OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Bumayong

Bumayong is an outer suburb of Lae in the Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea.

## Location

Bumayong is located 12 km North of Lae on Independence Drive up the road from the University of Technology on the Independence Drive loop. A Bailey bridge crosses the Busu River on the road to the villages of Bualu and Situm.

## Lutheran Mission Training

There are three main Lutheran training locations in Lae; Martin Luther Seminary in Malahang, Balob Teachers College in Butibum and the Bumayong Lutheran High school

## Law and Order

In November 2011, large scale riots broke out in Lae following a petition and march on the Morobe Provincial Admin (Tutumang). The petition addressed four points, namely;
* Lae city Authority Manager to be sacked for giving contracts to outsiders and not Morobeans.
* Highlands PMV bus stop at Eriku to move to 9mile.
* No more street selling in the city as it only breeds criminal activities.
* Check on Lands Dept office and sack its staff for land corruption deals to Asians, outsiders etc.
A Vox populi reported in The National outlines the opinions of residents;
    "I call on Luther Wenge to take a bus ride from town to Eriku and see first-hand how the city is like"
    ""It is frustrating and scary for me as a woman to catch a PMV from Eriku to work"
The violent riots have crippled Papua New Guinea's main industrial centre with widespread destruction of property and government is warning it may declare a state of emergency.
More than 1000 people were left homeless as many homes in Bumayong were destroyed in two days of riots which left nine people dead.
In 2013 the youths of Bumayong surrendered a large number of weapons including homemade pistols, wire catapults, a grenade and several kilos of Marijuana.

## Traditional Land

The land around Bumayong belongs to the village of Yalu 6°35′42″S 146°52′16″E﻿ / ﻿6.59500°S 146.87111°E﻿ / -6.59500; 146.87111 which is located 17 km on the Highlands Hwy. between Lae and the Lae Nadzab Airport. Yalu land begins at Nine Mile settlement to Markham Bridge, over the mountains to West Taraka, Bumayong and Igam Army Barracks to Muya Primary School. Most of the land is occupied by settlers.

## Bumayong Lutheran High School

In 1955 a Conch (instrument) band was formed at the Bumayong High School near the Lutheran headquarters. Missionaries in PNG expected all their congregations to learn to sing European hymns and German Lutherans improved singing through innovative use of traditional instrument, the conch-shell trumpet. The conch-shell band preserve German Lutheran hymnody.

## Notable people

Gisuwat Siniwim was the former principal of Bumayong Lutheran High School and became a Member of Parliament for the People's National Congress and Education Vice-Minister.
# Murchison River (New Zealand)

The Murchison River lies within the Aoraki/Mount Cook National Park in the South Island of New Zealand.
It is fed by the Murchison Glacier and flows into Tasman Lake, thus effectively feeding the Tasman River.
* This article about a river in Canterbury, New Zealand is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Cation-anion radius ratio

In condensed matter physics and inorganic chemistry, the cation-anion radius ratio can be used to predict the crystal structure of an ionic compound based on the relative size of its atoms. It is defined as the ratio of the ionic radius of the positively charged cation to the ionic radius of the negatively charged anion in a cation-anion compound. Anions are larger than cations. Large sized anions occupy lattice sites, while small sized cations are found in voids. In a given structure, the ratio of cation radius to anion radius is called the radius ratio. This is simply given by $r_{C}/r_{A}$.

## Ratio rule and stability

The radius ratio rule defines a critical radius ratio for different crystal structures, based on their coordination geometry. The idea is that the anions and cations can be treated as incompressible spheres, meaning the crystal structure can be seen as a kind of unequal sphere packing. The allowed size of the cation for a given structure is determined by the critical radius ratio. If the cation is too small, then it will attract the anions into each other and they will collide hence the compound will be unstable due to anion-anion repulsion; this occurs when the radius ratio drops below the critical radius ratio for that particular structure. At the stability limit the cation is touching all the anions and the anions are just touching at their edges. For radius ratios greater than the critical ratius ratio, the structure is expected to be stable.
The rule is not obeyed for all compounds. By one estimate, the crystal structure can only be guessed about 2/3 of the time. Errors in prediction are partly due to the fact that real chemical compounds are not purely ionic, they display some covalent character.
The table below gives the relation between critical radius ratio, $R$, and coordination number, $CN$, which may be obtained from a simple geometrical proof.
    $R={\sqrt {\tfrac {12}{12-CN}}}{-1}$
| Critical Radius Ratio | Coordination number | Type of void | Crystal structure | Examples |
| 0.1547 | 3 | Trigonal planar | α-B$_2$O$_3$ structure | B$_2$O$_3$ |
| 0.2247 | 4 | Tetrahedral | Zincblende structure | ZnS, CuCl |
| 0.4142 | 6 | Octahedral | Rock salt structure | NaCl, MgO |
| 0.7320 | 8 | Cubic | CsCl structure | CsCl, NH$_4$Br |

