OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Semantic dyslexia

Semantic dyslexia is, as the name suggests, a subtype of the group of cognitive disorders known as alexia (acquired dyslexia). Those who have semantic dyslexia are unable to properly attach words to their meanings in reading or speech. When confronted with the word "diamond", they may understand it as "sapphire", "shiny" or "diamonds"; when asking for a bus ticket, they may ask for some paper or simply "a thing".
Semantic dementia (SD) is a degenerative disease characterized by atrophy of anterior temporal regions (the primary auditory cortex; process auditory information) and progressive loss of semantic memory. SD patients often present with surface dyslexia, a relatively selective impairment in reading low-frequency words with exceptional or atypical spelling-to-sound correspondences.
# Altınyayla District, Burdur

Altınyayla District is a district of the Burdur Province of Turkey. Its seat is the town of Altınyayla. Its area is 221 km$^2$, and its population is 5,335 (2021).

## Composition

There is one municipality in Altınyayla District:
* Altınyayla
There are 5 villages in Altınyayla District:
* Asmabağ
* Ballık
* Çatak
* Çörten
* Kızılyaka
# Pierre Delalande

Pierre Delalande may refer to:
* Pierre Delalande (engineer), French military engineer
* Pierre Antoine Delalande (1787–1823), French naturalist and explorer
# James Leak

James Leak was a bare-knuckle prize fighter who was born in the county of Norfolk in the United Kingdom.
James Leak was a resident of East Runton, Norfolk around the early part of the 19th century. Leak was the local blacksmith and renowned bare-knuckle prize fighter. He lived in one of six thatched cottage that once stood on the cliff top near Runton gap. His blacksmith’s forge was at West Runton.
In 1827 Leak had a big problem. The story goes that he had developed a gangrenous toe and was in fear of it spreading and would result in his death. In his desperation, Leak had come up with his own solution to his problem. He went to his forge in West Runton and rested his foot on his anvil and with one mighty blow removed the infected toe with a hammer and chisel. He then cauterized the stump with a red-hot poker from out of his forge. This desperate surgery by Leak had been as a consequence of Leak being unable to afford surgeon’s fees. He made a full recovery and his home surgery seems to have had little effect on the man as he continued his prize-fighting and lived to the age of 82.
# Terrell Glenn (attorney)

Terrell Lyles Glenn Sr. (June 3, 1930 – April 24, 1993) was an American lawyer. He served as the United States attorney for the Eastern District of South Carolina from 1961 to 1968.

## Early life

Glenn was the younger son of John Lyles Glenn Jr., who served as a federal judge in South Carolina from 1929 until his death in 1938. He graduated from the University of South Carolina School of Law in 1953 and served as a U.S. Army judge advocate general after graduation.

## Legal career

In 1961, President John F. Kennedy named Glenn U.S. attorney for the Eastern District of South Carolina. At the time of his confirmation and commissioning in September 1961, Glenn was at age 31 the youngest U.S. attorney in the country.
Glenn continued as U.S. attorney under Lyndon B. Johnson and resigned in January 1968. He returned to private practice and later served as president of the South Carolina Bar and the Richland County Bar Association. Glenn and his father are the namesakes of the USC Law mock trial competition.

### Support for integration

During his service as U.S. attorney and his later career in private practice, Glenn was recognized for his advocacy for and support of integration in South Carolina. For example, Glenn used his position in law enforcement to lean on movie theater owners in Columbia to desegregate over the objection of local officials. I. S. Leevy Johnson, the first black graduate of USC Law, described Glenn as "a major advocate of integration in South Carolina in his capacity as a former U. S. Attorney, and in his private life. Terrell Glenn and some others who are unknown were pushing to open up the positions at the South Carolina Bar." (Leevy Johnson later became the first black president of the South Carolina Bar Association.)
Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy stayed overnight in Glenn's home when he made a controversial visit to South Carolina in April 1963 to advocate integration. “We must recognize, as responsible citizens and as responsible government officials, that the Negroes in this country cannot be expected indefinitely to tolerate the injustices which flow from official and private racial discrimination in the United States,” Kennedy said during his visit.

