# Geoffrey Keyes

Geoffrey Keyes (October 30, 1888 – September 17, 1967) was a highly decorated senior United States Army officer who served with distinction in Sicily and Italy during World War II.

## Early life

Keyes was born on October 30, 1888, in Fort Bayard, New Mexico, the son of Captain Alexander S. B. Keyes, a United States Army officer, and his wife, Virginia Maxwell Keyes. Like his father, Geoffrey enrolled as a cadet at the United States Military Academy (USMA) at West Point, New York, on March 2, 1908, and graduated on June 12, 1913, being commissioned as a second lieutenant, into the Cavalry Branch of the United States Army. Among his fellow graduates were Charles H. Corlett, William R. Schmidt, Carlos Brewer, Robert L. Spragins, Alexander Patch, Louis A. Craig, Henry Balding Lewis, Lunsford E. Oliver, and Willis D. Crittenberger. His first assignment was with the 6th Cavalry Regiment, where he served until October 1916 and participated in the Pancho Villa Expedition.

## Military career

Keyes' next assignment was at the USMA, where he served as an instructor of French language. He was also head football coach for one season in 1917, compiling a record of 7–1.
Keyes' interwar service included duty with the Panama Canal Division as an Assistant Chief of Staff (G-3), instructor at the USMA and the United States Army Cavalry School at Fort Riley, Kansas, and Chief of Supply of Supply Division within War Department. He attended the United States Army Command and General Staff School from August 1925 until June 1926 and the United States Army War College, which he attended from 1936 to 1937. His classmates there included Matthew Ridgway, Mark W. Clark, Edward H. Brooks, and Walter Bedell Smith, all of whom would rise to high rank in the years to follow.

### World War II

In 1940, during World War II, Keyes was chief of staff of the 2nd Armored Division, which was then commanded by Major General George S. Patton who, like Keyes, was a fellow cavalryman who had served with distinction in World War I and had taken a significant interest in armored warfare. Patton was to think highly of Keyes, later stating that he "had the best tactical mind of any officer I know."
In January 1942, a month after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the subsequent German declaration of war on the United States, on December 11, Keyes, promoted to the one-star general officer rank of brigadier general on January 15, assumed command of Combat Command 'B' (CCB) of the 3rd Armored Division. In July, now a two-star major general (having been promoted on June 22), he raised the 9th Armored Division and, in September, relinquished command of the division to Major General John W. Leonard, before going to North Africa as Deputy Commander of the I Armored Corps, commanded by Patton, which was later redesignated the Seventh United States Army for the Allied invasion of Sicily.
Keyes was originally serving as deputy commander of the Seventh Army during the campaign, once again serving under Patton, in July 1943. During Operation Husky, when Patton split the Seventh Army in half, Keyes was given command of the Provisional Corps, composed of the 2nd Armored Division, the 3rd Infantry Division and the 82nd Airborne Division, along with two United States Army Ranger battalions, and supporting units. Advancing 125 miles in five days, through difficult mountainous terrain, the corps captured most of Western Sicily, including Palermo, the Sicilian capital, along with some 53,000 Axis soldiers, mainly Italians, along with nearly 600 vehicles, in exchange for less than 300 casualties. The corps then settled down for garrison duties and the administration of western Sicily until it was disbanded on August 20, three days after the end of the campaign. For his actions in the brief Sicilian campaign Keyes was awarded the Army Distinguished Service Medal. General Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Supreme Allied Commander in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO) wrote to General George C. Marshall, the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, noting that his "reports on Keyes as an acting Corps Commander in the Sicilian affair was most favorable".
In September 1943 Keyes assumed command of the II Corps from Major General John P. Lucas and commanded it throughout the Italian Campaign, landing in Italy in mid-November and serving under Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark's United States Fifth Army. Clark, who was eight years younger than Keyes, had been a fellow student at the United States Army War College in the late 1930s. His first major battle was the Battle of San Pietro Infine and later, with Major General Fred L. Walker's 36th Infantry Division under command, his corps took part in the controversial Battle of Rapido River, part of the first Battle of Monte Cassino. The corps sustained heavy losses in the battle. The corps was then involved in Operation Diadem, the fighting on the Gothic Line and the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy, which ended the fighting in Italy. Keyes was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general on 17 April 1945, three weeks before the surrender of Germany on 8 May 1945.

