OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Multilingua

Multilingua, Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication is a bimonthly peer-reviewed academic journal in linguistics, specializing in the sociolinguistics of multilingualism, language learning, intercultural communication, and translation and interpreting. The journal was established in 1982 and is published by de Gruyter Mouton.

## Publication history

The journal was established in 1982 with the support of the Commission of the European Communities to "provide an interface between the Institutions and the members of the public who are interested in multilingualism, be they teachers, translators or interpreters, computer experts, publishers or librarians, businessmen or politicians."
The founding editor-in-chief was Juan Carlos Sager, who edited the journal until 1987. He was succeeded by Richard J. Watts who served in that position until 2013. His successor is Ingrid Piller.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
* Arts and Humanities Citation Index
* EBSCO databases
* FRANCIS
* Index Islamicus
* International Bibliography of Periodical Literature
* International Bibliography of the Social Sciences
* Linguistic Bibliography
* Modern Language Association Database
* ProQuest databases
* Social Sciences Citation Index
* Scopus
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 1.339.
# Copyright Licensing Agency

The Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA) is a UK non-profit organisation established in 1983 to perform collective licensing on behalf of its members the Authors' Licensing and Collecting Society (ALCS), Publishers' Licensing Services(PLS), the Design and Artists Collecting Society (DACS) and PICSEL. The Copyright Licensing Agency is based in 35 Ballards Lane, London, N3 1XW.

## Aim

The Copyright Licensing Agency (CLA) is recognised by the UK government as the collective rights licensing body for text and images from book, journal and magazine content. CLA exists to simplify copyright for content users and copyright owners. Its aim is to help its customers legally access, copy or share the published content that they want, while making sure copyright owners are paid for the use of their work. As an aggregator of publisher, author and visual artist rights from 35 countries, CLA is a leading provider of licences and products to the education, corporate and public sectors.
CLA is a non-profit organisation and money collected in licence fees is distributed to the copyright owners after company costs have been deducted. In the financial year 2019/2020 CLA collected £86m in fees and distributed £76.8m to its members for payment to authors, visual artists and publishers.
As well as UK publications, CLA has agreements with reproduction rights organisations (RROs) that allow employees to copy works published in over 35 other countries. CLA also works with the International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organisations (IFRRO) towards the development of international codes of conduct.

## Copyright Law

CLA is a licensing body as defined by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

## Compliance

CLA established its compliance arm, Copywatch in 1996. Copywatch was established in 1996 by The Copyright Licensing Agency to counter illegal copying of books, magazines and journals in the business and local authority areas. The company is also a member of the Alliance Against IP Theft and the Trading Standards Institute.
# Ray Beachey

Raymond Wendell Beachey (24 October 1915 – 10 July 2010) was a Canadian educator, historian and academic best known for his work at Makerere University in Uganda in the 1950s and 1960s. In this capacity he tutored many important African leaders including Benedicto Kiwanuka, Yusuf Lule and Mwai Kibaki, but was concerned that Uganda was not ready for independence at the time it was granted and saw the dictatorial regimes of Idi Amin and Milton Obote as the result of the haste with which the British withdrew from the country. He was also an historian of East Africa and published several important works on the subject.

## Life

Beachey was born in the town of Trout Creek, Ontario, and worked at logging camps to pay for his education before obtaining a job in finance in Ottawa and subsequently joining the Royal Canadian Air Force during the Second World War. After the war he married Ursula Malloy and returned to Canada, taking a degree at Queen's University in Ontario followed by a PhD in Imperial History at the University of Edinburgh.
On graduation, Beachey took a position lecturing at Makerere University in Kampala, where many of his students would later become government ministers in Uganda and Kenya. Among his colleagues at this time were V. S. Naipaul and Paul Theroux, the latter describing him as "the gentle Canadian". Beachey found his African students to be more dedicated than those he had taught in Canada, but following Ugandan independence in 1962 he became increasingly concerned that the country was unprepared for self-government and left in 1968. The murder of his former student Benedicto Kiwanuka and the ensuing brutal reigns of Idi Amin and Milton Obote strengthened his opinion - on one occasion a former colleague who had suffered torture at the hands of Obote's men begged him to work towards a return of British rule in the country.
After leaving Africa, Beachey held positions at King's College London and the University of Waterloo in Canada before retiring in Hampshire in 1978. He lived there for the rest of his life, dying in July 2010. As well as his university work, Beachey was an important historian of East Africa, publishing numerous reference works on the region. He was also a collector of Persian carpets and travelled extensively in the Middle East.

