OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Radeljevići

Radeljevići is a village in the municipality of Kiseljak, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 137.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Bosniaks | 135 | 98.5% |
| Croats | 2 | 1.5% |
| Total | 137 | 100% |
# Radell

Radell is both a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:
* Renée Radell (1929–2023), American painter
* Radell Lockhart (born 1979), American football player and coach
# Parhi, Kaimur

Parhi is a village in Chand block of Kaimur district, Bihar, India. As of 2011, its population was 2,673, in 421 households.
# Eudicella

Eudicella is a genus of small to medium beetles in the subfamily Cetoniinae, belonging to the wider family Scarabaeidae. They are distributed throughout the Afrotropical realm, including South Africa, Rwanda and Zimbabwe.

## Species

* Eudicella aethiopica Müller, 1941
* Eudicella aurata (Westwood, 1841)
* Eudicella babaulti (Allard, 1982)
* Eudicella chloe Raffray, 1885
* Eudicella colmanti Bream, 1907
* Eudicella cornuta (Heath, 1904)
* Eudicella cupreosuturalis Bourgoin, 1913
* Eudicella daphnis (Buquet, 1835)
* Eudicella darwiniana Kraatz, 1880
* Eudicella ducalis Kolbe, 1914
* Eudicella euthalia (Bates, 1881)
* Eudicella frontalis (Westwood, 1843)
* Eudicella gralli (Buquet, 1836) - Flamboyant Flower Beetle
* Eudicella hereroensis Kraatz, 1900
* Eudicella hornimani (Bates, 1877)
* Eudicella inexpectata Antoine, 1985
* Eudicella intermedia Allard, 1985
* Eudicella loricata (Janson, 1877)
* Eudicella morgani White, 1839
* Eudicella mutica (Janson, 1915)
* Eudicella pauperata Kolbe, 1884
* Eudicella preissi Moser, 1912
* Eudicella quadrimaculata (Fabricius, 1781)
* Eudicella ruteri (De Lisle, 1953)
* Eudicella selene (Kolbe, 1899)
* Eudicella smithii (MacLeay, 1838)
* Eudicella tetraspilota (Harold, 1879)
* Eudicella trimeni (Janson, 1889)
* Eudicella viridipyga (Lewis, 1879)
# Shorter, Faster, Louder

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Punknews.org | |
Shorter, Faster, Louder is the second album by the Philadelphia hardcore punk band Kid Dynamite. Their final album, it was released in 2000 by Jade Tree.

## Critical reception

Exclaim! wrote: "Recalling the early punk of Minor Threat and 7 Seconds, [Kid Dynamite] wail and woah about youth culture on standout tracks like 'Living Daylights,' 'Death and Taxes' and 'There's a Party [sic].'" Nuvo called the album "genre-defining." CMJ New Music Report called it "a punk rock marathon, designed for moshing until the audience drops from exhaustion."

## Track listing

* "Pits and Poisoned Apples" - 0:48
* "Death and Taxes" - 1:52
* "Cheap Shot Youth Anthem" - 2:10
* "Cop Out" - 1:30
* "Handy With the Tongue Sword" - 0:22
* "Living Daylights" - 1:57
* "Introduction to the Opposites" - 1:19
* "Gate 68" - 1:19
* "Troy's Bucket" - 1:29
* "Rufus Wants a Hug" - 1:45
* "Got a Minute?" - 1:00
* "The Penske File" - 0:23
* "Rid of the Losers, Bring on the Cruisers" - 1:53
* "Three's a Party" - 1:03
* "S.O.S." - 1:42
* "Two for Flinching" - 0:10
* "Birthday" - 2:34
* "Give 'em the Ripped One" - 1:58

## Credits

* Jason Shevchuk – vocals
* Dr. Dan Yemin – guitar
* Michael Cotterman – bass
* Dave Wagenschutz – drums
* Dave Hause – backing vocals
* Ernie Parada – additional vocals on "Birthday," backing vocals
* Alison Mennor – additional vocals on "Three's A Party"
# Eudicella frontalis

Eudicella frontalis is a beetle which belongs to the group of flower chafers in the superfamily Scarabaeoidea.

