OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Arctic Biogeographic Region

The European Arctic Biogeographic Region is the biogeographic region of Europe around and in the Arctic Ocean.

## Extent

The European Commission and the Council of Europe have defined the European Arctic biogeographical region for the purpose of reporting on conservation efforts and results. The region includes Iceland and parts of Norway and Russia, including Svalbard (Spitsbergen), Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. It has a land area of 670,000 square kilometres (260,000 sq mi), of which 63% is in Russia, 22% in Norway and 15% in Iceland. About 60% of the land is covered by grassland and tundra.

## Environment

The region has a wide variety of landscapes, and includes some of the last remaining large wilderness areas in Europe. Many of the land areas are coastal, strongly affected by exchange with the sea. Large areas are ice-covered, and many areas have permafrost, creating demanding conditions for plants and animals. Most species are dormant in winter, but large number of plants and animals are active in the warmer months. There are many species of migrating birds and fish, common to all the polar regions.
The environment is affected by air pollution from distant sources. Some areas have been affected by overgrazing, and are now being affected by tourism. Global warming will force species to move northward or to higher elevations, and may cause some extinctions.

## Citations

* ↑ Condé et al. 2008, pp. 4–5.
* 1 2 Condé et al. 2008, p. 4.

## Sources

* Condé, Sophie; Richard, Dominique; Merzliakova, Irina; Ottósson, Jón Gunnar (19 December 2008), The Arctic biogeographical, European Environment Agency, retrieved 2019-08-28
# 1874 NYU Violets football team

The 1874 NYU Violets football team represented New York University in the 1874 college football season.

## Schedule

| Date | Opponent | Site | Result |
| November 10 | Stevens | | L 0–6 |
# 1874 New York Mutuals season

The New York Mutuals baseball team finished second in the National Association in 1874.

## Regular season
### Season standings

| National Association | W | L | GB | Pct. |
| Boston Red Stockings | 52 | 18 | – | .743 |
| New York Mutuals | 42 | 23 | 7.5 | .646 |
| Philadelphia Athletics | 33 | 22 | 11.5 | .600 |
| Philadelphia White Stockings | 29 | 29 | 17.0 | .500 |
| Chicago White Stockings | 28 | 31 | 18.5 | .474 |
| Brooklyn Atlantics | 22 | 33 | 22.5 | .400 |
| Hartford Dark Blues | 16 | 37 | 27.5 | .302 |
| Baltimore Canaries | 9 | 38 | 31.5 | .191 |

### Record vs. opponents

1874 National Association Recordsvte Sources: :
| Team | BAL | BOS | BR | CHI | HAR | NY | PHA | PWS |
| Baltimore | — | 1–9 | 1–3 | 1–9 | 2–3 | 1–8 | 2–2 | 1–4 |
| Boston | 9–1 | — | 6–4–1 | 7–3 | 9–1 | 5–5 | 8–2 | 8–2 |
| Brooklyn | 3–1 | 4–6–1 | — | 3–4 | 5–3 | 3–7 | 1–6 | 3–6 |
| Chicago | 9–1 | 3–7 | 4–3 | — | 4–1 | 1–9 | 4–3 | 3–7 |
| Hartford | 3–2 | 1–9 | 3–5 | 1–4 | — | 2–8 | 2–5 | 4–4 |
| New York | 8–1 | 5–5 | 7–3 | 9–1 | 8–2 | — | 4–6 | 1–5 |
| Philadelphia Athletics | 2–2 | 2–8 | 6–1 | 3–4 | 5–2 | 6–4 | — | 9–1 |
| Philadelphia White Stockings | 4–1 | 2–8 | 6–3 | 7–3 | 4–4 | 5–1 | 1–9 | — |

