OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# HYLAS-1

HYLAS (or HYLAS-1) is a British satellite in geostationary orbit. HYLAS, which is an acronym for Highly Adaptable Satellite, is a communications satellite and was launched by the European Ariane 5 launch vehicle from the Guyana Space Centre at Kourou in French Guiana. It is located at the orbital location of 33.5 degrees west and will provide new and innovative services including High Definition Television (HDTV) and interactive satellite delivered broadband services. The satellite will help address the issue of poor broadband coverage in many parts of Europe which have less developed ground infrastructure.

## Construction

HYLAS was constructed by EADS Astrium for the UK telecommunications company Avanti Communications Plc. Development of the satellite was supported by a £23m investment from the British National Space Centre (BNSC).

## Launch

Avanti purchased for HYLAS a launch to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) on a Falcon 9 launch vehicle. The purchase, in September 2007, made Avanti the first customer to purchase a commercial geostationary launch from SpaceX. In July 2009 Arianespace announced that HYLAS would instead be launched in 2010, "using an Ariane 5 or Soyuz launcher" from Arianespace. Avanti had previously criticized Arianespace as being overly expensive, but a move to Arianespace was motivated by prospective customers' concerns about launch risks associated with Falcon 9. Also, additional financial assets became available, including 10.7 million pounds from British contributions ESA's Artes telecommunications development program.
HYLAS successfully launched at 18:41 GMT on the 26 November 2010 by Ariane 5.

## Mission

HYLAS is based on the Indian Space Research Organisation's I-2K small satellite platform under a cooperative arrangement between EADS Astrium and ISRO/Antrix.
The HYLAS payload carries two K$_u$ band transponders, intended mainly for HDTV, and six K$_a$ band transponders feeding up to eight Spotbeams, allowing the provision of between 150,000 and 300,000 simultaneous broadband Internet connections. The HYLAS satellite had a launch mass of around 2100 kg and a beginning-of-life power of 3.5 kW.

## Orbital position

The orbital position of HYLAS was adjusted to 18.3° West Longitude during June 2019.
# Alagez

Alagez may refer to:
* Alagyaz, town in Armenia
* Aragats, Talin, town in Armenia
* Russian ship Alagez, a Russian ship
# (111253) 2001 XU10

(111253) 2001 XU$_{10}$ (provisional designation 2001 XU$_{10}$) is an asteroid on an eccentric orbit, classified as near-Earth object and potentially hazardous asteroid of the Apollo group, approximately 3 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 9 December 2001, by astronomers of the LINEAR program at Lincoln Laboratory's Experimental Test Site near Socorro, New Mexico, in the United States. The asteroid is one of the largest potentially hazardous asteroids.

## Orbit and classification

2001 XU$_{10}$ orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.98–2.52 AU once every 2 years and 4 months (848 days; semi-major axis of 1.75 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination of 42° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey in February 2000.
2001 XU$_{10}$ is a member of the Apollo asteroids, the largest subgroup of near-Earth asteroids which cross the orbit of Earth. It is also a Mars-crosser, as it crosses the orbit of the Red Planet at 1.66 AU.

### Close approaches

With an absolute magnitude of 15.2, 2001 XU$_{10}$ is one of the brightest and presumably largest known potentially hazardous asteroid. It has an Earth minimum orbital intersection distance of 0.0293 AU (4,380,000 km), which translates into 11.4 lunar distances (LD). On 29 July 2054, this asteroid will make its closest near-Earth encounter of the 21st century at a nominal distance of 0.079 AU (31.1 LD).

## Physical characteristics

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, 2001 XU$_{10}$ measures 3.006 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.178.
As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of 2001 XU$_{10}$ has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, spin axis and shape remain unknown. In addition, the body's spectral type has never been assessed.

## Numbering and naming

This minor planet was numbered by the Minor Planet Center on 19 October 2005. As of 2018, it has not been named.
# Black Earth (Arch Enemy album)

Black Earth is the debut studio album by Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy. Released on 2 October 1996 through Wrong Again, The album was reissued on 24 April 2007 through Regain Records, featuring "Losing Faith", two Iron Maiden covers and the video for "Bury Me an Angel". The album was reissued again on 28 April 2023 in various formats, along with a visualiser for “Dark Insanity”.

