OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Ole Didrik Lærum

Ole Didrik Lærum (23 April 1940 – 24 January 2023) was a Norwegian professor of medicine.

## Early life and education

Ole Didrik Lærum was born in Bærum on 23 April 1940, son of physician Birger Lærum, Jr. (1906–1991) and weaver Goro Lynne (1909–2003). He grew up in Vossevangen, and finished his secondary education there in 1959. He has been married twice.
Lærum graduated from the University of Oslo in 1965 with the cand.med. degree, having also spent some studying time at the Pasteur Institute. He was then a research fellow at Rikshospitalet and took the dr.med. degree in 1969.

## Career

He was appointed a docent at the University of Bergen in 1974, and was promoted to professor in 1980.
His fields are oncology and experimental pathology.
He was the prorector of the University of Bergen from 1984 to 1989 and rector from 1990 to 1995.

## Other activities and recognition

Lærum also chaired the Research Council of Norway from 1992 to 1994. He was a member of Royal Norwegian Society of Sciences and Letters since 1981, the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters since 1991 and Academia Europaea since 2001. He has been given honorary degrees at the University of Copenhagen and the Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy. He was decorated as a Grand Knight of the Order of the Falcon in 1994 and Commander of the Order of St. Olav in 1996.
In 1978 he won the Anders Jahre Prize for Young Scientists.

## Death

Lærum died on 24 January 2023, at the age of 82.
# Epicauta torsa

Epicauta torsa is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in North America.
# Type 01 LMAT

The Type 01 LMAT (01式軽対戦車誘導弾, 01-shiki kei-tai-sensha yūdō-dan) is a Japanese man-portable fire-and-forget anti-tank missile. Development began in 1993 at Kawasaki Heavy Industries and was accepted into service in 2001. During development, the missile was designated with the codename XATM-5. Later it was known briefly as the: ATM-5.
In the 1st Airborne Brigade, it is used as its main anti-armor weapon.

## History

As a replacement was needed for the Sumitomo FT-84 recoilless rifle in front-line service with the Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces, plans to replace it with an Infrared homing anti-tank missile was commissioned by the Defense Agency's Technical Research and Development Institute. In 1993, Kawasaki Heavy Industries was selected to create the said anti-tank missile system. In trials conducted by the JGSDF, the system was known as the XATM-5. The system was created in the same year with live testing in 1996.
Requirements for the system included portability, usage by a single soldier and design-to-cost technology.
In 2001, after 11 years, it was finally placed into service with the Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces as the Type 01 LMAT which translates from Japanese to Type 01 light anti-tank guided missile. A report filed by the Ministry of Defense in 2005 called for acquisition of an unknown number of 01 LMAT missile systems among various military items purchased from Kawasaki Heavy Industries for 129,700,000,000 Yen.

### Design

This weapon employs a sophisticated Command Launch Unit (CLU) that is re-loaded for multiple firings. It is not of the disposable (one-shot) type.
The LMAT's missile warhead is tandem HEAT, its two-stage warhead making it effective against ERA protected vehicles.

## Application

The Type 01 LMAT, while used for infantry in anti-tank roles, can be mounted on the Komatsu LAV for a mobile anti-tank platform.

## Operators

* Japan: 1073 Sets (2010)

## Similar weapons

* AT-1K Raybolt – (South Korea)
* FGM-148 Javelin – (United States)
* HJ-12 – (China)
* Akeron MP – (France)
* MPATGM – (India)
* OMTAS – (Turkey)
* Spike-MR/LR – (Israel)
# International Measurement System

The International Measurement System (IMS) is a system of handicapping sailboats for the purpose of racing that replaced the earlier International Offshore Rule (IOR) system in the early 1990s. It is managed by the Offshore Racing Congress (ORC). In the sailing world it is usually referred to simply as 'IMS'.