## Appearance

A large (up to 45 millimeters), glossy, greenish flower chafer. Head, pronotum, and scutellum are sharply green, the cover wings green-yellow with sharp green seam strip and a greenish black slash. The male has a wide, slightly angular, red, Y-shaped horn in the forehead and a strong spike on either side of it.

## Life

The males use their "horns" to fight for the females. Each male tries to tilt his opponent over his back by pushing the horn under him. As with most other Cetoniinae, the larvae develop in dark, dead wood, and the adult beetles often visit flowers. The species is linked to the forest.

## Distribution

The species is found in Guinea, Ghana and the Ivory Coast.
# Parininihi Marine Reserve

Parininihi Marine Reserve is a marine reserve administered by the Department of Conservation, covering 1,800 hectares (4,400 acres) in the North Taranaki Bight. It is located offshore of the west coast of New Zealand's North Island, north-east of New Plymouth.

## Geography

The reserve includes Pariokariwa Reef, which has a highly diverse ecosystem including a range of unique sponge gardens. The reef extends north from Pariokariwa Point.
Most of the reef are submerged five to 23 metres below the water surface, surrounded by fine sediment and mud. Other parts form small caves, overhangs, canyons and pinnacles after the water, encrusted with large bryozoan colonies, colourful sponges, and hydroids, anemones and soft corals. The area has a large population of rock lobsters, and fish species like blue cod, blue moki, red moki, gurnard, john dory, kahawai, red cod, terakihi, trevally and snapper. There is also a range of rare and exotic sponges like Polymastia pepo, which are spread in a colourful carpet along the ledge of the reef.

## History

The reef is of cultural, spiritual, historical, and traditional importance to Ngāti Tama, who knew of the area as a rich fishing ground in pre-European times. The iwi still has customary fishing rights in the area.
In December 1998, Conservation Minister Nick Smith confirmed the reef would become a marine reserve to protect the sea sponges and corals. However, an area including Waikiekie Reef was excluded due to feedback from the fishing industry.
The reserve was established by an order on 11 September 2006, which took effect 28 days later on 9 October 2006.
In April 2015, the Department of Conservation said it had received reports of illegal fishing in the reserve but hadn't found it.
In December 2017, a report found the redevelopment of a nearby section of State Highway 3 could release sediments and other contaminants into the reserve.

## Recreation

Boats can access the area from the New Plymouth boat ramp, Tongapurutu River, Urenui River and Waitara River. There is road access via Pukearuhe Road from Urenui. There is no regular charter boat access.
Diving is allowed within the reserve, but there is often rough sea conditions and poor visibility.
Fishing or taking wildlife from the reserve is not allowed.
Other passive recreational activities are also allowed, such as swimming, photography, sightseeing and picnicking on the shore. Educational and scientific activities are allowed, provided they don't disturb or endanger the reserve's flora and fauna.
# Europe of Nations

The Europe of Nations Group was a Eurosceptic political group with seats in the European Parliament between 1994 and 1996.

## History

The Europe of Nations Group (Coordination Group) was formed on 19 July 1994. It was the first Eurosceptic Group in the Parliament. It lasted until 10 November 1996. The group was succeeded by the Independents for a Europe of Nations from 20 December 1996.

