OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess

Elisabeth Tschermak-Woess (28 January 1917 – 26 April 2001) was an Austrian University lecturer, cytologist, and phycologist who worked with lichen photobionts. In 1994, Tschermak-Woess was awarded the Acharius Medal for her lifetime contributions to lichenology. She had a Festschrift dedicated to her in 1988, in the journal Plant Systematics and Evolution (volume 158, pages 73–340). Lichen taxa that have been named after Tschermak-Woess include the genus Woessia and the species Asterochloris woessiae.

## Biography

Tschermak-Woess studied botany and chemistry at the University of Vienna. In 1948 she began her career as a cytologist with Lothar Geitler. From 1971 to 1985 she was a professor of botany (cytology and genetics) at the University of Vienna. Noted for her excellent technique with the light microscope, she discovered the presence of polytene chromosomes in plants. She published several studies about the interactions between mycobionts and phycobionts as well as studies on haustoria. Her field of work eventually shifted from cytology, karyology and the biology of the lichen symbiosis to epiphytic algae and lichen algae, especially their biology and systematics. Tschermak-Woess published more than 100 scientific papers, including a book and the overview on lichen algae in Margalith Galun's Handbook of Lichenology (1988). Tschermak-Woess made a significant contribution to the understanding of lichen algae, and she circumscribed the genera Asterochloris, Dilabifilum. Elliptochloris, and Hemochloris. About a third of Tschermak-Woess's publications are about cytology; frequent topics in this area include population cytogenetic studies on Allium paniculatum, and the processes of endomitosis and endopolyploidy in flowering plants.

## Selected works

* Tschermak-Woess, Elisabeth (1999). "Life cycle and supplementary comments on the light microscopic morphology of Nannochioris eucaryota". Plant Biology. 1 (2): 214–218. doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1999.tb00246.x.
* Tschermakwoess, E (1995). "Dictyochloropsis splendida (chlorophyta), the correct phycobiont of and the high degree of selectivity or specificity involved". The Lichenologist. 27: 169–187. doi:10.1016/S0024-2829(05)80016-7.
# Elisabeth Udolf-Strobl

Elisabeth Udolf-Strobl (born 12 April 1956) is an Austrian civil servant. She served as Minister for Digital and Economic Affairs in the Bierlein government.
Udolf-Strobl studied at Vienna University and the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna. From 1986 she was employed by the Austrian trade ministry. From 2018 she was a board member of Austrian Standards International. On 3 June 2019 she was sworn in as federal minister.
# Elise List

Elise Friederike Mathilde List (1 July 1822, Stuttgart – 4 January 1893 Munich) was a German singer and friend of Clara Schumann, Robert Schumann, Felix Mendelssohn, and Franz Liszt, who was enamored of her appearance. She appeared in the Gallery of Beauties gathered by King Ludwig I of Bavaria in 1842.

## Life

Elise List was born in Stuttgart as the second daughter of National Economist Friedrich List, one of the best known German economists, and Karoline Neidhard, daughter of the poet David Christoph Seybold.
In 1833, Elise and her family moved to Leipzig. They had been living in Tübingen and Stuttgart and also spent several years in the United States, where they became friends of pianist and composer Clara Schumann and her husband Robert.
During their time in Leipzig, Elise attracted attention with her voice, which she had trained in Paris from a young age. Franz Liszt was one of her admirers. Felix Mendelssohn recommended further training of her voice; the Schumanns were also enthusiastic about Elise's soprano.
In 1840, Elise received an engagement at the Leipzig Gewandhaus concert hall, but she was unable to combat her stage fright. In the winter of 1842/43, a last-ditch attempt was made in Berlin—but, there also, her success was limited.

