OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Tectonophysics (journal)

Tectonophysics, The International Journal of Geotectonics and the Geology and Physics of the Interior of the Earth is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier. It was established in 1964 and covers the field of tectonophysics, including kinematics, structure, composition, and dynamics of the solid Earth at all scales.

## Organization

The editors-in-chief are Samuel Angiboust (ENS de Lyon), Jean-Philippe Avouac (California Institute of Technology), Ramon Carbonell (Spanish National Research Council), Rob Govers (Utrecht University), Zheng Xiang Li (Curtin University), and Kelin Wang (Geological Survey of Canada).

## Abstracting and indexing

This journal is abstracted and indexed in over fifty databases, including Current Contents, GeoRef, Inspec, Scopus and Web of Science.

## Notable articles

According to the Journal Citation Reports, Tectonophysics has a 2011 impact factor of 2.433. The three most highly cited papers in Tectonophysics as of September 2011 are:
* Sengör, A. M. Celâl; Yilmaz, Yücel (1981). "Tethyan evolution of Turkey: A plate tectonic approach". Tectonophysics. 75 (3–4): 181–190, 193–199, 203–241. Bibcode:1981Tectp..75..181S. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(81)90275-4.
* J. Dercourt; L.P. Zonenshain; L.-E. Ricou; V.G. Kazmin; X. Le Pichon; A.L. Knipper; C. Grandjacquet; I.M. Sbortshikov; J. Geyssant; C. Lepvrier; D.H. Pechersky; J. Boulin; J.-C. Sibuet; L.A. Savostin; O. Sorokhtin; M. Westphal; M.L. Bazhenov; J.P. Lauer; B. Biju-Duval (1986). "Geological evolution of the Tethys belt from the Atlantic to the Pamirs since the LIAS". Tectonophysics. 123 (1–4): 241–315. Bibcode:1986Tectp.123..241D. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(86)90199-X.
* Lepichon, X.; Angelier, J. (1979). "Hellenic arc and trench system — Key to the neotectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean". Tectonophysics. 60 (1–2): 1–42. Bibcode:1979Tectp..60....1P. doi:10.1016/0040-1951(79)90131-8.
# Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani

Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani, or Vijayan's night frog, is a species of night frogs, family Nyctibatrachidae. The frog is endemic to the Western Ghats, India, and is only known from its type locality, Pandipath, in the Agasthyamalai Hills, Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Smaller than a human fingernail, it is among the smallest frog species in the world. Nyctibatrachus pulivijayani is part of a genus that evolved in India around 70–80 million years ago. The species of frog was discovered by scientists from the University of Delhi.

## Etymology

The specific name pulivijayani honours Mr. Vijayan Kani, who supported Biju and his students during their field campaigns. He got the name Pulivijayan after braving a leopard attack (puli is Malayalam for "leopard"). The word puli can also allude to leopard-like spots on the dorsal surface of this species.

## Description

Five adult males in the type series measure 13.3–14.9 mm (0.5–0.6 in) in snout–vent length; no females were collected. The snout is rounded. The tympanum is indistinct. The fingers and toes have discs but no webbing. The dorsum is light brown to silvery-brown and has prominent dark brown spots. The venter is light yellowish-brown with minute black speckles. The hands and feet are darker. The throat is light grey. Weakly developed dorso-lateral glandular folds are present and re separated by scattered granular projections.

## Habitat

The type locality is an evergreen forest at 1,250 m (4,100 ft) above sea level. Specimens were found hiding under herbs and grasses on marshy ground, usually away from water. Males were observed calling both during the day and in the late evening.
# Bulk (album)

Bulk is the debut album by the American musician Jack Logan, released in 1994. The album's 42 songs were chosen by Twin/Tone's Peter Jesperson from a pool of around 600, recorded over a period of more than 10 years; Jesperson had been alerted to Logan by Peter Buck.
The album sold more than 17,000 copies in its first year of release.

## Production and release

The songs were taped on home recorders, with Logan's friend Kelly Keneipp and others. Logan penned the lyrics to the songs; around 17 musicians contributed to them over the years. Logan worked as a small motor repairman in Georgia during much of the recording of Bulk, and had started playing with the local band Liquor Cabinet.
The album was issued as two compact discs, although it was stylistically split up and ordered as nine LP record sides. It includes a cover of Neil Young's "On the Beach". Vic Chesnutt contributed vocals to "The Parishioners".

