OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Airon-Saint-Vaast

Airon-Saint-Vaast is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France.

## Geography

A small village situated some 19 miles (30 km) south of Boulogne-sur-Mer, on the D143E1 road

## Sights

* The church, built in 1877, in Neo-Gothic style.
* The chapel de Bavemont, built in 1809. This is where Saint Josse is said to have restored the sight of a little girl (Juliule), on his return from a pilgrimage to Rome in 665. In memory of this, a pilgrimage takes place at Whitsuntide.
* The chateau and its park.
# Escowbeck

Escowbeck House a country manor house on Caton Lane in Quernmore near Lancaster, Lancashire was constructed in 1842 in extensive parkland and countryside. It is situated overlooking the Crook of Lune south of the road from Lancaster to Caton and Hornby, near where the Escow Beck from which it takes its name, flows into the River Lune. The name Escow Beck is derived from the Old Norse eski + hofud and bekkr meaning the beck by the ash tree hill. It was recorded as Escouthebroc in 1225 and Escouthe bec in 1241. The gardens, created in the early 20th century, had a fish pond through which the Escow Beck flows and boat house. The house was divided into apartments during the 1950s.

## Residents

John Greg moved to the area in 1820 to manage a mill in Caton, part of Samuel Greg & Company, owned by his father. John Greg built Escowbeck and founded the Lancaster Guardian. After the death of John Greg, the Dobson family leased the house. The family suffered from typhus fever and were isolated as part of an epidemic for more than a year. Thomas Hodgson who built Lowe Mill in Caton lived at Escowbeck. In 1938 Lieutenant Colonel Sir Norman Seddon-Brown moved into the house.

## Greg Observatory

The Gregs were interested in astronomy and John Greg built an observatory in a wooden structure built on stone foundations at Escowbeck. John's brother Robert and his sons Edward and John Phillip shared the interest. John Phillip Greg retired early to pursue his interest and was credited with being one of the first people to recognise the Geminid meteor shower. After the death of John Greg in 1882, his son Albert gave the contents of the observatory to Lancaster Corporation, and they were rehoused in a public observatory as a memorial to John Greg. Greg was an important employer and public figure who had been mayor of Lancaster three times, a magistrate and a charity and port commissioner.
# Eucalyptus canobolensis

Eucalyptus canobolensis, commonly known as the Mount Canobolas candlebark or silver-leaf candlebark, is a species of tree that is endemic to a small area of New South Wales in eastern Australia. It is a small tree with smooth bark on the trunk and branches, dull, lance-shaped adult leaves, flowers buds in groups of three, white flowers and cup-shaped, bell-shaped or conical fruit. It is only known from Mount Canobolas near Orange.

## Description

Eucalyptus canobolensis is a tree that typically grows to a height of about 12 m (40 ft) and forms a lignotuber. It has smooth, often powdery, white, cream-coloured, yellowish or pink bark, sometimes with rough greyish bark at the base. The leaves on young plants and on coppice regrowth are arranged in opposite pairs, sessile, mostly 30–110 mm (1.2–4.3 in) long and wide on a petiole 10–20 mm (0.39–0.79 in) long. Adult leaves are arranged alternately, lance-shaped, dull grey or glaucous, 65–190 mm (2.6–7.5 in) long and 11–37 mm (0.4–1 in) wide on a petiole 12–35 mm (0.47–1.4 in) long. They are more or less the same colour on both surfaces. The flower buds are arranged in groups of three in leaf axils on a flattened peduncle 3–9 mm (0.1–0.4 in) long, the individual buds sessile. The mature buds are oval to spindle-shaped, about 6 mm (0.24 in) long and 4 mm (0.2 in) wide with a conical operculum. Flowering has been observed in February and the flowers are white. The fruit is a woody, cup-shaped, bell-shaped or conical capsule 5–6 mm (0.20–0.24 in) long and 5–8 mm (0.20–0.31 in) wide and sessile or on a very short pedicel. The valves of the fruit extend beyond the rim.

