OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Matthews (Scottish cricketer)

John Duncan Matthews CVO (19 September 1921 — 22 January 2009) was an English-born Scottish first-class cricketer and physician.
Matthews was born in September 1921 at Rainhill, Lancashire. He was educated at Shrewsbury School, before matriculating to Magdalen College, Cambridge to study medicine. His time at Cambridge coincided with the Second World War, and while Matthews played cricket for Cambridge University Cricket Club, their matches did not carry first-class status. From Cambridge he transferred to the University of Edinburgh to undertake his clinical studies, graduating with his MB ChB in 1945. Shortly after his graduation, he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) as a lieutenant in May 1946. He was attached to the King's Hussars in British-occupied Germany. He was later invited to join the staff of Professor Sir Derrick Dunlop at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, where he also worked alongside Professor Sir Stanley Davidson and Dr. Andrew Rae Gilchrist.
In Edinburgh he joined the Grange Cricket Club and was selected to play for Scotland on their tour of England in 1951, making his debut in first-class cricket against Warwickshire at Edgbaston, before making a second first-class appearance in the same season against a touring Northamptonshire team at Edinburgh. Two further appearances followed in 1953, against Northamptonshire and Yorkshire, with a final appearance following against Worcestershire in 1955. In his five first-class matches for Scotland, Matthews scored 81 runs at an average of 11.57, with a highest score of 29.
Returning to civilian medicine, Matthews was appointed a consultant at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, where he spent seven years in charge of the outpatient department, from which he proceeded to become a senior ward consultant. He also held the chairmanship of the physicians committee at the infirmary, a position he held for seven years. All the while, he retained his commission in the RAMC, being promoted to captain in June 1954, antedated to January 1953. He was granted the honorary rank of lieutenant colonel in December 1957, while part of the Territorial Army, before being granted the acting rank of colonel in August 1959. In March 1960, he was promoted to major, followed by promotion to the full rank of lieutenant colonel in September of the same year. In March 1961, he was promoted to the full rank of colonel. In 1958, he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and served as a member of its council between 1983 and 1985, and was vice-president of the College from 1985 to 1987. In 1950 he was elected a member of the Harveian Society of Edinburgh and in 1969 he was elected a member of the Aesculapian Club. Matthews served the Royal Household, for which he was appointed to the Royal Victorian Order in the 1989 Birthday Honours. Matthews died at Edinburgh in January 2009; he was survived by his wife and their two sons.
# Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd

Macaura v Northern Assurance Co Ltd [1925] AC 619 appeared before the House of Lords concerning the principle of lifting the corporate veil. Unusually, the request to do so was in this case made by the corporation's owner.

## Facts

Mr Macaura owned the Killymoon estate in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. He sold the timber there to Irish Canadian Sawmills Ltd for 42,000 fully paid up £1 shares, making him the whole owner (with nominees). Mr Macaura was also an unsecured creditor for £19,000. He got insurance policies - but in his own name, not the company's - with Northern Assurance covering for fire. Two weeks later, there was a fire. Northern Assurance refused to pay up because the timber was owned by the company, and that because the company was a separate legal entity, it did not need to pay Mr Macaura any money.

## Judgment

The House of Lords held insurers were not liable on the contract, since the timber that perished in the fire did not belong to Mr Macaura, who held the insurance policy. Lord Buckmaster gave the first judgment, holding in favour of the insurance companies. Lord Atkinson concurred. Lord Sumner concurred and said the following.
   My Lords, this appeal relates to an insurance on goods against loss by fire. It is clear that the appellant had no insurable interest in the timber described. It was not his. It belonged to the Irish Canadian Sawmills Ltd, of Skibbereen, Co. Cork. He had no lien or security over it and, though it lay on his land by his permission, he had no responsibility to its owner for its safety, nor was it there under any contract that enabled him to hold it for his debt. He owned almost all the shares in the company, and the company owed him a good deal of money, but, neither as creditor nor as shareholder, could he insure the company's assets. The debt was not exposed to fire nor were the shares, and the fact that he was virtually the company's only creditor, while the timber was its only asset, seems to me to make no difference. He stood in no "legal or equitable relation to" the timber at all. He had no "concern in" the subject insured. His relation was to the company, not to its goods, and after the fire he was directly prejudiced by the paucity of the company's assets, not by the fire.
Lord Wrenbury and Phillimore concurred.
# William Richardson (New South Wales cricketer)

