OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Battle of Volta Mantovana (1080)

The Battle of Volta Mantovana was fought on the 15th of October 1080 between troops raised by the schismatic bishops of Lombardy loyal to the emperor Henry IV and to anti-pope Guibert of Ravenna against forces commanded by Matilda of Tuscany. Margravine Matilda was defeated and the pro-Imperial forces gained the upper hand.

## Background

The battle took place during the Investiture Controversy opposing the reforming Papacy of pope Gregory VII and his foremost advocate Matilda to Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. It was one of its opening military clashes, and the first significant battle of the controversy to be fought in Italy. The chronicler Bernold of Constance states clearly that the battle took place the day after Henry IV and his opponent Rudolf of Rheinfelden had clashed in Saxony near Hohenmölsen at the Battle on the Elster. Bernold states the bishops' troops were gathered from "almost the whole of Lombardy". Historian David J Hay has suggested the likely leader of the pro-Imperial troops was bishop Tedald of Milan, whose installation had sparked the controversy in the first place and who had played a key role in the synod of Brixen earlier that summer, promoting the deposition of Pope Gregory VII and the election of Guibert of Ravenna as antipope Clement III. Bonizo of Sutri's Liber ad Amicum indicates an otherwise unknown illegitimate son was commanding the army of the schismatic Lombard bishops, writing "[Henry IV]'s son fought Matilda's excellent forces and defeated them" (eius filius cum exercitus excellentissimus Matilade pugnavit et victoriam obtinuit).

## Battle

The exact dynamic of the battle is unknown, as is the number of forces in the field. A very short account of the engagement is available in the Chronicon of the aforementioned Bernold of Constance (who mentions the battle as taking place "apud Vultam propre Mantuam"), while Bonizo provides no geographical location for the battle, and no description of the clash. Volta was the site of a castle and estate ("Curtis") of note once belonging to the house of Canossa, as shown by donations of property and rights over servile labor in Volta made to churches in the diocese of Mantua in 1053 and 1073 by Beatrice of Lorraine, Matilda's mother, and by Matilda herself to the bishop of Mantua in 1079. It is thus possible that the castle was thus garrisoned by forces loyal to Matilda. Bishop Hubald of Mantua was a strong ally of Matilda, and shared in her political fortunes in later years. The battle ended when the pro-Imperial forces put "the knights of the most wise duchess Matilda to flight".

## Aftermath

The victory of the pro-Imperial forces allowed Henry IV (whose rival Rudolf had been killed at Hohenmölsen) to enter the March of Verona and the Lombard plains unopposed in the spring of the following year. Henry IV was in Verona in early April 1081, and soon after entered Milan in triumph. Later that year, with Lombardy securely pro-Imperial, Henry began a siege of Rome.
# Bulao Hot Spring

The Bulao Hot Spring (traditional Chinese: 不老溫泉; simplified Chinese: 不老温泉; pinyin: Bùlǎo Wēnquán) is a hot spring in Xinfa Village, Luigui District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.

## History

The hot spring was developed during the Japanese rule of Taiwan.

## Geology

The hot spring is located next to Laonong River at an altitude of 550 meters. The water has pH level of 7–7.5 with a 48–60°C temperature.

## Architecture

The area around the hot spring is filled with various hotels and resorts.

## Transportation

The hot spring is accessible by bus from Kaohsiung Main Station or Zuoying HSR station.
# Chosei Funahara

Osao Chosei Funahara (born December 10, 1953) is a musician and film director and producer. Born in Hyōgo Prefecture of Japan, Chosei Funahara was educated in both the United States and Japan. He received his Bachelor of Fine Arts at the Nihon University College of Art's Cinema Department in Tokyo. While pursuing New York University's NYU Graduate School of Arts and Science (Cinema Studies), he performed as bassist and founding member of the cult punk rock group the Plasmatics.

