OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Amblyomma tuberculatum

Amblyomma tuberculatum, commonly known as the gopher tortoise tick, is a species of hard tick native to the United States whose adult and nymphal stages are commonly collected from the gopher tortoise, Gopherus polyphemus, with as many as 19 individual ticks taken from a single tortoise.

## Life cycle

Adult female specimens of A. tuberculatum collected in Alabama and Georgia and maintained in the laboratory engorged on tortoises and ingested at least 2,160 mg of blood and produced up to 9,353 eggs each. Eggs incubated at constant temperatures hatched at 21.1 - 32.2 °C. Larvae engorged in 9–13 days on rabbits and molted to the nymph in a minimum of 20 days. Larvae exposed to subfreezing temperatures of −1 °C survived 46 days. Nymphs engorged in 10–37 days on rabbits, and molted to adults in a minimum of 19 days. The life cycle required a minimum of 207 days.

## Distribution

The distribution of Amblyomma tuberculatum has been thought to be intrinsically linked to the distribution of its primary host, the gopher tortoise, but the presence of gopher tortoises does not always equate to the presence of A. tuberculatum, with only 23% of gopher tortoise populations infested with A. tuberculatum in one study, suggesting a more restricted distribution for the tick than that of its host. In a 2011 study, A. tuberculatum was found only at sites with a mean sand depth of >100 cm and a mean percentage of topsoil and burrow apron sand composition >94.0% and >92.4%, respectively, indicating that environmental factors, not just host range, influence the distribution of A. tuberculatum.
# Amblyseius channabasavannai

Amblyseius channabasavannai is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.
# Amblyseius cessator

Amblyseius cessator is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.
# Amblyseius neobernhardi

Amblyseius neobernhardi is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.
# American Automobile Ass'n v. United States

American Automobile Association v. United States, 367 U.S. 687 (1961), was an income tax case before the United States Supreme Court.

## Background
### Facts

For the taxable years 1952 and 1953, the American Automobile Association, an accrual-basis taxpayer, followed a method of accounting whereby annual membership dues collected in any month were treated as income 1/24 for the month received, 1/12 for each of the next 11 months, and 1/24 for the following month, a method which was in accord with generally accepted commercial accounting principles and which was consistent with the Association's over-all cost experience.

### Tax return

The Commissioner of Internal Revenue determined not to accept the taxpayer's accounting system, and adjustments were made so as to reflect as gross income for each year the entire amount of membership dues actually received during the year. The Association paid the tax deficiencies resulting from the adjustments, and, after a timely claim for refund was denied, instituted suit to recover in the Court of Claims.

### Court of claims

The court of claims sustained the Commissioner, finding that the national automobile club had failed to apply members' prepaid dues as taxable income in the calendar year of their actual receipt.

### Certiorari

Petitioner claimed its accrual method of accounting was not artificial. The court granted certiorari to decide in what year its prepaid membership dues were taxable income.

## Opinion of the Court

The Supreme Court affirmed by Clark in a 5–4 decision.
It was held that the Commissioner of Internal Revenue did not abuse his discretion in determining that the prepaid dues were taxable as income in the year in which they were actually received and in rejecting the taxpayer's method of accounting.
It found that the accounting method employed by petitioner was in accord with generally accepted commercial accounting principles and practices, but could be rejected by the Commissioner of Internal Revenue in the exercise of his discretion under 26 U.S.C. § 41. In particular, petitioner's practice of accounting for expected future service expenses in advance could have been found purely artificial by the Commissioner. Furthermore, Congress had specifically authorized petitioner's desired method of accounting only in the instance of prepaid subscription income and had refused to enlarge 26 U.S.C. § 455 to include prepaid membership dues.
Thus, the exercise of the taxing authority in rejecting petitioner's accounting system was not unsound, in light of the discretion granted to the taxing authority by Congress. Moreover, Congress had refused to enlarge the use of petitioner's method of accounting beyond the area of prepaid subscription income in the field of publishing.

