OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Spencer Wharton Brown

Spencer Wharton Brown (28 November 1918 – 10 June 1977) was a professor and cyto-geneticist. He taught and did research at the University of California, Berkeley, from 1945 until his murder on June 10, 1977. Brown was internationally renowned and sometimes referred to as "Mr. Chromosome." He was the president of the International Congress of Genetics. Brown was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in 1956 in the field of plant studies. He was the first to identify what is called paternal genome elimination in scale insects.

## Life and work

Brown was born in Vermillion, South Dakota. He received his undergraduate degree from the University of Minnesota at the age of 20. He was mentored by Barbara McClintock for three years at the University of Missouri. When McClintock moved to the Carnegie Institute, Brown transferred to the University of California at Davis, where he received his Ph.D. in genetics for his study on Californian blackberries (Rubus spp.) one year later, in 1942.
During the war he worked briefly in a shipyard as a welder and afterwards took an interest in psychotherapy and sought to become a professional and obtained admission to the Stanford and UCSF medical schools but decided not to follow it. He became an assistant professor at the University of Georgia in 1943. In 1945 he moved to Berkeley where he taught genetics. Spencer and Marion S. Cave studied the interaction between pollen and ovule of Lilium together. Spencer conducted cytological and karyological studies on tomatoes, Drosophila and was especially interested in maternal effects. He visited numerous laboratories around the world and in 1956 visited Trinidad to examine the genetics of banana. An association with the entomologist Frederick D. Bennett made him shift his interests to insect evolution and examined male haploidy in insects. He identified the elimination of paternal genomes in male scale insects and noticed variations across several families and examined the evolution of these systems.

## Personal life

At the age of 21 Brown married Roberta Schuknecht. After 18 years together the marriage ended in divorce.

### Death

Brown was found dead at age 57 in his duplex apartment after failing to appear at a commencement ceremony. He had been bound and gagged before being shot twice in the back. Three suspects were identified. One, Jeanette Iles, 27, pleaded guilty to participating in the robbery/murder, and was sentenced to a life sentence.

## Awards

Brown received the 1956 Guggenheim Fellowship, one of 44 such awards the University of California received that year.
# Specific risk

In finance, a specific risk is a risk that affects a very small number of assets. This is sometimes referred to as "unsystematic risk". In a balanced portfolio of assets there would be a spread between general market risk and risks specific to individual components of that portfolio. Determination of the extent of exposure to individual risks is made using models such as Treynor-Black in which the optimal share of a security is inversely proportional to the square of its specific risk.
An example would be news that is specific to either one stock or a group of companies, such as the loss of a patent or a major natural disaster affecting the company's operation.
Unlike systematic risk or market risk, specific risk can be diversified away. In fact, most unsystematic risk is removed by holding a portfolio of about twenty-five to thirty securities.
# San Miguel Yotao

San Miguel Yotao is a town and municipality in Oaxaca in south-western Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 58.69 km². It is part of the Ixtlán District in the Sierra Norte region.
As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 632.
# Medullary laminae of thalamus

Medullary laminae of thalamus are layers of myelinated fibres that appear on cross sections of the thalamus. They also are commonly referred to as laminae medullares thalami or medullary layers of thalamus. The specific layers are:
* Lamina medullaris lateralis (external medullary lamina) — separates ventral and lateral thalamus from the subthalamus and thalamic reticular nucleus
* Lamina medullaris medialis (internal medullary lamina) — positioned between the dorsomedial and ventral nuclei of thalamus, encloses the intralaminar nuclei (centromedian nucleus, paracentral, and central lateral)
# Sphenophorus piceus

Sphenophorus piceus is a species of palm weevil in the family Curculionidae.

## Description

Sphenophorus piceus can reach a length of about 15 millimetres (0.59 in).

## Distribution and habitat

This species is widespread from the southern part of Central Europe to the Mediterranean and central Asia. These beetles live on marshy meadows, wet pastures, ponds and lakes.
# Sphenophorus nubilus

Sphenophorus nubilus is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. Because type specimens were unavailable, the name once was considered a junior synonym of Sphenophorus melanocephalus.
# Kampala–Hoima Road

The Kampala–Hoima Road is a road in the Central and Western regions of Uganda, connecting the cities of Kampala and Hoima. A section of this road, between Namungoona and Busunju, is being developed into the Kampala–Busunju Expressway.

