OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1392 Pierre

1392 Pierre, provisional designation 1936 FO, is a dark, dynamical Eunomian asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 26 kilometers (16 mi) in diameter. It was discovered on 16 March 1936, by astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory in Algeria, North Africa. The asteroid was named after the discoverer's nephew, Pierre.

## Orbit and classification

Pierre is a dynamical member of the Eunomia family (502), a prominent family of stony asteroids and the largest one in the intermediate main belt with more than 5,000 members. Pierre's spectral type is different from that of the Eunomia family (see below) and possibly an interloper rather than a true family member. When applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements, Pierre is a non-family asteroid of the main belt's background population.
It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.1–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 3 months (1,538 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and an inclination of 12° with respect to the ecliptic. The asteroid was first observed as A917 UB at Simeiz Observatory in October 1917. The body's observation arc begins with its official discovery observation at Algiers in March 1936.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after Pierre, a nephew of the discoverer Louis Boyer. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 126).

## Physical characteristics

Pierre has been characterized as a carbonaceous C-type asteroid by Pan-STARRS photometric survey. In the Tholen classification, the asteroid's spectral type is ambiguous, closest to a dark D-type and somewhat similar to a generic X-type asteroid. Conversely, the Eunomia family consists of S-type asteroids.$^{:23}$

### Rotation period

In August 1984, a first rotational lightcurve of Pierre was obtained from photometric observations with the ESO 1-metre telescope at the La Silla Observatory in Chile. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 18 hours with a brightness variation of 0.09 magnitude (U=2). A poorly rated lightcurve by Pierre Antonini in January 2007, gave a period of 24 hours with an amplitude of 0.05 magnitude.

### Diameter and albedo

According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Pierre measures between 26.16 and 28.94 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.04 and 0.054. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link adopts the results obtained by IRAS, that is, an albedo of 0.0519 and a diameter of 26.44 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 11.72.
# Fédération sportive et gymnastique du Travail d'Alsace et de Lorraine

Fédération sportive et gymnastique du Travail d'Alsace et de Lorraine ('Labour Sports and Gymnastics Federation of Alsace and Lorraine', abbreviated FSGTAL) was a workers' sport organization in Alsace and Lorraine. FSGTAL was founded in December 1926, and was socialist in its political orientation. It was founded in order to counter the influence of communist Fédération sportive du Travail d'Alsace et de Lorraine (FSTAL). Socialist sectors had begun to break away from FSTAL in February 1926. FSGTAL was affiliated with the Socialist Workers' Sport International (the 'Lucerne Sport International').
As of 1931, FSGTAL had 25 affiliated sports societies and 3,000 members.
In February 1935, FSTAL and FSGTAL merged into FSGT.
# Fédération nationale des déportés et internés résistants et patriotes

The Fédération nationale des déportés et internés résistants et patriotes (National Federation of Deported and Imprisoned Resistance Fighters and Patriots) is an organization founded by Marcel Paul and Henri Manhès in October 1945, five months after the defeat of Nazi Germany at the end of World War II. The Federation carries on the legacy of those who perished in Nazi concentration camps or were interned in prisons in occupied France and unites survivors of the camps, prisons and the French Resistance. The federation also researches and exposes the war crimes of Nazism.
Camp survivors took an oath at the scene of their suffering, vowing on behalf of the dead to ensure the future of man and his dignity. This act formed a bond between the survivors.
The Fédération nationale des déportés et internés résistants et patriotes (FNDIRP) took part in the trials against Klaus Barbie, Paul Touvier and Maurice Papon, trials for crimes against humanity.

## Federation work

The FNDIRP has worked in a number of areas since 1945. To ensure that the era is not forgotten, the FNDIRP produces publications, testimonials and commemorations. It supports museums and participates in the Concours national de la résistance et de la déportation, a national competition created in 1961 by the Ministry of Education to support the education of young people about war crimes and efforts of the French Resistance. The FNDIRP also supports the preservation of former concentration camps and other Nazi sites and fights Holocaust denial. It has created the Prix Marcel Paul and it publishes a newspaper called Le Patriote Résistant.
Judicial and legal activities of the FNDIRP include participation as a civil party in trials for crimes against humanity. They also take action against historical revisionists, for reparations for victims, and in support of spouses and orphans.
Internationally, the FNDIRP contributes to peace work, disarmament and economic development. They have taken part in a campaign to finance water wells, a dam and a maternity hospital in Burkina Faso. In 1996, they donated 3,500,000 French francs (about 533,572 euros) to the International Red Cross for prosthetics for Angolan land mine victims.