## Filmography
### Producer

* Cagney Lies (2008)
* Still Normal (2007)
* Masabumi Kikuchi (post-production)
* Dark Voices (2001) (co-producer)
* Tokyo Decadence (1992) (producer) ... a.k.a. Sex Dreams of Topaz (Hong Kong) ... a.k.a. Topâzu ( Japanese )
* In the Soup (1992) (co-executive producer)
* Fatal Mission (1990) (producer) ... a.k.a. DeadLock (Japanese) ... a.k.a. Enemy (Germany)
* Raffles Hotel (1989) (associate producer)
* Sons (1989) (executive producer)

### Other film credits

* Dark Voices (2001) (Director)
* Kyoko (2000) (production consultant)
* Amerikanskaya doch (1995) (production consultant) ... a.k.a. Американская дочь (Russia) ... a.k.a. American Daughter
* Somebody to Love (1994) (special thanks)
* Hsi yen (1993) (soundtrack supervisor) ... a.k.a. The Wedding Banquet (USA)
In addition to these feature film credits, Chosei Funahara has produced or directed more than sixty short films, documentaries and numerous TV commercials in Japan, the United States and Europe.

### Selected short films

* War (1999)
* Widget (1999), directed by Funahara and produced by Hal Hartley
* Trouble (1994), directed by Richard Edson
* DEADEND (1994), directed by Miron Zownir
* Cacophony, Lonesome Hitmen from Montana, for German TV ZDF (1988)
* Cockroach Alarm in Spanish Harlem (1987)
* New York City Marathon (1986), written by Ryu Murakami
* The Houseguest (1986), featuring John Cale and Zoe Lund

### Music video

* I am Siam (1984) directed by Funahara, winner of the American Video Award.

## Discography
### Extended play (EPs)

| Title | Format | Year |
| Meet the Plasmatics | 12" EP | 1979 |

### Singles

| Title | Format | Year | UK Singles Chart |
| "Butcher Baby" b/w "Fast Food Service" & "Concrete Shoes" | 7" | 1978 | |
| "Dream Lover" b/w "Corruption" & "Want You Baby" | 7" | 1979 | |
| "Butcher Baby" b/w "Tight Black Pants" (live) | 7" | 1980 | 55 |
# Cerecedo (Boñar)

Cerecedo is a hamlet located in the municipality of Boñar, in León province, Castile and León, Spain. As of 2020, it has a population of 15.

## Geography

Cerecedo is located 50km north-northeast of León, Spain.
# Carle Springs, Illinois

Carle Springs is an unincorporated community in DeWitt County, Illinois, United States. Carle Springs is 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Wapella.
# Caulfield

Caulfield may refer to:

## Places

* Caulfield, Victoria, suburb in Melbourne, Australia
* Electoral district of Caulfield, a state electoral district in Victoria, Australia
* Caulfield, Missouri, a community in Missouri
* Castlecaulfield, a village in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland
* Castle Caulfield, a ruined house in Castlecaulfield

## People

* Caulfield (surname), people with the surname Caulfield

### Fictional characters

* Holden Caulfield, fictional character in The Catcher in the Rye
* Caulfield, eight-year-old character in the comic strip Frazz
* Max Caulfield, the protagonist of the 2015 video game Life Is Strange

## Facilities and structures

* Caulfield Racecourse, horse-racing venue
* Caulfield Grammar School, independent school in Victoria, Australia
* Caulfield railway station, Melbourne

## Other

* Caulfield Cup, horse race
* The Caulfields, 1990s rock group from the Philadelphia area
# I with diaeresis

I with diaeresis may refer to:
* I with diaeresis (Latin) (Ï, ï) - a Latin letter used in French, Catalan and several other languages
* Yi (Cyrillic) (Ї, ї) - a Cyrillic letter used in the Ukrainian and Rusyn languages
* I with diaeresis (Cyrillic) (Ӥ, ӥ) - a Cyrillic letter used in the Udmurt language
# Hupfeld