## Location

The road begins in Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city, running in a northwestern direction through six districts to end in Hoima, the headquarters of the country's nascent petrochemical industry, a distance of approximately 202 kilometres (126 mi).

## Overview

The highway is an all-weather tarmac single carriageway road. It offers the most direct route from Kampala to the oil-rich Albertine region in the Western Region.

## Upgrade to tarmac

Before 2006, the road was gravel surfaced. The government of Uganda contracted for the road to be upgraded to class II bitumen surface with shoulders, drainage channels, and culverts. The upgrade lasted until 2009.
# Stráž

Stráž may refer to places in the Czech Republic:
* Stráž (Domažlice District), a municipality and village in the Plzeň Region
* Stráž (Tachov District), a market town in the Plzeň Region
* Stráž nad Nežárkou, a town in the South Bohemian Region Region
* Stráž nad Nisou, a municipality and village in the Liberec Region
* Stráž nad Ohří, a municipality and village in the Karlovy Vary Region
* Stráž pod Ralskem, a town in the Liberec Region
* Stráž, a village and part of Křimov in the Ústí nad Labem Region
* Stráž, a village and part of Mirotice in the South Bohemian Region
* Stráž, a village and part of Sušice in the Plzeň Region
* Stráž u České Lípy, a village and part of Stružnice in the Liberec Region
* Hojsova Stráž, a village and part of Železná Ruda in the Plzeň Region
# Ancylolomia longicorniella

Ancylolomia longicorniella is a moth in the family Crambidae. It was described by Shi-Mei Song and Tie-Mei Chen in 2004. It is found in China (Guangdong).
# SAGEM Sigma 30

The Sigma 30 is an inertial navigation system produced by SAGEM for use with artillery applications including howitzers, multiple rocket launchers, mortars and light guns. It is currently produced for more than 40 international programs, including France (CAESAR, 2R2M, M270 MLRS), Serbia (Nora B 52), Sweden (FH77 BD, Archer), Germany (PzH2000, M270 MLRS), Italy (M270 MLRS), India (Pinaka MBRL), Polish PT-91M tank (build for Malaysia), and the United States (topographic survey).
Sigma 30 can also be integrated in more complex systems (Positioning and Azimuth Determination System).
# Inhassunge District

Inhassunge District is a district of the province of Zambezia Province in Mozambique, with its headquarters in the town of Mucupia. It has a borders, to the north with the municipality of Quelimane and with the district of Nicoadala, to the west with the district of Mopeia, to the south with the district of Chinde and to the east with the Indian Ocean.

## Demographics

In 2007, the Mozambican Census indicated a population of 91,196 residents. The district is in total, 745 km$^2$ and a population density of 122.41 inhabitants per km$^2$.
According to the 1997 Census, the district had 87,396 inhabitants, resulting in a population density of 117.3 inhabitants per km$^2$, making this district the smallest and most densely populated of Zambezia.

## Administrative divisions

The district is divided in two administrative divisions (Gonhane and Mucupia), composed by the following localities:
* Gonhane Administrative Division:
** Gonhane
* Mucupia Administrative Division:
** Chirimane
** Ilova
** Mucupia
# Cachimo

Cachimo is a town and commune of Angola, located in the province of Lunda Norte.
# Causa Galiza

Causa Galiza (Cause Galiza or Galician Cause) is a Galician left-wing Galician pro-independence political party. It was formed in 2012 and became a political party in March 2014. In the 2014 European elections, it advised abstaining or voting for the Galician Nationalist Bloc.

## Ideology

The party considers independence its main objective. It also supports socialism, feminism and the autonomy of the social movements.

## 2015 arrests and temporary ban

On 31 October 2015, nine members of Causa Galiza were arrested under suspicion of membership in Resistência Galega and of glorifying terrorism. The group's activities were prohibited by the Audiencia Nacional until December 2016.
# Hybanthus calycinus

Hybanthus calycinus (wild violet) is a perennial herb of the violet family, Violaceae. The species is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia.
It is 20 to 60 mm high and has leaves which are 20 to 45 mm long. Racemes of 5 or more mauve flowers are produced between June and October in the species' native range. It is commonly found in coastal areas on sandy soils in banksia woodland and shrubland communities.
The species was first formally described in 1824 by botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in Prodomus. In 1876, botanist Ferdinand von Mueller transferred it to the genus Hybanthus in Fragmenta Phytographiae Australiae.
# California's 51st district

California's 51st district may refer to:
* California's 51st congressional district
* California's 51st State Assembly district
# Anavitrinella

Anavitrinella is a genus of moths in the family Geometridae erected by James Halliday McDunnough in 1922.

