OpenLLM-France/wikimedia huggingface dataset:
# Patriarchalism

Patriarchalism is an archetypal political conception that arose most succinctly in seventeenth century England. It defends absolute power for the monarchy, through language that emphasized the "paternal" power of the king over the state and his subjects.
Due to divisive religious policy, controversial political strategy at home and disastrous diplomatic campaigns abroad, James I and Charles I alienated the consensus of the people. Hence the patriots played down the leading role of the sovereign. They questioned the royal prerogative, seeing the king as the mere figurehead of England. The king's absolute authority was challenged by the authority of Parliament.
Against this increasing opposition, the Patriarchalists emphasized the absolute right of the king, as the paternal head of state. In Patriarcha (composed in the late 1620s), Sir Robert Filmer said "many out of an imaginary fear pretend the power of the people to be necessary for the repressing of the insolencies of tyrants, herein they propound a remedy far worse than the disease".
Filmer used genealogy as a way to legitimize kingship, by tracing the throne's origins back to the original fatherly rule of Adam.
Filmer argued that the king is the father; the relationship is not one of similarity, but of identity, the right of fathers having been passed down genealogically since Adam.
Similarly, stating that the ideal relationship was between a father and his son to indicate the "mutuall trust and Confidence" which was always necessary in the state, F.A. Kynaston put forward the view that the inferior (the people) ought not to plot against the superior (the king).
Richard Mocket maintained that the maxim “Honor thy Father, and thy Mother” pertained to the political sphere rather than to the familial one since it had more to do with political obedience than with submission within the household.
Locke and Montesquieu were instrumental in the popular rejection of Patriarchalism.
# Türk Edebiyatı

Türk Edebiyatı (translated Turkish Literature) is a Turkish monthly literary magazine based in Turkey. The magazine was first published on 15 January 1972. The founder was Ahmet Kabaklı. Beşir Ayvazoğlu served as the editor-in-chief of the magazine between 2005 and 2015. He was succeeded by Bahtiyar Aslan in the aforementioned post in June 2015.
# Comorn

Comorn can refer to
* Comorn, Virginia
* Komárom a city in Hungary, and the site of an old strategic fortress often referred to as Comorn in old sources.
# Sourz

Sourz is a fruit-flavoured liqueur owned and produced by Suntory Global Spirits, a subsidiary of Suntory Holdings of Osaka, Japan. The liqueur is usually served as a shooter, but is also used in cocktails. It is known for being very sour.
Sourz is available in six flavours. The alcohol by volume is 15%. Previously three other permanent flavours, blackcurrant, peach and pineapple were available, however these have been discontinued.
Sourz underwent a major re-design in 2008, and the slogan "Made For Mixing" was adopted. In October 2012 a limited edition flavour, mango, was added to the range following a poll on Facebook. It was later made part of the permanent lineup.
In late 2014 there was another packaging redesign, with glow-in-the-dark ink used on the bottle to make it stand out in night clubs. A new limited edition flavour, "Rainbow Ice", was launched in 2015.
# Pantyffynnon

Pantyffynnon (Welsh pronunciation) is a small village in Carmarthenshire, Wales, half a mile south-west of Ammanford, and a mile east of Tycroes. It lies between the rivers Loughor and Amman at the foot of Mynydd y Betws.
The village is served by Pantyffynnon railway station on the Heart of Wales Line.
# NhaD family

The NhaD family (TC# 2.A.62) belongs to the Ion Transporter (IT) Superfamily. A representative list of proteins belonging to the NhaD family can be found in the Transporter Classification Database.
The NhaD Na$^+$/H$^+$ antiporter has been characterized from two Vibrio species: V. parahaemolyticus and V. cholerae and in the haloalkaliphile, Alkalimonas amylolytica. These proteins and their homologues are 400-500 aas long and exhibit 10-13 TMSs. They catalyze Na$^+$/H$^+$ and Li$^+$/H$^+$ antiport. They exhibit activity at basic pH (8-10) with no activity at pH 7.5. The Amylolytica antiporter has low Na$^+$ affinity and has optimal activity at 600 mM Na$^+$. Homologues are found in Pseudomonadota of all groups, Flavobacteriia, and Chlamydia. Distant homologues of the IT superfamily are ubiquitous.
The generalized reaction catalyzed by NhaD is:
   nH$^+$ (in) + mNa$^+$ (out) ⇌ nH$^+$ (out) + mNa$^+$ (in).
# Authors (card game)

