OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tectorial membrane

The tectoria membrane (TM) is one of two acellular membranes in the cochlea of the inner ear, the other being the basilar membrane (BM). "Tectorial" in anatomy means forming a cover. The TM is located above the spiral limbus and the spiral organ of Corti and extends along the longitudinal length of the cochlea parallel to the BM. Radially the TM is divided into three zones, the limbal, middle and marginal zones. Of these the limbal zone is the thinnest (transversally) and overlies the auditory teeth of Huschke with its inside edge attached to the spiral limbus. The marginal zone is the thickest (transversally) and is divided from the middle zone by Hensen's Stripe. It overlies the sensory inner hair cells and electrically-motile outer hair cells of the organ of Corti and during acoustic stimulation stimulates the inner hair cells through fluid coupling, and the outer hair cells via direct connection to their tallest stereocilia.

## Structure

The TM is a gel-like structure containing 97% water. Its dry weight is composed of collagen (50%), non-collagenous glycoproteins (25%) and proteoglycans (25%). Three inner-ear specific glycoproteins are expressed in the TM, α-tectorin, β-tectorin and otogelin. Of these proteins α-tectorin and β-tectorin form the striated sheet matrix that regularly organises the collagen fibres. Due to the increased structural complexity of the TM relative to other acellular gels (such as the otolithic membranes), its mechanical properties are consequently significantly more complex. They have been experimentally shown to be radially and longitudinally anisotropic and to exhibit viscoelastic properties.

## Function

The mechanical role of the tectorial membrane in hearing is yet to be fully understood, and traditionally was neglected or downplayed in many models of the cochlea. However, recent genetic , mechanical and mathematical studies have highlighted the importance of the TM for healthy auditory function in mammals. Mice that lack expression of individual glycoproteins exhibit hearing abnormalities, including, most notably, enhanced frequency selectivity in Tecb$^{−/−}$ mice, which lack expression of β-tectorin. In vitro investigations of the mechanical properties of the TM have demonstrated the ability of isolated sections of TM to support travelling waves at acoustically relevant frequencies. This raises the possibility that the TM may be involved in the longitudinal propagation of energy in the intact cochlea. MIT research correlates the TM with the ability of the human ear to hear faint noises.
The TM influences inner ear sensory cells by storing calcium ions. When calcium store is depleted by loud sounds or by the introduction of calcium chelators, the responses of the sensory cells decrease. When tectorial membrane calcium is restored, sensory cell function returns.

## Additional images

* Floor of ductus cochlearis.
* Cross section of the cochlea.
# Morinia proceripenisa

Morinia proceripenisa is a species of cluster fly in the family Polleniidae.

## Distribution

China.
# Morinia tsitsikamma

Morinia tsitsikamma is a species of cluster fly in the family Polleniidae.

## Distribution

South Africa.
# Shadow Secretary of State for Housing

The Shadow Secretary of State for Housing was a position in the United Kingdom's Shadow Cabinet that was created on 7 October 2016 by the Leader of the Opposition, Jeremy Corbyn during a cabinet reshuffle. This position succeeds the position of Shadow Minister for Housing and Planning, and shadowed the Minister of State for Housing at the Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities in Her Majesty's Government. The office was succeeded by the Shadow Secretary of State for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities.

## List of Shadow Secretaries of State for Housing

| Shadow Secretary | Term of Office | Term of Office | Political Party | Leader of the Opposition |
| John Healey MP | 7 October 2016 | 6 April 2020 | Labour | Jeremy Corbyn |
| Thangam Debbonaire MP | 6 April 2020 | 9 May 2021 | Labour | Keir Starmer |
| Lucy Powell MP | 9 May 2021 | 29 November 2021 | Labour | Keir Starmer |