## Track listing

    "The Ides of March" and "Aces High" are covers of Iron Maiden songs, from the albums Killers and Powerslave respectively.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Collector's Guide to Heavy Metal | 8/10 |
Black Earth was critically well received. Anders Sandvall of Metal Rules stated that "the album is brilliant and there are no bad songs on it." AllMusic's critic Alex Henderson wrote in his review that "Black Earth was a promising debut for Arch Enemy and is among the Swedish combo's more consistent and memorable efforts."
Ron Salden of Archaic Magazine said that Black Earth is a classic and praised the songs writing they "showcase a fresh mixture of death/thrash metal whilst the Amott brothers rip their guitars exquisitely to delightful bits of melody, harmony lines, guitar licks and solos." He praised "Bury Me an Angel" and comments that the songs "Eureka", "Transmigration Macabre" and "Fields of Desolation" still sounds fresh in these days. Chad Bowar of About.com said that the album sound "was raw, but the songs still were very catchy with solid guitar work from Michael and Christopher Amott".
About the songs, Metal Review's journalist Jason Jordan states: "'Dark Insanity' is arguably the best of the lot due to its fantastic riffs and leads, which Erlandsson backs up with a pummeling, and at times appropriately restrained, performance." He also comments that some songs like "Idolatress", "Cosmic Retribution", "Transmigration Macabre" and "Fields of Desolation" have praiseworthy characteristics too, though none quite match the verve of the openers. Jordan praised mainly the band members writing that "Black Earth is a solid outing of melodic death metal with each member in fine form", and that "the brothers Amott turn in excellent performances as the band's guitarists, Daniel Erlandsson provides backbone support from atop the throne, and Johan Liiva contributes his unique vocals to one of the better Arch Enemy efforts."

## Personnel

Personnel credits adapted from the album's liner notes.

### Arch Enemy

* Johan Liiva – vocals, bass (credited, did not play)
* Michael Amott – rhythm guitar, lead guitar, bass (uncredited), co-production, mixing, design
* Christopher Amott – lead guitar
* Daniel Erlandsson – drums

### Production

* Fredrik Nordström – production, engineering, mixing, keyboards
* Wez Wenedikter – executive production, design
* Baskim Zuta – assistant engineering
* Miran Kim – cover art
* Kenneth Johansson – band photography
* Urszula Striner – model photography
* Sara Grundquist – model
* Johanna Lindskough – make-up artist
* M&A Music Art – layout
# Gustavus Hamilton

Gustavus Hamilton may refer to:
* Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Viscount Boyne (1642–1723), Vice-Admiral of Ulster, Irish MP for Donegal County 1692–1713 and Strabane
* Gustavus Hamilton (politician) (c. 1685–1735), son of Gustavus Hamilton, 1st Viscount Boyne, Irish MP for Donegal County 1716–35
* Gustavus Hamilton, 2nd Viscount Boyne (1710–46), Irish peer, English MP for Newtown (Isle of Wight)
* Gustavus Hamilton (painter) (1739-75), Irish painter
# Gilla Asalta

Gilla Asalta (died 1172) was an Irish historian.
Gilla Asalta appears to be solely known via an obituary in the Annals of Tigernach under the year 1172, which states:
# Bathypluta

Bathypluta is a genus of moths belonging to the subfamily Tortricinae of the family Tortricidae.

## Species

* Bathypluta metoeca Diakonoff, 1950
* Bathypluta triphaenella (Snellen, 1903)
# 1987 Tour de Romandie

The 1987 Tour de Romandie was the 41st edition of the Tour de Romandie cycle race and was held from 5 May to 10 May 1987. The race started in Bernex and finished in Chandolin. The race was won by Stephen Roche of the Carrera team.

## General classification

| Rank | Rider | Team | Time |
| 1 | Stephen Roche (IRL) | Carrera Jeans–Vagabond | 21h 56' 58" |
| 2 | Jean-Claude Leclercq (FRA) | Toshiba–Look | + 1' 15" |
| 3 | Ronan Pensec (FRA) | Vétements Z–Peugeot | + 1' 23" |
| 4 | Robert Millar (GBR) | Panasonic–Isostar | + 2' 04" |
| 5 | Jérôme Simon (FRA) | Vétements Z–Peugeot | + 2' 44" |
| 6 | Beat Breu (SUI) | Isotonic–Cyndarella [ca] | + 2' 57" |
| 7 | Bruno Cornillet (FRA) | Vétements Z–Peugeot | + 3' 05" |
| 8 | Peter Winnen (NED) | Panasonic–Isostar | + 3' 14" |
| 9 | Dag Erik Pedersen (NOR) | Ariostea–Gres | + 3' 16" |
| 10 | Rolf Järmann (SUI) | Isotonic–Cyndarella [ca] | + 3' 21" |
# Herbert Loewe

Herbert Martin James Loewe (1882–1940) was a noted scholar of Semitic languages and Jewish culture. His grandfather, Louis Loewe (1809–1880), had been Sir Moses Montefiore's secretary and the first Principal of the Judith Lady Montefiore College at Ramsgate.

