OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# 1731 in science

The year 1731 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Agriculture and horticulture

* Philip Miller publishes The Gardeners Dictionary, containing the Methods of Cultivating and Improving the Kitchen Fruit and Flower Garden in London.
* Jethro Tull publishes The New Horse-Houghing Husbandry; or, an essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation in London.

## Astronomy

* John Bevis observes the Crab Nebula for the first time in the modern era.
* The octant is developed by John Hadley (it will eventually be replaced as an essential tool of navigation by the sextant).
* The orrery (or planetarium model) is developed as an apparatus showing the relative positions of heavenly bodies in the Solar System by using balls moved by wheelwork.

## Geology

* The modern seismograph is developed by Italian scientist Nicholas Cerillo using a pendulum.

## Mathematics

* The Euclidean distance formula is first published by Alexis Clairaut.

## Medicine

* September – The first successful appendectomy is performed by English surgeon William Cookesley.
* Laura Bassi becomes the first official female university teacher on being appointed professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna at the age of 21.
* The Society for the Improvement of Medical Knowledge in Edinburgh begins publication of the peer reviewed Medical Essays and Observations.

## Technology

* The harpoon gun is developed and used for the purpose of throwing the harpoon into the body of whales.

## Publications

* Publication begins in Augsburg and Ulm of Johann Jakob Scheuchzer's Physica Sacra which attempts to provide a scientific explanation of Biblical history.

## Awards

* Copley Medal: The first Copley Medal is awarded to Stephen Gray.

## Births

* October 10 – Henry Cavendish, English scientist (died 1810)
* November 9 – Benjamin Banneker, African-American astronomer and surveyor (died 1806)
* December 12 – Erasmus Darwin, English physician and botanist (died 1802)

## Deaths

* January 6 – Étienne François Geoffroy, French chemist (born 1672)
* December 29 – Brook Taylor, English mathematician (born 1685)
# 1808 United States presidential election in South Carolina

"none" is preferred when the title alone is adequate; see [[WP:SDNONE]]
Elections in South Carolina :
Federal government
U.S. President
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List of specials :
State offices
General elections
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Gubernatorial elections
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State House elections
2004
2006
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2012
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2018
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2024 :
Ballot measures
2006
Amendment 1
2008
2010
2012
2014 :
Charleston
Mayoral elections
2007
2011
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2023 :
Columbia
Mayoral elections
2005
2009
2010
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Rock Hill
Mayoral elections
2007
2011
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Greenville
Mayoral elections
2007
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vte :
The 1808 United States presidential election in South Carolina took place between November 4 and December 7, 1808, as part of the 1808 United States presidential election. The state legislature chose 10 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for President and Vice President.
During this election, South Carolina cast its 10 electoral votes to Democratic Republican candidate and Secretary of State James Madison.
# Arabidopsis suecica

Arabidopsis suecica, synonyms including Hylandra suecica, is a species of cruciferous plants. It is native to Sweden, Finland, and parts of European Russia, and has been introduced into neighbouring regions. It was originally described by Elias Magnus Fries in 1846 as a subspecies of Arabis thaliana (now Arabidopsis thaliana) and raised to a full species by Johan Petter Norrlin in 1878. In 1961, it was moved to its own genus Hylandra by Áskell Löve. As of March 2024 the move was not accepted by Plants of the World Online, and Hylandra is considered a synonym of Arabidopsis.
# 1802 (disambiguation)

1802 was a year of the Gregorian and Julian calendar.
1802 may also refer to:
* BMW 1802, a car model
* RCA 1802, a microprocessor
# Arc Innovations

Vector Metering started as a subsidiary of Meridian Energy. Launched in 2003, operating under the business name; Arc Innovations. It was established to develop and deploy electricity meters using advanced meter infrastructure. In 2014, Vector Limited was granted clearance to buy Arc Innovations from the Commerce Commission from Meridian Energy with the sale completed for an undisclosed price on 1 December 2014. As of 2022, & subject to commerce commission approval, Vector has sold 50% of Vector Metering to Queensland Investment Centre (QIC) for 1.7B. Arc Innovations was the first company to introduce Smart Meters in New Zealand, rolling out the country’s pilot Smart Meter program in Central Hawkes Bay in 2005. Arc Innovation’s smart meter network relies on a mix of GPRS, RF Mesh network and satellite for the meter’s two-way communication.

