OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Beale's Wagon Road

In 1857, an expedition led by Edward Fitzgerald Beale was tasked with establishing a trade route along the 35th parallel from Fort Smith, Arkansas to Los Angeles, California.
The wagon trail began at Fort Smith and continued through the New Mexico Territory to Fort Defiance. He then continued west over what is now northern Arizona to Beale Spring near modern Kingman and Sitgreaves Pass before crossing the Colorado River. The location where Beale crossed the river from Arizona to California, up river from present-day Needles, California, became known as Beale's Crossing. Beale's route continued west through Southern California from where Beale's road crossed the Colorado River, through the Mojave Desert along the routes of the Mojave Trail, and Old Spanish Trail to the Mojave River where it crossed the Mormon Road that led to Los Angeles, then crossed the western Mojave Desert to Fort Tejon and the Stockton–Los Angeles Road, and the less-traveled El Camino Viejo, both of which led to the northern parts of California through the San Joaquin Valley.

## Background

Beale described the route, "It is the shortest from our western frontier by 300 miles (480 km), being nearly directly west. It is the most level: our wagons only double-teaming once in the entire distance, and that at a short hill, and over a surface heretofore unbroken by wheels or trail on any kind. It is well-watered: our greatest distance without water at any time being 20 miles (32 km). It is well-timbered, and in many places the growth is far beyond that of any part of the world I have ever seen. It is temperate in climate, passing for the most part over an elevated region. It is salubrious: not one of our party requiring the slightest medical attendance from the time of our leaving to our arrival ... It crosses the great desert (which must be crossed by any road to California) at its narrowest point." Beale's Wagon Road would eventually be supplanted by the railroad in the early 1880s, then U.S. Route 66 in 1926, and Interstate 40 in 1978.

### Beale's recommendations

After his initial survey of the road, E.F. Beale went in Washington, D.C. to make recommendations to members of Congress and the War Department:
    I regard the establishment of a military post on the Colorado River as an indispensable necessity for the emigrant over this road; for although the Indians living in the rich meadow lands are agricultural, and consequently peaceable, they are very numerous, so much so that we counted 800 men around our camp on the second day after our arrival on the banks of the river. The temptation of scattered emigrant parties with their families, and the confusion of inexperienced teamsters, rafting so wide and rapid a river with their wagons and families, would offer too strong a temptation for the Indians to withstand.
Beale suggested that, in addition to a military fort, the route was also in immediate need of bridges and dams to ensure safe travel and provide a reliable water supply; he requested $100,000 to fund the improvements.
# Otto Kreisler

Otto Kreisler (1890–1970) was an Austrian film director of the silent era. Kreisler was of Jewish background, and directed films with largely Jewish themes such as The Jewess of Toledo and Theodor Herzl, Standard-Bearer of the Jewish People. He was later forced to emigrate to Britain due to the Nazis.

## Selected filmography

* Summer Idyll (1916)
* The Jewess of Toledo (1919)
* Maria Magdalena (1919)
* Wandering Jew (1920)
* Theodor Herzl (1921)
* Ludwig II (1922)
# Belak

Belak is a Slavic surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ivan Belák (born 1978), Slovak football midfielder
* Karlo Belak (born 1991), Croatian football player
* Teja Belak (born 1994), Slovenian female artistic gymnast
* Wade Belak (1976–2011), Canadian ice hockey player
# Ananias

Ananias may refer to:

## People
### Mononyms

* Ananias ben Onias, general of Cleopatra III
* Ananias of Adiabene (c. 15 BCE–c. 30 CE), Jewish merchant and mendicant proselytizer prominent at the court of Abinergaos I
* Ananias son of Nedebeus, first century CE high priest of the Jewish Sanhedrin, who presided during the trial of Paul at Jerusalem and Caesarea
* Ananias and Sapphira, members of the first Christian community, who were struck dead for lying to God
* Ananias of Damascus or St. Ananias II, missionary, martyr, and patron of St. Paul
* Ananias III, a saint in the 3rd century
* Ananias (Persian), priest and fellow martyr of Shemon Bar Sabbae (died 345)
* Ananias of Shirak or Anania Shirakatsi (610–685), Armenian mathematician and astronomer of 7th century
* Ananias I of Armenia (died 968)
* Ananias (Jafaridze) (born 1949), Metropolitan of Manglisi and the Tetri-Tskaro of the Georgian Orthodox Church
* Ananias (footballer) (1989–2016), Brazilian footballer