### Roster
## Player stats
### Batting

Note: G = Games played; AB = At bats; H = Hits; Avg. = Batting average; HR = Home runs; RBI = Runs batted in
| Player | G | AB | H | Avg. | HR | RBI |
| Dick Higham | 65 | 333 | 87 | .261 | 1 | 38 |
| Joe Start | 63 | 306 | 96 | .314 | 2 | 46 |
| Candy Nelson | 65 | 297 | 73 | .246 | 0 | 31 |
| Tom Carey | 64 | 287 | 82 | .286 | 1 | 38 |
| Jack Burdock | 61 | 273 | 75 | .275 | 1 | 26 |
| Jack Remsen | 64 | 284 | 65 | .229 | 2 | 38 |
| Doug Allison | 65 | 318 | 90 | .283 | 0 | 28 |
| John Hatfield | 63 | 292 | 66 | .226 | 0 | 29 |
| Nealy Phelps | 6 | 24 | 3 | .125 | 0 | 2 |
| Billy Geer | 2 | 8 | 2 | .250 | 0 | 1 |
| Orator Shafer | 1 | 5 | 1 | .200 | 0 | 0 |
| Tom Patterson | 1 | 5 | 2 | .400 | 0 | 2 |

### Starting pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; IP = Innings pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
| Player | G | IP | W | L | ERA | SO |
| Bobby Mathews | 65 | 578.0 | 42 | 22 | 1.90 | 101 |

#### Relief pitchers

Note: G = Games pitched; W = Wins; L = Losses; SV = Saves; ERA = Earned run average; SO = Strikeouts
| Player | G | W | L | SV | ERA | SO |
| John Hatfield | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2.25 | 0 |
# Archive-Library of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela

The Archive-Library of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is the institution that preserves the documentary and bibliographic heritage of the Chapter and Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, comprising books and documents from the Middle Ages until today; one of the main centers of the world for research on St. James.
The Archive-Library, which offers reference and documentation services, is currently located in the cloister of the Cathedral.

## History of the Archive and medieval documentation

The origin of the Archive of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is located in the medieval treasury and in the archival and documental organizations that were developed by archbishops Diego Gelmírez, during the first half of the 12th century, and Berenguel de Landoira, in the first half of the 14th. Since the moment of the inventio, or discovery of the apostolic building, in the 9th century, the enormous political and socioeconomic development of the new ecclesiastical institution that looked after the place made necessary the conservation, in order to justify its rights, of all kinds of documentation: royal, pontifical, ecclesiastic and civilian; a documentation integrated, together with existing books and codices, in the Treasury.
As time passed, there was conformed a documentary mass integrated by documentation in cartularies, single documents, and later documents of the modern and contemporary period. The first bishop and archbishop of the see, Diego Gelmírez, towards the first third of the 12th century, was the first one who developed an archival order minimally of the set, with a selection of documentation, an organization and the copy in new supports, giving place to codex such as the Tumbo A (12th-13th centuries) in his earlier phase, cartulary with the royal documentation of the 9th-13th centuries and with a miniature gallery of kings, queens and princesses of Castile-Leon. In this century is also produced the Codex Calixtinus, the medieval Jacobean history strongpoint.
Two centuries later the archbishop Berenguel of Landoira, after an urban revolt in Santiago, developed a second work of rearrangement, upon the same base of selection, ordainment, documentation organization and copy to new supports. Thus, were produced the Tumbo B and C, with royal documentation, pontifical, ecclesiastic and civilian.
# 1837 in Belgium

Events in the year 1837 in Belgium.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Leopold I
* Prime Minister: Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt

## Events

* 21 March – Flooding in Burcht and Stabroek.$^{:628}$
* 13 June – Parliamentary elections
* 19 June – Charles van Hulthem's book collection bought by the state; the core of the collection of the Royal Library of Belgium.$^{:628}$
* 21 August – Victor Hugo travels by train for the first time while visiting Belgium.$^{:628}$
* 4 October – Société Civile pour l'Agrandissement et l'Embellissement de Bruxelles established, to develop the Leopold Quarter in Brussels.
* 12 November – Parliament approves 10 million franc government loan to build railways.$^{:628}$
* 28 December – Pastoral letter of Belgian bishops deprecates Catholic membership of masonic lodges.$^{:628}$

