OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# The Perfect Thing

The Perfect Thing: How the iPod Shuffles Commerce, Culture, and Coolness is a book written by Steven Levy, an American journalist. It covers the growth of the idea of Apple's very own iPod, from its origins before its introduction in 2001 to its development to the iPod Nano and the fifth-generation video iPod.

## Synopsis

In an author's note, Levy writes,
   Early in the process of planning The Perfect Thing, I decided to organize it by aspects of the iPod, instead of in a chronological narrative. One day, while, appropriately, shuffling songs on my iPod, I had an idea that could spiritually link my book to its subject: I would shuffle the chapters. Each one would be written to stand on its own and not require others as antecedents... By shuffling my chapters, I hope to spotlight these issues--and to have some fun, another thing that squares with the spirit of the iPod.

### Contents

* Perfect
* Identity
* Origin
* Cool
* Personal
* Download
* Shuffle
* Apple
* Podcast
* Coda
Levy starts the book with a timeline of the iPod, running from October 2001 to October 2005. He then writes in a shuffled set of chapters, focusing on the "perfect" aspects of the iPod—the origins and the idea of the iPod, its ability to create an identity and a familiar community, its coolness factor, how it made music personal for individuals, and how it changed the music industry with Apple's iTunes Store.
The book includes quotes, interviews, and anecdotes with such individuals as Apple's co-founder and CEO, Steve Jobs; Microsoft chairman, Bill Gates; cultural anthropologist at the University of Utrecht and noted "Professor of Cool," Dr. Carl Rohde; founder of MP3.com, Michael Robertson; and many others.

## Reception

Publishers Weekly wrote: "Combining upbeat reportage about the device's origins and development with higher-minded ruminations about its place at 'the center of just about every controversy in the digital age,' he explores how the iPod 'set the technology world, the business world, and especially the music industry on its head.'"
Cory Doctorow of Boing Boing wrote: "The impact of "shuffling," of carrying your collection in your pocket, of putting digital music in the hands of info-civilians who never would have put up with the crummy design and arcane interfaces of the early competitors—these are big stories that will play out for decades yet, and Levy's book does the best job I've yet seen of categorizing and taking the measure of these great shifts."
# Anderson Creek

Anderson Creek may refer to one of the following places in the United States:
* Anderson Creek Township, Harnett County, North Carolina
** Anderson Creek, North Carolina, an unincorporated community in the above township
* Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania), a tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River
# Skaland

Skaland (Norwegian) or Birgi (Northern Sami) is a village in Senja Municipality in Troms county, Norway. The village is located on the shores of the Bergsfjorden on the northwest side of the island of Senja, about 15 km (9.3 mi) to the southwest of the village of Senjahopen and about 70 km (43 mi) southwest of the city of Tromsø. The village of Finnsæter is located about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) across the fjord to the south.
The 0.38-square-kilometre (94-acre) village had a population (2003) of 225 and a population density of 592 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,530/sq mi). Since 2003, the population and area data for this village area has not been separately tracked by Statistics Norway.
The main employer in the area is the graphite factory, Skaland Grafitverk which was founded in 1917. Berg Church is also located in the village. The village was the administrative center of the old Berg Municipality until 1 January 2020 when it was merged into Senja Municipality.

## Media gallery

* Finnsæter
* Solnedgang
* Bergsøyan
* Bergsøyan
# Stevens Treaties

The Stevens Treaties are a number of treaties signed by Governor Isaac Stevens for the United States, and Native American tribes in the then Washington Territory:
* Treaty of Hellgate (1855)
* Treaty of Medicine Creek (1854)
* Treaty of Neah Bay signed with the Makah (1855)
* Treaty of Point Elliott (1855)
* Point No Point Treaty (1855)
* Quinault Treaty (1855 and 1856)
* Treaty of Walla Walla (1855)
# Simon Yaxley

Simon Yaxley (9 May 1969 – 21 December 2022) was a radio broadcaster and actor, best known for his work on BBC Radio Cumbria and Lakeland Radio.

## Career

Simon was a radio presenter on various radio stations including Lakeland Radio and on BBC Radio Cumbria in which he hosted The Afternoon Show until his death in December 2022.
In addition to his broadcasting career, Yaxley was well known for his work as an actor in shows and pantomimes across Cumbria.

