OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Győző Zemplén

Győző Zemplén (17 October 1879 – 29 June 1916) was a Hungarian physicist who worked in the fields of hydrodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases.

## Life

Győző Zemplén was born in the town of Nagykanizsa, Hungary. He grew up in Fiume. In 1896, he began his studies at the University of Budapest and, at 19 years age, won an award with an essay on the viscosity of gases. After that he began theoretical and experimental studies. In 1900 he published the essay "On the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory of gases" in the Annalen der Physik, but had been previously published mathematical works. In the same year he graduated from the University, but remained as a research assistant. In 1902 he became the assistant of Loránd Eötvös, who sent him in 1904-1905 to study abroad in Göttingen and Paris. In Göttingen he developed a mathematical treatment of the theory of shock waves, which gave him the attention of Felix Klein, who invited him to write a corresponding article in the Encyclopaedia of mathematical sciences. By applying entropy considerations (rather than only the energy theorem), he solved an open problem in the theory of shock waves in an essay "Sur l'impossibilité des ondes de choc négatives dans les gaz" in the Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences (1905). He showed that shock waves propagate only towards rarer gas layers. On his return from Paris, and his Habilitation in 1905, he became a lecturer at the University of Budapest (1905) and at the Technical University of Budapest (1907). In 1912, he became a professor at the Technical University in theoretical physics. He was also a professor at Teachers' Training College in 1908 and was active in the reform of physics teaching in Hungary. Zemplen also dealt with the then new theory of relativity, wrote a textbook on Electrodynamics (The electricity and its practical applications in 1910) and translated a book by Marie Curie on radioactivity and in 1905 wrote a book himself on this issue. In 1908 he became a member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, whose Rozsay price he received in 1911. Since 1898 he was a member of the Hungarian Society of Natural Sciences. In 1914 he became secretary of the society founded by Eötvös for the mathematical and physical sciences section and editor of its magazine. He was active also in several other societies and committees and a founding member of the football club of the University. In World War I, he volunteered and carried a battery of mortars on the Serbian front. For some time he lay with typhoid fever in a hospital in Klagenfurt. He fought again at the front in an offensive against the Italians at Monte Dorole in the Battle of Asiago in June 1916. At a forward observation post, he was hit by shrapnel and died shortly afterwards.
# Abbitt

Abbitt is an English surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* George Abbitt (1634–1689), was a founding settler of Norwalk, Connecticut
* Watkins Abbitt (1908–1998), American politician
* Watkins Abbitt Jr. (born 1944), American politician
# North Middleton, Midlothian

North Middleton is a village in the civil parish of Borthwick, Midlothian, Scotland. Outlying hamlets include Borthwick and Middleton.
# Arthur Clayton

Arthur Clayton may refer to:
* Sir Arthur Harold Clayton, 11th Baronet, of Marden (1903–1985) of the Clayton baronets
* Arthur Clayton (actor) (1902–1955), British film actor
# Broidy

Broidy is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Elliott Broidy, American venture capitalist
* Steve Broidy (1905–1991), American film executive and producer
* William F. Broidy (1915–1959), American film and television producer
# Tungi, Kigamboni

Tungi (Kata ya Tungi, in Swahili) is an administrative ward of Kigamboni District in the Dar es Salaam Region of Tanzania. The Indian Ocean borders the ward to the east, Mjimwema and Vijibweni wards to the south, and Dar es Salaam harbor to the west. The ward is surrounded by Kigamboni ward to the north. According to the 2012 census, the ward has a total population of 23,380.

## Administration

The postal code for Tungi Ward is 17103. The ward is divided into the following neighborhoods (Mitaa)/ Villages (Vitongoji):

### Government

The ward, like every other ward in the country, has local government offices based on the population served.The Tungi Ward administration building houses a court as per the Ward Tribunal Act of 1988, including other vital departments for the administration the ward. The ward has the following administration offices:
* Tungi Ward Police Station
* Tungi Ward Government Office (Afisa Mtendaji)
* Tungi Ward Tribunal (Baraza La Kata) is a Department inside Ward Government Office
In the local government system of Tanzania, the ward is the smallest democratic unit. Each ward is composed of a committee of eight elected council members which include a chairperson, one salaried officer (with no voting rights), and an executive officer. One-third of seats are reserved for women councillors.

## Demographics

The ward is the Zaramo people's ancestral home, much like the majority of the district. As the city grew throughout time, the ward became into a cosmopolitan ward. The ward's overall population was 23,380 in 2012.