## Synopsis

IMS was the first yacht racing rule developed around the central idea of a Velocity prediction program (VPP). The VPP was a complex computer program that integrated continuous hullform information in order to predict a given boat's speed potential in a given wind velocity. Details on the VPP were openly available to the yachting community, in contrast to the earlier IOR system. Designers and boat owners much preferred this as they were able to design new yachts to maximise performance under the rule with a degree of certainty they had not enjoyed under the IOR rule. IMS is generally believed to have made significant leaps of progress forward from the IOR rule it displaced in terms of fairness and accuracy.
IMS racing declined seriously in the early 2000s. A raft of new technology developments in yacht design led to a situation where the very largest and most expensive yachts were able to gain a significant technology advantage which the rule was less able to account for. Smaller yacht owners began to feel unfairly disadvantaged under the rule and between 2003 and 2007 much handicap racing around the world changed to using the newer IRC rule.
However, an improved, revised version of IMS was developed over the years 2006-2008, and known as the Offshore Racing Congress (ORC) rule. As of 2008 some major sailing clubs around the world considered replacing IRC with ORC in their club activities, heralding a return to the IMS system in a more modern form.
# Deportes Concepción (Honduras)

Deportes Concepción is a Honduran football club based on San Marcos, Honduras.

## History

The club was relegated to Liga Mayor de Honduras at the end of the 2006–07 season. Back in the second division, they were removed from the competition after failing to show up for two games in the 2009 Apertura.
# Baikal bush warbler

The Baikal bush warbler (Locustella davidi), also known as Baikal grasshopper-warbler or David's bush warbler, is a migratory species of Old World warbler in the family Locustellidae.
It breeds from the southern part of the Russian Far East (including the Lake Baikal region) to northeast China (southern Heilongjiang south to southern Hebei) and North Korea. It winters from southern China south to northern Thailand.
Its breeding habitat is taiga forests, especially in clearings or at streams.
# Hugh McKenzie (VC)

Hugh McDonald McKenzie VC DCM (5 December 1885 – 30 October 1917) was a Canadian soldier who served during World War I. McKenzie was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. McKenzie received the award posthumously for his actions during an attack that took place during the Second Battle of Passchendaele in October 1917.

## Early life

McKenzie was born in Liverpool, in the United Kingdom, on 5 December 1885. Shortly after his birth the family moved to Inverness, in Scotland. After his father died, the family moved to Dundee and McKenzie later found work with the Caledonian Railway Company. He emigrated to Canada in 1911, living with his wife, Marjorie, in North Bay, Ontario.

## Military service

In August 1914, shortly after the outbreak of the First World War, McKenzie volunteered for the Canadian Expeditionary Force and enlisted in Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry. On enlistment, his attestation papers state that he had been previously employed as a teamster and had previous military experience. Serving initially as a private, McKenzie was promoted steadily through the ranks, reaching sergeant in September 1916 and becoming a company sergeant-major in early 1917. As a corporal, in early 1916, he had received the Distinguished Conduct Medal for actions while in command of a machine-gun section. In January 1917, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant and was transferred to the Canadian Machine Gun Corps, attached to the 7th Brigade Machine Gun Company.
He was 31 years old, and a lieutenant when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:
    On 30 October 1917 at the Meetscheele Spur, near Passchendaele, Belgium, Lieutenant McKenzie was "in charge of a section of four machine guns accompanying the infantry in an attack. Seeing that all the officers and most of the NCOs of an infantry company had become casualties and that the men were hesitating before a nest of enemy machine-guns, he handed over his command to an NCO, rallied the infantry, organised an attack and captured the strong-point". As machine-gun fire from a pill-box nearby inflicted further casualties on the advancing Canadians, McKenzie conducted a brief reconnaissance of the position and after placing down troops in fire support positions, he led a frontal attack on the position. The pill-box was subsequently captured but McKenzie was killed in the effort.
Hugh McKenzie also received the French Croix de Guerre for his actions. He has no known grave and is commemorated on the Menin Gate war memorial in Ypres, Belgium.
When the award of his Victoria Cross was announced in the London Gazette on 12 February 1918, his surname was misspelled as "Mackenzie." He is also commemorated by a plaque at the Rosebank Primary School, in Dundee, Scotland, which he attended as a child.

## The medal

His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Museum of the Regiments in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
# Peter Martin (professor)

Peter Martin (born 1940) is an English literature scholar, biographer, and an 18th century garden historian. He was educated and has taught in the United States. He lives in England and Spain.

