OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 13th Mounted Rifles

The 13th Mounted Rifles were a light cavalry regiment of the Royal Prussian Army. The regiment was formed 1 October 1913 in Saarlouis.
# Veliki Draški vrh

Veliki Draški vrh is a mountain in Slovenia.

## History

In the August 2023 floods in North and Central Slovenia, two Dutch men, aged 52 and 20, who had hiked to Mount Veliki Draški vrh, were killed.
# Northern College

Northern College may refer to:
* Northern College (England), residential adult education college situated near Barnsley, United Kingdom
* Northern College (Ontario), a community college in Ontario, Canada
* For the former teacher training college in Scotland, see University of Aberdeen or University of Dundee.
# European Communities Act 1972

European Communities Act 1972 can refer to:
* European Communities Act 1972 (UK) which was repealed in 2020 consequential to Brexit
* European Communities Act 1972 (Ireland)
# GrassrootsPA

GrassrootsPA was a political news website centered on the politics of Pennsylvania. It was founded in 2004 by then law student Chris Lilik, a Pat Toomey supporter and became a "must-click resource" for Pennsylvania's conservative community. Even though Toomey lost that race, the website continued as a gathering place for conservatives and Specter's foes. The website also gained mainstream media attention as a source of breaking political news. Political commentator Chris Bravacos noted that GrassrootsPA attracted significantly higher readership than the official websites for the two major political parties.
During the public outcry following the 2005 Pennsylvania legislative pay raise, GrassrootsPA served as a focal point for reform activists. The American Spectator called GrassrootsPA a "flashpoint of this conservative revolution" in Pennsylvania.
In 2010, Politics Magazine described GrassrootsPA as "Pennsylvania's Drudge Report."
# Grand Prix Arizona

The Grand Prix Arizona was a planned annual round of the Champ Car World Series in Phoenix, Arizona, and was going to be an open-wheel race on a temporary street course through downtown Phoenix. The inaugural event was to have taken place from November 30 to December 1, 2007 and would have been continued annually for at least five years had the event not been called off. Financial pressures forced the event's sponsors to cancel the inaugural race.

## History

Grand Prix Arizona was owned and organized by local Arizona businessmen Dale Jensen and Bradley Yonover. Yonover and Jensen pitched their idea for bringing the race to downtown Phoenix and won over the support of local leaders, including the Phoenix city council, but had run into significant opposition from local businesses as well as concerns over noise brought up by Maricopa County sheriff Joe Arpaio, as part of the track passed in front of the department's downtown call center.
The operators of nearby Phoenix International Raceway argued that the event's original planned dates were too close to the Checker Auto Parts 500, a NASCAR race that is a major event for the race track. A compromise to postpone the proposed downtown race eased the fears and PIR officials withdrew their opposition, clearing the way for city council approval. A test run of the track held on March 6, 2007, featuring Team Australia drivers Will Power and Simon Pagenaud eased noise concerns and earned the approval of Arpaio, apparently clearing the final hurdle to the race.

## Cancellation

Race organizers experienced difficulties in securing adequate sponsorship for the event in spite of the favorable support from the Phoenix city council. The loss of primary sponsor First Data Independent Sales Fresno early in 2007 left the event with inadequate funding, and organizers were unable to line up a replacement.
Although ticket sales for the event had been underway, Grand Prix Arizona officials announced on August 28 that the inaugural event would be cancelled citing lack of economic viability due to insufficient corporate sponsorship. Event organizers were offering full refunds to those who had purchased tickets.

## The Track

The Downtown Phoenix circuit was going to be 2.11 miles long and was going to encompass Chase Field and the US Airways Center, as well as a good portion of the Downtown Warehouse District. The circuit was set to begin on Jefferson Street, go south on 7th Street, head west on Lincoln Street (with some turns), head north on 1st Avenue across a portion of Madison Street and back to Jefferson Street. A unique aspect of the circuit was that pit road was not on the same straightaway as the start/finish line.
# Wilhelm Seitz

Leutnant Wilhelm Anton Seitz was a German World War I flying ace credited with 16 aerial victories. He scored those victories over a two-year span, beginning on 17 November 1916 and ending on 4 November 1918.

