OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Broomriding

Broomriding is an album by pianist Alexander von Schlippenbach. It was recorded on September 21, 2002, at DeutschlandRadio Berlin, and was released on CD in 2003 by Psi Records. On the album, Schlippenbach is joined by bass clarinetist Rudi Mahall, cellist Tristan Honsinger, and percussionist Paul Lovens. The recording features a seven-part suite by Schlippenbach, along with two compositions by Honsinger and two by Eric Dolphy.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| All About Jazz | |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
In a review for AllMusic, Dan Warburton called the album "a joy from start to finish," and wrote: "the juxtaposition of tightly structured and freely improvised material adds depth and contrast... Schlippenbach is obviously in his element. The whole history of the 20th century piano is in there, from Teddy Wilson to Misha Mengelberg, from Debussy to Xenakis."
The authors of The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings described the recording as "an album to savour slowly," and stated: "at moments this recalls nothing more than a freer and more classically aligned version of Dolphy's work with bassist/cellist Ron Carter... this release... is immaculately recorded and mastered, allowing every delicate inflection... to come through."
John Eyles of All About Jazz commented: "At times, this is almost chamber improv. However, although the anarchy may be controlled, it is still definitely anarchy... The Schlippenbach pieces form the backbone of the album, providing a series of concentrated free improvisations that will reveal their merits over years, not months... By contrast to these, the other compositions almost come as light relief." AAJ's Andrey Henkin remarked: "this is actually an album of moods... this is avant-garde slowly and thoroughly percolated... The album as a whole can propel a listener who can then go back and assess the merit of the individual ideas presented. Certainly there are few better versions of Dolphy material extant than these."
Writing for One Final Note, Jay Collins stated that the album "focuses on 'compositions' grounded in free improv that venture into the churning, swishing, building of tensions that followers of these musicians have come to expect." He commented: "The record is one for fans of loose structures and/or Schlippenbach's work in general... it is a fine opportunity to check out what Schlippenbach has been up to lately."

## Track listing

* "Broomriding 1" (Alexander von Schlippenbach) – 9:05
* "Straight Up and Down" (Eric Dolphy) – 4:14
* "Broomriding 2" (Alexander von Schlippenbach) – 8:10
* "Broomriding 3" (Alexander von Schlippenbach) – 6:15
* "Poetica" (Tristan Honsinger) – 4:54
* "Broomriding 4" (Alexander von Schlippenbach) – 4:18
* "Broomriding 5" (Alexander von Schlippenbach) – 7:29
* "Attya" (Tristan Honsinger) – 4:27
* "Broomriding 6" (Alexander von Schlippenbach) – 8:23
* "Broomriding 7" (Alexander von Schlippenbach) – 5:52
* "Something Sweet, Something Tender" (Eric Dolphy) – 4:28

## Personnel

* Alexander von Schlippenbach – piano
* Rudi Mahall – bass clarinet
* Tristan Honsinger – cello
* Paul Lovens – percussion
# Hatokaliotsy Special Reserve

The Hatokaliotsy Site of Biological Interest is a site of biological interest in Madagascar located near Marolinta, the Menarandra River and the Bay of Langarano.
# 1998–99 Czech 2. Liga

The 1998–99 Czech 2. Liga was the sixth season of the 2. česká fotbalová liga, the second tier of the Czech football league.