Authors or, The Game of Authors is an educational game for three to five players. First published by G. M. Whipple & A. A. Smith of Salem, Massachusetts in 1861, The Game of Authors was in 1897 published by Parker Brothers, also located in Salem, Massachusetts at that time.
The Game of Authors is one of the earliest versions of the family of Go Fish games, in which players call on each other to give up a named card. The play is based on a specialized deck of playing cards.
Later decks included additional authors, but the authors represented in most decks are:
* Louisa May Alcott
* James Fenimore Cooper
* Charles Dickens
* Nathaniel Hawthorne
* Washington Irving
* Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
* Sir Walter Scott
* William Shakespeare
* Robert Louis Stevenson
* Alfred, Lord Tennyson
* Mark Twain
# Harvey C. Tschirgi

Harvey Curtis Tschirgi (April 20, 1908 – April 1, 2001) was a United States Marine with the rank of brigadier general.

## Early life and military career

Harvey C. Tschirgi was born on April 20, 1908, in Grundy Center, Iowa. In 1925 he graduated from high school and in 1926 he enlisted in the United States Navy.
In 1928, he was enrolled in the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Tschirgi played on the football team before graduating from the academy on June 2, 1932. Upon graduation, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Marine Corps and subsequently attended the Basic School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
In April 1934, Tschirgi was assigned to the USS Tennessee. In January 1935, he received orders to Shanghai, China, where he joined the 4th Marine Regiment. He was promoted to first lieutenant that August and returned to the United States in June 1937. In July 1938, he joined the 6th Marine Regiment in San Diego, California. He was promoted to captain two months later. From June 1939 to August 1940, Tschirgi was assigned to the Marine detachment at the New York World's Fair.

## World War II

In March 1941, he was given command of the Marine detachment aboard the USS North Carolina, and was promoted to major in May 1942.
From August to November 1942, he attended several infantry courses at Fort Benning Georgia. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in March 1943. Tschirgi was assigned to the 1st Marine Division in July 1944, and took part in the battle of Peleliu from September to October, where he was awarded the Bronze Star.
He would later take part in the battle of Okinawa from April to June 1945, where he was awarded his first Legion of Merit. From September 1945 to June 1946, he took part in the occupation of Tientsin, China.

## Later career and life

In June 1949, Tschirgi was assigned to the Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. He was then promoted to colonel in August 1949. In October 1952, he was sent to Korea and was assigned to the 1st Marine Division in November, ultimately taking command of the Kimpo Provisional Regiment on December 1. Tschirgi took command of the 5th Marines from April 1953 until August 1953, when he left Korea. He was awarded his second Legion of Merit.
In November 1956, Tschirgi was promoted to brigadier general and became the assistant division commander of the 1st Marine Division. From January to February 1958, he was the acting commanding general of the 1st Marine Division. Brigadier General Tschirgi retired from the Marines on November 1, 1961.
Harvey C. Tschirgi died on April 1, 2001, in El Paso Texas. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.
# Semantic externalism

In the philosophy of language, semantic externalism (the opposite of semantic internalism) is the view that the meaning of a term is determined, in whole or in part, by factors external to the speaker. According to an externalist position, one can claim without contradiction that two speakers could be in exactly the same brain state at the time of an utterance, and yet mean different things by that utterance -- that is, at the least, that their terms could pick out different referents.

## Overview

The philosopher Hilary Putnam (1975/1985) proposed this position and summarized it with the statement "meanings just ain't in the head!"
Although he did not use the term "externalism" at the time, Putnam is thought to have pioneered semantic externalism in his 1975 paper "The Meaning of 'Meaning'". His Twin Earth thought experiment, from the aforementioned paper, is widely cited to illustrate his argument for externalism to this day. Alongside Putnam, credit also goes to Saul Kripke and Tyler Burge, both of whom attacked internalism for independent reasons, providing a foundation on which Putnam's attacks rested.
Externalism is generally thought to be a necessary consequence of any causal theory of reference; since the causal history of a term is not internal, the involvement of that history in determining the term's referent is enough to satisfy the externalist thesis. However, Putnam and many subsequent externalists have maintained that not only reference, but sense as well is determined, at least in part, by external factors (see sense and reference).
While it is common to shorten "semantic externalism" to "externalism" within the context of the debate, one must be careful in doing so, as there are several distinct debates in philosophy that employ the terms "externalism" and "internalism".