## Shadow Secretary of State for Housing's Team

Key
* Member of the House of Commons
* Member of the House of Lords
The current Shadow Housing team was updated on 11 May 2018, with Sarah Jones replacing Tony Lloyd after his appointment as Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
| Position | Current Holder | Term |
| Shadow Secretary of State for Housing | Thangam Debbonaire MP | 2020–2021 |
| Shadow Secretary of State for Housing | John Healey MP | 2016–2020 |
| Shadow Housing Ministers | Sarah Jones MP | 2018–2020 |
| Shadow Housing Ministers | Melanie Onn MP | 2017–2019 |
| Shadow Housing Ministers | Mike Amesbury MP | 2020–2021 |
| Shadow Housing Spokespersons | The Lord Kennedy of Southwark | 2016–2021 |
| Shadow Housing Spokespersons | The Lord Beecham | 2016–2021 |
# Kitzmeyer Furniture Factory

The Kitzmeyer Furniture Factory, at 319 N. Carson St. in Carson City, Nevada, is a historic building built in 1873. It is the oldest surviving Italianate-style commercial buildings in the commercial core area of Carson City.
It was built to provide a furniture showroom on the ground floor and furniture factory space above, and served in this way until 1901. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987.
# Jacob Kjeldgaard

Marinus Jacob Kjeldgaard (4 September 1884 in Copenhagen – 6 February 1964 in Paris) was a Danish photographer and journalist active in France. Most well known by his pseudonym "Marinus," he created satirical photomontages for the French periodical Marianne (magazine: 1932-40), works similar to those of John Heartfield.

## Biography

He was the fifth child of a Danish master craftsman; after grade school he attended a polytechnical school. He wanted to be an artist and attended art school for several years before working with his family to create electric lighted signs for businesses. He emigrated in 1909 to Paris.

### Photomontages

His photomontages were inspired by classical masterpieces and by the cinema. His most important works were pacifist political montages against Hitler and Stalin. Because he created work under the pseudonym "Marinus," Kjeldgaard survived the German occupation of France without drawing suspicion that he was a political agitator.
One of his works published in J'ai Vu on October 20, 1917, showed the American ambassador to Germany and Frenchman Bolo Pasha in conversation, implicating the two in treasonous activity and collaboration with the Germans. The montage was so convincing that Marinus was called into court to testify that he had created the artwork and thus it was not usable as evidence.

#### Posthumous legacy

His work has been rediscovered in recent years, initially through a 2007 exhibition titled "Marinus and Marianne" at the art museum in Aalborg, Denmark. The Museum Ludwig in Cologne held a retrospective exhibition of Marinus and Heartfield in 2008.
# Sh 2-155

Sh 2-155 (also designated Caldwell 9, Sharpless 155 or S155, or LBN529) is a diffuse nebula in the constellation Cepheus, within a larger nebula complex containing emission, reflection, and dark nebulosity. It is widely known as the Cave Nebula, though that name was applied earlier to Ced 201, a different nebula in Cepheus. Sh 2-155 is an ionized H II region with ongoing star formation activity, at an estimated distance of 725 parsecs (2400 light-years) from Earth.
Sh 2-155 was first noted as a galactic emission nebula in 1959 in the extended second edition of the Sharpless catalogue, being a part of the much larger Cep OB3 Association. Although Sh 2-155 is relatively faint for amateur observation, some of its structure may be seen visually through a moderately sized telescope under dark skies.
Sh 2-155 lies at the edge of the Cepheus B cloud (part of the Cepheus molecular cloud), and is ionized by young stars from the Cep OB3 association. It has been suggested that radiation from the hot O-type star HD 217086 is compressing the region, triggering the formation of a new generation of stars. A study of the region's young stellar objects by the Chandra X-ray Observatory and Spitzer Space Telescope shows a progression of stellar ages in front of the cloud, supporting the hypothesis of triggered star-formation.

