OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sudan Studies Association

The Sudan Studies Association (SSA) (Arabic: جمعية الدراسات السودانية) is the US-based professional association for scholars of Sudan and South Sudan, with members from the United States, Canada, Sudan, South Sudan, and elsewhere. The SSA was founded in 1981 to pursue knowledge about all aspects of life in Sudan (and now South Sudan) and to "foster closer ties among scholars in the Sudan, North America, Europe, the Middle East, and elsewhere." The association seeks to promote research about the dynamics that shape Sudan and South Sudan and their relationships with neighboring countries. Conferences are held annually in North America. In addition, international conferences have in recent years been convened in collaboration with the Society for the Study of the Sudans UK (SSSUK) in Durham, England (2000), Washington DC (2003), Bergen, Norway (2006), Pretoria (2009) and Bonn (2012).

## History

The SSA emerged from the 1980 meeting of the African Studies Association, where three panels were independently organized on Sudan. The SSA's co-founders, Richard Lobban (the organization's first President) and Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban, gathered the names of scholars interested in forming an Association for the study of Sudan. Notable among those who showed early interest were Dr. Constance E. Berkley of Fordham University and Dr. Jay Spaulding of Kean College of New Jersey (now Kean University), who served as the first Editor and Co-editor, respectively, of SSA publications. Dr. Berkley served as the SSA's first Executive Secretary, and through her close ties with the Cultural Counsellor's office of the Embassy of Sudan in Washington introduced the Lobbans to Syd. Osman Hassan Ahmed, who had also compiled a list of Sudan scholars. Combining their lists, they sent out letters to roughly 70 people, informing them of the immanent formation of the Sudan Studies Association. The first meeting of the Association was held at The George Washington University on February 7, 1981. Thirty-five people attended the inaugural meeting, where officers were appointed, a steering committee formed, and contributions received from attendees, the Ministry of Education in the Sudan, the officer of Sudan's Cultural Counsellor in Washington, as well as Osman Hassan Ahmed and the former Ambassador, Salah Hashim.

## Publications

The Association's quarterly publication is the peer-reviewed Bulletin of the Sudan Studies Association (Nashrat Jamʻīyat al-Dirāsāt al-Sūdānīyah, ISSN 1941-3629). The Association occasionally publishes the proceedings of its annual meetings in book form.
# Arco Norte

The Arco Norte (lit.: Northern Arc), designated and signed as Federal Highway M40D, is a toll road in Mexico. It serves as a bypass around Greater Mexico City and currently links the Mexico-Puebla toll road on the east with the Mexico-Guadalajara toll road on the west.
The toll in 2017 for the entire 223 kilometres (139 mi) stretch of highway is 405 pesos.

## Route description

The highway begins east of Mexico City at Mexican Federal Highway 150D, near San Martín Texmelucan de Labastida, which lies just inside Puebla state. The highway has two lanes in each direction and begins northward through low mountains at 2,500 m (8,200 ft) above sea level. It continues through the western side of Tlaxcala state, then through the area where the states of Mexico and Hidalgo border each other, at about 2,400 m (7,900 ft) above sea level. The highway bends to the west, with few exits in the area. It serves few large population centers. As it reaches Tula, the area is greener and lies about 2,400 m (7,900 ft) above sea level. Then it rises to about 2400 m and meets the Mexico-Querétaro toll road, where it ended upon the opening of its first phase of 169 kilometres (105 mi) in 2009. A second phase of 54 kilometres (34 mi) opened two years later, extending the road west and south to Atlacomulco and the junction with Mexican Federal Highway 15D toward Guadalajara.

## History

Construction of the Arco Norte began on February 28, 2006. The first phase opened in July 2009 (between the Autopista Mexico-Puebla and the Autopista Mexico-Querétaro, 169 km [105 mi]). The second phase to Atlacomulco was formally opened on May 3, 2011.

## Junctions

Autopista Mexico City-Puebla
San Martín Texmelucan de Labastida
Sanctórum
Calpulalpan
Tepeapulco
Nopaltepec
Tizayuca
Ajoloapan
Atitalaquia
Tula
Tula-Norte
Autopista Mexico City-Querétaro
Jilotepec de Abasolo
Acambay
Mexican Federal Highway 15D/Mexican Federal Highway 57, Mexican Federal Highway 55, Mexican Federal Highway 55D, Atlacomulco
# 5th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron

The United States Space Force's 5th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron (5 EWS) is a space electromagnetic warfare unit located at Peterson Space Force Base, Colorado.