## Portrait

Elise was introduced to the king by his stepsister Queen Elisabeth Ludovika of Prussia, who told Ludwig "She sang for us with a very beautiful voice but her face pleased me even more than her singing and I think she would be worthy of being included in your collection of beauties."
In 1843, the king commissioned Joseph Karl Stieler to paint a portrait of her for the Gallery of Beauties Nymphenburg Castle. At that time, Elise met the widowed Austrian industrialist Gustav Moriz Pacher von Theinburg in Bad Ischl, whom she married on 27 March 1845. Their first daughter Leontine Meta died after only four days. In 1847 and 1848, the children Hedwig Emilie and Friedrich "Fritz" were born, and in 1852, a daughter, Cäcilie "Cilla" Karoline Katharina was born.
Elise's husband died of typhoid fever on 25 January 1852, after which Elise and her children moved to Munich.
Possibly due to the loss of her daughter in 1879, Elise fell ill for a long period of time. Although her condition improved in 1891, she died of pneumonia in 1893.
# Neil H. Jacoby

Neil Herman Jacoby (September 19, 1909 – May 31, 1979) was a university professor and public servant and was widely recognized as an expert on matters of taxation, finance, economic policy, and business-government relationships.

## Early life

He was born in Dundurn, Saskatchewan, Canada, and received his B.A. in 1930 from the University of Saskatchewan. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1937 and received his Ph.D. from the University of Chicago in 1938.

## Career

Jacoby then served as a professor and administrator at the University of Chicago from 1938 to 1948. In 1940 he joined the research staff at the National Bureau for Economic Research, and in 1942 became a member of the Research Advisory Board of the Committee for Economic Development.
In 1948 he returned to academic life by becoming Dean of the University of California Graduate School of Business Administration. He worked as a consultant for the Rand Corporation from 1951 to 1961. During this time he also served as a member of President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers (1953–1955), and as a U.S. Representative to the U.S. Economic and Social Council (1957).
# Course (food)

A course is a specific set of food items served together during a meal, all at the same time. A course may include multiple dishes including side dishes or only one, and often includes items with some variety of flavors. For instance, a hamburger served with French fries would be considered a single course and might constitute the entire meal. Larger meals might include many courses, such as a course where a soup is served by itself, a course when cordon bleu is served at the same time as its garnish and perhaps a side dish of vegetables, and finally a dessert such as a pumpkin pie. Courses may vary in size as well as number depending on the culture where the meal takes place.
When dishes are served mostly in a single course, this is known in formal terms as service à la française; when dishes are served mostly in separate courses, this is called service à la russe.

## Etymology

The word is derived from the French word cours (run), and came into English in the 14th century. It came to be used perhaps because the food in a banquet serving had to be brought at speed from a remote kitchen – in the 1420 cookbook Du fait de cuisine the word "course" is used interchangeably with the word for serving.
# Negus (disambiguation)

Negus is a title in the Eritrean and Northern Ethiopian Semitic languages.
Negus may also refer to:
* Negus (surname), a surname
* Negus (drink), a hot mixed drink of wine
* Negus Mine, a Canadian gold producer 1939–1952
* Negus (album), by Mos Def, 2019
* Negus Nurse, Guyanese singer
# Ello

Ello (Brianzöö: Ell) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Lecco in the Italian region Lombardy, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) northeast of Milan and about 8 kilometres (5 mi) southwest of Lecco. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,202 and an area of 2.4 square kilometres (0.93 sq mi).
Ello borders the following municipalities: Colle Brianza, Dolzago, Galbiate, Oggiono.
# Cranberry Prairie, Ohio

Cranberry Prairie is an unincorporated community in southern Granville Township, Mercer County, in the U.S. state of Ohio.

## History

A post office called Cranberry Prairie was established in 1851, and remained in operation until 1904. Besides the post office, Cranberry Prairie has a Catholic church and a country store.
# Elizabeth Inglis Lothian

Elizabeth Inglis Lothian (22 October 1881 - 6 May 1973) was an Australian teacher of classics.

