OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Dibenz(a,j)anthracene

Dibenz[a,j]anthracene or Benzo[m]tetraphene or 1,2:7,8-Dibenzanthracene is an organic compound with the chemical formula C$_{22}$H$_{14}$. It belongs to the class of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and is formed whenever there is incomplete combustion of organic matter. The IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) has classified it as possibly carcinogenic to humans, grouped into IARC group 2B.

## Description

Dibenz(a,j)anthracene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with five benzene rings. It has low water solubility and low volatility and therefore occurs predominantly in solid form, bound to particulates in polluted air, soil, or sediment.

## Occurrence

Dibenz(a,j)anthracene is generated whenever organic matter or fuel is incompletely burnt or combusted. Examples include industrial emissions such as coke oven operations in the coal and steel industry, coal tar distillation, or within engine exhaust. On a personal level it is produced with high temperature cooking like frying, grilling, broiling, roasting and baking, but also when cigarette smoking or marijuana smoking.

## Health effects

As of 2010, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) has classified dibenz(a,j)anthracene as possibly carcinogenic to humans, grouped into IARC group 2B. No epidemiological studies on human exposure to dibenz(a,j)anthracene as an individual PAH exist, because PAHs always occur as components of complex chemical mixtures and never occur in isolation in the environment. PAHs all have a similar mechanism of causing cancer in both humans and experimental animals whereby they are metabolically converted to oxides and dihydrodiols, and then oxidized to diol epoxides, which react with DNA, inducing mutations.

## In space

In February 2014, NASA announced a database for tracking polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including dibenz[a,j]anthracene, in the universe. According to scientists, more than 20% of the carbon in the universe may be associated with PAHs, possible starting materials for the formation of life. PAHs seem to have been formed shortly after the Big Bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets.
# Dark Endless

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Dark Endless is the debut studio album by Swedish black metal band Marduk. It was recorded and mixed at Hellspawn Studios during four days in June 1992 and released that December by No Fashion Records. Like many early black metal albums, it mixes black metal vocals with predominantly death metal stylings. Dark Endless is the only Marduk studio album to feature Andreas Axelsson on vocals and Rikard Kalm on bass, as by Marduk's second album Those of the Unlight, they had been replaced by Joakim Göthberg (who plays drums on this release, along with contributing some vocals) and B. War respectively.
There also exists a Christian unblack metal band named "Dark Endless" who are named after this particular album.

## Track listing

* All songs written and arranged by Marduk.
The album intro and "Still Fucking Dead (Here's No Peace)", which were initially one track, were divided into two for the Regain Records reissue of the album. The songs are listed in the reissued track listing as "The Eye of Funeral" and "Still Fucking Dead" (dropping "Here's No Peace" from the title). This is why bonus tracks on the disc start at track 10 instead of track 9.

## Re-issue

The album was re-released with bonus tracks in digipak format on 4 April 2006.

## Personnel
### Marduk

* Andreas Axelsson – vocals
* Morgan Steinmeyer Håkansson – guitar
* Magnus "Devo" Andersson – guitar
* Rikard Kalm – bass guitar
* Joakim Göthberg – drums, vocals

### Production

* Dan Swanö – mixing
# Edgar Sterling Cobbold

Edgar Sterling Cobbold D.Sc. (died 20 November 1936) was a British amateur geologist, who was an authority on Cambrian fossils. He was awarded the Murchison Medal of the Geological Society of London in 1921, and an honorary DSc by the Victoria University of Manchester in 1930.

