OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# John Hampden Pleasants

John Hampden Pleasants (January 4, 1797 – March 1, 1846) was an American journalist and businessman. He is known as the editor and founder of the Richmond Whig, a daily newspaper that was later active during the Civil War. Pleasants died on March 1, 1846, after participating in a duel with Thomas Ritchie, who was the editor of a rival newspaper, the Richmond Enquirer.

## Biography

Pleasants was born on January 4, 1797, in Goochland County, Virginia, to James and Susanna Lawson Rose Pleasants. He studied at the College of William and Mary for one session, after which point he began studying law. While Pleasants was able to open his own practice, his fear of public speaking and lack of conversational skills kept him from succeeding in the profession. In 1820 Pleasants purchased interest in the Lynchburg Press and began serving as an editor. Four years later he founded the Richmond Whig.
Pleasants married his cousin Ann Elizabeth Irvine in the spring of 1818, but their marriage was short lived as she died after only a year of marriage. This marriage produced no children. Ten years later in 1829 Pleasants married Mary Massie, with whom he had one child.
Black civil rights activist Mary Ellen Pleasant claimed to be his daughter.

## Richmond Whig and duel with Ritchie

The newspaper served the Whig Party and during its run was one of the four major newspapers in the city of Richmond, Virginia. Like many newspapers during the Civil War, the Richmond Whig published viewpoints and news on the institution of slavery and some of these viewpoints put Pleasants at odds with Thomas Ritchie, who edited the rival newspaper the Richmond Enquirer. The arguments between the two men were known to grow so fierce that they used their own newspapers as an avenue for heated discussions and journalists from other newspapers as far as Philadelphia would occasionally take part in their debates. Neither man was opposed to the emancipation of slaves, although Ritchie favored a slower emancipation process than Pleasants.
Eventually the contempt between the two men grew to the point where Ritchie called Pleasants an abolitionist and a coward. While Pleasants did lobby for the freeing of slaves he took issue with being called an abolitionist, a term that was seen as an insult in slaveholding states. As a result, Pleasants challenged Ritchie to a duel and the two men met on February 25, 1846, in Manchester, Virginia.
Accounts of the duel differ slightly. Some allege that Pleasants had loaded his pistol with blanks, as he had only wanted to frighten his opponent, while others state that he fired into the air. During the duel the two men initially shot at one another but later moved to swords. Ritchie managed to stab Pleasants in the abdomen with a sword. Pleasants died two days later. Ritchie was tried for the crime but was acquitted. Despite his early vehemence towards the other man, Ritchie was greatly remorseful for his actions and later left Pleasants's daughter a large sum of money in his will.
# Clatter, Powys

Clatter is a small village in Powys, Wales located in the community of Caersws on the main A470 road between Carno and Caersws village.
# Cooksville Cheese Factory

The Cooksville Cheese Factory in Evansville is a remnant of Wisconsin's early dairy industry. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.
In 1875 Benjamin Hoxie started a business in Cooksville to buy milk from local farmers and make cheese. The enterprise was an agricultural cooperative, with the patrons (farmers) sharing ownership and Hoxie the proprietor of the factory. It could process the milk of 600 cows. The business did not last many years, selling the cheese-making equipment in 1884.
The factory is a simple 2-story frame building on a limestone basement, with a one-story wing to the side. The design is simple and utilitarian, other than short cornice returns.
In addition to making cheese, the building was a social hub, a place where farmers met, and possibly the Good Templars. By 1894 it was used as housing.
# Ewood Aqueduct

Ewood Aqueduct is a high embankment carrying the Leeds and Liverpool Canal over the River Darwen and the B6447 road near Blackburn, Lancashire, England. Built of sandstone in the early 19th century, it is a Grade II listed building.

## History

In 1789 Robert Whitworth varied the route of the unfinished part of the Leeds and Liverpool Canal, by building a new tunnel at Foulridge which lowered the summit level by 40 feet. He chose a more southerly route in Lancashire. This resulted in an Act of Parliament in 1790 which allowed further fund-raising for the completion. In 1794 another Act was granted authorising another change of route and yet more fund-raising. The new Foulridge Tunnel was proving difficult and expensive to dig, when it opened in 1796 it was 1,640 yards (1,500 m) long. This new route took the canal south via Burnley and Blackburn which was reached in 1810. This new route for this section of the canal meant it was now running parallel with and then crossing the isolated southern end of the Lancaster Canal. Common sense prevailed and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal connected with the Lancaster Canal between Wigan and Johnson's Hillock. The main line of the canal was thus completed in 1816.
# Eden Lake (disambiguation)

Eden Lake is a 2008 British horror film. Eden Lake may also refer to:
* Eden Lake, Nova Scotia, a community in Nova Scotia, Canada
* Eden Lake Township, Stearns County, Minnesota, a township in Minnesota, United States
# Sainte-Croix Church of Tunis

The Sainte-Croix Church of Tunis is located in the medina of Tunis in Tunisia. It is a Roman Catholic church that was built in 1837 before the establishment of the French protectorate. Given to the Tunisian government in 1964, it now houses offices of the municipality.

