OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Cyclone furnace

A cyclone furnace is a type of coal combustor commonly used in large industrial boilers.

## Background

Developed in the early 1942 by Babcock & Wilcox to take advantage of coal grades not suitable for pulverized coal combustion, cyclone furnaces feed coal in a spiral manner into a combustion chamber for maximum combustion efficiency.
During coal combustion in a furnace, volatile components burn without much difficulty. Fuel carbon “char” particles (heavier, less volatile coal constituents) require much higher temperatures and a continuing supply of oxygen. Cyclone furnaces are able to provide a thorough mixing of coal particles and air with sufficient turbulence to provide fresh air to surfaces of the coal particles.
Cyclone furnaces were originally designed to take advantage of four things
* Lower fuel preparation time and costs
* Smaller more compact furnaces
* Less fly ash and convective pass slagging
* Flexibility in fuel types

## Operation

A cyclone furnace consists of a horizontal cylindrical barrel attached through the side of a boiler furnace. The cyclone barrel is constructed with water cooled, tangential oriented, tube construction. Inside the cyclone barrel are short, densely spaced, pin studs welded to the outside of the tubes. The studs are coated with a refractory material, usually silica or aluminium based, that allows the cyclone to operate at a high enough temperature to keep the slag in a molten state and allow removal through the tap.
Crushed coal and a small amount of primary air enter from the front of the cyclone into the burner. In the main cyclone burner, secondary air is introduced tangentially, causing a circulating gas flow pattern. The products, flue gas and un-combusted fuel, then leave the burner and pass over the boiler tubes. Tertiary air is then released further downstream to complete combustion of the remaining fuel, greatly reducing NOx formation. A layer of molten slag coats the burner and flows through traps at the bottom of the burners, reducing the amount of slag that would otherwise form on the boiler tubes.
Cyclone Furnaces can handle a wide range of fuels. Low volatile bituminous coals, lignite coal, mineral rich anthracitic coal, wood chips, petroleum coke, and old tires can and have all been used in cyclones.
The crushed coal is fed into the cyclone burner and fired with high rates of heat release. Before the hot gases enter in the boiler furnace the combustion of coal is completed. The crushed coal is fed into cyclone burners. The coal is Burned by centrifugal action which is imparted by the primary air which enters tangentially and secondary Air which also enters in the top tangentially at high speed and tertiary air is admitted in the centre. Due to Whirling action of coal and air, a large amount of heat is generated (1500–1600 °C) and that covered the surface of cyclone and ashes are transformed into molten slag. The molten slag drained from the boiler furnace through a slag tap.
# Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College

Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy Government College, is state-government owned undergraduate college, which was established in 2010, is the government degree college in Himachal Vihar, Siliguri, Darjeeling district. It offers undergraduate courses in science and arts. It is affiliated to University of North Bengal.

## Departments
### Science

* Physics
* Chemistry
* Mathematics
* Computer Science
* Botany
* Zoology

### Arts

* Bengali
* English
* Economics
* Political Science
* Sociology
# Acaya Open

The Acaya Open was a golf tournament on the Challenge Tour, played at the Acaya Golf Resort in Italy. It was first held in 2011, when Jamie Moul won the tournament. Espen Kofstad of Norway won the second and final event in 2012.

## Winners

| Year | Winner | Score | To par | Margin of victory | Runner(s)-up |
| Double Tree by Hilton Acaya Open ||||||
| 2012 | Espen Kofstad | 271 | −9 | 1 stroke | Joachim B. Hansen |
| Acaya Open ||||||
| 2011 | Jamie Moul | 272 | −8 | 1 stroke | Jorge Campillo Branden Grace |
# Acaxur

Əcəxur (also, Adzhakhur and Adzhkhur) is a village and municipality in the Qusar Rayon of Azerbaijan. It has a population of 786. The municipality consists of the villages of Əcəxur and Əcəxuroba.
# Procar

Procar may refer to:
* ADAC Procar Series, a German-based motor racing series for Touring Cars.
* BMW M1 Procar Championship, a one-make motor racing series utilising the BMW M1 sports production car.
* Procar Australia, a defunct Australian motor racing organisation body.
# Acorn Ridge, Missouri

Acorn Ridge or Acornridge is an unincorporated community in Stoddard County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. The community is on Missouri Route J, approximately seven miles west of Bloomfield.

## History

A post office called Acorn Ridge was established in 1860, and remained in operation until 1909. The community was named for the acorn oak timber near the original town site. A variant spelling was "Acornridge".
# Cyperus laevigatus

Cyperus laevigatus is a species of sedge known by the common name smooth flatsedge.

