OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Livermore, Colorado

Livermore is an unincorporated community and a U.S. Post Office in Larimer County, Colorado, United States. The Livermore Post Office has the ZIP Code 80536.
A post office called Livermore has been in operation since 1871. According to tradition, the community's name is an amalgamation of the names of settlers Livernash and Moore.

## Geography

Livermore is located at 40°47′40″N 105°13′00″W﻿ / ﻿40.79444°N 105.21667°W﻿ / 40.79444; -105.21667 (40.7944262, -105.2172034). Livermore's elevation is 5,896 feet (1,797 m).
# Lloyd Ziff

Lloyd Ziff (September 27, 1942 – August 1, 2024) was an American photographer and art director. He was the art director for Vanity Fair, House & Garden, and Rolling Stone.
Ziff died on August 1, 2024 at his home in Orient Point, New York, at the age of 81.
# Local Environment

Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability is a peer-reviewed academic journal covering the fields of urban planning, environmental policy, and sustainable development with a focus on the intersection of social justice and sustainability in the local environment. The journal's audience and contributors include "researchers, activists, non-governmental organisations, students, teachers, policy makers and practitioners". It is published monthly by Routledge and was established in 1996. The editor-in-chief is Julian Agyeman of Tufts University. Associate editors are Stewart Barr of Exeter (UK), Michelle Thompson-Fawcett of Otago (NZ), and Robert Krueger of Worcester Polytechnic University (USA). According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2017 impact factor of 1.928. It was ranked 13th among top urban studies and planning journals and 18th among sustainable development journals in 2018.
# Local Euler characteristic formula

In the mathematical field of Galois cohomology, the local Euler characteristic formula is a result due to John Tate that computes the Euler characteristic of the group cohomology of the absolute Galois group G$_K$ of a non-archimedean local field K.

## Statement

Let K be a non-archimedean local field, let K$^s$ denote a separable closure of K, let G$_K$ = Gal(K$^s$/K) be the absolute Galois group of K, and let H$^i$(K, M) denote the group cohomology of G$_K$ with coefficients in M. Since the cohomological dimension of G$_K$ is two, H$^i$(K, M) = 0 for i ≥ 3. Therefore, the Euler characteristic only involves the groups with i = 0, 1, 2.

### Case of finite modules

Let M be a G$_K$-module of finite order m. The Euler characteristic of M is defined to be
    $\chi (G_{K},M)={\frac {\#H^{0}(K,M)\cdot \#H^{2}(K,M)}{\#H^{1}(K,M)}}$
(the ith cohomology groups for i ≥ 3 appear tacitly as their sizes are all one).
Let R denote the ring of integers of K. Tate's result then states that if m is relatively prime to the characteristic of K, then
    $\chi (G_{K},M)=\left(\#R/mR\right)^{-1},$
i.e. the inverse of the order of the quotient ring R/mR.
Two special cases worth singling out are the following. If the order of M is relatively prime to the characteristic of the residue field of K, then the Euler characteristic is one. If K is a finite extension of the p-adic numbers Q$_p$, and if v$_p$ denotes the p-adic valuation, then
    $\chi (G_{K},M)=p^{-[K:\mathbf {Q} _{p}]v_{p}(m)}$
where [K:Q$_p$] is the degree of K over Q$_p$.
The Euler characteristic can be rewritten, using local Tate duality, as
    $\chi (G_{K},M)={\frac {\#H^{0}(K,M)\cdot \#H^{0}(K,M^{\prime })}{\#H^{1}(K,M)}}$
where M$^′$ is the local Tate dual of M.
# Per Noste

Per Noste is a French association founded in 1960 under the name Per Nouste with the aim of supporting and promoting the Occitan language and civilization in Gascony. Its founding chairman is Roger Lapassade. Among the 26 founder members are Robert Darrigrand, Pierre Tucoo-Chala, and Xavier Ravier. Michel Grosclaude joined them in 1965. Since its very beginnings, the association has promoted the language teaching through the publication of handbooks.
The magazine Per Nouste was created in 1967 (its name changed to Per Noste in 1968). Its title later became País Gascons (1978).
Per Noste acted also as a local section of the IEO until 2009. Per Noste has promoted or participated in the creation of many projects linked to Occitan language revival (Calandreta, Nadau, Ràdio País, Ostau Bearnés in Pau…)
Its activity is mainly focused on publishing books in the Occitan language of Gascony, also called Gascon language, or about Gascony.
# Matthews, Georgia

Matthews is a census-designated place and unincorporated community in Jefferson County, Georgia, United States. Its population was 146 as of the 2020 census. Georgia State Route 88 passes through the community.