## Taxonomy and naming

Mount Canobolas candlebark was first described in 1991 by Lawrie Johnson and Ken Hill who gave it the name Eucalyptus rubida subsp. canobolensis from a specimen collected on Mount Canobolas, and published the description in the journal Telopea. In 1998 John Hunter raised it to species status as E. canobolensis. The specific epithet (canobolensis) refers to the type location. The ending -ensis is a Latin suffix meaning "place for" or "where".

## Distribution and habitat

Eucalyptus canobolensis is only known from the upper slopes of Mount Canobolas where it grows in subalpine woodland.

## Conservation status

Mount Canobolas candlebark is classified as "endangered" under the Australian Government Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and as "vulnerable" under the New South Wales Government Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016. The main threats to the species are weed invasion, especially by blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) and Pinus radiata from nearby plantations, infrastructure development and forestry operations.
# Eugene Gregan

Eugene Gregan (born 1937 in New Haven, Connecticut) is an American painter, graphic designer, and illustrator. He specializes in landscapes and Chinese-influenced painting.
Gregan attended the Rhode Island School of Design (BFA degree) and Yale University (MFA degree). At Yale University, he studied under Norman Ives, and Josef Albers.
He has taught at Rhode Island School of Design, Yale University, Brown University, Parsons School of Design, Trinity College, and the Naropa Institute. At Naropa Institute he taught classes in Chinese brush painting. His graphic and commercial design experience includes work with I.M. Pei, Herbert Matter on work including illustrations, corporate logos and album covers.
He lives in Napanoch, New York, with his wife Beverly.
# Akauna, Aurangabad

Akauna is a village located in Goh block, Aurangabad district, Bihar, India. It is located 4 km (2.5 mi) away from the block's headquarters. It was the home of Thakur Muneshwar Nath Singh, who was the Minister of Bihar.

## Population

Akauna has a total of 84 houses in it. The Akauna village has population of 675 of which 353 are males and 321 are females as per the Population Census of 2011.
The population of children ages 0 to 6 is 109 which makes up 16.17% of the total population of the village. The average sex ratio is 909 which is lower than the Bihar state average of 918. The child sex ratio as per the census is 912, lower than the Bihar average of 935. The size of the area is about 5.45 square kilometer.

## Education

Akauna village has a higher literacy rate compared to Bihar. In 2011, the literacy rate of Akauna village was 80.00% compared to 61.80% for Bihar. Male literacy was at 85.81% while female literacy was 73.61%. The Village has one Primary and one Middle School.

## Income sources

Out of the total population of Akauna, 234 people were engaged in work activities. Of these workers, 43.16% described their work as lasting more than six months, while 56.84% described their work as lasting less than six months. Of the workers engaged in work lasting longer than six months, 4 were agricultural laborers and 77 were owners of land that they farmed.
# Aikawa, Akita

Aikawa (合川町, Aikawa-machi) was a town located in Kitaakita District, Akita Prefecture, Japan.
As of March 1, 2005, the town had an estimated population of 7,550 and a density of 66.9 persons per km$^2$. The total area was 112.8 km$^2$.

## History

Aikawa was established on March 31, 1955, through the merger of the villages of Ochiai, Shimokoani, Kami-Ono and Shimo-Ono.
On March 22, 2005, Aikawa, along with the towns of Ani, Moriyoshi and Takanosu (all from Kitaakita District) merged to create the city of Kitaakita.
The town was served by the Japanese National Railways Aniai Line and Japan National Route 285.
# Eucephalus glabratus

Eucephalus glabratus is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae with the common names of smooth aster, smooth wayside-aster, and Siskiyou aster. It is a perennial herb up to 60 centimeters (24 inches) tall, with branching rhizomes. Stems and leaves are hairless or nearly so. One plant will usually produce 3–8 flower heads per stem. Each head has 0–4 violet ray florets surrounding numerous yellow disc florets.
Eucephalus glabratus grows at elevations of 700–2,300 meters (2,300–7,550 feet) in openings in oak and conifer forests or chaparral of the Klamath Mountains of southwestern Oregon and northwestern California.
NatureServe classifies Eucephalus glabratus as Apparently Secure (G4) globally and Vulnerable (S3) in California. It has no state status rank for Oregon.
# Eucelatoria texana

Eucelatoria texana is a species of fly in the family Tachinidae.