## Education and health
### Education

The ward is home to these educational institutions:
* Mahenge Primary School
* Fray Luis Amigo Primary School

### Healthcare

The ward is home to the following health institutions:
* Arafa Kisiwani Dispensary
# Paul Conlon

Paul Conlon may refer to:
* Paul Conlon (rugby league)
* Paul Conlon (footballer)
* Paul Conlon (Gaelic footballer)
# Archeria comberi

Archeria comberi, also known as the pink mountain heath or comb heath, is a small, rare shrub endemic to Tasmania, Australia. As a member of the heath family, Ericaceae, this species is generally classified as a subalpine/ alpine species and shares many characteristics with other members of the family. It is an evergreen shrub 0.15m-1m in height, with pink flowers during the summer months (January and December), hence its common name pink mountain heath. Archeria comberi is often found growing among other species such as Nothofagus gunnii and Persoonia gunnii.

## Description

Very similar to, and sometimes mistaken for, Epacris serpyllifolia, Archeria comberi has a number of key characteristics that enable its identification, especially the distinct pink, tubular flowers, with pink and yellow stigma and stamen, and fused sepals. These flowers are situated on a short stalk close to the end of each flowering branch. When not in flower, this species is characterised by: woody branches and branchlets with scattered hairs, rounded woody capsules with a star like opening during dispersal, small(~ 3–4 mm), waxy, round with a pointed tip, green and often red leaves arranged in whorls around the stem. With usually 3 faint almost parallel veins, each leaf generally has a light green abaxial surface, predominantly green, sometimes red adaxial surface and a red edge. This red colouration is a common characteristic of subalpine and alpine species caused by an increase of anthocyanin to absorb ultraviolet light and converting UV into heat energy, warming the plant earlier in the growing season.

## Environment

Endemic to Tasmania and found predominantly in Western Tasmania and the Central Plateau, this species is found in seven municipalities across Tasmania: Central Highlands, Derwent Valley, Huon Valley, Kentish, Meander Valley, and the West Coast. Although preferring a somewhat sheltered position Archeria comberi is a primarily alpine species and is subject to dramatically different weather conditions, including hot dry summers and cold, often snowy winter. Hence displays a tolerance to shade, wind, moist soils and frost. Favouring fertile loam soils that are low in phosphorus, and well drained the species is common is environments such as subalpine woodlands, montane vegetation, subalpine sedgelands, and subalpine wetlands, one example of this is the tarns situated in Mt Field National Park, Tasmania, Australia.
# Turban lily

Turban lily is a common name for several plant species and may refer to:
* Lilium martagon , native to Europe and Asia
* Lilium pomponium, native to France, Spain, and Italy
# Brożyna

Brożyna is a Polish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Tomasz Brożyna (born 1970), Polish cyclist
* Piotr Brożyna (born 1995), Polish cyclist, son of Tomasz
# Brookea

Brookea is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Plantaginaceae.
Its native range is Borneo to Sulawesi.
Species:
* Brookea albicans Stapf
* Brookea auriculata T.Yamaz.
* Brookea celebica Adema
* Brookea dasyantha Benth.
* Brookea linduensis Adema
* Brookea tomentosa Benth.
# Arnold Township, Ontario

Arnold Township is an unincorporated geographic township in the Unorganized East part of Timiskaming District in Northeastern Ontario, Canada.
Misema Lake, on the Misema River, is partly in the township. The northern border of the township is the border with Cochrane District.
# Tuncurry (1909)

The Tuncurry II was a wooden carvel screw steamer built in 1909 at Tuncurry, Australia.
The ship was designed to enable navigation of the shallow bars when entering estuaries. Also for general cargo and the accommodation for 21 saloon class passengers. In the 1930s, the ship was used as a collier.
In 1921 at Tuncurry, the ship was lengthened by almost twenty feet by Ernest Wright, son of John Wright.
The Tuncurry II was used by the Royal Australian Navy to transport cargo. A Vickers machine gun was fitted at Garden Island. The ship was purchased by the Commonwealth for the navy in 1944 and sold in 1946.
A vessel with a similar name operated at much the same time, and so the Tuncurry (1903) ex Tokelau should not be confused with the Tuncurry (1909).
# Trusted by Millions

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Trusted by Millions is the seventh album by Canadian rock band 54-40, released in 1996. Certified Platinum in Canada, it sold over 130,000 copies by the end of 1997.