## Mission

The mission of the 5 EWS is to provide flexible and responsive space control capabilities to the Commander U.S. Space Command in order to protect and defend national security space capabilities.

## History

The dual LASS/DSTS operation supported USAF space intelligence requirements, while being assisted by the 18th Intelligence Squadron's Det 4 for SIGINT support. This coverage augmented worldwide coverage of space signals activities at similarly equipped sites at Misawa AB, Japan, Osan AB, Republic of Korea and at Griffiss AFB in the United States.
The Deep Space Tracking System uses sensitive, highly accurate 20-foot dish antennas to detect and track S-band radio signals transmitted by radio beacons on most satellites. There were DSTS receivers located at Griffiss AFB, New York; RAF Feltwell, Great Britain; and Misawa AB, Japan.
The 5 SSS was inactivated in 2003, with administration of RAF Feltwell transferred to Detachment 4, 18th Intelligence Squadron.
On 15 April 2022, the 5th Space Control Squadron was redesignated the 5th Electromagnetic Warfare Squadron.

## Previous designations

* 5th Space Control Squadron (2019–2022)
* 5th Space Surveillance Squadron (1989–2003)

## Bases stationed

* RAF Feltwell, United Kingdom (1989–2003)

## List of commanders

* Lt Col Ronald P. Mitchell, 1 October 1990 – ???
* Lt Col James L. Burling, Jr., August 1994 – 28 September 1996
* Lt Col Steven R. Prebeck, 28 September 1996 – ???
* Lt Col John Amrine, June 1999 – July 2000
* Lt Col John W. Raymond, April 2000 – June 2001
* Lt Col Susan Bedell, 10 October 2019 – June 2021
* Lt Col Alexander Courtney, June 2021 – June 2023
* Lt Col Andy Wang, June 2023 – present

## Equipment operated

* Low Altitude Space Surveillance (LASS) (1989–2003)
* Deep Space Tracking System (DSTS) (1989–2003)
# Hadda

Hadda may refer to:
* Hadda, Afghanistan
* Hadda, Pakistan
* Hadda, Sana'a, Yemen
* Abdeljalil Hadda
* Rib-Hadda
* Hadda Brooks
* Yapa-Hadda
* Hadda bettle - Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata
# Larry Miller (athlete)

Larry R. Miller (born July 23, 1963) is a track and field athlete who represented Antigua and Barbuda in the Olympic Games.
Miller was born in Dominica and spent most of his childhood in Antigua. He was adopted and spent his high school years in South Dakota at Freeman Academy. He holds the South Dakota all time state record in the 400 meter dash, with a time of 47.8 s.
Miller returned to his home country of Antigua and ran for Antigua and Barbuda at the 1984 Summer Olympics participating in the 200 m, 4 x 100 metres relay, and 4 x 400 metres relay. He again represented his home country in the 1988 Summer Olympics running in the 4 x 100 metres relay and 4 x 400 metres relay. He also competed in the Pan American Games.
Miller received a full athletic and academic scholarship to Yale University. He double majored in economics and political science. Miller was the captain of his Yale Track team and won three outdoor and one indoor Heptagonal titles, while breaking a record for the 600 yards. He has several undefeated track records all over the United States.
# 433 BC

Year 433 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Tribunate of Vibulanus, Fidenas and Flaccinator (or, less frequently, year 321 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 433 BC for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

## Events
### By place
#### Greece

* Pericles concludes a defensive alliance with Corcyra (Corfu), the strong naval power in the Ionian Sea, which is the bitter enemy of Corinth. As a result, Athens intervenes in the dispute between Corinth and Corcyra, and, at the Battle of Sybota, a small contingent of Athenian ships play a critical role in preventing a Corinthian fleet from capturing Corcyra. Following this, Athens places Potidaea, a tributary ally of Athens but a colony of Corinth, under siege.
* The Corinthians, upset by Athens' actions, lobby Sparta to take action against Athens. This appeal is backed by Megara (which is being severely affected by Pericles' economic sanctions) and by Aegina (which is being heavily taxed by Pericles and which has been refused home rule).
* Pericles renews alliances with the Rhegium on the southwest corner of Italy and Leontini in southeast Sicily, threatening Sparta's food supply route from Sicily.

