OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Sir John Rees, 1st Baronet

Sir John David Rees, 1st Baronet, KCIE, CVO (16 December 1854 – 2 June 1922) was a colonial administrator in British India and subsequently a Member of Parliament at Westminster.

## Biography

He was educated at Cheltenham College and joined the Indian Civil Service in 1875. He served mostly in the south of India where he was Under-Secretary in the Madras Government, and later the British Resident in Travancore and Cochin. He also served as an Additional Member of the Governor-General's Council in the 1890s.
In 1901, Rees retired from the Civil Service. He was an active proponent of the Raj and wrote a number of books on British India. The Real India, first published in 1908, went through a number of editions. In 1902, he had even contributed a number of columns to the Times Literary Supplement on Indian matters.

## Parliament

He served two terms as Member of Parliament (MP): from 1906 to 1910 as the Liberal MP for Montgomery constituency, and from 1912 to 1922 as the Unionist MP for Nottingham East.
He also unsuccessfully contested Kilmarnock Burghs at a by-election in 1911.

## Family

He married Mary Catherine Dormer in 1891, and was created a baronet on 8 May 1919. Lady Rees was a correspondent of George Orwell.
Their daughter Rosemary Rees, later Lady du Cros (1901-1994) was an aviator and one of the first eight female pilots appointed to the Air Transport Auxiliary during the Second World War. She was also a qualified flight instructor and was one of the few pilots to receive an MBE for her work in this field.
He was succeeded in the baronetcy by his son, Richard Rees, the inspiration for Ravelston in Orwell's Keep The Aspidistra Flying.

## Selected works

* Tours in India
* The Mahommedans
* The Real India
* Modern India
* Current Political Problems

## Arms

Coat of arms of Sir John Rees, 1st Baronet :
* CrestA demi-lion rampant erased Azure charged on the shoulder with a plate thereon a cross Gules.
* EscutcheonArgent a chevron Sable between three ravens Proper on a chief of the second between two plates each charged with a cross Gules a like plate charged with a demi-lion rampant erased Azure.
* MottoDeus Alit Eos (God Nourishes Them)
# George W. Batten

George Washington Batten (February 22, 1856 Lockport, Niagara County, New York – September 14, 1922 Buffalo, Erie County, New York) was an American businessman and politician.

## Life

He was the son of Joseph Batten, Sheriff of Niagara County from 1876 to 1878. He was Undersheriff from 1882 to 1884. He was Sheriff from 1885 to 1887, and appointed his father Undersheriff. Afterwards he entered the insurance business.
He was Chairman of the Democratic Committee of Niagara County from 1890 to 1895, and a member of the New York State Democratic Committee from 1895 to 1915. In 1898, he ran for Secretary of State of New York, but was defeated by Republican John T. McDonough.
He was Deputy Treasurer under Julius Hauser and John J. Kennedy, and became Acting New York State Treasurer upon the suicide in office of Kennedy on February 15, 1914. Ten days later, Progressive Homer D. Call was elected by the Progressive and Democratic members of the New York State Legislature to fill Kennedy's unexpired term with the understanding that Batten and all other Democratic officials continue on their posts at the Treasury.

## Sources

* Past Niagara County Sheriffs
* THE DEMOCRATIC TICKET in NYT on September 30, 1898
* The Niagara Falls Charter killed, in NYT on April 22, 1903
* The senatorial special election, in NYT on April 17, 1908
* The senatorial deal, in NYT on April 24, 1908
* Kennedy's suicide, in NYT on February 17, 1914
* Call elected, in NYT on February 26, 1914
* Obit in NYT on September 15, 1922
Political offices :
| Preceded byJohn J. Kennedy | New York State Treasurer Acting 1914 | Succeeded byHomer D. Call |
# Get Right Witcha

"Get Right Witcha" is a song by American hip hop group Migos from their second studio album Culture (2017) and was produced by Murda Beatz and Zaytoven.

## Composition

The song features a flute-based instrumental, and is about the Migos' lifestyle, depicted as extravagant and busy.

## Critical reception

In a Complex review of Culture, the song was praised: "On 'Get Right Witcha', you go from infectious Quavo hook to fire Quavo verse to insane Offset verse and finish with Takeoff spazzing. The song never lets up the momentum, and the energy between all three Migos is palpable."

## Music video

The music video for the song, directed by King Content, was released on April 5, 2017. Filmed in Sunset Ranch Hollywood, it sees the members of Migos in expensive cars, wearing jewelry, showing stacks of money, and riding horses as well. The video also shows "lingerie-clad women" dancing.

