# List of flora of Greenland

The flora of Greenland consists of a total of 583 species or 614 taxa (species and subspecies) of vascular plants, of which 13 are endemic, and 87 taxa introduced by humans, most of which are naturalized.

## Apiaceae

* Angelica archangelica – native
* Carum carvi – introduced
* Ligusticum scoticum ssp. scoticum – native

## Aspleniaceae

* Asplenium viride – native

## Asteraceae

* Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium – introduced
* Antennaria affinis – native, endemic (microspecies)
* Antennaria alpina
* Antennaria angustata – native
* Antennaria boecherana – native, endemic (microspecies)
* Antennaria canescens – native
* Antennaria compacta – native
* Antennaria friesiana – native
* Antennaria glabrata – native
* Antennaria hansii – native, endemic (microspecies)
* Antennaria intermedia – native, endemic (microspecies)
* Antennaria porsildii – native
* Antennaria sornborgeri – native
* Antennaria subcanescens – native
* Arnica angustifolia ssp. angustifolia – native
* Artemisia borealis ssp. borealis – native
* Artemisia vulgaris – introduced
* Chamomilla recutita – introduced
* Chamomilla suaveolens – introduced
* Cirsium arvense – introduced
* Cirsium helenioides – native, locally extinct
* Crepis tectorum ssp. tectorum – introduced
* Erigeron borealis – native
* Erigeron compositus – native
* Erigeron humilis – native
* Erigeron uniflorus ssp. eriocephalus – native
* Erigeron uniflorus ssp. uniflorus – native
* Filaginella uliginosa – introduced
* Hieracium sect. Alpina – native
* Hieracium sect. Prenanthoidea – native
* Hieracium sect. Subalpina – native
* Hieracium sect. Tridentata – native
* Leontodon autumnalis ssp. autumnalis – introduced (Norsemen)
* Leucanthemum vulgare – introduced
* Matricaria maritima ssp. phaeocephala – native
* Matricaria perforata – introduced
* Omalotheca norvegica – native
* Omalotheca supina – native
* Senecio vulgaris – introduced
* Taraxacum sect. Arctica – native
* Taraxacum sect. Borealia – native
* Taraxacum sect. Spectabilia – native

## Betulaceae

* Alnus viridis ssp. crispa – native
* Betula glandulosa – native
* Betula nana ssp. nana – native
* Betula pubescens ssp. minor – native

## Boraginaceae

* Asperugo procumbens – introduced
* Mertensia maritima – native
* Myosotis arvensis – introduced

## Brassicaceae

* Arabidopsis arenicola – native
* Arabis alpina – native
* Barbarea stricta – introduced
* Barbarea vulgaris – introduced
* Beringia bursifolia – native
* Boechera holboellii – native
* Brassica rapa ssp. sylvestris – introduced
* Braya humilis ssp. arctica – native
* Braya intermedia – native
* Braya linearis – native
* Braya novae-angliae – native
* Braya purpurascens – native
* Braya thorild-wulffii – native
* Cakile edentula ssp. edentula – native
* Capsella bursa-pastoris – introduced
* Cardamine bellidifolia – native
* Cardamine pratensis ssp. polemonioides – native
* Cardaminopsis arenosa – introduced
* Cochlearia groenlandica – native
* Descurainia sophia – introduced
* Draba alpina – native
* Draba arctica ssp. ostenfeldii – native, endemic (subspecies)
* Draba arctica ssp. arctica – native
* Draba arctogena – native
* Draba aurea – native
* Draba cana – native
* Draba cinerea – native
* Draba corymbosa – native
* Draba crassifolia – native
* Draba fladnizensis – native
* Draba glabella – native
* Draba incana – native
* Draba micropetala – native
* Draba nivalis – native
* Draba norvegica – native
* Draba oblongata – native
* Draba oxycarpa – native
* Draba pauciflora – native
* Draba sibirica – native
* Draba subcapitata – native
* Draba wahlenbergii – native
* Erysimum redowskii(syn. E. pallasii) – native
* Eutrema edwardsii – native
* Lesquerella arctica – native
* Raphanus raphanistrum – introduced
* Rorippa islandica ssp. islandica – native
* Rorippa palustris ssp. palustris – introduced
* Rorippa sylvestris – introduced
* Sinapis arvensis – introduced
* Sisymbrium altissimum – introduced
* Subularia aquatica ssp. americana – native
* Thlaspi arvense – introduced

