OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Donald Nicoll

Donald Nicoll (25 April 1820 – 6 September 1891) was a British Liberal and Radical politician, businessman, inventor and author.

## Inventions

Born in 1820, Nicoll started his career in trade, becoming the owner of sanitary works, as well as an inventor and maker of patented appliances for the interception and deodorization of sewage, and the filtration of water. Further, he developed improvements to fire escapes, fog signals for vessels, and electric and telegraph conductors.
In 1872, and in conjunction with Robert Sabine, ten miles of underground telegraph conductors were laid on a system he had secured a patent for. At the time of his death in 1891, he was also involved in bringing out a patent for paving roadways with hard Australian jarrah-wood, which he predicted to be cheap, clean and safe for horses.

## Political career

Nicoll first stood for election was a Radical candidate at Frome at a by-election in 1854—caused by the death of the sitting Whig Robert Edward Boyle. However, Nicoll was defeated by Boyle's son and the Whig candidate, Richard, by 52 votes.
At another by-election in 1856—caused by the succession of Richard Boyle to 9th Earl of Cork and Orrery—Nicoll sought the seat once more. He was this time defeated by Boyle's younger brother, William George Boyle, a Whig candidate, by just one vote.
However, at the next general election in 1857, Nicoll successfully gained the seat, defeating Boyle and the Conservative candidate, Edward Thynne, with a majority of 70 votes, or 21.5%. However, standing as a Liberal in 1859, Nicoll was unseated by Thynne with a 34.8% swing against the Liberals.

## Works

Nicoll was also the author of a number of books and pamphlets, including:
* Health and its Appliances (1884)
* Underground versus Overhead Wires (1887)
* The Telegraph and Telephone, considered in relation to Economy and Efficiency (1887)

## Other activities

Nicoll was involved in numerous areas of public life, and he was awarded for being so. He was the Sheriff of London and Middlesex in 1849, and became captain of the 29th North Middlesex Rifle Volunteer Corps in 1864. He was appointed Commissioner for the City of London to the 1867 Paris Exhibition, receiving a medal and an honourable mention for an exhibit showing the properties of bitumen as an insulating material. The 1872 Moscow Exhibition and 1873 Vienna Exhibition also awarded him medals.
He also served as a Justice of the Peace for Middlesex and Westminster, chairman of the Poor Law Amendment Society, and a life governor of many London charitable institutions. He was a member of each of the Society of Arts, the Inventors' Institute, the Spectacle-makers' Company, and the united Grand Lodge of Freemasons. In 1884, he was elected an Associate of the Institution.
# Donald Nicholson (biochemist)

Donald Elliot Nicholson (1916 – 2012) was a British scientist, best known for devising the charts of Biochemical cycles which have become a commonplace in the offices of clinical and bioscience staff worldwide.

## Education and career

The son of a Methodist minister, Nicholson was born in Leek, Staffordshire. He had two brothers, including a twin, Kenneth. He attended Kingswood School in Bath prior to obtaining a degree in colour chemistry from Huddersfield Technical College in 1936. He worked as a researcher with fluorine compounds at his alma mater prior to earning his PhD through the University of London in 1940 or 1941. During World War II, he was involved in the production of sulfanilamide. He became a research fellow at Leeds School of Medicine after the war, working with tubercle bacillus and diphtheria toxins. Thereafter, he assumed a career role as a Lecturer at that school in 1950, becoming a Senior Lecturer in 1964.

## The Metabolic Pathways Chart

The subject of bacterial metabolism was a challenging one for students in the 1950s, as the field had been rapidly expanding since the mapping of the first metabolic pathway in 1940. Nicholson had himself struggled in school and was sympathetic to challenged students. He decided to create a chart that would allow students to better understand the connections in body metabolism. His first chart, completed in 1955, was printed by the architect's department at Leeds. The high demand among students led him in 1960 to a small biochemical firm who agreed to a higher print run, using colour to distinguish the different pathways. He was much heartened when he went to Oxford for a lecture by the Nobel Prizewinner Professor Hans Krebs and Krebs began the lecture by displaying a Nicholson chart.
The chart had as of 2012 been published in over a million copies in 22 editions, including updates by Nicholson to incorporate new findings over the years. It has also been reproduced in many textbooks. Nicholson also created an "Inborn Errors of Metabolism" map for medical students, who felt the Nicholson Chart too focused on biochemistry for clinical medicine. Due to his wife's phobia of electrical devices, Nicholson did not digitise his maps until he bought his first computer after her death in 1996. He donated the copyright of his work to the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. However, he continued working on his charts for the rest of his life; at the time of his death, he was working on a version using Flash Animation.

