OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Burndy Library

The Burndy Library was one of the world's largest collections of books on the history of science and technology. It was disestablished in 2006 and its collections transferred to the Huntington Library.

## History

Founded in 1941 in Norwalk, Connecticut by the electrical engineer, industrialist, and historian Bern Dibner, the library holdings include important scientific literature from antiquity to the 20th century. Highlights of the collection include one of the world's most complete sets of the works of Isaac Newton, including books owned and annotated by Newton, as well as some sixty manuscripts by Newton, multiple books about Leonardo da Vinci, all of Darwin's works, and important manuscript and print materials by Louis Pasteur, a 1544 edition of Archimedes' mathematical text Philosophi ac Geometrae and many important original works from the 18th and 19th centuries. Generally, the collection's strengths are in the early modern period, and include strong holdings in the history of mathematics, astronomy, and color theory.
The "Burndy" appellation was invented by Dibner and represents a portmanteau or blend of his first and last names.
The library was originally located at the Burndy Engineering Company in Norwalk, Connecticut. In 1974 Dibner donated one-quarter of the library holdings to the Smithsonian Institution to form the nucleus of its research library in the history of science and technology. In 1976, the Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology opened at the Smithsonian Institution, and it remains part of the Smithsonian Institution Libraries housed at the National Museum of American History, Behring Center in Washington, DC.
The remainder of the Burndy Library collection remained in Norwalk until after Bern Dibner's death in 1988. It was moved to the campus of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1992 with the establishment of the Dibner Institute for the History of Science and Technology. After residing there for more than a decade, the collection needed to be moved due to the pending demolition of the building which housed it.
In November 2006, 67,000 volumes of the Burndy Library (47,000 rare books and 20,000 reference books), along with several hundred small manuscript collections and a collection of artwork and objects, were transferred to the Huntington Library in San Marino, California as a gift of the Dibner family and the Dibner Fund. The library offers a number of history of science fellowships, a lecture series and an annual conference. It is one of the Huntington's most heavily used collections, and continues to grow and expand through the Huntington's multi-faceted approach to collection use, conservation and management.
# COPP (chemotherapy)

COPP is a chemotherapy regimen for treatment of Hodgkin disease, consisting of concurrent treatment with Cyclophosphamide, Oncovin, Procarbazine and Prednisone.
It contains less procarbazine than MOPP (procarbazine is given only for 10 days in cycle instead of 14), and the very toxic mechlorethamine, which is prone to giving severe neutropenia and to severely heighten the risk of secondary malignancies, is changed to less toxic cyclophosphamide, which is more safe to the progenitor stem cells (thus, less neutropenia) and less prone to give late secondary malignancies.
Thus the COPP regimen is considered safer and less toxic than MOPP. But the benefits are offset by its lower efficacy, especially in advanced-stage Hodgkin disease.
Nevertheless, both the COPP and the MOPP are now supplanted by ABVD, which is less toxic and more effective than either COPP or MOPP.

## Dosage

| Drug | Dose | Mode | Days |
| Cyclophosphamide | 600 mg/m$^2$ | IV infusion | Days 1 and 8 |
| Oncovin | 1.4 mg/m$^2$ (max. 2 mg) | IV bolus | Days 1 and 8 |
| Procarbazine | 100 mg/m$^2$ | PO qd | Days 1-10 |
| Prednisone | 40 mg/m$^2$ | PO qd | Days 1-14 |
# Chinese famine of 1920–1921

The Chinese famine of 1920–1921 affected the Chinese provinces of Zhili, Shandong, Hunan, and Shanxi. The famine, caused by drought, was worsened by the lack of central authority in the power vacuum of the Warlord Era. An estimated 30 million people were directly affected by the famine, which resulted in the deaths of half a million people. The response to the famine was widely praised for the level of cooperation between the opposing warlord cliques in the transfer of refugees between famine stricken areas and areas not affected by the famine. The participation of international famine relief organizations aided in lowering levels of starvation, significantly decreasing the mortality rate in afflicted areas. This was in contrast to the ineffective famine relief present in the latter 1928-1930 famine, which was criticized for exacerbating the death toll.
# Aphelenchoides subtenuis

Aphelenchoides subtenuis is a plant pathogenic nematode. It is an important cause of disease in daffodils (Narcissus).
# Cadenet

Cadenet (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Vaucluse department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region in southeastern France.