## Life and works

Cobbold was the son of a surgeon, Rowland Townshend Cobbold. He studied engineering at Owens college, and practised as a civil engineer. In 1886, he retired to Church Stretton, and devoted the rest of his life to the study of natural history. Cobbold's detailed work on Cambrian rocks in the areas around Stretton and Wrekin led to the discovery of hundreds of new species of fossils, and allowed Cobbold to sub-divide the Cambrian succession into many fine time-divisions. This work led this area of geology to become recognised as the ‘type-section’ for the Cambrian. In recognition of his work, Cobbold was awarded the Murchison Fund of the Geological Society of London in 1911, and the Murchison Medal in 1921. In 1930, Cobbold was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science degree by the University of Manchester, as a part of the celebrations of the eighieth anniversary of the foundation of Owens College, and the fiftieth anniversary of the Victoria University of Manchester.
A subfamily of trilobites, Cobboldites are named after Cobbold, who first described them in 1910.

## Selected publications

* Cobbold, E. S. 1892. The Silurian Outlier West of Caer Caradoc. Midland Naturalist, 15, 217–21.
* Cobbold, E. S. 1910. On some small trilobites from the Cambrian rocks of Comley (Shropshire). Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London, 46, 19–51.
* Cobbold, E. S. 1921. The Cambrian Horizons of Comley (Shropshire) and their Brachiopoda, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda etc. Quart. J. Geol. Soc., 76, for 1920, 325–86.
* Cobbold, E. S. 1927. The Stratigraphy and Geological Structure of the Cambrian Area of Comley (Shropshire). Quart. J. Geol. Soc., 83, 551–73.
* Cobbold, E.S. and Pocock, R.W. 1934, The Cambrian area of Rushton (Shropshire), Phil Trans Roy Soc B223, 304 to 409.
# Nishi High School

Tokyo Metropolitan Nishi High School (東京都立西高等学校, Tōkyō Toritsu Nishi Kōtōgakkō) is a Japanese high school, founded in 1937 in Aoyama, Minato-ku, as the Tokyo Tenth Middle School (or Tokyo Tenth Junior High School (東京府立第十中学校, Tōkyō Furitsu Jū Chūgakkō)), which moved to Miyamae, Suginami-ku in 1939, and changed its name in 1950 to Nishi High School, with "Nishi" meaning "West". It was well known in the 1950s and 1960s for the large proportion of graduates who gained admission to the prestigious national universities, such as the University of Tokyo, Hitotsubashi University and the Tokyo Institute of Technology, though it suffered a decline later.
As Nishi High School in 2001 was designated as one of the four high schools for the Tokyo Government's emphasis for continued education to college (進学指導重点校), it was once again being referred to as one of the best public high schools in Japan.
The students' active extracurricular activities include: tennis, basketball, handball, American football, brass band and others.
Nishi High School is located within ten minutes' walk from Kugayama Station of Keio Inokashira Line railway, and 20 minutes' walk from Nishi-Ogikubo Station of JR Chūō Main Line railway.
# Rural Municipality of Touchwood No. 248

The Rural Municipality of Touchwood No. 248 (2016 population: 343) is a rural municipality (RM) in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan within Census Division No. 10 and SARM Division No. 4.

## History

The RM of Touchwood No. 248 incorporated as a rural municipality on December 12, 1910.

## Geography
### Communities and localities

The following unincorporated communities are within the RM.

#### Localities

* Arbury
* Magyar
* Serath
* South Touchwood
* Touchwood
* Zala

## Demographics

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the RM of Touchwood No. 248 had a population of 373 living in 135 of its 158 total private dwellings, a change of 8.7% from its 2016 population of 343. With a land area of 684.57 km$^2$ (264.31 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.5/km$^2$ (1.4/sq mi) in 2021.
In the 2016 Census of Population, the RM of Touchwood No. 248 recorded a population of 343 living in 129 of its 147 total private dwellings, a 28.5% change from its 2011 population of 267. With a land area of 706.72 km$^2$ (272.87 sq mi), it had a population density of 0.5/km$^2$ (1.3/sq mi) in 2016.

## Attractions

* Touchwood Hills Post Provincial Historic Park

## Government

The RM of Touchwood No. 248 is governed by an elected municipal council and an appointed administrator that meets on the second Tuesday of every month. The reeve of the RM is Ernest Matai while its administrator is Lorelei Paulsen. The RM's office is located in Punnichy.