## History

The radius ratio rule was first proposed by Gustav F. Hüttig in 1920. In 1926, Victor Goldschmidt extended the use to ionic lattices. In 1929, the rule was incorporated as the first of Pauling's rules for crystal structures.
# Sapote oil

Sapote oil, also known as sapuyul or sapayulo oil, is pressed from the seeds of the mamey sapote (Pouteria sapota), a fruit tree native to South America. The oil is described as having an "almond-like odor" and a "mild, pleasant taste", and is also used as a cooking oil in some tropical countries.
The seeds themselves are reported to be toxic. The seed oil has been used in soaps and cosmetics, as a base for some aromatherapy compounds and as a sedative, skin tonic and hair revitalizer.
# Émile Fairon

Émile Fairon (1875–1945) was a Belgian archivist and historian.

## Life

Fairon was born in Pepinster on 11 October 1875. After studying at the Athénée royal de Verviers he matriculated at the University of Liège, where he went on to obtain a doctorate in classical philology. In 1901 he started working at the Royal Library of Belgium, where he catalogued the seals and seal molds. In 1902 he qualified as an archivist, and in 1903 obtained a position at the State Archives in Liège. He became head of the depot in 1924, in succession to Léon Lahaye. During the 1930s he oversaw the transfer of the archives from the Provincial Palace to a purpose-built repository on the site of the defunct Liège-Jonfosse railway station. He died on 1 January 1945.

## Works

* "L'affaire Blanjean: un épisode d'histoire religieuse et diplomatique en 1633-1634", Bulletin de la Société Verviétoise d'Archéologie et d'Histoire, 11 (1910), pp. 115-160.
* Chroniques liégeoises, vol. 2 (1931) – edited by Sylvain Balau and posthumously prepared for publication by Fairon.
* Régestes de la Cité de Liège (4 vols., 1933–1939)
* with Henri Heuse, Lettres de Grognards (1936)
* Inventaire des archives de la Chambre des comptes (1937)
* Chartes confisquées aux bonnes villes du pays de Liège et du comté de Looz après la bataille d'Othée (1408) (1937)
# Canton of Aubigny-en-Artois

The Canton of Aubigny-en-Artois is a former canton situated in the department of the Pas-de-Calais and in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of northern France. It was disbanded following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. It had a total of 12,650 inhabitants (2012, without double counting).

## Geography

The canton was organised around Aubigny-en-Artois in the arrondissement of Arras. The altitude varied from 70m (La Comté) to 193m (La Comté) for an average altitude of 127m.
The canton comprised 30 communes:
* Agnières
* Ambrines
* Aubigny-en-Artois
* Averdoingt
* Bailleul-aux-Cornailles
* Bajus
* Berles-Monchel
* Béthonsart
* Cambligneul
* Camblain-l'Abbé
* Capelle-Fermont
* Chelers
* La Comté
* Frévillers
* Frévin-Capelle
* Gouy-en-Ternois
* Hermaville
* Izel-lès-Hameau
* Magnicourt-en-Comte
* Maizières
* Mingoval
* Monchy-Breton
* Penin
* Savy-Berlette
* La Thieuloye
* Tilloy-lès-Hermaville
* Tincques
* Villers-Brûlin
* Villers-Châtel
* Villers-Sir-Simon

## Population

Population Evolution :
| 1962 | 1968 | 1975 | 1982 | 1990 | 1999 | 2012 |
| 9501 | 10056 | 9871 | 10572 | 11526 | 11541 | 12650 |
| Census count starting from 1962 : Population without double counting |||||||
# Potentilla pseudosericea