## Geography

Cadenet is a village located on the southern slopes of the Luberon Massif, overlooking the valley of the Durance. It is 57 km southeast of Avignon, 59 km north of Marseille and 616 km as the crow flies from Paris.

### Access

It is accessed from Lourmarin to the north by county (départemental) main road 943. Secondary county road 973 crosses the south of the village on an east–west axis and allows it to connect to Lauris to the west, and runs east to Villelaure and Pertuis. County roads 43, 59, 118 and 139 also pass through the town.
A railway runs through the town on an east–west axis across the plains at the south end of the village. This is the line of the Cheval-Blanc in Pertuis.

### Relief and Geology

The village is situated on a hill overlooking the valley of the Durance, on the southern Luberon Massif, in mountainous terrain formed during the Early Cretaceous period. Several other hills lie to the east, including Castellar. The alluvial plains of the Durance lie to the south. The town lies on the perimeter of the Luberon Geological Nature Reserve because of the proximity to exceptional fossil sites.

## History
### Jewish community

Like all places situated along the river Durance, Cadenet had a Jewish community in the Middle Ages. A document of the year 1283 states that this community, together with those of Aix-en-Provence, Saint-Maximin, Lambesc, Pertuis, Istres, Trets, and Lanson, was permitted to have a synagogue and a cemetery on paying an annual tax of two pounds of pepper to the archbishop of Aix.
In 1385 a remarkable lawsuit arose in Arles, relating to an alleged marriage. The plaintiff was Maestro Duran of Cadenet. In order to be revenged on Meirona, daughter of En Salves Cassin of Arles, who had refused him, Duran declared that he had married her in the presence of two witnesses, Vidal Abraham of Bourrin and Bonfilh or Bonfils Crégud. These witnesses were later convicted of perjury.
The case was taken in turn before the rabbinical colleges of Arles, Nîmes, Montpellier, and Perpignan, and in the last instance, upon the demand of Don Salemias Nasi of Valence, was submitted to R. Isaac ben Sheshet, who pronounced severe judgment against Duran and his fellow-conspirators, and bitterly reproached the community of Arles that it had not done its utmost to prevent such a scandal from becoming public.
A Jew, Mosson of Cadenet by name, lived at Carpentras in 1404; and two others, Salvet of Cadenet and Vidalon of Cadenet, were sheriffs of that community in 1460.

## Population

Its inhabitants are called Cadenétiens in French.

## Twin towns

Cadenet is twinned with:
* Arcole, Italy
* Varvari-Myrtia, Greece
# Volvocisporium

Volvocisporiaceae is a fungal family in the class Exobasidiomycetes. The family contains the single genus Volvocisporium, which in turn contains the single species Volvocisporium triumfetticola, found on the leaves of Triumfetta rhomboidea in India.
# Cerit, Çorum

Cerit is a village in the Çorum District of Çorum Province in Turkey. Its population is 101 (2022).
# Hisham Fahmy

Hisham A. Fahmy an Association Executive.
Mr. Fahmy is the CEO of the American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt, Inc. (AmCham Egypt, Inc.) located in Washington, DC. He previously served as executive director then CEO of the American Chamber of Commerce in Egypt since December 1999, before which he was general manager from 1987 to 1993.
Mr. Fahmy has been playing an instrumental role in promoting US-Egypt business relationship, through the organization of over 29 business missions to Washington D.C. and other States. Under his leadership, AmCham Egypt’s membership reached over 1,900 members and 90 staff.
For over 20 years, Fahmy has been advocating for a friendly business environment for US companies operating in Egypt and Egyptian companies working with the United States. Fahmy helped in the formation of the AmCham MENA council in seven countries to promote US business and investment in the MENA region.
Mr. Fahmy previously served as acting director of the Egyptian Center for Economic Studies, a nonprofit think tank that carries out and disseminates independent economic research. He worked on implementing programs that furthered the center's mission and oversaw the acquisition of an endowment for the sustainability of the center.
He has extensive private sector experience including the development of quality systems and business development programs for an Egyptian conglomerate, International Group of Investments (IGI). He has experience in the tourism sector and worked in representing engineering, construction and electronics firms. Mr. Fahmy is currently a non-resident fellow at the Middle East Institute. He also serves on the advisory board of AUC's School of Business and the President's advisory board of the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE). He is a board member of Education for Employment association, America-Mideast Educational and Training Services (AMIDEAST), and a member of the American Society for Association Executives (ASAE). He is also the founder and former chairman of the Egyptian Society of Association Executives (EgSAE), an association whose mission is to enhance the professional management of associations in Egypt.
Hisham Fahmy graduated from the American University in Cairo (AUC) in 1974 with a bachelor's degree in chemistry.
# Women's Institute of Technology

Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam Women's Institute of Technology is an engineering college in the Indian state of Bihar. Established in 2005, it is affiliated with Lalit Narayan Mithila University, Darbhanga approved by AICTE New Delhi and the government of Bihar. It is spread over 25 acres of land in the town of Darbhanga.

