OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Erdős–Gyárfás conjecture

In graph theory, the unproven Erdős–Gyárfás conjecture, made in 1995 by mathematician Paul Erdős and his collaborator András Gyárfás, states that every graph with minimum degree 3 contains a simple cycle whose length is a power of two. Erdős offered a prize of $100 for proving the conjecture, or $50 for a counterexample; it is one of many conjectures of Erdős.
If the conjecture is false, a counterexample would take the form of a graph with minimum degree three having no power-of-two cycles. It is known through computer searches of Gordon Royle and Klas Markström that any counterexample must have at least 17 vertices, and any cubic counterexample must have at least 30 vertices. Markström's searches found four graphs on 24 vertices in which the only power-of-two cycles have 16 vertices. One of these four graphs is planar; however, the Erdős–Gyárfás conjecture is now known to be true for the special case of 3-connected cubic planar graphs (Heckman & Krakovski 2013)
Weaker results relating the degree of a graph to unavoidable sets of cycle lengths are known: there is a set S of lengths, with |S| = O(n$^{0.99}$), such that every graph with average degree ten or more contains a cycle with its length in S (Verstraëte 2005), and every graph whose average degree is exponential in the iterated logarithm of n necessarily contains a cycle whose length is a power of two (Sudakov & Verstraëte 2008). The conjecture is also known to be true for planar claw-free graphs (Daniel & Shauger 2001) and for graphs that avoid large induced stars and satisfy additional constraints on their degrees (Shauger 1998).
# Erigeron alpiniformis

Erigeron alpiniformis is a rare Arctic species of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae, and one of several plants known by the common name alpine fleabane. It has been found only in Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat, part of Denmark) and in Labrador and Nunavut in Canada.
Erigeron alpiniformis is a short, branching shrub rarely more than 20 cm (8 inches) tall. The inflorescence generally consists of 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4 flower heads, each head with many small yellow disc florets and surrounded by a ring of 100–200 white or pinkish-purple ray florets.
# Cello Concerto (Albert)

The Cello Concerto is a concerto for cello and orchestra by the American composer Stephen Albert. The work was commissioned by the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra for the cellist Yo-Yo Ma. It was given its world premiere by Yo-Yo Ma and the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra under the direction of David Zinman in Baltimore, May 1990. It was one of Albert's last completed compositions before his death in December 1992. The piece was later awarded the 1995 Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition.

## History

According to musicologist David Grayson, "Albert composed the Cello Concerto between June 1989 and January 1990 and completed the orchestration by March. In the process, the work expanded considerably beyond its original project length". The work received its premiere on May 31, 1990, with Yo-Yo Ma as the soloist. (ibid)

## Structure

The 1993 world premiere recording of Albert's Cello Concerto, performed by Yo-Yo Ma (Baltimore SO, cond. David Zinman) for the Sony Classical's The New York Album (1994), lasts for about 32'11". Accordingly, the Concerto is composed in four movements, with the following tempo and character designations:
I. Audacemente ma sostenuto, 6'38"
II. Con brio – instante (urgent), 5'43"
III. Larghetto, 9'50"
IV. Con moto; con imminenzo e inquieto, 10'00"

## Appreciation

The cellist Yo-Yo Ma has stated about the work: "[Albert] puts [the themes] through all sorts of rhythmical and technical gyrations, and they emerge transformed, in a kind of catharsis. The Concerto, I believe, is an accurate mirror of what was going on in his life [in particular, his struggles with creative blocks and his response to the death of his father, to whose memory the concerto is dedicated]. In that sense, it is like one of the old romantic concertos — an autobiography of the wounded hero. This music is in the strongest sense personal and soulful, and it takes us through the same emotional journey Stephen was going through when he composed it. I love playing it, and I believe it will have a good life. It is playable, practical, rewarding, and its says something personal."