### Postwar

After the war Keyes commanded the Seventh Army from 8 September 1945 until its deactivation on 31 March 1946. In December 1945 he was by his friend George S. Patton's side when the latter died. This was followed by command of the United States Third Army, Patton's former command, from 1946 to 1947. In 1947, Keyes was appointed United States High Commissioner on the Allied Council for Austria. He served as Director, Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG) from 1951 to 1954.
Keyes retired from the army in 1954, after 41 years of service. He died on September 17, 1967, at Walter Reed Hospital in Washington, D.C., just a few weeks short of his 79th birthday. He is interred at West Point Cemetery.

## Decorations

Lieutenant General Keyes's ribbon bar:
| 1st Row | Army Distinguished Service Medal w/ two Oak Leaf Clusters | Army Distinguished Service Medal w/ two Oak Leaf Clusters | Army Distinguished Service Medal w/ two Oak Leaf Clusters | Army Distinguished Service Medal w/ two Oak Leaf Clusters | Silver Star w/ Oak Leaf Cluster | Silver Star w/ Oak Leaf Cluster | Silver Star w/ Oak Leaf Cluster | Silver Star w/ Oak Leaf Cluster | Legion of Merit | Legion of Merit | Legion of Merit | Legion of Merit |
| 2nd Row | Bronze Star Medal | Bronze Star Medal | Bronze Star Medal | Bronze Star Medal | Mexican Service Medal | Mexican Service Medal | Mexican Service Medal | Mexican Service Medal | World War I Victory Medal | World War I Victory Medal | World War I Victory Medal | World War I Victory Medal | American Defense Service Medal | American Defense Service Medal | American Defense Service Medal | American Defense Service Medal |
| 3rd Row | American Campaign Medal | American Campaign Medal | American Campaign Medal | American Campaign Medal | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal w/ one silver and two bronze service stars | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal w/ one silver and two bronze service stars | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal w/ one silver and two bronze service stars | European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal w/ one silver and two bronze service stars | World War II Victory Medal | World War II Victory Medal | World War II Victory Medal | World War II Victory Medal | Army of Occupation Medal | Army of Occupation Medal | Army of Occupation Medal | Army of Occupation Medal |
| 4th Row | National Defense Service Medal | National Defense Service Medal | National Defense Service Medal | National Defense Service Medal | Honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) | Honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) | Honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) | Honorary Companion of the Order of the Bath (United Kingdom) | Commandeur of the Legion of Honour | Commandeur of the Legion of Honour | Commandeur of the Legion of Honour | Commandeur of the Legion of Honour | French Croix de guerre 1939–1945 w/ palm | French Croix de guerre 1939–1945 w/ palm | French Croix de guerre 1939–1945 w/ palm | French Croix de guerre 1939–1945 w/ palm |
| 5th Row | Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite | Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite | Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite | Grand Officer of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite | Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy) | Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy) | Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy) | Grand Officer of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Italy) | Silver Medal of Military Valor (Italy) | Silver Medal of Military Valor (Italy) | Silver Medal of Military Valor (Italy) | Silver Medal of Military Valor (Italy) | Grand Officer of the Military Order of the White Lion | Grand Officer of the Military Order of the White Lion | Grand Officer of the Military Order of the White Lion | Grand Officer of the Military Order of the White Lion |
| 6th Row | Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 | Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 | Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 | Czechoslovak War Cross 1939-1945 | Military Order of Savoy (Italy) | Military Order of Savoy (Italy) | Military Order of Savoy (Italy) | Papal Lateran Cross (Vatican) | Papal Lateran Cross (Vatican) | Papal Lateran Cross (Vatican) | Officer of the Legion of Honour | Officer of the Legion of Honour | Officer of the Legion of Honour |

## Head coaching record

| Year | Team | Overall |
| Army Cadets (Independent) (1917) ||||||
| 1917 | Army | 7–1 |
| Army: | Army: | 7–1 |
| Total: | Total: | 7–1 |