## Demographics

Matthews was first listed as a census designated place in the 2010 U.S. Census.
Matthews, Georgia – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. :
| Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2010 | Pop 2020 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
| White alone (NH) | 99 | 102 | 66.00% | 69.86% |
| Black or African American alone (NH) | 43 | 41 | 28.67% | 28.08% |
| Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Asian alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Some Other Race alone (NH) | 0 | 0 | 0.00% | 0.00% |
| Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) | 0 | 1 | 0.00% | 0.68% |
| Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 8 | 2 | 5.33% | 1.37% |
| Total | 150 | 146 | 100.00% | 100.00% |
# Emma Augusta Lehman

Emma Augusta Lehman (August 28, 1841 – November 6, 1922) was an American teacher, poet, naturalist and botanical collector.

## Biography

Born on August 28, 1841, in Bethania, North Carolina, Emma Augusta Lehman was the daughter of Christian Eugene Lehman (1809 – 1857) and Amanda Sophia Butner (1817 – 1868).
She graduated from the Salem Female Academy, Winston-Salem, where, in 1864, she became a member of the faculty, and served for fifty-two years. Though she was specialized in English literature, she taught wide range of courses including “piano, art, astronomy, and botany”.
In 1914 the Salem College awarded her an honorary M.S. degree to mark her fiftieth year of service in teaching. To recognize her contributions, a Chair of Literature was also named after her at the Salem College.
Her important publications include Sketches of European Travels (1890) and Poems (1904).
She was 81 years old when she died on November 6, 1922, in Bethania.
# Ąžuolaičiai

Ąžuolaičiai is a village in Kėdainiai district municipality, in Kaunas County, in central Lithuania. It is located by the Jaugila river, 3 km (1.9 mi) from Dotnuva. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 137 people.

## Demography

| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1923 | 75 | — |
| 1959 | 273 | +3.65% |
| 1970 | 233 | −1.43% |
| 1979 | 234 | +0.05% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
| 1984 | 168 | −6.41% |
| 1989 | 182 | +1.61% |
| 2001 | 190 | +0.36% |
| 2011 | 137 | −3.22% |
Source: 1902, 1923, 1959 & 1970, 1979, 1989, 2001, 2011 :
# Phoebemima teteia

Phoebemima teteia is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Galileo and Martins in 1996. It is known from Brazil.
# Cerebrospinal fluid diversion

Cerebrospinal fluid diversion is a procedure that is used to drain fluid from the brain and spinal cord. A shunt is placed in a ventricle of the brain and threaded under the skin to another part of the body, usually the abdomen. It is used to treat hydrocephalus and idiopathic intracranial hypertension.
# João Mendes

João Mendes may refer to:
* João Mendes (director) (1919–1997), Portuguese director
* João Mendes (footballer, born 1988), Portuguese footballer
* João Mendes (footballer, born 1994), Portuguese footballer
* João Mendes (footballer, born 2000), Portuguese footballer
* João Mendes (footballer, born 2005), Brazilian footballer
# João Mendes (director)

João Mendes (18 June 1919 – 28 August 1997) was a Portuguese film director. He directed 33 films between 1944 and 1982.

## Selected filmography

* Portuguese Rhapsody (1959) - Entered into the 1959 Cannes Film Festival.
# Manayunkia

Manayunkia is a genus of annelids belonging to the family Fabriciidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
* Manayunkia aestuarina (Bourne, 1883)
* Manayunkia athalassia Hutchings, Dekker & Geddes, 1981
# Yaacov Shavit

Yaacov Shavit (born 24 October 1944) is an emeritus professor at the Department of Jewish History, Tel Aviv University. His main fields of study are the history of modern Israel and modern Jewish intellectual and cultural history. Shavit has also written about the Afrocentrism movement in the African American community. He is married to Zohar Shavit, another academic of the same university's School for Cultural Studies.

