OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Photon diffusion

Photon diffusion is a situation where photons travel through a material without being absorbed, but rather undergoing repeated scattering events which change the direction of their path. The path of any given photon is then effectively a random walk. A large ensemble of such photons can be said to exhibit diffusion in the material, and can be described with a diffusion equation.

## Astrophysics

In astrophysics, photon diffusion occurs inside a stellar atmosphere. To describe this phenomenon, one should develop the transfer equation in moments and use the Eddington approximation to radiative transfer (i.e. the diffusion approximation). In 3D the results are two equations for the photon energy flux:
    ${\vec {F}}=-{\frac {c}{12\pi \sigma }}{\vec {\nabla }}U,$
    ${\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {F}}=0,$
where $\sigma$ is the opacity. By substituting the first equation into the second, one obtains the diffusion equation for the photon energy density:
    $\nabla ^{2}U-{\frac {1}{\sigma }}{\vec {\nabla }}U\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}\sigma =0.$

## Medical science

In medicine, the diffusion of photons can be used to create images of the body (mainly brain and breast) and has contributed much to the advance of certain fields of research, such as neuroscience. This technique is known as diffuse optical imaging.
# Mamani Keïta

Assitan Keïta, popularly known as Mamani Keïta (born 20 October 1965) is a singer and musician from Mali. "Mamani" literally means "grandmother".
She was born in Bamako, grew up speaking Bambara, and was a backup singer for Salif Keita. She is best known in English speaking countries for her album with Marc Minelli, Electro Bamako. She is credited on four tracks of the soundtrack album of the French animated film Kirikou et les bêtes sauvages (2005). Mamani Keita released her second album entitled Yéléma in 2006 and Gagner l'Argent Français in 2011. Both albums were produced and composed by French multi-instrumentalist Nicolas Repac.

## Discography

* Electro Bamako (2002, Universal Jazz)
* Yelema (2006, No Format!)
* Gagner l'Argent Français (2011, No Format!)
* Kanou (2014, World Village)
# Erdinç Ecevit Yıldız

Erdinç Ecevit Yıldız is a Turkish-Dutch musician best known as vocalist and bağlama player for Anatolian rock band Altin Gün.

## Biography

According to Altin Gün bandmate Daniel Smienk, Erdinç was born in the Netherlands to Turkish parents.

## Music career

In 2016, Erdinç responded to an ad posted on Facebook by Jasper Verhulst who was seeking to form a psychedelic Turkish folk band which would soon become known as Altin Gün. Erdinç was recruited to the band as one of two lead vocalists of Turkish origin - the other being Merve Daşdemir.
The band has released five studio albums since their debut album in 2018. In 2019, their second album, Gece was nominated for the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards (2019) in the Best World Music Album category. Together they have made multiple tours of Europe and North America and have performed at Coachella. Their fifth studio album was released in March 2023.
At a 2019 show in Ontario, Erdinç performed with broken ribs after suffering a frisbee accident.
# National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016

The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2016 (S. 1356; NDAA 2016, Pub.L. 114-92) is a United States federal law which specifies the budget and expenditures of the United States Department of Defense (DOD) for Fiscal Year 2016.

## Role of the bill

To authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2016 for military activities of the Department of Defense and for military construction, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes.

## Bill vetoed

On September 30, 2015, President Barack Obama threatened to veto the NDAA 2016. The reason for the veto threat by the Obama administration was that the bill H.R. 1735 bypassed the Budget Control Act of 2011 spending caps by allocating nearly $90 billion to the Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) account, designating routine spending as emergency war expenses exempted from the caps. On October 22, 2015, Obama vetoed the bill.
However, after changes it became S. 1356 (114th) which was signed by the President on November 25, 2015.
# List of major archbishops of Thiruvananthapuram