## League standings

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Promotion or relegation |
| 1 | Bohemians Prague (C, P) | 30 | 23 | 4 | 3 | 62 | 12 | +50 | 73 | Promotion to 1999–2000 1. Liga |
| 2 | České Budějovice (P) | 30 | 22 | 6 | 2 | 65 | 18 | +47 | 72 | Promotion to 1999–2000 1. Liga |
| 3 | Synot | 30 | 20 | 7 | 3 | 64 | 26 | +38 | 67 | |
| 4 | Most | 30 | 16 | 8 | 6 | 47 | 31 | +16 | 56 | |
| 5 | Vítkovice | 30 | 13 | 7 | 10 | 40 | 37 | +3 | 46 | |
| 6 | NH Ostrava | 30 | 10 | 10 | 10 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 40 | |
| 7 | Lázně Bohdaneč | 30 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 25 | 32 | −7 | 37 | |
| 8 | Zlín | 30 | 10 | 6 | 14 | 26 | 33 | −7 | 36 | |
| 9 | Frýdek-Místek | 30 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 33 | 40 | −7 | 34 | |
| 10 | Mladá Boleslav | 30 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 23 | 30 | −7 | 34 | |
| 11 | Poštorná | 30 | 9 | 7 | 14 | 31 | 41 | −10 | 34 | |
| 12 | Chrudim (R) | 30 | 10 | 4 | 16 | 30 | 48 | −18 | 34 | Relegation to 1999–2000 ČFL |
| 13 | Třinec | 30 | 8 | 6 | 16 | 32 | 52 | −20 | 30 | |
| 14 | Prostějov | 30 | 8 | 5 | 17 | 24 | 39 | −15 | 29 | |
| 15 | Přerov (R) | 30 | 7 | 5 | 18 | 27 | 56 | −29 | 26 | Relegation to 1999–2000 MSFL |
| 16 | Česká Lípa (R) | 30 | 4 | 7 | 19 | 17 | 51 | −34 | 19 | Relegation to 1999–2000 ČFL |
* ↑ Přerov subsequently withdrew and did not compete in the following season's MSFL.

## Top goalscorers

| Rank | Scorer | Club | Goals |
| 1 | Patrik Holomek | Synot | 18 |
| 2 | Ladislav Fujdiar | České Budějovice | 16 |
| 2 | Jiří Povišer | České Budějovice | 16 |
| 4 | Tomáš Janda | České Budějovice | 12 |
| 5 | Lubomír Langer | Vítkovice | 11 |
| 5 | Luděk Zdráhal | Bohemians Prague | 11 |
# 2013 Copa Colsanitas – Doubles

Eva Birnerová and Alexandra Panova were the defending champions, but they lost in the final to Tímea Babos and Mandy Minella, 4–6, 3–6.

## Seeds

* Eva Birnerová / Alexandra Panova (final)
* Tímea Babos / Mandy Minella (champions)
* Nina Bratchikova / Oksana Kalashnikova (first round)
* Julia Cohen / Tatjana Malek (first round)

## Draw
### Key

* Q = Qualifier
* WC = Wild card
* LL = Lucky loser
* Alt = Alternate
* SE = Special exempt
* PR = Protected ranking
* ITF = ITF entry
* JE = Junior exempt
* w/o = Walkover
* r = Retired
* d = Defaulted
* SR = Special ranking
| First round | First round | First round | First round | First round | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | Final | Final | Final | Final |
| 1 | E Birnerová A Panova | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | R Hogenkamp K Piter | 2 | 4 | | 1 | E Birnerová A Panova | 1 | 7$^7$ | [10] | | | | | | | | |
| | S Beltrame L Thorpe | 7$^7$ | 4 | [11] | | S Beltrame L Thorpe | 6 | 6$^3$ | [6] | | | | | | | | |
| | K Kozlova A Sadiković | 6$^5$ | 6 | [9] | | | | | | 1 | E Birnerová A Panova | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| 3 | N Bratchikova O Kalashnikova | 0 | 3 | | | | | | | | E Bogdan A Cadanțu | 2 | 1 | | | | |
| | E Bogdan A Cadanțu | 6 | 6 | | | E Bogdan A Cadanțu | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | |
| WC | MP Pérez PA Pérez | 1 | 5 | | | A Cornet P Parmentier | 3 | 0 | | | | | | | | | |
| | A Cornet P Parmentier | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | | | 1 | E Birnerová A Panova | 4 | 3 |
| | L Arruabarrena L Domínguez Lino | 3 | 6 | [5] | | | | | | | | | | 2 | T Babos M Minella | 6 | 6 |
| | M Auroux M Irigoyen | 6 | 2 | [10] | | M Auroux M Irigoyen | 6 | 4 | [9] | | | | | | | | |
| WC | J Janković A Krunić | 7 | 6$^3$ | [10] | WC | J Janković A Krunić | 1 | 6 | [11] | | | | | | | | |
| 4 | J Cohen T Malek | 5 | 7$^7$ | [8] | | | | | | WC | J Janković A Krunić | 3 | 2 | | | | |
| | I Ferrer Suárez A Parra Santonja | 6 | 0 | [10] | | | | | | 2 | T Babos M Minella | 6 | 6 | | | | |
| | C Castaño M Duque | 4 | 6 | [6] | | I Ferrer Suárez A Parra Santonja | 3 | 5 | | | | | | | | | |
| | P Kania P Pekhova | 1 | 3 | | 2 | T Babos M Minella | 6 | 7 | | | | | | | | | |
| 2 | T Babos M Minella | 6 | 6 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
# H&R Handy-Gun