## Distribution

Cyperus laevigatus is grows in wet areas, especially in brackish water, wet alkaline soils, mineral-rich hot springs, and other moist saline and alkaline habitat. It is widespread across tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East, India, Central Asia, Australia and various oceanic islands.

## Description

Cyperus laevigatusis a perennial sedge growing up to 60 centimeters tall, sometimes in clumps interconnected on a horizontal rhizome. The inflorescence is a small array of cylindrical spikelets with one to three leaflike bracts at the base. The spikelets vary in color from green to reddish to dark brown.

## History

In Hawai'i, Cyperus laevigatus is known as makaloa and was used by the people of Ni'ihau to make beautiful plaited mats. Many of the finest examples of plaiting in Hawai'i are made from makaloa.

## Ecology

The caterpillars of the tiny moth Chedra microstigma have been found to mine within the leaves of this host plant in coastal marsh in Oahu.
# Cyperus kurzii

Cyperus kurzii is a species of sedge that is endemic to the Andaman Islands.
The species was first formally described by the botanist Charles Baron Clarke in 1884.
# Cystiscus yasawaensis

Cystiscus yasawaensis is a species of very small sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Cystiscidae.

## Description

The shell can grow to be 2.2 mm in length.

## Distribution

Cystiscus yasawaensis can be found off the coast of Fiji.
# Hyperparameter

Hyperparameter may refer to:
* Hyperparameter (machine learning)
* Hyperparameter (Bayesian statistics)
# Heinrich Lamm

Heinrich Lamm (January 19, 1908 – July 12, 1974), a Jewish German-American physician, was a pioneer in using optical fibers for image transmission, and was the first to make a fiber-optic endoscope.
When Lamm was a medical student in 1930, he developed the first flexible fiber-optic bundle capable of transmitting images around curves. His initial purpose was to check inaccessible parts inside the human body. He reported his experiments, but the imaging quality was poor. Lamm's effort to file a patent failed due to a British patent already filed by Clarence Hansell.

## Life

Heinrich Lamm was the first of two sons of Ignaz Lamm and his wife Martha (Pinczower). His brother was the journalist Hans Lamm.
Heinrich Lamm studied medicine in Breslau and Munich. Because of his Jewish origin, the Nazis' seizure of control in Germany undermined his hopes of an academic career. He succeeded in moving his family to the United States, where he practiced medicine in Kansas City, Missouri, and later La Feria, Texas.
Lamm was married to Annie Lamm, also an M.D., and they had two children: Michael, an automotive writer and book publisher and Miriam, who owned and operated a personnel agency.
# Leptosporella

Leptosporella is a genus of fungi in the Sordariomycetes class (subclass Sordariomycetidae) of the Ascomycota. The relationship of this taxon to other taxa within the class is unknown (incertae sedis), and it has not yet been placed with certainty into any order or family.
# Philautus acutirostris

Philautus acutirostris is a species of frog in the family Rhacophoridae. It is endemic to the Philippines, where it has been observed in rainforests on Mindanao, Jolo, and Basilan islands. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests. It is threatened by habitat loss.
# Trailia

Trailia is a genus of fungi in the family Halosphaeriaceae.
The genus was circumscribed by Georg Kenneth Sutherland in Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. vol.5 (1) on page 149 in 1915 and also New Phytologist vol.14 on page 193 in 1915.
The genus name of Trailia is in honour of James William Helenus Trail FRS FLS (1851–1919), who was a Scottish botanist who served as Professor of Botany at Aberdeen University from 1877 to 1919.

## Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;
* Trailia ascophylli G.K. Sutherl. (1915)
Former species;
* Trailia buxi (Arthur) Syd. (1922) = Puccinia buxi, Pucciniaceae family
* Trailia morthieri (Körn.) Syd. (1922) = Puccinia morthieri, Pucciniaceae
# Agriophara plagiosema

Agriophara plagiosema is a moth in the family Depressariidae. It was described by Alfred Jefferis Turner in 1898. It is found in Australia, where it has been recorded from Queensland.
The wingspan is 16–18 mm. The forewings are whitish, irrorated with grey and with a few blackish scales. The markings are blackish and there is a very short oblique streak from the base of the costa and a conspicuous oblique fascia from the costa at one-third to the middle of the inner margin, often partly obsolete towards either margin. A short oblique streak is found from the middle of the costa, sometimes continued by a series of dots to a blackish suffusion above the anal angle, which is, however, frequently obsolete. There is a series of dots parallel to the hindmargin, frequently partly obsolete. The hindwings are grey.
# Great County Adit