## Published works

* 1987, The New Hebrew Nation: A Study in Israeli Heresy and Fantasy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0714633022.
* 1988, Jabotinsky and the Revisionist Movement, 1925-1948, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7146-3325-1.
* 1997, with Chaya Naor, Niki Werner, Athens in Jerusalem: Classical Antiquity and Hellenism in the Making of the Modern Secular Jew, Oxford (Paperback edition, 1999, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 978-1874774365).
* 2001, History in Black: African Americans in Search of an Ancient Past, London., Routledge, ISBN 978-0714682167.
* 2006, with Jehuda Reinharz, Glorious, Accursed Europe: An Essay on the Jews, Europe and Western Culture, ISBN 978-1584658436.
* 2007, with Chaya Naor and Mordechai Eran, The Hebrew Bible Reborn: From Holy Scripture to the Book of Books, Berlin, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3110191417.
# Yaacov Yaar

Yaacov Yaar (Hebrew: יעקב יער; born 1929) is an Israeli architect, who received the Israeli prize for architecture in the year 2006 and the EMET Prize in the year 2014.

## Biography

Yaar was born in Germany in 1929 and immigrated to Palestine with his family at the age of five. He attended the Ohel Shem School in Ramat Gan, and the Gymnasia Herzlia in Tel Aviv. After completing high school he served in the Jewish Settlement Police and in the Israeli Defense Forces. Upon his release from military service in the fall of 1949, he studied architecture at the Haifa Technion, graduating cum laude in 1953, followed later by a diploma in Engineering (Arch).
During his studies, he met his wife Ora Gerstenfeld, whom he married in 1954. The couple had two sons and a daughter. Gerstenfeld died in 1999 and today he lives with his spouse - Ruth A. Berman .

## Career

Yaar worked as an architect for five years in the offices of Sharon-Idelson in Tel Aviv.
In 1960 Yaar established his own architectural practice together with his wife, Ora Gerstenfeld. From the start of their careers, the couple worked primarily in planning public and social projects, including neighborhoods for new immigrants, young couples and evacuees from distressed areas. From 2000 onward Yaar worked with Aviv Yaar and Talli Yaar-Kost.

## Awards

In 2007, Yaar received the Israel Prize for Architecture. Other awards include the Rokach Prize, first for his role in the renewal of the Old City of Jaffa and subsequently for the planning of the Kfir neighborhood, the Uzzi Rosen Prize of the Jerusalem Architects’ Association for his work on restoration of the Old City of Jerusalem and the Kaplan Prize for design, development, and construction of Pisgat Ze’ev in Jerusalem. In 2014 Yaar received the EMET prize in the field of architecture.

## Public activity

Yaar served as President of the Association of Israel Architects. He taught for many years at the Faculty of Architecture of the Technion and, subsequently, the School of Architecture at Tel Aviv University.
* Giv’at Ha-Moreh in Afula, Neve Rassco in Ramat Ha-Sharon.
* Eli Cohen neighborhood in Kfar Sava during the 1960s.
* Kfir neighborhood in Tel Aviv, In the 1970s, winning the Rokach Prize along with landscape architect Hillel Omer (the poet Ayin Hillel).
* Pisgat Ze’ev in Jerusalem, 1980's.
* Ramat Shlomo in Jerusalem, 1980's.
* HaMashtela in Tel Aviv, 1980's.
* Preservation plan in Jaffa old city and port.
* Kikar HaShuk on the site of the former Tel Aviv wholesale market, in the 2000s.
* Neighbourhoods in: Kiryat Shmona, Rosh HaAyin, Modi’in, Netivot, Kiryat Gat.
# Mand River

The Mand River is a tributary of the Mahanadi in India. It joins the Mahanadi in Chandarpur, in Chhattisgarh, 28 km from the Odisha border and before the river reaches the Hirakud Dam.
The river, whose total length is 241 km, rises to an elevation of about 686 m in Surguja district in Chhattisgarh. It receives the drainage of the southern part of the Mainpat Plateau, an area of about 5200 km$^2$.
# Polyara

Polyara is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

## Species

* Polyara bambusae Hardy, 1986
* Polyara insolita Walker, 1859
* Polyara leptotrichosa Hardy, 1986
# Xinwan, Yuanjiang

Xinwan Town (simplified Chinese: 新湾镇; traditional Chinese: 新灣鎮; pinyin: Xīnwān zhèn) is an urban town in Yuanjiang, Yiyang, Hunan Province, People's Republic of China.

