OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Guruvarajapet

Guruvarajapet is a census town located in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

## Geography

It is located 85 km from the state capital of Chennai.

## Demographics
### Population

According to the 2011 Indian Census, Guruvarajapet has a population of 12,550, consisting of 6,284 males and 6,266 females. According to the census, there are 1,408 children between the ages of 0–6, accounting for 11.23% of the total population. The Guruvarajapet City Municipality is responsible for providing basic services to over 2,999 local households. The literacy rate in Guruvarajapet is 72.71%, which is lower than the state average of 80.09%. The literacy rate of the male population is 83.99%, while that of the female population is 61.52%. The majority of employed people in Guruvarajapet are weavers and the village remains one of the principal lungi manufacturing villages in the Vellore district.

### Religion

| Hindu | 98.37% |
| Muslim | 0.47% |
| Christian | 0.32% |
| Sikh | 0.01% |
| Buddhist | 0.00% |
| Jain | 0.01% |
| Others | 0.02% |
| Not Stated | 0.81% |

### Languages

Tamil is the most widely spoken language in Guruvarajapet, though Telugu is also prevalent as the village neighbors the Telugu-speaking state of Andhra Pradesh.

## Politics

Guruvarajapet is part of the Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency). The AIDMK candidate Ravi Subramani won the Arakkonam assembly constituency in the 2016 elections. In the 2009 parliamentary elections, the DMK candidate Shri S. Jagathrakshakan was elected as the MP from this constituency. In the 2014 Lok Sabha election, L. Hari Krishnan of AIADMK won the parliamentary seat from the DMK with a margin of over 240,000 votes. He polled 493,534 votes while the DMK candidate N.R. Elango polled just 252,768.

## Education

The P.A. Sekar Scientific Research Center was established in Guruvarajapet by P. A. Sekar for the promotion of innovation in rural businesses like textile weaving and agriculture. This scientific research center received the Best Invention Award 2014 and Sakar delivered a speech at the Indian Institute of Technology Madras about his new inventions to aid the handloom and power loom industry.
A Government Higher Secondary School and several other public schools are located throughout Guruvarajapet.

## Notable people

Thiru. V. Kalyanasundaram, a famous scholar, stayed in this village for a brief period of time with Mangalam Kizhar.
# Freidbergia

Freidbergia is a genus of tephritid or fruit flies in the family Tephritidae.

## Species

* Freidbergia mirabilis Merz, 1999
# Paranar

Paranar (Tamil: பரணர்) (c. 1st century CE) was a poet of the Sangam period, to whom 84 verses of the Sangam literature have been attributed, besides verse 6 of the Tiruvalluva Maalai.

## Biography

Paranar belonged to the Paanar caste. He was the friend of Kapilar and Nakkirar I. He has sung various kings, namely, Kadal Pirakkottiya Senguttuvan, Cholan Uruvapatrer Ilanchet Senni, Cheraman Kadalottiya Velkelu Kuttuvan, Kudakko Neduncheralaadhan, and Cholan Verpatradakkai Perunarkilli.

## Contribution to the Sangam literature

Paranar has written about 85 verses, including 17 in Kurunthogai, 12 in Natrinai, 32 in Agananuru, 13 in Purananuru, 10 in Pathitrupathu, and 1 in Tiruvalluva Maalai.
By praising the Chera king Senguttuvan, Paranar received Udambarkaattu Vaari and his son prince Kuttuvan Cheral as 'present'.

