OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Porkchop plot

In orbital mechanics, a porkchop plot (also pork-chop plot) is a chart that shows level curves of equal characteristic energy (C$_3$) against combinations of launch date and arrival date for a particular interplanetary flight. The chart shows the characteristic energy ranges in zones around the local minima, which resembles the shape of a porkchop slice.
By examining the results of the porkchop plot, engineers can determine when a launch opportunity exists (a 'launch window') that is compatible with the capabilities of a particular spacecraft. A given contour, called a porkchop curve, represents constant C$_3$, and the center of the porkchop the optimal minimum C$_3$. The orbital elements of the solution, where the fixed values are the departure date, the arrival date, and the length of the flight, were first solved mathematically in 1761 by Johann Heinrich Lambert, and the equation is generally known as Lambert's problem (or theorem).

## Math

The general form of characteristic energy can be computed as:
$C_{3}=v_{\infty }^{2}\,\!$
where v$_∞${\textstyle v_{\infty }\, } is the orbital velocity when the orbital distance tends to infinity. Note that, since the kinetic energy is 1/2 mv$^2${\textstyle {\frac {1}{2}}mv^{2}}, C$_3$ is in fact equal to twice the magnitude of the specific orbital energy, ϵ{\textstyle \epsilon }, of the escaping object.

## Use

For the Voyager program, engineers at JPL plotted around 10,000 potential trajectories using porkchop plots, from which they selected around 100 that were optimal for the mission objectives. The plots allowed them to reduce or eliminate planetary encounters taking place over the Thanksgiving or Christmas holidays, and to plan the completion of the mission's primary goals before the end of the fiscal year 1981.
# Clyst Hydon

Clyst Hydon is a village and civil parish in the county of Devon, England. It was in the Cliston Hundred and has a church dedicated to St Andrew. The parish is surrounded, clockwise from the north, by the parishes of Cullompton, Plymtree, Payhembury, Talaton, Whimple, Clyst St Lawrence and Broad Clyst.
The village is four miles from Cullompton. It has a primary school, Clyst Hydon Primary; other amenities include a pub/restaurant and a sports club.
From 1971 to 1974 the village was the site of an artists colony which published the radical Beau Geste Press, a small press that worked in the lineage of the Fluxus and mail art movements.

## Historic estates

Within the parish are situated various historic estates including:
* Aunk
# Toponogov's theorem

In the mathematical field of Riemannian geometry, Toponogov's theorem (named after Victor Andreevich Toponogov) is a triangle comparison theorem. It is one of a family of comparison theorems that quantify the assertion that a pair of geodesics emanating from a point p spread apart more slowly in a region of high curvature than they would in a region of low curvature.
Let M be an m-dimensional Riemannian manifold with sectional curvature K satisfying $K\geq \delta \,.$ Let pqr be a geodesic triangle, i.e. a triangle whose sides are geodesics, in M, such that the geodesic pq is minimal and if δ > 0, the length of the side pr is less than $\pi /{\sqrt {\delta }}$. Let p′q′r′ be a geodesic triangle in the model space M$_δ$, i.e. the simply connected space of constant curvature δ, such that the lengths of sides p′q′ and p′r′ are equal to that of pq and pr respectively and the angle at p′ is equal to that at p. Then
    $d(q,r)\leq d(q',r').\,$
When the sectional curvature is bounded from above, a corollary to the Rauch comparison theorem yields an analogous statement, but with the reverse inequality.
# Soğulca, Haymana

Soğulca is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Haymana, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 148 (2022).
The village is populated by Kurds.
# Philorhizus melanocephalus

Philorhizus melanocephalus is a species of ground beetle in the family Carabidae. It is found in North America, Europe, temperate Asia, and Africa.
# Florida v. Georgia

The U.S. states of Florida and Georgia have been parties to several original jurisdiction suits before the United States Supreme Court, captioned Florida v. Georgia.
* Florida v. Georgia (1855), dealing with the border between Florida and Georgia
* Florida v. Georgia (2018), dealing with water appropriation rights
* Florida v. Georgia (2021), dealing with the decision from the prior 2018 case
# Shosaku Numa

Shosaku Numa, ForMemRS (沼 正作, Numa Shousaku, February 7, 1929 – February 15, 1992) was a Japanese neuroscientist known for his pioneering research on neurotransmitters and ion channels, and for his contributions to the understanding of molecular mechanisms of neural signalling.