Hupfeld is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hans-Hermann Hupfeld, German physicist
* Herman Hupfeld, American songwriter
* Hermann Hupfeld, German Orientalist and Biblical commentator
* Ludwig Hupfeld, German piano maker (and his company Ludwig Hupfeld, AG, Leipzig)
# John Curtis (footballer, born 1954)

John Curtis (born 2 September 1954 in Poulton-le-Fylde, Lancashire) is an English former professional footballer. He played as a defender.
# Cerecinos del Carrizal

Cerecinos del Carrizal is a municipality located in the province of Zamora, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2009 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 143 inhabitants.
# A Salty Dog (song)

"A Salty Dog" is a song by the English rock band Procol Harum. Written by Gary Brooker and Keith Reid, it was released as the lead single off the band's 1969 album A Salty Dog. It was also included on the 1972 album Procol Harum Live: In Concert with the Edmonton Symphony Orchestra.

## Background and composition

The song's lyrics were written by Keith Reid and its music was written by Gary Brooker when he was on tour in Switzerland; Brooker also sang. It was featured on the band's 1969 album, A Salty Dog. Reid's lyrics describe sailors crossing the unknown seas with the crew dying during their voyage. The string arrangement recalls Frédéric Chopin. The song is reportedly one of Reid's favourites.

## Release and reception

"A Salty Dog" peaked at #44 on the UK Singles Chart. BBC Radio DJ John Peel explained the lack of chart success:
   ... and, er, that was 'A Salty Dog,' which was once released as a single, and should have done, er, a lot better in fact as a single than it did; unfortunately, um, seeing as it was longer than two-and-a-half minutes long and isn't exactly a bright tempo, a lot of my colleagues won't play it because they feel that, er, more than two-and-a-half minutes without some, er, feeble quip from them, er, is going to make the world a sadder place ...
The song was generally well received by music critics. Matthew Greenwald of Allmusic praised the narrative as "brilliant" and carried by "an expansive melody and epic performance from the entire band". The string arrangement was "fabulous" and "only adds grandeur to the song and recording, making this one of the group's most fully realized moments". Perhaps the greatest praise came from Melody Maker's Chris Welch, who called it "their finest hour" and "one of the greatest pop singles to emerge in recent years". He added, "The tune is beautiful, the arrangement brilliant, the performance perfect". Cash Box described it as a "stunning effort." Record World said that "Procol Harum is as eerie and gothic as ever."
"A Salty Dog" is notable for not including any contributions from guitarist Robin Trower who, when the band became a quartet in 1970–71, would play bass in live performances of the song.

## Chart performance

| Chart (1969) | Peak position |
| UK Singles Chart | 44 |
| Canada RPM Magazine (1972) | 84 |
| Netherlands | 3 |

## Cover versions

The song was covered by Marc Almond on his 1986 album A Woman's Story, and by Transatlantic on the two-disc Special Edition of The Whirlwind, where it is sung by drummer Mike Portnoy. Sarah Brightman covered the song on her 1993 album Dive. Styx covered the song on their cover album Big Bang Theory (2005) with Lawrence Gowan on lead vocals.
# International Wooden Shoe Museum Eelde

The International Wooden Shoe Museum Eelde is a museum in Eelde, the Netherlands, for clogs, clog-making equipment and machinery. It has the largest collection of wooden footwear in the world.

## History

The collection had been put together by Eiso Wietzes (1916–1977) and Egbert Wietzes (1925–1988), two brothers, who were the last wooden shoe makers in Eelde. After their deaths, the collection was enlarged by the private collection of wooden shoes owned by H.P. Bongers, a teacher at the Technical College in Enschede. Besides wooden shoes, Bongers’ collection consisted of traditional and early industrial clog-making tools, from Western-Europe. In 2009 the museum acquired a large collection of French clogs.

