OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Eastbridge, Arizona

Eastbridge was a railroad station on the east bank of the Colorado River in Mohave County, Arizona, United States. It was located at the site of the first bridge the Atlantic and Pacific Railroad built across that river, three miles southeast of Needles, in San Bernardino County, California.

## History

The wooden bridge across the Colorado River constructed between Eastbridge station and the California bank in 1883 was built across the wet alluvial soils of the flood plain of the Mohave Valley. The site had no solid base on either bank and was over 1600 feet wide. The construction was conducted during the flood season of the Colorado that began in May. For three months, the building crews struggled to drive wooden pilings into the river bed only to see them washed out by the river. Pilings were only driven into the mid river section with the help of a pile driver mounted on Barge No. 3, towed and held in position by the Mohave II. This first bridge, when completed in August was still vulnerable to flooding and was washed out or undermined by the spring flooding of the river and had to be replaced in 1884, 1886 and 1888. Finally the railroad changed its route southward along the California bank, to Beal, then to a place opposite Mellen, where from 1889 to May 1890 they built the Red Rock Bridge, a cantilever bridge, on rock foundations, unlike the previous site. After completion of the bridge, the section of track between the point where the line changed direction to the new bridge, to the station of Powell and to the bridge and station at Eastbridge, was abandoned in 1890.$^{:82}$
# Lasallia

Lasallia is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Umbilicariaceae. The genus was circumscribed by François Victor Mérat de Vaumartoise in 1821. The genus name Lasallia honours of Mr. Lasalle (born around 1820), who was a French gardener and botanist, who worked in Fontainebleau. Early molecular phylogenetics analysis of internal transcribed spacer DNA showed that the genus was monophyletic.
High performance liquid chromatography analysis of several Lasallia species revealed a number of secondary metabolites in this genus, including gyrophoric acid, lecanoric acid, umbilicaric acid, 7-chloroemodin, valsarin, skyrin, hiascic acid, and ovoic acid.

## Species

* Lasallia caroliniana (Tuck.) Davydov, Peršoh & Rambold (2010)
* Lasallia freyana D.D.Awasthi (2007)
* Lasallia laceratula (Vain.) J.C.Wei & W. Guo (2019)
* Lasallia pensylvanica (Hoffm.) Llano (1950)
* Lasallia pustulata (L.) Mérat (1821)
* Lasallia rubiginosa (Pers.) Llano (1950)
# Lasallia pustulata

Lasallia pustulata is a species of lichen in the Umbilicariaceae family of fungi. It is the type species of its genus Lasallia.
# Easterwood (surname)

Easterwood is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hal Easterwood (1932–2005), American football player
* Reed Easterwood (born 1967), American guitarist, producer, and songwriter
* Roy Easterwood (1915–1984), American baseball player
# Laurelhurst

Laurelhurst may refer to:
* Laurelhurst, Portland, Oregon, a neighborhood in Portland, Oregon
* Laurelhurst Park, a city park in Portland, Oregon
* Laurelhurst Theater, a theater in Portland, Oregon
* Laurelhurst, Seattle, a neighborhood in Seattle, Washington
# Laurie Gelman

Laurie Gelman (née Hibberd) (born April 4, 1964) is a Canadian television personality and writer, originally from Ottawa, Ontario. In 2007 she worked on two Canadian-based talk shows, The Mom Show and Doctor in the House.

## Biography

Hibberd was raised in Ottawa, Ontario and is a graduate of the Ryerson Polytechnical Institute (now TMU) in Toronto and graduated with a bachelor's degree in journalism. She began her broadcasting career as a traffic reporter at CKFM Radio in Toronto from 1987 to 1988. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, she served as a host on YTV for YTV Rocks and Rock'n'Talk. She later became an entertainment reporter for WSVN-TV in Miami from 1992 to 1994. From 1994 to 1996, she joined Tom Bergeron to co-host the morning show Breakfast Time on FX. She also appeared on Good Morning America, Good Morning America Sunday and the CBS Early Show.
She published the humor novel Class Mom in 2017. The book was a shortlisted finalist for the 2018 Stephen Leacock Memorial Medal for Humour, and won the Vine Award for Canadian Jewish Literature. It was followed by the sequels You've Been Volunteered (2019) and Yoga Pant Nation (2021).
Her novel Smells Like Tween Spirit was published in 2022.

