OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Aozora (song)

"Aozora" (青空, "Blue Sky") was the eighth single by the Japanese band The Blue Hearts. The song was recut from the group's third album Train-Train. This song was written in opposition to the continuing apartheid of the time. "Heisei no Blues" (平成のブルース), the B-side track, was not on the album Train-Train.
The song was covered by miwa in 2010, for use as the ending theme song of the animated film adaptation of Eto Mori's novel Colorful. Mone Kamishiraishi worked with Glim Spanky on a cover of the song for her 2021 album Ano Uta -2-.
In December 2019, the song was published as a picture book with illustrations by French artist Botchy-Botchy. Publisher is Gendaishokan and is only available in Japanese for the time being. The book also features a 2 pages original text written by Yoshimoto Banana, who is a fan of the band ´The Blue Hearts’.
# Hal Willis

Hal Willis is the name of:
* Hal Willis (ice hockey) (born 1946), Canadian ice hockey defenceman
* Hal Willis (singer) (1933–2015), Canadian country singer
* Hal Willis, fictional police detective of the 87th Precinct series written by Ed McBain
* Charles Robert Forrester (1803–1850), English writer who sometimes wrote under the pseudonym Hal Willis
# Glucose clamp technique

Glucose clamp technique is a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. It is used to measure either how well an individual metabolizes glucose or how sensitive an individual is to insulin.

## Procedure

Two types of clamp are quite commonly used. The hyperglycemic clamp, which requires maintaining a high blood sugar level by perfusion or infusion with glucose, is a way to quantify how fast beta-cells respond to glucose. The hyperinsulinemic clamp, which requires maintaining a high insulin level by perfusion or infusion with insulin, is a way to quantify how sensitive the tissue is to insulin. The hyperinsulinemic clamp is also called euglycemic clamp, meaning a normal blood sugar level is maintained.
Hyperglycemic clamp technique: The plasma glucose concentration is acutely raised to 125 mg/dl above basal levels by a continuous infusion of glucose. This hyperglycemic plateau is maintained by adjustment of a variable glucose infusion, based on the rate of insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. Because the plasma glucose concentration is held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. The hyperglycemic clamps are often used to assess insulin secretion capacity.
Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp technique: The plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised and maintained at 100 μU/ml by a continuous infusion of insulin. Meanwhile, the plasma glucose concentration is held constant at basal levels by a variable glucose infusion. When the steady-state is achieved, the glucose infusion rate equals glucose uptake by all the tissues in the body and is therefore a measure of tissue insulin sensitivity. The hyperinsulinemic clamps are often used to measure insulin resistance.

## History

The glucose clamp technique was developed by University of Texas (UT) School of Medicine Professors DeFronzo, Andres and Tobin in 1979. It has since been the gold standard for pharmacodynamic studies in diabetes drug development and diagnostics evaluation. In human clinical trials, manual glucose clamps as well as the more modern method of automated glucose clamp find common use.
# John Metcalf

John Metcalf may refer to:
* John Metcalf (athlete) (born 1934), British hurdler
* John Metcalf (civil engineer) (1717–1810), British civil engineer
* John Metcalf (composer) (born 1946), British (Welsh) and Canadian composer
* John Metcalf (Massachusetts politician), a representative to the Great and General Court
* John Metcalf (racing driver), NASCAR series driver, see 1999 NASCAR Winston Cup Series
* John Metcalf (writer) (born 1938), Canadian writer and editor
# Jack Stone

Jack Stone was an American professional basketball player. He was selected with the 11th pick in the 1951 NBA draft.

## Kansas State

Stone played in the 1951 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament. The team would lose to the eventual champion Kentucky Wildcats in the final game.

## Baltimore Bullets

Stone was one of several players drafted by the Bullets in the 1951 NBA Draft.
# Hirashima

Hirashima (平島) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Hiroto Hirashima (1910–2007), Japanese-American bowler and activist
* Eiko Hirashima (平島 栄子, born 1950), Japanese gymnast
* Hisateru Hirashima (平島 久照, born 1983), Japanese rugby union player
# Airas

Airas may refer to
* Airas Nunes, 13th century Galician cleric and troubador
* Johan Airas de Santiago [es], 13th century Galician troubador
# The Hitmakers

