OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Heinz Werner's orthogenetic principle

Heinz Werner's orthogenetic principle is a foundation for current theories of developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology. Initially proposed in 1940, it was formulated in 1957 and states that "wherever development occurs it proceeds from a state of relative globality and lack of differentiation to a state of increasing differentiation, articulation, and hierarchic integration." It is an example of an organismic theory based on the intrinsic activity of living systems and is parallel to Piaget's genetic epistemology both emphasizing a holistic view of development.
In contrast to stage theories of development such as Sigmund Freud's description of psychosexual development that posited a particular sequence of behavior, Werner's principle provides a direction for development that can be applied to any behavioral domain. He asserted that the principle provided a single framework for understanding change in child psychology, psychopathology, ethnopsychology, and individual differences. He believed that although the content of these areas may be different, there was a formal similarity of the sequences within each domain moving from the global to the hierarchically integrated.
# Pycnocraspedum

Pycnocraspedum is a genus of cusk-eels.

## Species

There are currently five recognized species in this genus:
* Pycnocraspedum armatum Gosline, 1954
* Pycnocraspedum fulvum Machida, 1984
* Pycnocraspedum microlepis (Matsubara, 1943)
* Pycnocraspedum phyllosoma (A. E. Parr, 1933)
* Pycnocraspedum squamipinne Alcock, 1889 (Pelagic cusk)
# Pulsed energy projectile

Pulsed energy projectile or PEP is a technology of non-lethal weaponry. The U.S. military is developing PEP using an invisible laser pulse which ablates the target's surface and creates a small amount of exploding plasma. This produces a pressure wave that stuns the target and electromagnetic radiation that affects nerve cells causing a painful sensation. The technology can be used as a lethal weapon.
The pulsed energy projectile is intended for riot control and is said to work over distances of up to 2 km. It weighs about 230 kg and can be mounted on vehicles.
The US system was developed by Mission Research Corporation (now owned by Orbital ATK). It uses a chemical deuterium fluoride laser device producing infrared laser pulses. The plasma (produced by the early part of the pulse) explodes because its electrons absorb the energy of the later part of the pulse.
In 2003, a US military review reported that the electromagnetic radiation produced by PEPs cause pain and temporary paralysis in animal experiments.
The United States Special Operations Command FY 2010 plans included starting development on a Counter UAV Pulsed Energy Projectile.

## Controversy

PEP became controversial when it appeared that a team under Brian Cooper was assigned to work on the pain factor. It was discovered that PEP could with some tweaking induce cold burn feelings and other forms of painful sensations. The controversy and the fear of public opinion to see it turned into a torture tool that wouldn't leave any physical evidence on the victim ended the official program. Cooper kept on studying effects of laser-generated plasma pulse on pain receptors and published a paper in 2008 titled "Frequency Dependent Interaction of Ultrashort E-Fields with Nociceptor Membranes and Proteins".
# Pulsed field magnet

A pulsed field magnet is a strong electromagnet which is powered by a brief pulse of electric current through its windings rather than a continuous current, producing a brief but strong pulse of magnetic field. Pulsed field magnets are used in research in fields such as materials science to study the effect of strong magnetic fields, since they can produce stronger fields than continuous magnets. The maximum field strength that continuously-powered high-field electromagnets can produce is limited by the enormous waste heat generated in the windings by the large currents required. Therefore by applying brief pulses of current, with time between the pulses to allow the heat to dissipate, stronger currents can be used and thus stronger magnetic fields can be generated. The magnetic field produced by pulsed field magnets can reach between 50 and 100 T, and lasts several tens of milliseconds.
# Daniel Roth

Daniel Roth may refer to:
* Daniel Roth (organist), French organist, composer, and pedagogue
* Daniel Roth (watchmakers), a watch company
* Daniel Roth (writer), editor in chief, LinkedIn
# Daniel Rothman

Daniel H. Rothman is an American geophysicist and Professor of Geophysics in the Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Having made significant contributions to statistical physics, much of his work has contributed to understanding how the natural environment is organized. From such research, Rothman has made fundamental advances in topics ranging from seismology and geobiology to fluid flow and biogeochemistry.
Rothman's recent research interests lay in understanding the dynamics of the Earth's carbon cycle, with other research interests relating to: the physical foundation of natural geometric forms, thresholds of catastrophe in the climate system, and the co-evolution of life and environment.