## Biography

Loewe was a graduate of Queens' College, Cambridge. He was Chief English Master at the Schools of the Alliance at Cairo and Abyassiyyeh, Egypt, and the author of Kitab el Ansab of Samani. Loewe was a lecturer in Semitic languages at Exeter College, Oxford, from 1913 until 1931 when he accepted an academic position at Cambridge. Just before he left Oxford, he was responsible for the installation of three tablets in honour of Oxford Jewish heritage. The tablets celebrate the Centenary of the birth of Neubauer, who was a noted Jewish librarian in the Bodleian. Loewe was Curator of Oriental Literature, University Library, Cambridge, and Reader in Rabbinics, Cambridge, from 1931 to his death. From 1939-1940 Loewe was president of the Society for Old Testament Study.
Loewe's first son, Raphael Loewe (1919–2011) was a scholar of Hebrew and a professor at University College London, while his second son Michael Loewe is a noted scholar of Chinese who taught at Cambridge University.

## Loewe Collection

The Oxford Centre for Hebrew and Jewish Studies has in its library a collection of approximately 5,000 items collected by Herbert Loewe and his elder son Raphael Loewe (b. 1919, d. 27 May 2011), professor of Hebrew at University College London. The collection contains correspondence, offprints, unpublished typescripts of translations of Hebrew poetry, and a wide variety of printed matter related to Jewish studies in late antiquity and medieval times, as well as modern Anglo-Jewish history. There are a few items connected with Louis Loewe.
# 2002 FIM Long Track World Championship

The 2002 Individual Long Track/Grasstrack World Championship was the 32nd edition of the FIM speedway Individual Long Track World Championship.
The world title was won by Robert Barth of Germany.

## Venues

| Round | Date | Venue |
| 1 | 9 Jun | Bielefeld |
| 2 | 23 Jun | Saint-Colomb-de-Lauzun |
| 3 | 18 Aug | Scheeßel |
| 4 | 1 Sep | Morizès |
| 5 | 29 Sep | Parchim |

## Final Classification

| Pos | Rider | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | Round 5 | Total Pts |
| 1 | Robert Barth | 18 | 25 | 25 | 25 | 20 | 113 |
| 2 | Kelvin Tatum | 25 | 20 | 20 | 20 | 11 | 96 |
| 3 | Gerd Riss | 20 | 14 | 16 | 14 | 25 | 89 |
| 4 | Matthias Kröger | 16 | 13 | 14 | 18 | 16 | 77 |
| 5 | Theo Pijper | 13 | 11 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 72 |
| 6 | Brian Karger | 11 | 16 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 64 |
| 7 | Uppie Bos | 14 | 6 | x | 8 | 12 | 40 |
| 8 | Paul Hurry | 12 | 10 | 8 | x | 10 | 40 |
| 9 | Ralf Loding | 4 | 9 | 7 | 13 | 7 | 40 |
| 10 | Stephan Katt | 8 | 8 | 5 | 9 | 9 | 39 |
| 11 | Daniel Bacher | 9 | 7 | 13 | 1 | 6 | 36 |
| 12 | Maik Groen | 7 | 4 | 10 | 11 | 2 | 34 |
| 13 | Stephane Tresarrieu | x | 18 | 3 | 10 | x | 31 |
| 14 | Enrico Janoschka | 5 | 12 | 4 | 2 | 4 | 27 |
| 15 | Sirg Schutzbach | 1 | X | 11 | 6 | 8 | 26 |
| 16 | Bernd Diener | x | x | 6 | x | 18 | 24 |
| 17 | Shane Parker | 2 | 5 | 9 | 4 | 3 | 23 |
| 18 | Andre Pollehn | 10 | x | 2 | 7 | x | 19 |
| 19 | Zdenek Schneiderwind | 6 | x | x | 3 | x | 9 |
| 20 | Glenn Cunningham | 3 | 3 | x | x | 1 | 7 |
| 21 | Massimo Mora | x | 1 | x | 5 | x | 6 |
| 22 | Csaba Hell | x | x | x | x | 5 | 5 |
| 23 | Christophe Dubernard | x | 2 | x | x | x | 2 |
| 24 | Maik Ebensing | x | x | 1 | x | x | 1 |
# $1 coin