## Transportation

* Highway 6
* Highway 15
* Highway 640
* Highway 731
* Canadian National Railway
# NER Bogie Tank Passenger

The North Eastern Railway (NER) Bogie Tank Passenger (BTP) locomotives were designed by Edward Fletcher in 1873. The locomotives were for hauling passenger services on branch lines. They had an 0-4-4 wheel layout and a total of 124 locomotives were built. They were designated G6 by the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER).

## Rebuilds

With the introduction of the NER Class O (LNER G5), BTP locomotives started to become redundant. Fifty of the redundant BTPs were rebuilt between 1899 and 1908 as NER Class 290 (later LNER Class J77) 0-6-0T locomotives. In 1903, locomotive No. 957 was rebuilt as a 2-2-4T (later designated LNER Class X2) specifically for hauling an officer's saloon. With the reduction in passenger services towards the end of World War I, many of the BTPs became redundant. In 1921, ten BTPs were rebuilt to create further Class 290 locomotives.

## Steam autocars

Many class BTPs gained a further lease of life in the early 1900s by being converted to work the Steam Autocars (push–pull trains) then being introduced. A Steam Autocar consisted of a BTP with one or two coaches (in which case the engine was in the middle), the train was driven from a driving compartment in the leading coach, leaving the fireman on the footplate. The driver had control of the regulator and reverser by means of a mechanical connection running under the coach and connecting to the engine using a form of universal joints. The driver also had full (Westinghouse) brake control via a second air pipe connection to the engine. This high pressure air supply also worked a whistle mounted above the driving compartment. Finally there was speaking tube communication between the driver and fireman - although there is evidence that this was little used.
Steam autocars were gradually withdrawn as the LNER introduced Sentinel steam railcars. The coaches were converted back to normal coaches but the BTPs were withdrawn.

## Withdrawal

Withdrawals of the G6 took place between 1920 and 1929, and none were preserved.
# Edwin Sidney Hartland

Edwin Sidney Hartland (1848–1927) was an author of works on folklore.
His works include anthologies of tales, and theories on anthropology and mythology with an ethnological perspective. He believed that the assembling and study of persistent and widespread folklore provided a scientific insight into custom and belief. Hartland was president of the Folklore Society, 1899–1901, and contributed to its journal Folk-Lore; his earlier contributions included a dispute with Andrew Lang.
Hartland was born in Islington, eventually making his career as a solicitor in Swansea. His father, E. J. Hartland, was a congregational minister. Throughout his life he served in many judicial positions and on public committees in Swansea and at Gloucester, and took a particular interest in education.
# Gandolfo

Gandolfo is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Antonino Gandolfo (1841–1910), Italian painter
* Carlos Gandolfo (1931–2005), Argentine actor and theatre director
* Emanuel Gandolfo (born 1968), Argentine stage magician
* Giancarlo Gandolfo (born 1937), Italian economist
* Jarett Gandolfo, American politician
* Mike Gandolfo (born 1958), American tennis player
# Clatter

Clatter may refer to:
* Clatter, Powys, a village in Wales
* Clatter, or clitter, the blockfield strewn below the tors of Dartmoor
* Clatter, a brook in Clatterbridge, Wirral, England
# Kalabubu

Kalabubu, sometimes spelled Kala bubu, is a torc (stiff circular necklace) worn by warriors of the people of South Nias of North Sumatra, Indonesia. Kalabubu symbolizes triumph in warfare and heroism. Wearing a kalabubu was believed to protect the wearer from harm. Kalabubu is popularly known as the "headhunter's necklace"; historically only those who already decapitated the head of the enemy tribes are allowed to wear the kalabubu.