## Aerial service

Seitz was already a Vizefeldwebel when he joined Jagdstaffel 8 on 10 November 1916. He scored his first aerial victory on 17 November. He would account for three more opponents during 1917, and had run his total to ten by the time he transferred out of the squadron. In September 1918, he was appointed to command Jagdstaffel 68. As Vizefeldwebel is not a command rank, it can be inferred that Seitz had previously been commissioned as Leutnant. Leading his new unit by example, Seitz shot down six more enemy airplanes by the Armistice. He ended the war credited with 16 aerial victories. He had been awarded both classes of the Iron Cross, as well as the Military Karl-Friedrich Merit Medal.

## Sources of information

* ↑ The Aerodrome website page on Seitz Retrieved on 16 September 2020.
* ↑ Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918, p. 209
* ↑ The Aerodrome website page on medal Retrieved 16 September 2020.
# Spring Bay, Saskatchewan

Spring Bay is a hamlet in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Spring Bay had a population of 20 living in 13 of its 39 total private dwellings, a change of 100% from its 2016 population of 10. With a land area of 0.22 km$^2$ (0.085 sq mi), it had a population density of 90.9/km$^2$ (235.5/sq mi) in 2021.

## Government

Past hamlet board members included:
* Chair - Karen Kramer (Term expired in 2021)
* Secretary - David Price (Term expired in 2019)
* Member - Devin Krohn (Term expired in 2020)
# Spring Bay Township, Woodford County, Illinois

Spring Bay Township is located in Woodford County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, its population was 2,643 and it contained 1,133 housing units.

## Geography

According to the 2010 census, the township has a total area of 16.92 square miles (43.8 km$^2$), of which 10.28 square miles (26.6 km$^2$) (or 60.76%) is land and 6.64 square miles (17.2 km$^2$) (or 39.24%) is water.
# Ponte Alta

Ponte Alta is a city in Santa Catarina, in the Southern Region of Brazil.
# Ponte Altinate

The Ponte Altinate is a Roman bridge in Padua, Italy. The late Republican bridge once spanned a branch of the Brenta river whose course is today followed by the street Riviera del Ponti Romani. The structure is located at the crossing with Via Altinate and, lying underground, completely obstructed from view by the modern pavement.
The rise-to-span ratio is 1:4 for the main arch and 1:3.7 for the two lateral ones, while the ratio of pier thickness to clear span is c. 1:5.
Close by is the similarly inaccessible Roman bridge Ponte San Lorenzo which is open to visitors at fixed hours though.
# Ponte Alta do Tocantins

Ponte Alta do Tocantins is a municipality in the state of Tocantins in the Northern region of Brazil.
The municipality is in the microregion of Jalapão. The municipality contains part of the 707,079 hectares (1,747,230 acres) Serra Geral do Tocantins Ecological Station, a strictly protected conservation unit created in 2001 to preserve an area of cerrado.
# History of the Turks

The term Turk may refer to either the Turkish peoples in general, or a specific one of these peoples, typically the Turkish people:
* History of the Turkish people
* History of the Turkic peoples
# William Goodman

William Goodman may refer to:
* Billy Goodman (1926–1984), baseball infielder
* William Ernest Goodman (1879–1949), American cricketer
* William Meigh Goodman, British colonial judge
* William E. Goodman (1838–1912), American soldier in the American Civil War
* William O. Goodman (1848–1936), American lumber tycoon
* Sir W. G. T. Goodman (William George Toop Goodman, 1872–1961), tramways engineer in South Australia
# Splendeuptychia

Splendeuptychia is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae.

## Species

* Splendeuptychia ackeryi Huertas, 2009 – Magdalena Valley ringlet
* Splendeuptychia ambra (Weymer, [1911])
* Splendeuptychia ashna (Hewitson, 1869)
* Splendeuptychia aurigera (Weymer, [1911])
* Splendeuptychia boliviensis Forster, 1964
* Splendeuptychia clementia (Butler, 1877)
* Splendeuptychia clorimena (Stoll, 1790)
* Splendeuptychia cosmophila (Hübner, 1823)
* Splendeuptychia doxes (Godart, [1824])
* Splendeuptychia furina (Hewitson, 1862)
* Splendeuptychia hygina (Butler, 1877)
* Splendeuptychia itonis (Hewitson, 1862)
* Splendeuptychia junonia (Butler, 1867)
* Splendeuptychia kendalli Miller, 1978
* Splendeuptychia latia (Butler, 1867)
* Splendeuptychia libitina (Butler, 1870)
* Splendeuptychia mercedes Huertas, 2011
* Splendeuptychia pagyris (Godart, [1824])
* Splendeuptychia purusana (Aurivillius, 1929)
* Splendeuptychia quadrina (Butler, 1869)
* Splendeuptychia salvini (Butler, 1867)
* Splendeuptychia telesphora (Butler, 1877)
* Splendeuptychia toynei Willmott & Hall, 1995
* Splendeuptychia triangula (Aurivillius, 1929)
* Splendeuptychia zischkai Forster, 1964
# Hitoe Arakaki

