OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aşağıobruk, Çubuk

Aşağıobruk is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Çubuk, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 36 (2022).
# Cereal chlorotic mottle virus

Cereal chlorotic mottle virus (CCMoV) is a plant pathogenic virus of the family Rhabdoviridae. It is a cicadellid-transmitted plant rhabdovirus associated with chlorotic and necrotic streaks on several gramineous hosts and weeds.
# William Romaine Newbold

William Romaine Newbold (November 20, 1865 – September 8, 1926) was an American philosopher who held the Adam Seybert Professor of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy chair at the University of Pennsylvania from 1907 to 1926. Newbold was considered an authority on the psychology of religion, Christian Gnosticism, and cryptography. Newbold became most noted for his decoding of the Voynich Manuscript, later disproven.

## Early life

Newbold was born 1865 in Wilmington, Delaware to William Allibone Newbold and Martha S Bailey. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1887.

## Career

In 1919 he began an analysis of the Voynich Manuscript at the request of Wilfrid Voynich. After his initial study Newbold quickly agreed with Voynich that the manuscript had been authored by the English polymath Roger Bacon. During the next several years, Newbold developed a complex system to decipher it and his analysis, The Cipher of Roger Bacon, was published two years after his death. Newbold's theory was entirely disproved in a 1931 paper by his friend John Matthews Manly and it is now mostly disregarded.
Newbold was interested in parapsychology. In the early 1890s he attended séances with the medium Leonora Piper.
William also had an interest in genealogy. He was a descendant of the Newbold family of Hackenthorpe, now part of the city of Sheffield. He paid a visit to the village shortly before his death, where he visited Hackenthorpe Hall, built$^{:5}$ by his ancestor John Newbold (d. 1697). His research was used to produce a book.$^{:v–vi}$
Newbold was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1909.

## Personal life

Newbold died suddenly in Philadelphia on 26 September 1926 of acute indigestion.

## Publications

Books
* The Voynich Roger Bacon Manuscript (1921)
* The Cipher of Roger Bacon (1928)
Papers
* Newbold, W. R. (1896). Sub-Conscious Reasoning. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 12: 11–20.
* Newbold, W. R. (1898). A Further Record of Observations of Certain Phenomena of Trance. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 14: 6-49.
# Brinio-class gunboat

The Brinio class (sometimes referred to as Gruno class) was a class of three gunboats built by the Rijkswerf in Amsterdam for the Royal Netherlands Navy. The class comprised Gruno, Brinio and Friso.

## Construction

| Name | Laid down | Launched | Commissioned | Decommissioned |
| Friso | 2 November 1911 | 29 August 1912 | 12 July 1915 | 12 May 1940 |
| Gruno | 12 February 1912 | 26 May 1913 | 15 July 1915 | January 1950 |
| Brinio | 16 October 1911 | 12 August 1912 | 8 September 1914 | 14 May 1940 |

## Service history

All ships were still in service at the start of World War II. Only Gruno was able to escape to the United Kingdom. Friso was sunk by German bombers on 12 May 1940 on the IJsselmeer and Brinio was scuttled by her own crew on the IJsselmeer on 14 May 1940 after being damaged by a German aircraft.
# Carl Heumann

Carl Heumann (19 March 1886 – 5 March 1945) was a German art collector persecuted by the Nazis because of his Jewish origins.

## Early life

Carl Heumann was born on 19 March 1886 in Cologne to Jewish parents. He converted to Protestantism in 1917 when he met and married Irmgard, who was a Protestant. He was a banker at Bankhaus Bayer & Heintze and consul in Chemnitz.

## Art collector

As an art collector, he was interested in German art of the Romantic period. He collected drawings by German and Austrian artists from the 18th and 19th centuries.

## Persecution under the Nazis

In 1938, Heumann was economically ruined by the Nazi's racial persecution: forced out of his own banking house, he had to pay the "Judenvermögensabgabe" and was no longer allowed to manage his own financial affairs, as a "Sicherungsanordnung" had been issued over his assets. Heumann was regarded by the Nazis as a ”full Jew.” At first he was protected by his mixed marriage. After the death of his non-Jewish wife Irmgard in January 1944, his protection ceased. He was forced to sell artworks, including three Fendi and Gensler prints, to ensure the family's livelihood.