## Arguments for externalism

Putnam presented a variety of arguments for the externalist position, the most famous being those that concerned Twin Earth. Subsequent philosophers have produced other, related thought experiments, most notably Donald Davidson's swamp man experiment. However, there have been numerous arguments for externalism that do not involve science-fiction scenarios.
Putnam pointed out, for instance, that he has no knowledge that could distinguish elm trees from beech trees. He has precisely the same concept of one as of the other: "a deciduous tree growing in North America". Yet when Putnam makes a statement containing the word "elm", we take him to be referring specifically to elms. If he makes a claim about a property of elm trees, it will be considered true or false, depending upon whether that property applies to those trees which are in fact elms. There is nothing "in the head" that could fix his reference thus; rather, he concluded, his linguistic community, containing some speakers who did know the difference between the two trees, ensured that when he said "elm", he referred to elms. Putnam refers to this feature of language as "the division of linguistic labor".
# Tambja fantasmalis

Tambja fantasmalis is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae.

## Distribution

This species was originally described from Cape Verde.
# Lawrence (electoral district)

Lawrence was a provincial riding in Ontario, Canada. It was created prior to the 1987 provincial election from the parts of York South, Downsview, Wilson Heights and Armourdale and eliminated in 1996, when it was split between the ridings of York South—Weston and Eglinton—Lawrence.

## Members of Provincial Parliament

Lawrence :
| Assembly | Years | Member | Party |
| Created from parts of York South, Downsview, Wilson Heights and Armourdale ridings in 1987 |||||
| 34th | 1987–1990 | Joseph Cordiano | Liberal |
| 35th | 1990–1995 | Joseph Cordiano | Liberal |
| 36th | 1995–1999 | Joseph Cordiano | Liberal |
| Sourced from the Ontario Legislative Assembly |||||
| Merged into York South—Weston and Eglinton—Lawrence ridings after 1996 |||||

## Election results

1987 Ontario general election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Vote % |
| Liberal | Joseph Cordiano | 15,480 | 52.9 |
| New Democrat | Evelyn Muriado | 8,347 | 28.5 |
| Progressive Conservative | David Perry | 5,417 | 18.5 |
| | Total | 29,244 | |
1990 Ontario general election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Vote % |
| Liberal | Joseph Cordiano | 11,880 | 44.9 |
| New Democrat | Shalom Schachter | 10,174 | 38.5 |
| Progressive Conservative | Henry Galway | 3,557 | 13.4 |
| Libertarian | Sandor Hegedus | 429 | 1.6 |
| Green | Paul Rombough | 414 | 1.6 |
| | Total | 26,454 | |
1995 Ontario general election :
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Vote % |
| Liberal | Joseph Cordiano | 11,784 | 45.9 |
| Progressive Conservative | Emilia Valentini | 7,955 | 31.0 |
| New Democrat | Donald Santeramo | 5,000 | 19.5 |
| Natural Law | Roy Anderson | 698 | 2.7 |
| Green | Eric Saumur | 246 | 1.0 |
| | Total | 25,683 | |
# Sándor Wekerle Jr.

Sándor Wekerle the Younger (26 June 1878 – 23 December 1963) was a Hungarian politician, who served as Minister of Finance between 1928 and 1931. His father was Sándor Wekerle, who was the Prime Minister of Hungary three times during the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Wekerle Jr. studied at the University of Budapest and several other universities in Europe. He was member of the House of Representatives between 1906 and 1910. He fought in the First World War. After the war he taught for the Academy of Trade again. In 1927 he became a member of the House of Magnates.
During his ministership he tried, without significant result, to fight against the effects of the Great Depression. In the late period of the Regency he published many works about the law and finance.
# Francis Webster

Francis Webster (1767–1827) was an architect who worked in Kendal, Westmorland, England. He has been described as "the first to introduce the public profession of architecture into Kendal".
Webster's family had been masons and marble polishers. He arrived in the town in about 1787 and by the end of the century he was designing houses. During the early 19th century, he designed a new Meeting House for the town's Quakers, and was also involved with the promotion and building of the Lancaster Canal which reached Kendal in 1819.

## Legacy

Kendal Civic Society has put plaques commemorating Francis Webster on several of the buildings he designed. There are also plaques to his son George (1797–1864) who became the most important architect in the area in the early to mid-19th century.
* architecture portal
* Cumbria portal
# Thibica

Thibica is a locality, archaeological site and railroad station in Zaghouan Governorate, Tunisia, located near Dar Cheïkh Ali east of El Fahs.