## Biography

Martin has been a professor at Miami University; the College of William & Mary; New England College in Arundale, West Sussex, England; and in the English department of Principia College (1993–2002). For several years, he was a garden historian for the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation.
He has written several books on historical and biographical topics, including Samuel Johnson: A Biography, A Life of James Boswell, and about Edmond Malone. His has written about gardens and gardening in Williamsburg and Colonial Virginia, including British and American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century, The Gardening World of Alexander Pope and Pursuing Innocent Pleasures. He also created 'the dictionary wars' in American lexicography and A Dog Called Perth about the 21-year relationship with his dog.
Martin was born and lived in Argentina until the age of ten. He is a 1962 graduate of the Principia College in Elsah, Illinois. He has lived in a village in Sussex, England and El Campello, Spain.

## Published works

* Martin, Peter, ed. (1984). British and American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century: Eighteen Illustrated Essays. University of Virginia Press. ISBN 978-0-87935-105-2.
* Martin, Peter (1984). Pursuing Innocent Pleasures: The Gardening World of Alexander Pope. Archon Books. ISBN 978-0-208-02011-6.
* Martin, Peter (1991). The Pleasure Gardens of Virginia: From Jamestown to Jefferson. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-8139-2053-5.
* Martin, Peter (1995). Edmond Malone, Shakespearean Scholar: A Literary Biography. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-61982-0.
* Martin, Peter (1999). A Life of James Boswell. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-81809-0.
* Martin, Peter (2001). A Dog Called Perth: The True Story of a Beagle. Orion Books. ISBN 978-1-55970-652-0.
* Martin, Peter, ed. (2003). The Essential Boswell: Selections from the Writings of James Boswell. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-60718-2.
* Martin, Peter (2008). Samuel Johnson: A Biography. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-60719-9.
* Martin, Peter (2009). Samuel Johnson: Selected Writings. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-03585-0.
* Martin, Peter (2019). The Dictionary Wars: The American Fight over the English Language. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-18891-1.
# UTS Australian Football Club

The University of Technology Australian Football Club (mostly known as the UTS Australian Football Club), nicknamed as The Bats, is an Australian rules football club based in the eastern suburbs of Sydney. It competes in various Sydney AFL competitions, fielding 5 senior men's sides in the Premier Division, Premier Division Reserves, Division One, Division Three and Under 19s Division One competitions, and 3 senior women's sides in the Premier Division, Division One and Division Three competitions.
The club plays its home games at Trumper Park Oval in Paddington, New South Wales and at Waverley Oval in Bondi, New South Wales. It trains at Trumper Park Oval in Paddington and Bat and Ball Oval in Moore Park, New South Wales. The club is affiliated with the University of Technology, Sydney.

## History

The club was founded in 2000 by Marty Lynch, a University of Technology, Sydney student at the time, adopting the "Bats" nickname as a result of an initial sponsorship from Bacardi Rum. The club was founded after competing in the 1998 and 1999 Australian University Games.

## Club colours

The club follows the colours of the University of Technology, Sydney, which are teal and black; however, this is also referenced as green and black.

## Home grounds

2000 - Current Trumper Park Oval, Paddington 2012 - Current Waverely Oval, Bondi, New South Wales

## Premierships

2000 - Sydney AFL Division Two Premiers 2002 - Sydney AFL Division Two Premiers 2004 - Sydney AFL Division One Reserves 2006 - Sydney AFL Division One Seniors, Division One Reserves 2007 - Sydney AFL First Division Reserves 2008 - Sydney AFL First Division Senior, First Division Reserves 2009 - Sydney AFL First Division 2010 - Sydney AFL First Division 2014 - Sydney AFL Fourth Division 2015 - Sydney AFL Fifth Division 2016 - Sydney AFL First Division, Fourth Division, Women's First Division 2023 - Sydney AFL Men's Division 3

## Intervarsity

The club also participates in inter-varsity football at both the state and national level. The club has competed at every Australian University Games since 1998.
# Alid Volcano

The Alid Volcano is a stratovolcano located in the Northern Red Sea region of Eritrea in the Danakil Depression. The peak elevation from its base is 904 metres (2,966 ft). The volcano's most recent activity was identified in 1928, when it emitted smoke. It is a large volcano located in the northern east coast.
# Epicauta tenuis

Epicauta tenuis is a species of blister beetle in the family Meloidae. It is found in North America.
# Pictou, Colorado

Pictou is an unincorporated community in Huerfano County, Colorado, United States.

## History

A post office called Pictou was established in 1889, and remained in operation until 1932. The community was named after Pictou, Canada, the native home of a mining official Thomas Lowther.
# List of butterflies of Mali

This is a list of butterflies of Mali. About 59 species are known from Mali, none of which are endemic.

