OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Formose reaction

The formose reaction, discovered by Aleksandr Butlerov in 1861, and hence also known as the Butlerov reaction, involves the formation of sugars from formaldehyde. The term formose is a portmanteau of formaldehyde and aldose.

## Reaction and mechanism

The reaction is catalyzed by a base and a divalent metal such as calcium. The intermediary steps taking place are aldol reactions, reverse aldol reactions, and aldose-ketose isomerizations. Intermediates are glycolaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone, and tetrose sugars. In 1959, Breslow proposed a mechanism for the reaction, consisting of the following steps:
The reaction exhibits an induction period, during which only the nonproductive Cannizzaro disproportionation of formaldehyde (to methanol and formate) occurs. The initial dimerization of formaldehyde to give glycolaldehyde (1) occurs via an unknown mechanism, possibly promoted by light or through a free radical process and is very slow. However, the reaction is autocatalytic: 1 catalyzes the condensation of two molecules of formaldehyde to produce an additional molecule of 1. Hence, even a trace (as low as 3 ppm) of glycolaldehyde is enough to initiate the reaction. The autocatalytic cycle begins with the aldol reaction of 1 with formaldehyde to make glyceraldehyde (2). An aldose-ketose isomerization of 2 forms dihydroxyacetone (3). A further aldol reaction of 3 with formaldehyde produces tetrulose (6), which undergoes another ketose-aldose isomerization to form aldotetrose 7 (either threose or erythrose). The retro-aldol reaction of 7 generates two molecules of 1, resulting in the net production of a molecule of 1 from two molecules of formaldehyde, catalyzed by 1 itself (autocatalysis). During this process, 3 can also react with 1 to form ribulose (4), which can isomerize to give rise to ribose (5), an important building block of ribonucleic acid. The reaction conditions must be carefully controlled, otherwise the alkaline conditions will cause the aldoses to undergo the Cannizzaro reaction.
The aldose-ketose isomerization steps are promoted by chelation to calcium. However, these steps have been shown to proceed through a hydride shift mechanism by isotope labeling studies, instead of via an intermediate enediolate, as previously proposed.

## Significance

The formose reaction is of importance to the question of the origin of life, as it leads from simple formaldehyde to complex sugars like ribose, a building block of RNA. In one experiment simulating early Earth conditions, pentoses formed from mixtures of formaldehyde, glyceraldehyde, and borate minerals such as colemanite (Ca$_2$B$_6$O$_{11}$5H$_2$O) or kernite (Na$_2$B$_4$O$_7$). However, issues remain with both the thermodynamic and kinetic feasibility of binding pre-made sugars to a pre-made nucleobase, as well as a method to selectively employ ribose from the mixture. Both formaldehyde and glycolaldehyde have been observed spectroscopically in outer space, making the formose reaction of particular interest to the field of astrobiology.
# Sydney Lambert

Sydney Chowne Lambert (11 October 1852 – 10 October 1916) was a New Zealand sportsman. He played three first-class cricket matches for Otago in the 1873–74 and 1874–75 seasons and umpired cricket in the Wellington area.
Lambert was born at sea in 1852 and was educated at Otago Boys' High School in Dunedin and Christ's College in Christchurch. He played three first-class matches for Otago, two in the 1873–74 season and one the following season. Primarily a bowler, he took three first-class wickets, all of them in a January 1874 fixture against Canterbury for the cost of four runs.
Lambert worked as a government clerk in Wellington, at the time of this death working in the Land and Income Tax Department. He was a prominent lawn bowler in later life. He died suddenly at Wellington in 1916 at the age of 63.
# Stone Soup (disambiguation)

Stone Soup is a folk story that teaches the value of sharing.
Stone Soup may also refer to:

## Art, entertainment, and media
### Literature

* Stone Soup: An Old Tale (1947), children's book by Marcia Brown
* Stone Soup (1968), book by Ann McGovern
* Stone Soup (2003), children's book by Jon J. Muth set in China

### Other media

* Stone Soup (comic strip), U.S. comic strip
* Stone Soupercomputer, a compute cluster
* Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup, computer game
* Stone Soup (magazine), California, US

## Brands, enterprises, and organizations

* Stone Soup (beer)
* Stone Soup Coffeehouse, a folk music venue, Pawtucket, Rhode Island, US
* Stone Soup Cooperative, a housing cooperative
* Stonesoup School, located in Crescent City, Florida, US
# Miss Reginetta d'Italia

Reginetta d'Italia is an Italian beauty pageant.