## Membership and leadership

The FNDIRP involves all the victims of Nazism and its Vichy government accomplices, members of the underground, people persecuted for race or ethnicity, exiles, patriotic resisters of the German occupation and families of the missing, murdered or massacred.
The FNDIRP was founded by Marcel Paul, a minister under Charles de Gaulle and French colonel, Henri Manhès, assistant to Jean Moulin. The honorary committee includes Juliette Gréco, Stéphane Hessel, Georges Séguy and Pierre Sudreau.
# Araneus illaudatus

Araneus illaudatus, commonly called the Texas orb-weaver, is a species of spider belonging to the family Araneidae. It has a rather restricted range in western Texas and eastern Arizona.
The female is a very large, hairy orb-weaver, up to 25 mm in length (excluding legs). The overall color is a dirty white, sometimes with a pinkish tinge. A distinctive feature is the presence of two roughly triangular dark patches at the front of the abdomen, each with a small white spot within. The male is very much smaller, only reaching 9 mm in length.
# Apostolic Delegation to the Arabian Peninsula

The Apostolic Delegation to the Arabian Peninsula, originally the Apostolic Delegation to the Red Sea Region, represents the interests of the Holy See to officials of the Catholic Church, civil society, and government offices to several nations in the region. The Holy See and the governments of those countries have not established diplomatic relations and the position of Apostolic Delegate is not a diplomatic one, though the Delegate is a member of the diplomatic service of the Holy See.
Pope Paul VI established the Delegation to the Red Sea Region seated in Khartoum, Sudan, on 3 July 1969, with responsibility for Sudan, Somalia, the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas (present-day Djibouti), and the Arabian peninsula. With the creation of the Nunciature to Sudan in 1972, the same prelate held both titles until the Secretariat of State made more general changes in 1992.
Pope John Paul II created two separate Apostolic Delegations to Djibouti and to Somalia and renamed the Delegation to the Red Sea Region the Delegation to the Arabian Peninsula, now based in Kuwait City, on 26 March 1992, detailing its responsibilities as Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen. The Delegate to the Arabian Peninsula is also the Apostolic Nuncio to United Arab Emirates; he resides in the United Arab Emirates.
With the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Holy See and Yemen (1998), Bahrain (2000), Qatar (2002), United Arab Emirates (2007), and Oman (2023), the Delegation to the Arabian Peninsula remains responsible only for Saudi Arabia.

## Papal representatives to Arabian Peninsula
### Delegates to the Red Sea Region

* Ubaldo Calabresi (3 July 1969 – 5 January 1978)
* Giovanni Moretti (13 March 1978 – 10 July 1984)
* Luis Robles Díaz (16 February 1985 – 13 March 1990)
* Erwin Josef Ender (15 March 1990 – 26 March 1992)

### Delegates to the Arabian Peninsula

* Pablo Puente Buces (25 May 1993 – 31 July 1997)
* Antonio Maria Vegliò (2 October 1997 – circa 2001)
* Giuseppe De Andrea (28 June 2001 – 27 August 2005)
* Paul-Mounged El-Hachem (27 August 2005 – 2 December 2009)
* Petar Rajič (2 December 2009 – 15 June 2015)
* Francisco Montecillo Padilla (5 April 2016 – 17 April 2020)
* Christophe Zakhia El-Kassis (22 July 2024 – present)
# 1708 in Scotland

"none" is preferred when the title is already sufficiently detailed; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Events from the year 1708 in Scotland.