## Personal life

She is married to television producer Michael Gelman; they have two children.
# Ectoedemia leucothorax

Ectoedemia leucothorax is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is only known from the Costa del Sol in Spain.
The wingspan is 5.2–6 mm. Adults are on wing from May to early July.
The host plant unknown, but most likely it consists of evergreen Quercus. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Ectoedemia luisae

Ectoedemia luisae is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in Turkey.
The larvae feed on Hypericum calycinum. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Lawrence Mukomberanwa

Lawrence Mukomberanwa (born 1976) is a Zimbabwean sculptor and pilot.
The son of Nicholas Mukomberanwa, Lawrence (sometimes spelled Laurence) worked with his father from his early childhood days. He continued sculpting whilst training to be a commercial pilot. He worked in the field for some years before turning to sculpture full-time. His works have been featured in a number of European exhibitions.

## Career

He started out his career as an airplane pilot but then quit to engage in the family craft. Lawrence Mukomberanwa, the son to sculptor Nicholas, says he has no regrets after he recently quit his professional job as a pilot to follow in the footsteps of his dad. Laurence's subject matter deals with contrasts and opposites. He is concerned with the disparity of power between poverty and wealth.
Mukomberanwa is a member of the Mukomberanwa family of sculptors. He is the son of first generation Shona art sculptors Grace Mukomberanwa and Nicholas Mukomberanwa. Mukomberanwa is the brother of Anderson, Tendai, Taguma, Netsai, and Ennica Mukomberanwa, and the cousin of Nesbert Mukomberanwa, all of whom are sculptors.

## Accolades and exhibits

* Resident Artist, "Master Sculptors of Zimbabwe and their Works" - Barcelona
* Group exhibition “Encompass” at the Cape Gallery - 2005
# Ecosystem decay

Ecosystem decay is a term coined by Thomas Lovejoy to define the process of which species become extinct locally based on habitat fragmentation. This process is what led to the extinction of several species, including the Irish Elk. Ecosystem decay can be mainly attributed to population isolation, leading to inbreeding, leading to a decrease in the population of local species. Another factor is the absence of competition, preventing the mechanisms of natural selection to benefit the population. This leads to a lack of a skill set for the animal to adjust and adapt to a new environment. Habitat fragmentation and loss lead to smaller habitat sizes, and ecosystem decay predicts ecological processes are changed so heavily in smaller habitats that the loss in diversity is more extreme than expected by fragmentation alone.
Although similar to forest fragmentation and island biogeography, ecosystem decay is what results in the event of forest fragmentation.

## Overview

Ecosystem decay is a natural phenomenon that has several resulting features.
* Decline of native populations of animals
* Decrease in genetic diversity
* Decrease of the interior:edge ratio
* Isolation of an area of viable habitat
* Reduction in viable habitats and often extreme separation

## Process

The process through which ecosystem decay occurs can be long and complicated or short and hasty. Overall, it still follows some basic guidelines. First, a piece of habitat is surrounded and thus isolated by farmland or cities. Secondly, pollination of the plants immediately ceases and the number of species thins out. Thirdly, through generations of inbreeding and thus higher birth mortality than birth survival rate and infertile dirt, the forest fragment will slowly decline to nothing.

## Causes

Ecosystem decay is commonly caused by the harvesting of rain forest in appliance to certain laws or illegally for profit by humans. Certain countries such as Brazil prohibit the harvesting of Brazil nut trees and groves of this species causing forest fragmentation and thus causing ecosystem decay to occur. Cities, roads, farms and any other substantial barrier impeding and animals habitat can be a direct or an indirect cause. Naturally, fires and rising sea levels on low land can also cause habitat fragmentation and thus ecosystem decay. Although this process is much more lengthy, many species such as the Irish Elk and several species of ancient Australian Marsupials have been indirectly killed this way with contributions by Climate Change, Glaciation and Forest Fires.