## Callitrichaceae

* Callitriche anceps – native
* Callitriche hamulata – native
* Callitriche hermaphroditica – native
* Callitriche palustris – native

## Calochortaceae

* Streptopus amplexifolius ssp. americanus – native

## Campanulaceae

* Campanula gieseckiana – native
* Campanula uniflora – native

## Caryophyllaceae

* Arenaria humifusa – native
* Arenaria pseudofrigida – native
* Cerastium alpinum ssp. lanatum – native
* Cerastium alpinum ssp. alpinum – native
* Cerastium arcticum – native
* Cerastium arvense – native
* Cerastium beeringianum – native
* Cerastium cerastoides – native
* Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare – introduced
* Cerastium fontanum ssp. fontanum – native
* Cerastium regelii – native
* Honckenya peploides ssp. diffusa – native
* Lychnis alpina ssp. americana – native
* Minuartia biflora – native
* Minuartia groenlandica – native
* Minuartia rossii ssp. rossiii – native
* Minuartia rubella – native
* Minuartia stricta – native
* Sagina cespitosa – native
* Sagina nivalis – native
* Sagina nodosa – native
* Sagina procumbens – native
* Sagina saginoides – native
* Silene acaulis – native
* Silene furcata ssp. angustiflora – native
* Silene furcata ssp. furcata – native
* Silene latifolia ssp. alba – introduced
* Silene sorensenis – native
* Silene uralensis ssp. uralensis – native
* Silene vulgaris – introduced
* Spergula arvensis – introduced
* Spergularia canadensis – native
* Stellaria borealis – native
* Stellaria humifusa – native
* Stellaria longifolia – native
* Stellaria longipes – native
* Stellaria media – introduced

## Chenopodiaceae

* Atriplex longipes ssp. praecox – native
* Atriplex patula – introduced
* Chenopodium album – introduced

## Cornaceae

* Cornus canadensis – native
* Cornus suecica – native
* Cornus × unalaschkensis – native (hybrid)

## Crassulaceae

* Rhodiola rosea ssp. rosea – native
* Sedum acre – native
* Sedum annuum – native
* Sedum villosum – native

## Cupressaceae

* Juniperus communis ssp. nana – native

## Cyperaceae

* Carex acuta – native
* Carex aquatilis ssp. aquatilis – native
* Carex aquatilis ssp. stans – native
* Carex arctogena – native
* Carex atrata – native
* Carex atrofusca – native
* Carex bicolor – native
* Carex bigelowii ssp. bigelowii – native
* Carex bigelowii ssp. rigida – native
* Carex boecheriana – native
* Carex brunnescens ssp. brunnescens – native
* Carex buxbaumii – native
* Carex capillaris ssp. fuscidula – native
* Carex capillaris ssp. chlorostachys – native
* Carex capitata – native
* Carex chordorrhiza – native
* Carex curta – native
* Carex deflexa – native
* Carex demissa – native
* Carex disperma – native
* Carex fuliginosa ssp. misandra – native
* Carex glacialis – native
* Carex glareosa – native
* Carex gynocrates – native
* Carex holostoma – native
* Carex krausei ssp. porsildiana – native
* Carex lachenalii – native
* Carex lidii – native
* Carex lyngbyei ssp. lyngbyei – native
* Carex mackenziei – native
* Carex macloviana – native
* Carex magellanica ssp. irrigua – native
* Carex marina ssp. marina – native
* Carex marina ssp. pseudolagopina – native
* Carex maritima – native
* Carex membranacea
* Carex microglochin – native
* Carex miliaris
* Carex nardina ssp. hepburnii – native
* Carex nigra ssp. nigra – native
* Carex norvegica – native
* Carex panicea – native
* Carex parallela ssp. parallela – native
* Carex praticola – native
* Carex quasivaginata – native
* Carex rariflora – native
* Carex rhomalea
* Carex rostrata – native
* Carex rufina – native
* Carex rupestris – native
* Carex salina – native
* Carex miliaris – native
* Carex scirpoidea – native
* Carex stylosa – native
* Carex subspathacea ssp. subspathacea – native
* Carex supina ssp. spaniocarpa – native
* Carex trisperma – native
* Carex umbellata – native
* Carex ursina – native
* Eleocharis acicularis ssp. acicularis – native
* Eleocharis palustris – native
* Eleocharis quinqueflora ssp. fernaldii – native
* Eleocharis uniglumis – native
* Eriophorum angustifolium – native
* Eriophorum callitrix – native
* Eriophorum scheuchzeri – native
* Eriophorum × sorenseni – native
* Eriophorum triste – native
* Eriophorum vaginatum ssp. spissum – native
* Kobresia myosuroides – native
* Kobresia simpliciuscula ssp. subholarctica – native
* Trichophorum cespitosum – native

