OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gurgānj Dam

The Gurgānj Dam was a major water engineering project of medieval-era Central Asia. The dam was constructed on the Amu Darya (Oxus) river, near what is now called Konye-Urgench ("Old Gurgānj") in northern Turkmenistan. It was destroyed in 1221 by the troops of Genghis Khan and began to flow into Sarygamysh Lake.

## History

The dam stood from about 985 to April 1221, when it was destroyed following the Siege of Gurganj during the Mongol invasion of Khorasan. While it stood, the wickerwork dam was located about a mile upstream from the town. The dam diverted the flow of the previously forked river entirely to the Aral Sea.
Our knowledge of the dam comes from both al-Biruni and Yakut. The dam had gates that controlled the flow of water, much like other dams of the same period throughout Central Asia, such as the one on the Zarafshon river at Afrasiyab. The dam was just one part of the city's waterworks, which included irrigation canals watering expansive agricultural fields. The irrigation or "trunk" channels went to and throughout the city and agricultural areas. The channels were dug deeper and deeper to reduce the surface area exposed to the sun and lined with clay to avoid seepage.
Destroying the dam washed away the city, the entire metropolitan area, and any surviving residents, which contributed to the overall death toll from the conquest period of the Mongol Empire. The destruction of the dam changed the course of the Oxus towards Sarygamysh Lake; it is believed that this contributed to the recession of the Aral Sea in the medieval period, although this is disputed.
# Hans Adler (business)

The Hans Adler OHG (formerly Hans Adler Schwarzwälder Fleischwarenfabrik) is a family-owned business based in the Black Forest town of Bonndorf. Since 1920 Adler has been manufacturing selected Black Forest sausage and ham specialities. Adler Schwarzwald is one of the largest meat processing companies in the south-western German state of Baden-Württemberg and a founding member of the Association of the Black Forest Ham Manufacturers (Schutzverband der Schwarzwälder Schinkenhersteller).

## History

In 1920 Michael and Margarethe Adler took over the former Hugel Inn and the butchery in Lindenstraße in Bonndorf. Due to the construction of the dam at the nearby Schluchsee reservoir in 1929 the sales volume increased as Adler catered the dining facility for the construction workers. From 1935 on Hans Adler, Michael and Margarethe’s son, and his wife ran the business and extended the range of products. Adler began to distribute its canned products, e.g. the well-known Bonndorfer Würstchen (Bonndorfer Sausages). In the 1950s the company started to sell Black Forest smoked specialities via mail order. In 1959 Hans Adler pioneered manufacturing and selling Original Black Forest ham by retail and mail order. The inn was closed in 1963, Adler erected an abattoir and meat cutting on the present-day company premises. In the following year Hans Adler OHG Schwarzwälder Fleischwaren was founded, Hans Adler’s son Peter became co-partner and systematically promoted the production of smoked products. Hans Adler retired in 1974 and the son Hansjörg joined the family-owned company as a partner. In 1975 the first portion of sliced Black Forest ham left the production line in self-service packaging. Also in this year an air-cured ham called Alemannian ham was added to the product range. In 1985 Adler acquired Kinzigtäler Fleischwaren GmbH, Haslach and Schwarzwaldrauch GmbH, Achern, which subsequently were renamed to Schwarzwaldfleisch GmbH. Since 1994 the specialization on ham products was further promoted by building up a pure ham business in Achern and by founding Schinkenhof GmbH & Co. KG. From the end of the 1990s Adler continually extended its product range, different traditional types of Wurstsalat are distributed under the brand Schnelle Küche. Adler also produces regional specialities like Landjäger and Schäufele. In 2010 Schwarzwaldfleisch introduced the brand name SchwarzwaldArt for Adler specialities and gifts.
# Bernreuter Personality Inventory

The Bernreuter Personality Inventory is a personality test developed by Robert G. Bernreuter in 1931 measuring general personality. It is sometimes cited as the first multi-scale personality questionnaire.

## Overview

The test consists of 125 yes or no question which yield six scores: neurotic tendency, self-sufficiency, introversion-extraversion, dominance-submission, sociability, and confidence. A 1936 survey of members of the American Psychological Association found that the Bernreuter Personality Inventory was the most well known psychological test.