## Death

Heumann was killed in a bombing raid in Chemnitz on 5 March 1945. Two of his children went to the United States after the war, where many of his descendants live today.

## Legacy

Several German museums are researching Heumann. In recognition of his persecution, the Kupferstich-Kabinett der Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden, the Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz in Berlin and the Städtische Galerie im Lenbachhaus und Kunstbau München, among others, approached Carl Heumann's descendants in order to find a just and fair solution regarding the artworks from his collection.
In 2020, the Staatlichen Kunstsammlungen Dresden (SKD) restituted three graphic works from the Kupferstich-Kabinett to Heumann's family.
For "Provenance Research Day" on 14 April 2021 Heumann's granddaughter, Carol Heumann Snider, talked with provenance researchers Dr. Katja Lindenau (Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden) and Melanie Wittchow (Lenbachhaus), about her grandfather and her father Thomas Heumann, describing how she preserves their stories and memories for her children and grandchildren.
# Bolitoglossa tzultacaj

Bolitoglossa tzultacaj is a lungless salamander in the family Plethodontidae endemic to Guatemala.
# Jack O'Loughlin

Jack O'Loughlin may refer to:
* Jack O'Loughlin (Australian footballer) (1873–1960)
* Jack O'Loughlin (baseball) (born 2000)
* John O'Loughlin (disambiguation), multiple people
# Aşağıokçular, Çanakkale

Aşağıokçular is a village in the Çanakkale District of Çanakkale Province in Turkey. Its population is 259 (2021).
# List of quantum field theories

This is a list of quantum field theories. The first few sections are organized according to their matter content, that is, the types of fields appearing in the theory. This is just one of many ways to organize quantum field theories, but reflects the way the subject is taught pedagogically.

## Scalar field theory

Theories whose matter content consists of only scalar fields
* Klein-Gordon: free scalar field theory
* φ$^4$ theory
* Sine-Gordon
* Toda field theory

## Spinor field theory

Theories whose matter content consists only of spinor fields
* Dirac theory: free spinor field theory
* Thirring model
* Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model
* Gross–Neveu model

## Gauge field theory

Theories whose matter content consists only of gauge fields
* Yang–Mills theory
* Proca theory
* Chern–Simons theory

## Interacting theories

* Spinor and scalar
** Yukawa model
* Scalar and gauge
** Scalar electrodynamics
** Scalar chromodynamics
** Yang–Mills–Higgs
* Spinor and gauge
** Quantum electrodynamics (QED)
*** Schwinger model (1+1D case of QED)
** Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
* Scalar, spinor and gauge
** Standard Model

## Sigma models

* Chiral model
* Non-linear sigma model
* Wess–Zumino–Witten model

## Supersymmetric quantum field theories

* Wess–Zumino model
* Supersymmetric Yang–Mills
* 4D N = 1 global supersymmetry
* Seiberg–Witten theory
* Super QCD (sQCD)

### Superconformal quantum field theories

* N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory
* ABJM superconformal field theory
* 6D (2,0) superconformal field theory

### Supergravity quantum field theories

* Pure 4D N = 1 supergravity
* 4D N = 1 supergravity
* Type I supergravity
* Type IIA supergravity
* Type IIB supergravity
* Eleven-dimensional supergravity

## String theories

Theories studied in the branch of quantum field theory known as string theory. These theories are without supersymmetry.
* Polyakov action
* Nambu-Goto action
* Bosonic string theory

## Other quantum field theories

* Kondo model (s-d model)
* Minimal model (Virasoro minimal model)

## Branches of quantum field theory

* String theory
* Conformal field theory
* Supersymmetry
* Topological quantum field theory
* Noncommutative quantum field theory
* Local quantum field theory (also known as Algebraic quantum field theory or AQFT)
# Baturin (disambiguation)

Baturin or Baturyn may refer to:
* Baturyn (Батурин), a historic town in northern Ukraine
** Sack of Baturyn in 1708
* Baturyn, Edmonton, a residential neighbourhood in Alberta, Canada
* Baturin (surname)
# Joseph ben Jacob

Joseph ben Rav Jacob HaKohen (Hebrew: רבי יוסף בן רב יעקב הכהן) commonly known as bar Saṭya (Hebrew: בר סטיא; c. 902 - 969) was the Gaon of Sura from 930 to 936 and again from 942 to 948.