## Other name designations

The name "Cave Nebula" was coined for this object by Patrick Moore, presumably derived from photographic images showing a curved arc of emission nebulosity corresponding to a cave mouth. The name was also used earlier to refer to another brighter but unrelated reflection nebula in Cepheus known as Ced 201 or VdB 152, positioned at R.A.: 22h 13m 27s Dec.: +70° 15′ 18″ (2000). The name's application to Sh 2-155 has come into vogue through the nebula's inclusion in Moore's Caldwell catalogue as object Caldwell 9. (SIMBAD lists the name for Ced 201, but not for Sh 2-155.)
# Kitagō, Miyazaki (Minaminaka)

Kitagō (北郷町, Kitagō-chō) was a town located in Minaminaka District, Miyazaki, Japan.
As of 2008, the town had an estimated population of 4,859 and a population density of 27.2 persons per km$^2$. The town's total area was 178.49 km$^2$.
On March 30, 2009, Kitagō, along with the town of Nangō (also from Minaminaka District), was merged into the expanded city of Nichinan. Minaminaka District was dissolved as a result of this merger.
It was bordered by Nichinan City to the south and east; Kiyotake Town and Miyazaki City to the north; and Mimata Town to the west.
Kitago literally means "north shire". The town is in the northern part of the former Obi Shire, Himuka.

## History

The town was established as a village in 1889 by merging the villages of Gonohara, Ofuji and Kitagawachi; which was later elevated to town status in 1959.

## Land use

* Rice Field: 2.2%
* Other Farmland: 1.1%
* Residential: 1.1%
* Mountain Forest: 88.2%
* Wilderness: 0.1%
* Mixed Use: 3.9%
* Other: 3.3%
# Kitahana

Kitahana is an administrative ward in Muhambwe Constituency in Kibondo District of Kigoma Region in Tanzania. In 2016 the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics report there were 14,439 people in the ward, from 24,431 in 2012.$^{:125}$$^{:147}$
# Tayla Predebon

Tayla Predebon (born 20 November 2000) is an Australian professional rugby league footballer who currently plays for the Newcastle Knights in the NRL Women's Premiership. Her position is prop. She previously played for the Sydney Roosters.

## Background

Born in Gloucester, New South Wales, Predebon grew up playing netball and rugby league.

## Playing career
### Early years

In 2018 and 2019, Predebon represented the CRL Newcastle side. In 2020, she joined the Central Coast Roosters in the NSWRL Women's Premiership.

### 2022

Predebon joined the Sydney Roosters NRLW squad in 2022. In round 1 of the delayed 2021 NRL Women's season, she made her NRLW debut for the Roosters against the Brisbane Broncos. She played in the Roosters' 2021 Grand Final win over the St. George Illawarra Dragons.
In June, she signed with the Newcastle Knights for the 2022 season. She made her club debut for the Knights in round 1 of the 2022 NRLW season against the Brisbane Broncos, scoring a try in the Knights' 32-14 win.
On 2 October, Predebon played in the Knights' 2022 NRLW Grand Final win over the Parramatta Eels.
# Shahi Lal Dera

Shahi Lal Dera (Red Tent, Royal red tent, Lal Dera) is an imperial Mughal tent, it is a fabric structure owned by the fifth Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. Shahi Lal Dera was used to be a moveable palace.

## Features

Shahi Lal Dera is the only surviving example of a Mughal tent in its entirety. The 17th-century encampment is part of Mehrangarh's royal collection in Jodhpur. it is a magnificent tent, Its regal status is reflected in the color red and the crenellated crown on top. Lal Dera is crafted entirely of silk, velvet, and gold. It has beautiful embroidery and brocade patterns. The tent has beautiful bolsters for the throne of the Mughal emperor, as well as lobed archways and a colonnaded interior chamber. The tent has a four-meter height ceiling, it is comparable in size to a double-decker bus.
Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak talks at length in Ain-i-Akbari about the Mughal emperors' vested interests in textiles, weapons, and Tents.

