OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Carbon profiling

Carbon profiling is a mathematical process that calculates how much carbon dioxide is put into the atmosphere per m$^2$ of space in a building over one year. The analysis has two parts that are added together to produce an overall figure that is termed the 'carbon profile':
* Operational carbon emissions
* Embodied carbon emissions

## Embodied carbon emissions

Embodied carbon emissions relate to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from creating and maintaining the materials that form a building, e.g. the carbon dioxide released from the baking of bricks or smelting of iron. These emissions can also be considered to be Upfront Carbon Emissions, or UCE. “Embodied carbon refers to the carbon footprint associated with building materials, from cradle to grave," and can be quantified as a part of environmental impact using life-cycle assessment (LCA).
In the Carbon Profiling Model these emissions are measured as Embodied Carbon Efficiency (ECE), measured as kg of CO$_2$/m$^2$/year.
As of 2018, "Embodied carbon is responsible 11% of global GHG emissions and 28% of global building sector emissions ... Embodied carbon will be responsible for almost half of total new construction emissions between now and 2050." Zero-carbon architecture (similar to zero-energy building), incorporates design techniques that maximize embodied carbon.
Steve Webb, co-founder of Webb Yates Engineers, says: "We’ve known for a long time that aluminium, steel, concrete and ceramics have very high embodied energy ... High carbon frames should be taxed like cigarettes. There should be a presumption in favour of timber and stone."

## Occupational carbon emissions

Occupational carbon emissions relate to the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere from the direct use of energy to run the building e.g. the heating or electricity used by the building over the year. In the Carbon Profiling Model these emissions are measured in BER’s (Building Emission Rate) in kg of CO$_2$/m$^2$/year.
The BER is a United Kingdom government accepted unit of measurement that comes from an approved calculation process called sBEM (Simplified Building Emission Model)
The purpose of Carbon Profiling is to provide a method of analyzing and comparing both operational and embodied carbon emissions at the same time. With this information it is then possible to allocate a project's resources in such a way to minimize the total amount of Carbon Dioxide emitted into the atmosphere through the use of a given piece of space.
A secondary benefit is that having quantified the Carbon Profiling of different buildings it is then possible to make comparisons and rank buildings in term of their performance. This allows investors and occupiers to identify which building are good and bad carbon investments.
Simon Sturgis and Gareth Roberts of Sturgis Associates in the United Kingdom originally developed ‘Carbon Profiling’ in December 2007.
# Stephen Ray

Stephen Ray may refer to:
* Steve Ray (1906–?), Welsh rugby player
* Steve Ray (golfer), in the 1999 World Cup of Golf
* Steve Ray, a wrestler from Universal Wrestling Federation (Herb Abrams)
# Ian Maitland

Ian Maitland may refer to:
* Ian Maitland, 18th Earl of Lauderdale (born 1937)
* Ian Maitland, 15th Earl of Lauderdale (1891–1953)
# Saint-Alyre-d'Arlanc

Saint-Alyre-d'Arlanc (French pronunciation:, literally Saint-Alyre of Arlanc; Auvergnat: Sent Alire d'Arlanc) is a commune in the Puy-de-Dôme department in Auvergne in central France.

## Geography

It is situated on the D999 road and almost midway between the cities of Clermont-Ferrand and Saint-Étienne at the heart of the Parc naturel régional Livradois-Forez.
The village is surrounded by pine forest with wild mushrooms to be found in the woods during autumn, rolling countryside and it is on the pilgrim trail. 9 km to the south is the mediaeval abbey town of La Chaise-Dieu.

## Population

The village has a population of 50 permanent year round residents, which swells to 3-400 during the summer months.
The mayor, elected in 2020, is Olivier Bourron. The annual Fête Patronale is held over the weekend of the third Sunday in July.
# Amalia von Hatzfeld

Amalia von Hatzfeld (1560 – 23 September 1628), was a Swedish countess. She was the governor of Raseborg in 1600–1607.
Amalia von Hatzfeld was born to Vilhelm von Hatzfeld and Sibylla von Rodenhausen. Prior to her marriage, she served as maid of honor to Princess Maria. In 1592, she married count Mauritz Stensson Leijonhufvud. She became the mother of Ebba Mauritzdotter Leijonhufvud. After the death of her spouse in 1600, the crown returned the county of Raseborg in Finland, which had been confiscated from her spouse, to her. She managed it as governor until 1607, when she sold it to the nephew of her late spouse, Sten.
# Steve Evans (writer)