The Major Archbishop-Catholicos of Thiruvananthapuram is the head of the Major Archdiocese of Thiruvananthapuram in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India. The Major Archbishop, a position equivalent to Patriarch and locally called as Head & Father of Syro-Malankara Catholic Church.
Pope Pius XI, through the Apostolic Constitution Christo Pastorum Principi of 11 June 1932, established the Syro-Malankara Hierarchy for the reunited community and erected the Archiparchy of Thiruvananthapuram with the Eparchy of Tiruvalla as its suffragan. The Metropolitan Eparchy of Thiruvananthapuram was established in 1933. Mar Ivanios was enthroned as its first Metropolitan Archbishop. The Eparchy of Tiruvalla was established in 1933. Jacob Mor Theophilos was enthroned as its first bishop.
On 10 February 2005, the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church was raised to the status of a Major Archiepiscopal Church on that day by the papal document Ab ipso Sancto Thoma, and as such possesses a high level of autonomy under the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches. Archbishop Pedro López Quintana, the Apostolic Nuncio in India, read the official declaration at St. Mary's Cathedral, Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram. The Hierarchical Head of the Church became a Major Archbishop who exercises patriarchal powers and governs the Church assisted by the Holy Synod of Bishops of the Church. The title “Catholicos” is used according to the Antiochene-Malankara Tradition in referring to the "Major Archbishop" (a term recently adopted by the Latin Church to refer to Eastern bishops equal to patriarchal authority, without an historical Patriarchate).
The Father and Head of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church, Baselios Cleemis was elevated to the College of Cardinals of the Catholic Church by Pope Benedict XVI at the Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican on 24 November 2012. As Cardinal-Priest he was assigned the titular church of San Gregorio VII.

## Archbishops of Thiruvananthapuram

| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Tenure |
| 1 | | Geevarghese Mar Ivanios, OIC (1882-1953) | 1932–1953 |
| – | Vacant | Vacant | 1953–1955 |
| 2 | | Benedict Mar Gregorios, OIC (1916-1994) | 1955–1994 |
| 3 | | Cyril Mar Baselios, OIC (1935-2007) | 1995–2005 |

## Major Archbishop-Catholicoi of Thiruvananthapuram

| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) | Tenure |
| 1 | | Cyril Baselios Catholicos, OIC (1935-2007) | 2005–2007 |
| 2 | | Baselios Cardinal Cleemis Catholicos (1959-) | 2007–Present |

## Reference links

* ↑ "The Unique Identity of the Syro-Malankara Catholic Church | PDF".
* ↑ "Annuncio di Concistoro per la Creazione di Sei Nuovi Cardinali" (in Italian). Holy See Press Office. 24 October 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013.
# Elisabetta Grimani

Elisabetta Grimani (died August 31, 1792) was the last Dogaressa of Venice by marriage to the Doge Ludovico Manin (r. 1789–1797).

## Biography

Elisabetta Grimani was the daughter of Antonio Grimani. She married Ludovico Manin on 14 September 1748. A contemporary description of her during the election of her spouse to Doge of Venice in 1789 related, "The triumph of the Doge must be somewhat dampened by his wife, who, by some womanish singularity, is not pleased at becoming Dogaressa. She would not appear at any of the feasts, but has hidden herself, according to some, at Murano, others say she has taken refuge in her steward's house!" Grimani was described as modest and simple.
Grimani suffered from a long lasting terminal illness, resulting in large amounts of anxiety, but is said to have maintained a firmness of mind until her death in Treviso. She was the last Dogaressa of Venice, and the last to be afforded a state funeral as such.
A Latin Oratio Imperata was made about her: "Illud sane celebranduniy, quod per longos eosque jplurimos annos acerha valitudine correpta, nunquam aut vi deterrita aut languoribus oppressa, semper naturce dehilitationi superior, et magnitudine animi constans visafm'tJ'.
# BarWatch

BarWatch are self regulated associations of bars, nightclubs and restaurants across Canada. Members of the BarWatch association draft up regulations for security practices of their members with the goal of reducing violence and the costs associated with it. The members will vote on regulations to enhance security such as the installation of video cameras, greater communication with local law enforcement, and the use of ID scanners for bars and nightclubs.
BarWatch is sometimes mistakenly used to refer to the ID scanning software used by the members of the BarWatch Association. However, the ID scanning software is actually offered by separate private companies such as Servall Data Systems. Subscribers to the ID scanning systems photograph and scan the government issued ID cards of all patrons collecting information such as name, age and photograph . The intent is to prevent people from engaging in criminal activity at bars and nightclubs by creating a database of known incidents. There is controversy about the legality of such systems.
In 2009, the Legislative Assembly of Alberta voted for and passed on Bill 42 allowing bars and nightclubs to collect the person's name, age, and photograph, where doing so does not contradict Alberta's privacy legislation. Bill 42 does not permit bars and nightclubs to collect any additional information, including address or driver's license number, nor does it permit the scanning of driver's licenses. The Alberta Gaming and Liquor Commission also released guidelines for the use of ID scanning systems by license holders , which also clarifies "it is against the law to scan or photocopy the entire face of a patron's driver's license". Shortly afterward, the privacy commissioner of British Columbia followed Alberta's guidelines and passed a similar set of guidelines for bars and nightclubs.
# Iyyunni Chalakka

C. R. Iyyunni (15 October 1890 - 21 January 1961) was an Indian National Congress politician from Thrissur, Kerala. He was a member of Parliament for Travancore-Cochin from 1952 to 1957.

