OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Methodological solipsism

In epistemology and the philosophy of mind, methodological solipsism has at least two distinct definitions:
* Methodological solipsism is the epistemological thesis that the individual self and its states are the sole possible or proper starting point for philosophical construction (Wood, 295). A skeptical turn along these lines is Cartesian skepticism.
* Methodological solipsism is the thesis that the mental properties or mental states of an organism can be individuated exclusively on the basis of that state or property's relations with other internal states of the organism itself, without any reference to the society or the physical world in which the organism is embedded.
The second definition was promoted by Jerry Fodor (1980). He later went on to distinguish this thesis from another that he called methodological individualism. Fodor's motivation for introducing these concepts into the philosophical (and now psychological) lexicon was the need to defend some sort of internalist conception of the mental from the problems posed by the famous "Twin Earth" thought experiment of Hilary Putnam. Very briefly, the question is whether it is possible for two people, one living in the actual world where water is H$_2$O and the other living in some possible world (Twin Earth) where water has all the same qualities of our water but is actually composed of XYZ, to have the same beliefs (or other propositional attitudes) about water. The externalist says that this is not possible, while the internalist insists that it is.
Fodor defines methodological solipsism as the extreme position that states that the content of someone's beliefs about, say, water has absolutely nothing to do with the substance water in the outside world, nor with the commonly accepted definition of the society in which that person lives. Everything is determined internally. Moreover, the only thing that other people have to go on in ascribing beliefs to someone else are the internal states of his or her physical brain.
In contrast, Fodor defines methodological individualism as the view that mental states have a semantically evaluable character—that is, they are relational states. The relation that provides semantic meaning can be a relation with the external world or with one's culture and, so long as the relation produces some change in the causal power of a mental state, it can be considered to be a partial determinant of that state.
# Tara Priya

Tara Priya (born Tara Priya Chandra) is a London-based American singer-songwriter and vocalist. Tara Priya was born in San Francisco to a Persian mother, the niece of poet Sohrab Sepehri, and an Indian father.

## Early life

Tara Priya attended The Harker School in San Jose prior to Columbia University in New York City. Priya majored in economics while studying jazz and classical voice. After graduating from Columbia two years early, Priya moved to Los Angeles to focus on her career as a singer-songwriter. She started off by singing hooks on rap demos in underground hip-hop studios in exchange for recording time for her own R&B/soul music.

## Career

Immediately after releasing a six-track Motown-inspired EP, Priya was nominated as one of the Best Emerging Artists by The Deli Magazine. Shortly after, Priya was selected as one of three "Pop" genre finalists of the John Lennon Songwriting Contest and named a category winner in the Billboard Song Contest.
In January 2012, Priya signed to Japanese indie P-Vine Records after her EP was discovered in a record shop in Kobe, Japan. There, her first radio single "Run Like Hell" peaked at number 25 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 and number six on the Billboard Japan Digital and Airplay chart. This led to two subsequent tours of Japan, through Tower Records and Billboard Live, respectively.
Clear Entertainment, a subsidiary of David Letterman's Worldwide Pants Incorporated, signed Priya to their management roster. The following March, Priya showcased at SXSW 2013 in Austin, TX, after which she was named an "emerging icon" by The Huffington Post. She then moved to London to work with British music producer Steve Booker on her 2014 album, Shot in the Dark, which was released in Asia by P-Vine Records and published by the Avex Group.
In autumn 2014, British popular music and fashion magazine and website Clash premiered new music from Priya, noting that the track was "somewhere between classic soul, trip hop and the slumped productions of J Dilla". The track, titled "One Foot Out", was co-produced by Priya and represented a significant departure from her earlier music. Subsequent releases throughout 2015 gained her UK press and radio support, including by Time Out London, BBC Radio 2's Jamie Cullum, Tom Robinson of BBC Radio 6 Music, and UK record label and club Ministry of Sound.
In November 2016, The Independent premiered new music from Tara Priya, noting the singer "has been tipped for big things" and comparing her "sensual trip hop and soul" sound to fellow Londoner Sinéad Harnett.

## Discography

* Tara Priya (2012)
* Shot in the Dark (2014)
* Friends Like These (EP) (2015)
# Buddleja lojensis

Buddleja lojensis is a species endemic to the Loja region of southern Ecuador, and Piura in Peru, where it grows on mountains, savannahs and scrub, notably near streams, at elevations of 1,600 – 2,550 m. The species was first identified and described by Norman in 1982.

