OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ephrin A5

Ephrin A5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNA5 gene.
Ephrin A5 is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein of the ephrin-A subclass of ephrin ligands that binds to the EphA subclass of Eph receptors. Ephrin A5 has also been shown to bind to the EphB2 receptor.

## Reverse signaling in growth cone survival

"Reverse" signaling is one unique property of ephrin ligands that allows for the transmission of an intracellular signal in ephrin-expressing cells that is distinct from the signal transmitted in Eph receptor-expressing cells. Although the mechanism of "reverse" signaling by ephrin-As is not well understood, it is relatively surprising considering that ephrin-A ligands are attached to the cell membrane solely by a GPI linkage and unlike ephrin-Bs, lack a potential intracellular signaling domain. Nonetheless, certain ephrin-A ligands are known to initiate reverse signaling cascades like ephrin A5, which has been shown to stimulate the spreading of growth cones in cultures of mouse spinal motor neurons. Reverse signaling by ephrin A5 was demonstrated to be GPI-dependent as the elimination of all GPI linkages by the application of a phosphatidlyinositol-specific phospholipase C abolished the positive effects of ephrin A5 on growth cone spreading. Additionally, EphA receptors were shown to exert opposite effects on motor neuron growth cones by reducing growth cone size.

### Formation of the retinotopic map

This finding that ephrin A5 promotes growth cone survival that is opposite of EphA signaling and mediated directly by ephrin A5 reverse signaling has important implications for axon guidance as it provides a mechanism by which migrating axons expressing EphAs would preferentially avoid ephrin A5 expressing cells and possibly migrate towards cells with lower expression of ephrin A5. This mechanism is in fact the same one that mediates the guidance of retinal ganglion cells to distinct regions in the superior colliculus during the formation of the retinotopic map. High ephrin A5 expression on cells in the posterior region of the SC bind to EphAs expressed in RGCs migrating from the temporal retina, inducing growth cone collapse and repelling these RGCs away from the posterior SC towards a region of low ephrin A5 expression in the anterior SC.
# Puya aristeguietae

Puya aristeguietae is a plant species in the genus Puya. This species is endemic to Venezuela.
# Noah Biggs

Noah Biggs was an English medical reformer and alchemical writer of the middle of the seventeenth century. In his Chymiatrophilos, mataeotechnia medicinae praxes: The Vanity of the Craft of Physick, from 1651, he attacked pretentious and quack medical theories of his time. He also implied that Galenists in the College of Physicians opposed the Parliamentarian regime. He is credited with introducing the words 'febrile' and 'obesity'.
His book borrowed from John Milton's Areopagitica, and the Advancement of Learning of John Hall. He called for better diet, and criticised bleeding and other remedies of the period.; and warned against lead poisoning. It was addressed to Parliament, and asked for reform of the universities. evidences this attitude in his sharp attack on the universities of his day. It argued that medical practice should be open to all, a point also taken up by William Walwyn.
He is associated with the Paracelsians, and the followers of Joan Baptista van Helmont.
# Keckiella antirrhinoides

Keckiella antirrhinoides (formerly Penstemon antirrhinoides) is a species of flowering shrub in the plantain family known by the common names snapdragon penstemon and chaparral beardtongue.
It is native to the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Deserts of California, Arizona, and northern Baja California. It is also found in the chaparral—Colorado Desert ecotone of the Peninsular Ranges.

## Description

Keckiella antirrhinoides is desert shrub that grows one half to two and a half meters tall, with spreading branches.
The oppositely-arranged leaves are up to 2 centimeters long and are lance-shaped or narrow ovals. They are deciduous during dry periods.
The plant produces branchlike inflorescences which bear snapdragon-like flowers. Each hairy, glandular flower is about 2 centimeters wide, with three lower lobes which lie flat or curve down and two upper lobes which join to form a curved lip. Inside the flower are shiny filamentous stamens holding anthers and a flat, densely hairy sterile stamen called a staminode. The flowers are light yellow and dry to nearly black.
# Transcription factor II F