Potentilla pseudosericea is a species of cinquefoil known by the common names silky cinquefoil and Mono cinquefoil. It is native to the Sierra Nevada of California and mountain ranges just to the east, where its distribution extends into Nevada. It grows in rocky mountainous habitat. It is a small plant forming mats or tufts in rock cracks and talus, its short stem growing from a caudex. The leaves are generally palmate, divided into five leaflets. The leaflets are deeply lobed along the edges and woolly in texture, coated in white or silvery hairs. The inflorescence is a cluster of a few yellow flowers with petals around 3 millimeters long each.
# Edward Mason

Edward Mason may refer to:
* Edward E. Mason (1912–1971), American surgeon
* Edward J. Mason (1912–1971), British scriptwriter
* Edward J. Mason (politician) (1930–2020), Maryland state senator
* Edward Haven Mason (1849–1917), philatelist
* Edward S. Mason (1899–1992), American economist
# Trevor Żahra

Trevor Żahra (born 16 December 1947) is a Maltese novelist, poet and illustrator. He has published over 120 books in the Maltese language since 1971.

## Biography

Trevor Żahra was born on 16 December 1947 in Żejtun. He worked as a school teacher for over three decades, teaching art and the Maltese language in government schools. He was married to Stella née Agius from 1971 until her death in 1989, and together they had two children called Ruben and Marija.
In 1971 Żahra published his first novel, a children's adventure book entitled Il-Pulena tad-Deheb (Maltese for "The Golden Figurehead"). Since then he has published over 120 books written in Maltese. He has written both children's and adult novels, as well as short stories, poetry, workbooks and translations. He is the best-selling Maltese author in history.
Żahra illustrates his children's books with his own drawings. He also designed a set of two EUROPA postage stamps for MaltaPost in 2001.
Żahra has won multiple literary awards throughout his career, including Malta's national literary prize for a record 15 times. Books which have won prizes include Taħt il-Weraq tal-Palm, Is-Seba' Tronġiet Mewwija, Ħolm tal-Milied, Lubien, Taħt Sema Kwiekeb, Provenz and X'Tixtiequ Jagħmel il-Fenek? He was also awarded the Midalja għall-Qadi tar-Repubblika on 13 December 2004. In 2020, Żahra was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for Literature during the National Book Prize.
# Bumann Ranch

Bumann Ranch is a ranch in Encinitas, California. Previously owned by German colonists, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 6, 2020. Currently, the ranch contains twenty buildings on its 10 acres of land.

## History

Herman Freidrich Bumann immigrated with his father to America from Germany in 1884, at 21. Following his uncle who has moved to Denver, Colorado twelve years before, they were one of the first German colonists in Southern California, being part of a group that bought Rancho Las Encinitas. When the duo arrived in California, they took shelter at what is now Stagecoach Community Park in Carlsbad.
In 1885, Herman purchased 5 acres (2.0 hectares) nearby Escondido Creek. During a financial crisis, Herman also purchased a homestead for $50 (equivalent to $1,696 in 2023). Continuing to acquire land, Herman owned 480 acres (190 hectares) by his death in 1926. He had 12 children with Emma Marie Junker. His seventh, Herman Charles, was the sole maintainer of the farm by the 1930s.
The ranch is currently owned by Herman Charles' nephew, Richard, and Richard's wife, Adelina "Twink" Bumann. Although the ranch was added to the NRHP in March 2020, the official plaque was not installed until July 2022.

## Features

The Bumann family residence is a one-bedroom house, at 10 ft (3.0 m) by 12 ft (3.7 m). Today, the house is a museum of sorts, as Herman's seventh child, Herman Charles, had a preference for collecting photographs and composing music for his violin. A picture of H. Charles playing with Bing Crosby in a pickup group can be seen on a wall.
# Sapotes longipilis

Sapotes longipilis is a species of broad-nosed weevil in the beetle family Curculionidae. It is found in North America.
# Mithika Mwenda

Joseph Mithika Mwenda, commonly known as Mithika Mwenda (February 27, 1973), is the Kenyan-born co-founder of the African climate change activism organisation Pan African Climate Justice Alliance (PACJA). He has been a climate advocate for over 10 years.

