OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Restrictiveness

In semantics, a modifier is said to be restrictive (or defining) if it restricts the reference of its head. For example, in "the red car is fancier than the blue one", red and blue are restrictive, because they restrict which cars car and one are referring to. ("The car is fancier than the one" would make little sense.) By contrast, in "John's beautiful mother", beautiful is non-restrictive; "John's mother" identifies her sufficiently, whereas "beautiful" only serves to add more information.
Restrictive modifiers are also called defining, identifying, essential, or necessary; non-restrictive ones are also called non-defining, non-identifying, descriptive, or unnecessary (though this last term can be misleading). In certain cases, generally when restrictiveness is marked syntactically through the lack of commas, restrictive modifiers are called integrated and non-restrictive ones are called non-integrated or supplementary.

## Restrictiveness in English

English does not generally mark modifiers for restrictiveness, with the exception of relative clauses: non-restrictive ones are set off in speech through intonation (with a pause beforehand and an uninterrupted melody) and in writing by using commas, whereas restrictive clauses are not. Furthermore, although restrictive clauses can be headed by any of the relative pronouns who(m), which, that or by a zero, non-restrictive clauses can only be headed by who(m) or which. For example:
* Restrictive: We saw two puppies this morning: one that was born yesterday and one that was born last week. The one that (or which) was born yesterday is tiny.
* Non-restrictive: We saw a puppy and a kitty this morning. The puppy, which was born yesterday, was tiny.
Although English does not consistently mark ordinary adjectives for restrictiveness, they can be marked periphrastically by moving them into relative clauses. For example, "John's beautiful wife" can be rewritten as "John's wife, who is beautiful", to avoid the suggestion of disambiguation between John's various wives. A sentence unmarked for restrictiveness, like "The red car is fancier than the blue one," can—if necessary—be rephrased to make it explicitly restrictive or non-restrictive:
* Restrictive: The car that's red is fancier than the one that's blue.
* Non-restrictive: The car, which is red, is fancier than the other, which is blue.
English speakers do not generally find such locutions necessary, however.
# Detlef Gerstenberg

Detlef Gerstenberg (5 March 1957 – 24 January 1993) was a hammer thrower from East Germany, who competed at the 1980 Summer Olympics for his native country. Born in Eisenhüttenstadt, Brandenburg he died of cirrhosis aged 35 in Berlin.

## International competitions

| Year | Competition | Venue | Position | Notes |
| 1980 | Olympic Games | Moscow, Soviet Union | 5th | 74.60 m |
| 1982 | European Championships | Athens, Greece | 6th | 75.32 m |
# Detlef Blasche

Detlef Blasche (born 23 October 1955) is a German weightlifter. He competed in the men's light heavyweight event at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
# Det Sande Ansigt

Det Sande Ansigt (English translation: The True Face) is a 1951 Danish film directed by Bodil Ipsen and Lau Lauritzen Jr., written by Johannes Allen, and based upon the novel by Gerhard Rasmussen. The film received the Bodil Award for Best Danish Film of the Year.

## Plot

Troels Rolff, a young architect (played by Lau Lauritzen Jr.), is questioned as a suspect for the rape and murder of a 10-year-old girl. He pleads his innocence, and yet he is unable to explain what he was doing the day of the murder. Rolff's world breaks apart as those closest to him – his wife, his father, his pastor and his friends—react to his arrest with varying degrees of suspicion. Even when cleared of the charges, the question remains if he can ever return to his former life of joy and innocence.

## Cast

* Lau Lauritzen Jr. as Troels Rolff
* Johannes Meyer as Pastor Mikael Rolff
* Lisbeth Movin as Troels' Girlfriend Sonja
* Ib Schønberg as Editor
* Grethe Thordahl as Troels' Wife
* Oluf Bang as Troels' Father
* Jørn Jeppesen
* Einar Juhl
* Emil Hass Christensen
* Jakob Nielsen
* Elsa Albeck
* Poul Müller
* Louis Miehe-Renard
* Carl Heger
* Per Buckhøj
# Rhagades amasina

Rhagades amasina is a moth of the family Zygaenidae. It is known from Bulgaria (Sakar), Greece (Kos and Rhodes), Turkey, northern Syria and Lebanon.
The length of the forewings is 9–10.5 mm for males and 8.5–9.5 mm for females.
The larvae feed on Prunus and Crataegus species. They skeletonise the leaves of their host plant. Pupation takes in place in a white cocoon.
# Desert hare (disambiguation)

