OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Charles E. Billings

Charles Ethan Billings (1834–1920) was an American mechanical engineer, inventor, superintendent, and businessman. He held various U.S. patents on hand tools, either assigned or licensed to the firm that he and Christopher M. Spencer cofounded, the Billings & Spencer Company. His name as patent holder is stamped (as C.E. Billings) on countless forged hand tools, many of which survive. Billings was an expert in drop forging and was an influential leader in the American system of manufacturing and its successor systems of mass production for firearms, sewing machines, hand tools, bicycles, and other goods. He served as president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1895 and 1896. The Billings & Spencer Company was both a machine tool builder and a manufacturer of hand tools made with its machine tools.

## Biography

He was born in Weathersfield, Vermont, the son of Ethan F. and Clarissa M. (née Marsh) Billings. He served his apprenticeship at Robbins & Lawrence in Windsor, Vermont. Robbins & Lawrence was a factory and armory that was an important early node in the social network of the 19th century machine tool industry.
In 1856, at the age of 21, he worked at the Colt armory in Hartford, Connecticut, as a die sinker and tool maker and became their expert on the drop forging process. In 1862, he went to E. Remington & Sons, where he built up their forging plant, increasing its efficiency and saving $50,000 by one improvement in frame forging alone. At the end of the American Civil War, he returned to Hartford as the superintendent of the Weed Sewing Machine Company, which had taken over the old Sharps Rifle Works, built by Robbins & Lawrence.
In 1868, while at the Roper Repeating Arms Company in Amherst, Massachusetts, he worked with Christopher M. Spencer. The Roper company failed and in 1869, the two founded a partnership in Hartford, Connecticut, called Billings & Spencer, which would manufacture sewing machines, drop-forged hand tools, and machine tools. Billings perfected a drop hammer for metal forging in the 1870s and designed the copper commutator which was central to the operation of electrical generators and motors.
In 1895, Billings was president of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
He died on June 5, 1920, in Hartford, Connecticut, and was interred at Cedar Hill Cemetery.

## List of patents held

This list may not be exhaustive; if you like, you can verify its exhaustiveness with a US patent search.
* U.S. patent 212,298
* U.S. patent 470,777
* U.S. patent 532,634
# FORK-256

FORK-256 is a hash algorithm designed in response to security issues discovered in the earlier SHA-1 and MD5 algorithms. After substantial cryptanalysis, the algorithm is considered broken.

## Background

In 2005, Xiaoyun Wang announced an order-$2^{63}$ collision attack on the government's hash standard SHA-1. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the body responsible for setting cryptographic standards in the United States, concluded this was a practical attack (as previous estimates were order-$2^{80}$) and began encouraging additional research into hash functions and their weaknesses. As part of this effort, NIST hosted two workshops where potential new algorithms, including FORK-256, were introduced and discussed. Rather than immediately select any of these algorithms, NIST conducted a public competition from 2007–2012 which ultimately resulted in the Keccak algorithm being selected for use as the SHA-3 standard.

## Algorithm and Analysis

FORK-256 was introduced at the 2005 NIST Hash workshop and published the following year. FORK-256 uses 512-bit blocks and implements preset constants that change after each repetition. Each block is hashed into a 256-bit block through four branches that divides each 512 block into sixteen 32-bit words that are further encrypted and rearranged.
The initial algorithm garnered significant cryptanalysis, summarized in (Saarinen 2007). Matusiewicz et al. (2006) discovered a collision attack with complexity of $2^{126.6}$. Mendel et al. (2006) independently derived a similar attack. The following year Matusiewicz's team improved their attack to no worse than $2^{108},$ and (Contini 2007) demonstrated a practical implementation of the attack.
In response to these attacks, Hong and his team proposed an improved version of FORK-256. Markku-Juhani Saarinen derived a $2^{112.9}$-complexity attack again the improved algorithm. By way of comparison, the eventual SHA-3 standard withstands up to an order-$2^{128}$ attack.

