OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1794 in Scotland

"none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Events from the year 1794 in Scotland.

## Incumbents
### Law officers

* Lord Advocate – Robert Dundas of Arniston
* Solicitor General for Scotland – Robert Blair

### Judiciary

* Lord President of the Court of Session – Lord Succoth
* Lord Justice General – The Viscount Stormont
* Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Braxfield

## Events

* 10 February – Alexander Gordon, 4th Duke of Gordon, authorized to raise the 92nd (Gordon Highlanders) Regiment of Foot (first parades 24 June). This year also the Duke becomes Keeper of the Great Seal of Scotland.
* May – Habeas corpus suspended. Robert Watt, who has plotted to seize Edinburgh Castle, is tried and executed for treason.
* November – Irish inventor Richard Lovell Edgeworth demonstrates a semaphore line from Donaghadee across the Irish Sea to Portpatrick.
* December – Glasgow Royal Infirmary opens.
* Lords lieutenant appointed permanently across Scotland by royal warrant.
* Glengarry Fencibles formed by Alexander Ranaldson Macdonell of Clan MacDonell of Glengarry, perhaps the first military unit to wear the Glengarry bonnet.
* The Ayrshire (Earl of Carrick's Own) Yeomanry, a Yeomanry Cavalry Regiment, is formed by the Earl of Cassillis at Culzean Castle, Ayrshire (approximate date).
* Original Pentland Skerries lighthouse on Muckle Skerry built, engineered by Thomas Smith with the work superintendend by his stepson Robert Stevenson, the latter's first official work for the Commissioners of Northern Light Houses.
* Oban distillery established by brothers John and Hugh Stevenson.

## Births

* 12 June – John Gibson Lockhart, writer and editor (died 1854)
* 28 October – Robert Liston, pioneering surgeon (died 1847)
* 12 November – Thomas Grainger, civil engineer and surveyor (died 1852)
* 27 December – Alexander Gordon Laing, explorer (killed 1826 in Timbuktu)
* Undated – Robert Edmonstone, painter (died 1834)

## Deaths

* 23 February – James Playfair, neoclassical architect (born 1755)
* 27 April – James Bruce, explorer (born 1716)
* 18 June – James Murray, military officer and administrator (born 1721)
* 23 June – James Graham, quack doctor (born 1745)
* 13 July – James Lind, naval physician (born 1716)
* 20 October – James Adam, architect and furniture designer (born 1732)
* 22 November – Alison Cockburn, writer and literary hostess (born 1713)
* 30 December – Archibald Kennedy, 11th Earl of Cassilis

## The arts

* 8 May – Robert Burns' song Scots Wha Hae published in The Morning Chronicle.
* 25 June – Burns sets out on his second Galloway tour.
* Joseph Ritson's anthology Scottish Song is published.
* Scotland portal
# 1925 West Virginia Mountaineers football team

The 1925 West Virginia Mountaineers football team was an American football team that represented West Virginia University as a member of the West Virginia Athletic Conference (WVAC) during the 1925 college football season. In its first season under head coach Ira Rodgers, the team compiled an 8–1 record, shut out seven of nine opponents, allowed only two touchdowns during the season, and outscored opponents by a total of 175 to 18.
The team played its home games at the newly-constructed Mountaineer Field in Morgantown, West Virginia. The dedication ceremony for the new stadium was conducted on November 14, 1925.
Guard Walter Mahan was selected as second-team All-Americans. Mahan was also the team captain.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 26 | vs. Allegheny* | Erie, PA | W 18–0 | |
| October 3 | Davis & Elkins | Mountaineer StadiumMorgantown, WV | W 6–0 | |
| October 10 | at Pittsburgh* | Pitt StadiumPittsburgh, PA (rivalry) | L 7–15 | |
| October 17 | Grove City* | Mountaineer StadiumMorgantown, WV | W 54–3 | |
| October 24 | West Virginia Wesleyan | Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV | W 16–0 | 8,000 |
| October 31 | vs. Washington and Lee* | Laidley FieldCharleston, WV | W 21–0 | |
| November 7 | at Boston College* | Braves FieldBoston, MA | W 20–0 | |
| November 14 | Penn State* | Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV (rivalry) | W 14–0 | 18,000 |
| November 26 | Washington & Jefferson* | Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV | W 19–0 | 23,000 |
| *Non-conference game ||||||
# Gema Switzerland

Gema Switzerland, based in Gossau SG, is an international supplier of electrostatic powder coating equipment. The products range from manual coating to fully automated powder coating. Since 2012, Gema has been a part of the Graco Group, a worldwide supplier of liquid conveyance systems and components.