### Views on Valluvar and the Kural

Paranar opines about Valluvar and the Kural text thus:
   Māl (Vishnu) in his Cural (or dwarfish incarnation) measured the whole earth with his two expanded feet; but Valluvar has measured the thoughts of all mankind with his (stanza of) two short feet. [Emphasis in original]
# Thomas Carter

Thomas Carter may refer to:

## Entertainment

* Thomas Carter (composer) (1769–1800), Irish composer
* Thomas Carter (director) (born 1953), American actor and film director
* Charles Thomas Carter (c. 1735–1804), Irish composer

## Politics

* Thomas Carter (1690–1763), Irish politician, MP for Trim, Hillsborough, Dungarvan, and Lismore
* Thomas Carter (died 1726) (1650–1726), Irish politician, MP for Fethard and Portarlington
* Thomas Carter (died 1835), British politician and Member of Parliament for Tamworth
* Thomas Carter (Hull MP) (c. 1714–1767), English politician, MP for Kingston upon Hull 1747–1754
* Thomas Carter (Old Leighlin MP) (1720–1765), Irish politician, MP for Old Leighlin 1745–1761
* Thomas Carter (New Zealand politician) (1827–1900), third superintendent of Marlborough Province
* Thomas Carter (TD) (1882–1951), Irish Sinn Féin/Cumann na nGaedhael/Fianna Fáil politician
* Thomas Carter (Virginia politician) (1731–1803), Virginia delegate
* Thomas H. Carter (1854–1911), American politician from Montana

## Religion

* Thomas Carter (minister) (1608–1684), English-born American Puritan minister
* Thomas Carter (Dean of Tuam) (fl. early 19th century), Irish Anglican priest
* Thomas Thellusson Carter (1808–1901), English Protestant clergyman

## Sports

* Thomas Nevile Carter (1851–1879), English footballer
* Thomas Carter (wrestler) (born 1974), American professional wrestler known as Reckless Youth

## Other

* Thomas Carter (ornithologist) (1863–1931), English ornithologist active in Australia
* Thomas Carter (writer) (died 1867), British Army clerk and military writer
* Thomas Carter (inventor), inventor of Carterfone
* Thomas Francis Carter (1882–1925), American scholar who wrote about the origins of printing in China
* Thomas Henry Carter (soldier) (1831–1908), American army officer
* Thomas L. Carter, commercial pilot and major general in the Air Force Reserve Command
* Thomas S. Carter (1921–2019), American engineer, president of Kansas City Southern Railway
* Thomas Carter of the Carter Brothers, partner of the California railroad car manufacturing firm
# Pirujali Union

Pirujali Union is a union parishad under Gazipur Sadar Upazila, Gazipur District, Bangladesh.

## Administration

Pirujali Union is located near Dhaka-Mymensingh highway. This is a small Union with 10 villages in it. This union has 2 Secondary School, 6 primary school, 4 madrasa one of which is of degree level and more than 40 mosques in it. Some of the villages, are:
* Borta Para
* Sorkar Para
* Alim Para
* Master Para
* Moddhopara
* Bokchar para

## Education

Pirujali Union, previously known as Pirujali Village is one of the most educated villages in Gazipur. This union has a lot of educational institutions including 7 primary schools, 2 high schools, a senior madrasa with some other madrasas. Such as:
* Pirujali High School
* Pirujali Adorsho High School
* Pirujali Sishu kanon
* Pirujali senior Madrasa, Shorkar para
Open Library:
* Alokbortika Public Library

## Notable residents

The union is known for being the burial place of popular writer Humayun Ahmed. Nuhash Polli is situated here. Humayun Ahmed built this Villa in 40 acres of land. He shot a large number of films and dramas here as a director. Without this Villa, there are a lot of shooting stops in this Union, including:
* Priyo Ongon
# Kölcsey Ferenc National College

Kölcsey Ferenc National College (Romanian: Colegiul Național Kölcsey Ferenc, Hungarian: Kölcsey Ferenc Főgimnázium) is a public day high school for students aged 10 to 18, established in 1557 as a reformed school, and located at 2 George Coșbuc Street, Satu Mare, Romania. The school is named after the great Hungarian poet, literary critic, orator, and politician Ferenc Kölcsey. The Kölcsey Ferenc National College is one of the only four national colleges located in Satu Mare alongside Mihai Eminescu, Ioan Slavici, and Doamna Stanca.