## Early life and education

Shri Iyyunni Chalakka was born on 15 October 1890. His father was Shri Rappayi. He was educated at C.M.S. High School, Trichur, Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, Madras Christian College and Government Law College, Thiruvananthapuram.

## Political career

He served as an advocate in Thrissur along with Congress activities in the locality. He was also renowned for his role in the promotion of banking institutions such as Catholic Syrian Bank Limited, Malabar Bank, Cochin Reserve Bank, Indian Insurance and Banking Corporation. He held other offices such as Chairman of Trichur Municipality, President of Trichur Bar Association, President of Civil Liberties Union, Chairman of Managing Committee, Indo-Mercantile Bank, Minister of Revenue in Cochin State, Member of K.P.C.C., Member of Cochin D.C.C. and Parliamentary Board and Public Relations committee Travancore-Cochin State.

## Death

Iyyunni died on 21 January 1961.
# Barbara Tepa Lupack

Barbara Tepa Lupack (born 1951) is an American scholar of literature. She is a professor emeritus of English at St. John's University and was an academic dean at SUNY. She has written several books on American literature and culture and on Arthurian topics.
# Barbara Tfank

Barbara Tfank is an American fashion designer, best known for designing the lavender Prada gown worn by Uma Thurman at the 67th Academy Awards.

## Career

A native of New York, Tfank is a graduate of Skidmore College and holds a masters from Stanford University. She apprenticed with designer Sal Cesarani and worked as a costume designer for films, including A Midnight Clear and Dream Lover.
She also worked as a stylist for Avedon, for Japanese TV and as a design consultant for Prada. During her time with Prada, she designed the lavender dress that Uma Thurman wore at the 67th Academy Awards in 1995.
Tfank started her own design line with a collection for Barneys in 2001. Since 2006, Tfank has shown her designs at New York Fashion Week; she has also shown at Houston Fashion Week. She regularly collaborates with shoe designer Manolo Blahnik, sagafurs, and Shiseido.
Tfank's high-profile clients include First Lady Michelle Obama, who wore a Tfank dress to meet Queen Elizabeth II on the Obama's official visit to the UK in 2011 and for the 2012 State of the Union Address, fashion writer Tatiana Hambro, who wore a custom Tfank dress for her wedding, and singer Adele, who wore Barbara Tfank to the 2009 Grammys and the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.

## 1995 Oscar dress

While working as a design consultant for Prada, Tfank was responsible for designing the lavender or lilac-colored Prada dress worn by Uma Thurman at the 67th Academy Awards on March 27, 1995. Bronwyn Cosgrave in her 2006 book Made For Each Other: Fashion and the Academy Awards describes the dress as being beautifully crafted and admired for weeks afterwards by the media. The 2000 book Fashion: The Century of the Designer 1900–1999 credits the dress for opening up Prada in Hollywood saying, "...Uma Thurman appeared at the ceremony in a lavender gown and stole, catapulting herself onto magazine covers and bringing Prada to the attention of Hollywood." Variety magazine's 2003 Complete Book of Oscar Fashion described it as "the gown that launched a thousand imitations"; and indeed, a year later, Nicole Kidman wore a Prada dress of an identical colour at the 68th Academy Awards.
# J. K. Farnell

John Kirby Farnell or J. K. Farnell was a London company which manufactured the first British teddy bear in 1906.

## Beginnings and endings

Founded in Notting Hill, the firm was started in 1840 by a silk merchant, John Kirby Farnell, and made items such as pin cushions and tea cosies. After Farnell's death, his children, Henry and Agnes, continued the business from Acton in West London.
They produced soft toys, moving from rabbit skin to mohair. Farnell rapidly became one of the leading teddy bear manufacturers, registering the Alpha trademark in 1925. "The Teddy Bear Encyclopedia" states that the Alpha Bear inspired the creation of Winnie the Pooh - Christopher Robin Milne (son of the Winnie the Pooh books' author A. A. Milne and basis of the character Christopher Robin) owned one of the Alpha Bears.
The company premises were destroyed by fire in 1934 and by bombing in 1940. It finally ceased trading in the 1960s and the Farnell name was taken over by Merrythought in 1996.