Desert hare may refer to:
* Desert hare (Lepus tibetanus), found in Northwest China
* Cape hare (Lepus capensis), found in Africa and west/central Asia
** Hare (hieroglyph), depicting the Cape hare
* Black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus), also called the American desert hare; found in the US and Mexico
# Desert glass

Desert glass may refer to:
* Libyan desert glass, in Egypt and Libya
* Atacama desert glass, in Chile
* Edeowie glass, in South Australia
* Darwin glass, in West Coast, Tasmania
* Fulgurite, lumps of glass formed by lightning
* Trinitite, a more specialised subclass is that formed during a nuclear explosion
# Devarai

Devarai is a village in Belgaum district in the southern state of Karnataka, India.
# Deverra

In Roman mythology, Deverra (apparently from Latin deverro "to sweep away") was one of the three gods that protected midwives and women in labor, the other two being Pilumnus and Intercidona. Symbolised by a broom used to sweep away evil influences, she ruled over the brooms used to purify temples in preparation for various worship services, sacrifices and celebrations.
# Devers

Devers may refer to:

## People

* Amy Devers (born 1971), American furniture designer
* Claire Devers (born 1955), French film director and screenwriter
* Gail Devers (born 1966), American track and field athlete
* Gilles Devers (born 1956), French lawyer and academic
* Jacob L. Devers (1887–1979), American general
* Marcos Devers (born 1950), American politician
* Rafael Devers (born 1996), Dominican baseball player

## Places

* Devers, Texas, United States
# Devla, India

Devla also known as Devda is a village in the Rajkot District, Gujarat, India.
# Dhaliwal, Nakodar

Dhaliwal is a small village in Nakodar. Nakodar is a tehsil in the city Jalandhar of Indian state of Punjab.

## STD code

Dhaliwal's STD code is 01821 and post code is 144033.
# Felmingham Cutting

Felmingham Cutting is a 1-hectare (2.5-acre) Local Nature Reserve west of North Walsham in Norfolk. It is owned by North Norfolk District Council and managed by Butterfly Conservation.
Sixteen species of butterfly breed on this railway cutting, which is on a former line of the Midland and Great Northern Railway, and is now part of the Weavers Way long-distance footpath.
There is access along the Weavers Way from North Walsham.
# Feminist Economics (journal)

Feminist Economics is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Routledge and the International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) in the field of feminist economics.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 1.154, ranking it 16th out of 40 journals in the category "Women's Studies".

## History

IAFFE established the journal in 1995, with Diana Strassmann as its founding editor. Feminist Economics was voted as the "Best New Journal" by the Council of Editors of Learned Journals in 1997.
# Everdon Stubbs

Everdon Stubbs is a 29.5-hectare (73-acre) biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south-east of Everdon in Northamptonshire. It is owned and managed by the Woodland Trust.
This woodland site has areas of acidic free-draining soil, and other damper areas. It is described by Natural England as an important site for fungi, and there is a diverse range of breeding birds. There are locally uncommon plants such as wild daffodil, orpine and bitter vetch.
There is access from Stubbs Road, which goes through the site.
# Fissicrambus briseis

Fissicrambus briseis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Stanisław Błeszyński in 1963. It is found in Bolivia.
# Fissicrambus

Fissicrambus is a genus of moths of the family Crambidae.

## Species

* Fissicrambus adonis Bleszynski, 1963
* Fissicrambus albilineellus (Fernald, 1893)
* Fissicrambus alexanor Bleszynski, 1963
* Fissicrambus artos Bleszynski, 1963
* Fissicrambus briseis Bleszynski, 1963
* Fissicrambus fissiradiellus (Walker, 1863)
* Fissicrambus haytiellus (Zincken, 1821)
* Fissicrambus hemiochrellus (Zeller, 1877)
* Fissicrambus hirundellus Bleszynski, 1967
* Fissicrambus intermedius (Kearfott, 1908)
* Fissicrambus minuellus (Walker, 1863)
* Fissicrambus mutabilis (Clemens, 1860)
* Fissicrambus orion Bleszynski, 1963
* Fissicrambus porcellus Bleszynski, 1967
* Fissicrambus profanellus (Walker, 1866)
* Fissicrambus quadrinotellus (Zeller, 1877)
* Fissicrambus verselias Bleszynski, 1963
# Nirmal Nanan

Nirmal Nanan (19 August 1951 – 4 December 2021) was a West Indian first-class cricketer active from 1969 to 80 who played for Nottinghamshire and in Trinidad. Nanan was born in Preysal, Trinidad. Nanan's nephew Rangy Nanan played Test cricket for West Indies.
He died on 4 December 2021, at the age of 70.
# Dianthus libanotis

Dianthus libanotis, the Mount Libanus pink or Lebanon pink, is a herbaceous perennial plant of the family Caryophyllaceae.