## History

Following Arc Innovation’s launch in 2003 the company spent two years researching and developing smart meters. The introduction of this first generation of smart meters saw 6,000 meters installed in Central Hawkes Bay over 2005 and 2006. Following this, 125,000 smart meters were deployed to the wider Christchurch area.
In 2009, approximately 70% of Christchurch homes were installed with smart meters, making it the largest smart metering network in Australasia at that time.

## Christchurch earthquake

Following the two major earthquakes in September 2010 and February 2011, smart meters in Christchurch were able to be used to provide information to the city’s distribution network about power outages to individual homes.
Christchurch’s smart meter infrastructure was also used to switch on hot water cylinders in several hundred homes following the February earthquake.}
# 1757 in architecture

The year 1757 in architecture involved some significant events.

## Buildings and structures
### Buildings

* Frederiks Hospital, Copenhagen, is opened.
* Middlesex Hospital, London, is opened.
* Vorontsov Palace (Saint Petersburg), designed by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli, is completed.
* Gammel Holtegård near Copenhagen is completed by architect Lauritz de Thurah as a house for himself.
* Hôtel d'Esmivy de Moissac in Aix-en-Provence is completed with a façade designed by Georges Vallon.
* Nuthall Temple in Nottinghamshire, England, a Palladian house attributed to the polymath Thomas Wright, is completed.
* Swinfen Hall in Staffordshire, England, designed by Benjamin Wyatt, is built.
* Church of the Dormition of the Theotokos, Negoslavci in Croatia is completed.
* Wolvendaal Church in Colombo (Dutch Ceylon) is completed.
* Ossian's Hall of Mirrors in Scotland, a folly, is built.

## Publications

* William Chambers – Designs of Chinese Buildings, furniture, dresses, machines, and utensils: to which is annexed a description of their temples, houses, gardens, &c. (London)

## Births

* January 16 – Samuel McIntire, American architect (died 1811)
* May 4 – Manuel Tolsá, Spanish architect and sculptor working in Mexico (died 1816)
* August 9 – Thomas Telford, British civil engineer (died 1834)

## Deaths

* March 12 – Giuseppe Galli Bibiena, Italian architect and painter (born 1696)
# 1757 in science

The year 1757 in science and technology involved some significant events.

## Astronomy

* Nicolas Louis de Lacaille publishes his Astronomiae Fundamenta Novissimus, containing a standard catalogue of 398 bright stars with positions corrected for aberration and nutation.
* Tobias Mayer presents accurate tables of the Moon's motion to the Board of Longitude in Great Britain.

## Chemistry

* Scottish physician Francis Home publishes The Principles of Agriculture and Vegetation, an early presentation of the chemical principles underlying plant nutrition, in Edinburgh.

## Medicine

* December 8 – Opening of the "New Lying-In" or Rotunda Hospital in Dublin, designed by Richard Cassels.
* Albrecht von Haller begins publication of Elementa physiologiae corporis humani in Switzerland.

## Physics

* Leonhard Euler publishes his equations for inviscid flow.

## Technology

* London instrument maker John Bird makes the first navigational sextant.
* Benjamin Franklin invents a three-wheel clock movement, which later leads to several variants in the design of pendulum clocks.
* The Grubenmann brothers complete timber arch bridges in Switzerland which include the longest vehicular bridge spans extant at this date:
** Crossing the Rhine at Schaffhausen in two spans of 52 m and 59 m (by Hans Ulrich)
** A single-span of 67 m at Reichenau (by Johannes)

## Awards

* Copley Medal: Lord Charles Cavendish

## Births

* January 17 – John Gough, English natural philosopher (died 1825)
* May 24 – William Charles Wells, Scottish American physician (died 1817)
* June 22 – George Vancouver, English explorer (died 1798)
* July 11 – Johann Matthäus Bechstein, German naturalist (died 1822)
* August 9 – Thomas Telford, Scottish civil engineer (died 1834)
* November 12 – Robert Willan, English dermatologist (died 1812)
* date unknown - Agnes Ibbetson, English plant physiologist (died 1823)

## Deaths

* January 9
** Louis Bertrand Castel, French Jesuit mathematician and physicist (born 1688)
** Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, French scientific populariser (born 1657)
* August 28 – David Hartley, English physician and psychologist (born 1705)
* October 17 – René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur, French physicist (born 1683)
# 1833 in Belgium

Events in the year 1833 in Belgium.

