OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ergun equation

The Ergun equation, derived by the Turkish chemical engineer Sabri Ergun in 1952, expresses the friction factor in a packed column as a function of the modified Reynolds number.

## Equation

$f_{p}={\frac {150}{Gr_{p}}}+1.75$
where:
* $f_{p}={\frac {\Delta p}{L}}{\frac {D_{p}}{\rho v_{s}^{2}}}\left({\frac {\epsilon ^{3}}{1-\epsilon }}\right),$
* $Gr_{p}={\frac {\rho v_{s}D_{p}}{(1-\epsilon )\mu }}={\frac {Re}{(1-\epsilon )}},$
* $Gr_{p}$ is the modified Reynolds number,
* $f_{p}$ is the packed bed friction factor,
* $\Delta p$ is the pressure drop across the bed,
* $L$ is the length of the bed (not the column),
* $D_{p}$ is the equivalent spherical diameter of the packing,
* $\rho$ is the density of fluid,
* $\mu$ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid,
* $v_{s}$ is the superficial velocity (i.e. the velocity that the fluid would have through the empty tube at the same volumetric flow rate),
* $\epsilon$ is the void fraction (porosity) of the bed, and
* $Re$ is the particle Reynolds Number (based on superficial velocity)..

## Extension

To calculate the pressure drop in a given reactor, the following equation may be deduced:
$\Delta p={\frac {150\mu ~L}{D_{p}^{2}}}~{\frac {(1-\epsilon )^{2}}{\epsilon ^{3}}}v_{s}+{\frac {1.75~L~\rho }{D_{p}}}~{\frac {(1-\epsilon )}{\epsilon ^{3}}}v_{s}|v_{s}|.$
This arrangement of the Ergun equation makes clear its close relationship to the simpler Kozeny-Carman equation, which describes laminar flow of fluids across packed beds via the first term on the right hand side. On the continuum level, the second-order velocity term demonstrates that the Ergun equation also includes the pressure drop due to inertia, as described by the Darcy–Forchheimer equation. Specifically, the Ergun equation gives the following permeability $k$ and inertial permeability $k_{1}$ from the Darcy-Forchheimer law: $k={\frac {D_{p}^{2}}{150}}~{\frac {\epsilon ^{3}}{(1-\epsilon )^{2}}},$ and $k_{1}={\frac {D_{p}}{1.75}}~{\frac {\epsilon ^{3}}{1-\epsilon }}.$
The extension of the Ergun equation to fluidized beds, where the solid particles flow with the fluid, is discussed by Akgiray and Saatçı (2001).
# Tropidonophis dolasii

Tropidonophis dolasii is a species of snake in the family Colubridae. The species is endemic to Papua New Guinea.

## Etymology

The specific name, dolasii, is in honor of Papua New Guinean, Dolasi Salepuna, for his field assistance.

## Habitat

The preferred natural habitat of T. dolasii is forest in association with freshwater wetlands, at altitudes of 900–1,090 m (2,950–3,580 ft).

## Diet

T. dolasii preys upon frogs.

## Reproduction

T. dolasii is oviparous.
# Jungle Disk

Jungle Disk is both the name of an online backup software service and a privately held data security company. It was one of the first backup services to use cloud storage and Amazon S3. In 2009 after being acquired by Rackspace the service added Rackspace Cloud Files. The name is a word association as the Amazon rainforest is a Jungle and Disk is a common shorthand for a hard disk drive.
In 2022, Jungle Disk (the company) rebranded as CyberFortress.

## Backup service overview

Jungle Disk backup is a monthly subscription software service that supports laptops, desktops, and servers for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux operating systems. Data is backed up to an online disk using either a continuous backup (aka. sync) or scheduled to back up of selected files, folders, or a everything on a system. Data can be accessed from the software client, a web browser, or mobile devices running Android or iOS. It also provides a WebDAV server for integration with other applications. Customers can protect their data using AES-256 encryption with their own key so even Jungle Disk employees cannot access any records. Each subscription includes 10 gigabytes of storage with pay-as-you-go for additional data.