$1 coin may refer to:
* Australian one-dollar coin
* Loonie, the Canadian $1 coin
* New Zealand dollar coin
* Dollar coin (United States)
# Bixi (disambiguation)

Bixi is a tortoise-like animal in Chinese mythology.
Bixi may also refer to:
* Harvard Bixi, a sculpture in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States
* PBSC Urban Solutions, a bicycle-sharing system developer and supplier who created the BIXI brand
** BIXI Montréal, a bicycle-sharing system in Montréal, Canada
** Capital Bixi, Ottawa, Canada
# Austine Wood Comarow

Austine Wood Comarow (November 10, 1942 – July 31, 2020) was an American artist known for inventing Polage art, an art medium using color created out of polarized white light and clear cellulose.

## Early life

Austine was born in Louisville, KY, daughter of diplomat James Morgan Read and artist Henrietta Morton Read. She lived in Germany when her father was Chief of the Division of Education and Cultural Relations of the Allied High Commission for Occupied Germany, (HICOG). The family moved to Geneva, Switzerland in 1951, when her father became Deputy High Commissioner for Refugees at the United Nations. In 1960, Austine returned to the United States to attend Swarthmore College, completing her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Russian Language and Literature at Indiana University in 1964. She studied art at Pontifical Catholic University of Chile in Santiago from 1970 to 1973 and later earned her Master of Fine Arts degree at Syracuse University in 1981.

## Career

In 1967, Austine began developing a new light art medium she named Polage art using polarizing filter and a collaging method of building images from cut pieces of clear cellulose. The medium produces brightly colored images without the use of pigments or dyes of any kind, and when manipulating materials in the viewers’ hands or within the workings of the art itself, the colors shift and morph the visible images.
Her work is included in the permanent collections at the Museum of Science Boston, the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, and Swarthmore College, along with hospitals, museums, public spaces and private collections the world over.
In 1998, Austine began a continuing relationship with Maui Jim, which specializes in high-quality polarized sunglasses.
# Bathypolypus arcticus

Bathypolypus arcticus, the North Atlantic octopus, deep sea octopus or spoonarm octopus is a small species of demersal octopus of the North Atlantic. It is usually found at depths of 200 to 600 m (660–1,970 ft) where the temperature is between 2 and 6 °C (36–43 °F).

## Description

Bathypolypus arcticus is a small, short-armed octopus which is between 6 and 10 cm (2.4–3.9 in) in length, with an average adult weight of around 45 g (1.6 oz) and a maximum of 300 g (11 oz).
Like other deep-sea octopuses, Bathypolypus arcticus do not have ink sacs.
The mantle is globular, being nearly as wide as it is long. The surface of mantle, head, arms and web is covered in warts, especially around the eyes. The arms are short and in an irregular order with two rows of small suckers.

## Ecology

Bathypolypus arcticus has low fecundity meaning that they lay fewer, relatively larger eggs than many other octopuses from which benthic young hatch. The female broods her eggs for over 400 days during which time it ceases to eat and slowly wastes away as it metabolises its own body to provide energy to guard the eggs and young. This was considered the longest brooding period for an octopus until surpassed by Graneledone boreopacifica.
Unusually for octopuses, Bathypolypus arcticus mainly feeds on brittle stars, but this may depend on availability, as captives prefer crustaceans. A wide range of other food items have been recorded in smaller quantities, including polychaetes, sipunculid worms, foraminiferas and bivalves. In captivity, adults have been housed together without showing the aggressive, cannibalistic tendencies known from several other octopuses.
Bathypolypus arcticus have longer life spans than other octopuses where it is known and may live for six years or more. In comparison, many shallow water octopuses only live for a year. Higher water temperatures result in increased growth rates, but shorter life spans in Bathypolypus arcticus. Temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F) are typically lethal to this cold-water species, although specimens have survived at 11 °C (52 °F) if slowly acclimated.
Bathypolypus arcticus is the host for the dicyemid parasite Dicyemennea canadensis, which lives in the renal appendage of the infected octopus.