## Charts

| Chart (2017) | Peak position |
| Canada (Canadian Hot 100) | 63 |
| US Billboard Hot 100 | 72 |
| US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) | 29 |

## Certifications

| Region | Certification | Certified units/sales |
| United States (RIAA) | Gold | 500,000$^‡$ |
| $^‡$ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. |||
# Lejeloven

Lejeloven, formally Lov om leje, is a Danish law which governs rentals of residential tenancies in private rented accommodation, including single-family homes, condominiums, so-called mixed properties and club premises. The law therefore does not apply to public housing or to commercial leases.
The law is intended to protect the tenant, by, among other provisions, limiting how much a landlord may ask in rent; in addition, the rent must be proportionate to the value of the premises. The law also states that a maximum of three months' rent may be required as a deposit, and that there is to be a separate accounting for heating, and finally the law sets out the rules which apply with respect to maintenance and expenditures incurred in connection with improvements.
The Act is subject to periodic review and was last revised on 1 July 2015.
Public rental housing is governed by the so-called M ordningen, for miksordningen or mellemtingsordningen (mixed or temporary system).
# Stenocline

Stenocline is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Gnaphalieae within the family Asteraceae.

## Species

* Stenocline chionaea (DC.) DC. - State of Minas Gerais in Brazil
* Stenocline ericoides DC. - Madagascar

## formerly included

several species now in Achyrocline or Helichrysum
# Southwell plot

The Southwell plot is a graphical method of determining experimentally a structure's critical load, without needing to subject the structure to near-critical loads. The technique can be used for nondestructive testing of any structural elements that may fail by buckling.

## Critical load

Consider a simply supported beam under a compressive load P. The differential equation of equilibrium is
${\frac {d^{4}v}{dx^{4}}}+\alpha ^{2}{\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}(v-v^{o})=0$, $\alpha ^{2}={\frac {P}{EI}}$
where v$^o$ is the initial deflection, and the boundary conditions are
$v(0)=v^{''}(0)=v(L)=v^{''}(L)=0$
Assuming that the deflected shape can be expressed as a Fourier series
$v^{o}(x)=\sum _{1}^{\infty }v_{n}^{o}\sin {\frac {n\pi x}{L}}$, $v(x)=\sum _{1}^{\infty }v_{n}\sin {\frac {n\pi x}{L}}$
Then after substitution into the differential equation,
$v(x)=\sum _{1}^{\infty }{\frac {v_{n}^{o}}{P_{n}/P-1}}\sin {\frac {n\pi x}{L}}$, $P_{n}={\frac {n^{2}\pi ^{2}EI}{L^{2}}}$
This relates the deflected shape to the initial imperfections and the applied load. Specifically, at x=L/2,
$v(L/2)=V_{1}-V_{3}+V_{5}+...$, $V_{n}={\frac {v_{n}^{o}}{P_{n}/P-1}}$
As P approaches P$_1$, v(L/2) is dominated by V$_1$. Therefore, when P$\approx$P$_1$, then the fundamental mode will dominate, resulting in
$v=V_{1}={\frac {v_{1}^{o}}{P_{1}/P-1}}or{\frac {v}{P}}={\frac {v}{P_{c}}}+{\frac {v_{i}^{o}}{P_{c}}}$
Southwell plots v/P against v and obtains P$_1$=P$_{critical}$=P$_c$ from the slope of the predicted straight line graph.
This analysis was done for a specific point on a simply supported beam, but the concept can be extended to arbitrary structures. With any problem whose mathematical analog is the same fourth order ordinary differential equation as above, with similar boundary conditions, the first eigenvalue of the associated homogeneous problem can be obtained from the slope of the graph. Therefore, a point of large deflection can be chosen, and it does not need to be the center of a simply supported beam.

## Applications

Strictly speaking, Southwell's Plot is applicable only to structures with a neutral post-buckling path. Initially created for stability problems in column buckling, the Southwell method has also been used to determine critical loads in frame and plate buckling experiments.
The method is particularly useful for field tests of structures that are likely to be damaged by applying loads near the critical load and beyond, such as reinforced concrete columns or advanced composite materials. The method can also minimize parasitic effects in experiments and give values that are closer to the theoretically expected values. For example, in a real experiment setup it is impossible to reproduce any theoretical boundary condition perfectly. Additionally, the results of compressive tests can be very sensitive to imperfections and the actual boundary conditions. Therefore, the measured critical load during the experiment can be very different from what is predicted.
# Albareto (meteorite)

Albareto is a meteorite which in July 1766 fell near the frazione Albareto, of Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. (This town is very often erroneously confused with Albareto in the province of Parma.)