Hitoe Arakaki (新垣 仁絵, Arakaki Hitoe, born 7 April 1981) is the oldest member of the Japanese pop group Speed, which disbanded in 2000 and reformed in 2009. She was born in Okinawa, Japan, and is also known purely by her first name, Hitoe.
In 1999, Arakaki released her first solo single, "Inori", which topped the Oricon charts at No.2. In December 2002, she released her second single, "I Got You", and the album I'll Do It My Way. Besides "Inori", all tracks on the album were co-written by her. In February 2003, she released her third single, "I'll Do It My Way".

## Discography
### Singles

* Inori (1999)
* I Got You (2002)
* I'll Do It My Way (2003)

### Albums

* I'll Do It My Way (2002)
# Popovi

Popovi (Serbian Cyrillic: Попови) is a village in the municipality of Bijeljina, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Popular science (disambiguation)

Popular science (pop science) is an interpretation of science intended for a general audience.
It may also refer to:

## Magazines

* Popular Science (aka PopSci), a U.S. magazine on science, technology, and industry founded in 1872
** Popular Science Italia, the Italian edition
* Harmsworth Popular Science, a British magazine on science and technology from the turn of the 20th century
# Pondwell

Pondwell is an area between Nettlestone and Ryde on the Isle of Wight, off the southern coast of England. According to the Post Office the population for the area at the 2011 Census was included in the civil parish of Nettlestone and Seaview.
The houses are arranged to the south east of a crossroads known as Bullen Cross, which features a vintage electricity junction box from a 19th-century local power generating company. Known as a "supply pillar" it features a once-plentiful "batwing" lantern manufactured by Electric Street Lighting Apparatus (ESLA) of Canterbury.
Pondwell is also the site of Seaview Wildlife Encounter – formerly Flamingo Park – a small zoo and waterfowl park. The beach at the bottom of the Salterns was formerly a thriving harbour for timber export; at that time the low-lying land at the foot of Pondwell Hill formed a tidal inlet of the sea known as Barnsley Creek.
The Isle of Wight Distillery, makers of Mermaid Gin, has had its headquarters in Pondwell.
# Population fragmentation

Population fragmentation is a form of population segregation. It is often caused by habitat fragmentation.

## Causes

Fragmentation can be the cause of natural forces or human actions, although in modern times, human activity is the most common cause. Some general causes of fragmentation are:
* the development of land around a protected area, even through the addition of a single road lane or fence line,
* the captivity, capture or killing of species in an area that links populations,
* the movement of a population away from other individuals of that species, such as the natural introduction of wolves and moose on Isle Royale,
* geologic processes, such as landslides or volcanoes, dividing a habitat
* rising sea levels separating islands from what was once a common landmass,
* global warming, especially when coupled with mountains, reducing movement from one habitat to another.

## Genetic effects

Population fragmentation causes inbreeding depression, which leads to a decrease in genetic variability in the species involved. This decreases the fitness of the population for several reasons. First, inbreeding forces competition with relatives, which decreases the evolutionary fitness of the species. Secondly, the decrease in genetic variability causes an increased possibility a lethal homozygous recessive trait may be expressed; this decreases the average litter size reproduced, indirectly decreasing the population. When a population is small, the influence of genetic drift increases, which leads to less and/or random fixation of alleles. In turn, this leads to increased homozygosity, negatively affecting individual fitness. The performance of plants may be compromised by less effective selection which causes an accumulation of deleterious mutations in small populations. Since individuals in small populations are more likely to be related, they are more likely to inbreed. A reduction in fitness may occur in small plant populations because of mutation accumulation, reduced genetic diversity, and increased inbreeding. Over time, the evolutionary potential and a species's ability to adapt to a changing environment, such as climate change, is decreased.
# Springwater, Oregon