## Diapensiaceae

* Diapensia lapponica ssp. lapponica – native

## Droseraceae

* Drosera rotundifolia – native

## Dryopteridaceae

* Dryopteris expansa – native
* Dryopteris filix-mas – native
* Dryopteris fragrans – native
* Dryopteris marginalis – native
* Polystichum lonchitis – native

## Empetraceae

* Empetrum nigrum ssp. hermaphroditum – native

## Equisetaceae

* Equisetum arvense ssp. arvense – native
* Equisetum arvense ssp. boreale – native
* Equisetum hyemale – native
* Equisetum scirpoides – native
* Equisetum sylvaticum – native
* Equisetum variegatum ssp. variegatum – native

## Ericaceae

* Andromeda polifolia ssp. glaucophylla – native
* Andromeda polifolia ssp. polifolia – native
* Arctostaphylos alpinus – native
* Arctostaphylos uva-ursi – native
* Cassiope tetragona – native
* Harrimanella hypnoides – native
* Ledum groenlandicum – native
* Ledum palustre ssp. decumbens – native
* Loiseleuria procumbens – native
* Orthilia obtusata – native
* Phyllodoce caerulea – native
* Pyrola grandiflora – native
* Pyrola minor – native
* Rhododendron lapponicum – native
* Vaccinium myrtillus – native
* Vaccinium oxycoccos ssp. microphyllus – native
* Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum – native
* Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus – native
* ×Ledodendron vanhoeffeni – native, endemic (intergeneric hybrid)

## Fabaceae

* Astragalus alpinus ssp. arcticus – probably introduced
* Lathyrus japonicus – native
* Lathyrus pratensis – introduced
* Medicago lupulina – introduced
* Trifolium hybridum – casual
* Trifolium pratense – introduced
* Trifolium repens – introduced
* Vicia cracca – introduced (Norsemen)
* Vicia hirsuta – introduced
* Vicia sativa ssp. nigra – introduced
* Vicia sepium – introduced

## Gentianaceae

* Gentiana nivalis – native
* Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta – native
* Gentianella aurea – native
* Gentianella detonsa – native
* Gentianella tenella – native
* Lomatogonium rotatum – native

## Geraniaceae

* Erodium cicutarium – introduced
* Geranium pusillum – introduced
* Geranium sylvaticum – native

## Haloragaceae

* Myriophyllum alterniflorum – native
* Myriophyllum sibiricum – (Haloragaceae) - native

## Hippuridaceae

* Hippuris vulgaris – native

## Iridaceae

* Sisyrinchium montanum – native

## Isoetaceae

* Isoetes echinospora ssp. muricata – native
* Isoetes lacustris – native

## Juncaceae

* Juncus alpinoarticulatus ssp. alpestris – native
* Juncus arcticus ssp. arcticus – native
* Juncus biglumis – native
* Juncus bufonius ssp. bufonius – introduced
* Juncus bufonius ssp. ranarius – native
* Juncus castaneus ssp. castaneus – native
* Juncus filiformis – native
* Juncus gerardii ssp. gerardii – native
* Juncus squarrosus – native
* Juncus subtilis – native
* Juncus trifidus – native
* Juncus triglumis ssp. albescens – native
* Juncus triglumis ssp. triglumis – native
* Luzula nivalis – native
* Luzula arcuata – native
* Luzula confusa – native
* Luzula groenlandica – native
* Luzula multiflora ssp. frigida – native
* Luzula multiflora ssp. multiflora – native
* Luzula parviflora ssp. parviflora – native
* Luzula spicata – native
* Luzula wahlenbergii – native