## MEPs

MEPs in Europe of Nations Group (Coordination Group) on 1 August 1994 were as follows:
| Country | Name | Name | Ideology | MEPs | Notes |
| France | Movement for France | MPF | Conservatism Social conservatism | 13 / 567 | Charles De Gaulle, Georges Berthu, James Goldsmith, Françoise Seillier, Hervé Fabre-Aubrespy, Frédéric Striby, Philippe de Villiers, Anne Christine Poisson, Marie-France De Rose, Edouard C.M.P. Des Places, Dominique F.C. Souchet, Philippe-Armand Martin, Thierry Jean-Pierre |
| Netherlands | SGP–GPV | SGP–GPV | Social conservatism Euroscepticism | 2 / 567 | Leen Van Der Waal, Johannes Blokland |
| Denmark | June Movement | JB | Euroscepticism | 2 / 567 | Ulla Margrethe Sandbæk, Jens-Peter Bonde |
| Denmark | People's Movement against the EU | FmEU | Euroscepticism | 2 / 567 | Ole Krarup, Lis Jensen |
# United States Army Medical Research Unit-Brazil

The United States Army Medical Research Unit-Brazil (USAMRU-B) was a "Special Foreign Activity" of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research headquartered in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil with several satellite labs in the Brazilian hinterland. Both American and Brazilian scientists worked at the unit which was created in 1973 and closed in 1997.
USAMRU-B operated under a cooperative agreement with the Instituto de Biologia do Exercito (IBEX, the “Institute of Biology of the Brazilian Army”). USAMRU-B collaborated on research with IBEX, the PAHO, University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, and the Instituto de Medicine Tropical do Amazonas to investigate infectious diseases in the Brazilian Amazon. Much of the research done at USAMRU-B focused on tropical diseases, such as malaria, leishmaniasis, dengue, leptospirosis, hantaviruses, rickettsia and enteropathogens as well as other emerging infectious diseases. Its decommissioning came as the result of political difficulties between US and Brazilian military leadership.
# Rachpal Singh Gill

Er. Rachpal Singh Gill (3 April 1908 – 10 August 2001) was a Sikh Indian civil engineer responsible for key engineering projects such as the Bhakra Nangal hydro power complex, Ranjit Sagar Dam, Pong Dam, and the thermal power plants at Bathinda as well as Roopnagar.

## Early life and education

Rachpal Singh graduated in civil engineering from King's College, University of London.

## Career

He started his career when he joined the Irrigation Branch in 1943. After partition, he was selected to work as Officer on Special Duty dealing with the sensitive problems of water disputes.
He also served as the Chairman for the Punjab State Electricity Board (PSEB) in the 1960s, Chairman of the Board of Consultants and Construction, Planning and Equipment Committee of Ranjit Sagar Dam. and was widely regarded as an excellent technocrat.

## Family

The second son of the first Sikh railway engineer Sardar Nagiah Singh Gill, he was born in Ludhiana and studied his civil engineering at Kings college University of London. His children include the famous DGP of Punjab K.P.S. Gill.

## Works

* Manufacture and Control of Concrete for the Bakhra Dam, by R. S. Gill and Harish Chander Indian Concrete Journal (ICJ), Vol.34 No. p .444
# Parka (band)

Parka is a three person German indie rock band. It consists of Martin "Fly“ Fliegenschmidt (guitar, singer), Gianni Dedola (bass), and Raphael Sbrzesny (drums). The group has played with these members since the end of 2006. Their first live performance with this lineup was in the beginning of 2007.

## History

The three musicians from Köln, Neuss, and Stuttgart met each other in the late summer of 2006 at the University of Music and Theatre Hamburg and formed the band.
As early as 2007, shortly after the band formed, they won the German Rock and Pop Prize, the Deutscher Rock & Pop Musikverband's (German Rock & Pop Music Association) junior competition. In the period following, they recorded their first EP "Dein Leben beginnt" ("Your Life Begins") autonomously at Tinseltown Music in Köln and played over 150 live performances before they released their second EP "Granaten aus Licht" ("Grenades of Light") in 2009. Among other things, Parka played concerts with Silbermond, Revolverheld, and Die Happy.
In 2011 Parka played support for Die Happy during their tour through Germany and in autumn released their first single of the album "Oben" ("Above") as EP with two additional songs and the music video for Oben. The video clip premiered on 7 October 2011 on MyVideo. On 20 January 2012 the second single release, "Eins" ("One"), followed. The video clip reached over 70,000 viewers on MyVideo in one week and subsequently was included on television broadcaster ProSieben's website.
The self recorded and produced debut album "Raus" ("Out") was published on 24 February 2012; the single "Wieder ich" ("Me again") on 1 June. In addition, the band released the live DVD "Belagerung der Stadt Rottweil" ("Siege of the City Rottweil") on 28 September 2012, which was recorded in a historical brewery hall in Rottweil.