## History

Jungle Disk was founded in Atlanta by Dave Wright in 2006. On October 22, 2008, Jungle Disk entered into an agreement to be acquired by Rackspace Hosting, Inc. Rackspace purchased Jungle Disk in order to expand their cloud hosting services. After the acquisition integration Dave left Rackspace to found SolidFire and then Jungle Disk was relocated to San Antonio in 2010. The pace of development slowed down as Rackspace focused on its Cloud infrastructure software platform which became OpenStack. In 2013, Rackspace revived Jungle Disk customer support going from ticket only service to include phone, chat and ticketing. On January 5, 2016, Jungle Disk spun out of Rackspace US, Inc. and is now a privately held company headquartered in San Antonio, TX.
On December 5, 2017, Jungle Disk announced it acquired SafetyNet, the first backup for QuickBooks Online, from Jobber.
In May 2022, it acquired online backup company ElephantDrive.
Later in 2022, Jungle Disk (the company) rebranded as CyberFortress.

## Criticism

The Jungle Disk client software did not receive an update from 2012-2014 and then while part of the Cloud Office portfolio a new version was released in December 2015.
On June 3, 2011, Colin Percival, owner of Tarsnap (a competitor of Jungle Disk), identified two potential weaknesses in Jungle Disk's security:
* The lack of a Message Authentication Code means that file corruption (accidental or deliberate) or arbitrary file content insertions will not be detected if the attacker can bypass Amazon or Rackspace security and directly modify data in S3 or Cloud Files.
* The use of MD5 as a Key derivation function makes it computationally feasible to perform a brute-force attack on a Jungle Disk password.
# Kora

Kora may refer to:

## Places
### India

* Kora, Bardhaman, West Bengal
* Kora, Bharuch, Gujarat
* Korha, Katihar, also known as Kora, in Bihar
* Kora, Kendrapara, Odisha
* Kora, Wardha, Maharastra
* Kora, Tumakuru, Karnataka
* Toyaguda, Adilabad, Telangana, formerly called Kora

### Elsewhere

* Kora, Burkina Faso, a town
* Kora, Ethiopia, a town
* Kureh, Markazi, a village in Markazi Province, Iran, also known as Kora
* Kōra, Shiga, a town in Shiga Prefecture, Japan
* Kora National Park, Coast Province, Kenya
* Kora, Mali, a village
* Kora, Jhelum, a village in Pakistan

## Music

* Kora (instrument), a stringed musical instrument of West African origin
* Kora Awards, music awards for African music
* Kora (band), a New Zealand reggae band
** Kora (album), released in 2007

## Buildings

* Kōra taisha, a Shinto shrine in Fukuoka prefecture, Japan
* Kora Temple, a Masonic building in Lewiston, Maine

## Languages

* Kora or Aka-Kora language, formerly spoken in the Andaman Islands, India
* !Kora or Korana language, spoken in South Africa
* Kora or Koda language, spoken in India and Bangladesh

## People

* Kora people, also Cora or Aka-Kora, an indigenous tribe of the Andaman Islands
* Kora (tribe), an indigenous tribe of India and Bangladesh
* Kora of Sicyon (fl. c. 650 BC), first female artist for whom there is evidence
* Kora Boufflert (born 1966), French racewalker
* Kora Karvouni (born 1980), Greek stage and television actress
* Bil Aka Kora (born 1971), musician from Burkina Faso
* Kengo Kora (born 1987), Japanese actor
* Olga Jackowska (1951–2018), a Polish rock singer and songwriter known as Kora

## Other uses

* Kora class corvette, a type of ship used by the Indian Navy
** INS Kora (P61), lead ship of the class
* Kora (pilgrimage), a type of pilgrimage in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition
* Made in Japan: Kora!, a 2011 Japanese film directed by Banmei Takahashi
* KORA-FM, a radio station in Bryan, Texas
* Kora (gastropod), genus of land snails
* Kora (FinTech), a pan-African payment infrastructure.
# Daxi