## Description

It is a 25–60 cm high perennial subshrub with spiny leaves. Its white petals are dotted with crimson and pink. Its hermaphrodite fragrant flowers end in filiform tassels that bloom from June to August.

## Distribution and habitat

Dianthus libanotis is endemic to parts of western Asia, it grows on rocky outcrops in Lebanon, Syria and northern Palestine and Armenia.
# Norville, Queensland

Norville is a suburb of Bundaberg in the Bundaberg Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Norville had a population of 2,476 people.

## History

St Anne's Anglican church was dedicated on 27 July 1965 by Reverend A.L. Gillespie. Its closure on 17 February 2007 was approved by Assistant Bishop Holland.
Bundaberg Special School opened on 27 January 1970.
Norville State School opened on 25 January 1971.
In 2010, eight secondary schools in the Bundaberg area along with Bundaberg TAFE College worked together to establish the Bundaberg Regional Trade Training Centre to provide advanced facilities for trade training for students of those schools.

## Demographics

In the 2016 census, Norville had a population of 2,409 people.
In the 2021 census, Norville had a population of 2,476 people.

## Education

Norville State School is a government primary (Early Childhood-6) school for boys and girls at Dr Mays Road (24°53′11″S 152°20′11″E﻿ / ﻿24.8865°S 152.3365°E﻿ / -24.8865; 152.3365﻿ (Norville State School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 656 students with 58 teachers (53 full-time equivalent) and 38 non-teaching staff (23 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
Bundaberg Special School is a special primary and secondary (Prep-12) school for boys and girls at Dr Mays Road (24°53′12″S 152°20′20″E﻿ / ﻿24.8868°S 152.3388°E﻿ / -24.8868; 152.3388﻿ (Bundaberg Special School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 113 students with 36 teachers (32 full-time equivalent) and 49 non-teaching staff (31 full-time equivalent).
Bundaberg Regional Trade Training Centre is a secondary (9-12) specialised education unit at 118 Walker Street (24°52′50″S 152°20′40″E﻿ / ﻿24.8805°S 152.3445°E﻿ / -24.8805; 152.3445﻿ (Bundaberg Regional Trade Training Centre)) providing trade training skills to a number of local secondary schools.
# Geoffrey Sneyd Garnier

Geoffrey Sneyd Garnier (1889–1970) was an English artist and printmaker. He was born in Wigan, the son of Russell Montague Garnier, a writer. He was educated at Charterhouse School, and studied engineering in London.
Garnier worked as an engineer in Toronto, Canada. In 1910 he came back to England to study at the Bushey School of Painting in Hertfordshire. In 1913 Garnier moved to Newlyn, where he studied under Stanhope Forbes. After a brief stint in the British army, from which he was discharged on medical grounds, he married his cousin Jill Blyth, a fellow artist at Forbes' school, in 1917. They lived at Orchard Cottage, Newlyn.
Garnier had a studio at Trewarveneth, shared with the artist Richard Copeland Weatherby. His greatest skill was in etching and engraving, in which subjects he gave lessons to such Newlyn school painters as Lamorna Birch. He studied the work of William Daniell, using his copper plate techniques to produce aquatints. He was a member of the St Ives Society of Artists, which was founded in 1927. The artists Park, Smart, Leach and Birch from their colony were provided with studios and permanent exhibition space, and instituted lectures.
# George-Frédéric-Théophile Baillairgé

George-Frédéric-Théophile Baillairgé (16 October 1824 – 7 December 1909) was from a family that traced its distinguished roots in Lower Canada to Jean Baillairgé. He had a good education, was fluently bilingual and then studied law for a year before deciding on a different career path.
Frédéric became a civil servant in 1844, taking a drafting position with the Board of Works, working as an assistant to Frederick Preston Rubidge. He was to be in public works for 46 years. He quickly became a land surveyor and took on translation responsibilities. He wrote extensively for this position, compiling important details of public works history.
As his engineering career progressed he was involved in numerous and diverse public works projects including a number designed by his brother, Charles.
His career is a testament to his technical expertise and the importance of public works in building the prosperity of the country during that era.

