# Circassian pronouns

In the Circassian language, pronouns belong to the following groups: personal, demonstrative, possessive, interrogative, adherent and indefinite.

## Personal pronouns

In Adyghe, personal pronouns are only expressed in first person, second person and reflexive second-person in singular and plural forms.
| | Case | First-person | First-person | Second-person | Second-person | Reflexive third-person | Reflexive third-person |
| | Case | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA |
| Singular | Absolutive | сэ | sa | о | wa | ежь | jaʑ |
| Singular | Ergative | сэ | sa | о | wa | ежь | jaʑ |
| Singular | Instrumental | сэркӏэ | sart͡ʃʼa | оркӏэ | wart͡ʃʼa | ежькӏэ | jaʑt͡ʃʼa |
| Singular | Adverbial | сэрэу | saraw | орэу | waraw | ежьрэу | jaʑraw |
| Plural | Absolutive | тэ | ta | шъо | ʃʷa | ежьхэр | jaʑxar |
| Plural | Ergative | тэ | ta | шъо | ʃʷa | ежьхэмэ | jaʑxama |
| Plural | Instrumental | тэркӏэ | tart͡ʃʼa | шъоркӏэ | ʃʷart͡ʃʼa | ежьхэмкӏэ | jaʑxamt͡ʃʼa |
| Plural | Adverbial | тэрэу | taraw | шъорэу | ʃʷaraw | ежьхэрэу | jaʑxaxaw |
    сэоусэплъэы [sawawəsapɬə] IyouI am looking at you "I am looking at you."
    мыӏофырсэркӏэкъины [məʔʷafərsart͡ʃʼaqəjnə] thiswork (abs.)for mehard "this work is hard for me."
    ежьсэкъысиӏуагъ [jaʑsaqəsəjʔʷaːʁ] him/herI(s)he told me "he told me himself."

## Demonstrative pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns are мы "this", мо "that", а "that". There is a contradistinction between 'мы' and 'мо' on how far the referred object is. The pronoun 'а' is neutral on this matter. Third person pronouns are expressed as demonstrative pronouns.
| | Case | Basic demonstratives | Basic demonstratives | Basic demonstratives | Basic demonstratives | Basic demonstratives | Basic demonstratives |
| | Case | а | а | мо | мо | мы | мы |
| | Case | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA |
| Singular | Absolutive | ар | aːr | мор | mor | мыр | mər |
| Singular | Ergative | ащ | aːɕ | мощ | moɕ | мыщ | məɕ |
| Singular | Instrumental | ащкӏэ | aːɕt͡ʃʼa | мощкӏэ | moɕt͡ʃʼa | мыщкӏэ | məɕt͡ʃʼa |
| Singular | Adverbial | арэу | aːraw | морэу | moraw | мырэу | məraw |
| Plural | Absolutive | ахэр | aːxar | мохэр | moxar | мыхэр | məxar |
| Plural | Ergative | ахэмэ | aːxama | мохэмэ | moxama | мыхэмэ | məxama |
| Plural | Instrumental | ахэмкӏэ | aːxamt͡ʃʼa | мохэмкӏэ | moxamt͡ʃʼa | мыхэмкӏэ | məxamt͡ʃʼa |
| Plural | Adverbial | ахэрэу | aːxaraw | мохэрэу | moxaraw | мыхэрэу | məxaraw |
    мороуимашинэ [morwawəjmaːʃina] this (abs.)youyour car "That is your car."
    ащкъысиӏуагъэрмыщесӏотэжьыгъ [aːɕqəsəjʔʷaːʁarməɕqəjnə] that (erg.)the thing (s)he told methis (erg.)I told him back "I told this person the things that person told me."
    ахэмкӏэмыджанэумощщыгъэрдахэ [aːxamt͡ʃʼaməd͡ʒaːnawmoɕɕəʁərdaːxa] for them (ins.)thisshirt (adv.)that (erg.)the thing (s)he is wearingbeautiful "According to them, the shirt this person is wearing is beautiful."
The demonstrative pronouns джэ "that", дымы "this over here" and дымо "that over there" also exist in Circassian. There is a contradistinction between 'дымы' and 'дымо' on how far the referred object is. The pronoun 'джэ' is also neutral on this matter.
| | Case | Other demonstratives | Other demonstratives | Other demonstratives | Other demonstratives | Other demonstratives | Other demonstratives |
| | Case | дымо | дымо | дымы | дымы | джэ | джэ |
| | Case | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA |
| Singular | Absolutive | дымор | dəmor | дымыр | dəmər | джэр | d͡ʒar |
| Singular | Ergative | дымощ | dəmoɕ | дымыщ | dəməɕ | джэщ | d͡ʒaɕ |
| Singular | Instrumental | дымощкӏэ | dəmoɕt͡ʃʼa | дымыщкӏэ | dəməɕt͡ʃʼa | джэщкӏэ | d͡ʒaɕt͡ʃʼa |
| Singular | Adverbial | дыморэу | dəmoraw | дымырэу | dəməraw | джэрэу | d͡ʒaraw |
| Plural | Absolutive | дымохэр | dəmoxar | дымыхэр | dəməxar | джэхэр | d͡ʒaxar |
| Plural | Ergative | дымохэмэ | dəmoxama | дымыхэмэ | dəməxama | джэхэмэ | d͡ʒaxama |
| Plural | Instrumental | дымохэмкӏэ | dəmoxamt͡ʃʼa | дымыхэмкӏэ | dəməxamt͡ʃʼa | джэхэмкӏэ | d͡ʒaxamt͡ʃʼa |
| Plural | Adverbial | дымохэрэу | dəmoxaraw | дымыхэрэу | dəməxaraw | джэхэрэу | d͡ʒaxaraw |
    дымощицуакъэишъоолъэгъуа? [dəmoɕjət͡sʷaːqajəʃʷawaɬaʁʷaː] that over there (erg.)his shoeits colordo you see it? "Do you see the color of that person's shoe over there?"
    джэхэмэсадэгущыӏагъ [d͡ʒaxamasaːdaɡʷəɕəʔaːʁ] those (erg.)I spoke to them "I spoke to them."
    дыморкӏалэукъысэуагъэр [dəmort͡ʃʼaːɮawqəsawaːʁar] that over there (abs.)boy (adv.)the one that hit me "That is the boy that hit me over there."