## Biography

Numa was born in Wakayama, Japan and completed his M.D. in 1952 at Kyoto University. He studied at Harvard Medical School with John Lawrence Oncley and worked at the Max Planck Society with Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen, before he became Professor of Medical Chemistry at the Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University in 1968. He died of colon cancer on February 15, 1992, at the age of 63.

## Contributions

Numa and co-workers cloned and sequenced the cDNA and delineated the primary structures of different families of receptors and channels including a neurotransmitter-gated channel (nicotinic acetylcholine receptor), voltage-gated channels (sodium channel and calcium channel), an intracellular membrane channel (calcium-release channel), and a G-protein-coupled receptor (muscarinic acetylcholine receptor).

## Recognition

For his great achievements, Numa was awarded numerous honours and awards including, most outstandingly, the Japan Academy Prize in 1985. He was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Society in 1986, as a member of the German Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina in 1990, and as a foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America in 1991. He was selected as a Person of Cultural Merit by the Government of Japan in 1991.
# Moorfields, Bristol

Moorfields is an area of Bristol, England. It lies in the east of the city, east of Barton Hill, south of Easton and west of Redfield. The name is no longer in common use, and the area is now generally considered parts of Easton and Redfield.
Moorfields derives its name from a wealthy Bristol fishmonger named Samuel Moore, who invested in land in the area at the beginning of the 19th century. He built 40 cottages and an imposing residence (Moore's Lodge) around a square called Moorfields Square south of Church Road (then known as Redfield Road). The Lodge was demolished in the early 1900s. The cottages were demolished in 1930. Further development followed in the 1870s, when hundreds of terraced houses were built north of Church Road around Russell Town Avenue (then known as Dean Lane). This working class area survived as a distinct community until it was redeveloped in the 1950s and 1960s. The City Academy Bristol now occupies much of the site.
In 1873 the growing population led to the formation of a new ecclesiastical parish of Moorfields from parts of the parishes of St George and Easton. The parish church of St Matthew, Moorfields was constructed in Gothic style at the corner of Church Road and Cowper Street. The church was closed in 1999, and has now been converted into apartments and offices. Moorfields now forms part of the parish of St Luke, Barton Hill with Christ Church and St Matthew, Moorfields.
# Mynes eucosmetus

Mynes eucosmetos is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Nymphalidae endemic to the Bismarck Archipelago.

## Subspecies

* M. e eucosmetos New Hanover
* M. e. cottonis Grose-Smith, 1894 New Britain
# Topony River

The Topony River is a river in the United States territory of Guam.
# Soğulcak, Gölbaşı

Soğulcak is a neighbourhood in the municipality and district of Gölbaşı, Ankara Province, Turkey. Its population is 178 (2022).
# Philorene texturata

Philorene texturata is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Skeneidae.

## Description

The diameter of the subdiscoidal, deeply umbilicate, white shell attains 2 mm. The spire is flat and contains three whorls. The body whorl is slightly descending and circular in section. Its upper portion is level with the periphery of the penultimate whorl. The aperture is circular. The peristome is continuous and is slightly above and below on the inner side. The suture is deep. The sculpture of the protoconch is smooth. There are regular transverse ridges on the base of the whorls round the umbilicus. The interior of the umbilicus shows spiral ridges terminating at the lower expansion of the inner lip. The whole surface of the shell shows close, regular, low spiral threads, ornamented with transverse lenticular beads.

## Distribution

This marine species occurs off the Kermadec Islands.
# Star-Club

The Star-Club was a music club in Hamburg, Germany, that opened on Friday 13 April 1962, and was initially operated by Manfred Weissleder and Horst Fascher. In the 1960s, many of the giants of rock music played at the club. The club closed on 31 December 1969 and the building it occupied was destroyed by a fire in 1987. The address of the club was Große Freiheit 39 in the St. Pauli quarter of Hamburg. Große Freiheit is a side street of the Reeperbahn. The club had a capacity of 2,000 people, and cinema-style seating.
The club achieved worldwide renown through the performances of the Beatles, who played three residencies there between April and December 1962. An amateur tape recording of one of the performances (or parts of several performances) during their December engagement was remixed and released in 1977 as Live! at the Star-Club in Hamburg, Germany; 1962. The club remained a popular venue for British and American rock and roll acts through the mid-1960s; its success was such that it spun off a record label bearing the Star Club name that operated from 1964 to 1966, often recording acts who performed at the club.