## History

This college was inaugurated by the then President of India, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam in 2005. It is on the main LNMU Campus, in a separate compound that originally encompassed 10 acres but has since been expanded to 25 acres. The Lalit Narayan Mithila University has a campus spread over an area of 232 acres that was made available by the Raj family of Darbhanga through land acquisition. The campus is named Kameshwar Nagar in memory of the last Maharaja of Darbhanga, Dr. Sir Kameshwara Singh.

## Academics
### Facilities

The Information and Technology Department, Computer Science and Master of Computer Applications are the department in the college.
The college has seven labs for physics, chemistry, and mathematics. It have two computer labs, a digital electronics, a basic electronics and a basic electrical labs.

### Degrees

The college conveys a BTech degree in Information and Technology.

## Admission

Admission to B. Tech. course in Information Technology is open to all girl students who have passed 10+2 or equivalent exam, from a recognized University/Board/Council with Physics, chemistry, Mathematics and English (PCME) or Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, Biology and English(PCMBE) with at least 50% aggregate marks in taken together. Candidate appearing in the qualifying exam, are also eligible to take entrance test, however, if selected, their admission will be subject to passing the qualifying exam, in PCME or PCMBE with at least 50% marks in PCM or PCMB at the time of admission.
# Chene Lawson

Chene Lawson (born February 28, 1971) is an American actress. She is best known for the role of Yolanda Hamilton, the derelict mother of Devon Hamilton (Bryton James) on The Young and the Restless.

## Filmography

Film
| Year | Title | Role |
| 2002 | 100 Women | Tanya |
| 2008 | The Great Buck Howard | Law Student |
| 2011 | The Inheritance | Lily |
Television
| Year | Title | Role |
| 2000 | Malcolm & Eddie | Leslie Sherman |
| 2002 | The Shield | Tyesha |
| 2002 | My Wife and Kids | Monica |
| 2004 | Punk'd | Self |
| 2005 | Entourage | Jenny |
| 2005–2006, 2023 | The Young and the Restless | Yolanda Hamilton |
| 2008 | Hollywood Residential | Self |
# Caesium bisulfate

Caesium bisulfate or cesium hydrogen sulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula CsHSO$_4$. The caesium salt of bisulfate, it is a colorless solid obtained by combining Cs$_2$SO$_4$ and H$_2$SO$_4$.

## Properties

Above 141 °C, CsHSO$_4$ is a superionic conductor. The rapid ionic conductivity arise especially in the range of these temperatures due to the high activity of protons.
Based on the results of X-ray crystallography, the structure consists of tetrahedral sulfate centers that bridge caesium ions. The proton is associated with the oxygen on sulfate.
CsHSO$_4$ goes through three crystalline phases that are referred to as phase III, II, and I. CsHSO$_4$ is initially existing in phase III at a room temperature of 21 °C. Phase III ranges from 21 °C to 90 °C with a transition temperature of 90 °C to 100 °C between phase III and phase II. Phase II ranges from 90 °C to 140 °C. At 140 °C, CsHSO$_4$ undergoes a phase shift from phase II to phase I.
Phase III (21 °C to 90 °C) and Phase II (90 °C to 140 °C) are referred to as the monoclinic phases, in which CsHSO$_4$ exhibits its lowest proton conductivity. As the crystalline structure's temperature is raised, it will show variations in the unit cell volume and the arrangement of its hydrogen bonds, which will alter the ability of a CsHSO$_4$ crystalline structure to allow the displacement of protons.
At 141 °C, the CsHSO$_4$ crystal structure experiences a structural change from monoclinic phase II to a tetragonal phase, becoming phase I. Phase I has more elevated crystal symmetry and widened lattice dimensions. Phase I is noted as the superprotonic phase (strong conducting phase), which triggers an extreme growth in proton conductivity by four orders of magnitude, reaching 10 mS/cm. This makes the conductivity of CsHSO$_4$ ten-fold stronger than the conductivity of a sodium chloride aqueous solution. In the superprotonic phase, the movement of an SO$_4$ tetrahedron generates a disruption of the hydrogen bond network, which accelerates proton transfer. The tetragonal anions available in the structure are accountable for the arrangement of the hydrogen bonds with the moving protons.

