OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carex lessoniana

Carex lessoniana, also commonly known as rautahi or cutty grass, is a tussock-forming species of perennial sedge in the family Cyperaceae. It is native to parts of New Zealand.

## Description

The robust bright green to dark green sedge has a rhizome and typically grows to a height of 0.5 to 1.5 m (1 ft 8 in to 4 ft 11 in). It hs culms with a triangular cross-section and a diameter to 1.5 to 5 mm (0.059 to 0.197 in) with a rough texture on the edges. The dull brown or red-brown basal sheaths have margins that deteriorate to fibres that are wrapped around the culm. It has many leaves, usually many more than the culms. The leaves are double folded and have a width of 3.5 to 8 mm (0.14 to 0.31 in) and have a rought texture alon the edges. It flowers between October and December and fruits between December and April. The brown coloured biconvex to obovoid shaped nut that it produces is about 1.5 mm (0.059 in) in length and is found in the lower half of the utricle.

## Taxonomy

The species was described in 1840 by the botanist Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel as a part of the work Nomenclator botanicus. It has one synonym; Carex polystachya. C. lessoniana is closely allied with Carex coriacea, Carex germinata and Carex terneria. The specific epithet honours the French botanist and surgeon René Primevère Lesson.

## Distribution

The plant is usually situated in lowland and coastal areas often located in areas of wet alluvial forests or along the edge of peat swamps. It is endemic to New Zealand and is found on both the North Island and the South Island. It is more common on the North Island where is much more wise spread. In the South Island it is mostly found in the northern half and much less common in the southern portion.
# Diplommatina circumstomata

Diplommatina circumstomata is a species of land snail with an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusc in the family Diplommatinidae.
This species is endemic to Japan.
# Carinocranium

Carinocranium cariniferum is a species of asaphid trilobites of the family Raphiophoridae that lived during the Early Tremadocian of Alberta, Canada. It is known only from a cranidium with a large, keel-shaped glabellum.

## Etymology

The generic and specific epithets both refer to the massive, keel-shaped glabellum, thus the use of the Latin prefix "carina", so that the generic epithet translates as "keel-cranium," and the specific epithet translating as "keel bearing."

## Occurrence

The only known specimen, specimen GSC 62139, is found in the Early Tremadocian-aged GSC Locality 92293, 168.5 meters above the Outram Formation, Alberta, Canada.
# Inkinga

Inkinga is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Horaiclavidae.
It was previously included within the subfamily Crassispirinae, family Turridae.

## Species

Species within the genus Inkinga include:
* Inkinga carnosa Kilburn, 2005
* Inkinga cockae (Kilburn, 1977)
* Inkinga platystoma (E. A. Smith, 1877)

### Species brought into synonymy

* Inkinga macella J.C. Melvill, 1923: synonym of Inkinga platystoma (E.A. Smith, 1877)
* Inkinga macilenta J.C. Melvill, 1923: synonym of Inkinga platystoma (E.A. Smith, 1877)
* Inkinga ordinaria W.H. Turton, 1932: synonym of Inkinga platystoma (E.A. Smith, 1877)
* Inkinga prolongata W.H. Turton, 1932: synonym of Inkinga platystoma (E.A. Smith, 1877)
* Inkinga wilkiae G.B. Sowerby, 1889: synonym of Inkinga platystoma (E.A. Smith, 1877)
# Cape Uivak

Cape Uivak is a cape located in the northern part of Labrador in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada.
# Diocese of Leicester

The Diocese of Leicester is a Church of England diocese based in Leicester and including the current county of Leicestershire. The cathedral is Leicester Cathedral, where the Bishop of Leicester has his episcopal chair.
The diocese is divided into two archdeaconries, the Archdeaconry of Leicester in the east of the county and the Archdeaconry of Loughborough in the west. The former is divided into the rural deaneries of City of Leicester; Framland (Melton Mowbray); Gartree First and Second; and Goscote. The latter is divided into the rural deaneries of Akeley East, South and West; Guthlaxton; and Sparkenhoe East and West.
The diocese owns a retreat house at Launde Abbey near East Norton.

