OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Turkmen Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights

The Turkmen Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights is a non-governmental organization, based in Bulgaria, for the promotion of human rights in Turkmenistan. The organization was founded on July 21, 2003, in Varna, Bulgaria as a branch of the International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights.
In 2006, THF activists Annakurban Amanklychev and Sapardurdy Khadzhiev were arrested by Turkmenistani security forces on espionage charges, later changed to illegal firearm charges. Amnesty International considers them prisoners of conscience and named them a 2011 "priority case." Front Line, Reporters Without Borders, and Human Rights Watch have all described the charges as fabricated. On 11 December 2010, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention also called for their immediate release, stating that their detention was a violation of international law.
# Tverrfjellet

Tverrfjellet may refer to:
* Tverrfjellet (Skjåk), a mountain in Skjåk municipality in Innlandet county, Norway
* Tverrfjellet (Dovre), a mountain in Dovre municipality in Innlandet county, Norway
* Tverrfjellet (Vang), a mountain in Vang municipality in Innlandet county, Norway
# USS Hull (DD-330)

The second USS Hull (DD-330) was a Clemson-class destroyer in the United States Navy following World War I. She was named for Isaac Hull.

## History

Hull was launched by Bethlehem Shipbuilding Corporation, San Francisco, California, 18 February 1921; sponsored by Miss Elizabeth Hull; and commissioned 26 April 1921.
Following shakedown along the California coast, Hull engaged in operations and tactical exercises out of San Diego, California for the remainder of the year. During 1922, she took part in charting and sounding operations along the coast of southern California. The sounding operations used the newly developed sonic depth sounder. The Carnegie Institution sponsored this charting and sounding project for the purpose of earthquake research. Upon completion of winter maneuvers off Panama and training exercises out of San Diego, Hull sailed 28 June 1923 to act as escort vessel on President Warren G. Harding's trip to Alaska. It was on this voyage that the President was taken ill, and he died in San Francisco 2 August. The destroyer returned to San Diego 8 September and resumed operations and exercises in that area.
Hull sailed 2 January 1924, for operations in the Caribbean, which included a visit to Veracruz, Mexico, to protect American lives and property. In April the ship steamed to Seattle, Washington, and operated between that city and Seward, Alaska, taking soundings for the new Alaskan cable. Upon her return in early May Hull resumed operations along the coast.
The destroyer continued to operate out of San Diego with occasional voyages to Panama until 1927. She then sailed in company with the Battle Fleet 17 November for tactical maneuvers in the Caribbean. Hull visited New York before returning to San Diego 26 June to resume her training operations.

## Fate

The ship arrived at Mare Island 11 June 1929 for overhaul, and returned to San Diego in October, where she decommissioned 31 March 1930. Hull was sold for scrap 10 June 1931, in accordance with the London Treaty of 1930.
The bell, however, was saved and made its way to Marquette University in Milwaukee, WI where it was rung by the band to start football games. Since Marquette no longer has a football team, the bell was decommissioned and now is in storage.
# Ulakhan Negein

Ulakhan Negein is a populated place in Yakutia, Russia.
# Aswalpur

Aswalpur is a village in Pindra Tehsil of Varanasi district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Aswalpur has its gram panchayat by the same name as the village. The village is about 30 kilometers North-West of Varanasi city, 264 kilometers South-East of the state capital Lucknow, and 798 kilometers South-East of the national capital Delhi.

## Demography

Aswalpur has a total population of 2,080 people amongst 285 families. The sex ratio of Aswalpur is 957 and the child sex ratio is 831. Uttar Pradesh state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively.
| Details | Male | Female | Total | Comments |
| Number of houses | - | - | 285 | (census 2011) |
| Adult | 909 | 889 | 1,798 | (census 2011) |
| Children (0–6 years) | 154 | 128 | 282 | (census 2011) |
| Total population | 1,063 | 1,017 | 2,080 | (census 2011) |
| Literacy | 86.58% | 57.26% | 72.08% | (census 2011) |