## Track listing

All tracks written by Neil Osborne, Brad Merritt, Phil Comparelli and Matt Johnson.
# Arctostaphylos montereyensis

Arctostaphylos montereyensis is a species of manzanita known by the common names Monterey manzanita and Toro manzanita. It is endemic to Monterey County, California, where it is known from only a few occurrences around Fort Ord and Toro County Park near Salinas. It is a plant of maritime chaparral on sandy soils.

## Description

This is a shrub reaching a maximum height between one and two meters, with bristly, glandular twigs. The dark green leaves are rough, bristly, and smooth-edged, sometimes with a waxy texture. They are 2 to 3 centimeters long and round to oval in shape. The inflorescence is a dense cluster of urn-shaped flowers, and the fruit is a bristly, glandular drupe about a centimeter wide.
# Bruce Billings

Bruce Billings may refer to:
* Bruce Billings (baseball) (born 1985), American baseball player
* Bruce Billings (cartoonist), American cartoonist
* Bruce H. Billings (1915–1992), American physicist
# Tropomodulin 2

Tropomodulin 2 (neuronal) also known as TMOD2 is a protein which in humans is encoded by the TMOD2 gene.

## Function

This gene encodes a neuronal-specific member of the tropomodulin family of actin-regulatory proteins. The encoded protein caps the pointed end of actin filaments preventing both elongation and depolymerization. The capping activity of this protein is dependent on its association with tropomyosin. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.
# Bruce Billings (cartoonist)

Bruce Billings is an openly gay cartoonist, creator of the LGBT-themed comic strip Castro, which ran in the 1970s and 1980s in San Francisco gay newspapers such as The Voice. Castro nominally starred a dog (based on Billings') who lived in the Castro Street neighborhood of San Francisco with his owner (based on Billings himself), and the strip affectionately lampooned the gay male culture of the city. The strips were reprinted in Gay Comix, Meatmen, and Strip AIDS USA. In 1989, Billings and cartoonist Kurt Erichsen co-produced a flip book – a single bound volume with both covers formatted as the "front" – as Between the Sheets! (Billings' cover) and Under the Covers (Erichsen's). Billings retired to southern Oregon.
# Arria (disambiguation)

Arria was a 1st-century Roman woman who committed suicide.
Arria may also refer to:
* Arria (mantis), a genus of insects in the family Haaniidae
* Arria gens, an ancient Roman family
** Arria the Younger, daughter of Arria
* Arria (philosopher), Platonist of the 2nd century
* Arria Galla, a somewhat common misspelling or misprinting of Atria Galla
* Arria NLG, a UK-based artificial intelligence company
* Diego Arria (born 1938), Venezuelan diplomat and politician
* Arria, a family of field-programmable gate arrays from Altera (now Intel)
# Paul Cain

Paul Cain may refer to:
* Paul Cain (minister) (1929–2019), Pentecostal Christian minister
* Paul Cain (pen name) (1902–1966), American author of pulp fiction
# Arthur R. Slipp

Arthur Reid Slipp (September 10, 1869 – February 6, 1958) was a Canadian politician. He served in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as a member from Queens County.
# Arpad

Arpad or Árpád may refer to:

## People

* Árpád (given name), a Hungarian men's name
* Árpád (c. 845–907), first ruler of Hungary

## Places

* Arpad, Syria, an ancient city in present-day Syria near Tell Rifaat
* Árpád, the Hungarian name for Arpăşel village, Batăr Commune, Bihor County, Romania

## Other

* Árpád Bridge, a bridge in Budapest, Hungary, named after the above person
* Árpád dynasty, the ruling dynasty in Hungary
* Arpad, the Gypsy, a Hungarian-French-German television film series
* SMS Árpád, the name of an Austro-Hungarian battleship
# Artenacian culture

Artenacian culture, named after the archaeological site of Artenac in Charente, appeared in the Late Chalcolithic, c. 2400 BC, apparently as reaction to migrations of Danubian peoples into Western France.
Because it is characterized by its abundant arrow points, it is considered a culture of bowmen. It participated fully in the megalithic culture of the Chalcolithic period.
In successive centuries it became dominant throughout western France, establishing a stable ethno-cultural border with the Danubian culture near the Rhine that remained stable for a whole millennium.
The Artenacian peoples are believed to be the ancestors of the historical Aquitani.