## Composition and classification

Albareto is a transitional ordinary chondrite between the L and the LL group. It belongs to the petrologic type 4.

## History

The fall of the Albareto's meteorite is documented in a document "Della caduta di un sasso dall'aria" of the natural philosopher Domenico Troili. Troili didn't realize the extraterrestrial origin of the object but provided with his treatise one of the first chronicles of the fall of a meteorite.
In addition to describing the phenomenon, Troili carefully examined and noted the meteorite grains of a mineral similar to brass, which he called "marchesita" and that for long was thought to be pyrite (FeS$_2$). In 1862 the German mineralogist Gustav Rose analyzed the composition of this mineral, and determined a different chemical formula: FeS. Rose called this new mineral Troilite in honor of Domenico Troili
# Khanderi

Khanderi (officially Kanhoji Angre island) is an island with a fort, located south of Mumbai, along the coast of Maharashtra, India.

## Location

Khanderi is located 5 km off the coast of Maharashtra (off Thal, Kihim) and 20 km south of Mumbai. Khanderi, along with its sister fort Underi (Jaidurg) formed the major fortification along the Maharashtra coast, the former falling under Shivaji Maharaj's control and the latter under his opponents, the Siddis. The island consists of two high hills, one facing north and the other facing south. Initially, the islands of Underi and Khanderi were uninhabited. It contained two wells to supply water to the forces within, and a temple of Sri Betal. The fort is a restricted area, which falls under the jurisdiction of the Indian Navy.
Additionally, the fort has a few old metal canons, the tomb of Daud Pir, a local saint and a musical stone that emits metallic musical notes when struck. There is a one secret way for going on the Kulaba fort of Alibag.

## History

In 1679, Khanderi was occupied by the forces of Shivaji under the leadership of Maynak Bhandari, who oversaw the building of the fortifying walls. Subsequently, Khanderi fort was built during the reign of the Maratha Emperor Shivaji Maharaj in 1679 CE to keep a check on the Siddis at Murud-Janjira fort and was the site of many battles between Shivaji's forces and the navy of Siddi. In 1813 Manaji Angre handed over the fort to Peshve in return of the support given against Baburao. The fort was subsequently ceded in 1818 to the forces of the British East India company at Bombay as part of the Peshwa territory. Most of the fort is still intact, with the most prominent structure being a lighthouse built by the British in June 1867 and the two storey building upon which the lighthouse is located. The lighthouse is 22 feet high and can be seen from up to 13 km away.
In 1998, Khanderi island was renamed Kanhoji Angre Island in honour of the Maratha Admiral Kanhoji Angre.
In September 2013, The Indian Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Shipping drew up plans to develop Khanderi island and its octagonal light house as a tourist destination.
# USS Gudgeon

Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name USS Gudgeon, named in honor of the gudgeon.
* USS Gudgeon (SS-211) was a Tambor-class submarine, commissioned in 1941 and lost in 1944
* USS Gudgeon (SS-567) was a Tang-class submarine, commissioned in 1952, sold to Turkey and stricken from the Naval Vessel Register in 1987. As TCG Hizir Reis (S-342), the sub served in the Turkish Navy from 1983 to 2004
# Heinrich Küchler

Heinrich Georg Küchler (23 April 1811, Darmstadt – 29 March 1873, Darmstadt) was a German ophthalmologist.
From 1828 he studied medicine at the University of Giessen, and after graduation visited Paris for study. In 1834 he returned to Darmstadt, where he started a private ophthalmic practice. In 1836 he was arrested unexpectedly because of his actions in association with a Burschenschaft (fraternal organization) at Giessen. For nearly three years he was imprisoned, obtaining his freedom in January 1839. After his release, he resumed his ophthalmic practice in Darmstadt.
In 1844, in addition to his private practice, he became a physician at the Mathilden-Landeskrankenhaus, a regional hospital in Darmstadt. In 1868 he received the title of Obermedizinalrat (chief medical advisor) and during the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71), he was in charge of a Reservelazarette.
He is credited with developing about 1835 the first symbol eye chart, consisting of figures of various objects (birds, frogs, farm implements, cannons, etc.) cut from calendars and almanacs, which he glued to a sheet of paper in decreasing size. Several years later, he issued an eye chart using letters of the alphabet in a graduated series. The chart had twelve lines with the larger letters on the topmost line – also the lines decreased in size to the bottom line. The chart was first published in 1843 and was not accepted generally at the time.