## Reception

Andrew Clements of BBC Music Magazine praised the Cello Concerto as a "real novelty", remarking, "It is a beautifully wrought, coherent work, with some striking moments of dark introspection and a tragic cast that is truly impressive." Gramophone called the work "a pretty riveting experience" and wrote:
   Fairly cosmopolitan in overall style (audible influences include Sibelius and Bernstein), it opens with an intense, rhapsodizing solo, before a blast of brass and a flurry of strings make way for a Mahlerian rising figure on the woodwind and a good deal of agitated argument. Ideas throughout are darkly colourful but conventional, although Albert's score incorporates imaginative use of brass, harp (especially in its lower registers), piano and heavy percussion. There's a scurrying scherzo, a pensive Larghetto (which opens with a Britten-style brass clarion call) and a ten-minute finale that occasionally suggests Bartok or the Stravinsky of the Symphony in Three Movements.
# Certificate of relief from disabilities

A certificate of relief from disabilities is issued by the state of the United States of America to a person who has committed a felony or misdemeanor but has subsequently shown that he or she has been rehabilitated. The closely related "certificate of good conduct" is given to a person who has committed two or more felonies and has demonstrated rehabilitation. Potential employers or licensing authorities must consider these certificates as evidence that the person is rehabilitated: if a person has such a certificate, the fact that they were convicted cannot be used as a reason to deny them employment or the granting of a license. Not all states offer such certificates.
# DR Class 270

The DR Class 270 was an electric multiple unit of the Berlin S-Bahn. It was designed for the Deutsche Reichsbahn (East Germany) and was intended to be the replacement for the ageing fleet of S-Bahn units in East Berlin. Test runs were started in 1987 and the first batch was delivered in 1990. After German reunification, Class 270 units were reclassified as DBAG Class 485. A second batch was cancelled in favour of a new design, the DBAG Class 481.

## History

In 1980, S-Berlin trains were still composed of pre-World War II Class 475, 476 and 477 vehicles. Both the West Berlin and East Berlin S-Bahn operators were looking into options to replace their ageing fleets. In East Germany the LEW Hennigsdorf locomotive works were tasked with construction of new class of vehicle, which was presented at the Leipzig Trade Fair in 1980. However, it took until 1987 until an initial batch of eight cars were built for test running on the S-Bahn network. These entered regular passenger service in 1988.
Originally, it had been planned to build 300 units of this class to completely replace the older fleet. In 1992, deliveries were cancelled after only a 170 unit run. In 1993, one of the two car sets and side cars were being used for the Duo S-Bahn (S19) for a trial from the LEW Hennigsdorf.
Their train roller-blinds were changed to electronic displays, to allow the route to be reformatted into S-Bahn Berlin numbers. The S-Bahn, now unified, was planning a new fleet of trains (to be known as DBAG Class 481). A mock-up was presented in 1993 and the first production vehicles entered service in 1996. As it was planned for the new Class 481 to replace all the older fleet, Class 485 units were withdrawn as from 2003, with 50 trains being scrapped in 2007/2008. Due to technical problems on the Class 481, a number of Class 485 were however reactivated in 2009 - since 2012 a fleet of 80 Class 485 units have been in service.
The 485 series was retired from service on 12 November 2023.

## Deployment

Trains made up of DBAG Class 485 units had been deployed on the following lines:
* S46: Königs Wusterhausen – Westend
* S47: Spindlersfeld – Hermannstraße
* S8: Zeuthen – Birkenwerder
* S85: Grünau – Pankow
# Khwae Noi railway station

Khwae Noi railway station is a railway station located in Makham Sung Subdistrict, Phitsanulok City, Phitsanulok. It is located 405.313 km from Bangkok railway station and is a class 3 railway station. It is on the Northern Line of the State Railway of Thailand. About 500 m north of the railway station is a railway bridge once bombed by Allied planes during the Second World War. A monument to the bombing exists at the station.
# César Ducasse

César Ducasse (born November 1, 1979) is a French film director, writer and editor, best known for directing the Norwegian cult horror Dark Souls (Mørke sjeler).

