OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Gerard Edema

Gerard Edema or Gerard van Edema (c. 1652, Amsterdam – c. 1700, Richmond, Surrey), was a Dutch landscape-painter who settled in England.

## Biography

Edema is stated to have been a native of Friesland. He was a pupil of Allart van Everdingen, from whom he learnt to paint landscapes of a wild and savage nature, with a predilection for rocks and waterfalls. He came to England about 1670, in his eighteenth year, and shortly afterwards made an expedition to Norway to collect subjects for his pictures.
These travels he extended to Surinam in Dutch Guiana, the West Indies, the English colonies in America, and Newfoundland. He returned to London with a great number of paintings representing the novel and unknown scenery which he had visited, and their strange and awe-inspiring character earned him the name of ‘the Salvator Rosa of the North.’ He had no difficulty in disposing of any number of them to the merchants whose business was connected with those countries, and his landscapes were eagerly sought after by the nobility. Edema, having no talent for figures and buildings, was usually assisted in this line by Jan Wyck.
Sir Richard Edgcumbe, being anxious to have a series of views of Mount-Edgcumbe painted for his house there, employed Edema, Wyck, and Vandevelde to execute them in concert. They remained some time at Mount-Edgcumbe, and produced several views which still exist. Unfortunately for Edema his prosperity led him into luxurious habits and to an inordinate love of the bottle, which caused his death at Richmond about 1700. Two landscapes by him are at Hampton Court. He was a clever painter, but owed his success to the novelty and interest of his subjects. Some authorities distinguish him from a Nicholas Edema, living at the same time, who visited Surinam for the purpose of painting insects and plants, a line of art which he abandoned for landscape-painting. It seems almost certain that there was only one painter of the name.
# Gerard Edwards Smith

Gerard Edwards Smith (1804–1881) was a Church of England cleric and botanist.

## Life

Born at Camberwell, Surrey, he was sixth son of Henry Smith. He entered Merchant Taylors' School in January 1814, and St. John's College, Oxford, as Andrew's exhibitioner, in 1822; he graduated B.A. in 1829. He was ordained that year, and became a curate at Sellinge; and then at Stoughton, West Sussex and East Marden in 1833.
Smith was vicar of St. Peter-the-Less, Chichester, from 1835 to 1836; rector of North Marden, Sussex, from 1836 to 1843; vicar of Cantley, near Doncaster, Yorkshire, from 1844 to 1846, and perpetual curate of Ashton Hayes, Cheshire, from 1849 to 1853. He was vicar of Osmaston-by-Ashbourne, Derbyshire, from 1854 to 1871. He died at Ockbrook, near Derby, on 21 December 1881, and his herbarium was preserved at University College, Nottingham.

## Works

Before being ordained Smith published his major botanical work, A Catalogue of rare or remarkable Phanogamous Plants collected in South Kent, London, 1829, which is dated from Sandgate. The Catalogue, of 76 pages, is arranged by the Linnæan system, deals critically with several groups, and had coloured plates drawn by the author.
Smith was the first to recognise several British plants, describing Statice occidentalis under the name S. binervosa in the Supplement to English Botany (1831, p. 63), and Filago apiculata in The Phytologist for 1846 (p. 575). He contributed Remarks on Ophrys to John Claudius Loudon's Magazine of Natural History in 1828 (i. 398); On the Claims of Alyssum calycinum to a place in the British Flora to The Phytologist for 1845 (ii. 232); a preface to W. E. Howe's Ferns of Derbyshire in 1861, enlarged in the edition of 1877; and Notes on the Flora of Derbyshire to the Journal of Botany, British and Foreign for 1881. Other works were:
* Stonehenge, a poem, Oxford, 1823, signed "Sir Oracle, Ox. Coll.", humorous.
* Are the Teachings of Modern Science antagonistic to the Doctrine of an Infallible Bible? London, 1863.
* The Holy Scriptures the original Great Exhibition for all Nations, an allegory, London, 1865.
* What a Pretty Garden! or Cause and Effect in Floriculture, Ashbourne, 1865.
The standard author abbreviation G.E.Sm. is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
# Tale on the Twelve Points

Tale on the Twelve Points (Hungarian: Mese a 12 találatról) is a 1957 Hungarian sports comedy film directed by Károly Makk and starring Klári Tolnay, Ferenc Zenthe and István Somló. It was shot at the Hunnia Studios in Budapest. The film's sets were designed by the art director Mátyás Varga. It was one of the most popular films of the decade, with over three million admissions at the box office.