## Music

The singer and guitarist Martin Fliegenschmidt composed and wrote each of the band's songs. Parka plays to date music only in the German language, which they justify in their belief that one can say more between the lines in their native language, and that it's more important that people understand the lyrics than it is to reach many people. The band classifies themselves, based on statements, to "a generation, which wants to set political and social statements, but without the classic image of the enemy." In the text, the band generally takes on socially critical themes.

## Discography

* 2007: Dein Leben beginnt (EP, Self-distributed)
* 2009: Granaten aus Licht (EP, Tinseltown Records)
* 2011: Oben (Single/EP, Bullet Records)
* 2012: Raus (Album, Bullet Records)
* 2012: Wieder Ich (Single, Bullet Records)
* 2012: Belagerung der Stadt Rottweil (Live DVD)
# Rachoviscus

Rachoviscus is a small genus of characins from Brazil. These threatened fish are endemic to coastal river basins in Bahia, Paraná and Santa Catarina.

## Species

* Rachoviscus crassiceps G. S. Myers, 1926
* Rachoviscus graciliceps S. H. Weitzman & da Cruz, 1981
# Park test

In econometrics, the Park test is a test for heteroscedasticity. The test is based on the method proposed by Rolla Edward Park for estimating linear regression parameters in the presence of heteroscedastic error terms.

## Background

In regression analysis, heteroscedasticity refers to unequal variances of the random error terms $\epsilon _{i}$, such that
    $\operatorname {Var} (\epsilon _{i})=E(\epsilon _{i}^{2})-E(\epsilon _{i})^{2}=E(\epsilon _{i}^{2})=\sigma _{i}^{2}$.
It is assumed that $\operatorname {E} (\epsilon _{i})=0$. The above variance varies with $i$, or the $i^{th}$ trial in an experiment or the $i^{th}$case or observation in a dataset. Equivalently, heteroscedasticity refers to unequal conditional variances in the response variables $Y_{i}$, such that
    $\operatorname {Var} (Y_{i}|X_{i})=\sigma _{i}^{2}$,
again a value that depends on $i$ – or, more specifically, a value that is conditional on the values of one or more of the regressors $X$. Homoscedasticity, one of the basic Gauss–Markov assumptions of ordinary least squares linear regression modeling, refers to equal variance in the random error terms regardless of the trial or observation, such that
    $\operatorname {Var} (\epsilon _{i})=\sigma ^{2}$, a constant.

### Test description

Park, on noting a standard recommendation of assuming proportionality between error term variance and the square of the regressor, suggested instead that analysts 'assume a structure for the variance of the error term' and suggested one such structure:
    $\operatorname {ln} (\sigma _{\epsilon i}^{2})=\operatorname {ln} (\sigma ^{2})=\gamma \operatorname {ln} (X_{i})+v_{i}$
in which the error terms $v_{i}$ are considered well behaved.
This relationship is used as the basis for this test.
The modeler first runs the unadjusted regression
    $Y_{i}=\beta _{0}+\beta _{1}X_{i1}+...+\beta _{p-1}X_{i,p-1}+\epsilon _{i}$
where the latter contains p − 1 regressors, and then squares and takes the natural logarithm of each of the residuals (${\hat {\epsilon _{i}}}$), which serve as estimators of the $\epsilon _{i}$. The squared residuals ${\hat {\epsilon _{i}}}^{2}$ in turn estimate $\sigma _{\epsilon i}^{2}$.
If, then, in a regression of $\ln {(\epsilon _{i}^{2})}$ on the natural logarithm of one or more of the regressors $X_{i}$, we arrive at statistical significance for non-zero values on one or more of the ${\hat {\gamma }}_{i}$, we reveal a connection between the residuals and the regressors. We reject the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity and conclude that heteroscedasticity is present.
# David Anderson (bishop of Rupert's Land)