## Publications
### Periodicals

* Almanach de poche de Bruxelles (Brussels, M.-E. Rampelbergh)
* Annuaire du clergé catholique du royaume de Belgique (Brussels, Veuve J.-J. Vanderborght)
* Journal historique et littéraire, vol. 4 (Liège, P. Kersten).
* Messager des sciences et des arts de la Belgique, vol. 5 (Ghent, Léonard Hebbelynck)
* Revue de Bruxelles begins publication

### Reference works

* Pasinomie, ou Collection complète des lois, décrets, arrêtés et règlements généraux qui peuvent être invoqués en Belgique
* Dictionnaire des hommes de lettres, des savans et des artistes de la Belgique (Brussels, Établissement Géographique)

### Non-fiction

* Joseph Jean De Smet (ed.), Recueil des chroniques de Flandre, vol. 1.
* Johann Wilhelm Löbell, Lettres sur la Belgique (Brussels)
* Félix Victor Goethals, Lectures relatives à l'histoire des sciences, des arts, des lettres, des moeurs, et de la politique en Belgique, et dans les pays limitrophes, vol. 1 (Brussels, Imprimerie de Vandooren for the author).

### Fiction

* Jules de Saint-Genois, La cour du duc Jean IV, chronique brabançonne, 1418-1421

## Births

* 26 February – Charles Woeste, politician (died 1922)
* 24 March – Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders (died 1905)
* 14 June – Frans Jozef Peter van den Branden, writer (died 1922)
* 5 December – Camille Janssen, colonial governor (died 1926)
* 27 December – Émile de Borchgrave, diplomat (died 1917)

## Deaths

* 27 February – Françoise-Jeanne Ridderbosch (born 1754), artist
* 17 April – Édouard de Walckiers (born 1758), banker
* 8 May – James Cockerill (born 1787), industrialist
* 17 August – Charles Felix Van Quickenborne (born 1788), founder of Saint Louis University.
# 1861 Upper Hunter colonial by-election

A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Upper Hunter on 15 April 1861 because of the resignation of John Robertson. Roberston had resigned as Premier on 9 January 1861 to concentrate on the passage of the Robertson Land Acts, which would open up the free selection of Crown land. The bills were passed by the Legislative Assembly on 26 March 1861, and Robertson resigned to be appointed to the Legislative Council to ensure their passage into law.

## Dates

| Date | Event |
| 9 January 1861 | John Robertson resigned as Premier. |
| 26 March 1861 | Robertson Land Acts passed by the Legislative Assembly. |
| 28 March 1861 | John Robertson resigned as member for Upper Hunter. Writ of election issued by the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. |
| 11 April 1861 | Nominations |
| 15 April 1861 | Polling day |
| 20 April 1861 | Return of writ |

## Results

1861 Upper Hunter by-election Monday 15 April :
| Candidate | Candidate | Votes | % |
| Thomas Dangar (elected) | Thomas Dangar (elected) | 163 | 35.8 |
| William Gordon | William Gordon | 104 | 22.9 |
| Alexander Johnston | Alexander Johnston | 108 | 23.7 |
| Donald McIntyre | Donald McIntyre | 80 | 17.6 |
| Total formal votes | Total formal votes | 455 | 100.0 |
| Informal votes | Informal votes | 0 | 0.0 |
| Turnout | Turnout | 455 | 34.1 |

## Aftermath

The Robertson Lands Acts became law on 18 October 1861. John Robertson resigned from the Legislative Council on 30 December 1861, and returned to the Legislative Assembly on 7 January 1862, unopposed at the 1862 Shoalhaven by-election.
# Araças

Araças is a municipality in the state of Bahia in the North-East region of Brazil.
# Gadkhark Malla

Gadkhark is a village in the Thalisain tehsil of Bironkhal block in Pauri Garhwal district, Uttarakhand, India.
The village was established by erstwhile kings of the Panwar dynasty of Garhwal. As of 2010, the population of the village is decreasing due to lack of basic amenities and migration of the people to the nearby cities. And it is expected that in some years this village may become completely abandoned due to migration.