## Early life and education

Mithika Mwenda was born in 1973 in Meru County, Kenya. Mwenda studied Education at Moi University where he was a student leader, before attending Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology and earning a Master of Science in public policy analysis. As of 2020, Mwenda was a Ph.D. candidate at the University of the Witwatersrand, School of Governance. He also represents the African civil society in the committee of the World Bank Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, and also chairs the Collaboration Platform of Climate Research for Development in Africa.

## Pan African Climate Justice Alliance

Mwenda has been the executive director for Pan African Climate Justice Alliance for more than 10 years. He has experience as a climate change policy advocate and was named one of the most influential people in Climate Change Policy in 2019. Previously, Mwenda worked as a climate change officer with All Africa Conference Churches and Climate Network Africa. Before this, he worked and volunteered in numerous governance and human rights, as well as democracy organisations in Kenya. He was a co-convener of the National Convention Executive Council in the 2000s, which influenced the 2010 draft of the Constitution of Kenya.

## Notable events

Mwenda was feted for climate policy activism, and represents civil society in the steering committee of Africa's flagship climate policy and practice coordination platform, ClimDev-Africa, spearheaded by the African Union Commission, African Development Bank and UN Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA). He chairs Institutional Collaboration Platform Climate Research for Development in Africa, run by World Meteorological Organisation, Global Framework for Climate Services, African Union and UNECA. Mwenda has advocated for accelerated implementation of the Paris Agreement, and has made that a focus at PACJA. He also helped establish the African Coalition for Sustainable Energy and Access (ACSEA), to promote the shift to renewable energy, and to ensure the African Renewable Energy Initiative delivers clean energy to poor communities. Under the African Climate Legislation Initiative, PACJA works with Pan African Parliament and other parliamentary institutions to drive climate laws to make climate change prevention part of national development policy.

## Awards

Mwenda's efforts as a climate change activist have been recognised for influencing climate change policies in Kenya and other African countries. As PACJA executive director, Mithika Mwenda was selected for the Sierra Club's Earth Care Award 2019 for his contribution to international environmental protection and conservation. In 2019 and again in 2022 , he was named among 100 most influential people in climate change policy in the world by Apolitical.co.
# Kantküla, Harju County

Kantküla is a village in Kose Parish, Harju County in northern Estonia.
# Potentilla pensylvanica

Potentilla pensylvanica (P. pensylvanica)is a species of cinquefoil known by the common names Pennsylvania cinquefoil and prairie cinquefoil and in the language Shoshoni, it goes by the name Ku'-si-wañ-go-gǐp. It is native to much of northern and western North America, including most of Canada and the western half of the United States. P. pensylvanica grows in many types of habitat. The plant is quite variable in appearance. It may be small and tuftlike or slender and erect. The leaves are divided into a few leaflets which are deeply lobed and have hairy undersides. The inflorescence is a cluster of several flowers, each with five yellow petals a few millimeters in length. The flower is 3 to 5 mm wide. P. pensylvanica grows in elevations between elevations 2700 to 3800 meters.

## Growth

Potentilla pensylvanica bloom period lasted from July to August.
# Edward Mason Janson

Edward Mason Janson (1847 Hackney, London – 1880 Nicaragua) was a British entomologist who lived and worked in Nicaragua.
Janson was the oldest son of Edward Wesley Janson (1822–1891) and Emily Mason, who were married on 25 December 1846 at Highgate, London. Janson's father Edward Snr. worked as a railway clerk, later as an accountant, and became an entomologist in the early 1850s, with two of his sons Edward and Oliver following him into the pursuit.
Edward Mason Janson became a member of the Entomological Society of London in 1869, listed as living in Las Lajas, Chontales, Nicaragua. For his regular job Janson worked as a mining engineer. Coleoptera material Janson collected in Chontales was examined by Henry Walter Bates and David Sharp for Frederick Godman and Osbert Salvin's project Biologia Centrali-Americana.
Janson died at the age of 33 in Nicaragua, leaving a young family.