## Distribution

The North Atlantic from the Florida Straits, north along the eastern seaboard to Greenland, Iceland, Spitsbergen then south along the European coast into the North Sea, including Great Britain and Ireland. Although mainly found between 200 and 600 m (660–1,970 ft), it has been recorded in shallower waters and as deep as 1,543 m (5,062 ft).
# Herman Magnus af Petersens

Herman Magnus af Petersens, born 1842 - died 1903) was a Swedish nobleman, Hofjægermester (hunting master) and a landowner.

## Biography

Af Petersens was the son of Captain Carl Herman af Petersens (1801-1843), member of the Swedish nobility and his wife, Sofia Carolina Dahlqvist (1818-1900). He was the first hofjægermester and owner of the Erstabik estate in Nacka. Herman Magnus was great-great-grandson of Herman Petersen, progenitor of the af Petersens noble family. On 4 July 1889 af Petersens sold 890 hectares from the estate.

## Marriage and issue

Herman Magnus was married to Countess Sofia Albertina Charlotta Augusta Eleonora Catharina Stenbock (1843-1916), daughter of Count Magnus Albert Carl Gustaf Arvid Stenbock (1800-1871) and his wife, Countess Johanna Margaretha Hamilton (1809-1892). They had five sons and two daughters. Among them was:
* August Herman af Petersens (1868-1943) ⚭ Viktoria Ebba Louise Vera Ankarcrona (1887-1976), elder daughter of Oscar Carl Gustav Ankarcrona and his wife, Anna Elisabeth Aurora Carleson (b. 1867), daughter of Edvard Henrik Carleson (1820–1912), Councilor of State of the Kingdom of Sweden. They had two sons and two daughters. Among them was:
** Marie-Louise Victoria Katharina Elisabeth af Petersens (1910-1998) ⚭ her first cousin, Prince Karl-Stefan of Altenburg (1921-2018), had issue.

## Ancestry

Ancestors of Herman Magnus af Petersens :
# Albert Bythesea Weigall

Albert Bythesea Weigall CMG, (16 February 1840 – 20 February 1912) was an English-born Australian schoolmaster, headmaster of Sydney Grammar School for 45 years.

## Early life

Weigall was the fourth son of the Rev. Edward Weigall by his wife, Cecelia Bythesea Brome and was educated at Macclesfield Grammar School and Brasenose College, Oxford. He received second class honours in Literae Humaniores in 1862, and the following year travelled to Australia after a sea voyage was recommended for him to recover from illness.

## Career

Weigall settled in Melbourne, teaching primarily classics at Scotch College, Melbourne under Alexander Morrison for three years. His cousin Theyre Weigall was able to introduce him to some influential friends, and in 1866 he applied for the position of headmaster at Sydney Grammar School, took up the role in January 1867.
At the beginning of the 1867 academic year there were only 53 boys at Sydney Grammar; this grew to 696 boys in Weigall's last year as headmaster. Indeed, when he arrived the school was in a particularly perilous situation, as the previous headmaster William Stephens departed after a conflict over corporal punishment with the school trustees. He had left to form a new school at Darlinghurst, taking fifty students with him.
Weigall sought to rebuild the school by instilling the value of academic achievement, as well as build character through sporting activities. He introduced the school magazine The Sydneian, and a prefect system in 1878. Weigall guided the school's teachers, some of whom had arrived from England after being educated at the great public schools there, to impart a similar atmosphere at Sydney Grammar School. For example, he and Henry Anderson formed the school cadet corps in 1870, and the following year Weigall became captain of the corps.

## Late life and legacy

Weigall's interest almost exclusively lay with his role as Headmaster of Sydney Grammar School. He finally took a year off in 1893, and although he later returned and would remain headmaster until his death, he was plagued by illness in the latter part of his life. He died on 20 February 1912. He was lauded by past students and the school trustees for his leadership. The land the school had purchased in 1907 at Rushcutters Bay was named the Weigall Playing Fields; Weigall had strongly advocated for sporting grounds for the students of the school.
He was married to Ada Frances Raymond in 1868, and had four sons and four daughters. Among them was Cecil Weigall, a prominent barrister.
# Aonides trifida

Aonides trifida is a bristle worm from the Spionidae family. Aonides trifida has a pointed head, two pairs of eyes and grows up to 100mm in length. Aonides trifida is a surface deposit feeder and bioturbator which tolerates a sediment mud content up to 80%, but has an optimum range of 0-5%.