## Personal life

Glenn was married to Louise Owens, the daughter of Columbia mayor Frank Owens. They were active and lifelong members of Trinity Episcopal Cathedral. The Glenns had four children; their son Terrell L. Glenn Jr. became an Episcopal priest and eventually a bishop in the Anglican Church in North America. The Glenns were patrons of the arts and Glenn received the 1976 Elizabeth O'Neill Verner Award for support of the arts.
Terrell Glenn Sr. died in Columbia on April 24, 1993.
# Temnora probata

Temnora probata is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Tanzania.
The wingspan is 39–43 mm.
# Bicentennial of the Kingdom of the Netherlands

From 2013 to 2015, the Kingdom of the Netherlands celebrated its bicentennial.

## Events and publications

A National Committee, appointed by the Council of Ministers in 2011, supervises the bicentennial celebrations. The Committee is chaired by politicians Ank Bijleveld and Jozias van Aartsen.
The celebrations started with a reenactment on 30 November 2013 of Prince William Frederick's landing at Scheveningen, exactly two hundred years earlier, with Huub Stapel playing the role of William Frederick, the later king William I. The reenactment (which is performed every 25 years) drew a crowd of several thousand.
Five more "national events" have been planned, of which the final one will take place in Amsterdam on 26 September 2015; the bicentennial's official website promises "a spectacular parade of achievements" on the Amstel.
Aside from the official celebrations, new biographies of the first three kings (William I, II and III) were published, revealing the existence of an illegitimate child of William I and homosexual affairs of William II.

## Reception

Several Dutch historians and journalists have criticized the bicentennial's motto of "200 years of independence and democracy". NOS reporter Piet van Asseldonk questioned whether the country can celebrate two hundred years of kingship (given the Kingdom of Holland's foundation in 1806), or two hundred years of independence (already achieved by the Eighty Years' War which ended in 1648), or two hundred years of Orange rule (the dynasty had been Stadtholders for much longer), or two hundred years of democracy (since the early kings were not democrats), and concluded that the theme was ambiguous and not very attractive.
Similarly, historian Coos Huijsen stated that the celebrations "omitted half the story" by letting Dutch history start in 1813, rather than with the "struggle for freedom" of the late 16th century, arguing that Napoleon's defeat was hardly to the merit of the Dutch. Historian/journalist Marnix Koolhaas, writing on an NPO website, calls the founding event—William I's return—"a common coup d'état", while the Dutch monarchy was a Napoleonic invention, established in 1806.
Comedian Arjen Lubach used the occasion of the bicentennial to protest against the Dutch monarchy, offering to become "Pharaoh of the Netherlands" in his television show Zondag met Lubach (22 March 2015). He started a citizens' initiative, a petition that obliges Dutch parliament to discuss a proposal if supported by more than 40,000 citizens, and obtained the required number of signatures within a day.

## Earlier celebrations

Earlier anniversaries were celebrated in 1863 (construction of a monument for William I, which was renovated in 2004 for the bicentennial), 1913, 1933, 1963 and 1988.
# Sohat

Sohat is a Lebanese brand of mineral water that is the leading brand of bottled water in Lebanon, with a 35% market share. The water is light and crisp with low mineral content and almost no sodium. The brand was acquired by Nestlé Waters.

## Sources

Sohat water is bottled from the Falougha source at an altitude of 1,710 meters in Mount Lebanon. The area of the source, which is 100,000 m$^2$, is a protected environment to maintain the purity of the water. The water is purified by passing through various geological layers, starting with the melted snow that seeps through the permeable soil, then reaches a deep and impermeable layer where it is stored before spurting up to the surface through natural fissures.

## History

In 1910, archeologist Habib Zoghzoghy rediscovered Ain Sohat while excavating Roman ruins in Falougha.
Mootch & Muck, a New York-based multi-brand water distributor, distributed Sohat in the United States in the late 1980s.
Société des Eaux Minérales Libanaises S.A.L., the producer of Sohat, was founded in 1970. In 1997, the company aided by Nestlé built an $8-million plant with capacity of 19,200 bottles per hour in Falougha. In 1999, Nestlé Group acquired 49% of Sohat as part of its expansion plan in mineral water. In 2001, Lebanon Perrier Vittel, the water division of Switzerland's Nestlé, purchased the remaining 51 per cent of its stake in Sohat. As of January 23, 2001, Société des Eaux Minérales Libanaises S.A.L. operates as a subsidiary of Nestle S.A. The Zoghzoghy family did not release the reason why they sold their share after 50 years of being at the helm of the water-bottling business.