The Hitmakers was a Danish rock group established in 1960 in Copenhagen with the initiative of Jørgen Wulff Krabbenhøft (vocalist and guitar) and Benny Qvotrup (drummer). By 1961, the band also included Steen Bergstrøm (guitar), Erik Grønfeldt Hansen (bass). The band was considered a pioneer in Danish rock based on the model of Cliff Richard and The Shadows and also the Liverpool sound exemplified by The Beatles.
The first official release by the band was a cover of The Beatles' "I Saw Her Standing There". Beyond Denmark, the band toured Finland gaining popularity there. They also recorded a cover of Little Richard's "Long Tall Sally".
In 1963, Benny Qvotrup quit being replaced by drummer Torben Orls Weinholt Sardorf and Erik Grønfeldt Hansen was replaced by bassist Bjarne Hørup Hørman de la Motte who used to play with The Cliffters.
The Hitmakers' biggest Danish hit was "Stop the Music" in December 1965 with a performance on the entertainment program Klar i Studiet. Two decades later this single was still considered one of Danish popular music's "high spots from this time of transition."
In 1967, the band shifted into music effected by flower power folk pop movement and changed its name to The Floor adding Mogens "Django" Petersen on guitar from the band The Cliffters. This new format was not as successful and the band folded in 1968.

## Discography
### Albums

* 1967: The Hitmakers
* 1974: Pop før (The Hitmakers Recordings 1965-1967)

### Singles

* 1964: "Singing the Blues" / "Tricky Dicky"
* 1965: "Stop the Music" / "What You Gonna Do About It"
* 1966: "Træd an ved makronerne" / "Eksercerer"
* 1966: "Last Train to Clarksville" / "Mohair Sam"
* 1966: "Michelle" / "Who'll Be the Next in Line"
* 1967: "Where Were You When I Needed You" / "Feelin' Groovy"
# Spandauer Kirchenmusikschule

The Spandauer Kirchenmusikschule (Spandau school of church music) was a music academy in Spandau, Berlin, Germany. Founded in 1929, it was housed in the Heinrich-Schütz-Haus in Spandau and was closed in 1998. The schools choir appeared and recorded as the Spandauer Kantorei. It was located in today's Berlin-Hakenfelde, and is also known as Berliner Kirchenmusikschule.
Students of the Spandauer Kirchenmusikschule formed the base of the Spandauer Kantorei (Spandau chorale), a mixed choir which presented numerous concerts and radio broadcasts in Berlin. Notable teachers included composers Hugo Distler, Ernst Pepping, Winfried Radeke and Heinz Werner Zimmermann, his wife Renate Zimmermann, the organists Heinz Lohmann and Karl Hochreither, and the conductor Helmuth Rilling (until 1966). The last director was Martin Behrmann, who published a Handbuch für Chorleitung (manual for choral conducting).
The school was suggested for university status in 1990 because of its excellent reputation, but instead it was dissolved in 1998 and became part of the Musikhochschule Berlin.

## Directors

* 1929–1935 Gerhard Schwarz
* 1935–1955 Gottfried Grote
* 1955–1963 Hanns-Martin Schneidt
* 1963–1976 Heinz Werner Zimmermann
* 1976–1998 Martin Behrmann
# Him Shanshar military installation

34°41′N 36°29′E﻿ / ﻿34.683°N 36.483°E﻿ / 34.683; 36.483
The Him Shinshar military installation was a Syrian government military site located west of Homs, Syria. During the 2018 missile strikes against Syria during the Syrian Civil War, two sites were targeted in this vicinity at 34°40′53″N 36°27′58″E﻿ / ﻿34.68139°N 36.46611°E﻿ / 34.68139; 36.46611 and 34°41′42″N 36°32′13″E﻿ / ﻿34.69500°N 36.53694°E﻿ / 34.69500; 36.53694. According to the United States military, these sites were a "chemical weapons storage facility" and "chemical weapons bunker facility", respectively.
Both sites were destroyed during the April 2018 strike, which was led by the United States with British and French participation. The U.S. military said following the airstrikes that the Him Shinshar complex was "completely destroyed" in the airstrikes.
# Gnarled enamel

Gnarled enamel is a description of enamel seen in histologic sections of a tooth underneath a cusp. This is optical appearance of enamel. The enamel appears different and very complex under the cusp, but this is not due to a different arrangement of dental tissues. Instead, the enamel still has the same arrangement of enamel rods. The strange appearance results from the lines of enamel rods directed vertically under a cusp and from their orientation in a small circumference.
Gnarled enamel can sometimes be a problem for dentists; although experienced dentists have no problem identifying gnarled enamel and making the correct preparations, some inexperienced dentists face problems when performing a standard filling or root canal. The gnarled enamel can cause the drill problems and in some cases the dentist must replace the drill burr. The toughness of gnarled enamel varies from patient to patient and usually is nothing to be concerned about.
# Roza Güclü Hedin

