OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Julia Jordan

Julia Jordan is an American playwright, television writer, and screenwriter. She is a graduate of Barnard College, class of 1989, and received a master's degree from Trinity College Dublin.

## Biography

Jordan was born in Chicago and spent much of her early life in Minnesota. Later, she would settle in New York City to pursue a life as a painter. However, this did not come to fruition. Upon graduating college, she briefly worked as a CNN copywriter. While attending Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theater for acting, she was inspired to begin writing for the stage.
Several of Jordan's plays were staged during the late 1990s and early 2000s earning critical praise. In 2000, her short film "The Hat", which she co-directed with Terry Stacey, debuted at the Sundance Film Festival and subsequently ran on IFC in 2001–2002. Her second short, which she wrote and photographer Glen Luchford directed, won "Best Short Film" at the Jackson Hole Film Festival in 2008.
She is a Lortel Fellow, Juilliard Playwright Fellow, Manhattan Theater Club Fellow, Member of the Dramatists Guild of America Council and New Dramatists. Jordan is represented by The Gersh Agency.
Due to her achievements in theater, she was asked to participate in Barnard College's "Great Writers at Barnard" conference in 2006.
Jordan is a founder and the executive director of The Lillys, created in 2010 to honor female playwrights and address the shortage of plays by women that get produced in the United States.

## Plays

* MPLS, St Paul
* St Paul (1999)
* Nightswim (2002)
* St. Scarlet (2003)
* Summer Of The Swans (2003)
* Boy (2004)
* Tatjana in Color (2004)
* Dark Yellow (2006)
* Walk Two Moons
* Murder Ballad

## Filmography
### Films

* 2000 The Hat

### Television

* As The World Turns (script writer)

## Awards

* The Francesca Primus Prize for Tatjana in Color
* three times shortlisted for the Susan Smith Blackburn Award, one honorable mention
* Jonathan Larson Award
# Methodological dualism

In praxeology, methodological dualism is an epistemological position which states that it is necessary ─ based on our current state of knowledge and understanding ─ to use a different method in analysing the actions of human beings than the methods of the natural sciences (such as physics, chemistry, physiology, etc.).
This position is based on the presupposition that humans differ radically from other objects in the external world. Namely, humans purposefully aim at chosen ends and employ chosen means to attain them (i.e. humans act), whereas other objects in nature ─ such as, for example, sticks, stones, and atoms ─ do not.
Methodological dualism is not a metaphysical or ontological doctrine, and refrains from making such judgments.

## Overview

Ludwig von Mises' insistence on methodological dualism was a reaction against “the ‘methodological monism’ preached by behaviorists and positivists who [saw] no basic reason to approach human behavior and social phenomena differently from the way natural scientists approach molecular behavior and physical phenomena.”
Mises states that the sciences of human action deal with ends and means, with volition, with meaning and understanding, with “thoughts, ideas, and judgments of value”. Action is the purposive use of chosen means for the attainment of chosen ends, and ideas, beliefs, and judgments of value (called mental phenomena) determine the choice of both means and ends. Thus, these mental phenomena occupy a central position in the sciences of human action for, as Mises argues, “acts of choosing are determined by thoughts and ideas.”
In arguing for methodological dualism, Mises states because the natural sciences have not yet determined “how definite external events […] produce within the human mind definite ideas, value judgments, and volitions”, this ignorance splits our knowledge into two distinct fields, the “realm of external events” on the one hand, and the “realm of human thought and action” on the other.
Thus Mises’ conception of the sciences of human action ─ i.e. praxeology and thymology ─ is based on this methodological dualism. Mises argues that because we are ourselves thinking and acting beings we can reflect, through introspection, on the meaning of action, of intention and volition, of ends and means, and on our ideas, beliefs, and judgments of value. This kind of reflective knowledge, Mises insists, is knowledge from within us, “is our own because we are men“, whereas we are not stones or atoms and so we cannot reflect on what it means to be these things.
# Canton of Saint-Benoît-1

The canton of Saint-Benoît-1 is an administrative division of Réunion, an overseas department and region of France. Its borders were modified at the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015. Its seat is in Saint-Benoît.
It consists of the following communes:
* La Plaine-des-Palmistes
* Saint-Benoît (partly)
# Stamford Raffles-Flint

Stamford Raffles-Flint (6 February 1847 – 15 August 1925) was Archdeacon of Cornwall from 1916 until his death.
He was the son of William Charles Raffles Flint and his wife Jenny Rosdew Mudge, daughter of Richard Zachariah Mudge, educated at Eton and University College, Oxford and ordained in 1871. After a curacy at Alverstoke he was Rector of Ladock from 1885 until 1920 when he became Canon Residentiary and Treasurer of Truro Cathedral. In 1884 he married Ethel Maud Quentin, sister of George Quentin.
# Cape Verde at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics

Cape Verde participated at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics in Buenos Aires, Argentina from 6 October to 18 October 2018.