## Species

* Anavitrinella addendaria (Grossbeck, 1908)
* Anavitrinella atristrigaria (Barnes & McDunnough, 1913)
* Anavitrinella ocularia (Barnes & McDunnough, 1917)
* Anavitrinella pampinaria (Guenée, 1857) - common gray
# Anavitrinella pampinaria

Anavitrinella pampinaria, the common gray, is a moth of the family Geometridae. The species was first described by Achille Guenée in 1857. It is found in most of North America except the Arctic regions, south to Mexico.
The wingspan is 23–34 mm.
Adults are on wing from April to October.
The larvae feed on Malus, Fraxinus, Trifolium, Pyrus, Populus and Salix species.
# Hugh Hughes (poet)

Hugh Hughes (Y Bardd Coch) (22 March 1693 – 6 April 1776) was a Welsh poet.

## Life

Born on 22 March 1693, he was son of Gruffydd Hughes, who claimed lineage, according to the Welsh genealogies, from Tegeryn ab Carwed, the lord of Twrcelyn. He was mainly self-educated, and generally lived on his estate at Llwydiarth Esgob, near Llanerchymedd, Anglesey. He died on 6 April 1776, and was buried in Holyhead churchyard.

## Legacy

Hughes left manuscripts containing poems, translations, tales, and biographies. Most of these came into the possession of his son, who succeeded to the estate, and of those some have since been lost; but some went the British Museum.

## Works

Hughes was a disciple of Lewis Morris, and practically ceased to write poetry after Morris's death. His verses were esteemed by Goronwy Owen.
He is one of the three Anglesey poets whose works are found in the Diddanwch Teuluaidd neu waith Beirdd Mon (London, 1763; 2nd edition, Carnarvon, 1817; 3rd edition, Liverpool, 1879). Other poems by him occur in the Blodeugerdd, Diddanwch i'w Feddianydd (Dublin, 1773), and Dewisol Ganiadau.
Hughes also published translations from English works:
* Deial Ahaz, wedi ei hysprydoli (1773) from The Dial of Ahaz Spiritualized by David Tucker;
* Deddfau Moesoldeb, copies not known to be extant; and
* Rheolau Bywyd Dynol (Dublin, 1774) from The Oeconomy of Human Life by Robert Dodsley and Philip Dormer Stanhope.
# James Pitt

James Pitt was an 18th-century English journalist and deist.
James Pitt (fl. 1714 – 1755) was a former schoolmaster who, under the pen name of "Francis Osborne," wrote political propaganda for the Whig government. He also wrote many Christian deist articles under the pen names "Socrates" and "Publicola." These articles were lead articles and often the only original articles in one of England's most popular newspapers, the London Journal. Pitt's paper sold 5,000 copies a week, and because of the way newspapers were consumed in that time, it has been estimated he may have been read or heard by as many as a hundred-thousand people each week. Furthermore, many of his Christian deist writings were republished in Benjamin Franklin's American newspaper.
Pitt was a Christian deist, and in many of his articles for the London Journal, he expressed the most important points of Christian deism.
Pitt was buried 23 January 1763 at Hampstead. "Mr. Pitt, who died at his house in Essex-street at the age of 84, had formerly been editor of one of the periodical papers in favor of Sir Robert Walpole, and is supposed to be the person alluded to in the Dunciad under the name of Mother Osborne." Some letters of Mr. Pitt's are printed in Dr. Howard's Collection.
# Max Hill (journalist)

Max Hill (April 23, 1904 – October 17, 1949) was an American journalist and radio broadcaster. He is best known for his work at the Associated Press and NBC; also, for his book Exchange Ship, narrating his and his fellow journalists' imprisonment and internment in Tokyo, Japan during World War II.

## Early life

Max Hill was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He graduated from the University of Colorado in 1926 and worked for several years for the Denver Post, where he became city editor in 1932.