William Richardson (22 August 1866 – 3 January 1930) was an Australian cricketer. He played twelve first-class matches for New South Wales between 1887/88 and 1895/96.
# Machacón

Machacón is a municipality located in the province of Salamanca, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2016 the municipality has a population of 453 inhabitants.
# Books for Africa

Books For Africa (BFA) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization dedicated to collecting, sorting, shipping, and distributing books to children and adults in Africa. BFA is headquartered in St. Paul, Minnesota, US, and has warehouses in St. Paul and Marietta, Georgia. Books For Africa is the largest shipper of donated text and library books to the region, shipping over 50 million books and serving all countries in Africa since 1988. In the fiscal year of 2020, BFA shipped 3.7 million books valued at over $38 million, 167 computers and e-readers containing nearly 300,000 digital books, and six law and human rights libraries to 20 African countries. More than $3.2 million was raised in the same year to ship these books to the students of Africa.
In order to cover shipping costs ($11,000 to ship a 40-foot container with approximately 22,000 books to an African seaport), Books For Africa relies on donations and partners with Better World Books, a social venture company that runs book drives to raise funding for literacy-based nonprofits. Better World Books is BFA's largest single source of funding and their largest source of post-secondary books.
Books For Africa has received nine consecutive 4-star ratings from Charity Navigator, as well as a 100% rating in accountability and transparency. It meets all standards set by the Charities Review Council.
# William H. Hilarides

William Hunter Hilarides (born 1959) is a former Vice Admiral in the United States Navy.

## Early life and education

He attended Amos Alonzo Stagg High School in Palos Hills, IL, where he was voted "Most Likely to Succeed". Raised in Chicago, he graduated from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1981 with a Bachelor of Science in Physics. After graduation, he served as master of the Naval Academy Sailing Squadron sloop Avenger, competing in numerous offshore racing events.
He holds a master's degree in engineering management from the Catholic University of America, completed the Air Force Command and Staff College, MIT Seminar XXI Program in International Security Affairs and numerous acquisition schools.

## Naval career

Prior to command, he served at sea aboard USS Pargo, USS Gurnard and USS Maryland, deploying to the North Atlantic, Mediterranean, Arctic and Western Pacific, as well as conducting several strategic deterrent patrols. Ashore, he served on the staff of Commander Submarine Force, U.S. Atlantic Fleet; Bureau of Naval Personnel; Joint Staff; and the staff of the chief of naval operations.
Hilarides commanded USS Key West from May 1998 to November 2000 in Pearl Harbor. While in command, he deployed to the Western Pacific and conducted a major shipyard maintenance period.
Since becoming an acquisition professional in 2002, he has served as director, Advanced Submarine Research and Development, program manager of the SSGN Program and program executive officer for submarines, where he was responsible for all new construction submarine programs, along with the acquisition and life cycle maintenance of submarine weapons, countermeasures, sonar, combat control and imaging systems.
Hilarides became the 43rd commander of Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) June 7, 2013. As NAVSEA commander, he overseaw a global workforce of more than 56,000 military and civilian personnel responsible for the development, delivery and maintenance of the Navy’s ships, submarines and systems. Hilarides retired on 10 June 2016.