## Form and construction

Kalabubu is circular in form with diameter between 22 centimetres (8.7 in) to 25 centimetres (9.8 in). The thickness of the kalabubu differs with the center part wider and then gradually smaller at both ends. The shrinking ends are connected to form either a disk, either of brass or rarely of gold. The internal frame of a kalabubu is made out of an iron or brass wire which is tied at the end. The tying at the end is shaped like a disk. Disk-shaped slices of coconut shell (or sometimes turtle shell) are fitted around the internal brass frame. The disk are cut progressively larger at the front center of the ring, and smaller at the end. The disk slices are then pressed together and then sanded and polished until they have a completely smooth surface. Finally they are dyed black.
The internal brass frame of a kalabubu represents the great golden serpent of Nias mythology.

## Symbol

Kalabubu is associated with tribal warfare and the practice of headhunting (mangai binu). The kalabubu symbolizes masculinity, triumph in warfare, heroism, and warrior. Historically, only men that have demonstrated prowess in warfare and have decapitated the head of the enemy were allowed to wear the kalabubu. The wearer is usually seen as a kind of warrior hero of the village. The Kalabubu is also worn during the ceremonial war dance. Nowadays, most Nias men wear the kalabubu.
The kalabubu is featured in the seal of the South Nias Regency.

## Variation

In northern Nias, a necklace known as nifitali-tali is the precious metal variation of the kalabubu. The nifitali-tali were exclusively worn by high ranking men on festive occasions e.g. the owasa feast. Unlike the southern examples, the nifitali-tali is always finished with precious metal such as silver or gold.
# Range Township, Madison County, Ohio

Range Township is one of the fourteen townships of Madison County, Ohio, United States. The 2020 census found 981 people in the township

## Geography

Located in the southern part of the county, it borders the following townships:
* Oak Run Township - north
* Pleasant Township - east
* Madison Township, Fayette County - southeast
* Paint Township, Fayette County - south
* Stokes Township - west
* Paint Township - northwest
The village of Midway is located in southwestern Range Township.

## Name and history

As of 1854, the population of the township was 988. It is the only Range Township statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
# İrmaşlı

İrmaşlı (pronounced Irmashly) is a large village and municipality in the Shamkir Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 4,001.

## History

İrmaşlı combines an ancient Azerbaijani settlement with the 19th-century German 'colony' village of Eigenfeld (mis-spelled phonetically as Eichenfeld or Aigenfeld in some sources). In 1932 the place was renamed Engelskənd in honour of socialist philosopher Friedrich Engels but after Azerbaijan's independence in 1992 it reverted to the traditional name of İrmaşlı which locals believe is derived from a semi-mythical visit of Roman soldiers to this place in the 1st century.

## Twin Village

Strong family ties, probably based on seasonal shepherding traditions, still link the village with Daşbulaq on a hilltop ridge some 15 km southwest which is alternatively known as Dağ İrmaşlı (ie Mountain Irmashli).
# Lectionary 239

Lectionary 239, designated by siglum ℓ 239 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 13th century. Scrivener labelled it by 230$^{evl}$. The manuscript has no complex contents.

## Description

The codex contains daily lessons for reading in Church from Easter to Pentecost. The lessons are taken from the Gospels of John, Matthew, Luke lectionary (Evangelistarium), with some lacunae at the end. The cover is from paper.
The text is written in Greek minuscule letters, on 112 parchment leaves (26.6 cm by 20 cm), in two columns per page, 27-36 lines per page. The rubricated initial letter for E with right hand making the orthodox sign of the cross. The error of itacism is frequent (especially interchange ε → αι). The nomina sacra are written in an abbreviated way.
On the last folio 112 verso it contains a grotesque twisted dragon ornament (in red and white coils). At the foot of the page in De Missy's hand (?): "Ex libris Caesaris De Missy, Berolinensis:— | Londini: Anno Domini 1748."
The lessons are numbered by modern hand (probably by de Missy).

