OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 142

142 may refer to:
* 142 (number), an integer
* AD 142, a year of the Julian calendar
* 142 BC, a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar
* 142 Polana, a main-belt asteroid
# 1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden

1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden is a German association football club from Ober-Roden one of five former villages that today make up the town of Rödermark, Hesse.

## History

The club was established on 10 April 1908 by a group of two dozen young men at the Zum Schützenhof restaurant. Germania enjoyed some success in local play, but did not advance to regional level competition. The club was forced to suspend its activities during both world wars as many of its members were called away to serve in the armed forces. Following World War II the team played in the Amateurliga Hessen from 1952 to 1963, at that time the country's highest amateur league. Their best result was a third-place finish in 1960 behind SpVgg Bad Homburg, who then defeated them 2–1 in the promotion round for the 2nd Oberliga Süd (II).
After their descent in 1963, it would be nearly thirty years before the club returned to upper level regional play with an advance to the Landesliga Hessen-Süd (V) in 1992. A vice-championship in 2003 led to the Oberliga Hessen (IV) for a three season long stint. They returned to Oberliga play in 2007 on the strength of a Landesliga title. but once more were relegated after three seasons. In the Verbandsliga, in the following season, the club finished last and consequently dropped down to the tier seven Gruppenliga for 2011–12.

## Stadium

1. FC Germania 08 Ober-Roden play their home matches at Sportanlage Frankfurter Straße which has a capacity of 1,000.

## Honours

* Landesliga Hessen-Süd
** Champions: 2007
** Runners-up: 2003
# Fritz Mouson

Friedrich Karl Mouson, named Fritz (10 June 1884 – 20 May 1926) was a German industrialist for soap and perfume and partner of the company J.G. Mouson & Cie. The high point of his entrepreneurial work was to build the ten-storey Mouson tower, the first high-rise building in Frankfurt.

## Life

Fritz Mouson was the son of the industrialist Jacques Mouson (1842–1915) and his wife Eleonore Dorothea, born Hock (1848–1911) and the great-grandchild of August Friedrich Mouson. He studied machine construction at the Technischen Hochschule Darmstadt. There he joined the Corps Franconia Darmstadt an. Afterwards he worked for the Opel company in Rüsselsheim am Main, inter alia as racing driver. Since 1912, he was partner of J.G. Mouson & Cie. In corporation with the architect Robert Wollmann and Josef Geittner, Mouson led the technical and structural reorganization of the factory site from 1921 to 1926 in Frankfurts Ostend. For information purposes, Mouson traveled a lot through Germany and the United States. With this knowledge, he was able to transform his company to a far-reaching automated and assembly-line-oriented industrial company.
Next to his activities in the family company, Mouson was member of the supervisory board of Frankfurts general insurance company (Frankfurter Allgemeinen Versicherungs-AG) and Frankfurt's life insurance company. He was a passionate hunter and supporter of painters and sculptors.
Mouson died unmarried and childless.

## Mouson tower

The Mouson tower was the landmark of the new factory site. Fritz Mouson and Robert Wollmann drafted and built it from 1925–26. The expressionistic Mouson tower with its 34-meter and up to ten floors is regarded as the first High-rise building in Frankfurt.
The Mouson tower came through the second World War almost undamaged and has a preservation order on it since 1976. Since 1988, it is known as "art house Mousonturm" and is used as production and acting place for national and international artists from the field dancing, theater, performance, music, cabaret, literature and art.

## Literature (selection)

* Franz Lerner (1948), Diener der Schönheit. Gedenkblätter zum 150-jährigen Bestehen des Hauses J. G. Mouson & Co. (in German), Frankfurt am Main, pp. 24f, 27{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Thomas Zeller (2004), Die Architekten und ihre Bautätigkeit in Frankfurt am Main in der Zeit von 1870 bis 1950 (in German), Frankfurt am Main, p. 107{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Heike Risse (1984), Frühe Moderne in Frankfurt am Main von 1920-1933 (in German), Frankfurt am Main, pp. 154–158{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
* Volker Rödel (1986), Fabrikarchitektur in Frankfurt am Main 1774-1924 (in German), Frankfurt am Main, pp. 255, 630{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
# Apache Struts 1

Apache Struts 1 is an open-source web application framework for developing Java EE web applications. It uses and extends the Java Servlet API to encourage developers to adopt a model–view–controller (MVC) architecture. It was originally created by Craig McClanahan and donated to the Apache Foundation in May 2000. Formerly located under the Apache Jakarta Project and known as Jakarta Struts, it became a top-level Apache project in 2005.
The WebWork framework spun off from Apache Struts aiming to offer enhancements and refinements while retaining the same general architecture of the original Struts framework. However, it was announced in December 2005 that Struts would re-merge with WebWork. WebWork 2.2 has been adopted as Apache Struts 2, which reached its first full release in February 2007.
In addition to the current and constantly evolving successor version Struts 2, a clone of Struts 1 exists since 2022, which updates the legacy framework of Struts 1 to a current Jakarta EE compatible stack.