The H&R Handy-Gun is a single-shot, breech-loading handgun produced from 1921 to 1934 by Harrington & Richardson. Two principal variants were produced: one with a rifled barrel and one smooth-bore.
The rifled-barrel variant was produced from 1930 to 1934 and it featured a 121⁄4" barrel. It was available in .22 WRF, .32-20, and possibly other centerfire cartridges. Some guns were originally factory-fitted with a wire stock. Production was halted with the passage of the National Firearms Act of 1934 (NFA34). Rifled versions with a detachable wire stock are a short-barreled rifle under federal law and require registration. Pistols without the stock are exempt.
The smooth-bore version was produced from 1921 to 1934 and sports an 8" or 121⁄4" barrel. The gun was available in .410-bore (most 2½") and 28-gauge. After the passage of NFA34, the smooth-bore Handy-Gun was classed as an "any other weapon". Production halted after the passage of the act, after approximately 54,000 Handy-Guns had been produced.
# 2012 OFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament

2012 OFC Women's Pre-Olympic Football Tournament was the qualifying tournament to the football competition at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London for the member nations of the Oceania Football Confederation. It was the third edition of the OFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament. Four nations participated in a preliminary tournament (hosted by Tonga) based on a league system with two advancing to a final. The winner of this preliminary stage played New Zealand in a home-and-away play-off for a place at the Olympics.

## Participating teams

* New Zealand
* Papua New Guinea
* Samoa
* Tonga
* Vanuatu

## First stage

The teams' paths to the Olympics were revealed on 17 February 2012.

### Round-robin

| Pos | Team | Pld | W | D | L | GF | GA | GD | Pts | Qualification |
| 1 | Papua New Guinea | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 3 | +17 | 9 | Qualification to final |
| 2 | Tonga (H) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 11 | 5 | +6 | 6 | Qualification to final |
| 3 | Samoa | 3 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 7 | 16 | −9 | 3 | Qualification to third place play-off |
| 4 | Vanuatu | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 20 | −14 | 0 | Qualification to third place play-off |

### Knockout round

| Final | Final |
| 7 March 2012 – Nukuʻalofa | 7 March 2012 – Nukuʻalofa |
| Papua New Guinea | 2 |
| Tonga | 0 |
| Third place play-off | Third place play-off |
| 7 March 2012 – Nukuʻalofa | 7 March 2012 – Nukuʻalofa |
| Samoa | 0 |
| Vanuatu | 2 |

#### Final
### Awards

A number of awards were announced following the preliminary tournament.
| Player of the tournament | Best goalkeeper | Top scorer | Fairplay Award |
| Deslyne Siniu | Lupe Likiliki | Piuingi Feke (7 goals) | Vanuatu |

## Final stage
### Summary

| Team 1 | Agg.Tooltip Aggregate score | Team 2 | 1st leg | 2nd leg |
| New Zealand | 15–0 | Papua New Guinea | 8–0 | 7–0 |

### Matches

New Zealand won 15–0 on aggregate and qualified for the 2012 Summer Olympics.
# Brooms Head, New South Wales

Brooms Head is a coastal village, located 20km from Maclean in northern New South Wales. At the 2021 census, Brooms Head had a population of 271 people.

## History

The area that is now Brooms Head was originally inhabited by the Yaegl people. Archaeological evidence suggests that the area between Brooms Head and Sandon was a common meeting and hunting point for the Yaegl.
The name Brooms Head was first used in 1870 when a broom thought to have come from the wreck of the schooner 'Eureka', was washed up on the beach, replacing the earlier name of Cakora Point. Early sources often used the spelling "Broome's Head" until the mid-20th century.
Residents from Maclean and farmers from around the Lower Clarence began to camp around Brooms Head from the 1880s.
Primary industries in the surrounding area in the early years of settlement were timber cutting, sand mining and cattle farming, before the Yuraygir National Park was gazetted in 1970.
The 12 Norfolk Island pines that sit along the edge of town were planted in 1916. The Bowling Club likely opened not long after.
In 2017, the club adopted the iconic local brumby as its mascot.
# Hatoma

Hatoma (鳩間島, Hatoma-jima; Yaeyama: Patuma; Okinawan: Hatuma) is a small island of the Yaeyama Islands, approximately 1 kilometre (0.6 mi) in diameter. It is under the administration of Taketomi District, Okinawa Prefecture, Japan. In local language, the island's name is pronounced Patuma.