## Deployment

FORK-256 was added to the Botan cryptographic library after its introduction. Botan developer Jack Lloyd removed the algorithm in 2010 after concluding the hash suffered from several weaknesses and had never become widely used.
# NGC 1268

NGC 1268 is a spiral galaxy located about 140 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. It was discovered by astronomer Heinrich d'Arrest on February 14, 1863. NGC 1268 is a member of the Perseus Cluster and appears to show signs of distortion in the form of bridges. These features may be the result of a strong interaction with NGC 1267.
On August 30, 2008, a type Ia supernova designated as SN 2008fg was discovered in NGC 1268.
# Lecithocera squalida

Lecithocera squalida is a moth in the family Lecithoceridae. It is found in Thailand, China (Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan) and Taiwan.
# Portuguese Cemetery, Kanpur

Portuguese Cemetery, also known as Gora Kabristan or Kacheri Cemetery, is a cemetery located on VIP Road, Kanpur, India. The road used to be called Amherst Street and still houses many government offices and residential bungalows.

## History

In the 1760s, some traders had settled at Kanpur, including some Portuguese. The first British troops arrived around 1770, and Kanpur rapidly became a major garrison town. The foundation stone of the cemetery was laid in 1781 when Lieutenant Colonel John Stephen died in the city. The grave of Stephen is considered to be the oldest grave in the cemetery. The British Association for Cemeteries in South Asia has been providing financial aid to the cemetery since 1977.
# Elapsoidea guentherii

Elapsoidea guentherii, also known commonly as Günther's garter snake, is a species of venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is native to Central Africa.

## Etymology

The specific name, guentherii, is in honor of German-British herpetologist Albert Günther.

## Geographic range

E. guentherii is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of E. guentherii is savanna, at altitudes from sea level to 1,500 m (4,900 ft).

## Description

E. guentherii exhibits sexual dimorphism with males being significantly larger than females. Males may attain a snout-to-vent length (SVL) of 56 cm (22 in), but females only grow to 38.5 cm (15.2 in) SVL. Juveniles have a dorsal color pattern of alternating black and white crossbands of equal width. The pattern fades as the snakes mature, with adults becoming uniformly grayish black dorsally, and lighter gray ventrally.

## Venom

E. guentherii is venomous, but no human fatalities have been reported.

## Diet

E. guentherii preys predominately upon reptiles such as lizards and snakes, but it will also eat amphibians and termites.

## Reproduction

E. guentherii is oviparous. In late summer an adult female may lay a clutch of as many as ten eggs.
# David Rosen (musicologist)

David Rosen (born September 21, 1938, in San Francisco) is an expert in nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Italian opera. He is noted for having discovered the complete score of Messa per Rossini, presumed lost, in the archives of the Italian music publishing house G. Ricordi & Co in 1986.
He was responsible for the critical edition of Verdi's Messa da Requiem and the Cambridge Music Handbook on the Requiem. He also discovered in the Bibliothèque Nationale a passage in Verdi's manuscript score for Don Carlos which had had to be cut in order to ensure that the opera's premiere would finish before midnight. This led to a further discovery of more music which had also been discarded.
Rosen has also pursued an interest in understanding the original staging of late romantic opera, publishing a seminal work on the staging of Un ballo in maschera. He is an emeritus professor of musicology in the Department of Music at Cornell University. He has worked also with the Centro studi Giacomo Puccini and the Fondo Leoncavallo.
# Zygmunt Kukla (conductor)

Zygmunt Kukla (born 27 August 1969) is a Polish conductor, arranger, and composer. He graduated from the Department of Jazz and Popular Music at the Karol Szymanowski Academy of Music in Katowice. From 1991 to 1996 he was the conductor of Janusz Józefowicz’s Metro musical. In 1989 he founded Kukla Band orchestra, with which he concerts in popular Polish TV shows, festivals and galas. Repeatedly, Kukla held the function of musical director of greatest Polish festivals (in Opole and Sopot) and in TV series Twoja twarz brzmi znajomo.
Kukla is married, and has two children. As a hobby, he works as a bus driver.
# Sahel FC