## Cast

* Klári Tolnay as Bartháné,patikus
* Ferenc Zenthe as Titi, coach
* István Somló as Dr, Bartha Ferenc,orvos
* Irén Psota as Vali,Piri testvére
* Iván Darvas as Fazekas Géza,történelemtanár
* Éva Ruttkai as Kató,tornatanárnõ
* Sándor Peti as Károly bácsi,pincér
* Samu Balázs as Üzletvezetõ
* Ervin Kibédi as Ideges ember a patikában
* Sándor Siménfalvy as Fogfájós ember a patikában
* László Hlatky asBrobicsek
* Zoltán Greguss as Péntek Lajos,KIK vezetõ
* Dezsö Garas as A Lokomotív kapusa
# Tamil Christian keerthanai

Tamil Christian Keerthanai or kīrttaṉai (Keerthanai meaning Songs of Praise) are devotional Christian songs in Tamil. They are also referred to as "lyrics" (a genre term) by Tamils in English.
These are mostly a collection of indigenous hymns written by Protestant Tamil Christian poets. A few of them are translations of Christian hymns from other languages. They use the kīrttaṉai form that includes the classical karnatak raga (mode) and tala (rhythmic cycle) designations for each song. Some of these ragas and talas are followed in Church practice, while from the 1940s, other kīrttaṉai were adapted to simpler Western style tunes in major scale that more easily facilitated the accompaniment of organ.
These hymns were written in the early stages of Protestant Christianity in India by composers such as Vedanayakam Sastriar who worked under the German Lutheran missionaries in the Tanjore area (likely the 1780s on). They were first published for broad use among the Protestant denominations and mission societies in 1853 by the American Congregational (ABCFM) missionary Edward Webb, in the hymn book titled Christian Lyrics for Public and Social Worship. Webb and eight of his catechists spent a couple months learning the songs from Vedanayakam Sastriar and then transmitted them orally throughout the towns and villages of the Protestant missions.
# Gereja Sion

Gereja Sion (Indonesian for "Sion Church") is a historic church located in Pinangsia Administrative District, Taman Sari, Jakarta, Indonesia. Dating from 1695, it is the oldest church still standing in Jakarta.

## History

The church was formerly known as De Nieuwe Portugeesche Buitenkerk ("The New Portuguese Outer Church"), referring to its position on the outside of the city wall, as opposed to Portugeesche Binnenkerk, "the Portuguese Inner Church"). The church was also known as Belkita during the period.
The church was built outside the old city walls for the so-called "black Portuguese" – the Eurasians and natives captured from Portuguese trading posts in India and Malaya and brought to Jakarta (then Batavia) as slaves. Most of these people were Catholics, but were given their freedom on the condition that they joined the Dutch Reformed Church, and the converts were known as Mardijker or the liberated ones.
The construction of the church was started in 1693. It was officially opened on Sunday, October 23, 1695, and was jointly financed by the Portuguese and the VOC government. The first sermon was delivered by Reverend Theodorus Zas and was attended by Governor-General Willem van Outhoorn.
Later, the church name changed into "Portuguese Church". During the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, the name "Portuguese Church" was forbidden and the church was closed for two years. The Japanese army wished to transform the place into a columbarium for the fallen soldiers.
During the governmental transition, the Dutch government transferred the ownership of the church to the Protestant Church in Western Indonesia (Gereja Protestan di Indonesia bagian Barat) or GPIB. During the 1957 GPIB Sinode Conference, the Portuguese Church changed its name into GPIB Congregation of Zion (GPIB Jemaat Sion), and since then, the church is known as Zion Church.
The church was restored in 1920 and 1978. The building is protected through the Law SK Gubernur DKI Jakarta CB/11/1/12/1972
In 1984, the churchyard was reduced for road construction.