## Career

Hill joined the Associated Press in 1934 and worked in the New York and Washington bureaus. He was promoted to head of the New York bureau in 1938.
In 1940 Hill was made chief of the Associated Press Tokyo bureau. He was there when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. He was imprisoned and interned by the Japanese authorities until June 1942. Hill returned to the U.S. aboard an exchange ship, the MS Gripsholm. This trip was the basis for his book Exchange Ship.
After his return to the United States, Hill joined NBC in 1943 and for two years covered World War II in North Africa, Italy, Turkey, and Greece. Later, he served as a radio news commentator.

## Personal life

Hill was married to June Hill and they had a daughter, June. In 1946, June Hill committed suicide by falling to her death from the bedroom of her apartment on the seventh floor at 340 East Fifty-second Street in New York City. According to June Hill's neighbours, she had been ill for a few months before her death.
At the time of Max Hill's death, he was married to Phoebe Hill.

## Death

Max Hill died on October 17, 1949, in Elkhart, Indiana. At the time of his death, he was working as an official for the Wade Advertising Agency in Chicago. He was found dead in his bed at the Elkhart Hotel. The Elkhart County coroner's report stated that Hill died of acute coronary occlusion.
# Sevin (given name)

Sevin is a common feminine Turkish given name. In Turkish, "Sevin" means "Love her!" and/or "Rejoice!".
Sevin is also a Kurdish feminine name, derived from the Kurdish word Sev which means apple.

## People

* Sevin Beg Khanzada (c. 1360–1411), Turco-Mongol princess
* Sevin Okyay (born 1942), Turkish literary critic, journalist, author, regular columnist and a prolific translator.
* Fadik Sevin Atasoy, Turkish actor who received Best Supporting Actress in 42nd Antalya Golden Orange Film Festival (See Turkish Wikipedia article)
# Alike

Alike or Aalike (Village ID 617591) is a village in Bantwal taluk of Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka, India. The languages spoken are Tulu, Kannada, Beary, Urdu, and Konkani. According to the 2011 census it has a population of 5840 living in 1041 households. Its main agriculture product is arecanut growing.
There is a public health centre run by the government of Karnataka. The Sri Sathya Sai Loka Seva Educational Institutions has three campuses in and near Alike, with 1500 students.

## Nearby places

* Mangalore
* Kasaragod
* Vittla (Vittal)
# Grip (gymnastics)

Grips are devices that are worn on the hands of artistic gymnasts when performing on various apparatus. They are worn by female gymnasts on the uneven bars, and by male gymnasts on the high bar and still rings; it is rare to wear them on the parallel bars. Grips enhance the gymnast's grip on the apparatus and reduce friction, which can cause painful blisters and rips, in which outer layers of skin separate and tear away from the hand.
Grips are optional and not used by all gymnasts. Some athletes substitute sports tape or gauze for grips, while others use bare hands. Most gymnasts apply powdered chalk (typically magnesium carbonate) to their grips or to their hands if they are not using grips so that they do not slip.

## Construction

A grip consists of a wide strip of leather joined to a wrist strap. The leather strip, which covers and protects the palm of the hand, is approximately five centimeters wide and has finger holes at one end. On properly fitted grips, the finger holes will be positioned at the first knuckles of the inserted fingers.
Some grips, known as dowel grips, incorporate a leather-covered dowel rod or pipe to create a linear bump on the outer face of the grip. This bump, in conjunction with the bar, forms a detent that leverages the gymnast's grip, thus reducing the hand pressure needed to maintain a hold on the apparatus.
The wrist strap is used to secure the grip on the gymnast's hand and to transfer body weight from the fingers to the wrist. The grip is enhanced when the dowel rests on the apparatus, pulling the leather tight and transferring some of the load to the wrist, reducing the grip required during the most dynamic elements. The leather portion of the grip encircles the wrist and is then locked in place with either velcro or buckles. Gymnasts typically wear soft material, such as cloth wristbands, under the wrist straps to prevent skin chafing. Some brands of grips include soft, removable pads that fit under the wrist straps.