## Collection

Among the museum's collection are:
* Over 2,200 different pairs of wooden shoes and footwear with wooden soles from 43 countries.
* Hundreds of pieces of clog-making equipment from seven European countries.
* Simple machinery dating from the 1920s, from the Netherlands, Germany and France.
* An extensive collection of international literature, including photographs.
The museum provides guided tours and thematic exhibitions are held regularly.
# Caulerpaceae

Caulerpaceae is a family of green algae in the order Bryopsidales.
Caulerpaceae is considered to be a widespread and vital structural component of many Cenozoic-recent reefs. It is estimated to be responsible for approximately 25-30% of CaCO$_3$ in Neogene fossil reefs.
# CMLL Día de Muertos

CMLL Día de Muertos (Spanish for "Day of the Dead") is the collective name of a series of annually occurring lucha libre (or professional wrestling) supercard shows promoted by Mexican professional wrestling promotion Consejo Mundial de Lucha Libre (CMLL). Starting in 2014, CMLL has held specially themed shows to celebrate Día de Muertos with a special edition of their CMLL Super Viernes show closest to November 2. Some years the celebrations extended to shows held on Saturday and Sunday as well but the focal point has been the Friday night shows in Arena México. There has been a total of eleven events promoted focusing on the Día de Muertos celebration, with the first taking place in 2014.
The October 31, 2014 Día de Muertos show was the first of CMLL's Dia de los Muertos celebrations and began a tradition of CMLL holding a major show to celebrate the Latin American holiday. As part of their Dia de los Muerte celebrations CMLL admitted all children in costumes for free for the show. CMLL held a second Dia de los Muerte celebration on Sunday November 2 as well. Both shows included the Edcanes, CMLL's ring girls and various wrestlers dressed up in traditional Día de Muertos garb. In 2014, CMLL also turned the basement of Arena México into a haunted house attraction before each show.

## Dates, venues, and main events

| Event | Date | City | Venue | Main Event |
| 2014 | October 31 | Mexico City | Arena México | Último Guerrero vs. Rush |
| 2015 | October 30 | Mexico City | Arena México | Volador Jr. vs. La Sombra for the NWA World Historic Welterweight Championship |
| 2016 | October 29 | Mexico City | Arena México | Valiente vs. Volador Jr. for the 2016 Universal Championship |
| 2017 | November 3 | Mexico City | Arena México | Carístico, Rush and Volador Jr. vs. Los Guerreros Laguneros (Euforia, Gran Guerrero and Último Guerrero) |
| 2018 | November 2 | Mexico City | Arena México | Diamante Azul, L. A. Park and Michael Elgin vs. King Phoenix, Penta 0M and Último Guerrero in a six-man Relevos increíbles match |
| 2019 | November 1 | Mexico City | Arena México | La Alianza de Plata y Oro (Carístico and Místico) vs. Los Guerreros Lagunero (Euforia and Gran Guerrero) (c) for the CMLL World Tag Team Championship |
| 2019 | November 3 | Mexico City | Arena México | Nueva Generacion Dinamitas (El Cuatrero and Forastero) and Gran Guerrero vs. Carístico, Místico and Soberano Jr. |
| 2020 | October 30 | Mexico City | Arena México | El Terrible vs. Euforia |
| 2021 | November 2 | Mexico City | Arena México | Felino vs. Místico vs. Volador Jr. vs. Valiente vs. Ángel de Oro vs. Gran Guerrero vs. Templario vs. Atlantis Jr. vs. Gemelo Diablo I vs. Gemelo Diablo II |
| 2022 | November 4 | Mexico City | Arena México | El Terrible vs. Stuka Jr. for the CMLL Rey del Inframundo Championship |
| 2023 | November 3 | Mexico City | Arena México | Stuka Jr. vs. El Barbaro Cavernario vs. for the CMLL Rey del Inframundo Championship |
| (c) – refers to the champion(s) heading into the match ||||||
# Batchelor

Batchelor may refer to:
* Batchelor, Northern Territory, Australia, a town
* Batchelor, Louisiana, United States, an unincorporated community
* Batchelor (surname), people with the surname
# Co-articulated consonant