## Demographics

The total population of the village is 82, with 34 males and 58 females. There are eighteen households in the village.
* Literacy rate : 75.34%
* Male Literacy rate : 86.66%
* Female Literacy rate : 67.44%

## Other details

The village is linked by road to Ramnagar, Nainital and Kotdwara, Pauri Garhwal. Jogimarhi, Baijrao, Syunsi, Bironkhal, Farsari and Uffrainkhal are nearby market places and having educational institutes. A government degree college is situated in Uffrainkhal.
The nearest post office is located in Jogimarhi via Baijrao.
* Pin code : 246275
* The main gate of the Gadkhark village temple isSTD code :01348
# GYD

GYD may refer to:
* Guyanese dollar, the currency of Guyana
* Heydar Aliyev International Airport, in Baku, Azerbaijan
* Kayardild language, spoken in Australia
* Global Youth Day, a spiritual/religious event
* Grab your Deal (also: GrabyourDeal, sometimes found with suffix "24" or purely Grab24), a trading brand for toys, child products, sports equipment, home decoration objects and garden accessories
* Get Yourself Dressed, a company that provides colorful party costumes via internet to end customers
# GMV Aranui

GMV Aranui was a roll-on/roll-off train ferry operating across the Cook Strait between 1965 and 1984.

## History

Government Motor Vessel (GMV) Aranui was built in 1965 for the New Zealand Railways Department for the service between the North and South Islands of New Zealand. She was built by Vickers in England. In February 1965, she sailed via the Panama Canal, arriving in Wellington on 28 May and entered service with her sister GMV Aramoana on 9 June. In 1977 she was rebuilt by Sims Engineering, Dunedin to carry 950 passengers to meet the increased traffic, following the company's main competitor, the Union Company's withdrawal from the route.
In 1983, Aranui and Aramoana were replaced by the significantly larger Arahura. Aranui was laid up in Wellington in June 1984 and sold four months later to the Najd Trading & Construction Company of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Renamed Aranui A and then Nui, she commenced service carrying Muslim pilgrims on the Red Sea.
In 1986, the ship was renamed Najd III. Five years later, following an engine failure, she was laid up at Singapore. In 1992, her owners were unable to make progress payments for a repair/refit. She arrived at a Chittagong breaker's yard on 3 November 1994.

## Layout

Aranui was slightly larger than Aramoana. She had a higher bridge and funnel than her older sister ship.
A combined vehicle deck could carry 70 cars and 30 rail wagons.

## Service

Aranui was built to operate a railway service between Wellington and Picton, later known as the Interislander.

## Footnotes

* ↑ "Aranui - IMO 6517067". Shipspotting. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
* ↑ New Zealand's Rail Ferry Australian Transport January 1965 page 35
* ↑ New Zealand Network April 1965 page 2
* 1 2 3 4 5 "NZ Rail Ferry Aranui". NZ National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
* ↑ Aranui makes last crossing Rails August 1984 page 18
* ↑ Refit for Aranui at Dundein Network June 1978 page 28
* ↑ Aranui back in service following $3 million all NZ refit Rails January 1979 pages 7-9
* 1 2 "M/S Aranui". Fakta om fartyg. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
* ↑ "New Zealand's Cook Strait Rail Ferries". NZ National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 27 July 2009. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
* ↑ Stott, Bob (1981). The Cook Strait Ferry Story. Southern Press. p. 44. ISBN 0908616015.
* ↑ Pioneer ferries sold overseas Rails January 1985 page 144
* ↑ "Aranui Cook Strait ferry". New Zealand History Online. Retrieved 26 February 2012.
# GMW

GMW may refer to:
* Global Money Week
* GMW Architects, a defunct British architectural practice
* Guangming Online, a Chinese news website
* Heckler & Koch GMW, a German grenade launcher
* West Germanic languages
# Arbelodes deprinsi

Arbelodes deprinsi is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in South Africa, where it has been recorded from the forest-grassland mosaic of the Dragon Peaks Mountain Resort.
The length of the forewings is about 15 mm.
# Arbelodes griseata

Arbelodes griseata is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in South Africa, where it has been recorded from Gauteng, the North-West Province and the Limpopo Province. The habitat consists of moist/dystrophic subtropical savannas and arid/eutrophic savannas.
The length of the forewings is about 10 mm.
# Arbelodes goellnerae

Arbelodes goellnerae is a moth in the family Cossidae. It is found in southern Namibia.
# Argentina men's national water polo team

The Argentina men's national water polo team is Argentina's representative in international men's water polo.
The team won the gold medal at the 2018 South American Games.