Transcription factor II F (TF$_{II}$F) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.
TF$_{II}$F is encoded by the GTF2F1, GTF2F2, and GTF2F2L genes.
TF$_{II}$F binds to RNA polymerase II when the enzyme is already unbound to any other transcription factor, thus preventing it from contacting DNA outside the promoter. Furthermore, TF$_{II}$F stabilizes the RNA polymerase II while it's contacting TBP and TF$_{II}$B.
# Office of Global Criminal Justice

The Office of Global Criminal Justice (J/GCJ), formerly called the Office of War Crimes Issues (S/WCI), is an office within the United States Department of State.

## Duties

The Office is headed by an Ambassador: in that position, she advises the Secretary of State and the Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security, Human Rights, and Democracy and works to formulate U.S. policy on prevention and accountability for mass atrocities.
The Office coordinates U.S. government support for ad hoc and international courts currently trying persons accused of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity committed (among other places) in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Cambodia, and helps bolster the capacity of domestic judicial systems to try atrocity crimes. It also works closely with other governments, international institutions, and non-governmental organizations to establish and assist international and domestic commissions, courts, and tribunals to investigate, judge, and deter atrocity crimes in every region of the globe. The Ambassador coordinates the deployment of a range of diplomatic, legal, economic, military, and intelligence tools to help expose the truth, judge those responsible, protect and assist victims, enable reconciliation, and build the rule of law.

## Last developments

Previous Ambassadors at Large in the Office of Global Criminal Justice included Todd F. Buchwald and Morse H. Tan.
According to reports in Foreign Policy, Secretary of State Rex Tillerson had intended to close the Office and fold its personnel into the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. In an August 28, 2017 letter to Senator Bob Corker, Secretary Tillerson informed the Chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations that he intended to end or transfer as many as three dozen special envoy positions. The letter provided, however, that the Office of Global Criminal Justice, along with the Bureau of Counterterrorism and the office of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, "will be retained and continue to be organized under the Office of the Under Secretary of State for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights."
# Curl

Curl or CURL may refer to:

## Science and technology

* Curl (mathematics), a vector operator that shows a vector field's rate of rotation
* Curl (programming language), an object-oriented programming language designed for interactive Web content
* cURL, a program and application library for transferring data with URLs
* Antonov An-26, an aircraft, NATO reporting name CURL

## Sports and weight training

* Curl (association football), is spin on the ball, which will make it swerve when kicked
* Curl, in the sport of curling, the curved path a stone makes on the ice or the act of playing; see Glossary of curling
* Biceps curl, a weight training exercise
* Leg curl, a weight training exercise
* Wrist curl, a weight training exercise

## Other uses

* Curl (Japanese snack), a brand of corn puffs
* Curl or ringlet, a lock of hair that grows in a curved, rather than straight, direction
* Consortium of University Research Libraries, an association of UK academic and research libraries
* Executive curl, the ring above a naval officer's gold lace or braid rank insignia

## People with the surname

* Britta Curl (born 2000), American ice hockey player
* Kamren Curl (born 1999), American football player
* Martina Gangle Curl (1906–1994), American artist and activist
* Robert Curl (1933–2022), Nobel Laureate and emeritus professor of chemistry at Rice University
* Rod Curl (born 1943), American professional golfer
* Phil Curls (1942–2007), American politician
* Catarina Miranda (born 1990), Portuguese musician with the stage name Emma Curl
# Lawrence Municipal Airport

Lawrence Municipal Airport may refer to:
* Lawrence Municipal Airport (Kansas) in Lawrence, Kansas, United States (FAA/IATA: LWC)
* Lawrence Municipal Airport (Massachusetts) in Lawrence, Massachusetts, United States (FAA/IATA: LWM)
# Kisapuisto

Lappeenrannan kisapuiston jäähalli (lit. 'Lappeenranta's Kisapuisto ice hall'), often shortened to Kisapuiston jäähalli, is an ice hockey arena in the Lappeenrannan kisapuisto [fi] of Lappeenranta, Finland. It is best known as the home arena of SaiPa, an ice hockey team in the Liiga, and is therefore sometimes called Kisapuiston liigajäähalli.
In addition to SaiPa, the arena's main occupants include the synchronized skating club Saimaan Muodostelmaluistelijat, the figure skating clubs Lappeenrannan Luistelijat and Lappeenrannan Taitoluistelijat, and RB-93 [fi], a men's rink ball club in the Kaukalopallon SM-sarja [fi]. The arena is also used for concerts, fairs, and as a venue for other sports, for example boxing.