## Works

* Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Pavillon Charles Baillairgé, ancienne prison de Québec, Québec, Québec
* The old prison of Québec designed by François Baillairgé and constructed between 1808 and 1814,
# Gilje

Gilje is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Arne Gilje (born 1956), Norwegian rower
* HC Gilje (born 1969), Norwegian artist
* Kathleen Gilje (born 1945), American art restorer and artist
* Rein Gilje (born 1959), Norwegian sprint canoer
# Sabutis

Sabutis is the masculine form of a Lithuanian family name. Its feminine forms are: Sabutienė (married woman or widow) and Sabutytė (unmarried woman).
Notable persons with the name Sabutis include:
* Eugenijus Sabutis (born 1975) Lithuanian politician, since 2016 Mayor of Jonava
* Mindaugas Sabutis (born 1975), Lithuanian prelate, current Primate of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Lithuania
# Sagittaria papillosa

Sagittaria papillosa, the nipplebract arrowhead, is a perennial plant species growing up to 120 centimetres (47 inches) tall. Petioles are triangular in cross-section, the leaf blade very narrowly elliptical to ovate, not lobed. The species is distinguished from others in the genus by having bumps (papillae) resembling nipples on the flower bracts.
It is native to the south-central United States (Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, Arkansas and Mississippi). It grows in wet places such as marshes and the banks of lakes and slow-moving streams.
# Ekmekli, Erzincan

Ekmekli is a village in the Erzincan District, Erzincan Province, Turkey. The village had a population of 73 in 2021.
# El Dorado (restaurant)

El Dorado is a restaurant in Zona Romántica, Puerto Vallarta, in the Mexican state of Jalisco.

## Description

Located along Playa de los Muertos, the restaurant serves Mexican cuisine and seafood. Menu options include lobster and bone marrow tacos, stone crab cakes, seared scallops, and New York Strip steak with asparagus wrapped in bacon.

## History

Spouses Guillermo Wulff and Nelly Barquet opened El Dorado in 1961. The business was frequented by Elizabeth Taylor, Eva Gardner, Richard Burton, and Rock Hudson.
According to Nathan Aguilera of Fodor's, El Dorado is a "sister restaurant" to La Palapa.
# Vargeão Dome

Vargeão Dome is a meteorite crater in Santa Catarina State, Brazil, straddling the municipalities of Vargeão, Faxinal dos Guedes, and Passos Maia.
The crater is an almost perfectly circular depression with steep walls, 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) in diameter and up to 225 metres (738 ft) deep, relative to its rim. It is of Early Cretaceous age, or about 123 ± 2 Ma.
The meteorite impacted on the basaltic rocks of the Serra Geral Formation (Jurassic/Cretaceous). The crater displays several concentric rings and radial faults, and an eroded central bulge. The latter consists of impact breccias and sandstones from the Botucatu/Pirambóia Formation (Cretaceous/Triassic), which have been displaced about 700 metres (2,300 ft) above their mean depth in the surrounding area. At least four post-impact lava flows have been identified between the rim and core. The impact origin of the structure is attested by the presence of shatter cones and shocked quartz grains.

## Discovery and studies

In 1978, Brazilian geologists A. Paiva Filho, C.A.V. Andrade and L.F. Scheibe
identified an anomalous circular structure in radar images produced by the RADAMBRASIL survey, and called it the Vargeão Dome. In the early 1980s, E. Barbour Jr. and W.A.G. Correa studied the structure in detail, in the context of oil/gas surveys of the area, and proposed a volcanic/tectonic origin for the structure. In 1982, Á. P. Crósta and A. Paiva Filho identified it as an impact crater. Shocked quartz was identified by M. V. Coutinho in 1987, and the occurrence of maskelynite glass was reported by J. Hachiro and others in 1993

## Conservation status

The area around and inside the crater has been heavily farmed since the end of the 19th century; Vargeão's city hall is located inside the crater, near the southern rim. Nevertheless, the crater is still well-preserved. The local population is well aware of the impact origin of the structure, to the point that the town's official nickname is Meteor City.
# Exogenous and endogenous variables

In an economic model, an exogenous variable is one whose measure is determined outside the model and is imposed on the model, and an exogenous change is a change in an exogenous variable.$^{:p.8}$$^{:p.202}$$^{:p.8}$ In contrast, an endogenous variable is a variable whose measure is determined by the model. An endogenous change is a change in an endogenous variable in response to an exogenous change that is imposed upon the model.$^{:p.8}$$^{:p.8}$
The term 'endogeneity' in econometrics has a related but distinct meaning. An endogenous random variable is correlated with the error term in the econometric model, while an exogenous variable is not.