## Taxonomic names in honour of E.M. Janson

The Coreoidea species Mozena jansoni, originally described as 'Mictis (?) jansoni' by John Scott in 1882, was named in honour of Janson.
William Lucas Distant named the Pentatomidae species Edessa jansoni in 1881 from a specimen collected by Janson in Chontales.
The Staphylinidae species Gyrophaena jansoni was described by David Sharp from a single male example collected by Janson in Chontales.
# Don't Take My Boop-Oop-A-Doop Away

"Don't Take My Boop-Oop-A-Doop Away" is a song, written by Sammy Timberg.
It was first recorded for the short film Musical Justice, with a vocal by Mae Questel. It was then used in the 1932 Betty Boop Talkartoons cartoon Boop-Oop-a-Doop. The chorus follows as:
    You can feed me bread and water,
    Or a great big bale of hay,
    But don't take my boop-oop-a-doop away!;
    You can say my voice is awful,
    Or my songs are too risqué.
    Oh, but don't take my boop-oop-a-doop away!,
The word "boop-oop-a-doop" is considered nonsensical, but it can have a risqué meaning. For example, in the Boop-Oop-a-Doop cartoon, it is thought that the word is used as a substitute for "virginity".
# Julie Fagerholt

Julie Fagerholt (born 17 April 1968) is a Danish fashion designer and founder of the luxury clothing brand Heartmade. She also creates haute couture. Her customers include Queen Mary of Denmark.

## Biography

Julie Fagerholt grew up in Skovshoved north of Copenhagen, the daughter of Ninja Tholstrup Bramsen, a child psychologist, and Nils Fagerholt, an architect and a professor at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. She completed her education at the Danish Design School in 1993. In 1998, she set up her company Heartmade in a courtyard on Pilestræde in Copenhagen.
Originally focusing on haute couture, the brand has mainly produced prét-à-porter collections since 2000. In 2000, her first collection won The Golden Button, a Danish fashion award. Her company has a flagship store at Pilestræde 45 in Copenhagen. Fagerholt ascribes some of her success to designing the kind of clothes she thinks she needs for herself, but she is also inspired by ethnic clothing, for example from India.
# Komla Dotse Akude

Komla Dotse Akude is a Ghanaian politician and member of the first parliament of the second republic of Ghana representing Ho East Constituency under the membership of the National Alliance of Liberals (NAL).

## Education and early life

He was born 15 September 1936 in Volta Region of Ghana. He attended Presbyterian College of Education, Akropong where he obtained his Teachers' Training Certificate. He also obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology from the University of Ghana, Legon.

## Politics

Akude began his political career in 1969 when he became the parliamentary candidate for the National Alliance of Liberals (NAL) to represent Ho East constituency prior to the commencement of the 1969 Ghanaian parliamentary election. He assumed office as a member of the first parliament of the second republic of Ghana on 1 October 1969 after being pronounced winner at the 1969 Ghanaian parliamentary election and was later suspended following the overthrow of the Busia government on 13 January 1972.

## Personal life

He is a Presbyterian. He is a Teacher.
# Fait vivir

Fait vivir is a 2019 Colombian-Canadian documentary film co-produced between Colombia and Canada, directed and written by Oscar Ruiz Navia and released internationally on August 14, 2020. The film participated in events such as Bogotá International Film Festival, Biarritz Latin American Film Festival, Cali International Film Festival, Transcinema International Film Festival in Peru, Bogotá International Documentary Festival and UNAM International Film Festival in Mexico, among others.

## Synopsis

A governor appears in a remote tropical town in Colombia and prohibits all forms of artistic expression such as dancing and singing. This is how Makondo was born, a work created by the Gypsy Kumbia Orchestra that brings together musicians and artists from all over the world. Manuk, a five-year-old boy, tells the story of the adventures of this picturesque group and their journey through towns and villages in Colombia plagued by armed conflict.

## Cast

* Manuk Aukan Mejía
* Carmen Ruiz Navia
* Juan Sebastián Mejía
* Anina Mejía

## Reception

Rodrigo Torrijos of Rolling Stone Colombia gave it a score of three and a half stars out of a possible five, stating that Fait Vivir "uses the poetry that inhabits reality and makes it dance with its doses of fantasy, looks beyond the limits of the documentary genre and creates a journey full of positivism in which it is easy to get lost".