OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Top-down cosmology

In theoretical physics, top-down cosmology is a proposal to regard the many possible histories of a given event as having real existence. This idea of multiple histories has been applied to cosmology, in a theoretical interpretation in which the universe has multiple possible cosmologies, and in which reasoning backwards from the current state of the universe to a quantum superposition of possible cosmic histories makes sense. Stephen Hawking has argued that the principles of quantum mechanics forbid a single cosmic history, and has proposed cosmological theories in which the lack of a past boundary condition naturally leads to multiple histories, called the 'no-boundary proposal', the proposed Hartle–Hawking state.
According to Hawking and Thomas Hertog, "The top-down approach we have described leads to a profoundly different view of cosmology, and the relation between cause and effect. Top down cosmology is a framework in which one essentially traces the histories backwards, from a spacelike surface at the present time. The noboundary histories of the universe thus depend on what is being observed, contrary to the usual idea that the universe has a unique, observer independent history."
# Arthur Aldrich

Arthur Stanhope Aldrich (14 November 1840 – 28 October 1908) was an Englishman who became Chief Accountant and later, Secretary to the Japanese Government Railways, acting for over 20 years as General Adviser and Manager to the Railway Department. For his work he was awarded the Order of the Rising Sun. He later became an honorary consul to Japan in New Zealand.

## Biography

Arthur Stanhope Aldrich was born on 14 November 1840 at Orford, Suffolk, the son of Reverend William Wogan Aldrich and Dorothy (née Rope). Aldrich entered the Railway Clearing House, London in 1859, then entered the service of the Dublin and Drogheda Railway as audit accountant until January 1872. He was then recruited to work in Japan under the o-yatoi gaikokujin system as the Meiji Government strove to modernise the country. From 1870 almost 300 foreigners, mostly British, were hired to develop the Japanese railway system. Aldrich was appointed Chief Accountant to the Japan Government Railways in 1872, became Secretary in 1875, and from February 1877 was Secretary and general manager and advisor of the Railway Department of Public Works of Japan. Aldrich was the first Englishman presented with the Japanese Government's Order of the Rising Sun. He also received the Order of the Sacred Treasure (Second Class).
Aldrich retired with a pension in the 1890s and settled in Bunnythorpe, New Zealand. He was appointed as New Zealand's first Japanese Consul in April 1898, a post he held until his death when Thomas Young was appointed to replace him. Aldrich died at Paraparaumu on 28 October 1908, and was buried at Otaki.
# Nick Miller (American football)

Nickelous Miller (born March 29, 1987) is a former American football wide receiver. He was signed by the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent in 2009. He played college football at Southern Utah.
Miller also played for the St. Louis Rams and Arizona Rattlers.

## Early life

Miller played high school football at Red Mountain High School in Mesa, Arizona. He was a 1st Team All-Region wide receiver; and a 2nd Team All-State honoree and 1st Team All-Tribune selection at defensive back. Miller recorded up 656 receiving yards and eight touchdowns during his senior season. He also intercepted five passes and helped his team to an East Valley region championship.
Miller also lettered in baseball and track.

## College career

After transferring from Scottsdale Community College, Miller became a starting wide receiver at Southern Utah University in 2007. He set an SUU record with 41 kickoff returns for 914 yards. He also finished second on the team in receptions and receiving yards, with 35 catches for 435 yards and a touchdown. In addition to the 19 carries he had for 50 yards, he also led the team with 19 punt returns for 175 yards.
As a senior in 2008, Miller was named Great West Conference Special Teams Players of the Year and caught 55 passes for 763 yards and three touchdowns.

## Professional career
### Oakland Raiders

Miller went undrafted in the 2009 NFL draft, but was signed by the Oakland Raiders as an undrafted free agent. He survived final cuts on September 5 and made Oakland's 53-man roster. However, he never played during his rookie season because of a shin injury. On December 30, Miller was placed on injured reserve with the shin injury.
On October 10, 2010, Miller made his official NFL debut, returning a punt 46 yards in the third quarter of the Raiders' 35-27 win over the San Diego Chargers. On October 24, 2010 Nick Miller made a 32-yard catch along the sideline for his first career catch. On October 1, 2011, Miller was released by the Raiders.