Stephen Burgess Evans (born April 1, 1963, in Charlottesville, Virginia) is an American investigative journalist, author, communications professional and film historian. A Poynter Institute for Media Studies Fellow, Evans has received first place awards for feature writing from the Virginia Press Association and Tennessee Press Association. He has also received numerous awards from the Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE) for excellence in academic writing and publishing in higher education. His writing and photography have appeared in more than 50 print publications, including The Wall Street Journal, the Los Angeles Times, The Richmond Times-Dispatch, the Miami Herald and The Washington Post, as well as scores of online publications. Evans' film commentary appears on DVDVerdict.com, RottenTomatoes.com, CinemaUprising.blogspot.com, IMDb.com, and has been featured on The Criterion Collection homepage, among many other online sites devoted to film appreciation and cinema history.
He is a graduate of the University of Virginia master's degree program for studies in classical rhetoric and communication theory. During his time at UVA he received the departmental award for outstanding teaching in his work with undergraduates. Evans received a bachelor's degree with honors in journalism and political science from Virginia Commonwealth University.
His journalism focuses on business & finance, international stock markets and the myriad, endlessly creative schemes people concoct to multiply their coin. His business reporting appears regularly on Yahoo Finance, MSN Money, Morningstar, Benzinga and other market facing sites.
As a movie writer and film historian, Evans has published more than 6,500 detailed reviews of motion pictures produced in virtually every country with a film industry. An international readership follows his website celebrating classic, obscure and contemporary cinema, as well as film history. Evans' writing and research on world cinema focus on a richer appreciation of life as viewed through the prism of different cultures that use film as a medium for artistic expression.
Google has indexed every post on his film blog, and Evans' work is widely referenced in other major search engines including Yahoo and Bing.
His new screenplay, "Monet for Nothing," centers on an international art heist by an American expatriate couple on the lam in Paris — running from Interpol, the mafia and a cabal of obnoxious, oddball in-laws.

## Awards

* Poynter Institute, Fellow, Narrative Non-Fiction Writing, 1997.
* Virginia Press Association, First Place Feature Writing, 1998.
* Tennessee Press Association, First Place Feature Writing, 1999.
* CASE award for outstanding academic magazine, 2006, 2007, 2008.
# Michael Leigh

Michael Leigh may refer to:
* Mike Leigh, British writer; film/stage director
* Dr Michael Leigh, Director General, Enlargement, European Commission, Brussels, see 2012 New Year Honours
* Mike Leigh (sailor), Canadian sailor
* Mickey Leigh, member of Harry Slash & The Slashtones
# Micropeziza

Micropeziza is a genus of fungi in the family Dermateaceae. The genus contains 5 species.
# Carcoforo

Carcoforo is a comune (municipality) in the province of Vercelli in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 100 kilometres (62 mi) northeast of Turin and about 70 kilometres (43 mi) northwest of Vercelli.
Carcoforo borders the following municipalities: Alto Sermenza, Bannio Anzino, Ceppo Morelli, Fobello and Macugnaga.
# Chiaureli

Chiaureli (Georgian: ჭიაურელი) is a Georgian surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Mikheil Chiaureli (1894–1974), Soviet Georgian film director
* Sofiko Chiaureli (1937–2008), Soviet Georgian actress, daughter of Mikheil Chiaureli
# Kent Johnston

Allen Kent Johnston (born February 21, 1956) is an American football coach.

## Career

Johnston served as an assistant coach at Northwestern State University from 1979 to 1980, the Northeast Louisiana University from 1980 to 1981, and the University of Alabama from 1983 to 1986. He served as Strength and Conditioning Coach of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers from 1987 to 1991, the Green Bay Packers from 1992 to 1998, and the Seattle Seahawks from 1999 to 2003 before returning to the University of Alabama. Later he was hired as the Strength and Conditioning Coach of the Cleveland Browns. In 2013 Johnston was hired as the Strength and Conditioning Coach of the San Diego Chargers. After leaving the Chargers, he worked at Baylor and performed Return to Play services for injured players from 2017-2019. In 2020 he joined the Carolina Panthers for two years as the Director of Player Wellness before retiring from the NFL in 2022. In 1997 while with the Packers he was named Strength and Conditioning Coach of the Year. In 2005 Johnston was inducted into the Strength and Conditioning Hall of Fame.
Johnston attended Stephen F. Austin State University where he played defensive back on the football team.
# Bulabog Putian National Park