## Juncaginaceae

* Triglochin palustris – native

## Lamiaceae

* Lamium amplexicaule – introduced
* Lamium moluccellifolium – introduced
* Lamium purpureum – introduced
* Thymus praecox ssp. arcticus – native

## Lentibulariaceae

* Pinguicula vulgaris – native
* Utricularia intermedia – native
* Utricularia minor – native
* Utricularia ochroleuca – native

## Linnaeaceae

* Linnaea borealis ssp. americana – native

## Lycopodiaceae

* Diphasiastrum alpinum – native
* Diphasiastrum complanatum – native
* Diphasiastrum sitchense – native
* Diphasiastrum x zeilleri – native
* Huperzia arctica – native
* Huperzia selago – native
* Lycopodium annotinum ssp. annotinum – native
* Lycopodium dubium – native
* Lycopodium lagopus – native

## Malaceae

* Sorbus groenlandica – native

## Melanthiaceae

* Tofieldia coccinea – native
* Tofieldia pusilla – native

## Menyanthaceae

* Menyanthes trifoliata – native

## Myrsinaceae

* Anagallis arvensis – introduced
* Trientalis europaea – native

## Onagraceae

* Chamaenerion latifolium – native
* Epilobium anagallidifolium – native
* Epilobium angustifolium – native
* Epilobium davuricum ssp. arcticum – native
* Epilobium hornemannii – native
* Epilobium lactiflorum – native
* Epilobium latifolium – native
* Epilobium palustre – native

## Ophioglossaceae

* Botrychium boreale – native
* Botrychium lanceolatum – native
* Botrychium lunaria – native
* Botrychium minganense – native
* Botrychium multifidum – native
* Botrychium simplex – native
* Ophioglossum azoricum – native

## Orchidaceae

* Amerorchis rotundifolia – native
* Corallorhiza trifida – native
* Neottia cordata – native
* Platanthera hyperborea – native
* Pseudorchis straminea – native

## Orobanchaceae

* Bartsia alpina – native
* Euphrasia frigida – native
* Melampyrum sylvaticum – native
* Pedicularis capitata – native
* Pedicularis lanata – native
* Pedicularis flammea – native
* Pedicularis groenlandica – native
* Pedicularis hirsuta – native
* Pedicularis labradorica – native
* Pedicularis langsdorfii – native
* Pedicularis lapponica – native
* Pedicularis sudetica ssp. albolabiata – native
* Rhinanthus minor ssp. groenlandicus – native
* Rhinanthus minor ssp. minor – native

## Papaveraceae

* Papaver dahlianum – native
* Papaver cornwallisense
* Papaver dahlianum
* Papaver labradoricum
* Papaver lapponicum

## Parnassiaceae

* Parnassia kotzebuei – native

## Plantaginaceae

* Plantago coronopus – casual
* Plantago lanceolata – introduced
* Plantago major – introduced
* Plantago maritima ssp. borealis – native
* Veronica alpina ssp. alpina – native
* Veronica alpina ssp. pumila – native
* Veronica arvensis – casual
* Veronica fruticans – native
* Veronica officinalis – introduced
* Veronica persica – casual
* Veronica serpyllifolia ssp. serpyllifolia – introduced
* Veronica wormskjoldii – native

## Plumbaginaceae

* Armeria maritima ssp. maritima – native
* Armeria maritima ssp. sibirica – native

