OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sidecar (sparkling water)

A sidecar is a term for a small glass of sparkling water or seltzer served beside an espresso. The purpose of the water is to cleanse a person's palate before and after drinking an espresso shot.
Additionally there is also an espresso sidecar, which refers to a shot of espresso that is served alongside a cafe latte or cappuccino. In 2016, Starbucks launched a specialty beverage at some of their locations that included a beer, with an espresso sidecar meant to be poured into the beer.

## Etymology

The term likely originates from bartending culture. If a bartender overpoured, and therefore ended up with more of a drink than will fit in the special glass for that drink, it was common for them to serve the extra in a small glass beside the drink.
Meanwhile, it has become common to call anything served beside a drink a "sidecar". For example, a bar in Chicago serves a piece of chocolate with a mixed drink and calls it a "sidecar." Similarly, when diners serve milkshakes, there will typically be a little bit leftover that doesn't fit into a glass, this extra will be served alongside the milkshake in a metal mixing cup and is called a "sidecar."

## History

The tradition of serving water alongside coffee originated in Austria-Hungary. Initially, it served a practical purpose, providing a place for patrons to put their spoons after stirring, adhering to the etiquette norms of the time.
In 1873, Vienna completed the First Vienna Spring Watermain Pipeline, significantly improving the city's water quality. To showcase this clean water, coffee houses began serving a glass of tap water alongside their coffee.
This practice gained international attention during the 1873 Austrian World Expo, held the same year as the pipeline completion. Visitors from across Europe experienced coffee served with a water sidecar, and started drinking it, instead of placing their spoons into it. This exposure contributed to the spread of the tradition throughout Europe.
With the invention of espresso in Italy at the turn of the 20th century, Italian coffee houses also adopted the sidecar tradition.
During the mid-20th century, when coffee quality was often poor and overly bitter, the water served the functional purpose of rinsing away unpleasant aftertastes.
In contemporary coffee culture and third-wave coffee, the sidecar has evolved into a palate cleanser, typically consumed before the coffee to enhance appreciation of the espresso's complex flavors.
# Pathora

Pathara is a town and Village Development Committee in Bara District in the Narayani Zone of south-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census it had a population of 3,158 persons living in 599 individual households.
# Osmond process

Osmond iron (also spelt osmund and also called osborn) was wrought iron made by a particular process. This is associated with the first European production of cast iron in furnaces such as Lapphyttan in Sweden.
Osmonds appear in some of the earliest English Customs accounts, for example in 1325. The kappe was a Swedish weight used for osmond which occurs in a commercial treaty in Novgorod in 1203, and this implies the production of osmond iron.
Osmond iron was made by melting pig iron in a hearth that is narrower and deeper than a typical finery in an English finery forge. The hearth had a charcoal fire blown with bellows through a tuyere. As the iron melted, the drops fell through the blast and congealed. They were then lifted with an iron bar into the blast. As they melted they were caught on the end of a large staff, held in the fire and turned rapidly so that the drops spread out, forming a ball.
Osmonds reached England during the later Middle Ages through the port of Gdańsk. However, there were hammer mills in its hinterland and that of Lübeck, which made the osmonds into bar iron. In the 1620s, Gustav II Adolf of Sweden prohibited his subjects from exporting unfinished iron, and all trade in osmonds ceased.
The osmond process was also used in the county of Mark in Westphalia, in southern Germany and Switzerland.
The process was introduced to Wales in connection with the establishment by William Humfrey and others of wireworks at Tintern in 1566, an enterprise that was shortly afterwards taken over by the Company of Mineral and Battery Works. Humfrey arranged to bring an expert maker of Osmond iron, Corslett Tinkhaus, from southwest Westphalia, where the production had reached a high level of technical proficiency. Tinkhaus arrived in Wales in 1567 and began working at Rhydygwern in the Glamorgan part of the lordship of Machen. This was where the first Machen Forge was, and he was evidently making osmond iron there. The iron was apparently forged with a tilt hammer, rather than the helve hammer, usual in finery forges. This was the raw material for the wireworks at Tintern. Osmond iron was made at Pontypool in the 18th century to supply wireworks there, and one of the forges there was still called the 'Osborn Forge' in the 19th century.
# William Webbe (disambiguation)