## First buildings

This church is the first chapel since the disappearance of Christian communities in the eleventh century. The appearance of this church was due to the settle of a large convicts of Christian slaves who were captured before.

## Building the church

The increase in the Christian population makes it necessarily to build a bigger place of worship rather than the small chapels that were built for Christian slaves before.

## History

It was built without any external religious symbols outside so as to not offend the local population. However, the building quickly faced structural problems, as seen by Armand de Flaux who visited the church in 1861. Construction began and the new building is completed in 1865.
The neighborhood was populated by poor families and after the arrival of many Christian families from Malta or Italy there was increased local desire for Christian worship. Accordingly, the church was decorated with sixty statues of French, Sicilian and Maltese saints in a short time.
* a postcard showing the church
* The access to the church
* The architecture in the church
* Outside view
* The interior of the church
* The entrance door of the church
# Econa

Econa (former Siviløkonomene) is a Norwegian trade union for business administrators. With 20,000 members and affiliation with the Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations, it only accepts people with a master's level education in business administration, or the siviløkonom degree.

## History

The union was founded as Bedriftsøkonomisk Forening in Oslo on February 28, 1939, as a union for candidates from the Norwegian School of Economics and Business Administration in Bergen. The same year local divisions were created in Bergen and Kristiansund. In 1954 it took the name Norske Siviløkonomers Forening, a name held until the present was introduced in 2004. It was eventually part of Academic and Professional Unions, but broke out in 1997 to form the Federation of Norwegian Professional Associations.
# Compsomyiops

Compsomyiops is a genus of blowflies, in the family Calliphoridae.

## Species

The following species are accepted in the genus Compsomyiops:
* Compsomyiops alvarengai (Mello, 1968)
* Compsomyiops boliviana (Mello, 1968)
* Compsomyiops callipes (Bigot, 1877)
* Compsomyiops fulvicrura (Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830)
* Compsomyiops lyrcea (Walker, 1849)
* Compsomyiops melloi Dear, 1985
* Compsomyiops verena (Walker, 1849)
# Lebedodes clathratus

Lebedodes clathratus is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in Cameroon.
# Gandhinagar, Palghar

Gandhinagar is a village in the Palghar district of Maharashtra, India. It is located in the Talasari taluka.

## Demographics

According to the 2011 census of India, Gandhinagar has 494 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 56.3%.
Demographics (2011 Census) :
| | Total | Male | Female |
| Population | 2590 | 1277 | 1313 |
| Children aged below 6 years | 430 | 204 | 226 |
| Scheduled caste | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Scheduled tribe | 2558 | 1258 | 1300 |
| Literates | 1216 | 751 | 465 |
| Workers (all) | 1284 | 688 | 596 |
| Main workers (total) | 1061 | 579 | 482 |
| Main workers: Cultivators | 619 | 338 | 281 |
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers | 255 | 122 | 133 |
| Main workers: Household industry workers | 6 | 1 | 5 |
| Main workers: Other | 181 | 118 | 63 |
| Marginal workers (total) | 223 | 109 | 114 |
| Marginal workers: Cultivators | 17 | 13 | 4 |
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers | 130 | 50 | 80 |
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Marginal workers: Others | 76 | 46 | 30 |
| Non-workers | 1306 | 589 | 717 |
# Mujatria