## Transportation

Aswalpur can be accessed by road and does not have a railway station of its own. The closest railway station to this village is Khalispur railway station (9.2 kilometers North-East). Nearest operational airports are Varanasi airport (13 kilometers South-East) and Allahabad Airports (136 kilometers West).
# Astata occidentalis

Astata occidentalis is a species of wasp in the family Astatidae. It is found in Central America and North America.
# US Saint-Omer

Union Sportive Pays de Saint-Omer (USPSO) is a French association football team founded in 1894. They are based in Saint-Omer, France. As of the 2022–23 season, they play in the sixth tier in the French football league system. They play at the Stade Gaston Bonnet in Saint-Omer. The team colours are white shirts and black shorts.
The team was known as Union Sportive de Saint-Omer until 2020, when a merger with FC Tatinghem took place, and the name Union Sportive Pays de Saint-Omer was taken. This coincided with promotion to Championnat National 3.
Their best-ever performance in the French Cup saw them reach the last 16 in season 1991–92 before losing 2–4 to AS Monaco at home. In season 2008–09, they knocked SC Amiens (a Ligue 2 side) out of the same competition in the seventh round.
# Ularice

Ularice (Cyrillic: Уларице) is a village in the municipality of Usora, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 777.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Croats | 761 | 97.9% |
| Serbs | 9 | 1.2% |
| Bosniaks | 3 | 0.4% |
| other/undeclared | 4 | 0.5% |
| Total | 777 | 100% |
# Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface

The Asynchronous Server Gateway Interface (ASGI) is a calling convention for web servers to forward requests to asynchronous-capable Python frameworks, and applications. It is built as a successor to the Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI).
Where WSGI provided a standard for synchronous Python application, ASGI provides one for both asynchronous and synchronous applications, with a WSGI backwards-compatibility implementation and multiple servers and application frameworks.

## Example

An ASGI-compatible "Hello, World!" application written in Python:
Where:
* Line 1 defines an asynchronous function named application, which takes three parameters (unlike in WSGI which takes only two), scope, receive and send.
** scope is a dict containing details about current connection, like the protocol, headers, etc.
** receive and send are asynchronous callables which let the application receive and send messages from/to the client.
* Line 2 receives an incoming event, for example, HTTP request or WebSocket message. The await keyword is used because the operation is asynchronous.
* Line 4 asynchronously sends a response back to the client. In this case, it is a WebSocket communication.

## Web Server Gateway Interface (WSGI) compatibility

ASGI is also designed to be a superset of WSGI, and there's a defined way of translating between the two, allowing WSGI applications to be run inside ASGI servers through a translation wrapper (provided in the asgiref library). A threadpool can be used to run the synchronous WSGI applications away from the async event loop.
# Astatotilapia tchadensis

Astatotilapia tchadensis is a species of haplochromine cichlid which is found in Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria, Niger and Central African Republic, in Lake Chad and its basin and in Lake Boukou, one of the Lakes of Ounianga in Chad, the type locality.
# Ulla Nævestad

Ulla Nævestad (12 September 1945 – 26 July 2021) was a Norwegian politician for the Conservative Party.
She served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Buskerud during the term 1989–1993. In total she met during 61 days of parliamentary session. She served as mayor of Lier from 1995 to 2011.
# Umaru Dikko

Umaru Abdulrahman Dikko (31 December 1936 – 1 July 2014) was a Nigerian politician. He was an advisor to President Shehu Shagari and served as minister for transportation from 1979 to 1983.

## Early life

Dikko was born in Wamba, a small village near Zaria in Kaduna state of northern Nigeria. He spent his early school years in Zaria before receiving his Bachelor of Science from University of London. Before entering Nigeria's politics he worked for BBC's Hausa service and gradually became one of the prominent voices in the north.