William Webbe (born 1550), English critic and translator.
William Webbe may also refer to:
* William Webbe alias Kellowe (by 1466 – 1523), MP for Salisbury
* William Webbe (by 1499 – 1554), MP for Salisbury
* William Webbe (by 1508 – c. 1547), MP for Huntingdon
* William Webbe (fl. 1542), MP for Warwick
* William Webbe (died 1585), MP for Salisbury
* William Webbe (mayor) (died 1599), Lord Mayor of London
* William Harold Webbe (1885–1965), British politician
# John Kuykendall

John Wells Kuykendall was the 15th president of Davidson College in Davidson, North Carolina, United States. Graduating from Davidson in 1959, Kuykendall went on to receive a bachelor in divinity from Union Theological Seminary and then more advanced degrees from Yale Divinity School and Princeton University. He eventually became a professor of religion and campus pastor at Auburn University.
As president, Kuykendall focused on expanding the endowment, specifically in overseeing a $160 million capital campaign, which was the largest capital campaign for a liberal arts college at that time. He also spearheaded the creation of the Dean Rusk Program in International Studies, named after Dean Rusk.
After retiring as president, Kuykendall served as interim president after Thomas W. Ross resigned and stayed on until Carol Quillen was appointed.
# Jukot

Jukot used to be a VDC in Bajura District. Now it is the part of Swamikartik Rural Municipality of Sudurpashchim Province, Nepal. Now Jukot VDC is ward no. 3 of Swamikartik Rural Municipality. This VDC has 597 household with population of 3,230 of which 1,617 are female and 1,613 are male.People residing here belongs to Chhetri, Kami, Brahmin, Damai, Sarki, Limbu etc. Politically, the Dalit population have been dominated by the Thakuris. It is one of the remote place of Bajura District.
The village is known for its apple farms.
# Grand Hotel (magazine)

Grand Hotel is an Italian weekly women's magazine, published since 1946. The magazine is headquartered in Milan, Italy.

## History and profile

Initially consisting of only sixteen pages, Grand Hotel started its publications on 29 June 1946, and, in spite of being heavily attacked by the Catholic press, it got an immediate commercial success. It was characterized during the first decades of its history by "cineromanzi", i.e. comic stories, generally of romantic or melodramatic genre, which were released in sequential installments and whose comic characters resembled famous film actors.
The success of the magazine almost immediately generated a series of imitations, notably Sogno and Film Bolero, both published by Mondadori, and Letizia published by Lancio. From the 1960s the magazine gradually changed its formula, adding news articles and columns, and in 1970 it abandoned cineromanzi and replaced them with fotoromanzi. Grand Hotel is published on a weekly basis.
# Lorenzo Pérez de Grado

Lorenzo Pérez de Grado (died 1627) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Cuzco (1619–1627) and Bishop of Paraguay (1615–1619).

## Biography

On 16 September 1615, Lorenzo Pérez de Grado was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Bishop of Paraguay. In 1616, he was consecrated bishop by Agustín de Carvajal, Bishop of Ayacucho o Huamanga. On 18 March 1619, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Paul V as Bishop of Cuzco. He served as Bishop of Cuzco until his death on 4 September 1627.
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of Julián de Cortázar, Bishop of Córdoba (1618).
# Urodinychus

Urodinychus is a genus of mites in the family Urodinychidae.

## Species

* Urodinychus carinata (Berlese, 1888)
# Franco Gidoni

Franco Gidoni (Feltre, 4 January 1955) is a Venetist politician from Veneto, Italy.
A member of Liga Veneta–Lega Nord, Gidoni was deputy mayor of Belluno from 2006 to 2008 and a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 2008 to 2013, when he did not stand for re-election as he was not a supporter of Flavio Tosi's new course within the party.
In the 2015 regional election, after Tosi was sidelined by the federal party, Gidoni was elected to the Regional Council of Veneto in the province of Belluno. He was not re-elected in the 2020 regional election.
# Patricio Sasmay

Jorge Patricio Sasmay Román (unknown – 17 January 2016), known as Patricio Sasmay, was a Chilean professional footballer who played as a goalkeeper for clubs in Chile and El Salvador.

## Career

In his homeland, Sasmay played for Unión Española and Magallanes in the top division.
He after developed his career in the Salvadoran football, playing for clubs such as Club Deportivo UCA, Excélsior, Atlético Marte and Águila.