## History

An outdoor artificial ice rink located the site was opened on 23 October 1963; it was the fifth arteficial ice rink to be constructed in Finland. The rink was later enclosed and the ice hall opened on 30 September 1972.
Kisapuiston jäähalli was renovated and expanded in 2004. The work included expanding and updating public spaces, adding new safety protections, building nine suites, replacing the scoreboards, and renewing the sound and lighting systems.
In 2016, a structural inspection of the building was completed, the results of which identified weakness in the integrity of the roof. Due to the weight restrictions, the roof of the arena has to be cleared of snow in the winter. At the time of inspection, it was thought that the roof's issues would prevent the ceiling-suspended scoreboard from being replaced, however, a new four-sided digital scoreboard was able to be installed ahead of the 2021–22 Liiga season.

## Gallery

* Liiga game between SaiPa (yellow) and HPK (white) in March 2020.
* The main lobby of Kisapuiston jäähalli in 2004, after renovation.
# Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme

In cryptography, the Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme is a type of parallel zero-knowledge proof developed by Uriel Feige, Amos Fiat, and Adi Shamir in 1988. Like all zero-knowledge proofs, it allows one party, the Prover, to prove to another party, the Verifier, that they possess secret information without revealing to Verifier what that secret information is. The Feige–Fiat–Shamir identification scheme, however, uses modular arithmetic and a parallel verification process that limits the number of communications between Prover and Verifier.

## Setup

Following a common convention, call the prover Peggy and the verifier Victor.
Choose two large prime integers p and q and compute the product n = pq. Create secret numbers $s_{1},\cdots ,s_{k}$ coprime to n. Compute $v_{i}\equiv s_{i}^{2}{\pmod {n}}$. Peggy and Victor both receive $n$ while $p$ and $q$ are kept secret. Peggy is then sent the numbers $s_{i}$. These are her secret login numbers. Victor is sent the numbers $v_{i}$ by Peggy when she wishes to identify herself to Victor. Victor is unable to recover Peggy's $s_{i}$ numbers from his $v_{i}$ numbers due to the difficulty in determining a modular square root when the modulus' factorization is unknown.

## Procedure

* Peggy chooses a random integer $r$, a random sign $s\in \{-1,1\}$ and computes $s\cdot x\equiv r^{2}{\pmod {n}}$. Peggy sends $x$ to Victor.
* Victor chooses numbers $a_{1},\cdots ,a_{k}$ where $a_{i}$ equals 0 or 1. Victor sends these numbers to Peggy.
* Peggy computes $y\equiv rs_{1}^{a_{1}}s_{2}^{a_{2}}\cdots s_{k}^{a_{k}}{\pmod {n}}$. Peggy sends this number to Victor.
* Victor checks that $y^{2}{\pmod {n}}\equiv \pm \,xv_{1}^{a_{1}}v_{2}^{a_{2}}\cdots v_{k}^{a_{k}}{\pmod {n}}$ and that $x\neq 0.$
This procedure is repeated with different $r$ and $a_{i}$ values until Victor is satisfied that Peggy does indeed possess the modular square roots ($s_{i}$) of his $v_{i}$ numbers.