## Interrogative pronoun

The interrogative pronoun is тэ "which".
| | Case |
| | Case | Cyrillic | IPA |
| Singular | Absolutive | тэр | tar |
| Singular | Ergative | тэщ | taɕ |
| Singular | Instrumental | тэщкӏэ | taɕt͡ʃʼa |
| Singular | Adverbial | тэрэу | taraw |
| Plural | Absolutive | тэхэр | taxar |
| Plural | Ergative | тэхэмэ | taxama |
| Plural | Instrumental | тэхэмкӏэ | taxamt͡ʃʼa |
| Plural | Adverbial | тэхэрэу | taxaraw |
Auxiliary interrogative words:
* хэт (хэта) "who".
* сыд (шъыд) "what/which".
* сыда (шъыда) "why".
* тыдэ "where".
* тхьэпш "how much".
* сыд фэдиз "how much".
* тэщтэу (сыдэущтэу) "how".
* тары "which".
* сыдигъу (шъыдгъо) "when".
* сыдкӏэ (шъыдкӏэ) "with what".
* сыд фэд? "what kind of?".
    хэткъэкӏуагъэ? [xatqakʷʼaːʁa] whothe person that came "Who came?"
    сыдкӏалэмыцӏэ? [sədt͡ʃʼaːɮamət͡sʼa] whatthe boy (erg.)his name "What is the boy's name?"
    непэтыдэущыӏэщт? [najpatədawɕəʔaɕt] todaywhereyou will be there "Today where will you be?"