## Musicians who played at Star-Club

List of musicians who played in the Star-Club:
* American musicians:
** Ray Charles
** Bo Diddley
** Fats Domino
** Everly Brothers
** Goldie and the Gingerbreads
** Bill Haley
** Jimi Hendrix
** Johnny and the Hurricanes
** Brenda Lee
** Jerry Lee Lewis (who released a highly praised live album recorded at the club in 1964)
** Little Richard, who at that point had Billy Preston in his band
** The Monks, with Gary Burger played at the Top Ten Club a number of time 1965, 1966, and 1967.
* English musicians:
** The Beatles (13 April-31 May, 1-14 November, and 18–31 December 1962.)
** Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers
** The Big Three
** Black Sabbath
** Chicken Shack, featuring Christine McVie
** Cream
** Lee Curtis and the All-Stars
** Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich
** Earth (pre-Black Sabbath)
** Gun
** The Jimi Hendrix Experience (US/UK, March 1967)
** The Nice
** The Jaybirds, featuring Alvin Lee.
** Innocent Child, Blackpool Rock Band (originally Cherry Blossom Clinic)
** Billy J. Kramer
** Garth Crooks
** The Dakotas
** The Liverbirds
** Maze featuring Ian Paice and Rod Evans later of Deep Purple
** The Overlanders
** The Pretty Things
** The Remo Four
** The Searchers
** Taste
** Kingsize Taylor and the Dominoes
** Richard Thompson
** Soft Machine
** The Twilights
** The V.I.P.'s (band)
** The Roadrunners, Liverpool's original R & B band of the 60s
** Ian Hunter
* German musicians: The Rattles and many more
* Italian musicians
** Benjamin & His Brothers – Rock 'n' Roll band featuring Mino Reitano
* Swedish musician:
** Jerry Williams

## Star-Club records

In October 1962, Siegfried Loch, label manager for Philips Records, visited the Star-Club for a concert with Fats Domino. Loch persuaded Manfred Weissleder, the manager of Star-Club, to give him permission to set up recording equipment in the club. He started a record label, Star-Club Records, subsidiary of Philips Records.
* 1960s portal
# Kamangar

Kamangar may refer to:
* Kamangar (surname)
* Kamangar, Iran, a village in Iran
* Kamangars, a Muslim community in North India and Pakistan
# Habib Borjian

Habib Borjian is a linguist who specializes in a wide variety of matters, including historical linguistics, language documentation, philology and Iranian languages and literature. He was educated at Columbia University, the University of Tehran and Yerevan State University. From 2010 to 2019, Borjian worked at Columbia University's Center for Iranian Studies. Since 2012, Borjian has been co-director of the Endangered Languages Project (Near East region). In the past, he also worked within the board of editors of the Encyclopaedia Iranica, and served as associate editor of the Journal of Persianate Studies.
# Network agility

Network Agility is an architectural discipline for computer networking. It can be defined as:
    The ability of network software and hardware to automatically control and configure itself and other network assets across any number of devices on a network.
With regards to network hardware, network agility is used when referring to automatic hardware configuration and reconfiguration of network devices e.g. routers, switches, SNMP devices.
Network agility, as a software discipline, borrows from many fields, both technical and commercial.
On the technical side, network agility solutions leverage techniques from areas such as:
* Service-oriented architecture (SOA)
* Object-oriented design
* Architectural patterns
* Loosely coupled data streaming (e.g.: web services)
* Iterative design
* Artificial intelligence
* Inductive scheduling
* On-demand computing
* Utility computing
Commercially, network agility is about solving real-world business problems using existing technology. It forms a three-way bridge between business processes, hardware resources, and software assets. In more detail, it takes, as input: 1
* the business processes – i.e. what the network must achieve in real business terms;
* the hardware that resides within the network; and
* the set of software assets that run on this hardware.
Much of this input can be obtained through automatic discovery – finding the hardware, its types and locations, software, licenses etc. The business processes can be inferred to a certain degree, but it is these processes that business managers need to be able to control and organize.
Software resources discovered on the network can take a variety of forms – some assets may be licensed software products, others as blocks of software service code that can be accessed via some service enterprise portal, such as (but not necessarily) web services. These services may reside in-house, or they may be 'on-demand' via an on-line subscription service. Indeed, the primary motivation of network agility is to make the most efficient use of the resources available, wherever they may reside, and to identify areas where business process goals are not being satisfied to some benchmark level (and ideally to offer possible solutions).
Network agility tools are then in a position to optimize the existing hardware to run software assets as needed to achieve the business process goals. As network usage is never linear, the hardware/software mix requirements will change dynamically over various time segments (weekly, quarterly, annually etc.), and step changes will be required from time to time when business-process goals change/evolve/are updated (e.g. during/after a company re-organization).
The benefits to business of the network agility approach are obvious – cost savings in software licensing and higher efficiency of hardware assets – leading to better productivity.
# Mynes geoffroyi