## Private life

Nicholson and his wife Celia had three children. In addition to his career in science, he served as a Methodist lay preacher for many years, from 1939. He also served as a prison visitor.

## Honors

The University of Huddersfield awarded Nicholson an Honorary D.Sc. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology appointed him a Special Life Members, one of only two at the time of his death in 2012.
# Küçükakören, Sur

Küçükakören is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Sur, Diyarbakır Province in Turkey. Its population is 1,984 (2022).
# L'ambassadrice

L'ambassadrice is an opera or opéra comique in 3 acts by composer Daniel Auber. The work's French language libretto was written by Eugène Scribe and Jules-Henri Vernoy de Saint-Georges. The opera's world premiere was staged by the Opéra-Comique at the Théâtre des Nouveautés in Paris on 21 December 1836. It was revived in Paris on 4 January 2013 by the opera company Les Frivolités Parisiennes at the initiative of two research fellows who specialized in nineteenth-century historically informed performance, Pierre Girod (vocal coach) and Charlotte Loriot (stage director).

## Roles

| Role | Voice type | Premiere Cast, 21 December 1836 (Conductor:) | Revival Cast (Conductor: Mathieu Romano) |
| Duke of Valberg | tenor | Théodore-Étienne-François Moreau-Sainti | Christophe Crapez |
| Countess Augusta of Fierschemberg | soprano | Monsel | Dorothée Thivet |
| Fortunatus | bass | Roy | Guillaume Paire |
| Madame Barneck | mezzo-soprano | Marie-Julie Halligner | Laure Ilef |
| Henriette | soprano | Laure Cinti-Damoreau | Magali Léger |
| Charlotte | soprano | Jenny Colon | Estelle Lefort |
| Benedict | tenor | Joseph-Antoine-Charles Couderc | Jean-François Novelli |
# Könönen

Könönen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Salomon Könönen (1916–1979), Finnish long-distance runner
* Tuomo Könönen (born 1977), Finnish football player
* Valentin Kononen (born 1969), Finnish race walker
# Elaphriella cantharos

Elaphriella cantharos is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk, in the family Solariellidae.

## Distribution

This species occurs in the following locations:
* Papua New Guinea
* Society Islands
* Solomon Islands
# Maria Hummel

Maria Hummel is an American writer. Her poetry collection, House and Fire, was winner of the 2013 APR/Hickman First Book Prize. She has written five novels: Goldenseal (Counterpoint, 2024), Lesson in Red (Counterpoint, 2021), Still Lives (Counterpoint, 2018), Motherland (Counterpoint, 2014) and Wilderness Run (St. Martin's, 2003).
Still Lives was the August 2018 pick for the Reese Witherspoon x Hello Sunshine book club. Paula L. Woods (Los Angeles Times) called the book "a stunning achievement for a writer who perfectly captures an outsider’s ambivalence about the city’s pluses and minuses, and most notably its sensational crimes and the dark angels we make of its victims."
Publishers Weekly gave Hummel's novel, Motherland, a starred review and wrote that "Fear, grief, and the will to survive fuse in this beautiful novel about the inner life of a German family in the final months of World War II...." People wrote that Motherland is "searing and honest, her book illuminates the reality of war away from the front lines ... with a compassion and depth of understanding that will touch your heart.
Hummel was a Wallace Stegner fellow from 2005 to 2007 at Stanford University, and a Jones Lecturer there from 2009 to 2016. Since 2016, she has taught in the English department at the University of Vermont.

## Works

* Wilderness Run, St Martin's Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-312-28757-3
* Motherland, Counterpoint, 2014, ISBN 978-1-61902-237-9
* Still Lives, Counterpoint, 2018, ISBN 978-1-61902-111-2
* Lesson in Red, Counterpoint, 2021, ISBN 978-1-64009-431-4
* Goldenseal, Counterpoint, 2024, ISBN 978-1-64009-606-6
# Darchhawna

Darchhawna (1 January 1936 – 27 December 2023) was an Indian writer of Hindi literature and historian from the Northeast Indian state of Mizoram. Born on New Year's Day 1936, Darchhawna was an Officer on Special Duty at the Mizoram University, when it was the Mizoram campus of the North Eastern Hill University (NEHU) and the founder President of the Mizo History Association. He held the post of the president of the organization for several terms, after getting elected in 2013. The Government of India awarded him the fourth highest civilian honour of the Padma Shri, in 2005, for his contributions to Indian literature. He died on 27 December 2023, at the age of 87.