## In literature

* In a Villa Far Away by Annabelle Hampton
    "Giving up, saying I looked tired and pale, he produced a small bottle of Sohat Pure Water, 'from the springs of Lebanon' according to the label."
* American Psycho by Bret Easton Ellis
    "You forgot Alpenwasser, Downunder, Sohat, which is from Lebanon, Qubol and Cold Springs--"
# National Lampoon's Doon

National Lampoon's Doon is a parody novel written by Ellis Weiner and published in 1984 by Pocket Books for National Lampoon. Doon is a spoof of Frank Herbert's 1965 science fiction novel Dune.
Doon was reprinted by Grafton Books (ISBN 0-586-06636-5) in 1985. In 1988 William F. Touponce called the book "something of a tribute to Herbert's success on college campuses", noting that "the only other book to have been so honored is Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings," which was parodied by The Harvard Lampoon in 1969.
Dune is set on the dangerous planet Arrakis, sole source of the spice melange, the most valuable substance in the universe. The parody follows a similar storyline, wherein rival restaurant-owning families battle for control of Arruckus, which is overrun by giant pretzels and the source of valuable beer.

## Plot

The planet Arruckus is also known as "Doon", the Dessert Planet totally devoid of entrées, and its only export is beer. Within the Galactic Empire, House Hardchargin, the House given charge of Arruckus, has been displaced by House Agamemnides, with Duke Lotto at its head.
Soon after arriving at Doon, Duke Lotto and House Agamemnides fall victim to a scheme originated by Baron Vladimir Hardchargin and implemented by the Duke's own accountant Oyeah, who kept a secret second ledger. When the Emperor called for an audit of the fief, the duplicate ledger made it appear as though House Agamemnides had been cooking the books. Duke Lotto's brief reign over Doon is ended and House Hardchargin is reinstated as fief-holders.
Banished to the sugared wilderness, Pall, head of House Agamemnides, and Lady Jazzica meet with and are eventually accepted by the planet's native population, the Freedmenmen. Pall begins to ascend the power structure of the tribe and takes the Freedmenmen girl Loni as his lover. Pall positions himself as the long hoped-for Freedmenmen messiah, who will finally bring the entrées the Freedmenmen have hungered for. By this route, he assumes and consolidates his power over the natives.
Meanwhile, Baron Vladimir Hardchargin is hungry for more success, and has plans to become the true power in the galaxy. Events come to a head when Pall challenges the Baron to a bake-off, with a new ingredient: peanut butter, rendered from the naturally occurring snack mix's peanuts, and debuting his secret weapon – a liqueur made from beer – Drambrewski. With the support of the people, Pall assumes Imperial control, banishing the Emperor's house to the prison planet Simplicissima Secundus, acquiring the hand of the Emperor's daughter Serutan in a marriage of convenience, and the Freedmenmen woman Loni as his concubine.

## Reception

Dave Langford reviewed National Lampoon's Doon for White Dwarf #76, and stated that "with the best will in the world, a parody of a particular author gets tiresome after a few thousand words."

## Reviews

* Review by Dave Mead (1985) in Fantasy Review, February 1985
* Review by Thomas G. Mahnken (1985) in Fantasy Review, February 1985
* Review by Alma Jo Williams (1985) in Science Fiction Review, Summer 1985
* Review by Robert Coulson (1985) in Amazing Stories, July 1985
# China Three Gorges University

China Three Gorges University (CTGU; 三峡大学) is a provincial public university in Yichang, Hubei, China. It is affiliated with the Province of Hubei and sponsored by the provincial government. The university was established in 2000 by the merger of Wuhan Hydraulic and Electric Power University Yichang (武汉水利电力大学宜昌) and Hubei Sanxia College (湖北三峡学院).
The campus occupies 200 hectares, and the total building area comprises 830,000 m$^2$ (8,934,046 sq ft). The libraries consist of 2,000,000 volumes.

## History

CTGU is a comprehensive university established on June 29, 2000, after the merger of the University of Hydraulic and Electric Engineering at Yichang, Hubei Sanxia University, and a medical college founded in 1946.