## Selected works

* Eine neue operative Heilmethode der sämmtlichen wahren Hornhautstaphylome, 1853 (A new surgical method of treatment for corneal staphyloma).
* Die Doppelnaht zur Damm-Scham-Scheidennath, Erlangen, 1863 (The double-seam to the perineal-pubic-sheathing).
* Sanitätsdienst im Grossherzogthum Hessen, 1866 – (Medical service in the Grand Duchy of Hesse).
# Frano Zubić

Frano Zubić (Travnik, 1822 – Bučići, 1871), a Bosnian Franciscan, who lived and worked in the Ottoman Bosnia in the 19th century.

## Life and work

He finished basic education in the Fojnica monastery of the Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena, entered the novitiate on November 4, 1839, took his first vows on the same day next year. After studying philosophy and theology for five years, he was ordained priest and became a parish vicar in the parish of Sokoline. There he was imprisoned by Turkish authorities and suffered a great deal.
He also served as parish vicar in the parishes of Ivanjska (near Banja Luka), Bosanska Gradiška, and Dolac. He also served as parish priest in Dobretići, where, together with the parish faithful, he built a church consecrated to St. Anthony of Padua. He was very beloved among people, not only Catholics but also Muslims and the Orthodox, for his humility, simplicity, and compassion for the common man.
During his ministry as the parish priest of Bučići, he encouraged his parishioners to build a church. He died of encephalitis in 1871, after laying the foundation stone for the new church at the age of 49. In memory of him, once a month, on the Tuesday that comes after a New Moon, a Mass is celebrated on the Komarda Cemetery in Bučići where he was buried. The people think of him as a saint, and often come to pray at his tomb.
# Souvigny-de-Touraine

Souvigny-de-Touraine (French pronunciation:, literally Souvigny of Touraine) is a commune in the Indre-et-Loire department in central France.
# Thomas Quinlan

Thomas Quinlan may refer to:
* Thomas Quinlan (impresario) (1881–1951), British musical impresario
* Thomas F. Quinlan (1894–1970), Irish Roman Catholic bishop in Korea
* Thomas J. Quinlan (1929–2012), American Roman Catholic priest
# Kholod (surname)

Kholod (Холод) is an Eastern Slavic surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alena Kholod (born 1995), Russian acrobatic gymnast
* Artem Kholod (born 2000), Ukrainian footballer
* Vitaliy Kholod (born 2004), Ukrainian footballer
# USS Dekanawida

USS Dekanawida may refer to the following ships operated by the United States Navy:
* Dekanawida (YTB-334), ex U.S. Army Mine Planter Colonel George Armistead, ex commercial tugboat Mary Foss, was a Navy tug (1942–1946) during World War II.
* Dekanawida (YTB-831) is a Natick-class tugboat currently serving Naval Station Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.
# Dan Martin (drama educator)

Dan J. Martin is the dean of the College of Fine Arts and the Stanley and Marcia Gumberg Professor in the School of Drama at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Martin has been at Carnegie Mellon since 1992 when he joined the faculty to lead and develop the Master of Arts Management (MAM) Program, jointly with the Heinz College, that provides professional graduate-level management training for not-for-profit arts/culture organizations. Martin also established the Master of Entertainment Industry Management (MEIM) Programs and the Center for Arts Management and Technology. Since 2004, Martin has taught annually at the University of Bologna (Italy) in the Gestione e Innovazione delle Organizzazioni Culturali e Artistiche (GIOCA) — Management and Innovation in Arts and Culture Organizations.
Martin has also served as president of the Theatre Association of Pennsylvania, as president of the Association of Arts Administration Educators and as Managing Director of Classic Stage Company.
# Sir John Reade, 1st Baronet

Sir John Reade, 1st Baronet (c. 1616–1694) has the unusual distinction of being granted a baronetcy by both Charles I and the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell.