Daxi may refer to:

## Mainland China

* Daxi (大西) dynasty, a short-lived dynasty (1643–1646) established by Zhang Xianzhong
* Daxi Creek (大溪), tributary of the Xitiao River in Anji County, Zhejiang
* Daxi culture (5000 BC–3000 BC), Neolithic culture centered in the Three Gorges region, around the middle Yangtze River
* Daxi, Youyang County, town in Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County, Chongqing
* Daxi, Pinghe County, town in Pinghe County, Fujian
* Daxi, Jiexi County, town in Jiexi County, Guangdong
* Daxi, Jianghua Yao County, a town in Jianghua Yao Autonomous County, Hunan
* Daxi, Wenling, town in Wenling, Zhejiang
* Datong–Xi'an Passenger Railway

## Taiwan

* Daxi District, district in Taoyuan, Taiwan
* Daxi Station, railway station in Yilan County, Taiwan, Republic of China
# List of ship decommissionings in 1999

The list of ship decommissionings in 1999 includes a chronological list of all ships decommissioned in 1999.
| | Operator | Ship | Class and type | Fate | Other notes |
| 14 January | Royal Navy | London | Type 22 frigate | Sold to Romania | Renamed Regina Maria |
| 17 March | United States Navy | Batfish | Sturgeon-class submarine | Submarine recycling program | |
| 23 March | Royal Navy | Brave | Type 22 frigate | Sunk as target | |
| 1 May | Royal Navy | Beaver | Type 22 frigate | Sold for scrap in 2001 | |
| 1 June | United States Navy | Trepang | Sturgeon-class submarine | Submarine recycling program | |
| 1 July | United States Navy | Billfish | Sturgeon-class submarine | Submarine recycling program | |
| 1 July | United States Navy | Narwhal | Sturgeon-class submarine | Submarine recycling program | |
| 9 July | United States Navy | California | California-class cruiser | Nuclear ship recycling program | |
| 4 August | Royal Navy | Boxer | Type 22 frigate | Sunk as target | |
| 15 October | Royal Australian Navy | Perth | Perth-class destroyer | Sunk as dive wreck in 2001 | |
| 31 December | Royal Navy | Birmingham | Type 42 destroyer | Sold for scrap in 2000 | |
# Minuscule 533

Minuscule 533 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), ε 256 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on a parchment, dated to the 13th century. It was adapted for liturgical use; marginalia are incomplete.
Scrivener labelled it by number 546. The manuscript is lacunose.

## Description

The codex contains an incomplete text of the four Gospels on 237 parchment leaves (size 16.6 cm by 13.6 cm) with some lacunae (Matthew 1:1-9:13; Luke 1:1-15; John 21:1-16). The text is written in one column per page, 20 lines per page.
The text is divided according to the κεφαλαια (chapters), whose numbers are given at the margin, and their τιτλοι (titles of chapters) at the top of the pages. There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections (in Mark 241 Sections - the last in 16:20), but without references to the Eusebian Canons.
The tables of the κεφαλαια (tables of contents) are placed before each Gospel. It contains lectionary markings at the margin (for liturgical use), incipits, and iambic verses.

## Text

The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Byzantine text-type. Hermann von Soden classified it to the textual family K$^x$. Aland placed it in Category V.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it represents textual cluster 121 in Luke 1 (fragmentary), Luke 10, and Luke 20. Wisse did not assign cluster 121 to the family K$^x$.