## Building

Sion Church measures 24 by 32 meters and is situated on 6,725 square meters of land. An extension was built on the back facade, measuring 6 by 18 meters. It was built above a foundation of 10,000 logs. The construction is designed by E. Ewout Verhagen from Rotterdam. The wall is constructed from bricks glued by a mix of sand and heatproof sugar.
Sion Church is characteristically Dutch with its plain facade, ward-like appearance and domed windows. The church contains copper chandeliers, a baroque-style ebony pulpit, and the original organ. The furnishings were made by craftsmen from Formosa (Taiwan). The pipe organ was donated by the daughter of Reverend John Maurits Moor.
A total of 2,381 people were buried in the graveyard during 1790 alone; however, few tombs remain. The ornate bronze tombstone of Governor-General Hendrick Zwaardecroon, who died in 1728, was buried, as was his wish, among "ordinary" people.
# Gereja Jemaat Protestan di Indonesia

Gereja Jemaat Protestan di Indonesia is a Reformed church in the Province of Papua in Indonesia. It was created on 25 June 1984 by the Reformed Congregations in the Netherlands. It began pioneer mission work in the Yali territory. Historically this was known as Irian Jaya and was part of the Dutch East Indies. In Papua there are 250 different languages.
The Mission started in 1962, the first baptism was performed in December 1969. On that day 96 adults and 51 children were baptised. Ten new mission location opened in Nipsan, Langda, Bomela and in other towns, in southern lowlands in Dela Sera, Samboka, and Sumtamon. In 1974 the Nipsan station was destroyed by indigenous warriors, 14 were killed, later it was reopened. A second classis were opened in the unai-spoken eastern part of the mountains. The church affirms the Three Forms of Unity.
The first Synod was held on 25 June 1984. In 2012 the denomination had 68 congregations and 16 outreach points, with 11,000 members but attendance is significantly higher. The federation has 24 ministers. The church office located in Wamena, Indonesia.
The federation is working with Gereja-Gereja Reformasi di Indonesia a denomination with 8,000 members. This church was a fruit of the missionaries of the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands (Liberated).
# Patrick Huse

Patrick Huse (born April 1, 1948) is a Norwegian painter and multimedia artist.

## Early life and career

He studied landscape art and conceptualism during the late 1970s and early 1980s. His works incorporate techniques as painting, drawing, photograph, video, wall based text material and objects. His work is described by Matthew Kangas, Seattle’s leading critic for thirty years, interprets Patrick Huse’s art in the light of this narrative when he gave a great deal of praise in the Seattle Times about “Rift” in the Frye Art Museum, 2000: “Dark, cloudy and moody, Huse's pictures are part of a long, gloomy tradition of northern European landscape tradition. In the early 1990s he started a project titled Rethinking Landscape, trilogy consisting of the three parts: 1 Nordic Landscape, 2 RIFT and 3 Penetration. The traditional landscape art still plays a role as an artistic reference, but through a series of exhibitions from the mid-1990s and later, he has challenged landscape art in a way which makes his project unique. For many years through his interest for indigenous people and tradition in the Arctic Patrick Huse extensively travelled the north and his work in a period of twelve years resulted in an approach to art through a crossover between art and anthropology. This was concluded in a trilogy called Northern Imaginary which was under production for nine years.
Patrick Huse has worked extensively with larger pedagogical museum art projects connected to Northern issues for many years. Produced books connected to the different projects. Social research in Arctic Canada, Greenland, Iceland and the Nordic countries and cooperated with a large number of academics from several universities. The books are used as text books in academic courses in universities and university colleges.
In his entire body of work, Patrick Huse argues the use of elements taken from nature and culture in the northern areas becomes an invitation to associate with working on the relationship – center and periphery, one of the most repeated topics for structuring the geographical relationship between north and south. The choice of geographical location forces the artist and viewer to relate to places where the basis of existence is so meager that existence itself is stretched to its limits. One can claim that there is a desire to place oneself in a type of challenge which one does not go through unchanged and addresses a freedom of speech in contradiction to any ideology.