## Biography

Joseph was born c. 902 in Sura. His father Jacob ben Natronai was the Gaon of Sura from 911 to 924, and his mother descended from the Exilarchs. Much of his early life is unknown, although in 930, the Exilarch David ben Zakkay appointed Rabbi Joseph as the Sura Gaon in retaliation to the previous Gaon, Saadia, with whom David got into a heated dispute, regarding Saadia's support for the succession of David's brother as Exilarch. Because Joseph became Gaon under such political tension, many regarded him as a pawn of the Exilarch, unfit to serve as the Sura Gaon. The Sherira Gaon describes Joseph stating that: "he was not very eloquent and was a trifling scholar compared to R. Saadia Gaon”. After Saadia and David reconciled, Joseph was promptly replaced by Saadia. Although he continued to receive a pension from the academy, and after Saadia's death in 942, he once again served as the Sura Gaon until 948, after which he moved to Basra, where he died around 960 .
# David P. Handlin

David P. Handlin is an American architect and architectural historian.

## Life and career

Handlin was born in Boston, the son of the historians Oscar Handlin and Mary Flug Handlin. He studied at Harvard University and the Harvard Graduate School of Design and earned a doctorate from Cambridge University.
He was a lecturer in architecture at Cambridge from 1973 to 1978 and an associate professor in architecture at the Harvard Graduate School of design from 1973 to 1978. He later founded the architecture firm of Handlin, Garrahan, Zachos and Associates in Cambridge, Massachusetts, of which he is president.
Handlin has written two survey books, The American Home, Architecture and Society, 1815–1915 and American Architecture. He has been characterized as a conservative architectural historian.

## Publications

* The American Home, Architecture and Society, 1815–1915. Boston: Little, Brown, 1979. ISBN 9780316343008.
* American Architecture. World of Art. London: Thames and Hudson, 1985. ISBN 9780500202005. Rev. ed. 2004. ISBN 9780500203736.
# Bobby Neu

Robert J. Neu (June 28, 1917 – February 7, 1971) was an American basketball player. He played four seasons in the American National Basketball League, a forerunner to the modern National Basketball Association.
Neu, who was of German descent, played high school basketball at St. Mel High School in Chicago, Illinois. He then played college basketball for hometown DePaul University, where he was an All-American in his junior and senior seasons.
Following his college career, he played professionally in the NBL. He spent two seasons with the Hammond Ciesar All-Americans, earning second-team All-NBL honors in 1941. He then spent three years in the military during World War II. Upon returning from the service, Neu played two more seasons in the NBL for the Pittsburgh Raiders and Chicago American Gears. For his NBL career, Neu averaged 6.7 points over 80 games.
# Chaplin High School

Chaplin High School is situated in Gweru, Zimbabwe, and was started in October 1902. It was started in a building of the Trinity Church, Gwelo and first named as the Trinity Church School (1). The school caters for boys and girls from form 1–6 and has boarders and day scholars. There are two boarding houses for boys named Duthie House and Coghlan House while girls are housed in either Lenfesty House or Maitland House. Maitland House is the sister hostel for Duthie while Lenfesty is the sister house for Coghlan House.

## History

Seven children reported for school in October 1900 when the school was first started. At that time, it was called the Trinity Church School as the building was in the Trinity Church of Gwelo. The first headmaster was Mr Watkinson while Miss Coates-Palgrave was the Assistant to the headmaster. The following January, 16 children moved to the current school grounds.
In 1909, Mr A McDonald was appointed as the headmaster of the school which had been renamed the Gwelo Public School. He continued as the headmaster of the school until 1927 when he retired.
In 1911, the government built a schoolhouse which was the first school hostel in the country. This schoolhouse was later renamed Duthie House after being opened by Mr George Duthie FRSE. Also 1911 saw Chaplin playing rugby against other schools for the first time. They lost to both Plumtree High School and Milton High School but were later to improve greatly providing players for both Rhodesia and Zimbabwe.
In 1914, the first school magazine was printed. In 1923, the first girls hostel Maitland House was opened by Sir Drummond Chaplin and the school was renamed Chaplin. In 1928, Coghlan House was opened with Lenfesty being opened in 1950. In 1937, the seniors and the juniors were separated, which was the start of Cecil John Rhodes Primary School. On 7 July 1953, The Queens Gate was opened by Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother.