## Poaceae

* Agrostis canina – native
* Agrostis capillaris – introduced
* Agrostis gigantea – native
* Agrostis mertensii – native
* Agrostis scabra – native
* Agrostis stolonifera – native
* Agrostis vinealis – native
* Alopecurus aequalis – native
* Alopecurus alpinus ssp. borealis – native
* Alopecurus geniculatus – introduced
* Alopecurus pratensis – introduced
* Anthoxanthum alpinum – native
* Arctagrostis latifolia ssp. latifolia – native
* Arctophila fulva – native
* Avenella flexuosa – native
* Bromus hordeaceus – introduced
* Bromus tectorum – introduced
* Calamagrostis canadensis ssp. langsdorfii – native
* Calamagrostis inexpansa – native
* Calamagrostis lapponica – native
* Calamagrostis neglecta ssp. neglecta – native
* Calamagrostis neglecta ssp. groenlandica – native
* Calamagrostis purpurascens var. purpurascens – native
* Calamagrostis purpurascens var. laricina – native
* Catabrosa aquatica – native
* Dactylis glomerata – introduced
* Danthonia spicata – native
* Deschampsia alpina – native
* Deschampsia brevifolia – native
* Deschampsia cespitosa – introduced
* Deschampsia sukatschewii ssp. borealis – native
* Dupontia fisheri – native
* Elymus alaskanus ssp. hyperarcticus – native
* Elymus repens – introduced
* Elymus trachycaulus ssp. virescens – native, endemic (subspecies)
* Elymus violaceus – native
* Festuca baffinensis – native
* Festuca brachyphylla – native
* Festuca edlundiae – native
* Festuca groenlandica – native, endemic
* Festuca hyperborea – native
* Festuca pratensis – introduced
* Festuca rubra spp. fallax – introduced
* Festuca rubra ssp. arctica – native
* Festuca rubra spp. rubra – native
* Festuca saximontana – native
* Festuca vivipara ssp. hirsuta – native
* Festuca vivipara ssp. vivipara – native
* Festuca vivipara ssp. glabra – native
* Hierochloë alpina – native
* Hierochloë odorata ssp. arctica – native
* Leymus arenarius – native
* Leymus mollis ssp. mollis – native
* Lolium perenne – introduced
* Nardus stricta – native
* Phippsia algida ssp. algidiformis – native
* Phippsia algida ssp. algida – native
* Phleum alpinum – native
* Phleum pratense ssp. pratense – native
* Pleuropogon sabinei – native
* Poa abbreviata – native
* Poa alpina – native
* Poa annua – introduced
* Poa arctica ssp. arctica – native
* Poa arctica ssp. caespitans – native
* Poa flexuosa – native
* Poa glauca – native
* Poa hartzii – native
* Poa nemoralis – native
* Poa palustris – introduced
* Poa pratensis – native
* Poa pratensis ssp. alpigena – native
* Poa pratensis ssp. colpodea – native
* Poa pratensis ssp. irrigata – native
* Poa trivialis – introduced
* Puccinellia andersonii – native
* Puccinellia angustata – native
* Puccinellia bruggemannii – native
* Puccinellia capillaris – native
* Puccinellia deschampsioides – native
* Puccinellia groenlandica – native, endemic
* Puccinellia laurentiana – native
* Puccinellia maritima – native
* Puccinellia nutkaensis – native
* Puccinellia phryganodes – native
* Puccinellia porsildii – native
* Puccinellia pumila – native
* Puccinellia rosenkrantzii – native, endemic
* Puccinellia tenella ssp. langeana – native
* Puccinellia vaginata – native
* Puccinellia vahliana – native
* Trisetum spicatum – native
* Vahlodea atropurpurea – native

## Polemoniaceae

* Polemonium boreale – native

## Polygalaceae

* Polygala serpyllifolia – probably introduced

## Polygonaceae

* Bistorta vivipara – native
* Fallopia convolvulus – introduced
* Koenigia islandica – native
* Oxyria digyna – native
* Persicaria lapathifolia – introduced
* Persicaria maculosa – introduced
* Polygonum aviculare ssp. boreale – introduced
* Rumex acetosella ssp. acetosella – introduced
* Rumex acetosella ssp. tenuifolius – native
* Rumex acetosella ssp. arenicola – native
* Rumex alpestris ssp. lapponicus – native
* Rumex longifolius – introduced
* Rumex obtusifolius – introduced

## Polypodiaceae

* Polypodium sibiricum – native

## Portulacaceae

* Montia fontana – native

## Potamogetonaceae

* Potamogeton alpinus ssp. tenuifolius – native
* Potamogeton gramineus – native
* Potamogeton groenlandicus – native, endemic
* Potamogeton natans – native
* Potamogeton perfoliatus ssp. perfoliatus – native
* Potamogeton praelongus – native
* Stuckenia filiformis ssp. alpina – native
* Stuckenia filiformis ssp. filiformis – native

## Primulaceae

* Androsace septentrionalis – native
* Primula egaliksensis – native
* Primula stricta – native