## Gallery

* Remains of a large building at Challignac
* Challignac settlement, central enclosure
# Arthur Beatrice

Arthur Beatrice were an English indie rock band, formed in 2010. Its members were Orlando Leopard (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, organ), Ella Girardot (lead vocals, keyboards, organ) and brothers Elliot (drums, backing vocals) and Hamish Barnes (bass, backing vocals). They were The Guardian 'New Band of the Day – No. 1132 on Friday 21 October 2011. The group has been inactive since 2016.
Arthur Beatrice deliberately avoided music press attention early in their career. The group launched their first single through word of mouth and social media (for example third party blogging) rather than through more public strategies.

## Musical style

Several critics compared them to The xx, The Sundays and The Turtles, however their style was difficult to define.

## Discography
### Albums

* 2014: Working Out
* 2016: Keeping The Peace

### EPs

* 2013: Carter

### Singles

* 2012: "Midland"
* 2014: "More Scrapes" (Peak in FRANCE: #105)
* 2015: "Who Returned"
* 2016: "Real Life"
# Patu marplesi

Patu marplesi is a species of small spiders, endemic to Samoa. It is considered the smallest spider in the world, as male legspan is 0.46 mm (0.018 in).
It also has the largest sex organs to body size ration of any spider species, the size of its sex organs tend to be a hindrance to mating rather than an advantage.
# Tugatog

Tugatog is a barangay of Malabon in Metro Manila in the Philippines.
# Tullaberga Island

Tullaberga Island is a small, uninhabited island off the coast of Victoria, Australia, near the town of Mallacoota. It is about 4 hectares (or 10 acres) in size. It is located west of Gabo Island and 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) east of the entrance to Mallacoota Inlet.
On 15 May 1853, the SS Monumental City, on a run from Sydney to Melbourne, ran aground off Tullaberga Island and became a total wreck.
# Tulla exonoma

Tulla is a monotypic moth genus of the family Crambidae described by Elwood Zimmerman in 1958. Its only species, Tulla exonoma, described by Edward Meyrick in 1899, is endemic to the Hawaiian island of Oahu.
# List of Lepidoptera of Wallis and Futuna

This is a list of the butterflies and moths of Wallis and Futuna, a French overseas collectivity in the South Pacific.

## Butterflies
### Lycaenidae
#### Polyommatinae

* Euchrysops cnejus samoa (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1869)
* Euploea boisduvalii boisduvalii Lucas, 1853
* Euploea lewinii eschscholtzii (C & R Felder, 1865)

### Nymphalidae
#### Nymphalinae

* Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Junonia villida villida (Fabricius, 1787)

## Moths
### Agonoxenidae

* Agonoxena argaula Meyrick, 1921

### Crambidae

* Lamprosema octasema Meyrick, 1886
* Nacoleia octasema (Meyrick, 1886)
* Spoladea recurvalis (Fabricius, 1775)

### Erebidae

* Achaea janata (Linnaeus, 1758)

### Gelechiidae

* Scrobipalpa heliopa Lower, 1900

### Noctuidae

* Eudocima phalonia (Linnaeus, 1763)
* Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, [1809])
* Spodoptera litura (Fabricius, 1775)

### Tortricidae

* Cryptophlebia pallifimbriana Bradley, 1953

### Sphingidae

* Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus, 1758)
# Troy station

Troy station could refer to:
* Troy Transit Center, a train and bus station in Troy, Michigan
* Union Station (Troy, New York), a former train station in Troy, New York
* Troy station (Virginia), a former station in Troy, Virginia
# List of Orthodox Jewish communities in the United Kingdom

These geographical communities in the United Kingdom contain significant Orthodox Jewish populations.

## In Greater London

* Borehamwood
* Barnet
* Edgware
* Gants Hill
* Golders Green
* Hendon
* Mill Hill
* St John's Wood
* South Tottenham
* Stamford Hill
* Woodside Park
* Canvey Island
* Westcliffe

## In Greater Manchester

* Broughton
* Sedgley Park

## Elsewhere

* Edgbaston, Birmingham
* Gateshead, Tyne and Wear
* alwoodley, leeds
# Truls Johannessen Wiel Graff

Truls Johannessen Wiel Graff (16 April 1851 – 1918) was a Norwegian county governor.
He was the youngest living son of captain Christian Fredrik Graff (1818–1893) and Cathrine Magdalene Bull Wiel. In 1882 he married Benta Tomine Marie Cathrine Baastad. Their son Ragnvald Graff became a major and barrister.
In 1890 he was the acting County Governor of Hedmark, and from 1896 to 1906 he served as the County Governor of Finnmark.
# Artificial facet replacement

An artificial facet replacement is a joint prosthesis intended to replace the natural facets and other posterior elements of the spine, restoring normal (or near-normal) motion while providing stabilization of spinal segments. It is typically used as an adjunct to laminectomy, laminotomy, neural decompression, and facetectomy, in lieu of standard lumbar fusion. The prosthesis is indicated for back and leg pain caused by central or lateral spinal stenosis, degenerative disease of the facets with instability, and grade 1 degenerative spondylolisthesis with objective evidence of neurological impairment.