## Incumbents

* Secretary of State for Scotland: The Earl of Mar

### Law officers

* Lord Advocate – Sir James Stewart
* Solicitor General for Scotland – William Carmichael

### Judiciary

* Lord President of the Court of Session – Lord North Berwick
* Lord Justice General – Lord Tarbat
* Lord Justice Clerk – Lord Ormiston

## Events

* 11 March – Queen Anne withholds Royal Assent from the Scottish Militia Bill, the last time a British monarch vetoes legislation.
* 23 March – James Francis Edward Stuart unsuccessfully tries to land at Burntisland on the Firth of Forth with a French fleet.
* 30 April – 7 July – British general election: New Scottish Westminster constituencies are used for the first time.
* 1 May – Privy Council of Scotland abolished.
* Treason Act harmonises the law of high treason in Scotland with that of England.
* Chairs of Moral Philosophy and of Logic & Metaphysics established in the University of Edinburgh. Regent system of teaching here abolished.

## Births

* 15 February – Alexander Hume-Campbell, nobleman and politician (died 1760)
* 8 March – John Campbell, author (died 1775)
Date unknown
* Thomas Gillespie, Presbyterian minister and founder of the Relief Church (died 1774)
* William Guthrie, historian (died 1770)

## Deaths

* 21 June – John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Belhaven and Stenton, anti-Union politician (born 1656; died in London)
* 10 October – David Gregory, mathematician and astronomer (born 1659)
* 16 November – Alexander Edward, Episcopalian minister, architect and landscape designer (born 1651)
# ArGo Airways

ArGo Airways was a regional airline based in Volos, Greece.

## Destinations

ArGo Airways operated the following services (as of February 2010):

### Greece

* Athens – Athens International Airport
* Skiathos – Skiathos Island National Airport
* Thessaloniki – Thessaloniki International Airport, "Macedonia"
* Volos – Nea Anchialos National Airport

## Fleet

The ArGo Airways fleet included the following aircraft (as of 20 February 2010):
* 1 de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter
# (−)-alpha-pinene synthase

(−)-α-Pinene synthase (EC 4.2.3.119, (−)-α-pinene/(−)-camphene synthase, (−)-α-pinene cyclase) is an enzyme with systematic name geranyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase [cyclizing, (−)-α-pinene-forming]. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    geranyl diphosphate $\rightleftharpoons$ (−)-α-pinene + diphosphate
Cyclase II of Salvia officinalis (sage) gives about equal parts (−)-α-pinene, (−)-β-pinene and (−)-camphene.
# Dunaszentpál

Dunaszentpál is a village in Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Hungary.
# Franklin Township, Wright County, Minnesota

Franklin Township is a rural township in Wright County, Minnesota, United States. The township population was 2,774 at the 2000 census.

## History

Franklin Township was originally called Newport Township, and under the latter name was organized in 1858. It was soon afterwards changed to Franklin, there being another township in the state with a similar name. It was then named in honor of Benjamin Franklin. The 1871 District No. 48 School in Franklin Township is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 43.9 square miles (114 km$^2$), of which 42.8 square miles (111 km$^2$) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km$^2$) (2.48%) is water.
The city of Delano is located within Franklin Township geographically, but is a separate entity.
Franklin Township is located in Township 118 North of the Arkansas Base Line and Range 25 West of the 5th Principal Meridian.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 2,774 people, 889 households, and 784 families residing in the township. The population density was 64.8 inhabitants per square mile (25.0/km$^2$). There were 907 housing units at an average density of 21.2 per square mile (8.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 98.63% White, 0.11% African American, 0.32% Native American, 0.58% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.14% from other races, and 0.18% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.83% of the population.
There were 889 households, out of which 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 81.0% were married couples living together, 3.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 11.7% were non-families. 8.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 2.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.25.
In the township the population was spread out, with 27.4% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 27.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females, there were 106.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.6 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $68,750, and the median income for a family was $71,321. Males had a median income of $40,662 versus $32,117 for females. The per capita income for the township was $27,429. About 1.4% of families and 1.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 0.4% of those under age 18 and 8.1% of those age 65 or over.
# Gomphocarpus

Gomphocarpus is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1810. It is in the milkweed subfamily Asclepiadoideae, and its members are considered milkweeds. It is widespread across much of Africa, with a few species naturalized in other regions.

