OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Canceled denominations of United States currency

The United States has several coins and banknotes which were proposed at one time but never adopted.

## Banknotes

A three dollar bill was proposed two times during the 1860s. A design was engraved for a potential $3 United States Note, and a 1865 law called for a $3 National Bank Note, but neither proposal came to fruition.
| Denomination | Obverse | Reverse | Notes |
| $3 note | | | Not to be confused with fake or privately issued obsolete notes or the three-dollar Continental currency banknotes issued during the American Revolution |

## Coinage

There have been several United States coins which were proposed but never adopted. Most of the coins listed below, although never adopted, were produced in limited numbers as patterns.
| Denomination | Weight | Diameter | Material | Edge | Minted | Notes |
| Silver center cent 1¢ | 4.48 g | 24.00 mm | Cu (ring) Ag (plug) | reeded | 1792 | The first and only US bi-metallic coin until the 2000 Library of Congress ten dollar coin. |
| Ring cent 1¢ | various weights | | 90% Cu 10% Ag | various | 1850–1851, 1853, 1884–1885 | 196 ring cents (originals and restrikes) are known to exist. Examples exist with or without a hole. |
| Aluminum cent 1¢ | 0.937 g | 19.05 mm | 96% Al 4% trace metals | plain | 1973–1975 | 1,579,324 coins dated 1974 were produced, but were not put in circulation and nearly all were later destroyed. |
| Two-cent billon 2¢ | 3.84 g | ~13.00 mm | 90% Cu 10% Ag | plain | 1836 | |
| Two and a half cent piece 2.5¢ | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | never minted | Proposed in 1916 by US mint director Robert W. Woolley. Civil War tokens of this denomination exist. |
| Three-cent bronze 3¢ | 10.89 g | 28.57 mm | 95% Cu 5% Zn | plain | 1863 | |
| Ring nickel 5¢ | | | | plain | 1884–1885 | |
| Gold ring half dollar 50¢ | | | | | 1852 | |
| Gold ring dollar $1 | | | | | 1849, 1852 | |
| Two dollar piece $2 | unknown | unknown | unknown | unknown | never minted | Proposed but not minted. Some privately struck renditions exist. |
| Stella $4 | 7.00 g | 22 mm | 6.00g Au 0.30g Ag 0.70g Cu | reeded | 1879–1880 | |
| Half-union $50 | 83.58 g | 50.80 mm | 90% Au 10% Cu | reeded | 1877 | Commemorative coins of this denomination were issued in 1915. Several bullion coins are produced in this denomination. |
| Union $100 | unknown | unknown | 90% Au 10% Cu | unknown | never minted | Canceled before any patterns could be minted (fantasy coin shown). Some commemorative and bullion coins are minted in this denomination. |
# Thomas Murray (soccer)

Thomas “Tommy” Murray was a Scottish-American football (soccer) right halfback who played the first two U.S. national team games in 1916.

## Professional career

Murray played several years for Bethlehem Steel F.C. of the National Association Football League during their years as the dominant U.S. team. He played with the team from at least 1914 to at least 1919. However, in 1918, he spent time in the military when the U.S. entry into World War I. In 1919 he is listed with Paterson F.C. He then moved to Philadelphia Field Club for the 1921-1922 American Soccer League season. In 1923, he is listed as with Harrison S.C., but does not appear to have played a game with them. In 1923, he moved to the Newark Skeeters. In 1924, he began the season with the Brooklyn Wanderers before finishing it with Indiana Flooring. That was his last season in the ASL.

## National team

Murray earned two caps with the national team in 1916. In the first official U.S. national team game, the U.S. defeated Sweden on August 20, 1916. On September 3, 1916, Murray and his teammates tied Norway before returning to the U.S.