The Great County Adit, sometimes called the County Adit, or the Great Adit was a system of interconnected adits that helped drain water from the tin and copper mines in the Gwennap area of Cornwall, in the United Kingdom. Construction started in 1748 and it eventually reached a length of over 40 miles (64 km) of a tunnel, providing drainage to over 100 mines at an average depth of 80–100 metres (260–330 ft).
The adit was the brainchild of John Williams (born 1714) of Scorrier who was the manager of Poldice mine. Although work was started in 1748, it did not reach Poldice mine until the late 1760s. By 1778 the adit had been extended past Wheal Busy to Wheal Peevor, and another branch, known as the Consols Adit was driven west in the 1770s and 80s to drain the Consolidated Mines and United Mines. By 1792 a branch from Poldice extended to Wheal Unity.
The portal of the adit is in the Carnon Valley below the hamlet of Twelveheads. In 1839, probably at its peak, it discharged over 14.5 million gallons (66 million litres) of water per day into the Carnon River. At that time the adit had more steam engines pumping into it than were used by the whole of continental Europe and America combined.
The Carnon River empties into Restronguet Creek (a tidal arm of the Carrick Roads upstream from Falmouth). Major floods in the winter of 1876 caused large quantities of gangue and silt to be washed into the higher part of Restronguet Creek, permanently damaging navigational access to the upper quays at Devoran.
Although all the mines served by the Great County Adit have closed and it is unmaintained, it still drains many of their underground workings today; in the summer of 1980 the flow was 500,000 gallons per day.
# Cystobasidiales

The Cystobasidiales are an order of fungi in the class Cystobasidiomycetes. The order currently consists of a single family (Cystobasidiaceae) and two genera as yet unassigned to a family (Begerowomyces and Robertozyma).
Many species in the Cystobasidiales are known only from their yeast states. Where known, basidiocarps (fruit bodies) have auricularioid (laterally septate) basidia and occur as parasites on or in the fruit bodies of other fungi.
# Hypocysta

Hypocysta is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae found in Oceania.

## Species

The genus contains 12 species.
* Hypocysta adiante (Hübner, 1825) – orange ringlet
* Hypocysta angustata Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 – black and white ringlet
* Hypocysta aroa Bethune-Baker, 1908
* Hypocysta euphemia Westwood, [1851] – rock ringlet
* Hypocysta haemonia Hewitson, 1863
* Hypocysta irius (Fabricius, 1775) – northern ringlet
* Hypocysta metirius Butler, 1875 – common brown ringlet
* Hypocysta osyris (Boisduval, 1832)
* Hypocysta isis Fruhstorfer, 1894
* Hypocysta calypso Grose-Smith, 1897
* Hypocysta serapis Grose-Smith, 1894
* Hypocysta pseudirius Butler, 1875 – dingy ringlet
# Spit at Me and Wreak Havoc on My Flesh

Spit at Me and Wreak Havoc on My Flesh is the debut full-length studio album of Gnaw Their Tongues, independently released in January 2006.

## Track listing

All music is composed by Maurice de Jong

## Personnel

Adapted from the Spit at Me and Wreak Havoc on My Flesh liner notes.
* Maurice de Jong (as Mories) – vocals, effects, recording, cover art

## Release history

| Region | Date | Label | Format | Catalog |
| Netherlands | 2006 | self-released | CD | |
| United Kingdom | 2011 | Ominous Silence | CD | OS003 |
# Gymnotocinclus canoeiro

Gymnotocinclus canoeiro is a species of catfish in the family Loricariidae. It is native to South America, where it occurs in the Tocantins River basin in Brazil. The species reaches at least 6.2 cm (2.4 inches) in standard length. It was described in 2017 by Fábio F. Roxo (of São Paulo State University), Gabriel S. C. Silva (also of São Paulo State University), Luz Eneida Ochoa (of the University of São Paulo), and Cláudio Henrique Zawadzki (of the State University of Maringá). Its specific name, canoeiro, refers to the Avá-Canoeiro people, speakers of the Avá-Canoeiro language, who inhabit the upper Tocantins basin.
# Pathum Thani (disambiguation)

Pathum Thani is a town in central Thailand, directly north of Bangkok.
Pathum Thani may also refer to:
* Pathum Thani province
* Mueang Pathum Thani district
# Georgia Lloyd

Georgia Lloyd (September 5, 1913 – February 18, 1999) was an American pacificist, peace activist, author, philanthropist, and world government advocate active in the realm of civil liberties and international peace efforts during the 20th century. Born into a family deeply entrenched in social activism, with social and political prestige at the time, she was the daughter of Lola Maverick Lloyd.
Lloyd was a prominent figure in the mid-20th century, advocating for international cooperation and a democratic union of nations. She co-founded the Campaign for World Government and was executive secretary from 1943 to 1990. She participated in the formation of the United Nations in 1945.