Roza Güclü Hedin (born 1982) is a Swedish politician and former member of the Riksdag, the national legislature. A member of the Social Democratic Party, she represented Dalarna County between October 2010 and September 2018, and between January 2020 and September 2022. She has been a substitute member of the Riksdag for Peter Hultqvist twice: September 2018 to January 2022 and September 2022 to October 2022.
Güclü Hedin is the daughter of teacher Mustafa Güçül and Gülay Güçül. She was educated in Falun and studied tourism at Dalarna University College. She has worked as a social secretary in Falun Municipality since 2006. She was a member of the municipal council in Falun Municipality from 2006 to 2010.
# Taufiq Ghani

Muhammad Taufiq bin Ghani (born 19 November 1989) is a Singaporean professional football player who plays as a midfielder for Singapore Premier League club Geylang International. He is the older brother of footballer Shahfiq Ghani who’s also a professional footballer playing respectively as forward or midfielder for Singapore Premier League club Geylang International.

## Club career

In 2013, Taufiq played for Geylang International. In 2014, he played for Woodlands Wellington. After playing for Hougang for the 2015 season, Taufiq has since returned to Geylang International in 2016.
# Small Sale (EP)

Small Sale EP is a 2001 album by Mirah, released on Modern Radio Records. It was positively received by Allmusic, who stated "Mirah's sweetly expressive, breathy voice...is intoxicatingly endearing, as are the electronic beats and textures she uses as deftly as she does a ukulele or acoustic guitar."

## History

Songs recorded 1999–2001 at Mirah's House & Dub Narcotic, while Mirah was still touring for her previous album. Engineered by Mirah, Bobby Burg & Diana Arens. 505 copies were pressed on black vinyl with 8 test pressings. Sleeve was designed by K. Mroczek and Amber Bell and printed on Combination Press using silkscreen, letterpress and file folders.

## Reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
It was positively received by Allmusic, who stated "Mirah's sweetly expressive, breathy voice, that she inflects like Lucinda Williams and occasionally Juliana Hatfield, is intoxicatingly endearing, as are the electronic beats and textures she uses as deftly as she does a ukulele or acoustic guitar. Mirah is a rare musician who actually sounds dedicated to and confident in her art, and the byproduct is a fresh, liberating set of songs."

## Personnel

* Mirah - Engineer, Multi Instruments, Primary Artist, Vocals
* Stan Ricker - Mastering
* Bobby Burg - producer
* Diana Arens - producer
# Julia Solomonoff

Julia Solomonoff (born March 4, 1968, in Entre Ríos) is an Argentine film actress, producer, film and television director, and screenplay writer.
She lives in Buenos Aires and works in the cinema of Argentina and is a professor as well as the current Chair of the NYU Tisch School of the Arts Graduate Film Program in New York City.

## Filmography
### Director and writer

* Octavo 51 (1992)
* Un Día con Angela (1993)
* Siesta (1998)
* Scratch (2003)
* Hermanas (2005)
* The Last Summer of La Boyita (2009)
* Nobody's Watching (2017)
* Thirst (TBA)

### Producer only

* Cocalero (2006)

### Actor

* Historias Mínimas (2002) aka Minimal Stories

## Television

* The Suitor (2001) (TV)
* Mujeres en rojo: Ahora (2003) (TV)
# Howlett Line

The Howlett Line was a critical Confederate earthworks dug during the Bermuda Hundred Campaign of the United States Civil War in May 1864. Specifically, the line stretched across the Bermuda Hundred peninsula from the James River to the Appomattox River. It was named for the Dr. Howlett's House that overlooked the James River at the north end of the line. The Howlett Line became famous as the "Cork in the Bottle" by keeping the 30,000-man strong General Butler's Army of the James at bay.

