OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carlo Galeffi

Carlo Galeffi (4 June 1884 – 22 September 1961) was a leading Italian baritone, particularly associated with the operatic works of Giuseppe Verdi and the various verismo composers.

## Life and career

Galeffi was born in Malamocco, the only settlement on the Lido of Venice. As a youth, he studied with Di Como and Enrico Sbriscia; later he followed a finishing course with Antonio Cotogni. According to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, he made his professional debut in 1904, aged 21, at Rome's Teatro Adriano, as Enrico in Lucia di Lammermoor. Galeffi sang throughout Italy before reaching Italy's premier opera house, La Scala, Milan, in 1912. He would remain at La Scala until 1938, becoming a favorite of the conductor Arturo Toscanini.
Galeffi made his American debut in Boston in 1910. He sang at the New York Metropolitan Opera only once, on November 29 of that same year, as Verdi's Germont père in La Traviata. Galeffi sang, too, at the Lyric Opera of Chicago from 1919 to 1921, and also appeared in South America on a number of occasions.
The bulk of Galeffi's career, however, took place in Italy, especially at La Scala, where he was much acclaimed for his performances of Verdi roles that ranged from Nabucco, through Renato, Di Luna, Amonasro and Simon Boccanegra, to Iago. Other parts that he sang included Tell in Rossini's Guglielmo Tell, Douglas in Mascagni's Guglielmo Ratcliff, Scarpia in Puccini's Tosca, Tonio in Leoncavallo's Pagliacci, Gerard in Giordano's Andrea Chénier, Amfortas in Wagner's Parsifal and Telramund in Wagner's Lohengrin.
At the Costanzi theatre in Rome in 1919, Galeffi gave Europe's first performances of the roles of Gianni Schicchi in Gianni Schicchi and Michele in Il tabarro, both composed by Puccini. He also created Manfredo in Montemezzi's L'amore dei tre re, Fanuel in Boito's Nerone (at La Scala in 1913 and 1924 respectively), Raimondo in Mascagni's Isabeau (at Buenos Aires in 1911), and William in Gino Marinuzzi's Jacquerie.
Galeffi possessed a beautiful voice supported by an excellent technique. He is considered to have been one of the finest operatic baritones active during the period between the outbreak of World War I and the onset of World War II. He made many acoustic and electrical recordings, some of which are available on CD re-issues. He died, aged 79, in Rome.

## Sources

* D. Hamilton (ed.),The Metropolitan Opera Encyclopedia: A Complete Guide to the World of Opera (Simon and Schuster, New York 1987). ISBN 0-671-61732-X
* Roland Mancini and Jean-Jacques Rouveroux, (orig. H. Rosenthal and J. Warrack, French edition), Guide de l'opéra, Les indispensables de la musique (Fayard, 1995). ISBN 2-213-59567-4
* James Anderson, The Complete Dictionary of Opera and Operetta
* Harold Rosenthal and John Warrack, The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera, Second Edition (Oxford University Press, London, 1980). ISBN 0-19-311321-X.
# 30th parallel

30th parallel may refer to:
* 30th parallel north, a circle of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere
* 30th parallel south, a circle of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere
# Bondage hood

A bondage hood (also called a gimp mask or bondage mask) is a fetishistic hood. It may be made from rubber, latex, PVC, spandex, darlexx or leather. Full-faced hoods are typically used for the practice of head bondage, and to restrain and objectify the wearer through depersonalization, disorientation and/or sensory deprivation.
The use of bondage hoods can be hazardous if breathing is impeded.
Bondage hoods are frequently referenced in popular culture, most notably in the film Pulp Fiction.
# Humphrey Burrington

Humphrey Sandford Burrington (5 April 1882 – 15 April 1957) played first-class cricket for Somerset from 1903 to 1905. He was born at Bridgwater, Somerset and died at Barnstaple, Devon.
Burrington played in first-class cricket as a lower-order batsman, though it is not known whether he batted right- or left-handed. He played in one game in 1903, two in 1904 and a further two in 1905, but had little success in any of them. His best performances, and the only times he reached double figures as a batsman, came in the game against Kent in 1904 when he made an unbeaten 18 in the first innings and followed that with 20 in the second.
In the First World War, Burrington was commissioned as an officer in the Somerset Light Infantry; in 1916, he was temporarily promoted from second lieutenant to full lieutenant. He was further promoted to acting captain in 1917. He resigned his commission in 1920 and was allowed to keep the rank of captain.
In 1941 he was listed as a solicitor at Bridge Chambers, The Strand, Barnstable Kellys Directory 1941
# Giovanni Pelingotto