## Present

CTGU is famous for its influence in hydroelectric engineering and electrical engineering.
Since 2012, CTGU has recruited over 24,000 full-time undergraduates, 2,336 postgraduate and 1,048 foreign students. It institutes a group of key subjects (key laboratories) at the provincial and state level, and doctoral and master programs.

## Colleges and faculties

CTGU consists of 30 teaching units. Here are 24 of the major colleges
* College of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering
* College of Civil Engineering and Architecture
* College of Mechanical and Power Engineering
* College of Materials and Chemical Engineering
* College of Electrical Engineering and New Energy
* College of Computer and Information Technology
* College of Economics and Management
* College of Medical Science
* College of Art and Communication
* College of Marxism
* College of Law and Public Administration
* College of Science
* College of Chemistry and Life Science
* College of Performing and Fine Arts
* College of Foreign Languages
* College of Physical Education
* College of Adult Education
* College of Minor Nation
* College of International Communications
* College of Nursing Science
* College of Vocational Technology
* College of Modern Education Technology
* College of Teacher Training (Normal College)
* College of Clinical Science

## The university's official website

* China Three Gorges University website
# Cardè

Cardè is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Cuneo in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Turin and about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Cuneo. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,077 and an area of 19.3 square kilometres (7.5 sq mi).
Cardè borders the following municipalities: Barge, Moretta, Revello, Saluzzo, and Villafranca Piemonte.
# Corsiglièse

The Corsiglièse is a stream in the department of Haute-Corse, Corsica, France. It is a tributary of the river Tavignano.

## Course

The Corsiglièse is 24.31 kilometres (15.11 mi) long. The stream rises to the south of the village of Sant'Andréa-di-Bozio and flows in a generally south-southeast direction to its junction with the Tavignano. It runs between the D16 or D116 to the east and the D14 to the west. The course of the Corsiglièse follows a fault between the schist mountains and the eastern plain, an unstable area where landslides are possible.
The castrum of Petralerata (Pietr'Ellerat) was in the heart of the Corsiglièse valley, on a peak, and had a defensive character unmatched on the island. It was first mentioned in 1149.

## Tributaries

The following streams (ruisseaux) are tributaries of the Corsiglièse:
* Brancuccia
* Ciotte
** Vaccili
** Osse
* Moulins
* Suera
* Tempiu
** Cognolare
** Rejone
* Casamora
* Noce Fiuminale
** Mandriale .
** Fontanello
* Barbuzani
** Chierchiaje
* Molinello
** Campu a l'Olivu
** Ciocciu
** Cardiccia
# Gudian

Gudian may refer to the following locations in China:
* Gudian, Hebei (固店镇), town in Wangdu County
* Gudian, Shanxi (古店镇), town in Nanjiao District, Datong
** Gudian railway station (古店站), station on the Beijing–Baotou Railway in Datong
* Gudian Township, Anhui (古店乡), in Fengtai County
* Gudian Township, Sichuan (古店乡), in Zhongjiang County
# Clare Walton

Air Marshal Clare Samantha Walton, CB, is a senior Royal Air Force officer and physician. Since July 2023 she has been Director General of Defence Medical Services.

## RAF career

Walton was commissioned into the Medical Branch of the Royal Air Force (RAF) on 27 March 1987 as a pilot officer: she was being sponsored through her degree by a University Cadetship with the RAF. She graduated from St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical School with Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MB, BS) degrees in 1989. After training at Royal Air Force College Cranwell, she was promoted to squadron leader on 1 August 1990. She transferred from a short service commission to a permanent commission on 24 April 1992. She has served a number of posting abroad, including with the United Nations Protection Force in Bosnia-Herzegovina, in Kuwait as part of Operation Desert Fox, and in Iraq as part of Operation Telic.
From 2011 to 2014, Walton served as commanding officer of Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre Headley Court. She was appointed Air Officer Medical Operations in No. 38 Group RAF on 13 June 2016. She was then Commander of the Defence Medical Group from 2018 to 2020.
From February 2020, she was Director Defence Medical Personnel & Training, based at Defence Medical Services Whittington. In October 2022 it was announced that Walton would succeed as Director General of the Defence Medical Services from July 2023. She was promoted to Air Marshal and took up the position on 3 July 2023.
She was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2022 New Year Honours.
# Tethered formation flying