## Geography

Hatoma is located just north of Iriomote. It is a tiny island, with an area of just 0.96 km$^2$ (0.37 sq mi), a circumference of 3.9 km (2.4 mi), and a population of about 48.

## History

Hatoma has been continuously inhabited for at least several centuries, if not longer. Excavations on the island have shown that until recent times, Hatoma residents subsisted largely on shellfish gathered in the surrounding shallow waters, and vegetables.
Unlike nearby Iriomote, Hatoma was not infested by malaria; hence its long-term settlement.
In the early 1900s, Hatoma flourished as a skipjack tuna fishing port. At that time, the population of the island numbered in the hundreds. In 1968, because of the declining economic viability of skipjack tuna fishing (partly due to decreased consumption of katsuobushi due to the use of MSG in its stead), katsuobushi (dried and smoked skipjack tuna) processing facilities on the island were shut down, but the demographic decline started well before this.
With the decline of its only industry, the population of Hatoma rapidly shrank. When the population of its only school fell to just a handful, the Taketomi authorities attempted to shut it down. The island residents, however, fought to keep the school open, and succeeded by using an innovative program: households take in the children from mainland Japan who, for reasons of stress or mental difficulties, could not attend a local school, and send them to the school on Hatoma. This program, called Kaihin Ryūgaku (海浜留学) (foster homes), still survives to this day, and the school's doors remain open.
Being a small, outlying island, infrastructure was slow to come to Hatoma; the island did not receive electricity until the 1960s.

## Education

The Taketomi town authorities maintain a single combined elementary and junior high school on the island: Hatoma Elementary and Junior High School (竹富町立鳩間小中学校).
For public senior high school students may attend schools of the Okinawa Prefectural Board of Education.

## Cultural references

Featured in the 2005 Japanese television drama Ruri no Shima (Ruri's Island), by Nippon TV.
# Andrew Vowles

Andrew Lee Isaac Vowles, also known as Mushroom, is an English musician, known for being a founding member of the trip hop/abstract art collective Massive Attack, along with Robert Del Naja (3D), Adrian Thaws (Tricky) and Grantley Marshall (Daddy G).

## Early years

Vowles was born in Bristol. Prior to Massive Attack, Vowles, along with Robert Del Naja, Grant Marshall, Nellee Hooper, Adrian Thaws and others were the Wild Bunch crew, named after the western film of the same name by Sam Peckinpah. Several members of the Wild Bunch formed Massive Attack.
Vowles' nickname "Mushroom" comes from the arcade game Centipede. The game was installed at Special K's Cafe, a popular hang-out spot in the mid-1980s for Vowles and his Wild Bunch peers.

## Career

Vowles remained a member of Massive Attack until shortly after the release of their third full-length album, Mezzanine, in 1998. Interviews with band members have pointed to differences of opinion in the creative direction the band should go.
Apart from his contributions to Massive Attack, Vowles also appears as a DJ and co-producer on Raw Like Sushi, Neneh Cherry's 1989 debut album.
# Atelopus glyphus

Atelopus glyphus, the Pirri harlequin frog or Pirri Range stubfoot toad, is a species of toad in the family Bufonidae found in Colombia and Panama within the Northwestern Andean montane forests. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests and rivers.

## Morphology and behaviour

This species is terrestrial, and breeds in forest streams. The reproductive biology is not well-known, but other Atelopus species are known to attach their eggs to the undersides of rocks in swift-moving streams during dry seasons when the water level is low. The eggs are laid in strings, and the larvae develop as the wet season begins. All Atelopus tadpoles have large ventral suckers, allowing them to hang on to rocks even in torrents.