### Surname

* Frans Ananias (born 1972), Namibian retired footballer

### Given name

* Ananías Diokno (1860–1922), Leader of the Filipino Visayan forces against the US during the Philippine–American War; grandfather of José W. Diokno
* Ananias Dare (c. 1560–1587), husband of Eleanor White and father of Virginia Dare, whose birth was the first to English parents in North America
* Ananias Davisson (1780–1857), American singing school teacher, printer and compiler of shape note tunebooks
* Ananías Maidana (1923–2010), teacher and politician in Paraguay

## Other uses

* Ananias (gastropod), an extinct genus in family Eotomariidae
# Otto Schmitt

Otto Herbert Schmitt (April 6, 1913 – January 6, 1998) was an American inventor, engineer, and biophysicist known for his scientific contributions to biophysics and for establishing the field of biomedical engineering. Schmitt also coined the term biomimetics and invented or co-invented the Schmitt trigger, the differential amplifier, and the chopper-stabilized amplifier.
He was elected in 1953 a Fellow of the American Physical Society. He was awarded the John Price Wetherill Medal in 1972.
# Beeswing (horse)

Beeswing (1833–1854) was a 19th-century British Thoroughbred racehorse from the north of England. In her day, Beeswing was hailed as the greatest mare in Britain and one of the greatest of all time.

## Breeding

Her sire, Doctor Syntax was described by the noted racing writer "The Druid" as "...scarcely fifteen hands, very broad at the base of the nose, with open nostrils, an eye full and bright as a hawk's, a high, drooping rump, and on the side view rather short quartered. He was quite a mouse in his colour." But he took the Preston Gold Cup seven times, the Richmond Gold Cup five times, and the Lancaster Gold Cup five times as well. On both her dam's and her sire's side, Beeswing was descended from two renowned stallions, Eclipse (5x5x5) and Herod (5x5).

## Racing career

Beeswing raced at many venues between 1835 and 1842 and was a real crowd favourite. Entering 63 events, she won an astonishing 51 times. Of the 57 races she finished, she was placed lower than second only once. Her most notable victory was in the Ascot Gold Cup of 1842. She won the Newcastle Cup no fewer than six times and was retired after winning the Doncaster Cup for the fourth time.
James Hill of Tyneside composed a hornpipe, "The Beeswing," named after her. Such was her fame that the Scottish village of Lochend in Dumfries and Galloway changed its name to Beeswing in her honour.

## Stud record

Of her eight foals, five were sired by Touchstone. Four of her foals went on to become top class runners, two of which were Classic winners. Many of today's top racehorses can trace their pedigree back to Beeswing. Some of her top runners were:
* Nunnykirk (b. 1846) - won the 2,000 Guineas, ran 2nd in the St. Leger Stakes
* Newminster (b. 1848) - won the St. Leger Stakes, Leading sire in Great Britain & Ireland in 1859 and 1863

## Pedigree

Pedigree of Beeswing (GB), bay mare, 1833 :
| Sire Doctor Syntax (GB) 1811 | Paynator 1791 | Trumpator | Conductor |
| Sire Doctor Syntax (GB) 1811 | Paynator 1791 | Trumpator | Brunette |
| Sire Doctor Syntax (GB) 1811 | Paynator 1791 | Mark Anthony mare | Mark Anthony |
| Sire Doctor Syntax (GB) 1811 | Paynator 1791 | Mark Anthony mare | Signora |
| Sire Doctor Syntax (GB) 1811 | Beningbrough mare | Beningbrough | King Fergus |
| Sire Doctor Syntax (GB) 1811 | Beningbrough mare | Beningbrough | Fenwick's Herod mare |
| Sire Doctor Syntax (GB) 1811 | Beningbrough mare | Jenny Mole | Carbuncle |
| Sire Doctor Syntax (GB) 1811 | Beningbrough mare | Jenny Mole | Prince Tquassaw mare |
| Dam Ardrossan mare (GB) 1817 | Ardrossan 1809 | John Bull | Fortitude |
| Dam Ardrossan mare (GB) 1817 | Ardrossan 1809 | John Bull | Xantippe |
| Dam Ardrossan mare (GB) 1817 | Ardrossan 1809 | Miss Whip | Volunteer |
| Dam Ardrossan mare (GB) 1817 | Ardrossan 1809 | Miss Whip | Wimbleton |
| Dam Ardrossan mare (GB) 1817 | Lady Eliza 1813 | Whitworth | Agonistes |
| Dam Ardrossan mare (GB) 1817 | Lady Eliza 1813 | Whitworth | Jupiter mare |
| Dam Ardrossan mare (GB) 1817 | Lady Eliza 1813 | Spadille mare | Spadille |
| Dam Ardrossan mare (GB) 1817 | Lady Eliza 1813 | Spadille mare | Sylvia (Family 8) |
# Trachyderma

Trachyderma is a genus of fungi in the family Ganodermataceae. The genus name is derived from the Ancient Greek words τραχύς ("rough") and δέρμα ("skin").
# Touloum

Touloum is a town and commune in Cameroon.
# Transgogol Rural LLG

Transgogol Rural LLG is a local-level government (LLG) of Madang Province, Papua New Guinea.