## Competitors

| Sport | Boy | Girl | Total |
| Athletics | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Taekwondo | 1 | 0 | 1 |

## Athletics
### Boys

| Athlete | Event | Stage 1 | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 2 | Total | Total |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Marcelo Gomes | 100 m | 12.08 | 8 | 11.71 | 5 | 23.79 | 35 |

### Girls

| Athlete | Event | Stage 1 | Stage 1 | Stage 2 | Stage 2 | Total | Total |
| Athlete | Event | Time | Rank | Time | Rank | Time | Rank |
| Adriana Almeida | 100 m | 12.89 | 5 | DQ | DQ | DQ | DQ |

## Taekwondo

| Athlete | Event | Round of 16 | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | Final | Final |
| Athlete | Event | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Opposition Score | Rank |
| Nicalas Fernandes | Boys' 55 kg | Hugo Arillo (ESP) DQ | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance | did not advance |
# Candidates of the 1912 Tasmanian state election

The 1912 Tasmanian state election was held on 30 April 1912

## Retiring Members
### Liberal

* Edward Crowther MHA (Denison)
* Thomas Hodgman MHA (Franklin)

## House of Assembly

Sitting members are shown in bold text. Tickets that elected at least one MHA are highlighted in the relevant colour. Successful candidates are indicated by an asterisk (*).

### Bass

Six seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending two seats. The Liberal Party was defending four seats.
| Labor candidates | Liberal candidates |
| Arthur Anderson George Becker* Richard Camm James Guy* Charles Howroyd* Frederick Moore | Thomas Bakhap* Stephen Margetts Richard McKenzie* William Oldham Robert Sadler Albert Solomon* David Storrer |

### Darwin

Six seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending four seats. The Liberal Party was defending two seats.
| Labor candidates | Liberal candidates |
| James Belton* James Hurst Martin Kean James Ogden* Benjamin Watkins* | William Lamerton Herbert Payne* George Pullen* Joshua Whitsitt* |

### Denison

Six seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending two seats. The Liberal Party was defending four seats.
| Labor candidates | Liberal candidates |
| Vincent Barker* Henry Edmonds Abraham Needham William Sheridan* Newham Waterworth Walter Woods* | Thomas Amott William Clifford Sir John Davies* Arthur Davis Sir Elliott Lewis* Loudim Macleod Charles Metz Frederick Rattle Francis Valentine* William Williams |

### Franklin

Six seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending two seats. The Liberal Party was defending four seats.
| Labor candidates | Liberal candidates |
| David Dicker* John Earle* George Martin* William Shoobridge | William Bottrill Arthur Cotton John Evans* Norman Ewing* William Fullerton Alexander Hean* George Leatham |

### Wilmot

Six seats were up for election. The Labor Party was defending one seat. The Liberal Party was defending five seats.
| Labor candidates | Liberal candidates |
| William Curwen Joseph Lyons* Michael O'Keefe* Henry Shackcloth | Jonathan Best Norman Cameron* Richard Field Herbert Hays* Walter Lee* Edward Mulcahy* |
# Soul train

Soul train may refer to:
* Soul Train (1970–2006), an African-American music and dance television show
* "Soul Train", a song by YBN Nahmir from his 2021 album Visionland
* Soul Train Music Awards, annual music awards for African-American music, spun off from the American TV show
* The Soul Train Gang, the dance troupe established by the American TV show
* Soul Train Records, a U.S. record label for African-American music
* Soul Train Radio, a UK radio station for soul music
* "Soul Train" Jones, pro wrestler
# Soul to Soul (soundtrack)

Soul To Soul (Music From The Original Soundtrack - Recorded Live In Ghana, West Africa) is the soundtrack to the concert film Soul to Soul released on Atlantic Records in 1971.
The concert was held for Ghana's 14th Independence Day on March 6, 1971 at the Black Star Square in Accra. It featured an array of performers including Ike & Tina Turner, Wilson Pickett, Santana, Roberta Flack, and The Staple Singers. The concert was later released in theaters in August 1971, and select performances were compiled for the soundtrack album. The album peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Soul LP's chart in 1971.