## Application

The inventory became widely used quickly after it was first published, but also attracted many critics who questioned its usefulness and theoretical basis. The test was sold by the Stanford University Press, priced at $1.75 for 25 administrations. The test incorporated questions from the Thurstone Personality Schedule and others.
The test was originally developed with four scales (neurotic tendency, self-sufficiency, introversion-extraversion, dominance-submission) chosen with items chosen logically. The other two scales (sociability, and confidence) came from a factor analysis by John C. Flanagan. The "Flanagan keys" eventually were incorporated into the published version of the test.
# Bloody Run

Bloody Run may refer to:

## Places

* Bloody Run (Iowa), a tributary of the East Fork Des Moines River, flowing through Humboldt County, Iowa, United States
* Bloody Run (Michigan), formerly Parent's Creek, location of the Battle of Bloody Run (July 31, 1763) in Detroit
* Bloody Run (Poquessing Creek), a tributary of Poquessing Creek in the Somerton section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
* Bloody Run (Raystown Branch Juniata River), a tributary of the Raystown Branch Juniata River in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, United States
* Bloody Run (Wisconsin), a tributary to Nepco Lake
* Bloody Run Hills, a mountain range in Humboldt County, Nevada, United States
* Everett, Pennsylvania, a borough in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, originally known as Bloody Run

## Battles

* Battle of Bloody Run, the name ascribed to a July 1763 battle, part of the conflict known as Pontiac's War (alternatively as Pontiac's Rebellion), fought near Fort Detroit (Present day Detroit Michigan's Near-East Side)

## Other

* Bloody Run Canoe Classic, a community canoe and kayak race along the Raystown Branch of the Juniata River in Everett, Pennsylvania, United States
* ”Ballad of Bloody Run”, a 2006 song on the album Dead FM by Strike Anywhere
# Graham McGrath

Graham McGrath (born 29 July 1971) is an English actor with film, television, radio and theatre credits. He currently also works for Merlin Entertainments based near London in Surrey, England. He had tuition at the Junior Academy of the Royal Academy of Music in London when he was only 4 years old. He also studied music and drama at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA). He spent 9 years at the academies, refining his acting and musical talents.
McGrath's first appearance in front of a camera was in a TV commercial for Colgate toothpaste as a 6-year-old. Among his first major film roles were as the loyal Titch in the 1983 fantasy adventure film Krull directed by Peter Yates and as the ten-year-old Peter the Great in a 1986 mini-series. He played the part of Tom Pym in Episode 6 of the BBC's 1987 adaptation of John Le Carre's "The Perfect Spy", written by Arthur Hopcroft. He also played Luca di Marco in the BBC soap opera EastEnders for three episodes in 1999. Since then, he has been continually active in the entertainment industry and primarily made the transition from child to adult actor in his native England.
# Brita Alvern

Brita Alvern (fl. 1729) was an alleged Norwegian witch. She was accused of sorcery in 1729, in one of the last witch trials in Scandinavia. As the documentation of the trial is incomplete, it is unknown whether she was executed or not. Her trial is regarded as notable, as it illustrates the witch trials at the outbreak of a new age and a conflict between a public that still believed in witches and authorities that had become skeptical despite the law.

## The case

Brita Alvern was put on trial and accused of witchcraft at Indredale Skipreide in Sunnfjord on 19 February 1729. She was reported by the bailiff Hugo Friderich Mortensen upon the request of the parish vicar and the public. She denied the charges. When the bailiff applied to the higher court for permission to pursue the case further, he was met with the reply that if he wished to do so, he must do so on his own responsibility and risk his reputation, because witch trials were nonsense which were infamous for having led to the condemnation of innocent in the past. The bailiff had the support of the church, which he pointed out, but was met with the reply that the church was not to be involved in such matters.
Nevertheless, on 9 August 1729, Alvern was put on trial, now together with her brother Ole. This time, Brita Alvern confessed to having met Satan in the shape of a human with red claws, who had given her the ability to inflict sickness upon humans and animals, while Ole confessed to having been given the ability to cure gout and bleeding. The bailiff again applied to the higher authority to pursue the case further. This time, he was met with the reply that if it was necessary to continue, he should do it quickly.
It is not known what happened after this, because the documents of the rest of the trial are missing. As Brita and Ole had confessed to their guilt, they were might have been sentenced to death. If so, they were likely the last people in Norway to have been executed for sorcery. The next year a woman named Siri Jørgensdatter confessed to being a witch, but the court decided that Siri Jørgensdatter had made up the story, and the case was therefore dismissed. The same could have happened to Brita and Ole.

