OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Heater shield

The heater shield or heater-shaped shield is a form of European medieval shield, developing from the early medieval kite shield in the late 12th century in response to the declining importance of the shield in combat thanks to improvements in leg armour. The term is a neologism, created by Victorian antiquarians due to the shape's resemblance to a clothes iron. Examples are depicted in the great seal of Richard I and John, King of England.

## Details

Smaller than the kite shield, it was more manageable and could be used either mounted or on foot. From the 15th century, it evolved into highly specialized jousting shields, often containing a bouche, a notch or "mouth" for the lance to pass through. As plate armour began to cover more and more of the body, the shield grew correspondingly smaller. By the mid 14th century it was hardly seen outside of tournaments.
Heater shields were typically made from thin wood overlaid with leather. They were often made of wood braced with metals such as steel or iron. Some shields, such as that of Edward, the Black Prince from his tomb in Canterbury Cathedral, incorporated additional layers of gesso, canvas, and/or parchment.
Contrary to the common interpretations, heater shields did not strap to the arm, but were held and maneuvered by a combination of a hand-strap and a belt called a guige, which was slung around the neck and used to support the shield, as well as sling it around the back when not in use.
The heater shield was used by almost every class of society in medieval Europe, from knights to typical soldiers. This design lent itself to being relatively inexpensive and easy to make. It was relatively lightweight compared to other similar shields at the time such as the kite shield, being easy to move around during both mounted and on-foot combat, and had a fairly high amount of surface area, making for a solid defence.
This style of shield was not without its flaws. When using a heater shield properly, the legs are left almost entirely unprotected. This disadvantage can be eliminated by moving away from an opponent. "When a sword flies for your leg, make a downward blow to his face or around to his throat: His arms will be wasted more quickly than his head, Because the distance is manifest for a shorter time."
Unfortunately, there is very little contemporaneous documentation remaining in the world regarding the proper use of a heater shield with a sword or any other weapon.
Heater shields were often used for heraldic display, or display of the coat of arms of the wielder. This lent itself to the relatively wide surface area of the shield and its shape, which made it excellently suited for display.
# Tor y Foel

Tor y Foel is a hill in the Brecon Beacons National Park in the county of Powys in Wales. It is located on the eastern flank of Talybont Reservoir, and the summit at 551m is marked by a small cairn. It gives excellent panoramic views over the valley of the River Usk, across to the Black Mountains and west to the Brecon Beacons.

## Geology

The hill is formed entirely from sandstones and mudstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone laid down during the lower Devonian period. Where they are exposed these rocks are seen to dip gently southeastwards. Small diggings near the top of the hill may have been for stone suitable for use as roof tiles.

## Access

The upper reaches of the hill are mapped as open country and therefore available for walkers to roam at will. A minor public road from Talybont-on-Usk skirts the western side of the hill and a bridleway from Llangynidr gives access to the eastern corner of the hill.
# Ikramullah Gran

Ikramullah Gran Bacha (1941–2014), commonly known as Gran Baba, was a Pashto-language poet, ghazal writer and fiction writer from Pakistan. He died at the age of 73.

## Books

He wrote the following three books:
* Zama Ghazal (only book, published in the life of Ikram Ullah Gran)
* Jwand da khayal pa Aayeena ke (published after Gran's death)
* Spogmai (published after Gran's death)
# Poco: The Songs of Richie Furay

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Poco: The Songs of Richie Furay is a compilation album consisting of songs by Richie Furay during his tenure with the band Poco, released in 1980.