## Incumbents

* Monarch: Leopold I
* Prime Minister: Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella

## Events

* 23 January – Treaty of amity and navigation with the United States signed but never ratified.
* 23 February – Grand Orient of Belgium established, with Goswin de Stassart as first Grand Master
* 21 May – Convention of London indefinitely extends ceasefire with the Kingdom of the Netherlands following the Belgian Revolution of 1830
* 23 May – 1833 Belgian general election
* 16 June – Jean Arnold Barrett consecrated as Bishop of Namur
* 18 July – Law on distilleries passed, establishing a duty of 22 centimes per hectolitre per day on distillation containers used.
* 8 September – First Daughters of the Cross make their vows (founder Marie Thérèse Haze).
* October – Opening of Sint-Barbaracollege, re-established Jesuit college in Ghent.
* 8 October – Belgian Iron Cross established to honour bravery during the Belgian Revolution
* 18 November – Treaty of Zonhoven between Belgium and the Netherlands, regulating navigation on the Meuse River

## Publications

* Almanach de poche de Bruxelles (Brussels, M.-E. Rampelbergh)
* Almanach de la Province de la Flandre Orientale (Ghent, Vanderhaeghe-Maya)
* Pasinomie, ou Collection complète des lois, décrets, arrêtés et règlemens généraux qui peuvent être invoqués en Belgique, vol. 1.

## Births

* 7 February – Eugène Anspach, governor of the national bank (died 1890)
* 18 March – José Dupuis, performer (died 1900)
* 6 April – Charles De Smedt, Church historian (died 1911)
* 24 July – Louis-Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium (died 1834)
* 4 November – Théophile de Lantsheere, politician (died 1918)

## Deaths

* 20 February – Jean-Baptiste de Bouge (born 1757), cartographer
* 12 May – Philippe-Auguste Hennequin (born 1762), artist
* 26 September – Auguste Marie Raymond d'Arenberg (born 1753), aristocrat
# GSK2606414

GSK2606414 is a drug which is the first selective inhibitor discovered for the enzyme protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), which is involved in various processes relating to cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. GSK2606414 was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of PERK, with good oral bioavailability and blood-brain barrier penetration. PERK mediates the unfolded protein response pathway which is involved in the initiation of protein synthesis, and this pathway has been implicated in the neurotoxicity of various diseases including prion and Alzheimer's diseases. Treatment with GSK2606414 was found to be neuroprotective in mice against damage caused by prions, and prevented the development of cognitive deficits and other clinical manifestations of prion disease. Extension of lifespan in treated mice was, however, not recorded. However, side effects such as weight loss and elevated blood glucose levels were also observed, likely due to unwanted inhibition of PERK in the pancreas gland, where it is involved in regulating insulin production.
# GZI

GZI may refer to:
* Gazi language
* Ghazni Airport, in Afghanistan
* Ghjrazai railway station, in Pakistan
* Ground Zero Indicator
* Main Directorate of Information of the Polish Army
# GYC

GYC may stand for:

## Education

* Gangneung Yeongdong University, in Gangwon-do, South Korea
* Great Yarmouth College, in Norfolk, England
* Guilford Young College, in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia

## Other uses

* Gaur Yamuna City, Uttar Pradesh, India
* Generation of Youth for Christ, an Adventist movement
* Greenwich Yacht Club, in London
# GMY

GMY may refer to:
* GMY Lighting Technology, a manufacturer in China
* Guaymaral Airport, in Colombia
* Goodmayes railway station, in London
* Mycenaean language
# David Walters (swimmer)

David Walters (born September 27, 1987), also known as Dave Walters, is an American former competition swimmer, Olympic gold medalist, and world record-holder in the 4x200 meter freestyler relay. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Walters earned a gold medal by swimming in the heats of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. As part of the American team, he also formerly held the world record in the 4×100-meter medley relay (long course). Walters is also a seven-time medalist (five gold, one silver, one bronze) at the World Aquatics Championships.