## Context

This was not the last witch trial in Norway: in 1732, six people in Romsdalen county were sentenced for sorcery, though they were not executed, and in 1754, Susanne Monsdatter was tried in Hordaland. The 18th-century Norwegian witch trials, however, either did not lead to death sentences, or the documentation appears to have been missing. The last confirmed execution for sorcery in Norway was that of Johanne Nilsdatter in Kvæfjord in Troms in 1695.
# Boryaku

Bōryaku (謀略) is one of the 18 fundamental skills of the Togakure-ryū school of ninjutsu.
Alongside more orthodox and mainstream measures, Bōryaku includes use of unorthodox strategies and tactics, as well as manipulation of politics and exploitation of other current events to assist in subtle influence of the opponent.
# Arthur Wansbrough

Arthur William Wansbrough (20 August 1877 – 3 September 1949) was an Australian trade unionist and politician who was a Labor Party member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1924 to 1936, representing the seat of Albany.
Wansbrough was born in York, Western Australia, to Matilda (née Massingham) and Joseph Wansbrough. He was raised in Beverley, where his parents were among the first settlers, and after leaving school worked in a post office for a period. In 1896, Wansbrough joined Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR), eventually becoming the senior guard on the Great Southern Railway (based out of Albany). He and his brothers purchased a farming property at Bally Bally (near Beverley) in 1898, but he relinquished his share in 1904. Wansbrough first stood for parliament at the 1921 state election, but lost to the sitting Country Party member for Albany, John Scaddan (who was a former Labor premier). The following year, at the 1922 Legislative Council elections, he contested South-East Province, but was defeated by the Country Party's Alfred Burvill.
At the 1924 state election, which saw the election of a Labor government, Wansbrough successfully re-contested the seat of Albany. He remained in parliament until the 1936 election, when he was defeated by a Country candidate, Leonard Hill. After leaving parliament, Wansbrough returned to the railways. He attempted to reclaim his seat at the 1939 election but was unsuccessful. Wansbrough died in Albany in September 1949, aged 72. He had married Ada Louise Cooper in 1903, with whom he had four children. Wansbrough's older brother, Charles Wansbrough, was also a member of parliament, representing the Country Party in the seat of Beverley. They served together from 1924 to 1930, and are the only brothers in the history of the Parliament of Western Australia to have represented different parties while sitting together.
# Bauta Arriba

Bauta Arriba is a barrio in the municipality of Orocovis, Puerto Rico. Its population in 2010 was 913.

## Sectors

Barrios (which are, in contemporary times, roughly comparable to minor civil divisions) in turn are further subdivided into smaller local populated place areas/units called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.
The following sectors are in Bauta Arriba barrio:
Sector Bauta Centro, Sector Don Pei, Sector Eduino Hernández, Sector El Tropical, Sector Garage Diego, Sector Jesús Meléndez, Sector La Aldea, Sector La Escuela, Sector Los Marrero, Sector Los Meléndez, Sector Los Rivas, Sector Luis Sáez, Sector Puente Doble, and Sector Sixto Rivera Jr.

## History

Bauta Arriba was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the combined population of Bauta Arriba and Pellejas barrios was 1,331.
# Besse, Isère

Besse (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Isère department in southeastern France.
# Balmoral, Queensland

Balmoral is a suburb in the City of Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. In the 2021 census, Balmoral had a population of 4,173 people.

## Geography

Balmoral is located 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) east of the Brisbane CBD.

## History

The name Balmoral is an anglicisation of Baile Mhoireil' which is Scottish Gaelic for 'beautiful residence' or 'majestic castle'.
On 25 June 1927, Panorama Heights estate containing 53 reserved sites was auctioned by Thornton and Pearce. The estate was located on Fifth Avenue, Balmoral.
Balmoral State High School opened on 3 February 1958.
On 12 December 1915, Archbishop James Duhig laid the foundation stone for a Catholic school in Bulimba. Saints Peter and Paul's Catholic School was operated by the Sisters of the Good Samaritan and opened to an estimated 200 students on 3 February 1916. On Sunday 6 February 1916 Duhig returned to bless and officially open the school. The school is now located within the boundaries of Balmoral. In 1996 John Power was appointed the first lay principal.