## Track listing

All songs by Richie Furay
* "A Good Feelin' To Know" – 5:15
* "Hurry Up" – 4:06
* "Don't Let It Pass By" – 2:33
* "What If I Should Say I Love You" – 3:37
* "Pickin' Up the Pieces" – 3:20
* "Crazy Eyes" – 9:39
* "And Settlin' Down" – 3:41
* "C'mon [Live]" – 3:10
* "What Am I Gonna Do" – 3:46

## Personnel

* Jim Messina - guitar, vocals
* Richie Furay - guitar, 12-string guitar, vocals
* Rusty Young - steel guitar, banjo, dobro, guitar, piano
* Randy Meisner - bass, guitar, vocals
* George Grantham - drums, vocals
* Timothy B. Schmit - bass, vocals
* Paul Cotton - guitar, vocals
# Paratrophon patens

Paratrophon patens is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murex snails or rock snails.

## Description

The length of the shell attains 20.8 mm.

## Distribution

This marine species is endemic to New Zealand
# Treptow (surname)

Treptow is a toponymic surname of eastern German origin. Notable people with the surname include:
* Günther Treptow (1907–1981), German operatic tenor
* Joana Treptow (born 1993), Portuguese-Brazilian journalist and television host
* Reinhard Treptow (1892–after 1917), German flying ace
# Victor Besaucèle

Victor Besaucèle (23 March 1847 – 17 March 1924) was a French ornithologist.
Victor Besaucèle assembled a large collection of birds including French (mainly), European and exotic species. They are now held in the Museum de Toulouse. With 5,000 extant specimens it is one of the most important historic collections in Europe.
# Tonica senescens

Tonica senescens is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1910. It is found on New Guinea.
The wingspan is 20–22 mm. The forewings are whitish ochreous mixed or suffused with light brownish, more or less strewn with blackish scales tending to be arranged in longitudinal lines. The stigmata is represented by tufts of mixed brownish and whitish-ochreous scales and the prominences of the costa are marked with similar tufts. There is an angulated transverse series of small tufts about four-fifths, and others along the termen. The hindwings are grey.
# Asclepias erosa

Asclepias erosa is a species of milkweed known commonly as desert milkweed. It is native to southern California, Arizona, and northern Baja California, where it is most abundant in the desert regions.

## Description

This milkweed, Asclepias erosa, is a perennial herb with erect yellow-green stems and foliage in shades of pale whitish-green to dark green with white veining. It may be hairless to very fuzzy. The sturdy, pointed leaves grow opposite on the stout stem. Atop the stem is a rounded umbel of yellowish or cream-colored flowers. Each flower has thick, reflexed corollas beneath a flower center composed of rounded, horned filaments.

## Uses

The plant is filled with a viscous sap that was roasted to a solid and enjoyed as a sort of chewing gum by local Native American groups. Researchers in Bard, California tested the plant as a potential source of natural rubber in 1935.

## Butterflies

Asclepias erosa is a specific monarch butterfly food and habitat plant.
# Aerocopter Sarus

AeroCopter Inc. is a new venture backed by YAS Ventures LLC and two Entrepreneurs Siamak Yassini and George Syrovy and it is aimed at pioneering the third generation of airborne transportation.

## Overview

Five years of research with three universities culminate in AeroCopter’s Sarus and Kestrel, Vertical Takeoff and Landing aircraft utilizing Counter Rotating Co-Axial Twisted Rotor Blades. The Sarus and Kestrel enable on-demand and point-to-point high speed air transportation services: Safe,, Scalable, SATS/Highway in the Sky compatible, Multi-market Opportunities, Sarus: Commercial and Private, Kestrel: Military/Civilian UAV
Technology Breakthrough: Counter-Rotating Mono-Tilt-Rotor (MTR) architecture Unique co-axial rotor configuration, Electronically controlled blade, Unified propulsion system for hover and cruise modes, Frictionless rotary ring utilizing Magnetic Levitation (MAGLEV) technology, Low cost maintenance and high reliability compared with existing Tiltrotor aircraft. Technology Advantages: Inherent stability and safety at all speeds and flight modes, No rotor synchronization, “Flywheel Effect” of stored energy, Thrust circularly distributed far from center of gravity, Less susceptibility to vortex ring states, Reduction in noise and pollution
Personal Air Vehicle (PAV): 2-4 passengers PAV, Very Light Jet – up to 8 passengers, Regional Jet replacement, Air Taxi/Limo Corporate/Executive Jet, SATS and Highway in the Sky compatible Increased passenger comfort and safety – vertical takeoff and landing are smoother, reduced risk of ground/mid-air collision, elimination of airport delays.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV): Multi-mission capabilities, Front Line Delivery System, Exceeds FLDS requirements in range, payload, and speed, Answers the safety problem of Humvees and semi-trucks being easy targets for IEDs If targeted, results in zero casualties, Unmanned Combat Armed Rotorcraft, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Strike/Suppression of Enemy Air Defense, Search and Rescue Civilian applications such as disaster relief, weather tracking, traffic monitoring.
# Tony Maddox