## Examples

In the LM model of interest rate determination,$^{:pp.261–7}$ the supply of and demand for money determine the interest rate contingent on the level of the money supply, so the money supply is an exogenous variable and the interest rate is an endogenous variable.

## Sub-models and models

An economic variable can be exogenous in some models and endogenous in others. In particular this can happen when one model also serves as a component of a broader model. For example, the IS model of only the goods market$^{:pp.250–260}$ derives the market-clearing (and thus endogenous) level of output depending on the exogenously imposed level of interest rates, since interest rates affect the physical investment component of the demand for goods. In contrast, the LM model of only the money market takes income (which identically equals output) as exogenously given and affecting money demand; here equilibrium of money supply and money demand endogenously determines the interest rate. But when the IS model and the LM model are combined to give the IS-LM model,$^{:pp.268–9}$ both the interest rate and output are endogenously determined.
# Sagra Sunderpur

Sagra Sundarpur is one of the villages in Lakshamanpur Mandal, Pratapgarh District, Uttar Pradesh State.
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# Saint-Thomas-la-Garde

Saint-Thomas-la-Garde (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Loire department in central France.
# Expected value (disambiguation)

Expected value is a term used in probability theory and statistics. It may also refer to:

## Physics

* Expectation value (quantum mechanics), the probabilistic expected value of the result (measurement) of an experiment

## Decision theory and quantitative policy analysis

* Expected value of perfect information, the price that one would be willing to pay in order to gain access to perfect information
* Expected value of sample information, the expected increase in utility that a decision-maker could obtain from gaining access to a sample of additional observations before making a decision
* Expected value of including uncertainty, the expected difference in the value of a decision based on a probabilistic analysis versus a decision based on an analysis that ignores uncertainty

## Business

* Expected commercial value, also known as estimated commercial value, the prospect-weighted value for a project with unclear conclusions
# Expecting

Expecting may refer to:
* "Expecting" (Angel), a 2000 episode of the TV series Angel
* "Expecting", a song from the album White Blood Cells by The White Stripes
* A pregnant female
* Expecting (film), a 2013 American comedy film
# Vanhille

Vanhille is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Louise Vanhille (born 1998), French gymnast
* Lydie Vanhille (born 1967), French tennis player
# Vanhoffen Bluff

Vanhoffen Bluff (53°0′S 73°21′E﻿ / ﻿53.000°S 73.350°E﻿ / -53.000; 73.350) is a rocky bluff (225 m) immediately east of Jacka Glacier on the north coast of Heard Island. It is named for Ernst Vanhöffen (1858–1918), a German zoologist, and a member of the Gauss expedition under the leadership of Erich von Drygalski (1865–1949). During its 1902 investigations of the area, Drygalski applied the name Kap Vanhoffen to a cliffed feature about 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km) to the northwest, near The Sentinel. The ANARE (Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions), during its 1948 survey of the island, transferred the Vanhoffen name to this bluff, reporting that no well-marked cape exists along the high cliffs to the northwest.
This article incorporates public domain material from "Vanhoffen Bluff". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey.
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# Vanhoenacker

Vanhoenacker is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Charline Vanhoenacker (born 1977), Belgian journalist
* Marino Vanhoenacker (born 1976), Belgian triathlete
* Mark Vanhoenacker (born 1974), Belgian-American pilot and author
# FCRL2

Fc receptor-like protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FCRL2 gene.
# Vazhuthacaud

Vazhuthacaud is located in Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala, India. The place is located 3 kilometres from the Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station and 8 kilometres from the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport.
Vazhuthacaud is a residential as well as commercial area. The All India Radio center in Trivandrum is in Vazhuthacaud. It is home to many major educational as well as cultural institutions. Govt. College for Women, Cottonhill School, Trivandrum Club, Sree Moolam Club, Subramaniam Hall are situated here. The Kerala Forest Department has its headquarters here. Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, also known as H.H. The Maharaja's College for Women, is one of the oldest undergraduate and postgraduate women's college located in Trivandrum, Kerala. It was established in the year 1864. Cotton Hill Girls Higher Secondary School, the largest girls school in Asia, is located here. The Tagore theatre situating here is one of the longstanding cultural edifices of Thiruvananthapuram city.
Seven-century-old temple of Lord Sree Mahaganapathi is situated at Vazhuthacaud.