## Notable alumni

* Alec Smith
* Ian Smith, Prime Minister of Rhodesia from 1964 to 1979, was a student at Chaplin from 1933 to 1937 (Duthie) and head boy in 1937. He was the captain for rugby, cricket, athletics, tennis and boxing.
* Chris Duckworth, cricketer
* Steve Elworthy, cricketer
* Richard Kaschula, cricketer
* Robert Ullyett, cricketer
* Michael Holman, journalist and author
# Misvær

Misvær (Norwegian) or Medasværdda (Lule Sami) is a village in Bodø Municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is located at the end of the Misværfjorden, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southeast of the town of Bodø in the Skjerstad district of the municipality.
The 0.35-square-kilometre (86-acre) village had a population (2015) of 245 and a population density of 700 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,800/sq mi). Since 2015, the population and area data for this village area has not been separately tracked by Statistics Norway.
Misvær was the administrative centre of the old Skjerstad Municipality. Misvær Church is located in the village. The Oldereid Hydroelectric Power Station, which draws water from the watercourses of the Oldereid and Skred rivers, stands northwest of Misvær.
Misvær has its own weather station where accurate weather conditions are updated every 10 minutes. Historical weather data from the village is also available.
# Valencene synthase

Valencene synthase (EC 4.2.3.73) is an enzyme with systematic name (2E,6E)-farnesyl-diphosphate diphosphate-lyase (valencene-forming). It is a terpene cyclase enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of valencene, a sesquiterpene, using farnesyl pyrophosphate as its substrate. The first such enzyme was isolated using orange cDNA. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
    (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate $\rightleftharpoons$ (+)-valencene + diphosphate
The recombinant enzyme from Vitis vinifera forms (+)-valencene and (-)-7-epi-α-selinene.
# Phytopharmacology

Phytopharmacology is the study and practice of eradicating plant pathology originated from the Verbandes Deutscher Pflanzenärzte (1928–1939), (German Plant Physicians Society), headed by Otto Appel, known as the Organiser of German Plant Protection, who initially defined the terminology of Phyto-Medicine or Plant Medicine. The Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellschaft (German Phytomedicine Society) is the German association of phytomedicine practitioners. Academic programs in phytomedicine, such as at the University of Hohenheim, consider the interrelationships between pathogenic microorganisms and crops, disease control methods, and research programs.
In 1936, the term phytopharmacology was used for the field of study on drugs that affect plants.
# Pohlitz Township, Roseau County, Minnesota

Pohlitz Township is a township in Roseau County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 36 at the 2000 census.
Pohlitz Township was named for an Icelandic settler.

## Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 45.3 square miles (117.2 km$^2$); 42.4 square miles (109.9 km$^2$) is land and 2.8 square miles (7.4 km$^2$) (6.30%) is water.

## Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 36 people, 17 households, and 9 families residing in the township. The population density was 0.8 people per square mile (0.3/km$^2$). There were 27 housing units at an average density of 0.6/sq mi (0.2/km$^2$). The racial makeup of the township was 100.00% White.
There were 17 households, out of which 23.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.1% were married couples living together, 5.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.2% were non-families. 35.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.12 and the average family size was 2.80.
In the township the population was spread out, with 13.9% under the age of 18, 2.8% from 18 to 24, 25.0% from 25 to 44, 33.3% from 45 to 64, and 25.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 47 years. For every 100 females, there were 125.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 106.7 males.
The median income for a household in the township was $42,500, and the median income for a family was $43,500. Males had a median income of $27,917 versus $20,313 for females. The per capita income for the township was $19,144. None of the population and none of the families were below the poverty line.
# Buck Island (British Virgin Islands)

Buck Island is a privately owned island of the British Virgin Islands in the Caribbean.