## History

Thibica was a Roman Era civitas of the Roman province of Africa Proconsolare. An ancient Christian bishopric was centered in the town.
# Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata

Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata, commonly known as the black-spotted salamander or black-spotted false brook salamander is a species of salamander in the family Plethodontidae. It is endemic to Veracruz, Mexico, and known from Cerro Chicahuaxtla (1,300–1,600 m (4,300–5,200 ft) asl)) in Cuatlalpan (the type locality, near Fortín de las Flores) and from Volcán San Martín at elevations of 1,200–1,300 m (3,900–4,300 ft). These separate populations likely represent distinct species.

## Description

Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata is a medium-sized plethodontid: females in the type series (collected by Hobart Muir Smith) measure 51–57 mm (2.0–2.2 in) in snout–vent length. The tail is longer than the snout–vent length, giving a maximum total length of about 12 cm (4.7 in). The body is blackish (lighter in younger specimens), the tail has lighter coloration, and both carry black spots that have given the species its name.
Two observed egg clutches contained 19 and 25 eggs.

## Habitat and conservation

Pseudoeurycea nigromaculata is an arboreal species living in bromeliads in cloud forest. Once relatively common, it now appears to be very rare. Most of its habitat has disappeared or is severely degraded. It is protected by Mexican law under the "Special Protection" category.
# Chitose Dam

Chitose No.3 Dam (Japanese: 千歳第三ダム) is a gravity dam located in Hokkaido Prefecture in Japan. The dam is used for power production. The catchment area of the dam is 243.4 km$^2$. The dam impounds about 54 ha of land when full and can store 3648 thousand cubic meters of water. The construction of the dam was started on 1916 and completed in 1918.
# Tambja caeruleocirrus

Tambja caeruleocirrus is a species of sea slug, a dorid nudibranch, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Polyceridae.

## Distribution

This species was originally described from the Coral Sea, Australia.
# List of butterflies of Mauritania

This is a list of butterflies of Mauritania. About 30 species are known from Mauritania, none of which are endemic.

## Papilionidae
### Papilioninae
#### Papilionini

* Papilio demodocus Esper, [1798]

## Pieridae
### Pierinae

* Colotis amata calais (Cramer, 1775)
* Colotis antevippe (Boisduval, 1836)
* Colotis aurora evarne (Klug, 1829)
* Colotis chrysonome (Klug, 1829)
* Colotis danae eupompe (Klug, 1829)
* Colotis liagore (Klug, 1829)
* Colotis phisadia (Godart, 1819)
* Colotis vesta amelia (Lucas, 1852)
* Colotis eris (Klug, 1829)
* Pinacopterix eriphia tritogenia (Klug, 1829)
* Euchloe falloui (Allard, 1867)

#### Pierini

* Pontia daplidice (Linnaeus, 1758)
* Pontia glauconome Klug, 1829
* Belenois aurota (Fabricius, 1793)
* Belenois gidica (Godart, 1819)

## Lycaenidae
### Theclinae
#### Theclini

* Hypolycaena philippus (Fabricius, 1793)

### Polyommatinae
#### Lycaenesthini

* Anthene kikuyu (Bethune-Baker, 1910)

#### Polyommatini

* Cupidopsis jobates mauritanica Riley, 1932
* Tarucus balkanicus (Freyer, 1843)
* Tarucus rosacea (Austaut, 1885)
* Zizeeria knysna (Trimen, 1862)
* Euchrysops malathana (Boisduval, 1833)

## Nymphalidae
### Danainae
#### Danaini

* Danaus chrysippus alcippus (Cramer, 1777)

### Limenitinae
#### Adoliadini

* Hamanumida daedalus (Fabricius, 1775)

## Hesperiidae
### Coeliadinae

* Coeliades forestan (Stoll, [1782])

### Pyrginae
#### Celaenorrhinini

* Sarangesa laelius (Mabille, 1877)

#### Carcharodini

* Spialia doris daphne Evans, 1949
* Spialia spio (Linnaeus, 1764)

### Hesperiinae
#### Baorini

* Borbo borbonica (Boisduval, 1833)
# Novas (disambiguation)

Novas are cataclysmic nuclear explosions in white dwarf stars.
Novas or NOVAS may also refer to:
* Novas (surname)
* Naval Observatory Vector Astrometry Subroutines, an astronomy software library
* Novas Software, a defunct American circuit design company
* The Novas, a 1960s Texas garage rock band
# Third Millennium Bridge

The Third Millennium Bridge (Spanish: Puente del Tercer Milenio) is a bow-string bridge in Zaragoza, Spain. It crosses the Ebro.