## Potential applications

The maximum conductivity of pure CsHSO$_4$ is 10 mS/cm, which is too low for practical applications. In composites with SiO$_2$, TiO$_2$, and Al$_2$O$_3$), the proton conductivity below the phase transition temperature is enhanced by a few orders of magnitude.
Unlike hydrated protonic conductors, the absence of water in CsHSO$_4$ provides thermal and electrochemical stability. Electromotive force (EMF) measurements in a humidified oxygen concentration cell verified the high ionic nature of CsHSO$_4$ in its superprotonic phase. Based on heat rotation, the voltage stayed the same for over 85 hours during the measurement, particularly at the high temperature. These results, demonstrate the thermal independence from humidity-type environments. Additionally, the crystal structure of CsHSO$_4$ allows for quick transport of smaller charged ions, resulting in efficient energy transfer in electrochemical devices.
# Montenegrin PEN Center

The Montenegrin PEN Center (Crnogorski PEN Centar) is the national chapter of the International PEN in Montenegro. It was formed in 1990, as one-party Communist rule in what was then Yugoslavia was ending.
The center has worked to promote the use of the Montenegrin literary standard of Serbo-Croatian. It published Vojislav Nikčević's Crnogorski pravopis in 1997, the first orthography for this written variant.
# Aphelexis

Aphelexis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Asteraceae.
Its native range is Madagascar.
Species:
* Aphelexis adhaerens Bojer ex DC.
* Aphelexis candollei Bojer ex DC.
* Aphelexis hypnoides DC.
* Aphelexis selaginifolia DC.
# Zygopleuridae

†Zygopleuridae is an extinct family of fossil sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs in the clade Caenogastropoda.

## Genera

Genera within the family Zygopleuridae include:
* Zygopleura
# Charles Vincent Taylor

Charles Vincent Taylor (8 February 1885 – 22 February 1946) was an American biologist and a professor at Stanford University. He contributed to studies on protozoa, innovating micro-manipulation and dissection techniques for their study.
Taylor was born near Whitesville, Missouri, to Christina Bashor and Isaac Newton Taylor. On his father's side they traced their ancestry to an Isaac Taylor from County Antrim, Ireland who came to Virginia around 1740. His mother came from a family of German descent. He studied at Mount Morris College, Illinois and after receiving an AB in 1911 he became a principal of a school at Valley City, North Dakota. He joined the University of California, Berkeley in 1914 and studied mouse reproduction in 1914 under Joseph A. Long and then studied the neuromotor structure of the ciliate Euplotes using microscopic dissection studies under the supervision of Charles A. Kofoid in 1917. He then became an instructor at the zoology before joining Johns Hopkins University. He worked at the Marine Biological Laboratory with Robert Chambers on micromanipulation techniques using glass micropipettes. He joined Stanford University in 1925. His work included protoplasm movements, studied cyst formation in ciliates and examined ciliate taxonomy and evolution. At Stanford, he emphasized, as an administrator of the biology faculty, a broad understanding in biology for students in addition to their specialities. In 1939, he organized a symposium to celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Schleiden and Schwann's cell theory.
Taylor married Lola Lucille Felder, a student of his, in 1921 and they had four children.
# Bermesnil

Bermesnil (French pronunciation:; Picard: Bérmini) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

## Geography

Bermesnil is situated on the D187 road, near the banks of the river Bresle, some 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Abbeville.
# Bridget Yamala Egwolosan

Bridget Yamala Egwolosan (born 14 November 1970) is a Nigerian handball player. She competed in the women's tournament at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
# Janina Orlov

Janina Maria Orlov, (born 10 February 1955) is a Finnish-Swedish translator of literature. She took her PhD in the Russian language in 2005 at Åbo Akademi with a text about Pushkin's The Tale of Tsar Saltan. Orlov translates books from Russian and Finnish to Swedish and specializes in children's books and youth literature, but also regular literature.
In 2015, Janina Orlov won a 15,000 Euro prize for her work with Finnish literature.
She was married to Ulf Stark.
# Caesium bicarbonate