### By topic
#### Art

* A set of sixty-five bells, from the Tomb of Marquis Yi of Zeng (Zhou dynasty) in Suixian, Hubei, is made. It is now preserved at the Hubei Provincial Museum in Wuhan.

## Deaths

* Zeng Hou Yi, marquis of the state of Zeng, subordinate to Chu
# Miss World Malaysia 2013

Miss World Malaysia 2013, the 47th edition of the Miss World Malaysia pageant, was held at the Corus Hotel, Kuala Lumpur on August 1, 2014. Yvonne Lee of Selangor crowned her successor, Melinder Bhullar from Kuala Lumpur at the end of the event.
Fifteen contestants from different states competed for the crown. Melinder then represented Malaysia at the Miss World 2013 held in Bali, Indonesia where she placed as fourth runner-up for Multimedia Award.

## Results

| Final results | Contestant |
| Miss Malaysia World 2013 | #9 Kuala Lumpur – Melinder Bhullar |
| 1st Runner-Up | #7 Kuala Lumpur – L'oreal Mok |
| 2nd Runner-Up | #13 Kuala Lumpur – Tanisha Demour |
| 3rd Runner-Up | #6 Selangor – Jayarubini Muthaliyar |
| 4th Runner-Up | #5 Kuala Lumpur – Kim Low |

## Special awards

| Awards | Contestant |
| Miss Photogenic | #6 Selangor – Jayarubini Muthaliyar |
| Miss Personality | #14 Penang – Tan Sui Hua |
| Miss Beautiful Eyes | #9 Kuala Lumpur – Melinder Bhullar |
| Miss Beautiful Skin | #15 Penang – Venus Tan |
| Miss Elegance | #13 Kuala Lumpur – Tanisha Demour |
| Miss Fitness | #14 Penang – Tan Sui Hua |
| Miss Metrojaya | #9 Kuala Lumpur – Melinder Bhullar |
| Miss Social Media Queen | #1 Selangor – Audrey Loke |
| Miss Talent | #4 Johor – Coco Tan |
| Miss Wacoal | #9 Kuala Lumpur – Melinder Bhullar |

## Contestants

15 contestants competed for the crown and title.
| Contestant | Represented | Height | Placement |
| Audrey Loke Pui Yan | Shah Alam, Selangor | 167 cm (5 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | |
| Brenda Cheong Ling Wei | Kuala Lumpur | 161 cm (5 ft 3+1⁄2 in) | |
| Cassandra Yong | Klang, Selangor | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | |
| Coco Tan | Johor Bahru, Johor | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | |
| Kim Low | Kuala Lumpur | 175 cm (5 ft 9 in) | 4th Runner-Up |
| Jayarubini Sambanthan Muthaliyar | Shah Alam, Selangor | 176 cm (5 ft 9+1⁄2 in) | 3rd Runner-Up |
| L'oreal Mok Shien Leng | Kuala Lumpur | 172 cm (5 ft 7+1⁄2 in) | 1st Runner-Up |
| Manpreet Kaur | Kuala Lumpur | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | |
| Melinder Kaur Bhullar | Kuala Lumpur | 169 cm (5 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | Winner |
| Sharmisttha Yoogan | Kuala Lumpur | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | |
| Sim Jing Yi | Melaka | 169 cm (5 ft 6+1⁄2 in) | |
| Stephanie Lim | Kuala Lumpur | 166 cm (5 ft 5+1⁄2 in) | |
| Tanisha Kaur Demour Harjit Singh | Kuala Lumpur | 179 cm (5 ft 10+1⁄2 in) | 2nd Runner-Up |
| Tan Sui Hua | Penang | 170 cm (5 ft 7 in) | |
| Venus Tan | Penang | 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) | |

### Disqualified

Four Muslim contestants were disqualified from the pageant due to the fatwa which prohibit Muslim women from competing in beauty pageants.
* Wafa Johanna de Korte, Kuala Lumpur
* Sara Amellia Bernard, Perak
* Miera Sheikh, Melaka
* Kathrina Redzuan, Kuala Lumpur

### Retreats

* Sherine Tan, Kuala Lumpur
# Puchong (state constituency)

Puchong was a state constituency in Selangor, Malaysia, that was represented in the Selangor State Legislative Assembly from 1995 to 2004.
The state constituency was created in the 1994 redistribution and was mandated to return a single member to the Selangor State Legislative Assembly under the first past the post voting system.