## Design goals and overview

In a standard Java EE web application, the client will typically call to the server via a web form. The information is then either handed over to a Java Servlet which interacts with a database and produces an HTML-formatted response, or it is given to a JavaServer Pages (JSP) document that intermingles HTML and Java code to achieve the same result. Both approaches are often considered inadequate for large projects because they mix application logic with presentation and make maintenance difficult.
The goal of Struts is to separate the model (application logic that interacts with a database) from the view (HTML pages presented to the client) and the controller (instance that passes information between view and model). Struts provides the controller (a servlet known as ActionServlet) and facilitates the writing of templates for the view or presentation layer (typically in JSP, but XML/XSLT and Velocity are also supported). The web application programmer is responsible for writing the model code, and for creating a central configuration file struts-config.xml that binds together model, view, and controller.
Requests from the client are sent to the controller in the form of "Actions" defined in the configuration file; if the controller receives such a request it calls the corresponding Action class that interacts with the application-specific model code. The model code returns an "ActionForward", a string telling the controller what output page to send to the client. Information is passed between model and view in the form of special JavaBeans. A powerful custom tag library allows it from the presentation layer to read and write the content of these beans without the need for any embedded Java code.
Struts is categorized as a Model 2 request-based web application framework.
Struts also supports internationalization by web forms, and includes a template mechanism called "Tiles" that (for instance) allows the presentation layer to be composed from independent header, footer, menu navigation and content components.
# Applied Security Analysis Program

The Applied Security Analysis Program (ASAP) is an investment education program at the University of Wisconsin–Madison School of Business which offers both MBA and MS degree programs. ASAP students manage over $50 million in equity and fixed-income assets as part of the program's hands-on approach to investment training. During their second year in the program, the students are divided into three teams, two of which manage a combined $5 million of long or long/short equity portfolios and another team that manages over $40 million of fixed-income assets. The learning experience consists not only of individual security analysis but also encompasses investment philosophy, process, trading and risk management.
The ASAP is a CFA Program Partner, which indicates that its curriculum reflects professional practice and is appropriate for students seeking the Chartered Financial Analyst designation.

## History

The ASAP was founded in 1970 by Professor Stephen L. Hawk, who served as the program’s academic director from 1970 to 1985. A $100,000 grant from the Brittingham Foundation was used to create the initial student-managed equity fund that sits at the core of the program's real-world approach to investment education.
In 1998, the University of Wisconsin System Board of Regents allocated $10 million of the UW System's Intermediate Term Fund to the ASAP students. The additional assets dramatically increased both the size and complexity of the fixed-income fund. The students now manage three fixed-income portfolios totaling over $40 million.
In 1999, in honor of Professor Hawk’s founding of the program, alumni and friends endowed the Hawk Center for Applied Security Analysis whose faculty now manage the ASAP. In addition to the ASAP, the Hawk Center organizes the biennial Hawk Center Investment Conference, which is attended by many of the program's alumni.
# Appleby, Texas

Appleby is a city in Nacogdoches County, in the U.S. state of Texas. The population was 552 at the 2020 census.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.1 square miles (5.4 km$^2$), all land.

## Demographics

As of the 2010 census Appleby had a population of 474. The racial and ethnic composition of the population was 92.6% white, 2.7% black or African American, 1.3% Native American, 1.1% Vietnamese, 0.2% other Asian, 1.9% reporting some other race and 0.2% from two or more races. 5.9% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.
As of the census of 2000, there were 444 people, 179 households, and 134 families residing in the city. The population density was 207.1 inhabitants per square mile (80.0/km$^2$). There were 196 housing units at an average density of 91.4 per square mile (35.3/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the city was 90.77% White, 6.53% African American, 0.45% Asian, 0.90% from other races, and 1.35% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.15% of the population.
There were 179 households, out of which 31.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.9% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.6% were non-families. 20.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 2.84.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.5% under the age of 18, 9.9% from 18 to 24, 27.7% from 25 to 44, 25.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.3 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $45,568, and the median income for a family was $53,929. Males had a median income of $36,667 versus $23,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,548. About 4.9% of families and 8.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.0% of those under age 18 and 5.0% of those age 65 or over.