## History

The Middle Angles first had a bishopric in 680 and the Anglo-Saxon cathedral was probably located close to (if not on the site of) the present cathedral. The original diocese fell victim to the invasion by the Danes around 870 and after the establishment of the Danelaw in 886 the diocese's seat was moved to Dorchester in Oxfordshire and, taking over the existing Diocese of Lindine (created in 678), became the Diocese of Dorchester. From Dorchester, Oxfordshire, the see was later moved to Lincoln in 1072 under King William I, the diocese then becoming the Diocese of Lincoln. Henry VIII divided the larger dioceses at the time of the English Reformation and the Diocese of Lincoln was divided in three. In 1539 a new cathedral was being erected, but it was never completed and Peterborough was chosen as the seat of the new diocese and Peterborough Abbey as the cathedral.
In the 19th century there were suffragan bishops of Leicester whilst the bishopric was still within the Diocese of Peterborough. The modern diocese was founded on 12 November 1926 from the archdeaconries of Leicester and Loughborough and part of the Archdeaconry of Northampton, all from the Diocese of Peterborough. St Martin's Church, Leicester, was elevated as the cathedral of the new see.
Leicestershire was included in the new Diocese of Peterborough in the Victorian era reforms, the archdeaconry of Leicester became part of Peterborough diocese on 1 May 1839 and, on 12 November 1926, the modern Diocese of Leicester was founded from Leicester and Loughborough archdeaconries and part of the archdeaconry of Northampton.

## Bishops

The diocesan Bishop of Leicester is assisted by the Bishop of Loughborough (the sole suffragan bishop, Saju Muthalaly). Alternative episcopal oversight (for parishes in the diocese which reject the ministry of priests who are women) is provided by the provincial episcopal visitor, Norman Banks, Bishop suffragan of Richborough, who is licensed as an honorary assistant bishop of the diocese. There are currently two retired bishops living in the diocese who are licensed as honorary assistant bishops: Christopher Boyle, former Assistant Bishop of Leicester, and Peter Fox, former Bishop of Port Moresby.
# Discolomatidae

Discolomatidae is a family of beetles in the superfamily Coccinelloidea. It contains approximately 400 species in 16 genera, which are found mostly found in tropical regions, being largely absent from temperate regions. They have generally been found associated with decaying vegetation or fungi, and are therefore assumed to be fungivorous. Some species are associated with ants (myrmecophily). The larvae have unusual flattened sclerotised bodies, with heads that are concealed from above.

## Taxonomy

* Aphanocephalus (149)
* Cassidoloma (13)
* Cephalophanus (7)
* Discoloma (28)
* Dystheamon (1)
* Fallia (7)
* Holophygus (3)
* Katoporus (3)
* Notiophygus Gory, 1834 (205)
* Parafallia (7)
* Parmaschema (18)
* Pondonatus (2)
* Profallia (4)
* Solitarius (1)
# Discolops

Discolops strigicollis is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae, and the only species in the genus Discolops. It was described by Fairmaire in 1886.
# Dingele Airport

Dingele Airport (ICAO: FZVD) is an airport serving Dingele, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Diplomorium

Diplomorium is a genus of ants in the subfamily Myrmicinae containing the single species Diplomorium longipenne. The genus is known only from females and workers from South Africa, males remain unknown. Little is known about their biology, except that they nest under stones. They have been found nesting at the same location as Messor capensis, however, it is not known whether this was coincidence or if the species have a relation with each other.
# Carl Geyer

Peter Carl Friedrich Geyer (1802–1889) was a German entomologist who wrote and illustrated various supplements to Jacob Hübner's works on Lepidoptera.
Carl Geyer was by profession an artist. He is not to be confused with Karl Andreas Geyer (1809–1853), a botanist and plant collector.
# Directors Guild Trust

Founded in 1985, the Directors Guild Trust is the sister charity arm of the Directors Guild of Great Britain. The Trust supports the wider remit of promoting British directors' art and craft to a national and international public through education, events, commemorations and memorials.
Currently the Trust runs the DIRECT ACCESS Feature Film Directors' Mentoring Scheme, sponsored by Skillset and Film Four and in recent years has created blue plaque memorials and celebrations for famous British film directors Sir David Lean, Michael Powell and Alexander McKendrick.
The Trust is based in Central London.
# Caramella (disambiguation)