## Early life

Georgia Lloyd was born on September 5, 1913, in Winnetka, Illinois. She descended from a lineage of figures who were influential in American political and social history at the time. Her paternal ancestry included William Bross, co-founder of the Chicago Tribune and acting governor of Illinois, and Henry Demarest Lloyd, a recognized advocate for social reform. On her maternal side, she was related to Samuel Augustus Maverick, a signatory of the Texas Declaration of Independence. She was the fourth child of pacifist Lola Maverick Lloyd and William Bross Lloyd, heir to the Chicago Tribune. The Lloyd family was deeply involved in civic responsibilities, dating back to Georgia's grandfather, Henry Demarest Lloyd. Their home, named Wayside, stands as a National Historic Landmark.
Raised amidst discussions on civil liberties, peace, labor rights, and international relations, Lloyd was nurtured in an environment promoting civic duty and activism. Following her parents' divorce in 1916, she moved across various residences, spending formative years in the US and Switzerland, where she attended the International Fellowship School.
Lloyd earned a degree in political science from the University of Chicago in 1937.

## Career and activism

Lloyd's activism began in her college years, lobbying for the Equal Nationality Bill in 1934 and supporting Norman Thomas's presidential campaign. Throughout her life, Lloyd was an advocate for socialism, undeterred even during the McCarthy era. She was involved in various organizations like the Chicago Civil Liberties Committee, the Keep America Out of War Congress (1941-1942), and the Socialist Party of Chicago.
In December 1937, alongside Hungarian pacifist Rosika Schwimmer and her mother Lola, she co-founded the Campaign for World Government (CWG). She took on the role of executive secretary for CWG in 1943, a position she held until her death in 1999. During her tenure, she attended the 1945 United Nations conference and represented CWG in numerous other international forums. She co-authored Searchlight on Peace Plans: Choose Your Road to World Government with Edith Wynner, propounding the idea of a world government as a pathway to sustainable peace. Reportedly, Eleanor Roosevelt kept a copy of Searchlight on Peace Plans on her bedside table.
# Taner Baybars

Taner Baybars (1936 – 20 January 2010), who also wrote under the name Timothy Bayliss, was a Cyprus-born British poet, translator and painter.

## Life

Baybars contributed to literary magazines in Cyprus and Turkey before moving to England in the 1950s, and adopting English as his literary language. A collection of his manuscripts is held at the University of Reading.

## Works
### Poetry

* Mendelin Ucundakiler, 1954
* To catch a Falling Man, 1963
* Susila in the Autumn Woods, 1974
* Narcissus in a dry Pool, 1978
* Pregnant shadows, 1981

### Prose

* A Trap for the Burglar, 1965
* Plucked in a far-off land: Images in Self-Biography, 1970

### Translation

* Selected Poems by Nazim Hikmet. 1967
* The Moscow Symphony by Nazim Hikmet. 1970
* The Day Before Tomorrow by Nazim Hikmet. Oxford: Carcanet Press, 1971
* Don't go back to Kyrenia by Mehmet Yashin. 2000.
# Patawad

Patawad is the second studio album by Filipina singer Moira Dela Torre. It was released in 2020 by Star Music. The album consists of thirteen tracks. This album features the trilogy "Patawad, Paalam" with I Belong To The Zoo, "Paalam" with Ben&Ben, and the titular song "Patawad". The album was certified platinum the same year.

## Background
### Singles

The sixth single "Hanggang Sa Huli" was released for the Filipino action drama television series 24/7, starring Julia Montes. Dela Torre dedicated this song to the employees of ABS-CBN in the midst of the network's legislative franchise controversy.

