OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Experimental aesthetics

Experimental aesthetics is a field of psychology founded by Gustav Theodor Fechner in the 19th century. According to Fechner, aesthetics is an experiential perception which is empirically comprehensible in light of the characteristics of the subject undergoing the experience and those of the object. Experimental aesthetics is the second oldest research area in psychology, psychophysics being the only field which is older. In his central work Introduction to Aesthetics (Vorschule der Ästhetik) Fechner describes his empirical approach extensively and in detail. Experimental aesthetics is characterized by a subject-based, inductive approach.
Nowadays, psychologists and neuroscientists define the field of aesthetics more narrowly as considering the perception, creation, and evaluation of objects that evoke an intense feeling. It is a specialized sub-field of empirical aesthetics that distinguishes itself by using experiments to test causal hypotheses. In contrast, empirical aesthetics also embraces survey studies, field observations, and other non-experimental methods. The field has developed significantly over the past few decades. On the one hand, through the continuous development of cognitive and emotional models of the description of aesthetic experience, taking into account various psychological variables. On the other hand, through refined laboratory experiments, concerning specific questions but also diverse attempts to research aesthetic experiences in contexts that are typical for them, such as museums).
Experimental aesthetics is strongly oriented towards the natural sciences. Modern approaches mostly come from the fields of cognitive psychology or neuroscience (aka neuroaesthetics).

## Methodology

The analysis of individual experience and behavior based on experimental methods is a central part of experimental aesthetics. In particular, the perception of works of art, music, or modern items such as websites or other IT products is studied. Data can be examined and analyzed at three levels:
* Physiological level
* Phenomenological level (experience)
* Behavioral level
Here it is difficult to assign an absolute value to the aesthetics of an object. However, one can measure, for example, what percentage of subjects classify an object as beautiful or how many prefer this object to others.
Depending on the approach, a number of different methods are used in experimental aesthetics, such as pairwise comparisons, rank order methods, Likert scales and semantic differentials, production methods, statistical comparisons of groups, reaction time measurements, and also more complex methods such as eye tracking, electroencephalography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging.
# External granular layer (cerebral cortex)

The external granular layer of the cerebral cortex is commonly known as layer II. It is different from the internal granular layer of the cerebral cortex (commonly known as layer IV).
Layer II is often grouped together with layer III and referred to as layer II/III.
Layers I, II, and III are together referred to as the supragranular layers, because they are above layer IV.
Brodmann has this to say about layer II:
"The most inconstant or variable layers are Meynert's two so-called granular layers, layers II and IV of the basic pattern (the outer and inner granular layers). They alter their original cytoarchitectonic features so extensively during ontogeny that it is often only possible to correlate their mature structure with their primitive tectogenetic form by following the whole developmental sequence. Extreme variation, such as the disappearance or doubling of layers that we have already discussed, occur particularly in them, and their specific organisation also varies widely throughout the mammalian class, as we shall see.
The outer granular layer (layer II) is a major layer of the basic tectogenetic pattern, present over the whole extent of the cortex during foetal life and infancy. It stands out clearly as a thick, compact cellular lamina deep to the cell-spare molecular layer layers, as can be observed in Figures 1 to 3, 8 to 11 and 13 to 15 from man, cat, and wallaby (*69). ... As the individual grows older, the layer regresses and its essential transformation consists of its disappearance as an independent structure and its more or less complete fusion with the underlying pyramidal layer in most cortical areas of the mature brain.... The outer granular layer maintains its independent character as a separate layer only in relatively few regions, where it represents a strip of densely packed, small polymorphic cells deep to the molecular layer, distinguished from the actual pyramidal layer by the density and small size of these cells. ... "
# External history

External history of a language refers to the social and geopolitical history of the language: migrations, conquests, language contact, and uses of the language in trade, education, literature, law, liturgy, mass media, etc. It is contrasted with internal history, which refers to linguistic forms (phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon) and semantics.
# Expeditionary Medical Support System

The Expeditionary Medical Support System (EMEDS) is a modular field hospital system developed by the U.S. military for mobile deployment of medical treatment facilities in any location.
EMEDS consists of a variety of modular, medical response packages and equipment that can be used in multiple geographical operations and situations such as wartime contingencies, humanitarian assistance, and disaster relief. The EMEDS team is equipped and staffed to provide forward stabilization, primary care, dental services, and force health protection.
In late September 2014, the U.S. military sent 4,000 troops to Africa to establish treatment centers to support the medical campaign to defeat the Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa in an operation called Operation United Assistance. The troops are tasked with building EMEDS modular hospitals. Plans included building a 25-bed hospital for health care workers and 17 treatment centers with 100 beds each.
# Excellion Capital

Excellion Capital is a boutique real estate investment firm headquartered in London. The firm focusses on real estate and asset-backed investments.