## Works

* The British West Indies Sugar Industry in the Late 19th Century, 1957
* The Slave Trade of Eastern Africa, 1976
* The Warrior Mullah, 1990
* A History of East Africa, 1592-1902, 1995
# Özdil

Özdil is a Turkish word, and it may refer to:

## Surname

* Fitnat Özdil (1910–1993), Turkish female rower
* Melek Özdil (1916–?), Turkish female rower
* Nezihe Özdil (1911–1984), Turkish female rower
* Özdil Nami (born 1967), Turkish-Cypriot politician
# Fahem Hammachi

Fahem Hammachi is an Algerian boxer. He represented Algeria at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro Brazil. He was defeated in the round of 32 against Brazilian Boxer Robenílson de Jesus 1–2.
# Garfield Electronics Doctor Click

The Doctor Click is a rhythm controller manufactured by the American company Garfield Electronics. It was released in 1982.
In the pre-MIDI era, the Doctor Click enabled various different synthesizers and drum machines to communicate with each other.
It features two independent channels.
There are also footswitch inputs for Play, Reset and Enter.

## Modulation

The unit features modulation control for VCO, VCF and VCA sections of synthesizers.

## Design

The unit is constructed in a metal case, uses microswitches and a screen for reading the tempo.

## Programming

You can step program the device by selecting Timebase 12 and use the Step button to enter the step count for each note.
# Lei Yungong

Lei Yungong (died 23 July 1022) was a Song dynasty palace eunuch who rose to power after foiling fellow eunuch Zhou Huaizheng's coup. He dominated court politics following Emperor Zhenzong's death, by associating with the powerful grand councilor Ding Wei. However, just a few months later he was beaten to death for illegally moving Emperor Zhenzong's burial site to acquire treasures.

## During Emperor Zhenzong's reign

Lei Yungong was a native of Kaifeng, the Song dynasty capital. Described as a clever and cunning eunuch, he quickly rose among the ranks of the Palace Domestic Service.
The emperor Zhao Heng (posthumously known as Emperor Zhenzong) was a devout follower of Taoism in his later life. In May 1019, he sent Lei Yungong to the sacred Mount Mao in Jiangning Prefecture to cast his "jade tablet with a golden dragon". During the religious ceremony, seven cranes circled above the altar—or so reported Ding Wei, the prefect of Jiangning, to the emperor, who was very much pleased.
On August 12, 1020, Ding Wei was named grand councilor of the state. Eunuch and Palace Courier Zhou Huaizheng plotted to assassinate him, but failed and was executed on August 16, 1020. Lei was one of the eunuchs who exposed Zhou's forgery of the "Heavenly Text".
Lei had been serving Zhao Zhen, the young heir apparent. In May 1021, he was made director of Zhao Zhen's residential palace in charge of his household, as well as supervisor of the school for imperial princes. In November 1021, he was further promoted, along with his subordinate Liu Congyuan (劉從愿), to become Palace Courier (內殿承制), the same position Zhou Huaizheng held before his death. Lei then lied to Liu Congyuan about the edict, claiming all it stated was to honor his aunt—and thus monopolized power in the imperial palace. Whenever a summon asked for a stored item, Lei would simply provide it without any documentation.

## During Emperor Renzong's reign

Zhao Heng died in March 1022 and was succeeded by 11-year-old Zhao Zhen (posthumously known as Emperor Renzong).
# Munthiri Monchan

Munthiri Monchan: Oru Thavala Paranja Kadha is a 2019 Indian cinema Malayalam film directed by debutant director Vijith Nambiar for producer P. K. Ashokan. The film, a Movie Factory presentation stars Manesh Krishnan, Gopika Anil, Salim Kumar, Innocent, Devan and Saleema with several others. The film unites actors Devan and Saleema after a gap of 31 years as the pair's last film was Aranyakam, directed by Hariharan, written by M. T. Vasudevan Nair.