Mynes geoffroyi, the Jezebel nymph, is a medium-sized butterfly of the family Nymphalidae found in Australia. The subspecies M. g. guerini is called the white nymph.
# P. concinna

P. concinna may refer to:
* Paracorixa concinna, a water boatman
* Parodia concinna, a flowering plant
* Perrinia concinna, a sea snail
* Petrogale concinna, an Australian macropod
* Phalaena concinna, a North American moth
* Phasianella concinna, a pheasant shell
* Philbertia concinna, a sea snail
* Phippsia concinna, an ice grass
* Physalacria concinna, a tropical fungus
* Pittoconcha concinna, a land snail
* Platycleis concinna, a shield-backed katydid
* Pleurothallis concinna, a bonnet orchid
* Polythore concinna, a New World damselfly
* Potentilla concinna, a flowering plant
* Prothyma concinna, a ground beetle
* Pseudemys concinna, a freshwater turtle
* Pteris concinna, a polypod fern
* Pterostylis concinna, a terrestrial orchid
# Sphecodes schenckii

Sphecodes schenckii is a solitary cleptoparasitic bee which is found in southern and eastern Europe and the Middle East. Its host is Lasioglossum discum and possibly Halictus simplex where L. discum does not occur such as in southern Germany and Switzerland. It is rare and there are only a few records from each country from which it has been recorded. It prefers warm open areas, such as grasslands and Mediterranean scrub, and may be threatened by reafforestation and vegetation succession. The specific name schenckii is in honour of the German Hymenopterist Adolph Schenck.
# Philorhizus sigma

Philorhizus sigma is a species of brown coloured ground beetle in the Lebiinae subfamily that can be found in everywhere in Europe, except for Andorra, Croatia, Monaco, San Marino, Vatican City and European islands. It is also found in such Asian countries as Georgia and Israel.

## Description and habitat

It is 3.4–4.4 millimetres (0.13–0.17 in) long with black head and straw coloured elytron. Its elytron is elongate and have a transverse band that is dark in colour. The pronotum is bright red coloured while the wings are absent. It can be found in marshes and fens. The species is considered to be Vulnerable in the United Kingdom.
# New chemical entity

A new chemical entity (NCE) is, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, a novel, small, chemical molecule drug that is undergoing clinical trials or has received a first approval (not a new use) by the FDA in any other application submitted under section 505(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
A new molecular entity (NME) is a broader term that encompasses both an NCE or an NBE (New Biological Entity).

## Definition

An active moiety is a molecule or ion, excluding those appended portions of the molecule that cause the drug to be an ester, salt (including a salt with hydrogen or coordination bonds), or other noncovalent derivative (such as a complex, chelate, or clathrate) of the molecule, responsible for the physiological or pharmacological action of the drug substance.
An NCE is a molecule developed by the innovator company in the early drug discovery stage, which after undergoing clinical trials could translate into a drug that could be a treatment for some disease. Synthesis of an NCE is the first step in the process of drug development. Once the synthesis of the NCE has been completed, companies have two options before them. They can either go for clinical trials on their own or license the NCE to another company. In the latter option, companies can avoid the expensive and lengthy process of clinical trials, as the licensee company would be conducting further clinical trials and subsequently launching the drug. Companies adopting this model of business would be able to generate high margins as they get a huge one-time payment for the NCE as well as entering into a revenue sharing agreement with the licensee company.
Under the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act of 2007, all new chemical entities must first be reviewed by an advisory committee before the FDA can approve these products.
# Samuel Gookins

Samuel Barnes Gookins (May 30, 1809 in Rupert, Vermont – June 14, 1880 in Terre Haute, Indiana) was an American journalist, lawyer, politician, and judge of the Indiana Supreme Court.