## Distribution

United States.
# Eupithecia curvifascia

Eupithecia curvifascia is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found on Jamaica.
# Euphaedra hewitsoni

Euphaedra hewitsoni, or Hewitson's pink forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. The habitat consists of wet forests.

## Subspecies

* E. h. hewitsoni (Cameroon, Gabon, Congo)
* E. h. angusta Hecq, 1974 (northern and eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda)
* E. h. bipuncta Hecq, 1974 (southern Central African Republic, western and central Democratic Republic of Congo)
* E. h. disclara Hecq, 1991 (Bioko)
* E. h. sumptuosa Hecq, 1974 (southern Nigeria, western Cameroon)
# Euphaedra hybrida

Euphaedra hybrida is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Central Africa.

## Similar species

Other members of the Euphaedra eleus species group q.v.
# Euphaedra imitans

Euphaedra imitans, the equatorial mimic forester, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and western Uganda. The habitat consists of forests.

## Description

E. imitans Holl. is similar to E. eusemoides , but the median band of the forewing is less interrupted, the forewing has several small blue spots at the base and a long yellow stripe at the hindmargin and the hindwing has above 3 black dots in the cell and two blue submarginal dots in each cellule. Ogowe Valley; rare and little known; much resembles Xanthospilopteryx longipennis Wkr.
It is a member of the Euphaedra eusemoides species group
# Eupithecia litoris

Eupithecia litoris is a moth in the family Geometridae first described by James Halliday McDunnough in 1946. It is found in the US state of California.
Adults are light grayish or cream in color.
# Eupithecia longibasalis

Eupithecia longibasalis is a moth in the family Geometridae. It is found in Colombia.
# Aimar-Charles-Marie de Nicolaï

Aimar-Charles-Marie Nicolaï (French pronunciation:; 14 August 1747, Paris – 7 July 1794, Paris) was a French magistrate in the Ancien Régime of France. He was the first president of the Chambre des Comptes, and the seventh member elected to occupy seat 2 of the Académie française in 1788.
After giving praise to Louis XVI of France during his reception at the Academy, he was declared an enemy of the people and sentenced to death by guillotine in 1794.
# Eurrhyparodes syllepidia

Eurrhyparodes syllepidia is a species of moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by George Hampson in 1898. It is found in Mexico and Costa Rica.

## Description

The wingspan is about 28 mm. The forewings are brown, suffused with purplish fuscous. There is a series of white points on the costa. The hindwings are semihyaline yellow with a black base.
# Etlingera megalocheilos

Etlingera megalocheilos is a monocotyledonous species of flowering plant in the family Zingiberaceae. It was first described by William Griffith, and got its current name from Axel Dalberg Poulsen. Etlingera megalocheilos is part of the genus Etlingera and the family Zingiberaceae. No subspecies are listed in the Catalog of Life.
# Etlingera maingayi

Etlingera maingayi, the Malay rose, is a species of herbaceous, perennial, flowering plant in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. This species occurs in southern Thailand, where its flowers are eaten as vegetables, and Malaysia. It grows along forest edges and in disturbed areas.

## Description

Etlingera maingayi grows to less than 2 m (6 ft 7 in) high. Its leaves are variable, with undulating fringes, and emit a sour scent when crushed. Young leaves are translucent and reddish on both sides.

## Chemistry

Leaves of E. maingayi displayed ferrous ion chelating ability and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity that were much higher than young leaves of Camellia sinensis. Leaves of E. maingayi had the highest yield of oil (1320 mg/100 g) consisting mainly of lauric acid (45%) and decanoic acid (43%). The unpleasant sour scent of leaves when crushed may be due to these two acids.
# Euphorbia 'Efanthia'

Euphorbia 'Efanthia' is a perennial plant, a hybrid of Euphorbia amygdaloides, and Euphorbia X martini.
It has dark green, or maroon, lance shaped leaves, which fade to a blue-green and it has flowers of bright yellow-green, which are on red stems. It can grow up to 50 cm tall, (12–36 in). It blooms in Spring.
This plant tolerates dry conditions, and has deep-coloured foliage in the fall months. It is best grown in well-drained soils in full sun. It is hardy to USDA zones 4–11.
It is an accepted name by the RHS.
# Euseius septicus

Euseius septicus is a species of mite in the family Phytoseiidae.
# Akahogi Tile Kiln Site

The Akahogi Tile Kiln site (赤保木瓦窯跡, Akahogi Kawara Kama-ato) is the remains of a late Nara period, early Heian period roof tile and pottery production site located in the Akahogi neighborhood of the city of Takayama, Gifu Prefecture in the Chūbu region of Japan. It has been protected as a National Historic Site since 1976.