Mujatria (Kharosthi: 𐨨𐨂𐨗𐨟𐨿𐨪𐨁𐨀 Mu-ja-tri-a, Mujatria), previously read Hajatria (ruled circa 10 CE, or 40-50 CE according to more recent research based on numismatics), is the name of an Indo-Scythian ruler, the son of Kharahostes as mentioned on his coins.
The archaeologists had discovered coins issued by a "son of Kharahostes," but the actual name of the person had been missing on these coins. The name of the ruler on the coins has finally been read as "Mujatria". His father Kharahostes is known through epigraphical evidence from inscribed reliquaries to have already been a king when the Indravarman Silver Reliquary was dedicated, which is itself positioned with certainty before the 5-6 CE Bajaur casket. Therefore the rule of Kharahostes is usually estimated to 10 BCE- 10CE, which suggests Mujatria would have ruled circa 10 CE- 30 CE.
According to Sten Konow's study of the Mathura lion capital, this person may have been Hayuara, who was the brother-in-law of Rajuvula. He ruled from around 10 CE as a satrap of the Mathura area. He is only known through his coins.
According to Joe Cribb however, the actual Mujiatria was located in the region of Jalalabad in eastern Afghanistan and lived in the later part of the 1st century CE.
A recent study (2015) by Joe Cribb suggests that the round debased silver coins with three-pellet symbols in the name of Azes, usually attributed to his father Kharahostes, should actually be attributed to Mujatria. The Bimaran casket may therefore have been dedicated during the reign of Mujatria.
Overstrikes of the Kushan ruler Wima Takto on Mujatria coins are known. This, together with various hoard finds, suggests the contemporaneity of Mujatria with the Kushan ruler Kujula Kadphises, predecessor of Wima Takto, and the Indo-Scythian ruler Sasan.
# Merck Index

The Merck Index is an encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals with over 10,000 monographs on single substances or groups of related compounds published online by the Royal Society of Chemistry.

## History

The first edition of the Merck's Index was published in 1889 by the German chemical company Emanuel Merck and was primarily used as a sales catalog for Merck's growing list of chemicals it sold. The American subsidiary was established two years later and continued to publish it. During World War I the US government seized Merck's US operations and made it a separate American "Merck" company that continued to publish the Merck Index.
In 2012 the Merck Index was licensed to the Royal Society of Chemistry. An online version of The Merck Index, including historic records and new updates not in the print edition, is commonly available through research libraries. It also includes an appendix with monographs on organic named reactions.
The 15th edition was published in April 2013.
Monographs in The Merck Index typically contain:
* a CAS registry number
* synonyms of the substance, such as trivial names and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry nomenclature
* a chemical formula
* molecular weight
* percent composition
* a structural formula
* a description of the substance's appearance
* melting point and boiling point
* solubility in solvents commonly used in the laboratory
* citations to other literature regarding the compound's chemical synthesis
* a therapeutic category, if applicable
* caution and hazard information

## Editions

* A 5th edition copy owned by Professor Victor Trikojus1st (1889) – first edition released by E. Merck (Germany)
* 2nd (1896) – second edition released by Merck's American subsidiary and added medicines from the United States Pharmacopeia and National Formulary
* 3rd (1907)
* 4th (1930)
* 5th (1940)
* 6th (1952)
* 7th (1960) – first named editor is Merck chemist Paul G. Stecher
* 8th (1968) – editor Paul G. Stecher
* 9th (1976) – editor Martha Windholz, a Merck chemist
* 10th (1983), ISBN 0-911910-27-1 – editor Martha Windholz. In 1984 the Index became available online as well as printed.
* 11th (1989), ISBN 0-911910-28-X
* 12th (1996), ISBN 0-911910-12-3 – editor Susan Budavari, a Merck chemist
* 13th (2001), ISBN 0-911910-13-1 – editor Maryadele O'Neil, senior editor at Merck
* 14th (2006), ISBN 978-0-911910-00-1 – editor Maryadele O'Neil
* 15th (2013), ISBN 978-1-84973670-1 – editor Maryadele O'Neil; first edition under the Royal Society of Chemistry
# Rani Dhunga

Rani Dhunga, originally known as Sita Paila ("footprints of Sita"), is a huge rocky outcrop considered to be holy, in the Himalayas 6 km to the north-east of Pelling town, Sikkim, India, at an altitude of 2680m (8792 feet).

## Surroundings

Rani Dhunga is accessed by walking the steep hilly track through the surrounding forest covering the area. Animals such as musk deer, Himalayan tahr, wild boar, Himalayan black bear and Himalayan blue sheep all make their home in this forest. On the way to Rani Dhunga lies the Sanga Choeling Monastery, established in the 17th century by Lama Lhatsün Chempo. One of the oldest monasteries in the north-east Indian state of Sikkim, it is known for "Guhyamantra teachings", or "secret Mantra teachings", a synonym for Vajrayana Buddhism.

## Etymology

According to folklore, the name "Rani Dhunga" means "queen's rock" ("rani" means "queen" and "dhunga" means "rock" or "stone".)

## Legends

The legend or mythology relating to this huge rock is that Devi Sita (an expansion of Lord Rama) once stepped on the rock and her footprints can be seen embedded on it.
Another folk legend is that a long time ago this place used to be a hiding cave for the Queen of Sikkim when the kingdom was attacked by Nepal or Bhutan.