## History

The school was founded, in the second half of the 16th century (around 1557), initially as a lower school (current language school in general) as a subsidiary of the University of Debrecen. Even if it was occasionally degraded, it always operated, as a general school (lower secondary school), or as a high school, ending with the baccalaureate. The community always took care of the school, because of the interests served.
The school has 24 high school classes and 4 secondary school classes. There are 2 physics laboratories, 4 science laboratories, offices of the Romanian and Hungarian languages, biology, chemistry, history, and geography laboratories and a large sports hall that is well endowed with volleyball, handball, basketball and football courts. The college has three main specialisations: mathematics and science, natural science, social science and philology in both normal and foreign language classes.
The college is accredited for ECDL courses, providing students and conditions for staff members to obtain the European Computer Driving Licence.

## Teachers

* Sándor Gellért [hu]
* Angella Sorbán [hu]

## Alumni

* ArturDancs [hu]
* Rodion Markovits
* Attila Varga [hu; ro]
# Gin pennant

The gin pennant (sometimes gin flag or drinking pennant) is a maritime flag. When flown aboard ship, it indicates an open invitation to other ships' officers to come aboard for drinks.

## Purpose and history

The gin pennant appeared at least as early as the 1940s, and possibly long before. Flying the gin pennant was an invitation (generally aimed at officers) to come aboard for a (free) drink in the ship's wardroom. (Consequently, junior officers would sometimes compete and conspire to fly the gin pennant aboard other ships.) Gin pennants likely originated in, and remain in use today, in the Commonwealth navies.

## Form

The gin pennant exists in several variants. Due to their rather informal nature, gin pennants may be improvised or customized from available flags and pennants. The simplest option is to fly the "starboard" manoeuvering signal pennant (a pennant with a white field, and green hoist and fly).
Purpose-made gin pennants often take the form of a starboard pennant defaced with a wine, cocktail, or martini glass (typically green, sometimes gray or black) on the field.
Another variant described is a small triangular flag in solid green, defaced with a white cocktail or wine glass.
Gin pennants have also been produced as novelties by distillers. In the 1950s, the makers of Gordon's Gin distributed Gordon's pennants in reversed colors: a green field with white hoist and fly, defaced with a gin bottle, glass, and the word GORDON'S.
* Starboard signal pennant
* Starboard pennant defaced with glass
* Triangular variant
# Osaka University of Economics and Law

Osaka University of Economics and Law (大阪経済法科大学, Ōsaka keizai hōka daigaku) is a private university in Yao, Osaka, Japan, established in 1971.

## Organizations

This university has the following organizations.

### Faculties and Departments
#### Faculty of Economics

* Department of Economics
** Global Economy Course
** Policy and Management Course
** Monetary Economy Course
** Regional Economy Course

#### Faculty of Business Administration

* Department of Business Administration
** Accounting and Finance Course
** Organization / Human Resource Management Course
** Planning Marketing Course
** Business Management Course

#### Faculty of Law

* Legal Professionals Course
* Public Officials Course
* Contemporary Society & Career Course
* International Relations Course

#### Faculty of International Studies

* The International Communication Course
** The International Interchange / Public Service Model
** The Tourism and Hospitality Model
** The English Professional Model
* The Global Career Course
** The Private Enterprise / International Business Management Model
** The International Commerce Model
** The International Cooperation Model
# Podturn, Rogaška Slatina

Podturn (pronounced) is a small settlement in the Municipality of Rogaška Slatina in eastern Slovenia. The area belongs to the traditional Styria region and is now included in the Savinja Statistical Region.
# Athletics at the 1971 Pan American Games – Men's 20 kilometres walk

The men's 20 kilometres walk event at the 1971 Pan American Games was held in Cali on 1 August.