## Security

In the procedure, Peggy does not give any useful information to Victor. She merely proves to Victor that she has the secret numbers without revealing what those numbers are. Anyone who intercepts the communication between each Peggy and Victor would only learn the same information. The eavesdropper would not learn anything useful about Peggy's secret numbers.
Suppose Eve has intercepted Victor's $v_{i}$ numbers but does not know what Peggy's $s_{i}$ numbers are. If Eve wants to try to convince Victor that she is Peggy, she would have to correctly guess what Victor's $a_{i}$ numbers will be. She then picks a random $y$, calculates $x\equiv y^{2}v_{1}^{-a_{1}}v_{2}^{-a_{2}}\cdots v_{k}^{-a_{k}}{\pmod {n}}$ and sends $x$ to Victor. When Victor sends $a_{i}$, Eve simply returns her $y$. Victor is satisfied and concludes that Eve has the secret numbers. However, the probability of Eve correctly guessing what Victor's $a_{i}$ will be is 1 in $2^{k}$. By repeating the procedure $t$ times, the probability drops to 1 in $2^{kt}$ . For $k=5$ and $t=4$ the probability of successfully posing as Peggy is less than 1 in 1 million.
# Cymindis akserai

Cymindis akserai is a species of ground beetle in the subfamily Harpalinae. It was described by Jedlicka in 1961.
# Confederation of Forest Industries

The Confederation of Forest Industries, shortened to ConFor, is the trade association for the forestry industry in the United Kingdom.
It was established to represent forestry and wood-using businesses, from nurseries and growers, to wood processing end-users. It was created to represent the views of the industry to the Forestry Commission and the policy makers within the relevant legislatures and executives.

## Structure

It has the largest membership of any representative body within the UK sector and is headquartered in Edinburgh.

### Regions

* Scotland - Madderty
* Wales - Caernarfon
* North England - Belford, Northumberland
* East England - Weldon, Northamptonshire
* Home Counties - Sandhurst
* Marches - Newton Abbot
* South West England - Kingsbridge
* England - Newton Abbot

## History

ConFor was created in 2004 and is the first organisation of its kind that has the entire supply chain within its membership, from nurseries and woodland owners, to processors and sawmills. This makes it different from other nations as the trade associations of the forest and wood-using industries are split within the different competing constituents of the supply chain. It is a membership organisation that is funded by and accountable to businesses within the industry.

## Policy

The organisation lobbies governments, parliaments and assemblies of the United Kingdom, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland on behalf of members. As a member of the Confederation of European Forest Owners it also lobbies for its members at the European Parliament. Since devolution, rural policy making has been passed to the devolved administrations of the UK, meaning that strategy can vary over the different parts of the country. The devolved administrations of Scotland and Wales have produced their own forestry strategies: The Scottish Forestry Strategy and Woodlands for Wales which both view forestry as an integral part in the efforts to tackle climate change. In Scotland and Wales forestry policy resides within the Forestry Commission where, as, in England forestry policy resides in the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) with the Forestry Commission England implementing policy.

## Context

Forestry in the UK is split between the Forestry Commission, which is a government agency and the private sector. It breaks down between the private and public sector as:
| | Conifer FC | Conifer Private | Broadleaf FC | Broadleaf Private | Total Woodland |
| England | 147,000 ha | 215,000 ha | 55,000 ha | 706,000 ha | 1127,000 ha |
| Scotland | 424,000 ha | 621,000 ha | 28,000 ha | 269,000 ha | 1342,000 ha |
| Wales | 92,000 ha | 64,000 ha | 14,000 ha | 114,000 ha | 285,000 ha |
| Northern Ireland | 56,000 ha | 10,000 ha | 5,000 ha | 16,000 ha | 87,000 ha |
# No Strings Attached

No Strings Attached may refer to:
* No Strings Attached (film), a 2011 romantic comedy film
* No Strings Attached (Meat Puppets album), 1990 compilation CD
* No Strings Attached (Those Darn Accordions album), 1996
* No Strings Attached (NSYNC album), 2000
** No Strings Attached Tour
* No Strings Attached (Jassi Sidhu album), 2005
* No Strings Attached (Dom & Roland album), 2009
* No Strings Attached (novel), the 170th volume in the Nancy Drew Mystery Series
* No Strings Attached, a 2006 comedy tour by comedian Carlos Mencia
* No Strings Attached, the working title for the British television series That Puppet Game Show
* "No Strings Attached", the working title for "Krytie TV", an episode of the British television series Red Dwarf
# Doljani, Čapljina

Doljani (Serbian Cyrillic: Дољани) is a village in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 1991 census, the village is located in the municipality of Čapljina.