## Demographics

In the 2011 census, Balmoral had a population of 3,827 people, 51.8% female and 48.2% male. The median age of the Balmoral population was 35 years of age, 2 years below the Australian median. 74% of people living in Balmoral were born in Australia, compared to the national average of 69.8%; the next most common countries of birth were England 5.5%, New Zealand 4.2%, Ireland 1.1%, Scotland 0.8%, India 0.8%. 88.4% of people spoke only English at home; the next most popular languages were 0.9% Spanish, 0.7% Mandarin, 0.7% Greek, 0.5% Italian, 0.3% German.
In the 2016 census, Balmoral had a population of 3,893 people.
In the 2021 census, Balmoral had a population of 4,173 people.

## Education

Sts Peter and Paul's School is a Catholic primary (Prep–6) school for boys and girls at 33 Alexandra Street (27°27′32″S 153°03′50″E﻿ / ﻿27.4590°S 153.0640°E﻿ / -27.4590; 153.0640﻿ (Sts Peter and Paul's School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 653 students with 41 teachers (36 full-time equivalent) and 30 non-teaching staff (20 full-time equivalent).
Balmoral State High School is a government secondary (7–12) school for boys and girls on the corner of Thynne Road and Lytton Road (27°27′22″S 153°04′22″E﻿ / ﻿27.4560°S 153.0727°E﻿ / -27.4560; 153.0727﻿ (Balmoral State High School)). In 2018, the school had an enrolment of 554 students with 56 teachers (53 full-time equivalent) and 26 non-teaching staff (22 full-time equivalent). It includes a special education program.
There is no government primary school in Balmoral. The nearest government primary schools are Bulimba State School in neighbouring Bulimba to the north-west and Morningside State School in neighbouring Morningside to the south.

## Amenities

The Bulimba Memorial Bowls and Community Club is at 6 Quinn Street (27°27′30″S 153°04′18″E﻿ / ﻿27.4582°S 153.0716°E﻿ / -27.4582; 153.0716﻿ (Bulimba Bowls and Community Club)). It offers competitive and social lawn bowls.

## Notable people

* Laurel Edwards, presenter of 4KQ's Brisbane Breakfast Show and Channel 7's The Great South East.
# American Educational History Journal

The American Educational History Journal is a biannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering the history of education in the United States. It is published by Information Age Publishing on behalf of the Organization of Educational Historians. Authors are scholars in areas closely related to the educational field, such as curriculum, history, philosophy, teacher education, and educational leadership. The editor-in-chief is Donna M. Davis.
From 1973 to 2001 it was published as the Annual Proceedings of the Midwest History of Education Society, which was replaced by the peer-reviewed American Educational History Journal in 2002. Also, From 1999 to 2003 it was published annually. Since 2004, it has been published biannually.

## Abstracting and indexing

The journal is abstracted and indexed in the following bibliographic databases: Historical Abstracts, America: History and Life, Education Research Complete, and the Education Resources Information Center.
# Hans Burchardt

Hans O. Burchardt (February 9, 1904 – September 8, 1992) was an American woodcarver who designed animals. His work can be seen at the Museum of Nebraska Art.
# Boryaceae

Boryaceae is a family of highly drought-tolerant flowering plants native to Australia, placed in the order Asparagales of the monocots. The family includes two genera, with twelve species in total in Australia.
Until recently, this family was not recognized by many taxonomists, with most systems putting the two genera, Borya and Alania, in the Anthericaceae or the Liliaceae. The 2016 APG IV system (unchanged from the 1998, 2003 and 2009 versions) does recognize this family and places it in the order Asparagales, in the clade monocots, based on molecular phylogenetic evidence that shows the two genera form a clade.
# Hans Bauer

Hans Bauer may refer to:
* Hans Bauer (footballer) (1927–1997), German footballer
* Hans F. Bauer (1932–2009), American research chemist
* Hans Bauer (semitist) (1878–1937), German semitist
* Hans Bauer (cross-country skier) (1903–1992), German Olympic skier
* Hans Bauer (writer), Austrian (working in USA) screenwriter, author and photographer
# Hall of Records (disambiguation)