Tony Maddox is a British journalist. He was executive vice president and managing director of CNN International from 2003 until May 2019.
He previously worked at the BBC for 13 years as a reporter, news producer and news editor.
In 2015 he was honored by the U.S. State Department as a Trafficking in Persons Report Hero for starting the CNN Freedom Project.
He left CNN in May 2019 for retirement after 21 years with the company by accepting a voluntary buyout option.
# Delhi, Colorado

Delhi is an unincorporated community in Las Animas County, Colorado, United States. The U.S. Post Office at Model (ZIP Code 81059) now serves Delhi postal addresses.
Delhi was the location of a scene in the 1973 film Badlands where Martin Sheen refuels the stolen vehicle he is driving at a gas station before fleeing the scene when he spots a sheriff.
Delhi was also known for being the location of Colorado's last wigwag railroad signal prior to its removal in March 2021 (replaced with standard railroad crossing flashers).

## Geography

Delhi is located at 37°38′32″N 104°01′06″W﻿ / ﻿37.64222°N 104.01833°W﻿ / 37.64222; -104.01833 (37.642238,-104.018383).
# Bruno K. Öijer

Bruno Keats Öijer (born 26 November 1951 in Linköping, Sweden) is a contemporary Swedish poet.

## Biography

Öijer was born in Linköping in 1951. His first collection of poems, Sång för anarkismen (lit. Song for Anarchism) was published in 1973.
Öijer is perhaps most appreciated as a stage performance poet, and he has made notable appearances in front of large audiences. During the 1970s, he was a part of poetry group Vesuvius.
In 1986, Öijer, along with Bryn Settels, released the LP shade coming. He has on several occasions collaborated with the Pork Quartet, which played with him, among other things, when performing "Sketches for one of the speech of death" on television. On June 6, 2003, he performed in conjunction with the group Kent's concert at Stockholm Stadium. Öijer's poems have also been toned by several Swedish composers. These include Molly Kien, Håkan Larsson, Martin B Svensson, Tomas Winter, Hans Ek, Henrik Strindberg, Ylva Skog, Joakim Sandgren and Kim Hedås.
One of his appearances was that in Stockholm on June 6, 2003, at the occasion of the national day concert by Kent.
# Paratrophis insignis

Paratrophis insignis is an evergreen tree native to Central and South America, from Guatemala to Argentina. It grows in wet montane forests at altitudes between 500 and 3,000 metres (1,600 and 9,800 feet).
# Brazil at the 1976 Summer Paralympics

Brazil sent a delegation to compete at the 1976 Summer Paralympics in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Its athletes finished thirty-second in the overall medal count.

## Medalists

| Medal | Name | Sport | Event |
| Silver | Luiz Carlos da Costa Robson Sampaio | Lawn bowls | Men's pairs wh |
# Tristis est anima mea (responsory)

Tristis est anima mea is the second responsory of the Tenebrae for Maundy Thursday. The Latin text refers to Christ's Agony in the Garden of Gethsemane, a part of his Passion.