## History

Following the Battle of Ware Bottom Church (May 20, 1864), the confederates began digging a decisive set of defensive earthworks that became known as the Howlett Line. It continued for three miles from river to river and aimed to hold down the railroad and turnpike of crucial importance, which connected Richmond and Petersburg that were at the time slightly defended. Gen. Daniel H. Hill directed the construction of the Confederate fortifications.
In Personal Memoirs Gen. Ulysses S. Grant described a conversation with his Chief Engineer Gen. John G. Barnard regarding Butler's predicament:
   He said that the general occupied a place between the James and Appomattox rivers which was of great strength, and where with an inferior force he could hold it for an indefinite length of time against a superior; but that he could do nothing offensively. I then asked him why Butler could not move out from his lines and push across the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad to the rear and on the south side of Richmond. He replied that it was impracticable, because the enemy had substantially the same line across the neck of land that General Butler had. He then took out his pencil and drew a sketch of the locality, remarking that the position was like a bottle and that Butler's line of intrenchments across the neck represented the cork; that the enemy had built an equally strong line immediately in front of him across the neck; and it was therefore as if Butler was in a bottle. He was perfectly safe against an attack; but, as Barnard expressed it, the enemy had corked the bottle and with a small force could hold the cork in its place.
Battery Dantzler, called Howlett's Battery before it was renamed to honor Col. Olin M. Dantzler of the 22nd South Carolina, and Parker's Virginia Battery anchored the Howlett Line. During the Second Battle of Petersburg (June 15, 1864) Gen. P. G. T. Beauregard pulled part of the troops from the Howlett Line to reinforce his main defenses. Overall, the construction of Confederate fortifications and trenches known as the Howlett Line held Butler in place until General Robert E. Lee evacuated the position on April 2, 1865.

## Preservation

The Chesterfield Historical Society of Virginia works on preservation of the extant earthworks in the Howlett Line Park, which belongs to the Chesterfield County Parks System.
# Broughan

The Broughan family has a long history including earls, knights and paupers. The first referenced history of the Broughan family occurs during the Norman invasion of England, wherein a family of engineers called Broughan were shipped to England during the conquest to assist in defense destruction. The name itself most likely derives from the old English or French word "Brun," originally a nickname for a person who had brown eyes, hair or even dressed habitually in brown. It is also possible that the name is from the Germanic "Brunwine" or "Brungar."
First known to be seated in Cumberland, the Broughan family today is scattered throughout the world, with known members in England, Australia, Ireland, America and France. Members of note include Tommy Broughan (b. August 1947, Irish politician).
# Retroviral aspartyl protease

Retroviral aspartyl proteases or retropepsins are single domain aspartyl proteases from retroviruses, retrotransposons, and badnaviruses (plant dsDNA viruses). These proteases are generally part of a larger pol or gag polyprotein. Retroviral proteases are homologous to a single domain of the two-domain eukaryotic aspartyl proteases such as pepsins, cathepsins, and renins (Pfam PF00026; MEROPS A1). Retropepsins are members of MEROPS A2, clan AA. All known members are endopeptidases.
The enzyme is only active as a homodimer, as each one corresponds to half of the eukaryotic two-lobe enzyme. The two parts each contribute one catalytic aspartyl residue.
Retroviral aspartyl protease is synthesised as part of the pol polyprotein that contains an aspartyl protease, a reverse transcriptase, RNase H and integrase. pol polyprotein undergoes specific enzymatic cleavage to yield the mature proteins.
Not all retroviral aspartyl proteases generated from pol are retropepsins in the strict sense. Spumapepsin from foamy virus is divergent enough to get its own family, MEROPS A9. Many other examples are found in clan AA.

## Human proteins containing this domain

DDI1; DDI2; ERVK6;
# Gnorimoschema obscurior

Gnorimoschema obscurior is a moth in the family Gelechiidae. It was described by Povolný in 1998. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Yukon, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Nevada.
# Christian Skår Winther

Christian Skår Winther (born 8 May 1989 in Ålesund, Norway) is a Norwegian musician (guitar) and the older brother of jazz drummer Andreas Skår Winther (b. 1991), known from bands like Monkey Plot, Listen to Girl, Ich Bin N!ntendo and Torg.

## Career

Christian Winther is a guitarist, songwriter, improviser, producer and singer. Best known from the improv- and instrumental rock group Monkey Plot, alternative pop duo Listen to Girl, noise punk band Ich Bin N!ntendo, and as a performer and co-producer in Torg. Winther have toured Europe, Japan and South America and released a dusin albums with his different projects. He also run the record label Earthly Habit.
He is educated from the Improvised Music and Jazz Department at the Norwegian Academy of Music with a Master Performance Degree, and in 2014 awarded "Young Jazz Musician of The Year" at Molde International Jazz Festival together with Monkey Plot.
Winther collaborated on the album release Ich Bin N!ntendo & Mats Gustafsson (2012) including Joakim Heibø Johansen (drums) and Magnus Skavhaug Nergaard (bass guitar), featuring Mats Olof Gustafsson (baritone saxophone). Monkey Plot, including Magnus Skavhaug Nergaard (double bass) and Jan Martin Gismervik (drums and percussion), made their debut with the album Løv Og Lette Vimpler (2013).