David Anderson (10 February 1814 – 5 November 1885) was a Church of England priest and the first bishop of Rupert's Land, Canada.

## Career

Born in London, England, Anderson was educated at University of Edinburgh and Exeter College, Oxford. He was the vice-principal of St Bees Theological College, Cumberland (1841–1847) and an incumbent of All Saint's, Derby (1848–1849). He was consecrated a bishop on 29 May 1849 at Canterbury Cathedral, by John Bird Sumner, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 1849, he arrived at the Red River Colony as the Bishop of Rupert's Land. He lived there until 1864, the year he returned to England. He was later vicar of Clifton (where he is buried) and chancellor of St. Paul's Cathedral, London. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1849. He was the author of Notes on the Flood, Net in the Bay and other works.
# RCA Type 77-A microphone

The RCA Type 77-A microphone was a simplex (uni-directional) ribbon microphone, the forerunner of the RCA Type 77-DX microphone. The 77-A was designed Dr. Harry F. Olson in the late 1920s or early 1930s; prototypes are rumored to have existed in 1929 and 1930, but the 77-A was not announced until 1932.
The 77-A would set the standard for all other RCA ribbon microphone comparisons for the next 40 years.

## Construction

It featured a spiral acoustic labyrinth inside the case and two vertical in-line ribbons which enabled it to be uni-directional.
# Paritilla

Paritilla is a corregimiento in Pocrí District, Los Santos Province, Panama with a population of 783 as of 2010. Its population as of 1990 was 977; its population as of 2000 was 840.
# Eumerophilus

Eumerophilus coraeboides is a species of beetles in the family Buprestidae, the only species in the genus Eumerophilus.
# Showmen's Guild of Great Britain

The Showmen's Guild of Great Britain exists to protect the interests of Travelling Showmen in Great Britain.
The Showmen's Guild was founded as the United Kingdom Van Dwellers Protection Association in 1889 in Salford. The formation of the guild was the main turning point of Showmen identifying their lifestyle as a culture rather than an occupation, leading to the idea of Travelling Showmen being a cultural group.
Due to being an insular community, most marriages being within the community, their own language (called Polari), their own traditions and customs, and long lineages within the community, most Showmen identify as being part of their own unique cultural group. Due to travelling about, the average British Showman has a mix of English, Scottish, Welsh and/or Irish heritage. Lots have partial Romani (mainly Romanichal) and partial Irish Traveller heritage too, but despite this, Showmen developed as a group separately to both Irish Travellers and Romanichal Travellers, and their roots, cultures, traditions and identity are separate and distinct.
In 1917, the Showmen's Guild of Great Britain, as it became known, was recognised as the trade association for the travelling funfair business. It acquired the right to represent the business at local and national levels. It exists to promote and protect the Showmen's way of life and to preserve the unique cultural heritage of travelling fairs and circuses.
The Guild has a code of rules and also makes representations concerning proposed legislation when appropriate. It has a membership of around 4,700 people and is organized into ten regional sections. As of 2024, its President is John Thurston. It supports the National Fairground Archive, set up in 1994 at the University of Sheffield. The Showmen's Guild organizes fairs, such as St Giles' Fair in Oxford, co-organized with the Oxford City Council.
# Parmanand Singh

Parmanand Singh (born 1905) was one of the three Indo-Fijians elected to the Legislative Council of Fiji in October 1929 when Indo-Fijians were given the first opportunity to elect their own representatives. The other two were Vishnu Deo and James Ramchandar Rao. Singh was a landlord from Ba and undertook several business ventures which included publishing newspapers.