## Death

Simon died at his home in Carlisle on 21 December 2022, aged 53. His death was confirmed by BBC Radio Cumbria the next day. The station posted on social media: "The BBC Radio Cumbria presenter Simon Yaxley has died. He was found at his home in Carlisle yesterday afternoon. He had been a BBC presenter for the past 5 years, and also worked for commercial radio in Cumbria. Our condolences go to his family, friends and listeners."
Many tributes were shared on social media, with BBC Radio Cumbria editor Jonathan Morrell saying "Simon was a lovely, kind man who was quiet and thoughtful off air. On air, a big personality who listeners loved. My condolences to his family, friends and colleagues here. He was a big part of our radio family & will be much missed."
Andy Milliard, who used to co-present with Simon during his time at Lakeland Radio said: "He was just radio through and through, it was his real passion. He was sad when Lakeland Radio finished in this area and he was so chuffed when he got his shot on Radio Cumbria.
Colin Andrews added: "I worked with Simon Yaxley for many years at Lakeland Radio. He was as much a friend outside of work as in."
# Jambville

Jambville (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France region in north-central France. It is 50 kilometres to the north west of Paris in the heart of the Vexin national park. Château de Jambville is the Centre national de formation des Scouts et Guides de France (National Training Centre for Scouts and Guides of France). The chateau dates from the 16th to the 19th Century.
# Hans Neugebauer

Hans Edgar Neugebauer (17 November 1916 in Karlsruhe – 30 July 1994 in Cologne) was a German opera director, set designer and opera singer (bass).
Neugebauer was the son of the opera singer Helmuth Neugebauer. After graduating from high school, he studied music, singing (bass) and stage design.
Neugebauer also directed the world premiere of Zimmermann's opera Die Soldaten (Cologne 1965).
# Frank Knight (writer)

Francis Edgar "Frank" Knight (1905-1998) was a navigation instructor in the Royal Air Force during World War II, after his retirement he became an author of fiction and non-fiction.

## Biography

Knight was born in 1905. At the age of 15, Knight became an apprentice in the Merchant Navy. For ten years he served in many countries, visiting scores of ports, and obtaining his Extra Master Mariner's certificate when he was 24. Throughout the war he taught navigation in the RAF to pupil navigators of Bomber Coastal Commands. He flew regularly with pupils both in Britain and South Africa.
After the war, he reverted to selling yachts before settling down to write about the sea, including works in fiction and non fiction. He died in 1998 after publishing more than 45 books, primarily sea stories and war battles.
Frank Knights books were used in schools around the world for education and were fun to read, and used as supplementary reading for learning history.

## Personal

Frank Knight married in 1933 to Elizabeth Mather, whom he called Betty. They emigrated to South Africa in 1940 with their two children, and went on to have two more children. After World war 2, they came back to England on a troopship. In 1966, Knight appeared on Blue Peter; he was interviewed by Lance Percival talking about old children's Stories which he had used as inspiration for early cartoons.
# Sudan Tribune

The Sudan Tribune is an electronic news portal on Sudan and South Sudan and neighbouring countries including news coverage, analyses and commentary, official reports and press releases from various organizations, and maps. It is based in Paris, France, and run by a team of Sudanese and international editors and journalists. The Sudan Tribune claims to have had over 5 million page views in 2005 and more than 12 million page views (almost a million absolute unique visitors) in 2008.

## History

The Sudan Tribune was started in 2003. In July 2017, the South Sudanese media accused the government of blocking their websites, including that of the Tribune.
# Paratyria

Paratyria is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae.
# Gwyddgrug

Gwyddgrug is a small village in Carmarthenshire, West Wales. It is located on the main A485 road south of New Inn.
# Chalcis Province

Chalcis Province was one of the provinces of the Euboea Prefecture, Greece. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipalities Chalcis, Dirfys-Messapia, Eretria, and Mantoudi-Limni-Agia Anna. It was abolished in 2006.
# Jean Westwood (figure skater)

Jean Thomson Westwood (1931 – 26 July 2022) was a British ice dancer. With partner Lawrence Demmy, she was the World Champion for four consecutive years, 1952 to 1955 (plus the unofficial trial event in 1951), and European Champion in its first two editions in 1954 and 1955. They were inducted into the World Figure Skating Hall of Fame in 1977.
She later became an elite-level coach in the United States and Canada (she had switched national teams, via a spell as skating director of the Ice Follies touring show, prior to the 1961 Sabena Flight 548 aviation disaster in which several former students and colleagues were killed). She was inducted into the Skate Canada Hall of Fame for her coaching services in 1997.
The Scottish long jumper Alix Jamieson (1964 Summer Olympics) was her second cousin.