## Ranunculaceae

* Anemone richardsonii – native
* Batrachium confervoides – native
* Coptis trifoliata – native
* Ranunculus acris ssp. acris – native
* Ranunculus arcticus – native
* Ranunculus auricomus – native
* Ranunculus cymbalaria – native
* Ranunculus glacialis – native
* Ranunculus hyperboreus ssp. hyperboreus – native
* Ranunculus lapponicus – native
* Ranunculus nivalis – native
* Ranunculus pygmaeus – native
* Ranunculus repens – introduced
* Ranunculus reptans – native
* Ranunculus sabinei – native
* Ranunculus subrigidus
* Ranunculus sulphureus – native
* Thalictrum alpinum – native

## Rosaceae

* Acomastylis rossii – native
* Alchemilla alpina – native
* Alchemilla filicaulis – native
* Alchemilla glomerulans – native
* Alchemilla vestita – native
* Alchemilla wichurae – native
* Argentina anserina – native
* Argentina egedei ssp. egedei – native
* Comarum palustre – native
* Dryas integrifolia – native
* Dryas octopetala ssp. punctata – native
* Geum rivale – native
* Potentilla chamissonis – native
* Potentilla crantzii – native
* Potentilla hookeriana – native
* Potentilla hyparctica ssp. hyparctica – native
* Potentilla insularis – native
* Potentilla nivea ssp. nivea – native
* Potentilla nivea ssp. subquinata – native
* Potentilla norvegica ssp. norvegica – introduced
* Potentilla pulchella ssp. pulchella – native
* Potentilla ranunculus – native
* Potentilla rubella – native, endemic
* Potentilla rubricaulis – native
* Potentilla stipularis – native
* Potentilla vahliana – native
* Rubus chamaemorus – native
* Rubus idaeus ssp. idaeus – native
* Rubus saxatilis – native
* Sibbaldia procumbens – native
* Sibbaldiopsis tridentata – native

## Rubiaceae

* Galium album – introduced
* Galium aparine – introduced
* Galium boreale – native
* Galium brandegei – native
* Galium triflorum – native
* Galium uliginosum – introduced
* Galium verum – introduced

## Salicaceae

* Salix arctica – native
* Salix arctophila – native
* Salix glauca ssp. callicarpaea – native
* Salix glauca ssp. glauca – native
* Salix herbacea – native
* Salix reticulata – native
* Salix uva-ursi – native

## Saxifragaceae

* Chrysosplenium tetrandrum – native
* Micranthes stellaris, syn. Saxifraga stellaris – native
* Saxifraga aizoides – native
* Saxifraga cernua – native
* Saxifraga cespitosa ssp. cespitosa – native
* Saxifraga foliolosa – native
* Saxifraga hieracifolia – native
* Saxifraga hirculus – native
* Saxifraga hyperborea – native
* Saxifraga nathorstii – native, endemic
* Saxifraga nivalis – native
* Saxifraga oppositifolia ssp. oppositifolia – native
* Saxifraga paniculata – native
* Saxifraga platysepala – native
* Saxifraga rivularis – native
* Saxifraga rosacea – native
* Saxifraga tenuis – native
* Saxifraga tricuspidata – native

## Scrophulariaceae

* Limosella aquatica – native
* Linaria vulgaris – introduced
* Verbascum thapsus – casual

## Selaginellaceae

* Selaginella rupestris – native
* Selaginella selaginoides – native

## Sparganiaceae

* Sparganium angustifolium – native
* Sparganium hyperboreum – native

## Thelypteridaceae

* Phegopteris connectilis – native

## Urticaceae

* Urtica dioica ssp. dioica – introduced
* Urtica urens – introduced

## Violaceae

* Viola adunca – native
* Viola arvensis – introduced
* Viola canina ssp. montana – native
* Viola palustris – native
* Viola selkirkii – native

## Woodsiaceae

* Athyrium distentifolium ssp. americanum – native
* Athyrium filix-femina ssp. angustum – native
* Cystopteris fragilis – native
* Cystopteris montana – native
* Gymnocarpium dryopteris – native
* Woodsia alpina – native
* Woodsia glabella – native
* Woodsia ilvensis – native

## Zosteraceae

* Zostera marina – native