## Critical reception

Billboard (September 18, 1971):
   Soul luminaries Roberta Flack, Eddie Harris & Les McCann, Wilson Pickett, Staple Singers, Ike & Tina Turner and the Voices of East Harlem jetted to Accra, Ghana last March 6 where 100,000 West Africans celebrated Ghana's 14th Independence Day with an all-night concert which became the basis for the hit film and now album. Ike & Tina Turner warm things up for Pickett's electrifying "Funky Broadway."

## Chart performance

| Chart (1971) | Peak position |
| Billboard Soul LP's | 10 |
| Record World Albums | 54 |
| Record World R&B | 8 |
# Sol-air temperature

Sol-air temperature (T$_{sol-air}$) is a variable used to calculate cooling load of a building and determine the total heat gain through exterior surfaces. It is an improvement over:
    ${\frac {q}{A}}=h_{o}(T_{o}-T_{s})$
Where:
* $q$ = rate of heat transfer [W]
* $A$ = heat transfer surface area [m$^2$]
* $h_{o}$ = heat transfer coefficient for radiation (long wave) and convection [W/m$^2$K]
* $T_{o}$ = outdoor surroundings' temperature [°C]
* $T_{s}$ = outside surface temperature [°C]
The above equation only takes into account the temperature differences and ignores two important parameters, being 1) solar radiative flux; and 2) infrared exchanges from the sky. The concept of T$_{sol-air}$ was thus introduced to enable these parameters to be included within an improved calculation. The following formula results:
$T_{\mathrm {sol-air} }=T_{o}+{\frac {(a\cdot I-\Delta Q_{ir})}{h_{o}}}$
Where:
* $a$ = solar radiation absorptivity (surface solar absorptance or the inverse of the solar reflectance of a material) [-]
* $I$ = global solar irradiance (i.e. total solar radiation incident on the surface) [W/m$^2$]
* $\Delta Q_{ir}$ = extra infrared radiation due to difference between the external air temperature and the apparent sky temperature. This can be written as $\Delta Q_{ir}=F_{r}*h_{r}*\Delta T_{o-sky}$ [W/m$^2$]
The product $T_{\mathrm {sol-air} }$ just found can now be used to calculate the amount of heat transfer per unit area, as below:
${\frac {q}{A}}=h_{o}(T_{\mathrm {sol-air} }-T_{s})$
An equivalent, and more useful equation for the net heat loss across the whole construction is:
${\frac {q}{A}}=U_{c}(T_{i}-T_{\mathrm {sol-air} })$
Where:
* $U_{c}$ = construction U-value, according to ISO 6946 [W/m$^2$K].
* $T_{i}$ = indoor temperature [°C]
* $\Delta T_{o-sky}$ = difference between outside dry-bulb air temperature and sky mean radiant temperature [°C]
* $F_{r}$ = Form factor between the element and the sky [-]
** $F_{r}$ = 1 for an unshaded horizontal roof
** $F_{r}$ = 0,5 for an unshaded vertical wall
* $h_{r}$ = external radiative heat transfer coefficient [W/m$^2$K]
By expanding the above equation through substituting $T_{\mathrm {sol-air} }$ the following heat loss equation is derived:
${\frac {q}{A}}=U_{c}(T_{i}-T_{o})-{\frac {U_{c}}{h_{o}}}{[a\cdot I-F_{r}\cdot h_{r}\cdot \Delta T_{o-sky}]}$
The above equation is used for opaque facades in, and renders intermediate calculation of $T_{\mathrm {sol-air} }$ unnecessary. The main advantage of this latter approach is that it avoids the need for a different outdoor temperature node for each facade. Thus, the solution scheme is kept simple, and the solar and sky radiation terms from all facades can be aggregated and distributed to internal temperature nodes as gains/losses.
# Butch (album)

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Austin Chronicle | |
| Chicago Tribune | |
| Entertainment Weekly | B+ |
| Los Angeles Times | |
| NME | 7/10 |
| Pitchfork | 8.5/10 |
| Rolling Stone | |
| Spin | 9/10 |
Butch is the second and final studio album by American alternative country band The Geraldine Fibbers. It was released on July 1, 1997.
The album was recorded in December 1996 by John Goodmanson at The Sound Factory studios, in Los Angeles, California. The recording was mixed March–April 1997 at Brooklyn Recording, Los Angeles by Sally Browder assisted by Ronnie Rivera.
"California Tuffy" was released as a promotional music video and single. In the music video, Carla Bozulich uses a black cat puppet to lip synch the song while she and the band destroy furniture and set things on fire.
Spin magazine named Butch to their best albums of 1997 list.

