OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Hardware performance counter

In computers, hardware performance counters (HPC), or hardware counters are a set of special-purpose registers built into modern microprocessors to store the counts of hardware-related activities within computer systems. Advanced users often rely on those counters to conduct low-level performance analysis or tuning.

## Implementations

The number of available hardware counters in a processor is limited while each CPU model might have a lot of different events that a developer might like to measure. Each counter can be programmed with the index of an event type to be monitored, like a L1 cache miss or a branch misprediction.
One of the first processors to implement such counter and an associated instruction RDPMC to access it was the Intel Pentium, but they were not documented until Terje Mathisen wrote an article about reverse engineering them in Byte July 1994.
The following table shows some examples of CPUs and the number of available hardware counters:
| Processor | available HW counters |
| UltraSparc II | 2 |
| Pentium III | 2 |
| ARM11 | 2 |
| AMD Athlon | 4 |
| IA-64 | 4 |
| ARM Cortex-A5 | 2 |
| ARM Cortex-A8 | 4 |
| ARM Cortex-A9 MPCore | 6 |
| POWER4 | 8 |
| Pentium 4 | 18 |

## Versus software techniques

Compared to software profilers, hardware counters provide low-overhead access to a wealth of detailed performance information related to CPU's functional units, caches and main memory etc. Another benefit of using them is that no source code modifications are needed in general. However, the types and meanings of hardware counters vary from one kind of architecture to another due to the variation in hardware organizations.
There can be difficulties correlating the low level performance metrics back to source code. The limited number of registers to store the counters often force users to conduct multiple measurements to collect all desired performance metrics.

## Instruction based sampling

Modern superscalar processors schedule and execute multiple instructions out-of-order at one time. These "in-flight" instructions can retire at any time, depending on memory access, hits in cache, stalls in the pipeline and many other factors. This can cause performance counter events to be attributed to the wrong instructions, making precise performance analysis difficult or impossible.
AMD introduced methods to mitigate some of these drawbacks. For example, the Opteron processors have implemented in 2007 a technique known as Instruction Based Sampling (or IBS). AMD's implementation of IBS provides hardware counters for both fetch sampling (the front of the superscalar pipeline) and op sampling (the back of the pipeline). This results in discrete performance data associating retired instructions with the "parent" AMD64 instruction.
# Humphrey Tyndall

Humphrey Tyndall (also spelt Tindall; 1549 – 1614) was an English churchman who became the President of Queens' College, Cambridge, Archdeacon of Stafford, Chancellor of Lichfield Cathedral and Dean of Ely.

## Early life and family

Humphrey Tyndall descended from the noble, English, Tyndall family. He was the fourth son of Sir Thomas Tyndall of Hockwold, Norfolk and his second wife, Amy Fermor, daughter of Sir Henry Fermor of East Barsham, Norfolk.
Tyndall entered Cambridge University in 1555, matriculating at the age five or six as a pensioner of Gonville Hall. In 1563 he moved to Christ's College and became a scholar under Andrew Willet.

## Clerical life

In 1572, Tyndall was ordained by Edmund Scambler, the bishop of Peterborough. Tyndall's clerical career began at Cambridge, and he was licensed as one of the preachers of the university in 1576. In 1577 he became Vicar of Soham in Cambridgeshire in 1577, a position he held until his death. He was also Chaplin to the Earl of Leicester, whom he married to Lettice Knollys privately on 20 September 1578.
In April 1586, he was installed as the Chancellor of Lichfield Cathedral and prebend of Alrewas, and at the same time also to the archdeaconary in Stafford, offices he retained until his death. Between 1588 and 1599 he was Prebend of Southwell in Nottinghamshire.
In December 1591, Tyndall was installed as Dean of Ely and also as Rector of Wentworth in the Isle of Ely. He resigned the rectory in 1610 but remained as dean until his death in 1614.

## Academic life

In 1567, Tyndall was elected as a fellow of Pembroke Hall and became junior bursar in 1570 and senior bursar in 1572. He was awarded the degree of Bachelor of Divinity in 1577, and of Doctor of Divinity, the highest of the degrees awarded by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, in 1582.
In July 1578, David Yale, a fellow from Queens' wrote to Lord Burghley, begging that if Dr Chaderton (the current President of Queens') were made bishop of Chester, the Earl of Leicester might not be allowed to exert his influence over the fellows in favour of Tyndall, whom he considered to be unfit to be president on account of his youth and inexperience. Despite this he was elected President of Queens' College in July 1579 on the recommendation and through the influence of Lord Burghley.
Tyndall served in the office of Vice-Chancellor of the university between 1585 and 1586.