## History

It was abolished in 2004 when it was redistributed.

### Representation history

Members of the Legislative Assembly for Puchong :
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |
| Constituency created from Serdang ||||
| 9th | 1995-1999 | Mohamad Satim Diman | BN (UMNO) |
| 10th | 1999-2004 | Mohamad Satim Diman | BN (UMNO) |
| Constituency abolished, split into Seri Serdang and Kinrara ||||
# The American Naturalist

The American Naturalist is the monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of the American Society of Naturalists, whose purpose is "to advance and to diffuse knowledge of organic evolution and other broad biological principles so as to enhance the conceptual unification of the biological sciences." It was established in 1867 and is published by the University of Chicago Press. The journal covers research in ecology, evolutionary biology, population, and integrative biology. As of 2018, the editor-in-chief is Daniel I. Bolnick. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal had a 2020 impact factor of 3.926.

## History

The journal was founded by Alpheus Hyatt, Edward S. Morse, Alpheus S. Packard Jr., and Frederick W. Putnam at the Essex Institute in Salem, Massachusetts. The first issue appeared in print dated March 1867. In 1885 the four men founded the American Naturalist Society, where in 1887 the journal was designated an official organ of the society for publication.
In 1878 the journal was for sale and Edward Cope bought half the rights. He moved the journal to Philadelphia and arranged to edit it jointly with Professor Alpheus S. Packard Jr. Cope became editor-in-chief in 1887 and continued in that capacity until his death in 1897.
In 1897, a group of professors from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, and Tufts University bought the rights from the Cope estate and kept the journal in publication until 1907 when J. McKeen Cattell acquired control. Cattell's son Jacques became co-editor and publisher with his father in 1939.
Although the ASN became increasingly involved in editing The American Naturalist through changes in 1941 and 1951, the journal remained with the Cattell family until 1968, when the University of Chicago Press took it over after Jacques Cattell's death.
# Jay R. Berkovitz

Jay R. Berkovitz is Professor of Judaic and Near Eastern Studies and director of the Center for Jewish Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
Jay Berkovitz completed his Ph.D. from Brandeis University in 1983. He taught at Spertus College in Chicago, Bar Ilan University, Hebrew College, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Touro College, Trinity College, and the University of Connecticut Storrs. At Amherst he is an adjunct member of both the History Department and the Department of French and Italian Studies.
Berkovitz has published widely on Jewish social and intellectual history of modern Europe, with an emphasis on communal governance, family, law and ritual, and rabbinic scholarship. One of his recent projects, supported by a Faculty Research Grant, focuses on the adjudication of civil disputes in early modern rabbinic courts.

## Published works
### Author

* Berkovitz, Jay R (1989). The shaping of Jewish identity in nineteenth-century France. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2011-2. OCLC 20012964.
* —— (1982). French Jewry and the ideology of Régénération to 1848 (Ph.D. thesis). OCLC 9676193.
* —— (1982). French Jewry and the ideology of Régénération to 1848. OCLC 238919265.
* —— (2004). Rites and passages : the beginnings of modern Jewish culture in France, 1650-1860. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 0-8122-3816-8. OCLC 54966624.
* —— (2007). Tradition and Revolution: Jewish Culture in Early Modern France (in Hebrew). Mercaz Zalman Shazar. ISBN 978-965-227-222-5. OCLC 122349040.
* —— (2007). RMasoret u-mahpekhah : tarbut Yehudit be-Tsarefat be-reshit ha-ʻet ha-ḥadashah (in Hebrew). Merkaz Zalman Shazar le-toldot Yiśraʼel. ISBN 978-965-227-222-5. OCLC 122349040.
* —— (2004). "Ritual and Modernity: Rethinking Jewish Emancipation" (PDF). In L. Ehrlich, S. Bolozky; R. Rothstein; M. Schwartz; J. Berkovitz; J. Young (eds.). Textures and Meaning: Thirty Years of Judaic Studies at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Department of Judaic and Near Eastern Studies, University of Massachusetts Amherst. pp. 4–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-11.
# 216 (disambiguation)

216 may refer to:
* 216 (year)
* 216 (number)
* Area code 216
* Hunter 216
* ISO 216
* UFC 216
# Arena of Death (game)

Arena of Death is a fantasy combat board game published by Simulations Publications, Inc. (SPI) in 1980.