## History

Buck Island was purchased and developed by Carl & Sharon Nilsen from 1998-2008. The couple spent 10 years building the roads and multi-structure buildings that resemble a castle made from the natural stones on the property. Hurricane Irma and Maria hit the British Virgin Islands in 2017 causing considerable damage to the territory.
The private island has since been purchased by serial entrepreneur and humanitarian Britnie Faith Turner and is used as what is coined as Force for Good. The island is designed to elevate people and their purpose. Hosting very out-of-the-box summits and attracting people who aim to make the world a better place, what is now called The Aerial BVI is changing the way travel is even done.
New owner, Britnie Turner married Veteran Green Beret Jeremy Locke as the first wedding on the island January 8, 2022. The couple use the island as a space of healing for veterans, caretakers and survivors of various kinds of abuse as well as work with local non-profits to host educational programs for gardening and equine therapy.
The island has a long strip of flat land which was the BVI’s first airstrip.
* Aerial view of Buck Island, with, from left to right, Ginger Island, Cooper Island and Salt Island on the horizon
* Beach Swings at The Aerial BVI
* Poolside at The Aerial BVI
# Trachytrema

Trachytrema is a genus of spiders in the family Trachycosmidae. It was first described in 1909 by Simon. As of 2017, it contains 2 Australian species.
# Chane Independencia

Chane Independencia is a village and a former canton in the municipality of Puerto Fernández Alonso in the province of Obispo Santistevan in the department of Santa Cruz in Bolivia. In 2010 it had an estimated population of 3,527. It comprises the communities of Chané Magallanes, San Marcos, San Lorenzo, Las Parabas, Las Pozas, El Torno and Aguai.
# Valentinus Otho

Valentinus Otho (also Valentin Otto; born around 1545–46 possibly in Magdeburg – 8 April 1603 in Heidelberg) was a German mathematician and astronomer.

## Life

In 1573 he came to Wittenberg, proposing to Johannes Praetorius an approximation of pi as $\pi \approx {\tfrac {355}{113}}$ (now known as milü, as named by its first discover, the Chinese mathematician Zu Chongzhi).
In 1575 he supported Georg Joachim Rheticus in his trigonometric tables. The next year they went to Kaschau in Hungary where Rheticus died. Thus, Otho inherited the De revolutionibus manuscript of Nicolaus Copernicus that Rheticus had published in 1543 in Nuremberg.
Otho became Professor for mathematics in Wittenberg, but when the rulers of Saxony did not support the tables, he moved to Heidelberg where Elector Friedrich IV sponsored the '’Opus Palatinum de Triangulis’’ in 1596.

## Work

* Opus Palatinum de Triangulis, 1596 (original manuscript available online)
* De triangulis globi sine angulo recto libri quinque
# An Author Bites the Dust

An Author Bites the Dust (1948) is a novel by Australian writer Arthur Upfield. It is the eleventh of the author's novels to feature his recurring character Detective Inspector Napoleon 'Bony' Bonaparte. It was originally published in Australia by Angus and Robertson in 1948.

## Abstract

The author and critic Mervyn Blake is found dead in his writing room on his property about 30 miles from Melbourne. The cause of death is unknown. Two months after the death Boney is brought down to Melbourne to help solve the case.

## Location

The novel is set in the fictional town of Yarrabo, in the valley of the real Yarra River.

## Publishing history

Following the book's initial publication by Angus and Robertson in 1948 it was subsequently published as follows:
* Doubleday Books, USA, 1948
* Unicorn Mystery Book Club, USA, 1948
* Angus and Robertson, Australia, 1967
and subsequent paperback, ebook and audio book editions.
The novel was also translated into Spanish in 1956, German in 1957, and French in 2000.

## Critical reception

The reviewer in The Bulletin noted that with the victim and associates being members of Australian literary circles, this allowed Upfield to "write about Australian scenes and Australian literature. The former he does well, quietly, and warmly; although now and again there is an indication that he is not so much building up a familiar scene as explaining something to an overseas reader. But in writing about Australian literature Mr. Upfield is, at times, very unkind...Napoleon Bonaparte, Upfield's familiar half-caste inspector, is a synthetic figure: the usual efficient sleuth with endearing habits who baffles his orthodox colleagues, with a bit of 'blacktracking' thrown in for good measure."
In The Sydney Morning Herald the reviewer wrote: "Inspector Napoleon Bonaparte, B.A., is the only Australian detective in steady fictional employment. He has individual theories of crime, prides himself on his feminine intuition and his knowledge of psychology, but is modest regarding the singular powers of tracking inherited with his aboriginal blood". And concluded "In the details of detection, Bony shows his usual competence".