## Personnel
### The Geraldine Fibbers

* Carla Bozulich – vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, piano, music box, glockenspiel, loops
* Nels Cline – guitar electric, 12 string guitar, slide guitar, bass guitar, calliope, organ
* Kevin Fitzgerald – drums, percussion, glockenspiel, vocals
* Jessy Greene – viola, violin, vocals
* William Tutton – acoustic bass, electric bass, cello, piano

### Additional musicians

* Steve Fisk – celeste, optigan
# Song Ban Kheng Road

Song Ban Kheng Road or Jalan Song Ban Kheng (P21) is one of the main roads in Bukit Mertajam, Penang. It runs east–west to connect with Jalan Kebun Sireh in the west, and the Jalan Maju flyover in the east. It is the main road to reach Bukit Mertajam Town from the west. From the Exit 160 (Juru Interchange) of the North–South Expressway, drivers can take Jalan Kebun Nenas followed by Jalan Chian Heng Kai to reach here.
Lined with a number of commercial centers such as the Pusat Perniagaan Gemilang Jaya, this Road also connects to Jalan Betik, where the Bukit Mertajam Branch of Seberang Perai Municipal Council is located, with a lot of government agencies available such as the Bukit Mertajam Magistrate Court and District Land Office.

## History

Serving as a bypass from the city centre, Song Ban Kheng Road was built in 1999 outside Bukit Mertajam to cater for traffic from Bukit Tengah to Maju Jaya. It was named after Song Ban Kheng, who had been the principal for Jit Sin High School for about 20 years and was a state assemblyman for the former state constitute Pekan Bukit Mertajam in 1983. Nowadays, this road has helped in creating some new townships such as Kota Permai, Taman Gemilang Jaya, Taman Desa Damai and others. This road was made into 4 lanes with bridges on 21 March 2015.
This road is also nearby Jalan Betik, also known as Government Road, where a lot of government agencies are located, including:
* Jabatan Kerja Raya
* Bukit Mertajam High Court
* MPSP Stadium
* Central Seberang Perai District Land Office
* Seberang Perai Municipal Council Bukit Mertajam Branch
# Hydnellum fuligineoviolaceum

Hydnellum fuligineoviolaceum is a species of tooth fungus in the family Bankeraceae. It was originally described in 1874 by Hungarian mycologist Károly Kalchbrenner as Hydnum fuligineoviolaceum, in Elias Fries's work Hymenomycetes europaei. Narcisse Théophile Patouillard transferred it to the genus Sarcodon in 1900. Sarcodon talpa, published by Rudolph Arnold Maas Geesteranus in 1967, is a synonym.
In 2004 Hydnellum fuligineoviolaceum was one of 33 species proposed for protection under the Bern Convention by the European Council for Conservation of Fungi.
# Blub (water park)

Blub, short for Berliner Luft- und Badeparadies ("Berlin air- and bathing paradise"), was a water park in the Britz area of Neukölln district in Berlin, Germany. First opened in 1985, it was shut down in 2002 following health concerns, and the 3.5-hectare (8.6-acre) site fell into disrepair. In 2016, the buildings on the site were severely destroyed by fire. Demolition work began in 2020; the site will be developed into a dwelling complex with 638 apartments.
The site is located at Buschkrugallee 64, 12359 Berlin, near the Teltow Canal.
# Richard Hardman

Richard Frederick Paynter Hardman, CBE (born 1936) is a British geologist and a leading applied petroleum geologist. He was the president of the Geological Society of London, 1996 – 1998 and Chair of the Petroleum Society of Great Britain. In a career spanning over 40 years, he worked in oil and gas exploration as a geologist in Libya, Kuwait, Colombia, Norway, and the North Sea with companies including BP, Amoco and Amerada Hess. Working as an Oil & Gas Drilling & Exploration consultant, he was later Executive Director, Exploration at Regal Petroleum (2005–2006), Atlantic Petroleum UK, and a Director of FX Energy, Inc., based in Salt Lake City, US, since 2003.
He was awarded the Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in New Year Honours List of 1998 for services to the oil industry and the William Smith Medal by the Geological Society in 2003.