## History

Excellion Capital was founded in 2007 by Robert Stafler and Raffael Johnen. Stafler had previously worked at JPMorgan and JP Morgan Cazenove in investment banking, while Johnen had been a Vice President at Rothschild Investment Bank in Frankfurt. Johnen now runs Auxmoney, Europe’s largest marketplace lender.
Excellion has advised and invested in companies and assets based in the UK, Germany, France, Poland, USA, Iceland, India and Israel. Since early 2013, Stafler is the group’s sole CEO. He now leads the firm’s real estate activities together with Ashley Marks.

## Notable deals

In November 2020 Excellion Capital partnered with Berlin-based hotelier Amano Group to develop a new 141-room boutique hotel in London’s Covent Garden. The transformation saw Drury House, a 1980s office building, converted into a luxury hotel featuring a rooftop bar and terrace offering panoramic views over Central London. The hotel opened in May 2022.
In June 2022 Excellion Capital supported Manchester social impact real estate firm HSPG in its £70m acquisition of 592 homes across the country. The acquisition was undertaken to repurpose the homes into low-level supported housing, thereby supporting 18 local authorities in providing supported accommodation.
In August 2022 Excellion Capital arranged a £110m credit facility for Red Oak Taverns, an independent operator of more than 200 pubs across the UK. £50 million of the facility serves as an acquisition facility to drive the purchase of new assets and new investment, including capital expenditure into the existing estate.
# Excello, Ohio

Excello is an unincorporated community in central Lemon Township, Butler County, Ohio, United States, on the south side of Middletown. It comprises roughly the area south of Oxford State Road and State Route 73, west of State Route 4, and east of the Great Miami River. The Excello Lock was a canal lock on the Miami and Erie Canal. Remnants of the lock remain as public property owned by the MCD (Miami Conservancy District). Also in Excello was former Harding-Jones Paper Company plant, which is now closed but is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Excello sprang up when the Excello Paper Company opened at the site in the 1860s. A post office was opened in Excello on November 10, 1870, but no longer exists.

## Notable person

* J. Eugene Harding, United States Representative
* Howard Jones, Football Player and Head Coach of, most notably, USC
* John Quirk Sherman, Inventor and Dayton businessman of the Standard Register Co. (now Taylor Communications)
# Albert Speer (disambiguation)

Albert Speer (1905–1981) was a German architect and Nazi minister
Albert Speer may also refer to:
* Albert Speer (play), a 2000 play by David Edgar
* Albert Friedrich Speer (1863–1947), German architect, father of Albert Speer
* Albert Speer (born 1934) (1934–2017), German architect and urban planner, son of Albert Speer
# Albert Spaier

Albert Spaier (9 July 1883 – 5 February 1934) was a French philosopher, professor of philosophy at the University of Caen.
Albert Spaier was born in Iași, Romania. Studying at the Sorbonne, he volunteered to fight for the French at the outset of World War I, and became a French citizen soon afterwards. He became a professor at Caen in 1927.
Spaier helped found the Recherches philosophiques, editing its philosophy of science section until his death. He died prematurely on 5 February 1934.