## Results

| Rank | Name | Nationality | Time |
| | Goetz Klopfer | United States | 1:37:30 |
| | Tom Dooley | United States | 1:38:16 |
| | José Oliveros | Mexico | 1:40:26 |
| 4 | Marcel Jobin | Canada | 1:43:18 |
| 5 | Miguel Sánchez | Mexico | 1:43:43 |
| 6 | Adalberto Scorza | Argentina | 1:47:30 |
| 7 | Ángel Estrada | Colombia | 1:47:42 |
| 8 | Carlos Vanegas | Nicaragua | 1:53:01 |
| 9 | Frank Johnson | Canada | 2:02:54 |
| | Lucas Lara | Cuba | DQ |
# François Pairault

François Pairault, born in 1940, is a French historian.

## Biography
### Education

François Pairault received his doctorate of history in 1989.

### Career

He is a specialist of political and social history of Bonapartism. He is also the honorary master of conferences in contemporary history at the University of Limoges.
He devoted several years to the study of unpublished archives conserved by the descendants of Gaspard Monge, founder of the École polytechnique.
Pairault is a member of the Academy of Angoumois.
He also served for many years as an elected representative of the city of Angoulême (Charente), where he served as Deputy Mayor in charge of culture.
He has also been published in several historical works, notably on the history of the region of Poitou-Charentes during the First World War.

### Family

He is the father of Louis-Gilles Pairault.

## Works

* Regnaud de Saint-Jean-d'Angély ou la fidélité à l'Empereur (1760-1819), Saintes, Le Croît Vif, 2016.
* Maires courage de La Rochelle (en coll.), Saintes, Le Croît Vif, 2014.
* Un amour allemand, La Crèche, Geste éditions, 2011.
* Saint-Jean d'Angély des origines à nos jours, Bordessoules, 2010.
* Les Poilus en image (1914-1918)s, La Crèche, Geste éditions, 2008.
* Madame Monge, comtesse de Péluse (1747-1846), Les Amis de l'Ardenne, 2006.
* Monsieur le Baron : Eugène Eschassériaux, éminence grise du bonapartisme, 1823-1906, préface de René Rémond, Paris, Le Croît vif, 2004 (ouvrage couronné en 2005 par le Grand Prix du Bonapartisme décerné par le Centre d'Études et de Recherche sur le Bonapartisme).
* Bon souvenir des colonies, Paris, Tallandier, 2003.
* Images de Poilus : la Grande Guerre en cartes postales, Paris, Tallandier, 2002.
* La Charente, 1900-1920, Clermont-Ferrand, De Borée, 2002.
* Gaspard Monge, le fondateur de Polytechnique, Paris, Tallandier, 2000.
* Mémoires d'un grand notable bonapartiste : le baron Eugène Eschassériaux (1823-1906), Pons, Université francophone d'été Saintonge-Québec, 2000.
* L'Europe de la préhistoire à nos jours (en coll.), Horvath, 1991.
* La Charente autrefois, Le Coteau, Horvath, 1990, rééd. 1994.
* La Charente de la préhistoire à nos jours (en coll.), Bordessoules, 1986.
# Paragomphus bredoi

Paragomphus bredoi is a species of dragonfly in the family Gomphidae. It is found in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, and possibly Uganda. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Although its status is of "Least Concern", it is still threatened by habitat destruction.
# Horseshoe shape

Horseshoe shape is a shape in which the length of the opening is approximately between a third or a quarter of a circle's circumference. It therefore resembles a horseshoe.
The shape is sometimes described as keyhole, omega-shaped or moon-like. It occurs most frequently in the horseshoe that gives it its name. It is also common in Visigothic and Islamic architecture as an arch shape. The windows can also have a horseshoe shape. Such windows are found in Indian temples. If the windows are not designed to provide light, they serve as a decorative element.
Another field of application is the use of this shape in the floor plan of buildings. Since ancient times, there have been various functions attributed to a horseshoe shape. In Spain, for example, they occur in civil architecture, tomb architecture, cave architecture and church architecture.
The shape is also used in modern buildings, such as the design of opera houses. The stage at Opéra Garnier in Paris or the auditorium at Musiktheater im Revier in Gelsenkirchen-Schalke, for example, are designed in this form. In addition, there are settlements whose concept is based on this form, for which the Berlin Hufeisensiedlung or Kirchmöser-Ost housing estate can be mentioned.
# Myonebrides flavomaculata