## Climate

The climate prevailing in the area is that of the monsoon. The maximum and minimum temperatures recorded are 24 °C (75 °F) and 0 °C (39 °F). Cold winds blow in the winter straight from the Himalayan ranges sometimes bringing snow with them and hail.

## Gallery

* Sita Paila (embedded footprints of Devi Sita)
* Milepost
* View of Mt Kanchenjunga on the way to Sita Paila
* The top of Rani Dhunga
# Mitosynum

Mitosynum is a genus of spiny-legged rove beetles in the family Staphylinidae. There is one described species in Mitosynum, M. vockerothi.
# Edmund Ellis (cricketer)

Edmund Henry Ellis (17 February 1841 — 3 March 1910) was an English first-class cricketer and solicitor.
The son of George Henry Ellis, he was born at Battersea in February 1841 and was educated at Rugby School. Ellis played first-class cricket on three occasions for the Marylebone Cricket Club from 1861 to 1863, playing a match each against Hampshire, Middlesex and Oxford University. He scored 31 runs in his three matches, with a highest score of 28 not out. He was by profession a solicitor, having been admitted in 1864. He was married to Dorothea Hilda Danvers, daughter of Sir Juland Danvers. He later added her surname to his to be known as Edmund Henry Ellis-Danvers. Ellis died at Chelsea in March 1910.
# Eğertaşlar, Horasan

Eğertaşlar is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Horasan, Erzurum Province in Turkey. Its population is 141 (2022).
# Rusava

Rusava is a municipality and village in Kroměříž District in the Zlín Region of the Czech Republic. It has about 600 inhabitants.

## Etymology

The village was named after the Rusava Stream that flows through it. The name of the stream was derived from rusá, i. e. 'red'. The stream was named after red clay, which turns the water red during rains.

## Geography

Rusava is located about 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of Kroměříž and 13 km (8 mi) north of Zlín. It lies in the Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains. The highest point of is the Skalný mountain at 709 m (2,326 ft) above sea level. The municipality is situated at the confluence of the Rusava and Ráztoka streams.

## History

Rusava was founded in 1657 by Jan Rottal. Until 1918, it was named Rottalovice after its founder.

## Demographics

| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1869 | 1,116 | — |
| 1880 | 1,212 | +8.6% |
| 1890 | 1,153 | −4.9% |
| 1900 | 1,199 | +4.0% |
| 1910 | 1,124 | −6.3% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1921 | 991 | −11.8% |
| 1930 | 964 | −2.7% |
| 1950 | 804 | −16.6% |
| 1961 | 826 | +2.7% |
| 1970 | 730 | −11.6% |
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 1980 | 634 | −13.2% |
| 1991 | 596 | −6.0% |
| 2001 | 601 | +0.8% |
| 2011 | 596 | −0.8% |
| 2021 | 546 | −8.4% |
Source: Censuses :

## Economy

Rusava is known as a recreational centre with several larger recreational facilities and hundreds of holiday cottages.

## Transport

There are no railways or major roads passing through the municipality.

## Sport

A ski resort with three ski lifts is located in Rusava.

## Sights

The most valuable monument of Rusava is the Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross. It was built in the late Baroque style in 1779.
The second important landmark is the Evangelical Church of the Holy Trinity. It was built in the late Baroque style in 1865–1882. It serves to the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren.
A museum with the history of the village is located in Rusava.
# Communauté de communes de Blangy-sur-Bresle

The Communauté de communes de Blangy-sur-Bresle is a former communauté de communes in the Seine-Maritime département (in the Normandy région) and also in the Somme département (Hauts-de-France région) of France. It was created in December 2001. On 18 January 2007, 5 communes of the Somme, (Bouillancourt-en-Séry, Bouttencourt, Maisnières, Tilloy-Floriville and Vismes) joined the Communauté. They were followed by 4 more communes from Somme in 2009. It was merged into the new Communauté de communes interrégionale Aumale - Blangy-sur-Bresle in January 2017.