## Results

(with Lawrence Demmy)
| Event | 1951 | 1952 | 1953 | 1954 | 1955 |
| World Championships | 1st* | 1st | 1st | 1st | 1st |
| European Championships | | | | 1st | 1st |
| British Championships | 2nd | 2nd | 1st | 1st | 1st |
# Stevens effect

Stevens effect may refer to:
* In color theory, the Stevens effect discovered by Joseph C. and Stanley Smith Stevens ((1963) Brightness functions: Effects of Adaptation, Journal of the Optical Society of America, 53, pp. 375–385)
* United States Senate election in Alaska, 2008
# Motor Booty Affair

Motor Booty Affair is the seventh album by funk band Parliament, released in 1978. It contains two of the group's most popular tracks, "Rumpofsteelskin" and "Aqua Boogie (A Psychoalphadiscobetabioaquadoloop)", which went to number one on the Billboard Soul Singles chart.
Artist Overton Loyd created the art for Motor Booty Affair. The main release consisted of a gate-fold album cover featuring a pop-up rendition of the city of Atlantis, with Loyd's artwork on the front and back covers. His illustrations included cartoon portraits of some of the "characters" mentioned in the songs on the album, including "Mr. Wiggles". It also included cardboard cutout figures featuring Loyd's cartoon illustrations of most of the characters mentioned in the songs. There was a picture disk, with Loyd's illustration printed directly on the vinyl LP. The album was Parliament's fifth consecutive gold album (500,000 copies sold).

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| Christgau's Record Guide | A− |
| (The New) Rolling Stone Album Guide | |
| The Virgin Encyclopedia of R&B and Soul | |
The Bay State Banner wrote that the album "had bop and free jazz, bass playing of remarkable range and liberty, courageous and engaging piano, wisecracking but unpredictable vocals, lyrics that said it all in slang so right you felt you'd been using it all your life instead of hearing it for the first time."

## Personnel

Snorkel Singing Air Tank Harmonics:
* Jaws: George Clinton, Garry Shider, J.S. Theracon, Gary "Bone" Cooper, Ron Ford, Ray Davis, Bernie Worrell
* The Choral Reef (er, Bubbly Vocalizations): Debbie Wright, Jeanette Washington, Mallia Franklin, Shirley Hayden, Cheryl James, Lynn Mabry, Dawn Silva, Linda Brown, Richard "Kush" Griffith, Raymond Spruell, Mike "Clip" Payne, Joey Zalabok, Robert "P-Nut" Johnson, Larry Heckstall, Overton Loyd
Liquid Licks (Motor-Madness Musicians):
* Guitar: Michael Hampton, Garry Shider, J.S. Theracon, Phelps "Catfish" Collins, Bootsy Collins
* Bass: Cordell "Boogie" Mosson, Bootsy Collins, Rodney "Skeet" Curtis, J.S. Theracon
* Drums: Tyrone Lampkin, Bootsy Collins, Gary "Bone" Cooper, J.S. Theracon
* Percussion: Larry Fratangelo
* Horns: Fred Wesley, Richard "Kush" Griffith, Maceo Parker, Rick Gardner, Greg Boyer, Greg Thomas, Benny Cowan
* Keyboards/Synthesizers: Bernie Worrell, J.S. Theracon
# Status group

The German sociologist Max Weber formulated a three-component theory of stratification that defines a status group (also status class and status estate) as a group of people within a society who can be differentiated by non-economic qualities such as honour, prestige, ethnicity, race, and religion. The German terms are Stand (status group) and Stände (status groups)
To date, sociologists study the matter of “status incongruence” — both in post-industrial societies, and in pre-industrial societies. Status groups emerge from "the house of honor", and that such status-honor stands in contrast with:
* social class, based on economically determined relationship in the house of the marketplace
* political party, based on affiliations in the political domain, or the house of power
Status groups, social classes, and political parties are the constituent concepts of the three-component theory of stratification. Discussion of the relationships among status groups, social class, and political parties occurs in Weber's essay "Class, Status, Party", written before the First World War (1914–18); the first translation into English, by Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, was published in the 1940s. Dagmar Waters and colleagues produced a newer English translation of the essay, titled “The Distribution of Power within the Community: Classes, Stände, Parties” (2010), published in the “Journal of Classical Sociology”; the title of the new English-language translation includes the German word “Stände” (status groups) in place of the English term.
Status groups feature in the varieties of social stratification addressed in popular literature and in the academic literature, such as categorization of people by race, ethnic group, racial caste, professional groups, community groups, nationalities, etc. These contrast with relationships rooted in economic relations, which Weber calls "class".
Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu discusses cultural capital and symbolic capital. Like Weber, he comments on how non-monetary means are used to confer and deny status to individuals and groups.
# 215th Street