## Personal

In addition to playing for Bethlehem Steel F.C., Murray was also employed as a machinist by the Bethlehem Steel company. He married the former Jessie T. Kerr on July 26, 1917.
# Aled Jones (disambiguation)

Aled Jones is a Welsh singer and a television and radio presenter.
Aled Jones may also refer to:
* Aled Gruffydd Jones, Welsh historian
* Aled Haydn Jones, British radio presenter and former radio producer
* Aled Jones, investigator of impacts of climate and resource trends on finance and government with the Centre for the Understanding of Global Prosperity (CUSP) and the Global Sustainability Institute (GSI) at Anglia Ruskin University
# Pelayos de la Presa

Pelayos de la Presa (Spanish pronunciation:) is a municipality in the Community of Madrid, Spain. It covers an area of 7.58 km$^2$. As of 2018, it has a population of 2,475.
It is located in the southwest of the region, near the San Juan Reservoir (retaining the waters of the Alberche), the source the municipal water supplies come from. The reservoir is shared between Pelayos de la Presa, Navas del Rey and San Martín de Valdeiglesias, with Pelayos de la Presa having jurisdiction over "El Muro" area. As it is the only reservoir in the region declared as swimming area, it attracts tourism. The Monastery of Santa María de Valdeiglesias [es], with its origins dating back to the 12th century, cistercian-style, is located in the municipality. It is located at 570 m over sea level.
* Monastery of Santa María de Valdeiglesias
* San Juan Reservoir
# Carmenta bassiformis

Carmenta bassiformis, the eupatorium borer moth or ironweed clearwing moth, is a moth of the family Sesiidae. It was described by Francis Walker in 1856, and is found in the United States from Massachusetts to Florida, west to Wisconsin, Kansas and Texas.
The wingspan is 18–26 mm. Adults are on wing from late May to September.
The larvae feed on the roots of ironweed and Joe-Pye weed.
# Triplophysa stenura

Triplophysa stenura is a species of ray-finned fish in the genus Triplophysa. It lives in swift-flowing streams and is known from the Upper Yangtze, Upper Mekong, Upper Salween and Upper Brahmaputra river drainages in China and Vietnam. Whether this apparently widespread species really is one species needs to be studied. It grows to 13.8 cm (5.4 in) SL.
A study from the Upper Brahmaputra found Triplophysa stenura to be the most prevalent prey species for Oxygymnocypris stewartii, a large predatory cyprinid. Triplophysa stenura were present in 47% of Oxygymnocypris stewartii stomachs.
# Lynn Montross

Lynn Montross was born in Battle Creek, Nebraska in 1895, and lived in Denver, Colorado, before moving to Washington, D.C. He studied at the University of Nebraska before serving three years in an American Expeditionary Force (AEF) regiment in World War I, and afterward became a free-lance writer for the Chicago Daily News. He died in 1961, barely a year after the publication of the third edition his most important book, War Through the Ages.
Lynn Montross is one of the foremost post-World War II Western military historians. From 1950 to 1961 he was a historical writer for the United States Marine Corps and lived in the Washington, D.C. area. Though he only published seven books during his life, his insightful monumental lifetime work, War Through the Ages (1960), stands as one of the important works of military history in the 20th century. It has been used as a text book by various military academies.
Montross' footnotes show the influence of Edward Gibbon's famous work, The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (1787). Montross translates the style and grandeur of Gibbon's work to a narrative and analysis of military history from 490 B.C. to the Korean War. Lynn Montross' version of military history is more about diplomacy, politics, culture, and economics, and the continuity and great movements of history than about specific battles, the names of generals, and mundane operational details, though he also fits lot of those into his narrative, imparting upon the reader his unusual sense of military history in the process.
Montross influenced Trevor N. Dupuy and R. Ernest Dupuy's work, Encyclopedia of Military History. Not only does the Encyclopedia of Military History use the same illustrations as those found in War through the ages, but also, interspersed with the chronologies of battles and generals, the Encyclopedia has Montross-like narrative sections describing specific periods of history, or particular battles.

## Works

* Cavalry of the Sky: The Story of U.S. Marine Combat Helicopters
* East of Eden
* Fraternity Row (with Lois Montross)
* Half gods
* Rag, Tag and Bobtail: The Story of the Continental Army 1775 - 1783
* The reluctant rebels: The story of the Continental Congress, 1774-1789
* The talk of the town (with Lois Seyster Montross)
* The United States Marines: A Pictorial History
* Town and Gown
* U.S. Marine Operations In Korea 1950-1953:
* Volume I - The Pusan Perimeter (with Nicholas A. Canzona)
* Volume II - The Inchon-Seoul Operation (with Nicholas A. Canzona)
* Volume III - The Chosin Reservoir Campaign (with Nicholas A. Canzona)
* Volume IV - The East Central Front
* Volume V - Operations in West Korea
* War Through the Ages
# Calliopsis nebraskensis

Calliopsis nebraskensis is a species of bee in the family Andrenidae. It is found in North America.
# Zafrona

Zafrona is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.