## Personal life

Tyndall married Jane Russell in 1593 and had one child who died at an early age. Jane outlived Tyndall and went on to remarry twice.
Tyndall died in Ely on 12 October 1614 aged 65 and left his books to his college. He was buried in Ely Cathedral on the south aisle of the choir. His tomb features a life-size brass effigy with the following inscription:
"In presence, government, good actions, and in birth, Grave, wise, courageous, noble, was this earth; The poor, the Church, the College say, here lies, A friend, a Dean, a Master, true, good, wise."
# Hermenegildo Bustos

José Hermenegildo de la Luz Bustos Hernández (13 April 1832, Purísima del Rincón – 28 June 1907, Purísima del Rincón) was a Mexican painter; known mostly for portraits, although he also created religious paintings and still-lifes.

## Biography

He was born to a fervent Catholic family, descended from Indians who had been attached to the mission. Despite growing up in a small village, his youth was subject to the turmoils of the time, including a cholera epidemic, "La Desamortización" and the establishment of the Mexican nation.
Following in his father's footsteps, he served as a sort of registrar for the village; recording names, dates and events. At various times, he worked as a tinsmith, tailor, carpenter, musician and mason; also displaying an affinity for history and astronomy. He also maintained an orchard for most of his life.
His only formal artistic studies were six months spent with Juan Nepomuceno Herrera (1818–1878), a portrait painter from nearby León, who apparently taught him little and treated him like a servant. His first known painting dates from 1850, when he was eighteen; a portrait of Vicente Arriaga, a local priest. In 1852, he painted a posthumous portrait of his father, who had died the year before.
Over the next few years, he created complete sets of portraits of all the notable families in the area. He was married in 1854. For two weeks in 1858, Purísima played host to President-elect Benito Juárez, who decided to establish an office there, and Bustos was chosen to paint his portrait (now lost).
His own self-portrait was not painted until 1901. He designed and made his own coat for the occasion, which displays the words, Hermenegildo Bustos, indio de este pueblo de Purísima del Rincón, nací el 13 de abril de 1832. His paintings were often inscribed on the reverse with Hermenegildo Bustos de aficionado pintó (amateur painter). Some sculptures in the village are attributed to him; including an Ecce Homo and a Virgen de los Dolores.
Following the Mexican Revolution, the nation's cultural heritage was reassessed and Bustos' work gained more notice, eventually receiving significant attention in the book Pintura Mexicana by Roberto Montenegro. In 1940, he was profiled in the catalog for the exhibition "Twenty Centuries of Mexican Art" at the Museum of Modern Art. His work has also appeared at exhibitions in Paris (1952), London (1953) and Tokyo (1955). In 1956, a portion of the municipality was renamed "Purísima de Bustos", in his honor. The famous Mexican writer Octavio Paz wrote about Hermenegildo Bustos in 1985.

## Art

* Joaquina Rios de Bustos by Hermenegildo Bustos
* Family Portrait by Hermenegildo Bustos
* 1887, Felipe Lopez by Hermenegildo Bustos
* 1867, Jesus Munoz by Hermenegildo Bustos
* 1871, Alejandra Aranda by Hermenegildo Bustos
* 1856, Francisca Valdivia by Hermenegildo Bustos
* 1877, Still Life with Fruit by Hermenegildo Bustos
* 1854, Portrait of a Priest by Hermenegildo Bustos
# 132nd Armored Brigade "Manin"

The 132nd Armored Brigade "Manin" was a short-lived armored brigade of the Italian Army based in the country's North-East. Its core units were tank and Bersaglieri battalions from the disbanded 132nd Tank Regiment of the 132nd Armored Division "Ariete". The brigade's headquarters was in the city of Aviano and the brigade's name honored the Italian unification hero Daniele Manin.