## Early life

Gookins was the youngest of ten children. In 1812 his parents William and Rhoda Gookins moved with most of their children to Rodman, New York, near the eastern end of Lake Ontario. Gookins' father died two years later. In 1823 Gookins' mother took him and an older brother west to settle about two miles outside of Terre Haute, Indiana, where other members of the family had settled three years earlier.
In July 1825 Gookins' mother died, and he was sent to live first with the family of Captain Daniel Stringham (father of Admiral Silas Stringham) and later with several of his older siblings. In 1826 he was apprenticed to John Osborn, the editor of the Western Register newspaper in Terre Haute. After completing his apprenticeship in 1830, he moved to Vincennes and started a newspaper there with a partner. After a year he moved back to Terre Haute to become the editor of the Western Register, until the paper was purchased in June 1832 and replaced by the Wabash Courier.

## Career

Gookins was about to depart for Washington, DC to pursue his editorial career when he was talked into reading for the bar by his friend Amory Kinney (one of the lawyers who had pursued the 1820 Polly v. Lasselle anti-slavery case). Gookins was admitted to the Vigo County bar in 1834 and the Indiana Supreme Court bar in 1836, and practiced until 1850, when he was appointed to a brief term as a replacement for the local circuit court judge. In 1851 Gookins was elected to the legislature, which had the job of passing new laws in the wake of a new Indiana constitution. Gookins and other lawyers proposed that each party nominate two candidates for the four member supreme court, to maintain balance, but their views were ignored in the subsequent elections. Gookins himself was nominated for an Indiana Supreme Court position by the Whigs in 1852, but their slate was defeated. Gookins ran again in 1855 for a vacant seat on the court and won.
In December 1857 Gookins resigned from the court due to ill health and financial pressures (the salary of the justices was only $1200, which Gookins considered low.) He then moved to Chicago and continued his legal career there until 1875, when he moved back to Terre Haute. Gookins and his partners argued many cases before the US Supreme Court.
Gookins wrote newspaper articles and contributed a small number of political satires to the literary magazines. In the last years of his life he wrote a history of Vigo County, published posthumously in 1880 as part of Henry Beckwith's History of Parke and Vigo Counties.

## Personal life

Gookins married Mary Caroline Osborn, daughter of his old master editor John Osborn, in 1834. They had four children, of which two survived to adulthood - artist James Farrington Gookins (1840-1904) and Lucy Gookins Duy (1838-1925).
# ART4

Ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase 4 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ART4 gene. ART4 has also been designated as CD297 (cluster of differentiation 297).

## Function

This gene encodes a protein that contains a mono-ADP-ribosylation (ART) motif. It is a member of the ADP-ribosyltransferase gene family but enzymatic activity has not been demonstrated experimentally. Antigens of the Dombrock blood group system are located on the gene product, which is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored to the erythrocyte membrane. Allelic variants, some of which lead to adverse transfusion reactions, are known.

## Blood group antigens

Several antigens have been recognised in this family. These are DO*A, DO*JO1, DO*A-WL, DO*DOYA, DO*B, DO*B-WL, DO*B-SH-Q149K, DO*B-(WL)-I175N, DO*HY1, DO*HY2 and DO*DOMR.
# New Bermuda

New Bermuda may refer to:
* New Bermuda, Virginia, original name of Thomas Dale's 1613 colonial settlement north of Jamestown, at the junction of the Appomattox and the James
* New Bermuda, Florida, proposed site in Florida for resettlement of Bermuda settlers, mapped out in 1750s by John William Gerard de Brahm
* New Bermuda (album), album by Deafheaven 2015
# Chrysops calopterus

Chrysops calopterus is a species of deer fly in the family Tabanidae.

## Distribution

Guatemala.