### Dissents

Stewart dissented on the ground that the taxpayer was entitled to follow the accounting method adopted by it upon proof that its average costs of service in future periods reasonably matched dues allocated to such periods.
# American Association for Thoracic Surgery

The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) is an international association of cardiothoracic surgeons. It was founded in 1917 by the earliest pioneers in the field of thoracic surgery. Headquartered in Beverly, Massachusetts, it has over 1,200 members from 35 countries. To be considered for membership, a surgeon must have a proven record of distinction within the field and have made meritorious contributions to the knowledge of cardiothoracic disease and its surgical treatment.
The association publishes the Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. It fosters the education of young cardiothoracic surgeons by providing scholarships and fellowships, and makes special awards to distinguished members.
Recipients of the association's Scientific Achievement Award include John W. Kirklin (1994), Norman E. Shumway (1998), Michael E. DeBakey (1999), Denton A. Cooley (2000), Alain F. Carpentier (2005), Gerald Buckberg (2007), and Andrew S. Wechsler (2008).
The association's papers are held at the National Library of Medicine.
AATS Graham Foundation has been fostering Careers and developing Leaders ̶ Since 1973. It has continually supported cardiothoracic surgeons worldwide in research and education. In this endeavour, AATS awards several scholarships and Fellowship awards.
Some of the notable awards include - AATS Research Scholarship Award, AATS Surgical Investigator, AATS Advanced Valve Disease Educational Fellowship, AATS Robotic Surgery Fellowship, AATS Thoracic Surgery Fellowship and AATS Graham Traveling Fellowship.
# Fleetwood Country Cruize-In

Fleetwood Country Cruize-In is one of North America's largest outdoor carshows. The car show takes place in London, Ontario at a private estate owned by Steve Plunkett, a local philanthropist and classic car junkie.
Fleetwood Country Cruize-In has had several celebrity appearances a part of the event; including, Adam West and Julie Newmar arriving on the Batcopter, an American Graffiti reunion, George Barris - a notable auto customizer, Lou Christie, Tommy James and the Shondells, Martha Reeves and the Vandellas, Little Anthony and the Imperials, Peter Noone, Frankie Avalon, Bobby Rydell, and more.
The car show was also featured on 'Car Crazy' in 2009, hosted by Barry Meguiar.
# American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery

The American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery is an organization with the goal of establishing educational and professional standards for orthopedic residents and surgeons as well as evaluating the qualifications and competence of orthopedic surgeons. It is a member of the American Board of Medical Specialties.

## History

It was officially founded in 1934 after the American Orthopaedic Association (founded in 1887) charged a committee with establishing an organization with less stringent membership guidelines than the AOA. Borne from that committee was the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in 1933. The AOA charged a second committee with establishing an orthopedic specialty board. The eventual board – the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery – consisted of representatives of the AOA, the AAOS and the orthopedic surgery section of the American Medical Association.
# Amoskeag Locomotive Works

The Amoskeag Locomotive Works, in Manchester, New Hampshire, built steam locomotives at the dawn of the railroad era in the United States. The locomotive works operated as a division of the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company between 1848 and 1859.
Besides building locomotives for railroad use, Amoskeag also built steam fire engines until 1876. A steam-driven self-propelled appliance was made by Amoskeag was used to fight the Great Boston Fire of 1872. Amoskeag fire engines served as the initial fleet for the New York City Fire Department and the first Los Angeles Fire Department fire company. The Firefighters Museum in Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, has an 1863 Amoskeag fire engine.

## Company history

The locomotive manufacturing operations began within a new machine shop built for the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company. The shop opened in 1848, and the first locomotive was built there in 1849. In 1856 the shop built 60 locomotives.$^{:77–78}$
In 1859 Amoskeag Manufacturing sold the locomotive business to Manchester Locomotive Works, of which Oliver W. Bayley and Aretas Blood were principals.$^{:78}$ Amoskeag Manufacturing sold the fire engine business to the Manchester Locomotive Works in 1876.$^{:80}$
# Amoscanate

Amoscanate (INN), also known as nithiocyamine, is an experimental anthelmintic agent of the aryl isothiocyanate class which was found to be highly effective in animals against the four major species of schistosomes which infect humans, and is also highly active against hookworm infection. However, significant liver toxicity was seen in lab animals at higher doses. The ether analogue of amoscanate, nitroscanate, is used in veterinary medicine as an anthelmintic.
Amoscanate was developed by Ciba.
# Amoskeag Company