## Biography

Rothman received his A.B. in applied mathematics from Brown University in 1979, before completing a PhD in geophysics at Stanford University in 1986. Rothman then joined the faculty at MIT later that year. Since 1986, he has held visiting appointments at Harvard's Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, The University of Chicago, and Ecole Normale Superieure.
Rothman is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the American Geophysical Union and is the recipient of the 2016 Levi L. Conant Prize from the American Mathematical Society.
He is also co-founder and co-director of MIT's Lorenz Center with atmospheric scientist Kerry Emanuel, an interdisciplinary research center devoted to learning how climate works with a particular interest in nonlinear dynamics.
With Stiphane Zaleski, he is the co-author of Lattice-Gas Cellular Automata: Simple Models of Complex Hydrodynamics.
# Putinești

Putinești is a village in the north-eastern Florești District of Moldova.
47°50′N 28°07′E﻿ / ﻿47.833°N 28.117°E﻿ / 47.833; 28.117
# Pyrrha Jewelry

Pyrrha Design is a jewelry design and manufacturing company based in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

## Background

Pyrrha was founded by Wade Papin and Danielle Wilmore in 1995 in Vancouver, Canada. Pyrrha designs and creates sustainable jewelry based on antique wax seals and heraldic talismans.
The company name derives from Greek mythology, specifically from the story of Pyrrha and Deucalion.
In April 2010, Pyrrha opened its first retail store in Los Angeles, California.
Pyrrha Design is a member of the Responsible Jewelry Council and 1% for the planet.
# Puschendorf

Puschendorf is a municipality in the district of Fürth in Bavaria in Germany.
# Helenium bolanderi

Helenium bolanderi is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name coastal sneezeweed. It is native to southern Oregon and northern California as far south as Mendocino County, primarily along the seacoast.
Helenium bolanderi perennial herb sometimes as much as 140 cm (56 inches or 4 2/3 feet) in height. It has a generally unbranched, erect stem with oval-shaped leaves. The flowers arise on naked peduncles with one to three flower heads per plant. Each flower head has a fringe of 15-30 golden yellow ray florets bent backwards from a rounded center of sometimes over 1000 disc florets (yellow toward the base but brown or purple near the tips). The fruit is a tiny, hairy achene a few millimeters long.
# Pycard

Pycard, also spelt Picard and Picart (late 14th century – early 15th century) was an English or French Medieval and Renaissance transitional composer.
He may have served in John of Gaunt's household in the 1390s as 'Jehan Pycard alias Vaux'. The name "Picard" suggests a French origin, but his music is regarded as being in an English tradition. He is one of the most prolific composers represented in the Old Hall Manuscript (British Library: Additional 57950), with nine works from it attributed to him. His music is in the ars nova style, and is unusual in its virtuosity.
A Gloria by Pycard in the Old Hall Manuscript illustrates the sophistication of his isorhythmic techniques. Each quarter note in the lower part equals 4½ quarter notes in the upper parts, creating an uneven ratio of 4:9 that causes the parts to lose synchronization. The lower part then steadily contracts in a series of Pythagorean proportions (12:9:8:6) until the parts come back into alignment. Indeed, Taruskin writes:
    So sophisticated is this music, so given was Pycard to mathematical and canonic wizardry in the other eight pieces preserved under his name in Old Hall, and so suspiciously Gallic is his name (cf. the ancient northern-French province of Picardie), that it has been suggested that he was actually a French composer whose works are preserved for some reason in an English manuscript (and in only one other, a fragment, also English).
# African D

African D (Ɖ, ɖ) is a Latin letter representing the voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ]. It is a part of the African reference alphabet. It is mainly used by African languages such as Ewe, Fon, Aja, and Bassa. The African D should not be confused with either the eth (Ð, ð) of Icelandic, Faroese and Old English or with the D with stroke (Đ, đ) of Vietnamese, Serbo-Croatian and Sami languages. However, the upper-case forms of these letters tend to look the same.
The lower-case variant (ɖ, known as retroflex D, D with tail, or D with retroflex hook) is used to represent the voiced retroflex plosive in the International Phonetic Alphabet (but in the transcription of the languages of India, the same sound may be represented by a d with dot below: ḍ).
Retroflex D on computers :
| Sample | Unicode | Name | HTML reference |
| Latin Extended-B ||||
| Ɖ | U+0189 | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER AFRICAN D | &#393; &#x189; |
| IPA Extensions ||||
| ɖ | U+0256 | LATIN SMALL LETTER D WITH TAIL (retroflex hook) | &#598; &#x256; |
# African Dawn

African Dawn is a solo piano album by Abdullah Ibrahim.