Myonebrides flavomaculata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1969.
# Peer-to-peer banking

Peer-to-peer banking, a concept in blockchain-based finance, refers to the transfer of value without traditional intermediaries like banks.
In practice, peer-to-peer banking is an online system enabling direct financial transactions between individuals through an auction-style process, where members can offer or request loans at specified amounts and interest rates

## Definition in the traditional banking

Borrowers can search for loans that meet their needs in terms of amount and interest rate. The system categorizes all members by risk level and allows them to browse potential lenders or borrowers based on various demographic factors.
Since P2P banking does not use third-party banking institution intermediaries the rates and terms are often much more favourable for the members.
Unlike conventional banking where the spread between deposit rates and lending rates is consumed to finance the bank's administrative and logistic expenses, both lenders and borrowers get to save on such costs while paying certain commissions to the P2P portal provider and/or the credit rating agency.
Proponents suggest that P2P banking and financing could accelerate renewable energy development by more equitably distributing investment returns. These concepts have now been instituted by Energy in Common and Kiva in their green funds.

## Old models

The following two pictures show the difference between the peer to peer banking approach and the normal way with a financial institute.
* Traditional banking model (simplified)
* Peer to peer banking model (simplified)
# Anaxita tricoloriceps

Anaxita tricoloriceps is a moth of the family Erebidae. It is found in Mexico.
The Anaxita tricoloriceps is known for its incredibly eye-catching patterns and colours, typically consisting of either beige or red wings. These Mexican native moths can grow to a decent size for a moth.
All of the Anaxita variants are very pretty and unique in their own way and it's truly an amazing thing to sit back and admire their colours and patterns.
This type of moth is unique to Mexico only, preferring to stay in hotter climates.
thumb
# Carl Vogt (disambiguation)

Carl Vogt (1817–1895) was a German scientist, philosopher and politician.
Carl Vogt may also refer to:
* Carl Henry Vogt or Louis Calhern (1895–1956), American actor
* Carl W. Vogt, president of Williams College
# The Smell of Gum Leaves

The Smell of Gum Leaves is the second solo live album by Australian country music artist John Williamson. The album was released in September 1984 and become Williamsons' first charting album; peaking at number 49 on the Kent Music Report.
At the Country Music Awards of Australia in January 1985, Williamson won his first golden guitar award; winning 'Song of the Year' for "Queen in the Sport of Kings".
The album was re-released in 1997 under the title Home Among the Gum Trees.

## Charts

| Chart (1984) | Peak position |
| Australian Kent Music Report Albums Chart | 49 |

## Release history

| Country | Title | Date | Format | Label | Catalogue |
| Australia | The Smell of Gum Leaves | September 1984 | Vinyl Record CD Cassette | Gum Leaf, Festival Records | L38245 |
| Australia | Home Among the Gum Trees | 1997 | CD | EMI Music | 724381457627 |
# George Hayes (English actor)

George Hayes (13 November 1888 – 13 July 1967) was a British stage, television and film actor.
He appeared in the wartime West End musical The Lisbon Story at the London Hippodrome.