## Awards

* 2005: Padma Shri for his contributions to Indian literature.
# Dolichoderus coquandi

Dolichoderus coquandi is an extinct species of ant in the genus Dolichoderus. Described by Théobald in 1937, the fossils were discovered in France.
# Dollis Brook

Dollis Brook is a waterway which runs through Barnet in north London. It is a tributary of the River Brent, which is itself a tributary of the River Thames.
The Dollis Valley Greenwalk follows almost all of Dollis Brook, apart from a short section at the beginning which passes through private land, and the London Loop follows it as far as Barnet Lane. The name Dollis is probably derived from the Middle English word 'dole', meaning the shares of land in the common field.

## Course

Dollis Brook rises at two points, one on Mote End Farm and the other on the London Loop and Dollis Valley Greenwalk at TQ 21714 94551 – the latter only has water after heavy rain. The brook then flows through private land under Hendon Wood Lane. Its course is eastwards through Totteridge Fields, a Site of Metropolitan Importance, and then through fields and open spaces to King George V Playing Fields in Totteridge.
The brook then turns southwards and forms the eastern boundary of Totteridge. It passes through Wyatts Farm Open Space and Brook Farm Open Space to Totteridge Lane near Totteridge and Whetstone Underground station, and then continues south through Woodside Park (where it merges with Folly Brook) and West Finchley, before passing under the Dollis Brook Viaduct which carries the Northern line between Finchley Central and Mill Hill East Underground stations. Until 1965 Dollis Brook formed the boundary between the municipal boroughs of Finchley and Hendon.
Dollis Brook then passes under Dollis Road and through Windsor Open Space to the Great North Way (A1). Near Bridge Lane in Hendon it merges with Mutton Brook to form the River Brent.

## Nature

Upper Dollis Brook between Mill Hill and Woodside Park, including neighbouring open spaces, is a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade I. It is too shaded for aquatic plants, but plants such as yellow iris and water-pepper grow along its banks and kingfishers, grey wagtails, and moorhens can be seen along the stream.
Lower Dollis Brook is a Site of Borough Importance for Nature Conservation, Grade II. It starts at Woodside Park and includes Brent Park and the River Brent until it passes under the Northern line near Brent Cross Flyover. It is less ecologically rich than Upper Dollis Brook, but nevertheless forms a valuable green corridor through suburban areas.
# Lithocarpus jacobsii

Lithocarpus jacobsii is a tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is named for the Dutch botanist Marius Jacobs. Trees in Lithocarpus are commonly known as the stone oaks and differ from Quercus primarily because they produce insect-pollinated flowers.

## Description

Lithocarpus jacobsii grows as a tree up to 36 metres (120 ft) tall with a trunk diameter of up to 60 cm (24 in). The brown bark is smooth or lenticellate. The coriaceous leaves are unusual and distinctive because of their cordate base that often seems to clasp the stem on a short petiole. The oblong leaves can be quite large, measuring up to 56 cm (22 in) long and are glabrous and the same color on both the upper and lower sides (concolorous), with prominent secondary veins below and a looping marginal vein.
The infructescence can be quite long with numerous clusters of fruit scattered along the rachis. The fruits are generally in clusters of 3 (and up to 10). The cupules only cover the lower part of the nut and have squamose scales arranging loosely in cyclical series. The brown nuts are also glabrous and ovoid to roundish and measure up to 2.8 cm (1 in) across.

## Distribution and habitat

Lithocarpus jacobsii is endemic to Borneo. Its habitat is mixed dipterocarp to lower montane forests up to 1,300 m (4,000 ft) altitude.
* Lithocarpus jacobsii at the Global Biodiversity Information Facility
* https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?place_id=any&taxon_id=1051103
# Pirris River

Pirris River is a river of Costa Rica, flowing into the Pacific Ocean.
# Melangadi

Melangadi is a small town near to Calicut Airport and Kondotty town in Malappuram district, Kerala state, India. The name came since it is located on a small hill half a kilometer from Kondotty. In the Malayalam language the "mele" means "up" and "angadi" means "town", and hence the name Melangadi.