## Demographics

According to the 2013 census, its population was 495.
Ethnicity in 2013 :
| Ethnicity | Number | Percentage |
| Croats | 494 | 99.8% |
| other/undeclared | 1 | 0.2% |
| Total | 495 | 100% |
# Savvas Houvartas

Savvas Houvartas, (Greek: Σάββας Χουβαρτάς; 1968 – 4 May 2013) was a Cypriot guitarist and songwriter. His compositions, are influenced by jazz or rock, and are instrumental or with Greek lyrics; overall are close to the Mediterranean music; improvisation is another characteristic of his music. Houvartas regularly performed his music at festivals and various venues. Amongst the festivals are the Etnofest World Culture Festival in Serbia, Kypria festival, the University of Cyprus Cultural Festival, and Pomos Paradise Jazz Festival. 'Erimos' a composition of Savvas has been included in the 2007 Europavox Festival compilation CD.
Houvartas died on 4 May 2013. A showcase event in the Rialto Theatre was dedicated to his memory in 2014.

## Discography

* 2010 'A minor JAM'
* 2007 Europavox Festival (France) Compilation CD - Composition 'Erimos' under World Music category
* 2007 'Acoustic'
# Lisbet Holtedahl

Lisbet Holtedahl (née Therkelsen; born 26 June 1946) is a Danish-born Norwegian social anthropologist and film producer.

## Biography

Holtedahl was born in Copenhagen to dentist Stig Oscar Therkelsen and Lizzie Jacobsen. In 1967 she married professor of medicine, Knut Arne Holtedahl. She graduated as cand.mag. from the University of Tromsø in 1973, and as dr. philos. in 1987. She also received film education at the Ateliers Varan in Paris. She was appointed professor at the University of Tromsø from 1992, and has also collaborated with the French institutions, Laboratoire d'anthropologie des institutions et des organisations sociales [ fr ] and Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme [ fr ]. Her research objects have been villages in Northern Norway and societies in Cameroon, often with focus on women's role in the society. She has produced several anthropological films, as an aid both for research and documentation. In 1996, she was awarded the Research Council of Norway's Award for Excellence in Communication of Science.
# Ebdentown

Ebdentown, a suburb of Upper Hutt located in the lower North Island of New Zealand, near Upper Hutt Central.

## Demographics

Ebdentown statistical area covers 0.91 km$^2$ (0.35 sq mi). It had an estimated population of 2,650 as of June 2023, with a population density of 2,912 people per km$^2$.
Ebdentown had a population of 2,481 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 132 people (5.6%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 129 people (5.5%) since the 2006 census. There were 1,047 households, comprising 1,224 males and 1,257 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.97 males per female. The median age was 41.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 480 people (19.3%) aged under 15 years, 393 (15.8%) aged 15 to 29, 1,125 (45.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 486 (19.6%) aged 65 or older.
Ethnicities were 79.3% European/Pākehā, 17.0% Māori, 5.4% Pasifika, 10.9% Asian, and 2.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.
The percentage of people born overseas was 20.6, compared with 27.1% nationally.
Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 45.3% had no religion, 39.3% were Christian, 1.5% had Māori religious beliefs, 2.5% were Hindu, 0.7% were Muslim, 1.1% were Buddhist and 2.7% had other religions.
Of those at least 15 years old, 318 (15.9%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 447 (22.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $29,900, compared with $31,800 nationally. 282 people (14.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 939 (46.9%) people were employed full-time, 243 (12.1%) were part-time, and 90 (4.5%) were unemployed.

## Education

Oxford Crescent School is a co-educational state primary school for Year 1 to 6 students, with a roll of 353 as of August 2024.