## History and description

A project by Juan José Arenas de Pablo [es], the final draft dates back to 2002. Building works took place between 2005 and 2008. Completing the Z-30 [es] highway, its inception was programmed vis-à-vis the Expo 2008 in Zaragoza. Commissioned by the State-funded company Zaragoza Alta Velocidad, it was built by Dragados S.A.
It was opened on 7 June 2008.
The bridge displays a length of 270 m, a width of 48 m, and a main span of 216 m.
# Aviation Special Interest Group

The Aviation Special Interest Group (AVSIG) is a well known aviation message forum. It began life as a computer-bulletin board system on CompuServe Information Service before the start of the Internet proper.
The organisation itself claims to be the world's oldest continually-operated online forum. It was founded by The Aviation Safety Institute's John B. Galipault (1930–1993) and Sandy Trevor on the CompuServe Information Service in 1981. Forum participants represent all areas of the aviation industry, and core discussion ranges from airmanship to regulatory issues. The "Special Interest Group" phraseology in "Aviation Special Interest Group" derives from CompuServe service command line navigation convention where discussion forums were prefaced by SUBJECT/SIG, as in "AVIATION/SIG" or "AVSIG." AVSIG was the first "SIG" discussion site on the CompuServe service. The Aviation Safety Institute moved the AVSIG forum to the web concurrent with its termination of a hosting contract with CompuServe in 2004. AVSIG is the world's oldest continuously-operated online forum and one of a handful of pre-web online discussion forums operating today. The forum is noted for requiring real names for posting to encourage both authenticity and polite discourse. As of February, 2013 the AVSIG forum has registered over 1,300 users.
# Aviation Service Act

The Aviation Service Act is a U.S. law passed in 1914. It created within the Signal Corps an Aviation Section to replace the Aeronautical Division. It directed the Aviation Section to operate and supervise "all military [U.S. Army] aircraft, including balloons and aeroplanes, all appliances pertaining to said craft, and signaling apparatus of any kind when installed on said craft." The section would also train "officers and enlisted men in matters pertaining to military aviation," and thus embraced all facets of the Army's air organization and operation. The old Aeronautical Division continued to exist, albeit as the Washington office of the new section.
# Alagang Kapatid Foundation

Alagang Kapatid Foundation, Inc. (formerly known as Operation Tulong Bayan) is the corporate social responsibility organization of TV5 Network Inc. Offices are located at the TV5 Media Center, Reliance cor. Sheridan Sts., Mandaluyong.

## History

ABC Development Corporation's (now TV5 Network, Inc.) social responsibility began after the acquisition of the conglomerate to businessman Antonio "Tonyboy" Cojuangco, Jr. in 2004. Cojuangco then organizes its program through the Corporate Affairs department named as Operation Tulong Bayan. However, the project came to a hiatus after the massive layoff of the conglomerate's employees in 2007.
When ABC was acquired in turn by PLDT's MediaQuest Holdings from the joint consortium led by the Cojuangco group and Malaysian media conglomerate Media Prima Berhad, TV5 organizes its socio-profit organizations named as Alagang Kapatid Foundation, named after TV5's health program with a same name. In coordination with its affiliates under the MVP Group of Companies it was able to initiate relief operations and livelihood programs to some impoverished towns in the country.
Alagang Kapatid Foundation kept is synergies with these affiliates in relief operations, especially when TV5 organizes two telethons in the past two years namely: The Tulong Kapatid telethon of December 10, 2012, when they are able to collect P100 million in 6 hours (18:00 - 24:00 PST) to help the victims of Supertyphoon Pablo (Bopha); and a special live episode of now-defunct The Mega and the Songwriter, entitled Gabi ng Kanta At Biyaya aired on November 10, 2013. This time, they have collected P30 million for the victims of Supertyphoon Yolanda (Haiyan).

## Rescue5

Rescue5 is a joint project of Alagang Kapatid Foundation and News5. It is an emergency response unit that has its own mobile units carrying team members trained in disaster and accident situations. It also embarks on community training programs to prepare citizens for emergencies. Through TV5's various platforms. Rescue 5's various initiatives and mandates are further implemented, leveraging the network's ability to educate and spread information to enhance its work and impact on the ground, fulfilling News5's slogan: Higit sa Balita, Impormasyon at Pangyayari, Aksyon! (More than News, Information and Happenings, Action!). Rescue5 has its own hotline and a program on TV5 aired in 2013. Due to its commitment, Rescue5 have given numerous Philippine Quill Awards of excellence and also a rank of reserve unit in the Philippine Air Force.