## Education

The City of Appleby is served by the Nacogdoches Independent School District.
The zoned elementary schools that take portions of Appleby are Brooks-Quinn-Jones Elementary School and Raguet Elementary School. Secondary students in the district go to McMichael Middle School and Nacogdoches High School.

## Notable person

* Ira L. Hanna (1908–1978), 36th Mayor of Cheyenne, Wyoming
# Fualopa

Fualopa is an islet of Funafuti, Tuvalu. It is part of the Funafuti Conservation Area, established in 1996 with the aim of preserving the natural fauna and flora of the area. Fualopa hosts a breeding colony of black noddy (Anous minutus or white-capped noddy).
Te Ava Kum Kum is the passage through the Funafuti atoll of the western rim, south of Te Ava Tepuka Vili, between the islets of Tepuka Vili Vili to the north and Fualopa immediately south.
# Fuaim

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Fuaim (Irish for "sound") is the sixth album by Irish folk group Clannad. It was released in 1982. It was produced by Nicky Ryan and was the last Clannad album to feature younger sister Eithne Ní Bhraonáin, later known as Enya. It is also the only Clannad album to credit her; while she performed keyboard and backing vocals on the previous album "Crann Úll", she was not credited for this. She departed, along with Nicky Ryan, shortly thereafter to begin a solo career.
The album was remastered and reissued on 7 August 2020 in both compact disc and vinyl formats.

## Track listing

* "Na Buachaillí Álainn" – 2:57
* "Mheall Sí Lena Glórthaí Mé" – 4:17
* "Bruach na Carraige Báine" – 2:37
* "Lá Breá Fán dTuath" – 0:45
* "An tÚll" – 3:07
* "Strayed Away" – 2:46
* "Ní Lá na Gaoithe Lá na Scoilb?" – 6:11
* "Lish Young Buy-A-Broom" – 3:30
* "Mhórag 's na Horo Gheallaidh" – 1:43
* "The Green Fields of Gaothdobhair" – 4:09
* "Buaireadh an Phósta" – 2:52

## Singles

* "Mhórag 'S Na Horo Gheallaidh"

## Personnel
### Band

* Ciarán Ó Braonáin – bass, guitar, keyboards, vocals
* Máire Ní Bhraonáin – vocals, harp
* Pól Ó Braonáin – flute, guitar, percussion, vocals
* Noel Ó Dúgáin – guitar, vocals
* Pádraig Ó Dúgáin – guitar, mandolin, vocals
* Eithne Ní Bhraonáin (Enya) – percussion, keyboards, vocals

### Additional musicians

* Neil Buckley – clarinet, saxophones
* Noel Bridgeman – percussion
* Pat O'Farrell – electric guitar

### Production

* Brian Masterson – engineer
* Pearce Dunne – assistant engineer
* Clannad – liner notes
* Paul Wexler – liner notes
* Nicky Ryan – producer
# Applied improvisation

Applied improvisation is the application of improvisational theatrical methods in various non-theatrical fields, including consulting, training, and teaching. It is known to be used as an experiential educational approach which enables participants to explore and improve their leadership, management and interpersonal capabilities in several fields, which include collaboration, communications, creativity, and team-building.

## History

Applied improvisation began in the late 1990s with the performative turn in social science. The increased focus on performance and improvisation led to the application of improvisational methods in non-theatrical fields. In 2002, the Applied Improvisation Network was founded, a non-profit organization of people committed to using applied improvisation.
Applied improvisation sees use in consulting and corporate training, particularly in the areas of sales and leadership. Applied improvisation is also often used in design thinking, service design, and UX design.
In addition to the business world, applied improvisation sees use in disaster readiness training, drama therapy, medicine, and education.
# Fulkerson–Chen–Anstee theorem

The Fulkerson–Chen–Anstee theorem is a result in graph theory, a branch of combinatorics. It provides one of two known approaches solving the digraph realization problem, i.e. it gives a necessary and sufficient condition for pairs of nonnegative integers $((a_{1},b_{1}),\ldots ,(a_{n},b_{n}))$ to be the indegree-outdegree pairs of a simple directed graph; a sequence obeying these conditions is called "digraphic". D. R. Fulkerson (1960) obtained a characterization analogous to the classical Erdős–Gallai theorem for graphs, but in contrast to this solution with exponentially many inequalities. In 1966 Chen improved this result in demanding the additional constraint that the integer pairs must be sorted in non-increasing lexicographical order leading to n inequalities. Anstee (1982) observed in a different context that it is sufficient to have $a_{1}\geq \cdots \geq a_{n}$. Berger reinvented this result and gives a direct proof.