## Text

The theme of the text of the second responsory for Maundy Thursday is Jesus in the garden Gethsemane, addressing his disciples.
The first two lines of the responsory are Matthew 26:38. In the King James Version, the beginning of the Latin text, told in the first person, is translated as "My soul is exceeding sorrowful".
While the first two lines are quoted from the bible, the last two lines of are free anonymous poetry, predicting they will see a crowd, they will flee, and Jesus will go to be sacrificed for them.
Responsorium:
   Tristis est anima mea usque ad mortem : sustinete hic, et vigilate mecum : nunc videbitis turbam, quæ circumdabit me. Vos fugam capietis, et ego vadam immolari pro vobis.
Versus:
   Ecce appropinquat hora, et Filius hominis tradetur in manus peccatorum.
   Vos fugam capietis, et ego vadam immolari pro vobis.
Translations are offered by the Episcopal Church and the Roman Catholic Church:
Responsorium:
   My soul is sorrowful even unto death ;
   stay you here, and watch with me. Now ye shall see a multitude, that will surround me. Ye shall run away, and I will go to be sacrificed for you.
Versus:
   Behold the hour is at hand, and the Son of Man shall be betrayed into the hands of sinners. Ye shall run away, and I will go to be sacrificed for you.

## Settings

Motets and other musical settings based on the responsory:
* A motet by Orlande de Lassus, for instance included as No. 1 in the Drexel 4302 manuscript
* A motet by Pomponio Nenna included in Sacrae Hebdomadae Responsoria (posthumously published in 1622)
* Méditation №3 in "Méditations pour le Carême, H.380-389" by Marc-Antoine Charpentier
* A setting included in Officium Hebdomadae Sanctae (1585) by Tomás Luis de Victoria
* A 1611 responsory by Carlo Gesualdo: "... begins with desolate, drooping figures that conjure Jesus’ prayer in Gethsemane ... It then accelerates into frenzied motion, suggesting the fury of the mob and the flight of Jesus’ disciples. There follows music of profound loneliness, radiant chords punctured by aching dissonances, as Jesus says, “I will go to be sacrificed for you.”"
* A setting by Pedro de Cristo
* TriC 26ad, a responsory by Giuseppe Corsi da Celano
* A setting by Pierre Robert
* A SSATB motet attributed to Johann Kuhnau
* A responsory in F major (Seibel 104) by Johann David Heinichen
* No. 2 of Responsoria pro hebdomada sancta, ZWV 55, by Jan Dismas Zelenka
* A motet by Lorenzo Perosi
* Fourth of Quatre motets pour un temps de pénitence by Francis Poulenc
* The opening movement of Part III (eleventh movement overall) of Franz Liszt's oratorio Christus
* An a capella choir piece (SATB) by Henk Badings Latin text
# Tristis est anima mea

Tristis est anima mea (Sad is my soul) is the Latin phrase with which Matthew 26:38 starts. It is Tristis est anima mea (responsory), the second responsory of the Tenebrae for Maundy Thursday which was often set to music. It may also refer to:
* Movement XI of Christus (Liszt), an oratorium by Franz Liszt
* Heu me, tristis est anima mea, attributed to Philippe de Vitry
* Second part of Parasceve Suite by György Deák-Bárdos
* Third of Quatre motets pour un temps de pénitence by Francis Poulenc
* Tristis est anima mea (attributed to Kuhnau), motet attributed to Johann Kuhnau
* Tristis est anima mea (Corsi), responsory, TriC 26ad, by Giuseppe Corsi da Celano
* Tristis est anima mea (de Cristo) by Pedro de Cristo
* Tristis est anima mea (Gesualdo), Tenebrae Responsoria No. 2 by Carlo Gesualdo (1611)
* Tristis est anima mea (Heinichen), responsory in F major, Seibel 104, by Johann David Heinichen
* Tristis est anima mea (Lassus), motet by Orlande de Lassus, No. 1 in the Drexel 4302 manuscript
* Tristis est anima mea (Nenna), motet (responsory) by Pomponio Nenna
* Tristis est anima mea (Perosi), motet by Lorenzo Perosi
* Tristis est anima mea (Robert) by Pierre Robert
* No. 2 of Responsoria pro hebdomada sancta, ZWV 55, by Jan Dismas Zelenka
# Paroxya clavuliger