## Types of grips

Most competitive gymnasts wear dowel grips. On the high bar, men use grips with three-finger holes and a small dowel, whereas grips on the still rings have a larger dowel and two-finger holes. Grips used on the parallel bars (Very uncommon) have two finger holes and a small dowel. Women's grips have two finger holes and resemble men's ring grips with a smaller dowel.
Some gymnasts do not use grips because they prefer to have their hands in close touch with the bar. Svetlana Khorkina of Russia, the Olympic gold medalist on bars in 1996 and 2000, did not wear them, and several Chinese gymnasts do not either.
Gymnasts at lower competition levels and those participating in recreational gymnastics typically use grips without dowel rods. Such grips provide no mechanical advantage for gripping the bar; they are mainly used to minimize friction injuries. These grips are usually less expensive and are made of thinner leather.
| A bar grip (front view). | A ring grip (back view). | Ring grips in use. |
# Phyllonorycter laurocerasi

Phyllonorycter laurocerasi is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is known from Georgia and Russia.
The larvae feed on Prunus laurocerasus. They mine the leaves of their host plant. They create a lower-surface tentiform mine.
# Phyllonorycter latus

Phyllonorycter latus is a moth of the family Gracillariidae. It is probably widespread throughout the western United States, but only known from Inyo County in California and Grand and Alamosa counties in Colorado.
The length of the forewings is 3.7-4.4 mm. Adults are on wing in August in one generation.
The larvae feed on Populus tremuloides. They mine the leaves of their host plant.
# Gruna (Wesenitz)

The Gruna is a small river of Saxony, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Wesenitz, which it joins in Großharthau.
# Piedrahita (surname)

Piedrahita is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Juan Piedrahita (born 1992), Colombian racing driver
* Luis Piedrahita (born 1977), Spanish comedian
* Marlon Piedrahita (born 1985), Colombian footballer
* Kevin Piedrahita (born 1991), American soccer player of Colombian descent
# Guamiranga

Guamiranga is a municipality in the state of Paraná in the Southern Region of Brazil.
# Guampedia

Guampedia is a non-profit encyclopedic organization on the history and culture of Guam.

## History

The Guampedia project was started in 2002 by the Guam Humanities Council with funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the United States Department of the Interior. It published 350 encyclopedia entries in April 2008. In 2009, it became affiliated with the University of Guam and was registered as a non-profit organization. It published a book, Women in Guam History in 2019.
# Grossouvre

Grossouvre (French pronunciation:) is a commune in the Cher department in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France.

## Geography

A village of farming, forestry and a little light industry situated by the banks of both the Aubois river and the canal de Berry some 23 miles (37 km) southeast of Bourges at the junction of the D76, D78 and the D920 roads.

## Sights

* The nineteenth-century church of St. Pierre
* The chateau, built over a castle dating from the twelfth century
* The Espace Métal - Halle de Grossouvre museum of industry
# Grossos

Grossos is a municipality in the state of Rio Grande do Norte in the Northeast region of Brazil.
# Grossopterus

Grossopterus is a genus of prehistoric eurypterid classified as part of the family Waeringopteridae. The genus contains two species, G. inexpectans from Gilboa, United States and G. overathi from Overath, Germany.
# Physconia muscigena

Physconia muscigena is a species of lichen in the family Physciaceae. It exhibits a foliose growth form with lobes that are generally ascending and concave at the tips. The upper cortex is grey-brown to brown in color and often mostly to completely pruinose (or covered in calcium oxalate crystals known as pruina).

## Ecology and distribution

Physconia muscigena is often found growing mosses, small plants (such as Selaginella), or detritus atop of soil or rock. Its distribution is cosmopolitan, found on all continents including Antarctica.
# Piedras Gordas

Piedras Gordas is a corregimiento in La Pintada District, Coclé Province, Panama. It has a land area of 137.8 square kilometres (53.2 sq mi) and had a population of 4,164 as of 2010, giving it a population density of 30.2 inhabitants per square kilometre (78/sq mi). Its population as of 1990 was 3,648; its population as of 2000 was 3,638.
Part of the La Pintada district, Piedras Gordas is nestled in the Tabasará Mountains.
# Piedras Blancas District

Piedras Blancas is a district of the Osa canton, in the Puntarenas province of Costa Rica.

## History

Piedras Blancas was created on 27 November 1995 by Decreto Ejecutivo 24819-G.

## Geography

Piedras Blancas has an area of 263.27 km² and an elevation of 30 metres.

## Demographics

For the 2011 census, Piedras Blancas had a population of 4,138 inhabitants.

## Transportation
### Road transportation

The district is covered by the following road routes:
* National Route 2
* National Route 245
# Ground lift plug

A ground lift plug may refer to:
* A cheater plug which interrupts the ground or earth connection in a power connection.
* A ground lift device used for professional audio systems and electronic instrumentation to eliminate ground loop inconveniences and establish connection when only a two prong receptacle is available.