## Description

Buddleja lojensis is a dioecious shrub 1 – 3 m tall with yellowish bark. The young branches are subquadrangular, almost glabrous, bearing subsessile ovate or lanceolate leaves 7 – 10 cm long by 2.4 – 4 cm wide, membranaceous, glabrescent above and below. The pale yellow paniculate inflorescences are 7 – 15 cm long by 4 – 9 cm wide, comprising 2 – 3 orders of leafy-bracted branches bearing small cymules of 5 – 10 flowers, the corollas 2.5 – 4 mm long.

## Cultivation

The species is not known to be in cultivation.
# Sundew (disambiguation)

Sundew can refer to:
* Sundew (album), a 1991 album by the Paris Angels
* Sundew (dragline)
* USCGC Sundew (WLB-404)
* The plant genus Drosera
* The sundew family Droseraceae
* SunDew, the original name for the computer windowing system NeWS
# ITF Women's Valencia

ITF Women's Valencia may refer to:
* Open Ciudad de Valencia (2016–present)
* Open Internacional de Valencia (2021)
# Last of the Good Guys

Professional ratings :
| Review scores ||
| Source | Rating |
| Allmusic | |
| Country Weekly | |
Last of the Good Guys is the debut album of the American country music group One Flew South. It was released on Decca Records Nashville on May 27, 2008. The album's debut single, "My Kind of Beautiful" (co-written and previously recorded by Andy Griggs on his 2005 album This I Gotta See), was released to radio in June 2008, and charted on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts. The album peaked at #67 on the Top Country Albums charts.

## Track listing

* "Last of the Good Guys" (Marcus Hummon) – 4:30
* "My Kind of Beautiful" (Hummon, Andy Griggs, Darrell Scott) – 4:00
* "Junkie" (Hummon) – 4:44
* "Life" (Billy Mann, Chris Roberts) – 4:14
* "She's a Gift" (Eddie Bush, JD Souther) – 3:52
* "Sara" (Hummon, Bush, Royal Reed, Chris Roberts) – 3:20
* "It Is Good" (Hummon, Souther) – 3:30
* "Shameless" (Bush, Reed, Roberts, Hummon, Jez Ashurst) – 3:47
* "Let the Day Carry You" (Bush, Souther) – 3:27
* "Makin' It Rain" (Hummon, Bush, Reed, Roberts) – 3:37
* "Blue Highways" (Reed, Roberts, Bill Deasy) – 4:02
* "Too Old to Die Young" (Kevin Welch, John Hadley, Scott Dooley) – 2:17

## Personnel
### One Flew South

* Eddie Bush – vocals, acoustic guitar, electric guitar, gut string guitar
* Royal Reed – vocals
* Chris Roberts – vocals

### Additional musicians

* Chad Cromwell – drums
* Dan Dugmore – pedal steel guitar
* John Gardner – drums, djembe
* Marcus Hummon – acoustic guitar, 12-string guitar, mandolin, piano
* George Marinelli – 12 string guitar, electric guitar
* Dave Matthews – keyboards, percussion
* Mark Prentice – bass guitar
* Darrell Scott – mandolin
* Michael Severs – electric guitar
* Wanda Vick – mandolin, banjo, Dobro
* Jonathan Yudkin – fiddle

## Chart performance

| Chart (2008) | Peak position |
| U.S. Billboard Top Country Albums | 67 |
# Henry Weinhard

Henry Weinhard (February 18, 1830 – September 20, 1904) was a German-American brewer in Portland, Oregon. After immigrating to the United States in 1851, he lived in Philadelphia, Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Sacramento before settling in the Portland area. Weinhard worked for others in the beer business before buying his own brewery and founded Henry Weinhard's and built its brewery complex in downtown Portland.

## Early life

Born in the Kingdom of Württemberg (now part of Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany), Weinhard was raised in Lindenbronn, and later moved to nearby Stuttgart, where he was an apprentice in the brewing trade. In 1851, he immigrated to the United States, landing in New York City. Weinhard moved to Philadelphia where he worked for a year in the brewing business before moving west to Cincinnati, Ohio. After two years there, he moved southwest to St. Louis, Missouri, where he stayed until 1856. During this time in America, he worked as a brewer for others while preparing his own beer recipes.