## Composition

This Communauté de communes comprised 19 communes in Seine-Maritime and 9 communes in Somme:
* Aubermesnil-aux-Érables
* Bazinval
* Biencourt
* Blangy-sur-Bresle
* Bouillancourt-en-Séry
* Bouttencourt
* Campneuseville
* Dancourt
* Fallencourt
* Foucarmont
* Frettemeule
* Guerville
* Hodeng-au-Bosc
* Maisnières
* Martainneville
* Monchaux-Soreng
* Nesle-Normandeuse
* Pierrecourt
* Ramburelles
* Réalcamp
* Rétonval
* Rieux
* Saint-Léger-aux-Bois
* Saint-Martin-au-Bosc
* Saint-Riquier-en-Rivière
* Tilloy-Floriville
* Villers-sous-Foucarmont
* Vismes
# Edward Knapp

Edward Knapp is the name of:
* Edward Alan Knapp (1932–2009), American physicist, Director of the National Science Foundation 1982–1984
* Edward Knapp-Fisher (1915–2003), Anglican bishop and scholar
* Edward F. Knapp State Airport, a Vermont airport
* Edward Spring Knapp (1879–1940), member of the American Philatelic Society Hall of Fame
* Edward Knapp (cricketer) (1848–1903), English cricketer
# Gandhinagar, Vellore

Gandhinagar (also Gandhi Nagar) is locality in Vellore, India, located on the northern bank of the Palar River.It is divided into Gandhi Nagar East and Gandhi Nagar West, it is one of the posh residential and commercial localities in Vellore city.

## Geography

Gandhinagar is located at 12°57′11″N 79°08′28″E﻿ / ﻿12.953°N 79.141°E﻿ / 12.953; 79.141.

## Demographics

As of the 2001 Indian Census Gandhinagar's population is 9708. Males constitute 48% of the population and females constitute 52%. Gandhinagar has an average literacy rate of 90%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 91%, and female literacy is 90%.

## Notable residents

* G. Viswanathan, founder and chancellor of Vellore Institute of Technology.
* Durai Murugan, former Law minister.
# Mukti Dham Mukam

Mukti Dham Mukam is a pilgrimage site near Talwa village, now known as Mukaam, in the Nokha tehsil of Bikaner district, Rajasthan, India. It holds immense significance for the Bishnoi community, being the final resting place of Sri Guru Jambheshwar Bhagwan, also known as Jambhoji. The site is revered as the sacred Samadhi of Guru Jambheshwar, where devotees gather to pay their respects and seek salvation.

## History

According to legend, Guru Jambheshwar Bhagwan designated the spot for his holy Samadhi before ascending to heaven. He instructed his followers to dig 24 hands near the khejdi tree, where they discovered Bhagwan Shiva's trident and damru. The shrine was then built at this location, which later became known as Mukti Dham Mukam. The khejdi tree still stands as a symbol of reverence, and devotees worship it during their visits.
After Guru Jambheshwar's departure, his mortal remains were placed above the ground, suspended by the khejdi tree, until the trident and drum were unearthed and the shrine was established. Over time, the shrine was renovated and expanded into a grand temple, known as the personal temple of Guru Jambheshwar.

## Festivals and traditions

Two major fairs are held annually at Mukti Dham Mukam: one on the Amavasya of Phalgun and the other on the new moon day of Asoj. These fairs attract a large number of devotees from the Bishnoi community, who gather to participate in rituals, pay homage to Guru Jambheshwar, and seek blessings for salvation.
During the fairs, devotees engage in various rituals, including the performance of havans, offerings of clarified butter and coconuts, and the feeding of grains to birds. Additionally, a tradition of free food distribution has been established, reflecting the community's spirit of service and hospitality.

## Location and accessibility

Mukti Dham Mukam is located in the Muqam village of Nokha tehsil, approximately 16 km from Nokha and 63 km from the district headquarters of Bikaner. The site is easily accessible by road and serves as a significant religious landmark for the Bishnoi community.
# Ranulf (chancellor)

Ranulf (also Ralph, Radulf, or Randulf) (d. 1123), was an English cleric and administrator. He became chancellor in the reign of Henry I of England.

## Life

Ranulf was a chaplain or clerk of Henry I, and became chancellor in 1107–8, holding that office until his death. For the last twenty years of his life he suffered much from illness; but his mind was active, and he left a bad reputation, being described as crafty, prompt to work evil of every kind, oppressing the innocent, robbing men of their lands and possessions, and glorying in his wickedness and ill-gotten gains.
In the first days of 1123 Ranulf rode with the king from Dunstable, where Henry had kept Christmas, escorting him to Berkhampstead Castle, which belonged to Ranulf. As he came in sight of his castle he fell from his horse, and a monk of St. Albans Abbey, who had been despoiled of his possessions by him, rode over him. He died of his injuries a few days afterwards.
Ranulf had a son, who joined him in some benefactions to Reading Abbey, and he also granted the manor of Tintinhull, Somerset, to Montacute Priory.