Sahel FC is a Cameroonian football club based in Maroua. They are a member of the Cameroonian Football Federation. The club was relegated from the Cameroon Premiere Division in 2007.
# East Smethport, Pennsylvania

East Smethport is an unincorporated community in McKean County, Pennsylvania, United States. The community is located at the intersection of U.S. Route 6 and Pennsylvania Route 46 near the eastern border of Smethport. East Smethport has a post office with ZIP code 16730.
# NGC 1274

NGC 1274 is a compact elliptical galaxy located about 280 million light-years away in the constellation Perseus. NGC 1274 was discovered by astronomer Lawrence Parsons on December 4, 1875. It is a member of the Perseus Cluster.
# Edgar Stephenson

The Ven. Edgar Stephenson (24 September 1894 – 29 May 1984) was Archdeacon of Rochdale from 1951 until 1962.
Stephenson was educated at the University of Manchester; and ordained in 1925. He held curacies in Salford and Worsley in the greater Manchester area. He was Vicar of St Mary, Oldham from 1947 to 1955 and Director of Religious Education in the Diocese of Manchester from 1955 to 1962.
# Gahnia lacera

Gahnia lacera is a tussock-forming perennial in the family Cyperaceae, that is native to parts of the North Island of New Zealand.
# Kingston Crossing Halt railway station

Kingston Crossing Halt railway station was a halt on the Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway which the Great Western Railway opened in 1906 to serve the Oxfordshire village of Kingston Blount. The opening of the halt was part of a GWR attempt to encourage more passengers on the line at a time when competition from bus services was drawing away custom.

## History

The halt was one of three that the GWR opened on the line in September 1906 to try to encourage passenger traffic in the face of increased competition from buses. It was southeast of Kingston Blount on the northeastern side of the level crossing on Kingston Hill. The halt was maintained by the residents of the primitive crossing house located on the other side of the level crossing; unlike at Wainhill Crossing Halt, the level crossing gates were normally kept closed across the railway line to allow the free passage of traffic between Kingston Blount and the A40 road. The crossing keeper closed the gates across the road before the arrival of each train, with the exception of the early morning and late night goods services, when the guard was responsible. The station had basic facilities: a single low platform on which stood a wooden passenger waiting shelter and the running in board. Up to twelve passengers were known to have caught the early morning services in the 1940s. In the long term the GWR's halt strategy did little to dissuade people from more convenient bus services. In 1957 British Railways closed the halt and withdrew passenger services from the line.
| Preceding station | Disused railways | Following station |
| Chinnor Line closed, station open | Great Western Railway Watlington and Princes Risborough Railway | Aston Rowant Line and station closed |

## Present day

The cottage at the halt remains intact. One can see in the garden of the cottage small line side buildings and huts that can be identified in photographs taken when the line was still in operation. The Upper Icknield Way runs parallel to the former railway alignment to the east for several hundred yards.
The Heritage Chinnor and Princes Risborough Railway aims to hopefully extend their own running line through this former site to Aston Rowant, (Although this may not include reinstating this crossing site, as it could never be alighted, as was the same as two other halt sites down the line towards Thame Junction).
# Copelatus nilssoni

Copelatus nilssoni is a species of diving beetle. It is part of the genus Copelatus in the subfamily Copelatinae of the family Dytiscidae. It was described by Wewalka in 1982.
# Exmouth (disambiguation)

Exmouth is a town in Devon, England.
Exmouth may also refer to:

## Places

* Exmouth, Western Australia
* Exmouth Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
* Exmouth Peninsula, Southern Chile

## People

* Viscount Exmouth, a title in the peerage of the United Kingdom
** Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth (1757–1833), a British naval officer

## Other uses

* Five ships of the British Royal Navy have been named HMS Exmouth
* Exmouth, a Magnolia grandiflora cultivar
# Vaudey