### Textual readings

The word before the bracket is the reading of the UBS edition, the word after the bracket is the reading of the manuscript. The reading of Textus Receptus in bold.
    Matthew 6:16 – ως ] ωσπερ
    Matthew 6:16 – omit ] οτι
    Matthew 6:18 – κρυφαιω ] κρυπτω
    Matthew 6:21 – σου ] υμων
    John 1:18 – μονογενης θεος ] ο μονογενης υιος
    John 1:27 – omit ] ος εμπροσθεν μου γεγονεν
    John 1:28 – βηθανια ] βηθανια (TR reads βηθαβαρα)
    John 3:15 – εν αυτω ] εις αυτον
    John 3:15 – omit ] μη αποληται αλλ

## History

According to the colophon it was written in A.D. 1259. It has been assigned by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research to the 13th century.
The manuscript once belonged to César de Missy (1703–1775), chaplain to George III, (along with the codices 560, 561, ℓ 162, ℓ 240, ℓ 241), according to note it was in London in 1748. Then it belonged to William Hunter. The Hunter's collection remained in London for several years after his death – for the use of his nephew, Matthew Baillie (1761–1823) – and finally moved to the University of Glasgow in 1807.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scrivener (number 230) and Gregory (number 239). Gregory saw it in 1883. The manuscript was examined and described by John Young, P. Henderson Aitken, and Ian C. Cunningham.
The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).
The codex is housed at the Glasgow University Library (Ms. Hunter 440) in Glasgow, as a part of the Hunterian Collection.
# Russian destroyer Gremyashchy (1987)

Gremyashchy was a Sovremenny-class destroyer of the Soviet and later Russian navy. Previously her name was Veduschy, which was renamed shortly before commissioning.

## Development and design

The project began in the late 1960s when it was becoming obvious to the Soviet Navy that naval guns still had an important role particularly in support of amphibious landings, but existing gun cruisers and destroyers were showing their age. A new design was started, employing a new 130 mm automatic gun turret.
The ships were 156 metres (512 ft) in length, with a beam of 17.3 metres (56 ft 9 in) and a draught of 6.5 metres (21 ft 4 in).

## Construction and career

Veduschy was laid down on 23 November 1984 and launched on 30 May 1987 by Zhdanov Shipyard in Leningrad. Before being commissioned on 30 December 1988, she was renamed Gremyashchy on 14 November 1988.
From April 23 to October 27, 1994, she underwent routine repairs at the shipyard No. 35 in Rost (boiler tubes were replaced).
On January 12, 1995, she was placed in PD-50 at the shipyard No. 82 in Roslyakovo to perform dock work. Docking was completed on March 11 of the same year. From March 1995 to January 1996, the ship performed combat training tasks and was awarded the Diploma of the President of Russia for participation in the jubilee parade dedicated to the 50th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War.
In September 1996, due to the unsatisfactory condition of three of the four boilers (1st, 2nd and 4th), the destroyer was prohibited from going to sea. She was withdrawn from the forces of constant combat readiness on March 28, 1997 and was transferred to the 2nd category reserve.
The ship's repair terms expired in December 1997.
On February 16, 1998 she was transferred to the 43rd division of missile ships of the 7th operational squadron until her decommissioning in 2007.
In April 2016, the Russian Ministry of Defence officially requested bids for a contract for the scrapping of Gremyashchy along with seven other naval vessels.
In May 2019, a fire broke out on the destroyer stationed in Severomorsk.
# Kołonice, Podkarpackie Voivodeship

Kołonice is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Baligród, within Lesko County, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in south-eastern Poland. It lies approximately 10 kilometres (6 mi) south of Baligród, 24 km (15 mi) south of Lesko, and 88 km (55 mi) south of the regional capital Rzeszów.
The closest public airport is Uzhhorod International Airport in Ukraine, approximately 72 km, or 45 miles away from Kolonice.
# Lebedodes jeanneli

Lebedodes jeanneli is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Tanzania.