## Possessive pronouns

| | Case | First-person | First-person | Second-person | Second-person | Third-person | Third-person | Reflexive third-person | Reflexive third-person |
| | Case | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA |
| Singular | Absolutive | сэсый | sasəj | оуй | wawəj | ий | jəj | ежьый | jaʑəj |
| Singular | Ergative | сэсый | sasəj | оуй | wawəj | ий | jəj | ежьый | jaʑəj |
| Singular | Instrumental | сэсыемкӏэ | sasəjamt͡ʃʼa | оуемкӏэ | wawəjamt͡ʃʼa | иемкӏэ | jəjamt͡ʃʼa | ежьыемкӏэ | jaʑəjamt͡ʃʼa |
| Singular | Adverbial | сэсыеу | sasəjaw | оуеу | wawəjaw | иеу | jəjaw | ежьыеу | jaʑəjaw |
| Plural | Absolutive | тэтый | tatəj | шъошъуй | ʃʷaʃʷəj | яй | jaːj | ежьыяй | jaʑəjaːj |
| Plural | Ergative | тэтый | tatəj | шъошъуй | ʃʷaʃʷəj | яй | jaːj | ежьыяй | jaʑəjaːj |
| Plural | Instrumental | тэтыемкӏэ | tatəjamt͡ʃʼa | шъошъуемкӏэ | ʃʷaʃʷəjamt͡ʃʼa | яемкӏэ | jaːjamt͡ʃʼa | ежьыяимкӏэ | jaʑəjaːjəmt͡ʃʼa |
| Plural | Adverbial | тэтыеу | tatəjaw | шъошъуеу | ʃʷaʃʷəjaw | яеу | jaːjaw | ежьыяеу | jaʑəjaːjaw |
    мыджэгуалъэхэрсэсиех [məd͡ʒaɡʷaːɬaxarsasəjax] thistoys (abs.)they are mine "these toys are mine."
    дымоунэплъэгъурэсэсый [dəmowənapɬaʁʷərasasəj] that over therehousewhat one you're seeingmine "That house you are seeing is mine."
    мыроуяежья? [mərwawəjaːjaʑjaː] this (abs.)is it yours?is it his? "Is this yours or his?"
The nouns in Adyghe are different by their accessory signs, which are broken down into the natural attribute and the property attribute. The natural attribute is for body parts and kin relationships (e.g. 'son', 'sister'). All other words belong to the property attribute.
* Natural attributes are expressed with the following prefixes:
| | | Prefix | Prefix | Meaning |
| | | Cyrillic | IPA | Meaning |
| Singular | 1st person | с- or сы- | /s-/ or /sə-/ | "my" |
| Singular | 2nd person | п- or у- | /p-/ or /w-/ | "your" |
| Singular | 3rd person | ы- | /ə-/ | "his" |
| Plural | 1st person | тэ- or т- | /ta-/ or /t-/ | "our" |
| Plural | 2nd person | шъо- or шъу- | /ʃʷa-/ or /ʃʷə-/ | "your" |
| Plural | 3rd person | a- | /aː-/ | "their" |
    ышынахьыкӏэицӏэАслъан [əʃənaːħət͡ʃʼajət͡sʼaaːsɬaːn] his younger brotherhis nameAslan "His younger brother's name is Aslan."
    сэслъакъомэузы [sasɬaːqʷamawzə] Imy legit is hurting "my leg hurts."
* Property attributes are expressed by a different set of prefixes:
| | | Prefix | Prefix | Meaning |
| | | Cyrillic | IPA | Meaning |
| Singular | 1st person | си- | /səj-/ | "my" |
| Singular | 2nd person | уи- | /wəj-/ | "your" |
| Singular | 3rd person | и- | /jə-/ | "his" |
| Plural | 1st person | ти- | /təj-/ | "our" |
| Plural | 2nd person | шъуи- | /ʃʷəj-/ | "your" |
| Plural | 3rd person | я- | /jaː-/ | "their" |
    сэсицӏэАслъан [sasəjt͡sʼaaːsɬaːn] Imy nameAslan "My name is Aslan."
    сэсиунэишъофыжьы [sasəjwənajəʃʷafəʑə] Imy houseits colorwhite "The color of my house is white."
    яджанэхэрнахьдахэхуиджанэхэмэ [jaːd͡ʒaːnaxarnaːħdaːxaxwəjd͡ʒaːnaxama] their clothes (abs.)morebeautiful (plural)your clothes (erg.) "Their clothes are more beautiful than yours."