Giovanni Pelingotto (1240 – 1 June 1304) was an Italian Roman Catholic member of the Secular Franciscan Order who hailed from Urbino and lived his life as an almsgiver and hermit. Pelingotto served in his father's business before he quit and provided as much alms as he could provide to the less fortunate in his area. This led him into contact with the Franciscans which served to open him to a greater plane of servitude to God and the poor.
Pelingotto was beatified on 13 November 1918 when Pope Benedict XV confirmed the late Franciscan's local 'cultus' (or popular devotion).

## Life

Giovanni Pelingotto was born in Urbino in 1240 to a rich merchant.
Pelingotto began to work in his father's business in 1252 and cared nothing for business like his father did and nor did he care about worldliness of wealth. Instead he preferred to live life as a hermit and he felt called to help the less fortunate in the world so gave to the poor food and clothes as well as other aspects of his wealth. Business efforts were not directed to his own fortune or for profit but for the sustenance and benefit of other people. He lived in rags and wore a rope around his neck to indicate that he was a sinner in need of punishment. His parents worried about his health and had to bring him in from the streets.
He became a professed member of the Secular Franciscan Order at the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli and became able to devote his life to greater charitable works with their support and discipline. He travelled to Rome in 1300 for the Jubilee that Pope Boniface VIII convoked. Though he had never been to Rome before the people there were well aware of him.
Pelingotto died on 1 June 1304. He was interred at the San Francesco convent in Urbino where numerous miracles were later reported to have occurred. He was later re-interred within that convent itself.

## Beatification

The confirmation of Pelingotto's local 'cultus' (or popular devotion) on 13 November 1918 allowed for Pope Benedict XV to approve his beatification.
# JSW Barmer Power Station

JSW Barmer Power Station is a coal-based thermal power plant located in Bhadresh village in Barmer district, Rajasthan, India. The power plant is operated by the company JSW Energy Limited.
The coal for the plant is sourced from Kapurdi and Jalipa mines. Water for the power plant is sourced from Indira Gandhi Canal by constructing a 185 km pipeline.

## Capacity

It has an installed capacity of 1080 MW (8x135 MW). The plant became fully operational in 2013.
| Stage | Unit Number | Installed Capacity (MW) | Date of Commissioning | Status |
| 1 | 1 | 135 | 2009 November | Running |
| 1 | 2 | 135 | 2010 October | Running |
| 1 | 3 | 135 | 2011 November | Running |
| 1 | 4 | 135 | 2011 December | Running |
| 1 | 5 | 135 | 2013 February | Running |
| 1 | 6 | 135 | 2013 March | Running |
| 1 | 7 | 135 | 2013 March | Running |
| 1 | 8 | 135 | 2013 February | Running |
# Belevitch's theorem

Belevitch's theorem is a theorem in electrical network analysis due to the Russo-Belgian mathematician Vitold Belevitch (1921–1999). The theorem provides a test for a given S-matrix to determine whether or not it can be constructed as a lossless rational two-port network.
Lossless implies that the network contains only inductances and capacitances – no resistances. Rational (meaning the driving point impedance Z(p) is a rational function of p) implies that the network consists solely of discrete elements (inductors and capacitors only – no distributed elements).

## The theorem

For a given S-matrix $\mathbf {S} (p)$ of degree $d$;
    $\mathbf {S} (p)={\begin{bmatrix}s_{11}&s_{12}\\s_{21}&s_{22}\end{bmatrix}}$
    where,
    p is the complex frequency variable and may be replaced by $i\omega$ in the case of steady state sine wave signals, that is, where only a Fourier analysis is required
    d will equate to the number of elements (inductors and capacitors) in the network, if such network exists.
Belevitch's theorem states that, $\scriptstyle \mathbf {S} (p)$ represents a lossless rational network if and only if,
    $\mathbf {S} (p)={\frac {1}{g(p)}}{\begin{bmatrix}h(p)&f(p)\\\pm f(-p)&\mp h(-p)\end{bmatrix}}$
    where,
    $f(p)$, $g(p)$ and $h(p)$ are real polynomials
    $g(p)$ is a strict Hurwitz polynomial of degree not exceeding $d$
    $g(p)g(-p)=f(p)f(-p)+h(p)h(-p)$ for all $\scriptstyle p\,\in \,\mathbb {C}$.
# Hymenaea martiana

Hymenaea martiana is a tree species in the genus Hymenaea found in Brazil (Alagoas, Bahia, Ceara, Goias, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pernambuco) and Paraguay.