## Culture

Melangadi village is as predominantly Muslim populated area. Hindus are exist in comparatively smaller numbers. So the culture of the locality is based upon Muslim traditions. Duff Muttu, Kolkali and Aravanamuttu are common folk arts of this locality. There are many libraries attached to mosques giving a rich source of Islamic studies. Some of the books are written in Arabi-Malayalam which is a version of the Malayalam language written in Arabic script. People gather in mosques for the evening prayer and continue to sit there after the prayers discussing social and cultural issues. Business and family issues are also sorted out during these evening meetings. The Hindu minority of this area keeps their rich traditions by celebrating various festivals in their temples. Hindu rituals are done here with a regular devotion like other parts of Kerala.

## Transportation

Melangadi village connects to other parts of India through Feroke town on the west and Nilambur town on the east. National highway No.66 passes through Pulikkal and the northern stretch connects to Goa and Mumbai. The southern stretch connects to Cochin and Trivandrum. State Highway No.28 starts from Nilambur and connects to Ooty, Mysore and Bangalore through Highways.12,29 and 181. The nearest airport is at Kozhikode. The nearest major railway station is at Feroke.
# Candia (vehicles)

Candia is a Greek company producing Agricultural machinery and equipment, based in Herakleion, Crete. It is representative of many companies in this country (and especially on that island), that produced multi-purpose light farm vehicles.
A particular family of vehicles that seems to be a characteristic Greek development starting in the mid-1960s, was a light farm tractor-truck combination usually on three-wheel chassis, with or without cab. Some were constructed by smaller companies, or even small workshops, but a number of more significant companies evolved, especially in Crete (where they are called "skaftikies"), including (except for Candia) Record, Kronos, Knossos, Minos, Minotavros, Talos, Jupiter etc.; other companies included Demetra in Volos, Diana, Standard, Zeus Hellas in Athens, and many others. Engines used included Sachs, Ilo, local models by Mekmotors (Ruggerini licence), Petropoulos, Malkotsis etc. By the early 1980s this kind of vehicle was so widespread, that had become characteristic of the Greek countryside.
Candia was one of the few that became true industrial producers, turning out thousands of vehicles sold throughout the country, in addition to "classic" walking tractors. It built many models, usually with Sachs or Ilo engines, the most popular of which was a rugged three-wheel chassis combining truck and tractor functions.
This type of vehicle was considered obsolete by new buyers, already by the early 1990s, and most companies either closed down or (as in the case of Candia) diverted to other farm equipment.
# East Resources

East Resources, Inc., was an oil and gas exploration and production company with a focus on unconventional shale oil and gas resources in the United States.

## History

The company was founded in 1983 by Terrence Pegula. Based in Cattaraugus County, New York through much of the late 20th century the company specialized in oil. In 2008, the company began focusing on natural gas through hydraulic fracturing. It profited heavily upon discovery of deep layers of natural gas in the Marcellus Formation and development of the hydraulic fracturing ("fracking") recovery process. At the height of the company it was based in Parkersburg, West Virginia with additional offices in Warrendale, Pennsylvania, Allegany, New York, and Denver, Colorado, with natural gas processing facilities in Northern Pennsylvania.
East Resources sold most of its assets to Royal Dutch Shell in 2010 for $4.7 billion and the rest to American Energy Partners, LP in 2014 for $1.75 billion.
Pegula has shifted his focus to sports and entertainment properties, acquiring the Buffalo Sabres in 2011 and the Buffalo Bills in 2014.

## Today

Pegula continues to own some natural gas assets through other companies, including Greater Rocky Mountain Regional Oil & Gas in Colorado and Wyoming, and JKLM Energy (named after the initials of Pegula's children) in Pennsylvania. The remains of the company are based in Boca Raton, Florida.
# Woodburn

Woodburn may refer to:

## Places

* Woodburn, New South Wales, Australia
* Woodburn, Nova Scotia, Canada
* Woodburn, an area of Dalkeith, Midlothian, Scotland
* East Woodburn, Northumberland, England
* West Woodburn, Northumberland
* Woodburn railway station, Northumberland, which used to serve East and West Woodburn

### United States

* Delaware Governor's Mansion, also known as Woodburn
* Woodburn, Illinois
* Woodburn, Indiana
* Woodburn, Iowa
* Woodburn, Kentucky
* Woodburn, Oregon
* Woodburn (Pendleton, South Carolina), listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP)
* Woodburn (Charles City, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
* Woodburn (Charlottesville, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
* Woodburn (Leesburg, Virginia), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
# Bridges (Calum Scott album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| 365 Days of Inspiring Media | 5/5 |
| Entertainment Focus | |
| Riff Magazine | 6/10 |
Bridges is the second studio album by English singer-songwriter Calum Scott, released on 17 June 2022 through Capitol Records. It was preceded by five singles—"Biblical", "Rise", "If You Ever Change Your Mind", "Heaven", and "Boys in the Street". Scott embarked on an ongoing world tour in support of the album, beginning in North America in July 2022.