## Studies

Eleonore Setz was studying a patch of equatorial rainforest named reserve #1202 containing Pithecia pithecia (white-faced sakis), to study the effects of ecosystem decay. The 9.2 hectare (less than 25 acre) area had been isolated for five years when David Quammen noted results on the fragmentation of their habitat which resulted in them being stranded. The population of P. pithecia was slowly declining at the time of the study and the population had declined to six.
# LeRoy S. Wirthlin

LeRoy S. Wirthlin (born 1935) was a professor at Harvard Medical School and later a practicing surgeon.

## Biography

Wirthlin received his bachelor's degree from the University of Utah and his medical degree from Harvard Medical School.
Wirthlin is a Latter-day Saint. From 2002 to 2005 he served as president of the Germany Munich Austria Mission of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
Wirthlin and his wife Mary are the parents of 17 children.

## Writings

Wirthlin has published papers on high altitude effects and also on the surgeries performed on Joseph Smith, Jr. This included an article about Nathan Smith published in the journal BYU Studies in 1977, followed by an article for more general readers in the Ensign magazine. Wirthlin got involved in the study of Smith's surgery due to interactions with his stake president Richard L. Bushman, who was an expert on Smith's life.
# Ed Glenn

Ed Glenn may refer to:
* Ed Glenn (shortstop) (1875–1911), professional baseball shortstop
* Ed Glenn (outfielder) (1860–1892), professional baseball outfielder
# Ecclesall Woods

Ecclesall Woods is an area of woodland in south-west Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England, between Abbeydale Road South and Ecclesall. It covers approximately 350 acres (1.4 km$^2$) of mature semi-natural deciduous woodland which was previously used for timber and charcoal, and is currently managed by the city council for the benefit of wildlife and visitor access. There are two roads and over 10 miles (16 km) of public footpaths running through the woods. The Abbeydale miniature railway is also located within the woods.
They are a Local Nature Reserve.

## Notable features

There are two mills sited within the woods and several other items of archaeological interest.

### Ryecroft Mill

Ryecroft Mill was a water-powered lead smelting mill on the Limb Brook. The mill dates from at least as far back as the 17th century and was used for lead smelting, and later grinding corn.

### Ecclesall Woods Sawmill

There is a modern sawmill within the woods, which was built after extensive storm damage to trees in 1962. It is operated by a private company, but there are plans to use it as both a working sawmill and an information centre.

### Ryecroft Bridge

The stone bridge over the Ryecroft Brook is a Grade II listed building.

### Q pits

There are a hundred charcoal hearths and two hundred Q pits, believed to have been used for manufacture of white coal.

### Charcoal burner's grave

There is a grave stone dating from 1786, commemorating the death of George Yardley killed in an accidental fire in his woodland home, after an evening in the local hostelry on Abbey Lane. There is also an information plaque about the incident on the wall of the Public House, which is still trading. The grave is a grade II listed structure.

### Prehistoric carved stone

A cup and ring-marked stone was discovered in 1981, and has been dated to the late Neolithic or Bronze Age periods. It, and the 6 feet (1.8 m) diameter around it, is a scheduled ancient monument.
# Ecclesfield Feoffees

The Feoffees of Ecclesfield was originally created in 1574. The word "Feoffees" translates into modern language as the word "Trustees" and that is in effect what the Feoffees are. Ecclesfield is a village on the northern perimeter of the City of Sheffield in Yorkshire. When originally created, the Feoffees were much more than trustees. Land and properties were donated by a wealthy landowner and the trustees were in effect the "Elders and Rulers" of the village of Ecclesfield and several surrounding villages. The key responsibilities were the following:
* Maintenance of Divine Service in the Parish Church of Eglesfield (Ecclesfield)
* Relief of the poor in the parish
* Repairs to the church and its ornaments
* Amending of highways in the parish
The original 1574 deed was regularised in 1617 and the equivalent of a modern trust deed was created. In practice, the Feoffees were for a period of time responsible for law, order, punishment and maintenance of the streets as well as one of the main sources of funding for the village. The parish of Ecclesfield in 1574 amounted to 78 square miles (200 km$^2$) and was bounded to the north by Penistone, to the east by Sheffield and Rotherham, on the south by the boundary between Yorkshire and Derbyshire and on the west, it came within 1-mile (1.6 km) of Cheshire. One of the largest parishes in England.
Until the 1950s, the Feoffees main income was through rents collected from and land and buildings. The last property was sold in the 1970s and income is now from the interest from invested capital although the trust secretary still retains the title "collector". The Feoffees of Ecclesfield continue to exist and are a Registered Charity reference 222979, and carry out the duties, largely as set down way back in 1574 although maintenance of roads passed to the local authority long ago. The Feoffees Trust receives monies from wills and donations and from anyone wanting to help and improve Ecclesfield village. Currently, grants are made from time to time for the poor and needy in Ecclesfield and also to Ecclesfield Parish Church. Other requests, within the scope of the charity, are considered. Current trustees are:- Andrew Robinson (Chairman), Jonathan Robinson (Treasurer), Philip Jeffcock (Collector/Secretary), Sir William Jeffcock, Revd. Dr. Tim Gill, David Hawley, Philip Hirst, Mrs. Andrea Whittaker. David Fairchild.
# Eddie Tryon