## Critical reception

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| AllMusic | |
| The Encyclopedia of Popular Music | |
| Entertainment Weekly | A |
| MusicHound Folk: The Essential Album Guide | |
| USA Today | |
Trouser Press wrote that Logan's "characters wear their humanity proudly, and their circumstances update the Southern Gothic morality of Flannery O’Connor to include the current society of the trailer park and the long-haul trucker." Spin declared that "sometimes the editorial sword should be stronger than the pen," but conceded that "a few songs hint of the discombobulation of Skip Spence's Oar." The New York Times deemed the album full of "raw, piercing songs about everything from self-destructive friends to Saturday-morning cartoons." The Chicago Tribune concluded that, "although Logan's no-frills honesty permeates every track, it doesn't all work; some tunes sound like pleasant half-ideas, while others sound like meandering, primitive jams in search of closure."
The Washington Post thought that Logan "writes about his own community—Bobbie Ann Mason's Southern working-class universe of Wal-Marts and rock-and-roll roadhouses—where folk art's peculiar blend of bluntness and quirkiness are present in the music as well as the lyrics." Entertainment Weekly stated that "Logan launches into a freewheeling Stones bash, slacker rock, mordant country, punishing thrash, and anything else that strikes his fancy." USA Today opined that "the adventurous Logan dishes out unpretentious rock with pop smarts, blues credibility, rockabilly spirit and lounge levity." Rolling Stone determined that "Logan's blithe modesty and budget-sound recording style are a big part of Bulk's formidable charm," and noted that the musician "made these tapes for the sheer joy and fraternal what-the-fuck of it, to get the words and melodies out of his head and into the hands of a few musician friends."
AllMusic wrote that "the songs are occasionally interesting but mostly derivative rock and R&B tunes."
# The Slaves of Solitude

The Slaves of Solitude is a novel by Patrick Hamilton. It was published in 1947 and reissued by New York Review Books Classics in 2007. In the United States it was originally published under the title Riverside.

## Plot

The novel is set in 1943 in the fictional town of Thames Lockdon (based on Henley-on-Thames), and largely follows the experiences of Miss Roach who lives in the Rosamund Tea Rooms, a guest house, having left London during the Blitz. Also residing at the guest house are Mr Thwaites (described as the 'President in Hell'), Miss Steele, Miss Barrett (both aging spinsters) and Mr Prest (a retired comedian).
Miss Roach works at a publishing firm, 'as a secretary and in other capacities' in London. The opening sequence describes London as a great monster respiring, drawing workers into the city through its lungs in the morning and expelling them in the evening. It then follows Miss Roach to the Rosamund Tea Rooms and she is presented as leading a dull and uncomplicated life. She is, however, oppressed by Mr Thwaites who takes every opportunity to mock her at meal times. Mr Thwaites, revealed to be a Nazi sympathiser, insists that Miss Roach is a 'friend of the Russians', is shown to be overbearing and a bore and forces the shared meals the guests partake in to be conducted in an oppressive atmosphere. Soon after this, two American servicemen appear at dinner. Miss Roach becomes romantically involved with one of them, Lieutenant Pike, beginning a relationship centred on the local pub and kissing on a bench. This relationship becomes disrupted by the arrival of Miss Roach's German friend Vicki Kugelmann, who soon becomes Miss Roach's love rival. Miss Kugelmann moves into the Rosamund Tea Rooms, charms Mr Thwaites and there soon begins a sort emotional struggle between the two spinsters.

## Critical reaction

The poet John Betjeman said in a contemporary Daily Herald review, that "I think Mr Hamilton is one of the best living novelists, and that this is the best book he has yet written."
David Lodge described the book as 'one of the best novels about the second world war'
On 5 November 2019 BBC News included The Slaves of Solitude on its list of the 100 most influential novels.
# Peter Gullestad

Peter Andreas Gullestad (born 25 September 1948) is a Norwegian civil servant.
He was born in Bergen, and took the cand.oecon. degree in 1976. He was hired in the Norwegian Directorate of Fisheries in 1977, and climbed in the hierarchy to become assisting director in 1995. From 1996 to 2008 he served as director.
# Glycerine phthalate

Glycerol phthalate was the first synthetic polyester. It came into use around World War I. It was used for waterproofing. This polyester does not form linear chains, but is built as a three-dimensional structure.
# Toes (disambiguation)

Toes are the digits of the foot of a human or animal.
Toes or TOES may also refer to:
* "Toes" (Zac Brown Band song), 2009
* "Toes" (Lights song), 2011
* "Toes" (DaBaby song), 2019
* "Toes", a song by Glass Animals from the 2014 album Zaba.
* "Toes", a song by DaBaby featuring Lil Baby and Moneybagg Yo from the 2019 album Kirk
* The Other Economic Summit, a counter-summit to the annual G7 summits
# Morinia doronici

Morinia doronici is a species of cluster fly in the family Polleniidae.