### St. Louis Rams

The St. Louis Rams signed Miller on October 6, 2011. He was waived on October 22, but re-signed on November 25, 2011. On Oct. 27, Miller returned a punt 88 yards against the Arizona Cardinals for his first career touchdown in the NFL. The punt return was the longest in Rams' history since 1994. He was released on March 12, 2012.

### Philadelphia Eagles

On January 8, 2013, Miller was signed by the Philadelphia Eagles. On July 24, 2013, Miller was released by the Philadelphia Eagles. On July 30, 2013, Miller was re-signed by the Philadelphia Eagles to take the roster spot of Jeremy Maclin, who was placed on injured reserve after tearing his ACL. On August 25, 2013, Miller was released by the Eagles.

### Arizona Rattlers

On November 15, 2013, Miller was assigned to the Arizona Rattlers of the Arena Football League. Miller was the Rattlers kick returner as well as working in at wide receiver. After 10 games, Miller was placed on injured reserve and ultimately reassigned by the Rattlers after an off the field health incident.
# Subdivisions of Benin

Benin is divided into 12 departments (French: départements), and subdivided into 77 communes.
On the third level are the arrondissements of Benin.

## Departments

In 1999, the previous six departments were each split into two halves, forming the current 12. The six new departments were assigned official capitals in 2008.
| Department | Capital | Population (2013) | Area (km$^2$) |
| Alibori | Kandi | 868,046 | 26,242 |
| Atakora | Natitingou | 769,337 | 20,499 |
| Atlantique | Ouidah | 1,396,548 | 3,233 |
| Borgou | Parakou | 1,202,095 | 25,856 |
| Collines | Savalou | 716,558 | 13,931 |
| Kuoffo | Dogbo-Tota | 741,895 | 2,404 |
| Donga | Djougou | 542,605 | 11,126 |
| Littoral | Cotonou | 678,874 | 79 |
| Mono | Lokossa | 495,307 | 1,605 |
| Ouémé | Porto-Novo | 1,096,850 | 1,281 |
| Plateau | Sakete | 624,146 | 3,264 |
| Zou | Abomey | 851,623 | 5,243 |
# HTC Desire S

The HTC Desire S (codenamed Saga) is a smartphone designed and manufactured by HTC Corporation that runs the Android operating system. First announced at Mobile World Congress on February 15, 2011 as a successor to the HTC Desire, it was released on March 8, 2011.
The unit shipped with Android (operating system) 2.3.3 (Gingerbread) with HTC Sense 2.1; upgrades were released to Android 2.3.5 with HTC Sense 3.0, and to Android 4.0.4 (Ice Cream Sandwich) with HTC Sense 3.6.

## Hardware

The HTC Desire S bears similar internal hardware to its predecessor (HTC Desire). One of the most prominent hardware improvement in the HTC Desire S is the 33% increase in RAM and 100% increase in internal storage capacity. Connectivity in the phone has also seen a noticeable upgrade featuring 14.4 Mbit/s HSDPA and wireless 802.11 b/g/n. The Desire S features an aluminium unibody case and touch-sensitive keys replace the HTC Desire's navigational buttons. The trackball has also been removed.
The display is much the same as the HTC Desire: a 94 mm (3.7 in) diagonal 480×800px (252 ppi) Super LCD overlaid with Gorilla Glass. A front-facing VGA camera is included on the phone in addition to the 5-megapixel rear camera that was also included on the original HTC Desire.
A hardware design flaw or defective eMMC chip in some devices can render the phone unusable (bricked) and require SAT if the battery is removed if the device is on. Updating several applications from market at once can cause the device to not respond, forcing the user to remove the battery to reboot; this is the most usual cause of this problem to appear.
The phone's maximum Wi-Fi speed is 72 Mbit/s when using 802.11n.

## Software

The device originally shipped with Android 2.3 and included HTC Sense 2.1. It was later upgraded to Android 2.3.5 with HTC Sense 3.0. The new update added HTC Watch to the list of applications, amongst other features, as well as a new design of the lock screen, and the ability to add icons and widgets onto the lock screen.
HTC released an update to Android 4.0 and HTC Sense 3.6 in August 2012 through their developer website.
# Janina, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship

Janina is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Busko-Zdrój, within Busko County, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in south-central Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) north-east of Busko-Zdrój and 45 km (28 mi) south of the regional capital Kielce.
# Neville Hiscock