### Restoring

As of 2017, it was undergoing maintenance to clean and conserve it.
# Shafter station

Shafter station could refer to:
* Shafter station (Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway), a historic train station in Shafter, California
* Revere/Shafter station, a light rail station in San Francisco, California
* Shafter Research Station, an agricultural research station in Shafter, California
# Shaftesbury Avenue (horse)

Shaftesbury Avenue (foaled 14 September 1986) was a versatile Australian racehorse who won Group One races from 1,000 to 2,000 metres, and was placed in the Japan Cup over 2,400 metres. He was a regular rival of Super Impose, and the head-to-head scoreline read four apiece in their eight clashes: Super Impose won the big handicaps, while Shaftesbury Avenue normally prevailed at weight-for-age. Trained by Bart Cummings, the big chestnut gelding won Group One races at Randwick (twice), Flemington (three times), and Caulfield, but failed to handle Moonee Valley in his three starts at the track, and was 12th in the Cox Plate in 1991. Shaftesbury Avenue won 13 of his 28 starts and broke down at Royal Randwick, in 1994, while being prepared for a return to racing.
# Aodh mac Aidmhire

Aodh mac Aidmhire, Irish dynast, fl. c. 600.
Aodh was the father of seven notable saints: Bairrfhionn; Fionnbharr; Maoldubh; Crónán; Gar Bhán; Sabh; Aille. Aodh was from Aughrim, County Galway, and is given as a descendant of Brión mac Echach Muigmedóin. In the genealogies he is given as Aodh, from Eachdhruim mac nAodha.
# Tegeticula synthetica

Tegeticula synthetica is a moth of the family Prodoxidae. It is found in the United States in the Mojave Desert in southern Nevada, south-eastern California and from south-western Utah to north-western Arizona. The habitat consists of desert areas.
The wingspan is 17–21 mm.
The larvae feed on Yucca brevifolia. They feed on developing seeds.
# Kiskunmajsa

Kiskunmajsa is a town in the Kiskunmajsa district of Bács-Kiskun county, Hungary.

## Twin towns – sister cities

Kiskunmajsa is twinned with:
* Bačka Topola, Serbia
* Bad Schönborn, Germany
* Baiyin, China
* Gheorgheni, Romania
* Lommatzsch, Germany
* Lubliniec, Poland
* Ukmergė, Lithuania
# Sturmtruppen (disambiguation)

Sturmtruppen is an Italian comic series.
Sturmtruppen, German for "Storm trooper", may also refer to:
* Sturmtruppen (film), a 1976 Italian film
* Sturmtruppen: The Videogame, a 1992 videogame
# Chausson (surname)

Chausson is a French surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Anne-Caroline Chausson, French BMX and mountain bike racer
* Ernest Chausson (1855–1899), French composer
* Jacques Chausson (c. 1618–1661), French writer
# Santel

Santel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Ad Santel (1887–1966), German-born American wrestler
* Mark Santel (born 1968), American soccer player and coach
# LevelUp

LevelUp is an American mobile ordering and mobile payments platform created by Boston, Massachusetts–based start-up SCVNGR. On July 25, 2018, it was announced that LevelUp would be acquired for US$390 million by Grubhub, an online food delivery platform.

## History

LevelUp was initially launched in March 2011, and operated for its first 3 months as a daily deals platform. In July 2011, LevelUp shifted away from daily deals to focus exclusively on facilitating mobile payments. In July 2013, around 200,000 users and 3,000 companies were using LevelUp. In October 2014, around 14,000 stores were using LevelUp. In May 2017, they announced that they had raised $50 million in funding, with over 50,000 locations and more than 200 brands using Levelup.