## Political career

He started playing a role in the nation's governance in 1967, when he was appointed as a commissioner in the then North Central State of Nigeria (now Kaduna State). He was also secretary of a committee set up by General Hassan Katsina to unite the Northerners after a coup in 1966. In 1979, he was made Shagari's campaign manager for the successful presidential campaign of the National Party of Nigeria. During the nation's Second Republic, he played prominent roles as transport minister and head of the presidential task force on rice.
A military coup on 31 December 1983 overthrew the government of Shagari. Dikko fled into exile in London along with a few other ministers and party officials of the National Party of Nigeria. The new military regime accused him of large-scale corruption while in office, in particular of embezzling millions of dollars from the nation's oil revenues.
On 5 July 1984, he played the central role in the Dikko affair as he was found drugged in a crate at Stansted Airport that was being claimed as diplomatic baggage, an apparent victim of a government–sanctioned kidnapping. Police were permitted to search the crate as the Nigerians had neglected to mark it as diplomatic baggage or complete the necessary paperwork. The crate's destination was Lagos.
He was the leader of Solidarity Group of Nigeria (SGN) that merged with the United Nigeria Congress Party during the Sani Abacha regime. In the Fourth Republic he formed the United Democratic Party (UDP), he was appointed to head the National Disciplinary Committee of the PDP in 2013.
He died in London in 2014, aged 77.
# Tyras Vallis

Tyras Vallis is an ancient river valley in the Lunae Palus quadrangle of Mars. It is located at 8.4 N° and 50.2° W. It was named after a classical name for the present Dniester River (in Ukraine).
* Tyras Vallis Fan Deposit, as seen by HiRISE. Click on image to see layers.
* Tyras Vallis Fan Deposit at a different sun angle. The scale bar is 500 meters long. This image is just to the right of the previous image.
* Layers in Monument Valley. These are accepted as being formed, at least in part, by water deposition. Since Mars contains similar layers, water remains as a major cause of layering on Mars.
# Tía Isa Wants a Car

Tía Isa Wants a Car is a 2011 illustrated children's book by Cuban-American author Meg Medina. It was first published on 14 June 2011 through Candlewick Press and has won the 2012 Ezra Jack Keats New Writers Award. The book focuses on the title character of Isa, a young woman that wants to save money towards a new car while also thinking of family in other countries that could also use the money.

## Synopsis

The book follows the character of Tía (Aunt) Isa, a young immigrant woman that works in a bakery, and is narrated through the viewpoint of her niece, to whom Tía Isa tells tales of her former home and her desire for their family members to join them. Tía Isa is saving her money towards purchasing a beautiful green car that she can use to drive herself and her niece to the beach, but this is difficult to do when she has to send much of her money home to help her family reach North America. Try as hard as she might, both goals seem like they will take an extremely long amount of time to come to fruition and Tía Isa's niece begins to secretly raise funds by taking on several jobs throughout the neighborhood.

## Reception

Critical reception for Tía Isa Wants a Car has been positive, and the Chicago Tribune commented that the desired car "represents a dream achieved". A reviewer for the Daily Herald praised the book for showing how saving money can make a difference as well as focusing on the message of familial love.

### Awards

* Ezra Jack Keats New Writers Award (2012, won)
* Notable Children's Book (2012, YALSA)
* The Amelia Bloomer Book List (2012)
# Atalik

Atalik and Atalık are surnames of Turkish origin. People with those names include:
* Ekaterina Atalik (born 1982), Russian-Turkish chess player
* Suat Atalık (born 1964), Turkish/Bosnian chess grandmaster
# Athletics at the 1955 Pan American Games – Men's hammer throw

The men's hammer throw event at the 1955 Pan American Games was held at the Estadio Universitario in Mexico City on 16 March.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Result | Notes |
| | Bob Backus | United States | 54.91 | GR |
| | Marty Engel | United States | 53.36 | |
| | Elvio Porta | Argentina | 51.45 | |
| 4 | Alejandro Díaz | Chile | 50.56 | |
| 5 | Arturo Melcher | Chile | 49.60 | |
| 6 | Walter Kupper | Brazil | 49.35 | |
| 7 | Francisco Fragoso | Mexico | 45.96 | |
| 8 | Enrique Isturiz | Venezuela | 43.73 | |
| 9 | Daniel Alvarado | Venezuela | 43.71 | |
| 10 | Luis Betancourt | Cuba | 42.49 | |
| 11 | Enrique Lagoyete | Colombia | 40.40 | |
| 12 | Alejandro Rueda | Mexico | 40.17 | |
| | Mauricio Rodríguez | Venezuela | NM | |
| | John Pavelich | Canada | DNS | |
# Athletics at the 1955 Pan American Games – Men's marathon