The Amoskeag Company was a privately owned American holding and operating company. It was calved off from the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company (AMC) of New Hampshire in 1925, which went bankrupt a decade later. Through its subsidiary the Pillowtex Corporation it was the last owner of the Fieldcrest Mills in North Carolina. When AMC profits declined in the mid-1920s, the Amoskeag Company was created as a shelter in order to transfer all of the profits from the manufacturing company's booming years clear both of that firm's operational needs and possible business failure. When AMC declared bankruptcy in 1936 that money was untouchable, allowing the holding company to continue unaffected.
The company was reincorporated into a holding company in 1965 based out of Boston, MA. Amoskeag later merged with Fieldcrest Cannon in mid-1993, which was later purchased by Pillowtex. The Pillowtex Corporation filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy petition in the United States Bankruptcy Court on July 20, 2003, bringing an end to the Amoskeag Company as a brand. A liquidating plan was confirmed, which created the Pillowtex Liquidating Trust. Oak Point Partners acquired the remnant assets of the Pillowtex Liquidating Trust in February 2012.
# Amphitheater of Lixus

The Amphitheatre of Lixus was a Roman amphitheater located in Lixus, a city north of the modern seaport of Larache in Morocco. The amphitheater, much like Lixus itself, is largely in ruins.
# Flight 800 (disambiguation)

Flight 800 often refers to TWA Flight 800, which crashed near Long Island, New York, on 17 July 1996.
Flight 800 may also refer to (listed in chronological order):
* TWA Flight 800 (1964), caught fire in Rome, Italy at Rome Fiumicino Airport on 24 November 1964;
* LATAM Airlines Flight 800, suffered an in-flight upset near Auckland, New Zealand, on 11 March 2024.
# Amphirissoa cyclostomoides

Amphirissoa cyclostomoides is a species of minute sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Rissoidae.
# Amphis

Amphis (Greek: Ἄμφις) was an Athenian comic poet of uncertain origin from approximately the 4th century BC.
Pollux seems to refer to Amphis as a Middle Comedy poet, and Amphis' own repeated references to the philosopher Plato place him in the early to mid-4th century BC. His name is not Athenian, and he was probably from the island of Andros (thus Kirchner).

## Surviving titles and fragments

49 fragments of his comedies survive, along with the following 28 titles.
* Athamas
* Acco
* Aleiptria (The Female Oiler, or Masseuse)
* Alcmaeon
* Ampleourgos (The Vine-Dresser)
* Amphicrates
* Balaneion (The Bath-House)
* Gynaikokratia (Women in Power)
* Gynaikomania (Crazy About Women)
* Daktylios (The Ring)
* Dexidemides
* Dithyrambos (The Dithyramb)
* Hepta Epi Thebais (Seven Against Thebes)
* Erithoi (Day-Labourers)
* Ialemos (The Oaf, or the Dirge)
* Kallisto (Callisto)
* Koniates (The Plasterer)
* Kouris (The Female Barber)
* Kybeutai (The Dice-Players)
* Leukas (The Girl From Leucas)
* Odysseus
* Opora (Autumn Harvest)
* Ouranos (Uranus)
* Pan
* Planos (The Vagabond Acrobat)
* Sappho
* Philadelphoi (Men Who Love Their Brothers)
* Philetairos (The Man Who Loved His Comrades).
The standard edition of the fragments and testimonia is in Rudolf Kassel and Colin François Lloyd Austin's Poetae Comici Graeci Vol. II. The eight-volume Poetae Comici Graeci produced from 1983 to 2001 replaces the outdated collections Fragmenta Comicorum Graecorum by August Meineke (1839-1857), Comicorum Atticorum Fragmenta by Theodor Kock (1880-1888) and Comicorum Graecorum Fragmenta by Georg Kaibel (1899).
# Amplitude panning

Amplitude panning is a technique in sound engineering where the same sound signal is applied to a number of loudspeakers in different directions equidistant from the listener. Then, a virtual source appears to a direction that is dependent on amplitudes of the loudspeakers. The direction may not coincide with any physical sound source. Most typically amplitude panning has been used with stereophonic loudspeaker setup. However, it is increasingly used to position virtual sources to arbitrary loudspeaker setups.

## History

First invented by Blumlein in early 1930s, original stereophony was a system that converts the phase difference of the signals recorded by a pair of microphones to the amplitude difference of in-phase input signals to two loudspeakers.

