OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Margaretta M. Lovell

Margaretta M. Lovell is an American art historian who serves as the Jay D. McEvoy, Jr. Professor of the History of Art at the University of California, Berkeley. Her research and teaching center on the art and history of the United States, including eighteenth- and nineteenth-century landscape painting, portraiture, decorative arts, furniture, architecture, food, and forests.

## Biography

Lovell received a B.A. in English from Smith College, an M.A. from the University of Delaware's joint program in Early American Culture with the Winterthur Museum, and a Ph.D. in American Studies from Yale University.
Institutions where she has held faculty appointments include Yale, Harvard University, the University of Michigan, College of William & Mary, and Stanford University in addition to Berkeley. She has held fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, The Huntington Library, and the Terra Foundation for American Art among others.

## Awards

Honors she has received include, for Art in a Season of Revolution, the Charles C. Eldredge Prize for Distinguished Scholarship in American Art and the 2007 Historians of British Art Prize, and, for A Visitable Past, the Ralph Henry Gabriel Prize of the American Studies Association. The American Antiquarian Society elected her to honorary membership in recognition of scholarly distinction in 2001. She has been recognized for her teaching at both institutional and national levels, receiving UC Berkeley's 2009 Faculty Award for Outstanding Mentorship of Graduate Student Instructors and the College Art Association's 2014 Distinguished Teaching of Art History Award, the profession's highest honor for pedagogy.

## Books

* Painting the Inhabited Landscape: Fitz H. Lane and the Global Reach of Antebellum New England (Penn State University Press, 2023).
* A Material World: Culture, Society, and the Life of Things in Early Anglo-America (edited with George W. Boudreau, Penn State University Press, 2019).
* Art in a Season of Revolution: The Artist, the Artisan, and the Patron in Early America (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005).
* A Visitable Past: Views of Venice by American Artists 1860–1915 (University of Chicago Press, 1989).
* Venice: The American View, 1860–1920 (Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco & University of Washington Press, 1984), exhibit catalog.
* American Painting 1730–1960: A Selection from the Collection of Mr. and Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd (Japan Society & Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, 1982), exhibit catalog.
# Optical Society (London)

The Optical Society was a scientific society founded in London in 1899, which published Transactions of the Optical Society.
The Optical Society was founded on 26 October 1899. The first president was W.H.E. Thornthwaite. The founders included Charles Algernon Parsons and Frank Twyman. Its meetings were mostly held at Imperial College London.
In 1932 it merged with the Physical Society of London, becoming the Optical Group of the Physical Society, and later the Optical Group of the Institute of Physics. The Optical Group is a member of the European Optical Society.
# Endesha Ida Mae Holland

Endesha Ida Mae Holland (August 29, 1944 – January 25, 2006) was an American scholar, playwright, and civil rights activist.

## Early life

Born in Greenwood, Mississippi, Holland never knew her father and was raped at the age of 11. Later she was expelled from school and became a prostitute.

## SNCC

Upon hearing that members of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) had come to Greenwood, Holland sought out one of the male members in hopes of soliciting him for prostitution. The man, however, led her directly to the committee's office hoping to convince her to become involved. On witnessing the office operations, Holland found herself deeply impressed by the sight of African-Americans conducting themselves in such a businesslike manner and she began volunteering there.
Holland's mother adamantly opposed her involvement with the SNCC, fearing reprisals from members of Greenwood's white community. In 1965 a fire broke out in the family's home, killing Holland's mother; Holland said afterward that she believed the Ku Klux Klan had indeed firebombed the house in retaliation for her civil rights work. In all, she was jailed thirteen times for her civil rights work. She got a high school equivalency diploma, encouraged by her colleagues in the civil rights movement. She studied at the University of Minnesota beginning that year, where she helped start an African-American studies department, and initiated Women Helping Offenders (WHO), a prison-aid program.

## Education

In 1979 Holland earned a bachelor's degree in African-American studies from the University of Minnesota, followed by a master's degree in American Studies in 1984 and a PhD. in American studies in 1986.
In 1981 she was awarded the $1,000 National Lorraine Hansberry Award for the second-best play of 1981. In 1983, she took Endesha as her first name in order to honor her African heritage. She taught at the State University of New York, Buffalo from 1985 to 1993. She was a professor of theater at the University of Southern California, retiring in 2003. She died at a nursing home in Santa Monica, California, from complications of ataxia.