## History

Since 2012 from Devis Paganelli, the contest has been one of four Italian beauty contests accredited by the Italian Fashion and Entertainment Professionals (Coordinamento Italiano Professionisti della Moda dello Spettacolo).

### Reginetta d'Italia

| Edition | Year | Winner | Region |
| 1st | 2012 | Nataliya Mykhalchenko | Campania |
| 2nd | 2013 | Eleonora Mazza | Emilia Romagna |
| 3rd | 2014 | Giorgia Ariu | Sardegna |
| 4th | 2015 | Maria Malandrucco | Lazio |
# Chlorociboria

Chlorociboria is the type genus of in the fungal family Chlorociboriaceae within order Helotiales. The genus includes 23 species.
Two common temperate zone species, Chlorociboria aeruginascens and Chlorociboria aeruginosa, can only reliably be distinguished by microscopic examination. Chlorociboria aeruginosa has larger spores (9–15 μm × 1.5–2.5 μm) and the worm-like cells of the outer surface are rough, unlike the commoner C. aeruginascens, of which the spores are 6–10 μm × 1.5–2 μm.
The hyphae and fruit bodies of all species make xylindein, a secondary metabolite that stains the substrate wood blue-green, with "green oak" being a valued commodity in woodworking. The blue-green pigmented wood is featured in Tunbridge ware.

## Habit

Blue-green stain is evident year-round, with ascocarp production occurring from summer to fall.

## Species

* Chlorociboria aeruginascens (Nyl.) Kanouse ex C.S.Ramamurthi, Korf & L.R.Batra (1958)
* Chlorociboria aeruginosa (Oeder) Seaver ex C.S.Ramamurthi, Korf & L.R.Batra (1958)
* Chlorociboria albohymenia P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria argentinensis J.R.Dixon (1975)
* Chlorociboria awakinoana P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria campbellensis P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria clavula P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria colubrosa P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria duriligna P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria glauca (Dennis) Baral & Pärtel (2016)
* Chlorociboria halonata P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria herbicola H.D.Zheng & W.Y.Zhuang (2017)
* Chlorociboria lamellicola Huhtinen & Döbbeler (2010)
* Chlorociboria macrospora P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria musae Dennis (1959)
* Chlorociboria olivacea Ekanayaka & K.D.Hyde (2019)
* Chlorociboria omnivirens (Berk.) J.R.Dixon (1975)
* Chlorociboria pardalota P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria poutoensis P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria procera P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria salviicolor (Ellis & Everh.) Korf (1979)
* Chlorociboria spathulata P.R.Johnst. (2005)
* Chlorociboria spiralis P.R.Johnst. (2005)
# Hoher See

Hoher See is a lake in the Vorpommern-Greifswald district in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany. At an elevation of 10.8 m, its surface area is 0.102 km².
* This Vorpommern-Greifswald location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
* v
* t
* e
# Shaolin's Finest

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Spin | (6/10) |
Shaolin's Finest is a compilation album by American rapper Ghostface Killah, featuring singles from the albums Ironman, Supreme Clientele, and Bulletproof Wallets. It was done to fulfill Ghostface's four-album contract with Epic Records.
# Olkaria II Geothermal Power Station

The Olkaria II Geothermal Power Station also known as Olkaria II Geothermal Power Plant is a geothermal power plant in Kenya, with installed electric generating capacity of 105 megawatts (141,000 hp)

## Location

The facility is located in the Olkaria area, adjacent to Hell's Gate National Park, on the eastern edge of the Eastern Rift Valley, approximately 113 kilometres (70 mi), southeast of the city of Nakuru, where the county headquarters re located. Olkaria lies approximately 122 kilometres (76 mi), by road, northwest of Nairobi. The coordinates of Olkaria are:0°51'49.0"S, 36°18'00.0"E (Latitude:-0.8636; Longitude:36.3000).