## Indefinite pronoun

In Adyghe whole one - зыгорэ. Serves for indication of all notions corresponding to English words "someone", "something", "someone", "something", "sometime", "somewhere", etc.
Changes either as noun – in number and in cases:
| Case | Singular form | Singular form | Plural form | Plural form |
| Case | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA |
| Absolutive | зыгорэ | zəɡʷara | зыгорэхэр | zəɡʷaraxar |
| Ergative | зыгорэм | zəɡʷaram | зыгорэхэмэ | zəɡʷaraxama |
| Instrumental | зыгорэ(м)кӏэ | zəɡʷara(m)t͡ʃʼa | зыгорэхэ(м)кӏэ | zəɡʷaraxa(m)t͡ʃʼa |
| Adverbial | зыгорэу | zəɡʷaraw | зыгорэхэу | zəɡʷaraxaw |
    зыгорэпчъэмкъытеуагъ [zəɡʷarapt͡ʂamqətajwaːʁ] someone (abs.)door (erg.)(s)he knocked it "someone has knocked the door."
    кӏалэ горэмбэнанэрешхы [t͡ʃʼaːɮa ɡʷarambanaːnajaʃxə] some boy (erg.)the banana (abs.)he eats "some boy is eating the banana"
    пшъэшъэдахэ горэммыркъысиӏуагъ [pʂaʂadaːxa ɡʷarammərqəsiʔʷaːʁ] girlsome pretty (erg.)thishe/she told me "some pretty girl told me this"
Circassian adherent pronouns:
* зыр, зым "one"
* зыхэр, зыхэм "some"
* зыгорэ, зыгорэм "someone, something"
* тӏур, тӏум "both"
* тэдрэзым "each one"
* нэмыкӏыр "other"
* ежь "self"
* зэкӏэ "whole, all"
* пстэури "everyone"
* шъхьадж "every"
* ышъхьэкӏэ "self personally"
* хэти, хэтрэ "everyone", "each"
* сыди, сыдрэ "everything", "each"
* тыди, тыдэкӏи "everywhere"
* зи, зыми "no one" (verb has to be negative)
* зыгорэп "nothing" (verb has to be negative)
* зыгори, зыгорэми "nobody, no one" (verb has to be negative)
Examples:
    Хэти зышъхьамысыжьэу 1оф ыш1эн фае "Everyone must work hard".
    Сыдрэ 1офри дэгъу, угу къыбде1эу бгъэцак1эмэ "Each job is good if it is made with soul".
    Зыгори чэщдэсым къэкӏощтэп "Nobody will come to the party".
    Пстэури экзамыным феджэх "Everyone is studying for the exam".
    Ышъхьэкӏэ къыкӏонэу зэрэфамые къыӏуагъ "He said himself that he doesn't want to come".
    Зыр къещхымэ унэм икӏыщтэп "One will not go out of the house if it is raining".
    Зыхэр чэщым къыдэкӏыщтых, зыхэр къыдэкӏыщтыхэп "Some will go out in the night, some won't".

## Indicatory pronouns

| Pronoun | Cyrillic | IPA | Meaning |
| сэ | сэры | sarə | it is me |
| о | оры | warə | it is you |
| ежь | ежьыр | jaʑər | it is him |
| тэ | тэры | tarə | it is us |
| шъо | шъоры | ʃʷarə | it is you (plural) |
| ежьхэ | ежьхэр | jaʑəxar | it is them |
| Determiner | Cyrillic | IPA | Meaning |
| а | ары | aːrə | that one indeed |
| джэ | джары | d͡ʒaːrə | exactly that one indeed |
| мо | моры | morə | that one |
| дыо | дыуары | dəwaːrə | that one over there |
| дымы | дымары | dəmaːrə | this one over here |
| мы | мары | maːrə | this one |
| тэ | тары | taːrə | which one |
    сэрыкъэшъугъотын фае [sarəqaʃʷəʁʷatən faːja] it is methe one you must find "the one you must find is me."
    арыкъысиIуагъэ [aːrəqəsiʔʷaːʁa] that isthe thing he told me "that is what he told me"
    дыморыкIалэусфэсIуагъэ [dəmorət͡ʃaːlawsəfasʔʷaːʁa] that is over thereboy (adv.)the thing i talked about "here is the boy i talked about"