## Appearance

The first Farnell bears closely resembled their German Steiff counterparts, having pointed muzzles, long limbs, humpbacks and webbed toes. Early Farnell bears also had boot-button eyes which were replaced by painted glass ones. The soles were of felt and reinforced with cardboard.
# Vilela, Seramil e Paredes Secas

Vilela, Seramil e Paredes Secas is a civil parish in the municipality of Amares, Braga District, Portugal. It was formed in 2013 by the merger of the former parishes Vilela, Seramil and Paredes Secas. The population in 2011 was 645, in an area of 8.60 km².
# Vilela

Vilela may refer to:
* Vilela (Amares), a parish (freguesia) in Amares municipality, Portugal
* Vilela (Póvoa de Lanhoso), a parish (freguesia) in Póvoa de Lanhoso municipality, Portugal
* Vilela language, an endangered Lule-Vilela language, indigenous to northwestern Argentina
* Vilela people, indigenous people of Argentina
* Amy Vilela (born 1974 or 1975), American politician
* João Vilela (born 1985), Portuguese footballer
* José Luis Vilela de Acuña (born 1953), Cuban chess master
* Ivan Vilela (born 1962), Brazilian musician and composer
# Barleria siamensis

Barleria siamensis, the Siamese barleria, is a plant in the family Acanthaceae. It occurs in southern Asia.
# Barbara Manfredi

Barbara Manfredi (1444–1466) was the wife of Pino III Ordelaffi, lord of Forlì (Italy).
She was born in Faenza, current Emilia-Romagna, to Astorre II Manfredi, seignior of that city. At the age seven she was bethrothed to the powerful Pino III Ordelaffi, who married her in 1462.
The following year Pino became ill. His brother Francesco (Cecco) was suspected of poisoning him, but the Forlivese lord survived. Cecco was in the end assassinated, and Pino could be the sole lord of the city, maintaining that position thanks the support of Venice.
However, when Barbara suddenly died, Pino was accused by Astorre of poisoning her. The magnificent sepulchre that her husband commissioned her (now in the Abbey of San Mercuriale in Forlì) was seen as a proof of his guilty conscience. It was the first tomb in Romagna designed on Renaissance principles.
Pino would also be accused of later poisoning his second wife Zaffira Manfredi.
# Barbara Marchisio

Barbara Marchisio (6 December 1833 – 19 April 1919) was an Italian operatic contralto and one of Rossini's favorite singers. She was known for her excellent technique and a voice which possessed both agility and a very wide extension which allowed her to sing roles in the soprano range.
She was born in Turin into a family of musicians. Her younger sister Carlotta Marchisio was a noted soprano and their brother Antonino was a composer. Their father was a piano maker in the city. Both Barbara and Carlotta Marchisio trained as singers in Turin with Carlotta Marchionni. Barbara made her stage debut as Adalgisa in Bellini's Norma in Vicenza in 1856. After her sister's debut in 1857, they frequently appeared together, singing leading contralto and soprano roles in Paris (at the Théâtre-Italien) as well as in Brussels, Berlin, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and various theatres in Great Britain.
In her later years she became a singing teacher at the Naples Conservatory and also taught privately. Amongst her pupils were Toti Dal Monte and Rosa Raisa. She died in Mira, a small town on the outskirts of Venice at the age of 85.
# Villa Rica

Villa Rica may refer to:
* Villa Rica, Georgia, United States
* Villa Rica, Cauca, Colombia
* Villa Rica District, Peru
* Villa Rica, Paraguay
* Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico, originally Villa Rica de la Vera Cruz
# Barr'd Islands

Barr'd Islands is a community on Fogo Island in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. It is part of the town of Fogo Island, with which it amalgamated on March 1, 2011. Barr'd Islands was settled permanently in the early 19th century by English fishermen. The 1836 census showed a total of 14 households had taken up residence there at that time.
# Villa del Rosario

Villa del Rosario is the name of several places:
* Villa del Rosario, Córdoba, Argentina
* Villa del Rosario, Entre Ríos, Argentina
* Villa del Rosario, the former name of present-day Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
* Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander, Colombia
* Villa del Rosario, Paraguay, San Pedro, Paraguay
* Villa del Rosario, Uruguay, village in Lavalleja Department, Uruguay
* La Villa del Rosario, Venezuela
# Barbara Mitchelhill

