatima occidua

Filatima occidua is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Washington and California.
The length of the forewings is 5.5-6.2 mm.
The larvae on Lupinus sericeus var. sericeus and Lupinus ornatus.

## Etymology

The species name refers to its distribution and is derived from Latin occiduus (meaning setting [of the sun]).
# Ephraim Snow

Ephraim Snow or Old Snow (fl. 1850–1865) was an American criminal fence and underworld figure on New York City during the early-to mid-19th century. He was one of the first major fences in New York and the main competitor of Joe Erich during the 1850s and 60s, however the two had a far more friendly and cooperative relationship then the fierce rivalries of later fences such as John D. "Traveling Mike" Grady and Fredericka "Marm" Mandelbaum. He operated from a small dry goods store on the corner of Grand and Allen Streets, only a short distance from Erich's establishment in Maiden Lane, and was well known as a dealer in "stolen property of every description". According to underworld lore, Erich once disposed of a flock of sheep that some Bowery thugs brought back with them while on vacation in Upstate New York having stolen them from a farm in Westchester County and herded them "through the streets of the city to the shop of the fence".
He and Erich were eventually overshadowed of the rise of John Grady and Marm Mandelbaum in the post-American Civil War era, both earning millions though financing criminal gangs in addition to dealing in stolen goods, and Snow worked with Mandelbaum in her early criminal career. Snow was eventually arrested and sentenced to five years imprisonment.
# Flagstaff Tower

Flagstaff Tower is a one-room, castellated tower, built around 1828 as a signal tower, located in Kamla Nehru Ridge near the present-day North Campus of Delhi University in Delhi, India. It was here that many Europeans and their families sheltered on 11 May 1857, during the Siege of Delhi by the rebels at the beginning of the Indian rebellion of that year, waiting for help to arrive from nearby Meerut. Built by the British Indian Army, the building was part of the British cantonment and was used as a signal tower. Before forestation started in 1910, the area where the tower was built was the highest point on the ridge and was mostly barren, covered with low-lying shrub. Today it is a memorial and "protected monument" under Archaeological Survey of India.
The monument is still preserved and in very good condition. This cemetery, where the few British who fell during the uprising are buried with their leader, Brigadier John Nicholson, is now that well preserved that a Britain's High Commissioner, Mr. Michael Arthur, who once helped in the restoration and repairing of the cemetery thought that it surpassed many of the cemeteries in Britain, with its beautiful glimpse of the history of the year 1857.

## History

Flagstaff Tower played an important role during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, when Delhi was captured by the rebellious East India Company forces. On the morning of 11 May 1857, when the sepoys started hunting for and killing European personnel and Christian Indians in the Cantonment, Civil Lines and the walled city of Delhi, the survivors started fleeing towards the Tower.
A month later the Company army returned to capture Delhi, which was now with the sepoys. On 7 June, they faced stiff resistance from the sepoys at the Flagstaff Tower. A fierce battle followed which led to the killing and wounding of a great number of soldiers. However, by five in the evening the ridge had been recaptured and was now under British control.

## Architecture

Inside the tower, which is locked, there is a circular room that can hold a crowd of up to a hundred people. It resembles a mini fort but not that safe. In recent times some parts of the tower have been ruined due to people having scribbled on its wall. Before deforestation in the year 1910, the area where the tower was built was the point on the ridge and was mostly barren and covered with small-sized shrubs.
# Volucella inanis

Volucella inanis is a species of hoverfly belonging to the family Syrphidae.

## Distribution

This species is present in most of Europe, in eastern Palearctic realm, in the Near East and in North Africa.

## Description

The adults reach 15–17 mm (0.59–0.67 in) long. They have three yellow bands on an otherwise black abdomen and thus closely resemble wasps in a form of mimicry. The first two bands are completely or partially interrupted by a black wedge. The head has feather-like antennae and the wings have darkened patches in the middle and on the tip.