## History

The manuscript is dated by the INTF on the palaeographical ground to the 13th century.
In 1864 the manuscript was purchased from a dealer at Janina in Epeiros, by Baroness Burdett-Coutts (1814-1906), a philanthropist, together with other Greek manuscripts (among them codices 532-546). They were transported to England in 1870-1871. All collection of manuscripts was presented by Burdett-Coutts to Sir Roger Cholmely's School.
The manuscript was added to the minuscule manuscripts of the New Testament by F. H. A. Scrivener (546) and C. R. Gregory (533). Gregory saw it in 1883.
Formerly the manuscript was housed at the Highgate (Burdett-Coutts 1. 4), in London. It was examined by Scrivener.
It is currently housed at the University of Michigan (Ms. 21) in Ann Arbor.
# Constitution of Iowa

The Constitution of Iowa is the highest body of state law in the U.S. state of Iowa. It establishes the structure and function of the state. Iowa's constitution is subordinate only to the U.S. Constitution and federal law.
The state's first constitution was created in 1844, but not ratified. The second constitution was created in 1846. The present-day document, which went into effect in 1857, is the state's third constitution. All 3 constitutions had conventions. It supersedes Iowa's 1846 constitution and has had numerous amendments since its initial adoption.
# L'Eplattenier helmet

The L'Eplattenier helmet was a prototype military helmet designed for the Swiss Army by Charles L'Eplattenier in 1916. Deemed too expensive to produce en masse, it was shunned in favour of a simpler design.

## Development

The outbreak of World War I was deemed important enough for Switzerland to enact a general mobilization on 3 August, 1914. Three divisions were raised, reinforcing the border defense in order to prevent a possible spillover of the fighting into Swiss territory. The introduction of the steel Stahlhelm and Adrian helmets by Germany and France respectively, prompted the Swiss Army to commission Charles L'Eplattenier, a patriotic sculptor, to develop a suitable counterpart. By 1916, Swiss entry into the war was becoming increasingly improbable, enabling L'Eplattenier to draw upon romantic paintings of Swiss battles. The Swiss War Department was concerned with obtaining a steel helmet comparable to foreign models in function, while also distinguishing it from the rest of the world by achieving aesthetic superiority.
The end result resembled the 1916, Franco-American, Dunand helmet, being however deeper on the sides and longer on the brow, while also bearing the characteristic Swiss cross which is embossed on the forehead. The detachable lining, is held on a carrier made of rattan, above it, two intersecting arches house a small cushion, which supports the main weight of the helmet. The helmet was first presented to the public on 15 September 1917, when divisional commander Tretoyens de Loys posed with it, in an unauthorized photo shoot which was included in an issue of Schweizer Illustrierte. The helmet was praised for its beauty, originality and Swiss character. A second version of the helmet was produced in 1918, reducing the visor's size. It was rejected due to its difficult manufacturing process and replaced with a simpler model, designed by First Lieutenant Paul Boesch. The new helmet removed the visor (deemed redundant) and the embossed cross, making it possible to manufacture it from a single plate of nickel-steel.
L'Eplattenier renounced the new model as a poor imitation of the Stahlhelm, while also filing a lawsuit against the Swiss government which brought him 30,000 swiss francs. The helmet's only deployment came on the day of the Armistice, when troops oversaw the progress of a general strike organized by revolutionary socialists. A second lawsuit was filed in 1930, by the German company Tarfwerke, which alleged that the Swiss had illegally infringed a patent they owned. The lawsuit was dismissed by the Swiss Federal Court, however Tarfwerke pressed on, filing for violation of cultural properties and eventually winning 5,000 reichsmarks.
# Tropidonophis halmahericus

Tropidonophis halmahericus is a species of colubrid snake. It is found in Indonesia.
# Mebhydrolin

Mebhydrolin (INN) or mebhydroline is an antihistamine. It is not available in the United States, but it is in various other countries under the brand names Bexidal (BD) and Diazolin (RU). It is used for symptomatic relief of allergic symptoms caused by histamine release, including nasal allergies and allergic dermatosis.
Mebhydrolin has been shown to magnify the performance-deficit effects of alcohol.
# Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University