## Constitution

The brigade was activated during 1975 reform of the Italian Army when the regimental level was abolished and battalions came under direct command of newly formed multi-arms brigades. On 1 October 1975 the 132nd Armored Brigade "Manin" was activated along with the 32nd Armored Brigade "Mameli" followed one month later by the 8th Mechanized Brigade "Garibaldi". To raise the Manin the 132nd Tank Regiment of the Armored Division "Ariete" was reorganized and renamed. The Ariete was part of the 5th Army Corps based in North-Eastern Italy, which was tasked with defending the Yugoslav-Italian border against possible attacks by either the Warsaw Pact, or Yugoslavia or both. The Ariete was the corps' armored reserve. The brigade's authorized strength was 3,381 men (214 Officers, 516 non-commissioned officers and 2,651 soldiers) and it consisted initially of the following units:
* 132nd Armored Brigade "Manin", in Aviano
** Command and Signal Unit "Manin", in Aviano
** 8th Tank Battalion "M.O. Secchiaroli", in Aviano (M60A1 Patton main battle tanks)
** 10th Tank Battalion "M.O. Bruno", in Aviano (M60A1 Patton main battle tanks)
** 27th Bersaglieri Battalion "Jamiano", in Aviano (VCC-1 armored personnel carriers)
** 20th Self-propelled Field Artillery Group "Piave", in Maniago (M109G 155mm Self-propelled howitzers, former III Self-propelled Field Artillery Group, 132nd Armored Artillery Regiment)
** Logistic Battalion "Manin", in Maniago (former III Services Battalion "Ariete" of the Services Grouping "Ariete")
** Anti-tank Company "Manin", in Aviano (BGM-71 TOW anti-tank guided missiles)
** Engineer Company "Manin", in Maniago

### Deactivation

In 1986 the Italian Army abolished the divisional level and brigades, that until then had been under one of the Army's four divisions, came forthwith under direct command of the Army's 3rd or 5th Army Corps. As the Armored Division "Ariete" carried a historically significant name, the division ceased to exist on 30 September in Pordenone, but the next day in the same location the 132nd Armored Brigade "Ariete" was activated. The new brigade took command of the units of the 132nd Armored Brigade "Manin", whose name was stricken from the roll of active units of the Italian Army.
# Glyn Samuel

Glyndwr Ninian Thomas Watkin Samuel (26 October 1917 – 14 April 1985) was a Welsh cricketer. Samuel was a right-handed batsman. He was born at Swansea, Glamorgan. He was educated in his early years at Uppingham School, where he played for the school cricket team from 1934 to 1935.
Samuel made his first-class debut for Glamorgan in 1936 against Leicestershire. He made 2 further first-class appearances for the county in the 1936 season against Sussex and Nottinghamshire. In his 3 first-class matches he scored 41 runs at a batting average of 10.25, with a high score of 22.
Samuel died at Hastings, Sussex on 14 April 1985.
# Calcium hydroxide (data page)

This page provides supplementary chemical data on calcium hydroxide.

## Material Safety Data Sheet

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.
* SIRI
* Science Stuff

## Structure and properties

Structure and properties :
| Index of refraction, n$_D$ | ? |
| Abbe number | ? |
| Dielectric constant, ε$_r$ | ? ε$_0$ at ? °C |
| Bond strength | ? |
| Bond length | ? |
| Bond angle | ? |
| Magnetic susceptibility | -22 x10$^{−6}$ cm$^3$ mol$^{−1}$ |
| Density | 2.2 g cm$^{−3}$ |
| Solubility in H$_2$O | 0.160$^{20}$ g/100 g |
| pH (at 20 °C) | 12.4-12.6 |

## Thermodynamic properties

Phase behavior :
| Triple point | ? K (? °C), ? Pa |
| Critical point | ? K (? °C), ? Pa |
| Std enthalpy change of fusion, Δ$_{fus}$H$^o$ | ? kJ/mol |
| Std entropy change of fusion, Δ$_{fus}$S$^o$ | ? J/(mol·K) |
| Std enthalpy change of vaporization, Δ$_{vap}$H$^o$ | ? kJ/mol |
| Std entropy change of vaporization, Δ$_{vap}$S$^o$ | ? J/(mol·K) |
| Solid properties ||
| Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ$_f$H$^o$$_{solid}$ | -985.2 kJ/mol |
| Standard molar entropy, S$^o$$_{solid}$ | 83.4 J/(mol K) |
| Heat capacity, c$_p$ | 87.5 J/(mol K) |
| Liquid properties ||
| Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ$_f$H$^o$$_{liquid}$ | ? kJ/mol |
| Standard molar entropy, S$^o$$_{liquid}$ | ? J/(mol K) |
| Heat capacity, c$_p$ | ? J/(mol K) |
| Gas properties ||
| Std enthalpy change of formation, Δ$_f$H$^o$$_{gas}$ | ? kJ/mol |
| Standard molar entropy, S$^o$$_{gas}$ | ? J/(mol K) |
| Heat capacity, c$_p$ | ? J/(mol K) |

## Spectral data

UV-Vis :
| λ$_{max}$ | ? nm |
| Extinction coefficient, ε | ? |
| IR ||
| Major absorption bands | ? cm$^{−1}$ |
| NMR ||
| Proton NMR | |
| Carbon-13 NMR | |
| Other NMR data | |
| MS ||
| Masses of main fragments | |
# 2019 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship final

The 2019 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship Final, the 88th event of its kind and the culmination of the 2019 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship, was played at Croke Park in Dublin on 8 September 2019.
Deferred coverage of the final was broadcast by Sky Sports for the first time. Galway were the winners.