Caesium bicarbonate or cesium bicarbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula CsHCO$_3$. It can be produced through the following reaction:
    Cs$_2$CO$_3$ + CO$_2$ + H$_2$O → 2 CsHCO$_3$
The compound can be used for synthesizing caesium salts, but less common than caesium carbonate.
# Chinese Spring (Wyoming)

Chinese Spring (formerly called Chinaman Spring) is a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park, Teton County, Wyoming, in the United States.
Chinese Spring was named for a Chinese immigrant who often washed laundry in the spring in the 1850s.
# Imambara Shah Najaf

Shah Najaf Imambara is one of the several imambaras in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.

## History

Shah Najaf Imambara was constructed by Nawab Ghazi-ud-Din Haider in 1818, the last nawab wazir and the first King of the Oudh state in 1818 to 1827. The building was named after the term Shah-e-Najaf (King of Najaf) which is an allusion to Ali. This imambara served as Ghazi-ud-Din Haider's mausoleum. His three wives Sarfaraz Mahal, Mubarak Mahal and Mumtaz Mahal are also buried there.
The thick walls around the mosque are said to have withstonod the heavy gun fires of British naval brigade during their advance in 1857.

## Location

Shah Najaf Imambara is located near Gomti river on the Rana Pratap Road almost 4 kilometres away from the Bada Imambara. It is close to the Sikandar Bagh Chauraha and is flanked by National Botanical Research Institute on one side. The monuments is quite close to Hazratganj market.
* Mosque in 2013
* Shah Najaf in the 1890s
* Illustration of Shah Najaf Mosque on postcard of Raphael Tuck & Sons
* Decorations on the observance of Muharram
* Interiors of the Mosque
# List of quantum computing terminology

This is a list of quantum computing terminology.
* Qubit.
* Quantum circuit.
* Quantum logic gate.
* Topological quantum computer.
# Theo Wallimann

Theo Wallimann (born 13 October 1946 in Alpnach, Obwalden, Switzerland) is a Swiss biologist who was research group leader and Adjunct-Professor at the Institute of Cell Biology ETH Zurich and later at the Institute of Molecular Health Science https://mhs.biol.ethz.ch/about-us/emeriti-formermembers/wallimann.html at the ETH Zurich at the Biology Department https://biol.ethz.ch/en/, of the ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

## Research and career

In 1975, Theo Wallimann completed his Ph.D. Dissertation on “M-line-bound Creatine Kinase and Myofibrillar Structure” in the laboratory of Prof. Hans M. Eppenberger at the Institute of Cell Biology at ETH Zurich with distinction and received the ETH prize and medal.
From 1975 - 1981, Wallimann worked as a post-doctoral research associate with Andrew G. Szent-Györgyi , at the Biology Department of Brandeis University on the subject of "Myosin-linked calcium regulation of muscle contraction". After rejoining the Biology Dept of the ETH-Zurich in 1981, Wallimann became a Lecturer in 1984 with his Habilitation on: "Localization and function of M-line-bound creatine kinase: M-band model and Phospho-Creatine Shuttle"). In 1994, Wallimann was awarded the title of Professor and in the next two years he became Head and Deputy Head of the Institute of Cell Biology. Wallimann resigned from his post in June 2008 and is now Emeritus and member of the ETH Alumni organisation.
Wallimann was awarded with the Alfred-Vogt-Prize in 2005 and received the Research.com Recognition Leader Award for Biology and Biochemistry in Switzerland in 2023 & 2024.
Wallimann's main areas of interest are:
* The high-resolution atomic structure, molecular physiology and subcellular compartmentation of creatine kinase (CK) isoenzymes and of the Creatine Transporter (CRT), and in general, micro-compartmentation and metabolite channeling by multi-enzyme complexes.
* The mechanisms of the cell enhancing and neuro-protective effects of creatine supplementation in health (muscle strength, learning and memory) and disease (neuromuscular and neuro-degenerative disorders).(see the recent Conference Volume on "Creatine Supplementation for Health and Clinical Diseases" (2022) https://exerciseandsportnutritionlab.com/news/creatine-in-health-book-published/
* The structure and molecular physiology of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), involved in cellular energy homeostasis and nutritional signalling, which is relevant for type-2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome and cancer.(for publications in PubMed see: and).