## Recording and music

Pianist Abdullah Ibrahim recorded the album in June 1982. It contains tributes to fellow musicians John Coltrane, Thelonious Monk, and Billy Strayhorn.

## Release and reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Penguin Guide to Jazz | |
African Dawn was released by Enja Records. The AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow commented that Ibrahim "displays his South African heritage and his optimistic view of the future in his unique brand of jazz. African Dawn is a fine example of his solo piano talents."

## Track listing

* "Blues for a Hip King" – 5:43
* "Sunshine of Your Smile" – 3:25
* "African Dawn" – 6:27
* "African Piano" – 6:42
* "'Round Midnight" (Hanighen, Monk, Williams) – 5:26
* "Just You, Just Me" (Greer, Klages) – 3:11
* "Blue Monk" (Monk) – 4:17
* "For Coltrane" – 7:19
* "For Monk" – 4:38
* "A Flower Is a Lovesome Thing" (Strayhorn) – 4:31
* "Children's Corner" – 4:16

## Personnel

* Abdullah Ibrahim – piano
# Pusiola leiodes

Pusiola leiodes is a moth in the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Sergius G. Kiriakoff in 1954. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
# Afrozomus machadoi

Afrozomus machadoi is a species of arachnid belonging to the family Hubbardiidae in the order Schizomida, which are commonly known as short-tailed whip scorpions. It is the only identified species in the genus Afrozomus.

## Distribution and habitat

The species can be found throughout Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in Africa. They live in termite mounds, which likely provide Afrozomus machadoi with its food source.
# Puttkamer

The Puttkamer family (also abbreviated to v. Puttkamer) is a widely extended German noble family whose earliest ancestor is first recorded between 1257 and 1260 in Schlawe (Sławno), Farther Pomerania.

## History

The Puttkamer family considers Swenzo family to be their first documented ancestors. However, despite using almost the same Coat of arms, historians are divided on this issue.
While some of its branches have awarded with the title of Graf, others are entitled to the lesser Freiherr. According to a widespread family tradition, many firstborn Puttkamer sons receive the first name of Jesco. The branch of the family moved in the 16th century to Livonia and from there to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

## Persons

* Georg Ludwig von Puttkamer (1715–1759), Prussian general killed at Battle of Kunersdorf
* Gertrud von Puttkamer (1881–1944), German erotic writer
* Jesco von Puttkamer (General) [de] (1876-1959), German Generalleutnant.
* Jesco Carl Eugen von Puttkamer (1919–1987), Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany to Tel Aviv, Stockholm, Lisbon & Belgrade. He was Ambassador to Israel at the time of the 1972 killings at the Munich summer Olympics
* Jesco von Puttkamer (1933–2012), engineer and NASA manager
* Jesko von Puttkamer (1855–1917), German military chief and governor of German Cameroon from 1895 to 1907
* Johanna von Puttkamer, Prussian noblewoman, wife of Otto von Bismarck
* Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer (1900–1981), Rear Admiral and naval adjutant to Adolf Hitler
* Martin-Anton Freiherr von Puttkamer (1698–1782) Prussian Major-General
* Peter von Puttkamer (born 1962), documentary filmmaker
* Robert von Puttkamer (1828–1900), Prussian statesman
# Darbhanga Assembly constituency

Darbhanga Assembly constituency is an assembly constituency in Darbhanga district in the Indian state of Bihar.

## Overview

As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 83 Darbhanga Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Darbhanga municipal corporation; Kabir Chak, Kansi, Ranipur, Sara Mahamad, Shisho East, Shisho West, Basudeopur, Sahbajpur gram panchayats of Darbhanga community development block.
Darbhanga Assembly constituency is part of No. 14 Darbhanga (Lok Sabha constituency).