## Early years and education

Walters was born in Newport News, Virginia. He graduated from Tabb High School in Yorktown, Virginia, where he competed for the Tabb Tigers high school swim team. He received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Texas in Austin, Texas, where he swam for Hall of Fame coach Eddie Reese and Kris Kubik's Texas Longhorns swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and Big 12 Conference competition from 2007 to 2010. He was a four-time Big 12 champion, a six-time All-American, and won the individual NCAA national championship in the 200-yard freestyle in 2008. At the conclusion of his 2009–10 senior year, the Longhorns won the NCAA national team championship.

## International competition
### 2008 Summer Olympics

Walters swam the first leg of the 4×200meter freestyle relay preliminaries (in 1:46.57) with Ricky Berens, Erik Vendt, and Klete Keller. Their time of 7:04.66 broke the previous Olympic record of 7:07.05 set by Australia in 2000. In the final of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay, Michael Phelps, Ryan Lochte, Berens and Peter Vanderkaay swam a combined time of 6:58.56, a new world record.

### 2009 World Championships

At the 2009 National Championships, Walters competed in three events. In his first event, the 200-meter freestyle, Walters placed second to Michael Phelps with a time of 1:44.95. In the 100-meter freestyle, Walters placed second to Nathan Adrian in a time of 48.17. In the 50-meter freestyle, Walters placed 15th in the heats with a time of 22.60.
At the 2009 World Aquatics Championships in Rome, Walters earned a gold medal as a member of the 4×200-meter freestyle relay. Walters, with Michael Phelps, Ricky Berens and Ryan Lochte, swam a combined time of 6:58.55 to break the world record set last year in Beijing. In the 100-meter freestyle final, Walters placed 5th with a time of 47.33 to break Michael Phelps' American record of 47.51. Walters placed 12th overall in the 200-meter freestyle and did not advance to the final. In the 4×100-meter medley relay final, Walters, with Aaron Peirsol, Michael Phelps, and Eric Shanteau, swam a combined time of 3:27.28 to break the world record set last year in Beijing.

## Personal bests

    As of August 6, 2010.
| Event | Time | Venue | Date | Note(s) |
| 50 m freestyle (long course) | 22.60 | Indianapolis | July 9, 2009 | |
| 100 m freestyle (long course) | 47.33 | Rome | July 30, 2009 | Former NR |
| 200 m freestyle (long course) | 1:44.95 | Indianapolis | July 8, 2009 | |
Key: NR = National record
# Al-Fahd

The Al-Fahd is an armoured fighting vehicle used by the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia. It was the first armored fighting vehicle developed and built-in Saudi Arabia. The vehicle is produced by the Abdallah Al Faris Company for Heavy Industries, which is based in Dammam.
The Al Fahd is available in three configurations: The AF-40-8-1; an armoured personnel carrier (APC) or infantry fighting vehicle (IFV) variant, and the AF-40-8-2; an armoured fighting/reconnaissance vehicle (AFRV).

## Design
### Mobility

The AF-40-8-1 and AF-40-8-2 are similar in terms of 8-wheeled hull configuration, suspension, and transmission. Internally, however, the vehicles differ in both engine type and engine placement. The AF-40-8-2's larger, 12-cylinder engine is mounted at the rear of the hull, where the AF-40-8-1's 10-cylinder engine is mounted at the front to allow for the troop compartment and rear troop ramp which is not present on or required for the AFRV version.
The Al Fahd uses a variable hydropneumatic suspension which allows the vehicle to adjust its ground clearance by a total of 45 cm (18 in) - between 15 cm (5.9 in) and 60 cm (24 in) - depending on need.
The vehicle is designed to be able to negotiate slopes of up to 80% (forward) and 55% (side), and cross trenches between 2 m (6.6 ft) and 2.5 m (8.2 ft).
There is also an amphibious version of the Al Fahd available depending on customer requirements. The hydraulic propellers are optional, so not all Al Fahd's are capable of an amphibious operation.

### Protection

The Al Fahd uses a high-hardness steel alloy to offer protection against 14 mm ammunition on the frontal arc at ranges of 300 m (980 ft) and greater, and 7.62 mm ammunition at ranges of 25 m (82 ft) and greater on the sides and rear of the vehicle. The vehicle also incorporates multiple layers of Kevlar internally to protect the crew and passengers against spall.