## Species accepted

* Gomphocarpus abyssinicus - Ethiopia
* Gomphocarpus cancellatus - South Africa
* Gomphocarpus filiformis - SW Africa
* Gomphocarpus fruticosus - South Africa
* Gomphocarpus glaucophyllus - South Africa
* Gomphocarpus integer - SE Africa
* Gomphocarpus kaessneri - Kenya
* Gomphocarpus munonquensis - Angola
* Gomphocarpus peltiger - South Africa
* Gomphocarpus phillipsiae - SE Africa
* Gomphocarpus physocarpus - South Africa; naturalized in China, N + S America
* Gomphocarpus praticola - Angola
* Gomphocarpus purpurascens - Ethiopia
* Gomphocarpus rivularis - South Africa
* Gomphocarpus semiamplectens - tropical Africa
* Gomphocarpus semilunatus - Ethiopia
* Gomphocarpus sinaicus - Sinai Peninsula
* Gomphocarpus stenophyllus - tropical Africa
* Gomphocarpus swynnertonii - Mozambique, Zimbabwe
* Gomphocarpus tenuifolius - Zimbabwe
* Gomphocarpus tomentosus - South Africa
# Georgy Vasmund

Georgy Robertovich Vasmund (Russian, Георгий Робертович Васмунд, 25 December 1840 - 30 May 1904) was an Imperial Russian division commander, lieutenant general. He took part in the suppression of the uprising in Poland and the war against the Ottoman Empire. In 1877 he was made the Commander of His Majesty's Life-Guards 1st Rifle Regiment and in 1898 he was made the Chief of Staff of the Life-Guards Headquarters and the St. Petersburg Military District

## Awards

* Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov), 3rd class, 1863
* Order of Saint Anna, 3rd class, 1864
* Order of Saint Vladimir, 4th class, 1872
* Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov), 2nd class, 1876
* Order of Saint George, 4th degree, 1877
* Order of Saint Vladimir, 3rd class, 1878
* Gold Sword for Bravery, 1878
* Order of Saint Anna, 2nd class, 1879
* Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov), 1st class, 1889
* Order of Saint Anna, 1st class, 1892
* Order of Saint Vladimir, 2nd class, 1894
* Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire), 1898
* Order of Saint Alexander Nevsky, 1902
| Preceded by | Commander of the 1st Brigade, 1st Guards Infantry Division 1893-1898 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded byOskar Grippenberg | Commander of the 1st Guards Infantry Division 1898 | Succeeded byGeorgy Bobrikov |
# Fabio Pizzolato

Fabio Pizzolato (born 16 March 1975) is a retired Italian pole vaulter.

## Biography

He finished ninth at the 2003 Summer Universiade, and competed at the 1997 World Indoor Championships, the 1997 World Championships and the 2002 European Championships without reaching the final. He became Italian champion in 1997 and 2003 and Italian indoor champion in 1998.
His personal best jump was 5.75 metres, achieved in July 1997 in Milan. He is the husband of the former pole vaulter Maria Carla Bresciani.

## National titles

Fabio Pizzolato has won 3 times the individual national championship.
* 2 wins in the pole vault (1997, 2003)
* 1 win in the pole vault indoor (1998)
# Aldama Municipality, Chiapas

Aldama Municipality is a municipality in the Mexican state of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. The municipal seat is Aldama, Chiapas.

## Demographics

As of 2020, the municipality had a total population of 8,480, up from 3,635 as of 2005.
As of 2020, the town of Aldama had a population of 2,279.

## Localities

Other than the town of Aldama, the municipality had 20 localities, none of which had a population over 1,000.
# Aldama media

Aldama media is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It is found only in Ecuador. Its natural habitat is near saline lakes, growing in dry forests, scrublands and grasslands. It is threatened by habitat loss.
After molecular phylogenetic studies by botanists Schilling and Panero in 2011, showed that some species that were formerly classified in the genus Viguiera and then transferred to genus Aldama.
It is a perennial, herbaceous plant with a woody base and can grow up to 1 m (3 ft 3 in) tall, with small, white flowers with five petals and yellow centers. The seeds are small and black.
# Aldama Municipality