### Awards

Hilarides has received various personal and campaign awards, including the Distinguished Service Medal, the Defense Superior Service Medal, the Legion of Merit and the Meritorious Unit Commendation.
# John Kempthorne (bishop)

John Augustine Kempthorne (26 May 1864, London – 24 February 1946, Trumpington, Cambridgeshire) was an Anglican Bishop in the first half of the twentieth century.
John Augustine Kempthorne was the son of the Rev. John Kempthorne (1835–1880), Vicar of Trumpington. He was educated at Haileybury and Trinity College, Cambridge, achieving a 1st class degree in Classical Tripos in 1886, and a Master's degree in 1890. His first post after ordination was as a curate at St Aidan’s, Gateshead. He then held incumbencies at Rochdale, Sunderland, Liverpool, and Hessle, before elevation to the episcopate in March 1910 as Bishop of Hull, a Suffragan to the Archbishop of York. He was appointed the 93rd Bishop of Lichfield in May 1913, and retired in 1937.
A Christian pacifist, Kempthorne believed war was inconsistent with Christianity. The weekend before the start of the First World War he had attended a conference in Kinstanz, Germany, as part of a world alliance for promoting friendship through churches. Whilst he was prepared to work for peace, his pacifism did not extend to rejection of the war, given the UK's obligations to Belgium. He did, however, preach several times about the need to avoid reprisals. Generally, nevertheless, he was strongly in support of the First World War even though he recognised its potential for devastation. ‘Civilised Europe is at war, and it may well prove to be the most terrible war known to history .... It may well be that the list of casualties will be terrible.’ He believed that Britain and her allies were engaged in a righteous cause. He wrote ‘Surely we are not moved by hatred, nor lust of power, nor greed of gain. We stand for loyalty to our engagements, for the protection of weaker peoples, for the liberty of Europe.’ He noted that Christian leaders of Germany were also confident of the rightness of their cause. Throughout the War, despite the casualties, Kempthorne preached in favour of victory as against a peace agreement. ‘ ... we cannot rest until tyranny is overthrown .... we cannot flinch. An uncertain and inconclusive peace would only leave the world in worse case than before.’
Kempthorne had married in 1890, Hester Mary was the daughter of John Peile, the master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Also Kempthorne was appointed Military chaplain in 1912 for the Territorial Force. He died on 24 February 1946.
# John Kemény (prince)

János Kemény (14 December 1607 in Magyarbükkös – 23 January 1662 in Szásznagyszőllős) was a Hungarian aristocrat, writer and prince of Transylvania.
János Kemény, offspring of a Transylvanian family of Hungarian aristocrats, held various political and military positions in the Principality of Transylvania, during the reign of princes Gábor Bethlen and George I Rákóczi. As he writes, the family descends from Kemeny Simon, who disguised himself as Hunyadi János and was killed by the Turks instead of his master. The story is recorded by Heltai Gaspar's work, Magyar Cronica, a Hungarian translation/rewriting of the Latin of Antonio Bonfini published in 1560s.
Under George II Rákóczi, he became the chief advisor of the prince, and leader of the military campaigns to Moldavia in 1653 and Poland in 1657, the latter being aimed at obtaining the Polish crown for Rákóczi. The Turks strongly opposed to Rákóczi's Polish ambitions and prohibited any military action. In the face of Turkish prohibition, Kemény also objected to the prince's ill-conceived Polish undertaking, and unwillingly took the leadership of the campaign that ended in disaster; Kemény's army, deserted by the Swedish allies, was captured by the Crimean Tatar allies of the Turks.
Kemény was held captive by the Tatars until August 1659, when he was released for a huge ransom. During his captivity in Bakhchisaray he wrote his Autobiography (in Hungarian), one of the most excellent masterpieces of the Transylvanian memoirist literature of the 17th century.
When he returned to Transylvania, he found a country torn by the ambitions of George II Rákóczi, unwilling to resign, a number of would-be princes, and a Turkish Porte vengeful for the unauthorized military campaign. The Sublime Porte now openly disregarded the Transylvanian Estates' right to elect the prince; Kemény saw this, and the successional invasions of Transylvania by the Turks and their Crimean Tatar allies, as an end of Transylvania's autonomy, which he thought could be prevented only with reliance on Habsburg help.
Kemény was elected prince by the Transylvanian Diet on 1 January 1661, after Ákos Barcsay, backed up by the Turks, was forced to resign. In April 1661, the Transylvanian Diet, led by Kemény, proclaimed the secession of Transylvania from the Ottoman Empire and called on for help from Vienna. In turn, an overwhelming Turkish and Tatar army attacked Transylvania in June, defeating Kemény's army and driving him to Royal Hungary. The Turks installed Mihály Apafi as prince; Kemény, initially supported by Austrian general Montecuccoli returned to Transylvania in early September. However, the Austrian army soon deserted him, and Kemény was killed by the Turks in the battle of Nagyszőllős.
His renaissance family castle is now in half-ruin, due to neglect of the government, in Aranyosmeggyes - visible from the main road Cluj-Napoca-Turda.
| Preceded byÁkos Barcsay | Prince of Transylvania 1661-1662 | Succeeded byMichael I Apafi |
# Bolje da nosim kratku kosu