IPA: Co-articulated consonants :
| Plosive | k͡p | ɡ͡b | q͡p |
| Nasal | ŋ͡m | | |
| Fricative/ approximant | ʍ | w | ɥ |
| Fricative/ approximant | ɧ | ɫ | |
| Implosive | ɠ̊͜ɓ̥ | ɠ͡ɓ | |
IPA help
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Co-articulated consonants or complex consonants are consonants produced with two simultaneous places of articulation. They may be divided into two classes: doubly articulated consonants with two primary places of articulation of the same manner (both stop, or both nasal, etc.), and consonants with secondary articulation, that is, a second articulation not of the same manner.$^{:328}$

## Doubly articulated consonants

An example of a doubly articulated consonant is the voiceless labial-velar stop [k͡p], which is pronounced simultaneously at the velum (a [k]) and at the lips (a [p]).
In practically all languages of the world that have doubly articulated consonants, these are either clicks or labial-velars.

## Consonants with secondary articulation

An example of a consonant with secondary articulation is the voiceless labialized velar stop [kʷ] has only a single stop articulation, velar [k], with a simultaneous approximant-like rounding of the lips.
There is a large number of common secondary articulations. The most frequently encountered are labialization (such as [kʷ]), palatalization (such as the Russian "soft" consonants like [pʲ]), velarization (such as the English "dark" el [lˠ]), and pharyngealization (such as the Arabic emphatic consonants like [tˤ]).

## Distinction between the two classes

As might be expected from the approximant-like nature of secondary articulation, it is not always easy to tell whether a co-articulated approximant consonant such as /w/ is doubly or secondarily articulated. In some English dialects, for example, /w/ is a labialized velar that could be transcribed as [ɰʷ].

## Similar phones

The glottis controls phonation, and works simultaneously with many consonants. It is not normally considered an articulator, and an ejective such as [kʼ], with simultaneous closure of the velum and glottis, is not normally considered to be a co-articulated consonant.
# Chris Brisson

Christopher Brisson (born August 11, 1982, in Hugo, Minnesota) is a defender currently playing for the Chicago Soul of the Major Indoor Soccer League.
Brisson attended White Bear Lake High School where he was an All State soccer player, All State football player and a varsity hockey player. He then played soccer at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee from 2001 to 2004 where he holds the record for games started and games played. In 2005, he signed with the Minnesota Thunder but was relegated to the reserves for most of the season, seeing time in only two first team games. In 2006, he broke into the first team, playing thirteen games.
On November 3, 2006, Brisson signed with the Chicago Storm of the Major Indoor Soccer League. At the end of the 2007–2008 season, the league collapsed and the Storm moved to the newly established Xtreme Soccer League. At the end of the year the Xtreme Soccer league collapsed. Brisson played over 66 games for the club in three years and recorded 13 goals and 15 assists.
In 2009-2010 Brisson Signed with the Rockford Rampage playing 18 games and scoring 5 goals. After the 2009–2010 season the Rockford Rampage folded. He then signed with the Chicago Riot playing 9 games and scoring 3 goals, missing part of the season with a knee injury. Brisson is currently signed with the newly established Chicago Soul of the MISL.
# Bobbilgam

Bobbilgam is a village and panchayat in Ranga Reddy district, Telangana, India. It falls under Shabad mandal.
# Iwase river

The Iwase River is a natural freshwater river located in Miyazaki prefecture in Kagoshima, Japan. The watershed of the river is popular for the presence of numerous springs and waterfalls. The river flows into the Oyodo River, which in turn flows to the Pacific Ocean.
# Career Soldiers

Career Soldiers may refer to:
* Career Soldiers (band), a Street punk / Hardcore punk band from Southern California.
* Standing army, an army composed of full-time professional soldiers who do not disband during times of peace.
# Hultsfred

Hultsfred (Swedish pronunciation: ) is a locality and the seat of Hultsfred Municipality, Kalmar County, Sweden with 5,143 inhabitants in 2010. It is best known for the Hultsfred Festival and the infamous Sharp and Shallow Lake - once described by Ward Hayden (of Ward Hayden & the Outliers) as «stabbing cold, painfully shallow and muddy AF».
# Hulu Bernam (state constituency)

Hulu Bernam is a state constituency in Selangor, Malaysia, that has been represented in the Selangor State Legislative Assembly since 1959. It has been represented by Mui'zzuddeen Mahyuddin of Perikatan Nasional (PN) since 2023.
The state constituency was created in the 1958 redistribution and is mandated to return a single member to the Selangor State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.