Aldama Municipality may refer to:
* Aldama Municipality, Chiapas
* Aldama Municipality, Chihuahua
* Aldama Municipality, Tamaulipas
# Aleatoricism

Aleatoricism (or aleatorism) is a term for musical compositions and other forms of art resulting from "actions made by chance".
The term was first used "in the context of electro-acoustics and information theory" to describe "a course of sound events that is determined in its framework and flexible in detail", by Belgian-German physicist, acoustician, and information theorist Werner Meyer-Eppler. In practical application, in compositions by Mozart and Kirnberger, for instance, the order of the measures of a musical piece were left to be determined by throwing dice, and in performances of music by Pousseur (e.g., Répons pour sept musiciens, 1960), musicians threw dice "for sheets of music and cues". However, more generally in musical contexts, the term has had varying meanings as it was applied by various composers, and so a single, clear definition for aleatory music is defied. The term was popularised by the musical composer Pierre Boulez, but also Witold Lutosławski and Franco Evangelisti.
Its etymology derives from alea, Latin for "dice", and it is the noun associated with the adjectival aleatory and aleatoric.
Aleatory should not be confused with either indeterminacy, or improvisation.

## Architecture

Sean Keller and Heinrich Jaeger coined the term aleatory architecture to describe "a new approach that explicitly includes stochastic (re-) configuration of individual structural elements — that is to say 'chance.'"

## Literature

Charles Hartman discusses several methods of automatic generation of poetry in his book The Virtual Muse.

## Music

The term aleatory was first coined by Werner Meyer-Eppler in 1955 to describe a course of sound events that is "determined in general but depends on chance in detail". When his article was published in English, the translator mistakenly rendered his German noun Aleatorik as an adjective, and so inadvertently created a new English word, "aleatoric". Pierre Boulez applied the term "aleatory" in this sense to his own pieces to distinguish them from the indeterminate music of John Cage. While Boulez purposefully composed his pieces to allow the performer certain liberties with regard to the sequencing and repetition of parts, Cage often composed through the application of chance operations without allowing the performer liberties.
Another composer of aleatory music was the German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen, who had attended Meyer-Eppler's seminars in phonetics, acoustics, and information theory at the University of Bonn from 1954 to 1956, and put these ideas into practice for the first time in his electronic composition Gesang der Jünglinge (1955–56), in the form of statistically structured, massed "complexes" of sounds.
Aleatoric techniques are sometimes used in contemporary film music, e.g., in John Williams's film scores and Mark Snow's music for X-Files: Fight the Future.
# Alebra

Alebra is a genus of leafhoppers in the subfamily Typhlocybinae. They genetically evolved their exoskeleton to achieve vibrant colors to defend themselves from predators.

## Species

These 22 species belong to the genus Alebra:
* Alebra albostriella (Fallén, 1826)$^{cg}$
* Alebra arisana (Matsumura, 1931)$^{cg}$
* Alebra aurea (Walsh, 1862)$^{cgb}$
* Alebra bella Hamilton, 1995$^{cg}$
* Alebra bicincta DeLong, 1918$^{cgb}$
* Alebra castaneae Hamilton, 1995$^{cg}$
* Alebra coryli Le Quesne, 1977$^{cg}$
* Alebra costatella Matsumura, 1931$^{cg}$
* Alebra eburnea DeLong, 1918$^{cgb}$
* Alebra elegans Hamilton, 1995$^{cgb}$
* Alebra floridae Hamilton, 1995$^{cg}$
* Alebra fumida Gillette, 1898$^{cgb}$
* Alebra kuyania (Matsumura, 1932)$^{cg}$
* Alebra neglecta Wagner, 1940$^{cg}$
* Alebra pallida Dworakowska, 1968$^{cg}$
* Alebra rubrafrons DeLong, 1918$^{cgb}$
* Alebra shaanxiensis (Ma, 1981)$^{cg}$
* Alebra sorbi Wagner, 1949$^{cg}$
* Alebra thoracica Hamilton, 1995$^{cgb}$
* Alebra viridis Rey, 1894$^{cg}$
* Alebra wahlbergi (Boheman, 1845)$^{cgb}$
* Alebra xianensis (Ma, 1981)$^{cg}$
Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net,