## Works

* La pensée et la quantité; essai sur la signification et la réalité des grandeurs, 1927
* La pensée concrète; essai sur le symbolisme intellectuel, 1931
* La Nature et les éléments psychiques de l'habitude, 1935
# Alan Murphy (disambiguation)

Alan Murphy (1953–1989), English musician.
Al(l)an or Allen Murphy may also refer to:
* Alan Murphy (hurler) (born 1996), Irish hurler
* Allan Murphy, Canadian political candidate
* Allen Murphy (born 1952), basketball player
* Alan Murphy, in 2013 All-Ireland Minor Hurling Championship
# Eycott Volcanic Group

The Eycott Volcanic Group is a group of volcanic rock formations of Ordovician age (Llandeilo to Caradoc epochs) named after the locality of Eycott Hill in the English Lake District. The group overlies the Skiddaw Group and is unconformably overlain by a variety of different Devonian and Carboniferous age rocks.
This rock sequence has previously been known as the Eycott Group. It consists largely of andesitic lavas and sills with tuffs, breccias and volcaniclastic sandstones. Its main outcrop is in an east-west oriented band of country in the northern part of the Skiddaw range in the northern Lake District stretching from the village of Bothel east to form the hill of Binsey and further east, the more extensive Caldbeck Fells. A smaller outcrop underlies Greystoke Park just to the east of this area and forms Eycott Hill east of Mungrisdale. There is a further inlier at Melmerby Fell in the North Pennines. The outcrops are intensely faulted and in the Caldbeck area are crossed by numerous mineral veins yielding arsenic, barium, copper and lead which have been worked in the past.
# FC Temp Shepetivka

FC Temp Shepetivka was a Ukrainian football club from Shepetivka. In the winter of 1996, the club was dissolved and replaced with a random created team based on the Kamianets-Podilskyi sports school to finish the season.

## History

The club was situated in Shepetivka, Ukraine. Temp Shepetivka took part in the first Ukrainian Premier League season in 1992, after being initially chosen to participate for winning the Cup of the Ukrainian SSR among amateur teams in 1991.
The chairman of the club was Dzhumber Nishnianidze.
Temp Shepetivka took last place in its group that season and was demoted to the Persha Liha as a result. The club later resurfaced for two more seasons, achieving a 9th place in the 1993–94 season of the Ukrainian Premier League.
In 1995, the club merged with FC Advis Khmelnytskyi (owned by local agrarian equipment factory) and was renamed to Temp-ADVIS and moved to Khmelnytskyi. After its relegation to the First League it was renamed to "Ratusha" and played its games in Kamianets-Podilsky. Because of its unsuccessful season, the club then became defunct.

## Honors

* Cup of the Ukrainian SSR
** Winners (1): 1991

## League and cup history

Soviet Union
    Season Div. Pos. Pl. W D L GS GA P Ukrainian Cup Europe Notes 1990 4th 1 30 24 4 2 69 20 52 qualified for the final 4 5 2 1 2 7 8 5 Promoted 1991 3rd (lower) 9 50 19 15 16 64 53 53 Winner Promoted
Ukraine
    Season Div. Pos. Pl. W D L GS GA P Domestic Cup Europe Notes 1992 1st 10 18 2 4 12 9 34 8 1/32 finals Group A Relegated 1992–93 2nd 2 42 25 8 9 68 48 58 1/8 Promoted 1993–94 1st 9 34 12 8 14 39 38 32 1/8 1994–95 1st 17 34 10 4 20 31 41 34 1/4 three-point system Rlegated 1995–96 2nd 21 42 6 2 34 14 103 20 Rlegated Folded

## Head coaches
### Temp

* Ishtvan Sekech: 1990–1992
* Zaya Avdysh: August — September 1992
* Yuriy Voynov: September — December 1992
* Serhiy Dotsenko: January — May 1993
* Leonid Tkachenko: May 1993–1994
* Stanislav Bernikov: March — April 1995
* Revaz Dzodzuashvili: April — June 1995

### Temp-Advis

* Valeriy Dushkov: June — August 1995
* Valentyn Kryachko: August — November 1995

### Ratusha

* Oleksandr Petrov: March — June 1996
# FC Talyp Sporty

Talyp Sporty Aşgabat is a Turkmen football club based in Aşgabat. They play in the top division in Turkmenistani football, the Turkmenistan Higher League. Their home stadium is Köpetdag Stadium which can hold 26,000 people.
# Alcyone (ship)