## Distribution

Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.
# Thomas Stadium

Thomas Stadium is a baseball venue in Johnson City, Tennessee, United States. It is home to the East Tennessee State Buccaneers baseball team of the NCAA Division I Southern Conference. Opened in 2012, the facility has a listed capacity of 1,000 spectators. Features of the stadium include an LED video board, a FieldTurf playing surface, stadium lighting, berm seating, concessions, and restrooms. The stadium replaced Howard Johnson Field as the home of East Tennessee State's baseball program.
The playing field at Thomas Stadium opened on February 17, 2012, when East Tennessee State defeated Eastern Kentucky 8–3 in front of 327 spectators. The stadium itself opened on February 15, 2013 with a 6–4 loss to Penn State with 910 in attendance. The largest crowd to fill the stadium occurred on April 9, 2013, when 1,752 fans attended the Bucs' game versus Tennessee.
# DeLaveaga Disc Golf Course

DeLaveaga Disc Golf Course, commonly known as "DeLa", is a world-renowned 29-hole disc golf course in the hills of DeLaveaga Park above Santa Cruz, California. It was established in 1984. It boasts one of the original long disc golf courses, with some holes measuring more than 500 feet in length. The 27th hole, known as "Top of the World," is one of the most famous holes in disc golf; the tee box is situated nearly 600 feet from the pin—and 100 feet above it. DeLaveaga placed #10 on Release Point's 2019 list of World's Best Disc Golf Courses.
Designed by Professional Disc Golf Association hall of famer and World Disc Games founder Tom Schot. DeLa was installed in 1984 and was one of the first organized courses for disc golf. Holes #8A and #26A were added later. The course is about 9,300 feet in length, with a mostly wooded holes and a few open one's. A wide variety of shots are required for this course, from uphill, downhill, flat, tight, and open tee offs. it includes some wide open meadows, cliffs and ravines, large redwoods, eucalyptus and oaks. The course is free to play though there is a US$2.00 parking fee. In 2011, the PDGA World Championships were held in California, and a round was played at the Delaveaga course. The 2011 Worlds were won by local Nate Doss. UDisc rated the course #10 in the world and #1 in California in 2020. Each May, the disc golf community descends upon Santa Cruz, for the Masters Cup, one of the PDGA's national tour events and one of the oldest tournament events in disc golf. Since 1991 it has also hosted the B-tier FaultLine Classic tournament
# Freiderich August Bechly

Freiderich August Bechly (13 August 1835 – 21 January 1916) was a Kingdom of Prussia-born American bee researcher, apiologist, and farmer.

## Personal life

Freiderich Bechly was born in Prenzlau, Brandenburg, Kingdom of Prussia to Friedrich Johann Bechly (1807-1892) and Charlotte Beutel (1812-1876). He emigrated to America with his parents and siblings in 1852. Freiderich had two children with his first wife, Hephzibah Dumville, who died in 1869. He had five children with his second wife, Lydia Marie Weesner (1850–1899), but two died from scarlet fever as children.
Bechly died on January 21, 1916, while visiting his children on the family farm in Searsboro, Iowa. At Bechly's funeral, Iowa Judge William Robinson Lewis read a tribute for Fred Bechly that was published in the Poweshiek County Palladium. The tribute describes the family's arrival in New York City, learning to cope with the challenges of immigration, and settlement with a German-speaking community in Sheboygan, Wisconsin. The father, Freiderick John Bechly, purchased land at a crossroads outside of Sheboygan which became known as Bechly's Corners where he owned and operated a blacksmiths shop. At age 21 Fred Bechly set out on his own to Chicago, but was unable to find employment there so he traveled further south to Jacksonville, Illinois, where he found work as a farm hand. It was there in 1864 that he married Hephzibah Dumville and they moved to Searsboro, Iowa where he purchased a farm of 80 acres.

## Career

Fred Bechly owned a farm in Searsboro, Iowa, was a noted Apiologist, and a correspondent for the American Bee Journal.
His technique for introducing new queen bees to an existing hive was published in 1874. New queens are usually rejected by an existing hive. In his technique, Mr. Bechly removes a comb from the hive, places the comb and hive bees into an empty hive, and closes them in with the new queen. The bees being stressed by foreign imprisonment are unconcerned about the new queen. The old hive is left queenless and is also closed. Over the next several days, as the hives are reopened, the bees return to the old hive along with their new queen.