## Oregon

In 1856, Weinhard moved to California and settled briefly, in Sacramento next year in March, he relocated to Vancouver in the Washington Territory, where he began working at a brewery owned by John Meunich; and, helped him construct a new brewery. Weinhard worked there for six months, and; then, founded a brewery with George Bottler, across the Columbia River in Portland, Oregon. This partnership did not last long and he sold out to Bottler and returned to working for Meunich. Weinhard bought Meunich's business in 1859 and named it the Vancouver Brewery.
In 1862, Weinhard bought the Henry Saxer Brewery in Portland and then partnered with Bottler again to build a new brewery in today's Northwest Portland. That year he also moved permanently to Portland; he sold his Vancouver operations in 1864 and bought out Bottler of his share of the business in 1866. Weinhard also bought Portland's oldest brewery, the Liberty Brewery, and continued expansion of the Portland operations, then called the City Brewery. By 1890, the brewery was the largest in the Pacific Northwest and had grown from producing 2,000 barrels per year to 40,000 barrels that year.

## Later years and family

In 1859, Weinhard married Louisa Wagenblast, and they had five children; only two survived to adulthood. A Mason, he was also a member of several German societies in Portland. This included helping to found the Portland German Aid Society, with other civic activities including providing funds to build a church adjacent to the brewery. Other business interests outside of the brewery included stakes in the Portland Hotel, the West Side Railway, and the New Grand Central Hotel. In 1887, Weinhard offered to pump free beer into the Skidmore Fountain for its dedication; the city declined the offer due to the fear of rowdy horses.

## Death

Weinhard died in Portland at age 74 and was buried in its River View Cemetery. The brewery he built remained in operation for another 95 years, until 1999.
# Herman Vanden Berghe

Herman, Baron Vanden Berghe (Herman van den Berge) (born Overboelare, 12 June 1933, died Oud-Heverlee, 23 January 2017) was a Belgian pioneer in human genetics. He founded the Centrum voor Menselijke Erfelijkheid (Center for Human Genetics) at the medical faculty of the Catholic University of Leuven in Leuven (Louvain), Belgium. He was a cytogeneticist and applied cytogenetics to oncology. Among other findings, he discovered the deletion 5q syndrome in myelodysplasia. A native Flemish-speaker, he was also fluent in a number of other languages, including French and English, which facilitated his international role in medical genetics.
Professor Vanden Berghe was granted the title of Baron by Baudouin I, King of Belgium and from 2000 to 2003 served as chairman of the King Baudouin Foundation. He was a founding member of the International Forum for Biophilosophy established in Belgium by Royal Decree in 1988. The Forum is responsible for the Golden Eurydice Award.
# Henry Willis (disambiguation)

Henry Willis (1821–1901) was an English organ builder.
Henry Willis may also refer to:
* Henry Willis (politician) (1860–1950), Australian politician
* Henry Brittan Willis (1810–1884), English painter of landscapes
* Henry Parker Willis (1874–1937), American financial expert
* Henry Willis (cricketer) (1841–1926), English cricketer
# Akhu Tönpa

Akhu Tönpa (Tib: ཨ་ཁུ་སྟོན་པ་, Wyl: a khu ston pa), or Uncle Teacher, is a fictional character portrayed as a trickster in Tibetan folklore. Akhu Tönpa is portrayed as a layperson who frequently plays harmless and not-so-harmless pranks on villagers, monks, and members of the aristocracy. However, he also acts as a leader or role model. He is believed to be sent by Chenrezig (Avalokiteśvara), the Buddha of compassion, to teach Tibetans the art of being shrewd and witty. As such, he frequently outwits the strong and mighty in society and is portrayed as a champion of the common man.

## Etymology

"Akhu" means uncle in Tibetan, but it is also used as a title for older men by younger people, while ston pa means "to demonstrate, to show, teacher" and refers ultimately to the Buddha. However, he is known by different names in different parts of Tibet. In the Nedhong province of Tibet, he is known as Nyichoe Zangpo (Wyl: nyi chos bzang po), which translates to "good Dharma."