## Arts

She was the author of six plays, and was most famous for writing From the Mississippi Delta, which was performed by the Negro Ensemble Company at the Goodman Theater in Chicago and at the Young Vic in London. She also wrote a memoir of the same name, published by Simon & Schuster in 1997.
A 1998 short documentary, Dr. Endesha Ida Mae Holland, was made about her. She was interviewed as part of the 1994 feature documentary film Freedom on My Mind.

## Family life

Holland was married three times; each union ended in divorce. Holland has one child, Cedric Holland.
# Emmanuel Cole

Emmanuel Cole (1908–1972) was a Sierra Leonean soldier who organised a strike against poor treatment in 1939. Cole's efforts led the British to provide improved conditions of service to Sierra Leonean soldiers of the Royal West African Frontier Force and for other RWAFF soldiers throughout British West Africa.

## Early life

Emmanuel Cole was born in 1908 in Freetown, the capital of Sierra Leone to poor Creole parents. After he graduated from secondary school in 1926, he immediately joined the Royal West African Frontier Force at the age of eighteen. He was attached to the Royal Artillery at the heavy battery in Murray Town Barracks in Freetown.

## Protest

In January 1939, Cole convinced a group of his fellow Sierra Leonean soldiers to join him in sending a letter of protest to their commanding officer, complaining that their pay was not enough to meet expenses. Cole and his fellow soldiers also demanded to be treated in the same way as white soldiers of the same rank and most significantly they demanded boots and other forms of footwear.
The Inspector-General of the West African Frontier Force had recommended boots for the soldiers as early as 1903, but their white officers preferred the African soldiers to remain barefoot. When the commanding officer ridiculed the soldiers' demands, Cole asked bluntly: "Is our flesh different from that of the white gunners?," and when their demands received no consideration, Cole organised a strike. They refused to dress properly or to come to parade until their demands were accepted.
Cole and his fellow soldiers were charged with mutiny, a crime carrying severe punishment under the military code. Throughout the court martial proceedings, Cole remained defiant. The military court sentenced Emmanuel Cole to fifteen years in prison and his fellow soldiers to period ranging down to eighty-four days, but Labour MPs in Britain protested at the sentencing, until Cole and the others were pardoned.
Soon after the mutiny, Cole's demands for boots and improved conditions of service were officially enacted, applying to both Sierra Leonean soldiers and other soldiers throughout British West Africa.
# Halgerda mozambiquensis

Halgerda mozambiquensis is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a shell-less marine gastropod mollusk in the family Discodorididae.

## Distribution

This species was described from a specimen collected at Zavora, Mozambique, 24°33′30″S 35°16′55″E﻿ / ﻿24.558333°S 35.282000°E﻿ / -24.558333; 35.282000 at depth of 32 m (105 ft) and a single other specimen collected nearby.
# Gigantochloa atter

Gigantochloa atter, the black bamboo, sweet bamboo, or giant atter, is a bamboo species belonging to the genus Gigantochloa. It grows up to 20 m tall. It is native to Island Southeast Asia, but has become naturalized all over the South Asia.

## Appearance

Culm is green with purple patches when young, which becomes purplish black when mature turns greyish purple when drying. Surface is smooth and glossy. Young shoots are purplish pink in color with green blades on culm sheaths. Culm is straight. Branching occurs only at top. Internode length is 45–60 cm, and diameter is 5–10 cm. Culm walls are thick.
Culm sheath is purplish pink with green blades in young plants turns dark brown when mature. It is triangular with a conical blade. Length of the sheath proper is 24–27 cm in length and 40–45 cm wide. Blade length is 4–7 cm. Auricles absent. Upper surface of the sheath covered with black hairs. Lower surface of the sheath is not hairy. Sheaths fall off early.
# Goulais Bay

Goulais Bay is a bay of Ontario in Canada. It is part of Whitefish Bay which in turn is a large bay of Lake Superior. Goulais Point, on the southernmost tip of the peninsula that separates the bay from Batchawana Bay just to the north and from Whitefish Bay to the west, marks the northern entrance of Goulais Bay. North Gros Cap is the rock point that forms the bay's southern limit.
The dispersed rural community of Goulais Bay is near the mouth of the Goulais River that empties into the bay's east side. On the western shore of the bay is the community of Goulais Mission.
# HMAS Tasmania

HMAS Tasmania (H25) was an Admiralty S class destroyer of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN). Built for the Royal Navy during World War I, the ship was not completed until 1919, and spent a year commissioned but not operational in British service before being transferred to the RAN at the start of 1920. The destroyer's career was uneventful, with almost all of it spent in Australian waters. Tasmania was decommissioned in 1930, and was sold for ship breaking in 1937.