## Summary

Munthiri Monchan: Oru Thavala Paranja Kadha revolves around Vivek Viswanath, a young marketing guy working in an advertising firm and his accidental meeting with Ima Rajiv, who runs an online lending library startup. Deepika enters their life as the third person on a train trip to Mumbai. The further incidents in the film give rise to humour, satire, and emotion. Manu Gopal and Meharali Poilungal Ismail have penned the script. The film is a feel-good romantic urban movie and a musical entertainer.

## Cast

* Manesh Krishnan as Vivek Viswanath
* Gopika Anil as Ima Rajiv
* Devan as Madhavan Kutty
* Saleema as Mary
* Innocent as Menon
* Salim Kumar as Thavala (Frog)
* Cairavee Thakkar as Deepika
* Idavela Babu as Devaraj
* Irshad as Dr. Gautham
* Anjali Nair as Magistrate
* Vishnu Nambiar as Mahesh
* Niyas Backer as Aniyachan
* Meharali Poilungal Ismail as Anwer Shameer
* Amar Ramachandran as Baijuraj
* Kutty Akhil As Sanal

## Music

The film's music was composed by the director Vijith Nambiar, while Rijosh does the background score. The film has four songs, one of which is a Mehfil. Shankar Mahadevan, K. S. Chithra, Sreya Jayadeep, K. S. Harisankar, Vijesh Gopal and Sudhamayi Nambiar are the playback singers for the lyrics penned by Rafeeq Ahamed, Muralidharan Guruvayur, Manu Gopal and Nishad Ahamed.
The lyric video song "Orkkunnu Njana" from the movie, sung by Shankar Mahadevan, garnered popular acclaim upon its release.
The video song "Pathiye Ithal Vidraum" from the movie, sung by K. S. Chithra and K. S. Harisankar, also garnered popular acclaim upon its release.

## Production

Vijith Nambiar, launched himself as film director with a romantic comedy for producer P. K. Ashokan. The film's two important roles were signed by actors Devan and Saleema, the stars of 1988 release, Aranyakam. Vijith Nambiar also signed actors like Innocent, Salim Kumar, Idavela Babu, Irshad, Vishnu Nambiar, Niyaz Beckar and Bollywood actress Cairavee Thakkar for important roles. The filming was at Kochi, Kozhikode, Nilambur, Theni and Janjheli (Himachal Pradesh) and the entire shooting was completed in January 2019, releasing on 25 October 2019. The cinematography and editing of the film are handled by Shan Hafsali and Anez Muhammed respectively.
# Methil railway station

Methil railway station is a former station that served the village of Methil, Fife, Scotland, from 1887 to 1955 on the Leven Extension Railway.

## History

The station opened on 5 May 1887, courtesy of the Leven Extension Railway. To the south lay the goods yard, featuring a large goods shed, and further south, Methil Yard, which connected to Methil Docks. Initially, it boasted nine sidings and a branch line serving Denbeath Colliery. In 1900, a second dock siding debuted, accompanied by eight additional pairs of sidings. A third dock siding followed in 1912, bringing the total to around seventeen sidings, capable of accommodating 516 wagons. The station closed to passengers on 10 January 1955 but remained operational as a goods station, occasionally hosting football excursions in 1958. Methil Yard ceased general goods operations in 1980 but continued to handle coal until 1985.
# David Wetzel

David Wetzel is an international historian who teaches at the University of California, Berkeley, specializing in the diplomacy of nineteenth and twentieth century Europe. He has written on the Crimean War and on the three wars of German Unification. The focus of his scholarly concern is the political history of Europe, and especially Germany, since 1800.

## Education

David Wetzel earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Pennsylvania and a doctorate in history from the University of Chicago with a dissertation on the Crimean War.

## Career
### Teaching

Wetzel started working at Berkeley in 1986 in the billing and payments services department, and was hired as a lecturer in 2003 after completing A Duel of Giants. In 2012 he was one of seven Berkeley faculty members listed among America's best professors in a book published by The Princeton Review.