## History

Olkaria II went on-stream in 2003 when Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen) commissioned two 35 MW units manufactured and installed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI). In 2010, a third unit of 35 MW capacity was installed, at a cost of approximately US$100 million, bringing the total capacity to 105 Megawatts. The expansion was financed by (a) the European Investment Bank, which lent US$40.8 million (KSh303 billion), the International Development Association, which lent US$27.6 million (KSh2.2 billion), the French Development Agency, which lent US$20 million (KSh1.6 billion) and KenGen, which contributed the balance. The Olkaria II power plant is one of six geothermal stations either planned or already operational in the Olkaria area in Nakuru County.

## Ownership

Olkaria II Power Station is owned by KenGen, a public company, whose stock is traded on the Nairobi Stock Exchange, and in which the government of Kenya maintains 70 percent shareholding, the remaining 30 percent being held by private individual and institutional investors.
# Moeck Musikinstrumente + Verlag

Moeck Musikinstrumente + Verlag is a leading German manufacturer of recorders and a music publisher.
The company was founded in 1925 by Hermann Moeck (1896-1982) in Celle. In 1960 his son Hermann Alexander Moeck (1922-2010) took over the business. The current owner is Sabine Haase-Moeck.
The company produces recorders for beginners and handmade instruments for soloists. They began as a publisher in 1929/30 as part of the youth movement in Germany, later adding recorders manufactured by Markneukirchen, and began manufacturing their own instruments in 1949. Beginning in 1966, during the revival of early music, they worked with Friedrich von Huene to develop their Rottenburgh model line. Moeck formerly manufactured historical instruments such as crumhorn, rauschpfeifes, shawms, cornetts, and dulcians designed by Otto Steinkopf, but the Renaissance and Baroque Woodwind Instruments division was closed in December 2008.
The publishing division specialized in recorder music, and publishes Tibia, a woodwind periodical.
For the past 40 years, Moeck has had a commercial relationship with The Early Music Shop, the largest music store worldwide specialising in renaissance instruments, which serves as one of its official exclusive UK distributors and agents. Moeck is now one of the most recognised recorder makes in the world.
# Modèle 1939 (mine)

The Mle 1939 (Model 1939) was a French anti-personnel bounding mine used at the start of the Second World War, it was developed largely in response to the German S-mine bounding mine. It saw very little service before the fall of France. The plans escaped to the US via Major Pierre Delalande, a member of the French Corps of Engineers, and were used as the basis for the American M2 bounding mine which saw wider service during the war but was considered largely ineffective. The M2 mine was replaced almost immediately afterwards with the M16 bounding mine, an almost exact copy of the German S-mine. The French also later produced a copy of the S-mine, the Mle 1951 mine.

## Description

The mine consisted of a large cylindrical main body containing a 60 mm mortar shell linked by a steel tube to a fuse holder which held either a pressure fuse or a pull fuse for use with tripwires. A rectangular thin metal plate positioned halfway up the main body of the mine provides additional support. When the fuse is triggered, a flash travels along the steel tube to the base of the main body, where it ignites a 0.8 g black powder charge, launching the mortar shell from the mine and igniting a pyrotechnic delay.
The mine weighs 5.5 lb and is overall 8.25 in high. The metal supporting plate measures 6.4 in by 4 in. The explosive charge consists of 5 ounces of Melinite.
The delay triggers the mine once it has risen to a height of between 0.5 m and 2 m, where it detonates scattering shrapnel.
# Annadurai

Annadurai is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* C. N. Annadurai (1909–1969), Indian politician
* Mylswamy Annadurai (born 1958), Indian scientist
* R. Annadurai, Indian politician
# Screenwest

Screenwest is Western Australia's screen funding and development organisation, working in partnership with the screen industry to develop, support and promote film, television and digital media production in Western Australia. Screenwest receives funding from the Government of Western Australia via Lotterywest. In July 2017 it took over the FTI (formerly Film and Television Institute).

## History

On 1 December 2016, Minister for Culture and Arts John Day announced that Screenwest would transition out of government, and become an independent not-for-profit organisation. This structural transition was completed on 20 July 2017, with Screenwest formally becoming Screenwest (Australia) Limited.
On 17 May 2017, Screenwest announced the proposed consolidation of FTI (Western Australia) (formerly Film and Television Institute) and Screenwest. Support for early career filmmakers in the form of a grants program transitioned from the FTI to Screenwest from July 2017, when the FTI ceased operations.