## Wards

* 01. Melowaba
* 02. Gumaru Mawan
* 03. Amaimon (Amaimon language speakers)
* 04. Baisarik
* 05. Bemari Waguma
* 06. Garinam
* 07. Barum
* 08. Buroa
* 09. Butade
* 10. Kagi
* 11. Ensuda
* 12. Bai
* 13. Dawa Bigawa
* 14. Babaran Imam
* 15. Kosilanta
* 16. Abiya
# Traditional Neighborhood Development

Traditional Neighborhood Development (TND) refers to the development of a complete neighborhood or town using traditional town planning principles. TND may occur in infill settings and involve adaptive reuse of existing buildings, but often involves all-new construction on previously undeveloped land.
To qualify as a TND, a project should include a range of housing types, a network of well-connected streets and blocks, humane public spaces, and have amenities such as stores, schools, and places of worship within walking distance of residences. TND is limited to the scale of neighborhood or town, and should not be confused with New Urbanism, which encompasses all scales of planning and development, from building to region. TND projects incorporate many different architectural styles and are not exclusively traditional in aesthetic. An example of a TND known for modern style as opposed to neotraditional style is Prospect New Town. An example of neotraditional style is Baxter Village near Fort Mill, South Carolina.

## History

The TND type of development plan, while well known in design circles for quite some time, was originated in the US in a legal form in 1990 thru 1992 in the town of Bedford, New Hampshire. Recognizing that for the design to be implemented zoning laws needed to adapt, an effort was initiated by a group of four individuals (Rick Chellman, (now "TND" Engineering), Norman Stahl (US Federal Court of Appeals); Andrés Duany and Scott Brooks) who came together to write and then seek the passage of the first "TND Ordinance". This ordinance put into a traditional zoning form the necessary legalities that prior to its enactment made it legally impossible to gain regulatory approvals in much of the US, as the common zoning laws of the period had requirements that mandated suburban design principles directly contrary to the TND design needs. Most importantly was the adaptation away from a single 35 miles per hour (56 km/h) design speed on all suburban streets as had been the standard since the 1960s. The TND zoning was ultimately passed in Bedford, and subsequently copied and/or used as a starting point by many communities thereafter. Creating a regulatory precedent and practical foothold was the original intent of the four-person team. No TND was ever actively undertaken in the originating town of Bedford (although one was approved by the efforts of Stahl, Brooks, Chellman & Duany and it encompassed over 1,000,000 s/f of commercial space, 829 housing units and acres of riverfront park lands), as in the midst of the TND zoning approvals, a banking crisis took hold and defeated the feasibility for new development at that time.
# Overbilling

Overbilling (sometimes spelled as over-billing) is the practice of charging more than is legally or ethically acceptable on an invoice or bill.

## Overview
### Contractors and professionals

Overbilling in the medical industry can occur when doctors seek to overcharge the government or an insurance company for the actual services provided to their patients or by charging for services not provided. Overbilling in the legal industry can occur with both large institutional clients and smaller, individual companies or personal clients. Overbilling can be an issue in the consultancy and information technology industries as well. Stephen Northcutt, Cynthia Madden, and Cynthia Welti wrote that overbilling occurs more often within larger companies where there is less of a personal connection between employees or contractors and the firm being billed.

### Institutional overbilling

Overbilling can occur when larger institutions or governments create errors in their calculations of how much various individuals may owe. Banks and credit card providers can also overbill clients, or indirectly facilitate overbilling through the method by which they allow vendors to charge a client after the client has accented to having their card billed. It has been argued that overbilling is rampant enough in some industries that employees that refuse to overbill risk their jobs due to a lack of economic foresight or acuity in management policies or business plans.