Caramella is a 2010 studio album by the Italian singer Mina.
Caramella may also refer to:
* Caramella, a fictional character in the Italian comedy film Scandal in Sorrento, played by Tina Pica
* Candy Caramella, a fictional character in the French animated series Space Goofs
* Count Caramella (it. Il conte Caramella [ca], ru. Граф Карамелла), an opera by Baldassare Galuppi
* Doto caramella, a species of gastropod within the genus Doto

## People with the surname

* Alberto Caramella (1928–2007), an Italian poet and lawyer
* Riccardo Caramella, Italian pianist, the first Western pianist to perform Xian Xinghai's Yellow River Concerto in China with a Chinese orchestra
# District Council of Rocky River

The District Council of Rocky River was a local government area in South Australia from 1988 to 1997, seated at Gladstone.

## History

The council came into existence on 1 May 1988 with the amalgamation of the District Council of Georgetown, District Council of Gladstone and District Council of Laura. It had nine members divided amongst three wards (Georgetown, Gladstone and Laura), each returning three councillors. It was relatively short-lived, as on 3 May 1997 it merged with the District Council of Jamestown and the District Council of Spalding to create the Northern Areas Council. Its principal office was located in Gladstone.
# Alfred Lucas (Indian Army officer)

General Sir Alfred William Lucas KCB (5 July 1822 – 19 February 1896) was a senior British staff officer in the British Indian Army.
He was born 5 July 1822 and baptised on 3 August 1822 in St Alfege Church, Greenwich, London, the son of Charles and Elizabeth Lucas.

## Army career

He joined the Bombay Army as an ensign in 1838 and was promoted Lieutenant in 1840, Captain in 1852, Major in 1858, Lieutenant Colonel in 1864 and Colonel in 1868.
He took part in the Southern Mahratta Campaign of 1844-45, the Anglo-Persian War of 1856–59 and the Indian Mutiny of 1857–59. He was a staff officer in the Rajputana Field Force which pursued Tantia Topes forces through Rajputana in 1857. In 1867–68 he was appointed head of the Commissariat in the punitive Abyssinia Expedition of 1868 after which he served as Deputy Commissary General in Bombay until 1877.
He retired on half-pay in 1880, was promoted to Lieutenant-General in 1882 and made full general on 22 January 1889.

## Honours and awards

He was awarded CB in the 1869 Birthday Honours and elevated to KCB in the 1893 Birthday Honours.

## Private life

He married in 1867 Florence Caswell from New South Wales. He set up a family home in Devon where they raised a large family. He died there aged 73 in 1896. His daughter was the famous badminton player Meriel Lucas.
# Alice King (novelist)

Alice King (28 March 1839 – 26 April 1894) was a British writer, teacher, and public speaker. Blind since the age of seven, she published over a dozen novels.

## Life

King was born on 28 March 1839 in Cutcombe, Somerset, the youngest child of the Rev. John Myers King, Vicar of Cutcombe and a translator of Virgil. Born with poor and deteriorating eyesight, she went completely blind at age seven. Though she never learned Braille, she learned seven additional languages – French, German, Italian, Spanish, Hebrew, Greek, and Latin – by ear. She wrote with a typewriter (then a fairly new invention) with tactile keys.
She said that she published her first work when she was twelve helped by her father. Her early writing was done with the help of a local school child who would transcribe her words. She noted that they had a poor understanding of grammar and composition so she found it necessary to compose half a page or so in her head so that she could instruct her amenuensis. When her first typewriter arrived from America she had the letters carved into the keys, but this was not the perfect answer as she had no idea what shape letters were so she had to learn the shapes so that she could recognise them on the keys. She found the typewriter difficult but eventually she achieved speeds equal to someone writing by hand and she did not need the help of a sighted person to write.
With the help of Henry Morley, she was able to get her first novel published in her early 20s and used the proceeds to fund a stained glass window for the Church of St John, Cutcombe. In addition to publishing over a dozen novels, she contributed to publications like Argosy, The Quiver, and The Girl's Own Paper. She taught a community Bible class for as many as 80 people and guided them in organizing civic activities like a brass band and a cricket club. Her work was highly regarded by author Charles Dickens.
She died as a spinster around late April 1894 at her residence at Minehead. She was taken ill the day before a planned visit to Clifton with her sister, but died several days later.
# Alice Kessler-Harris

Alice Kessler-Harris (June 2, 1941, Leicester) is R. Gordon Hoxie Professor Emerita of American History at Columbia University, and former president of the Organization of American Historians, and specialist in the American labor and comparative and interdisciplinary exploration of women and gender.