## Overview

Akahogi Tile Kiln site is located in the southeastern foothills of the Mihaka hills northwest of the central area of Takayama city. The site consists of the ruins of six kilns within a range of approximately 70 square meters. The kilns consists of four semi-underground anagama kilns with a length of approximately eight meters and two semi-underground noborigama-type climbing kilns. The former were used for the production of roof tiles, and the latter for Sue pottery. From the ruins of the tile kilns, shards of various types of roof tiles were discovered, including round tiles for use on eaves, flat tiles, corner tiles and Onigawara tiles, all of which are identical to shards found at the site of the Hida Kokubun-ji provincial temple established in the Nara period.
The tile kilns are almost identical in structure: The No. 1 kiln has a total length of 8.34 meters, a width of 0.75 meters, and contains 16 steps. It appears to have been repaired twice, but most of the firing chamber has been lost due to a landslide. The No. 2 kiln has a total length 9.38 meters, a width 1.08 meters. Although the ceiling has completely survived, it appears to have been abandoned at an early date. It has been repaired four times, and the number of steps is currently unknown. The No. 3 kiln has a total length of 8.14 meters and a width of 0.70 meters. The firing chamber has six stages and the width of each step is wide, which is different from the others. It has been repaired three times. The No.4 kiln is located on the lowest portion of the hill, and has a width of 1.0 meter. The ceiling part is completely intact, and it appears to be the oldest of the group, but the kiln itself remains unexcavated.
From the shards excavated as the site, these four kilns produced the roof tiles used at the Hida Kokubun-ji, including the round eaves tiles and the Onigawara tiles.
The Sue pottery kilns are labelled No.5 and No.6 and were in continuous use until into the Kamakura period.
The site is about 15 minutes by car from Takayama Station on the JR East Takayama Main Line.
# Akram Yurabayev

Akram Yurabayev (born 21 April 1973) is an Uzbekistani sprint canoeist who competed in the mid-1990s. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, he was eliminated in the semifinals of the K-2 500 m event.
# Eunidia okahandjae

Eunidia okahandjae is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Stephan von Breuning in 1943.
# Euphaneta

Euphaneta is a genus of mimallonid moths described by William Schaus in 1928.

## List of species

Source:
* Euphaneta divisa (Walker, 1855)
* Euphaneta romani Bryk, 1953
# Euphan Maxwell

Euphan Maxwell (1887–1964) was an Irish ophthalmologist and the first woman ophthalmic surgeon in Ireland at the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Dublin.

## Life and education

Euphan Montgomerie Maxwell was born in 1887, the daughter of Dr Patrick William Maxwell and Elizabeth Maxwell née Suckling. Her sister was the historian Constantia Maxwell, whom she lived with throughout her life at the family home at 19 Lower Baggot Street. Maxwell studied medicine and surgery at Trinity College Dublin, going on to be appointed a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI). Both sisters were among the first women to attend the college as students. Maxwell was one of the founding members of the Elizabethan Society in 1904, a society for the female students of the college.
Maxwell died in Kent, England in 1964 and is buried in Cranbrook, Tunbridge Wells.