## Biology

Volucella inanis can be encountered from early July to early September, feeding on flowers of species such as yarrow (Achillea millefolium), dill (Anethum graveolens), heather (Erica species), thistles (genera Carduus, Cirsium, and Onopordum) and Buddleja davidii.
The female lays eggs in the nests of social wasps and hornets (Vespa crabro, Vespula germanica, etc.). The larvae of this hoverfly are ectoparasites of larvae of the wasps.
# Simple HTML Ontology Extensions

In the semantic web, Simple HTML Ontology Extensions are a small set of HTML extensions designed to give web pages semantic meaning by allowing information such as class, subclass and property relationships.
SHOE was developed around 1996 by Sean Luke, Lee Spector, James Hendler, Jeff Heflin, and David Rager at the University of Maryland, College Park.
# Picfair

Picfair is an online photography brand and ecommerce platform that helps amateur and professional photographers sell their work through personal online stores and a central marketplace. It was founded in 2013 by former The Guardian and The New York Times journalist Benji Lanyado. It has over 500,000 photographers using the platform.

## History

Benji Lanyado quit his job in journalism in order to learn how to code at the General Assembly coding school in London. His first coding project, a streamlined version of Reddit called The Reddit Edit, attracted the attention of Reddit founder Alexis Ohanian. Lanyado pitched the idea of Picfair to Ohanian in a New York City coffee shop and Ohanian went on to invest in the company as part of Picfair's initial seed investment round, which also included Google Ventures partner Tom Hulme and the founders of VoucherCodes.co.uk.
Having built the site himself and launched it in beta in 2013, Lanyado launched Picfair officially in 2014 as an open-to-all marketplace that allowed photographers to upload their images.
By 2016, Picfair had 3 million images on the platform and had developed a curation algorithm that helped high quality images appear at the top of image searches.
The company attracted a further £1.5m in funding in 2017 from The Claverley Group (owners of the Wolverhampton Express & Star), JustPark CEO Anthony Eskinazi and What3Words founder Chris Sheldrick. At this point Picfair had 25,000 photographers using the platform.
In 2018, Picfair launched personalised stores in parallel to its central marketplace, giving the 35,000 photographers now using the platform their own stand-alone store to sell digital downloads and prints.

## Partnerships and controversy

In 2016, following UK Home Secretary Amber Rudd's suggestion that businesses should declare how many non-UK workers they have, Picfair founder Benji Lanyado tweeted that he would refuse to comply, telling the BBC that his opposition to the plan was "not a business decision, but a very simple moral one", going on to state that "[the UK] needs to be seen as an exciting, global hub for exceptional companies and ideas, not an inward-looking island that is happy to scare its foreigners for the sake of political bargaining."
In 2018 Picfair partnered with The Guardian to launch Women Behind the Lens, a competition highlighting the work of female photographers, who are underrepresented in the photographic industries. The winning entries were exhibited at The Guardian's offices in Kings Place.
Picfair also partnered with non-profit The Photography Movement on a month-long exploration into the benefits of photography on mental health, culminating in £20,000 of mental health and photography grants being awarded.
# 1908–09 Michigan State Normal Normalites men's basketball team

The 1908–09 team finished with a record of 6–5. It was the sixth and final year for head coach Wilbur P. Bowen. The team captain was Frank Head. Earl Babcock was the team manager.

## Roster

| Name | Position | Class | Hometown |
| Frank Head | Center | | |
| Brice Miller | Guard | | |
| Howard B. McAllister | Guard | Sophomore | |
| Fred Currier | Forward | | |
| Leroy Stevens | Forward | Graduate Student | Oxford, MI |
| Edgar Mumford | Forward | | |