## History

Akhu Tönpa fables (Wyl.: sgrung stam) are a vast corpus of folklore in Tibetan culture. These fables convey traditional values while also simultaneously providing entertainment and are meant to be humorous. They often end with a moral message provided by Akhu Tönpa himself. In this way, Akhu Tönpa stories are interwoven with Tibetan Buddhist values and traditions. As folktales, they were originally passed down orally and have only recently been written down as interest grew in preserving Tibetan oral culture. As such, the provenance and age of many of these folktales is unknown, but it can be said with certainty that they are from the pre-1949 Chinese Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China.
In one folktale, he leads the planting of a barren field by telling the villagers to dig for jewels that he lost.
According to "a survey of fifty-three Tibetan students from Yul shul, Mgo log, Rma Iho, Mtsho byang, Mtsho Iho, and Mtsho nub prefectures studying at Qinghai Education College in Xining...all the students had heard Aa khu bston pa (Akhu Tönpa) stories, thirty-three students had heard Afanti stories," while many other Tibetan tricksters were only known by a small number of the students, showing the ubiquity of Akhu Tönpa stories.
# Akhum

40°57′50″N 45°20′57″E﻿ / ﻿40.96389°N 45.34917°E﻿ / 40.96389; 45.34917
Akhum is a town in the Tavush Province of Armenia.
# David Caplovitz

David Caplovitz (died October 1, 1992) was a United States-based sociologist. He is known as the author of The Poor Pay More and for advancing consumer protection.

## Recognition

Caplovitz won a Guggenheim Fellowship in Sociology in 1977 .
# David Cantor

David Cantor (born 1954) is an American actor and singer from New York City best known for his stage work in musical theatre, including appearances on Broadway in the musical Evita and in both comic and dramatic roles in a number of national tours, Off-Broadway and regional productions. He has also played roles in films and television.

## Biography

Cantor was raised in Pleasantville, New York and attended Indiana University, the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, and the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.
Cantor first appeared on Broadway covering the role of Che in Evita (1982) and then playing Che in the first national tour of the musical on the U.S. west coast. The New York Times later wrote on July 14, 1985, of Cantor's performance in a regional theatre production of Evita: "David Cantor, a veteran in the part, is a marvelous Che, never lapsing into excessive snideness, singing gorgeously and, at times, sailing into the stratosphere with his crystalline 'high-flying, adored' pianissimi." His next role on Broadway was Bobinet in La Vie parisienne by Jacques Offenbach (1983). He also played Benny in a national tour of The Desert Song by Sigmund Romberg (1988).
Cantor appeared Off-Broadway for over 400 performances as Amshel Rothschild and occasionally as Nathan Rothschild in the critically acclaimed 1990–91 revival of The Rothschilds at Circle in the Square theater. His other stage credits include Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing (1978); Tony Lumpkin in She Stoops to Conquer (1978); Infielder in Damn Yankees with Starlight Theatre in Kansas City, Missouri (1978); Matt in The Fantasticks in a production directed by the show's creators, Tom Jones and Harvey Schmidt (1982); The Princess Pat (1981); John Adams in 1776 (1982); Charlie in Tintypes (1986); Stanley Jerome in both Brighton Beach Memoirs (1986) and Broadway Bound (1987); Seymour in Little Shop of Horrors (1987); Vernon Gersch in They're Playing Our Song (1988); Benny in The Desert Song at North Shore Music Theatre (1988). Cantor has performed principal roles in all of the Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas in the U.S., Great Britain, and Italy.
Cantor appeared in the films Prince of the City (1981), So Fine (1981), The Chosen (1981) and Working Girl (1988). In the early 1980s, he played a number of television soap opera roles in All My Children, Loving, Another World, and Ryan's Hope.

## Personal

Cantor owns and operates SmartStaff Personnel, a staffing and placement firm in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey. Cantor lives in New Jersey with his wife Karen, a musical theatre teacher (formerly an actress) and children.
# David Fine

David Fine may refer to:
* David Fine (activist) (born 1952), American activist
* David Fine (filmmaker) (born 1960), Canadian filmmaker
# David Forrest (economist)

David Kerr Forrest (born 1953) is an applied economist and econometrician who specialises in analysis of the sports and gambling industries. He has contributed substantially to literature on sport and gambling markets from the 1990s to the present. He regularly appears as a media expert in this area in the UK.