Joseph Edward Tryon (July 25, 1900 – May 1, 1982) was an American football player and coach. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1963.

## Biography

Tryon played the halfback position at Colgate University from 1922 to 1925. As a senior in 1925, Tryon led Colgate to an undefeated 7-0-2 record and scored 111 points (15 touchdowns and 21 extra points). Tryon still holds the Colgate record for most touchdowns (7) and most points scored in a game (42); a feat he accomplished in a 1923 game against Niagara. He was selected by Athlete and Sportsman magazine and the New York Sun as a first-team player on their 1925 College Football All-America Teams. In the following two years, he played in the AFL I then the National Football League for the New York Yankees at the tailback position. In the AFL's only season, Eddie Tryon led the league in points with 72. In his only NFL season, Tryon scored 44 points and was selected as a second-team All-NFL player by the Green Bay Press-Gazette.

## Hobart

Tryon was the head football coach at Hobart and William Smith Colleges from 1946 to 1962, compiling a record of 65–52–7.
# Economic History Museum

Economic History Museum of Sri Lanka (commonly known as the Currency museum or Money museum) is located in the Central Point building, 54 Chatham Street, Colombo Fort (the head office of Central Bank of Sri Lanka).

## Building

Construction of the building commenced in 1911, with the laying of its foundation stone. The National Mutual Building was opened in 1914, as the Colombo head office of a global insurance company, National Mutual Life Association of Australasia Limited. At the time of its opening it was the tallest building in Colombo. It was designed in a Greco-Roman architectural style, with a colonnade of Corinthian columns at the building's entrance. It has a circular glass dome with a tapering central atrium that lets light into the circular inner halls throughout all seven floors and features the tallest chandelier in Asia.
The building was extensively damaged in the 1996 attack by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam on the Colombo Central Bank.
In 2011 the building was acquired by the Central Bank of Sri Lanka (CBSL), who undertook extensive renovations and refurbishment, in order to house the museum. The Economic History Museum of Sri Lanka was formally opened in 2013. The CSBL also renamed the building to the Central Point building, reflecting its central location within Colombo.

## Museum

The museum has a collection of currency which date back to the 3rd century BC. It includes coins from the Anuradhapura era (3 BC to 107 AD), Polonnaruwa to Kotte Kingdoms era (1017 AD - 1597 AD), coins used during the Portuguese, Dutch and British colonial eras through to the modern era and commemorative coins and notes.

## Other banking museums

National Savings Bank, Bank of Ceylon, People's Bank and Hatton National Bank also have their small museums in Colombo. However, the currency museum of Central Bank of Sri Lanka exhibits more information.
# Cape Bend State Fish and Wildlife Area

Cape Bend State Fish and Wildlife Area is a 1,380-acre (5.6 km$^2$) parcel of semi-protected Mississippi River bottomland habitat within Alexander County in the U.S. state of Illinois.