## Schedule

| Date time, TV | Opponent$^#$ | Result | Record | Site (attendance) city, state |
| Non-conference regular season ||||||
| January 9, 1909* | Ann Arbor | W 28-12 | 1-0 | Gymnasium Ypsilanti, MI |
| January 16, 1909* | Michigan School for the Deaf | W 68-23 or 67-23$^1$ | 2-0 | Gymnasium Ypsilanti, MI |
| January 1909* | at Michigan School for the Deaf | L 28-32 | 2-1 | Lansing, MI |
| January 30, 1909* | Ann Arbor Independent | W 47-17 | 3-1 | Gymnasium Ypsilanti, MI |
| February 1908* | at Alma | L 28-40 | 3-2 | Alma, MI |
| February 6, 1909* | at Central Michigan | L 16-32 | 3-3 | Mount Pleasant, MI |
| February 16, 1909* | Jackson YMCA | L 20-40 | 3-4 | Jackson, MI |
| February 19, 1909* | at Detroit | L 6-46 | 3-5 | Detroit, MI |
| March 6, 1909* | at Central Michigan | W 20-19$^2$ | 4-5 | Gymnasium Ypsilanti, MI |
| 1909* | St. John's AC | W 32-23 | 5-5 | Gymnasium Ypsilanti, MI |
| 1909* | St. John's AC | W 45-21 | 6-5 | Gymnasium Ypsilanti, MI |
| *Non-conference game. $^#$Rankings from AP Poll. (#) Tournament seedings in parentheses. All times are in Eastern Time. ||||||
1. Media guide shows score of 68-23 and yearbook shows 67-23.
2. Both EMU & CMU list this game as a win.
# Femme Osage, Missouri

Femme Osage is an unincorporated community in southwest St. Charles County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is on Missouri Route T along the bank of the Femme Osage Creek.

## History

A post office Femme Osage was in operation from 1816 until 1933. The community takes its name from nearby Femme Osage Creek.
# Margaret of Berg-Windeck

Margaret of Berg-Windeck (c. 1275/1280 – between 1339 and 1346) was a German noblewoman.

## Life

She was the only daughter of Henry of Berg, Lord of Windeck and his wife Agnes of the Marck.
In 1313, she married Otto IV, a son of Count Otto III of Ravensberg. Margaret and Otto had a daughter, Margaret, who in married Duke Gerhard VI of Jülich in 1338
Otto IV died in 1328, and as he had no son, Ravensberg was inherited by his younger brother Bernard. When Bernard died childless in 1346, Margaret's daughter inherited the County of Ravensberg.
She was last mentioned as being alive in 1339. She is not mentioned in 1346, when her daughter inherited the County, which would suggest that she had probably died already.
When Margaret's brother Adolf IX of Berg died childless in 1348, her daughter inherited the Duchy of Berg.
Margaret was buried in the St. Lambertus in Düsseldorf-Altstadt.

## Footnotes

* ↑ W. Tobien: Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Vergangenheit Westfalen's. Karl Volkmann, Elberfeld, 1869, p. 243
# Lullaby Land

Lullaby Land may refer to:
* Lullaby Land (album), 1993 album by industrial/experimental-rock band Vampire Rodents
* Lullaby Land (film), 1933 Disney animated short film
# Protection, New York

Protection is a hamlet in the town of Sardinia in southern Erie County, New York, United States.
# Ochagavia carnea

Ochagavia carnea, the Tresco rhodostachys, is a plant species in the genus Ochagavia. This species is endemic to Chile.
# Von Hannover v Germany

Von Hannover v Germany [2004] (Application no. 59320/00) was a case decided by the European Court of Human Rights in 2004. The Court ruled that German law breached Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Connected cases are von Hannover v. Germany No. 2 (application no. 40660/08), adjudicated in February, 2012, and von Hannover v. Germany No. 3 (application no. 8772/10), adjudicated in September 2013.

## Facts

Caroline, Princess of Hanover, the eldest daughter of Prince Rainier III of Monaco had for some time attempted to prevent pictures being published of her in the German press. In 1999 the German courts granted an injunction to prevent publication of photos involving her children stating that their need for protection was greater than that of adults. However the German Constitutional Court ruled that there was no breach of privacy as Caroline, Princess of Hanover was a public figure, specifically a "figure of contemporary society par excellence".