Neville Hiscock (27 March 1951 – 13 February 1983) was a New Zealand motorcycle racer in the 1970s and 1980s. He raced competitively in New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa.
Neville Hiscock along with his equally skilled brother Dave Hiscock dominated the competitive racing circuits in New Zealand and Australia and was just starting to make a name for himself internationally when he was killed in South Africa while racing. He was currently leading the race, when he fell and suffered severe head injuries. He died soon after never having regained consciousness. Neville was killed in February 1983, at Killarney, near Cape Town. Shortly after his brother Dave Hiscock retired from competitive racing, and continued to live in South Africa for a number of years.
Neville and his younger brother Dave Hiscock grew up in Stokes Valley, a suburb near Wellington, where they both rode an old BSA Bantam in grass paddocks, and later perfected their skills on the infamous Rimutaka hill climb nearby north of Upper Hutt. Neville and Dave began racing in 1972 at the Gracefield street circuit in Lower Hutt on Commando 750s. Neville finished in fifth place and Dave finished eighth.
Neville's notable achievements include winning the Australian Castrol Six Hour in 1981 with his team rider D. Petersen riding a Suzuki GSX1100 and completing 314 laps and winning the New Zealand Castrol Six Hour while teaming up with his brother in 1982 riding a Suzuki GSX1100 Katana. He also came 2nd in the South African 6 Hour Race which prompted Suzuki to offer him full sponsorship for his last season before he died.
# Antonio Gutiérrez y Ulloa

Antonio Basilio Gutiérrez y Ulloa (14 June 1771 – 1831) was a Spanish politician and bureaucrat. He held various offices in Spain, San Salvador, New Spain, and Mexico. His most notable political office was being the Colonial Intendant of the Intendancy of San Salvador from 1805 until he was deposed in the 1811 Independence Movement. Unlike other Spanish colonial administrators, Gutiérrez y Ulloa held no military background.

## Early life

Antonio Gutiérrez y Ulloa was born in Toro, Spain, on 14 June 1771. His parents were Nicolás Gutiérrez y Vitoria and Francisca de Ulloa y Sánchez Morales. He had a brother named Juan Gutiérrez y Ulloa. In 1797, he was appointed to the position of Tribune of the Major Accounting Office of Madrid.

## Colonial Intendant of San Salvador

On 28 June 1805, Gutiérrez y Ulloa was appointed as the Colonial Intendant of San Salvador, being the first to hold the office in an official capacity since Ignacio Santiago Ulloa in 1798. He was described as "infatuated" and "difficult" and was unpopular with those residing in San Salvador. In 1807, Gutiérrez y Ulloa held a census for the intendancy.
On 5 November 1811, José Matías Delgado, Manuel José Arce, and 400 armed supporters overthrew Gutiérrez y Ulloa by forcing his resignation, declaring "There is no King, no Intendant, or Captain General, we only have to obey our mayors." The independence movement was eventually crushed by Spanish forces under José Alejandro de Aycinena later in the year who became Colonial Intendant on 3 December 1811. His resignation was not officially accepted by the Real Audiencia of Guatemala until 26 September 1812.

## Later life

On 10 August 1814, Gutiérrez y Ulloa was appointed as Mayor of Guadalajara. On 18 July 1817, he was appointed as a finance minister of Mexico City by royal decree, but later he returned to Guadalajara on 7 November 1820. Gutiérrez y Ulloa supported the ascension of Agustín de Iturbide as Emperor of the First Mexican Empire in 1822.

## Death

Gutiérrez y Ulloa died in 1831.

## Orders and decorations

Spain
* Knight of the Order of Charles III (19 September 1804)

## Publications

* Estado General de la Provincia de San Salvador: Reyno de Guatemala. (Año de 1807)
# Siltanen

Siltanen is a Finnish surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Risto Siltanen (born 1958), Finnish ice hockey player
* Sylvi Siltanen (1909–1986), Finnish accountant and politician
# Angry Samoans (album)

Angry Samoans is the fifth studio album by the American hip hop group Boo-Yaa T.R.I.B.E. It was released internationally on May 20, 1997 through the band's own record label, First Kut Organization. Upon release, the group embarked on a tour of Europe to promote the album.
In contrast to the group's early work, which were in line with funk and West Coast hip hop styles of Above the Law, N.W.A, and Kid Frost, the album features a rap metal sound that is entirely reliant on live drums and guitars. The album's lyrical themes include homicide, carjacking, and marijuana use.