## Laws

Overbilling clients can constitute an example of breach of contract and result in fines, lawsuits, or prison time. Overbilling can also be a part of U.S. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act schemes and other organized crime activities. Some individuals that have been convicted of overbilling were done so under the charge of mail fraud, or under the False Claims Act in the United States.
Leonard Vona wrote that, "Overbilling schemes differ from false billing schemes in that the vendor is a real vendor and actual goods or services are provided. The real vendor typically commits the scheme in collusion with a company employee. The real vendor over charges the company and an accounts payable manager approves the vendor invoice for payment. The vendor can commit the scheme without internal collusion by taking advantage of known internal control weaknesses." He also wrote that overbilling can occur via fictitious charges, inflated prices, inflating the quantity on a statement above the actual quantity delivery, providing sub-standard products, charging for goods or services a vendor knows a company does not need, charging too much, and others.

## Anti-overbilling practices

Overbilling is a part of many fraud audit infrastructures employed by large companies. Computer programs and software is often used to screen a company's finances to check for overbilling or symptoms of overbilling. Overbilling has been the focus of several infamous scandals, such as the Worldcom scandal and the bankruptcy of W. T. Grant.
# Behind the Paint

Behind the Paint is the 2003 autobiography of American hip hop artist Joseph Bruce, better known as Violent J, one half of the Detroit, Michigan hip hop group Insane Clown Posse. The book focuses on Bruce's entire life until 2002. It begins with a chronological account of his childhood, professional wrestling career, and musical career, including the conception of Insane Clown Posse's Dark Carnival mythology and the development of their fan base, known as "Juggalos".

## Content

Behind the Paint opens with Bruce's father stealing all of the family's money and leaving when Joe was two years old. His mother briefly marries an abusive man that molests Joe and his older siblings Robert and Theresa. Joe later meets John and Joey Utsler, and the group's backyard wrestling, musical, and gang activities are chronicled. Bruce recalls briefly living in Bonnie Doone, North Carolina at the age of 17, and cites the open racism that he witnessed there as a source of the hatred for bigots referenced in future Insane Clown Posse's lyrics.
The book describes the group's genesis, including Bruce's involvement in professional wrestling, the formation of group Inner City Posse with John and Joey Utlser, as well as establishing their record label Psychopathic Records. The book also discusses the beginnings of what would become Insane Clown Posse and the origins of the group's Dark Carnival mythology, and the albums inspired by it.
The book also documents the group's early struggles, personnel changes and the changing local Detroit music scene.
The book also focus their highly publicized falling-out with Hollywood Records and subsequent signing to Island Records, their eventual return to Psychopathic Records and the production of their full-length feature film, Big Money Hustlas.
The books ends with Bruce reflecting on the group's previous successes, their one platinum and three gold albums, and the release of the group's sixth Joker's Card, The Wraith: Shangri-La .

## Publication and reception

Behind the Paint was originally released in July 2003 with a revised second edition released in August 2004. Wired magazine writer Brian Raftery commented on the candid manner of Bruce's writing, calling the book a "soul-baring memoir filled with unpleasant details."
# Beetham Estate Gardens

Beetham Estate Gardens is a neighbourhood in the twin island republic of Trinidad and Tobago. It is located south of Laventille and northeast of Sea Lots. It is bordered from west to east by the Beetham Highway and the Eastern Main Road and falls under the administration of Trinidad's capital city, Port- of- Spain. Formerly, a slum called "rat town", the community has evolved as a residential area but is still rife with systemic violence and is a clear example of environmental discrimination. In 2008–9 the government, under the leadership of the late Patrick Manning, built a 1.20-meter-high (3.9 ft) wall around the area in preparation for the 5th Summit of the Americas.
# Bedotia marojejy

Bedotia marojejy is a freshwater species of fish in the Bedotiidae family. It is endemic to Madagascar and can be found in the Manantenina River. It is threatened by habitat loss. This species was described by Melanie Stiassny nd Ian Harrison in 2000 from types collected from the Manantenina River on the south eastern boundary of the Marojejy National Park, after which the species is named.
# Tranmere railway station

Tranmere was a railway station on the Chester and Birkenhead Railway in Cheshire, England. It opened in 1846 and closed in 1857 and consisted of two platforms (only one up to 1847).
It originally opened as Lime Kiln Lane and was later renamed as St. Paul's Road, finally changing to Tranmere in 1853. On 22 July 1847 the railway became part of the Birkenhead, Lancashire and Cheshire Junction Railway. The company doubled the track, which up to this time had been single track. This is the most likely time for the second platform to have been added.
in 1891, the Mersey Railway opened a double track extension, and at the same time, the Birkenhead and Chester line was quadrupled, destroying any evidence of the station site.