## History

Gema Switzerland GmbH is a leading supplier in the area of electrostatic powder coating with a worldwide presence. From simple hand coating through to fully automated powder coating, this Swiss company offers solutions that meet the high demands and requirements of customers around the world in a wide range of industrial sectors. Since 2012, Gema has been a part of the global Graco Group, an internationally leading manufacturer of liquid conveyance systems and components.
These technologically advanced and high-quality devices and systems are developed and manufactured at Gema Switzerland‘s headquarters in Gossau. A state-of-the-art coating laboratory is available to customers for coating experiments. The findings are then integrated into the design of complex coating systems with the result being customer-specific, tailor-made solutions.
Affiliated companies in Germany, UK, Italy, France, USA, Mexico, China, Japan and India along with a broad network of international distributors in more than 60 countries sell the products to a wide range of industrial users. The company’s worldwide service network guarantees professional support on-site, at any time and any place.
In 1971, Gema‘s Research Department was the first to successfully integrate the generation of high voltages into a spraying gun. With it, Gema was placed at the focus of international attention and received numerous prizes and awards.

## Awards

* 1976: IF Product Design Award for the electrostatic powder coating device type 721.
* 2006: IF Product Design Award for the manual gun OptiFlex.
* 2014: Red Dot Design Award for the automatic gun OptiGun GA03 in the category Product Design.
# 1928 NCAA Men's Basketball All-Americans

The 1928 College Basketball All-American team, as chosen retroactively by the Helms Athletic Foundation. The player highlighted in gold was chosen as the Helms Foundation College Basketball Player of the Year retroactively in 1944.
| Player | Team |
| Victor Holt | Oklahoma |
| Charley Hyatt | Pittsburgh |
| Alfred James | Washington |
| Stretch Murphy | Purdue |
| Bennie Oosterbaan | Michigan |
| Sykes Reed | Pittsburgh |
| Glen Rose | Arkansas |
| Joe Schaaf | Pennsylvania |
| Ernest Simpson | Colorado College |
| Cat Thompson | Montana State |
# Vonones of Sakastan

Vonones, also spelled Vovones (Greek: ΟΝΩΝΟΥ Onōnou) was an Iranian king, who ruled Sakastan from 75 BCE to 57 BCE. During the latter part of his reign, he extended his rule as far as Taxila in north India, minting coins with the title of King of Kings. Vonones was a rival of the first Indo-Scythian monarch Maues (r. 98/85–60/57 BC), who also claimed the title of King of Kings. Both of them fought for power over the regions of Arachosia, the Kabul Valley, Ghadhara and Taxila.
Vonones' origins are uncertain. His name (lit. meaning "victor") was of Parthian origin, used by the royal Arsacid family of Iran. Because of this, arguments have been made in favour of a Parthian Surenid origin. According to the Iranologist Khodadad Rezakhani, Vonones belonged to the royal Arsacid family. Others, however, claim that he was an Indo-Scythian, regardless of his Parthian name. The legend of Vonones' coins also had the name of two of his commanders Spalahores and Spalirisos, who are referred to as "brother of the king". Scholars such as R.C. Senior and Rezakhani consider the two figures to indeed be Vonones' brothers, while others such as K.W. Dobbins argue that it was an honorific title given to them, whom he considered to be Saka satraps.
A major argument against the proposal of a blood relationship between Vonones and the two commanders was due to both of them having Saka names, contrary to Vonones' Parthian name. Saghi Gazerani has suggested that after the Arsacid re-conquest of Sakastan (sometime between 124 BCE and 115 BCE), which was given as a fiefdom to the Surenid general that led the expedition, the Surenids (who became independent after 88 BCE) and the Sakas became closely connected, presumably through alliances and intermarriages. Indeed, the Parthians and Sakas are often confused in Indian literature. The mythological Iranian hero Rostam (who was from Sakastan), is mentioned in Iranian traditions as both Parthian and Saka, thus supporting this dual-identity.
Vonones was succeeded by Spalahores. The latter's son and successor, Spalagadames, has been suggested by Rezakhani to be the same figure as the first Indo-Parthian king, Gondophares (r. 19–46 CE).
# 152nd Division (People's Republic of China)