## Education

Kessler-Harris received her B.A. from Goucher College in 1961 and her Ph.D. from Rutgers University in 1968.

## Career

She contributed the piece "Pink Collar Ghetto, Blue Collar Token" to the 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever: The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.
Her newest book, A Difficult Woman: The Challenging Life and Times of Lillian Hellman, was published in June 2012. Her other books include Gendering Labor History, which collects some of her best-known essays on women and wage work; In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men, and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in Twentieth Century America, which won several prizes including the Joan Kelly Prize, the Philip Taft award, and the Bancroft Prize. Among her other fellowships and awards, Kessler-Harris has been a fellow at the National Humanities Center in Durham, North Carolina and at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. She is the past president of the Labor and Working-Class History Association.

## Selected works
### Books

* Women Have Always Worked: A Historical Overview (1981)
* Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States (1982)
* A Woman's Wage: Historical Meanings and Social Consequences (1990)
* In Pursuit of Equity: Women, Men and the Quest for Economic Citizenship in Twentieth Century America (2001)
* Gendering Labor History (2007)
* A Difficult woman: The Challenging Life and Times of Lillian Hellman (2012)
# Tilalofonua

In Niuean mythology, Tilalofonua is a flying rat and one of the gods of the island.
Tilalofonua cited in the book History and Traditions of Niue as "god of the kuma", the kuma being the rat and bird of the heavens. According to myth, Tilalofonua was said to have begged Halevao (peka/flying fox) for some wings, but to no avail. Tilalofonua prayed for a long time and was eventually granted them by Halevao after demonstrating his love. Halevao said "Come then. That I may give you my wings that you may have a short trial of them".
# Acyclic coloring

In graph theory, an acyclic coloring is a (proper) vertex coloring in which every 2-chromatic subgraph is acyclic. The acyclic chromatic number A(G) of a graph G is the fewest colors needed in any acyclic coloring of G.
Acyclic coloring is often associated with graphs embedded on non-plane surfaces.

## Upper bounds

A(G) ≤ 2 if and only if G is acyclic.
Bounds on A(G) in terms of Δ(G), the maximum degree of G, include the following:
* A(G) ≤ 4 if Δ(G) = 3. (Grünbaum 1973)
* A(G) ≤ 5 if Δ(G) = 4. (Burstein 1979)
* A(G) ≤ 7 if Δ(G) = 5. (Kostochka & Stocker 2011)
* A(G) ≤ 12 if Δ(G) = 6. (Varagani et al. 2009)
A milestone in the study of acyclic coloring is the following affirmative answer to a conjecture of Grünbaum:
    Theorem (Borodin 1979) A(G) ≤ 5 if G is planar graph.
Grünbaum (1973) introduced acyclic coloring and acyclic chromatic number, and conjectured the result in the above theorem. Borodin's proof involved several years of painstaking inspection of 450 reducible configurations. One consequence of this theorem is that every planar graph can be decomposed into an independent set and two induced forests. (Stein 1970, 1971)

## Algorithms and complexity

It is NP-complete to determine whether A(G) ≤ 3. (Kostochka 1978)
Coleman & Cai (1986) showed that the decision variant of the problem is NP-complete even when G is a bipartite graph.
Gebremedhin et al. (2008) demonstrated that every proper vertex coloring of a chordal graph is also an acyclic coloring. Since chordal graphs can be optimally colored in O(n + m) time, the same is also true for acyclic coloring on that class of graphs.
A linear-time algorithm to acyclically color a graph of maximum degree ≤ 3 using 4 colors or fewer was given by Skulrattanakulchai (2004).
# Acyclic dependencies principle

The acyclic dependencies principle (ADP) is a software design principle defined by Robert C. Martin that states that "the dependency graph of packages or components should have no cycles". This implies that the dependencies form a directed acyclic graph.

## Example

In this UML package diagram, package A depends on packages B and C. Package B in turn depends on package D, which depends on package C, which in turn depends on package B. The latter three dependencies create a cycle, which must be broken in order to adhere to the acyclic dependencies principle.