## Overview

The LevelUp mobile application for iPhone, Android and Windows Phone allowed registered users to securely link their debit or credit card to a unique QR code displayed within the app. To pay with LevelUp, users scanned the QR code on their phone at LevelUp terminals located at local businesses who accept LevelUp as a form of payment.
Some merchants that accepted LevelUp as a form of payment also offered monetary savings to users. Users are given “First-Time Visit Specials” the first time they made a transaction at the merchant's location. Users could also unlock "credit" to a merchant's store after spending a certain amount at the merchant's location.
As of June 2016, LevelUp was available for businesses in the Boston, Chicago, Washington DC, Northern Virginia, Philadelphia, St. Louis, New York City, Atlanta, San Francisco, Dallas, San Diego, Minneapolis, Montgomery, Kansas City, Seattle, and Wilmington (North Carolina) areas.
In early 2018, the company announced the release of Broadcast, enabling restaurant brands to reach new customers by allowing them to browse live menus, order ahead and pay directly from high-traffic apps such as Facebook, Messenger, Yelp, Foursquare, Amazon Alexa and Chase Pay.
As of September 30, 2021, the LevelUp app is no longer available.
# Matt Mullican

Matt Mullican (born September 18, 1951) is an American artist and educator. He is the child of artists Lee Mullican and Luchita Hurtado. Mullican lives and works in both Berlin and New York City.

## Early life and education

Matt Mullican was born on September 18, 1951, in Santa Monica, California, to parents Lee Mullican and Luchita Hurtado. His mother was Venezuelan-born. In childhood he lived in Caracas, Venezuela for one year.
Mullican received his BFA degree from California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) in 1974.

## Career

He rose to prominence as a member of The Pictures Generation along with such artists as Troy Brauntuch, Jack Goldstein, David Salle, James Welling, Sherrie Levine, Cindy Sherman, Louise Lawler, Richard Prince and Robert Longo. His work is concerned with systems of knowledge, meaning, language, and signification. Mullican also works with the relationship between perception and reality, between the ability to see something and the ability to represent it.
Since the 1970s, Mullican has been known for his performances done while under hypnosis. During these performances, Mullican channels an alter ego known as 'That Person', who displays extreme and erratic behavior. Drawings made by Mullican while hypnotized are frequently exhibited and attributed to 'That Person'.
Mullican's work has been exhibited nationally and internationally since the early 1970s at venues including The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, Haus Der Kunst, Munich, Germany, the National Galerie, Berlin, Germany, the Stedelijk Museum, Schiedam, Netherlands, Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA, and The Museum of Modern Art, NY. Mullican's work has been reviewed in Artforum, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, The New York Times, and Modern Painters, among others. Mullican has been exhibited in 2017 on the Petit Palais' facade in Paris during the FIAC art fair with his giant piece of art "For Worlds Between Five".

### Teaching

Mullican was a professor at the University of Fine Arts of Hamburg (German: Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg) in Hamburg, Germany, from 2009 to 2018. He has also taught and lectured at Columbia University; The School of Visual Arts; the Rijksakademie in Amsterdam; The London Institute; and the Chelsea College of Art and Design.
# Oreodera kawasae

Oreodera kawasae is a species of long-horned beetle in the family Cerambycidae, found in Honduras.
# Mullaghcarn

Mullaghcarn (from Irish Mullach Cairn, meaning 'peak of the cairns') is a mountain in the southwest Sperrins, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The peak reaches a height of 542 m (1778 ft), and is the 370th highest in Ireland. Mullaghcarn is in the Fermanagh and Omagh District Council area, on the edge of Gortin Glen Forest Park, and is the most southerly peak in the Sperrins. It is 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Omagh, and is 3.1 miles (5.0 km) south of Gortin.

## Nature

Mullaghcarn is steep, and has a rocky summit. The west of the mountain is home to conifers. "Acid" grassland is the most common on Mullaghcarn, and peat is not especially common, due to the draining of the eastern mountain. Heather is most common on the northern slopes. The red grouse can be found on heathland around Mullaghcarn.

## History

Mullaghcarn was home to firing ranges during World War II. These were used by the police and US Army soldiers stationed in the area.