### Patawad, Paalam trilogy

The second single "Patawad, Paalam" was released on June 13, 2019. Its music video was released on July 1, 2019. The music video started a love story, portrayed by JM de Guzman and Anna Luna, on growing old with a lingering regret of having ended their relationship.
The third single of the album "Paalam" was released on September 13, 2019, marking Dela Torre's first collaboration with Filipino folk-pop band Ben&Ben. The official music video was released on March 26, 2020 making up the second chapter on leaving a relationship without explanations.
The fifth single and titular song "Patawad" was released on February 6, 2020, with a music video, released the same day as "Paalam", on March 26, 2020. The music video, the final part to close the trilogy, makes up the final chapter on gaining freedom in forgiveness.

## Track listing

8 songs were written by Dela Torre and husband Jason Hernandez with contributions from Erik Santos, Argee Guerrero of I Belong To The Zoo and Paolo Benjamin Guico of Ben&Ben.

## Certification

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| Philippines (PARI) | Platinum | 15,000$^*$ |
| $^*$ Sales figures based on certification alone. |||
# Leopoldo de Bulhões

Leopoldo de Bulhões is a municipality in central Goiás state, Brazil. The total area was 495.0 km$^2$ in October 2002) and the population was 7,651 in 2020. The elevation is 1,030 meters above sea level, one of the highest in the state.

## Political division

The territory is made up of the following settlements: Capelinha, Goiavista, São Caetano, Trevo do José Rosário, Vila Nova and Engenheiro Valente. Neighboring municipalities are: Anápolis, Bonfinópolis, Caldazinha, Gameleira de Goiás, Goianápolis and Silvânia.
Located in the Goiânia Microregion—it is 56 km from the state capital and is connected by BR-457 / GO-010 / Bonfinópolis / GO-330.

## Political information

The current mayor is João Alecio Mendes. In January 2005, there were 9 councilmembers in the city government. There were 5,635 eligible voters in December 2007.

## Demographic information

The population density was 18.01 km$^2$ in 2007. In 1980 the population was 8,336 with urban and rural inhabitants evenly divided. In 1991 the population had decreased to 7,376. From 2000 to 2007 the population increased 1.99%. For the complete data see Seplan

## Education and health

In the educational area there were 13 schools in activity, with 54 classrooms, 114 teachers, and a total of 2,158 students (2006). In the health area there was only one hospital, private, Hospital Vicente de Paula, with 29 beds. Besides the hospital there were 8 walk-in health clinics. The literacy rate was 85.7 in 2000 and the infant mortality rate was 31.42 in the same year.

## Economy

According to government statistics the municipality had 06 industrial units in 2007. There were 41 retail units. There was one dairy, Agropecuária e Laticínios Lebon Indústria e Comércio Ltda, in 2006. There was one bank institution, Banco Itaú S.A, in 2007.
Livestock raising is important with a total of 40,250 cows in 2006, of which 8,800 were milk cows. The poultry industry is quite developed with 795,000 head being reported for 2006.
In agriculture the town produces sweet potatoes, tomatoes, soybeans, corn, bananas, manioc, beans, sugarcane, and sorghum. The largest crop in planted area was soybeans with 4,000 hectares planted in 2006.
There is an historic railway station [https://www.leopoldodebulhoes.go.gov.br/pagina/173-ponto-turistico---estacao-ferroviaria.

## History

In 1931, this settlement was raised to the category of district of Silvânia with the name of Leopoldo de Bulhões. This name was given in tribute to José Leopoldo de Bulhões Jardim, a state politician who was important at the time. The town saw enormous progress between 1928 and 1939, with the arrival of the tracks of the Estrada de Ferro Goyaz. For a certain time the station of Leopoldo de Bulhões was the last station on the railroad line, making it a strong motive for migration to the area. The railway line no longer operates.
Human Development Index: 0.715
* State ranking: 188 (out of 242 municipalities)
* National ranking: 2,730 (out of 5,507 municipalities)
For the complete list see Frigoletto.com
# Lengue

Lengue may refer to:
* Lengue people, an African ethnic group who are indigenous to Equatorial Guinea and Gabon
* Lengue language, a Bantu language spoken by the Lengue people
* Lengue (film), a 1985 Central African short documentary film directed by Léonie Yangba Zowe
* Afzelia africana, a species of wood
# Gerasimus III of Alexandria

Gerasimus III served as Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Alexandria between 1783 and 1788.
# Gerasimus III

Gerasimus III may refer to:
* Patriarch Gerasimus III of Alexandria, ruled in 1783–1788
* Gerasimus III of Constantinople, Ecumenical Patriarch in 1794–1797
# Pathlow, Warwickshire

Pathlow is a hamlet in the English county of Warwickshire. Pathlow lies to the east of the village of Wilmcote (where the population is included) some three miles north from Stratford-upon-Avon.