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
Allmusic critic Andy Kellman thought that "the arrangements are rudimentary at times and could've been laid down at any point during the last decade, but they're more than enough to get the Devouxs worked up" Kellman subsequently concluded: "In the ears of most fans of the group, it's all that's truly necessary."

## Track listing

* "No Free Ride (Intro)" — 1:32
* "Skared for Lyfe" — 3:16
* "Breakin' Lyfe Sykos" — 4:47
* "Buried Alive" — 3:59
* "Full Metal Jack Move" — 3:07
* "Kill for the Family" — 3:50
* "Retaliate" — 2:40
* "Boogie Man" — 3:45
* "Where U Want It" — 4:05
* "Bang Bangin'" — 3:27
* "Mr. Mister Redeyes" — 5:33
* "Angry Samoans" — 3:00
* "No Free Ride (Outro)" — 1:56

## Personnel

* Boo-Yaa T.R.I.B.E. — performance
* Danny Devoux — production
* Monsta O — production
# Neogene carrerasi

Neogene carrerasi is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Argentina.
# The Hundredth Chance

The Hundredth Chance may refer to:
* The Hundredth Chance (novel), a 1917 novel by Ethel M. Dell
* The Hundredth Chance (film), a 1920 British silent film based on the novel
# Francis Garden

Francis Garden may refer to:
* Francis Garden, Lord Gardenstone (1721–1793), Scottish judge, joint Solicitor General for Scotland 1760–64, Lord of Session, 1764–93
* Francis Garden (theologian) (1810–1884), Scottish theologian, editor of the Christian Remembrancer
# Kamenica (Čelinac)

Kamenica (Cyrillic: Каменица) is a village in the municipality of Čelinac, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

## Former Ukrainian monastery and farming community

During the early 20th century, the Government of the Austro-Hungarian Empire settled a community of Rusyns and Ukrainians, all of whom belonged to the Eastern Catholic Churches, in Kamenica. Beginning in 1908, Metropolitan bishop Andrey Sheptytsky of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church bought land nearby upon which he built a small monastery for the Ukrainian Studite Monks, which was dedicated to St. Joseph, the Spouse of the Mother of God and Foster Father of Jesus Christ. The spiritual formation of new arrivals was supervised by a Greek Catholic Starets named "Elder Josaphat. The monks included Leonid Feodorov, the future Exarch of the Russian Greek Catholic Church, who was tonsured at Kamenica under the monastic name 'Leontiy' on 12 March 1913. The Metropolitan's younger brother and fellow Studite monk Klymentiy Sheptytsky, was also a monk at Kamenica and, along with Leonid Feodorov, was Beatified by Pope John Paul II in Lviv on 27 June 2001. Even though the monastery was always extremely impoverished, the Studite monks were eventually forced to flee the region due to the hostility of local members of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Even though Metropolitan Andrey still owned the land, his attempts to revive the monastery between 1923 and 1924 were repeatedly stymied by the post-World War I Government of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.
# HTC Desire 816

The HTC Desire 816 is a mid ranged Android-based smartphone designed and manufactured by HTC. Announced at the 2014 Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, Spain, it features a 5.5-inch super LCD 2 display with a 1280x720 resolution, with full HD video recording and play-back.

## Features

HTC Desire 816 offers HTC Sense 6, a 1.6 GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 400 system on chip with 1.5 GB RAM, 8 GB internal memory, 128 GB external memory capacity and a non removable 2600 mAh battery. It also comes with a 13.0 MP rear-facing camera and 5 MP front-facing camera. It has dual front facing speakers with Boom Sound. The smartphone runs on android version 4.4.2 and is upgradeable to 5.0.2, lollipop, globally in April 2015.

## Firmware Upgrade

In March, HTC revamped its sense home to a version 7. Users can create their own phone theme or can access and use various themes, wallpapers, sounds. This works best with HTC Sense 7 and the HTC "zoe" feature fully active. New power saving and extreme power saving options extend battery life or when the users need to ward off from switching off the phone due to low battery level.
Apps include one that operates the integral FM broadcast receiver.

## Successors

HTC also launched new HTC Desire 816G in September that runs on Android 4.4 KitKat OS and a Mediatek processor. HTC Desire 820 is the successor of desire 816.
# Colburn School (Lowell, Massachusetts)

The Colburn School is a historic former school building at 136 Lawrence Street in Lowell, Massachusetts, USA. Built in 1848, it is a fine example of institutional Greek Revival architecture, and is one of the city's older surviving school buildings, built during the rapid population growth that followed the city's industrialization. Now converted to apartments, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995.