Springwater is an unincorporated rural community in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States, about three miles (4.8 km) south of Estacada on Oregon Route 211. So named since pioneer days, it was one of the first places on the upper Clackamas River to have a post office. Springwater post office ran from 1874 to 1914, with George A. Crawford as the first postmaster. The historic wooden Springwater Presbyterian Church was built c. 1890. The Springwater Grange has celebrated a Springwater Fair every year since 1923.
# Springwater, Saskatchewan

Springwater is a special service area in the Rural Municipality of Biggar No. 347, Saskatchewan, Canada. It held village status prior to December 31, 2006. Springwater is located south of Lydden Lake, west of Springwater Lake and southeast of Sunny Lake. It is also the location of the Springwater Meteorite found in 1931 near Springwater.

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Springwater had a population of 10 living in 7 of its 8 total private dwellings, a change of 0% from its 2016 population of 10. With a land area of 0.67 km$^2$ (0.26 sq mi), it had a population density of 14.9/km$^2$ (38.7/sq mi) in 2021.
# William Beamont

William Beamont FSA (1797–1889) was an English solicitor and local philanthropist. He lived in the town of Warrington, in the north-west of England.

## Life

Beamont was the first mayor of Warrington after its incorporation as a municipal borough in 1847. As mayor, he founded its municipal library, the first rate-aided library in the UK, in 1848. He travelled extensively, including in the Holy Land, where he met William Holman Hunt. His diaries, stored in the town's main library, are a valuable source of social history. For many years he lived at Orford Hall. Beamont was a Member of the Chetham Society, and served as Member of Council (1849–82) and Vice-President (1879–82). He was also a Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London.
A high school (Beamont Collegiate Academy) and a primary school in the town are named after him.
His grave lies in the churchyard of Christ Church, Padgate, one of several Church of England churches that he helped found.

## Family

Beamont married Ann Gaskell (died 1859), daughter of John Gaskell of Warrington. He outlived his only son William John Beamont, who was a clergyman and author.
# Gransherad (disambiguation)

Gransherad may refer to:

## Places

* Gransherad, a former municipality in Telemark county, Norway
* Gransherad (village), a village in Notodden Municipality in Telemark county, Norway
* Gransherad Church, a church in Notodden Municipality in Telemark county, Norway
* Gransherad Station, a railway station in Notodden Municipality in Telemark county, Norway
# Porterfield

Porterfield may refer to:

## People

* Porterfield (surname)

## Places

* Porterfield, Wisconsin, a town, United States
* Porterfield (community), Wisconsin, an unincorporated community, United States
* Porterfield Lakes, Nova Scotia, Canada
* HM Prison Inverness, also known as Porterfield Prison
* Renfrew Porterfield railway station, Renfrew, Renfrewshire, Scotland

## Other uses

* Porterfield Aircraft Corporation, an American aircraft design and manufacturing company founded in 1934
* USS Porterfield, an American naval destroyer in service 1943–69
# Grantham House

Grantham House is a town house, built in 1380, which is owned by the National Trust. It is in Grantham, Lincolnshire, England.
The House is in Castlegate and its architectural features have been enhanced and remodelled several times over the centuries and include a 16th-century chimney stack, 17th century windows and an 18th-century staircase. The House and the Stables are both Grade I listed buildings and the Wall and Doorway for the riverside garden is Grade II* listed. It was known as 'Hall House' in the 16th century after the Hall family who owned it and important guests during this period include Cardinal Wolsey and Margaret Tudor, Queen of Scots.
The house is a tenanted property and is not open to visitors.
# Porcelain money

Porcelain money refers to coins and tokens made of porcelain intended for economic exchange. Most famous are the German Notgeld struck between 1921 and 1923, and the gambling tokens used as petty coinage in Siam with Chinese characters.