The Bulabog Putian National Park is a protected wildlife and natural park located in the towns of Dingle and San Enrique in the province of Iloilo on the island of Panay in the Western Visayas region. The park covers an area of 854.33 hectares (2,111.1 acres) along a 40 kilometers (25 mi) trail in this rainforest. It was established in 1961 through Proclamation No. 760 signed by President Carlos P. Garcia. The park is known for its unique geological formation and is the only limestone mountain formation in Iloilo. It is also known as the location of the Cry of Lincud that started the Philippine Revolution in Iloilo in 1898.

## Description

Bulabog Putian is located in the northern Iloilo municipalities of Dingle and San Enrique, some 43 kilometres (27 mi) from Iloilo City. It spans the Dingle barangays of Moroboro, Lincud, Camambugan, Caguyuman, and Tulatulaan, and the San Enrique barangays of Rumagayray, Campo, Palje, and Lip-ac. The park's central feature is the Bulabog Putian mountains, which contain the 1,056-foot (322 m) Putian Peak, the highest in Central Iloilo dominating the surrounding plains. The mountain was named for its most distinguishing feature, a white stone wall on the north side that is visible from as far away as Passi.
The park also contains 13 caves, the most prominent of which are the Maestranza Cave, Guiso Cave, and Lapuz Lapuz Cave. The Maestranza Cave is a habitat of an estimated 20,000 fruit bats while the Guiso Cave is home to 18 different species of bats. It also has several springs including the Moroboro Spring. On the park's eastern side lies Lake Bito. A dam of the Jalaur River can also be found in the park.

## Biodiversity

The Bulabog Putian National Park supports diverse species of plants and animals. Among its fauna inhabitants are the Philippine coucal, iguanas, monkeys, turtle doves, green imperial pigeons, reptiles, and several species of bats. As a secondary growth forest, it supports hardwood tree species such as dao, molave, and narra.
# Kodumur

Kodumur or Kodumuru is a town and assembly constituency in Kurnool District in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The town currently is maintained by Jaradoddi Sudhakar, a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and is under control of the Yuvajana Sramika Rythu YSR Congress Party Former chief ministers Sri Damodaram Sanjeevaiah and Kotla Vijaya Bhaskara Reddy belong to this constituency. It comes under the Kurnool Parliamentary constituency and is the only SC reserved assembly constituency under the Kurnool Parliament segment.
Agriculture is the main source of income for the people of Kodumur, with Cotton, Castor oil seeds, Red gram and vegetables as the main crops. Tungabhadra Project Low Level Canal, the Handri-Neeva Sujala Sravanthi project (HNSS) Main Canal, and the Gajuladinne Project (GDP) Canal (renamed the Sanjeevaiah Sagar), are the main irrigation sources. A major portion of the area of this mandal (administrative division) is arid. Of note, the Kondala Rayudu Temple of Kodumur has a scorpion festival.

## Geography

Kodumuru has an average elevation of 342 meters above sea level. The River Hundri passes nearby Kodumur, almost touching every village in the mandal. At Laddagiri Village, the River Hundri meets the Pala Hundri and then the Tungabhadra at Roja near Kurnool. Most of the mandal is covered by inorganic clay ("black cotton") soil, but iron and aluminum-enriched red soil is present in the village of Yerradoddi, and in parts of the Pulakurthi, Pyalakurthi and Laddagiri villages. The entire mandal comes under the Tungabhadra water basin, which is part of the Krishna basin. This mandal receives among the lowest rainfall in the state.
# Old Town Bar and Restaurant