## Partial filmography

* Hamlet (1913) - Osric
* Emil and the Detectives (1935) - The Man In The Bowler Hat - Sam Pinker
* Inside the Room (1935) - Henry Otisse
* Old Roses (1935) - Simes
* The Guv'nor (1935) - Dubois
* Wolf's Clothing (1936) - Yassiov
* Everything Is Thunder (1936) - Minor Role (uncredited)
* Land Without Music (1936) - Strozzi
* Death Croons the Blues (1937) - Hugo Branker
* Break the News (1938) - President of the Tribunal
* Strange Boarders (1938) - (uncredited)
* No Parking (1938) - James Selby
* Return of the Frog (1938) - Dandy Lane
* Life of St. Paul (1938) - Nero
* The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939) - Brady
* Secret Journey (1939) - Insp. Walter
* Come on George! (1939) - Bannerman
* Spy for a Day (1940) - Cpl. Boehme
* The Case of the Frightened Lady (1940) - Brooks
* Freedom Radio (1941) - Policeman
* East of Piccadilly (1941) - Mark Struberg
* Great Expectations (1946) - Convict
* Esther Waters (1948) - Journeyman
* For Them That Trespass (1949) - The Mad Artist
# Horseshoe whip snake

The horseshoe whip snake (Hemorrhois hippocrepis) is a species of snake in the family Colubridae . The species is native to southwestern Europe and northern Africa.

## Description

Adults of H. hippocrepis may attain a total length (including tail) of 1.5 m (5 feet). Its body is slender, and its head is wider than its neck. The eye is large, with a round pupil, and with a row of small scales below it. The smooth dorsal scales are arranged in 25-29 rows, and the ventrals number 220–258. Dorsally, it has a series of large spots which are either blackish or dark brown edged with black. There is a series of alternating smaller dark spots on each side. The lighter ground color between the spots may be yellowish, olive, or reddish. The dark spots are closely spaced, giving the appearance of a dark snake with a light pattern resembling a chain or a series of X's. There is a light horseshoe-shaped mark on the neck and back of head.

## Geographic range

H. hippocrepis is found in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia in North Africa, and in southern and central Portugal, southern, eastern and central Spain, Gibraltar, southern Sardinia and Pantelleria Island in Europe. In the island locations, it may have been introduced. Since the early 2000s it has been reported from Balearic Islands of Mallorca, Ibiza and Formentera. It could have been introduced there by way of old olive trees imported from mainland Spain. The species is thriving there and becomes larger than on the mainland.

## Habitat

The natural habitats of H. hippocrepis are Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, rocky areas, rocky shores, sandy shores, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, and urban areas.

## Reproduction

H. hippocrepis is oviparous.

## Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.
* Hemorrhois hippocrepis hippocrepis (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Hemorrhois hippocrepis nigrescens (Cattaneo, 1985) Pantelleria
Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Hemorrhois.

## Conservation status

The horseshoe whip snake is assessed as being of "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature in its Red List of Threatened Species. Its population trend is thought to be steady, and it is able to adapt to modified habitats. Threats it faces include being run over by traffic, poisoned by agricultural chemicals and being captured for use by local snake charmers.
# Athitheeswarar Temple

Athitheeswarar Temple is a Shiva temple in Vaniyambadi neighbourhood in Tamil Nadu state in India. This temple is built more than thousand years ago.

## Location

Athitheeswarar temple is located with the coordinates of (12°40′50″N 78°35′48″E﻿ / ﻿12.680561°N 78.596755°E﻿ / 12.680561; 78.596755) in Vaniyambadi.

## Festivals

Maha Shivaratri, Chithirai Brahmotsava and Maargallhi Thiruvaathirai are the important festivals celebrated in this temple.

## Sub deities

Shankara Narayana, Dakshinamurti, Saraswati, Saptamatrikas (Brahmi, Maheshwari, Kaumari, Chamundi, Vaishnavi, Varahi and Indirani), Dwara Ganapathy, Subramanian with His consorts Valli and Devasena and Ayyappan are the sub deities in this temple.
# Myonebrides sexpunctata

Myonebrides sexpunctata is a species of beetle in the family Cerambycidae. It was described by Breuning in 1957.