## Judgment

On 24 June 2004, the Court unanimously ruled that there was a breach of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It accepted that scenes from daily life, involving activities such as engaging in sport, out walking, leaving a restaurant or on holiday were of a purely private nature, but also noted that "photos appearing in the tabloid press are often taken in a climate of continual harassment which induces in the person concerned a very strong sense of intrusion into their private life or even of persecution" and that "the context in which these photos were taken – without the applicant’s knowledge or consent – and the harassment endured by many public figures in their daily lives cannot be fully disregarded".
Judges Cabral Barreto and Zupančič filed concurring opinions, but based on different reasons.
# V. Kumar (professor)

Dr. V Kumar currently serves as the Professor of Marketing, and Goodman Academic-Industry Partnership Professor, Goodman School of Business, Brock University, On, Canada.
Previously, he was the Salvatore Zizza Professor of Marketing, Tobin College of Business, St. John's University, NY, USA. Prior to that he served as the faculty at the J. Mack Robinson College of Business at Georgia State University, where he held the Richard and Susan Lenny Distinguished Chair in Marketing. Kumar was inducted into the Inaugural Analytics Hall of Fame along with a group of distinguished individuals who have contributed significantly to the advancement of Analytics in Business.
American Marketing Association Foundation has named an award in honor of him: the V. Kumar Award for Service to Marketing Scholarship.

## Early life

Kumar was born in Chennai, India. His mother worked as a telephone operator and his father was a clerk in the Indian Railways. Both parents instilled in him the value of higher education and encouraged him to become an engineer. On their advice, he entered the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) of Madras. After graduating with a Bachelor of Technology (BTech), he continued his education in the MTech Program in Industrial Management at IIT-Madras. It was here where Kumar discovered his interest in Marketing. Motivated by his professor, he then moved to the United States to do research on Quantitative Marketing in the PhD program in Marketing at the University of Texas at Austin.

## Publications

Kumar has published over 250 articles in academic journals, trade publications and books related to Sales & Marketing. It has generated 44,000 Google Scholar citations. with an h-index of 87 and an i10-index of 175
# Pigment Violet 29

Pigment Violet 29 (C.I. 71129) is an organic compound that is used as a pigment and vat dye. Its colour is dark red purple, or bordeaux.
Structurally, it is a derivative of perylene, although it is produced from acenaphthene. It is a less common dye compared to related derivatives such as pigment red 190 (Vat Red 29).
Violet 29 is used in watercolors, acrylic paints, automotive paints, inks for printing and packaging, cleaning and washing agents, pharmaceuticals, solar cells, paper, sporting goods, industrial carpeting, and food packaging.

## Toxicology

Violet 29 is derived from perylene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. Perylene is less toxic than its well-studied cousin benzo[a]pyrene. Little is known about the compound's mechanism of toxicity, so US EPA findings are based on occupational hazard studies. Violet 29 is highly insoluble in water and octanol, so any exposure routes are considered to be by inhalation of dust. Thus, the EPA determined that occupational exposure was realistically the only way toxic levels could be reached in any group.

## EPA risk review

Violet 29 is under risk evaluation review by the EPA as part of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).
In early 2021, the EPA Final Risk Review found "no unreasonable risk" to the environment, consumers, bystanders, or the general population for any conditions of use for Violet 29. However, the EPA found an "unreasonable risk" to workers from the domestic manufacturing or import of the chemical and nearly all uses and disposal. This finding under the TSCA is for alveolar hyperplasia, inflammatory and morphological changes in the lower respiratory tract for chronic inhalation exposures.
The finding of "unreasonable risk" requires the EPA to work to reduce or manage the risk, including banning the use of a particular chemical.
# 1931 in Catalonia

Events from 1931 in Catalonia.

## Incumbents

* President of the Generalitat of Catalonia – Francesc Macià (from 14 April)

## Events

* 12 April – Local elections in Spain gave the victory in Catalonia to the Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC).
* 14 April – Francesc Macià proclaims the Catalan Republic in Barcelona.
* 17 April – The Catalan Republic becomes in the Generalitat of Catalonia presided by Macià himself, as an autonomous government within the new Spanish Republic.
* 26 April – 29th IOC Session held in Barcelona, electing Berlin as the host city of 1936 Summer Olympic Games.
* 23 June – El Be Negre, Catalan illustrated satirical weekly magazine, founded.
* 2 August – Catalan voters approve the draft of Statute of Autonomy for Catalonia redacted in Núria (Ripollès, Girona).

## Sport

* 6 September – Volta a Catalunya begins.
* 13 September – Volta a Catalunya ends, won by Salvador Cardona.