The Old Town Bar and Restaurant is a bar and restaurant located between Park Avenue and Broadway at 45 East 18th Street in the Flatiron District, Manhattan in New York City, one block north of Union Square.
Originally 45 East 18th Street was constructed in 1901, but the business was started, at 43 E. 18th St., in 1892, by Jacob Burckel, whose name is on the 1896 license behind the bar. Harry W. Viemeister, a saloon and restaurant owner in New York from as early as 1894, moved to 45 E. 18th St. in 1912. As the bar has been in continuous operation since 1901, this makes it one of the oldest bars in the New York City area.
During Prohibition, the 45 E. 18th St. Bar changed its name to Craig's Restaurant and started serving food in order to operate as a speakeasy.
In 1933, 45 E. 18th St., the German-American Lohdens, bought the bar, changing the name to the Old Town Bar, and the neon sign was erected, in 1937.
After the end of Prohibition and the closing of the nearby 18th Street Subway station on 8 November 1948, the bar began to fall into disrepair. In the late 1960s, Irish-American Larry Meagher offered to manage and took over operations, opened the bar in the evenings and began to serve food, and the bar saw a resurgence of popularity. In the 1990s, Larry Meagher inherited the bar and the building from Henry Lohden. Meager also died, leaving management of the Old Town to his children and now Gerard Meagher is manager and co-owner.
The Old Town Bar has managed to preserve a lot of its original fixtures which date back to the 19th century. The bar itself is 55 feet long and made of marble and mahogany. The ceiling, made of "tin" (actually pressed steel tiles), is 16 feet high. Other original furnishings include large beveled mirrors, antique cash registers, wooden booths, and New York's oldest dumbwaiter that ferries food orders from the upstairs kitchen down to the bar. Another notable feature is the row of old floor-length 1910 Hinsdale urinals in the first floor Men's room. A creaky wooden staircase (also original) leads to an upstairs dining area, which was closed for several years before being reopened in the 1970s to cater to an unexpected increase in patrons coming to the bar on their lunch break.
Several music artists and Hollywood directors have used the Old Town as a backdrop for their music video productions and movie scenes, including rap group House of Pain for a music video for their 1992 single "Jump Around", and director Whit Stillman for his 1998 feature film The Last Days of Disco. It also appeared in the films The Devil's Own (1997), State of Grace (1990), Q & A (1990), Bullets over Broadway (1994), and Madonna's 1993 "Bad Girl" video. The bar also appeared in the television shows, Sex and the City, Mad About You, The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel and in the opening montage of Late Night with David Letterman from 1987 to 1992. The exterior was used in the television sitcom "Mad About You" to represent the fictional establishment "Riffs" in the show.
# Sainte-Croix, Aveyron

Sainte-Croix (French pronunciation: ; Languedocien: Santa Crotz) is a commune in the Aveyron department in southern France.
# 580s BC

This article concerns the period 589 BC – 580 BC.

## Events and trends

* 589 BC—Apries succeeds Psamtik II as king of Egypt.
* 589 BC—Nebuchadnezzar II begins his second siege of Jerusalem.
* 589 BC—Battle of An: Jin defeats Qi; these two Chinese states later agree to an alliance.
* January 15 588 BC—The last phase of Siege of Jerusalem began.
* 587/586 BC—Jerusalem falls to the Babylonians, ending the Kingdom of Judah. The conquerors destroy the Jewish Temple of Jerusalem and exile some of the land's inhabitants.
* 586 BC—Death of King Ding of the Zhou dynasty of China.
* 28 May 585 BC—A solar eclipse occurs while Alyattes of Lydia fights Cyaxares of Media at a battle on the Halys river, leading to a truce. This is a cardinal date from which other dates can be calculated.
* 585 BC—Kirrha is destroyed, ending the First Sacred War.
* 585 BC—Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, defeats the Sabines in war, takes the town of Collatia, and celebrates a triumph for his victories on 13 September.
* 585 BC—Ji Yi becomes King Jian of the Zhou dynasty of China.
* 585 BC—Fall of the Kingdom of Urartu following a Median invasion. (The Scythians ruined the Kingdom of Urartu.)
* 585 BC—Croesus succeeds Alyattes as King of Lydia.
* 585/584 BC—Astyages succeeds Cyaxares as King of the Medes.
* 582 BC—Military clash between the major Classical antiquity powers of Egypt and Babylon.
* 582 BC—Akragas is founded on Sicily.
* 582 BC—Nebuchadnezzar forces a third deportation of Jews from Judah into Babylonian captivity.
* 582 BC—The Pythian Games are reorganised at Delphi (traditional date).
* 582/581 BC—The Isthmian Games are founded at Corinth.
* 581 BC—Suizei becomes the second Emperor of Japan.
* c. 580 BC—Cambyses I succeeds Cyrus I as king of Anshan and head of the Achaemenid dynasty.
* c. 580 BC—Gorgon Medusa, detail of a sculpture from the west pediment of the Temple of Artemis, Korkyra, is made.
* c. 580 BC—Standing Youth (kouros) is made.