## Biography

Lothian was born in 1881 in Gateshead, Durham, England to John Inglis Lothian, a publisher's cashier, and his wife Lillias, née Smith. The family emigrated to Australia, arriving in Melbourne in 1888. Lothian attended St Kilda State School followed by Presbyterian Ladies' College, East Melbourne. She then entered Ormond College as a non-resident at the University of Melbourne and studied classics towards a bachelor of arts degree, which she completed in 1903. In 1905 she entered Newnham College, Cambridge, on a university scholarship and studied classical and comparative philology and logic. In 1907 she returned to Melbourne and in 1908 completed a master's degree at the University of Melbourne.
In 1908, Lothian took a position as classics mistress at Tintern Ladies' College, Hawthorn, followed by a position as senior classics mistress at the Church of England Girls' Grammar School in 1914. In 1914 she also completed her diploma in education from the University of Melbourne. She retired from teaching in 1946 but continued to teach classics at Queen's College until 1954.
Lothian served on a number of professional bodies during her career. She was a member of the Victorian Women Graduates' Association from 1920, and in 1922 she was appointed to the Victorian School Board's classics standing committee. Lothian also served as a council member for the Classical Association of Victoria from 1927 to 1960. From 1917 to 1953 she was involved with the establishment and running of University Women's College.
Lothian died on 6 May 1973 at Box Hill, Victoria.
# Ellychnia lacustris

Ellychnia lacustris is a species of firefly in the genus Ellychnia.
# Crag Farm Pit, Sudbourne

Crag Farm Pit, Sudbourne is a 4.8-hectare (12-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest east of Sudbourne in Suffolk. It is a Geological Conservation Review site, and within the Suffolk Coast and Heaths Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.
This site dates to the early Pliocene, around four million years ago. It is described by Natural England as an important geological site, which has the best exposure of sandwave facies of the Coralline Crag Formation. Fossils of many bryozoan species are present.
The site has been filled in and is now a field. It is on private land with no public access.
# Elizabeth Sophia Tomlins

Elizabeth Sophia Tomlins (1763–1828) was an English novelist and occasional poet.
She was born in 1763. In 1797, her brother, later Sir Thomas Edlyne Tomlins (1762–1841), published Tributes of Affection by a Lady and her Brother (London, 8vo), a collection of short poems, most of them by her. Besides contributing several pieces to various periodical publications, she was the author of several novels, of which the most popular was The Victim of Fancy, an imitation of Goethe's Werther. Others were The Baroness d'Alunton, and Rosalind de Tracy, 1798, 12mo. She also translated the History of Napoleon Bonaparte from one of the works of Louis Pierre Anquetil. Tomlins died at The Firs, Cheltenham, on 8 August 1828 (Gent. Mag. 1828, ii. 471).
# Elizabeth Southwell

Lady Elizabeth Southwell (née Cromwell), called Lady Cromwell (1674–1709) was an English noblewoman, the only daughter of Vere Essex Cromwell, 4th Earl of Ardglass and wife Catherine Hamilton.

## Title

When her father died in 1687, she claimed his title of Baron Cromwell, although his Earldom and Viscountship became extinct; she was ranked with the Peeresses at the funeral of Queen Mary II and the coronation of Queen Anne, but her claim appears to have been a mistake.
Whether she was entitled to succeed her father depends on how the barony was created. A barony by writ descends to an only daughter, if a baron have no sons; a barony by patent follows the rule of descent given in the patent - normally to the male heirs of the grantee, which would exclude daughters.
The Barony of Cromwell has a patent, granted in 1540 to Gregory Cromwell, 1st Baron Cromwell of Oakham (and his heirs male), son of Henry VIII's Minister Thomas Cromwell, after his father's fall and execution. But the antiquarian William Dugdale had claimed in the 1670s that there was also a writ summoning Gregory Cromwell as Baron Cromwell, dated 28 April 1539. Although he gives a text of the writ, the form is not standard, and no writs at all are recorded as being issued on that day - the first day of Parliament, and so rather late to summon men to attend it; the Complete Peerage conjectures that Dugdale saw a reference to Lord Cromwell in the proceedings of the Parliament, deduced that it meant the son - not the father - and supplied the writ he assumed must exist. Gregory Cromwell was, however, elected as one of the Knights of the Shire for Kent in 1539, and was summoned to Parliament that year to sit in the House of Commons.