## Conservation

The biggest threat to this and other, similar species is chytridiomycosis. The disease has affected many other species of Atelopus, particularly those associated with montane streams. This toad lives in two protected areas in Panama and Colombia. This guarantees some suitable habitat, but does not protect it from the chytrid fungus.
It is also threatened by habitat loss, urbanization, climate change, pesticides, and intensified agriculture, including grazing. Atelopus happens to be the most threatened clade of amphibians, where 60 of the 85 described species are classified as critically endangered by the IUCN. In addition, at least 30 known species are extinct. Of the surviving species, and those on which enough data exist to evaluate population trends, 81% have population sizes reduced by at least half from historical levels. The higher-elevation species, those living at or above 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), have been hit the worst, with 75% having disappeared entirely.
# 2003 Senior League World Series

The 2003 Senior League World Series took place from August 10–16 in Bangor, Maine, United States. Hilo, Hawaii defeated Chesterfield, Virginia in the championship game.

## Teams

| United States | International |
| Orono, Maine District 3 Host | Hagåtña, Guam Central Asia–Pacific |
| Urbandale, Iowa Urbandale Central | Calgary, Alberta Centennial Canada |
| Vineland, New Jersey South Vineland East | Moscow, Russia Khovimo Europe |
| Chesterfield, Virginia Central Chesterfield South | Willemstad, Curaçao Pabao Latin America |
| Brenham, Texas Washington County Southwest | |
| Hilo, Hawaii Hilo West | |

## Results

Group A
| Team | W | L | Rs | Ra |
| Virginia | 3 | 1 | 23 | 7 |
| Hawaii | 3 | 1 | 23 | 15 |
| Russia | 2 | 2 | 15 | 17 |
| Maine | 1 | 3 | 13 | 27 |
| Canada | 1 | 3 | 9 | 17 |
| Canada | – | 1–8 | 4–5 | 1–4 | 3–0 |
| Hawaii | 8–1 | – | 8–6 | 5–0 | 2–8 |
| Maine | 5–4 | 6–8 | – | 1–10 | 1–5 |
| Russia | 4–1 | 0–5 | 10–1 | – | 1–10 |
| Virginia | 0–3 | 8–2 | 5–1 | 10–1 | – |
Group B
| Team | W | L | Rs | Ra |
| Curaçao | 4 | 0 | 32 | 9 |
| Iowa | 2 | 2 | 19 | 19 |
| New Jersey | 2 | 2 | 37 | 21 |
| Texas | 2 | 2 | 22 | 13 |
| Guam | 0 | 4 | 5 | 43 |
| Curaçao | – | 11–0 | 4–3$^{(8)}$ | 7–6$^{(8)}$ | 10–0 |
| Guam | 0–11 | – | 2–6 | 3–13 | 0–13 |
| Iowa | 3–4$^{(8)}$ | 6–2 | – | 8–7 | 2–6 |
| New Jersey | 6–7$^{(8)}$ | 13–3 | 7–8 | – | 11–3 |
| Texas | 0–10 | 13–0 | 6–2 | 3–11 | – |
Elimination Round
| Semifinals | Semifinals | Semifinals | World Championship | World Championship | World Championship |
| 3–1 | Virginia | 6 | | | |
| 2–2 | Iowa | 3 | | | |
| 2–2 | Iowa | 3 | 4–1 | Virginia | 8 |
| | | | 4–1 | Hawaii | 16 |
| 4–0 | Curaçao | 2 | 4–1 | Hawaii | 16 |
| 3–1 | Hawaii | 3 | | | |
* 2003 Senior League World Series Champions
* Hilo LL Hilo, Hawaii
# 2015 Tour de Corse

The 2015 Tour de Corse (formally the 58ème Tour de Corse) was the eleventh round of the 2015 World Rally Championship. The race was held over four days between 1 October and 4 October 2015, and operated out of Ajaccio, Corsica, France. Volkswagen's Jari-Matti Latvala won the race, his 15th win in the World Rally Championship.
This is the most recent World Rally Championship event to have more than 100 starters.