## Personal life

His parents were Jorge Sasmay Vera and Sylvia Iris Román Rojas.
Sasmay was of Diaguita descent.
He died on 17 January 2016 in Antiguo Cuscatlán, El Salvador.
# Ghost Lab (film)

Ghost Lab is a 2021 Thai film directed by Paween Purijitpanya, written by Vasudhorn Piyaromna, Paween Purijitpanya and Tossaphon Riantong and starring Thanapob Leeratanakachorn, Paris Intarakomalyasut and Nuttanicha Dungwattanawanich. The film, produced by GDH 559, was released as a Netflix original film and received mixed reviews, praising cast performance but criticising the weak storyline and visual effects.

## Plot

After witnessing a haunting in their hospital, two doctors become dangerously obsessed with obtaining scientific proof that ghosts exist.

## Cast

* Thanapob Leeratanakachorn as Wee
* Paris Intarakomalyasut as Gla
* Nuttanicha Dungwattanawanich as Mai

## Critical response

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 29% of 7 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 4.80/10.
Alicia Moore of UK Film Review called it an "enjoyable watch" and said the "plot follows is extraordinary and really makes your head spin with possibilities and explanations that could fit into the film’s universe."
# Princess Jayanti of Nepal

Princess Jayanti Rajya Lakshmi Devi Shah of Nepal (4 August 1946 – 1 June 2001) was a member of the Nepalese royal family. She was a granddaughter of King Tribhuvan of Nepal. An active social worker, she was known for her contributions to cancer relief programs in Nepal. She was one of the members of the Nepalese royal family who were killed in the June 2001 Nepalese royal massacre.

## Early life and education

Princess Jayanti was the first daughter of Prince Basundhara of Nepal and his first wife Princess Helen Shah of Nepal. Princess Jayanti was educated in Woodstock School, an international residential school in Mussoorie, Uttarakhand, India, and in Loreto Convent, Darjeeling. She graduated from Tribhuvan University in 1970.

## Social works

Princess Jayanti made significant contributions to cancer relief programs in Nepal. She was the founder of the Nepal Cancer Relief Society, and was its chairperson from 1982 to 2001. She involved various international organizations to establish a cancer hospital in Nepal, raised social awareness, and led anti-smoking campaigns.
Since her childhood, Princess Jayanti had seen different members of her family suffering from heart diseases, and therefore, she tried to help people suffering from heart diseases and worked to make cardiac treatment more affordable and available to the common people of Nepal.
Princess Jayanti also worked to promote tourism. In addition, she was also aware about different environmental issues. All her life she worked to raise social awareness. She attended international conferences and presented different papers in Europe and America.

## Death

Princess Jayanti was one of the ten members of the Nepalese royal family who died in the Nepalese royal massacre. Jayanti's younger sister, Mrs. Ketaki Chester, was wounded but survived. Jayanti's mother, Princess Helen, was not present in the room at the time of the massacre and therefore survived. She was in the anteroom with the Queen Mother, Ratna.

## Legacy

Princess Jayanti's mother, Princess Helen, established the Jayanti Memorial Trust (JMT) in her (Jayanti's) memory. The trust works to fight cardiac diseases. Besides her work for cancer relief programs, Princess Jayanti had also worked to help heart patients and to make cardiac treatment more available to the people of Nepal.
The Princess Jayanti Achievement Award Ceremony is collaboratively arranged by Hotel Annapurna and Jayanti Memorial Trust. The award is named after her and aims to empower women. Every year, it honours three female students attending Nepal Academy of Tourism and Hotel Management (NATHM) who have topped in their respective academic year.

## Honours
### National honours

* Member of the Order of the Gurkha Right Hand, 1st class.
* King Mahendra Coronation Medal (2 May 1956).
* King Birendra Coronation Medal (25 February 1975).
* Commemorative Silver Jubilee Medal of King Birendra (31 January 1997).

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Princess Jayanti of Nepal :
# Garu, Pakistan

Garu is a village in Nowshera District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is located at 33°29′N 71°35′E﻿ / ﻿33.49°N 71.59°E﻿ / 33.49; 71.59 with an altitude of 404 metres (1328 feet).
# Tackner, Missouri

Tackner is an unincorporated community in Benton County, Missouri, United States. Tackner is located on Missouri Route 7 near the Truman Reservoir, 2.7 miles (4.3 km) west of Warsaw.
A post office called Tackner was established in 1890, and remained in operation until 1911. The community has the name of the original owner of the town site.
# Hasegawa Settan