## Statement

A sequence $((a_{1},b_{1}),\ldots ,(a_{n},b_{n}))$ of nonnegative integer pairs with $a_{1}\geq \cdots \geq a_{n}$ is digraphic if and only if $\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}b_{i}$ and the following inequality holds for k such that $1\leq k\leq n$:
    $\sum _{i=1}^{k}a_{i}\leq \sum _{i=1}^{k}\min(b_{i},k-1)+\sum _{i=k+1}^{n}\min(b_{i},k)$

## Stronger versions

Berger proved that it suffices to consider the $k$th inequality such that $1\leq k<n$ with $a_{k}>a_{k+1}$ and for $k=n$.

## Other notations

The theorem can also be stated in terms of zero-one matrices. The connection can be seen if one realizes that each directed graph has an adjacency matrix where the column sums and row sums correspond to $(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n})$ and $(b_{1},\ldots ,b_{n})$. Note that the diagonal of the matrix only contains zeros. There is a connection to the relation majorization. We define a sequence $(a_{1}^{*},\ldots ,a_{n}^{*})$ with $a_{k}^{*}:=|\{b_{i}|i>k,b_{i}\geq k\}|+|\{b_{i}|i\leq k,b_{i}\geq k-1\}|$. Sequence $(a_{1}^{*},\ldots ,a_{n}^{*})$ can also be determined by a corrected Ferrers diagram. Consider sequences $(a_{1},\ldots ,a_{n})$, $(b_{1},\ldots ,b_{n})$ and $(a_{1}^{*},\ldots ,a_{n}^{*})$ as $n$-dimensional vectors $a$, $b$ and $a^{*}$. Since $\sum _{i=1}^{k}a_{i}^{*}=\sum _{i=1}^{k}\min(b_{i},k-1)+\sum _{i=k+1}^{n}\min(b_{i},k)$ by applying the principle of double counting, the theorem above states that a pair of nonnegative integer sequences $(a,b)$ with nonincreasing $a$ is digraphic if and only if vector $a^{*}$ majorizes $a$.

## Generalization

A sequence $((a_{1},b_{1}),\ldots ,(a_{n},b_{n}))$ of nonnegative integer pairs with $a_{1}\geq \cdots \geq a_{n}$ is digraphic if and only if $\sum _{i=1}^{n}a_{i}=\sum _{i=1}^{n}b_{i}$ and there exists a sequence $c$ such that the pair $(c,b)$ is digraphic and $c$ majorizes $a$.

## Characterizations for similar problems

Similar theorems describe the degree sequences of simple graphs, simple directed graphs with loops, and simple bipartite graphs. The first problem is characterized by the Erdős–Gallai theorem. The latter two cases, which are equivalent see Berger, are characterized by the Gale–Ryser theorem.
# Frost line (disambiguation)

In geology, the frost line is the level down to which the soil will normally freeze each winter. By an analogy, the term is introduced in other areas.
* Frost line (astrophysics), a particular distance in the solar nebula from the central protosun where it is cool enough for hydrogen compounds such as water, ammonia, and methane to condense into solid ice grains.
* Frost line (polymers) in polymer film manufacturing, a notion related to physical changes from melt into solid film during extrusion.
# Aquia, Virginia

Aquia ( /ɑːˈkwaɪə/) is an unincorporated community in Stafford County, in the U.S. state of Virginia. It is named for Aquia Creek, which leads to the Potomac River. Nearby historic locations include Aquia Church and the remains of Aquia quarry. Cliffs of the local Aquia Creek sandstone had been visible from the Potomac River near its confluence with Aquia Creek during colonial times. It was quarried to construct many buildings nearby (including Christ Church (Alexandria, Virginia) and Mount Vernon), as well as in Washington, D.C., including the White House, National Capitol Columns and Washington Monument (which was completed with other stone after the original Aquia quarry was depleted). It was a stop on the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad which was replaced by, CSXT.
# Arabakonağı, Biga

Arabakonağı is a village in the Biga District of Çanakkale Province in Turkey. Its population is 83 (2021).
# Aranghata railway station

Aranghata railway station is a railway station on the Ranaghat–Gede line of the Kolkata Suburban Railway system and operated by Eastern Railway. It is situated beside Ranaghat Road, Sabdalpur, Aranghata of Nadia district in the Indian state of West Bengal. This railway station serves in Ranaghat II and Aranghata area.