215th Street may refer to:
* 215th Street (MVTA station), Minnesota
* 215th Street (IRT Broadway – Seventh Avenue Line), New York City Subway
# Bowles House

Bowles House may refer to:

## in the United States

(by state)
* Bowles Hall, Berkeley, CA, a dormitory house at University of California, Berkeley, that is listed on the NRHP in California
* Bowles-Cooley House, Aspen, CO, listed on the NRHP in Colorado
* Bowles House (Westminster, Colorado), listed on the NRHP in Colorado
* Joseph R. Bowles House, Portland, OR, listed on the NRHP in Oregon
* Jesse C. Bowles House, Seattle, WA, listed on the NRHP in Washington
# Plithotaxis

In cellular biology, plithotaxis (from Greek πλήΘος (plíthos) 'crowd, swarm') is the tendency for each individual cell within a monolayer to migrate along the local orientation of the maximal principal stress, or equivalently, minimal intercellular shear stress. Plithotaxis requires force transmission across many cell-cell junctions and therefore is an emergent property of the cell group.
Plithotaxis is found to hold at the level of both a subcellular grid point and an individual cell of a confluent monolayer, and the stresses must be tensile.
# Chalco

Chalco may refer to:
* Chalco de Díaz Covarrubias, or simply Chalco, seat of the municipality of Chalco, State of México
* Chalco (altépetl), an altépetl or pre-Columbian city-state in central Mexico
* Lake Chalco, endorheic lake formerly located in the Valley of Mexico
* Chalco, Nebraska in northern Sarpy County, Nebraska, United States
* Chalco Hills Recreation Area in Nebraska
* Valle de Chalco Solidaridad, a municipality located in State of Mexico, Mexico
* Chalco, Aluminum Corporation of China Limited
* The Chalco system in A. A. Attanasio's The Last Legends of Earth
# Frederick William, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin

Frederick William (28 March 1675 – 31 July 1713) was the reigning duke of Mecklenburg in the Mecklenburg-Schwerin portion of the duchy of Mecklenburg from 1692 until 1713.
Frederick William was the eldest son of Prince Frederick, Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow, and Christine Wilhelmine of Hesse-Homburg (1653–1722). He was a nephew of the childless Duke Christian Ludwig I of Mecklenburg. Frederick William succeeded his uncle on 21 June 1692 as regent of the Schwerin portion of the duchy of Mecklenburg. After the extinction of the Mecklenburg-Güstrow line of the dynasty with the death of Duke Gustav Adolph in 1695, Frederick William became embroiled in a violent succession dispute with his uncle Adolf Frederick II that escalated quickly. It brought the country to the brink of civil war and was settled only through the intervention of foreign powers. The king of Denmark and Norway, Frederick IV, gave up the inheritance request for the Mecklenburg-Güstrow principality in exchange for the Duke's support for Denmark-Norway in the Great Northern War. The dispute was ended in 1701 by the Hamburg Compromise. Mecklenburg was again split into two parts with limited autonomy. The two sub-principalities, Mecklenburg-Strelitz and Mecklenburg-Schwerin, existed until 1918. The Compromise also introduced the right of succession of the first-born to the dynasty.
In 1708, Frederick William introduced the "Consumption and Tax Statute" to overcome the fiscal consequences of the Thirty Years' War and the Great Northern War. In addition to the taxation of knights and the clergy, this law included the abolition of serfdom, freeing farmers from dependence on their landlords. The former peasants could lease their land and forced labor was to be replaced by work for a salary. This created a sharp conflict between the duke and the landed estates.
Frederick William married Sophie Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel on 2 January 1704 in Kassel. She was a daughter of Count Charles I of Hesse-Kassel. The couple had no children.
Frederick William had numerous mistresses, with whom he had at least nine children, including:
* Charles Louis von Mecklenburg auf Zibühl, Lübzin and Karcheez (a son with Sophie Magdalene of Plüskow, died 1703)
* Margaretha Dorothea Gredler (died 1744 in Dömitz)
A lady named Frederika Wilhelmina was born in 1702 in Boitzenburg and died 1748 in Schwerin. In 1719, she married Hermann Christian von Wolffradt (died in 1723 in Dömitz). She was a mistress of Duke Karl Leopold of Mecklenburg. Whether she was an illegitimate daughter of Frederick William is a point of controversy in the historical literature.
Frederick William died in Mainz on 31 July 1713 on his return from Schlangenbad. His wife Sofia Charlotte took up her dower in Bützow, where she died. She was buried beside her husband in the crypt of the newly built Schelfkirche St. Nikolai in Schwerin.
# Simmon Latutin