Hasegawa Settan (長谷川雪旦, 1778–1843) was a Japanese artist who lived during the late Edo period, born in Edo.
His given name was Munehide (宗秀), and his art-name was Gengakusai Ichiyōsai (巌岳斎 一陽庵). He was commonly called Gotō Uzaemon (後藤右衛門). He was originally a wood sculptor and he carved the woodblocks for many ukiyo-e prints. The Edo meisho zue, an illustrated catalogue of the sights of Edo for which he provided in the woodcuts, is one of his major works. For his artistic accomplishments, Hasegawa Settan was awarded the honorary Buddhist title Hokkyō (法橋 "Bridge of the Dharma").
* Drawing of a seal that washed up on a beach near Karatsu
# William Copeland

William Copeland may refer to:
* J. William Copeland (1914–1988), American politician and jurist from North Carolina
* William Copeland (brewer) (1834–1902), Norwegian-American brewer
* William Copeland (umpire) (1929–2011), Australian test cricket umpire
* William Fowler Mountford Copeland (1872–1953), British horticulturist
* William L. Copeland (1846–1885), American state legislator and police officer from Arkansas
* William H. Copeland (1848–1931), American 1state legislator from Ohio
* William Taylor Copeland (1797–1868), British businessman and politician
# Lorenzo Prezzato

Lorenzo Prezzato (1555 – 29 October 1610) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Chioggia (1601–1610).

## Biography

Lorenzo Prezzato was born in Venice, Italy in 1555. On 4 June 1601, Lorenzo Prezzato was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement VIII as Bishop of Chioggia. On 12 June 1601, he was consecrated bishop by Girolamo Bernerio, Bishop of Ascoli Piceno, with Aurelio Novarini, Archbishop of Dubrovnik, and Raffaele Inviziati, Bishop of Cefalonia e Zante, serving as co-consecrators. He served as Bishop of Chioggia until his death on 29 October 1610.
# Urodon

Urodon is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to:
* Urodon (beetle), a genus of insects in the family Anthribidae
* Urodon (plant), a genus of plants in the family Fabaceae
# Litch

Litch may refer to:

## People

* Betty Litch (1941–1994), wife of Richard Butler (white supremacist)
* Debbie Litch, theatre director of the Memphis, Tennessee, USA, theater, Theatre Memphis
* Ernest W. Litch Jr. (1897–1967), a U.S. Navy vice admiral
* John Tilton Litch, Massachusetts state representative during the 1923–1924 Massachusetts legislature
* Josiah Litch (1809–1886), U.S. Methodist preacher of New England

### Characters

* Mr. Litch, a fictional character from Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Last Straw

## Places

* Litch, Georgia, USA; a locality in Greene County

## Other uses

* "The Litch", an episode of the TV show Conversations in L.A.
# Sierpiński's constant

Sierpiński's constant is a mathematical constant usually denoted as K. One way of defining it is as the following limit:
    $K=\lim _{n\to \infty }\left[\sum _{k=1}^{n}{r_{2}(k) \over k}-\pi \ln n\right]$
where r$_2$(k) is a number of representations of k as a sum of the form a$^2$ + b$^2$ for integer a and b.
It can be given in closed form as:
    ${\begin{aligned}K&=\pi \left(2\ln 2+3\ln \pi +2\gamma -4\ln \Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)\right)\\&=\pi \ln \left({\frac {4\pi ^{3}e^{2\gamma }}{\Gamma \left({\tfrac {1}{4}}\right)^{4}}}\right)\\&=\pi \ln \left({\frac {\pi ^{2}e^{2\gamma }}{2\varpi ^{2}}}\right)\\&=2.584981759579253217065893587383\dots \end{aligned}}$
where $\varpi$ is the lemniscate constant and $\gamma$ is the Euler-Mascheroni constant.
Another way to define/understand Sierpiński's constant is,
Let r(n) denote the number of representations of $n$ by $k$ squares, then the Summatory Function of $r_{2}(k)/k$ has the Asymptotic expansion
$\sum _{k=1}^{n}{r_{2}(k) \over k}=K+\pi \ln n+o\!\left({\frac {1}{\sqrt {n}}}\right)$,
where $K=2.5849817596$ is the Sierpinski constant. The above plot shows
$\left(\sum _{k=1}^{n}{r_{2}(k) \over k}\right)-\pi \ln n$,
with the value of $K$ indicated as the solid horizontal line.
# Orphans (EP)

Orphans is Charlotte Martin's 2008 release composed of b-sides and other songs written for her previous releases, but were left off the final cuts (hence the EP name Orphans). Some did not fit the "feeling" of the previous albums, others were popular live songs never recorded until this EP.