## Background

Galway were aiming for their third camogie All-Ireland; they previously won in 1996 and 2013.
Kilkenny aimed for their fourteenth title, their first since 2016.
The two teams had only met in the final once before — in 2013, when Galway won.

## Match info

* RTÉ 2 Sky Sports
* 8 September 2019 16:15 IST Final
* Report
| Kilkenny | 0-17 (17) – (23) 3-14 | Galway |
| (HT: 0-10 – 3-07) |||
| Pts: Michelle Quilty 8 (7f), Denise Gaule 3 (1f), Anne Dalton 2 (1f), Miriam Walsh 1, Davina Tobin 1, Anna Farrell 1, Aoife Doyle 1 | | Gls: Ailish O'Reilly 2, Niamh Hannify 1 Pts: Carrie Dolan 6 (5f, 1 '45), Niamh Kilkenny 4, Sarah Healy 1, Catherine Finnerty 1, Sarah Spellman 1, Noreen Coen 1 |
* Croke Park, Dublin Referee: Ray Kelly (Kildare) Attendance: 24,730
# Herbert Loch

Herbert Loch (5 August 1886 – 28 October 1976) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded the XXVIII Corps and the 18th Army. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany.

## Awards and decorations

* Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 16 June 1940 as Generalleutnant and commander of 17. Infanterie-Division
# Harris Dining Hall (Miami University)

Harris Dining Hall – also known simply as Harris Hall- was named after Andrew Lintner Harris and was one of the many dining facilities located on the campus at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. Since 1961, it was the main all-you-can-eat dining hall for undergraduate students who live on the southern side of the campus. The dining hall was closed after the spring semester of the 2016/2017 school year and it is unknown whether it will reopen. Harris was designed like most other buildings on campus in red brick and with a Georgian Revival architectural style.

## Location

Harris Dining Hall is located on the South Quadrangle of Miami University's campus. Adjacent to the main dining hall in the same building are two other dining areas, Panache, a restaurant in the west side of the building, and La Mia Cucina in the east dining room. La Mia Cucina, a restaurant which opened February 3, 2010, served many different Italian dishes for students. Each of these dining spaces accepted payment in the form of a meal plan or with cash or credit.
There are quite a few residence halls that border Harris Dining Hall and many of the students who live in these areas ate here because of its convenient location. Anderson Hall and Stanton Hall are located directly next to Harris Dining Hall. Dodds, MacCracken and Porter Hall are also situated in the same area on the South Quad. There are three other halls across the street, Morris, Emerson, and Tappan that form an area which is sometimes referred to as MET quad. They are also considered a part of South Quad.

## History

Before Harris Dining Hall was built, the area held a temporary dining spot called South Dining Hall. In 1946, this wooden structure was purchased as war surplus from the government and used for dining services. In 1961, Harris Hall was built and dedicated in a ceremony along with six other newly developed buildings. The dedication took place on the South Quadrangle of South Campus in a ceremony on September 16, 1961, at approximately 11am. President John Millett spoke at the dedication ceremony and the chairman at that time, Edward Nippert, presided over the event.
Each of these new residence and dining halls, MacCracken, Dodds, Stanton, Harris, Anderson, and Porter Hall, were dedicated to people who had relations to Miami University. Two halls, Anderson and Stanton Hall, were named after past presidents of Miami. Harris Dining Hall was named after Andrew Lintner Harris, a former governor of Ohio and Miami University student. Harris Dining Hall was built to be the central dining hall for South Campus.

## Andrew Lintner Harris

Andrew L. Harris (b. November 17, 1835º was the 44th governor of Ohio.
# Bend radius

Bend radius, which is measured to the inside curvature, is the minimum radius one can bend a pipe, tube, sheet, cable or hose without kinking it, damaging it, or shortening its life. The smaller the bend radius, the greater the material flexibility (as the radius of curvature decreases, the curvature increases). The diagram to the right illustrates a cable with a seven-centimeter bend radius.
The minimum bend radius is the radius below which an object such as a cable should not be bent.