## Career

César Ducasse graduated from l’École Supérieure de Réalisation Audiovisuelle in 2001. He launched Addict Films, an independent production company developing music videos and feature films.
In 2001 he directed a music video for the Aphex Twin’s Milkman song, and a short film, Cryo, that won awards in short film festivals.
In 2004, he produced and directed the science-fiction film Lies Inc. Greatly influenced by American novelist Philip K. Dick, the film received a theater and DVD release in Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland). The film is known to be the first Norwegian Sci-Fi.
In 2007 he directed a second music video, Petiatil CxHtdui, and started to work for Norwegian TV, editing popular shows like Asbjørn Brekke Show, Nissene over skog og hei, På tur med Dag Otto and Kompani Lauritzen.
His last feature film, Dark Souls (Mørke sjeler), a horror thriller, was released in Norwegian theaters in January 2011, and subsequently hit Blu-ray and DVD shelves shortly after. Dark Souls was in competition at the 29th Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival, and at the 44th edition of the Sitges Film Festival.
Dark Souls received mixed reviews in Norway upon theater release. However, it was sold to over 20 countries and received mainly positive reviews abroad.

## Awards

César Ducasse shared a best director award with Mathieu Peteul at the 2010 São Paulo Fantastico Festival for the film Dark Souls (Mørke sjeler). The film was also awarded in six other film festivals
# César De Paepe

César De Paepe (12 July 1841 in Ostend, Belgium – 1890 in Cannes, France) was a Belgian medical doctor, socialist activist and a prominent proponent of syndicalism whose work strongly influenced the Industrial Workers of the World and the syndicalist movement in general. Anticipating modern political philosophy, democracy according to de Paepe would inevitably spread to the economic segments of society and economic organizations: workplace democracy was inevitable. He graduated in medicine at the Free University of Brussels.
De Paepe was a leading member of the First International and was the principal leader of the Collectivist victory over the supporters of Proudhonian mutualism, like Henri Tolain, at the 1868 Brussels conference. Initially siding with the anti-Marxist side of the 1872 split, his subsequent debates with the anarchists of the Jura Federation such as Paul Brousse and Adhémar Schwitzguébel over the "Public Service Question" led him to defend the necessity of a workers' state to provide social services like a public health service.
At the end of 1877 De Paepe, Joseph Favre, Benoît Malon and Ippolito Perderzolli co-founded the review Le Socialisme progressif in Switzerland. Twenty three issues appeared between 7 January and 30 November 1878. Favre, Malon, Lodovico Nabruzzi and Tito Zanardelli had earlier founded the internationalist section of Lake Lugano. They rejected insurrection in favor of evolutionary solutions, and supported trade unions.
Because he flourished after The Communist Manifesto but before World War I, de Paepe's views are inevitably compared to those of Karl Marx. De Paepe was notably neutral on the question of a violent worker revolution by the proletariat. He thought it was possible, and maybe desirable in some countries, but that a slow gradual advancement of democratic values and norms in workplaces would have a pacifying effect and eventually make the methods by which the ruling class ruled obsolete: once everyone was a manager, management would lose mystique, just as once everyone could vote, political leadership had also.
# Kii Ōshima

Kii Ōshima (紀伊大島) is an inhabited island lying off the southern tip of the Kii Peninsula and the southernmost point of Honshū, Japan. It has an estimated population of around 2000, and is administratively part of the town of Kushimoto in Wakayama Prefecture. The island is approximately 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) in length from east-to-west by 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) north-to-south.

## Geography

Kii Ōshima is located approximately one kilometer to the east of Cape Shionomisaki and the island of Myogajima, and 1.8 kilometers from mainland Honshu. It has an intricate ria coastline are is noted for sea cliffs on all sides except for its western end. Cape Kashinozaki extends from the eastern end of the island, and is surrounded by semi-submerged reefs and rocks. The island has a circumference of 28 kilometres (17 mi) and an area of 9.68 square kilometres (3.74 sq mi)
The Kuroshio Current surrounds the island, forming a fertile fishing ground, and approximately 60% of the interior of the island is cultivated. There are several hamlets, located in the south of the island.
The island is connected to mainland Honshū by a series of three arch bridges. The road over the bridges opened to through traffic on September 8, 1999.