## Description

(Original description) The species vary in size, sculpture, and shape. Thus some are very small, 2 mm., to comparatively large, 5 mm., from slender to obese, and from closely sculptured to almost smooth.

## Species

Species within the genus Zafrona include:
* † Zafrona arpula (Michelotti, 1840)
* Zafrona azteci K. Monsecour & D. Monsecour, 2016
* Zafrona dentata Perugia, 2023
* Zafrona fatuhiva K. Monsecour & D. Monsecour, 2018
* Zafrona isomella (Duclos, 1840)
* Zafrona kilburni Bozzetti, 2009
* Zafrona lightfooti (Smith, 1901)
* Zafrona macronata Simone, 2009
* Zafrona pleuriferoides K. Monsecour & D. Monsecour, 2018
* † Zafrona recticostata (Sacco, 1890)
* Zafrona samadiae K. Monsecour & D. Monsecour, 2016
* Zafrona somalica Bozzetti, 2007
* † Zafrona sphaerocorrugata Harzhauser & Landau, 2021
* Zafrona striatula (Dunker, 1871)
* Zafrona subfelina (Hervier, 1900)
* Zafrona ursula (Thiele, 1925)

### Species brought into synonymy

* Zafrona belkisae Espinosa, Ortea, Fernandez-Garcés & Moro, 2007: synonym of Falsuszafrona belkisae (Espinosa & Ortea, 2007)
* Zafrona consobrinella Rehder, 1980: synonym of Zafrona striatula (Dunker, 1871)
* Zafrona decussata Lussi, 2002 synonym of Retizafra decussata (Lussi, 2002)
* Zafrona dicomata (Dall, 1889): synonym of Falsuszafrona dicomata (Dall, 1889)
* Zafrona diversa Espinosa, Ortea & Fernadez-Garcés, 2007: synonym of Falsuszafrona diversa (Espinosa, Ortea & Fernández-Garcés, 2007) (original combination)
* Zafrona idalina (Duclos, 1840): synonym of Falsuszafrona idalina (Duclos, 1840)
* Zafrona incerta (Stearns, 1892): synonym of Falsuszafrona incerta (Stearns, 1892)
* Zafrona lindae Petuch, 1992: synonym of Falsuszafrona lindae (Petuch, 1992) (original combination)
* Zafrona pulchella (Blainville, 1829): synonym of Falsuszafrona pulchella (Blainville, 1829)
* Zafrona sunderlandi Petuch, 1987: synonym of Falsuszafrona sunderlandi (Petuch, 1987) (original combination)
* Zafrona taylorae Petuch, 1987: synonym of Falsuszafrona taylorae (Petuch, 1987) (original combination)
* Zafrona tortugana Garcia, 2015: synonym of Falsuszafrona tortugana (E. F. García, 2015) (original combination)
* Zafrona trifilosa (E.A. Smith, 1882): synonym of Smithena trifilosa (E. A. Smith, 1882) (unaccepted > superseded combination)
# Big B

Big B may refer to:
* Amitabh Bachchan or Big B, Indian actor
* Big B Drugs, a defunct American drugstore chain
* Big B (film), a 2007 Malayalam film
* Big B (rapper), American rapper
* A character in the Infernal Affairs film series
* Buckethead, an American guitarist
# Lucy D. Taylor

Lucy D. Taylor (died 1965) was an author, educator, and authority on interior decoration during the first half of the 20th century. She was active in the field professionally, taking on leadership roles in organizations including the Decorators' Club, and served on President Hoover's housing committee as a home decoration expert. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s she was a contributing editor at House Beautiful, House & Garden, and Arts & Decoration.

## Career

Taylor lectured widely on the subject of interior design and had an active teaching career. She served as Head of the Teachers’ Training Department and Instructor in Home Furnishing at the Massachusetts Normal Art School, Boston, and taught courses at Vassar College, Cornell University, Yale University, and The Metropolitan Museum of Art. She also served as the Vice Chairman and Research Executive of the Committee on Home Furnishings under President Hoover's Conference on Home Building Ownership. Taylor was on the faculty of the New York School of Interior Design from 1928 to 1950. She was a distinguished instructor of Color and Room Composition, and had been a pupil herself of Albert Munsell, creator of the Munsell Color System.