## Members of the Legislative Assembly

| Year | Name | Party |
| 1952 | Sayeedul Haque | Indian National Congress |
| 1967 | R.P. Sinha | Indian National Congress |
| 1969 | Ram Vallash Jalan | Communist Party of India |
| 1972 | Surendra Jha 'Suman' | Jana Sangh |
| 1977 | Shiv Nath Verma | Janata Party |
| 1980 | Abdul Sami Nadvi | Indian National Congress |
| 1985 | Asfak Ansari | Indian National Congress |
| 1990 | Kameshwar Purve | Janata Dal |
| 1995 | Shiv Nath Verma | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2000 | Sultan Ahmed | Rashtriya Janata Dal |
| 2005 | Sanjay Saraogi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2005 | Sanjay Saraogi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2010 | Sanjay Saraogi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2015 | Sanjay Saraogi | Bharatiya Janata Party |
| 2020 | Sanjay Saraogi | Bharatiya Janata Party |

## Election results
### 2020

Bihar Assembly election, 2020: Darbhanga :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Sanjay Saraogi | 84,144 | 49.32 |
| | RJD | Amar Nath Gami | 73,505 | 43.08 |
| | NOTA | None of the Above | 669 | 0.39 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 10,639 | 6.24 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 170,606 | 55.79 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 305,788 | |
| | BJP hold | BJP hold | Swing | |

### 2015

Bihar Assembly election, 2015: Darbhanga :
| Party | Party | Candidate | Votes | % |
| | BJP | Sanjay Saraogi | 77,776 | 47.65 |
| | RJD | Om Prakash Kheria | 70,316 | 43.08 |
| Majority | Majority | Majority | 7,460 | 4.57 |
| Turnout | Turnout | Turnout | 163,235 | 57.76 |
| Registered electors | Registered electors | Registered electors | 282,595 | |
| | BJP hold | BJP hold | Swing | |
# Danny McNamara

Danny McNamara may refer to:
* Danny McNamara (musician)
* Danny McNamara (footballer)
* Danny McNamara, a character from the TV series Blood & Treasure
# Heaters, West Virginia

Heaters is an unincorporated community in Braxton County, West Virginia, United States. Heaters is situated approximately three miles north of Flatwoods on U.S. Route 19, which is a paved two-lane road. Access from I-79 is at exit 67 in Flatwoods, or exit 79 at Burnsville, then Route 5 to Heaters. There is no stoplight in Heaters. Heaters has a United States Postal Service post office and the ZIP Code is 26627.
Prior to the construction of I-79 in 1974, US-19 was the main road between Morgantown and Charleston, and Heaters was a convenient place to stop. At its peak, Heaters had a gas station, a general store, and a lunch restaurant. All are now gone. Heaters does have a community center located at 4350 Gauley Turnpike, which is used for community gatherings such as potluck dinners, memorial service dinners, and fundraising dinners.

## History

The community was named after the local Heater family.

## Industry

Weyerhaeuser operates an oriented strand board (OSB) plant in Heaters. On the Weyerhaeuser website, it is listed as the "Sutton OSB Mill.

## Churches

The Heaters Community Church is located at 3806 Gauley Turnpike, just south of the town of Heaters. It was originally a United Methodist Church, but left that denomination and became an independent church in 2023.
# Aerocom

Aerocom was an airline based in Chişinău, Moldova. It was suspected to be involved in illegal weapons trade, which ultimately led to the airline being shut down in 2004.

## History

Aerocom was founded in 1998 and operated chartered passenger and cargo services out of Chişinău International Airport.
In 2004 the United Kingdom Department for International Development was criticised for having hired Aerocom to fly humanitarian aid missions to Morocco following the earthquake there, because in a 2003 United Nations report Aerocom was accused of breaking international sanctions by having transporting huge quantities of arms to Liberia in 2002. Subsequently, special permission from the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority was needed to allow Aerocom's Moldova-registered Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft to land in Britain, including an exemption from noise restrictions.
Also in 2004, the Air Operator's Certificate of Aerocom was revoked, possibly due to connections between the airline and suspected weapons smuggler Viktor Bout. Nevertheless, the airline flew 99 tonnes of small arms out of a United States air base at Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina later that year, before finally being shut down.