## Description and history

The Colburn School is located on the east side of Lawrence Street, between it and the Concord River, in a densely-built residential area south of Lowell's downtown and industrial area. It is a large two story brick structure, rectangular in footprint, with a gable roof with the end facing the street. The gable end is fully pedimented, with modillions in the gable and main cornice. Windows are uniformly spaced, with simple granite sills and lintels. The buildings main entrances were historically on the north and south facades; they are sheltered by late 19th-century porticos, and the northern one is now the primary access.
The city of Lowell was incorporated in 1826, originally part of Chelmsford, and was rapidly industrialized, with construction of mills and industrial infrastructure begun in 1822. In the following decades the population grew rapidly, and the city built schools in the neighborhoods to serve the population. The Colburn School was built in 1848, named for Warren Colburn, a superintendent of the Merrimack Manufacturing Company, and originally provided single classrooms for grades 1-3 on the ground floor, and 4-8 on the upper floor. In 1863 it was converted to a fully graded school, and its interior was reconfigured to house eight classrooms. In the 1890s it was also used as a teacher training facility. Lowell's school population began to decline in the 1920s, but the Colburn School remained in use as an elementary school until it was closed in 1992. The building has since been converted to apartments.
# PH2

PH2, also known as Kepler-86, or KIC 12735740 (2MASS J19190326+5157453), is a G-type star 1,120 light-years (340 parsecs) distant within the constellation Cygnus. Roughly the size and temperature of the Sun, PH2 gained prominence when it was known to be the host of one of 42 planet candidates detected by the Planet Hunters citizen science project in its second data release. The candidate orbiting around PH2, known as PH2b, had been determined to have a spurious detection probability of only 0.08%, thus effectively confirming its existence as a planet.
Located in its parent star's habitable zone, PH2b (or Kepler-86b) is a Jupiter-size gas giant which could in theory host a natural satellite suitable for hosting life. The report of the confirmed detection of PH2b was submitted on January 3, 2013. It was discovered by amateur Pole Rafał Herszkowicz using his laptop and access to the Internet project with data from the Kepler space observatory.

## History of detection

PH2 b was detected, along with 42 other planet candidates, in archival data from Kepler by the Planet Hunters project, in which human volunteers analyze the light curves of Kepler target stars, searching for planetary transit signals which may be missed by computer programs. Previous work by Planet Hunters helped to confirm the existence of PH1b, a Neptune-mass planet within a four-star system.
All of the candidates in the study, including PH2b, were identified by citizen scientists Abe J. Hoekstra, Thomas Lee Jacobs, Daryll LaCourse, Hans Martin Schwengler, Rafał Herszkowicz and Mike Chopin among others, with the help of Yale University astronomers. In addition to PH2b itself, twenty other planet candidates were found which are located in the habitable zones of their host stars; however, these have a relatively high probability of spurious detection and may well come from non-planetary sources.
Although the planet's initial detection was made using Kepler data, PH2's stellar spectra, required to rule out background stars or faint companions with planets as sources for the observed transits, were collected using the HIRES instrument at the W. M. Keck Observatory. Results of observations confirmed the existence of PH2b with "99.9 percent confidence."

## Planetary system

PH2 is host to one confirmed planet, PH2b, orbiting with a period of about 282 days, placing it and any possible moons in the habitable zone. The temperature in the upper atmosphere of the planet could range from 185 K (−88 °C; −127 °F) to 303 K (30 °C; 86 °F). A moon of PH2b would likely have "a rocky core, plus a greenhouse atmosphere of some sort that could have liquid water on its surface" in the words of the researchers, thus further improving its prospects for habitability.
In 2019, the mass of the planet was measured by radial velocity, showing it to be close in mass to Saturn.
The PH2 planetary system :
| Companion (in order from star) | Mass | Semimajor axis (AU) | Orbital period (days) | Eccentricity | Inclination | Radius |
| b | 108.81+29.79 −32.29 M$_🜨$ | 0.824+0.019 −0.017 | 282.52540+0.00010 −0.00011 | 0.280+0.121 −0.133 | 89.915+0.020 −0.022° | 9.49±0.16 R$_🜨$ |