## Biography

Reade was of an ancient family, originally of Morpeth, in Northumberland. He was born about 1616 the was the fourth son of John Reade (and grandson of Sir Thomas Reade, of Barton, in Berkshire), and of Mary daughter and co-heir of Sir John Brocket, of Brocket Hall. He was admitted to Lincoln's Inn on 7 June 1632.
John Reade of Brocket Hall, Hertfordshire, was knighted at Newmarket on 12 March 1642, and four days later created a baronet by Charles I on 16 March 1642.
During the Interregnum Reade held two offices under the Commonwealth. He was appointed Commissioner for Hertfordshire in November 1650 and was Sheriff of Hertfordshire in the year 1655/1656.
The creation of the baronetcy (as were all others after 4 January 1642) was disallowed by the Act to make void all Titles of Honours, Dignities, or Precedencies, given by the late King since the 4th January, 1642 on 4 February 1652, so the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell gave him a new patent 25 June 1657 (this was the first hereditary honour bestowed by the Protector).
The Cromwellian dignity was however, disallowed after the Restoration in May 1660, but, on the other hand, the disallowance of the former Baronetcy of 1642 then ceased, and he obtained a pardon on 7 June 1660, for all offences during the Civil War and the Commonwealth.
He was Sheriff of Hertfordshire for a second time in the year 1673/1674, and was also elected as such November 1671, November 1676, and November 1677, but did not take up the position. On 20 January 1679, he purchased the estate of Calthorpe, Oxfordshire. He died and was buried on 6 February 1694 in the Brocket chapel at Hatfield.

## Family

On 2 January 1640 Reade married Susan (died 1657), daughter of Sir Thomas Style of Wateringbury and Susan daughter of Robert Foulkes, with whom he had a son and heir Sir James (died 1701). She was buried 18 May 1657 in the Brocket chapel at Hatfield
On 15 January 1663 Reade married secondly, at St Nicholas Acons, London, Alisimon, widow of Francis Pierrepont. They separated after about three years and she was living 6 May 1682.
Compton Reade, the son of Thomas who was eldest grandson of previously mentioned Sir Thomas Read, of Barton, in Berkshire on 4 March 1660.
# Tagaküla

Tagaküla may refer to several places in Estonia:
* Tagaküla, Harju County, village in Viimsi Parish, Harju County, on the island of Naissaar
* Tagaküla, Võru County, village in Võru Parish, Võru County
# Gerhard Dorn

Gerhard Dorn (c. 1530 – 1584) was a Belgian philosopher, translator, alchemist, physician and bibliophile.

## Biography

The details of Gerhard Dorn's early life, along with those of many other 16th century personalities, are lost to history. It is known that he was born about 1530 in Mechelen, which is part of modern-day Belgium's Antwerp Province. He studied with Adam von Bodenstein, to whom his first book is dedicated and began publishing books from around 1565. He used John Dee's personal glyph from his 1564 book, the Monas Hieroglyphica, on the title page of his Chymisticum artificium.
Together with von Bodenstein, he rescued many of Paracelsus's manuscripts and printed them for the first time. He also translated many of them into Latin for the Basel publisher Pietro Perna and lived in Basel during the 1570s and Frankfurt in the early 1580s, where he died when he was in his mid-fifties.

## Philosophy

Dorn claimed to have found a better philosophy and a more Christian way of thinking in Paracelsus and was one of Paracelsus's strongest advocates. He depreciated practical laboratory work in favor of theoretical study of the human mind, considering the prevailing education of his day too scholastic. Like many alchemists, Dorn was hostile to the philosophy of Aristotle, with its emphasis upon the material world declaring that "whoever wishes to learn the alchemical art, let him not learn the philosophy of Aristotle but that which teaches the truth".
Dorn argued that learning needed a reform as had religion in the Reformation, as had medicine in the teachings of Paracelsus. What was needed, he asserted, was a mystical and spiritual "philosophy of love"—his radical theology claimed that it was God, not man who was in need of Redemption and he defined the alchemical opus as a labor which redeemed not man but God, a proposal which came perilously close to being heretical in the eyes of Christian orthodoxy. His principal writings are included in Volume I of the Theatrum Chemicum.
As Monika Wikman summarized in her book Pregnant Darkness, "Alchemists such as Gerhard Dorn, in his work 'The Speculative Philosophy,' referred to this next alchemical stage [inner healing] as Unus Mundus, where splits are healed, duality ceases, and the individual, the vir unus, unites with the world soul."
Dorn's writings were of great interest to the psychologist Carl Jung, enough for him to take Dorn's principal writings with him when traveling to India in 1938. He is one of Jung's most frequently quoted sources upon alchemy.

## Works

* Clavis totius Philosophiae Chymisticae, Lyons, 1567.
* Chymisticum artificium naturae, theoricum et practicum, Frankfurt, 1568.
* Aurorae Thesaurusque Philosophorum, Basel, 1577.
* De Naturae Luce Physica, Frankfurt, 1583.
* Dictionarium Paracelsi, Frankfurt, 1583.
# Parahyagnis bifuscoplagiata

Parahyagnis bifuscoplagiata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1970.