## Chemicals

The three rhamnosides eucryphin, astilbin and engelitin can be isolated from the bark of H. martiana.
# Hold It Now, Hit It

"Hold It Now, Hit It" is a song by American hip hop group Beastie Boys, released as the first single from their debut album Licensed to Ill. It is also remixed on the album New York State of Mind.
In 2008, it was ranked number 27 on VH1's 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop.

## Music video

The video features the three rappers lip synching, ad-libbing, and dancing on a sidewalk in front of and directly to a fish-eye lens interspersed with clips of them on stage and on tour.

## Track listing
### 7" single

* "Hold It Now, Hit It" - 3:30
* "Hold It Now, Hit It" (A cappella) - 3:20

### 12" single

* "Hold It Now, Hit It" - 3:30
* "Hold It Now, Hit It" (Instrumental) - 3:30
* "Hold It Now, Hit It" (A cappella) - 3:20

## Charts

| Chart (1986) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Hot Dance Music/Maxi-Singles Sales | 41 |
| U.S. Billboard Hot Black Singles | 55 |
# Ian Reay Mackay

Ian Mackay AM FAA (22 March 1922 – 24 March 2020) was an Australian immunologist. He is noted for his work on autoimmune diseases and is considered to have made major contributions to this field. Mackay was a professor at Monash University and wrote a new edition of his textbook on autoimmune disease. His book Intolerant Bodies: A Short History of Autoimmunity (written with Warwick Anderson) won the General History Prize, New South Wales Premier's History Awards 2015.
Mackay was appointed a Member of the Order of Australia in the 1981 Australia Day Honours for service to medical research. He was elected a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science in 1991.
# Carlowrightia henricksonii

Carlowrightia henricksonii is a species of flowering plant native to the far north of Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico. Like other members of the genus, commonly known as wrightworts, it is small shrub bearing inflorescences of lily-like flowers. No subspecies are listed in Catalog of Life. It was first collected for scientific description by Marshall Conring Johnston and J. Crutchfield in 1960 and described by T.F. Daniel in 1983. It is named for American botanist James Solberg Henrickson.
# 37th Dogras

The 37th (Prince of Wales's Own) Dogras was an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. The regiment could trace its origins to 1887, when it was raised as the 37th (Dogra) Bengal Infantry.
The regiment took part in the Chitral Expedition in 1895 and World War I. During World War I the regiment was in the 14th Indian Division and took part in the Second Battle of Kut and the Capture of Baghdad during the Mesopotamia Campaign.
After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion infantry regiments to multi-battalion regiments. In 1922, the 37th Dogras became the 1st Battalion (Prince of Wales's Own), 17th Dogra Regiment. The regiment was allocated to the new Indian Army on independence.

## Predecessor names

* 37th (Dogra) Bengal Infantry - 1887
* 37th Dogra Infantry - 1901
* 37th Dogras - 1903
# Bondage pants

Bondage pants or bondage trousers are trousers with zippers, straps, chains, rings and buckles, giving an appearance of a BDSM style. They come in a variety of colors and patterns; one of the most common patterns being tartan. Bondage pants also come in a variety of styles, including tight or baggy, long, short or Capri.
They are primarily worn by members of youth subcultures, including punks, ravers, goths and otaku.
The most popular style of bondage pants is the 'original' black style, with white topstitching, although different colored versions including white, hot pink, blue, and green have been made with equally varying colors of topstitching.

## History
### Origins

They were developed by British designers Vivienne Westwood and Malcolm McLaren in the 1970s punk subculture. The trousers were made popular by people such as the Sex Pistols, Jordan and Adam Ant who originally had to get them from Westwood/McClarens shop SEX, later to become Seditionaries, in World's End, Chelsea, London. The original drainpipe design was an anti fashion statement against the flares of the time. The men's variety tend to feature baggier legs, larger pockets and more metal details such as chains, skulls, mock handcuffs and D-rings while the women's styles are usually more tailored and have less metal hardware decoration than the men's styles but occasionally have details of lace, ribbon or tartan making them seem more feminine.