Captain Simmon Latutin GC (25 July 1916 – 30 December 1944) was a British Army officer who was posthumously awarded the George Cross, the highest British (and Commonwealth) award for bravery out of combat. He won his award for the gallantry he showed in rescuing two comrades, and attempting to save a boy, from a blazing ammunition store on 29 December 1944 in Mogadishu, Somaliland.

## Early life

Latutin was born in Camden Town, London on 25 July 1916, the son of Jewish immigrants, Morris and Frieda Latutin. His father was a Tailor. In the 1939 National Register he is living with his parents in the St Pancras district of London, his occupation is recorded as a Musician.

## Army service

He was commissioned into The Somerset Light Infantry in 1942, and was seconded to the Somalia Gendarmerie at the time of his GC action. He died of his burns the next day. He was born on 25 July 1916 in London and had been educated at Regent Street Polytechnic and the Royal Academy of Music, where a memorial to him was unveiled in 2006. Notice of his award appeared in a supplement to the London Gazette of 6 September 1946, dated 10 September 1946. He is buried in the Nairobi War Cemetery. In December 2021 a plaque in his memory was installed on the wall of his Camden home by the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation.

## George Cross citation

Latutin's George Cross citation appeared in the London Gazette on 6 August 1946:
   The King has been graciously pleased to approve the posthumous award of the George Cross in recognition of most conspicuous gallantry in carrying out hazardous work in a very brave manner to Captain Simmon Latutin 242974 Somalia Gendarmerie (Harrow Middlesex).
Historical marker was placed at the home where Latutin lived in London by the Jewish American Society for Historic Preservation U.K. Branch.
# Korea Foreign School

Korea Foreign School (KFS) is a non-profit private coeducational day-school in the Gangnam Area of Seoul, South Korea. KFS is established and operated under the Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education. Korea Foreign School educates children from grade 1 through grade 10.

## Accreditation and memberships

KFS is accredited by the Council of International Schools (CIS) and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC). The school is an affiliated member of the National Association of Independent Schools (NAIS), the East Asia Regional Council of Overseas Schools (EARCOS), and the Korea Council of Overseas Schools (KORCOS).

## Curriculum

KFS is currently an IB World School of IB Primary Years Programme (PYP) and Middle Years Programme (MYP). Using the IB curriculum framework, KFS provides an international education for students in grades 1-10. The PYP focuses on the development of the whole child as an inquirer, both in the classroom and in the world outside. It is defined by six transdisciplinary themes of global significance, explored using knowledge and skills derived from six subject areas, with a powerful emphasis on inquiry-based learning. Subjects Offered: Primary Years Programme (PYP) 1. Reading & Writing 2. Mathematics 3. Science 4. Social Studies 5. Arts 6. Languages – Korean 7. Life Skills 8. Physical, Social and Personal Education
The Middle Years Programme grades 6-10 includes the following 8 curricular areas: Group #1: Language and Literature (English) based on Readers’ and Writers` Workshop model (Teacher’s College, Columbia University) Group #2: Acquired Language (English, Spanish and Korean) Group #3: Humanities (Individuals & Societies, History, Economics, Politics etc.) Group #4: Integrated Science (Earth Science, Biology, Chemistry, Physics) Group #5: Mathematics based on Singapore Math program Group #6: Art, Drama, Film Group #7: Design Technology Group #8: Physical and Health Education KFS adopted the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS), and the National Standards for Social Studies.

## After school activities

Korea Foreign School offers a wide variety of after school activities including:
* Basketball
* Clay dough
* Coding
* Drama
* Golf
* Group games
* Gymnastics
* Handcraft
* Hapkido
* LEGO
* Newspaper/news and video production
* Robotics
* Soccer
* Spanish
* Mandarin
* Table tennis