## Description

Cape Bend State Fish and Wildlife Area is managed as public access for hunting. It is managed, coterminously with the Union County State Fish and Wildlife Area, by the Illinois Department of Natural Resources from a full-time office in nearby Jonesboro. The park is made up of bottomland hardwood forest lands and wetlands. Much of the hardwood woodland is made up of former crop fields that are reverting to woodland, and much of the wetlands are shallow sloughs. IDNR reports the practice of continuous habitat management on the site.
# Melanella alertae

Melanella alertae is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Eulimidae. The species is one of many species known to exist within the genus, Melanella.
# David Perkins Page

David Perkins Page (1810–1848) was an American educator and author of the most popular 19th-century American education textbook. From 1844 to 1847, he served as the first principal of the New York State Normal School, which later became University at Albany, SUNY.
Page was born to a farm family in Epping, New Hampshire, on July 4, 1810. As a child, he begged his father to let him attend the nearby Hampton Academy, but his father refused, because he did not consider a school education necessary for a farmer. However, after Page contracted a nearly fatal illness in 1826 at the age of 16, his father relented. Page then attended the academy for a few months at age 17, advanced sufficiently to obtain a teacher's license, and taught for a term in local schools in order to fund his further studies. He then returned to the Hampton Academy and studied for an additional year.
In the winter of 1829, at the age of 19, Page began teaching in a country school in Newbury, Massachusetts. After the winter term, he founded his own private school, beginning with five pupils. In March 1832, he was chosen to become Associate Principal of the new Newburyport high school, where he headed the English Department. In Massachusetts high schools in the early 19th century, the English Department was the half of the high school with a practical focus, and was distinct from the Classical Department which focused on preparing students for college by focusing on Latin and Greek.
In August 1838, Page delivered an address before the American Institute of Instruction on the topic of "Duties of Parents and Teachers". Horace Mann, who was in the audience, stated that this was the finest speech delivered before the Institute in its history, and arranged to have 6,000 copies printed and circulated to Massachusetts teachers. Page became a frequent contributor to Mann's Common School Journal.
In December 1844, Page was selected to be the first principal of the new New York State Normal School in Albany, New York. The state legislature had appropriated funds for the school in the previous year, based on the example of Mann's school in Massachusetts, and sought out Page on Mann's recommendation. The project faced stiff political opposition, and throughout the following years, Page spent much of his time traveling around New York shoring up support for the Normal School.
In 1847, Page published his only book, Theory and Practice of Teaching. It became extremely popular in the growing normal school movement, and had been printed in 25 editions by 1864. By the time the copyright had expired in 1889, more than 100,000 copies had been sold and it was the most widely used textbook in American teacher education.
Page fell ill near the end of the autumn 1847 term. His illness was widely attributed to exhaustion from the effort expended in defending the Normal School. He died of pneumonia on January 1, 1848, and was buried according to his wishes in Newburyport.
# Youth center

A youth center or youth centre, often called youth club, is a place where young people can meet and participate in a variety of activities, for example table football, association football (US soccer, UK football), basketball, table tennis, video games, occupational therapy and religious activities. Youth clubs and centres vary in their activities across the globe, and have diverse histories based on shifting cultural, political and social contexts and relative levels of state funding or voluntary action.

## Young social groups

Many youth clubs are set up to provide young people with activities designed to keep them off the streets and out of trouble, and to give them a job and an interest in activity. Some youth clubs can have a particular compelling force, such as music, spiritual/religious guidance and advice or characteristics such as determination.
In the United Kingdom, there are a number of national youth club networks, including:
* UK Youth
* Ambition
* National Association of Boys and Girls Clubs
In the United States, the Boys & Girls Clubs of America is one of the most popular (or well known) youth clubs.

## Projects and activities

Many youth clubs and projects are open to all people aged 15–21, although some clubs may still accept young people as old as 25. There are places where young people can meet with friends and practice new activities. Many youth clubs offer various activities, such as table tennis.
Youth clubs are there to help young people understand the world around them. They are there to advise young people with their future, to talk about the past and even help them with the present. Many clubs hold different sessions to educate young people about different topics regarding their health and worries, e.g. contraception. Youth clubs normally have a leader youth worker who normally organizes trips or workshops for the young people to contribute in, e.g. Show Racism the Red Card. They can also hold charity events and even volunteer to do many different things. Youth clubs will sometimes help young people to gain qualifications for their life ahead, e.g. The Duke of Edinburgh's Award.