## Fiber optics

The minimum bend radius is of particular importance in the handling of fiber-optic cables, which are often used in telecommunications. The minimum bending radius will vary with different cable designs. The manufacturer should specify the minimum radius to which the cable may safely be bent during installation and for the long term. The former is somewhat larger than the latter. The minimum bend radius is in general also a function of tensile stresses, e.g., during installation, while being bent around a sheave while the fiber or cable is under tension. If no minimum bend radius is specified, one is usually safe in assuming a minimum long-term low-stress radius not less than 15 times the cable diameter, or 2 inches.
Besides mechanical destruction, another reason why one should avoid excessive bending of fiber-optic cables is to minimize microbending and macrobending losses. Microbending causes light attenuation induced by deformation of the fiber while macrobending causes the leakage of light through the fiber cladding and this is more likely to happen where the fiber is excessively bent.

## Other applications

Strain gauges also have a minimum bending radius. This radius is the radius below which the strain gauge will malfunction.
For metal tubing, bend radius is to the centerline of tubing, not the exterior.
# Humphrey Waldock

Sir Claud Humphrey Meredith Waldock, CMG, OBE, QC (13 August 1904 – 15 August 1981) was a British jurist and international lawyer.

## Education

Waldock was born to a tea planter and his wife in Colombo, Ceylon. He attended Uppingham School and went up to Brasenose College, Oxford and earned a hockey blue in 1926. He took a second-class in the classics moderations in 1925 and graduated with a second-class BA in jurisprudence in 1927 and BCL in 1928.

## Career

Waldock was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1928. He practised on the Midlands Circuit for a short period of time, but returned to Oxford. He was a fellow at Brasenose and a lecturer in law from 1930 to 1947; and a lecturer in law at Oriel College from 1930 to 1939. He took silk in 1951 and was knighted in 1961. He was appointed OBE in 1942 and CMG in 1946.
His academic interest was initially in land law and equity, but following the Second World War Waldock joined a branch of the Admiralty, of which he headed and achieved the grade of principal assistant secretary in 1944. In this role, Waldock participated in the Royal Navy's diplomatic relations with other countries. He left this role in 1945 and returned to Oxford, developing a part-time practice in international cases before the International Court of Justice which he maintained until 1973. Wadlock was Chichele Professor of Public International Law at All Souls College, Oxford, from 1947 to 1979. He was editor of The British Year Book of International Law from 1955 to 1974. He was elected bencher of Gray's Inn in 1956 and its treasurer in 1971.
He served on the United Nations' International Law Commission from 1961 to 1972. He was the Special Rapporteur on the Law of Treaties from 1962 to 1966, was president in 1967, and served as the Special Rapporteur on the Succession of States in respect of Treaties from 1968 to 1972. The six reports he completed on behalf of the ILC on the law of treaties continue to be leading sources of law for international law.
Waldock served as the British judge in the European Court of Human Rights from 1966 until 1974 and in the International Court of Justice from 1973 until 1981. He was the President of the ICJ from 1979 until his death in 1981.
The British lawyer and historian A. W. B. Simpson recalled that Waldock told him that international law was diplomacy under a different name and that with regard to the operations of the International Court of Justice, "it's all done in the corridors."

## Personal life

Waldock married Ethel Beatrice Williams in 1934, with whom he had one son, Humphrey Edward, and one daughter, Jill. Towards the end of his life, Waldock lived in Lathbury Road, North Oxford. In his Who's Who entry, he expressed an interest in cricket, tennis, fishing and shooting. He died in The Hague in 1981 of an apparent heart attack.

## Publications

Waldock wrote books on the law of mortgages, the use of force, general public international law and dozens of articles on international law.
# 1980 Paris Open

The 1980 Paris Open, also known that year as the Crocodile Open, was a Grand Prix tennis tournament played on indoor hard courts. It was the 11th edition of the Paris Open (later known as the Paris Masters). It took place at the Palais omnisports de Paris-Bercy in Paris, France, from 27 October through 2 November 1980. Brian Gottfried won the singles title.

## Finals
### Singles

Brian Gottfried defeated Adriano Panatta 4–6, 6–3, 6–1, 7–6
* It was Gottfried's 9th title of the year and the 67th of his career.

### Doubles

Paolo Bertolucci / Adriano Panatta defeated Brian Gottfried / Raymond Moore 6–4, 6–4
* It was Bertolucci's 2nd title of the year and the 17th of his career. It was Panatta's 3rd title of the year and the 24th of his career.
# Calcium hydroxyphosphate

Calcium hydroxyphosphate (calcium phosphate tribasic, tribasic calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, HAp) is an inorganic chemical compound that is made up of calcium, hydrogen, oxygen and phosphorus. Its formula is Ca$_5$(OH)(PO$_4$)$_3$.
It is found in the body and as the mineral hydroxyapatite.