The men's marathon event at the 1955 Pan American Games was held at the Estadio Universitario in Mexico City on 19 March.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Doroteo Flores | Guatemala | 2:59:10 |
| | Onésimo Rodríguez | Mexico | 3:02:22 |
| | Luis Velásquez | Guatemala | 3:05:26 |
| 4 | Galdino Ramírez | Mexico | 3:10:14 |
| 5 | Barry Lush | Canada | 3:17:54 |
| 6 | George Norman | Canada | 3:45:40 |
| | Raúl Ibarra | Argentina | DNF |
| | Keith Dunnett | Canada | DNF |
| | John Kelley | United States | DNF |
| | Pedro Torres | El Salvador | DNF |
| | Nery Losse | Guatemala | DNF |
| | Carlos Troncoso | Colombia | DNF |
| | Ted Corbitt | United States | DNF |
| | Carlos Yoc | Guatemala | DNS |
# List of conflicts in Chad

This is a list of conflicts in Chad arranged chronologically from medieval to modern times. This list includes both nationwide and international types of war, including the following: wars of independence, liberation wars, colonial wars, undeclared wars, proxy wars, territorial disputes, and world wars. Also listed might be any battle that occurred within the territory of what is today known as the, "Republic of Chad" but was itself only part of an operation of a campaign of a theater of a war. There may also be periods of violent civil unrest listed, such as: riots, shootouts, spree killings, massacres, terrorist attacks, and civil wars. The list might also contain episodes of: human sacrifice, mass suicide, massacres, and genocides.

## Medieval times
### Kanem Empire

* c. 1203 — c. 1243 Dunama Dabbalemi, of the Sayfawa dynasty, mai of the Kanem Empire, declared jihad against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest.
* c. 1342 — c. 1388 Fall of Kanem
** c. 1342 — c. 1352 Sao Resurgence
** c. 1376 — c. 1388 Bulala Invasion

## Modern times
### Ouaddai Empire

* 1870 — 22 April 1900 Rabih az-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah's War
* 1909 — 1911 Ouaddai War (Ouadddai Empire)

### French Chad

* 1870 — 22 April 1900 Rabih az-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah's War in French Chad
* 1909 — 1911 Ouaddai War
* 1915, 15 November 1917 Massacre des coupes-coupes (in Arabic: Kabkab Massacre, مجزرة كبكب) meaning cut-cut and referring to the beheading of 400 Muslim Scholars from various parts of Chad in one of the rarely recorded French massacres in Africa.

### Republic of Chad

* November 1, 1965 Mangalmé riots
* 1965 — 2010 War in Chad
** 1965 — 2010 Chadian Civil War
*** 1965 — 1979 Civil war in Chad
*** 1979 — 1982 Civil war in Chad
*** 1998 — 2002 Civil war in Chad
*** 18 December 2005 — 15 January 2010 Civil war in Chad
**** 18 December 2005 Battle of Adré
**** 6 January 2006 Borota raid
**** 6 March 2006 Amdjereme raid
**** 13 April 2006 Battle of N'Djamena
**** 1 May 2006 Dalola raid
**** 2 February 2008 — 4 February 2008 Battle of N'Djamena
**** 18 June 2008 Battle of Am Zoer
**** 7 May 2009 Battle of Am Dam
**** 24 April 2010 — 28 April 2010 Battle of Tamassi
** 1978 — 1987 Chadian—Libyan conflict
*** 1983 — 1984 Operation Manta
*** 13 February 1986 — 2014 Opération Épervier
*** 1986 Tibesti War
*** 16 December 1986 — 11 September 11, 1987 Toyota War
* 11 April 2002 — ongoing Insurgency in the Maghreb
# List of booksellers' abbreviations