## Types of dependencies

Software dependencies can either be explicit or implicit. Examples of explicit dependencies includes:
* Include statements, such as #include in C/C++, using in C# and import in Java.
* Dependencies stated in the build system (e.g. dependency tags in Maven configuration).
Examples of implicit dependencies includes:
* Relying on specific behaviour that is not well-defined by the interface exposed.
* Network protocols.
* Routing of messages over a software bus.
In general, it's considered good practice to prefer explicit dependencies whenever possible. This is because explicit dependencies are easier to map and analyze than implicit dependencies.

## Cycle breaking strategies

It is in general always possible to break a cyclic dependency chain. The two most common strategies are:
* Dependency inversion principle
* Create a new package, and move the common dependencies there.
# Olearia burgessii

Olearia burgessii is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae and is endemic to south-eastern New South Wales. It is a shrub with scattered elliptic to egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, and white and yellow, daisy-like inflorescences.

## Description

Olearia burgessii is a shrub that typically grows to a height of up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in). It has scattered elliptic to egg-shaped leaves with the narrower end towards the base, 3–13 mm (0.12–0.51 in) long and 1–4 mm (0.039–0.157 in) wide. The upper surface of the leaves is glabrous and the lower surface is covered with woolly, greyish hairs. The heads are arranged on the ends of branchlets and are 10–16 mm (0.39–0.63 in) in diameter on a peduncle up to 12 mm (0.47 in) long. Each head or daisy-like "flower" has a bell-shaped involucre 2.2–4.0 mm (0.087–0.157 in) wide at the base, and eight to eleven ray florets, the petal-like ligule white and 4.0–5.8 mm (0.16–0.23 in) long surrounding six to ten yellow disc florets. Flowering occurs from July to November and the fruit is a silky-hairy achene, the pappus with 26 to 40 long bristles.

## Taxonomy

Olearia burgessii was first formally described in 1991 by Nicholas Sean Lander in the journal Telopea based on plant material collected by the Rev. Colin Ernest Bryce Hawthorn Burgess near Thirlmere in 1959. The specific epithet (burgessii) honours the collector of the type specimens.

## Distribution and habitat

This daisy-bush grows in forest mainly in the Burragorang-Picton area and near Tumbarumba, in south-eastern New South Wales.
# Acyclic

Acyclic may refer to:
* In chemistry, a compound which is an open-chain compound, e.g. alkanes and acyclic aliphatic compounds
* In mathematics:
** A graph without a cycle, especially
*** A directed acyclic graph
** An acyclic complex is a chain complex all of whose homology groups are zero
*** An acyclic space is a topological space all of whose homology groups are zero
* In economics, an economic indicator with little or no correlation to the business cycle
# Aliakbar Gharibshahi

Aliakbar Gharibshahi is an Iranian paralympic powerlifter. He won the gold medal in the men's 107 kg event at the 2024 Summer Paralympics.
# Hans Fallada Prize

The Hans Fallada Prize is a German literary prize given by the city of Neumünster in the German state of Schleswig-Holstein. Since 1981, it is typically awarded every two years to a young author from the German-speaking world. It is named in honor of Hans Fallada, a famous 20th-century German author known for addressing political and social problems of his day in fiction.
The prize was first awarded in 1981, the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of Fallada's A Small Circus (Bauern, Bonzen und Bomben).
The prize comes with an honorarium of 10,000 euros. In the case that two authors win the award, the prize money is split evenly between the recipients.

## Award winners

* 1981: Erich Loest
* 1983: Ludwig Fels [de]
* 1985: Sten Nadolny
* 1988: Ralph Giordano
* 1990: Jurek Becker
* 1993: Helga Schubert
* 1996: Günter Grass
* 1998: Bernhard Schlink
* 2000: Thomas Brussig
* 2002: Birgit Vanderbeke
* 2004: Wilhelm Genazino
* 2006: Iris Hanika
* 2008: Ralf Rothmann
* 2010: Lukas Bärfuss
* 2012: Wolfgang Herrndorf
* 2014: Jenny Erpenbeck
* 2016: Jonas Lüscher
* 2018: Sandra Hoffmann [de]
* 2020: Saša Stanišić
* 2022: Arezu Weitholz [de]
* 2024: Grit Lemke [de]