## Gameplay

Arena of Death is a game that uses the combat system from the first edition of DragonQuest to conduct gladiator combat in an arena, and players take on the combat roles of various fantasy creatures and warriors.

## Publication history

SPI published the fantasy role-playing game DragonQuest in 1980. As game historian Shannon Appelcline noted, the combat system was very good, saying, "the strength of the combat system was shown by SPI's release of a board game using the same mechanics called Arena of Death (1980)."
SPI published it as a pull-out board game titled Arena of Death in Issue #4 of Moves (September 1980). The game was also released as a boxed game.

## Reception

In Issue 38 of The Space Gamer, Eric Paperman was not overly impressed, saying, "The only people to whom I can recommend this game are fantasy role-players interested in adapting Arena of Death's combat and maneuver rules for use with their FRPG. DragonQuest is probably a better buy; for [a slightly higher price] you get monsters, magic, and other skills, and a slightly more complete combat and character generation system."
Almost 35 years after the game's publication, Shannon Appelcline noted that there were some issues when the game was first released, writing "there was some awkwardness in the combat system that wouldn't be entirely addressed for several years."
# Susan Murabana

Susan Murabana Owen is a Kenyan astronomer. The co-founder of Travelling Telescope, she is known for her efforts to promote science, technology, engineering and mathematics in Africa, particularly among girls.

## Early life and education

Murabana grew up in Nairobi, Kenya, and studied sociology and economics at the city's Catholic University of Eastern Africa. In 2011, she graduated with a master's degree in astronomy from James Cook University in Australia, having studied online. Murabana has cited African American astronaut Mae Jemison and Kenyan environmentalist Wangari Maathai as her heroes.

## Astronomy career
### Voluntary work

Murabana first became interested in space when she was in her twenties, when her uncle invited her to attend a science outreach programme in Mumias, Kakamega County, facilitated by Cosmos Education. She subsequently became a volunteer for the organisation, and later went on to work with the International Astronomical Union's Global Hands-on Universe programme.

### Travelling Telescope

In 2013, Murabana met her future husband, Daniel "Chu" Owen, at the November 2013 solar eclipse at Lake Turkana in the Kenyan Rift Valley. Owen had previously established Travelling Telescope, in which he had travelled around his home country, the United Kingdom, allowing the public to look at space through his telescope. In 2014 and 2015, Travelling Telescope was relaunched in Kenya as a social enterprise aiming to educate poor and remote communities about science and astronomy. The organisation raises money by holding private events, such as the annual Shooting Star Safari in Samburu County during the Perseids meteor shower, as well as providing astronomy services to private schools and safari lodges. The money is subsequently used to provide free outreach work to state schools and remote communities throughout Kenya.
Travelling Telescope's outreach work includes using Sky-Watcher Flextubes to allow people to see planets including Jupiter, Mars, Saturn and Venus; the Orion and Trifid nebulae; and the Pinwheel and Andromeda galaxies. The organisation has an inflatable planetarium, and in 2020 established the Nairobi Planetarium, East Africa's first permanent planetarium, constructed out of bamboo. Murabana has also run space camps in Nairobi.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Travelling Telescope received funding from the Airbus Foundation to establish online classes in astronomy, rocketry and robotics for African schoolchildren.

### Other work

Murabana has served as a national advisor for Kenya at Universe Awareness; the African representative on the International Planetarium Association; and as a board member for World Space Week. She is also the president of the African Planetarium Association, which aims to establish more permanent planetariums around the continent.
In 2021, Murabana was named as a Space4Women mentor, as part of the United Nations' women in STEM programming.

## Recognition

In 2020, Murabana and Travelling Telescope was awarded the Europlanet Award for Science Engagement. Her work has been featured in BBC News, Deutsche Welle and the Christian Science Monitor.
# Hakim Noury

Hakim Noury is a Moroccan television and film director.

## Filmography

* L'Enfance volée - The stolen childhood
* Le destin d’une Femme - The destiny of a woman
* Le marteau et l’enclume -
* Histoire d’amour - A love story
* Un simple fait divers
* Fiha El Malha ou soukar ou mabghatch tmoute
* Qalaq - (Anxiety)