## History

Fishermen from Taiji and Kushimoto have been using Kii Ōshima as a base for a long time. Ōshima Port, which is the center of the island, has prospered from the Edo period as both a fishing port as well as shelter for boats seeking protection from inclement weather on the coastal trading route between Osaka and the eastern provinces of Japan. Whaling has also been practiced for a long time, and Nippon Suisan Kaisha's whaling base was located at Ōshima Port.
The Japan-U.S. Friendship Memorial Hall on the island commemorates the visit of the trade vessels Lady Washington, under Captain John Kendrick, and Grace, under William Douglas, in 1791. These ships and their crews were the first American ships to visit Japan, but were turned away by officials of the Tokugawa shogunate under Japan's national seclusion policy at the time. .
The Kushimoto Turkish Memorial and Museum commemorates the victims of the Ottoman frigate Ertuğrul, which sank in a typhoon off of the island in 1890 with great loss of life.
The village of Ōshima was established on April 1, 1889, with the creation of the modern municipalities system. It was annexed by the town of Kushimoto on January 15, 1958.

## Gallery

* Ertuğru Memorial
* Turkish Museum
* coast of Kii-Ōshima
# Minuscule 316

Minuscule 316 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), O$^{ε321}$ (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on cotton paper. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 14th century. The manuscript has no complex contents. It has marginalia.

## Description

The codex contains the text of the Gospel of Luke (18:18-24:53) and John 1:16-12:25 on 129 paper leaves (34 cm by 22 cm). The text is written in one column per page, in 33 lines per page.
The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι (titles) at the top of the pages. The biblical text is surrounded by a catena.

## Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Aland placed it in Category V. It was not examined by the Claremont Profile Method.

## History

The manuscript came from Constantinople. It was added to the list of New Testament manuscripts by Scholz (1794–1852). It was examined and described by Paulin Martin. C. R. Gregory saw the manuscript in 1885.
The manuscript is currently housed at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (Gr. 211) at Paris.
# D5SICS

d5SICS is an artificial nucleoside containing 6-methylisoquinoline-1-thione-2-yl group instead of a base.
It pairs up with dNaM in a hydrophobic interaction. It was not able to be removed by the error-correcting machinery of the E. coli into which it was inserted. The pairing of d5SICS–dNaM is mediated by packing and hydrophobic forces instead of hydrogen bonding, which occurs in natural base pairs. Therefore, in free DNA, rings of d5SICS and dNaM are placed in parallel planes instead of the same plane. The d5SICS-dNaM pairing replaced an older dNaM-dTPT3 pairing.
# Ceutorhynchus omissus

Ceutorhynchus omissus is a species of minute seed weevil in a family of beetles known as the Curculionidae. It is found in North America.
# Cryptolechia microglyptis

Cryptolechia microglyptis is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1936. It is found in Venezuela.
# Zhang Bao (Shu Han)

Zhang Bao (fl. third century) was the eldest son of Zhang Fei, a general who served the warlord Liu Bei during the late Eastern Han dynasty and the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. Little is known about Zhang Bao's life because Zhang Fei's biography in the historical text Records of the Three Kingdoms only mentioned that he was Zhang Fei's eldest son and that he died early.
Zhang Bao had a son, Zhang Zun (張遵), who served as a Master of Writing (尚書) in the Shu government and was killed in battle at Mianzhu in 263 during the Conquest of Shu by Wei. Zhang Bao also had a younger brother, Zhang Shao (張紹), who inherited their father's peerage and served as a Supervisor of the Masters of Writing (尚書僕射) in the Shu government. After the fall of Shu in 263, Zhang Shao was enfeoffed as a marquis by the Wei government along with many other former Shu officials who surrendered.