"Bolje da nosim kratku kosu" (trans. Better that I wear my hair short) is the second single by the Serbian punk rock band Pekinška Patka. The song, having an anthem status in former Yugoslav republics, with its B-side, appeared on the band debut album Plitka poezija. The song also appeared on the cult various artists compilation Svi marš na ples!.

## Track listing

Both tracks by Nebojša Čonkić and Sreten Kovačević.
* "Bolje da nosim kratku kosu" (2:30)
* "Ori, ori" (1:56)

## Cover versions

* Serbian punk band Atheist Rap recorded a cover version of the song as a part of the Pekinška Patka cover versions mix entitled "Plitka poezija".
# Bomba, Belize

Bomba is a settlement located in the nation of Belize. It is a mainland village located in Belize District. On November 1, 2016 it was announced that the residents now have electricity.

## Demographics

At the time of the 2010 Census, Bomba had a population of 71. Of these, 53.5% were Mestizo, 28.2% Creole, 15.5% Mixed and 2.8% Garifuna.
# John L. Cameron

John Lemuel Cameron (1936-) is an American surgeon. He is the Alfred Blalock Distinguished Service Professor of Surgery at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.

## Early life and education

Cameron was born in 1936 in Howell, Michigan to parents Duncan and Mary. When he was nine years old, his family moved to Detroit so his father could complete surgical training. He obtained his undergraduate degree from Harvard University in 1958, and his medical degree from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 1962. After an internship in surgery at Johns Hopkins, Cameron served in the U.S. Army as a research surgeon at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research from 1963 to 1965. He then returned to Johns Hopkins to complete his surgical residency and fellowship.

## Career

Following his general surgery residency and his thoracic surgery specialty, Cameron was appointed an assistant professor of Surgery at Johns Hopkins in 1971. He was eventually promoted to the rank of full Professor and named Chairman of the Department of Surgery and Surgeon-in-Chief. While serving in this role, he decided to specialize in performing the Whipple procedure and, in March 2012, at the age of 75, he performed his 2000th Whipple procedure becoming the first doctor to reach that milestone.
During his tenure at Johns Hopkins, Cameron helped bring the Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery from a quarterly publication in 1977 to a monthly publication with over 1,200 submissions annually. He also served in numerous leadership positions including president of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, the Southern Surgical Association, the Society of Clinical Surgery, the Society of Surgical Chairmen, the Halsted Society, the American Surgical Association, and the American College of Surgeons. In 2009, he was the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement in Pancreatic Cancer Treatment. In 2002, Fred and Sandra Hittman and their family established the John L. Cameron, M.D., Professorship for Alimentary Tract Diseases in his honor.
Cameron officially retired from surgery on his 80th birthday.