Paroxya clavuliger, known generally as the olive-green swamp grasshopper or olive-green swamp locust, is a species of spur-throated grasshopper in the family Acrididae. It is found in North America.
# Paroxoplus

Paroxoplus is a genus of beetles in the family Cerambycidae, containing the following species:
* Paroxoplus ornaticollis (Lacordaire, 1869)
* Paroxoplus poecilus (Bates, 1880)
# Pariah (band)

Pariah was an American hard rock band, formed in San Antonio, Texas, United States, while they knew each other in high school. The group consisted of Shandon Sahm son of Doug Sahm, brothers Kyle and Sims Ellison, Jared Tuten and David Derrick. Their influence was heavy metal and they were fans of Guns N' Roses.

## History

Their first album Rattle Your Skull was released in 1989 independently. They then were signed to Sick Kid Productions where their album Make Believe was recorded and released in 1992. In 1991 they signed with Geffen Records, recording their album, To Mock A Killingbird, which was released in 1993.
After Geffen dropped them out of their contract, Sims Ellison fell into a depression. He committed suicide on June 6, 1995, at the age of 28 of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. The group immediately disbanded and Sahm and Kyle Ellison joined the Meat Puppets in 1999.
The Sims Foundation was formed in honor of Sims. The charity is for musicians who have mental health issues by supporting them and their families.

## Discography
### Studio albums

* 1989 - Rattle Your Skull (Not On Label)
* 1992 - Make Believe (Sick Kids Productions)
* 1993 - To Mock A Killingbird (Geffen Records)

### Singles

* "Make Believe" 1993
* "Powerless" 1993

### Lineups

* David Derrick - vocals
* Sims Ellison - bass
* Kyle Ellison - vocals, guitar
* Jared Tuten - guitar
* Shandon Sahm - drums
# Apistoneura

Apistoneura is a genus of moths in the family Gracillariidae.

## Species

* Apistoneura psarochroma Vári, 1961
# Breakthru (Ran Blake album)

Breakthru is an album of solo piano performances by the American jazz pianist Ran Blake recorded in 1975 and released on the Improvising Artists label.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Scott Yanow of AllMusic stated, "Blake's emotional playing (which emphasizes the contrast between silence and explosive sounds) is both witty and unpredictable... Intriguing music".

## Track listing

* "Breakthru" (Ran Blake) - 1:35
* "You Stepped Out of a Dream" (Nacio Herb Brown, Gus Kahn) - 3:47
* "If Dreams Come True" (Benny Goodman, Irving Mills, Edgar Sampson) - 2:23
* "No Good Man" (Irene Higginbotham, Sammy Gallop, Dan Fisher) - 3:00
* "All the Things You Are" (Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern) - 2:28
* "Wish I Could Talk to You Baby" (Leon Sylvers III) - 4:58
* "Grey December" (Frank Campo) - 3:10
* "Spinning Wheel" (David Clayton-Thomas) - 2:00
* "Sophisticated Lady" (Duke Ellington, Mills, Mitchell Parish) - 2:36
* "Manhattan Memories: Bird Blues" (Blake) - 1:10
* "Manhattan Memories: Bebopper" (George Gordon, Sonnie Leonard) - 1:45
* "Manhattan Memories: Drop Me Off in Harlem" (Ellington, Nick Kenny) - 1:10
* "All About Ronnie" (Joe Greene) - 2:30
* "What Are You Doing the Rest of Your Life?" (Alan and Marilyn Bergman, Michel Legrand) - 2:50
* "Parker's Mood" (Charlie Parker) - 3:41
* "Tea for Two" (Irving Caesar, Vincent Youmans) - 2:45

## Personnel

* Ran Blake – piano
# Aponia gens

The gens Aponia was a Roman family during the later Republic, and the 1st century of the Empire. The gens is known from only a few individuals.