## Selected bibliography
### Books

(With William Carr) A History of Germany, 1800 to the Present, 5th Edition ( Bloomsbury: London and New York, 2023)
A Duel of Nations: Germany, France, and the Diplomacy of the War of 1870–1871 (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2012)
Duell der Giganten: Bismarck, Napoleon III. und die Ursachen des Deutsch-Französischen Krieges 1870–71 (Paderborn, Germany: FerdinandSchöningh Verlag, 2005)
Translation of:
A Duel of Giants: Bismarck, Napoleon III and the Origins of the Franco-Prussian War (Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001). Paperback, 2003
The Crimean War: A Diplomatic History (Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1985)

### Edited books

Systems, Stability, and Statecraft: Essays on the International History of Modern Europe / Paul W. Schroeder; edited and with an introduction by David Wetzel, Robert Jervis and Jack S. Levy (New York: Palgrave, 2004)
International Politics and German History: The Past Informs the Present / edited by David Wetzel and Theodore S. Hamerow (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997)
From the Berlin Museum to the Berlin Wall: Essays on the Cultural and Political History of Modern Germany / edited by David Wetzel (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1996)

### Online bibliography

The Wars of German Unification” in: Oxford Bibliographies (an online cooperative research guide). Section: Military History. (Editor-in-chief: Dennis Showalter) ; URL: http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199791279/obo-9780199791279-0064.xml

## Media

* C-Span Book Discussion on A Duel of Giants
* Appearance on the Book Edwards Show
# Dasymetopa

Dasymetopa is a genus of picture-winged flies in the family Ulidiidae.

## Species

* Dasymetopa fenestrata
* Dasymetopa fuscicosta
* Dasymetopa lutulenta
* Dasymetopa luteipennis
* Dasymetopa ochracea
* Dasymetopa quinquepunctata
* Dasymetopa septempunctata
* Dasymetopa sordida
# Leitariegos (Narcea)

Leitariegos (variant: Puerto de Leitariegos) is one of 54 parish councils in Cangas del Narcea, a municipality within the province and autonomous community of Asturias, in northern Spain.

## Villages

* Brañas d'Abaxu
* Brañas d'Arriba
* La Venta la Farruquita
* La Pachalina
* El Puertu
* Trescastru
# Nesma

Nesma may refer to:

## People

* Angelli Nesma Medina (fl. 1978–present), Mexican producer
* Nesma Idris (born 1970), Egyptian short story writer
* Nesma Mahgoub (born 1989), Egyptian singer and actress
# Kuku 3D

Kuku 3D is the first Slovak stereoscopic (3D) movie. It was released in December 2013.
# Gautseshen

g.ꜣ.t.sšn Gautseshen in hieroglyphs :
Era: 3rd Intermediate Period (1069–664 BC) :
Gautseshen (her name means 'bouquet of lotuses') was an ancient Egyptian priestess, the singer of Montu. She lived during the Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt.

## Description

Her father was Menkheperre, High Priest of Amun; her mother was Princess Isetemkheb, a daughter of Pharaoh Psusennes I. Two of her brothers, Pinedjem II and Smendes II became High Priests of Amun. Gautseshen married Tjanefer, the Fourth, later Third Prophet of Amun. They had two sons, Pinedjem, later Fourth Prophet, and Menkheperre, Third Prophet of Amun.
She was buried at Bab el-Gasus, where most of her family members were buried. Her coffins and funerary papyrus are now in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The papyrus is a beautifully illustrated copy of the Book of the Dead, which shows the changes in funerary texts during the 21st dynasty, when the solar cult and that of Osiris gradually merged. One of the examples of this can be seen in three spells, which originally mentioned Ra (as it can be seen from 18th dynasty copies of the text), but here they mention Osiris. Another hymn, originally belonging to Osiris, was enriched with solar elements.
# Leif Ericson Millennium commemorative coins

The Leif Ericson Millennium commemorative coins are a series of coins issued in 2000 by the United States Mint to commemorate the 1,000th anniversary of Leif Ericson's discovery of the Americas.