## Career

Starting his career with British Petroleum (BP), where after working for ten years, he joined Amoco in 1969, where he became known for North Sea oil and gas exploration. He worked with the company for next 11 years, before joining Superior Oil for three years and finally 18 years at Amerada Hess to become its vice president of exploration till 2001.
He is now an oil and gas exploration consultant and since 2001 as a senior consultant to various oil and gas companies, including Enterprise Oil, Neptune, FX Energy Inc and Atlantic Petroleum UK Limited and executive director, Exploration at Regal Petroleum (2005–06).
He is the former chairman of both the Petroleum Group of the Geological Society and the Petroleum Exploration Society of Great Britain and the former president of the Geological Society. He was formerly chairman of the Science and Innovation Strategy Board of the Natural Environment Research Council, and also a trustee of the UK based education charity Oil Depletion Analysis Centre established in 2001.
# Richard Hardy (architect)

Colonel Richard Hardy (1850 - 1 October 1904) was a British architect based in Nottingham.

## History

He was born in 1850, the son of John Hardy of Colwick. He married Elizabeth Hannah Clavering, daughter of Thomas Clavering of Glasgow, on 27 November 1884 at St Barnabas’ Church, Kensington. They had two children:
* Vernon Hardy (b. ca. 1894)
* Alister Hardy, the English marine biologist.
In 1870 he joined the Robin Hood Regiment in Nottingham as an ensign. Later he was given the command of the Newcastle Company, and after 15 years’ service was promoted to the rank of major. In 1892 he was awarded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration. In 1901, on the resignation of Colonel Joseph Wright, he took over command of the 2nd Battalion of the Robin Hood Rifles.
He was articled to Richard Charles Sutton, then spent 8 months in the office of Cubitt & Co in London and also briefly in the office of Arthur William Blomfield.
He was appointed Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1872.
For many years he was in partnership with Martin as Martin and Hardy. From 1890 he worked alone. He died on 1 October 1904 at his house, 7 Waverley Mount, Nottingham leaving an estate valued at £18,978 13s 7d. (equivalent to £2,582,800 in 2023).

## Works

* Charrington’s Abbey Brewery, Burton-upon-Trent 1871-72 (with Martin)
* Albion Brewery, Shobnall 1873-75 (with Martin)
* Redcourt, University of Nottingham 1882 (with Martin).
* Bent’s Brewery Company, Liverpool 1890 New brewery
* Uttoxeter Brewery 1890 New brewery and malthouse
* Kendall-Chapman Brewery, Halesworth 1896
* Hardy’s Kimberly Brewery, Kimberly 1897 Alterations
* Malt Rooms, Alpine Street, Basford 1899
* Alton and Company, Wardwick Brewery, Derby 1900 New brewery and maltings
# Richard Hardy

Richard Hardy may refer to:
* Richard Hardy (MP) (died 1607), English politician, MP for Newport (Isle of Wight)
* Richard Hardy (footballer) (born 1913), English footballer
* Richard Hardy, mayor of Chattanooga, Tennessee, 1923–27
* Richard Hardy (architect) (1850–1904), British architect based in Nottingham
# Magna Corporation

Magna Corporation was a publicly held company in Flowood, Mississippi, U.S.A. that served as a holding company. Its primary divisions were Mississippi Steel and Magna American. Mississippi Steel was Mississippi's first steel manufacturer beginning operations in 1957. Magna American built garden tillers and other items, as well as manufacturing the Amphicat in Raymond, Mississippi.
In 1984 the company's President, Wesley A. Caldwell, Jr., resigned.
In 1985, the steel division was sold to Birmingham Steel Corporation for approximately 28 million dollars. Magna's controlling stockholders, the Caldwell family of Jackson, Mississippi, took the company private by distributing half the sale proceeds to the stockholders. The Magna American plant was mothballed, then donated to Hinds Community College in 1992.
In 1985, the United States Securities and Exchange Commission sued former company president Wesley A. Caldwell, Jr., of Brandon, Mississippi, claiming that he had received benefits from the company "without review and approval" and violated the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
# Harcourt Hill

Harcourt Hill is a hill and community in North Hinksey in Oxfordshire, England, west of the city of Oxford. There is a good view of the city from the hill. It lies between Hinksey Hill to the southeast, Boars Hill to the south and Botley to the north. Until 1974 it was in Berkshire, but was transferred to Oxfordshire in that year.

## History

The Conduit House on the northeast side of Harcourt Hill was built in 1616–17 to supply water to the city of Oxford and was in use until the middle of the 19th century.
Harcourt Hill was part of an estate acquired by Earl Harcourt in 1772. The Harcourt family promoted various plans for developing the hill in the 19th century, and about 50 houses were eventually built there between the 1920s and the early 1960s.
In 1959 Westminster College moved from London to a new site on the northwest side of Harcourt Hill, which is now a campus of Oxford Brookes University.

## Notable people

Well-known residents of Harcourt Hill have included Professor Sir Walter Raleigh, Sir Muirhead Bone and Martin Gilbert.