## Design and construction

Tasmania was built to the Admiralty design of the S-class destroyer, which was designed and built as part of the British emergency war programme. The destroyer had a displacement of 1,075 tons, a length overall of 276 feet 10.625 inches (84.39468 m), and a beam of 26 feet 10 inches (8.18 m). The propulsion machinery consisted of three Yarrow boilers feeding Brown-Curtis turbines, which supplied 27,000 shaft horsepower (20,000 kW) to the ship's two propeller shafts. Although designed with a maximum speed of 36 knots (67 km/h; 41 mph), Tasmania was only able to achieve 32.93 knots (60.99 km/h; 37.90 mph) on power trails. The destroyer's economical speed of 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) gave her a range of 2,589 nautical miles (4,795 km; 2,979 mi). The ship's company was made up of 6 officers and 93 sailors.
The destroyer's primary armament consisted of three QF 4-inch Mark IV guns. These were supplemented by a 2-pounder pom-pom, two 9.5-inch howitzer bomb throwers, five .303 inch machine guns (a mix of Lewis and Maxim guns), two twin 21-inch torpedo tube sets, two depth charge throwers, and two depth charge chutes.
Tasmania was laid down by William Beardmore and Company, Limited, at Dalmuir in Scotland on 18 December 1917. The destroyer was launched on 22 November 1918, and completed on 22 January 1919. The ship was commissioned into the Royal Navy in January 1919, but was not made operational, and was marked for transfer to the RAN, along with four sister ships. Tasmania was commissioned into the RAN on 27 January 1920.

## Operational history

Tasmania and three of her sister ships sailed for Australia on 20 February, visiting ports in the Mediterranean, India, Singapore, and the Netherlands East Indies before reaching Sydney on 29 April. Tasmania was primarily used for training, and apart from a visit to New Guinea in 1924, remained in Australian waters.

## Decommissioning and fate

Tasmania paid off into reserve on 9 January 1928. She was sold to Penguins Limited for ship breaking on 4 June 1937.

## Citations

* 1 2 Cassells, The Destroyers, pp. 126–7
* 1 2 3 4 5 Cassells, The Destroyers, p. 126
* 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Cassells, The Destroyers, p. 127
* 1 2 Cassells, The Destroyers, p. 114
# 1975 Chapeltown riot

The Chapeltown riot occurred on 5 November 1975 in the troubled Leeds district of Chapeltown in West Yorkshire, England. They were not to be the last riots in the area with further rioting in 1981 and 1987 and rioting in nearby Harehills in 2001.
# Margarodes

The scale insect genus Margarodes is a group in the family Margarodidae. The type species is Margarodes formicarum. The genus was erected in 1828 by Lansdown Guilding who found these waxy "pearls" in the soil on the island of Bahama, associated with ants, and named a species Margarodes formicarum.

## Species

* Margarodes aurelianus Hall, 1945
* Margarodes australis Jakubski, 1965
* Margarodes basrahensis Jakubski, 1965
* Margarodes capensis Giard, 1897
* Margarodes carvalhoi Costa, 1950
* Margarodes chukar La, 1967
* Margarodes congolensis Jakubski, 1965
* Margarodes dactyloides McDaniel, 1966
* Margarodes floridanus Jakubski, 1965
* Margarodes formicarum Guilding, 1829
* Margarodes gallicus Signoret, 1876
* Margarodes gimenezi Podtiaguin, 1941
* Margarodes greeni Brain, 1915
* Margarodes morrisoni McDaniel, 1965
* Margarodes newsteadi Brain, 1915
* Margarodes papillosus Green, 1912
* Margarodes paulistus Silvestri, 1939
* Margarodes peringueyi Brain, 1915
* Margarodes perrisii Signoret, 1876
* Margarodes prieskaensis Jakubski, 1965
* Margarodes rileyi Giard, 1897
* Margarodes ruber Brain, 1915
* Margarodes salisburiensis Hall, 1940
* Margarodes similis Morrison, 1924
* Margarodes sinensis Silvestri, 1938
* Margarodes trimeni Giard, 1897
* Margarodes upingtonensis De, 1983
* Margarodes vitis Philippi, 1884
* Margarodes vredendalensis De, 1983
* Margarodes williamsi Jakubski, 1965