## Demographics

Ethnic breakdown of Hulu Bernam's electorate as of 2023

## History
### Polling districts

According to the federal gazette issued on 30 March 2018, the Hulu Bernam constituency is divided into 15 polling districts.
| State constituency | Polling Districts | Code | Location |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Kawasan S.K.C | 094/05/01 | SK Sri Keledang |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Ladang Lima Belas | 094/05/02 | SJK (T) Ladang Lima Belas Hulu Selangor |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Gedangsa | 094/05/03 | SMK Gedangsa |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Sungai Selisik | 094/05/04 | SK Sungai Selisik |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Kampung Gesir | 094/05/05 | SK Gesir Tengah |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Kampung Sungai Dusun | 094/05/06 | SK Kampung Soeharto |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Kampung Desa Maju | 094/05/07 | SK Sungai Tengi |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Kampung Sungai Tengi Selatan | 094/05/08 | SK Seri Fajar FELDA Sungai Tengi Selatan |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Changkat Asa | 094/05/09 | SJK (T) Ladang Changkat Asa |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Kampung Hulu Bernam | 094/05/10 | SRA Hulu Bernam |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Ladang Escot | 094/05/11 | SK Hulu Bernam |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Kampung Gumut | 094/05/12 | SRA Kalumpang |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Bandar Kalumpang | 094/06/13 | SMK Kalumpang |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Kampung Baharu Kalumpang | 094/05/14 | SJK (C) Kalumpang |
| Hulu Bernam (N05） | Kuala Kalumpang | 094/05/15 | SK Kalumpang |

### Representation history

Members of the Legislative Assembly for Hulu Bernam :
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |
| Constituency created ||||
| Ulu Bernam ||||
| 1st | 1959-1964 | Noor Yusof | Alliance (UMNO) |
| 2nd | 1964-1969 | Shoib Ahmad | Alliance (UMNO) |
| | 1969-1971 | Assembly dissolved | Assembly dissolved |
| 3rd | 1971-1973 | Shoib Ahmad | Alliance (UMNO) |
| 3rd | 1973-1974 | Shoib Ahmad | BN (UMNO) |
| Constituency abolished, renamed to Kelompang ||||
| Constituency re-created from Kelompang ||||
| Hulu Bernam ||||
| 9th | 1995-1999 | Zainal Abidin Sakom | BN (UMNO) |
| 10th | 1999-2004 | Mohamed Idris Abu Bakar | BN (UMNO) |
| 11th | 2004-2008 | Mohamed Idris Abu Bakar | BN (UMNO) |
| 12th | 2008-2013 | Mohamed Idris Abu Bakar | BN (UMNO) |
| 13th | 2013-2018 | Rosni Sohar | BN (UMNO) |
| 14th | 2018–2023 | Rosni Sohar | BN (UMNO) |
| 15th | 2023–present | Mui'zzuddeen Mahyuddin | PN (PAS) |
# Husun As Salasil

Husun As Salasil A small village in the middle of Wadi Jabba, the land of Al Awamer, east of Yemen. It is located in the Hadhramaut Governorate.
# Cauley

Cauley is a surname in the English language. It is an Anglicised form of the Irish Amhalghaidh which was itself a Gaelicised form of the Old Norse name Óláfr.

## People with the surname

* Ben Cauley, (1947–2015) American trumpet player, vocalist, and founding member of the Stax recording group.
* Bud Cauley
* Willie Cauley-Stein