## Results
### Olympic Games

* 1928 — 1/8 finals
* 1948 — Second round
* 1952 — First round

### World Championship

* 2015 — 16th place
* 2023 – 13th place

## Team
### Current squad

Roster for the 2023 World Aquatics Championships.
Head coach: Juan Pablo Giri
* 1 Diego Malnero GK
* 2 Ramiro Veich FP
* 3 Tomás Galimberti FP
* 4 Tomás Tilatti FP
* 5 Nahuel Leona FP
* 6 Tomás Echenique FP
* 7 Guido Martino FP
* 8 Eduardo Bonomo FP
* 9 Carlos Camnasio FP
* 10 Esteban Corsi FP
* 11 Guido Poggi FP
* 12 Teo Soler FP
* 13 Octavio Salas GK

### Notable players

* Gonzalo Echenique (?-2014) (later Spain)
# Ardozyga chalazodes

Ardozyga chalazodes is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1919. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
The wingspan is about 14 mm (0.55 in). The forewings are brown irregularly mixed with ochreous-whitish, towards the termen reddish brown. There are fuscous dots on the costa at one-sixth and one-third and a fine median longitudinal fuscous line from one-third to two-thirds, a similar line from two-thirds of the costa to the apex. The hindwings are dark-fuscous densely irrorated with whitish.
# Ardozyga catadamanta

Ardozyga catadamanta is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Alexey Diakonoff in 1954. It is found in New Guinea.
# Ardozyga chenias

Ardozyga chenias is a species of moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1904. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from New South Wales and Victoria.

## Characteristics

The wingspan is about 16 mm (0.63 in). The forewings are fuscous, sprinkled with whitish and sometimes with dark fuscous, towards the costa posteriorly much suffused with white. There is a small dark fuscous spot on the base of the costa and a white mark from the base in the middle, as well as narrow very oblique dark fuscous marks from the costa at one-fifth, and before and beyond the middle, with patches of ferruginous suffusion beneath them. A streak of ferruginous suffusion, including some black scales, is found in the disc from one-fourth to three-fourths, and another on the fold. There is also a series of blackish marks beneath the posterior third of the costa and along the termen, preceded by a rather broad ferruginous suffusion. The hindwings are pale grey, darker posteriorly.
# Basic (cigarette)

Basic is a U.S. brand of cigarettes, currently owned by Philip Morris International. Cigarettes are manufactured by Philip Morris USA in the U.S. and by PMI in the rest of the world.

## History

Basic was launched in the late 1970s as a discount brand.
In 2005, Basic was the fourth most popular cigarette brand in the United States (following Marlboro, Newport, and Camel) and the second most popular among white smokers age 26 and older.

## Markets

Basic cigarettes are mainly sold in the United States, but also were or still are sold in Luxembourg, Sweden, Germany, France, Austria, Spain, Czech Republic, Hong Kong and Japan.
# Grevillea versicolor

Grevillea versicolor is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to a small area of the Northern Territory in Australia. It is a shrub with serrated, fan-shaped leaves, and yellow, white or apricot flowers that turn reddish as they age.