## Description

As WA's screen funding and development organisation, Screenwest works in partnership with the screen industry to develop, support and promote film, television and digital media production in WA. It receives funding from the Government of Western Australia and Lotterywest.
Screenwest's funding and support programs are designed to:
* Foster the development and production of quality, marketable film and television projects
* Expand the creative and professional development of Western Australia's film and television program makers
* Promote Western Australian screen culture
# Seca Formation

Seca Formation may refer to:
* Seca Formation, Ecuador, a Late Eocene geologic formation in Ecuador
* Seca Formation, Colombia, a Maastrichtian geologic formation in Colombia
* Laguna Seca Formation, a Maastrichtian to Paleocene geologic formation in the United States
# Takeshi Kaneshiro Tree

Takeshi Kaneshiro Tree is a bishop wood located on Mr. Brown Avenue, Chihshang Township, Taitung County, Taiwan. Because of advertisements made in June 2013 by EVA Air with Takeshi Kaneshiro in this tree, it was named Takeshi Kaneshiro Tree. Since then, this tree has become a famous landmark attracting countless tourists to visit this place like a pilgrimage. It is estimated that the annual output value of tourism will reach NT$500 million. However, after the increase of tourists, a small number of people littering and destroying of crops by trampling has caused concern by local citizens to the extent that local farmers wanted to cut down the tree.
Takeshi Kaneshiro tree fell during Typhoon Matmo on July 23, 2014. After treatment by Japanese and Taiwanese arborists, the tree has been raised back and gradually restored.
# Sedasta

Sedasta is a genus of African orb-weaver spiders containing the single species, Sedasta ferox. It was first described by Eugène Simon in 1894, and has only been found in West Africa. It was originally placed with the tangle-web spiders, and though was moved to the orb-weavers in 1985, it is still sometimes considered to be a theridiid or a long-jawed orb weaver.
# Kerr & Co

William B. Kerr Co. was a manufacturer of jewelry, flatware and hollow-ware. Established in Newark, New Jersey in 1855, they are listed in the 1915 Edition of the Trademarks of the Jewelry and Kindred Trades as having been located at 144 Orange St.

## Hallmark

Kerr's hallmark was a fasces - a single-bit axe with rods bound with straps. They used this trademark of a medieval axe from 1855 until 1892. Other hallmarks include a hammer, and three "X" marks. William B. Kerr & Co. newark, New Jersey Ca. 1880s - 1927 Well regarded for Art Nouveau jewelry, holloware and vanity items. Absorbed into Gorham in 1927.

## Styles

Kerr was known for elaborate and unique Art Nouveau pieces, most especially the American Beauty series, as well as many different patterns of flatware and holloware for children featuring nursery rhymes and images.

## Sale to Gorham

William B. Kerr & Co was sold to Gorham Manufacturing Company. Gorham was purchased by Textron in 1967. Gorham was owned by Brown-Forman Corporation from 1991 to 2005 until it was sold to Department 56 in the Lenox holdings transaction.
# Model Marine Insurance Act of 1922

The Model Marine Insurance Act of 1922 regulated Marine insurance in the District of Columbia and was intended as a model for the states to follow. It was passed on the initiative of the House Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries as being one of a series of steps necessary to improve the shipping trade and the commerce of the U.S, by putting them more on parity with other competing commercial nations. The bill authorized the formation of specific marine insurance companies to cover property damages done by fires, earthquakes and accidents, as well as covering injury and death.
# Israeli settlement (disambiguation)

Israeli settlements are Jewish civilian communities built on lands occupied by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War.
The term Israeli settlement may also refer to:
# Israeli spring

Israeli spring may refer to:
* 2011 Israeli social justice protests
* 2023 Israeli anti-judicial reform protests
# Kevin Elgestål

Kevin Elgestål (born May 29, 1996) is a Swedish professional ice hockey right winger. He is currently playing with Stenungsund HF in the Hockeytvåan (Div.3).