The 152nd Division (Chinese: 第152师) was created in November 1948 under the Regulation of the Redesignations of All Organizations and Units of the Army, issued by Central Military Commission on November 1, 1948, basing on the 7th Independent Division of the Northeastern Field Army, formed in January 1948.
The division was a part of PLA 39th Corps, under which command it took part in the Chinese civil war.
In August 1952 the division was re-organized as 1st Forestry Engineering Division((Chinese: 林业工程第1师), moving to Hainan for rubber plantation. In October the division was demobilized and became Hainan States Farms, now one of the biggest rubber production enterprise in the world.
As of its re-organization the division was composed of:
* 454th Regiment;
* 455th Regiment;
* 456th Regiment.
# 1929 Eastern Professional Soccer League

1929 Eastern Professional Soccer League. The season began on September 2, 1929. By this time, the financial losses suffered by the American Soccer League, SNYSA and ESL had begun to mount. With the stock market crash a month later, the corporate sponsorship on which many of the teams depended began to dry up. Consequently, the ASL began negotiations with the USFA to rejoin the association. This led to additional negotiations regarding the merger of the ASL and ESL. As these went on, the ESL began its 1929-30 season. By the end of the first half in November 1929, Bethlehem Steel led the standings with twenty-three points off an 11-2-1 record.

## League standings

| Team | GP | W | D | L | Pts | Pct. |
| Bethlehem Steel | 13 | 11 | 0 | 2 | 22 | .846 |
| New York Hakoah | 12 | 9 | 1 | 2 | 19 | .792 |
| New York Giants | 12 | 8 | 2 | 2 | 18 | .750 |
| Newark Portuguese | 11 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 11 | .500 |
| New York Hispano | 10 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 8 | .400 |
| Victoria Hungaria | 12 | 3 | 2 | 7 | 8 | .333 |
| Newark Skeeters | 8 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 1 | .063 |
| IRT Rangers | 10 | 0 | 1 | 9 | 1 | .050 |
# 1769 in paleontology

Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils. This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 1769.

## Paleontologists

* Georges Cuvier is born.
# 1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare

1599: A Year in the Life of William Shakespeare is a 2006 book by James S. Shapiro about the life of William Shakespeare in the year 1599. 1599 was the year Shakespeare finished writing Henry V, and wrote Julius Caesar and As You Like It. In addition to detailing Shakespeare's life, Shapiro "delv[es] into evocative details of social, political, and artistic life in London in 1599."

## Critical reception

1599 received review from various sources.
Publishers Weekly called 1599 an "accessible yet erudite work".
The Guardian's Robert McCrum described 1599 as "an unforgettable illumination of a crucial moment in the life of our greatest writer".
Kirkus Reviews said 1599 is "an intriguing addition to Shakespeare studies" that is "sure to be hated by Harold Bloom and others who view any attempt to locate the Bard in history as blasphemy against the religion of Pure Art, but open-minded readers will be stimulated and enriched by Shapiro’s contextual approach".

## Awards

1599 won the 2006 Samuel Johnson Prize (now the Baillie Gifford prize) and its "Winner of winners" in 2023.
# 1599 Philippines sovereignty referendums

The Philippines referendum was a 1599 incomplete referendum ordered by King Philip II of Spain to apply in the Captaincy General of the Philippines. Issued through a real cédula on February 8, 1597, it was meant to confirm Spanish sovereignty over the Philippines by offering the native population an elective chance to cease being part of the Hispanic Monarchy. Existent results were affirmative.
The real cédula reached Manila on August 5, 1598, instructing Governor Francisco de Tello de Guzmán to organize the plebiscite among all indigenous under Spanish rule, asking them whether continue acknowledging the Spanish Empire as their legitimate authority. It was the result of many reforms within the empire to eliminate native abuse, following the premises of Francisco de Vitoria and Alonso de la Vera Cruz which postulated natives were sovereign of their own land regardless of their level of culture.