## Description

Grevillea versicolor is a shrub that typically grows to a height of 1.5–3 m (4 ft 11 in – 9 ft 10 in). Its leaves are fan-shaped to egg-shaped, 20–120 mm (0.79–4.72 in) long and 25–80 mm (0.98–3.15 in) wide with between 14 and 20, sometimes sharply-pointed teeth on the edges. The flowers are arranged in sometimes branched clusters, each branch with up to 6 flowers on a rachis 2–5 mm (0.079–0.197 in) long. The flowers vary in colour from white through yellow, white or apricot, becoming reddish as they age, the pistil 21–24.5 mm (0.83–0.96 in) long. Flowering occurs from May to November, and the fruit is a more or less glabrous, elliptic follicle 12–19 mm (0.47–0.75 in) long.

## Taxonomy

Grevillea versicolorwas first formally described in 1986 by Donald McGillivray in his book, New Names in Grevillea (Proteaceae) from specimens collected by Clyde Dunlop, in the Nabarlek area in 1976. The specific epithet (versicolor) means "variously coloured" or "changing color" referring to the flowers.

## Distribution and habitat

The grevillea is only known only from the Nabarlek area of Arnhem Land in the Top End of the Northern Territory, where it grows on sandy soils in open sclerophyll forest on the sandstone escarpment.

## Conservation status

Grevillea versicolor is listed as "near threatened" under the Northern Territory Government Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act.
# 1857 in Canada

Events from the year 1857 in Canada.

## Incumbents

* Monarch — Victoria

### Federal government

* Parliament — 5th

### Governors

* Governor General of the Province of Canada — Edmund Walker Head
* Colonial Governor of Newfoundland — Charles Henry Darling
* Governor of New Brunswick — John Manners-Sutton
* Governor of Nova Scotia — John Gaspard Le Marchant
* Governor of Prince Edward Island — Dominick Daly

### Premiers

* Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada —
** [], Canada West Premier
** [], Canada East Premier
* Premier of Newfoundland — Philip Francis Little
* Premier of New Brunswick — Charles Fisher
* Premier of Nova Scotia — William Young
* Premier of Prince Edward Island — John Holl

## Events

* March 12 — Desjardins Canal disaster - The bridge over Desjardins Canal, near Hamilton, Canada West, collapses under a Great Western Railway passenger train. About 60 people die.
* Grand Trunk Railway (Windsor-Montreal) completed, but $7 million in debt.
* December 31 - Queen Victoria names Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada.
* The Palliser Expedition begins its exploration of Western Canada.

## Births
### January to June

* February 2 — Alexander Cameron Rutherford, lawyer and politician, first premier of Alberta (died 1941)
* February 25 — Robert Bond, politician and Prime Minister of Newfoundland (died 1927)
* February 27 — Adelaide Hoodless, educational reformer who founded the Women's Institute (died 1910)
* March 17 — Willis Keith Baldwin, politician (died 1935)
* June 20 — Adam Beck, politician and hydro-electricity advocate (died 1925)

### July to December

* July 27 — Ann Stowe-Gullen, doctor
* August 15 — Theodore Arthur Burrows, politician and Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba (died 1929)
* August 15 — John Strathearn Hendrie, Lieutenant Governor of Ontario (died 1923)
* September 12 — George Halsey Perley, politician and diplomat (died 1938)
* October 10 — Cassie Chadwick, fraudster (died 1907)
* October 10 — George Johnson Clarke, lawyer, journalist, politician and 14th Premier of New Brunswick (died 1917)
* November 25 — Frederick W. A. G. Haultain, politician and 1st Premier of the Northwest Territories (died 1942)

## Deaths

* February 10 — David Thompson, fur trader, surveyor and map-maker (born 1770)
* March 13 — William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst, diplomat and governor general (born 1773)
* September 3 — John McLoughlin, physician, fur trader, and merchant (born 1784)
* November 3 — William Fitzwilliam Owen, naval officer, hydrographic surveyor (born 1774)

### Full date unknown

* Isabella Clark, first wife of John A. Macdonald, premier of the Province of Canada (born 1811)
# Barzak

Barzak may refer to:
* Christopher Barzak (b. 1975), American author
* Barzok, a city in Iran
# Guela

Guela may refer to:
* Guela, Republic of the Congo
* Guela, Guinea, in Nzérékoré Prefecture