## Articles and publications

Taylor was a frequent contributor to several magazine of home furnishings. From 1922 to 1935, Taylor was a contributing editor of House Beautiful, co-writing several articles with architect Verna Cook Salmonsky.
Taylor authored three books on interior design:
* Know Your Fabrics by Lucy D. Taylor. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1951
* Your Home Beautiful: a manual of interior decoration. Suggestions to fit your means. New York: George H. Doran, 1925
* The Simple Art of Wall Decoration, published by Baeck Wallpaper Co., circa 1910.
# Carmencita Hederman

Carmencita Hederman (née Cruess Callaghan; born 23 October 1939) is a former Irish Independent politician who served as Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1987 to 1988 and a Senator for the Dublin University constituency from 1989 to 1992.

## Political career

She was a member of Dublin City Council from 1974 to 1999.
She was the daughter of George Cruess Callaghan and sister of Frank Cruess Callaghan, both successful businessmen as well as the niece of Joseph Cruess Callaghan. She was Lord Mayor of Dublin from 1987 to 1988 during the Dublin Millennium celebrations. She was elected to the Seanad in 1989 for the Dublin University constituency.

## Family

Her husband was William Hederman (from 1962 until his death on 30 December 2016). A third-generation doctor and surgeon, Billy Hederman—son of William, a general practitioner on the staff of Limerick County Hospital in Croom and Ethel (née Hannigan) Hederman—was president of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland from 1990 to 1992 and later president of the Vascular Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Her daughter, Wendy Hederman, was also later councillor on Dublin City Council, representing the Progressive Democrats.
# Tubas

Tubas is the plural of tuba.
It can also refer to:
* Tubas (city) in Palestine
* Tubas Governorate in Palestine
# John Esmonde (United Irishman)

John Esmonde was a physician from Sallins, County Kildare,$^{:110}$ and member of the United Irishmen, who was hanged in 1798 for having led the insurgents in the Battle of Prosperous, in Co. Kildare, during the risings of that year.
John Esmonde was the son of Sir James Esmonde (7th Baronet) and Ellice White. He married Helen O'Callan, a daughter of Bartholomew O'Callan, and they had five sons and one daughter. The eldest son, Thomas (1786–1868), succeeded his uncle Sir Thomas Esmonde, as the 9th baronet and was MP for Wexford borough (1841–7). Their second son, Bartholomew Esmonde (1789–1862) became a Jesuit priest, while their third son James joined the Royal Navy, and their fourth son Laurence joined the French Army.
Esmonde was a medical doctor and became a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland shortly after it was established. He attended the Catholic Convention.
As a lieutenant in the Clane Yeomanry, he was court-martialed and deemed a deserter, and was executed by hanging (with his coat reversed to indicated he was a deserter)$^{:124}$ on 13 June 1798.
# Camberwell Family Interview

Camberwell Family Interview is a type of a semi-structured interview form used to analyze emotional expressions of caregivers specifically dealing with patients of adult psychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia as well as the patients and their families. The interview generally assesses the patient's and their relatives’ behavior in the period three months before they are hospitalized and is generally conducted within a few days after hospitalization.

## Applications

The CFI technique examines the relatives of patients regarding the difficulties they have faced and are facing because of the disease. It helps in determining the history of the patient about the disease, hospitalization history, and symptoms.

## Criticism

CFI is criticized for being impractical as an effective technique in clinical practice to measure expressed emotions (EE). This criticism is based on the fact that the technique requires highly trained professionals to interview subjects (patients and their family members) and requires approximately 3 hours per assessment including the subsequent coding of the interviews.
# Dig It!

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| DownBeat | |
| AllMusic | link |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings | |
Dig It! is a jazz album by The Red Garland Quintet, recorded in 1957 and 1958 but not released on the Prestige label as PRLP 7229 until 1962.

## Reception

Harvey Pekar wrote in the December 6, 1962 issue of DownBeat magazine: "This Lp is another in the series of excellent informal sessions Garland and Coltrane made for Prestige in the late '50s."