## Results

Tello de Guzmán informed the monarch about the result in a letter sent in July 1599. It was never answered due to the king's death the same year, which put an end to referendum. Although the counting was incomplete, the existent results were predominantly positive.
   "This is what has been done from then, on virtue of your decision. Instructions have been issued in plenty to the alcaldes and churchmen in all the provinces, so through the gracious methods chosen by Your Majesty, the submission will be delivered to you. In the province of Ylocos, in the diocese of the Bishop of Nueva Segovia, this was very well applied, and submission was given to Your Majesty. Similarly, all the district of Manila, under a mission of the Augustine fathers, has given submission. La Laguna, under Franciscan fathers, has not pledged so easily, as the natives have requested one year to answer; and so I have left La Laguna, until I must inform Your Majesty, as you ordered me. The same will be done in the other provinces that ask for delay. To date I have not been informed about what has been decided."
# Vosseler

Vosseler is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hans Vosseler (b. 1949), German swimmer and Olympic medalist
* Heidi Vosseler (1918–1992), ballerina
* Heinrich Franz Vosseler (1885–1975), New Zealand engineer and oil refinery owner
* Mardee Vosseler (d. 1941), ballerina, sister of Heidi Vosseler
* Martin Vosseler, co-founder of Physicians for Social Responsibility
# General Millar

General Millar may refer to:
* David Millar (RCAF officer) (fl. 1980s–2020s), Royal Canadian Air Force lieutenant general
* Edward Alexander Millar (1860–1934), U.S. Army brigadier general
* William Millar (British Army officer) (died 1838), British Army lieutenant general
# 1929 in philosophy

1929 in philosophy

## Events

* Cassirer–Heidegger debate

## Publications

* Alfred North Whitehead, Process and Reality (1929)
* Bertrand Russell, Marriage and Morals (1929)
* Virginia Woolf, A Room of One's Own (1929)
* José Ortega y Gasset, The Revolt of the Masses (1929)
* Julian Huxley and G. P. Wells, The Science of Life (1929)
* I. A. Richards, Practical Criticism (1929)
* Martin Heidegger, The Essence of Reasons (originally published as 'Vom Wesen des Grundes' in 1929)

## Births

* January 3 – Gordon Moore (died 2023)
* January 12 – Jaakko Hintikka (died 2015)
* January 12 – Alasdair MacIntyre
* January 19 – Nel Noddings (died 2022)
* March 17 – Peter L. Berger (died 2017)
* April 1 – Milan Kundera (died 2023)
* April 23 – George Steiner (died 2020)
* May 16 – Adrienne Rich (died 2012)
* May 29 – Harry Frankfurt (died 2023)
* June 10 – E. O. Wilson (died 2021)
* June 18 – Jürgen Habermas
* July 27 – Jean Baudrillard (died 2007)
* September 21 – Bernard Williams (died 2003)
* October 4 – Judith Jarvis Thomson (died 2020)
* October 15 – Hubert Dreyfus (died 2017)

## Deaths

* January 19 - Liang Qichao (born 1873)
* August 3 - Thorstein Veblen (born 1857)
* December 10 - Franz Rosenzweig (born 1886)
# Examen artium

Examen artium was the name of the academic certification conferred in Denmark and Norway, qualifying the student for admission to university studies. Examen artium was originally introduced as the entrance exam of the University of Copenhagen in 1630. The University of Copenhagen was the only university of Denmark-Norway until The Royal Frederick University in Christiania was founded in 1811.
In Norway, examen artium was formally discontinued after the 1982 class (but the term is still sometimes used informally to denote the diploma from today's "videregående skole").

## Norway

Typically after their tenth and final year of compulsory primary school education, students applied for admission to a three-year programs of studies, called "lines" at schools called gymnas within their counties. The curricula for the lines included a core of general studies topics, including Norwegian, mathematics, history, English, physical education, and one natural science subject.
The curricula of the individual lines emphasized particular subjects. Examples include:
* Latin, with an emphasis on classical languages and works
* Realfag, with an emphasis on mathematics and physics
* English, with an emphasis on English and French language and literature
* Natural sciences, with an emphasis on mathematics, biology, and chemistry
Students's final grades were based on the grading of their classroom work and the grades achieved at standardized examinations. Such examinations were either written for core and emphasized subjects, or oral for all subjects. Written examinations were mandatory for bokmål, nynorsk, and English final essay, and at least two other subjects. Oral examinations were given by drawing lot.
In principle, examen artium gave students eligibility to matriculate in Norwegian and foreign universities. However, some programs would limit eligibility to certain lines as well as academic performance within these lines. For example, Norwegian medical and engineering programs would only consider applications from realfag and natural sciences.
# Sagittaria secundifolia

Sagittaria secundifolia, also known as Kral's water plantain or Little River arrowhead is an endangered aquatic plant endemic to banks along the Little River of the U.S. states of Alabama and Georgia.