## Publications

Selections from the E. F. Phillips Beekeeping Collection at Mann Library, Cornell University:
"How I Introduce a New Queen", American Bee Journal, Vol. 10, No. 10, October 1874
"Introducing Queens, etc.", American Bee Journal, Vol. 22, No. 7, February 17, 1886
"Laying Workers. My Experience with Laying Workers, etc.", American Bee Journal, Vol. 25, No. 3, January 19, 1889
"Hearing of Bees. Worker in a Queen Cell", American Bee Journal, Vol. 30, No. 24, December 8, 1892
"Bee Paralysis. Laying Queens Fighting, etc.", American Bee Journal, Vol. 37, No. 43, October 28, 1897

### Other publications

"Wintered on Honey-Dew, etc.", American Bee Journal, Vol. 30, No. 22, November 24, 1892
"Queen-Mating Attempted in a Small Cage", Gleanings in Bee Culture, Vol. 31, page 677, August 1, 1903
"Extra Good Report for Iowa", American Bee Journal, Vol. 52, page 378, December 1912
# The Swon Brothers (album)

The Swon Brothers is the major label debut studio album by American country music duo The Swon Brothers. It was released on October 14, 2014, via Arista Nashville. It includes the top 15 single "Later On". The Swon Brothers produced the album with Mark Bright.

## Personnel
### The Swon Brothers

* Colton Swon - vocals
* Zach Swon - vocals, keyboards, programming

### Additional Musicians

* Eric Darken - percussion
* Dan Dugmore - steel guitar
* Shannon Forrest - drums
* Eric Gillette - electric guitar
* Kenny Greenberg - electric guitar
* Joe Henderson - keyboards, programming
* Mark Hill - bass guitar
* Greg Morrow - drums
* Jimmy Nichols - keyboards, synthesizer strings
* Chris Stevens - programming
* Ilya Toshinsky - acoustic guitar, mandolin, banjo
* Carrie Underwood - background vocals on "This Side of Heaven"

## Chart performance

The album debuted on the Billboard 200 at No. 28, and No. 6 on the Top Country Albums chart, with 10,000 copies sold on its debut week. It sold a further 3,400 the next week. The album has sold a total of 34,900 copies in the US as of March 2015.

### Album

| Chart (2014) | Peak position |
| US Billboard 200 | 28 |
| US Top Country Albums (Billboard) | 6 |

### Singles

| Year | Single | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions | Peak chart positions |
| Year | Single | US Country | US Country Airplay | US | CAN Country | CAN |
| 2013 | "Later On" | 21 | 13 | 86 | 47 | 87 |
| 2014 | "Pray for You" | — | 43 | — | — | — |
| "—" denotes releases that did not chart |||||||
# Archie Taylor (footballer, born 1939)

Arthur Matson "Archie" Taylor (born 7 November 1939) is an English former footballer.

## Career

Taylor started his career with Doncaster Rovers as an amateur.
# Glyceric acid

Glyceric acid refers to organic compounds with the formula HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CO$_2$H. It occurs naturally and is classified as three-carbon sugar acid. It is chiral. Salts and esters of glyceric acid are known as glycerates.

## Production

Glyceric acid is usually produced by oxidation of glycerol. A typical oxidant is nitric acid, but catalytic oxidations have been developed also:
    HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CH$_2$OH + O$_2$ → HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CO$_2$H + H$_2$O
As glycerol is prochiral, the oxidation of the two terminal alcohol groups gives distinct enantiomers of glyceric acid. Oxidation of both primary alcohols gives tartronic acid:
    HOCH$_2$CH(OH)CH$_2$OH + 2 O$_2$ → HO$_2$CCH(OH)CO$_2$H + 2 H$_2$O

## Biochemistry

Several phosphate derivatives of glyceric acid, including 2-phosphoglyceric acid, 3-phosphoglyceric acid, 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid, and 1,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid, are intermediates in glycolysis. 3-Phosphoglyceric acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the amino acid serine, which in turn can be used in the synthesis of glycine and cysteine.
Glyceric acid occurs naturally in Populus tremula and Ardisia crenata.
# Galvannealed

Galvannealed or galvanneal (galvannealed steel) is the result from the processes of galvanizing followed by annealing of sheet steel.
Galvannealed steel is a matte uniform grey color, which can be easily painted. In comparison to galvanized steel the coating is harder, and more brittle.