## Track listing

* "Billie's Bounce" (Charlie Parker) – 9:24
* "Crazy Rhythm" (Irving Caesar, Joseph Meyer, Roger Wolfe Kahn) – 3:26
* "CTA" (Jimmy Heath) – 4:42 also already issued on Taylor's Wailers
* "Lazy Mae" (Garland) – 16:06

## Personnel

* Red Garland – piano
* John Coltrane – tenor saxophone (tracks 1, 3, 4)
* Donald Byrd – trumpet (1, 4)
* Jamil Nasser – bass (1, 3, 4)
* Paul Chambers – bass (2)
* Art Taylor – drums
# Zafrona azteci

Zafrona azteci is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Columbellidae, the dove snails.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs on the Norfolk Ridge, New Caledonia.
# Thomas Dodd

Thomas or Tom Dodd may refer to:
* Thomas J. Dodd (1907–1971), United States Senator and Representative from Connecticut
* Thomas J. Dodd Jr. (born 1935), former United States Ambassador to Uruguay and to Costa Rica
* Thomas Dodd (printseller) (1771–1850), English auctioneer and printseller
* Thomas Dodd (artist) (born 1961), visual artist and photographer from Atlanta, Georgia
* Tom Dodd (baseball) (born 1958), American baseball player
* Tom Dodd (rugby union) (born 1997), Scottish rugby union player
* Tom Dodd (actor) (1883–1963), Manx dialect performer
# Thomas G. Rosenmeyer

Thomas Gustav Rosenmeyer (April 3, 1920 – February 6, 2007) was a German-American classical scholar. He was a Professor Emeritus for Classics and Comparative Literature at the University of California, Berkeley. His main interest was the literature of classical Greece, especially Plato.

## Biography

Rosenmeyer was born on April 3, 1920, in Hamburg and attended the Gelehrtenschule des Johanneums from 1930 to 1938. He left Germany for England in 1939, and was interned for being a German citizen and transferred to Canada, where Martin Ostwald and Emil Fackenheim were in the same camp. After being released in 1942, he graduated from McMaster University in 1944, completing his M.A. at the University of Toronto in 1945 and Ph.D. at Harvard in 1949. He was a faculty member at the University of Iowa, Smith College and the University of Washington before he went to the University of California, Berkeley.
Rosenmeyer was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1987 and the American Philosophical Society in 2000.
He died of cardiac arrest at his home in Oakland on February 6, 2007.
# Big Truck

Big Truck may refer to:
* Big Truck (horse), an American Thoroughbred racehorse
* "Big Truck" (song), a song by American rapper YoungBoy Never Broke Again
* "Big Truck", a song by Coal Chamber from the album Coal Chamber, 1997
# Turkey illusion

Turkey illusion is a cognitive bias describing the surprise resulting from a break in a trend, if one does not know the causes or the framework conditions for this trend. The concept was first introduced by Bertrand Russell to illustrate a problem with inductive reasoning.
Relevant disciplines for uncovering such biases include psychology and behavioral economics.

## The story

In a variation from Russell's original, a turkey designated for Thanksgiving is fed and cared for every day until it is slaughtered. With each feeding, its certainty or confidence that nothing will happen to it increases, based on past experience. From the turkey's point of view, the certainty that it will be fed and cared for again the next day is greatest on the night before it dies, of all days. Nevertheless, it is slaughtered that day, by the very person who cared for it.
The story appears in Bertrand Russell's 1912 The Problems of Philosophy as relating to a chicken:
   The man who has fed the chicken every day throughout its life at last wrings its neck instead, showing that more refined views as to the uniformity of nature would have been useful to the chicken.

## Interpretation

The slaughter comes as a complete surprise to the turkey, who - in anthropomorphic formulation - "only extrapolates a trend" and "does not recognize the impending trend break". To recognize this trend break, the turkey would have had to find out the causes of the trend. By doing so, it would have known about the motivational state of the human who feeds it every day. In order to "think outside the box" and leave known or familiar thought patterns, creativity and the ability to change perspectives are necessary. This was not possible for the turkey due to insufficient information.
# John Hamer

John Hamer is the name of:
* John Hamer (figure skater) (born 1982), English figure skater
* John Hamer (footballer) (born 1944), English footballer
* John C. Hamer (born 1970), American-Canadian historian and mapmaker