Vaudey may refer to:
* Elisabeth de Vaudey (1773–1833), famous for her affair with French Emperor Napoleon I
* Muriel Vaudey (born 1976), French ski mountaineer
* Vaudey Abbey, English Cistercian abbey
* Vellexon-Queutrey-et-Vaudey, commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France
* Villers-Vaudey, commune in the Haute-Saône department in the region of Franche-Comté in eastern France
# East Snow Mountain Falls

East Snow Mountain Falls is a seasonal waterfall in the Sierra Nevada in Placer County, California. At 2,200 feet (670 m), it is the second tallest measured waterfall in California after Yosemite Falls. The falls are a long cascade consisting of dozens of smaller drops. Due to the small size of its drainage basin, the falls usually flow only from December through July.
The falls occur on an unnamed stream on the eastern face of Snow Mountain, which drains into the Royal Gorge of the North Fork American River. They are accessed by a strenuous 7-mile (11 km), one-way hike from Cascade Lakes, near Soda Springs.
# Distorsionella lewisi

Distorsionella lewisi is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Thalassocyonidae.

## Description

Shell size 45 mm.
# Lectionary 245

Lectionary 245, designated by siglum ℓ 245 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering) is a Greek manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 9th century. The manuscript has survived on only two leaves.

## Description

The codex contains lessons from the Gospels lectionary (Evangelistarium) and from the Book of Psalms. The first leaf contains lesson from Psalm 65, the second leaf with lesson from the Gospel of John.
The text is written in Greek uncial letters, on 2 parchment leaves (28 cm by 22.3 cm), in two columns per page, 20 lines per page.

## History

It has been assigned by the Institute for New Testament Textual Research to the 9th century.
Constantin von Tischendorf brought the manuscript from the East and gave first description of it. It was examined by Eduard de Muralt.
The manuscript was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Gregory (number 245).
The manuscript is not cited in the critical editions of the Greek New Testament (UBS3).
The codex is housed at the Russian National Library (Gr. 36) in Saint Petersburg.
# Gahnia howeana

Gahnia howeana is a flowering plant in the sedge family. The specific epithet refers to Lord Howe Island, where it is found. It was formerly lumped with Gahnia xanthocarpa, which is now considered to be endemic to New Zealand.

## Description

It is a strong, tussocky perennial sedge with stout, smooth culms, growing to 1–2 m in height. The leaves are as long as the culms and about 1 cm wide at the base. It has a drooping, paniculate inflorescence, 30–40 cm in length.

## Distribution and habitat

The sedge is endemic to Australia’s subtropical Lord Howe Island in the Tasman Sea. It occurs in moist areas within low forest on the rocky slopes and summits of Mounts Lidgbird and Gower at the southern end of the island.
# Cladogenesis

Cladogenesis is an evolutionary splitting of a parent species into two distinct species, forming a clade.
This event usually occurs when a few organisms end up in new, often distant areas or when environmental changes cause several extinctions, opening up ecological niches for the survivors and causing population bottlenecks and founder effects changing allele frequencies of diverging populations compared to their ancestral population. The events that cause these species to originally separate from each other over distant areas may still allow both of the species to have equal chances of surviving, reproducing, and even evolving to better suit their environments while still being two distinct species due to subsequent natural selection, mutations and genetic drift.
Cladogenesis is in contrast to anagenesis, in which an ancestral species gradually accumulates change, and eventually, when enough is accumulated, the species is sufficiently distinct and different enough from its original starting form that it can be labeled as a new form - a new species. With anagenesis, the lineage in a phylogenetic tree does not split.
To determine whether a speciation event is cladogenesis or anagenesis, researchers may use simulation, evidence from fossils, molecular evidence from the DNA of different living species, or modelling. It has however been debated whether the distinction between cladogenesis and anagenesis is necessary at all in evolutionary theory.
# Calytrix flavescens

Calytrix flavescens, commonly known as summer starflower, is a species of flowering plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It is a shrub with linear to narrowly elliptic leaves, and yellow flowers with about 35 to 60 stamens in several rows.