## Courtship, Marriage, and Issue

In 1703, Cromwell was courted by Anglo-Virginian planter William Byrd II. While she travelled to Dublin with Edward Southwell, the Secretary of State for Ireland, Byrd wrote a series of letters addressing Cromwell as 'Facetia' and himself as 'Veramour'. Byrd and Southwell were close friends at the time. Southwell's father, Sir Robert Southwell, had secured Byrd's entry into the Royal Society before dying in 1702. Cromwell's replies do not survive, but Byrd's outgoing letters (preserved and published by Marion Tinling) show how he grew irritated as she stopped replying to his persistent and melodramatic letters. Byrd grew angry, lashing out at Cromwell's 'hibernian amuzement' and 'laziness', sabotaging any hopes of a successful courtship.
On 29 October 1704, Cromwell married Edward Southwell in Ireland. Their son, Edward Southwell, did not style himself Baron Cromwell of Oakham. Cromwell's grandson inherited the much older and more distinguished Barony of Clifford as the title's 20th holder.

## Death

Elizabeth died of consumption on 31 March 1709 and was buried at Henbury. In a letter to Lord Raby, on 1 April 1709, Lady Wentworth wrote that "Your old Mrs. is dead and left thre lovly boys behynde and a dismall mallancolly husband ; its Lady Betty Southwell whoe made a very good wife, and he a fond husband."
# Covelo (Gondomar)

Covelo is a former civil parish in the municipality of Gondomar, Portugal. In 2013, the parish merged into the new parish Foz do Sousa e Covelo. It has a population of 1,755 inhabitants and a total area of 8.36 km$^2$.
# Elliott baronets

The Elliott Baronetcy, of Limpsfield in the County of Surrey, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 21 June 1917 for the civil servant Sir Thomas Elliott, KCB,. He was Secretary to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries from 1892 to 1913.

## Elliott baronets, of Limpsfield (1917)

* Sir Thomas Henry Elliott, KCB, 1st Baronet (1854–1926) Appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in 1897 and promoted to Knight Commander (KCB) in 1902.
* Sir Ivo D'Oyly Elliott, 2nd Baronet (1882–1961)
* Sir Hugh Francis Ivo Elliott, 3rd Baronet (1913–1989)
* Sir Clive Christopher Hugh Elliott, 4th Baronet (1945–2018)
* Sir Ivo Antony Moritz Elliott, 5th Baronet (born 1978)
    The heir apparent is the current baronet's son Tristan H L Elliott (born 2016)
# Crenicichla tingui

Crenicichla tingui is a species of cichlid native to South America, found in Brazil. This species reaches a length of 19.5 cm (7.7 in).
# Creigiau Gleision

Listed summits of Creigiau Gleision :
| Name | Grid ref | Height | Status |
| Creigiau Gleision North Top | SH733622 | 634 m (2,080 ft) | Hewitt, Nuttall |
| Craiglwyn | SH730608 | 623 m (2,044 ft) | sub Hewitt, Nuttall |
Creigiau Gleision is a mountain in Snowdonia, Wales, near Capel Curig. It is the easternmost of the high Carneddau and is separated from the others by Llyn Cowlyd. Directly across this reservoir from Creigiau Gleision is Pen Llithrig y Wrach. To the north-east it runs into the broad ridge of Cefn Cyfarwydd.
Creigiau Gleision affords splendid views in all directions, including northwards to the coast, and down the Ogwen Valley and Dyffryn Mymbyr towards Snowdon.
In fact the mountain has three peaks, hence perhaps its plural name. The most southerly peak is the highest, at 678 metres (2,224 ft), and the O.S. map also marks the northerly peak (some ½ mile distant) at 634 metres (2,080 ft). Between these two lie a middle peak, of a height between the outer two, but cairnless and unmarked on the O.S. map.
Colin Adams, author of The Mountain Walker's Guide to Wales (Gwasg Carreg Gwalch, 2002), has reached the summit of Creigiau Gleision over 450 times. He claims that on many occasions he encountered a ghost there who has spoken to him, and although he makes no reference to this in his book, he wrote about it in 1999.
# Elizabeth Montgomery (disambiguation)