### Former species
#### Scale

* Margarodes hameli Cockerell, 1902 now Porphyrophora hamelii
* Margarodes meridionalis Morrison, 1927 now Dimargarodes meridionalis
* Margarodes polonicus Cockerell, 1902 now Porphyrophora polonica

#### Moths

* Margarodes beryllalis (Margarodes beryttalis) Guenée, 1854 now Stemorrhages sericea
* Margarodes exaula Meyrick, 1888 now Stemorrhages exaula
* Margarodes indica now Diaphania indica
* Margarodes nigropunctalis Bremer, 1864 now Palpita nigropunctalis
* Margarodes sericeolalis Guenée, 1862 now Stemorrhages sericea
# Optical Waves in Layered Media

Optical Waves in Layered Media is written as a textbook by Pochi Yeh for current optics courses in electrical engineering or applied physics. The book focuses on physics theory more than practical application. It is clearly written and includes comprehensive mathematical theoretical representations of the topics covered. General topical coverage is divided into five parts beginning with electromagnetic theory. It then covers isotropic layered thin films, anisotropic and inhomogeneous media including crystals and birefringence, and guided waves using layered media. Currently, with more than 5,500 citations, this book is highly cited. The book was first published by John Wiley & Sons in 1988 and has been reprinted several times, with the last reprint in 2005.

## Author

In 1971, Pochi Yeh received his PhD in physics from the California Institute of Technology. He then obtained a position at Rockwell International Science Center in Thousand Oaks, California. In 1989 he became a member of the faculty at UC Santa Barbara. He is also the author and co-author of three other published books in the Optics discipline.
# Ennis baronets

The Ennis Baronetcy, of Ballinahown Court in the County of Westmeath, was a title in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom. It was created on 27 July 1866 for John Ennis, Member of Parliament for Athlone from 1857 to 1865. The second Baronet was also Member of Parliament for Athlone. The title became extinct on his death in 1884.

## Ennis baronets, of Ballinahown Court (1866)

* Sir John Ennis, 1st Baronet (1800–1878)
* Sir John James Ennis, 2nd Baronet (1842–1884)
# I Imera

I Imera (Greek: Η Ημέρα, English: The Day) was a newspaper that was based in Patras in the Achaea regional unit in Greece. Its editor-in-chief was Theodoros Kamperos.
# Office of Global Maritime Situational Awareness

The Office of Global Maritime Situational Awareness (OGMSA) is a United States interagency office tasked with achieving Maritime Domain Awareness and develop policies related to the disclosing this information to other areas of the U.S. government.
The OGMSA was formed as part of the National Plan to Achieve Maritime Security in October 2005.

## Major Initiatives

* Global Maritime Information Sharing Symposium (GMISS)
* Maritime Safety and Security Information System (MSSIS)
* Maritime Domain Awareness Enterprise Hubs
* Interagency Investment Strategy Monitoring, Reporting and Coordination
# Orobanche corymbosa

Orobanche corymbosa is a species of broomrape known by the common name flat-top broomrape. It is native to western North America where it is a parasite growing attached to the roots of other plants, usually sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). It produces a cluster of thick, glandular stems with enlarged bases and stout roots, the hairy stems pale whitish or yellowish, often purple-tinged, and up to 17 centimetres (6.7 in) tall. As a parasite taking its nutrients from a host plant, it lacks leaves and chlorophyll. The inflorescence is a wide array of a few tubular flowers. Each is 2 centimetres (0.79 in) or 3 centimetres (1.2 in) long, coated in glandular hairs, and dark-veined pink or purple in color.
# Speckmann

Speckmann or Speckman is a German surname, which is a habitational name for a person who lived near a swamp or specke in Middle Low German, or a locational surname for a person from German villages named Specke or Specken. The name may refer to:
* Bettina Speckmann (born 1972), German computer scientist, daughter of Erwin-Josef
* Erwin-Josef Speckmann (born 1939), German neuroscientist, father of Bettina
* Mark Speckman (born 1955), American football coach
* Paul Speckmann (born 1963), American musician
* Rosko Specman (born 1989), South African rugby player
* Mark Speckman (born 1995), South African rugby analyst
# Petiese

Petiese (alt. Peteese, Pediese) was the name of a number of high ancient Egyptian officials who served the pharaohs during the seventh and sixth centuries BCE. Their family history is known from a petition (pRylands 9), which the priest Petiese (referred to below as Petiese III) wrote during the reign of Darius I of Persia, although some have claimed that, rather than a real petition, this is a work of literature or at best a draft for a petition.