## In Romance of the Three Kingdoms

Zhang Bao appears as a character in the 14th-century historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the historical events before and during the Three Kingdoms period. He makes his first appearance in the novel when he informs Liu Bei of his father's assassination just before the Battle of Yiling. Zhang Bao meets Guan Xing, Guan Yu's second son, and competes with him for the position of leading the vanguard force into battle. After nearly coming to blows, Zhang Bao and Guan Xing are stopped by Liu Bei, who forces them to become oath brothers in the same manner he did with their fathers many years ago. The two are regularly depicted together from that moment onwards.
In the novel, Zhang Bao is involved in several military campaigns, including the disastrous Battle of Xiaoting and Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions against Shu's rival state Wei. In the third Northern Expedition, Zhang Bao falls into a gully while pursuing the Wei generals Guo Huai and Sun Li, and later dies from the resulting injuries. When Zhuge Liang learns of Zhang Bao's death, he becomes so upset that he coughs blood and faints.

## Modern references

Zhang Bao is first introduced as a playable character in the eighth instalment of Koei's Dynasty Warriors video game series. In the ninth instalment, his mother is Xiahou Ji (Xiahou Yuan's niece and Zhang Fei's only known wife), making him a brother of Xingcai.
Zhang Bao's rivalry with Guan Xing and his involvement in the Northern Expeditions are depicted in the 2008 film Three Kingdoms: Resurrection of the Dragon.
# Poljice, Foča

Poljice (Serbian Cyrillic: Пољице) is a village in the municipality of Foča, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
# Peter Wraxall

Peter Wraxall (died 11 July 1759) was a British official in the province of New York.

## Biography

Born in Bristol, England, Wraxall was the son of John Wraxall, a merchant. Peter became a seaman after his family suffered financial hardship. He traveled to the Netherlands and Jamaica before finally settling in New York. In 1746, during King George's War, he raised a company for the expedition into Canada. The next year, he went back to England on private business.
While in England, Wraxall received two royal commissions in 1750: secretary for the New York government to the Indians and clerk of the common pleas in the county and city of Albany. When he returned to New York, however, he found that the governor had already appointed Harmon Gansevoort to the Albany clerk position. Wraxall attempted through the courts to have his clerk's commission honored, to no avail.
Wraxall did have his commission as New York's secretary of Indian affairs, which proved to be an important position as the French and Indian War approached. In 1754, Wraxall attended the Albany Congress, where British officials attempted to improve their relationship with the Iroquois and recruit native support for the coming conflict. At the same time, Wraxall published An Abridgement of the Records of Indian Affairs: Contained in Four Folio Volumes, Transacted in the Colony of New York, from the Year 1678 to the Year 1751, an important compilation of documents chronicling New York's dealings with Native Americans. Wraxall's work highlighted the incompetence of New York's Indian commissioners at Albany, and suggested that Indian affairs should be centralized under a single official. The Abridgement was sent to officials in Great Britain, and may have influenced the policy changes that followed.
At the Albany Congress, Wraxall met William Johnson, an influential New York official. In April 1755, Johnson was commissioned as sole British agent to the Iroquois. Wraxall was appointed as Johnson's secretary, a position he held for the remainder of his life. In 1755, Wraxall accompanied Johnson on the Crown Point expedition. Johnson's victory at the Battle of Lake George on 8 September made him a British hero, but Wraxall, though important, remained obscure.
Wraxall's final years were relatively uneventful. He continued to serve as Johnson's secretary, and attended Indian conferences, but poor health kept him from further military service. In 1756 he married Elizabeth Stillwell. He died three years later in New York City. His replacement as the crown's Indian secretary was Witham Marshe.
# Live Slayer

Live Slayer is a live album by American punk band the Undead, released in 1992 by Skreamin' Skull Records/Skyclad Records. Its title is a parody of Slayer's Live Undead.

## Track listing

* "When the Evening Comes"
* "In Eighty Four"
* "Verbal Abuse"
* "Eve of Destruction"
* "My Kinda Town"
* "I Want You Dead"
* "Evening of Desire"
* "Bullet"
* "We Don't Want the Poor in New York City"
* "Misfit"
* "Social Reason"
* "Put Your Clothes Back On"
* "A Life of Our Own"
* "Undead"
* "R.A.T.T. F.I.N.K." (vinyl edition only)
* "All You Need Is Love" (vinyl edition only)