## Description

Calytrix flavescens is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 30–80 cm (12–31 in). Its leaves are linear to narrowly elliptic, mostly 4–9 mm (0.16–0.35 in) long and 0.5–1.5 mm (0.020–0.059 in) wide on a petiole 0.25–1.0 mm (0.0098–0.0394 in) long. The flowers are borne on a peduncle 0.6–1.25 mm (0.024–0.049 in) long with egg-shaped to lance-shaped bracteoles 5–9 mm (0.20–0.35 in) long. The floral tube is glabrous, 7–15 mm (0.28–0.59 in), fused to the style and usually has 10 ribs. The sepals are fused at the base, with more or less round to broadly egg-shaped lobes 1.5–2.75 mm (0.059–0.108 in) long and 1.5–2.5 mm (0.059–0.098 in) wide, with an awn up to 14 mm (0.55 in) long. The petals are glabrous, yellow, egg-shaped to lance-shaped 5.5–10 mm (0.22–0.39 in) long and 3.5–4.0 mm (0.14–0.16 in) wide, and there are about 35 to 60 stamens in several rows. Flowering usually occurs between October and January.

## Taxonomy

Calytrix flavescens was first formally described in 1834 by the botanist Allan Cunningham in 1834 in the journal Botanical Magazine. The specific epithet (flavescens) means 'pale yellow' or 'yellowish', referring to the flowers.

## Distribution and habitat

Summer starflower grows on sand-plains, gentle slopes and sometimes in winter-wet areas from the Arrowsmith River district and southwards to the Blackwood River district in the Avon Wheatbelt, Esperance Plains, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest, Mallee, Swan Coastal Plain and Warren bioregions of south-western Western Australia, where it grows on sandy soils over granite, laterite or sandstone.
# Charles Manville Sawyer

Charles Manville Sawyer (September 17, 1866 – September 26, 1950) was the first governor (president) of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City from 1914 to 1916.
Sawyer was born on a farm near Streator, Illinois. In 1887 he moved to Norton, Kansas where he was a cashier at the First National Bank of Norton.
After serving a stint as a bank examiner he became president of the Norton bank, president of the Kansas Bankers Association in 1898 and was appointed by George H. Hodges to be Kansas Bank Commissioner in 1913. In 1914 he was named to be president of the Federal Reserve. In 1916 he swapped positions with Jo Zach Miller Jr. with Miller, who was chairman of the Kansas City Federal Reserve.
He died in Hollywood, California.
# Ecpetelia

Ecpetelia is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Sakrigali

Sakrigali (also known as Sakrigali Ghat/ Sakribazar/ Sakri) is a village in the Sahibganj CD block in the Sahibganj subdivision of the Sahibganj district in the Indian state of Jharkhand.

## Geography
### Location

Sakrigali is located at 25°14′50″N 87°42′55″E﻿ / ﻿25.247278°N 87.715346°E﻿ / 25.247278; 87.715346.
Sakribazar has an area of 10 hectares (25 acres).

### Overview

The map shows a hilly area with the Rajmahal hills running from the bank of the Ganges in the extreme north to the south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where Farakka Barrage is, just inside West Bengal. Rajmahal coalfield is shown in the map. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.
Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked and you can easily move on to another page of your choice. Enlarge the map to see what else is there – one gets railway links, many more road links and so on.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 Census of India, Sakribazar had a total population of 1,199, of which 644 (54%) were males and 555 (46%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 297. The total number of literate persons in Sakribazar was 601 (66.63% of the population over 6 years).

## Transport

Sakrigali railway station is situated on the Sahibganj loop.
Before the Farakka Barrage across the Ganges was constructed, people going to the Darjeeling Hills or North Bengal from Kolkata, used to travel by broad gauge train to Sakrigali Ghat and then cross the Ganges by steamer. On the other side of the river at Manihari Ghat, they used to take a metre gauge train to Siliguri. Once Farakka Barrage became operational in 1975 (the barrage has a broad gauge rail line on it), this route became redundant.
Sahibganj Multimodal Port, with a capacity to handle 2.24 million tonnes of cargo annually, is located at Sakrigali.