## Academic and research career

He completed his B.A. in economics from the University of Liverpool and followed this with an M.A. in economics from the University of Manchester. He obtained his Ph.D. in economics from the University of Western Ontario with his thesis covering "Unemployment and age structure: some consequences of the post-war baby boom."
After originally being employed as a visiting lecturer at McMaster University, he was appointed as a lecturer in the Economics department at the University of Liverpool and the University of Manchester in the early 1980s. In 1986 he joined the University of Salford as a lecturer, followed by positions as senior lecturer and reader before being appointed as professor of economics in 2007.
Since the late 1990s, he has had over 35 papers in refereed journals, 13 chapters in books and has been awarded various research awards and contracts in relation to this specialist interest areas. In 2008 he produced a report, with Ian McHale for the CCPR (a consortium of the major governing bodies for UK sport) on the threat of betting to the integrity of sport. With David Percy he has undertaken significant work for the National Lottery Commission. Since 2008, he has provided statistical work and previous to that provided consultancy advice for the same body on the fairness of the Lotto Extra (defunct) and Thunderball games, the randomness of the Lucky Dip facility in the Lotto game and the game itself and the fairness of the National Lottery draw.
He was awarded an honorary professorial position by Macao Polytechnic University.

## Media

Forrest contributes regularly to Media debates and his research into betting and corruption has been quoted widely around the world. In May 2008 he was quoted extensively on the front page of The New York Times in a story on corruption in sport, with this material also carried in the International Herald Tribune, the Los Angeles Daily News and Asian Age.
The publication of his report (co-authored with Ian McHale and Kevin McAuley) on betting and the integrity of sport attracted substantial coverage in The Daily Telegraph and was reported on Radio 5 Live and the BBC World Service.
His research into the role of weather and toss in cricket received almost a full page of coverage in Wisden Cricketers’ Almanack in April 2008.
His work has also been covered on BBC Radio & BBC Television, Sky News and various UK newspapers including The Times and The Guardian.

## Editorial work

He is on the board of editors of each of the following journals: the Journal of Sports Economics, International Gambling Studies, the International Journal of Sports Management and Marketing and the Journal of Gambling Business and Economics.
# Akören, Sinanpaşa

Akören is a town (belde) and municipality in the Sinanpaşa District, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. Its population is 3,078 (2021).
# Heteromirafra

Heteromirafra is a small genus of African larks in the family Alaudidae.

## Taxonomy and systematics

The name "long-clawed lark" has been used to describe both species in this genus.

### Species

The genus contains two extant species:
| Image | Scientific name | Common Name | Distribution |
| | Heteromirafra ruddi (Grant, 1908) | Rudd's lark | South Africa |
| | Heteromirafra archeri Clarke, 1920 | Archer's lark | Somalia and Ethiopia |
# Hexaoxygen difluoride

Hexaoxygen difluoride is a binary inorganic compound of fluorine and oxygen with the chemical formula O$_6$F$_2$. The compound is one of many known oxygen fluorides.

## Synthesis

The compound can be prepared by electric discharges through the F$_2$—O$_2$ mixture of the certain molar ratio at 60 to 77 K. The ratio is predicted to be 6:2.

## Physical properties

Hexaoxygen difluoride is an oxidizing agent. At 60 K, the compound looks like a dark-brown crystalline solid. If slowly warmed, it decomposes to lower oxygen fluorides and ozone. If quickly warmed to 90 K, it explodes, creating O$_2$ and F$_2$.
# Herz reaction

The Herz reaction, named after the chemist Richard Herz, is the chemical conversion of an aniline to the benzodithiazolium salt by its reaction with disulfur dichloride. The salt is called a Herz salt. Hydrolysis of this Herz salt give the corresponding sodium thiolate, which can be further converted to the 2-aminothiophenol.
The 2-aminothiophenols are suitable for diazotization, giving benzothiadiazoles. Instead the sodium 2-aminothiophenolate can be converted to a 1,3-benzothiazole.
    Herz-reaction application

## Dyes

Aniline 5 is converted to compound 6, in three steps;
* conversion to an ortho-aminothiol through the Herz-reaction (aniline 5 and disulfur dichloride), followed by
* conversion to an ortho-aminoarylthioglycolacid and
* conversion of the aromatic amine function to a nitrile via the Sandmeyer reaction.
* In a last step the nitrile is hydrolysed resulting in 6. This compound is converted to 7 via a ring-closing reaction and decarboxylation.
The compound, (thioindoxyl, 7) is an important intermediate in the organic synthesis of some dyes. Condensation with acenaphthoquinone gives 8, a dye of the so-called Ciba-Scarlet type, while condensation of 7 with isatin results in the thio-Indigo dye 9.