## United States coin

One of the two coins of the series was a silver one dollar coin. The obverse features a portrait of Leif Ericson, designed by John Mercanti. The reverse features Ericson's ship, designed by T. James Ferrell. Of the 500,000 coins authorized, the Philadelphia Mint struck 28,150 uncirculated and 58,612 proof coins.
* Uncirculated Leif Ericson dollar

## Icelandic coin

The other coin had the same composition and specifications as the silver dollar, but was denominated in 1,000 Icelandic króna. The obverse features an image of Stirling Calder’s sculpture of Leif Ericson, while the reverse features an eagle, a dragon, a bull and the giant from the Icelandic Coat of Arms. Both sides of the coin were designed by Throstur Magnusson. A maximum mintage of 150,000 coins was authorized, of which 15,947 were produced at the Philadelphia Mint (all with a proof finish without a mintmark).
* Leif Ericson 1,000 króna coin
# Pouy-sur-Vannes

Pouy-sur-Vannes (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.
# El Comegente

"El Comegente" is a song recorded by American metal band Soulfly for their ninth album Savages. The song plays a slow, death-laden grooves, followed by Led Zeppelin-like acoustic bass solo performed by Tony Campos beginning about five minutes into the song. Guitarist Marc Rizzo calls this solo "Mars Part Two."
Campos was the first to suggest the song about the serial killer and cannibal Dorángel Vargas, titling after Vargas' nickname El comegente (Spanish for "people eater"). He helped Max Cavalera write lyrics and sing together — Campos screams in Spanish while Cavalera growls in Portuguese.
# Raush

Raush may refer to:
* Irma Raush (b. 1938), Russian actress
* Rivash, Iran, city in Iran
# Šarbane

Šarbane is a village in the municipality of Ub, Serbia. According to the 2011 census, the village has a population of 501 people.
# Edward Thaddeus Lawton

Edward T. Lawton, OP (October 12, 1913 – December 19, 1966) was an American-born bishop of the Catholic Church. He served as the bishop of the Diocese of Sokoto in Nigeria from 1964 to 1966.

## Early life and education

Born in South Boston in Massachusetts, Lawton was educated at St. Francis de Sales School, Boston College High School, and Boston College. He entered the Dominican novitiate at St. Rose Priory in Springfield, Kentucky and he made his first profession of vows on August 16, 1937. His philosophical and theological studies were taken at the Dominican House of Studies in River Forest, Illinois and he was ordained a priest there on June 6, 1943.

## Priesthood

Lawton's first assignment as a priest was teaching at Fenwick High School in Oak Park, Illinois where he remained until 1951. That year he entered the missionary field in Nigeria. He became the director of the Thomistic Institute where he lectured at both Yaba and Lagos. Lawton gave retreats to priests and religious during breaks in the academic year. He also served as the archdiocesan director for Catholic radio programs. The Prefecture of Sokoto was established on January 15, 1954, and he was appointed its first Prefect Apostolic. He was invested on November 13, 1954, at St. Pius V Church in Chicago. He initially established himself at Gusau. The prefecture had 1,200 Catholics among five million people, most of whom were Muslim. He served there with one other priest until 1956 when fellow Dominicans from the St. Albert the Great Province in the United States arrived as well as Dominican Sisters from Great Bend, Kansas. He moved from Gusau to Sokoto in 1961. He suffered several health problems, including a heart attack. The prefecture grew to more than 10,000 people and it was elevated to a diocese on June 16, 1964.

## Bishop of Sokoto

On June 16, 1964 Pope Paul VI appointed Lawton as the first Bishop of Sokoto. He was consecrated a bishop by Archbishop John McCarthy, S.M.A. of Kaduna on August 15, 1964. The principal co-consecrators were Bishop John J. Reddington, S.M.A. of Jos and Auxiliary Bishop John Kwao Amuzu Aggey of Lagos. He attended the last two sessions of the Second Vatican Council in 1964 and 1965. While traveling in an automobile he suffered a coronary thrombosis and died on December 19, 1966. His funeral was held the following day at Our Lady of Fatima Church in Gusau and his body was laid to rest in the cemetery adjacent to the church.