## Administrative division

The town is divided into eight villages and one community, the following areas: Zhenxing Community, Mingyue Village, Banshanzhou Village, Xinwan Village, Lianhua Village, Laowuchong Village, Qiaobei Village, Yanggelao Village, and Zhougonghu Village (振兴社区、明月村、畔山洲村、新湾村、莲花村、老屋冲村、桥北村、杨阁老村、周公湖村).
# Xintun Township, Heilongjiang

Xintun (Chinese: 新屯; pinyin: Xīntún) is a township of Yi'an County in western Heilongjiang province, China, located 18 km (11 mi) west-southwest of the county seat. As of 2011, it has 9 villages under its administration.
# Policy capturing

Policy capturing or "the PC technique" is a statistical method used in social psychology to quantify the relationship between a person's judgement and the information that was used to make that judgement. Policy capturing assessments rely upon regression analysis models. Policy capturing is frequently used by businesses to assess employee performance.
Policy capturing is a technique that is used to examine how individuals reach decisions. Policy capturing is regarded as a form of judgment analysis and has been applied to a variety of settings and contexts (see Cooksey, 1996; Kristof-Brown, A. L., Jansen, K. J., & Colbert, A. E. (2002). A policy-capturing study of the simultaneous effects of fit with jobs, groups, and organizations. Journal of Applied psychology, 87(5), 985).
A typical example was reported by Sherer, Schwab and Heneman (1987), in their study of how supervisors, in the setting of a private hospital, reach decisions about salary raises. Participants of this study, called judges, received information about a set of employees. The employees differed on five key factors: performance level was average or superior, performance was consistent or inconsistent, current salary was low, medium, or high, and the individuals either had or had not been offered another job from a different organization. After reading information about each employee, participants then decided whether the percentage and absolute increase in salary they would recommend. Which of these five factors shaped the decisions varied appreciably across the participants.
Hitt and Barr reported another excellent example of policy capturing. This study assessed which factors determine evaluations of job applicants and corresponding salaries. The participants or judges-66 managers who often need to reach similar decisions in their work lives-read the applications of these applicants and watched a video presentation that each candidate had prepared. Several variables differed across applicants: the applicants, for example, had accumulated either 10 or 15 years of experience, were 35 or 35 years of age, were male or female, were African or Caucasian, had completed a BS or MBA, and were applying to be a regional sales manager or vice president of sales. Subsequent analysis showed that factors unrelated to experience, such as age and sex, affected decisions. Furthermore, the relevance of each factor interacted with one another.
# Juan Antonio Quintana

Juan Antonio Quintana (1939 – 15 February 2022) was a Spanish actor.

## Biography

He was born in Zaragoza in 1939. The only son of Juan, a bank clerk, and Felisa, a housewife, he was fond of cinema and theater from an early age. He studied Philosophy and Letters at the University of Zaragoza and the University of Madrid.
He made his theatrical debut at the age of seventeen, at the University of Zaragoza, with the play The Lesson by Eugène Ionesco. He finished this eight-year stage as a university actor, participating in the staging of Fuenteovejuna, by Lope de Vega, directed by Alberto Castilla at the Teatro Nacional Universitario in Madrid, which won the Grand Prix du Festival Mondial de Théâtre de Nancy (France). In 1966 he staged his first production of The Maidens' Consent, by Leandro Fernández de Moratín.
Knowing Valladolid since he was a child, due to the visits he made in the 40's and 50's to his maternal uncles in the summer, in 1968 he decided to move to this city to become an actor and has lived there ever since.
He rented a room in the city and that same year he met, in a rehearsal at the Colegio de La Salle, the woman who would become his wife and work partner, the painter and set designer Meri Maroto. They married in 1972 in the parish of San Mateo del Paseo de Zorrilla and the result of this marriage was the birth of their only daughter, Lucia, also an actress. In 1970 he created his first theater company, the Corral de Comedias de Valladolid.
He later obtained a teaching post in Secondary Education, beginning his career as a teacher in the Pajarillos neighborhood and later at the Polytechnic Institute of La Merced in Valladolid. Since his retirement, he has dedicated himself exclusively to cinema, theater and television.
He promoted theater courses in the city, and in the 1976-77 academic year he created the Aula de Teatro de la Universidad de Valladolid, through which actors such as Diego Martín, Eva Hache, Lucía Quintana, Eva Martín or Carlos Domingo passed.
The Aula de Teatro is a place of study and rehearsal closely linked to his second company, the Teatro Estable de Valladolid, which would later be renamed Compañía Juan Antonio Quintana. With this company, he has produced a total of more than forty productions.
In 1984 he received the Gold Medal for best actor, and in 1998 the prestigious Mayte de Teatro award for his performance in Yepeto. In 1997 he made his film debut in the movie Mamá es boba, and in 1999 he made his television debut with a role in the series Manos a la obra.
In 2000 a tribute was paid to him at the Teatro Calderón for his contribution to the theater and later a seat was dedicated to him with his name in the remodeled Teatro Zorrilla.
He played the character of Nicolás in the series Ana y los 7, in the 2002 to 2005 seasons.
In 2011 he played Basilio, the grandfather, in the series Amar en tiempos revueltos.
He died in Valladolid on 15 February 2022.
# Manila Chronicle