## History

The Ranaghat–Gede section was the part of the Eastern Bengal Railway which was opened in 1862 and extended to Kushtia, now in Bangladesh. This was the Calcutta–Siliguri main line but after Partition of India in 1947, this got truncated and what remained India named the Gede branch line. The line including Aranghata railway station was electrified in 1997–98.
# 1634 in art

Events from the year 1634 in art.

## Events

* (unknown)

## Works

* Claude Lorrain
** Coast Scene with Europa and the Bull (Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas)
** Goats (etching)
* Nicolas Poussin
** The Adoration of the Golden Calf
** The Crossing of the Red Sea
* Rembrandt
** Artemisia
** The Descent from the Cross
Deposition from the Cross
** Deposition from the Cross
** Diana Bathing with her Nymphs with Actaeon and Callisto
** Flora
** Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (etching)
** Pendant portraits of Maerten Soolmans and Oopjen Coppit
* Peter Paul Rubens - The Adoration of the Magi (for Convent of the White Nuns, Leuven; now in King's College Chapel, Cambridge)
* Anthony van Dyck
** Magistrates of Brussels (destroyed 1695)
** Deposition (Alte Pinakothek)
** Henri II de Lorraine, duc de Guise (approximate date; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.)
* Diego Velázquez
** Doña Antonia de Ipeñarrieta y Galdós and Her Son Don Luis
** Equestrian Portrait of Margarita of Austria
** Equestrian Portrait of the Count-Duke of Olivares

## Births

* January - Nicolaes Maes, Dutch painter of genre works and portraits (died 1693)
* February 5 - Dancker Danckerts, Dutch engraver and publisher (died 1666)
* October 18 - Luca Giordano, Italian painter and printmaker in etching (died 1705)
* date unknown
** Philippe Caffieri, Italian decorative sculptor (died 1716)
** Adam Colonia, Dutch painter working in England (died 1688)
** Tommaso Costa, Italian painter (died 1690)
** Francesco Ferrari, Italian painter and architect of the Baroque period (died 1708)
** Ciro Ferri, Italian sculptor and painter (died 1689)
** Giuseppe Ghezzi, Italian painter of the Baroque period, active mainly in Rome (died 1721)
** Juan Simón Gutiérrez, Spanish Baroque painter (died 1718)
** Jacob Levecq, Dutch Golden Age painter (died 1675)
** Bartolomé Pérez, Spanish painter of flowers and still lifes (died 1693)
** Francesco Pianta, Italian sculptor (died 1690)
** Jan-Erasmus Quellinus, Flemish Baroque painter of large altarpieces and histories (died 1715)
** Giuseppe Recco, Italian painter (died 1695)
** Ludovico Trasi, Italian painter, born and active in Ascoli Piceno (died 1694)
** Egbert van Heemskerck, Dutch painter, also known as Egbert van Heemskerck the Elder (died 1704)
* probable - Eglon van der Neer, Dutch painter of portraits and elegant, fashionable people, and later of landscapes (died 1703)

## Deaths

* May
** Hendrick Avercamp, painter (born 1585)
** Hans Krumpper, sculptor and plasterer (born 1570)
* November 23 - Wenceslas Cobergher, Flemish Renaissance architect, engineer, painter, antiquarian, numismatist and economist (born 1560)
* December 15 - Eugenio Caxés, Spanish painter (born 1577)
* date unknown
** Benedetto Bandiera, Italian painter (born 1557/1560)
** Johan Bara, Dutch painter, designer and engraver (born 1581)
** Ippolito Buzzi, Italian sculptor (born 1562)
** Cornelis Danckerts de Ry, Dutch architect and sculptor (born 1561)
** Epiphanius Evesham, British sculptor (born 1570)
** Johann Matthias Kager, German painter (born 1566)
** Johannes Moreelse, Dutch painter (born 1603)
** Juan Zariñena, Spanish painter (born 1545)
# Aramba

Aramba is a village in Bakshi Ka Talab block of Lucknow district, Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, its population is 2,459, in 484 households. It is the seat of a gram panchayat.