## Gallery

* The summit of Mullaghcarn from above
* The summit of Mullaghcarn from above
* Looking east from summit, towards the cairn, two telecommunications masts and helipad
# Sanionia

Sanionia is a genus of mosses belonging to the family Scorpidiaceae.
The genus has cosmopolitan distribution, and was circumscribed by Leopold Loeske in Verh. Bot. Vereins. Prov. Brandenburg vol.49 on page 63 in 1907.
The genus is named after Karl Gustav Sanio (1832–1891).

## Species

* Sanionia georgicouncinata Ochyra, 1998
* Sanionia nivalis Hedenäs
* Sanionia orthothecioides (Lindb.) Loeske
* Sanionia symmetrica (Renauld & Cardot) Wheldon
* Sanionia uncinata Loeske, 1907
# Cathedral of St. James

Cathedral of St. James or St. James Cathedral may refer to:

## Austria

* Innsbruck Cathedral (Dom zu St. Jakob)

## Australia

* St James' Cathedral, Townsville, Queensland

## Canada

* Cathedral Church of St. James (Toronto)
* Saint-Jacques Cathedral (Montreal), mostly demolished
* Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral in Montreal, originally known as Saint James Cathedral
* St. James' Cathedral (Peace River), Alberta

## Chile

* St. James Cathedral, Valparaíso

## Croatia

* Šibenik Cathedral of St James

## Israel

* Cathedral of St. James, Jerusalem

## Latvia

* St. James's Cathedral, Riga

## Panama

* St. James the Apostle Cathedral, Santiago de Veraguas

## Philippines

* Cathedral of Saint James the Elder (Bangued)

## Poland

* Cathedral Basilica of St. James the Apostle, Szczecin

## Portugal

* Cathedral of St. James the Great, Beja

## Puerto Rico

* Catedral Santiago Apostol (Fajardo, Puerto Rico), listed on the NRHP in Puerto Rico

## Spain

* St. James' Cathedral, Bilbao
* Santiago de Compostela Cathedral

## United States

* St. James Cathedral (Chicago)
* Cathedral Basilica of St. James (Brooklyn)
* St. James Cathedral (Orlando, Florida)
* Cathedral of St. James (South Bend, Indiana), listed on the National Register of Historic Places
* St. James Cathedral (Seattle)
* Proto-Cathedral of St. James the Greater (Vancouver, Washington, United States), known as St. James Cathedral from 1851 to 1907
# Styliferina

Styliferina is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Litiopidae.

## Species

Species within the genus Styliferina include:
* Styliferina goniochila A. Adams, 1860
* Styliferina lepida A. Adams, 1862
* Styliferina orthochila A. Adams, 1860
* Styliferina translucida (Hedley, 1905)

### Species brought into synonymy

* Styliferina turrita Carpenter, 1866: synonym of Alabina turrita (Carpenter, 1866)

### Nomen dubium

* Styliferina callosa A. Adams, 1870
# Mikulov Castle

Mikulov Castle (German: Nikolsburg) is a castle in the town of Mikulov in South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic. The castle is on a site of historic Slavonic settlement, where the original stone castle was erected at the end of the 13th century.
The end of World War II saw the castle destroyed by a fire whose origins are unclear.
During the war, the anthropological collection from the Moravské zemské muzeum had been moved to Mikulov Castle for safekeeping purposes. Many of the most important discoveries from Předmostí u Přerova, Dolní Věstonice and the Mladeč caves were destroyed by the fire.
# Santa María del Invierno

Santa María del Invierno is a municipality and town located in the province of Burgos, Castile and León, Spain. According to the 2004 census (INE), the municipality has a population of 69 inhabitants.
# Kampong Chhnang

Kampong Chhnang can refer to these places in Cambodia:
* Kampong Chhnang (city)
* Kampong Chhnang province
* Kampong Chhnang municipality
* Kampong Chhnang commune
* Kampong Chhnang Airport