## German Notgeld

The German porcelain Notgeld were made between the years 1915 and 1923, in the years before the German Hyperinflation, and a shortage of small change. Most of the porcelain Notgeld were produced for collectors in sets. These special form of coins were struck in Meissen in Saxony in the years 1921 to 1923.
Most of the coins were made in red Böttgerstoneware, but also in white porcelain. Some of them are partly gilt. They were issued for the province Saxony in the cities Meissen and Freiberg, the state of Thuringia in the city of Eisenach, in Silesia in the city of Münsterberg and in Saxony-Anhalt in the city of Quedlinburg. Building on the popularity of these tokens, Meissen continued to strike Medals in porcelain and stoneware.

## Siamese gambling tokens

Also known as "Thai porcelain tokens" or "pee" (Chinese: 暹罗陶瓷代币 Xiānluó táocí dàibì), originally tokens for gambling, these small porcelain tokens became popular as petty coinage. They were made in a variety of forms: round, square, and rectangular. Some have inscriptions in Chinese or Thai, some have a pictorial design. There are several collections of these in museums around the world, including the British Museum, the Wereldmuseum Leiden, the Sammlung Köhler-Osbahr Archived 2017-12-13 at the Wayback Machine (Duisburg).

## Malaysian clay gaming tokens

These were issued in Chinese settlements in the Malay states, for use in gaming establishments, and then as currency. The early tokens were imported from Siam, and over time they were also made locally. The tokens were easy and cheap to produce. To deal with large-scale counterfeiting, licensed issuers would change the designs frequently. This eventually led to the appearance of a new type of gambling counter, called jokoh.
# Porcelain boudoir of Maria Amalia of Saxony

The Porcelain boudoir of Maria Amalia of Saxony is a rococo interior now located in the Palace of Capodimonte in Naples. It was originally made for the Palace of Portici in 1757–59, but has now been moved to the Capodimonte Palace. It is named after Maria Amalia of Saxony, queen of Naples. It consists of white porcelain panels decorated in high relief with festoons and genre scenes, drawing on the Chinoiserie popular at the time. It was designed by Giuseppe Gricci (c. 1700–1770) and produced in the Royal Porcelain Factory of Capodimonte, founded by Maria Amalia and her husband Charles of Bourbon in 1743.
After Charles became Carlos III of Spain and moved the Capodimonte factory to Madrid as the Real Fábrica del Buen Retiro, similar rooms were made for the Palace of Aranjuez (also chinoiserie), and the Palacio Real, Madrid, this time in a Neoclassical style.
# Greater Republic of Central America–United States relations

Relations between the Greater Republic of Central America, also known as the United Provinces of Central America, and the United States were formally established in 1896 following El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua agreeing to form a union similar to the former Federal Republic of Central America. Relations lasted until 1898 when the Great Republic dissolved and relations with the United States continued with the individual states of El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua.

## History

After the collapse of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1841 due to the first and second Central American Civil War's, three of the former member states of the Federal Republic of Central America, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua agreed to form the Greater Republic of Central America with the signing of the Treaty of Amapala on 25 June 1895.
Prior to the signing of the Treaty of Ampala, in the late 1880s, Guatemalan President Manuel Barillas pushed the idea in Guatemala and neighboring El Salvador and Honduras to recreate a Central American union like the long-dissolved Federal Republic of Central America. The pressure resulted in the nations of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua signing a treaty in San Salvador on 15 October 1889 which proclaimed the Republic of Central America. The republic was set to be established on 15 September 1890, to coincide with the date of independence of the original Federal Republic. On 22 June 1890, however, Salvadoran President Francisco Menéndez was assassinated and his successor, Carlos Ezeta, pulled out of the treaty, effectively killing the union before it was even formed. Guatemala refused to recognize Ezeta's presidency and declared war on El Salvador on 27 June 1890. The United States sent warships to the coasts of El Salvador and Guatemala to protect American interests in both countries and put pressure on both governments to end the war which the two agreed to do so on 21 August 1890. The treaty was signed by the five nations of Central America and legitimized Ezeta's government.
The United States formally recognized the Republic on 24 December 1896, with President Grover Cleveland noting the responsibilities toward the individual republics were" wholly unaffected." The United States was represented by a legation office in San José, Costa Rica which today is the American Embassy to Costa Rica. A legation office represented the Greater Republic in Washington, D.C.
On 29 November 1898, the Greater Republic of Central America was dissolved and the individual member states promptly resumed independent diplomatic relations with the United States. The U.S. was informed of the Republic's dissolution in a letter that arrived on 5 December.