## Personal life

Cameron and his wife have four children together.
# Photonic topological insulator

Photonic topological insulators are artificial electromagnetic materials that support topologically non-trivial, unidirectional states of light. Photonic topological phases are classical electromagnetic wave analogues of electronic topological phases studied in condensed matter physics. Similar to their electronic counterparts, they, can provide robust unidirectional channels for light propagation. The field that studies these phases of light is referred to as topological photonics.

## History

Topological order in solid state systems has been studied in condensed matter physics since the discovery of integer quantum Hall effect. But topological matter attracted considerable interest from the physics community after the proposals for possible observation of symmetry-protected topological phases (or the so-called topological insulators) in graphene, and experimental observation of a 2D topological insulator in CdTe/HgTe/CdTe quantum wells in 2007.
In 2008, Haldane and Raghu proposed that unidirectional electromagnetic states analogous to (integer) quantum Hall states can be realized in nonreciprocal magnetic photonic crystals. This prediction was first realized in 2009 in the microwave frequency regime. This was followed by the proposals for analogous quantum spin Hall states of electromagnetic waves that are now known as photonic topological insulators. It was later found that topological electromagnetic states can exist in continuous media as well--theoretical and numerical study has confirmed the existence of topological Langmuir-cyclotron waves in continuous magnetized plasmas.

## Platforms

Photonic topological insulators are designed using various photonic platforms including optical waveguide arrays, coupled ring resonators, bi-anisotropic meta-materials, and photonic crystals. More recently, they have been realized in 2D dielectric and plasmonic meta-surfaces. Despite the theoretical prediction, no experimental demonstration of photonic topological insulator in continuous media has been reported.

## Chern number

As an important figure of merit for characterizing the quantized collective behaviors of the wavefunction, Chern number is the topological invariant of quantum Hall insulators. Chern number also identifies the topological properties of the photonic topological insulators (PTIs), thus it is of crucial importance in PTI design. The full-wave finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method based MATLAB program for computing the Chern number has been written. Recently, the finite-difference method has been extended to analyze the topological invariant of non-Hermitian topological dielectric photonic crystals by first-principle Wilson loop calculation. All MATLAB codes can be found at GitHub website.
# Photonic force microscope

Photonic force microscopy (PFM) is an optical-tweezers-based microscopy technique. A small dielectric particle (20 nm to several micrometres) is held by a strongly focused laser beam.
The forward scattered light, i.e. the light whose orientation is slightly changed while passing through the particle, and unscattered light are collected by a lens and projected onto a Quadrant Photo-Diode (QPD), i.e. a Position sensitive device (PSD). These two components interfere in the detector and produce signals, which permit the detection of the bead's position in three dimensions. The precision is very good (as low as 0.1 nm) and the recording speed is very high (up to 1 MHz). Brownian motion deflects the bead from the resting position. A time sequence of measured positions allows one to derive the optical potential in which the particle is held.
The PFM is sensitive to the environment of the particle and has been used in a variety of different experiments that e.g. monitor space that can be filled by particles inside agarose or the fate of small latex beads captured by macrophages.
A similar concept of scanning a bead with an optical trap over a surface was invented in 1993 by Ghislain and W. W. Webb. The name of photonic force microscope was first used in 1997 by Ernst-Ludwig Florin, Arnd Pralle, J. Heinrich Hoerber and Ernst H.K. Stelzer during their stays at EMBL, when they developed 3D position detection and began using the Brownian motion as scanner.
# Mackinlayoideae

Mackinlayoideae is a subfamily of plants containing about nine genera. In the APG II system it was treated at family rank as Mackinlayaceae, but since then it has been reclassified as a subfamily of Apiaceae.
Platysace, which has been placed in this subfamily, is sister to all the remaining Apiaceae genera according to a 2021 molecular phylogenetic study, so is excluded from the subfamily.