## Track listing

All songs written by Charlotte Martin.
* Is This Called Desire
* Galaxies
* Habit (LP version)
* Outerspace
* Snowflakes
* The Stalker Song
* Raven (Lost Master)
* Many Rivers (2005)
# Louis Debaraz

Louis Debaraz (died 1745), was a French Roman Catholic priest. He was executed in Lyon on the charges of witchcraft after having performed sacrilegious masses and a pact with the Devil in order to find hidden treasures.
He was implicated in the Lyon witch trials of Bertrand Guilladot, who in his confession identified twenty-nine other individuals, all of them male, who reportedly had participated in the pact with him.
In February 1745, five of the accused men were sentenced to death for witchcraft in connection to treasure hunting. Three of the condemned were priests, who were accused of having performed sacrilegious masses for this purpose. Debaraz, was sentenced to be executed by burning for having performed a black mass. Twenty-three of the remaining accused were sentenced to be galley slaves.
# Tacky Town, Kentucky

Tacky Town is an unincorporated community in Harlan County, Kentucky, United States.
# Julie Harvey

Julie Harvey may refer to:
* Julie Harvey (footballer)
* Julie Harvey (artist)
# Polpoda

Polpoda is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Molluginaceae.
Its native range is South African Republic.
Species:
* Polpoda capensis C.Presl
* Polpoda stipulacea (F.M.Leight.) Adamson
# Gabalavci

Gabalavci (Macedonian Cyrillic: Габалавци) is a village 13.86 kilometres (8.61 mi) away from Bitola, which is the second-largest city in North Macedonia. It used to be part of the former municipality of Kukurečani

## Demographics

In 1961 the village had 286 inhabitants, most of the 200 inhabitants of the village are displaced in Bitola, Skopje, Europe, Australia and overseas countries.
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 114 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Macedonians 114
# Sierpiński's theorem on metric spaces

In mathematics, Sierpiński's theorem is an isomorphism theorem concerning certain metric spaces, named after Wacław Sierpiński who proved it in 1920.
It states that any countable metric space without isolated points is homeomorphic to $\mathbb {Q}$ (with its standard topology).

## Examples

As a consequence of the theorem, the metric space $\mathbb {Q} ^{2}$ (with its usual Euclidean distance) is homeomorphic to $\mathbb {Q}$, which may seem counterintuitive. This is in contrast to, e.g., $\mathbb {R} ^{2}$, which is not homeomorphic to $\mathbb {R}$. As another example, $\mathbb {Q} \cap [0,1]$ is also homeomorphic to $\mathbb {Q}$, again in contrast to the closed real interval $[0,1]$, which is not homeomorphic to $\mathbb {R}$ (whereas the open interval $(0,1)$ is).
# Francis Darby Boyd

Francis Darby Boyd CB CMG FRCPEd (19 October 1866–1922) was a Scottish physician, and Professor of Clinical Medicine at the University of Edinburgh.

## Life

Boyd was born on 19 October 1866, at 27 Melville Street, Edinburgh. His aunt Mary was married to Francis Darby Syme, who is Boyd’s namesake.
He was educated at Edinburgh Academy going on to study medicine at the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1888 with an MB ChB. He received his doctorate (MD) in 1893.
In 1899 he became assistant physician at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary also assisting at the Deaconess Hospital in the south of the city. At this time he was living at 6 Atholl Place in Edinburgh's West End.
He assisted during the Second Boer War, and was created a Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1901 as a result. Then veering towards military medicine he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1910 and served at the rank of Major. During the First World War he rose to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and worked at Craigleith and Bangour. In 1919 he was created a Companion of the Order of the Bath for his military service.
In 1919 he left the Medical Corps to replace Professor William Russell as Professor of Clinical Medicine (known at the Moncrieff-Arnott Chair) at the University of Edinburgh.
In 1898 Boyd was elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh and was one of its secretaries from 1903-1922. He was a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. In 1921 he was elected a member of the Aesculapian Club.
He lived at 22 Manor Place in Edinburgh's West End.
He died on 4 April 1922 and is buried in Dean Cemetery in western Edinburgh. The grave lies on the main path close to the main entrance.

## Family

In 1904 he married Clara Constance Lepper (1875-1961), the daughter of Alfred J. A. Lepper. Together they had 2 daughters, Lesbia Laurence Meron Boyd (1907-1993) and the sculptor Mary Syme Boyd (1910-1997), and a son, John Boyd, who died in infancy in 1905.

## Publications

* Pellagra among the Turkish Prisoners of War (1920)
* Physical Diagnosis (reprinted 2018)