## Operation

Assuming free field sound propagation, it has been shown that the sound field presented by these two transducers can deliver an appropriate phase difference between the positions of listener’s ears at low frequencies, where the relation between the position of phantom image and the corresponding amplitude ratio may be summarized by the so-called ‘sine law’ (similarly, the tangent law).
The system was designed to work approximately below 1 kHz, above which the given phase difference becomes ambiguous, and so does the position of the sound image. However, it was suggested that the localisation at relatively high frequencies may take advantage of the interaural level difference resulting from the head-shadowing effect.
For the frontal standard configuration, the relation between the inter-channel level difference and the perceived image position has been investigated in many studies, where the target positions were found to be slightly overestimated in many cases. Similar listening tests were also carried out for some asymmetrical lateral configurations, and the results showed that the amplitude-panning method is not as efficient in presenting images to listener’s side as it is to the front.
# Amplonius Rating de Berka

Amplonius Rating de Berka (c. 1365 – 1435), also called Amplonius de Fago or Amplonius von Berka, was a German physician, educator and book collector.
Amplonius was born around 1365 in Rheinberg. His family came from Ratingen. He married Kunigunde from Hagen. They had two sons and two daughters: Amplonius, who received his Master of Arts from the University of Erfurt in 1421 and became a canon of Cologne Cathedral in 1438; Dionysius, a canon of Bonn; Helena; and Agnes. Both daughters joined the Poor Clares at Mainz. Kunigunde agreed to a divorce in 1412, so that Amplonius could take major orders. She was still living in 1433.
Amplonius received his Master of Arts from the University of Prague in 1387. He began studying medicine at the University of Cologne in 1391 and received his doctorate of medicine from Erfurt in 1393. In 1394, he was elected rector [de] of Erfurt. In 1395, he went to teach at the University of Vienna. In 1399, he was elected rector [de] of Cologne. He taught medicine there until his death.
In 1412, Amplonius founded a new college at Erfurt, the Collegium Amplonianum, to which he donated his personal library, the Bibliotheca Amploniana [de]. He compiled a catalogue of his collection, listing 635 volumes, containing about 4,000 works. Today, it is part of the municipal library of Erfurt and the largest surviving manuscript collection from late medieval Germany. In 1415, Amplonius became a canon of the cathedral. Between 1417 and 1423, he served as dean of collegiate church of Saint Victor [de] in Mainz. He died around Eastertime 1435 in Cologne.
# Ampol Cup

Ampol Cup may refer to the following Australian sporting competitions sponsored by Ampol, a former Australian petroleum company:
* Ampol Cup (1959–1985), a soccer knockout competition held in New South Wales, currently known as the Waratah Cup. See also: National Soccer League#Origin
* Ampol Cup, (1959–1991) a soccer knockout competition in Queensland, now known as the Canale Cup
* Ampol Cup, (1964–1976) a soccer knockout competition in Tasmania, Australia, currently known as the Milan Lakoseljac Cup
* Ampol Tournament, a golf competition that ran from 1947 until 1959
* China–Australia Ampol Cup, a soccer trophy awarded to the winner of matches between China and the Australia national soccer team during the mid-1980s
# Andrew Robeson Jr.

Andrew Robeson Jr. (October 14, 1817 – July 23, 1874) was an American merchant.

## Early life

Robeson was born on October 14, 1817, in New Bedford, Massachusetts. He was a son of Andrew Robeson (1787–1862) and Anna (née Rodman) Robeson (1787–1848). His father, who was a native of Roxborough, Philadelphia, was a Quaker and Abolitionist, who became a prominent merchant and successful manufacturer in New Bedford under the name Messrs. Robeson & Sons.
His paternal grandparents were Martha and Peter Robeson. His maternal grandparents were Elizabeth (née Rotch) Rodman (daughter of William Rotch) and Samuel Rodman, one of the wealthiest ship owners of New Bedford.

## Career

In 1839, he graduated with a degree in medicine from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia but chose a career in business instead. In 1840, he joined his father's firm "Andrew Robeson & Sons". From 1848 until his death, he was in charge of the Print Works at Fall River, Massachusetts and he was also involved in various interests in Boston.

## Personal life

On March 2, 1843, Robeson was married to Mary Arnold Allen (1819–1903), a daughter of Eliza Harriet (née Arnold) Allen and Zachariah Allen, a prominent textile manufacturer. A year after their marriage, they built a large granite mansion in Fall River situated "on the boundary line between Massachusetts and Rhode Island, with three quarters of the residence situated in the former, and one quarter in the latter." From 1862, he wintered in Boston and later retired to Tiverton, Massachusetts. In 1853, he built a summer home in Newport, Rhode Island which is known today as Elm Court. Together, they were the parents of four children, three of whom survived to adulthood:
* Andrew Robeson III (1843–1906), who married Abby Frances Knight, a daughter of Leonard Knight and Elizabeth Curtis Johnson, in 1880.
* Harriet Allen Robeson (1845–1852), who died young.
* Alice Robeson (1849–1919), who married Stephen Van Rensselaer Thayer, the eldest son of financier Nathaniel Thayer Jr. and grandson of Stephen Van Rensselaer IV, in 1870.
* Mary Allen Robeson (1853–1919), who married Charles Sprague Sargent, a son of Boston merchant and banker Ignatius Sargent, in 1873.
Robeson died in Tiverton on July 23, 1874. He was buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge. His widow died at Islesboro, Maine on July 25, 1903.