Tethered formation flying is one of applications for space tethers. This sub-set represents an entire area of research using a non-conductive tether to connect multiple spacecraft.
| Tethered SPHERES nano-satellites developed by the MIT | Tethered SPHERES nano-satellites developed by the MIT |
Spacecraft formation flight is becoming a key research area, where distributed computation and decentralized control schemes, as well as information flows between elements, are explored. One such example includes stellar interferometers in which multiple apertures, in controlled formation, collect the light for coherent interferometric beam combinations, thereby achieving a fine angular resolution comparable to a large monolithic aperture telescope. The possible architectures of spaceborne interferometers include a structurally connected interferometer (SCI) Space Interferometry Mission, which allows for very limited baseline changes, and a separated spacecraft interferometer (SSI) Terrestrial Planet Finder, where the usage of propellant can be prohibitively expensive. A tethered-formation flight interferometer represents a balance between SCI and SSI. Such a system is currently being considered for NASA's Submillimeter Probe of the Evolution of Cosmic Structure (SPECS) mission. The dynamics of SSI are coupled by the definition of relative attitude whereas tethered formation spacecraft exhibit inherently coupled nonlinear dynamics.
The MIT Space Systems Laboratory conducted ground experiments that tested a fully decentralized nonlinear control law, which eliminates the need for inter-satellite communications. Contraction theory was used to prove that a nonlinear control law stabilizing a single-tethered spacecraft can also stabilize arbitrarily large circular arrays of tethered spacecraft, as well as a three-spacecraft inline configuration. In order to validate the effectiveness of the decentralized control and estimation framework, a new suite of hardware has been designed and added to the SPHERES (Synchronize Position Hold Engage and Reorient Experimental Satellite) testbed. A 2007 PhD thesis introduced a novel relative attitude estimator, in which a series of Kalman filters incorporate the gyro, force-torque sensor, and relative distance measurements. The closed-loop control experiments can be viewed at. The MIT team also reported the first propellant-free underactuated control results for tethered formation flight. This is motivated by a controllability analysis that indicates that both array resizing and spin-up are fully controllable by the reaction wheels and the tether motor.
# Araucaria columnaris

Araucaria columnaris, the coral reef araucaria, Cook pine (or Cook's pine), New Caledonia pine, Cook araucaria, or columnar araucaria, is a species of conifer in the family Araucariaceae.

## Distribution

The tree is endemic to New Caledonia in the Melanesia region of the Pacific.
It was first classified by Johann Reinhold Forster, a botanist on the second voyage of Captain James Cook to circumnavigate the globe as far south as possible. It is named directly for Cook, and not for the Cook Islands.

## Description

Araucaria columnaris is a distinctive narrowly conical tree growing up to 60 m (200 ft) tall in its native habit. The trees have a slender, spire-like crown. The shape of young trees strongly resembles A. heterophylla. The bark of the Cook pine peels off in thin paper-like sheets or strips and is rough, grey, and resinous.
The relatively short, mostly horizontal branches are in whorls around the slender, upright to slightly leaning trunk. The branches are lined with cord-like, horizontal branchlets. The branchlets are covered with small, green, incurved, point-tipped, spirally arranged, overlapping leaves. The young leaves are needle-like, while the broader adult leaves are triangular and scale-like.
The female seed cones are scaly, egg-shaped, and 10–15 cm (4–6 in) long by 7–11 cm (3–4 in) wide. The smaller, more numerous male pollen cones are at the tips of the branchlets and are scaly, foxtail-shaped, and 5 cm (2 inches) long.
A 2017 study found that trees tend to have a tilt dependent on the hemisphere of their location, growing upright on the Equator but leaning south in the northern hemisphere and north in the southern hemisphere.

## Ornamental tree

It is cultivated in gardens and public landscapes in Queensland and Victoria of Australia, northern New Zealand, Southern California, Puerto Rico, Mexico, India, Philippines, Hawaii, South Brazil, Singapore, and Southeast Brazil. Many of the "Norfolk Island pines" that grow in Hawaii, including their descendants used as potted ornamentals on the U.S. mainland, are actually A. columnaris, the two species having been confused when introduced.
* Male cones
* Female cones
* Foliage