### Further development

In the late 1990s and early-to-mid 2000s, Tripp NYC's signature design that combined the chains and straps of bondage pants with the baggy legs and bright linings of phat pants became incredibly popular amongst U.S. teenagers, although they also held some minor popularity amongst college students then in their early 20s, and were worn on stage by members of some nu-metal, industrial rock, and darkwave bands. Additionally, during that time period this style of phat pants-inspired bondage pants became frequently observable among members of the goth, heavy metal, gamer, and raver subcultures. Such pants were a popular sell for chain stores such as Hot Topic and Spencer's Gifts, and ranged from observable to ubiquitous at alternative music (especially Electronic music and Hard Rock) nightclubs and anime conventions prior to a gradual decline in popularity and visibility from the late 2000s through early 2010s.
However, during the early 2020s, they made a comeback due to retro fashion trends like the Y2K trend.
# Avenue C

Avenue C or C Avenue may refer to:

## Transportation in New York City

* Avenue C (Brighton Beach Line), a local New York City Subway station in Brooklyn
* Avenue C (Brooklyn), a lettered avenue in Kensington, Brooklyn
* Avenue C (Manhattan), a north–south avenue in the Alphabet City area of East Village, Manhattan
* Avenue C Line, a local bus route in Manhattan
* Avenue C Railroad, original name of the Houston, West Street and Pavonia Ferry Railroad in lower Manhattan

## Music

* "Avenue C", a song on the 1966 album The Big Band by Jimmy McGriff
* "Avenue C", a song on the 1974 album Barry Manilow II
# Chandongja Park

Chandongja Park (Korean: 찬동자 파크) is a multi-use stadium in Chongjin, North Korea. It is currently used mostly for football matches and hosts the home matches of Ch'ŏngjin Chandongcha. The stadium holds 15,000 spectators.
# Belevren

Belevren is a village in Sredets Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria. The village borders the following villages: Gorno Yabalkovo, Dolno Yabalkovo, Granichar, and Kirovo. The southern border of the village coincides with the state border of Bulgaria with Turkey.
After the Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising in 1903 was populated with Bulgarian refugees. Near the village have been found ancient Thracian dolmens.

## Geography

The village is located in the Strandja mountain. 4 km south of the village lies the Arabadzhi bayr, which is as high as the highest peak of the mountain Strandja in Bulgaria - 709,6 m.
The Belevrenska river, which is 24 km of length, runs through the village. The river is part of the basin of the Fakiya river, which then flows into the Black Sea.
# Hymenaea mexicana

Hymenaea mexicana is an extinct legume species in the family Fabaceae described from a series of isolated fossil petals, leaflets, and amber. The species is known from a group of Late Oligocene to Early Miocene locations in southern Mexico. It is one of two extinct Hymenaea species placed close to the living species Hymenaea verrucosa and along with Hymenaea allendis, is one of the two extinct species which have been found in Mexican amber.

## History and classification

Hymenaea mexicana is known from a series of fossil flowers and leaves which are inclusions in transparent chunks of Mexican amber. The species where the amber was also found in was in Brazil which could indicate where the specie Hymenaea mexicana could have been located as well. The specimens were collected over the course of twenty five years with a total of thirty amber specimens being examined for the description of the species. Mexican amber is recovered from fossil-bearing rocks in the Simojovel region of Chiapas, Mexico. The amber dates from between 22.5 million years old, for the youngest sediments of the Balumtun Sandstone, and 26 million years old for the oldest La Quinta Formation. This age range straddles the boundary between the Late Oligocene and Early Miocene and is complicated by both formations being secondary deposits for the amber; the age range is therefore only the youngest that it might be. The fossils were examined by paleobotanists George Poinar Jr. of Oregon State University and Alex Brown of Berkeley, California; Poinar and Brown's description of the species was published in a 2002 article in the Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The etymology of the chosen specific name mexicana was indicated in the type description. Insect interaction with Hymenaea mexicana was indicated in a number of the fossils examined. Several of the petals showed insect feeding damage while one of the leaves showed distinct skeletonization, a feeding method often found in Lepidopterans like the family Gracillariidae moths. The possible pollinator for H. mexicana is suggested to be the stingless bee species Nogueirapis silacea based on an isolated stamen which is preserved in association with five N. silacea bees. When described, Poinar and Brown suggested Mexican amber was derived from H. mexicana resin. In 2011 another Hymenaea species, H. allendis, was described from fossils also found in the amber.