### Armament

The armament for both the AF-40-8-1 and AF-40-8-2 varies according to customer specifications. The AF-40-8-1 is capable of mounting anything up to and including a 40 mm cannon, and the AF-40-8-2 anything up to and including a low-recoil 105 mm cannon, the 105mm cannon can be elevated up high similar to the ST-3

## Operators

* Saudi Arabia
* Lebanon
* Kuwait
# Eaton Township, Lorain County, Ohio

Eaton Township is one of the eighteen townships of Lorain County, Ohio, United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 5,828.

## Geography

Located in eastern Lorain County, it borders the following townships and cities:
* North Ridgeville - north
* Olmsted Township, Cuyahoga County - northeast corner
* Columbia Township - east
* Liverpool Township, Medina County - southeast corner
* Grafton Township - southeast
* Grafton - south
* Carlisle Township - west
* Elyria - northwest
Parts of two municipalities, separate from Eaton Township, occupy land that was once part of Eaton Township: a small corner of Elyria in the northwest, and the majority of Grafton in the south. The census-designated place of Eaton Estates lies in the center of the township.

## Name and history

It is the only Eaton Township statewide.

## Government

The township is governed by a three-member board of trustees, who are elected in November of odd-numbered years to a four-year term beginning on the following January 1. Two are elected in the year after the presidential election and one is elected in the year before it. There is also an elected township fiscal officer, who serves a four-year term beginning on April 1 of the year after the election, which is held in November of the year before the presidential election. Vacancies in the fiscal officership or on the board of trustees are filled by the remaining trustees.
# Fernando Peralta (chess player)

Fernando Rodrigo Peralta Marenco is an Argentine chess grandmaster.

## Chess career

In 1997, Peralta won the Pan American Junior Chess Championship. He has since represented Argentina in multiple Chess Olympiads.
Peralta competed in the 2007 Chess World Cup, where he was defeated by Ernesto Inarkiev in the first round.
Peralta is a three-time Argentine Chess Champion, winning the title in 2006, 2018, and 2022. He clinched the 2022 title ahead of Leandro Krysa and Sandro Mareco by defeating Pablo Acosta in the final round.
Peralta competed in the Chess World Cup 2023, where he was defeated by Arseniy Nesterov in the first round.
# Aliağa Petkim

Aliağa Gençlik S.K., known as Aliağa Petkim for sponsorship reasons, was a professional basketball team from the district of Aliağa in İzmir, Turkey. Their home arena was the Enka Sport Hall with a capacity of 2,500 seats. The team competes playing in the Turkish Basketball League.

## History

Aliağa Petkim was established in 1993, and continued playing in the ranks of TB2L until in 2008-09 season. The team was promoted to the Turkish Basketball League after finishing second position in the TB2L in 2008.
In the 2012–13 season, the team played in the EuroChallenge Qualifying Round. Here it lost against Kataja from Finland.
After the team was relegated from the TBL in the 2013–14 season, the club was dissolved.

## Season by season

| Season | Tier | League | Pos. | Turkish Cup | European competitions | European competitions |
| 2004–05 | 2 | TB2L | 8th | | | |
| 2005–06 | 2 | TB2L | 7th | | | |
| 2006–07 | 2 | TB2L | 3rd | | | |
| 2007–08 | 2 | TB2L | 2nd | | | |
| 2008–09 | 1 | TBL | 14th | Quarterfinalist | | |
| 2009–10 | 1 | TBL | 13th | Group Stage | | |
| 2010–11 | 1 | TBL | 14th | Quarterfinalist | | |
| 2011–12 | 1 | TBL | 7th | Quarterfinalist | | |
| 2012–13 | 1 | TBL | 11th | Group Stage | 3 EuroChallenge | QR |
| 2013–14 | 1 | TBL | 16th | Group Stage | | |

## Notable players

* Barış Güney
* Ceyhun Altay
* Fatih Solak
* Ümit Sonkol
* Kaspars Kambala
* Branislav Ratkovica
* Aubrey Coleman
* Aubrey Reese
* Brian Qvale
* - Charles Davis
* Jack McClinton
* Jerome Randle
* Jarvis Hayes
* Tu Holloway
* Mike James
* Ryan Toolson
* - Quinton Hosley
* Torin Francis
* Marek Klassen