Prince Mohammad bin Fahd University (Arabic: جامعة الأمير محمد بن فهد ), abbreviated PMU, is a private non-profit university in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia. It was founded by Prince Mohammad bin Fahd, former governor of the Eastern Province.
The university is accredited by the Saudi Ministry of Education and regionally by NCAAA (The National Commission for Academic Accreditation and Assessment) with responsibility for determining standards and procedures for accreditation and quality assurance and accrediting postsecondary institutions and programs within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The commission is an independent authority, responsible to the Higher Council of Education. The commission's objectives, as specified in its bylaws, include a wide range of functions associated with support for improvements of the quality of postsecondary education in all fields of learning other than defense. Internationally, the university is seeking accreditation from various accreditation bodies. Currently, the Engineering programs are accredited by ABET (formerly known as Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology). The program of Law is accredited by the French accreditation body HCERES.

## Rankings

In 2020, PMU ranked among the top 1000 universities worldwide, according to QS World University Rankings (750-800). PMU also ranked 44 in the QS Arab University Rankings and was listed among the Top 50 under 50 QS Rankings, seventh among the Saudi Universities according to QS and third in Saudi Arabia, and 101–200 in the world according to the Times Higher Education Impact Rankings in 2021.

## Colleges/centers

The university was inaugurated in April 2006 with bachelor's degrees in 17 academic programs. The medium of instruction is English. It is composed of six colleges: College of Engineering - civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering, College of Architecture and Design: interior design, graphic design, and architecture; College of Business, accounting, finance, business administration, human resources, management information systems; College of Computer Engineering and Science: computer engineering, software engineering, computer science, and information technology; College of Human Studies and Sciences; College of Law.
# Mononobe no Moriya

Mononobe no Moriya (物部 守屋, died 587) was an Ō-muraji, a high-ranking clan head position of the ancient Japanese Yamato state, having inherited the position from his father Mononobe no Okoshi. Like his father, he was a devoted opponent of Buddhism, which had recently been introduced to Japan from the continent.
Alongside Nakatomi no Katsumi, Moriya worked to counteract the efforts of Soga no Umako, another high-ranking noble who supported the adoption of Buddhism. Though Mononobe and Nakatomi saw brief success under the reign of Emperor Bidatsu (572-585), his successor, Emperor Yōmei, became Buddhist and so Mononobe's fortunes turned.
Following the death of Emperor Yōmei in 587, Mononobe's party and Soga's each sought to influence the succession. The dispute quickly erupted into outright battle, in which Mononobe no Moriya is credited with setting fire to the first Buddhist temples in Japan, and tossing the first images of the Buddha, imported from Baekje, into the canals of the city of Naniwa (now Osaka). The conflict culminated in the Battle of Shigisan. There, the Soga were victorious, and Mononobe no Moriya was killed, along with Nakatomi no Katsumi and the young prince they sought to place on the throne.
# List of ship decommissionings in 2000

This is a chronological list of ship decommissionings in 2000.
| | Operator | Ship | Class and type | Fate | Other notes |
| 11 February | United States Navy | William H. Bates | Sturgeon-class submarine | Submarine recycling | |
| 15 March | United States Navy | Hawkbill | Sturgeon-class submarine | Submarine recycling | |
| 15 March | United States Navy | Clark | Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate | Transferred to Poland | Renamed ORP Generał Kazimierz Pułaski |
| 12 May | Royal Australian Navy | Hobart | Perth-class destroyer | Sunk as dive wreck | |
| 15 May | Royal Netherlands Navy | Alkmaar | Alkmaar-class minehunter | Transferred to Latvia | Renamed Rūsiņš |
| 19 June | Royal Netherlands Navy | Delfzijl | Alkmaar-class minehunter | Transferred to Latvia | Renamed Visvaldis |
| 5 July | Royal Netherlands Navy | Dordrecht | Alkmaar-class minehunter | Transferred to Latvia | Renamed Talivaldis (M-06) |
| 16 October | United States Navy | John Hancock | Spruance-class destroyer | Awaiting scrapping | |
| 14 November | United States Navy | John A. Moore | Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate | Transferred to Turkey | Renamed TCG Gediz (F 495) |
| 15 November | French Navy | Foch | Clemenceau-class aircraft carrier | Transferred to Brazil | Renamed São Paulo (A12) |
| 15 December | United States Navy | Moosbrugger | Spruance-class destroyer | Stored reserve | |
# Erik Tengström