## Papilionidae
### Papilioninae
#### Papilionini

* Papilio demodocus Esper, [1798]
* Papilio horribilis Butler, 1874

#### Leptocercini

* Graphium policenes (Cramer, 1775)
* Graphium angolanus baronis (Ungemach, 1932)
* Graphium leonidas (Fabricius, 1793)
* Graphium adamastor (Boisduval, 1836)

## Pieridae
### Coliadinae

* Eurema brigitta (Stoll, [1780])
* Eurema hecabe solifera (Butler, 1875)
* Catopsilia florella (Fabricius, 1775)

### Pierinae

* Colotis amata calais (Cramer, 1775)
* Colotis antevippe (Boisduval, 1836)
* Colotis aurora evarne (Klug, 1829)
* Colotis chrysonome (Klug, 1829)
* Colotis danae eupompe (Klug, 1829)
* Colotis evagore antigone (Boisduval, 1836)
* Colotis halimede (Klug, 1829)
* Colotis phisadia (Godart, 1819)
* Colotis vesta amelia (Lucas, 1852)
* Colotis eris (Klug, 1829)
* Pinacopterix eriphia tritogenia (Klug, 1829)

#### Pierini

* Mylothris chloris (Fabricius, 1775)
* Belenois aurota (Fabricius, 1793)

## Lycaenidae
### Aphnaeinae

* Cigaritis buchanani (Rothschild, 1921)
* Cigaritis nilus (Hewitson, 1865)
* Axiocerses harpax harpax (Fabricius, 1775)
* Axiocerses harpax kadugli Talbot, 1935
* Axiocerses amanga borealis Aurivillius, 1905

### Theclinae

* Hypolycaena philippus (Fabricius, 1793)
* Deudorix antalus (Hopffer, 1855)

### Polyommatinae
#### Lycaenesthini

* Anthene lunulata (Trimen, 1894)

#### Polyommatini

* Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767)
* Tuxentius cretosus nodieri (Oberthür, 1883)
* Tarucus theophrastus (Fabricius, 1793)
* Zizeeria knysna (Trimen, 1862)
* Euchrysops malathana (Boisduval, 1833)
* Euchrysops sahelianus Libert, 2001
* Lepidochrysops polydialecta (Bethune-Baker, [1923])

## Nymphalidae
### Danainae
#### Danaini

* Danaus chrysippus alcippus (Cramer, 1777)

### Satyrinae
#### Melanitini

* Melanitis leda (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Melanitis libya Distant, 1882

#### Satyrini

* Bicyclus milyas (Hewitson, 1864)
* Bicyclus pavonis (Butler, 1876)
* Bicyclus vulgaris (Butler, 1868)
* Ypthima condamini nigeriae Kielland, 1982

### Charaxinae
#### Charaxini

* Charaxes jasius Poulton, 1926
* Charaxes epijasius Reiche, 1850

### Nymphalinae
#### Nymphalini

* Junonia chorimene (Guérin-Méneville, 1844)
* Junonia hierta cebrene Trimen, 1870
* Junonia oenone (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Junonia orithya madagascariensis Guenée, 1865
* Hypolimnas misippus (Linnaeus, 1764)

### Limenitinae
#### Adoliadini

* Hamanumida daedalus (Fabricius, 1775)

### Heliconiinae
#### Acraeini

* Acraea neobule Doubleday, 1847
* Acraea caecilia (Fabricius, 1781)
* Acraea serena (Fabricius, 1775)

## Hesperiidae
### Coeliadinae

* Coeliades aeschylus (Plötz, 1884)
* Coeliades forestan (Stoll, [1782])

### Pyrginae
#### Celaenorrhinini

* Sarangesa laelius (Mabille, 1877)

#### Carcharodini

* Spialia spio (Linnaeus, 1764)

### Hesperiinae
#### Baorini

* Gegenes hottentota (Latreille, 1824)
# Dionne Edwards

Dionne Edwards is a British filmmaker and screenwriter, of mixed Jamaican and Nigerian heritage, best known for her short film We Love Moses.

## Early life

Whilst growing up Edwards spent time in the foster care system. Edwards studied film and TV production at the University of Westminster, following which she spent a year working at Working Title Films as a Working Title Action! Intern. Missing out on a place at the National Film and Television School she went on to work for the Rio Cinema in Dalston, East London, whilst continuing to work on her own films.