## Biography

Parmanand Singh was born in Yalalevu in the Ba District of Fiji in 1905. His parents had come to Fiji as indentured labourers and prospered in the opportunities available after indenture. He was educated at Auckland College, graduating in 1923. While in New Zealand, he played rugby, a game rarely played by Fiji Indians.
On his return to Fiji, he took advantage of a business opportunity by leasing land from Colonial Sugar Refining Company (CSR) and sub-leasing it to small farmers.
Like most rich farmers from Ba, he joined the Arya Samaj and was chosen by Vishnu Deo to contest the Northern & Western Division in the 1929 general elections, the first in which Indo-Fijians were allowed to vote. He won easily with the support of Deo and the Arya Samaj, an organisation to which most educated Fiji Indians belonged. However, two weeks after being sworn in he and the two other Indo-Fijians representatives resigned when a motion asking for equal political rights for Indo-Fijians was defeated.
He was opposed to the immigration of Punjabis and Gujaratis, a cause later taken up by his brother, Chattur Singh who was later also a member of the Legislative Council.
In 1948, he left for India for the education of his children and returned 3 years later.
He saw opportunities in the printing industry and established a printing press in Ba, which he used to publish a newspaper, Awaaz (The Voice) in the Hindi language. He was unable to keep the newspaper in circulation due to a natural disaster and poor staff. He then moved to Lautoka and in 1956, started publishing another newspaper, Jai Fiji, which remained in circulation until 1980.
The family involvement in Fijian politics has continued with his son, Anand Singh, also serving in the House of Representatives and Senate and as the Attorney General of Fiji in the Fiji Labour Party government of Mahendra Chaudhry from 1999 to 2000.
# Eutelsat I F-3

Eutelsat I F-3, also known as European Communications Satellite 3 (ECS-3) is a decommissioned communications satellite operated by the European Telecommunications Satellite Organisation (Eutelsat). Launched in 1985, it was operated in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 10° East. It was the third of five satellites launched to form the first-generation Eutelsat constellation.

## History

The European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Eutelsat) has been servicing the European Economic Community (CEE) since 1977, being formally established by a multi-lateral agreement in 1985. In 1979, European Space Agency (ESA) agreed to design, build, and launch five ECS (European Communications Satellite) spacecraft to be assumed by Eutelsat after on-orbit testing.
The Eutelsat I series of satellites was developed by the European Space Agency (ESA) as part of the European Communications Satellite (ECS) programme. Once launched and checked out in a geostationary orbit over Europe, each satellite was handed to Eutelsat for commercial operations. Four Eutelsat I satellites were successfully launched between 1983 and 1988 (1983, 1984, 1987, and 1988). They served both public and private traffic, including telephone services, fax, data, land mobile service, and television and radio programming. Each had a design life of 7 years and a bandwidth of 72 MHz. ECS-3 was lost in an Ariane 3 launch accident in 1985.

## Satellite description

The ECS-3 spacecraft, had a mass at launch of 1,158 kg (2,553 lb). Constructed by British Aerospace, it was designed to be operated for seven years and carried 12 Ku-band transponders, two of which were set aside as spares. It also only had partial eclipse protection, requiring some channels to be turned off during eclipse periods around the spring and autumn equinoxes. The satellite contained a Mage-2 solid rocket motor to perform orbit circularisation at apogee.

## Launch

ECS-3 was launched by Arianespace, using an Ariane 3 launch vehicle, flight number V15. The launch took place at 23:26:00 UTC on 12 September 1985, from ELA-1 at Centre Spatial Guyanais, at Kourou, French Guiana. Successfully deployed into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), ECS-2 raised itself into an operational geostationary orbit using its apogee motor.