## Special stages

| Day | Stage number | Stage name | Length | Stage winner | Stage winner | Car No. | Team | Time | Avg. spd. | Rally leader |
| 2 October | SS1 | Plage du Liamone - Sarrola-Carcopino | 29.12 km | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia | 1 | Volkswagen Motorsport | 19:44.0 | | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia / Robert Kubica Maciek Szczepaniak |
| 2 October | SS1 | Plage du Liamone - Sarrola-Carcopino | 29.12 km | Robert Kubica Maciek Szczepaniak | Robert Kubica Maciek Szczepaniak | 14 | Robert Kubica | 19:44.0 | | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia / Robert Kubica Maciek Szczepaniak |
| 2 October | SS2 | Casamozza- Ponte Leccia 1 | 43.69 km | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia / Robert Kubica Maciek Szczepaniak |
| 2 October | SS3 | Francardo - Sermano 1 | 36.43 km | Elfyn Evans Daniel Barritt | Elfyn Evans Daniel Barritt | 5 | M-Sport World Rally Team | 26:48.5 | | Elfyn Evans Daniel Barritt |
| 3 October | SS4 | Casamozza- Ponte Leccia 2 | 43.69 km | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | Stage cancelled | | Elfyn Evans Daniel Barritt |
| 3 October | SS5 | Francardo - Sermano 2 | 36.43 km | Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila | Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila | 2 | Volkswagen Motorsport | 26:50.5 | | Elfyn Evans Daniel Barritt |
| 3 October | SS6 | Muracciole - Col de Sorba | 48.46 km | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia | 1 | Volkswagen Motorsport | 28:14.2 | | Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila |
| 4 October | SS7 | Sotta - Chialza | 36.71 km | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia | 1 | Volkswagen Motorsport | 21:14.6 | | Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila |
| 4 October | SS8 | Zerubia - Martini | 41.46 km | Dani Sordo Marc Martí | Dani Sordo Marc Martí | 8 | Hyundai Motorsport | 25:21.4 | | Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila |
| Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila |||||||||
| 4 October | SS9 | Bisinao - Agosta Plage | 16.74 km | 1 | Sébastien Ogier Julien Ingrassia | 1 | Volkswagen Motorsport | 10:23.2 | | Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila |
| 4 October | SS9 | Bisinao - Agosta Plage | 16.74 km | 2 | Robert Kubica Maciek Szczepaniak | 14 | Robert Kubica | 10:31.8 | | Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila |
| 4 October | SS9 | Bisinao - Agosta Plage | 16.74 km | 3 | Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila | 2 | Volkswagen Motorsport | 10:33.4 | | Jari-Matti Latvala Miikka Anttila |
# Hugh Kāwharu

Sir Ian Hugh Kāwharu ONZ (born Ian Hugh Paora; 18 February 1927 – 19 September 2006) was an academic and paramount chief of the Ngāti Whātua Māori tribe in New Zealand.

## Biography

Hugh was born to parents Janet née Anderson, an English physiotherapist, and Wiremu Paora in Ashburton, New Zealand, in 1927 and christened Ian Hugh Paora. While a child, his surname was changed from Paora to Kāwharu, in remembrance of his paternal great-grandfather Paora Kawharu (Hugh's grandfather had the patronym Hauraki Paora). Wiremu was a nephew of Ōtene Pāora.
Kāwharu attended Auckland Grammar School. He gained a BSc in geology and physics from the University of Auckland, an MA in anthropology from Cambridge University and an MLitt and DPhil from Oxford University.
In 1970, he became the foundation professor of social anthropology and Māori Studies at Massey University. Between 1985 and 1993 he was professor of Māori Studies and head of the Department of Anthropology at The University of Auckland, where he directed the building of the university's marae and was made an emeritus professor after he retired.
He was chair of the Ngāti Whātua o Ōrākei Māori Trust Board from 1978 to 2006. He served on the Royal Commission of the Courts (1976–1978), the New Zealand Māori Council, the Board of Māori Affairs (1987–1990) and the Waitangi Tribunal (1986–1996). He was a New Zealand delegate to UNESCO and a consultant to the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). He was also President of the Polynesian Society.
In the 1989 Queen's Birthday Honours, Kāwharu was appointed a Knight Bachelor, for services to the Māori people. In 1992, he was awarded the Elsdon Best Memorial Medal by the Polynesian Society, and in 1994 was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand. In the 2002 Queen's Birthday and Golden Jubilee Honours, Kāwharu was appointed to the Order of New Zealand.
He was patron of the Pitt Rivers Museum and an honorary Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford.
Kāwharu died in Auckland in 2006. Merata Kawharu and Amokura Kawharu are two of his daughters.