## References and further reading

* ↑ Quick, M. E. (2002). Railway passenger stations in England, Scotland and Wales – a chronology. Richmond: Railway and Canal Historical Society. p. 426. OCLC 931112387.
* Subterranea Britannica's Page On Tranmere
| Preceding station | Historical railways | Historical railways | Historical railways | Following station |
| Rock Lane Line open, station closed | | GWR & LNWR Chester & Birkenhead Railway | | Birkenhead Town Line and station closed |
# Treasury Board (disambiguation)

Treasury Board may refer to:
* Treasury Board of Canada
* Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat
* President of the Treasury Board (of Canada)
* Treasury Board Secretariat (Ontario)
* Treasury Board (New Brunswick)
# Behrman

Behrman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Dave Behrman
* David Behrman
* Greg Berhman, founder & CEO of NationSwell
* Martin Behrman
** SS Martin Behrman, named after him
* S. N. Behrman
# Transistor (disambiguation)

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.
Transistor may also refer to:

## Music

* Transistor (311 album), 1997
** "Transistor" (song), the title track by the band 311 from the album Transistor
* Transistor (TNT album)
* "Transistor," a song by Kraftwerk from the 1975 album Radio-Activity
* Twisted Transistor, a song written and recorded by the American band Korn
* Transister, band

## Other uses

* Transistor (video game), a 2014 video game by Supergiant Games
# Behold! A Pale Horse

Behold! A Pale Horse is the debut album of the Bellingham, Washington, band The Ghost and the Grace, a moniker for the founder/creator Daniel Anderson (of Idiot Pilot fame). The album is based loosely on the concept of death and dying.

## Personnel

Taken from CD liner:
* Daniel Anderson - Vocals, banjo, guitar, bass, mandolin, piano, keyboard, percussion, programming, accordion, glockenspiel, vibraphone, string and horn arrangements
* Chip Westerfield - Additional guitar on "Cloud of Flies"and "My Shell Is Broken", and additional bass on "How Far You Go" and "The End"
* Ryan Soukkala - Additional percussion
* Stephanie Warmouth - Additional vocals on "The End"
* Produced by Daniel Anderson
* Co-produced by Chip Westerfield
* Mixed and recorded at Bayside Recording, Bellingham, Washington, and Anderson's home, Bellingham, Washington, by Daniel Anderson and Chip Westerfield
* Engineering by Daniel Anderson
* Additional engineering by Chip Westerfield
* Mastered by Paul Turpin at Bayside Recording, Bellingham, Washington
* Creative direction and design by Karl Peterson.
# Oxycanus tamsi

Oxycanus tamsi is a moth of the family Hepialidae. It is found in New Guinea.
# Bekond

Bekond is a municipality in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.
# Ouvrage Chatelard

Ouvrage Chatelard is a lesser work (petit ouvrage) of the Maginot Line's Alpine extension, the Alpine Line, also known as the Little Maginot Line. Begun in 1938, the ouvrage consists of one infantry block about one kilometer northeast of Bourg St. Maurice, in the village of Le Chatelard. A short gallery with cross galleries extends into the rock, with an emergency exit and ventilation shaft halfway back. The ouvrage was incomplete in 1940, under the command of Sub-Lieutenant Bochaton.
Chatelard, along with Ouvrage Cave-à-Canon and several pre-1914 forts on the heights around Bourg-Saint-Maurice, were placed to block an advance over the Little St Bernard Pass toward Albertville.

## Description

* Block 1 (combination): one machine gun turret planned and two machine gun embrasures, three heavy twin machine gun embrasures and one 47mm anti-tank gun embrasure.
An additional block was planned with a machine gun turret, not completed.
The position presently serves as a dog shelter.

## Blockhaus de Versoyen

The Blockhaus de Versoyen is just to the east of Chatelard, positioned to block a bridge and RN90. It was provided with an anti-tank ditch. The position was held by 13 men and was armed with one heavy twin machine gun/47mm anti-tank gun combination covering the road, and one heavy machine gun/25mm anti-tank gun combination covering the valley.
On 23 June 1940 an Italian patrol approached the Versoyen blockhouse and was fired upon by Chatelard. On 25 June another patrol approached and opened fire. The blockhouse returned fire, killing or wounding three Italians.
The Tarentaise region was liberated by Allied forces in March and April 1945.
# Oxyurichthys lonchotus

Oxyurichthys lonchotus, commonly known as the speartail mudgoby, is a species of goby found in Hawaii and Indonesia. This species reaches a length of 4.7 cm (1.9 in).