## Description

The leaflets of H. mexicana are an inequilateral falcate shape with the lamina at the base uneven and the outside leaf margin more rounded then the inside margin. The single full leaflet is 55 millimetres (2.2 in) long and 17 millimetres (0.67 in) in width, with a leaf petiole that is 2.7 millimetres (0.11 in) long on the inside margin of the base, and sessile on the outside margin. The flowers bisexual and small, being 2.5 millimetres (0.098 in) tall and 20 millimetres (0.79 in) from sepal to sepal. A distinct pubescence ranging from dark brown to tan covers the flower. The preserved petals show distinct resin pockets on their surface and a distinct row of hairs along the midvein.
# Hold It Right There!

Hold It Right There! is a live album by saxophonist/vocalist Eddie "Cleanhed" Vinson which was recorded at Sandy's Jazz Revival in 1978 and released on the Muse label in 1984.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
The AllMusic review by Scott Yanow stated "After years of neglect, Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson was finally receiving long overdue recognition at the time of this live session -- one of six albums recorded during a week at Sandy's Jazz Revival ... While Vinson has fine blues vocals ... it is his boppish alto solos ... that make this set recommended to blues and bop fans alike".

## Track listing

* "Cherry Red" (Joe Turner) – 3:45
* "Cherokee" (Ray Noble) – 7:27
* "Hold It Right There" (Eddie Vinson) – 7:10
* "Now's the Time" (Charlie Parker) – 6:53
* "Take the "A" Train" (Billy Strayhorn) – 14:01

## Personnel

* Eddie "Cleanhead" Vinson – alto saxophone, vocals
* Ray Bryant – piano
* George Duvivier – bass
* Alan Dawson – drums
* Arnett Cobb, Buddy Tate - tenor saxophone (tracks 3 & 5)
# Cabinet of Mirko Marjanović

Cabinet of Mirko Marjanović may refer to:
* First cabinet of Mirko Marjanović
* Second cabinet of Mirko Marjanović
# Ingeniero Ballester Dam

The Ingeniero Ballester Dam is a dam on the Neuquén River, in the Argentine Patagonia. The top of the dam doubles as a road bridge.
The dam is located near the town of Barda del Medio, province of Río Negro, downstream from the El Chañar Dam (the last part of the Cerros Colorados Complex), and 25 kilometers (16 miles) from north-northeast from the city of Neuquén.
Completed in 1916, the dam is used to re-route part of the flow of the Neuquén River to a long irrigation canal which flows east and then southeast passing by the cities of Barda del Medio, Cinco Saltos, Cipolletti, Allen, General Roca, Ingeniero Luis A. Huergo, and Villa Regina, and then emptying into the flood plain of the Río Negro. A second derivation dam, downstream on the canal, sends water to feed the reservoir of the Pellegrini Lake.
The Ballester Bridge over the dam is 400 meters (1,300 feet) long and 5 meters (16 feet) wide. National Route 151 crosses over it from Río Negro to the province of Neuquén.
38°43′33″S 68°10′23″W﻿ / ﻿38.725833°S 68.173056°W﻿ / -38.725833; -68.173056
* This article about a bridge in Argentina is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
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# 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase

The enzyme 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase (EC 4.1.3.16) catalyzes the chemical reaction
    4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate $\rightleftharpoons$ pyruvate + glyoxylate
This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases, specifically the oxo-acid-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate glyoxylate-lyase (pyruvate-forming). Other names in common use include 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase, hydroxyketoglutaric aldolase, 4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutaric aldolase, 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutaric aldolase, 4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate aldolase, 2-keto-4-hydroxyglutarate aldolase, 2-oxo-4-hydroxyglutaric aldolase, DL-4-hydroxy-2-ketoglutarate aldolase, hydroxyketoglutarate aldolase, 2-keto-4-hydroxybutyrate aldolase, and 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate glyoxylate-lyase. This enzyme participates in arginine and proline metabolism and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.

## Structural studies

As of late 2007, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes 1WAU and 2C0A.
# Bogucice Drugie

Bogucice Drugie is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Pińczów, within Pińczów County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) south-east of Pińczów and 44 km (27 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.
# Bukton

Bukton is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Robert Bukton, MP for Suffolk (UK Parliament constituency)
* Pierre Bukton (1350–1414), British politician and soldier
# JAAPA

JAAPA: Journal of the American Academy of PAs is a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Wolters Kluwer on behalf of the American Academy of PAs. Its mission is to support the ongoing education and advancement of physician assistants by publishing current information and research on clinical, health policy, and professional issues. The journal is abstracted and indexed by MEDLINE/PubMed.