## Production and properties

Production of galvannealed sheet steel begins with hot dip galvanization of sheet steel. After passing through the galvanizing zinc bath the sheet steel passes through air knives to remove excess zinc, and is then heated in an annealing furnace for several seconds causing iron and zinc layers to diffuse into one another causing the formation of zinc-iron alloy layers at the surface. The annealing step is performed with the strip still hot after the galvanizing step, with the zinc still liquid. The galvanising bath contains slightly over 0.1% aluminium, added to form a layer bonding between the iron and coated zinc. Annealing temperatures are around 500 to 565 °C. Pre-1990 annealing lines used gas-fired heating; post-1990s the use of induction furnaces became common.
Three distinct alloys are identified in the galvannealed surface. From the steel boundary these are named the Gamma (Γ), Zeta (ζ), and Delta (δ) layers, of compositions Fe$_3$Zn$_{10}$, FeZn$_{10}$, FeZn$_{13}$ respectively; resulting in an overall bulk iron content of 9-12%. The layers also contain around 1-4% aluminium. Composition depends primarily on heating time and temperature, limited by the diffusion of the two metals.
The resulting coating has a matte appearance, and is hard and brittle - under further working such as pressing or bending powder is produced from degradation of the coating, together with cracks on the surface. In comparison to a zinc (galvanized) coating galvannealed has better spot weldability, and is paintable, Due to iron present in the surface alloy phase galvanneal develops a reddish patina in moist environments - it is generally used painted. Zinc phosphate coating is a common pre-painting surface treatment.
Galvannealed sheet can also be produced from electroplated zinc steel sheet.

## History

Patents relating to Galvannealed wire were obtained by the Keystone Steel and Wire Company (Peoria, Illinois, USA) c. 1923. The company used the name "Galvannealed" as a brand name. The key early patent was US patent No. 1430648 (J.L. Herman, 1922, Peoria, Illinois, USA) "Process of coating and treating materials having an iron base". The patent described the galvannealing process with specific reference to iron wires.

## Uses

A major market for galvannealed steel is the automobile industry. In the mid 1980s, the Chrysler Corporation pioneered the use of Galvannealed sheet steels in the manufacture of their vehicles. In the 1990s galvannealled coatings were used by Honda, Toyota and Ford, with hot dip galvanized, electrogalvanized and other coatings (e.g. Zn-Ni) being used by other manufacturers, with variations depending on the part within the car frame, as well as due to local price differences.
Galvannealed steel is the preferred material for use in the construction of permanent debris and linen chute systems.
# Glen Edwards

Glen Edwards may refer to:
* Glen Edwards (pilot) (1918–1948), U.S. Air Force test pilot
* Glen Edwards (safety) (born 1947), American football safety
* Glen "Turk" Edwards (1907–1973), American football tackle and coach, member of Pro Football Hall of Fame
# Tom Sayers (disambiguation)

Tom Sayers (1826–1865) was a British boxer.
Tom Sayers may also refer to:
# Jacob Frankfort

Jacob Frankfort (born 1801, date of death unknown) was the first known Jew to come to Los Angeles. He immigrated from Poland in 1841. He was joined by other Central European Jews. By 1855, there were 60 Jews living in Los Angeles.
Frankfort arrived in Los Angeles as a member of the Rowland-Workman exploratory party. The party had come to the city from Santa Fe, New Mexico. Jacob's position in the team was bolstered by skills of tailoring and ownership of a rifle.

## Business

Frankfort was a wealthy man. This fact is reflected in Rafael Gallardo's declaration of bankruptcy, which states that Jacob Frankfort was owed $400 in 1845. Frankfort started his business with a tailoring and men's apparel store in Bell's Row, an adobe building. When Mellus bought Bell's Row from Bell, it was Frankfort who lent him the money. Subsequently, Bell's Row name was changed to Mellus' Row. Bell's Row was well located: all the traffic coming in from the Los Angeles River arrived at the corner of Aliso and Los Angeles streets, which was where the Bell's Row was situated.
# Thomas Stafford

Thomas or Tom Stafford may refer to:
* Thomas P. Stafford (1930–2024), American astronaut and Air Force general, orbited Moon on Apollo 10
* Thomas Stafford, 3rd Earl of Stafford (died 1392)
* Thomas Stafford (MP) (c. 1574–1655), illegitimate son of George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes and MP for Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, Helston and Bodmin
* Thomas Stafford (died 1425), MP for Warwickshire
* Thomas Stafford (rebel) (1533–1557), son of Henry Stafford, 1st Baron Stafford, who was executed for high treason
* Thomas Stafford (Irish politician), Irish Fianna Fáil politician and Lord Mayor of Dublin
* Tom Stafford (astronomer), astronomer who has discovered a number of asteroids since 1997
* Tom Stafford, author of Mind Hacks