## Gallery

* Title: Discharge and Fermentation, Oil on canvas, 201x382 cm, 1998–2008, Pori Art Museum, Finland, Patrick Huse
* Title: Landscape Flow, Technique: Oil on canvas, 190 x 190 cm, Reykjavik Art Museum, Iceland
* Title: Fragile Painting / 2010, Technique: Oil on canvas, 75 x 90 cm / 30 x 36 inches, Lillerhammer Art Museum, Norway
* Title: Landscape Flow Iceland, 2005, Technique: Oil on canvas / Photo, 180 x 540 cm / 72 x 280 inches, Patrick Huse, National Museum of Art, Norway
* Title: Technique: Oil on canvas / Photo, Size: 180 x 540 cm / 72 x 280 inches, Sparebankstiftelsen DNB Nor, Norway
# Patrick Shiu

Patrick Shiu Kin-yin (Chinese: 蕭健英) is a Hong Kong-Canadian doctor. He is the former chairman of the Hong Kong Democratic Foundation from 1992 and 1997 and former Election Committee member for Medical subsector elected in 1998. He is also a former core member of the Hong Kong Medical Association.
# German submarine U-398

German submarine U-398 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II. The U-boat was laid down at the Howaldtswerke in Kiel on 26 August 1942, launched on 6 November 1943 and commissioned on 18 December of that same year, under Korvettenkapitän Johan Reckhoff. He was replaced by Oberleutnant zur See Wilhelm Kranz on 8 November 1944.
The boat served initially with the 5th U-boat Flotilla, a training organization, between 18 December 1943 and 31 July 1944, before moving over to the operational 3rd flotilla between 1 August and 31 October 1944 and the 33rd flotilla between 1 November 1944 and her loss.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-398 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-398 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. *The commissioning of an unknown refit to the external shell and restructuring of internal cabin facilities before her final voyage has been rumoured, but German naval records haven't confirmed this. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

U-398 carried out two patrols, the first, commencing on 23 August 1944, took her as far as the west coast of Ireland; starting from Horten Naval Base in Norway and finishing with her arrival in Bergen on 15 October. A total of 54 days were spent at sea. These were uneventful.
Her second patrol ended abruptly after just four days in April 1945. She vanished without trace in either the North Sea or possibly the Arctic Ocean. The cause for her disappearance remains unknown.
# German submarine U-400

German submarine U-400 was a Type VIIC U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II.
The submarine was laid down on 18 November 1942 at the Howaldtswerke yard in Kiel as yard number 32, launched on 8 January 1944 and commissioned on 18 March under the command of Kapitänleutnant Horst Creutz.

## Design

German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-400 had a displacement of 769 tonnes (757 long tons) when at the surface and 871 tonnes (857 long tons) while submerged. She had a total length of 67.10 m (220 ft 2 in), a pressure hull length of 50.50 m (165 ft 8 in), a beam of 6.20 m (20 ft 4 in), a height of 9.60 m (31 ft 6 in), and a draught of 4.74 m (15 ft 7 in). The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of 2,800 to 3,200 metric horsepower (2,060 to 2,350 kW; 2,760 to 3,160 shp) for use while surfaced, two Garbe, Lahmeyer & Co. RP 137/c double-acting electric motors producing a total of 750 metric horsepower (550 kW; 740 shp) for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two 1.23 m (4 ft) propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to 230 metres (750 ft).
The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 17.7 knots (32.8 km/h; 20.4 mph) and a maximum submerged speed of 7.6 knots (14.1 km/h; 8.7 mph). When submerged, the boat could operate for 80 nautical miles (150 km; 92 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph); when surfaced, she could travel 8,500 nautical miles (15,700 km; 9,800 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). U-400 was fitted with five 53.3 cm (21 in) torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one 8.8 cm (3.46 in) SK C/35 naval gun, (220 rounds), one 3.7 cm (1.5 in) Flak M42 and two twin 2 cm (0.79 in) C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

## Service history

After training with the 5th U-boat Flotilla, U-400 was attached to the 11th U-boat Flotilla for front-line service on 1 November 1944.
The U-boat sailed from Horten Naval Base in Norway for her first war patrol on 15 November 1944, and headed for the waters off Land's End. Despite repeated requests for reports by the German U-boat Command, none were received. The U-boat was eventually listed as "missing" at the end of January 1945. After the war, the Allies attributed the loss of U-400 to a depth charge attack by the frigate HMS Nyasaland on 17 December 1944, about 30 nautical miles (56 km) SE of Kinsale, Ireland.