## Career

In 2011 Edwards co-founded production company Teng Teng Films alongside producer Georgia Goggin. It has produced four of her short films, including her breakthrough short film We Love Moses. Hi, Miss! (2014) is a short film written and directed by Edwards, which explores the relationship between two quarrelling teenage photography students. It won the Audience Award at the East End Film Festival in 2015. We Love Moses (2016) is a short film written and directed by Edwards, which explores a 12-year-old's secret crush on her brother's best friend, both of whose lives are dramatically changed in a single moment in a shocking plot twist. The film explores girlhood, relationships and sexuality. Edwards was mentored on the project by Desiree Akhavan as part of the BFI Flare LGBT Filmmakers’ Mentorship scheme and was pre-funded by Film London, as part of London Calling Plus. Screened at more than 50 festivals, it picked up nine awards including Best British Short Winner at the 2017 Iris Prize and Short Film of the Year at the Critics’ Circle Film Awards. It was licensed for broadcast by Cine+, Canal+ and HBO.
In 2018 she directed That Girl, part of drama anthology On the Edge, a Channel 4 mini-series that explored the criminal justice system from the perspective of a criminal, a witness and the victim. In 2019 she was an assistant director to Reinaldo Marcus Green on the Drake revival of the Channel 4 series Top Boy, she went on to direct two episodes of the BBC's Soon Gone: A Windrush Chronicle, which explored the experience of a family of Caribbean origin over four generations. In 2019 she was named a Screen International Star of Tomorrow. In 2020 she was an Sundance Adobe Fellow. She co-wrote an episode of Netflix's The Bastard Son & The Devil Himself with creator Joe Barton.

## Filmography
### Films

* Pretty Red Dress (2023)

### Short films

* We Love Moses (2016)
* Hi, Miss! (2014)
* Got Got (2013)

### TV

* That Girl (2018)
* Soon Gone: A Windrush Chronicle (2019)
* The Bastard Son & The Devil Himself (2022)
# Baikal yellowfin

The Baikal yellowfin (Cottocomephorus grewingkii), also known as the yellow-finned sculpin or yellow-wing sculpin, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Cottidae, the typical sculpins. This species is endemic to Lake Baikal and its tributaries in Siberia, Russia. It is most common in the southern part of the lake and lives from near the shore to a depth of 300 m (980 ft).

## Appearance

It can reach up to 19 cm (7.5 in) in total length, but most are 10–14 cm (3.9–5.5 in). They have relatively large pectoral fins, which are yellow in males. During the breeding season, the male's head becomes black when encountering other males.

## Behavior

The Baikal yellowfin feeds on copepods (notably Epischura baikalensis), amphipods, insect larvae and fish larvae. There are three separate breeding periods: March, May and August. There are some differences in the breeding behavior and site depending on when the fish breeds. Breeding occurs at a depth of 0.2 to 20 m (0.7–65.6 ft) in a crevice under a rock, which measures from 15 cm × 20 cm (6 in × 8 in) to 30 cm × 40 cm (12 in × 16 in). The distance between the rock's flat underside and the bottom is preferably 2.5–4 cm (1.0–1.6 in). The female lays 389 to 3136 eggs on the underside of the rock (upperside of the crevice), which are guarded by the male and if he disappears, the eggs usually perish. The eggs hatch after 15–20 days at a water temperature of 10–11 °C (50–52 °F), and 20–24 days at 5–8 °C (41–46 °F). After hatching, the fish larvae initially survive off their yolk sac and then start feeding on copepods. The Baikal yellowfin can reach an age of up to six years and reach sexual maturity when two or three.

## Status and threats

Young Baikal yellowfins are important food for other fish such as the omul. Until the 1950s and 60s, the Baikal yellowfin was fished in large numbers, but it declined and is not commercially fished anymore. A prime reason for the decline was the Irkutsk Hydroelectric Power Station, which caused siltation of the breeding grounds. Another threat are algal mats (Spirogyra and Ulothrix), which during blooms may cover their breeding grounds.
# Hugh McLaren (rugby union)

Hugh Campbell McLaren (8 June 1926 – 9 May 1992) was a New Zealand rugby union international player, who played in one test match in 1952.