Several vessels have been named Alcyone (or Alcione):
* Alcyone (1810 ship) Alcyone was launched in 1810 at Kingston-on-Hull. She spent much of her career as a merchantman sailing across the Atlantic. She suffered a major grounding in 1824. Circa 1827 Alcyone sailed to India under a licence from the British East India Company (EIC). After her one voyage to India, Alcyone traded to the Baltic and to North and Central America. In 1844–1845 she participated in the guano rush at Ichaboe Island. She was last listed in 1847.
* Alcyone (1814 ship) was launched in France in 1810 and under another name. She was taken in prize. Waters & Co. purchased her in 1814 and renamed her. She initially sailed to Asia and India under a licence from the British East India Company. She then sailed between London and the Cape of Good Hope. She was last listed in 1824.
* Alcyone (1985 ship) is a ship launched at La Rochelle in 1985 for the Cousteau Society. Alcyone was created as an expedition ship and to test the operation of a new kind of marine propulsion system, the turbosail. Alcyone's two turbosails augment its diesel engines. Since the accidental sinking of Calypso, Alcyone has been the Cousteau Society's expedition vessel.
# Albese con Cassano

Albese con Cassano (Brianzöö: Albes e Cassan) is a town and comune in the province of Como, Lombardy, Italy.
# Albesian Mataj

Albesian Mataj (3 August 1982 - 28 February 1999) was an Albanian teenager who was a fighter of the Kosovo Liberation Army in the Kosovo War. He was one of the youngest soldiers of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) who died on active duty. He is buried in Gjakova. Yearly commemoration events are held in his memory on 28 February and a memorial has been erected in Gjakova.

## Events

His family is from the village Osek i Pashës in Gjakova. He was born in 1982. His father Salih was persecuted by the regime for his political activity for the independence of Kosovo. He had two brothers Albinot and Dukagjin. Albinot and Albesian both enlisted on 23 Mars 1998 in Junik in the operational zone of Dukagjin of the KLA under commander Nimon Tofaj. He fought in the siege of Junik and after its fall moved to Gllogjan where he was on the frontline as early as 10 December 1998. In Gllogjan, he fought under commander Daut Haradinaj and then was transferred to the unit "Black Eagles" under commander Idriz Balaj. On the late hours of 27 February 1999 as he was leaving from his village Osek i Pashës for Gjakova he was killed in an ambush operation by the Serbian police. Mataj is one of the youngest fallen fighters of the KLA who died against the state of Serbia in the Kosovo War for the independence of the region. His body was taken by the Serbian police, but after OSCE intervention it was returned to his family. He was buried on 3 March 1999 in Gjakova.
A yearly commemoration is held in Gjakova with participation from official representatives of the municipality, ex-KLA soldiers who fought side by side with him and family members. A memorial in his honor has been erected. The inscription on the pedestal starts with the line "Udhëtar kështu bëhet historia" (Traveller, this is how history is made).
# Exeter Township, Pennsylvania

Exeter Township is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania:
* Exeter Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania
* Exeter Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
* Exeter Township, Wyoming County, Pennsylvania
# Alan of Walsingham

Alan of Walsingham (died c. 1364), also known as Alan de Walsingham, was an English architect, first heard of in 1314 as a junior monk at Ely, distinguished by his skill in goldsmith's work, and for his acquaintance with the principles of mechanics.
He afterwards turned his attention to the study of architecture, and in 1321, when sub-prior of his convent, designed and began to build St Mary's Chapel (now Trinity Church), attached to the cathedral of Ely. At the same time he was engaged in the erection of Prior Crauden's Chapel, the new sacristy, and many minor works. In December 1321, he was elected sacristan, with sole charge of the fabric of the cathedral.
Early on the morning of 13 February 1322, the great tower of the Ely Cathedral fell, and destroyed the choir and other attached portions of the structure. Instead of rebuilding the four piers, which carried the Norman (square) tower, a weak point in cathedral construction, Alan advanced the supports, to the extent of one bay, into each arm of the cross; and by so doing he not only distributed the weight upon eight piers instead of four, but obtained a magnificent central octagonal hall, which he roofed with a dome surmounted by a tall lantern. The result was not only very beautiful, but also very original. It is almost certain that Alan never travelled beyond the limits of his convent, and that he was not acquainted, except perhaps from hearsay, with the domed Churches of the East, whose principles of construction, moreover, differ essentially from those employed by Alan. His work remains to this day unique among the cathedrals of Europe. He subsequently rebuilt the bays of the choir, which had been ruined by the fall of the great tower, and these are admittedly amongst the most beautiful examples of Decorated, or Second Pointed, English Gothic architecture.
In 1341, Alan of Walsingham was elected Prior of Ely, and in 1344 to the bishopric of Ely, rendered vacant by the death of Simon de Montacute. When he thus became bishop-elect, the works connected with the fabric of the cathedral had been conducted to a successful termination, leaving for his successor only the decorations and fittings.
His election, however, was set aside by the Pope in favour of Thomas L'Isle, a Dominican friar, who was at Avignon with the Pope at the time. A similar honor was destined for Alan in 1361, but the choice of the convent was again overruled, and Simon Langham, afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury and Cardinal, was consecrated Bishop of Ely in his stead. The possessions of the convent were said to have increased under his administration.