## Career

Maxwell became the Assistant Surgeon and Pathologist at the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital, Dublin in 1912 at age 25. She held this position until her retirement in 1957. She also served as honorary secretary of the British Medical Section of Ophthalmology. Maxwell attended some of those wounded during the Easter 1916 Rising in Dublin, working at a temporary hospital at 40 Merrion Square East. Her participation in these events was featured as part of the RCSI exhibition to mark the centenary of the 1916 Rising in 2016.
During World War I, Maxwell became one of the first seven women to serve in the Royal Army Medical Corps in 1916. She went on to be deployed to Malta to the Ophthalmic Department St George's Hospital in August 1916. She resigned and left in 1917 to return to Dublin due to her father falling ill. She delivered the inaugural lecture established in his memory, the Montgomery Lectureship in Ophthalmology. Maxwell was one of the founding members of the Irish Ophthalmologic Society, elected the society's president from 1939 to 1941. She served as an examiner in Ophthalmology at the RCSI.
Maxwell was a member of the short-lived Irish Centre Party, sitting on its Provisional General Committee.
# Eutreta frontalis

Eutreta frontalis is a species of tephritid or fruit flies in the genus Eutreta of the family Tephritidae.

## Distribution

Canada, United States.
# Akio Arakawa

Akio Arakawa (July 20, 1927 – March 21, 2021) was a Japanese-born American climate scientist. He was an Emeritus Professor in the Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles.

## Early life and achievements

Arakawa was the youngest of three sons. Living through World War II in Japan, he recalled his two older brothers served in the Japanese military without incident, while he was drafted to work as a fireman part-time while finishing high school. He entered the University of Tokyo in 1947, and spent three years majoring in physics. After graduating in 1950, he applied for one of the few jobs available for physics graduates, with the Japan Meteorological Agency. The agency stationed him on a weather ship to gain experience, and after working in that area for a year and a half, he sought another role in the agency, and was able to gain a position in the forecast research division.
In the 1950s, Arakawa developed mathematics that "permitted the use of a coarser grid" to reduce the computational time needed to estimate climate changes from air sampling data. During this time, Arakawa consulted on the early Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) weather model, later taken up and further advanced by meteorologist Dr. James Hansen.

## Recognition and later life

In 1977, Arakawa was awarded the Carl-Gustaf Rossby Research Medal, the highest award in the field of atmospheric science, from the American Meteorological Society, for his work on "mathematical models of the atmosphere and in numerical methods of weather prediction". In 2010, he received the Vilhelm Bjerknes Medal from the European Geosciences Union.
Arakawa was one of the nine scientists who wrote the Charney report in 1979, which predicted a global warming-related temperature rise over the next century, and a climate sensitivity of 3°C.
# European Society for Philosophy and Psychology

The European Society for Philosophy and Psychology (ESPP) is a professional organization in Europe that promotes discussion and research at the intersection of philosophy, psychology and cognitive science. It is the European counterpart of the American Society for Philosophy and Psychology. The first joint conference of the two societies was held in Barcelona in 2004.

## List of presidents

* 1999–2001: Josef Perner
* 2001–2003: Pierre Jacob
* 2006–2008: Alice ter Meulen
* 2009–2011: Marc Jeannerod
* 2009-2014: Naomi Eilan
* 2017–present: Robyn Carston
# European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare

The European Society for Philosophy of Medicine and Healthcare (ESPMH) is a philosophy organization in Europe that promotes discussion among philosophers, physicians, ethicists and lawyers about the role of medicine and health care in modern society.

## History

It was founded in 1987 in the Netherlands. The ESPMH organizes annually a conference, which is held in a different country every year. The official peer-reviewed journal of the society is Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy.
# Akaniaceae

The Akaniaceae or turnipwood family are a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales. It comprises two genera of trees, Akania and Bretschneidera, each with a single species. These plants are native to China, Vietnam, Taiwan, and eastern Australia.

## Species

* Akania bidwillii (turnipwood) - northeastern Australia
* Bretschneidera sinensis - southern China, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam
# Ala Hlehel

Ala Hlehel (born 1974) is a Palestinian writer. He was born in Jish (also known as Gischala or Gush Halav, in the Galilee in northern Israel. He studied at the University of Haifa, and went on to work in both print and broadcast media in Haifa.
Trained as a scriptwriter in Tel Aviv, he has written stage plays and scripts for both film and television. He has presented his work at prestigious theatres such as the Royal Court Theatre in London and the Schaubuhne Theatre in Berlin.
Hlehel has also published novels and short stories in the humorously realistic tradition of Palestinian literature. His stories have appeared in venues such as Banipal and World Literature Today. His novels include Au revoir Acre and the award-winning Al-Sirk.
He lives in Acre in northern Israel.