Hall of Records may refer to:
* Hall of Records, a mythical library buried under the Great Sphinx of Giza
* Kennedy Mitchell Hall of Records, a government building in New Haven, Connecticut
* Kern County Hall of Records, a government building in Bakersfield, California
* Los Angeles County Hall of Records, a rare high-rise by Richard Neutra in downtown Los Angeles, California
* A vault behind Mount Rushmore National Memorial, South Dakota
* Surrogate's Courthouse, a Beaux Arts municipal building in lower Manhattan in New York City
# Blue tit (disambiguation)

The Eurasian blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) is a species of bird.
Blue tit may also refer to:
* African blue tit (Cyanistes teneriffae), a species of bird
* Blue tit (Chliaria kina or Hypolycaena kina), a species of butterfly
* A cultivar of the plum Prunus domestica
# 1992 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships

The 1992 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championships was an Association of Tennis Professionals men's tennis tournament held in Charlotte, North Carolina in the United States. It was the 24th edition of the tournament and was held from May 4 to May 11, 1992. Fourth-seeded MaliVai Washington won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

MaliVai Washington defeated Claudio Mezzadri 6–3, 6–3
* It was Washington's 2nd singles title of the year and of his career.

### Doubles

Steve DeVries / David Macpherson defeated Bret Garnett / Jared Palmer 6–4, 7–6
* It was DeVries's 2nd title of the year and the 2nd of his career. It was Palmer's 4th title of the year and the 5th of his career.
# 2020 Calgary National Bank Challenger – Doubles

Robert Galloway and Nathan Pasha were the defending champions but only Pasha chose to defend his title, partnering Max Schnur. Pasha successfully defended his title after defeating Harry Bourchier and Filip Peliwo 7–6$^{(7–4)}$, 6–3 in the final.

## Seeds

* Evan King / Hunter Reese (first round)
* Karol Drzewiecki / Gonçalo Oliveira (quarterfinals)
* Nathan Pasha / Max Schnur (champions)
* Harri Heliövaara / Patrik Niklas-Salminen (quarterfinals)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | E King H Reese | 6 | 2 | [4] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | M Guinard A Rinderknech | 2 | 6 | [10] | | M Guinard A Rinderknech | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Dougaz S Mansouri | 0 | 3 | | Alt | F Corwin R Peniston | 4 | 4 | | | | | | | | | | |
| Alt | Felix Corwin R Peniston | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | M Guinard A Rinderknech | 1 | 7$^7$ | [7] | | | | |
| 3 | N Pasha M Schnur | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | 3 | N Pasha M Schnur | 6 | 6$^4$ | [10] | | | | |
| Alt | S Shimabukuro Jumpei Yamasaki | 3 | 4 | | 3 | N Pasha M Schnur | 2 | 6 | [12] | | | | | | | | | |
| | JC Aragone T-S Kwiatkowski | 5 | 3 | | PR | C Harrison D Novikov | 6 | 4 | [10] | | | | | | | | | |
| PR | C Harrison D Novikov | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | 3 | N Pasha M Schnur | 7$^7$ | 6 |
| | J Lenz A Santillan | 3 | 7$^7$ | [8] | | | | | | | | | | | | H Bourchier F Peliwo | 6$^4$ | 3 |
| | L Broady S Clayton | 6 | 6$^5$ | [10] | | L Broady S Clayton | 1 | 7$^7$ | [13] | | | | | | | | | |
| | J Cerretani K Lovett | 5 | 3 | | 4 | H Heliövaara P Niklas-Salminen | 6 | 6$^5$ | [11] | | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | H Heliövaara P Niklas-Salminen | 7 | 6 | | | | | | | | L Broady S Clayton | 4 | 7$^7$ | [5] | | | | |
| | B Lock CJ Lock | 6 | 3 | [8] | | | | | | | H Bourchier F Peliwo | 6 | 6$^5$ | [10] | | | | |
| | H Bourchier F Peliwo | 4 | 6 | [10] | | H Bourchier F Peliwo | 6 | 7$^7$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | G Blancaneaux Jacob Grills | 4 | 2 | | 2 | K Drzewiecki G Oliveira | 3 | 6$^3$ | | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | K Drzewiecki G Oliveira | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# Flint Hill, County Durham

Flint Hill is a small village in County Durham, in England. It is situated to the north of Annfield Plain.