## Gallery of Ely Cathedral

* The Octagon
* Vaulting of Octagon
* The Lantern of the Octagon
* Interior of the Lantern of the Octagon
* St. Mary's Chapel (The Lady Chapel)
* Vaulting, St. Mary's Chapel (The Lady Chapel)
# Albert Julius Otto Penzig

Albert Julius Otto Penzig, also referred to as Albertus Giulio Ottone Penzig (15 March 1856, Samitz, Silesia – 6 March 1929, Genoa) was a German mycologist.
In 1877 he earned his degree from University of Breslau, afterwards serving as an assistant to Pier Andrea Saccardo at the botanical garden in Padua. Beginning in 1882 he was privat-docent at the University of Modena, becoming director of the Stazione Agraria Modena during the following year. In 1887 he was appointed professor of botany at the University of Genoa. He edited the exsiccata-like series Selectae stirpes Liguriae issued without serial numbers for the participants of the International Botanical Congress 1892.
Later he traveled to Ceylon and Java, where he conducted investigations of Myxomycetes in the laboratories at the Buitenzorg botanical gardens. While in Indonesia, he also took part in a scientific excursion to the Krakatau island group.
The mycological genus Penzigia was named in his honor in 1888 by Pier Andrea Saccardo. His name is also associated with the genera Penzigina (botanist Otto Kuntze, 1891), which is now a synonym for Eriosphaeria Sacc. and Penzigiella (author: painter/bryologist Max Fleischer, 1906).

## Publications

* "Pflanzen-Teratologie", Genua, Druck von A. Ciminago, 1890-94 (two volumes).
* "Icones fungorum javanicorum", 1904.
* "Flora delle Alpi illustrata", 1915.
# Albert Jurardus van Prooijen

Albert Jurardus van Prooijen (7 September 1834, Groningen - 31 October 1898, Amsterdam) was a Dutch painter of cityscapes, landscapes (often with animals) and genre scenes.

## Biography

His father was the decorative painter Johannes van Prooijen (1801-1871). At the age of thirteen, he was enrolled at the Academie Minerva, where he studied with Jacob Bruggink [nl] and Jan Ensing. After graduating, he worked at his father's business.
Soon, however, he began participating in local exhibitions and, in 1853, was awarded the "Grote Koninklijke Medaille" for painting. In 1858, his work "Rural Simplicity" won an award from Pictura [nl], the local art society, and he was commissioned to do a series of watercolors depicting the interior and exterior of the Groene Weeshuis [nl], a 17th-century orphanage that was due to be demolished. Three years later, he provided a series of cityscape drawings for the lithographer, Carel Christiaan Antony Last [nl], who published them as the Album der stad Groningen.
From 1864 to 1865, he temporarily served as Headmaster of the Academie Minerva, following the resignation of Johannes Hinderikus Egenberger, who later had a change of mind and returned. According to Franciscus Hermanus Bach, a friend of Egenberger's, Prooijen didn't receive a permanent position as a teacher because he had a drinking problem.
He was married in 1868, to a woman twelve years his junior. The following year, he and his family (which would eventually number seven children) settled in Amsterdam, where he switched from cityscapes to landscapes and river views.
He had an uneventful career, and died there at the age of sixty-four. In 1997, anticipating the 100th anniversary of his death, a major retrospective was held at the Fraeylemaborg in Slochteren.