Erik Tengström (1913–1996), Swedish astronomer and geodesist.
Tengström was born in Motala, Sweden, and was a descendant of the first archbishop of Åbo Jacob Tengström. He enrolled in Stockholm University in 1932, where he studied astronomy, physics and geology. After teaching at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm and while working as state geodesist at the Geographical Survey Office of Sweden (Rikets allmänna kartverk; RAK) 1949-1954, he completed his Licentiate in 1952 and his PhD in geodesy at Uppsala University in 1954 with the dissertation Outlines of a method for determining the geoid in Sweden by free-air anomalies (published in Stockholm, also as Rikets allmänna kartverk. Meddelande. 22). He produced about 60 scientific reports and articles.
He taught in Uppsala from 1954, was a researcher with the Swedish Natural Science Research Council from 1962, established the Uppsala Department of Geodesy the same year, and was given a research professorship in 1968. For his 70th birthday he was given the festschrift Commemorative volume on the occasion of Erik Tengström's 70th birthday (Report / Department of Geodesy, University of Uppsala, Institute of Geophysics, ISSN 0281-4463 ; 19).
The Florian asteroid 2195 Tengström, discovered by Liisi Oterma at Turku Observatory in Finland, was named in his honour.
# Dongguan Times

Dongguan Times or Dongguan Shibao (simplified Chinese: 东莞时报; traditional Chinese: 東莞時報; pinyin: Dōngguǎn shíbào) is a Dongguan-based Chinese daily newspaper, and is the only local morning metropolitan newspaper in Dongguan.

## History

Dongguan Times was sponsored and is supervised by the Dongguan Daily Agency (东莞日报社). The paper was founded by Zhou Zhichen (周智琛) on March 26, 2008.
Tan Junbo (谭军波), co-founder of Southern Metropolis Daily, was the editor-in-chief of Dongguan Times, who resigned in 2017.
# Dagewilla

Dagewilla is a village in Sri Lanka. It is located within Central Province.
# Doris Williams Stadium

Doris Williams Stadium is a multi-use stadium in Grand Bassa County, Buchanan, Liberia. It is currently used mostly for football matches on club level by Mighty Barrolle of the Liberian Premier League. The stadium has a capacity of 3,000 spectators.

## Renovation

In July 2012, funds of $538,482,000 (~$707 million in 2023) were approved by Grand Bassa County administration to begin renovations on the Doris Williams Stadium. The county had plans to expand to 6,000 seats, build an administrative building, ticket and security booths, reinforced concrete bleachers, two VIP seated areas, parking lots, and fund landscaping.
The county had paid the contractor, CJ Construction Inc., 75% of the total cost, with an initial payment of $161,544.60. CJ Construction renovated an existing fence, gates, and some toilets. However, 100% of the construction had not been finished by the appropriate deadline, prompting an investigation.
The failure of the contractors to deliver prompted community leaders, sports players, and social justice groups to speak out about the failures of CJ Construction to adhere to the agreement.
James Johnson, head of CJ Construction, cited a change in county leadership in 2013 as the reason for the failure to complete the work, saying that the government successors never followed up on the construction project.
In 2014, the Bassanonian community and local leaders again expressed public concern and frustration for the appearance of the stadium and had urged the Grand Bossa County administration to renovate and "beautify" the stadium.

## Future Renovation Plans

The FIFA Regional Development Office proposed the addition of new turf to Doris Williams Stadium in the spring of 2019.