## History

Patents related to facet replacement have been around since the 1980s; more intense research into artificial facet replacement as an effective and marketable prosthesis has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. Prominent researched options include:
* ACADIA: a facet replacement implant "designed to reproduce facet motion while restoring normal stability and motion," first tested in 2006; also known as the Anatomic Facet Replacement System (AFRS); clinical trials still ongoing as of September 2015
* TOPS: a total posterior arthroplasty system first tested in January, 2005; clinical trials completed in 2011
* TFAS: the Total Facet Anthroplasty System, a nonfusion spinal implant originally developed by Archus Orthopedics in 2005; clinical trial status unknown since February 2009, when the company was dissolved but then acquired by Facet Solutions, then Globus medical; status unknown

## Current status and efficacy

In 2011, in a retrospective and future analysis of the technology in the International Journal of Spine Surgery, Serhan et al. opined that artificial facet replacement still had much to prove:
   In the future, facet replacement devices will require a substantial amount of validation testing and numerous clinical studies before they can be considered a viable treatment option for the treatment of spinal disorders. To date, most pathophysiologic research and thus surgical treatments have been focused on the disc as a pain generator. A more comprehensive focus on re-establishing the structure and function of the human functional spinal unit may include facet replacement. A better understanding of facet function and facet-mediated pain, possibly through classification of facet degeneration, may be needed to support the use of such devices.
More recently, an August 2014 critique in the journal Neurosurgery has suggested that research aside, at least in the United States the regulatory process has led to "time lag inherent in the design, development and implementation of new technologies" such as artificial facet replacement, noting that both ACADIA and TOPS were still not FDA-approved within the U.S.
In the short-term, study literature has provided "insufficient support" for the prosthesis, with pessimal results for the procedure.$^{:168}$ However, more long-term results (such as those from the seven-year follow-up on TOPS implants) have been encouraging, albeit limited by patient sample size.
# Arlette Jouanna

Arlette Jouanna (born Arlette Galinat, 1936 – died 29 January 2022) was a French historian and academic. She was professor emerita at l’Université Paul-Valéry (Montpellier III). She was a member of the Centre de recherches interdisciplinaires en sciences humaines et sociales (CRISES). She specialised in the political and social history of sixteenth-century France, especially the history of the nobility and the French Wars of Religion.

## Biography

Jouanna was a pupil at the École normale supérieure de jeunes filles (Sèvres). She then completed a History degree in 1968 at the Sorbonne (Paris IV) where she was taught by Roland Mousnier. She was awarded her PhD in 1975 for a thesis entitled 'L'idée de race en France au XVIe siècle et au début du XVIIe'. For her entire career she taught at l'Université Paul Valéry (Montpellier III).

## Awards, honours, prizes

* In 2008 she won the Prix François Guizot for her book La Saint-Barthélemy. Les mystères d'un crime d'Etat (The St Bartholomew's Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State) (Paris, Gallimard, 2007), awarded by the Conseil général du Calvados.
* In 2013 she was awarded the Prix Chateaubriand for her book Le Pouvoir absolu : naissance de l'imaginaire politique de la royauté (Absolute Power: the Birth of the Royal Political Imaginary).
* In 2014 she was awarded the J. Russell Major Prize, an annual prize given to a historian by the American Historical Association, for her translated book The St Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State. The prize is awarded annually for the best work in English on any aspect of French history.
* In 2018 the Prix littéraire Montaigne de Bordeaux awarded her a Special Prize for her biography of Michel de Montaigne, Montaigne (Paris, Éditions Gallimard, 2017).

## Selected publications

* Le devoir de révolte. La noblesse française et la gestation de l'État moderne: 1559–1661. Fayard, 1989
* La Saint-Barthélemy. Les mystères d'un crime d'Etat. Gallimard, 2007
* Le pouvoir absolu : naissance de l'imaginaire politique de la royauté. Gallimard, 2013
* Bartholomew’s Day Massacre: The Mysteries of a Crime of State (trans. Joseph Bergin). Manchester University Press, 2013
* Montaigne. Gallimard, 2017