## Description

It is a perennial, aquatic plant with an underwater, thick horizontal root about 5–10 centimetres (2–4 inches) long and 6 millimetres (1⁄4 in) thick. This particular species grows in the cracks in stream beds. Each leaf arches upward and is 5–10 cm long with a pointed tip.

## Distribution and habitat

S. secundifolia is found growing on or below the water, on rocky creek beds and nearby slopes.in the Little River drainage in DeKalb and Cherokee counties of Alabama and Chattooga County, Georgia, the Town Creek drainage in DeKalb County (where it is believed to have been extirpated), and in the West Sipsey Fork in Winston County in Alabama. It is often found in association with azaleas (Rhododendron sp.), mountain laurel (Kalmia sp.) and holly (Ilex sp.).

## Conservation

Both threatened and endangered species and poached species are critical resources to several parks. The last known population of Sagittaria secundifolia is in the Little River system (USFWS 1991), and the endangered green pitcher plant (Sarracenia oreophila) and harperella (Harperella nodosa) are also found there (LIRI). The Lookout Mountain (CHCH) population of the federally endangered mountain skullcap (Scutellaria montana) is listed as one of the last ten remaining populations. The Tennessee coneflower (Echinacea tennesseensis) population at STRI is one of five remaining (USFWS 1989).
Reasons to explain the endangered status of S. secundifolia include erosion-related water quality degradation, silting and turbidity, resulting from residential or recreational development, as well as surface mining, agriculture, and forest conversion. Another issue is water pollution from garbage dumping and leaking sewage systems. Water impoundments and offroad vehicle traffic also causes great harm to the species.
# Female Fugitive

Female Fugitive may refer to:
* Female Fugitive (1938 film), American crime romance
* Female Fugitive (1975 film), Hong Kong crime action, original title Nu tao fan
# Gottsch

Gottsch or the accented Göttsch is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Mike Gottsch, American football coach
* Patrick Gottsch (1953–2024), American media executive
* Walter Göttsch (1896–1918), German World War I flying ace
# Sandefjord Peaks

Sandefjord Peaks (60°37′S 45°59′W﻿ / ﻿60.617°S 45.983°W﻿ / -60.617; -45.983) is a set of three conical peaks, the highest 635 m, marking the southwest end of Pomona Plateau at the west end of Coronation Island, in the South Orkney Islands. The southernmost of these peaks was named Sandefjord Peak after nearby Sandefjord Bay by DI personnel in 1933. The collective name, Sandefjord Peaks, was recommended by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) following a survey of the peaks by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) in 1950. They were first climbed in September 1969 by John Edwards, Martin Pinder, Dave Rinning and Eliot Wright after 11 days man-hauling a sledge across from Signy Island
# WCHK

WCHK may refer to:
* WCHK (AM), a radio station (1290 AM) licensed to Canton, Georgia
* WCHK-FM, a radio station (101.3 FM) licensed to Milford, Delaware
* WFZZ, a radio station (104.3 FM) licensed to Seymour, Wisconsin, which held the call sign WCHK-FM from 2009 to 2012
* WNSY, a radio station (100.1 FM) licensed to Talking Rock, Georgia, which held the call sign WCHK-FM in 1998
* WBZY, a radio station (105.7 FM) licensed to Canton, Georgia, which held the call sign WCHK-FM until 1993
# Fundamental Films

Fundamental Films is a Chinese film production company and distributor based in Shanghai and founded in 2008. In September 2016 it was announced the company had acquired a stake of 27.9% in French film company EuropaCorp, becoming the second-largest shareholder in the company.

## Filmography

* The Transporter Refueled (2015)
* The Precipice Game (2016)
* Nine Lives (2016)
* The Warriors Gate (2016)
* Super Express (2016)
* Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets (2017)
* 24 Hours to Live (2017)
* Replicas (2018)
* Outlaws Inc. (TBA)
* The Black Chamber (TBA)
# G. D. Mahindasoma

Gamage Don Mahindasoma (born 19 February 1928, date of death unknown) was a Sri Lankan politician who was the first Chief Minister of the North Central Province from May 1988 to May 1996. He was elected in 1977 from Kekirawa to the Sri Lankan Parliament. Mahindasoma was born on 19 February 1928. He is deceased.