This is a list of abbreviations commonly used by booksellers.
* ABA: Antiquarian Booksellers' Association
* ABAA: Antiquarian Booksellers' Association of America
* A.e.g.: All edges gilt.
* A.e.s.: All edges stained.
* A.L.s.: Autograph letter, signed.
* ARC: Advance reading copy.
* BCE: Book Club edition.
* Bd.: Bound.
* Bdg.: Binding.
* Bds.: Boards.
* B.e.p.: Back endpaper.
* B.f.e.p.: Back free endpaper.
* B.L.: Blackletter.
* BOMC: Book-of-the-Month Club.
* c. or ca.: Circa; around/about (referring to date)
* C. & p.: Collated and perfect.
* Cf.: Calf.
* Cl.: Cloth.
* CR or CPR or ©: Copyright
* CWO: Check or cash with order.
* Dec.: Decorated.
* D.j.: Dust jacket.
* D.S.: Document signed.
* DW: Dustwrapper (same as dust jacket, or book jacket)
* Ed.: Edition or editor.
* Endp. or e.p.: Endpaper.
* Eng. or engr.: Engraved(ing).
* Ex-lib: Ex-Library copy, a book once held in library. Not to be confused with Ex Libris.
* Ex Libris: From the library of, referring to previous owner—often found on bookplates.
* F: Fine condition.
* Facs.: Facsimile.
* F.e.p.: Front endpaper.
* F.f.e.p.: Front free endpaper.
* FL: Flyleaf
* Frontis. or front. or fp.: Frontispiece.
* G: Good condition.
* G. or gt.: Gilt.
* G.e.: Gilt edges.
* HC/HCV: Hardcover.
* Hf. bd.: Half bound.
* Illus. or ills. or ill.: Illustrated.
* IOBA: Independent Online Booksellers Association
* Litho: Lithograph.
* Ltd. Ed.: Limited Edition.
* M.e.: Marbled edges.
* Mco., mor.: Morocco leather.
* MS(S). Manuscript(s).
* N.d.: No date.
* NF: Near Fine condition.
* N.p.: No place, publisher, or printer.
* N.p.c.: not price clipped (of the jacket).
* NYR or NYP: Not Yet Released or Not Yet Published
* OSI: Out of Stock Indefinitely
* O.p.: Out-of-Print.
* P.b. or p.p.b.: Paperback.
* P.c.: price clipped (of the jacket).
* Pl(s).: Plate(s).
* P.P.: Privately printed.
* pp: Pages; p (and then the number) for page; pp for plural pages.
* PPD: Postpaid.
* Pr.: Printing.
* Pseud.: Pseudonym.
* Pub(d).: Publisher/published.
* REP: Rear endpaper.
* RFEP: Rear free endpaper.
* RET: Returnable
* SLC or SC: Slipcase
* SGD: Signed
* T.e.g.: Top edge gilt.
* T.L.s.: Typed letter, signed.
* T.p.: Title-page.
* TS.: Typescript.
* Vol. or vols.: Volume/volumes.
* VG: Very Good condition.
* W.a.f.: With all faults.
# Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Women's marathon

The women's marathon at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, as part of the athletics programme, was held in Southport Broadwater Parklands, Gold Coast on 15 April 2018.

## Records

Prior to this competition, the existing world and Games records were as follows:
| World record | Paula Radcliffe (GBR) | 2:15:25 (mixed gender) | London, United Kingdom | 13 April 2003 |
| World record | Mary Keitany (KEN) | 2:17:01 (women only) | London, United Kingdom | 23 April 2017 |
| Games record | Lisa Martin (AUS) | 2:25:28 | Auckland, New Zealand | 31 January 1990 |

## Schedule

The schedule was as follows:
| Date | Time | Round |
| Sunday 15 April 2018 | 7:20 | Race |
All times are Australian Eastern Standard Time (UTC+10)