## Playing career

Elgestål made his Swedish Hockey League debut playing with Frölunda HC during the 2013–14 SHL season.
On June 26, 2014, Elgestål was drafted in the 7th round of the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, 194th overall, by the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL).
Elgestål continued his tenure with Frölunda HC, however after being un-signed by the Capitals and also unable to break into the SHL team, he left the club to sign with second-tier club, HC Vita Hästen, in the HockeyAllsvenskan (Allsv).

## Career statistics
### Regular season and playoffs

| | | | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Regular season | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs | Playoffs |
| Season | Team | League | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2012–13 | Frölunda HC | J20 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2013–14 | Frölunda HC | J20 | 44 | 13 | 22 | 35 | 34 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 2013–14 | Frölunda HC | SHL | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2014–15 | Frölunda HC | J20 | 33 | 10 | 16 | 26 | 65 | 6 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 29 |
| 2015–16 | Frölunda HC | J20 | 16 | 6 | 6 | 12 | 28 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2015–16 | HC Vita Hästen | Allsv | 27 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2016–17 | HC Vita Hästen | Allsv | 30 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 29 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2017–18 | HC Vita Hästen | Allsv | 49 | 7 | 6 | 13 | 22 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2018–19 | HC Vita Hästen | Allsv | 47 | 5 | 7 | 12 | 20 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2019–20 | HC Vita Hästen | Allsv | 52 | 8 | 10 | 18 | 22 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| 2020–21 | HC Vita Hästen | Allsv | 23 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 6 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2021–22 | HC Vita Hästen | Allsv | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |
| 2021–22 | DVTK Jegesmedvék | Erste | 29 | 8 | 14 | 22 | 33 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| SHL totals | SHL totals | SHL totals | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | — | — | — | — | — |

### International

| Year | Team | Event | Result | GP | G | A | Pts | PIM |
| 2013 | Sweden | IH18 | 7th | 4 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| 2014 | Sweden | WJC18 | 4th | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 27 |
| Junior totals | Junior totals | Junior totals | Junior totals | 11 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 29 |
# Chikako Mese

Chikako Mese is an American mathematician known for her work in differential geometry, geometric analysis and the theory of harmonic maps. She is a professor of mathematics at Johns Hopkins University.

## Education and career

Mese graduated from Elk Grove High School (Elk Grove Village, Illinois) in 1987. As a softball player at Elk Grove, she broke the national record for the number of runs scored in a season, with 69 runs. Although primarily a catcher, she played in seven different positions for her team, and also tied the state record for the most walks in a season, 35.
She earned a bachelor's degree in 1991 from the honors program at the University of Dayton, majoring in mathematics, and completed a Ph.D. in mathematics at Stanford University in 1996. Her dissertation, Minimal Surfaces and Conformal Mappings Into Singular Spaces, was supervised by Richard Schoen.
Before joining the Johns Hopkins University faculty in 2004 as an associate professor, she held assistant professorships at the University of Southern California and Connecticut College. At Johns Hopkins, she became the first tenured female mathematician. She was promoted to full professor in 2007, and chaired the mathematics department from 2008 to 2011.

## Recognition

In 2007, Elk Grove High School recognized Mese as a distinguished alumna. She was named a Simons Fellow by the Simons Foundation in 2017. She was elected as a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society in the 2020 Class, for "contributions to the theory of harmonic maps and their applications, and for service to the mathematical community".
# Issia Department

Issia Department is a department of Haut-Sassandra Region in Sassandra-Marahoué District, Ivory Coast. In 2021, its population was 410,628 and its seat is the settlement of Issia. The sub-prefectures of the department are Boguédia, Iboguhé, Issia, Nahio, Namané, Saïoua, and Tapéguia.

## History

Issia Department was created in 1980 as first-level subdivision via a split-off from Daloa Department. In 1997, regions were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast; as a result, all departments were converted into second-level subdivisions. Issia Department was included in Haut-Sassandra Region.
In 2011, districts were introduced as new first-level subdivisions of Ivory Coast. At the same time, regions were reorganised and became second-level subdivisions and all departments were converted into third-level subdivisions. At this time, Issia Department remained part of the retained Haut-Sassandra Region in the new Sassandra-Marahoué District.