## Significant people

* 585 BC—Birth of Anaximenes of Miletus, Greek philosopher (died 525 BC)
* 585 BC—Death of Emperor Jimmu of Japan (according to legend)
* 585 BC—Death of king Cyaxares of Media
* 585 BC—Death of king Alyattes of Lydia
* 580 BC—Death of Cyrus I of Anshan (approximate date)
# Sun-tailed monkey

The sun-tailed monkey (Allochrocebus solatus) from Gabon is one of the least studied primates in its habitat. It was discovered as a new species in 1988, and is classified as a guenon, which is a member of the genus Cercopithecus, but was subsequently moved to the genus Allochrocebus. It is closely related to A. preussi and A. Ihoesti, which has been determined by chromosomal analysis. Sun-tailed monkeys prefer shady areas with dense vegetation. However, even after small amounts of logging activity, populations can be unaffected. Much of their diet remains unknown and is still being studied, but they are known to prefer fruit. Their social groups are made up of one male and multiple females. Generally, the sun-tailed monkey is less aggressive towards related individuals, which is noteworthy because it has been found that, in other primate species, aggression rates towards related individuals are generally as high or higher than aggression rates towards non-related individuals. Within their social groups, individual monkeys show preference for their mothers over their fathers, and are overall less aggressive to other monkeys that they are associated with spatially.

## Conservation status

The Sun-tailed monkey is a Class B protected species under the African Convention and Appendix II of CITES. The Gabonese government gave it protected status in 1994 and some animals are kept there in captivity. Around 10% of the monkey's habitat is in the Lopé National Park, but the highest density is at the Foret des Abeilles, which is still unprotected. It is recommended that there should be more monitoring of hunting and logging activity in its habitat, as well as more research into the distribution and biology of the species in general. Occasionally, there have been reports of monkeys raiding crops in local villages. However, there is not much study into how these interactions with humans affect the populations as a whole.

## Biochemistry

As one of the most poorly known nonhuman primate species with only one semi-captive population in the world, not much is known about its genome or biochemistry. However, there has been some research conducted into the blood biochemistry of the animal. Blood analysis of the sun-tailed monkey reveals that males show higher levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit than females. Females, however, showed higher levels of cholesterol and had higher neutrophil counts. In general, as the monkey ages, levels of blood urea increase and albumin protein levels decrease, which suggest declining liver, kidney and muscle function through life.
# 6229 Tursachan

6229 Tursachan, provisional designation 1983 VN$_7$, is a Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers (6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 4 November 1983, by American astronomer Brian Skiff at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona, in the United States. The presumed C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 16.6 hours and is possibly elongated. It was named after a Gaelic word meaning "Standing Stones".

## Orbit and classification

Tursachan is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (602), a very large family of carbonaceous asteroids, named after 24 Themis.$^{:23}$
It orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 5 months (1,976 days; semi-major axis of 3.08 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.18 and an inclination of 2° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with a precovery taken at Palomar Observatory just 5 nights prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa.

## Physical characteristics

Tursachan is an assumed C-type asteroid, which agrees with the overall spectral type for members of the Themis family.$^{:23}$

### Rotation period

In September 2010, a rotational lightcurve of Tursachan was obtained from photometric observations in the R-band by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in California. Lightcurve analysis gave a rotation period of 16.596 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.57 magnitude, indicative of an elongated shape (U=2).

### Diameter and albedo

According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Tursachan measures between 10.34 and 11.603 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo between 0.07 and 0.089.
The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.08 and calculates a diameter of 8.61 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 13.69.

## Naming

This minor planet was named after the term "Tursachan", which means "Standing Stones" in the Gaelic language, and refers to the stones often placed in circles during the Neolithic (approximately 10,000 BC to 2000 BC) on the British Isles. These stones may have been used to follow the seasons and mark astronomical events. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 11 February 1998 (M.P.C. 31296).
# Sunda whistler

Sunda whistler may refer to:
* Bare-throated whistler, a species of bird endemic to Indonesia.
* Fawn-breasted whistler, a species of bird found in Indonesia and East Timor