## Results

The results were as follows:
| Rank | Athlete | Time | Notes |
| | Helalia Johannes (NAM) | 2:32:40 | |
| | Lisa Weightman (AUS) | 2:33:23 | |
| | Jessica Trengove (AUS) | 2:34:09 | |
| 4 | Sheila Jerotich (KEN) | 2:36:19 | |
| 5 | Sonia Samuels (ENG) | 2:36:59 | |
| 6 | Alyson Dixon (ENG) | 2:38:19 | |
| 7 | Lavinia Haitope (NAM) | 2:40:54 | |
| 8 | Caryl Jones (WAL) | 2:43:58 | |
| 9 | Sara Ramadhani (TAN) | 2:46:52 | |
| 10 | Shelmith Nyawira (KEN) | 2:47:53 | SB |
| 11 | Hiruni Wijayaratne (SRI) | 2:49:38 | |
| 12 | Leena Ekandjo (NAM) | 2:50:59 | |
| 13 | Neheng Khatala (LES) | 2:51:04 | R 240.8h |
| 14 | Tonya Nero (TTO) | 2:55:14 | |
| 15 | Elinor Kirk (WAL) | 2:57:01 | |
| 16 | Virginia Moloney (AUS) | 2:58:54 | |
| − | Hellen Musyoka (KEN) | DNF | |
# Undue Subdivision of Land Prevention Act 1885

The Undue Subdivision of Land Prevention Act 1885 was an Act of the Parliament of Queensland that was passed to prevent overcrowding and urban degradation in cities and towns in Queensland, and especially in Brisbane. The Act is a noteworthy example of early efforts by Australian legislators to control urban development and avoid the appearance of slums.

## The Act

The Act prevented the subdivision of land by speculators and developers into lots less than 16 perches (405 square metres (4,360 sq ft)). As a result, most residential development in the older parts of cities such as Brisbane and Rockhampton consists of detached homes on rectangular lots, usually with a frontage of half a chain or 10.05 metres (33.0 ft), and a depth of two chains or 40.2 metres (132 ft). Frontages of 10 metres necessarily prevent the development of terrace houses, which was the predominant form of mass housing in other Australian cities such as Sydney, Melbourne and Newcastle. Many middle-class and wealthier land owners preferred to buy two adjoining 16-perch allotments and build a larger house straddling the two lots. One Member of the Legislative Council reportedly argued for a minimum lot size of 32 perches — that is, 809 square metres (8,710 sq ft) — during debate.
While the Act made Brisbane and other Queensland cities a more attractive and less overcrowded place to live and raise families and allowed each household to grow a garden, it did have its disadvantages, the main one being that the resulting low population density made it more expensive to provide urban services such as sewerage, paving and street lighting. As a result, Brisbane was the last major city in Australia to be comprehensively sewered, and unpaved laneways were common in the inner city until the 1960s. Nor was Brisbane spared the horror of slum development - suburbs such as West End and Red Hill were long known for their general poverty and low socio-economic status, even if they weren't as overcrowded as similarly impoverished districts in Sydney and Melbourne.
The Act was rescinded in 1923 and has been replaced several times by more up-to-date town planning legislation such as the current Planning Act 2016. However, Brisbane and other Queensland cities are still noted for their low population densities compared to those in the southern Australian states.
# Vrutok

Vrutok (Macedonian: Вруток, Albanian: Vërtok) is a village in the municipality of Gostivar, North Macedonia. The village is situated on the slopes of Mount Bistra by the Korab mountains, near the town of Gostivar.

## Geography

Its importance belongs to the water streams where the river Vardar (388 km), a major river in North Macedonia and Greece, rises. Nearby is the hydro power plant Vrutok with 49 MW capacity.

## Demographics

According to ethnographer Vasil Kanchov's data from 1900, the village was inhabited by 460 Christian Bulgarians, 300 Muslim Albanians and 24 Roma people.
According to the 1942 Albanian census, Vrutok was inhabited by 929 Muslim Albanians, 128 Serbs and 150 Bulgarians.
As of the 2021 census, Vrutok had 640 residents with the following ethnic composition:
* Albanians 369
* Macedonians 203
* Persons for whom data are taken from administrative sources 56
* Turks 9
* Others 3
According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 1127 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:
* Albanians 846
* Macedonians 276
* Serbs 3
* Others 2