## Themes

The tracks have themes of resilience, with Scott saying that he wrote "Rise" during COVID-19 lockdowns when he was "really down on [him]self", as well as the power of love, with Scott explaining that "Biblical" is about "love of biblical proportions that transcends everyone and everything", with "Heaven" following a similar theme of "the love between two people being so powerful that it is far superior to anything else". While "If You Ever Change Your Mind" was written "about the pain of heartbreak and lost love", it also has "undertones of hopefulness throughout".

## Singles

The lead single, "Biblical", was released on 10 June 2021, with second single "Rise" following on 1 October 2021. Third single "If You Ever Change Your Mind" was issued on 4 February 2022. The fourth single, "Heaven", was released alongside the album announcement on 29 April 2022. On 1 June 2022, Scott released the fifth single, which is his rendition of Greg Holden's "Boys in the Street".

## Commercial performance

On 24 June 2022, Bridges debuted at number 48 on the UK Albums Chart, with 2,158 sales. On 28 July 2022, Rise was played to welcome the delegations from the Crown Dependencies to the opening ceremony of the 2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham, England.

## Track listing

Notes
* On physical editions, the song "Bridges" contains the hidden track "Father", which begins after several seconds of silence, making the track 6:06 in length and the album duration 53:56 overall.

## Charts

Chart performance for Bridges :
| Chart (2022) | Peak position |
| Australian Albums (ARIA) | 12 |
| Belgian Albums (Ultratop Flanders) | 80 |
| German Albums (Offizielle Top 100) | 52 |
| Scottish Albums (OCC) | 18 |
| Swiss Albums (Schweizer Hitparade) | 6 |
| UK Albums (OCC) | 48 |
| US Top Current Album Sales (Billboard) | 58 |
# Earth crust displacement

Earth crustal displacement or Earth crust displacement may refer to:
* Plate tectonics, scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's crust (lithosphere).
* Fault (geology), fracture in Earth's crust where one side moves with respect to the other side.
* Supercontinent cycle, the quasi-periodic aggregation and dispersal of Earth's continental crust.
* Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis, where the axis of rotation of a planet may have shifted or the crust may have shifted dramatically.
# Platycyamus

Platycyamus may refer to:
* Platycyamus (plant), a genus of plants in the family Fabaceae
* Platycyamus (amphipod), a genus of whale lice in the family Cyamidae
# East Wing West Wing (Hong Kong Drama)

East Wing West Wing (Chinese: 東宮西宮) is a Hong Kong Drama Series by Zuni Icosahedron, Edward Lam and Mathias Woo production. This drama is a funny and ironic criticism of Hong Kong politics.

## Episodes

So far there are 14 episodes:
* 2046 CE Bye Bye (2002)
* Reloaded (2002, re-run in 2003)
* Mic On!!! Mic Off!!! (2004)
* West Kowloon Side Story (2005)
* 2097 Back to the Ching Chiu (2007)
* Rainbow Judge Pao (2008)
* Hong Kong Civil Servant Death Note (2008)
* West Kowloon Dragon Ball (2009)
* Sap Dai Kau Goon (2010)
* Les Missréblse Hong Kong (2013)
* Find Ghost Do The CE (2014)
* Let It Be One Country Two Systems (2015)
* My Aspiration (2017)
* When There Is No Police (2017)

## TV version

East Wing West Wing television version was first aired on ATV Home at 10:00 pm on June 26, 2011 with a total of 13 episodes.
# East Winona, Wisconsin

East Winona is a railroad junction in Buffalo County, Wisconsin, United States, located where Canadian National Railway subsidiary Wisconsin Central Ltd.'s former Green Bay and Western Railroad line meets the BNSF Railway's St. Croix Subdivision. East Winona is located in the town of Buffalo.