## Fleet

The Aerocom fleet consisted of the following aircraft:
* 1 Antonov An-12
* 3 Antonov An-24RV
* 1 Antonov An-26
# Pydnaodes

Pydnaodes is a monotypic moth genus in the family Erebidae erected by George Hampson in 1911. Its only species, Pydnaodes distincta, was first described by Walter Rothschild in 1909. It is found in the upper Amazon region.
# Against the Grain (Acoustic Alchemy album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
Against The Grain, Acoustic Alchemy's 8th album, was released on 11 October 1994 under the GRP label.
Despite having only ten tracks, Against the Grain manages to notch up a total play time of 53 minutes because of the band's experimentation with some longer, more drawn out tracks.
The most successful effort from this release was "Lazeez", one of two tracks from this album to appear on the compilation album, "The Very Best Of Acoustic Alchemy" (2002).

## Track listing

| # | Title | Writers | Duration |
| 1 | "Against The Grain" | Iain McArthur/Nick Webb/Greg Carmichael/John Parsons | 5:39 |
| 2 | "Lazeez" | Webb/Carmichael/Parsons | 4:54 |
| 3 | "A Different Kind of Freedom" | Webb/Carmichael/Parsons | 6:20 |
| 4 | "Lady Lynda" | Webb/Carmichael/Parsons | 5:22 |
| 5 | "Road Dogs" | Webb/Carmichael/Parsons | 4:19 |
| 6 | "Shoot The Loop" | McArthur/Webb/Carmichael | 5:19 |
| 7 | "Across The Golden Gate" | Webb/Carmichael/Parsons | 5:12 |
| 8 | "Papillon" | Webb/Carmichael | 6:39 |
| 9 | "Silent Partner" | Webb/Carmichael | 4:30 |
| 10 | "Nouveau Tango" | Webb/Carmichael/Parsons | 5:05 |

## Personnel

* Nick Webb - Steel String Guitar, 12 String
* Greg Carmichael - Nylon String Guitar
* Iain McArthur - Programming, Keys (Tracks 1 & 6)
* Rainer Bruninghaus - Piano, Keys (Track 3)
* John Parsons - Dobro (Track 1,7), Electric Guitar
* Paul Harriman - Bass
* Bert Smaak - Drums
* Luis Jardim - Percussion
* Phil Todd - Tenor Sax, Soprano Sax, Flute
* Terry Disley - Keys (Track 4,9)
* Jerry Douglas - Dobro (Track 5)
* Mike Herting - Keys (Track 7)
# Bright beer

Bright beer is beer in which yeast is no longer in suspension. There are several methods used for clearing yeast from beer, from waiting for the yeast to drop of its own accord ("dropping bright") to filtering it.

## Dropping bright

When the concentration of fermentable sugars in the beer falls below a certain level, variable with the strain of yeast, the yeast cells will naturally flocculate and settle toward the bottom of the vessel in which the beer is stored; this act is known as dropping bright. The degree to which yeast flocculates is dependent on many factors, including the specific gravity of the beer, the gas pressure over the beer, the ambient temperature, and some biological properties particular to the yeast strain; some beers will never drop bright by themselves.
Some breweries make available rack bright beer, which is cask-conditioned beer that has dropped bright at the brewery and then been transferred to a new container for shipment leaving the sediment behind. Rack bright beer generally costs slightly more than ordinary beer but has the advantage of being able to be consumed immediately without the need to wait to allow the cask to rest.
In comparison, dropping bright beer requires more preparation time and care at the point of serving; it requires that the beer be left undisturbed to settle, as jarring or shaking its container will re-suspend the yeast.
Any beer which has dropped bright or fined will have a layer of yeast sediment at the bottom of its storage vessel.

### Fining

Finings can be introduced during the production of beer in order to induce it to drop bright more readily. For British beers, the most common fining agent is isinglass, and most breweries producing Real Ale introduce isinglass into the shipment cask so that the beer will drop bright readily upon the cask's being breached; this process can take from several hours to two or three days and may require the addition of supplementary finings by the cellarman.

## Filtration

In contrast to dropping bright, yeast may also be removed from beer through filtration. The process of filtering removes carbonation and means the beer requires force carbonation. Mechanical filtering and pasteurisation of bottled beer started at the end of the 19th century. The first beer known to have been mechanically filtered and force carbonated as draught keg beer was Watneys Red Barrel in 1931.