The Manila Chronicle was a newspaper in the Philippines founded in 1945. Its founding newspapermen sold it to Eugenio López, Sr. It was closed down when martial law was imposed by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. It was published daily by the Manila Chronicle Publishing Corporation, with Rodrigo Apoderado as chief editor. It was re-opened in 1986 but was closed down in 1998 after a labor dispute.
# Polygrammodes eleuata

Polygrammodes eleuata, the red-spotted sweetpotato moth or many-spotted moth, is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1777. It is found in Central and South America (including French Guiana), on the Antilles and in the southern United States, where it has been recorded from Florida.
The wingspan is 22–24 mm.
# Polygrammodes cyamon

Polygrammodes cyamon is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Herbert Druce in 1899. It is found in Oaxaca, Mexico.
The forewings are reddish brown, crossed about the middle by a darker brown band from the costal to the inner margin, which is edged with a narrow yellow line. There is an elongate white spot at the end of the cell. The hindwings are white, but the apex, outer margin and fringe are reddish brown.
# Polygrammodes cuneatalis

Polygrammodes cuneatalis is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Paul Dognin in 1908. It is found in Peru.
# Brzóstowa

Brzóstowa is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Ćmielów, within Ostrowiec County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) west of Ćmielów, 8 km (5 mi) south-east of Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski, and 62 km (39 mi) east of the regional capital Kielce.
# Bulbophyllum raui

Bulbophyllum raui is a species of orchid in the genus Bulbophyllum found in Uttar Pradesh, India.
# Bulawayo Thermal Power Station

Bulawayo Thermal Power Station is a 90 MW (120,000 hp) coal-fired thermal power plant located in the city of Bulawayo in Bulawayo Metropolitan Province of Zimbabwe.

## Location

The power station is located in the central business district of Bulawayo, approximately 442 kilometres (275 mi), by road, southwest of Harare the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe. The coordinates of the power station are:20°09'33.0"S, 28°34'33.0"E (Latitude:-20.159167; Longitude:28.575833).

## Overview

The power station is owned and operated by Zimbabwe Power Company, (ZPC), a parastatal of the Government of Zimbabwe. ZPC is a 100 percent subsidiary of Zimbabwe Electricity Supply Authority. The station was constructed between 1947 and 1957 by Bulawayo Municipal Council. At that time, generation capacity was 120 megawatts.
The plant uses coal, primarily from Hwange Colliery, which is brought in by rail and road. In 1999, the power station underwent a major overhaul and modernization repairs, which reduced generation capacity to 90 megawatts. As of 2019, the generation capacity had deteriorated to about 30 megawatts, due to antiquated equipment and lack of maintenance for many years.

## Upgrade

In 2019, the Zimbabwean government publicly announced its intentions to overhaul, refurbish and modernize the power station, so that it would generate 90 megawatts again. Two of the six cooling towers will be demolished in the process. The remaining four cooling towers will be refurbished to prolong their life span by another 15 to 20 years.
In November 2018, the Government of India extended a line of credit worth US$333 million to the government of Zimbabwe, of which US$23 million was to fund the upgrade to Bulawayo Thermal Power Station.
# Bulawayo Technical School

The Bulawayo Technical School was established in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe in January 1927 and was the first technical school in what was then Southern Rhodesia. The school had been planned to educate boys with technical ability who could contribute practical skills to the young and rapidly developing country.
Its founder headmaster was Mr. P.H. Gifford, a science graduate from the University of Manchester, who had previously served at Boys' High School in what was then Salisbury. He was to remain with the school for twenty years and was succeeded as headmaster by Mr. H. J. Sutherby in 1947, who had also been a founder member of staff.
The school was renamed Gifford Technical High School, in honour of its founding headmaster, on 19 August 1961. The school was renamed Gifford High School in 1974 when it became a comprehensive high school offering the same range of subjects as other high schools in the country.

## Notable alumni

* David Candler (1924–2008), cricketer, clergyman and educator