## Discography
### In bands
#### Ich Bin N!ntendo

* 2012: Ich Bin N!ntendo & Mats Gustafsson (Va Fongool)
* 2014: Look (Va Fongool)
* 2016: Lykke (Shhpuma Records)

#### Monkey Plot

* 2013: Løv Og Lette Vimpler (Gigafon)
* 2015: Angående Omstendigheter Som Ikke Lar Seg Nedtegne (Hubro Music)
* 2016: Here I Sit, Knowing All Of This (Hubro)

#### Listen to Girl (formerly (Girl)

* 2016: Sea And Dirt (Vilje/SusannaSonata)
Torg
* 2018: Palms, Beaches, Dreams (Earthly Habit)
* 2015: Kost/Elak/Gnäll (Jazzland Recordings)

#### Karokh

* 2016: Needle, Thread and Nailpolish (No Forevers)
* 2014: Karokh (Loyal Label)

### Other

* 2017: Trondheim Jazz Orchestra & Skrap - 'Antropocen' (Fanfare)
* 2013: Christian Winther / Christian Meaas Svendsen 'M / W' (Va Fongool)
# Joe Romano

Joseph S. Romano (April 17, 1932 – November 26, 2008) was an American jazz saxophonist.
He was born in Rochester, New York, United States. Romano learned to play clarinet and alto and tenor sax as a child. He enlisted in the United States Air Force in the 1950s, then joined the band of Woody Herman in 1956; he played intermittently with Herman into the 1970s, including at major jazz festivals and on several worldwide tours. In the 1960s, he also played with Chuck Mangione, Sam Noto, and Art Pepper; he was a recurring sideman on Buddy Rich's albums between 1968 and 1974. In the 1970s, he played with Les Brown, Louie Bellson, Chuck Israels, Sam Noto again, and with the Thad Jones-Mel Lewis Orchestra. He did session work in California in the 1980s, in addition to working with Frank Capp and Nat Pierce.
He died in Rochester in November 2008, from lung cancer, at the age of 76.
# Roy Vogt

Roy H. Vogt (1934–1997) was an economist, professor, literary critic and pastor from Steinbach, Manitoba and an important figure in Mennonite literature. Vogt was born in 1934 in Steinbach and pastored First Mennonite Church in Winnipeg where he died in 1997.

## Economics career

Vogt received a PhD. in 1970 and taught economics at the University of Manitoba for many years. He authored a number of textbooks on economics including Whose Property? The Deepening Conflict Between Private Property and Democracy in Canada and Economics: Understanding the Canadian Economy. In 1998, the University of Manitoba Faculty Association created an annual Roy Vogt Memorial Award named in his honour.

## Literary career

Vogt was also a significant contributor and literary critic of the first wave of Mennonite literature during the 1970s, founding the Mennonite Mirror and the Mennonite Literary Society in 1970, and was a contributor to the Journal of Mennonite Studies.
# Stari Pavljani

Stari Pavljani is a village in Croatia.

## Demographics

According to the 2021 census, its population was 191.
# Stari Log, Slovenska Bistrica

Stari Log (pronounced) is a settlement south of Pragersko in the Municipality of Slovenska Bistrica in northeastern Slovenia. The main railway line from Ljubljana to Maribor runs through the settlement. The area is part of the traditional region of Styria. It is now included with the rest of the municipality in the Drava Statistical Region.
# Safta Castrișoaia

Safta Castrișoaia (died 1862) was a Romanian merchant.
She inherited and managed a merchant empire from her late spouse, the Greek merchant trader Gheorghe Castrișiu (d. 1810), who emigrated from Greece to Bucharest, Romania, where he became a successful merchant trader in luxury goods from Austria and Hungary and exported goods from Romania to the Habsburg lands. She expanded the company of her spouse and managed a chain of luxury shops in central Bucharest, owned several estates and founded a pleasure ground as well as a luxurious inn fashionable among the rich boyars and foreigners in Bucharest. She was also an influential philanthropist who gave regular donations to pay for free places for poor patients in hospitals as well as for the newly established national theatre.
# Stefanus Du Toit

Stefanus Du Toit is a South African inventor and entrepreneur and a co-founder of Waterloo-based RapidMind, a company specializing in the development of software that automatically parallelizes serial code. The technology behind Rapidmind was developed by Du Toit during his graduate research at the University of Waterloo. As of 2008, RapidMind has raised $10M in venture capital financing. RapidMind was acquired by Intel in 2009. In 2008 Du Toit was honored by being included in the MIT Technology Review's TR35 list.