### Legacy and descendants

Through his son Andrew, he was a grandfather of auctioneer Andrew Robeson IV.
Through his daughter Mary, he was a grandfather of Henrietta Sargent (1874–1953), who married architect Guy Lowell.
Through his daughter Alice, he was a grandfather of Stephen Van Rensselaer Thayer Jr. (1871–1907), who died in Vichy, France.
In honor of Robeson and his wife, his daughter Alice commissioned Harry Eldridge Goodhue to create stained glass windows for Emmanuel Episcopal Church in Boston depicting Simeon and Anna.
# 1955 Maine Black Bears football team

The 1955 Maine Black Bears football team was an American football team that represented the University of Maine as a member of the Yankee Conference and Maine Intercollegiate Athletic Association during the 1955 college football season. In its fifth season under head coach Harold Westerman, the team compiled a 5–1–1 record (2–1–1 against Yankee Conference and 3–0 against MIAA opponents), finished third out of the six teams in the Yankee Conference, and won the Maine "State Series" championship. The team played its home games at Alumni Field in Orono, Maine. James Duffy and John Small were the team captains.
The team's statistical leaders included halfback Ray Hostetter with 291 rushing yards; quarterback James Duffy with 237 passing yards; and end Paul Boucher with 104 receiving yards. Three players (Hostetter, Duffy, and halfback Warren Griffin) tied with 24 points scored.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result | Attendance |
| September 24 | at Rhode Island | Meade StadiumKingston, RI | L 0–7 | |
| October 1 | Vermont | Alumni FieldOrono, ME | W 34–0 | |
| October 8 | at New Hampshire | Cowell StadiumDurham, NH (rivalry) | T 6–6 | 7,500 |
| October 15 | Connecticut | Alumni FieldOrono, ME | W 13–0 | 6,500 |
| October 22 | at Bates | Garcelon FieldLewiston, ME | W 15–13 | |
| October 29 | at Colby | Seaverns FieldWaterville, ME | W 53–0 | 4,500 |
| November 5 | Bowdoin* | Alumni FieldOrono, ME | W 54–8 | 7,600 |
| *Non-conference gameHomecoming ||||||

## After the season

The following Black Bear was selected in the 1956 NFL draft after the season.
| Round | Pick | Player | Position | NFL club |
| 16 | 193 | Thurlow Cooper | End | Cleveland Browns |
# Espresso Vivace

Espresso Vivace is a Seattle area coffee shop and roaster known for its coffee and roasting practices. Vivace's owner, David Schomer, is credited with developing and popularizing latte art in the United States.

## David Schomer

Espresso Vivace was founded in 1988 by former Boeing engineer David C. Schomer and Digital Equipment Corporation mainframe technician Geneva Sullivan, who were married at that time. Espresso Vivaces's first incarnation was a coffee cart at 5th and Union, serving mainly financial industry workers, whom Schomer says did not consistently frequent the same cafes or pay close attention to quality.
Schomer and Sullivan opened a second street-facing, covered stand near the Broadway Market QFC grocery, and later a larger roastery cafe on South Broadway. Both were in the Capitol Hill neighborhood, where customers took greater notice, though the Seattle Central Community College customers "didn't know any better" without other nearby coffee shops operating on the same gourmet level. To make way for the Capitol Hill light rail station they were forced to move, choosing a new location five blocks north, near "high-end housing." Here Espresso Vivace found customers who Schomer said were more able to appreciate gourmet coffee as an art form, and who generally became "rabidly loyal" to their favorite haunts. Sullivan and Schomer's business partnership continued after their divorce in 2008.
# Aboriginella

Aboriginella is an extinct genus of brachiopods found in Aksayan to Batyrbaian strata in Kazakhstan. It was a facultatively mobile infaunal suspension feeder.