## The Petition of Petiese

Petiese I, son of Ireturu, administered Upper Egypt jointly with his cousin Petiese, son of Ankhshesheq, who held the position of Ships Master. In 651 BCE he had his priestly offices confirmed by Psamtik I, above all that of prophet of Amun of Teudjoi. After he had resigned from his powerful office of administrator of Upper Egypt, the priests of Teudjoi decided in 621 to wrest his priestly offices, which were well paid, from him and killed two of his grandsons. Pediese received police protection. He restored the fortunes of the temple at Teudjoi. Pediese's rights were inscribed on a stela. He signed over his prophet's portion to his son Wedjasematawi I.
In 591, Petiese II, son of Wedjasematawi I, accompanied Psamtik II on a campaign to Syria. While he was away, the priests of Teudjoi bribed an official and Petiese on his return lost his case against the priests in court.
After his death, his son Wedjasematawi II had to flee from Teudjoi as the priests tried to force him to sign over his rights to them. They destroyed his house in his absence, but had to pay a small compensation when Petiese III, the son of Wedjasematawi II, brought an action against them.
If the petition of Petiese III is to be believed there was little justice in the Egypt of his time and only bribery brought results.
# Forty-spotted pardalote

The forty-spotted pardalote (Pardalotus quadragintus) is one of Australia's rarest birds and by far the rarest pardalote, being confined to a few colonies in the south-east corner of Tasmania, mainly on Maria Island and Bruny Island.

## Description

A small, energetic passerine about 9 to 10 cm (3.5 to 4 in) long, the forty-spot is similar to the much commoner spotted pardalote (Pardalotus punctatus), but has a dull greenish-brown back and head, compared to the more colourful plumage of the latter, with which it shares its range, and there is no brow line. The rump is olive, the under-tail dull yellow. The chest is white with light yellow tints. The wings are black with white tips, appearing as many (closer to 60 than 40) discrete dots when the wings are folded. There is no seasonal variation in plumage; juveniles are slightly less colourful than the adults.

## Distribution and habitat

The forty-spotted pardalote is as of September 2021 found reliably only in a few isolated colonies on south-eastern Tasmania, most notably on Maria Island and Bruny Island. These two islands contain 99% of the species' population; there are a few colonies scattered across mainland Tasmania, and there may be a few left on Flinders Island. In 2009 there were 450 individuals on Bruny Island and 974 on Maria Island. A 2009 survey counted 1,486 birds at 54 of the 102 colonies surveyed; this compares with 3,840 individuals counted in 121 colonies in 1991 to 1997 – a loss of 47% of colonies.
The birds are found almost exclusively in dry eucalypt forests with high concentration of the Eucalyptus viminalis (white gum), where it forages almost exclusively. This species provides around 80% of the nestlings' diet.
* at a man-made nest

## Conservation

In the 17 years prior to 2010/2011, there had been a decrease of up to 60% in overall population. It is listed by the IUCN as endangered, because of its very small range, its highly fragmented distribution and its very small breeding area.
Threats include land clearing for sheep farming, low rainfall linked to climate change; bushfires; competitors such as noisy miners and striated pardalotes; predators such as the (introduced) laughing kookaburras; and the native parasitic fly Passeromyia longicornis.

## Behaviour

Forty-spots form pairs and are territorial during the breeding season, but may form small flocks during the winter. They are insect hunters and forage methodically for small insects in the canopy. They nest in tree hollows and occasionally in ground burrows.
# Margaux Paolino

Margaux Paolino (born July 1, 1997) is an American women's field hockey player. Paolino was added to the United States national team in 2018, following success in the national junior team.
Paolino first represented the United States junior national team in 2014 at a qualifying even for the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Montevideo, Uruguay. In 2016, Paolino once again represented the junior national team at the 2016 Junior Pan American Cup and 2016 Junior World Cup.
Paolino made her debut for the United States senior team in 2018 in a test series against Canada in San Diego, California. Paolino was selected to compete in the 2018 Vitality Women's Hockey World Cup, The 2019 Pan-American Games and 2019 FIH Olympic Games Qualifier.
Margaux was named by Front Office Sports to their Rising 25 Class of 2023 in Sports for her work as a Senior Analyst Insights at Elevate Sports Ventures.
# Gerstengrund

Gerstengrund is a municipality in the Wartburgkreis district of Thuringia, Germany.