### Discovery

The wreck of U-400 was finally identified by nautical archaeologist Innes McCartney and historian Axel Niestle in 2006, about 10 miles (16 km) north-west of Padstow, Cornwall, at position 50°39.9′N 5°5′W﻿ / ﻿50.6650°N 5.083°W﻿ / 50.6650; -5.083 close to the wrecks of two other U-boats, U-325 and U-1021. All three submarines were sunk in the Bristol Channel by a deep-trap minefield.
The U-boat sunk by Nyasaland is now believed to have been U-772.

### Previously recorded fate

U-400 was noted as sunk in mid-December 1944 in the British minefield 'HX A1' off the Cornish coast.
# Les Avirons

Les Avirons (French pronunciation:, meaning "the oars" in French), is a commune in the Réunion overseas department of France in the Indian Ocean. It borders the communes of Saint-Leu, Cilaos, Saint-Louis and L'Étang-Salé, and 150 metres of coastline.

## Geography
### Climate

Les Avirons has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification Aw). The average annual temperature in Les Avirons is 24.2 °C (75.6 °F). The average annual rainfall is 805.2 mm (31.70 in) with January as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in January, at around 27.2 °C (81.0 °F), and lowest in July, at around 21.0 °C (69.8 °F). The highest temperature ever recorded in Les Avirons was 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) on 22 January 2009; the coldest temperature ever recorded was 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) on 1 August 2003.
Climate data for Les Avirons (1991−2020 normals, extremes 2002−2016) :
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 36.8 (98.2) | 36.5 (97.7) | 35.6 (96.1) | 33.5 (92.3) | 32.4 (90.3) | 29.6 (85.3) | 30.4 (86.7) | 28.4 (83.1) | 30.2 (86.4) | 31.2 (88.2) | 33.2 (91.8) | 34.6 (94.3) | 36.8 (98.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 31.3 (88.3) | 31.0 (87.8) | 30.5 (86.9) | 29.3 (84.7) | 27.3 (81.1) | 25.6 (78.1) | 24.7 (76.5) | 25.0 (77.0) | 26.1 (79.0) | 27.5 (81.5) | 29.2 (84.6) | 30.6 (87.1) | 28.2 (82.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.2 (81.0) | 27.1 (80.8) | 26.5 (79.7) | 25.4 (77.7) | 23.6 (74.5) | 22.0 (71.6) | 21.0 (69.8) | 21.1 (70.0) | 21.9 (71.4) | 23.2 (73.8) | 24.7 (76.5) | 26.3 (79.3) | 24.2 (75.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.1 (73.6) | 23.2 (73.8) | 22.6 (72.7) | 21.5 (70.7) | 19.9 (67.8) | 18.3 (64.9) | 17.3 (63.1) | 17.1 (62.8) | 17.7 (63.9) | 18.9 (66.0) | 20.3 (68.5) | 22.1 (71.8) | 20.2 (68.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.0 (68.0) | 19.5 (67.1) | 18.0 (64.4) | 15.0 (59.0) | 13.8 (56.8) | 14.4 (57.9) | 13.7 (56.7) | 14.2 (57.6) | 14.2 (57.6) | 16.4 (61.5) | 19.3 (66.7) | 13.7 (56.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 148.0 (5.83) | 126.8 (4.99) | 110.7 (4.36) | 89.3 (3.52) | 53.0 (2.09) | 46.1 (1.81) | 50.8 (2.00) | 26.5 (1.04) | 24.6 (0.97) | 26.9 (1.06) | 33.9 (1.33) | 68.6 (2.70) | 805.2 (31.70) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8.4 | 7.9 | 7.3 | 6.1 | 4.8 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 5.1 | 58.9 |
| Source: Météo-France ||||||||||||||
# Gerd Müller (disambiguation)

Gerd Müller (1945–2021) was a German footballer.
Gerd Müller may also refer to:
* Gerd A. Müller (1932–1991), German industrial designer
* Gerd B. Müller (born 1953), Austrian theoretical biologist
* Gerd Müller (politician) (born 1955), German politician
* Gerd Müller Trophy, annual association football award