## Members of the gens

* Quintus Aponius, one of the commanders under Trebonius, Caesar's lieutenant in Hispania.
* Gaius Aponius Mutilus, apparently confused with Gaius Papius Mutilus, a Samnite leader during the Social War, in the history of Diodorus Siculus.
* Marcus Aponius Saturninus, governor of Moesia at the death of Nero, first espoused the cause of Vitellius, but deserted him for Vespasian.
# Branta (disambiguation)

Branta is a genus of birds, collectively known as black geese.
Branta may also refer to:
* Branta (journal), an ornithological publication
* Cathy Branta (born 1963), American runner
# Appius and Virginia (1709 play)

Appius and Virginia is a 1709 tragedy by the British writer John Dennis. It was a distinct reworking by Dennis of an older play of the same title by John Webster. It was not a particular success on its debut. It became best known for Dennis' use of an innovative new technique to imitate the sound of thunder. When Dennis' play was taken off and a revival of Macbeth put on, he was angered when he attended a performance and discovered they were using his thunder machine, reportedly exclaiming "they will not let my play run, and yet they steal my thunder". This gave rise to the expression "stealing thunder".
The original Drury Lane cast included Barton Booth as Appius, Theophilus Keene as Claudius, Thomas Betterton as Virginius, Robert Wilks as Icilius, Benjamin Husband as Valerius, Thomas Smith as Numitorious, Jane Rogers as Virginia, Frances Maria Knight as Cornelia.
# Trilepisium madagascariense

Trilepisium madagascariense, the urnfig or false-fig, is a species of plant in the family Moraceae, with an extensive range in the subtropical and tropical Afrotropics. It grows to a medium-sized or large tree in primary or secondary forest, or in forest patches, and is rarely cultivated.

## Range and habitat

It is native to tropical and subtropical West and Central Africa, and occurs southwards to Zimbabwe, Mozambique and the Soutpansberg, South Africa. It is also found on Madagascar and Annobón island. The closely related T. gymnandrum occurs on Silhouette Island, Seychelles.
It grows in evergreen and semi-deciduous forests, flooded forests or forest patches and often grows along rivers and streams, extending on to the borders of savanna. It is found at altitudes of up to 2,000 m and higher. Its status varies from rare to locally abundant and dominant.

## Description

They are usually short and twisted bole and is often fluted at the base, with or without buttresses. Large trees may be 60 cm to 1½ m in girth, and 30 m high. The smooth, grey bark is very lenticellate and exudes a cream-coloured latex when damaged. The yellowish to pinkish slash turns purple-red as it dries. It usually branches high up to form a small and loosely pyramidal crown with drooping twigs. Stipules of the terminal buds eventually leave annular scars.
The glossy and very dark elliptic leaves have a prominent driptip, and measure up to 14 cm long. They are glossy below, and have two small lobes at the base.
The flowers appear in spring and are arranged in a whitish to mauve puff. The puff is about 1 cm in diameter, and consists of staminate male flowers and pistillate female flowers, without perianths, which obscure the view of the receptacle. The flowers protrude from the open apex of an urn-shaped receptacle which is about 1.5 cm long.
The fig-like fruit, embedded in fleshy receptacles, are some 2 cm long. They are ellipsoidal in shape and hold a nutlet each. Ripe fruit have the appearance of blue plums or elongated figs.

## Uses and species associations

The wood is suitable for furniture, and the sap yields a red dye. Roasted seeds are eaten and the trees are sometimes cultivated. It has many traditional uses.
A methanol extract, fractions and isoliquiritigenin from the stem bark has been shown to possess antidiarrhoeal activities, and previously unknown trilepisflavan and trilepisuimic acid compounds were isolated from it in 2012.
Trilepisium madagascariense is a larval foodplant for the butterfly Cyrestis camillus sublineata.