Elizabeth Montgomery may refer to:
* Elizabeth Montgomery (1933–1995), American actress
* Elizabeth Montgomery (designer) (1902–1993), English theatre and costume designer
* Elizabeth Bryan Allen (1904–1992), also known as Elizabeth Montgomery, American actress
* Dorothy Elizabeth Montgomery (1924–2009), American baseball player
# Neernemula

Neernemula is a medium size village located in Ramannapeta Mandal, Nalgonda district, Telangana, India. It has an average elevation of 322 meters above sea level. It is 36 km from the district headquarters in(Nalgonda) and 80 km from Hyderabad, the Telangana State capital. It is connected by tar road from Ramannapeta. The village is surrounded by Dubbaka to the east, Nidhanpally to the west, Bogaram to the southwest, Ramannapeta to the south, and Shobhanadripuram and Lakshmapuram to the north. The nearest town to Neernemula village is Ramannapeta, about 3 km to the south.
According to Census-2011 information the location code or village code of Neernemula village is 576849. The Neernemula village has population of 1810, of which 910 are males while 900 are females as per the population census of 2011. There are a total of 420 families residing in Neernemula village. The population of children age 0-6 is 170 which makes up 9.39% of total population of village. The average sex ratio of Neernemula village is 989. Child Sex Ratio for the Neernemula as per census is 828. In 2011, the literacy rate of Neernemula village was 67%. In Neernemula, the male literacy stands at 77% while the female literacy rate was 58%. The village people speak Telugu and Urdu.
Neernemula has temple dedicated to Shiva and Hanuman, located at the centre of the village. The idol of "shivalingam" was found in the digging of the village pond. The pond is mostly filled with water throughout the year and it is famous for fish, which is one of the sources of income to the village Panchayat.
The village is administrated by a Sarpanch (head of village), who is an elected representative.
Major cultivation is paddy. Most of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. For children to have education up to seventh class there is a School.
# Craig Cohen (political scientist)

Craig Cohen (born 17 December 1974) is executive vice president at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. Previously, he has served as deputy chief of staff and as a fellow in the Post-Conflict Reconstruction Project of the CSIS International Security Program. He was codirector of the CSIS Commission on Smart Power and directed research on Pakistan, authoring A Perilous Course: U.S. Strategy and Assistance to Pakistan (CSIS, August 2007). He is also the author of Measuring Progress in Reconstruction and Stabilization Operations (U.S. Institute of Peace, April 2006) and served in 2006 as an adjunct professor at Syracuse University’s Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs. Prior to joining CSIS, Mr. Cohen worked with the United Nations and nongovernmental organizations in Rwanda, Azerbaijan, Malawi, and the former Yugoslavia. He received a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University and an undergraduate degree from Duke University.
# Crinum mauritianum

Crinum mauritianum ("Mauritius Swamp-lily" or "Lys du Pays") is a herbaceous plant belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae, and endemic to Mauritius.

## Description

Crinum mauritianum has long, narrow, stiff (slightly succulent) leaves, that are initially held erect and often curve upwards. The leaves are light green, and strongly canaliculate (grooved) on the upper, adaxial side.

## Distribution and rediscovery

Formerly widespread across the wetter areas of Mauritius, it was believed to be extinct, but was rediscovered in 1973, near Midlands Dam (Barrage de Midlands).
It has become an ornamental in Mauritius, frequently used in landscaping, due to its white flowers and partially succulent, upwards curving leaves.
It can therefore easily be confused with the non-native species Crinum asiaticum, which is also used for public landscaping in Mauritius. However, that species has broader, strap-shaped leaves. The narrow, stiffer, often upturned leaves of C.mauritianum are relatively unique and can be used to distinguish it from the introduced species of Crinum.

## Medicinal uses

The species was long used in traditional medicine by Mauritians, specifically for treating rheumatism and inflammation. It is therefore currently being investigated for medicinal benefits.