Barbara Mitchelhill is a children's author of Run Rabbit Run and Road to London in addition to the Damian Drooth series for younger children. She is winner of Solihull Children's Book Award for her book Storm Runners and the Stockton Book of the Year for Run Rabbit Run.
"Barbara Mitchelhill was born in Rochdale and trained as a teacher. While she was teaching, she began writing for BBC children's TV and went on to write for educational publishers, before writing novels for children. She makes school visits all over the country, and enjoys appearing at literary festivals and talking to teachers and librarians, some as far away as the Caribbean. Her hobbies include reading, theatre, music, gardening and walking her border terrier, Ella. She lives in Staffordshire and has two grown-up daughters and four grandchildren."
Gruesome Ghosts, in the Damian Drooth series, was published in 2009. During this time she has worked with the Scottish Book Trust, and St Dominic's Priory School, Stone and is published by Random House
In 2010 Mitchelhill was awarded the Solihull Children's Book Award.
# J. H. Muirhead

John Henry Muirhead (28 April 1855 – 24 May 1940) was a Scottish philosopher best known for having initiated the Muirhead Library of Philosophy in 1890. He became the first person named to the Chair of Philosophy at the University of Birmingham in 1900.

## Biography

Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Muirhead was educated at Gilbertfield House School, the Glasgow Academy (1866–70), and proceeded to Glasgow University, where he was deeply influenced by the Hegelianism of Edward Caird, the Professor of Moral Philosophy. He graduated MA in 1875. The same year he won a Snell exhibition at Balliol College, Oxford, to which he went up in Trinity Term 1875. His Library was originally published by Allen & Unwin and continued through to the 1970s.
His Library is seen as a crucial landmark in the history of modern philosophy, publishing a number of prominent 20th century philosophers including Brand Blanshard, Francis Herbert Bradley, Axel Hagerstrom, Henri Bergson, Edmund Husserl, Bernard Bosanquet, Irving Thalberg, Jr., Georg Wilhelm Hegel, Bertrand Russell and George Edward Moore. In 2002, the Library was made available in a 95 volume set (ISBN 0-415-27897-X).
Muirhead was a philosophical idealist and was involved in the British idealist movement.

## Selected bibliography

* The Inner Life in Relation to Morality: A Study in the Elements of Religion (an article in International Journal of Ethics January 1891, pages 169 to 186)
* The Elements of Ethics: an Introduction to Moral Philosophy (1892) - Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.
* Abstract and Practical Ethics (an article in American Journal of Sociology November 1896, Volume II, pages 341 to 357).
* Chapters from Aristotle's Ethics (1900) - John Murray, London.
* Philosophy and Life; and other Essays (1902) - Swan Sonnenschein & Co. Ltd, London.
* Wordsworth's Ideal of Early Education (an article in International Journal of Ethics April 1904, pages 339 to 352).
* The Service of the State: four lectures on the Political Teaching of T. H. Green (1908) - John Murray, London.
* The Ethical Aspect of the New Theology (an article in International Journal of Ethics April 1904 January 1910, pages 129 to 140).
* German Philosophy in relation to the War (1915) - John Murray, London.
* Social Purpose: a contribution to a Philosophy of Civic Society with H. J. W. Hetherington (1918) - London: G. Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan.
* The Life and Philosophy of Edward Caird (written with Sir Henry Jones) (1921) – Maclehose, Jackson and Co., Glasgow.
* Coleridge as Philosopher (1930) - Macmillan, New York.
* The Platonic Tradition in Anglo-Saxon Philosophy: Studies in the History of Idealism in England and America (1931) - London: G. Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan.
* The Use of Philosophy: Californian Addresses (1979) - Greenwood Press.
* Rule and End in Morals (1969) - Books for Libraries Press
# Barbischio

Barbischio is a village in Tuscany, central Italy, administratively a frazione of the comune of Gaiole in Chianti, province of Siena. At the time of the 2001 census its population was 32.
# Barbitistes vicetinus

Barbitistes vicetinus, the Vicentine saw-tailed bush-cricket, is a species of katydids crickets in family Phaneropteridae endemic to Italy. The species was originally described by Antonio Galvagni and Paolo Fontana. It is found in vineyards and woody vegetation in the regions of Veneto and Trentino, in particular in the province of Vicenza (from which it gets its name). In 2016, it was listed as a Near Threatened species by the IUCN due to its restricted geographic range and extreme fluctuations in its population: its current extent of occurrence (EOO) is about 580 km$^2$ (220 sq mi), and its area of occupancy (AOO) is between 50–100 km$^2$ (19–39 sq mi). Formally described as a new species only in 1993, unexpected population outbreaks have severely impacted forests and crops in northern Italy in recent years.